RA Fine se gr ats? yabeea ia @ M iaibeslo ropa “Tan slate é ih peas 1 4gay gpa se i! eeeetings Gate * + te ge ei #45 t UM wifi 2 rales prb shes Aa (ERE a ih ditt Pishaee 4 Cae aos bedi eR F ea telte wn Asked te Het 4 Tang pre + PiAswed 4 02 HUM Ho thed oe oad ae 6H Hilf takes eB Si ae 33 Hips it te ohedt j7 tea Bs pet Beet: dete Bagete With Ped sageg \) the Bath eh easing ahora Breet oerurerret baer Mahar edee rif agree yt ibis nha Be eh vibe eye be bash f ai) tba ie der tia tbr Potot ecerimGe¥s ihe attaeys Pid eae ft se 4s iho Gade corey pr TYR this oie Arn Rehetd eile as 1 F Soh ‘ ates * Hashes bek> ete ee Re tae tho tes 29 in - Wh A a ttaas ii a7Gs a ea : usr Behe Baits rw Bs tet hh eed ps Beinibsdebs Ll it lee, Secon et =ESto ee we aa . 2 es 2 4 esi 3:8 $25 8. 333 25 a: = oie Fe! $i ot ee SS cf = ae ae By - + sf sora pei Sess 2 So retpeaats ls tai ca ites ‘sp ied nif tes cee Bi Harta fe the a Ra ridaed as Hote Ayal et athe geting PN ee Bait Whe 4 He 7 Faerie yt Rene r ie Othe d ila t Bad ae “Pe ky pyr bhai Lah on a. % iis r uit, by patel ry aye ae wae eed A saa es AY pe as the DS TAB itt te Hoes ¥ ed yi as oe hea +h tom vii High caeatel ” A) 4 ange Ae aa 1s " 4 & ote oy s “ US eae ma CONTENTS SE MRUERESETWDRART OI Ae LOO nn ee en kG eg eR RO Oe SEAR SODA BE, Nob ee trae cc Sa ema es, Hoel ee a SS Pea, Re PaD OE IE REN oP ge vite re tk ob Tn mere go De OS oe a ya vB DERE GUTS OO ECT ae are sere Oe eRI ES ance aie, 52 en aman Ae Pe mmO Nee MOmrreal brane 0% ity ae eee fe ee ee ee ba pte Sills we Melee cw WP MALATE ON Teme UST RON TRON] Bree Ve 9 A se 7, ee are ge eee RepEon rie british, Columbiaseranch a, ria. oo 2 de ee SO Me be, Report on Insects of the year, Division No. 1: C. Division No. 3: A. Cos Division NOs Oc se DET WEEER 0°. 2cu0. 0. sve Division No. Of Eb. PUSRVUDSON . schicken eecnas from the Grasshopper Outbreak of 1919-23 in Manitoba: NORMAN CRIDDLE The Rose Chafer and Farm Management: WILLIAM A. Ross and J. A. HALL...... The Lilac Leaf Miner (Gracilaria syringella Fabr.): C. B. HUTCHINGS............. Notes on the Occurrence of the Lesser Grapevine Flea-Beetle in Canada: ARTHUR SETESOIN IO tee tna anne Da ch eh ie tree IDR ee ou CERN am . Notes on Insect Parasites of Phyllophaga anxia in the Province of Quebec: C. E. PDN ana. El. EPA MMOND?.. hl teers ae xk ee ee Parade bs Note on Ptinus fur L. and villiger Reit. as Stored Product Pests in REGS Cc: ROS URI UIRIUAINE Sr Oe ree en CRM Cm MNS. Sie ele hk eb ee one at Miniaresaocainst the Insects: -€s 1. METCAER?? 2 2.0f Seo. ot Oe a Ee - The Spread and Degree of Infestation of the European Corn-Borer in 1924: W. N. PROERERNG CNA ean ais teers. a Th, Se bs gates ofl oh ag Sa Mortality of the Larvae of the European Corn-Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) in Perce stars 1m O24. PROn mc. CARSARY. so. oS eo Be eee A Field Study of the Reduction of European Corn-Borer Larvae in Standing Corn: Rel eAINTER And G: AY FicHT 3... bo .. Gi cm ee M ep ts eee ee. aha Sos Ley The Introduction and Colonization in Ontario of Two Hymenopterous Parasites of EEE noned a: Ceri DORR: alu bw DARRDaS. eS eek. So), Anges oe eee A Brief Note on Farm Cutting Boxes and Corn Shredders as Factors in the Control of the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.): G. A. Ficut and R. H. PAINTER Siete ie! neneak on ustel okie eer al asia) Jelievoule. ceils, jc. 6) etal (el eMieltiet wiivise-elkie’ pid) tpi, ie) (erie of ia: ,b> ia! =) 0, eerie, j0'6. verte, sey ele) ie ve The Outbreak of the Gipsy Moth in nence: EEONAR Dro? VICIEAINE! <2. 0.0.05 wares A Study of the Methods Used in Growing Entomophthorous Fungi in Cases Prior to their Artificial Dissemination in the Orchards: ALAN G. DUSTAN.............. Notes from a Study of Nepticula pomivorella Packard: HAROLD Fox.. spe Notes on the Life History of the Lesser Clover Weevil (Phytonomus ieniresion H. BE EMULE NE Im CUP Eee OOD ariel ho heels GN Oe se cs g bie wns Sly 2 OS Entomology in the Rural Schools in the Province of Quebec: PRoF. GEORGES MAHEUX Observations of the Host-Selection Habits of Pieris rapbae L.: C. R. TWINN........ Miscellaneous Notes on the Pear Psylla Problem: Witt1am A. Ross..-........... Berets Of the Seasons We Ao ROSS and b. CABSAR Sa.) eed OE owe Ee oO ®he Entomological Record, 1924: NoRMAN CRIDDLE................ 0000000800 Sa eed incall 6 Gee) ial wiles) elie ,0) soe re) wNinilie! ip io le) (sl (af ieihe! die”, eewll wy. met matey el iat Je: wae” jes; ele) _ provinces of the Dominion, by a number of American entomologists and 4 numerous otner visitors. Much credit must be given to the local committee - for the success of the meeting. 3 The Thursday evening meeting was held in the Assembly Hall of the Normal ~ School, when Dr. A .F. Burgess delivered the public address on ‘‘The Value of _ Natural Enemies of Injurious Insects.”” On Friday evening a dinner was held mat the University Club. After dinner the members and visitors were addressed ! E.. Mr. J. A. Ruddick of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Mr. Morris . then delivered the presidential address:—‘‘Nature’s Clairvoyant, A Study of W.H. Hudson.”’ Mr. Gibson then read an interesting paper from Dr. Bethune, I “The Early Days of the Entomological Society of Ontario.” i. _~ During the meeting the following papers were presented: AN a ia re 1. Notes on the Rose Curculio in Manitoba (10 minutes), Mr. H. A. RoBERTSON, Entomo- logical Branch, Treesbank, Man. 2. The Control of the Apple Sucker (Psylla mali Schmid.) in Nova Scotia by Entomoph- thera sphaerosperma Fres. (15 minutes), Mr. A. G. DustTan, Entomological Branch, Wolfville, N.S. : . Concerning the Canadian Species of the Syrphid Genus Eumerus (Diptera) (5 minutes), b eave C. HowarD CurRRAN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. > 4. The Occurrence of the Ptinid Beetle, Niptus hololeucus, in North America (5 minutes), “3g ~Mr. ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. a 5. Transfer tests with the Green Apple Aphid (Aphis pomi DeGeer; Aphis spiraecola ~ = Patch) (10 minutes), Epira M. Patcu, Entomologist, Orono, Maine (Read by Mr. a W. A. Ross). 6. The Distribution of Canadian Odonata (15 minutes), Dr. E. M. WALKER, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. 7. Two Problems in Natural Control (15 minutes), Mr. NorMAN CrIDDLE, Entomological “Branch, Treesbank, Man. 8. The Present Status and Distribution of the Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer (Hemerophila SS ae (10 minutes), Dr. M. D. LEoNnarpD, Associate State Entomologist, Albany, Po Y.< [5] Ow WI : JS ORHE REPORPSOBCEHE oc ae 9. The Inhalation of Arsenical Insecticides (15 minutes), Mr. ARTHUR KELSALL, Entomo- logical Branch, Annapolis, 10. Taxonomic and Synonymic Tendencies, with Special Reference to the Diptera (15 minutes, Mr. C. HowARD CuRRAN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 11. The Control of the Grape Leat-hopper (10 minutes), Mr. W. A. Ross, Entomological Branch, Vineland, Ontario. 2 12. The New Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act (15 minutes), MR. L.S. McLane, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 13. Studies in the Life-history, Bionomics and Control of the Cabbage Worm in Ontario (10 minutes), Mr. C. R. Twinn, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 14. The Onion Maggot and Its Control (10 minutes), Messrs. H. E. Gray, G. H. HAM- ~~ MOND, and T. ARMSTRONG, Entomological Branch, Lethbridge, Ottawa and Montreal. . 15. The Garden Springtail (Sminthurus hortensis) as a Crop Pest (15 minutes), Dr. W. H. BRITTAIN, Provincial Entomologist, Truro, N.S 16. Notes on the Life- history of Hypera punctata, MEssrs. H. F. Hupson and A. A. Woop, Entomological Branch, Strathroy. Ont 17. Winds and Gipsy Moth Spread (15 nee Dr. H. L..McINTYRE, SEES SE Gipsy Moth Control, Albany, N.Y. 19. Canadian Problems in Forest Entomology (15 minutes), Dr. J. M. Se Entomo- logical Branch, Ottawa. 20. Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, and Two Allied Species (Diptera) (5 minutes), Mr. C. HOWARD CURRAN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 21. Insects of the Season in Ontario (5 minutes), Pror. L. CAESAR, Guelph, and Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont. , a. Read by title only at request of Pror. CAESAR. 22. Insects of the Season in Quebec (5 minutes), Mr. G. MAHEuX, Provincial Entomologist, Quebec, Que. 23. Notes on Lice, with Special Reference to the Chicken Louse (15 minutes), DR. bat 2) WICKWARE, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa. 24. Flower Relations of Wild Bees (15 minutes, Lantern), Mr. H. L. Vierecx, Endtnales gical Branch, Ottawa. 25. The Spread of the European Corn Borer in Ontario in 1923 (15 minutes), Mr. W. N. KEENAN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 26. The Status of the Control Practice for the European Corn Borer in Ontario (15 minutes), Mr. H. G. Crawrorp, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. a, a Present Status and Spread of the Japanese Beetle, Dr. C. H. HADLEY, Harrisburg, enn, 28. The Control of the European Corn Borer in the Light of our Present Knowledge (15 minutes), Pror. L. Carsar, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. 29. A Study of the Pupal Case of Prionoxystus macmurtrei (10 minutes), Mr. C. B. HutcuHinGs, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 30. Methods in Insect Photography (15 minutes), Pror. A. BROOKER KLuGH,. Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont. ; 31. Notes on the Injury Caused by Monochamus scutellatus to Burned Standing Timber in ae Brunswick (15 minutes), Dr. J. D. TotrsiLL, Entomological Branch, Fredericton, It is the sad duty of the Council to record the death of our esteemed col- league, Mr. R. C. Treherne, the Vice-president of our Society. Each member of the Council knows that the country has lost a strong man in entomology, : and each feels that he has lost a true friend. REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH 2 The fifty-first annual meeting was held on May 10th, 1924, in the Lyman Entomological Room, Redpath Museum, McGill University. Seven meetings were held during the season with an average attendance of”six members. The following papers were read during the year: Notes on Tenthredinidae......... nai'g Sie Mele ayes! hte hosted as Se ce eee J. W. BUCKLE. De Wid et DAIS ob ian ee se A es a 2 oe? Rl Se a Geo. A. Moore. - Notes on Ranatra fusca, and how the female protects herself from parasitical 2 BIHUES forces es Va icg ah ee eles ho Sonya eile aad soe olen aaa wales a nM eae eae T. C. BARNEs. - Sire ses) (Netdidad)iy 2 seek et ON nn ie, ea eee ner Gro. A. Moore. Lte tdistor, ot Prociphilus tessallata > ..icoa ae ok As ao) ete ee AVS Sic. 5, Maceo mil ge pees. i Spee e i teal ap _ } ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY : 7 eMC E Ol SSA SINUS Sit. ti he Nala a eee Aeron Vanes vlad a, Gro. A. Moore. DERE MIe PCLSOD Ata su. \eel 5s ase rd ss A Oe are Pe. We BOR ee Bile Geo. A. Moore. Histology of the Alimentary Canal of Blatta orientalis..................... T. C. BARNES. Reman tall POM OL AGUIALIC INSECUS cts on yaw Poste sy) OSS She he gle Rony w PE oer ea 2 T. C. BARNEs. Ry AIRC IAN oer Mere 2 aM ay ape ARa? 5 ty AA eee ee ele cle Es Lieto wad o bes Glace, eri eM CNN pst Meira, Ml ye RNAs a oh Pare Sete Robt Sor be acto oily GEO. A. Moore. The Treasurer reported a balance on hand of $80.11. The following were elected officers: President, Geo. A. Moore; Vice- President, G. H. Hall; Secretary-Treasurer, J. W. Buckle; Council, G. Chagnon, A. C. Shepherd and J. Warren. . J. W. BUCKLE, Secretary. REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH During the past year seven regular meetings of the branch were held and the average attendance was nine persons. One new member was elected, Miss F. Hahn. At the meetings of the Branch the following seven papers and addresses were given: | eee rlcuneymenopteras.! 6 ales ee Se eee Dr. E. M. WALKER. Permmiesaitd TTOLItAans 2).).hg. 3s os bs Oe oe cen Messrs. S. LoGiger and N. K. BIGELow. Mhaleid-ties and Ichneumon-flies;.~. 3... ..44.. Dr. N. H. C. Forp and Dr. W. A. CLEMENS. Peminatic Social Wasps. 22). sds gee ee ee Dr. E. M. WALKER and H. H. MacKay. ee emcee tee ee el ie ae ek ada a LD Mr. N. K. BIGELow. IE RU ee a tae a otk Re ua be et, VA oa Coe lion Mr. A. T. LoGIER. Maectoogllabitsrot Ants. o2- 0... SL S. Nes ec baa: ace a A Mr. S. LOGIER. The treasurer reported a balance on hand of $17.25. SHELLEY LOGIER, -President. : H. H. MacKay, Secretary. REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH The twenty-third annual meeting of the British Columbia Branch was held in the Provincial Museum, Victoria, on Saturday, March 15th, 1924; the attendance was small owing to sickness, etc. The following papers were read: Peat Rollers attacking orchards in the Okanagan......05.... 2. 05.0 0000. E. P. VENABLES. Serre ist papex-makem Soh 0.2 eae rs Sete eo waren W. B. ANDERSON. Mer morme@llee tian ns. oh ey en eet ee ee ee A. W. HANHAM. mecrevorution of the youns entomologist 2.005. 0...00 6k ee les R. S. SHERMAN. meareinccords/in Hemiptera se)! 4242 )Jeida sd le ene er sige bone e yannie W. Downes. een ene year on Vancouver Island.) kd ee ea ne es W. Downes. Life history notes on the aphids of the genus Pemphigus............... R. GLENDENNING. The election of officers resulted as follows: Hon. President, F. Kermode; President, L. E. Marmont; Vice-President (coast), R. S. Sherman; Vice-President | (interior), E. P. Venables. Advisory Board: Messrs. Bannister, Downes, Lyne, Ruhmann and Whittaker. Honorary Secretary-Treasurer, R. Glen- - denning, Agassiz, B.C. The treasurer reported a balance on hand of $133.75. R. GLENDENNING, Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. 8 THE REPORT OF THE _ ae REPORT-ON * ENSECTS OF THE YEAR Division No. 1, Ottawa District.—C. B. HUTCHINGS SHADE TREE INSECTS ~ ~The Maple Leaf Cutter, Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch has been exceed- ingly abundant this summer throughout the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. _ Trees in the vicinity of Ottawa have suffered considerably from this small leaf- feeding insect, though not to the severe extent as those in certain areas in Eastern Ontario. The worst damage done, however, was in the Eastern Townships, where some of the large sugar bushes were completely stripped of their foliage. The beech also suffered considerably from this insect. RS The Fall Webworm, Hyphantroa textor Harris, was again quite apparent this autumn, but perhaps in less numbers than in 1923. It was seen chiefly on ash, apple and elm, although other hosts claimed its attention. ce The Willow Borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn, was found in large numbers_ at Aylmer and the surrounding district on willow aed poplar. The damage to willows especially was quite severe. The Spring Canker Worm, Paleacrita vernata Pack, appeared again in Ottawa south and completely stripped large numbers of apple, elm, basswood and other trees. It was nevertheless not so numerous this year as in 1923 or 1922. : Several species of sawflies, Tenthredinidae, were numerous on oak, butternut, ~— hickory, elm and willow. Cicadas were prevalent about Aylmer during summer. They made their appearance very early in the season this year, some being taken during the later part of June and early in July. bap The Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubn., appeared-in less numbers this year and only a few scattered webs were ohecred The Birch Leaf Skeletonizer, Buccalatrix canadensisella Chamb., has been. remarkably scarce this year. During previous seasons 1923, 1922 aad 1997 especially the last two mentioned, it was very abundant and ruined the foliage © of all birches in Ontario as far west at Fort William. The White Spotted Sawyer, Monochamus scutellatus Say, was fairly active this summer on white pines. Many beetles were seen and taken on the wing. | The Walking Stick Insect, Diapheromera femorata Say, has been reported from different parts of Ottawa as being uncommonly numerous. It was found feeding chiefly on basswood, oak and hazel. = The Lilac Leaf Miner, Gracilaria syringella Fab., was exceedingly severe this summer, everywhere the lilac was to be found. In the central part of the city these shrubs appeared to be special objects of attack. The infestation = has spread westward since last year and is now to be found at the Central Experi-_ mental Farm. Some species, however, appeared to be quite immune, and in spite of heavy infestation all around remained free of any signs of attack. a: FIELD CROP INSECTS The Frit Fly, Oscinis variabilis Lw., during June and_July caused consider- _ able injury to wheat and barley plots at ie Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. . _ Adult flies were emerging on July 9th. ee Grasshoppers, Orthoptera, have been numerous in certain localities on cod and meadow lands. Melanoplus atlantis Riley; M. femur rubrum de Geer; © M. bwittatus Say, were the species observed. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 FRUIT AND GARDEN INSECTS ‘ i The Codling Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn., was again abundant in ‘ ~ unsprayed orchards. % a The Raspberry Cane-borer, Oberea bimaculata Oliv., has been very general g ‘and severe in its attacks on the young cane tops this summer. As this fruit is ene __ being more and more extensively grown each year in the outlying districts ' of Ottawa, the borer becomes of pee Meranie economic importance. __ The Carrot Rust Fly, Psila rosea Fab., was particularly severe this summer End caused serious damage to the carrot ae at the Central Experimental Par - Ottawa. | ‘a The Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae Linn., although numerous about Ottawa _ this year, was less injurious than in 1923. Bi - The Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus pratensis Linn. Flowers and truck e ‘gardens suffered from a heavy widespread infestation of this insect, especially towards the close of the season. Asters and dahlias, particularly, were affected. e Phe i injury begins in the bud, and the flowers develop imperfectly, or not at all. an some localities these crops were a failure on account of the ravages oi this pest. The Cabbage Maggot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouche. The injuries by this insect were very noticeable in the Ottawa district on cabbage, turnip and radish; . as a consequence many home and truck gardens suffered considerable loss. 7. . MISCELLANEOUS . e The Ber dic Beetle, Lasioderma sericorne Fab. Both larvae and beetles = were found at Ottawa in tins of tobacco which originally had come f rom Montreal. c The tobacco was so badly injured that it was utterly useless. eS 3 - Division No. 3, Toronto District.—A. COosENs Pa My report this year will be limited to a few observations made while enjoying aa La vacation in the Province of Quebec. | _In that district three species of forest insects are outstanding in destructive- | mess: The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobt Peck; the spruce bud-worm, _ Toririx fumiferana, Clemens; and the larch sawfly, Lygaeonematus erichsonit | 4 Hartgn. The larvae of the first bore in the inner bark of their host, while those a of the other two feed upon the foliage of the infested trees. Sg The white pine weevil was noted as affecting the introduced Norway spruce -as well as the white pine A number of drooping leaders of the former were |- examined and invariably disclosed numerous larvae tunnelling in them. Many ee of the trees bore deformed tops, where leaders had been killed by attacks of the | insects in former years. As far as observed the native white spruce is immune | from attack. : a The spruce bud-worm has been known for many years in Quebec. In » ©1909 it was reported as very plentiful and causing much damage to the spruces ' and balsams in the Upper Gatineau country. It has been reported also as - firmly established in the Beaupre district and along the Mattawin. This year it was stated to be not as plentiful as usual. Probably owing to insect parasites a the pest is not always at its peak of destructiveness. Were this not the case the " spruces and balsams would be doomed in districts. where the infestation is of _long standing. In various localities, especially north of Three Rivers, the larch sawfly did a great deal of damage during the past season. Many fine stands of young _tamarack were almost defoliated by the pest. 10 THE REPORT OF THE The problem of the protection of the trees from these three pests is a difficult one to solve. Spraying on such a large scale is out of the question. All that seems feasible is to cut the timber as soon as the trees are seriously endangered by the attacks of the insects. Even this plan is not always possible as the stands infested are in many instances too immature to be profitably marketed. This — was true this year in the case of the tamaracks attacked by the larch sawfly. Over large areas the trees were thrifty but small, not averaging more than five inches at stump height. In this report, I wish also to record the collection of a species of the False Scorpion or Chelifer, that is known to attach itself to house-flies. The afflicted fly was caught in the nursery office of the Laurentide Pulp and Paper Co., Proulx, Quebec. There were three specimens of the pest attached to the legs of the fly and one has still retained its hold after being preserved in formalin. These Chelifers are strange little creatures. Their yellowish, flattened bodies not more than one-tenth of an inch in length, are very inconspicuous. Their close relation to both the spiders and the scorpions is clearly shown in the — united head and thorax, the four pairs of legs and the well-developed pincer-like | mouth appendages. Whether the pseudo-scorpion is to be regarded as a fly parasite or not is uncertain. It is equally difficult to decide whether it should be considered as © leading a predatory life and pulling down the flies by its numbers. The only point that appears positively certain is that the fly furnishes the Chelifer with an excellent means of aerial transportation. ; Diviston No. 5.—J. D. DETWILER = During the latter part of the summer arctiid caterpillars were very much in evidence. Jsza tsabella was, 1 think, more abundant than I have ever seen it. The harlequin milkweed caterpillar, Euchaetias egle, was very common on the milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. The fall webworms, Hyphaniria, were fairly common. Early in the summer, onions in my garden were attacked by small caterpillars which on rearing also proved to be woolly bears (probably Diacrisia virginica) but the adults have not yet emerged. Late in the summer I also notice some large sycamore trees, Platanus occidentalis, practically stripped of their foliage by what I believe was Halisidota harris. H. tesselaris and H. maculata were also common. The datanas were quite plentiful. The black walnut trees on the university campus were badly infested The caterpillars were no doubt those of Datana integerrima; Datana ministra was common. ; The apple trees on our campus were badly infested by the codlin-moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, and the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella. The leaf miner, Nepticula pomivorella, was also rather abundant. eae is the garden the imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae, and the ottisel cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata, were present in considerable numbers as — usual. My sweet corn, Golden Raniah was badly infested with the Euroa corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis. | I might also report that I found the egg parasite, Tetrasticus asparagt, of the common asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi, quite abundant here in 1922. Mr. Gahan, of the United States National Museum, kindly identified it and Mr. Rohwer Sted that it had not been previously reported from this — locality. In the clover the larvae of Hypera punctata were reported numerous near London during the early part of June, but about June 15th the number rapidly — ; ee N \SENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | -44 3 decreased. Of course their partial disappearance was to be expected. From the same locality great numbers of clover seed midges were reported, also that the yield of clover seed was very low. Aphids on the clover were said to be very numerous. . A preliminary study of the galls of the vicinity was carried on by a student, Miss Nelda Wright, and the following forms are reported. ee Box Elder: _ Warty swellings on leaves—Eriophyes negundt. Box elder leaf “gall—Contarinia negundifolia. Cherry: Wild cherry pouch gall—Eriophyes padi. Goldenrod: ' : Oak: Goldenrod ball gall—Eurosta solidaginis. Goldenrod rosette gall—Rhopalomyia capitata. Elliptical goldenrod gall_—Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis. _ Hackberry: Hackberry nipple gall—Pachypsylla celtidis-mammae. Hackberry blister gall—Pachypsylla vesiculum. ’ Linden: - Linden twig gall—Ceczdomyia citrina. Linden wart gall—Cecidomyia verrucicola. _ Linden mite gall—Eriophyes abnormis. Saucer-like gall—Dryophanta discus. Woolly-gall—A ndricus flocct. Jewel oak gall—Philontx marrocarpae. Conical twig gall—Andricus ventricosus. Oak bullet ‘gall—Disholcaspis globulus. Poplar: Poplar vagabond gall—Pemphigus vagabundus. Basal leaf gall—Pemphigus populicaults. _ Rose: Mossy rose gall—Rhodites rosae. - Willow: Willow cone gall—Rhabdophaga strobiloides. Willow twig gall—Sackenomyia packardt. Drvision No. 6.—H. F. HUDSON The season has been cool, wet, and generally backward, which doubtless ‘ has helped to retard the activities of certain insects, while on the other hand it _ has been decidedly helpful to others, notably the European corn-borer.. In the latter case, at the time when eggs were hatching, the weather being cool, a much - larger percentage of young larvae were able to enter the stalk than would ' otherwise have been the case had the weather been hot, for undoubtedly the _ direct rays of a hot sun have a detrimental effect in reducing the number of | borers which gain access to the plant. The activities of cut-worms were likewise | Carried over a longer period than usual, their work being continued almost, to 2 the end of June. The more important insect pests noted are as follows:— FIELD Crop INSECTS x Wireworms. The species involved is not known, they were reported to a be generally destructive in Lambton, Essex, and Elgin Counties. Cutworms. There are probably several species involved, material not - having been received. They were reported as being extremely abundant and injurious to corn, cauliflower, potatoes, and, tobacco. The outbreak appears _ to have fairly general, and was recorded from Middlesex, Elgin, Kent and Essex Counties. European Corn-borer (Pyrausta nubtlalis). Possibly the most ‘desuactie pest of the year, certainly as far as corn is concerned. The intensity of attack has been most marked. It was decidedly injurious to the corn crop throughout - Western Ontario. Early sweet corn was particularly hard hit in Middlesex County. = : Sian Hessian Fly. We have seldom had a year in which we have been so remark- | ably free from this insect. A few early sown fields were attacked last fall, but this spring, owing to weather conditions at the time the spring brood emerged, — _ no injury was occasioned. ze W heat Midge. Although the little pink red maggots could be secured i in the wheat heads in almost any field, it was noted they were more abundant in low, damp locations. No injury resulted from their presence, outside a few shrunken grains in the affected heads. - Potato Beetles. On the whole the insect was less numerous than et year. A number of late planted fields were not sprayed at all. | zt Potato Flea Beetle. A very marked reduction over last year. Potato Leaf Hopper. Quite common, and fairly injurious around London, in unsprayed fields. s Seed Corn Maggot. Reported as being slightly injurious in Kent County. Bean Maggot. A slight but fairly general injury noted in Elgin aie Pea Weevil. Noted in exhibition peas at Simcoe Fair. GARDEN INSECTS Cucumber Beetles... These were quite abundant this year, being especially prevalent from June 16th—20th. Spraying with nicotine dust when the beetles” : are pairing seems a very effective control. Cabbage Maggot. -Decidedly injurious where the corrosive sublimate treat- ment had not been applied. ~ Radish Maggot. On light land there appeared to be no injury, but on heavy ; land the crop was useless. Cabbage White. Quite abundant this year, but a large percentage a the larvae were either parasitized or killed by the bacterial fungus ‘“‘flacherie.”’ Carrot Worm. Not as abundant as last year, the larvae being heavily parasitized. Tomato Worm. Unusually scarce this year. : Parsnip Webworm. Very abundant this year, particularly in pasture _ fields where cow parsnip, Heracleum lanatum, abounds. Tarnished Plant Bug. Generally reported abundant in celery and flower — gardens. vases Four Lined Leaf Bug. Unusually abundant and destructive this year in ~ - perennial and herbaceous borderxs. : Lixus Concavus. Present in almost all rhubarb plantations. ‘ Papaipema cataphracta. Injurious to potatoes and delphiniums. - Fruit INSECTS Codling Moth. In unsprayed orchards this pest was quite common. San Jose Scale. . Generally on the increase in Western Ontario. _ Aphids (species unknown). Very common on apple trees, deforming the fruit. j i” Alypia octomaculata. The larvae of this moth were unusually abundant — - this year in grapes. 2 eee o>: Plum Curculio. Several local cherry plantations were nee by this insect, rendering the fruit useless. ee - Black Cherry Aphis.. Very-common this year. : _ Rose Chafer. We experienced the largest outbreak of this pest we have ever had. It feeds on practically every green thing, including immature fruit. ee LivE Stock INSECTS Heel Fly. This pest is causing great concern with cattle men, cattle were “reported to have died from gadding near the Muncey reserve. 4 / MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS The leaf-eating beetle Serica serica was quite common on hazel and hawthorn. - Dichelonycha subvittata was common on linden and maple. __ Ithycerus novaboracensts was taken quite frequently from beech. i eA he corer Merete vs Sabi) 7? eae, Sat Hy ate lek if eta Ac (ie me x p ~- LESSONS. FROM THE GRASSHOPPER OUTBREAK OF 1919-23 IN MANITOBA = ie NORMAN CRIDDLE, TREESBANK, MANITOBA = 4 =~ - . The grasshopper outbreak of 1919-23 was the first extensive one experienced in Canada since 1874. It was also the most important one we have ever had pa - owing to the fact that during the earlier infestation settlers were few and far Bcc, whereas now vast stretches of growing grain are involved. The 4 money at stake was, therefore, immeasurably greater. © :. ~ We know very little about the former outbreak excepting that eve-witnesses _ proclaimed it to have been a sudden visitation of winged locusts in which the - insects dropped from a clear sky, resembling as they came down the flakes of a snowstorm. Arriving in late summer they remained to breed, and it was from the young hoppers of the following year that most of the damage resulted. _ This invasion consisted of the long-winged Rocky Mountain locust, Melanoplus 2: spretus Uhl., which had come from more arid parts, probably from the foothills of the Backes, but whether there were other species involved we do not know. > The 1919-23 outbreak was less spectacular and it had its inception in quite a small area of southwest Manitoba and southeast Saskatchewan. The species involved, too, (Camnula pellucida Scudd.), was one that entomologists had .§ previously experienced little trouble with, and as there had been no warnings of Bee Hopper activities the previous year, we were caught somewhat unprepared. 9 Most of our previous experience in grasshopper fighting had been derived - os a rather restricted infestation in 1900-04, during which we had discarded _ the cumbersome hopperdozer in favour of poisoned baits and in other respects _ had made some progress. Kansas and other states had experienced grass- _ hopper troubles between the 1900 and 1919 outbreaks and we were, therefore, able to profit from their discoveries. Our work in Quebec, too, had given us _ some additional data, all of which we took full advantage of. From the small beginnings of 1919 the grasshoppers quickly multiplied and p bread over most of the southwestern Bonien of Manitoba and extended well 3 ° ad cite ; . : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 13 14 THE REPORT OF THE | A Pee It is not my intention to go into details either as to the area infested or the amount of poisoned bait used. Sufficient to say that while the cost was great the savings were vastly greater, and large stretches of growing grain were saved that would otherwise have been destroyed by the hungry grasshoppers. After the second year in Manitoba (1920), the original species, Camnula — pellucida Scudd., began to give way to Melanopli, more particularly to M. atlantis Riley, until eventually Camnula vanished and the infestation was continued by the genus Melanoplus alone. ‘There was thus, in reality, a double outbreak causing a protracted infestation not at first anticipated. : Now that the outbreak is over one naturally asks what are cae lessons _ gained? To begin with, the outbreak has provided us with the opportunity to study the insects’ habits in detail. This in itself is important as an aid to devising remedial measures. We have studied them from eggs to adults and we can now not only recognize the insects in all their stages of growth but we also know their habits. This is particularly important in fighting Camnula, which, as is now recognized, migrates to regular breeding areas where its eggs © are literally packed together in millions. It is comparatively easy to find these egg beds even after the adults have died, due to the denuded vegetation, but to find the insects in the act of ovipositing is a sight to be remembered. I do not intend to infer that there are not numerous smaller breeding places as well as the larger ones, but the species always returns from the grain fields and deposits its eggs amid the sod, selecting definite areas for that purpose. The species of Melanopli, on the other hand, choose the stubble or grass fields for egg laying, ovipositing around the small bare openings rather than actually in the grass clumps. These details are naturally of importance in overcoming the insect. We have also learnt something of the causes that lead to grasshopper outbreaks and also of the factors that control them under natural conditions. It should be remembered that grasshoppers multiply very rapidly when | conditions are right for them. A single pair may produce fifty eggs, forty-eight — of which must be unproductive in order to maintain a balance. Upset this ratio by two extra survivals for each pair and the total number will be doubled. It is not very difficult, therefore, to imagine how grasshopper outbreaks begin. Dry, hot weather during the breeding seasons and an absence of natural enemies | might easily multiply a normal grasshopper population into an outbreak of importance within three years. Referring to natural enemies, it is evident that these vary in usefulness in different parts of the country and also in different years. In Manitoba, the most important grasshopper enemy was a species of bee-fly, Systoechus vulgarts, the larvae of which devour the grasshopper eggs. Next to this in importance were blister beetles, Sarcophagid flies and the fungous disease Empusa gryll. Red spiders, Trombidium sp., were very numerous and doubtless weakened the adults as well as destroyed many of the grasshopper eggs. A Carabid beetle, — Percosia obesa Say, was frequently found in its larval stage amid the egg masses, and we several times reared Scelio caloptent Riley from individual eggs. The wonderful part performed by Bee-flies in controlling Camnula pellucida — in Manitoba, does not seem to have been duplicated to the same extent farther west, though the insect did valuable work even in Alberta. But, as one extended westward, bee-flies grew less important and species of Sarcophagidae became more so. This also seems to have been the case in Montana. I was in that state late last August and at that time it was almost impossible for a grass- — hopper to fly without being pursued by one or more of these flesh flies. Bee, . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 15 j = foals proved an important local factor in preventing and controlling grass- . _ hopper outbreaks and their value within an area of twenty miles of their breeding _ places can hardly be overestimated. The most important species in Manitoba -was Franklin’s gull. Crows could always be counted upon to frequent grasshopper infested fields and several incipient outbreaks were checked by these birds. They also learnt to locate the Camnula egg beds, among which they did valuable service. Many birds feed regularly upon grasshoppers, and some, such as the _ Sharp-tailed grouse, depend very largely upon them as food for their young. These species are all useful in maintaining a balance, but it is to those birds that gather in flocks that we owe most when grasshoppers have got beyond - their normal numbers. ame Turning to artificial control of grasshoppers, it is interesting to know we have been able to check our previous findings as well as to add to them. We have learnt that mechanical contrivances for catching the insects are of small value in comparison with poisoned baits. We saw numerous spectacular efforts to burn the hoppers, catch them in machines and poison them with gas. Some - people, indeed, sprayed the insects with undiluted coal oil, obtaining thereby a wonderful kill both of the grasshoppers and crop. All these contrivances proved to be merely retarders to progress and after a short time they were discarded __ by all experienced persons. : _ Of the value of poisoned baits there was no doubt even though the various authorities differed as to the best attractants. Fruit such as oranges and lemons under the formula of the Kansas bait, was used almost entirely during the first year, but later on it was discarded as too expensive in our northern latitudes. We then turned to Amy] acetate as a substitute for fruit, a substance _ first successfully used in Montana. Later on we cheapened our formula still - more by leaving out all flavouring except salt, and during our last year’s campaign -. we used bran, sawdust, salt and arsenic alone. : _ Horse droppings, the standard bait of our 1900-03 infestation, still proved ~ tobeamong the best formulas, but its use was not practical with mixing machines on the scale in which baits were used in 1920. TO farmers, however, used it with much success. One question that has confronted us from the beginning has been. the _ difference of opinion expressed by various entomologists as to the merits of certain attractants. There were not only differences in various states and - provinces but, in some cases, at different mixing stations but a few miles apart. _ The variation in results at widely separated places could be explained by climatic factors and there is doubtless some reason in the explanation. As for the _ different results in near-by stations, we have in some cases traced the variation _ to the water used in mixing, which might be alkaline or not. There are times, _ however, when any of the usual baits are effective, a ninety per cent. kill resulting _ from their application. This proved a mystery for a considerable time and it _ has not been definitely disposed of yet, but the study of weather factors has shed important light upon the subject. We now know that temperature is one of the most important factors to be considered in bait application. It has, for instance, been long recognized that the grasshoppers do little feeding when _ the temperature is below 60 F. but it is only within the last three years that _ we have begun to draw up a definite scheme for applying bait based upon meteoro- _ logical conditions alone, the chief of which is temperature. We found in our og experiments that grasshoppers were practically inactive at a temperature below * 65 F. in the shade even though the sun were shining. As the temperature ih te PTE REPORT UF THe \ ~ S39 ‘ = ~ rose, however, the hoppers began to congregate into the sunlight to warm themselves, at 68 they began to feed in a small way and at 78 the height of their feeding activities was attained. They still ate hungrily at 85, but as | the temperature rose to 90 feeding became’ less and the insects commenced to seek shelter from the sun. At 96 the only noticeable attractant was water, to which the hoppers came readily. During a meeting held at Bozeman, Mont., = 1924, Mr. R. in Poker showed a temperature chart in which the grasshopper activities had been worked _ out in detail. This chart agrees very closely with my own findings and indicates _ that we are in close agreement on this important subject. | There is no doubt that loss of material and great waste of time have resulted from a lack of knowledge as to the best time to apply baits, and thereisreason to suspect that most of our failures have been due to this cause. To put out bait before breakfast when the temperature is far below the grasshoppers’ feeding range may seem to save time but in reality it means that “the bait has largely dried out before the insects are ready to feed and on this account it has become to a great extent unpalatable and valueless. The wonderful kills with any kind of bait-are thus explained. The Gaite - were accidentally put out at the right time. I may add that we consider sun- light a desirable factor to success in applying baits, though it is not actually A necessary if the temperature is high enough. i : Lastly, we have substituted mixing machines for the old slow hand mixing, . in this way not only saving time but also ensuring an even mix. These machines _ were situated at strategic points where strict account was kept of the amount _ of bait supplied to each farmer, and each got a just share in accordance with his requirements. This phase of the work was under the direct supervision OFS the Provincial Department of Agriculture, to whose officers the highest praise is due. = THE ROSE CHAFER AND FARM MANAGEMENT fa Witu1AM A. Ross and J. A. Hatt, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL _ LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, ONTARIO During the past three years we have conducted an investigation on the rose chafer problem in southern Ontario, particularly in Pelham township, ~ Welland county, and this investigation has demonstrated, we believe, that fundamentally the control of the rose chafer is a matter of farm management. It is true that spraying with sweetened arsenate of lead* has proved to be of — value—it will protect grapes and other plants from the ravages of the insect——_ but we have found that spraying has serious limitations. It is unduly expensive, where more than one application has to be made; plants with nearly ripe fruit _ and certain ornamentals cannot be sprayed; but most important of all, experience — has shown that, on account of the omnivorous habits of the beetle, the spraying — of vineyards and orchard trees here and there throughout an infested district will never reduce the insect to small proportions. Spraying is of value, but let - us make this point clear, we consider it of value only as a means of protecting certain plants from serious injury until the chafer has been brought under ~ control by the farm methods discussed herewith. *Arsenate of lead powder 3 lbs., cheap molasses 1 gallon, water 40 gallons. ~ Wie hee 1) . 4 ~~ 7 40 Se tes. ea ee AS ™ > * le £0 SP HG OOD Nese SS ESTs Spe Nye © 36 y 4 & ¥ ‘ a ate SS igt ER BS Lee oe OR PS ks. Se Te ye or ne “a Aas = ia 4 3 =< $ Shere: > ‘ F. ‘ . ; iar ge “ _ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ee ge EFFECT OF SPRING CULTIVATION Early spring cultivation or, to be more specific, cultivation done prior to the pre-pupal or dormant stage of the insect, has little or no effect in reducing the chafer population. A few grubs may be crushed by the plough or other implement, but the vast majority escape without injury, those turned up by ploughing being sufficiently active to “dig themselves in’’ rapidly. Further- more, at the time the earliest cultural work is done, many of the larvae are still below plough depth. _We have abundant evidence, however, that ploughing and cultivating in late May and early June, during the period the chafer is in the pre-pupal and pupal stages, are very fatal to the insect. In 1923 a badly infested field. was ploughed on June 7th and 8th at which time approximately 92 per cent. _ of the grubs had pupated—and on the two successive days it was disked and harrowed. This cultivation reduced the average chafer population from 93.66 insects per square yard to 27.33, or, in other words, it was responsible for a mortality of approximately 70 per cent. In 1924 a neglected sod field with an average grub population of 150 per square yard was ploughed on May 26th, 27th, 28th, and was then disked three _ times at intervals of five days. After cultivation the average chafer population was secured in two ways: (1) By taking a census of the insects in 11 square yards in different parts of the field, and by trapping the chafers in six large ‘cages. Both methods gave approximately the same population per square yard namely, 14.7 in the first case and 15. in the other, showing that cultivation had accounted for approximately 90 per cent. of the insects. In another field—oat -stubble—ploughing, disking and harrowing in late May and early June reduced the chafer population from 182.6 to 47.6 per square yard, or, in other words, destroyed approximately 74 per cent. of the insects. EFFECT OF CULTIVATION ON EGGS Insectary experiments and field observations indicate that eggs in the absence of moisture, e.g., eggs exposed to the sun and wind, and eggs in dry soil, fail to hatch, and furthermore that newly hatched larvae succumb when exposed to the sun. Advantage may be taken of this by ploughing and disking in July when the majority of the eggs have been deposited. In 1923 part of a neglected sandy field well stocked with eggs was ploughed on July 11th, and was then disked three times on July 14th, 25th and August 13th. The other part was left untouched as a check. A census of the grub population in the cultivated and check plots gave the following results: Culti- vated land—121 grubs per square yard; Check—520 grubs per square yard, indicating that cultivation had destroyed in the neighbourhood of 76 per cent. of the eggs or newly hatched grubs. During 1924 similar experiments were conducted on a larger scale in one field at Fenwick and in another at Ridgeville. In both instances several strips of land about 20 feet wide were ploughed and then disked three times at intervals of 3 to 4 days, and ‘“‘check”’ strips alternating with the cultivated lands were - left uncultivated. In the experiment at Fenwick the average grub population per square yard in the check was 112, whereas in the cultivated strips it was 39, indicating a reduction of 65 per cent. At Ridgeville the figures were 208 grubs per square yard in the check, and 60.6 in the cultivated land, indicating a_ . reduction of -71 per cent. 18 fi Sh REPORT OPStHE EFFECT OF FALL PLOUGHING ° The experiments on the effect of fall ploughing, which are summarized herewith, demonstrate that late fall ploughing has a marked effect in reducing ~ the grub population. Fall Spring Approx- Exp. Ploughed population] population] imate per No. per sq. per sq. cent. yard yard reduction 1 October dt sth (early ss Ne ee eS ae 190.5 16722 12535 2 Cletoben 220i se. ve sc Peete Bie Ta a hk mes Pee ey a 108.6 T1is3 34.36 3 INO vecmaler abo Cli. x sees oo oS. hy os eis Sel og ne 224 129 42.96 poe la Novenmbersorn. eye we 2, Gree very serious European pest on lilacs. Just how and when this insect came into Canada is not definitely known, however. | f _ _ As the summer advanced complaints began to come in from various parts 2 -.of the city, and later on at both our Ottawa and Toronto Exhibitions a number _ of inquiries were received respecting this trouble. as In the meantime life- history studies and some control esperiments were carried out. I was assisted in these investigations by Mr. A. R. Graham; and through the courtesy of Mrs. E. J. Chamberlain of 333 Metcalfe Street, we were permitted to conduct « our observations and experiments on the lilac hedges in her garden. CHARACTER OF INJuRY. About the end of the third week in May the moths emerge and deposit their eggs in groups of from five to ten on the undersides of the leaves, next to the axils of the veins. The caterpillars hatch in a week’s time and bore upward into the leaf, feeding upon the parenchymatous tissues between the upper and lower epidermis. The point of feeding at first appears simply as a discbloucaal spot; but this soon becomes irregularly enlarged, and since there may be several of these spots on one leaf, and due to the number of larvae around each, they spread ~ and soon coalesce, giving the leaf surface that characteristic bladdery appear- ance. After feeding this way for three weeks the larvae come to the exterior and curl the leaves. This is generally done from the apical end, although side rolling is not uncommon. The roll is held in place by several strands of white silk fastened down on the exterior, and the larvae which still retain their gregarious habit feed from within on the upper surface of the leaf as they roll it. In ten days they mature and leave the roll, letting themselves to the ground by ~a fine thread and pupate in the rubbish or surface earth. This resting period occupies approximately two weeks. A second generation then emerges and attacks the leaves more severely than the first, with the result that the foliage | is often completely destroyed. The time occupied for the entire life-history is a little over seven weeks. The first generation terminates about the third week in July and the second continues towards the middle of September. DESCRIPTION. The moth belongs to the Microlepidoptera and to the family Gracilariidae. The body is dark brown in colour and about 4 mm. ee tae ETI eee a Ee ee \% he, Ec fog (eee io rE i ’ x oe Me ie a ed ess ee ey a a ae + ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1 aS with a wing. expanse of 1 centimeter. The uppers are of brownish tint, splashed with six yellow, irregular, transverse patches. The under wings are grey-brown and fringed with light grey, very nae hairs. The moths fly during the early hours of the evening. The larval part of the life-history may Be divided into two stages, viz.: = mining and skeletonizing. In the mining stage the body of the larva is of a greenish tinge, quite transparent, glossy and covered with numerous fine, long hairs. The prolegs are wanting. Later in the skeletonizing stage it becomes a faint, yellow colour through which the intestinal tract is clearly defined. _A full grown larva is approximately 8 mm. long, i.e., a little over 14 inch, and 144 mm. broad. The body, over which a number of sensitive spines are arranged, is cylindrical and somewhat spindle shaped. The head is brownish-yellow, quite conspicuous, smooth, sloping and somewhat compressed. The antennae © have three joints. The ocelli, which are arranged in a_semi-circular manner, are six in number. The true legs are three-jointed and each bears a tarsal claw surrounded at the base with fine bristles. On the third, fourth and fifth body segments are the false or prolegs, each crowned with a wreath of hooked feet pointing forwards. The anal pair on the tenth segment is semi-circular ~and also points towards the head. On the ninth segment are several extra long spines which are arranged obliquely and directed outward and backward. The pupa is about 4 mm. long and yellow in colour, enclosed within a thinly spun cocoon of white silk which the caterpillar fastens to the earth, board or rubbish where the transformation is to take place. CONTROL. Several strengths of nicotine sulphate were used. While one to one and a half tablespoonfuls to one gallon of water was found hardly strong enough for all stages of the larvae, that of two tablespoonfuls to the _ gallon effected a.perfect control. Not only did this strength kill all the larvae in the mines, but it reached and destroyed those within the rolled leaves. It was observed that the poisoned liquid was supported on the curling leaf surfaces and later was drawn gradually into the. roll and readily affected the feeding larvae. The time to spray is when the leaves first show signs of being spotted, early in June, using one and a half tablespoonfuls of the nicotine to one gallon of water. Follow this with the stronger solution two weeks later, if necessary. The material should be applied as a fine ay and the branches well covered above and below. . The picking of the spotted leaves early in the season and burning these may hold the pest in check to some extent. While this plan lends itself con- veniently in treating small shrubs, it is obviously too tedious and impracticable for the larger plants and high hedges. SOME VARIETIES OF Syringa vulgaris SHOWING VARIOUS DEGREES OF > ATTACK BY ractlaria syringella F. In making observations in the Arboretum at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, where over 150 varieties of this shrub are being grown, it was __ observed that the miner showed a marked partiality for some varieties, while on the other hand it avoided others entirely. The following list, which it was found convenient to divide into four parts, will illustrate this, and the name of the different varieties examined are recorded below. It must be understood, . - however, that this list is made for the year 1924, and is, therefore, only suggestive. : - Heavily Infested. Madame J. Morel. Madame Moser Macrostachya. ‘ _ Rouge de Marley _ Ruba insignis Belle de Nancy. pe piree Monument Carnot. Ba yy) Prinz Notger Princess Maria Dr. Linley Prof. Sargent Jacques Calot Amethyst ‘De Miribel Dr. Nobbe Virginite Rene Jarry Desloges Geheimrath Singlemann Michel Buchner Alba grandiflora Negro FORMER RECORDS. Canada. Society of Ontario for 1923, on page 62, under the heading, Season,’’ by Messrs. Caesar and Ross. ar oe = w = ~ a j THE REPORT OF THE _ Lightly Fae Charles X Volcan Furst Liechtenstein Senateur Volland -- Very Slightly Infested. Eckenholm Bulgaria Lovaniensis Madame Casimir Perier. Not Infested. Montgolfier Vergissmeinnicht S. Murillo Delepin President Carnot Comte Horace de Choiseul - Croix de Brahy Auvergne, Renoncule. 5 : Charles Joli. a Double Blue S. sibirica. = Congo. Edward Andre. W. M. Robinson._ ~ Marie Le Graye. \- Chas. Baltet. Mad. Abel Chatenay. Emilie Lemoine. Obelisque. Versaliensis. Madame Briot. No traces could be found of Gracilaria syringella. in the United States records, and there seems to be only one brief note from It reads as follows: This appears in the fifty-fourth Annual Report of the Entomological “Insects of the “‘Lilac leaves severely mined by some insects were received from several places in Toronto, Newcastle and Guelph. Leaves were sent in on June 16th, 28th, July 31st, and August 10th, and complaints were made at the time that if this pest in- creased it would make lilacs so unsightly they would be better removed. The larva was lepidopterous and possibly the same one that has” troubled lilacs in England, viz. : Gracilaria syringella. 9 Two Eisuch investigators, Collinge and Gillanders, have short accounts of the life-history, and Truffaut, a French entomologist, at Versailles, in his -“Les Ennemis des Plantes Cultivees,”’ to a discussion of this insect. devotes a short paragraph on page 377 Other French and German entomologists have studied this insect at different times, and a list of the principal references has been added at the end of this paper. Besides feeding upon lilac, Gracilaria syringelia has been recorded on | Ash, Privet and Eyonymus (spindle tree) and Deutzia. - = Fifty-fourth annual report Entomological Society of Ontario, p. 62, 1923. Manual Injurious Insects, by Walter Collinge, Birmingham, Eng., G. syringella, the Lilac Leaf Miner, p. 173, 1912. References Forest Entomology, A. T. Gillanders, p. 280, 1908. Les Ennemis des Plantes Cultivees, pp. 377; Geo. Truffant, Versailles, France. history note, 1913. Trait d’Entomologie Forestiére, pp. 539, Recorded on Ash, 1913. Judeich Nitsche, Forst Insecktenkunde, Vol. 2, p. 1066, recorded on ash. Die Raupe der Fliedminiermotte, G. syringella, Von Dr. L. Fulmek, Vienna, 1910. S Die Feinde der Syringin, from Die Gardenwelt, Berlin X XVI, 21, 1922, Enemies of the Lilac including G. syringella. Report on Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases of Field and Orchard in 1920. Tidskrift for Planteavl Copenhagen, Denmark, G. syringella on lilac and privet in Denmark, 27, 1921, pp. 697-759. A communication on diseases and pests of cultivated plants in Bohemia in 1918. ZJomedeees Arch, Prague, Austria, 1920, pp. 80-96, 195-202. G. syringella abundant near Prague, Austria. Eandpoch der Bacncenie muetea by Prof. Dr. P. Sorauer, p. 248, 1913: . Les Insectes nuisibles, Vol. III, p. 105, by Ch. Goureau, 1861. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, by G. Guenaux, p. 394, 1917. A brief lifes 7 oa = \ J : ¢ Jr ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 93 Pror. CAESAR: There were some badly affected hedges in Guelph. I saw one about 40 feet long and practically every leaf was dead by the end of . July. I think there is some possibility that arsenate of lead might control this : pest but I am very glad to hear that Mr. Hutchings has had good success with nicotine sulphate. - NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LESSER GRAPEVINE FLEA- Bs BEETLE EIN’ CANADA: ARTHUR GIBSON, OTTAWA . An interesting outbreak of this insect occurred in Ottawa city in June, _ 1917. In the same year, and in other years, Mr. Dwight Isely found the insect in numbers in the State of Pennsylvania, studies being made at North East, Pa. The species was found to be undescribed and the name of Altica woodsi was given to it by Mr. Isely. A description of the insect, with a biological account, was published in Bulletin No. 901, U.S. Department of Agriculture (December, 1920). The Ottawa outbreak is the only one of which we have record in Canada. In that year, the larvae and beetles were found in considerable numbers on : the foliage of Virginia creeper. On June 8th, numerous eggs were seen to be - ___ present on the leaves. These had been deposited singly near the larger veins, ¢ as noted by Isely. In three instances at Ottawa, two eggs had been deposited ca close together. Nineteen eggs were counted on one small leaf 314 inches. long ‘ by 214 inches wide; on another leaf, 31% inches long by 2% inches wide, twenty- six eggs were counted. The eggs lay flat upon the leaves and as has been recorded with other species, were streaked lengthwise with a thin line of excrement. My - notes state that the colour of the eggs is of a pale orange-yellow; the above author gives the colour as “‘straw yellow.” = Eggs collected on June 8th, hatched on June 15th. By June 30th many ; of the larvae were mature and were entering the earth. Pupation took place - _ hear the surface. One larva made its cell one-half an inch below the surface. y The mature larvae were yellowish-white in colour and measured 6 mm. in length. In our breeding jars the larvae fed almost exclusively on the undersides of the ‘leaves. | 3 Examples of both sexes of the beetles which emerged from this brood of a larvae were confined in a breeding jar in an outdoor insectary and eggs were F. deposited freely on and about August 15th. This would suggest two generations ; in the Ottawa district, at least in some years. According to the above author there is in Pennsylvania only one generation, the insect passing the winter in : the adult stage. Regarding the Strawberry Flea-beetle, Altica ignita, Ill., & Chittenden (Bull. 23, N.S., U.S. Bureau of Entomology) states that indications e pointed to two generations annually in the District of Columbia and that there _.._was probably a third generation in the south. Most of the species in this genus, however, apparently have only one annual generation. Ba Se DEMS —- - Regarding the adult, Isley says that it ‘‘is similar to Altica chalybea, from & which it may be distinguished as follows: Colour, metallic green, rarely with i purple or olivacious reflections; antennal joint 3 equal in length to joint 4; average length 3.05 mm., varying from 2.43 to 3.05 mm. The Ottawa speci- mens collected on June 8th and those which I reared from eggs are all either bluish or greenish in shade with, of course, the metallic reflection. c The outbreak at Ottawa is the only one of economic interest which we BAS | THE REPORT OF THE — have from Canada. In the Canadian National Collection of Insects we have the beetle from the following additional localities: Montreal, Que., 12 June, 1906 (G. Beaulieu) ; Aylmer, Que., 24 August, 1923 (C. B. Hutchings) ; es Trenton, Ont., 17 August, 1902; 24 June, 1906 (J. D. Evans); . Bowmanville, One on grape, 19 June, 1913; 3 Aug., 1913; 8 8 Sept, 1913 (W. A. Ross); apt Beaumaris, Ont., 26 June, 1917 (G. Beaulieu). All of the specimens have been examined by Mr. Norman Criddle, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, who considers them to be the species under discussion. - - Our records indicate that the insect in Canada has been found on Vicia creeper and cultivated grape. In Pennsylvania wild grape is also attacked. ~~ Pror. CAESAR: I would like to add that several years ago I found this © species on wild grapes in Prince Edward county. Both adults and eggs were easily found on-the leaves. NOTES ON INSECT PARASITES OF PHYLLOPHAGA ANXIA IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC By C. E. PetcH anp G. H. Hammonp, Dominion ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, “-HEMMINGFORD, QUE. Doe For the past ten years or more white grubs have caused serious losses to_ various field and garden crops in the Province of Quebec. In Southern Quebec during the summer of 1923, areas of 100 square feet were found upon which no vegetation survived, and from such areas 50 white grubs per square foot of surface were collected. During the past summer a study was made of the insect parasites of Phyllo- phaga anxia to determine the species which were important as white grub con- trol factors and to what extent they were effective. As investigational work - was started toward the end of June it was impossible to secure adult parasites. ~ We are hoping, however, to secure a plentiful supply of these following the heavy flight of adults expected to appear during the spring and early summer of 1925. Tiphia inornata Say. Few adults of this species were on the wing this season and from collections 2 made at Hemmingford and Ste. Anne’s, no other species of 77phia was obtained. Parasitism ranged between 3 and 49 per cent. in local areas, being determined by collections of infested grubs and Tiphia cocoons. From muck soil collections, ~ - parasitism averaged 4.4 per cent.; in loose well drained gravel soil containing considerable sand, 20.8 per cent., and in sandy loam soil seeded to timothy and not ploughed for three years, 16.6 per cent. The average control from all types of soil, determined from 13,480 Phyllophaga larvae in various stages, was ee £o:2 percent aon - Although many cocoons of 7ipia were collected during the summer, few adults emerged and only a few were noted on the wing. Hence only a few larvae were found attached to the white grubs. They were found always © in a transverse feeding position near the mid-dorsal line of the prothoracic seg- ment of the grub, which is closely related to the position occupied by the eggs” ee : Aan = £ — ae: ¥ : 3 ~— i= | a ; 4 _ e ; F x - sew . hots f- — a = . b Be I er = hee ee eS j 7>> ~~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY- 95 _of T. punciaia Rob. (1). This position was unaltered until the parasitic larvae were almost full grown, when the host became flabby and distorted as a result of the feeding of the parasite. The above statements differ from those of ~ — Jj. J. Davis (1) in reference to T. znornata, which are as follows:—‘‘the eggs are __ laid on the underside of the thoracic or first abdominal segments, usually be- - tween the second and third thoracic segments and to one side of the median line, not-infrequently relatively distant from the median line and between the e. legs.”’ : ‘Markings from 77phia stings and larvae were located on the dorso-median area of the prothorax of the grub, except in two cases where they were attached - to the mid-dorsal area of the metathorax. Usually the egg was deposited in ~ the depression of a fold. The larvae hatched from eggs did not reach maturity, but from partially grown larvae collected in the field it was noted that an in- - crease in length of 5 mm. commonly took place in twelve days. In the field . _ larvae were noted in various stages of development between July 25th and October | a 28th. Cocoon construction was noted between July 28th and September 19th. Ss ‘There is a distinct prepupal stage within the cocoon before the pupa is formed ~ in which the larva assumes a compact form. Hibernation occurs mainly in this prepupal stage within the cocoon. Ina _ series of 500 cocoons collected in the fall, 85.8 per cent. were over-wintering in this stage, .6 per cent. in the pupal stage, and 13.6 per cent. of the same series eee ~_ _hibernated in the adult stage. From our present knowledge it is difficult to 4 state the duration of the life cycle in the Province of Quebec, but there is a possibility that it occupies more than one year. There were no hyperparasites = _ reared from this species. 4 _ Pelecinus polyturater Drury : This species is not uncommon in the Hemmingford district and at Aylmer, -~ Que. Two females were dug out of soil heavily infested with white grubs on August 25th at a depth of six inches but no trace of immature stages could be 4 found. e. Mucrophthalma phyllophagae Curran 4 During 1924 large white maggots with prominent black posterior spiracles _ were reared in considerable numbers from parasitized white grubs. In two cases three were present in a single host but in all other cases a single larva was found in one white grub. Adults of these parasites were assumed to be M. disjuncta Wied., but Mr. C. H. Curran indentified them as an undescribed Gar ‘ species of which a ea specimens were present in the Canadian National Col- i lection from Ottawa district and Covey Hill, Que. This species has since been described by Mr. Curran as Microphthalma Fierce. Evidently M. disjuncta - is absent, because, out of a large series examined, all flies were /. phyllophagae. ie. > Additional distributional points from material in the Canadian National! Col- : a lection are Aylmer, Que.; Teulon, Man.; and Fredericton, N.B. No hyper- = parasites were reared from this species, but the spider, Aglaope trifasciaia, a az “common species in meadows in the Hemmingford district, was found to be __predaceous on the adults. = The comparative abundance of M. phyllophagae this season has probably resulted from a moderate degree of parasitism of white grubs during the season of 1923 when the latter were in their second year, with the exception of a small ’ overlapping series. White grubs were so abundant in the soil that the per-" —_ centage of Microphthalma larvae which survived and managed to reach a white = = T y ~ 26 Cts A RHE REPOR TOR Piney ~\ grub was relatively high. Hence the abundance of flies on the wing during the year 1924. Doubtless the number of flies on the wing during 1925 will be smaller because of the decrease in the number of hosts in the soil due to pupation and adult formation during the larviposition period. The eggs hatch within the fly and the living maggots presumably are deposited on the surface of whe. soil or in crevices. | In a series of 295 white grubs collected in the last week of June from gravelly and sandy loam soil 11.8 per cent. were parasitized. In sandy loam soil which was planted to timothy for the past four years a collection of 155 white grubs obtained October 23rd were parasitized to the extent of 9.8 per cent. The highest percentage of infestation was found among grubs collected from loose muck soil. Collections of 181 grubs from this/area were 15.4 per cent. parasitized. The above type of soil is believed to be ideal for the successful ee of the parasite within the host. Pupation began July 6th and was at its height on July 13th but puparia were found until July 24th. There were little external signs of parasitism in the colour or shape of the grub. The caudal extremity of the parasitic maggot projected through a large opening in the ventral side of the grub, which allowed the escape of much of the body fluid remaining in the host. Puparia were formed either within the body of the grub or at a short distance from it and they were frequently found in empty white grub cells in the field with the larval skin of the host attached. Adult emergence commenced in the laboratory on July 26th and was at its height on August 16th but continued until August 25th. The rapid short flights of the species in the field, accompanied by a low, voluminous, droning sound, was first noted in the field on August 8th but as the flies were present in considerable numbers they were probably on the wing from the first of the month or slightly earlier. Late captures were made on October 2nd but it was common to find specimens with badly frayed wings during the early part of September. Females kept in vials in the laboratory deposited living ee ae and a certain number of eggs from which larvae emerged almost immediately throughout the period August 13th to October ist. Larviposition is believed to be normal under field conditions, although J. J. Davis (1), in referring to /. disjuncta Wied. speaks of oviposition as the normal method of reproduction. Beaver meadows and pastures were favorite habitats for the flies but they did not seem to be attracted to flowers. Although difficult to see in their rapid flight their dark colouration renders them easily visible on green foliage. Collections made during mid-day contained a considerably greater pro- portion of males than females but in evening collections and in a series of speci- mens reared in the laboratory the proportion of sexes was about equal. Hiber- nation occurs within the host when the young larvae are from 1 to 3 mm. long, development proceeding slowly during the latter part of the season. The adult is a stout fly approximately 13 mm. in length with long feb furnished with large tarsal claws. Long black bristles occur over the abdomen and thorax and the legs are armed with short bristles. The female can usually be distinguished from the male by her darker colouration and by the short pseudo-ovipositor. The vagina contains mature eggs and young larvae to the number of from 350 to 550. Under artificial conditions never more than 225 eggs and larvae were deposited by a single female but under field conditions, however, it is probable a greater number are commonly deposited. Both eggs and young larvae are tightly packed in the vagina at right angles to its length. The egg is .8 mm. long, curved to each extremity. The anterior eS ee ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY rey extremity is sharply pointed while the posterior extremity is usually bluntly pointed. A semi-transparent almost circular area occurs just beneath either extremity. Young larvae just out of the chorion are light yellow in colour, from .8 mm. to .9 mm. long, slender, tapering from the anterior to the posterior extremity. They progress rapidly with a partial looping movement and at regular intervals throw the head end violently into the air and wave the body back and forth while maintaining the equilibrium with the extreme caudal part of the body. Actual entrance of the young parasite into the grub host has not been observed but the young larvae have frequently been observed beneath the white grub cuticle. Their progress through the host tissues is typically marked by an elongated dark brown streak which generally originates on the lateral area near the centre of the grub and continues after some sinuations across the dorsal area. Usually the young parasite is found near the end of the brownish streak, but in a number of cases cannot be found at all. Some of these brownish areas are rounded but the brownish colouration is usually streaky and it may appear granular because of the presence of many small brownish spots. It is usually irregular in form and in most cases the larvae can be seen. On the other hand, lesions of Micrococcus nigrofasciens (2), a bacterial disease with which it might be confused, are rounded, black to dark brown in colour. It is very probable that in many cases the young parasite introduces the disease into the white grub host when becoming established, but this point has not been definitely determined. The mature larva is approximately 16 mm. long and 4.5 mm. wide. The a Ze? * a ti Be va a 2 s. 3 head extremity, which is bluntly pointed, bears the anterior spiracles with their multiple, rounded openings. The caudal extremity is truncate and some- what oblique. Near the central area of the caudal extremity are the two large, black, prominent spiracles, each of which has three raised, rounded ridges. ~The three openings are narrow, elongate and almost parallel. The anterior half of the six forward segments are armed with numerous rows of short, stout, pointed spinulae which decrease in size toward the caudal extremity and cover the greater part of the surface of the posterior segments. The puparium is rounded and cylindrical, approximately 12 mm. long ‘and 4 mm. in diameter. The anterior extremity is roundly pointed and the posterior is bluntly pointed. The spiracles differ considerably in form from those figured for VM. disjuncta Wied. by J. J. Davis (1). A silidae Asilid larvae were noted in several instances to feed on white grubs in rearing tins. They were moderately common in a number of fields, which were badly infested with white grubs. Timothy sod, which had not been ploughed for several years, seemed to be the favorite habitat. A total of 325 larvae were picked up behind the plough over the same area from which 13,655 white grubs and June beetles were collected. No adults have yet been reared, but in the laboratory collection Asilus paropus Walk., Cyrtopogon falto Walk., Asilus novaescotiae Macq., and A silus erythrocnemius Hine are the most numerous. Other species not so numerous, but which are liable to be predaceous in the larval stage, are Asilus notatus, Asilus snowi Hine and Asilus sadyates Walk. Mites Although not properly classified as insects, mites may be included here, because of the occurrence of one species which has been found on 100 per cent. of the grubs in Hemmingford district. 28 “Se REPORT OPeEEEE = _ All the grubs were infested with the hypopial nymphs of a species of Tyro- glyphus. These nymphs are.3 mm. in length, broadly oval in outline, and shaped like a flattened scale. Two anterior pairs of legs are slender and taper to the tarsi. The beak is moderately distinct and pointed. The posterior ~ pairs of legs project backwards and are smaller than the anterior pairs. In the living mite the colour is uniformly straw-colour or white, but in specimens boiled in caustic potash a round, deep brown spot may be seen on either side of - the body near the median area, which apparently is not present in the more | immature specimens. Di In the case of moderately infested sine: grubs the greater PE: of ihe nymphs are grouped around the legs. In badly infested specimens hundreds of mites may be found distributed over the host, closely attached to the cuticle by both the beak and legs. Asilid larvae are infested in rare cases by this- -_ species, which prefers the living host but does not abandon the host when it is ---dead. They do not feed in this stage, according to Dr. Banks, but are carried about by the insects until they reach a suitable breeding place, and further, they feed upon fungus and decaying vegetable matter and are never predaceous. - A species of mite which is not very numerous is Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae _ Riley.. It is 1 mm. in length, broadly oval in body outline, white and without markings of any kind. The legs are long, stout, with moderately long claws. The sucking beak is prominent, fairly road: at the base, and tapers to the apex. -It is seldom found attacking live white grubs and occurs in small numbers, seldom more than a dozen being found on a single grub, pupa or beetle. Fre-- — quently, decaying vegetable matter is taken as food. White Grub Saprophytes Ophyra leucostoma Wd. and Muscina stabulans Fallen were found in large numbers in dead white grubs which were exposed, but neither species was observed to be parasitic, even under exceptional conditions. Laterature Cited (1). Davis, J. J., Sta. of Illinois, Dep. Reg. and Education Div. of Nat: Fhist: Surv.2Vok XU Art. V2 (8) Nor hrup: Zae, Mich. Agr. Exp.Sta., Tech: Bul, 188: ———SSSss————— oe NOTE ON PTINUS FUR L. AND VILLIGER REIT. AS STORED PRODUCT PESTS IN-CANADA C. HOWARD CURRAN, OTTAWA, ONT. During the past summer reports of injury to stored flour in the Prairie Provinces by a beetle not previously recorded as causing serious damage have come to hand. Unfortunately living specimens were not secured in sufficient time to conduct experiments tending to the formulation of control measures or to work out the life history of the insect, which proved to be Piinus villiger — Reit., so that it is intended here to give notes regarding the occurrence and — the peocucte attached. = Ptinus fur L., has also been reported as attacking flour and other stored products and, eee to Mr. Wm. Downes of the Dominion Entomological \ Laboratory, Victoria, B.C., the beetles were troublesome in his house, infesting ae a4 “ee % = ; \ : : 2 \ ; = - a ~ Pe cy = — + - >= AENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 29 _ such stored products as bran, shorts and grain. They also proved to be a _ pest to Museum specimens, having attacked insect specimens and stuffed birds. Ptinus fur has been recorded from time to time as a household pest attacking -_ various stored products and is commonly known as the “Spider Beetle’ on » ~ account of its appearance. ; Ptinus villiger Reit. appears to be responsible for the damage to stored } flour, etc., in the Prairie Provinces, no specimen of P. fur having been received - during 1924, associated with stored mill products from this region, although _ it occurs on the prairies (see distributional note below). P. villiger is distin- _ guished from fur by the presence of much longer, rather bristly hairs on alternate : intervals of the elytra, these hairs being sub-equal in length in fur. The products attacked by vélliger on the prairies are: flour, farina and cornmeal, according to Dr. A. W. Alcock, chemist of the Western Canada Flour Mills, Winnipeg, who has also made observations on the life history. Ac- cording to his observations, which he describes as very casual, he placed a few beetles in a sealer with some cornmeal, and while the beetles died, a new genera- tion emerged in about three and a half months. This gives some idea of the time required to complete the transformation from egg to adult under favorable conditions, a temperature of about 85 degrees Fahr. being maintained. ; The eggs have not been seen. The larvae are yellowish white, small, robust, curved and very densely covered with erect, soft, whitish hair. The head is mostly brown, and the eyes are covered with dense hair as on the body. _. The adult varies in colour from reddish brown to deep brownish black, with, normally, a patch of whitish, recumbent scales on each elytron near the base = and apex. = The damage to flour is rather characteristic: the flour becomes granular 4 or flaky and may even be somewhat ‘‘stringy’’ when the infestation is unusually _ severe. The full-grown larvae form a ball of flour in which they pupate, and _ these may be found in numbers at the proper stage of the development of the insect. Distribution of Ptonus villager Reit., as shown by specimens in the Canadian ' National Collection. Estevan, Sask. (material for rearing, etc.); Aweme, Man., Mm and Ottawa, Ont. Leng gives “Nfld., Can., Wash.”’ (Since either P. fur or _ williger, probably the latter, is proving quite troublesome in Minnesota, it is almost safe to include that State in the list.) Blatchley gives: ‘‘New England, Michigan and westward.”’ rae s Distribution of P. fur. Material before me is from the following localities: ~ Ottawa, Ont.; Aylmer, Que.; Medicine Hat, Alta.; Lillooet, B.C., and Victoria, m2 -.C. Leng gives: ‘Cosmop., Ind.; Alaska, Eur., Asia.’’ -Blatchley gives: - “Hamilton and Posey Counties (Indiana); scarce.” Bor 7 for man, the shortest known life cycles of insects under normal conditions are about ten days.. While the extreme fecundity is well illustrated by the queen of the common honey-bee, which can produce 2,000 to 3,000 eggs daily. She may lay “four times her own weight of eggs each day”’ for weeks in succession. (5) The fifth characteristic that has made insects successful I believe is what may be called fixity of purpose. Any one who recalls trying to sleep on a — sunny summer afternoon in a room with a single housefly will have an inkling of what is implied in this point, fixity of purpose! That housefly would alight on your nose, and you could not keep him from it. He practises no caution, he knows no fear, he recognizes no reverses. You may occasionally knock him to the far side of the room, but he comes back. Even if it eventually costs him his life, he wz// alight on your nose and you can’t scare him away. Your threats and your abuse make no impression upon his boundless impudence, his singleness of purpose, his energetic abandon to what he considers his duty. That housefly is typical of his whole race! Multiply this one insect by millions, make his form as diverse as the herbs of the field and his method of attack as varied as we have shown it to be, and you have a simple, vivid concept of the problem con- fronting the human race in the so-called insect peril. What a field for research! What a challenge to man’s roasted intelligence and supposed dominion over the earth! Match your wits against the blind unreasoning instinct of a billion tiny chinch bugs, intent on reaching the near-by — cornfield, and see if you can keep them out. Dispute, if you will, the right to possession of a seaside summer resort with the cohorts of bloodthirsty mosquitoes. Conquer the heart of Africa from the deadly grip of the tsetse fly and its consort, sleeping sickness. Say to the European corn borer, which at present has not penetrated into the great corn growing States of America, “thou shalt not invade our corn belt and despoil the crops of our smiling prairies.” I verily believe that the man who loves a fight can nowhere in the universe find a setting more ideal than that provided by any abundant, destructive and aggressive © insect. Our enemy, then, in this great contest is characterized (a) by a size so a that they are often encamped in our midst before we see them; (0) by numbers of soldiers beyond human comprehension; (c) by a coating of armour, at once light, remarkably strong, flexible and acid proof; (d) by powers of reproduction that lead us often to despair of ever reducing their numbers; and (e) by a fearless- ness, an impudence, an absolute abandon to the dual purpose of finding food for themselves and assuring the security of the next generation. What shall we do? Some fundamental, scientific methods of preventing insect breeding and increase must be discovered, if we are going to check their gradual encroachment upon all that is necessary for human life and happiness upon the earth. I have noticed recently that the chemists have perfected an alloy of chronium and-iron that bids fair to reduce very greatly the $200,600,000 — annual loss by iron rust. I wish to show particularly this evening what entomo- logists are doing to lighten the losses caused by insects. ~~ Wuat Does INsEcT CONTROL INCLUDE ? ‘ v The mention of insect control usually calls up visions of spraying, and spray pumps. That is the phase of insect control that the public hears most about. But spraying comprises only about one-tenth of the vast programme of control being waged continuously against insect pests. Historically, mechanical and ~ physical measures were doubtless the first artificial control measures employed - Cae ENTOMOLOGICAD SOCIETY 2 > oo against insects. These consist of destruction by hand, mechanical exclusion, - the use of traps, drainage, flooding, heat, cold, etc.; any mechanism or operation with which the insect is killed by the physical or mechanical action of the control measure. These are outlined in the following table: - MECHANICAL OR PuHysIcCAL MEASURES USED FOR THE CONTROL OF INSECTS 1. Destruction by Hand: Collecting, crushing or dislodging the insect from plant or animal _by human labour. a. Hand-picking. b. Jarring off plants; taking advantage of the death-feigning instinct. , ¢. Swatting. ~« d. Worming of trees for borers. é. f. Scraping of bark under which insects have taken shelter. Pruning infested twigs and burning them. 2. Mechanical Exclusion: The interposition of some impassable obstruction between the insect and the object to be protected. Nia! Bye “ # n ee ci a. Screening of houses, storerooms, restaurants, delivery trucks, exposed foods, beds, persons, individual plants, seed beds. b. Linear barriers about fields; such as dust furrows, open ditches, straw or fabric or salt saturated with kerosene, fences of cloth or upright sheets of metal. . Tree banding, collars, paper discs, etc., for individual plants. . Bagging of fruits or fruit clusters. Fly-nets, screen muzzles, nose fringes, etc., to protect animals. . Crushing Machines: Such as brush drags, rollers, etc. . Traps: Any device in which an insect is caught and killed or held until it may be destroyed. . Mechanical stationary traps; such as deep, smooth holes in the soil; flat stones, boards, heaps of refuse, etc., so placed that the insects congregate under them; the use of loose ~ fabrics in which the insects become entangled; tanglefoot and other adhesive materials; the maggot trap; the codling moth band trap; light traps; window traps, etc. b. Mechanical moving traps, such as sticky shields, boxes, and wands moved over or among plants or other infested objects to catch the insects that jump or fly from them; hopper- dozers, aphidozers, hopper catchers; vacuum cleaners and other suction traps. -c. Baited traps, in which some odorous material is used to entice the insect, such as fly-traps, roach traps, moth traps. d. Animals as traps; allowing attractive animals to range over infested buildings or fields in order to concentrate upon them parasites or household insects. e. Plants as traps, such as sundew, Venus’ fly-trap, pitcher plants, bladderworts, milk- weed, etc., in which the plant is naturally adapted to destroy insects. Not utilized by man. ek wa . Drainage, Dehydration of Breeding Places: . Drainage of swamps and other breeding places of mosquitoes, horseflies, and other aquatic insects. . Scattering of manure promptly and thinly over fields to destroy houseflies. > Syringing greenhouse and other plants, for red spider, etc. . Flooding lowlands and irrigated districts to destroy cranberry insects, grape phylloxera, and others. 7. The Use of Heat: a. The superheating of mills, dwellings, etc. b. Burning over fields, fencerows, ditch banks; or burning crop remnants, pruned twigs, wheat straw, branches bearing caterpillar nests, etc., or the use of blast torches and “liquid fire’ against insects or their eggs. 8. The Use of Cold: a. Cold storage stops feeding and development and so prevents damage from clothes moths, stored-grain pests, and others. b. Exposing mills and storerooms to the low temperatures of winter weather may be used to rid them of pests. 5 a b 6. Flooding and Syringing: a b 9. The Use of Electricity, Roentgen Rays, etc. This is still in the experimental stage, although some elaborate machines are in use to destroy the insects in stored products by this means. Simple methods of retaliation by hand must have been used against annoying tae biting insects from the very dawn of human evolution, and for some pests, 36. 2 S85 TE REPORT OGHEO 7. = Fn ae Mee Pe aa eR aR ak ee ey eee sa eeee : pees = a . ) 3 < ‘ bh ii 2 , ins 3 : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ; 51 - squares in each of the six subdivisions or portions mentioned above, were chosen for the experiment. All of the hills in these squares at the date just mentioned _ were free froin both eggs and larvae and all eggs laid on them later were removed before they could hatch. Moreover, to prevent larvae from the surrounding corn moving into them all adjacent hills on every side of each square were removed to a distance of seven feet and the outer leaves on the plants just beyond these were pulled off to increase still further the isolation of the squares. On August 2nd and 4th, when the corn averaged nearly three feet high, 150 eggs were artificially fastened on the under side of the leaves on each hill in each of the squares of the early planted block; and on August 7th and 8th, seventy-five eggs (it was too difficult to secure 150 for this block) were similarly placed on every hill in all the squares in the late planted block. At the expiration of twelve days from the time the eggs were placed on each square two of the hills in each were pulled, cut up, the larvae counted, removed and preserved in vials. At this date the larvae averaged a little less than one-quarter of an inch in length and varied in age from seven to eleven days. Twelve days later the remaining hills on each square were pulled and the larvae removed and preserved as above. The larvae in this case averaged , one-half inch in length, none of them being full grown. They varied in age _ from nineteen to twenty-three days. 4 So far as we could determine, all the eggs in the experiment hatched. SUMMARY OF RESULTS From the hills pulled and examined twelve days after inoculating them with eggs, that is from half the hills of each square in each block, 961 living larvae out of a total possible of 4,050 were recovered or 23.72 per cent., thus showing a mortality of 76.28 per cent. in what was approximately the first two instars, or while the larvae were not more than from seven to eleven days old. 2. From the remaining half of the squares pulled and examined twelve days later, or twenty-four days after inoculation, 845 living larvae were recovered out of a total possible of 4,050, or 20.81 per cent., thus showing a mortality __ of 79.19 per cent. up to the time when the larvae were from nineteen to twenty- three days old. _ From these two results it will be seen that there was a large mortality of ' the larvae and that nearly all of it—all but 12.91 per cent—occurred while the larvae were still very small, probably while almost all of them were in the first instar and before they had been able to establish themselves in the plant, _ at any rate before they were more than one-quarter inch long. 3. The mortality by varieties for both blocks combined was:— Golden Bantam, 79.1 per cent. - Stowell’s Evergreen, 80.92 per cent. Dent (Wisconsin No. 7), 76.54 per cent. ; Flint (Longfellow), 76.66 per cent. From these figures it will be seen that there was not much difference in _ the mortality on one variety compared with that on another, though it was a little higher on the two sweet varieties than on either the dent or flint. 4. The average mortality in the earlier inoculated plot compared with the later inoculated one was—early plot, 78.00 per cent.; late plot, 77.49 per cent. Hence there was practically no difference between these. This was to be ex- pected because the interval between the dates of inoculation was short, averaging only four days, and because there was not’ much variation in the weather conditions. , ee “oP. REPORT Ob SPH 2 se DATA ON _Mortatity OBTAINED FROM THE Iyspecrio OF eee Re i INFESTED FIELDS In 1923 after inspecting many fields in the county of Norfolk, where there were only a very few borers in any field examined, it occurred to me that it might be possible in future to get some data-on the mortality of the larvae from the time of hatching of the eggs up to the time the borers reached maturity by examining in September a considerable number of infested hills and finding the average number of surviving larvae per hill in these isolated cases of infestation; because there is very little doubt that in almost every case the larvae present and I, when inspecting the Norfolk county in September, examined carefully twenty-nine such hills in about a dozen fields. The adjacent hills in each case were also examined lest larvae might have migrated to these. Wherever _two or more hills together appeared to have had egg masses laid om each of them we did not examine these, because this would have confused the results © and led to inaccuracies. The fact however was that there were very few such — instances. In the twenty-nine hills examined a total of 133 larvae or an average of 4.66 per hill were recovered. Seven of the hills had from seven to eleven borers, the remainder had from 0 to 6. If we assume that each hill had only one egg mass laid upon it and that the egg masses averaged 15.6 eggs each (which was the average found by Mr. G. J. Spencer this year in a field in Elgin county, after counting fifty-seven masses) this would give us approximately 30 per cent. of surviving larvae or a mortality of 70 percent. It is quite probable, however, that on one or two of the hills there may have been two egg masses instead of one or that 15.6 was rather too low an average for the number of eggs per mass for these fields, so if we suppose the average to have been eighteen eggs per mass, which would probably be more nearly correct, this would give ‘us a mortality of 74.12 per cent., which is about 3 per cent. lower than the mortality obtained in the previous experiment. GENERAL REMARKS The above results and also the results of somewhat similar experiments conducted by other investigators both in Canada and the United States show — that there was this year a large mortality of the larvae up to the time of their - maturity. All agree that this mortality took place almost entirely in the early instars. The causes, however, have not been fully worked out. We know thata heavy rain will wash recently hatched larvae off the plants and that most of them will not get back. Heavy winds will do the same. Mr. Spencer has ~ - observed recently hatched larvae remain on the leaves and die from no visible ~ cause. It is probable that the number of young larvae which perishes one year will sometimes be much greater than that which perishes another and that the difference will be found to be due to the difference in. weather conditions— temperature, moisture and sunlight—one year compared with another. We know that insects are remarkably sensitive to these factors and I cannot help hoping that in a normal season the mortality of the larvae would have been much greater than it was this season; and also that the weather conditions selves by causing the latter to live longer and lay more eggs or by being favourable to both larvae and moths accounted for a good deal of the enormous increase ~ - which the borer made in Ontario in 1924. If I am correcta study of the effect of variations of temperature, moisture and light upon both the adults and larvae will give some very valuable data which will help us greatly to determine — ,4 what to expect under different climatic conditions wherever corn may be grown... - would have come from a single egg mass. Accordingly in 1924 Mr. J. A. Flock f > this year by being more favourable either to the larvae or to the moths them- ENFOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 53 aA FIELD STUDY OF THE REDUCTION OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER LARVAE IN STANDING CORN a R. H. PAINTER AND G. A. FICHT, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA In order to obtain some definite information on the seasonal mortality of the larvae of the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubtlalis Hubn.) the follow- ing work was carried on at Port Stanley throughout the season of 1924. 2 So as to make this paper more comprehensible, a general idea of the methods used in the studies should be given. Blocks of corn in three fields—one of each type, dent, flint and sweet corn, were staked. off and within these blocks larval ~ counts were made. These counts were taken upon twenty-five stalks made every three days, starting from the time the first eggs were found in the field _ and continuing up to the middle of November. These stalks were carefully _worked over and the live and dead larvae recorded. It must be remembered that these stalks had not been artificially infested, and that the larvae recovered are those which had started the season from eggs laid on the plants under normal - - field conditions. In order to have some estimate of the number of larvae. to expect per plant, egg-laying observations were made throughout the entire _ period of oviposition on fifty plants of each type of corn, twenty-five at each end of the blocks from which the stalks were cut. The eggs recovered from _ these check stalks were averaged and serve as the number to be expected on _ the stalks within the block. . In the late season there is a certain amount of migration in the field, but as the blocks from which these counts were made were in the centre of the field, _ this migration would be of little significance as the movement would be expected __ to be equal in all directions. at sa . For the sake of brevity the field studies have been grouped under foun? : headings, each, in general, representing a period in the development of the larvae _ in the field. These headings are as follows:— am 1. Mortality during the time of oviposition when only small larvae are . encountered. # - .2. Mortality after the time of oviposition but when the majority of the larvae are still small. » - 3. Mortality when practically all the larvae have become established. 4. Mortality when all the larvae have become full grown. It is during the first period when the larvae are all very small that we _ have the highest death rate. This occurs during the period when they are : attempting to establish themselves. This period is of great importance. _ The young larvae on hatching make their way into the curled leaves in the ~ throat of the plant and many are drowned in the water which collects there. : - “Observations have shown that the young larvae are quite helpless when ‘sur- rounded by a film of water. Another way in which they appear to be killed. a is by being pinched between the surfaces of unfolding leaves, as many flattened _ ones were found between the leaves in the throat of the plants examined. The 4 mortality among those recovered for this period is as follows: In dent, 18.22 & per cent., flint, 25.8 per cent., and sweet, 10.25 per cent. me’ nine the second ecied the mortality is only about one-half that of the former, being, in dent, 8.36 per cent., flint, 16.89 per cent., and in sweet, 5.64 per cent.,; thus showing that as the numbers of small larvae, first instar especially, _ became less, there is a marked decrease in the death rate. It would seem that 54 ee THE REPORT OF THE oe the critical period in the life of the larvae is during the first and second instar, as analysis of the dead ones recovered shows them to be practically all in these ~ two stages. It must not be taken for granted that these figures represent the total mortality for the period. On comparing the number expected from the egg- laying studies with those actually recovered, it was found that there was a large MI percentage of those starting which could not be accurately accounted for. Some an idea of this loss may be gathered from the following figures. In the dent corn, rt of the expected number only 13.34 per cent. had been recovered, in the flint, a 19.10 per cent., and in the sweet, 27.93 per cent. The explanation offered as a ate to what became of these larvae is that in all probability shortly after hatching, = and before they had reached the throat of the plant, and while they were still | on the exposed surface of the leaves, they were either blown or brushed off and perished on the ground, being too small to travel in loose soil. Thus we | _ have in the first instar estimated reduction from this source of, in dent, 86. 66 : j=. per cent.; flint, 80.90 per cent.; and in sweet, 72.06 per cent. q ives Decne the third period ane mortality was very low, owing no doubt to © the fact that by this time practically all the larvae had become established. ~The mortality for the period being, in dent, 3.64 per cent.; flint, 3.98 per cent.; sweet, 2.55 per cent., the cause of death not being attributed to any one factor. 2 The mortality during the last period when all the larvae had become full | grown and which deals with the late season, after the corn would normally have been cut, is practically nothing, especially in flint and the sweet corn, being, in flint, .31 per cent.; in sweet, .79 per cent., the dent corn being slightly higher, 2.7/6 per cent. ioee dying during this heaea are mostly those that become pinched by the breaking over of the stalks, the breaks occurring in most cases where the stalks have been weakened by the borers. The records did not eaore | any diseased or parasitized larvae. : ti The mortality for the season in the larvae recovered up until the time of te corn cutting in each of the three types was, in dent, 8.98 per cent.; flint, 9. 44, | per cent.; and in sweet, 3.44 per cent. However, to have a true este of the percentage reduction from those hatching, there must be added to this the number unaccounted for and presumed dead. Thus we have a reduction in the dent, of 90.30 per cent., flint, 86.79 per cent., and in the sweet, 63.16 per cent. With the exceptions of the sweet corn this tallies very closely with the_ | results obtained at Harrow in the summer of 1923, where there was a seasonal reduction in dent of 83.67 per cent., flint, 82.01 per cent., and in sweet of 87. 83° | per cent. ne From the results it was shown that se Fee ae Ta 75 per cent. of those fy failing to survive are eliminated during the first and second instars, and that the death rate decreases abruptly as the larvae increase in size. —_—$ A, THE INTRODUCTION AND COLONIZATION IN ONTARIO OF TWO | HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF :-THE EUROPEAN . | CORN BORER ile A. B. Batrp, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, ST. THOMAS, ONTARIO The history of the European Corn Borer on this continent has been ~ | a rehearsed on several occasions and I need not repeat it here other than to mention Bey): that it was first reported from the United States in 1917 and was discovered | yg a ee ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 55 in Ontario in 1920, being then confined to two small areas in the vicinity of Welland and St. Thomas. It has increased and spread with amazing rapidity and in ‘Ontario it now covers practically all of the western peninsula, and the damage done in 1924 was conservatively estimated at considerably more than a million dollars. In view of this very rapid increase said the many difficulties in the way of its control by artificial means the Dominion Entomological Branch decided to follow the lead of the United States and endeavour to assist in the natural control of the pest by the introduction of insect enemies, or parasites, from its native home. Knowing the value of parasites in the control of insects generally, the United States Bureau of Entomology sent one of its entomologists to Europe in 1920 to study the corn borer in its native home, and as a result of his findings some eight species of parasites which attack the corn borer larvae in Europe have been colonized in the United States. _ Through the courtesy and kind co-operation of the U. S. Bureau of Ento- mology we have received breeding stock and full instructions regarding the technique of handling the parasites from their parasite laboratory at Arlington, Mass., and we are greatly indebted to those in charge of the laboratory operations for the very cordial assistance we have received. The parasite laboratory at St. Thomas was opened up by the Branch in the middle of May, 1923, and - the breeding of parasites was commenced about two weeks later. Up to the present only two species have been introduced, viz.: Habrobracon brevicornts _ Wesm. and Exertstes roborator Fab., both of which lend themselves rather readily _~ to laboratory breeding on account of the fact that their larvae feed externally on the full grown corn borer larvae. Habrobracon brevicornis is a small hymenopterous fly measuring about 3 mm. in length. The female is provided with a comparatively short, sharp Ovipositor and has normally much shorter antennae than the male. When attacking borers in the field the female locates the entrance to the tunnel, enters, _ and follows it until she reaches the borer; she then stings her victim in one or y several places and feeds on the juices exuding from the punctures and when it - has become somewhat paralyzed deposits her eggs singly over the surface. _ During warm weather the eggs hatch in 24 to 36 hours and the larvae become _ full grown in 3 to 5 days; they then spin tough white cocoons, on or near the remains of the dead borer, in which they pupate, and the adults emerge 5 or 6 x days later. An average of about twenty-five parasites will develop from each _ borer and each female is capable of depositing from 500 to 600 eggs. The number of generations a year has not been determined but they are probably 5 or 6 at least and so far as known the species spends the winter only in the adult ‘stage. The breeding stock received yielded 835 female flies and about twice as 3 many males and from these a total of 595,000 were reared and liberated in the — St. Thomas district during the summer and fall of 1923. A small breeding Ean of ss ' stock was kept going through the winter and our liberations this year totalled 486,500; making a grand total now liberated of 1,081,500 flies. These were all Bliberated i in the St. Thomas district with the exception of 30,000 liberated this ~ fall (1924) in the vicinity of Coatsworth, Kent County. Exeristes roborator is a rather large Ichneumon fly measuring about three- : fourths of an inch in length. The female is provided with an ovipositor almost yas long as her body and having located a borer in a stalk she drills through _ and stings it in its tunnel and then deposits her long whitish egg on the surface a of its body. The life cycle is about the same as that of Habrobracon, the length f \ ut 1 ed of time spent in each stage varying in both cases with the weather conditions. Only a single Exeristes develops from each corn borer larva and each female ~ fly is capable of depositing about 125 eggs spread over a period of several weeks. The insect winters as a full grown larva in a cocoon which it spins inside the _ stalk near the remains of its victim. Nature has provided a rather ingenious method for tiding this species over periods of host scarcity in that larvae spinning cocoons on the same day will produce adults over a period of several months. The laboratory breeding of this species was begun in February of this year - (1924) from a shipment of cocoons which gave us ninety-three female and forty-four male flies and from these we were able to breed up and liberate 15,850 flies during the spring and summer. All were liberated in the vicinity of St. Thomas with the exception of 350 at Stoney Point, Essex County, and 400 ate Coatsworth, Kent County. In connection with the method of liberating the parasites; in aie case ‘of. “ both species the adults are allowed to emerge in cages at the laboratory. As there is a preoviposition period of two to six days they are fed and held for two or more days during which time mating takes place so that when they are taken to the field and liberated the females are practically all mated and ready to begin egg laying as soon as a suitable host is located. In the case of Habrobracon about forty per cent. of the flies liberated were females and of Exertstes about seventy-five per cent. females. 3 - No attempt has been made to recover the parasites in the field as the chances of recovery during the first two or three years after liberation would be very slight and our staff for this work being so small it was felt that the time was being spent to better advantage in breeding up as many parasites as possible for liberation. Our chief limitation in the production of parasites is the procuring of an abundant supply of host material. Upwards of 175,000 corn borers have been used in the work to date and the collection of these has taken up a great deal of our time. z \ A BRIEF NOTE ON FARM CUTTING BOXES AND CORN SHREDDERS AS FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER © (Pyrausta nubtlalis Hubn.) G. A. Ficut AND R. H. PaInTrER, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA In order to obtain some definite information on the importance of farm cutting boxes and corn shredders in the control of the European corn borer. (Pyrausta nubtlalis Hubn.) a study was made of these farm products during ee a fall of 1924, using dent and flint, the two main types of fodder corn. - The average farm cutting box is not adjustable to cut more than one longi and is usually set to cut about three-quarters of an inch. The actual length of cut, however, varies somewhat according to the rate at which the machine is fed. In the larger types of cutting boxes which are used for silo filling, the cut is adjustable to from four to six different lengths, varying from one-quarter to one and one-quarter inches. ; Dent -corn stalks, which weré cut approximately three-quarters of an inch long and examined almost immediately after cutting, showed the mortality of- the larvae, which were contained in them, to be 81.48 per cent., while 60 per cent. of the larvae that escaped the knives died within the next ten days, making a total mortality of larvae in dent corn of 92.59 per cent. Further observation on ~ £ i y ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 57 the live larvae, made fifteen days after cutting, showed no further increase in the death rate. The balance of the larvae are being kept under observation. In the flint corn cut.at the same length, the mortality of the borers at the time of cutting was 75 per cent., while ten days later the total mortality had reached 77.94 per cent. Another examination five days later showed the total mortality of larvae in flint corn to be 80.70 per cent. The higher mortality -in the dent corn was probably due to the fact that the dent corn stalks were much greener at time of cutting than the flint and were crushed more completely by the cutting operations. There are a variety of corn shredders in use throughout the corn area of Ontario. The one under observation has five main outlets for corn cobs, shelled grain or stalks, through which European corn borer larvae may also escape during the shredding process. Thus, in dent corn, 16.79 per cent. of the borers leaving the machine came out underneath with the chaff and dirt directly after the stalks left the knives, and these showed. a mortality of 70.58 per cent. With shelled grain and small pieces of cob, there escaped under the blower at the rear end of the machine 19.74 per cent. of the borers, among which there was a mortality of 70 per cent. Of the 54.54 per cent. of the larvae which came out with the shelled grain from the elevator and grain spout 56.84 per cent. had been killed. Only 7.7 per cent. of the larvae went into the mow with the stalks from the blower and these showed a mortality of 66.66 per cent., while the 1 per cent. of the larvae which left the machine in the cobs themselves escaped injury. This makes a total mortality of 61.85 per cent. of the 506 larvae examined soon _ after the shredding operations had been performed and from the nature of the _ observations it was reasonable to suppose that at least 90 per cent. of the larvae were under observation. ; The mortality of larvae in flint corn shredded under practically the same conditions was nearly the same as that of dent, there being only a fraction of a ~ per cent. difference with 1,363 larvae under observation. After an interval of ten days an examination of the live larvae which had passed through the shredder showed a mortality of 62.20 per cent. and five days later a further 11.02 per cent. had died, making a total of 71.53 per cent. of the _ borer larvae killed directly or indirectly in dent and flint corn during shredding operations. Considering the high death rate of larvae associated with both processes, - the small residue of living larvae in the treated material and the fact that this residue is largely killed in the later feeding of the treated stalks, too great _ emphasis cannot be laid upon the value of the cutting box and the shredder. DISCUSSION ON CORN BORER Mr. Carrrey: After hearing the discussion this morning, I think you men have to contend with the same handicaps that we have to contend with in the United States. The corn borer is not a spectacular insect and to many of the farmers seems insignificant. If it did a lot of spectacular damage it would be much easier to get farmers to deal with it at once. In Hungary some of the cornfields are very severely injured by the borer at times, the damage _ occurring chiefly to the stalks, yet most of the farmers blame this injury to the _ character of the season or to poor seed or to any one of a dozen causes rather Wi _ than to the real cause. Over there, just as here, they do not appreciate what ;> as _ the corn borer is doing. 58 Bureau of Entomology and the New York State authorities in the ‘barrier _ zone’ and a number of infestations were found. The Canada Department of Agriculture had been carrying on intermittently for a number of years scouting _ work in southern Quebec north of the Vermont and New Hampshire lines. In the late fall of this year (1923) the largest single gipsy moth infestation ever found in New England was discovered at Alburgh, Vermont, within one-half _ mile of the Canadian border. The discovery of this infestation emphasized _ the need of intensive and extensive scouting in Canada to determine whether or not the gipsy moth had invaded the Dominion. Plans were immediately - inaugurated to get this work under way. a During the summer of 1924 sufficient sums of money to undertake this _ work were appropriated by the Canada Department of Agriculture and the Quebec Department of Lands and Forests. A total of thirty-six men have been -_ used on this work, which started the early part of July. After receiving some -. preliminary training both in Canada and at infestations in the United States, _ the men were assigned to their territory under the supervision of a general _ foreman and an associate general foreman. The territory, which extended from Chateauguay County on the west to Compton County on the east and north from the international boundary about thirty miles, contained approximately four thousand linear miles of road. This area was divided into eight districts and a foreman and three scouts were assigned to each district. Each tree “examined by a scout was marked with a distinctive sign; expert scouts, or trailers, were employed to re-examine the territory worked to see that no trees were missed. shee An innovation in handling scouting crews was inaugurated this past “summer, in that each crew was provided with two “‘bell’’ military tents, folding camp beds, chairs, tables, blankets, etc. By the utilization of this camping equipment a considerable amount of money was saved on lodging; the men, however, took their meals at boarding houses, farm houses, etc. Experience in carrying on scouting operations in the United States over a ~ long period of years has revealed the fact that, with very few exceptions, new ‘and recently established infestations have been found on single isolated trees or cn Bie Ob ea he ae me aes oe: Fak \. ok sf = 7 ICS Bey : mS Te Sk a eae ea Lia ie ce, Wer, SP ao) BAe De ies Dt Aes he ad ROVE 62 THE REPORT OF THE _ \ orchards, and woodland infestations occur only after the insect has become established in a district. For this reason the scouting in southern Quebec has ~ been confined to roadsides, orchards, isolated trees in fields and hedgerows. On July 29th (1924), A. K. Gibson of the Federal staff established the - first record of the gipsy moth in Canada, by finding a single isolated egg cluster near the village of Beebe, Stanstead County, Quebec. The egg cluster was sent to the Gipsy Moth laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass., for examination, and the eggs proved to be infertile? Thorough and careful scouting throughout - the entire district failed to reveal any cutter trace of the insect. Five weeks later (September 3rd) a severe isolated infestation was and by A. Magnan of the Provincial staff, on the Belle Vallee Road, Lacolle Township, St. Johns County. From the information available at the present time the _ infestation is confined to four farms on opposite sides of the road, and includes orchard and shade trees. An old willow tree adjacent to the road and adjoining an old stone wall is the centre of the outbreak. Clean-up operations are now under way and judging from the number of egg masses creosoted to date, tit would appear that approximately three thousand egg clusters will be found. Seven hundred are located on the willow tree and over a thousand have been found so far in the stone wall. Orchard trees, fences, old apple trees and the farm buildings are known to be infested and the infestation covers at least six hundred square yards. The ‘‘clean-up” operations now being carried on include the creosoting GE all egg masses found, removal of old apple trees, the burning of brush, the filling of cavities in healthy trees, the examination of all buildings, fences, etc., in the vicinity and the thorough re-scouting of the entire district. In the spring, extensive spraying will be carried on, which will include all trees within six hundred feet of the last egg cluster found, the banding and tangle-footing of infested trees, and the burning over of infested stone walls at the time the eggs hatch. By these means it is hoped that.the colony may be exterminated. Although an attempt has been made to trace the origin of the outbreak, | the results thus far have been unsuccessful. The Alburgh outbreak is approxi- mately ten miles away, but no egg clusters have been found between the two colonies which more or less eliminates the idea of possible windspread. There is no doubt that the Lacolle infestation has been there for some years, judging from the number of egg clusters found and also from the age of some of the old clusters. The owner of the property on which the outbreak occurs recalls the pest being present at least two years, but indications point to the fact that it is older than that. The majority of farmers in the district concerned have relatives — in the New England States and there remains the possibility that the pest may have been introduced by infested materials brought by relatives on a visit to Lacolle from the infested area in the United States. The fact is, however, that it was most fortunate that the infestation was found this year, not only from the ~ standpoint of control, but also on account of the outbreak occurring west of the eastern line of the “‘barrier zone’ in New York State. - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY _ 63 ~*~ A STUDY OF THE METHODS USED IN GROWING ENTOMOPH- THOROUS FUNGI IN CAGES PRIOR TO THEIR ARTIFICIAL DISSEMINATION IN THE ORCHARDS ALAN G. DustTAN, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA The investigation which led up to the present study was commenced in _ the summer of 1921 when the first real effort was made to artificially spread in the orchards of the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, two parasitic fungi which were found attacking the European Apple Sucker (Psyllza mali Schmidburger) and the Green Apple Bug (Lygus communis, var. novascotiensis Knight). Previous to 1921 the controlling effect of these diseases had been fully recognized, but it was not until that year that any effort was made to make use of the diseases in checking the ravages of these two most important apple pests of the Annapolis - Valley. 5 Shortly -after this work was undertaken it became apparent that nature could ‘not always be relied upon to produce outbreaks of disease in the field early enough in the season to allow of their being widely spread before cold weather set in, checking the growth of the fungi. Accordingly, it was seen that, if possible, some means must be devised for starting epidemics earlier in the summer and it was decided to make an effort to rear these fungi in cages where the temperature and humidity could be regulated to some extent and where the number of host insects could be increased at will. If such a method could be perfected it was hoped by this means to be able to develop epidemics of these diseases each year in cages, in the early part of the summer, and then transfer the fungi into the orchards where outbreaks could be started artificially in seasons when the diseases did not occur naturally in the field. At the commencement of the cage work one fungus only was studied, namely, Entomophthora sphaerosperma which is parasitic on the Apple Sucker, - but as the investigation developed and our knowledge increased the Green Apple Bug fungus, a new species of Empusa recently named and described as Empusa. erupta, was also grown in cages. It might be mentioned here, before going on to a detailed discussion of our cage methods, that every effort has been made in the past to grow both these - fungi in the laboratory on artificial media but without success. Continued efforts will be made, however, to gain this end, for it is realized that if it is possible » to culture the diseases a new field of usefulness may be opened up thereby, and - in this way much, or all, of the labour in connection with the cage work dispensed se Ras _ with. SMALL CAGE WoRK At the commencement of the work three types of cages were tested out, namely, frame cages covered with plain, untreated factory cotton; similar cages in which the cotton had previously been waxed with common parawax, and cold frame cages, having wooden sides made of matched lumber and a factory cotton top. The last mentioned cages were also supplied with tightly fitting glass tops which could be taken off when the weather was hot and replaced in the evenings or when the temperature dropped below 60 degrees. The first year all types of cages were small, averaging about twenty inches high, fifteen inches wide and thirty inches long, but the next year most of these were increased greatly in size, some of them covering fair sized apple trees and being twenty feet, or more, in height. x BE eg Sat ae res gS es ine — P Seite see mee oe 5, oe 64 o>. 34) 37) SHE: REPORT-OF THE : ? All of the small cages were built over young, low-growing seedlings upon — which the insects to be infected lived and fed. In most cases the insects were — ‘collected and introduced into the cages in the adult stage the year in which the ~ test was being made, but occasionally the seedlings were infested with eggs the previous fall and enclosed in cages before hatching took place in the spring. 3 As far as could be ascertained one method was just as satisfactory as the other \ in carrying on adult infection tests, but where it was desired to start an epidemic — i % among the nymphs it was found better to have the seedlings infested in the fall. — | Bee ~ Resting spore material, which had been collected the previous autumn ie and wintered over in ground cages, furnished the chief source of infection for our cage work, but occasionally diseased insects discharging summer spores were collected in the field and introduced into the cages. Sometimes such , Es: insects belonged to the same species as was being experimented with, but more | often they belonged to another family or order. The diseased material was — | placed on the ground at the base of the seedlings, pinned to the walls and top r f of the cages, or else fastened to the leaves of the young plants. As far as could | be learned it mattered little where the infected material was placed, but as the new. epidemic usually started low down in the cages and as the disease winters : over naturally on the ground, it seems reasonable to suppose that best results _ would be obtained when the overwintering spores were placed on or near the— soil. ' As has already been mentioned, the object of growing these fungi 1 in cages b is to start an epidemic among the insects to be infected earlier in the season | | 4 than takes place naturally, in order that there might be sufficient material to — spread throughout the orchards in the earlier and warmer parts of the summer. Investigations have proved that this unnaturally early development of the diseases in cages takes place as a result of three factors which can be more or less regulated under cage conditions, namely, higher temperature, increased a relative humidity, and a greater crowding of the host insects. Our study has shown that these three factors are very closely interrelated, and if any one of © Bee them becomes modified, for any reason, the whole balance is upset with the | result that fungus growth at once ceases. For instance, should the temperature - iF drop below, or rise above, a certain point and the other two factors remain - constant, growth is at once interfered with. On the other hand, if the atmosphere should become too dry, notwithstanding the fact that an optimum temperature prevails and the host insects are to be found in abundance, fungus growth is immediately checked.. And similarly, even where the temperature and humidity are favourable no marked growth of the fungus can take place if the insects to | be infected are not present in large numbers. There is no doubt that if these three factors are properly regulated, either in cages or in the field, that an = epidemic is sure to result. Light is a fourth factor that has its influence on the — growth of fungi, but in our work no thought had to be given to its regulation. | It was found that fungi always refused to grow in cages where the light was : completely excluded, but our experiments showed that they seemed to flourish” with equal vigour-in strong or weak lights. So in our cage work the chief aim | was to increase and regulate the temperature, to produce a higher and more even relative humidity, and to so congest the insects in the cages that an epidemic once started would quickly spread from host to host. The last mentioned was | easy of accomplishment, but it was found to be a very difficult task indeed to ~ accurately regulate the temperature and humidity under cage conditions. er At the commencement of our study it was found that the temperature -- -varied very considerably with the different types of cages used, and that in all | { oh Mes 7 a t % ome. , ‘ \ ft ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY... 65 cages the temperature was higher both in the daytime and at night than it was ‘in the open. This gave us a possible line to develop and a series of experiments were started, in which a hygrothermograph was used, to test out the exact . temperature and humidity in different types of cages. After experimenting with a great variety of cages the three kinds already described were selected as the most suitable and a further test was carried on in order that only the best of these might be used. It was found that the highest temperature was reached in the waxed cages. The cold frame cages came next, and the untreated factory cotton cages showed the least thermal increase of all. To give some idea of the increased temperature obtaining in these cages our records show that when the maximum temperature stood around 80 degrees in the shade outside, the factory cotton cages showed a maximum.of 85 degrees, the cold frame cages a maximum of 91 degrees, and’ the waxed cages a temperature of 101 degrees. The minimum temperatures in the different cages did not show as much variation as the maximum tem- peratures, although the minimum in all cages stood about 6 degrees higher than the prevailing temperatures at the same time in the open. It is interesting to note in this regard that the minimum in the cold frame cage never dropped quite as low as it did in either the factory cotton or waxed cages. Due to the extremely high temperature that prevailed in the waxed cages, they had to be discarded since it was found that in the middle of the day many of the insects enclosed in these cages were killed off by the heat. They might, __ however, have a certain use in the spring when the weather is cold, but even that is questionable. In so far as temperature is concerned then, the cold frame cage is seen to be preferable to both the cotton and to the waxed cages for several reasons, among which only the more important will be enumerated. It has a slightly higher Maximum temperature in cold weather, but not high enough to cause any mortality among the insects in midsummer. It has a more even temperature during the day and night, the minimum not being quite so low as that found in the cotton or waxed cages. Due also to the fact that it is fitted with a movable _glass top and wooden sides the temperature can be kept up more easily during cold weather which would check the growth of the fungi in the other types of cages. This last feature has the added advanatage of protecting the insects from drenching rains and of preventing the diseased adults from being washed _ off the leaves to the ground. In studying various methods that might be used for increasing the relative humidity in cages, it was found that here too the type of cage had a great bearing on the result. The three standard types of cages were again experimented with, and in this respect the cold frame type of cage again showed superiority. ‘In the cotton cage the average maximum relative humidity for a certain period _ stood at 91 degrees, in the waxed cage it stood at 93 degrees, and in the cold frame cage 94 degrees. ~The minimum average in the cotton cage was 54 degrees, in the waxed 55 degrees and in the cold frame 66 degrees. Averaging the minimums and maximums in each case we find that the mean relative humidity in the case of the cotton cage was 72 degrees, in the waxed cage 74 degrees, while in the cold frame cage it was up over 80 degrees. This must of course be due to the fact that the cold frame cage, on account of its wooden sides, holds the moisture evaporated from the soil and imprisons it for a time before it rises _ into the air. From this it can be seen that in its ability to produce an increased temperature and a higher relative. neces) the cold frame cage is superior to all others. b.3.E:s. SOs “= 7 THE REPORT QR iHe Jy oe See EN =~ 3 - = = = An effort was made to increase Hie relative humidity i in the different cages by the use of warm water. This water was either sprayed in a fine mist on the _ outside of the cages, sprayed inside the cages, on the walls and seedlings, or else — poured on the ground at the base of the enclosed seedlings or trees. As far as | a could be learned all three methods gave equally good results. _Due, however, to the fact that the first two methods drowned and otherwise killed a great number of the insects, the method whereby the water was placed in the soil within the cage was the one most generally adopted. In some cases a very fine mist, with little pressure, was used with good results, but great care had to be exercised in applying the spray. It was found that the relative humidity in a cage could also be increased to an appreciable extent by building it over water- soaked soil as is found along the banks of low streams, or by constructing it — directly in the bed of a brook so that the water flowed through it. In either case a more or less saturated atmosphere resulted. By using the cold frame cage and wetting the soil within two or three times each day, preferably morning, noon and night, no difficulty was experienced in keeping up the relative humidity. As would be expected, the weather had a great bearing on the growth of fungi in the cages. When the temperature outside remained low for com- paratively long periods of time the temperature inside the cages dropped a corresponding number of degrees, with the result that the growth of the fungi was greatly checked or ceased altogether. The amount of rainfall also had its effect on the relative humidity of the atmosphere in the cages. Where the precipitation was heavy and continuous the humidity in the cages was regularly and evenly high, while during dry spells the atmospheric moisture in the cages became greatly reduced. This also had a marked effect on the development of the diseases. Adverse weather conditions always caused the fungi to grow atypically. In some cases they would form only resting spores, or else they might give rise to long attenuated mycelial threads, resulting in a loose, fluffy growth quite unlike the tightly compacted mat of mycelium that normally grows out and — surrounds the body of the insect. On mycelium of this type it was a very rare thing to find conidia or resting spores. In extremely adverse weather growth — of the fungi ceased altogether and the organisms remained dormant until more suitable conditions for growth were encountered. Summing up the data which has been collected in regard to the aici of. entomophthorous fungi in cages the following points should be noted: - (1) Where possible, arrange to have the seedlings or trees to be used in the cages infested with eggs of the host insect in the fall in order that~a large and ready supply of material may be available early in the spring. (2) Always use the cold frame type of cage, fitted with a removable glass top which fits over a stationary factory cotton covering. This cage is best in practically — every respect, giving at all times a higher and more constant temperature and relative humidity. (3) Fungus material (resting spores) should be preserved in ground cages over winter and in the spring placed inside the cages to be infected, either on the ground or around the sides. (4) The temperature can be controlled to a certain extent by proper manipulation of the glass covering with which the cage is fitted. In cold weather this should always be put on in — the evening and removed in the morning, especially if the day is warm. (5) The relative humidity can be increased by dampening the soil in the cages three or four times per day, preferably morning, noon and night, or else by spraying the enclosed seedlings and cage very gently with a fine mist spray. This also should © | DS RE ee - ‘ * —¥ | nook Sy ee, a em SS ae is = te gt os ee ae > efi -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 67 2 _be done three times each day, or even oftener during very hot, dry weather. _ (6) This work should be started as early in the season as the temperature will allow, in order to get a supply of the fungus growing at the first possible moment. : ae LARGE CAGE STUDIES oe As soon as the fungus appears in the small cages some of the diseased forms should be immediately transferred to large field cages where a more extensive - supply of the fruiting stage of the fungus may be reared for distribution in the - field. As the question of warmth is not so important at this time of the year __as it was earlier in the season, these field cages can very well be made of factory cotton. The cages should cover fair sized trees and should be at least six or _ eight feet high. A very convenient size is six feet high by three feet square. -Larger cages can be used to advantage, but due to the high cost of the cotton this size will serve the purpose very well. . The diseased insects in the small cages are collected on the leaves to which they adhere, and these leaves pinned to the foliage of the tree in the large cage, _ being placed comparatively near the ground and in such a position that the spores, when liberated, will be shot down on the insects below. These cages should also be gently sprayed with warm water three or more times daily or else the soil inside the cages dampened several times each day in order to keep the relative humidity as high as possible. When the disease appears in the large cages, collections of healthy adults should be made in the field and introduced to take the place of those that have’ i, been killed off. As soon as the fungus becomes epidemic diseased material may be collected and distributed in some low, thickly-planted orchard where the - host insect is abundant. This orchard will serve as the first centre of infection and the fungus spread widely from it into the surrounding country. _ ACKNOWLEDGMENT - __ During the planning and carrying out of this work the writer was assisted - very greatly by Mr. F. C. Gilliatt whose services it is a pleasure to acknowledge. © NOTES FROM A SUCUDY OF NEPTICULA POMIVORELLA, PACKARD Harotp Fox, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO, LONDON These notes are the result of observations made in connection with a study _ of the animal ecology of the apple tree. Since the work was not started until - October ist, only some of the stages in the life history of the animals could be - observed. =. In the course of this general study, I became particularly interested in the mine and its abundance. The mine (Figure 2E) is generally serpentine and may be seen best from the _- dorsal surface of the leaf.. It is from 2.5 to 5 cm. in length and gradually widens bg Near the end is a crescent-shaped opening through which the larvae escapes before pupating. Farther back the frass begins. It is first massed along the _ middle line but soon takes on a peculiar arrangement. It is deposited in small i 3a E.S. @ Mee _ i -" serpentine leaf miner NV. pomivorella because of the peculiar appearance of the _ elliptical pellets on the upper epidermis of the leaf. This gives to the mine an © CS Sy Wee eee NR Oe SOR) CPR re Sn a ea \ 4 5 r = & ‘ ‘ SF be 552 68 ; THE REPORT OF THE appearance unlike that of any other miner observed in the apple leak. About two-thirds of the distance from the end of the mine the frass becomes massed along the middle line again and continues:so to the origin. The egg was found still in position, at the end of the mine, on the ventral side of the leaf (Figure 2A). It is elliptical in shape, the average length of the axis of the ellipse being approximately 0.1 mm. and that of the shorter axis, > 0.08 mm. It is flat along one side and is stuck fast to the lower epidermis of the leaf (Figure 2D). Its position and the fact that some of the eggs were more ~ - flattened than others would lead one to believe that the egg, when laid, was soft, sticky, and rounded, and that the flattening was due to surface tension phenomena while drying. The emerging larva evidently eats its way out of the egg on the side next to the leaf. The hole made can easily be seen by turning the egg over (Figure ACM THE Larva. The young larva eats through the lower epidermis and spongy parenchyma of the leaf to the palisade tissue, and so begins the mine. In the short time at my disposal, I was unable to find any remains of the first moult, but in accordance with the general habits of the Nepticulidae, it probably takes place about two or three millimeters from the origin of the mine. Just before the frass takes on the pellet arrangement evidence of the second moult was found in the presence of the head capsule of the second instar. About midway between this point and the end of the frass deposits the head capsule of the third instar was found. When these observations were made all the larvae were in the last stadium. DESCRIPTION OF THE FoURTH INSTAR. The larva ranges from 2.4 to 3 mm. in length, and from 0.7 to 0.9 mm. at its widest point. It is of a bluish-green colour and somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally. The head is very much flattened dorso-ventrally, as may be seen from the : lateral aspect (Figure 1C) and extends for a considerable distance into the prothoracic segment. What appears to be a pair of small eyes are situated on the lateral margin just posterior to a pair of very short antennae. At the. tip of the head the tiny mandibles may be seen. The prothorax does not bear appendages. On its antero-dorsal surface are two small chitinized areas (Figure 1B c.a.) and on its corresponding ventral surface there is a relatively large V-shaped chitinized area (Figure 1A and C c.a.). The meso- and metathorax each bear a pair of small protuberances which _ evidently function as legs. The first segment of the abdomen is without appendages but the ventral surface bulges out along the middle line. The second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments each bear a pair of rudimentary prolegs. The last three segments of the abdomen are without appendages and become rapidly smaller. PARASITES ON THE : MINER. What was evidently a hymenopterous parasite was observed on the larva. It attached itself to the side of the miner and fed — on the body juices. The parasite grew very rapidly and while the host was green it remained green, but when the host turned brown the parasite did also. One of those found was extremely small and it pupated in eight days. I am attempting to rear eight of these parasites and hope to have the adults identified. FEEDING Hasits. From serial cross-sections of the leaf it is evident that N. pomworella lives chiefly upon the palisade tissue (Figure 3 lower). The ~ miner avoids crossing a large vein wherever possible and it is probably this tendency that gives to the mine its serpentine appearance. 4 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ‘ ‘Zuruado Jusose19 “doo ‘sseay “Ay “UTOA ‘A ‘Ryjatoarwod epnoydayy jo suru ‘Yq “yoodse [e107] ‘330 ‘q ‘Sutuado yeajuea “do ‘aA “330 ‘9 “paAoulo1 339 YM UIBIIO oui ‘gq ‘ursII0 suTU “o'r «339 ‘a “NYS uT 38a []VUIS “W—Z ‘OI ‘eutAYOUdtaJIS “*[IS -stuntoprda JI MO “a -‘eurdyouered Asuods “d's ‘s[[99 apestjed “ord ‘srutapida soddn ‘an “ursi10 oY} Jeau opel ‘onssiy yea] SUIPUNOLINs pue sUTUT & JO UOT}DeS-SSOID—IOMOT—E “OTT OLD Uy “gale poziulpyo ‘ey ‘yoodse jeiaze] ‘5 “j0edse [esiop “g ‘yoodse jeiquoA “VW ‘Iejsul YIP ‘e]jeroarurod eynoydeN jo eAIey—y] Oly PuPaTION. Before pupating the larva escapes from the leaf by cutting a crescent-shaped opening in the upper epidermis. It then migrates to a twig. In acrotch, around the base of a bud, or simply on the side of the twig, it spins — we a cocoon. The cocoon has the appearance of a reddish- brown scale and is — somewhat longer than broad. The average measurement of five specimens : - was found to be 2.3x1.6 mm. It is covered with short, yellowish, silken ; strands, some of which project over the edge and evidently help to attach Hie ~ cocoon to the bark of the twig. a { ie ABUNDANCE. J. pomivorella was very abundant in the atiohbautieeds of -. London this year. The table following was compiled from observations made ’ ~~ over a locality of about three miles radius around the University of Western - Ontario. The first ten observations of the table were made on October 10th, ee - the remainder on October 17th. This table shows that about thirteen per cent. —_ of the leaves examined contained miners. These may not have all belonged to | N. pomivorella, for at that time I did not distinguish between N. pomuivorella __. and another form, very similar, but which I now believe belongs to a different — | -. species. The mine of this form is serpentine and the larva escapes through a — | crescent-shaped opening as does N. pomivorella, but the arrangement of the frass is quite different. It is massed along the middle line throughout. Sie eae eee a a een fae ee Se pS gdb eta Nei ee eats wy Rare gn ge las ee A a aca , < Bo FO < —. THE REPORT“OF THE Pte Sn : I sent Miss Braun, who has made a particular study of nepticulid miners; — a leaf containing one of these miners. She was of the opinion that possibly the difference in the lines of frass occurred in thin leaves and was due to the 7 difference in the amount of food material eaten in a given length of mine. How- | ever, since that time I have found several leaves which contained both types f b= ~~ of misiers. : Miss Braun also suggested that a Crataegus miner might have transferred — a itself to the apple. Of course, the only sure way to decide the oun is to I: ‘rear moths from caterpillars of these miners. : In this work I am greatly indebted to Dr. Detwiler for his kindly advice -_and direction. To Miss Braun I am also indebted for help in the identification _ of species. gg I realize that my work has been very much curtailed as I have been carrying — a full quota of classes. It does, perhaps, form a beginning for further studies. ~ TABLE OF INFESTATION tse = No. of No. with ; ) Location of Apple Trees leaves No. with No. with more than 4 examined one miner | two miners | two miners — : oR es En ee ee ee fee igiion “niclk oe 100 16 ces 1 ondon-—Orchatd .. see. oe 100 29 6 2 | Mondoms—Orchard’. 3. 2 et gece ets 100 il! 1 0 . Loudon hield,<. 24 6 Oe. 100 - 5 0 0: ‘ endoa-Kicld 5 at eats 100 D 0 0 Rig {fei e aij ena OCS (a ert eng Marae an Gee: AS 100 2 1. 0 fF London Orchard:: {n. Hoie feer eee | 100 15 0 0 = Bie) ondon- Orchard «5,05, 6 vars yee ee 100 6 0 0 7 Aondon “Orchard ncn 100 25 2 1 oe ‘3 Sea ONGON——-Orenard 42 cy acs sa poe ue eee 100 8 0 0 a] Hydepark—Roadside. + ....5. 2.5.5 100 6 0 ee hes Nderton=—Roadsid@se V5: sc ss he Ge 100 9 0 0 Sve Hderton—Orehard 24.40. oe SS S e 100 20 NAR? 2 ge Naerton=—Orchards 272) soos aie oe — 100 7 2 Oy se Brera St, John’s—Orchards.. 2 5 eons 100 10 2 0=4 HE | Be rl 3 \ é ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY oo 194 _ NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE LESSER CLOVER WEEVIL (Phytonomus nigrirostis) H. F. Hupson AND A. A. Woop, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STRATHROY , _- ‘The lesser clover weevil Phytonomus nigrirostis is a small curculioid, that feeds on clover, and which during recent years has been slightly on the increase in Western Ontario. Little mention is made of the insect or its work in Canadian - literature except possibly a note appearing in the Canadian Entomologist in - 1884, by Dr. Fletcher, who found this species doing great damage to clover at - Dalhousie, New Brunswick. Because of the general abundance of the insect, an opportunity was afforded to make some observations on the life history of the insect. THE ADULT. The beetle is small, averaging 3.7 mm. long, and is not quite half as wide as long. The dorsal surface is green or blue-green, being due to the scales covering the dorsum of the prothorax and elytra. Head black, thorax - slightly longer than wide, sides feebly rounded in front of middle, disc coarsely punctate. Hagits or THE ADULT BEETLES. The beetles hibernate for the winter in © clover fields, and are more numerous where clover debris is abundant. From ‘ our observations the beetles abound in red and mammoth clover fields, though _ a few can always be found where alsike, alfalfa, and sweet clover are growing. . OviIPOsITION. Egg laying starts in the spring, the first eggs appearing in * the early part of May. Our earliest record for egg laying is May 7th, and the _ maximum oviposition period is from May 7th to May 23rd. . Fecunpbity. The beetles are rather prolific, one pair under observation - laid 141 eggs. The largest number of eggs secured in one day from a single _ female was thirty-seven, thirty-two of which were laid in the sheath, and five - in the petiole. The next largest number secured in one day from a single female _ was twenty-three. The average daily egg laying record was six to seven eggs. Tue Ece. The egg is elongate oval, length .6 mm. When freshly laid the - egg is smooth and glossy. The shell being colourless the contents show through _-as a dirty white liquid. The second day a yellowish tinge appears, gradually # _ turning pale greenish. The shell becomes finely sculptured on the fourth or e fifth day; this is so fine, it cannot be seen with an ordinary hand lens. The Bfirst trace of marking is a delicate etching of the pattern on the smooth shining shell. This soon deepens to the usual hexagonal sculpturing. The egg darkens _ before hatching, the head of the larva showing plainly. Usually the day "previous to hatching the larva can be seen moving within the shell, the black head being very conspicuous. a - In the spring when the weather is cool, the incubation period is considerably _ prolonged. For instance, during the week of May 7th-13th, 1923, when forty- “mine eggs were under observation, the maximum egg period was twenty-three Beas, the minimum sixteen days, and the average 18.73 days. From May 14th- 20th with fifty- three eggs under observation the maximum egg period was 3 twenty days, minimum fourteen days, and the average 16.18 days. From May 2\st-27th the maximum egg period was fourteen days, minimum nine days, averaging 12.71 days, while from May 28th-June 4th, the maximum egg period was nine days, minimum five days, with an average of 7.93 days. In the spring ‘of 1924, the weather being much cooler, egg laying started a little later, with the _ egg stage consequently prolonged. With thirty-seven eggs laid from May 12th-- eth, the maximum eee of the egg stage was twenty-six days, the minimum week of June, earlier in the season these stages are much drawn out sometimes twenty-two days, and the average twenty-one days, from May 19th-25th with twenty-eight eggs under observation the maximum egg period was twenty-four days, the minimum twenty days, and the average 21.28 days. From May 26th to June 2nd, with ten eggs under observation the maximum incubation period was twenty-two days, the minimum fourteen days, and the average seventeen days. THe Larva. When first hatched the larva is very small, approximately one millimetre long. The body is whitish in colour and the head black. As it grows it becomes dirty white in colour, and moults three times. There is considerable uniformity in the length of each stadium, ranging from five to seven days for the first; four to five days for the second; three to five for the third, and six to eight days for the fourth. The average larval period in 1923 was seventeen days, and in 1924 twenty-one days. With the last moult the head becomes a light rusty brown instead of remaining black as in the previous moults. PREPUPAL AND PUPAL STAGES. From a study of 115 specimens in the prepupal stage, the maximum length of the period was found to be six days, the minimum two days with an average prepupal stage of 3.39 days, the pupal period from 123 specimens under observation, the maximum pupal period was ten days, with a minimum of three, averaging 5.22 days. With 100 specimens in the cocoon after reaching the adult stage, the maximum period in the cocoon was two days, and the minimum one day. THE Cocoon. The cocoon is a delicate lacy structure. The average length of cocoons spun in clover heads was 4.85 mm., and the average width 2.75 mm. The cocoon is clear and transparent. (acount may be spun in the clover head, in the axils of leaves, or on dead leaves at the base of the plant. Tue Pupa. The average length of living pupae is 4.85 mm., and the average width 2.01 mm. The changes in colour during the early part of the pupal period are very marked. These observations were made in the third lasting as long as ten days. First day—Dorsal surface of prothorax, head and antennae pale olive green, with a pale stripe lengthwise through the centre. Legs and wing tips dusky yellow, abdomen light greenish yellow, eyes not showing. Second and third days—Eyes showing, colouration slightly deeper. Fourth day—Wing tips dusky, eyes very distinct. Fifth day—Emerged. . Tue NEWLY TRANSFORMED BEETLE. The newly transformed beetle is light in colour, but soon takes on a brownish shade. It remains within the cocoon from from one to two days, frequently eating part of the cocoon. When it emerges it is brown, but in from five to six days is usually of a pronounced green colour. | | SEASONAL History. There is only one brood a year. On several occasions we have collected the beetles in August and early fall, but have never been able | to secure any eggs. ; Foop PLANTS AND FEEDING HaBitTs. The adults and larvae seem to prefer red and mammoth clover. We have occasionally taken the adults in alfalfa and sweet clover fields, but never larvae. The larvae attack the newly forming buds, and such heads do not develop. The adults feed on the leaves riddling » them. for the past two years, it cannot be said that the clover crop has in any way been > ABUNDANCE AND INjJuRY. Although the insect has been on the increase Bae ee , “ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY . 73 endangered. In certain fields quite a percentage of clover heads were destroyed but from a fodder standpoint the crop was hardly injured. As there is no second brood to destroy the seed crop, the lesser clover weevil need not be considered an important pest at the present time. “ENTOMOLOGY IN THE RURAL SCHOOLS IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC Pror. GEORGES MAHEUX, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, QUEBEC I do not intend to discuss in this paper the whole question of the teaching of natural sciences in rural schools. Though it might be interesting to point out the importance of some elementary lessons, for instance, of botany and zoology, _ to be given to farmers’ children, such a discussion would take too much time and be perhaps rather outside the scope for this society. Therefore my remarks will be confined to applied entomology. c The necessity of some knowledge of entomology for the boys and girls who / attend the rural schools is obvious. Too many injurious insects are established - in the province, the injuries that they cause are much too great, the possibility of facing each year some new invaders, prove this necessity. In fact, the teaching in rural schools should aim to prepare the future farmer or farmer’s wife to the task he will be called upon to perform within a comparatively few years. Itis useless to teach them things that would not facilitate the work on the farm; moreover, it might easily be injurious for the community. I do not mean that the teaching should be entirely confined to agricultural matters, but the directing spirit of all rural teaching should always aim to give the farmers’ children a real and well equipped farmer’s mind. As far as entomology is concerned, the fight against insect pests is something very far from the routine system still in effect on many farms. To the man who never had any idea of the injuries caused by noxious insects it requires a good deal of reading before he feels convinced of the importance of these pests and before he has gathered the necessary information about the value of spraying and insecticides. If, while at school, the boy or girl has an opportunity to know the chief injurious insects, to see them in a small but well prepared collection, to learn the means of control, such information will enable the pupil to help the parents which later on will prevent the loss of crops valued at many hundred dollars. But the young pupil, however anxious to learn he may be, will not increase - his entomological knowledge unless the teacher is interested in the subject. Therefore the first steps must be made towards the formation of the school _ teacher. Various methods have been tried which bear unequal results. The _ value of Normal Schools for the formation of rural teachers is still a question open to discussion. It is true that regular normal school courses include some elementary knowledge about applied natural sciences or nature study; but it is Be cenerally a much neglected field. ; We have thought that it would be possible to interest school teachers _ in the matter and help them to give more attention to agricultural questions in general and especially to entomology. ' In the spring of 1923, the Entomological Bureau of the Province of Quebec & announced, through the agricultural press, a competition for insect and plant 7 collections open to all rural school teachers. The Department of Agriculture ike aA GO aa RIG ee 4 Saeiinaaaeenee { ~ to the school children. Thus only collections of particular value belonging As a matter of fact we could ourselves have prepared collections of the same | 74 Ge THE REPORT. OF THE | cae liberally offered $100 j in cash prizes for the ten best collecnone in ade ae and supplied to each competitor all necessary material for collecting purpose. A Over forty teachers enlisted in each class but nearly half of them failed to submit the collections up to the autumn of 1923. We received ultimately twenty-three collections of insects and eighteen collections of plants. The collections of insects included a total of 2,232 specimens, representing an average of seven orders and forty-one families per collection. Thus each collection had an average of ninety-seven specimens, all with locality labels, and well arranged in duplicate boxes. ' In the spring of 1924, the same competitions and prizes were offered again to the rural teachers, with a new section for minerals. Up to the present (No- vember, 1924) thirty-eight collections of insects have been received with a total of 6,612 specimens with an average of 174 specimens, eight orders and fifty-three families per competitor. The number and size of plant collections has increased in the same proportions (27). As to minerals, thed es teachers | have sent in specimens. =| The work of judging collections is not the most important, nor is the - prize money the most satisfactory and lasting result for the competitors. If we want teachers to keep interested in natural science, or nature study, the col- lections properly arranged must be sent back to them. The plan we use for the arrangement of insect collections is the following. The purely systematic side _ is of secondary interest to the average school teacher and of still less importance ~ to serious amateurs are grouped according to families, genera, and, whenever possible, to species. What we are aiming at is this: give to each competitor | something that will help him interest the school children ——— a practical point ~ | of view, the viewpoint of applied entomology. | -In dust proof wooden boxes with glass covers the specimens are © grouped ~ A eondine to the following sections: 1. Section illustrating the principal orders. 2. Section giving the metamorphosis of a certain species. 3. Section grouping injurious insects, each clearly labelled as fo kind oF damage and means of control. “ 4, Section of beneficial insects, each with details as to usefulness. 5. Section showing the near relatives of insects or Arthropodes. Next year we propose to add a new section giving samples of the ™most important insecticides. Of course, not very many specimens can be included in such collections; but quantity is not necessary nor desirable. The choice of the representative. forms and clear labelling is much more important. The ensemble must attract the attention of the young folks as the box is obviously destined to occupy a | place in the class room. As a matter of fact nearly all the 1923 competitors have answered, to our questionnaire, that their collection forms now part of | their teaching material and that their pupils quickly pick up information from | it. A booklet of explanations for the use of teachers 1 is in course of preparation and will help them materially. E We feel sure this method of procedure will eventually bring ghd results. type and sent then to the school teachers. But apart from the fact that a lot of material would have been required entailing much collecting, IJ am con- | vinced the school teachers would have felt rather indifferent towards them. | Now they are interested in entomology. because they themselves enjoyed | — Best age) x eM diac AGS eee hes eat en si 4 “Sei aA re roe | Paes | jex _ collecting; they are pleased to show such collections because it is their own work; _ besides, if a label indicates that such a collection was awarded a prize there is a little tinge of pride that helps a great deal. Year after year we intend to go deeper into this matter. For instance, the 1923 and 1924 competitors will not * be admitted for general collections in the future. Second year competitors will be entitled to present collections of injurious insects, preference being _ given to insects injurious to only one group of cultivated plants, such as _ vegetables, fruit trees, cereals, shade trees, ornamentals, flowering plants, etc. . Third year competitors will only be admitted for collections showing the ‘metamorphoses of the most important pests of the province: cutworms, white ' grubs, cabbage worm, cabbage maggot, onion maggot, potato beetle, grass- hoppers, tent caterpillars, codling moth, plum and apple curculio. Collections _ of this sort may require a full year to be completed, but will bring the teachers exactly to the point where we want them, and their interest in entomology will _ be increased very materially. The work of teachers in entomology will be supplemented in due time by _ pamphlets of information as to insects in general and the control of injurious forms in particular. It will be in fact a short course by correspondence in _ elementary entomology. # Through the efforts of the Elementary Acreutairs) Education Branch with whom we co-operate in this work, the school children will have every _ opportunity to apply the information received at school. Inspectors will call Beret attention to the control of insects in the school gardens and the home _ gardens and give demonstration as to the use of insecticides. We feel confident that this form of extension will bring about good results, : - if not immediately at least within the next ten years. It is surely not an invest- ment for a short period but the possible results are certainly worth the amount _ of work we are willingly imposing upon ourselves. ~ _ OBSERVATIONS ON THE HOST-SELECTION HABITS OF PIERIS RAPAE L. “ C. R. Twinn, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA The necessity for investigation to establish a better understanding of the principles of host selection was recognized by Walsh (1864-5) sixty years ago _ when he wrote his memorable treatises on ‘“‘Phytophagic Varieties and Phyto- phagic Species,’ and has been stressed more recently by Brues (1920) who stated that, ‘‘the instinctive behaviour of phytophagous insects in the selection of their food-plants is . . . one of the fundamental principles underlying the application of entomology to agriculture, horticulture and forestry.’’ A study _ of the food habits of insects is of importance in that it yields data that should _ prove of value in indicating the probable behaviour of introduced species, or BS iocnous species normally feeding on wild vegetation, when subjected to an entirely new sét of environmental conditions. Man’s disturbing effect in nature as exemplified by his agricultural practices . is frequently calculated to cause insects to turn from their original food plants to others. As an instance of this it may be noted that before the advent of the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum Linn., in the western United States, the uh _ Colorado potato beetle was confined to the wild plant, Solanum rostratum Dunal. : According to Walsh (1867) the potato beetle was discovered in 1859, about 100 = = 4» “-ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1s ees aes _ THE REPORT OF THE miles west of Omaha city, and was known for some years in Colorado feeding in. great numbers on the latter plant. As this wild species of Solanum was more or less restricted in its range, the beetle had little opportunity to infest new territory, but after the introduction of the cultivated potato into its native habitat, it acquired a preference for this plant and rapidly extended its range across the American continent with results that are now history. Gibson (1915), states that prior to 1911 the pale western cutworm, Porosa- grotis orthogonia Morr., was not known as a pest in Western Canada, but in that year extensive damage to cultivated crops, including several kinds of grain, flax, alfalfa and beets, was reported from Alberta. Since 1911 the pale western cutworm has been a crop pest of first importance, and yet before the introduction of farm cultural practices it was doubtless confined to wild plants. In this respect many injurious species of cutworms were indigenous and fed upon wild plants before the advent of our Aryan civilization. Many of the insects now attacking fruit trees are known to have bien originally confined to wild plants, and in this connection it may be of interest to note that Mr. Norman Criddle, of Treesbank, Manitoba, during the past summer (1924) found that a species of borer closely allied to Saperda candida Fab., which normally occurred on saskatoon (Amelanchier sp.) in Manitoba had spread from the latter to cultivated fruit trees and was attacking apple trees — at Pilot Mound. Certain important aspects of the relation of phytophagous insects to their food plants have been surprisingly neglected in the past. Craighead (1921), states that ‘‘very few references to the adaptation of insects to their host plants or the variation in their selection of host plants can be found.’ Brues (1923) writing on the “Choice of Food and Numerical Abundance among Insects,” ‘noted that, ‘In spite of its basic importance in determining the economic status of phytophagous insects, the remarkable instincts associated with the choice of food plants has been largely neglected as a field for investigation by economic entomologists.’’ Craighead, after carrying out a considerable series of host selection experi- ments with cerambycid beetles over a number of years, concluded that: ‘In practically all the species experimented with the adults show a marked predilection for the host in which they fed as larvae, provided they are not deterred by other factors, such as the unfavourable condition or the small quantity of the host.’’ He further concluded that ‘‘continued breeding in a given host intensifies the preference for that host.”’ At the instigation of the late Mr. R. C. Treherne* a study in the host- selection habits of the cabbage butterfly, Pzeris rapae L., was incepted by the | writer at Ottawa in 1923 and continued in 1924. The cabbage butterfly, which is an oligophagous species, feeds upon cultivated and wild plants belonging to four families, namely, Cruciferae, Resedaceae, Capparidaceae and Tropaeolaceae, among which it exhibits decided preferences. Of the cultivated plants cabbage is the most preferred, and this plant owing to its peculiar properties, abundance and wide distribution is pre-eminently the most suitable food for this ubiquitous | species. In the early spring, however, owing to the absence of favoured culti- vated plants it is necessary for the insect to search for other sources of food, and as the spring imagos are few in number the needs of their progeny are amply supplied by several species of common and widely distributed cruciferous weeds. This adaptability of the species to different, but related food plants, from season to season, assures the race a continuous and abundant food supply * Obit., June 7, 1924. 2 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL-SOCIETY ~~ 7 \ throughout the growing period of the year, and in almost every region inhabited by man. This habit of the early spring butterflies of ovipositing on certain weeds has frequently caused comment and conjecture as to whether the females _ choose the weeds in preference to cultivated cruciferae or owing to necessity > because of the scarcity of the latter. That the spring brood of butterflies have - no particular preference for cruciferous weeds was clearly shown at Ottawa ~ early in June, 1923. Several cultivated food plants of the cabbage butterfly - together with three species of cruciferous weeds were grown in flower pots under glass prior to the emergence of the earliest butterflies. At the end of May, butterflies from overwintering pupae commenced emerging, and a number of both sexes were enclosed in a large cheesecloth lined cage, 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 6 feet high, reinforced with chicken wire, in which the various plants - had been placed. . A careful egg count made some days later revealed that the cultivated plants _ consisting of cabbage, radish, nasturtium, tropaeolum, mignonette and alyssum, received 99.58 per cent. of the total of 1,436 eggs deposited, whereas, the cruci- _ ferous weeds which included hare’s-ear mustard, bail mustard and false-flax, only received .42 per cent., confined solely to hare’s-ear mustard. The ball ~ mustard and false-flax plants which were completely ignored by the butterflies were larger than the hare’s-ear mustard, but rather coarse and hairy, whereas - the foliage of the latter is smooth and glossy. The order of preference for the five cultivated host plants as revealed by the average percentages of oviposition _ of butterflies of the spring and summer broods captured in the field, compiled _ from a total count of over 4,000 eggs, is as follows: cabbage, 56.48 per cent.; - radish, 18.78 per cent.; nasturtium, 13.34 per cent.; mignonette, 8.52 per cent.; _ alyssum, 2.94 per cent. The oviposition records of the various “‘strains,’? men- tioned later, revealed a similar order of preference with the exception that -mignonette had precedence over nasturtium instead of vice versa. ; In view of Craighead’s conclusions mentioned in a previous page, it was a ~ thought that could the larvae of 'the cabbage butterfly be induced to feed on any one food plant for a considerable number of generations, the tendency of \ ig ~ result in the development of either monophagous or more restricted oligophagous habits. In order to secure experimental evidence in support of this, five food _ plants of the cabbage butterfly were selected for the main host-selection experi- ments, -including cabbage, radish and alyssum, of the family Cruciferae; and _ nasturtium and mignonette of the families Tropaeolaceae and Resedaceae re- _ spectively. The procedure followed was to rear a number of cabbage butterfly _ larvae from the egg stage to maturity on each of these plants. The resultant _ pupae were then grouped according to the food plant on which they had been : reared and placed in separate field cages described in an earlier paragraph. ~ Each of these field cages contained a number of window boxes in which were _ growing a series of the five food plants on which the emerging females, after 3 mating, were able to deposit their eggs freely. After a sufficient number of - _ eggs had been deposited or the females showed signs of exhaustion, the butterflies . were killed and preserved for later examination, careful egg counts were made 4 _ for comparison, and the larvae resulting from these eggs reared on the same _ food plants on which the parents had been fed in the larval condition. By this means it was hoped that host-preference strains of butterflies could be developed _on each of the plants and a thorough study made of the effect of such segregation upon the host-selection habits of the parents over several generations. _ Unfortunately, owing to the activities of a prevalent and highly contagious ~ _ the females to oviposit on that plant would gradually increase and possibly — wis 78. 3 PME REPORTOOR THE => = ee larval disease commonly known as ‘“‘flacherie’”’ this aim was not fully realized. This disease nullified our efforts over and over again by completely destroying whole series of experimental larvae despite all efforts to prevent it. Even larvae reared from the eggs in isolation from one another on apparently perfectly | clean food frequently developed the disease. By repeated efforts, however, a- number of individuals were successfully reared for one complete generation on cabbage, radish, mignonette and nasturtium. Alyssum had to be abandoned | as it proved to be little favoured by the insect, the larvae finding great difficulty ~ in establishing themselves on the very small and rather tough leaves, the conse- quent high rate of mortality in the early instars making it practically impossible ~ to rear disease-free larvae to maturity under experimental conditions. The -egg counts from each of the strains indicating the percentage on each plant are ~ presented in tabular form below. The percentage of eggs deposited by any one strain on the food plant on which it was reared in the larval stage is under- - lined for the sake of emphasis. OVIPOSITION. RECORDS FROM CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES REARED ON DIFFERENT Host PLANTS FOR ONE GENERATION— 1923 Cabbage Radish Mignonette Nasturtium— Host Strain Strain Strain Strain ~ Cabbage........... 73.88% 69.35% 63.63% 69.86% TRAGISM ae. roe ee 17.95% 19.13% 3.20 19.00% - - Mignonette......... 12139 11.30% 33.07% 10.15% Nasturtium......... eel, 20% 00% oe Total eggs.......... 2,963 1,035 ea beckon 19 se A brief perusal of the above table will reveal that with each strain the per- centages of eggs deposited on the various host plants is highest in the case of the species of plant on which the individuals of that strain were reared in the larval condition. ~~ As only one generation of larvae was successfully reared to maturity on each of the food plants these results are not by any means conclusive. They seem to indicate, however, that the larval food does influence the selective tendencies of the imago. An increased preference exhibited by the parents for the host plant on which they were reared is apparent in practically every case. This increased preference is nowhere very great and only becomes noticeable when comparing the oviposition records of the different strains on any one food plant. The fact that the larvae have been reared on nasturtium for instance, apparently does not greatly influence the resulting butterflies’ predi- lection for cabbage, but there is, however, a slight increase in the preference shown for the former plant. In 1924, the experiments were repeated, this time using only cabbage, mignonette and nasturium. The butterflies were very scarce in the field early in the season and only a limited number could be secured for the experiments, all overwintering material from 1923 having died before spring. The larvae were reared in sealers inside the insectary on clean, uninfested food frequently renewed, and individuals revealing symptoms of disease were quickly removed. Although, as in 1923, butterflies were successfully reared on each of the food plants for one generation, only a few of each were secured for oviposition records and owing to the increasing prevalence and virulence of the larval disease as the season advanced, the offspring of these individuals all died before a maturity. ¢ ay 4 \ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 79 OvIPosITION RECORDS FROM CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES REARED ON DIFFERENT Host PLANTS FOR ONE GENERATION—1924 Host Cabbage Mignonette Nasturtium 2 Strain Strain Strain RE er ea has VARIA 22.55 57.8% MmneHOMELEC | 0 ee Ne 46.3 BOL oG 17.3% f Nasturtium .:.....-. Fe ah mest eet de Pz — 24.4% 24.9% 2 Te ES ARSE etal teeta an eet ae 132 98 | 1,226 The oviposition records of these butterflies show considerable variation from those secured from the individuals reared in 1923. This is particularly noticeable in the lower percentages of oviposition on cabbage with a consequent increase in the percentages on mignonette and nasturtium. This variation is possibly due toa number of factors, among which may be mentioned the elimina- tion of radish from the experiments, the smaller number of individuals involved, and the somewhat unthrifty condition of the cabbage plants exposed to the ovipositing females due to transplanting and aphid injury. Under these con- se, ditions it is impossible to draw any definite conclusions from the results obtained © in 1924 beyond indicating that there is a slightly higher percentage of oviposition on mignonette and nasturium where these plants were used as larval food. - As in 1923, however, these oviposition records reveal, in general, an order of preference for the different plant families as follows: UN , Resedaceae _and Tropaeolaceae. An examination of the cabbage butterflies reared on the various host plants _ revealed no noticeable differences in size, colour, markings or structure other than variations that commonly occur in the species. The wing expanse of either sex frequently varies by one or two millimeters, and although the females are | usually larger than the males, the latter are sometimes found somewhat larger _ than the former. ? Cabbage butterflies not only reveal decided preferences in selecting food plants for their larval offspring, but also in choosing flowers from which to _ secure nectar for their own sustenance. That flowers are necessary for the continued existence of the imagos was frequently demonstrated in the field cages at Ottawa where it was found that during hot weather the butterflies succumbed in a few hours when suitable flowers were not provided. Folsom ~ (1922) states that white butterflies belonging to the genus Pzeris prefer white _ flowers, but this is not true in the case of Pieris rapae which reveals marked 3 _ preferences for the yellow blossoms of the dandelion and field pansy, Viola arvensis _ Murray, in the spring, for the blue flowers of wild vetch in the early summer, | -and for the flowers of red sweet clover later in the season. Several white- ‘ flowered species are also visited, but with the exception of cultivated radish _ they are less sought after than the flowers already mentioned. _. Of the senses which enable insects to exhibit such remarkable accuracy and consistency in selecting food plants for themselves and their offspring, _ probably the sense of smell plays the most important part. In this connection _ Brues (1920) states that ‘‘there is much in the behaviour of certain (lepidopterous) : Benccies to suggest that food plants are selected on the basis of odour by the female _ parent and also accepted on the same basis by the larvae.’’ This is borne out _ by the known responses of insects to the odours emanating from attractants and repellants used in the control of many species. The Russian entomologist, ST >. > > >» &> I ))> me. — 80 | - THE REPORIOOR WHE? Vostrikov (1915), Faced the odour of solanaceous plants useful as a repellant when planted with other crops. Under the caption ‘Tomatoes as Insecticides: The Importance of Solanaceae in the Control of Pests of Agriculture,” he noted that in the Province of Terek, Russia, cabbages are never attacked by Pzeris rapae and certain other insects, when planted with tomatoes, a practice which | is customary in that region. This is not true, however, under Ontario conditions, | as was proved at Ottawa in 1924. Tomatoes planted so close to cabbages that the stems and leaves of the former intertwined with those of the latter failed to give the cabbages any protection from the cabbage worm whatsoever, and they became as badly infested as any planted elsewhere i in the expe EE yS plots. List OF REFERENCES Brues, C. T. (1920), ‘“‘The Selection of Food Plants by Insects with Special Reference to Lepidopterous Larvez,” American Naturalist, Vol. 54, pp. 213-322. Brues, C. T. (1923), ‘“Choice of Food and Numerical Abundance among Insects, jf: Ec. Ent., Vol. 16, pp. 46-51. : Craighead, F. C. (1921), ‘‘Hopkins’ Host Selection Principal as Related to Certain Ceram- ycid Beetles,’’ J. Agr. Res., Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 189-220. Folsom, J. S. (1922), ‘“Entomology with Reference to its Biological and Economic Aspects,”’ 3rd Edit., p. 100. Gibson, A. (1915), ‘‘Cutworms and their Control,’’ Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., B 10, 30. Walsh, B. D. Shee “On Phytophagic Varieties and Phytophagic Species,’’ Proc. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia, Vol. 3, pp. 403-430. Walsh, B. D. (1865), “On Phytophagic Varieties and Phytophagic Species with Remarks on the Unity of Colouration in Insects,” Ibid, Vol. 5, pp. 194-216. Walsh, B. D. (1867), ‘‘The Colorado Potato- bug,” Prac. Ent., Vol. 5, 2, pp. 116. Vostrikov, P; (1915), Rev. App. Ent., Series A, “Vol. 3, Pp: 340. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON THE PEAR PSYLLA PROBLEM — WILLIAM A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, ONTARIO Ontario orchardists, who have had any real experience in combating the Pear Psylla, are unanimously of the opinion that this pest is infinitely more difficult to control than any other fruit insect with which they have to contend. In years favourable for the insect, such as the past season, the majority of fruit growers, with pear orchards subject to psylla attack, fail to prevent serious injury to their trees and fruit, and some of them are becoming so discouraged that they are threatening to take out their pear trees. What does this mean? Does it mean that, in spite of all the research work done by entomologists, the pear psylla problem is still unsolved? Decidedly no! It is true that with our present methods of control the psylla cannot be reduced under all conditions to absolute insignificance, but it can be reduced to such an extent that there will be no appreciable loss. In this paper we propose to discuss briefly some of the measures by means of which commercial control can be secured. HORTICULTURAL ASPECTS OF CONTROL © Before taking up the matter of spraying, we wish to refer to what may be termed the horticultural aspects of control. We have observed that the psylla is primarily a pest of large orchards, and that it is of comparatively little im- portance in small plantings, unless they are sheltered by tall hedges or by large trees. We have observed that the insect multiplies most rapidly where the pears are thickly planted; where the wood growth on the trees is dense, and _ a as i Vv pir, Fee te a. eee ae kee oe TS Ane ee ~ £ _— — ig a tan pic pe HP LG NY: £ 5G Suet ay : ates : aS rs 8 + ; ay 3 i i ? Fe L , rie, ‘ ots “ j ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY _ 81 where the orchards are protected by windbreaks. In other words, our observa- tions indicate that the psylla thrives to best advantage under sheltered, still _ conditions, and conversely that good air drainage in and around the trees is more or less inimical to the insect. It therefore follows that those factors * which have a bearing on orchard air drainage have at the same time an important _ bearing on psylla control. What are those factors?. We should say the most important are (1) the orchard site; (2) distance of plant; (3) pruning practices; (4) windbreaks. The Orchard Site: Wherever possible the pear orchard should be planted “on sloping land with no deep hollows in it, and again, if possible, the trees should not be set out in the immediate neighbourhood of tall hedges or of large low- _ headed trees. ¢ Distance of Planting: Very often a grower has little or no choice in deciding on a site for the orchard, but he always has control over the next factor, namely, distance of planting. The trees should be planted the maximum distance apart, that is, not closer than 25 feet by 18 feet. The conditions afforded by closely planted trees are undoubtedly highly favourable for the multiplication 2 -of psylla. Frequently our attention has been directed to the fact that it is in aa 4 very closely planted orchards that the psylla ‘‘comes back’’ most quickly. ; Pruning Practices: Concerning the next factor—pruning—we are decidedly of the opinion that good pruning*—which we should imagine would be very - moderate annual pruning—which produces trees not too high and with properly spaced branches, not only makes conditions less favourable for the insect, but it also simplifies spraying by making it easier to thoroughly coat all parts of the trees with spray mixtures. | / | Windbreaks: And now a word about windbreaks. Windbreaks un- _ doubtedly make conditions particularly favourable for pear psylla. One of the worst infested orchards in the Burlington district is a small planting of Bartletts _ and Keiffers, protected by a tall spruce hedge. I am satisfied that if this hedge were cut down, the insect would be, as it generally is in small plantings, of very little importance. I am not at all in favour of growing pear trees and -windbreaks together. SPRAYING . Various spray materials, directed against the eggs and nymphs or against | _the overwintering adults, have been used and are being used for the control of Pear Psylla—among others, lime sulphur, nicotine sulphate, fish-oil soap | and various oil sprays. | Egg and Nymph Sprays: Lime sulphur as an egg spray and nicotine sulphate | _ as a nymph spray have been used more in Ontario than anything else, and in the | *Mr. J. A. Neilson, of the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station, Ontario, has _ kindly prepared the following outline of the method of training pear trees on the open centre or vase plan: E< “In starting an open centre tree, one year whips are headed back to a height of 24 to 30 inches at planting time. As result of this heading back several shoots will likely grow on the upper part of the trunk. The following spring from three to five of the best of these should be selected to form the main framework and all others removed. When choosing the foundation _ branches, select those that are evenly placed around the circumference of the tree and well spaced along the vertical axis. Where these leader branches have made a vigorous growth, they should | ’ be headed back moderately, but if a short growth has been made little heading back is needed. In st _ any case the tops of these branches should preferably be left at about the same height. In the _ second season numerous laterals will likely develop on the leader branches. Two of the best of x the side laterals should be selected as secondary branches and the rest removed. After a good 1 ; foundation has been formed, it will only be necessary to cut out the least valuable of crowding aes branches and those that tend to fill up the centre. Where it is necessary to cut leader branches, DS ; it is advisable to cut just above an outward growing lateral in order to keep the centre open.”’ of destroying the winter ‘“‘flies’’ is frequently recommended, but, as many of go ee es _THE REPORT OF THE o>. eee average season these two materials applied accondiae @ to the following schedule will prevent any serious injury: : (1) Shortly before the trees bloom—commercial lime. sulphur four gallons, hydrated lime five pounds, water forty gallons. (2) After the blossoms fall—nicotine sulphate, half ome in forty gallons | of weak bordeaux (1.10.40). In the past we made a practice of spraying with lime sulphur 1-40 ane | nicotine after the blossoms, however, as lime sulphur at this time has in some orchards and in some seasons caused rather severe leaf injury, we have come to the conclusion that it would be advisable to substitute a weak bordeaux mixture (1-10-40) or wettable sulphur for it. The two applications referred to above will give commercial control in most orchards in the average season, but in years of severe outbreaks or in orchards where conditions are especially favourable for the insect, it may be and usually is necessary to apply an extra spray in July, at the time when most of the insects are so-called soft-shell nymphs (ist, — 2nd, and 3rd instars). For this extra application nicotine sulphate half pint, lime 10 pounds; water forty gallons may be used. ; Spraying for Winter Adults: Spraying pear trees in the fall for the purpose the adult psyllas may be present on other trees—fruit and shade—at this time, we question very much if fall spraying is as effective as spraying in late March or early April. The logical time to make the application appears to us to be just before the adults commence egg-laying. Spraying at this time with a commercial miscible oil, Scalecide, has been done to a limited extent in Ontario, and, in the case of the orchards which have come under our observation, good results have been secured. Scalecide, however, as we have been informed time after time by fruitgrowers, is much too costly, and in fact the same criticism has been levelled against the previously mentioned lime sulphur and nicotine spray schedule. For this reason we are now investigating the possibility of © using cheap, home-made lubricating oil emulsions for psylla control. This © work was commenced during the past year. In early April a thirteen-acre pear orchard was divided into six blocks and the blocks were sprayed just before egg-laying commenced with the following materials: Z Block 1: Two per cent. soap-oil emulsion spray prepared according to the following formula: Sterling red paraffin oil: ..... NBA re ORS Select eae Pee TR MUR 2) ss. 2 gallons ee Softwa tens. iS po ES ee RR Al ek ee ee 1 gallon FiSh=O1) SOAP la ses... SS ae eee ae 2 pounds This amount of emulsion was diluted in ninety-seven gallons of water. Block 2: Two per cent. Kayso-oil emulsion spray prepared according to the following formula: Sterling séd:paratiin orl soe) eer pee ie ee tee eee 2 gallons Solt Wwater.e¢ sis wis Se ae ee ee ee cee a ae ge ee SARE 1 gallon Kayso (Calcnim-casemate) tees silver SS cee ee eee 4 ounces This amount of emulsion was diluted in ninety-seven gallons of water. Block 3: Three per cent. Bordeaux-oil emulsion spray prepared according to the following formula: Sterling rédi paraffin) os 0-8" eat Aa ee ee ee 3 gallons Soitiwarer. 40. F 2 van Wee AR Mot ies tae lee ee ee 14% gallons © Copper sulphates 5-75: Fas b sat or os eth Sa ltr eee 32 pounds Mame sais eek Lethe od fA ek oe a Eee Me -3g pounds This amount of emulsion was diluted in ninety-five and a half gallons of water. ee i ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 83 Block 4: _ 2 per cent. Bordeaux-oil emulsion spray. Block 6: : Penie culmlnire My) aor Yipee ik Pe Poe bees Ae er 10 gallons fchcaeeG line cette fs eli cre od e hAe Re a eT Wigs 1a al 10 pounds og Nicopne. sulphates sy. Vi ee go BR earn ir aS 1 pint mene tose eben rsh) Siar ores Wag | WET me. er Nass ar UU ee 90 gallons Check: This consisted of a small block which adjoins the main orchard. _ The trees in this block are not so subject to serious injury as those in the main ~ orchard. Results: Several careful inspections of the orchard made at various times after the sprays were applied showed that, while all the mixtures had destroyed a high percentage of the adults, the 3 per cent. oil spray had been outstandingly - the most effective. About one week before the blossoms fell a thorough examina- tion of leaf and blossom clusters in all parts of the orchard gave us the following _ data: Block 1: Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... =1,485* The results in this block were very patchy, probably due in part to the _ breaking down of the emulsion in one tank. Block 2: : Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... OG Results not uniform. : 4 Block 3: Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... =14 4 The resuits were uniformly excellent throughout this block. m.- Block 4: Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... =448* Results not uniform. _ Block 6: : Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... = 100r Results not uniform. Check: A a Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... = 10370 - ‘The 3 per cent. spray gave excellent, clean-cut and remarkably uniform _ results. On the other hand the 2 per cent. oil sprays and the nicotine gave _ unsatisfactory and very patchy results, and for this reason blocks 1, 2, 4 and 6 ~ along with the check were thoroughly sprayed after the blossoms with nicotine sulphate, half pint in forty gallons of weak bordeaux, but block 3 received no _ further psylla sprays. 4 _ The following notes made on September 3rd describe conditions in the _ experimental orchard at the time Bartlett pears were being picked: a “Block 3: Practically no leaf spotting; psylla very scarce; still freer from : -psylia than any other part of orchard.” - “Blocks 1, 2 and 4: Psylla scarce; very little leaf spotting.” ; ~ “Block 6: Psylla common but not present in injurious numbers.” = “Check (sprayed once with nicotine): Psylla more abundant than in ~ main orchard; considerable leaf spotting on inside trees. (We know from past : experience that the check is not so subject to heavy psylla infestations as the x Cee eo ee EAT ese a ae -*Because of the unevenness of the nymph infestation in 1, 2, 4 and 6, these figures probably _ do not represent average conditions. Be that as it may, the main thing is that the results in » blocks 1, 2, 4 and 6 were not satisfactory. ra 84 +S THE REPORT OF THE < main orchard. In all probability, if the check had been in the main orchard, - one post-blossom application of nicotine would not have prevented severe Mey eo | Several pear growers who inspected the experimental orchard were very - much impressed with the fact that one application of a 3 per cent. lubricating oil spray gave perfect control in a season favourable for psylla, and they im-- mediately jumped to the conclusion that this same treatment could be depended on under all conditions to give similar results. However, we cannot afford to be SO optimistic until more extensive experiments have been conducted under various conditions. Importance of Thorough Spraying: In the control of the pear psylla, the © necessity for very thorough spraying cannot be too strongly emphasized. Many — -growers undoubtedly fail to combat the insect successfully because they do not _take sufficient care to thoroughly wet all parts of the tree with the spray material. In order to do thorough work, it is essential to use not less than 200 pounds pressure; to use some system in spraying the trees; and to use a liberal cuaiatity of spray material—too much rather than too little. © INSECTS OF THE SEASON W. A. Ross, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION AND L. CAESAR, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, O. A. C., GUELPH ORCHARD INSECTS CopLtinc Motu (Cydia pomonella). On the whole, this insect was less destructive than last year. In orchards east of Toronto sideworms did con- siderable damage, yet not so much as in 1923. In the Niagara district the second brood was very small. It may be of interest to mention that Ascogaster © carpocapsae Viereck was bred from parasitized larvae at Vineland. This codling moth parasite has not been recorded from Canada heretofore. CANKER Worms (Paleacrita vernata and Alsophila pometaria). Neglected apple orchards in parts of Welland, Wentworth, Norfolk, Huron and Brant ~ counties were defoliated by canker worms this spring. APPLE APHIDS (Aphis pomi and Anuraphis roseus). These two species nt aphids have seldom been more injurious in Ontario than this year, the weather having been exceptionally favourable for their development. Early in the season they were not unusually abundant but by the end of June both species had increased remarkably and they continued to be abundant until the end of August or early in September.- Generally speaking the rosy aphis was of importance only in old orcheeae while the green apple aphis infested trees of all ages. It was not an uncommon sight, particularly on Wagener apples, to see the fruit literally covered with the latter species. A considerable percentage of fruit throughout the province was badly deformed and dwarfed and rendered useless by the combined work of the two species. ; ; SAN JosE ScaLe (Aspidiotus perniciosus). Throughout the Niagara district and, also so far as observed, in other parts of the province wherever the scale occurs, there has been a decided reduction in numbers this year. The ~< ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 85 causes of this have not been determined. There is no doubt the exceptionally cool, wet season was one cause, possibly ice storms in the winter another, and in some places parasites played a considerable part. a APPLE Maccor (Rhagoletis pomonella). Specimens of apples infested by , the maggots of this fruit fly were sent in from Lindsay, Greenwood, Norwich, _ Port Perry and Picton. At Greenwood the owner of the orchard stated he had not had an apple fit to eat for the last three years because of this insect. ROUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER (Saperda candida). It is only seldom _ that we have reports of severe injury from this borer in Ontario, hence it seems worth recording that several orchards in the southern part of Norfolk were - much injured by it this year-.. RED BuG (Lygidea mendax) and Ornbe LEAF Bucs. As usual there was ' some injury this year in a number of orchards from one or other of these Mirids, but the injury seemed to have been less common and less severe than during the last few years. : YELLOW oR Dusky Tussock Motu (Halisidota tesselaris). It will be _ remembered that last year there was a very unusual outbreak of the larvae _ of this species which did a great deal of damage in the latter part of the season to apple orchards over much of western Ontario. This year so many moths were taken at nights from near the end of June to the 8th or 9th of July that L we were much afraid of a repetition of last year’s outbreak. We were pleasantly , surprised therefore to find only a moderate number of caterpillars this fall. BARK MINER OF APPLE (Marmara eloiella). .The serpentine mines of this interesting insect were unusually conspicuous on the young wood of apple trees along the shore of Lake Ontario from Toronto to the Niagara River. The larvae mine in the epidermal layer of the bark but apparently do not in - any way affect the health of the tree. It may be of interest to state here that a closely related species, /. pomonella Busck, is occasionally found in Ontario making serpentine or blotched mines in the skin of apples. The larvae work between the epidermal and cuticular layers of the fruit. “EUROPEAN RED MITE (Paratetranychus pilosus). In the early part of the season this mite was not much in evidence but in August and September European — > ’ plum foliage became heavily infested and at the present time the red eggs of the mite are to be seen in great numbers on the branches of plums and in some cases of apples. PEAR PsyLLaA (Psyllia pyricola). This insect was again very abundant and injurious in the Niagara and Burlington districts. CHERRY FRuIT-FLIES (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. fausta). Owing to many growers having neglected to spray for the fruit-flies in recent years these insects _ have once more come into prominence in sour cherry orchards, especially in the Niagara and Burlington districts. In Waterford very severely infested - cherry trees were found. This is apparently the first record of the occurrence ~ of fruit-flies of cherry in that part of Norfolk county. PEAR SLUG (Caliroa cerast). The only part of the province where ‘this _ imsect was much in evidence was in Essex and Kent where many cherry trees - were partially or completely defoliated by it. | : BLACK CHERRY Apuis (Myzus cerast). Unsprayed or poorly sprayed sweet =, _ cherry trees in the Niagara district were heavily infested with this plant louse. A ~ It was also sufficiently abundant on sour cherries not only in Niagara but in _ many other places to cause some alarm to fruit growers. PLANT Bucs INJURIOUS TO PEACHES. Peaches grown in the immediate = / SS > scandens). 36. = PE REPORT OP THE 6 | == : — ————._ | eon 3 Soe oe : i = vicinity of oak and hickory trees were again seriously injured by the three species of plant bugs to which we have referred in previous reports. This year the hickory species see hee was more prevalent and destructive = | than the oak species. GRAPE AND SMALL FRuIT INSECTS — ROSE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus). This beetle again appeared in alarming numbers in many sandy sections 2 southern Ontario and attacked grapes, fruit trees and ornamentals. GRAPE LEAF Hoppers (Erythroneura comes and E. tricincta). The outbreak of leaf hoppers in the Niagara Peninsula appears to be over, this year tose being little or no severe hopper injury. GRAPE BERRY MOTH (Polychrosts viteanda). This grape insect has come into prominence as a serious pest in several winpreeee between St. Catharines and Virgil. ‘ GrarPE Buiossom MIpDGE (Contarinia johnsoni). Blossom pads infested mah the whitish or yellowish larvae of this midge were observed in many vine- _ yards this spring between the Ni iagara River and Fruitland. In no case, how- ever, did we find the injury serious. Infested blossom buds are two or three times normal size and are either yellowish green in colour or sometimes partly - reddish. GRAPEVINE FLEA-BEETLE (Altica chalybea). During June and Fale the grubs of this beetle were unusually abundant in Niagara vineyards. In many cases they skeletonized the leaves to a sufficient extent to attract attention. It seems probable that there will be an outbreak of this flea beetle next spring, particularly in vineyards along the foot of the Sead: or bordering upon . woods. BLACKBERRY LEAF MINER (WMetallus bethunet). This troublesome insect has been brought under control by natural factors and did but little damage this — year... STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). Generally speaking this — weevil was of little importance in Ontario this year. Among the few places where it did noticeable damage was Gravenhurst. CuRRANT ApuHips (iM yzus ribis and Amphorophora lactucae). Like the — apple and some other species of aphids the currant aphids were exceptionally | abundant this year. CURRANT FRuitT Fly (Epochra canadensis). It is so rarely that this insect — is reported from any part of Ontario that it seems worth while recording that specimens were received this year from Dryden near the centre of the Kenora — district. The plot was reported to be badly infested. Se) . INSECTS ATTACKING VEGETABLES CaBBaGE Maccor (Phorbia brassicae). Very few complaints of injury by the’maggot were received. On1ion Maccor (Hylemyia antiqua). Though injuries from the onion maggot were reported from East York, Aylmer, Severn Bridge and Peterboro the insect was, as far as can be judged, not so abundant as usual. Cutworms. At Barrie, Alliston, Timmins, Severn Bridge, New Liskeard, ‘Franklin, Birch Cliff and Listowel cutworms did considerably damage. All the — species were not determined but one of the troublesome forms was the black — army cutworm (Agrotis fennica) and another the white cutworm See ah ___*ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 87 irre Borer (Paparpema nitela). In many parts of southwestern Ontario _ this borer was quite common and attacked many kinds of stock plants. It was often mistaken by the growers for the European corn borer. = SPINACH Lear MINER (Pegomyia_hyoscyami). Spinach, beets, mangels » and lamb’s quarters were severely att@&ked by this miner in many parts of the province. - STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica vitiata). In southwestern Ontario _ this beetle occurred in larger numbers than last year but there was no con- _ spicuous outbreak. Potato LEAF HoprEeR (Empoasca mali). This leaf hopper was of little _ or no importance in southern Ontario potato fields. ny Siucs (Agriolimax agrestis). As one would expect in such a wet season slugs were very numerous and did considerable damage. INSECTS ATTACKING FIELD CROPS AND GRASSES - __-Wireworm (Agriotes mancus). What appeared to be this species was ~ moderately common this year and specimens were received from the locality of Guelph, Port Arthur, Mitchell,-Scarboro Junction and Exeter. At Vineland - tomato plants were attacked by a stem boring species. Waite Gruss (Phyllophaga spp.). There was about the usual number of complaints of damage from white grubs. = MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS Ss WALNUT CATERPILLAR (Daiana integerrima). This caterpillar has appeared in great numbers for several years past. This year a large part of the wainut and butternut trees in the southwestern part of Ontario were either entirely - or to a large extent defoliated by it. SPINY OAKWORM (Aunztsota senatoria). Like the walnut caterpillar this oak pest which was abundant last fall was again abundant this year. _ ~ Livac LEAF MINER (Gracilaria syringella). Last year we reported the _ presence of what appeared to be this species in several parts of Ontario. This year again it has been sent in from a number of places. In Guelph a lilac hedge - about forty feet long was so severely infested that approximately 90 per cent. of the leaves had all the green surface devoured. The larvae seem to begin at _ the apex and gradually roll the leaf down, feeding under the cover of the roll. Anywhere from one to thirty larvae were to be found on a leaf. Most infested leaves sent in from other places showed injury only in the form of large blotched > meiies and there was no indication of the rolling which took place in Guelph. _ It would not be surprising if we were to havea good deal of trouble from this pest ducing the next few years. At Guelph the larvae were mature and had entered _ the soil in large numbers for pupation by June 28th and by July 21st the majority = of the moths had emerged. a BALTIMORE BUTTERFLY (Euphydryas phaeton). Numerous larvae of this 3 butterfly were found on Turtle-head (Chelone glabra). Nearly all the adults _ from these had emerged by July 2ist. In the collections of the summer school ~ teachers this butterfly was quite common, this showing that it was far more : _ abundant this year than usual. _ COSMOPOLITE BUTTERFLY (Vanessa cardut). Throughout the southwestern ' part of Ontario the larvae were very common and farmers reported them as feeding on Canada Thistle greedily. There was some alarm felt by them in a few instances lest the larvae might attack grain crops. : 88 oTHE REPORT OF Tae © "SPRUCE MITE (Paratetranychus ununguis). laa nuKsery at Winona blue 4 spruce and balsam fir were injured by this mite. é ae | TERRAPIN SCALE. (Eulecanium nigrofasciatum). According to a report 4 received last spring from the superintendent of-parks, St..Catharines, many of the soft maples in that city were heavily 4nfested with this scale. | Waite Figs (Tvrialeurodes vaporartorum). Each year this troublesome in-_ sect seems to be growing more and more abundant, especially in private homes. | -» CARPET BEETLES (Anthrenus scrophulariae and Attagenus piceus). Avery large number of housewives requested information on how to combat ‘this — household insect. 3 3 CLotHEs Mors (Tinea bdiselliella). Requests, for information on el ; measures were received from every side. | rs eet c HousEFLy (Musca domestica). In southern Ontario the housefly was less — abundant this fall than usual. | "Vt eee Loh ‘ L oi ahaa sae ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Ro THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1924 NORMAN CRIDDLE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The amount of material available for inclusion in the ‘‘Record” is now so » great that we are obliged to make some alterations in the usual procedure. As a beginning, in order to utilize space to the best advantage, we are taking - it for granted that every working entomologist reads the ‘“‘Canadian Ento- mologist’’ and in consequence new species published in that journal will no longer be listed. We have also been obliged to reduce zonal records to one or _ two for each province. One of the objects in preparing an “Entomological Record’’ has been to gradually map out. the distribution of Canadian insects, an accomplishment which would be of marked value both to the economic and systematic worker. ' Much progress has been recently made towards this object and we are now ina - position to provide fairly complete lists in certain families. As an alternative ‘to publishing all promiscuous records, we have thought, therefore, that our readers might be more interested in complete group lists, and with that idea in view, we are providing annotated lists of the Canadian Eucosminae and Ephemeridae. This will bring the known distribution up-to-date and thus provide a simple means of detecting new records after the species have been determined. We are again indebted to specialists in the United States and Great Britain for assistance in determining certain species. NOTES OF CAPTURES Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described since the last Record was prepared. LEPIDOPTERA (Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera.) _ Lycaenidae Be cohingidae 413 Heodes rubidus Behr. Milk River, Alta., (R. D. Bird). 733 Haemorrhagia gracilis Grt. Victoria Beach, Man., (H. Brodie). _Noctuidz * Porosogrotis vetusta mutata B. & Benj. Kaslo, Arrowhead Lake, and Vernon, B.C. * Anaria poca B. & Benj. Pocahontas, Alta., (Mrs. Mitchall). * Anaria lagganata B. & Benj. Laggan, Alta., (F. H. Wolley-Dod). * Lasionycta alberta B. & Benj. Nordegg, Alta., (J. McDunnough). me ae stigmata B. & Benj. Duncan and Wellington, B.C., (W. H. Hanham). © * Oncocnemis mackiet B. & Benj. Edmonton, Alta., (D. Mackie and K. Bowman), : The above six insects described in Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. V, Nos. 2 and 3. 2135 Graptolitha oriunda Grt. Lobo, Ont., (A. E. Wood). 2206 Epiglaea dechva Grt. Lobo, Ont., (Wood). Oligia violacea Grt. Penticton, B.C., (Paul Vroom). Eremobia hanhami-B. & Benj. Duncan, B.C., (A. W. Hanham). A patela fragilis fragiloides B. & Benj. Duncan and Guamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). Gortyna columbia B. & Benj. Saanich, B.C., (Downes); Duncan, B.C., (Hanham). Gortyna intermedia B. & Benj. Ft. Calgary, N.W. B.C. The above described in Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. V, No. 3, 1924. Stibadium spumosum Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). Plagiomimicus expallidus Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). Bellura obliquus pallida B. & Benj. Edmonton, Alta., (D. Mackie). Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. V, 1924. Papaipema ireaia Sm. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). ner ate : , ip a 4 Ay x J ay Vee Ae A eT Oe RT ¥ o2 an Et 4 . : ; nN 4 . y 2844 Annaphila danistica Grt. Olives Bia! Cee (Garett): 3105 Catocala mira Grt. Strathroy, Ont., (W. H. Hudson). 3365 Strenoloma lunilinea Grt. Lobo, Ont., (Woods). Notodontidae _ 3611 Odontosia elegans Stkr. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 3625 Dasylophia angwina A. & S. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 3671a Cerura cinerea cinereoidea Dyar. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). Pyralidae 4997 Evergestis vinctalis B. & McD. Oliver, B.C., os GO ee aes _THE REPORT OF THE _ 4999 Evergestis obscuralis B. & McD. Watertown ‘Lake, Alta., (MeDinset Kaslo, B.C., | (Cockle). Aegeriidae 6655 Synanthedon exitiosa Say. Douglas Lake, Man., (R. D. Bird). The following species were collected by Dr. McDupnouat at Waterton Lake, ee ’ | and determined by Miss Braun. Cosmopterygidae 5990 Cyphophora tricristatella Cham. 6004 Mompha albopalpella Cham. Gelechiidae 6044 Aristotelia rubidella Clem. Telphusa praefixa Braun. 6110 Gnorimoschema triocellella Cham. 6112 Gnorimoschema radiatella Busck. 6191 Anacampsis niveopulvella Cham. Gelechia metallica Braun. Gelechia abradescens Braun. Gelechia conspersa Braun. Gelechta clandestina Meyr. 6211 Gelechia continuella Zell. 6362 Tvrichotaphe purpureofusca Walsingham. 6368 Trichotaphe levisella Fyles. Oecophoridae 6503 Borkhausenia haydeneiia Cham. 6493 Schiffermuelleria dimidiella Wism. Schiffermuelleria rostrigera Meyr. Glyphipterygidae - Allononyma fabriciana var. alpinella Busck. 7618 Choreutis onustana Wlk. 7619 Choreutis balsamorrhizella Busck. 7621 Choreutis occidentella Dyar. Plutellidae : 7675 Plutella porrectella Linn. Yponomeutidae Argyresthtia monochromella Busck. 7694 Argyresthia pygmaeella_Hbn. 7695 Argyresthia oreasella Clem. 7703 Argyresthia conjugella Zell. Coleophoridae Coleophora crinita Braun. 7798 Coleophora tenuis Wlsm. Elachistidae Elachista aurocristata Braun. Tinagma gigantea Braun. Tinagma pulverilinea Braun. Gracilariidae 8051 Gracilaria murtfeldtella Busck, Scythridae 8082 Scythris ochristriata W\sm. Tineidae 8198 Myrmecozela (Amydria) coloradella Dietz. 8235 Dietzia martinella Wlk. Fer. A ~. Incurvariidae a 8438 Chalceopla cockerelli Busck. a Greya subalba Braun. : Lampronia piperatella Busck. «8431 ~=Lampronia aenescens Wlism. 8432 Lampronia politella Wlsm, : Lampronia obscuromaculata Braun. i - -Lampronia variata Braun. . OLETHREUTIDAE Baceominac (prepared by J. McDunnough) s The following list of Canadian Eucosminae has been made as complete as possible, and is __ the result of work carried on during the past two years, based on Heinrich’s Monograph of this subfamily (Bull. 123, U.S.N.M.) and the material in the Canadian National Collection. Pseudogalleria inimicella Zell. Aweme, Man. (N. Criddle). Petrova albicapitana Bsk. Prince Albert, Sask. Petrova picicolana Dyar. Massett, B.C. 3 Petrova burkeana Kft. Nordegg, Alta., (J. McDunnough). z Barbara colfaxiana var. taxtfoliella Bsk. "Waterton Park, Alta. © - (C. H. Young; Agassiz, B.C., (R. Glendenning). Spilonota ocellana D. & S. Annapolis, N.S.; Ottawa, Trenton, Ont., (J. Evans); Vernon, B.C., (E. P. Venables). Thiodia radiatana ‘Wishm. Digby, N.S. 14: Russell); Montreal, Que. * Thiodia albertana McD. Lethbridge, Alta., Cea: Seamans). Thiodia essexana Kft. Montreal, Que.; Trenton, Ont., (Evans). Thiodia awemeana Kft. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough); Ottawa, Ont., (Young), Aweme, Man., (Criddle). a * Thiodia indeterminana McD. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough); Ottawa, Ont., (Young); S Edmonton, Wabamun, Waterton Park, Rocky Mt. House, Alta; Cranbrook, B.C a (C, Garrett): Salmon Arm, BG... GW. TR Buckell). : ~ Thodia umbrastriana Kft. Aylmer, Que., (Curran and McDunnough); Meach Lake, g Que., (Young). aes Thiodia roseoterminana Kft. Meach Lake, Que., (Young); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Saskatoon, Sask., (K.M. King). : Thiodia ferruginana Fern. Ottawa, Ont., (Young and McDunnough). a Thiodia formosana Clem. Digby, N.S., (Russell); Chelsea, Meach Lake, Aylmer, Que; ; - (Young- and McDunnough); Ottawa, Trenton, Ont., (Young, Evans): Calgary, j Edmonton, Alta., (Bowman): Salmon Arm, B. on (Buckell). Thiodia ochroterminana Kit. St. Johns, Que., ce Chagnon); Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; | Aweme, Man. s Thiodia perfuscana Heinr. Ottawa, (J. Fletcher); Trenton, Ont., (Evans). 3 Thiodia corculana Zell. Regina, Saskatoon, Sask., (King); Waterton Lakes, Alta., — (McDunnough); Keremeos, B.C., (E. R. "Buckell). _-Thiodia amphorana Wlshm. Calgary, Alta., (Wolley-Dod). oe Thiodia refusana Wlk. Aweme, Man.; Hedley, B.C., (Garrett). 1g - Thiodia annetteana Kft. Reported by Kearfoot in the Ent. Record for 1907 from Cart- + wright, Man. Bt Thiodia columbiana Wlshm. Nicola, B.C., (Buckell). - _ Thiodia-crisbana Clem. Trenton, Ont., (Evans). : - - Thiodia marmontana Kearf. —Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Saskatoon, Sask., (King); g Nordegg, Waterton Park, Alta., (McDunnough). ay, Thiodia aliernana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). a 4 Thiodia oregonensis Heinr. Waterton Park, Alta., (McDunnough). t * ~ Thiodia modernana McD, Aylmer, Que. , (McDunnough); Cranbrook, Salmon Arm, B.C., > (Garrett, Buckell). m7 * Thiodia convergana McD. Aweme, Man. , (Criddle). 4 Thiodia apacheana Wlshm. Reported from Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle) in the Kootenai list ‘ (Proc. U.S.N.M., X XVII, 926). * Thiodia influana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans); : Windermere, B.C., (Dod.) 2 Thiodia kokana Kearf. (sororiana Heinr.). Aweme, Man., (Criddle). - * Thiodia complicana McD. Osoyoos, B.C., (Garrett). z Thiodia ornatula Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). = Thiodia elongana Wlshm. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). 2 Thiodia transversa Wilshm. Kaslo; B.C., (Cockle). 3 * Thiodia rupestrana McD. Calgary, Nordegg, Laggan, Alta., (Dod, McDunnough, e-- Bean). 4 >> aed : rp” 2D a > _Thiodia misturana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Regina, Sask.; Vernon, Hedley, ) B.C., (Buckell, Garrett). _@ Thiodia fertoriana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Regina, Lethbridge, Alta.; Nicola, ea B.C., (Buckell). i 92 “7 ) THE REPORT OF THE: 7. + } : : : : Pi eae Thiodia indagatricana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; mstcaee Park, Alta., (Me- = | . Dunnough). | Thiodia Es Zell. Aweme, Man. Peddie): ; Thiodia striatana Clem. Meach Lake, "Que.: Ottawa, Trenton, Ont. , (Young, eeeney : Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Moraine Lake, Alta., (McDunnoug h). : 7 Thiodia dorsiatomana Kft. Westburn, Man., (Criddle); Saskatoon, Sauk ‘s (King); pet ieee Lethbridge, Hillcrest, Alta. , (Seamans, Bowman). ; Thiodia kiscana Kft. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont., (Young, Evans). - Thiodia perangustana Wlshm. Keremos, B.C. , (Garrett). “| Thiodia pallidicostana Wishm. Aweme, Man. ” (Criddle) : Lethbridge, Alta., (Seana ee Thiodia modicellana Heinr. Aweme, Man., '(Criddle); Lethbridge, Waterton Park, : {Seamans, McDunnough). - Thiodia infimbriana Dyar. Kaslo, Salmon Arm, Hedley, Vancouver, B. c : Thiodia infimbriana var. candidula Heinr. Aweme, Man.; Nordegg, Alta., seal - Dunnough). te Thiodia octopunctana Wishm. ‘Treesbank, Man., (Criddle). 4 eae * Thiodia youngs McD. Waterton Park, Alta., (Young). ea Thiodia festivana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). * Thiodia camdenana McD. Camden Bay, Alaska. ~ Thiodia montanana Wishm. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). . Thiodia imbridana Fern. Aweme, Rownthwaite, Man., (Criddle, Marmont); siskatoba £ : Sask., (King). . Eucosma fandana Kft. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Eucosma ridingsana Rob. Aweme, Rownthwaite, Man., (Criddle, Marmont); Calgary, Banff, Alta.; Lillooet, B.C. ack Phair). Eucosma fernaldana Grt. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Eucosma argenteana Wlishm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). i Eucosma serpentana Wlishm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland, Seamans). \ * Eucosma, ophionana McD. Lethbridge, Waterton, Nordegg, Alta., (Seamans, Me- a . Dunnough). Ne Eucosma morrisont Wishm. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Last Mt. Lake, Sask., (Young); | Lethbridge, Waterton, Nordegg, Alta.; Chilcotin, Keremeos, B. C. is Eucosma heathiana Kft. Aweme, Man. Eucosma argentialbana Wlshm. Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Waterton! wees Alta. Eucosma pergandeana Fern. ‘Trenton, Ont. . (Evans); Aweme, Man.; Regina, Last Mt. Lake, Sask.; Lethbridge, Waterton, Nordegg, Hillcrest, Alta. : Kaslo, Osoyoos, Keremeos, BC. Eucosma agricolana Wlshm. Reported by~Dyar from Kaslo, B.C. (1. c¢. 22>): A Eucosma comatulana Zell. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). - ; Eucosma galenapunctana Kft. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). Eucosma serapicana Heinr. Lethbridge, Alta. Eucosma scintillana Clem. Aweme, Rounthwaite, Man. Eucosma scintillana var. randana Kft. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). | Eucosma subflavana Wishm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans); Chilcotin, B.C., (Buckell). 5 Eucosma glomerana Wishm. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. ee Eucosma sandana Kit. Aweme, Man. 40 * Eucosma vagana McD. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. HS : Eucosma tocullionana Heinr. Ottawa, Ont., (Young). 2 ; Eucosma grotiana Kit. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. | Eucosma lolana Kft. Waterton Park, ‘Moraine Lake, Alta., (McDunnough) arenes # (Garrett), Aspen Grove, B.C. P. Vroom). Eucosma palabundana Heinr. Aweme, Man. Eucosma occipitana Zell. Saskatoon, Sask., (King); Lethbridge, Nordegg, Alta., | (Seamans, McDunnough). : ‘ jay * Eucosma heinrichti McD. Aweme, Man. iis ; Eucosma bilineana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Alta. f Eucosma mediostriata Wishm. Lethbridge, Alta. | Eucosma nandana Kft. Described from Rounthwaite, Man. No specimens examined. Ha = Eucosmalandana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Craven, Sask., (Young); Calgary, Alta., (Dod.) | i * Eucosma simplex McD. Calgary, Alta., (Dod). = | Eucosma dorsisignatana Clem. Aweme, Man.; Regina, Sask.; Edmonton, Alta. | (Bowman); Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Eucosma similana Clem. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Eucosma graduatana Wishm. Listed by Heinrich from Aweme, Man. Eucosma juncticiliana Wlishm. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Mi Man.; Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes). i ros Eucosma excusabilis Heinr. Waterton Park, Alta. Ae F McDunnough). A Eucosma sombreana Kft. Aweme, Man. Li ~ Eucosma fuscana Kft. Not yet determined. One of the type localities was Boe thwaite, Man. i Eucosma corosana Wlshm. _Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask.; Calgary, Alta. \/ Eucosma hohana Kft. Moraine Lake, Alta. | (McDunnough); Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). { ¥ ae ENT OMOLOCICNE SOCIETY “'. ° 93 _Eucosma pulveratana Wishm. Aweme, Man. Eucosma suadana Heinr. Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Alta. Eucosma metariana Heinr. One of the type localities was Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). Eucosma rorana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Hedley, B.C., (Garrett). Eucosma cataclystiana. Wik. Fredericton, N.B.; Kingsmere, Que.; Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Regina, Sask.; Lethbridge, Waterton, Alta. Eucosma resumpitana Wlk. Described from Nova Scotia; not yet recognized. Epiblema strenuana Wik. Trenton, Ont., (Evans). Epiblema scudderiana Clem. Meach Lake, Que., (Young); Ottawa, Trenton, Ont. Epiblema benignata McD.. Aweme, Man. Epiblema obfuscana Dyar. Montreal, Cascades, Que. Epiblema carolinana Wlshm. Port Stanley, Ont., (Crawford); Cartwright, Man., (a/c Kearfott). Epiblema hirsutana Kft. Reported by Kearfott (Ent. Rec. 1906), from Aweme, Man. Needs verification. Epiblema periculosana Heinr. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Banff, Nordegg, Alta.;. _ Salmon Arm, (Buckell); Keremeos, B.C.., (Garrett). Epiblema purpurissatana Heinr. Barrington Passage, N.S., (Young); Vernon, Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes). ‘ Epiblema walsinghamt Kft. Ottawa, Ont., (A. Gibson). Epiblema suffusana Zell. Reported by Kearfott (Ent. Rec. 1906), from Regina, Sask. Epiblema illotana Wlishm. Barrington Passage, N.S., (Young); Ottawa, Trenton; Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Waterton, Alta. Epiblema culminana Wlshm. Waterton, Edmonton, Alta., (Bowman); Oliver, Vernon, Victoria, B.C. Epiblema otiosana Clem. St. Johns, Que.; Trenton, Port Stanley, Ont., (Crawford). Epiblema tandana Kit. Aweme, Man. Epiblema abbreviatana Wishm. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough); Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Salmon Arm, B.C., (Buckell). Gypsonoma fasciolana Clem. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Ottawa, Algonquin Park, Ont::. Aweme, Man.; Calgary, Nordegg, Alta.; Kaslo, B.C Gypsonoma nebulosana Pack. Hopedale, Labr. Gypsonoma parryana Curtis. Barter Is., Camden Bay, Alaska. Gypsonoma haimbachiana Kft. Trenton, Ont. Gypsonoma substitutionis Heinr. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Gypsonoma salicicolana Clem. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont. Gypsonoma adjuncia Heinr. Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Edmonton, Alta. Proteoteras aesculana Riley. Trenton, Ont. Proteoteras willingana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Regina, Sask. Proteoteras crescentana Kft. Regina, Sask. Proteoteras moffatiiana Fern. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Proteoteras obnigrana Heinr. Ottawa, Ont., (Young). _ Lewaphera ratzeburgiana Sax. Chatham, Youghall, N.B.; Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Ucluelet, B.C., (Young). Zeiraphera diniana Gn. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Nordegg, Alta. Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. Ottawa, Ont. Zewaphera vancouverana McD. Ucluelet, Bee} Exentera mprobana Wilk. Meach Lake, Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont Exentera oregonana Wishm. Aweme, Man.; Edmonton, Calgary, Alta.; Kaslo, B.C. Exentera maracana Kft. (?) Ottawa, Ont. Our specimens may prove to belong to: _ perstructana Wlk., a species unidentified by Heinrich; they match Walsingham’s. figure closely. Exentera spoliana Clem. Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Exentera senatrix Heinr. Cranbrook, B. C., (Garrett). Gretchena watchungana Kft. Digby, N. S: , (Russell); Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Gretchena deludana Clem. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough) Gretchena amatana Heinr. Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Griselda radicana Wlshm. Nordegg, Banff, Alta.; Duncan, B.C., (Day). Norma dietziana Kft. Reported by Kearfott (Ent. Rec. 1912), from St. Johns, Que. Kundrya finitima Heinrs Barrington Passage, N.S.; Ottawa, Ont., (Young). Hendecaneura shawiana Kit. Ottawa, Ont., (Young). Rhopobota geminana Steph. Ucluelet, BGs (Young). Rhopobota naevana Hbn. Victoria, B.C., (Downes). Epinotia similana Hbn. Bridgetown, N.S.; Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Trenton,. Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Nordegg, Alta.; Nicola, Bic: , (Vroom). Epinotia solandriana Linn. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Waterton Park, Alta., (McDunnough); Victoria, B.C., (Downes). Epinotia pulsatillana Dyar. Kaslo, BiG: (Cockle). Epinotia medioviridana Kft. Ottawa, Ont., (Young). Epinotia castaneana Wlshm. Moraine Lake, Alta., (McDunnough); Kaslo, B.C.,. (Cockle). Epinotia johnsonana Kft. Victoria, (Blackmore); Departure Bay, B.C., (Young). a - : f 94 Poet Tg Re eae ee 3 aig Gt Arg “RHE REPORT OF 2HEs- == - og: Epinotia madderana Kft. Trenton, Ont.; Roiinthwaike, Man. (Marmont). ects Eptinotia laracana Kft. Otatwa, Ont. , (Young). : Epinotia hopkinsana Kft. Victoria, BG , (Blackmore). > = Epinotia solicitana Wlk. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Montreal, Megantic, SESE Que: rage Ottawa, Ont.; Kaslo, Vancouver, B.C. Epinotia corylana McD. Ottawa, Ont. ~ Epinotia rectiplicana Wlshm. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Gaspé, St. Johns, Que.; : Agassiz, Hedley, Victoria, B.C. Epinotia misella Cl. Ottawa, Ont.:; Aweme, Man. (as criddleana Kft.); Banff, Edmonton, : Red Deer, Nordegg, Alta. , (Bowman); Oliver, B.C., (Garrett). Epinotia albangulana Wlshm. Wellington, Vancouver, B. Epinotia momonana Kft. Bridgetown, N.S.; Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Epinotia transmissana Wlik. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Salmon Arm, B.C., (Buckeliy< Epinotia silvertoniensis Heinr. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. , (McDunnough), Epinotia digitana Heinr. Banff, Moraine Lake, Alta.; Ucluelet, B.Caay Epinotia nigralbana Wlishm. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. Epinotia sagittana McD. Departure Bay, BG. Epinotia emarginana Wlshm._ Victoria, B.C. Epinotia crenana Hbn. Nordegg, Alta.; Kaslo, Vancouver, B.C. Epinotia.bicordana Heinr. Aweme, Man. Epinotia arctostaphylana Kft. Nordegg, Alta., (Bowman). Epinotia timidella Clem. Aweme, Man. Epinotia aceriella Clem. Ayimer, Que.; Trenton, Ont. Epinotia nonana Kft. Lethbridge, Alta. , (Seamans). Epinotia normanana Kft. Aweme, Man. Epinotia nanana Tr. Vancouver, B. Cc , (Glendenning). ; ' Epinotia meritana Heinr. Victoria, B.C: , (Carter); one of the type heats Epinotia medioplagata Wlshm. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Nordegg, Alta. Epinotia plumbolineana Kft. Victoria, B.C., (Downes). - ; Epinotia lomonana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Edmonton, Alta., (Bowman); Salmon Arm, Victoria, B.C. zit Epinotia cruciana Linn. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Nordegg, Banff, Moraine Lake, Alta.; Kaslo, Salmon Arm, B.C. ee | Epinotia cruciana var. alaskae Heinr. Fort Wrigley, N.W.T., (Crickmay). Epinotia cruciana var. russata Heinr. Described from Victoria, B.C. Epinotia seorsa Heinr“ Salmon Arm, Victoria, B.C Epinotia vagana Heinr. Kaslo, Victoria, Departure Bay, B.C. Epinotia lindana Fern. -Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Epinotia kasloana McD. Kaslo, B.C. Epinotia signiferana Heinr. Kaslo, B.C. Epinotia trossulana Wilshm. Reported by Heinrich from Victoria, B.C. Anchylopera nubeculana Clem. Digby, N.S.; Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Red Deer, Waterton Park, Alta. Anchylopera subaequana Zell. Barrington Passage, N.S.: ; Ottawa, Ont. Anchylopera subaequana var. kincaidana Fern. Nordegg, Altar; Ucluelet, BC Anchylopera discigerana Wik. Kaslo, Salmon Arm, B.C. Anchylopera spireaefoliana Clem. Montreal, Que., (Winn); Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Anchylopera angulifasciana Zell. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Nordegg, Alta. Anchylopera burgessiana Zell. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Rounthwaite, Man. Anchylopera platanana Clem. Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Anchylopera laciniana Zell. Ottawa, Ont. Anchylopera fuscociliana Clem. Ottawa, Ont. Ancylis comptana Froel. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Aylmer, Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Waterton Park, Alta. ; Kaslo, B. C. Ancylis cometana Wlshm. Aweme, Man.; Nordegg, Alta. Ancylis divisana Wilk. Digby, N. S..: Ottawa, Ont. ot | Ancylis apicana Wik. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Ottawa, Ont. ree Ancylis muricana Wlshm. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough); Grimsby, Ont. Ancylis carbonana Heinr. Barrington Passage, INcSss Ottawa, Ont.; Gaspé, Que. Ancylis diminutana Haw. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Man.: Nordegg, Alta.; | Vancouver, B.C. Ancylis goodelliana Fern. Ottawa, Ont.; Nordegg, Alta. Ancylis plagosana Clem. Aweme, Man.; Waterton Park, Nordegg, Alta.; Kaslo, Cran- brook, Saanich Dist., B.C. Ancylis pacificana Wishm. Kaslo, B.C. Ancylis mediofasciana Clem. Digby, N.S.; Gaspé, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Waterton Park, Alta. é Ancylis torontana Kft. Only known from the type from Toronto, Ont. appre Ancylis tineana Hbn. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Aweme, Man. ) _ Bp ee es ee oe ee 5 ay =. is a igs et i om aa See , ae = ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 05 _ Ancylis albacostana Kft. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Hystricophora stygiana Dyar. Lethbridge, Calgary, Alta.; Mt. Arrowsmith (Fletcher), _ Vancouver, B. ‘ _ Hystricophora asphodelana Kft. Calgary, Lethbridge, Waterton Park, Alta.; Keremeos, ce Vernon, B.C. ~ Hystricophora ochreicostana Wishm. ‘Aweme, Treesbank, Man.; Lethbridge, Alta. ; E Hystricophora taleana Grt. Aweme, Man. : _ Hystricophora vestaliana Zell. Aweme, Man.; Last Mt. Lake, Sask. ee . _ Species marked with an asterisk were described in the Can. Ent., 1925, LVII, pp. 12-23. Mes COLEOPTERA (Arranged according to Leng’s Catalogue of Coleoptera, 1920). Cicindelidae | 41 Cicindela limbata Say. Orion, Alta., (Seamans and Criddle). Approaching var. nympha i oo. > sy. Ay x * Cicindela oslert terracensis Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Mrs. W. Hippisley). M * Cicindela ostenta columbiana Csy. B.C f f 108 Cuicindela cuprescens Lec. Aweme East, Man., (R. D. Bird). - Carabidae Elaphrus divinctus Csy. Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (F. S. Carr). _ Elaphrus bituberosus Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 237 = =Blethisia multipunctata L. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). : _ * Blethisia hudsonica Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). — 241 Loricera caerulescens L. Medicine Hat, Alta., Coan). _ * Nebria curtulata Csy. West St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman). * Nebria hippisleyit Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Mrs. Hippisley). —~ 329 Dyschirius aeneolus Lec. Baldur, Man., (J. B. Wallis). - 348a Dyschirius montanus Lec. Baldur, Man. , (Wallis). Not typical. Bembidion carrianum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion exiguiceps Csy. Terrace, B. 1G: , (Hippisley). Bembidion oblectans Csy. Edmonton, Alta. (Cars): Bembidion fortunatum Csy. Edmonton, Alta. ~ (Carr). Bembidion edmonionensis Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion subexiguum Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). Bembidion accuratum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). - Bembidion albertanum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion terracens Csy. ‘Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). Bembidion canadianum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). , Bembidion henshawt Hayd. Saskatoon, Sask. _(N. J. Atkinson). Patrobus canadensis Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Hypherpes terracensis Csy. ‘Terrace, B.C. , (Hippisley). Hypherpes stoecus Csy. Inverness, BoC. Poecilus elucens Csy. Edmonton, ‘Alta. (Carr): Poecilus occidentalis De}. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). z Curtonotus subtilis Csy. Stupart Bay, N.W.T.. Curtonotus albertinus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Curtonotus giluipes Csy. Manitoba. Curtonotus brevipennis Csy. West Hudson Bay. Curtonotus manitobensis Csy. Manitoba. Curtonotus durus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Curtonotus biarcuatus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Celia vancouvert Csy. B.C. Celia marginatellus Csy. Manitoba. Celia parallela Csy. Alberta, (Carr). Celia albertas Csy. Alberta, (Carr). Celia funebris Csy. Manitoba. Celia winnipegensis Csy. Winnipeg, Man. Celia fragilis Csy. Celia frugalis Csy. Manitoba. Celia explanatula Csy. B.C. Celia cervicalis Csy. Canada, (“‘probably Alta.”’). Amara viridula Csy. Alberta. Amara obligua Csy. B.C. Amara inflaticollis Csy. Manitoba. Amara subarctica Csy. Saskatchewan. Amara carriana Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Anchomenus albertanus Csy. Edmonton, Alta. (Cart); Agonum invalidum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (C arr). Agonum terracens Csy. Terrace, B. CG. , (Hippisley). 3 Europhilus oe carrt Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr).7 115 DIP T= —, = ei 2 DD) 2D ae eR KR RRR ROR RR HR KR ROR HR KR HH HK HH HOH HH HOO RH KH KR HK KK HH RH m se % Paste pat Oo RA s Bit 5 ey fe, ‘ 9 nee ar (hdl Ae Fa eae Oe a Rect sf e Soe ee an Se o> "see ia See fa Vit ‘ = \ x 2 = aah g pee 196.4) THE REPORT OF THE J 4 1537 Platynus subcordatus Tee Medicine Te Alta., (Carr). ; 1646 Lebia atriceps Lec. Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle) + Kelwood, Man., G. May). 1649 Lebia pulchilla De}. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). . Not typical. 1650 Lebta divisa Lec. Saskatoon, Sask. a0 King). 1665> Lebia montana Horn. Medicine Hat, exces: (Carr). * Cymindis kirbyt Csy. Caribou, B.C. * Cymindis obliqua Csy. Edmonton, Alta.,. (Carr). * Chlaenius alberianus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 1806 Chlaenius tomentosus Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 4 Le 1825 Chlaenius nebraskensis Lec. Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). | ; Piosoma setosa Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). as d Harpalus columbianus Csy. Goldstream, B.C. : Harpalus instructus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Harpalus blanditus Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). Harpalus nivalis Csy. Saskatchewan. Harpalus ferviculus Csy. Harpalus ventricosus Csy. Spencer, [Bis Oe Harpalus durescans Csy. Ft. Coulonge, Que. Harpalus modulatus Csy. Ft. Coulonge, Que. oes, Harpalus electus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 4 < * “Acupalpus canadensis Csy. Mt. Royal, ‘Que. : | If ~— [-e) ~J \o * *¥ *¥£ * ¥ H& * * * vd Haliplidae 2305 Haliplus cribarius Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). D ytiscidae Coelambus compar Full. Aweme and Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis). 2405 Coelambus farctus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). _ All the above new carabidae described in ‘‘Memoirs on the Coleoptera,’’ Vol. XI, 1924. Coelambus hudsonicus Fall. Barnard Harbour, N.W.T.; erroneously recorded in report of Can. Arctic Exp. as unguicularis (Wallis). + 2415 Coelambus punctilineatus Fall. Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). | 2482 Hydroporus 12-lineatus Lec. Cawstone, B.C., (W. Metcalf). 2487 Hydroporus occidentalis Shp. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 2495 Hydroporus despectus Shp. Aweme, Man., (Wallis). (G. S. Brooks). Hydroporus labradorensis Fall. Stupart Bay, N.W.T. Hydroporus pervicinus Fall. Onah and Aweme, Man., (Wallis); Transcona, Man., | 2551 Agabus punctulatus Aube. Saskatoon, Sask., (N. J. Atkinson); Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). 2561 Agabus nigripalpis Sahlb. Panguirtuny Fiord, Baffin Land, (J. P. Saper). b 2563 Agabus confinis Gyll. Thornhill, Man., (Wallis). and Wallis). Agabus ajax Fall.. Tofield, Alta., (Carr). 2582 Agabus tristis Aube. Panguirtuny Fiord, Baffin Land, (J.P. ecg. 2612 Scatopterus angustus Lec. Aweme, Man., (White). . 2613 Scatopterus horni Cr. Aweme, Man., (Wallis). a 2627 Colymbetes longulus Lec. Kelwood, Man., (J. May). 2631 Colymbetes strigatus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Gyrinidae Gyrinus pleuralis Fall. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 2686 Gyrinus aeneolus Lec. Black Rapids and Ottawa, Ont., (R. Ozburn), Hydrophilidae * Cymbiodyta vindicaia Fall. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). Jour. N:Y. Ent. Soc., XXX, 1924. Scydmaenidae ae 3169 Scydmaenus badius Csy. Aweme, Man., (White). F Colydiidae : 3248 Synchita fuliginosa Melsh. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Bred in oak. Histeridae ms, Hister albertanus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 6623 Hister bimaculatus L. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Cars). * Culistex deficiens Csy. Alberta, (Carr). | eels 6691 Margarinotus guttifer. Horn. Medicine Hat, Alta, (Carr): | 6893 Saprinus estriatus Lec. Waterton Lakes, Alta., (J. McDunnough). Melyridae ke 7208 Collops bipunctatus Say. Lethbridge, Alta., (W. Cares / 7437 = Lastrus senilis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Agabus ontarionis Fall. Charleswood, Man., (Wallis); Aweme, Man., se M. White “| ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Pecloriidae- f | . Cymatodera tnornata a Treesbank, Man., (White). 7545 Meloidae — 8017 Epicauta maculata Say. Dallard, Sask., (King). _ Blateridae | 8228a Cryptohypnus lucidulus Mann. Calgary, Alta., (Tams). 8971 Ectamenogonus melsheimert Leng. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). Melasidae 9142 Dromaeolus harringtont Horn. Victoria Beach, Man., (L. Roberts). Buprestidae 9372a Buprestis nuttallt consularis Gory. Wawanesa, Man., (White). 9436 Chrysobothris blanchardi Horn. Victoria Beach, Man., (Brooks, Roberts, Wallis). “9448 Chrysobothris pusilla Cast. Victoria Beach, Man., (Brooks and Wallis). \ Agrilus frostt Knull. Stonewall, Man., on oak, (Wallis). 9498 Aegrilus acutipennis Mann. Douglas Lake, Man., (E. Criddle). 9523a Agrilus arcuatus torquatus Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., (Roberts). 9548 Agrilus vittaticollis Rand. Treesbank, Man., (White). Ostomidae * Ostoma columbiana aes Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). Nitidulidae ~ 10042 Corpophilus hemipterus L. Winnipeg, Man., (Roberts). : Erotylidae : * Triplax carri Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Cryptophagidae * Cryptophagus keeni Csy. Matlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen). * Macrodea aniennalis Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). « Mycetophagidae * Lendomus politus Csy. St. Lawrence Valley, Que. _ Coccinelidae 10905 Epc rasbis disoluta Cr. Aweme East, Man., (Whit fee Medicine ‘Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr); Bow Slope, 10954 HAyperaspidus vitiigera Lec. Alta., (Carter). 11165 Mippodamia sinuata Muls. Panton: B.C, (B: Farmer); Calgray, Alta., (Bird)! * Hippodamia uteana quadraria Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). * Hippodamia sinuata albertana Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 11194a Adalia humeralis Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). * Anisocalvia vancouveri Csy. B.C. 11204 Anatis leconter Csy. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Biencbrionidae 12008 Embaphion muricatum Say. Medieme Hat, Alta., (Cann 12297 Eleates depressus Rand. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis); Aweme, Man., (Criddle and — Bird). p * Coelocnemis columbiana Csy. B.C. (Kemp). * Iphthinus salebrosus Csy. Matlakatla, B.C., (Keen). - Melandryidae 12568 Serropalpus barbatus Schl. = Plinidae — 12621 Pinus californicus Lec. Anobiidae a 12689 Sitodrepa panicea L.. Transcona, Man., (Mrs. G. S. Brooks). Onah, Man., (White). Peachland, B.C., (Metcalf). — Bostrichidae — 12902 Bostrichus bicornis Web. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Scarabaeidae me) 13112 Aphodius denticulatus Hald. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr): ~~ 13620 Polyphylla decemlineata Say. Cabra, Sask., (King -), - 13652 Dichelonyx diluta Fall. Annapolis Royal NS. , (R. P. Gorham). — 13671 Dichelonyx decolorata Fall. Vernon, B.C., (E. 12 Venables). © 13694 H oplia trifasciata Say. Victoria Beach, Man., (Brocks and Wallis). | By 13978 Cremastochilus incisus Csy. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). * Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXVI, Medicine Hat, Alta., No. 6, 1924. - Sphenophorus serratipes Chitt. F exon ey Pipe Rae Py aed cE Gy a Se pate Woes Gxt, ad ee OOK. THE REPORT OF THE Bes! 2 ~ i= ~ Cerambycidae feng ; | poets * Strangalia apicata Csy- Be 2 ee eee ae 14615 Anacomis litigiosa Csy. Saskatoon, Soe -INe ds Aitken I eh ee ‘ 18090 Sphenophorus mormon Chitt. Stonewall, Man., (Wallis); Victoria Beach, Man., ay (Brooks). : by / (Carr). ; <2 me "=... “ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 99 DIPTERA 3 Prepared by C. H. Curran. (The phates at the left refer to the page in Aldrich’s catalogue on which the name of the ~~ - genus appears.) - Tipulidae oo Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) borealis Meander Hurricane, Alaska. — 89* Limnophila (Neolimnophila) ultima alaskana Alexander. Healy, Alaska. __ 84* Erioptera aldrichi Alexander. Valdez, Alaska. a * Erioptera alaskensts Alexander. Alaska. * Ormosia curvata Alexander. Skagway, Alaska. = * Ormosia decussata Alexander. Ketchikan, Alaska. : * Ormosia proxima Alexander. Skagway, Alaska. q The above described in Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIV, Article 10. — 88* Frichocera bituberculata Alexander. Alaska. aaa Ins. Insc. Men, XII, 81. Mycetophilidae (142* Boletina anticus Garrett. Michel, B.C. : * Boletina antomus Garrett. Michel, B.C. & _* - Boletina astacus Garrett. Caulfields, B.C. :: * Boletina differens Garrett. Fernie, B.C. -* Boletina jocunda Garrett. B.C. = * Boletina montanus Garrett. Fernie, B.C. rd ~* Boletina shermani Garrett. B.C. * Mycomya ampla Garrett. Banff, Alta. * Mycomya armata Garrett. Caulfields, B.C. * Mycomya atus Garrett. B.C. ) * Mycomya autumnalis Garrett. Michel, B.C. tg 4 * Mycomya caufieldi Garrett. Caulfields, B.C. . * Mycomya cranbrooki Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. ee * Mycomya difficilis Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. a, * Mycomya durus Garrett. Vancouver, B.C. ~ * Mycomya echinata Garrett. Michel, B.C. id * “Mycomya humidus Garrett. Michel, B.C. : * Mycomya magna Garrett. Fernie, B.C. x * Mycomya oviducta Garrett. Michel, B.C. -Z * Mycomya polleni Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. 5 - * Mycomya shermani Garrett. Michel, B. c : * Mycomya terminata Garrett. B.C. = * -Mycomya vulgaris Garrett. - Fernie, B. ce © & The above described in Ins. Insc. Men., XT 63% Stratiomyidae 4% 184 Odontomyia pilimana aiee Douglas, Man., July 29, (R. D. Bird; E. Criddle). . = Odontomyia vertebrata Say. Douglas Lake, Man. , July 30, (E. Criddle); Stockton, Man., a July 29, (N. Criddle). - Tabanidae © . a 195 Chrysops aestuans V. d. Wulp. Penticton, Oliver and Vernon, B.C., (Buckell, Vroom, i = Gillespie); Dunedin, Sask. Chrysops hilaris O.S. Truro, N.S., July 21, (Whitehead). a) vas a ee _ Asilidae : 255 Ospriocerus ventralis Cog. Oliver, B.C., July 17, (Buckell). cg Eucertopogon albibarbis Curran. Medicine Hat, ‘Alta., April, (F. S. Gare: fi 261 Holopogon seniculus Loew. Bestville, Sask., July 5; (King). a - Holopogon tibialis Curran. Covey Hill, Que, July 17, (G. S. Walley). = 282 Asilus nitidifacies Hine. Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 19, 1923, (Perritt) ; Seven Islands, re Que., July 9, (F. W. Waugh). 4 Empididae mo 3ii* Platy pal put hians var. fuscohalteratus Melander. Sudbury, Ont. * _* Platypalpus holosericus Melander. Megantic Que.; St. John, N.B. i a _- * + Platypalpus pectinator Melander. Banff, Alta., (Garrett). The above described in Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. N.H., V. 85. <4 Be stichopodidae me. 293* ‘Nothosympycnus cilifemoratus Van Duzee. Alaska. i” 220" ° ‘Campsicnemus calacaratus Van Duzee. Alaska. _ -. * *Hydrophorus minimus Van Duzee. Alaska. The above described in Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIII, Art. 21. * Hydrophorus-algens Wheeler. Aweme, Man., Oct. 7, 1924, (N. Criddle).- * yParaphrosylus nigripennis Van Duzee. Alaska. - Sy) EEE DI OS aery > SiS wa sD I rag Nei ee —— ja ee ees > . ax 4 fe — Come Pan Pac abt. -t2=_ < x | ee pies se iek - 291* © Argyra ciliata Van Duzee. Alaska. | ( : she x FR Proc. U-S:NIMS EXT, Art. 21. ee ‘29 292* ¥ Rhaphium subarmatum Curran. Oromocto, N.B. . i: Psyche, XX XI, 228. - 288* » Diaphorus brevinervis Van Duzee. Alaska. » 291* © Porphyrops albibarba Van Duzee. Alaska. _*\ Porphyrops borealis Van Duzee. Alaska. . ~~ ** Porphyrops terminalis Van Duzee., Alaska. - a sie, . The above described in Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIII, Art 21. oe 295 » Medeterus halteralis Van Duzee. Aylmer, Que., July 31, 1924, (Curran). 0% Medeterus vittatus Van Duzee. Aylmer, Que., July Si, (Curran). 298 » Dolichopus barbicauda Van Duzee. Stockton, Man., July 29, (Criddle). Dolichopus detersus Loew. Stockton, Man. - July 29, (Criddl e). _\Dolichopus longimanus Loew. Slave Lake, ‘Alta., July, Aug., (Owen Bryant). Dolichopus luteipennis Loew. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 8, (Curran). ay | ¥ Dolichopus nubtfer Van Duzee. Stockton, Man. July 29, (Criddle). ms = | ’Dolichopus quadrilamellatus Loew. Strathroy, Ont., July, (H. F. Hudson). | ‘Dolichopus remipes Wahl. Stockton, Man., July 29, (J. B. Wallis). 305* * Gymnopternus nigricoxa Van Duzee. Joliette, Que. Occ. Pap. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., V. 103. / Gymnopternus subulatus Loew. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 1, 2, (Curran). v Gymnobternus fimbriatus Loew. Hemmingford, Que., Tune 29, 1923, (Curran). 306 Hercostomus ornatipes V.D. Ottawa, July, August, (Curran); "Hull, Que., July 5, 1923, (Curran); very local. — Hercostomus unicolor Loew. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 2, (Curran). Y poe 406* Cerioides proxima Gaeent Guelph, Ont. Psyche, XX XI, 228. 344* Microdon manitobensis Curran. Megantic, Que. Psyche, XX XI, 227. * Maicrodon pseudoglobosus Curran. Aweme, Man. Psyche, XX XI, 226. 376 Volucella satur O.S. Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, (F. S. Carr). Volucella avida O. S. Victoria, B.C., (A. W. Hanham). Epistrophe genualis Williston. Kentville, N.S., May, (Gorham). Cnemodon auripleura Curran. Calgary, Alta., June, 1923, (G. Salb); Lethbridge, Alta., July 28, 1923, (Strickland). Cnemodon rita Curran. Waterton, Alta., July 14, 1923, Cone sraiitc. > 349* Pipiza nigrotibiata Curran. Bathurst, N.B. Occ. Pap. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., V. 81. Cynorhina nigra Williston. Kentville, N.S., (R. P. Gorham). 394 Asemosyrphus willingt Smith. Elk Island ‘Alta., August 4 to 12, 1923; Tofield, Alta., May 22, 1923, (E. H. Strickland). Platypezidae 341 Platypeza flavicornis Loew. Kings Co., Nova Scotia, Sept. 14, 1920, (reared from wormy mushroom). Tachinidae 438 Pseudapinops nigra Coq. Macdiarmid, Ont., (L. Nipigon), July 11, 1923, (Higson Mericia bicarina Tothill. Hedley, B. Cc. , Aug., (Garrett). Mericia nigropalpis Tothill. Macdiarmid, Ont., June, (Bigelow). * Ernestia fasciata Curran. Cranbrook, B. G: BRR Ent. News, XX XV, No. 7,246. : - * Mericia campestris Curran. Aweme, Man. | : Ent. News, XX XV, 249. * Mericia fasciventris Curran. Aylmer, Que. 2 Ent. News, XX XV, 248. < * Merica triangularis Curran. Aweme, Man. Ent. News, XX XV, 247. 5 iRe 460* Phorocera setifrons Ald and Webber. Sask. iS Proc. USN VL XBR Art 778 . * _ Phorocera silvatica Ald. and Webber. B.C. Proc. US.NM. Ex Arte T7572; * Phorocera tenuiseta Ald. and Webber. B.C. Proc. U.S NUM eet. Aceh liee2: ~ Sarcophagidae 476 Hilarella decens Townsend. Osoyoos, B.C. , May 16, (Buckell). 510 Sarcophaga atlanis Aldrich. Joliette, Que., July 6, (J. Ouellet). Sarcophaga coloradensis Aldrich. Aylmer, ‘Que, May 21, June 24, (Curran). ; ‘ Rgiete Ye. : eee ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 101 oF ° -- Sarcophaga falciformis Aldrich. Saskatoon, Sacks June 6, 29, 1923, (K. M. King). ~ Sarcophaga larga Aldrich. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 19 and 2) (T. Armstrong). an _ Sarcophaga libera Aldrich. Macdiarmid, Ont., June 29, 1922, (N. K. Bigelow). Sarcophaga planifrons Aldrich. Plato, Sask., Aug. Up 1923, (King a Sarcophaga uliginosa Kramer. Macdiarmid, ‘Ont., July 12,1922) “N, K, Bigelow). " Calliphoridae * Francilia alaskensis Shannon. Alaska. Ins. Insc. Men., XII, 74. 523* Protocalliphora splendida, var. aenea Shannon and Dobroscky. Ont. _ Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., XIV, 251. * Protocalliphora splendida var. hesperia Shannon and Dobroscky. B.C. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., XIV, 251. Muscidae 553 Eustalomyia vittipes Zett. Montreal, Que.; Aylmer, Que., June, (Curran). Eustalomyia festiva Zett. Hemmingford, Que., July, (T. Armstrong); Aylmer, Que., ae July, (Curran). _ ‘'951* Hydrophoria packard Malloch. Labrador. Ann and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 514. a ' Xenophorbia muscaria Me. Oliver, B.C., April, (C. Garrett); Vancouver, Island, BG, : (Hanham). $51 HAylemyia curvipes Malloch. Hull, Que., May, (Curran). mS Aylemyia fuscohalterata Malloch. Teulon, Man., May, (A. J. Hunter). Hylemyia hinet Malloch. MHardisty Island, Great Slave Lake Region, June, (J. Russell). Aylemyia pluvialis Malloch. Kentville, N. S., July, (Gorham). Hylemyia marginata Stein. Hedley, B. €.; ‘July, (Garrett); Revelstoke Mt., B.C., _. Aug., (Vroom); Mt. Cheam, B.C. , Aug., (Fletcher). Hylemyia setiventris Stein. Hedley, BC july, Aug., (Garrett). ) HAylemyia spiniventris Coq. Hedley, EC July, Aug., (Garrett). 558 Pegomyia fuscofasciata Malloch. Aylmer, Que., Aug., (Curran). 2 Pegomyia lipsea Walk. Teulon, Man., August, (A. J. Hunter). a -554 Eremomyia humeralis Stein. Aylmer, Que., May, (C. B. Hutchings), ee Eremomyodes cylindrica Stein. Hull, Que., May, (Curran). Eremomyodes fusciceps Malloch. Aylmer, ‘Que., June, (Curran). * Fanmia canadensis Malloch. Gold Rock, Ontario, July 21, 1908, (H. H. Newcomb). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, 423. Fannia glaucescens Zett. Teulon, Man., May, (A. J. Hunter); Kentville, N.S. » July, Pa ok ka. Gorham). a Fannia incisurata Zett. Teulon, Man., July, (A. J. Hunter). Fannia leucosticta Mg. Saanich Dist., B.C., Sept., (W. Downes). Fannia manicata Mg. Aylmer, Que., Oct., (Curran). _--Fannia tibialis Malloch. Teulon, Man., Aug., (Hunter). 539 Coelomyia spathulata Zett. Hedley, B.C., July, (C. Garrett). 534 Hydrotaea dentipes Fabr. Seven Islands, Quebec, June, (F. W. Waugh). ‘ Be iapidac 3 568 Scatophaga rubicunda Malloch. Panguirtung Fiord, Bafhnland, July 24, J. D. ee _ Helomyzidae 573* Leria serrataria Garrett. Marine Apex, B.C. Ins. Insc. Mens., XII, 26. * Amoebaleria perplexus Garrett. Wilson Creek, Michel, B.C. gs Ins. Insc. Mens., XII, 27. 2 * Lutomyia distincta Garrett. Bentley’s Siding, Rushmere, Windermere, B.C. - Ins. Insc. Mens., XII, 30. - Borboridae : * Leptocera (Collinella) fumipennis Spuler. Nelson, B.C. a : Annals Ent. Soc. Am., XVII, 110 ie * Lepiocera (Ptermis) parvipennis Spuler. Alaska. - Psyche, XX XI, 132. . _ * Leptocera (Opacifrons) pellucida Spuler. Wash. q Psyche, XX XI, 127 Ortalidae 4 . : 594* Psairoptera similis Cresson. Star City, Sask. -.: Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., L. 236. Ma = Be hilidae _ 620* Piophila privigna Melander. Mass. Psyche, XX XI, 86. IT ——-- 5) | Cephidae ; iivieaderne Bete ae ae See : # (Prepared by H. L. VIERECK) Tenthredinidae — oe ~ Kalhofenusa ulmi Sundewal. Injurious to elms in southern Quebec. ieee Pristophora californicus Marl. Metchosin, B.C., May 18, 1924, (W. Downs). Tenthredella nigricollis Kby. Hemmingford, Que., , July 28, 1924, Cf: Armstrong). Janus integer Nort. ea aie July L a (4) Strickiinae Witionidie ae | Ichneutidea secunda Roh. Jordon, Ont., Aug. aR. 1922, ex Metallus bethunet MacG., — Ce Aues31y 1922: ex: Stericitphora(?) zabriskei Ashm. (W. A. Ross). Dolichogenidea crassicornis Prov. Bilby, Alta., Aug. 10, 1924, (O. Bryant). Microgaster alaskensis Ashm. Slave Lake, Alta., Aug. 15, 1924, (Q. Bryant). Microbracon montoweset Vier. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 20, 1917, (W. A. Ross). Habrobracon johannseni Vier. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 8, 1917, (W. A. Ross). ~ Braconidae . : as Meteorus eee eae Mues. Midday Val., Merritt, B.C., June 23 to July 25, 1923, (R. Hopping). bes ¢ . ht ar ae Ascogaster carpocapsae Vier. Vineland, Ont., April 7, 1924, ex Carpocapsa pomonella — =f . Ross). S Bracon ‘montrealensis Morr. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 16, 1914, (W. A. Ross). F -Aleiodes stigmator Say. Beamsville, Ont., "Aug. ae 1918; Jordan, Ont., June 13, 1917, (W. A. Ross); Aweme, Sept. 4, 1923, (N. Criddle): October 7, 1923, (R. M. White). Ichneumonidae - Campoplex phthorimaeae Cush. Oliver, B.C., May 19, 1923, (C. B. D. Garrett). Campoplex augustus Vier. Aylmer, Que., June 10, July 9, 1924, (C. H. Curran); August 14, 1924, (A. R. Graham). Campoplex annulipes Cress. Hull, Que., May 14, 1924, (C. H. Curran); Aylmer, Que., August 1, 14,1924, (A. R. Graham); ‘Waterton, Alta. , July 10, 1923, (Hi iL. Seamans); Sudbury, Ont., 1892, (Evans). Campoplex eureka Ashm. Victoria, B.C., August, 1923, (K. F. Auden). ‘: Cymodusa distincta Cress. Cottage Beaulieu, Que., August 16, 1901, (Beaulieu). Neonortonia genuina Nort. Vancouver Island, B. C., (G. W. Taylor); Banff, Alta., June 16, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett). Pseuderipternoides porrectus Cress. Hull, Que., Sept. 14, 1897, (W. H. Harrington). i Sagaritis webstert Vier. Oliver, B.C. | May 24, 1923, (C, BoD: Garrett). « Sagaritis oxylus Cress. Picton, Ont., , May 25, (W. H. Harrington). Sagaritis taeniatus Vier. Ottawa, Ont., July 19, 20, 1918, birch, (C. B. Hutchings). Sagaritis flavicincta Ashm. Grimsby, Ont., May ii 1894, (Metcalf). E Sagaritis conjunctus Cress. Ottawa, Ont., (W. H. Harrington). - Sagaritis conjunctiformis Vier. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 3, 1908, (C.E.F.). Sagaritis californicus Holmg. var. Agassiz, B. C.. July 17, 1927 ee Clendonpeeese Oliver, B.C., May 14, 1923, (C.B. Garrett): Royal Oak, ‘June 30, 1917, (W. Downs). Sagaritis aprilis Vier. Macdiarmid, Lake Nipigon, Ont., July qi; 1923, (N. K. Bigelow). Campoplegidea villosa Nort. Brule River, Riordan Limits, Que., July 31, 1918; poree > Que., August 9, 1924, (A. R. Graham). Campoplegidea diversa Nort. Trenton, Ont., July 21, 1907, (Evans). ; Campoplegidea wyomingensis Vier. Saskatoon, Sask., June 22, 1923, (N. J. Atkinson). Campoplegidea laticincta Cress. Sudbury, July 6, 1889, (Evans); Radison, Sask., July oe 1907, J, Fletcher); Aylmer, Que., July. i 1924, (C,-B: Hutchings) ; Montreal, ue. , July 7 Neopristomerus appalachianus var. dorsocastaneus Vier. Lethbridge, Alta., May, lace September, 1923. : Peniscus pallens Cush. Treesbank, Man., July 22, 1910, (J. B. Wallis). Paniscus ocellatus Vier. Alta. ~ Paniscus alaskensis Ashm. Kaslo, B.C. ms * Protarchoides mandibularis Cush. Wellington, B.C. 1924, Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIV, 9. ; a | * Cidaphus occidentalis Cush. Revelstoke, B.C. Seal 2 19274 Proc - USA Ms C XIV, 5: Opheltes glaucopterus L. Aweme, Man., August 25, 1924, (R. D. Bird). Ctenochira leucozonata Ashm. Orillia, Ont., August 2, 1924, (H. L. Viereck). Glypta evetriae Cush. Agassiz, B.C. May, (R. Glendenning.) Hymenoepimecis wiltt Cress. 6, Aweme, Man., June 28, 1921, (N. Criddle). “e Thysiotorus smitht Cush. Ottawa, Ont., June me Ki; August 18, 1894; Hull, Que., August 16, 1894, (W. H. Harrington); Queen’s Park, Aylmer, Que., August 18, 1924" (ALR: Graham). Trichocryptus hirtifrons Ashm. Ottawa, Ont., April 29, 1983, (w. AL Harrington). 7-2) ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 103 2 Rhy itidioe , a Anabrolepis zetterstedti SES Vernon, Be, , ex Lepidosaphes ulmt. : Belytidae as * Anectata canadensis Pou Gull Lake, Ont., June 13, 1921, (H.S. Parish). . Sphecidae ae Didinets peculiaris Fox. Victoria, Vernon, B.C., June 16, July 6, 1923, K. F. Auden; June 19, 1924, Ca Rendel). Halictidae — Halictus confusus Rob. Jordan, July 28, August et 1914, June 27, 29, July 28, 1917,, _. (W.A. Ross); May 23, September 8, 1915,.(C: Hi Curran); Vineland, July 25, 1917 (W. A. Ross). _ Andrenidae % Andrena compactiscopa Vier. Agassiz, B.C., June 4, 1923, (R. Glendenning). First AM ‘ Canadian record. S 5 Andrena decussata Vier. Waterton, Alta., July 13, 1923, i H. Strickland). =e Andrena marioides Vier. Calgary, April 2S, 1915, (F. H. Wolley-Dod), (F. W. aes Sladen); June 12, 1923, (R. D. Bird). Andrena neurona Vier. Duncan, B.C., April 12, 1921, (W. B. Anderson); May 10, 1919, (E. R. Buckell). Andrena parnassiae Ckll. Edmonton, Alta., cogs: 19, 1923, (E. H. Strickland). Nomadidae ppomedd cuneata var. quadrisignata Rob. Kentville, N.S., June 22, 1914, (C.A. G.). _. Euceridae ne - Tetralonia dilecta Cress. % - *€olletidae Colletes willistoni Rob. Kentville, N.S., June 18, 1914, (C.A.G.). J Megachilidae * Osmia proposita Sandhouse. Nanaimo Biological Sta., B.C., June 24, 1920; 1924, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., XIII, 355. ‘ * Osmia seclusa Sandhouse. ‘Vancouver, B.C., June 16, 1896, (Livingston). 1924, Proc. “2 Calif. Acad: Sci., XIII, 352. Penticton, oo St. Mary River, Alta., July 20, 1923, (R. D.-Bird). i : * Osmia sedula Sandhouse. Nanaimo Biological Station, B.C., June 24, 1920. HEMIPTERA Plagiognathus as pallidicornis Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (H. S. Parish). Plagiognathus nigronitens Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (Parish). Plagiognathus flavicornis Kt. Ottawa, Ont., (G. Beaulieu). Plagiognathus alboradialis Kt. Parry ‘Sound, Ont., (Parish). : es flavoscutellatus Kt. Truro, N.S., (W. H. Brittain); Que., (J. Beaulne). Plagiognathus brevirostris Kt. Spruce Brook, Newfoundland, (G. P. Englehardt). Plagiognathus albatus vitticutis Kt. Montreal, Que., (G. A. Moore). Plagiognathus laricicola Kt. Nordegg, Alta., (J. McDunnough). Plagiognathus repetitus Kt. Nova Scotia, (Brittain). Microphylellus tumidifrons Kt. Truro, N.S., (Brittain). Microphylellus nigricornis Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (Parish). Psallus draket Kt. Nordegg, Alta., (McDunnough). Psallus alnicenatus Kt. Truro, N.S., (Brittain). Orthotylus basicornis Kt. Orthotylus neglectus Kt. Truro, N.S., (R. Matheson). Orthotylus immaculatus Kt. Ottawa, Ont., (Beaulieu). Pilophorus uhlert Kt. Ottawa, Ont., (Beaulieu). Neoborus glaber Kt. Ottawa, Ont., (McDunnough). Polymerus punctipes Kt. Montreal, Que., (Moore). Polymerus opacus Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (Parish). Phytocoris junceous Kt. Nordegg, Alta. , (McDunnough). Platytylellus fraternus Kt. Aylmer, Que., (C. B. Hutchings and A. R. Grayham). Platytytellus nigroscutellatus Kt. Jordan, Ont., (W. A. Ross). The above described in ‘‘The Hemiptera of Connecticut,” Bull. 34, 1923. Sete: ee es Hull, 4 eee HH KH HH KR KH KH KH KH HH HOMOPTERA Cyrtolobus funkhouseri Woodruf. “Canada.” * Cyrtolobus puritanus Woodrf. ‘White Lake.”’ Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXXII, 1924. Hull, Que., and Roberval, Que., (Beaulieu). a SSS pp ow >a | | | “i eR ee eee ee fe NS a * a gh SS aR ae Bh SS ee ‘ \ i” Re : ae sae A ae (an } BP e : : i : i bee fe / ' Oe ed ' at 2 7 Sage ire x a ee an ~ ; oe oe Pie site age: 45% pris ft pe 10S | | “THE REPORT.OP THE ¢ o> 2 J | ~ a : = ns \ o X NEUROPTERA Manti¢pidae Mantispa Dulchella Banks. Vernon, a (Rendell). — mw SE i, 2) ag a pee Pee Ke i RES. Limnephilidae Limnephilus Pa rciiaris Banks. Lobstock Island, Ft. Chippewyan (F. Pnipcae * Ecchisomyia complicata Banks. Go Home Bay, Ont., (E..M. Walker). * Chilostigma subborealis Banks. Wellington, B.C.; Lake Minnawanka, Alta. * Anolopsyche pallida Banks. Winnipeg Lake, Man., (Robt. Kennicott). * Apatania canadensis Banks. Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis). ae ee aa | | We Leptoceridae . ie a * Mystaerides canadensis Banks. Lucalle, Que., Sherbrooke, Que., (P. A. Begin). _ The above species described in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXV, 1924. om - EPHEMEROPTERA | Pee The following list of Canadian species of this order has been prepared by Ii McDunnough poe and is as complete as our present knowledge permits. The material on which it is based is oe contained 1 in the Canadian National Collection. | a Ephemeridae Ey : Polymitarcys albus Say. Aweme, i feedbaae yee * Hexagenia atrocaudata McD. Ottawa, Ont. * Hexagenia rigida McD. Lanoraie, Laprairie, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston, Orillia, Pt. Stanley, Ont.; Winnipeg, Man. : : Hexagenia limbata Guer. Lanoraie, Montreal, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston, Algonquin — td Park, Orillia, Ont.; Winnipeg, Treesbank, Man.; Penticton, B.C. ae Ephemera simulans WIk. Lanoraie, Laprairie, Que.; ‘Ottawa, Kingston, Lake of Bays, i Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Waterton Park, Alta.; Oliver, Penticton, Be : Ephemera varia Eaton. Covey Hill, Que. Ephemera guttulata Pict. Covey Hill, Montreal, Deschenes, Que. | Pentagenta vittigera Walsh (quadripunctata Walsh). Aweme, Man. | ee Potamanthus diaphanus Needh. ~The type specimens were taken on the Ni iagara River, bo The species is not represented in the collection. Baetidae * Leptophlebia moerens McD. Covey Hill, Hull, Que. * Leptophiebia volitans McD. Lachine, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Algonquin Park, Seabright, ) Ont. £). * Leptophlebia guitata McD. Covey Hill, Kirk’s Ferry, Que. | Lepiophlebia mollis Eaton. Covey Hill, Hull, Que: \ Leptophlebsa debitlis Walk. (separata Ulm. Ne Kirk’ s Ferry, Hull, Que.; Aweme, Man. * Leptophlebia heteronea McD. Waterton Park, Banff, Nordegg, ’Alta.: Nicola, B.C. Lepiophlebia pallipes Hagen. Oliver, B.C. Lepiophlebta johnsont McD. Covey ‘Hill, Que. Leptophlebia praepedita Eaton. Covey Hill, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Coldstream, Ont.; Lae” Gimli, Man Fae Blasturus Sentai Wlk. Fredericton, N.B.; Megantic, Hull, Que.;, Nordegg, Water-- a : ton Park, Alta.; Aspen Grove, B.C. Blasturus cupidus Say. Annapolis, N.S.; Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Waterton Park, Alta. Ye ret / Blasturus gravastellus Eaton. Osoyoos, B.C. || Choroterpes basalis Banks. Hull, Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. & * Choroterpes albiannulata McD. Medicine Hat, Alta. ‘- perry Habrophlebia vibrans- Needh. (jocosa Banks).~ Covey Hill, Que.; Algonquin Park, Ont. Mi i ee lente americana Banks (betient Needh.). Hemmingford, Covey Hill, Hull, yee temporalis McD. Fredericton, N.B.; Covey Hill, Aylmer, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Algonquin Park, Ont | | Ephemerella bicolor Clem. i peas Gney Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. ate Ephemerella lutulenta Clem. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home pany Ont. aie Ephemerella lineata Clem. Go Home Bay, Ont. — eas * Epbhemerella tibialis McD. Banff, Alta. 4 —_ , § .* Ephemerella atrescens McD. Covey Hill, Laprairie, Lachine, Hull, Sue - Ottawa, Ont. ' | * Ephemerella sordida McD. Lachine, Hull, Que. | Ear Ephemerella serrata Morg. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. \ E * Ephemerella simplex McD. Laprairie, Que. - . | f | * Ephemerella attenuata McD. Hull, Que. seers The four starred preceding species are described in the Can. Ent. Vol. LVU, February, ‘ai 2 PAS / ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 105 Ephemerella fuscata Wik. (walkert Eaton). Laprairie, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Ephemerella excrucians Walsh. Kingston, Ont. Ephemerella inermis Eaton. Waterton Park, Alta.; Nicola, B.C. * Ephemerella injrequens McD. Waterton Park, Alta. Gs Ephemerella dorothea Needh. Covey Hill, Que. a Ephemerella invaria Wik. Covey Hill, Que. i * Ephemerella norda McD. Nordegg, Alta. i ’ Caenis diminuta Wik. (?). Ft. Coulonge, Que. Several species of this genus occur in Canada but as yet they have not been worked over. T ricorythodes atra McD. Wakefield, Que. : Baetis dardanus McD. Lachine, Que. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Baetis pygmaea Hag. (propinquus McD. nec Walsh). Ottawa, Ont. Baetis intercalaris McD. Wakefield, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Baetis phoebus McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston, Ont. Baetis flavistriga McD. Wakefield, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Baetis nanus McD. Ottawa, Ont. _ Baetis parallela Banks (?). Nicola, Oliver, B.C. Baetts intermedius Dodds (?). Waterton Park, Alta. Beatis tricaudatus Dodds. Salmon Arm, B.C. Baetis moffattt Dodds. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. Baetis parvus Dodds. Waterton Park, Alta. Heterocloeon curiosum McD. Wakefield, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. * Pseudocloeon turbidum McD. Wateron Park, Alta. a . Pseudocloeon carolina Banks. Covey Hill, Que. | Pseudocloeon virilis McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. ) Pseudocloeon chlorops McD. Ottawa, Ont. In Pseudocloeon punctiveniris McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Pseudocloeon dubtum Walsh. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. Centroptilum fragile McD. Aylmer, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Centroptilum ozburnt McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Centroptilum simile McD. Covey Hill, Que. Centroptilum bellum McD. Aylmer, Huil, Que. Centroptilum infrequens McD. Winnipeg, Man. Centroptilum rufostrigatum McD. Aweme, Darlingford, Man. Centroptilum bifurcatum McD. Waterton Park, Alta. — Fe Xe F&F %§ Cloeon rubropicta McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Lake of eae Ont. A ee - Cloeon ingens McD. Douglas, Man.; Nordegg, Banh. Alta: A * Cloeon inanum McD. Waterton Park, Alta. ! a - Callibaetis semicostata Banks. Stoney Mt., Teulon, Man. n| a Callibaetis pallidus Banks. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. i i Callibaetts americanus Banks. Aweme, Man. - \ . Callibaetis coloradensis Banks (fusca Dodds). Fredericton, N.B.; Kaslo, B.C. " Callibaetis tessellatus Hag. Waterton Park, Banff, Alta.; Kaslo, Revelstoke, Keremeos, a | ! Nicola, Oliver, B.C. A , Buaetisca rubescens Prov. Laprairie, Que. ‘ Lsonychia bicolor Wilk. Lachine, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Algonquin Park, Ont. e r Isonychia sicca Walsh. ‘Treesbank, Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. f ey Ameletus ludens Needh. Hull, Que. A >A _Ameletus subnotatus Eaton. Lethbridge, Alta. a : ~ Ameletus validus McD. Banff, Alta. A oe * Ameletus vernalis McD. Oliver, B.C. i i _ Ameletus velox Dodds. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. 4 be Siphlonuroides croesus McD. Ottawa, Ont. ; th Siphlonuroides midas McD. Ottawa, Ont. Siphlonurus quebecensis Prov. (triangularis Clem). Wakefield, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. oe re Siphlonurus berenice McD. Covey Hill, Cascades, Que A je ee alternatus Say. Fort Norman, N.W.T.; cael: Hull, Que.; Ottawa, B ant nt f : - . Siphlonurus océidentalis Eaton. Waterton Park, Banff, Moraine Lake, Alta. ae: ~ Siphlonurus phyllis McD. Douglas, Man.; Banff, Alta. ‘ Fs Metretopus novegicus Eaton. Slave Lake, Alta. a : cr é Heptagenidae Siphloplecton basalis Wlk. (flexus Clem.). Fredericton, N.B.; Wakefield, Megantic, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont Stiphloplecton interlineata Walsh. Aweme, Man. Iron longimanus Eaton. Waterton Park, Nordegg, Alta. Iron pleuralis Banks. Covey Hill, Que Iron alberiae McD. Waterton Park, Alta. zs Iron grandis McD. Waterton Park, Alta.; Hedley, B.C. ee TE pe —— 0G io ee ee THE REPORT OF THE ee a Heptagenia flavescens Walsh. Aweme, Man. = Iron -humeralis nee. Gay Hill, Hull, Que.; ‘Ottawa, Ont. Se 2 eee ee Tron fragilis Morg. Kentville, N.S. : es a Cinygma mimus Eaton. Waterton Park, Mendes Alta. . ag ee * Cinygma confusa McD. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. 8. Cinygma ramaleyi Dodds. Banff, Alta. | : * Cinygma hyalina McD. Waterton, Banff, Moraine Lakes, Alta. | ee oes - * . Cinygma deceptiva McD. Banff, Alta. s * Cinygma atlantica McD. Kentville, N.S. .- os. Cinygma bipunctata McD. Covey Hill, Que. . = Ecdyonurus carolina Banks. Covey Hill, Que. . : Ecdyonurus frontalis Banks. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. PS RES Ecdyonurus tnterpunctatus Say ( flaveola Pict. NE Ottawa, Ont. : Ecdyonurus canadensis Wik. Covey Hill, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. . aes tripunctatus Banks. Aylmer, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston, Algonquin | ar nt. Eodyonurus fuscus Clem. Covey Hill, Montreal, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home -§ | ay, Ont. aga Ecdyonurus vicarius Wik. Covey Hill, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Caradoc, Ont. Ecdyonurus luteus Clem. Laprairie, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. Ecdyonurus terminatus Walsh. Aweme, Man. 2 Ecdyonurus rubromaculatus Clem. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Gs Home Bay, Ont. * Ecdyonurus lyriformis McD. Banff, Alta. 3 * Hepbtagenia reversalis McD. Aweme, Man. Hepiagenia pullus Clem. Covey Hill, Montreal, Que.; Kingston, Go Home Bay, One. Heptagenia lucidipennis Clem. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Orillia, Go Home Bay, Ont. * Hepiagenta inconspicua McD. Aweme, Treesbank, ‘Wawanesa, Man. STR Heptagenia marginalis Banks.- Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. anh Heptagenia maculipennis Walsh. Aweme, ‘Treesbank, Man. * Heptagenia juno McD. Covey Hill, Que. * Heptagenia minerva McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Lake of Bays, Ont. * Heptagenia hebe McD. Covey Hill, Lachine, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Lake of Bays, Ont.; Aweme, Husavick, Man. : * Heptagenia elegantula Eaton (coxalis Banks, *querula McD.). Aweme, Tressbante Man.; Osoyoos, Oliver, B.C. * Heptagenia simplicioides McD. Waterton Park, Alta. * Heptagenia solitaria McD. Waterton Park, B.C. * Heptagenia adaequata McD. Saskatoon, Sask.: Cowley, Lethbridge, Alta. Heptagenia jejuna Eaton (fusca Wlk.). Fort Wrigley, N.W.T.; Waterton Park, Rox degg, Alta . *Species marked thus are descrbed in Can. Ent. , Vol. LVI, pp. 90-98, 113-122, fe 133257 221-226, 1924. ORTHOPTERA Labiduridae Labia minor L. Lincoln Co., Ont., (W. G. Garlick). Tryxalinae fs Orphalella -speciosa Scud. Aweme, Man., (Criddle, White and Bird); Wawanesa, © Man., (White). se Sted Bead Trimerotropis azurescens Brun. Lethbridge, Alta., (N. Criddle). Trimerotropis salina McN. Orion, Alta., (Criddie and Seamans); Banff, Alta., (iS B. Garrett). Trimerotropis agrestis McN. Orion, Alta., (Criddle and Seamans). WAT | Seng ye NG e oa ¢ Ry sf oi, SEARS | eh = Se : fs Aes : in bi be = x ey ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 4 INDEX ‘> og a > PAGE ®. pepiaope Uifasciald:... es reer es 2S Cyrtopogon falto,Walk.............. me Avriolimax agrestis........ Reece iers oe 87 WDOLGME VWULECETI TING Fi ee Ce oe BI TOLESINONCUS. 23 oe oo eee 87 OG fe AIL IUUSERO anise een Se ee Me 2970115, fEnnica.. 2. Ne (ae ee 86 DUEL OLLCO UIPEMEen ahah, he ee Beeisepnia pometaria.. 2. ee ee 84 WDUGGIUStG, UET DIN1CE, Bo an aeitice chalybea.. 2. 23, 86 Diapheromera femorata Say.......... 4 DEINE ee a Le a 23 Dichelonycha. subuitiata ce eH Z “That OG SOR SOI eee = Oe 23 HE DOUSCE MONS ye EG a a hy eee ae > Alypia octomaculata................ 12 TEDOGHIE CANQUCWSHS.... 05 ih ee - Amphorophora lactucae.............. 86 TEPID OMCUTG \COMLES 0) asad oes ne. Me gCSOLE SCHALOTIO<< oe FRM an 87 ‘ LELCUWELD (PS ton eee BEA miNOnoMmuUs SIENAIUS. 0 86 HS UCHOCILOAS COLA os eit oc a ae ae Anthrenus scrophulariae.........«... 88 Eulecamium nigrofasciatum.......... BE I MUFEDNIS KOSEUS: oo mo ee 84 TEU DUN ELNGS BR GCION «tn ee Aer. a a: IES rs See ee ia Peg) European apple sucker...... (ales ares Pas nome oe 84 European corn Apple aphids....... Re ee ML eu ost 84 WOTer, 593. 10, 12, 4%, 50, 53, 54, eM ACROL Re Sos ee 10, 85 Buropean Tecdentite wee ar Bemenie Caterpillars... 2.2.20. 10 Exeristes roborator Fab....... pce ei a /Ascogasier carpocapsae Vier.......... 84 Pile WORM, 3 4c) Sk ce ae rc. uae COYLE rs AT Rea a a era eee Di al SerSCORMIOM yok a le ee, nn ei a Astlus erythrocnemius Hine.......... Dil. Forest tent caterpillar. 1.300 aa Mupee sadyaies Walk. 2. eu) oe oe. 27 Four lined: leat «dogs ol o.s ann ee : OLS Sh ea ee Z | EU 6 ae ie 8 one DRM pena ps BM yea im | novaescotiae Macq..:......... oH | Gipsy MORN ae er ees ae pe porepus Walk |) oe. Scan. 3 27 Gracilaria syringella Fabr.......... 8, : pmemrGaranic AIMED lo ot ne eg 27. Grape berry moth........... Sew ae ‘ _ Asparagus RCC INE apne es eR a maa 2. 10 1 DIOSSONM AMG 6. Lae ee _ Aspidiotus perniciosus....... en 84 S<*leaf OD PeES..\4,., cous ogee MPAA ECNUS DICCUS 6 2 ee ne 88 Sa vine flea-beetles.. 2s i.t Skee. =< Betumoreputteriy. os. el. 87 GrasshOppers em vic) ey eh ee See barkimimer of apple-... 225... 85 Green applecbug.s.4 2. oo5 4 oF OR es Mee mean marpot..-.. Se. Sheela esac 12 Habrobracon brevicornis Wesm....... Me a a 14 FTalisidota harristt.©. 0 be cx oc Bs = “Birch teat skeletomizer<(7- Gee Sk: 8 TEU CICLO ee. hc eee Meer Sleckberryleaf miner. . 2... ee. 86 ie LESSCL UNAS oo dan en aa Mee Slack cherry aphis. ... 2.060.200 5 13, 85 Harlequin milkweed caterpillar...... BeetMCe CCG el ek ad sets wed ON 14 SPICE Miya tei or ra ars felonies ye MUM. Cn Buccalatrix canadensisella Chamb.... 8 essa iedly: sheen cee oe ew ies eae MeprGappase butterfly.....2..0..0. 000.4. 9 PVOUSEHyi Ve ee he Ae ae Se i PIM RO EE aes sco che atau! 9, 12, 86 Ef ylemyia CMU QUE RR aos. eo ee a Pee WCRI Sil Cae et 12 brassicae Bouche. ..... 4... BME 6d CCPGSt.. 85 HIN DON PIUNCIALO ee Oe ep aie Camnula Pe Merde CNG... ene. 13 Hvpwanivia tector Wants: 22.22 kao MeeraKer WOTMS. oF. ee 84 SGU TGR OL CHO E AON A cer er ar Pe es Mummreatoid beetle. 6. 56 14 WSTOROS UCN ete ie Sige ch Een a Mempeeupet bectles 22. oN. 88 WGN GEFKUS MOUAUOFECCH SES 602 n ae: - Carpocapsa pomoneila Linn.......... 9, 10 deermch Sawalyeee 6 Se me eh ite os emer cust flys a 9 Lastoderma serveorne Fab... 20... ia . Bere WOON ee te 12 Beer are eo ate hg tee, Mees, Ro le ee 10 Lesser clover weevik.-. 25.6.7. 02 “2. Fe: Meme cwerty fruit-flieés. se. 85 Lesser grapevine flea-beetle..../..... “4 ese ae a i pa pe 8 Pilae leatomuinere -- cos Phccee 8, MerCisarette bectle.......-......-...-. 9 UETAS = COMEAUIUS Je eg ne a he a Mioties moth: toi wr Us eye. 88 Long-winged Rocky Mountain locust. mumilover seed midges... 5... Gk a Sw). ae PN COPUOWE SCONRUCHS:\. dS cok a Wesline moths es 9° 10; 12> 84 Lygaeonematus erichsonit Hartgn..... Be Conlarinia johnsont=......% eo 86 TC MOULE MENOGL 2) Feo oe ere Re, BeCosmopolite butterfly. -......0 00... 87 WEN GUS COUNTER rts pe Sone aes BC I2OCEHIS ASPAVAS) or 10 Lygus communis var. novascotiensis -Cryptorhynchus fapathy Acai 2, iN 8 SCE Uh dana Oa Sade _ Cucumber beetles............. sata 12 yews pratensis Winn), 72.766... S. Bebierant aphids. 3° F223 Se: 86 Macrodactylus subspinosus........... Bratt fet Myon. eee Se oe 86 Malacosoma disstria Hubn........... MUL WOCINS.. os EE Bement 11, 86 Maple leaf cutter../.. +... pene cet wee mepevo7d Pomonclla: ok ek 84 Maran ClOLehl = Gao iO Oe ed 8 ay jee om We 107 56,257 3 — > 2 2 a) ae we > PS p> le > Pe A DDD 2 II ——_ oka = > ae —= Te. — p> Say Ws Sa ieee. CFR’ (Sts ¢ Ware Ray * ¥ 4 See US < ae ae ee / Bs 1 ae 7 > 2.7 =. me iil re y at A eB PR. HEE PRS wl ies Fd hair i ete ‘ af A ba eee Siti RAR Rc bae Ma cate = . fr ? i ‘ -> : “ ¥ t s , ae 108 THE. REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | \ x PAGE ‘i = a Pee Ma felanoplus aaa Riley sees: eon. 8, 14 Pariet nibilatis’ Hubn. 10, 12. 50, 35: ek : ¢ brevitidius Say. 2 ek: 8 Radish’ maggot... ft. ee 2 a femur rubrum de Geer.... 8 Raspberry cane borer....... ot HES 9 . i spretus:Unlsnt! i... Nah aoe 13 Red ypug cx Sire oa ey ee pote So <3 5 Saat Metallus CAUCE ioe hn Ses ec 86 Red‘spiders. 7. (15, /7\.5 33 _ Microphthalma piso pinyue Curran. 25 Rhagoletis cingulaig.... © 2. ae eee ENED ESP OE BRS ORS Ft ge i ee eee os 27 Pa RES TOUSIO aes SESS RS 85 _ Monochamus scutellatus Say’ Seabee %. 8 ¢ pomonella... >. > RS ae 10,-85. * WESCa COMESLICU (ui. ae oO ee Soe 88 Rose Chafet-.: 2.4 is seek! 13, 16, 86 Muscina siabulans Fallen....:....... 28 Round-headed apple-tree borer. Pigs vees5 HAD AUS OR OSD A Sacer oe 85 San Jose scale.is..0/.<.. 29 ene oe Pe EP LODS Cert © ot oe RUS EN Te orks Me bray » 86 Saperda candida......~ i. See 76, 85 | Nepticula-pomivorella.... oo 10, 67 Sarcophagid flies.<.. ... “saa aa. ght Oberea bimaculata Olivcw sn i ore 9 Scelio caloptens. Riley: >... 24n) aa 14 Onion maggot. 2265 sks. oa an eal 86 Seed corn. maggot™-)...0 eee TRESS 12> Ophea lenostoMe 2°... 28 S€rica S€7tCa.. 26... 7 2 ae 13 Orinomrenay hc Pe eee a oy ae) Serpentine leaf miner: 34) eee a 67 Oscqnis variabiles Law. 8 Slugs ck 2300 Os ae 87 Paleacrita verndia Pack 7... vor. 8 Spinach. leaf miner. . =2e eee yo eee 87 Papaipemea cataphracta.............. 12 Spring oakworm: 2%... 22 eee 87 - nitela...... Cpe in Gira pa leae 87 Spring canker worm. =... gees prone 8 Paraclemensia acertfoliella_Fitch...... 8 Spruce bud-worm..... ee 9 Paratetranychus DUWOSUS A wre Se Peet 85 Spruce mite..-!. 2.4 2... ee 88 NIV EUS OVS Metta 88 Stalk. borer ..¢4:.... 2 ars Parsnip webworm rasta RAE PW neg et os Ak 12 Strawberry flea-beetle... 7 eee 23 Pearweevils = oe vay ay Sees es : 12 weevil- = 1 Rae 86 ~ Penripysia ton bs ene es ee . 80, 85 Striped cucumber beetle... 2.0.0... 10,897; CITI a SOM, rt atin abe Te Pte tials 85 SYStOCChUS UUIGATLS. |. 3 ee 14 Pegomyia hyoscyami...........4.... 87 Tarnished plant bug...... Ae eee G1 Pelecinus polyturator Drury.......... Diss Terrapin: scale... ere o3 ae ete IO PFCOSID OUCSO- SAY 6 0.24 PS 14 Tinec biseliielta.-... 2 eee ‘. 88 TAO OML OLESSILAG et io Rn a te 86 Tiphia tnornaia Say... ... 2 eee 24 PH yhOPUGEE ONLI. Oe 24 Tomato worm. ......°2. = ees oe 12 PZ OPW esha 87 Tortrix fumiferana Clemens......... 9 Phytonomus megrirostis.. 00. oe be. 71 Trialeurodes vaporariorum........... 88 PIeRS FEDOEMION Foe ee 9. 10, 75 Trombidium:. 0.2 5 ee 14 ipassodes Sirout Peckww si aa: 2 2 he ae 9 Vanessa cand... 2a eee ye Ptehy i CUT Culio..:..: het eal!s. < 5. sa Pe ee 13 Walking-stick insect... > Si eee 8 Polychrosts viteana....... Cae Pe ee 86 Walnut caterpillar: 2.7.2 87 _Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr......... 76 Wheat midge: / 2. Shao eee Soe 12 wotato, beetles 32/006 242 12. BE ., . 12 White flies... 22 2.52.3, 35 88 mee ey MEAG WCE ULC ape sneer eae a 12 White gribs..... >. 41 ee Sis Me idea thoppew a Wee vt Palio 1231 White grub saprophytes. .2)72 2.70% 28 PSileas roseG Bape... Sk 9 White: pine. weevil,.v.55.... 2. ee eee 9 Psyliva male Schmid..? is. <-2. 27... 63 White spotted’ sawyef. ..) J: 25a oso 85 ON PPNIIGOME INIGs ES ree pes 85 Wallow borer: <\s2.2 bese ee a Ty Sere VIP US TUL. ie ih g » Tes! ENG 28 Wireworms: 3.0. 22.4 5s ee 11, 87 Peek UDNTZCr: IRCIE EG is Re age SI 28 Yellow or dusky tussock moth Bb ete, 85 “% \ : : “ 5 rs = my eC. t : 2 aN aa Ts ge eS 2 es I a 5 a ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE t * FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Societ OF ONTARIO | / PRINTED BY ORDER OF \ HON. J. S. MARTIN, Minister of Agriculture ‘ A a aA Ike it \) aR SMAR LAS F777 *) fiw™ hae ae | fs a R \ ? TORONTO A | Printed by Clarkson§W. James, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent}Majesty A my 1926 ~ | ©. : ow hy i 1939 | Mh LIBRARY OF CONGRESS RECEIVED OCT 29 1927 DOCUMENTS DIVISION CONTENTS PAGE PETC MEORUBEE AR 2 2 On oe tae a) cis foc cle ea ee Gh eS ces ps bs eh cea Ree ey bau Wa nee 4 IENANCIAT, STATEMENT. .......G50f5.4 WRN hs Raed S, 2 BO IEEE ERR Is A Bee nee 4 emma PE NEVE UN Grete Pn SE ee A oe Wi ag wk Bena E Wb acca PS ak 5 eA CEINE TOR © OQUTICI cacti ica oon Sag tee Geach fd mae Sls So 5. sayy of seaneeh wit, Wledaee egaiece 5 menoneo! the Montreal-pranehacs2. 0.0 odvdoks ce eek ck oh IR SSS 6 Repert of the British Columbia Branch)... 305.) 2. 4. ose eyes MG Cees i Report of Insects for the Year 1925: Wivision No. 1,.-Ottawa District: ©: B. HUTCHINGS? eo ee 7 Davision, No: $4 Loronto District; Al CosENss sit £4 504 WY ot i ove Fo kes 9 PimistonJNe“ G6: H..F. Elupson; Strathroy jo) oit 0-822 A ak 11 Insects of the Season in Ontario: L. CAESAR and W. A. Ross.................000- 13 Notes on the Control of the Grape Berry Moth: WILLIAM A. Ross................ 17 he Rose:Scale in’ British Columbia: W.. DOWNES 2.0. ee ee ae 19 The Oriental Peach Moth in Canada: ARTHUR GIBSON............00 0000 c cee eees 22 Derris as an Insecticide: ARTHUR KELSALL, J. P. SpiTTALL, R. P. GorRHAM and So LPs \NUNDIS DI SRI Se BIO chs Bc gr ie qrign sere Seater MS Fh Sie 24 Miscellaneous Notes on Lubricating Oil Sprays with Special Reference to their use ogee wesyila Control: NVILEKAM UN: (ROSS. vo os we ee le i ee ee te we 40 The Distribution of Insects and the Significance of Extralimital Data: E. P. FELt.. 44 Observations in Quebec in 1925: Pror. GEORGES MAHEUX.............--200000> 48 | Insect Pests Imported on Miscellaneous Plant Products: R. A. SHEPPARD.......... 50 Ay Some dnusects and Entomologists: W. E.BRITION...... 2... 466608 e0% os oe bo ee eee 58 ay Controlling the Brown Tail Moth in Nova Scotia: F. C. GILLIATT.........-...... 63 f The Gipsy Moth Situation in Quebec: U.S. Mctaine and S. H. Swort............ 67 The Birch Leaf Skeletonizer (Biccalatrix canadensisella Chamb. ): C. B. HutTcHincs 69 A Preliminary Announcement on ane Outbreak of the European Pine Shoot Moth: feos NICLAINE = =. : Gee ae a 71 Mortality of the European: ‘Corn Bore ae pilbslaris Hubn.) Adults and Larvae: A Tag (CINE SATE Seg Ri AE at 8 VAL Ae et Ne a oa 72 ly The Spread and Degree of f Infestakioty emotes Pe oean © —— Borer in 1925: W.N. fn GEIS NAIR a ees se ee tecy SS POSS Se ben's daar 2: 75 A Recent Developments in the Te sanetion of Parasites of ine European Corn Borer ¥) omy QUICRUCDS SAUTE: | SUNT DY lather ES ol ise cae ee a 78 : Egg Studies of the Clover Leaf Curculio (Sitones lispidulus Fab.): H. F. Hupson. . 79 y The Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica vittata Fab.): JAMES MARSHALL......... 80 a Garden Insects of 1925 in Montreal District: LIONEL DAVIAULT.................. 83 Parasites of White Grubs in Southern Quebec. A Progress Report: C. E. PETcH N URC Crae eles SUA MINE ONT irae ee a oerrn «SU mene Os Fb lv bes a vane a ears os 85 A Notes on the Life and History of the Clover Leaf Borer (Hylastinus obscurus): H. F. A 15 (CTE SOIN ti yan ee ig ERS SS ROUGE | et, Pr a la er in 92 : The Entomological Record, 1925: Messrs. CRIDDLE, CURRAN, VIERECK.......... 94 | FETSSE yc GReS Soc cto te SOs SN sR ari ela a Rc a a Bee ee eee 108 Ny A [3] - ‘iyi cD) |) eee = > Entomological Society of Ontario OFFICERS FOR 1925-26 President—REv. FATHER LEOPOLD, La Trappe, Que. Vice-President—Pror. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. Secretary-Treasurer—R. Ozpurn, O. A. College, Guelph. Curator and Librarian—J. A. FLock, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors—Division No. 1, C. B. Hutcuines, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, C. E. GRANT, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. CosENs, Toronto; Division No. 4, F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 5, Dr. J. D. DETWILER, Western University, London; Division No. 6, H. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, W. A. Ross, Vineland Station. Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—REvV. Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Toronto; PRor. JoHN DEARNEsSS, London; PRoF. WM. LocHHEAD, Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, Trenton; PRor. E. M. WALKER, University of Toronto; ALBERT F. WINN, Westmount, Que.; Pror. LAwson Cagsar, O. A. College, Guelph; ARTHUR GIBSON, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa; Dr. J. H. SwWAIne, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. Editor of ‘‘The Canadian Entomologist’”—Dr. J. McDuNNouGH, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT. FINANCIAL STATEMENT FoR THE YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 31sT, 1925 Receipts Expenditures Cashion wan deal 924 xe. ea cre $458 83 Printing 06.0... 5 ose eee $1,418 57 SMPSeripPlonse.c cmewae elects fe 559 08 Salaries and honoraria.......... 250 00 Membership dues..............-. 83 90 Expense? .2'P.)) 02 2958334 209 Bee 64 35 INGVerLISCIMeNts ... iek see ee 145 68 ibrar ysgol aaa FAL oS" S36 Baek numbers i175 es. aes: aS 60 93 Annual, Meeting «2... ......sfeywae? 93 66 Bank interest... ce se es. doer 7 24 Exchange. .< dona. ae ae 17 45 Government grant.............. 1,000 00 Balance cash-on-Wand_<. =. eee 468 27 $2,315 66 $2,315 66 By2cash onsnande sce eee ee $468 27 To printing account payable..... 115 00 Net balancen:asdvy tise sizai $353 27 Respectfully submitted, Auditors—L. CAESAR A. W. BAKER, Jc AOCE. Secretary-Treasurer. Entomological Society of Ontario ANNUAL MEETING The sixty-second annual meeting of the Ontario Entomological Society was held in the offices of the Dominion Entomological Branch, Birks Building, Ottawa, November 27th and 28th, 1925, the following members being present: A.B. Baird, Chatham, Ont.; A. W. Baker, Guelph, Ont.; A. B. Bigelow, Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; J. K. Breitenbecher, Montreal, Que.; Dr. W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn.; P. I. Bryce, Ottawa; J. W. Buckle, Montreal, Que.; Prof. L. Caesar, Guelph, Ont.; Dr. A. T. Charron, Ottawa; N. Criddle, Ottawa; C. H. Curran, Ottawa; Lionel Daviault, McDonald College, Que.; M. B. Davis, Ottawa; J. J. de Gryse, Ottawa; Prof. J. D. Detwiler, London, Ont.; A. G. Dustan, Ottawa; Arthur Finnamore, St. John, N.B.; H. S. Fleming, Ottawa; Dr. Norma Ford, Toronto, Ont.; W. A. Fowler, Toronto, Ont.; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa; Mr. F. C. Gilliatt, Annapolis Royal, N.S.; R. P. Gorham, Fredericton, N.B.; F. Hennessey, Ottawa; H. F. Hudson, Ottawa; C. B. Hutchings, Ottawa; L. E. James, St. Thomas, Ont.; Fritz Johansen, Ottawa; W. N. Keenan, Ottawa; Arthur Kelsall, Annapolis Royal, N.S.; F. H. Kitto, Ottawa; Prof. Brooker Klugh, Kingston, Ont.; Hoyes Lloyd, Ottawa; Mr. F.A. Herman, Ottawa; Mr. W. T. Macoun, Ottawa; Mr. Georges Maheux, Quebec, P.Q.; Mr. Grant Major, Ottawa; Mr. Jas. Marshall, Guelph, Ont.; Prof. A. N. Miller, Ottawa; Mr. Frank Morris, Peterborough, Ont.; Dr. J. H. McDunnough, Ottawa; Mr. D. A. McKay, Ottawa; Mr. L. S. McLaine, Ottawa; Mr. E. A. McMahon, Montreal, Que.; Mr. Chas. McNamara, Arnprior, Ont.; Mr. R. H. Painter, Ottawa; Mr. C. E. Petch, Hemmingford, Que.; Mr. A. Richardson, Ottawa; Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont.; Mr. W. Ryan, Montreal, Que.; Mr. R. W. Sheppard, Niagara Falls, Ont.; Mr. S. H. Short, Ottawa; Dr. J. M. Swaine, Ottawa; Mr. C. S. Thompson, Chatham, Ont.; Mr. C. R. Twinn, Ottawa; Prof. N. C. Van Duzee, Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. H. L. Viereck, Ottawa; Dr. E. M. Walker, Toronto, Ont.; Mr. George Wishart, Arnprior, Ont.; Mr. C. H. Young, Ottawa. REPEORT OF tit COUNCIL The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1924-25. The sixty-first annual meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agri- cultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 27th and 28th, 1924. The meeting was well attended by members of the Society from various provinces, by a number of American entomologists and other visitors. Rooms and board for members and visitors were arranged in the college buildings. The morning and afternoon meetings were held in the lecture room of the Department of Entomology. The Thursday evening meeting was held in Memorial Hall when President Reynolds welcomed the members and visitors to the college, and Dr. C. L. Metcalfe delivered the public lecture on ‘‘Methods of _ Warfare Against Insects.’’ Vocal solos by two young ladies of Macdonald Hall added to the programme. [5] Ay A y f IPF ~+_ Jie » > PPPs jt) >> ae > So >t wD) )) ve 2 6 . THE REPORT OF THE After this meeting a smoker was held in the new faculty club room in the basement of Memorial Hall. Here the members and visitors were entertained by two students of the Ontario Agricultural College. The evening proved most enjoyable. The programme was a full one. Many papers were presented, one morning session being devoted to the European corn borer. Following is a list of the papers given at the meeting: Lessons from the Grasshopper Outbreak of 1919-23 in Manitoulin—Mr. N. Cripp.e. Recent Developments in Airplane Dusting—Dr. J. M. Swaine. Farm Practices and Rose Chafer Control—MeEssrs. W. A. Ross and J. A. HaLt. The Lilac Leaf Miner, Gracilaria syringella—Mr. G. B. HUTCHINGS. The Occurrence of the Lesser Grapevine Flea-beetle in Canada—Mr. ARTHUR GIBSON. Sugaring—Messrs. H. F. Hupson and A. A. Woop. Notes on Insect Parasites of Phyllophaga spp. in Quebec—Mr. C. E. PEetcu. Ptinus fur L., A Serious Pest of Flour in Western Canada—Mnr. C. H. Curran. The Spread and Degree of Infestation of the European Corn Borer in Ontario in 1924— Mr. W. N. KEENAN. Mortality of European Corn Borer Larvae in the Early Instars—Pror. L. CAESAR. Further Data on the Mortality of European Corn Borer Latvae—Mr. R. H. PAINTER. ‘The Introduction of European Corn Borer Parasites into Ontario—Mr. A. B. Barrp. The Cutting Box as a Factor in European Corn Borer Control—Mr. G. A. Ficut. The Campaign for General Control of the European Corn Borer in Ontario—Mr. H. G. CRAWFORD and Pror. L. CAESAR. The Discovery of the Gipsy Moth in Canada—Mr. L. S. McLAINeE. Some Methods of Teaching Entomology in the University of Illinois—Dr. C. L. METCALFE. A Study of the Methods Used in Growing Entomopthorus Fungi in Cages Prior to Their Artificial Dissemination in Orchards—Mr. A. G. DuSTAN. Notes on Nepticula pomivorella—MR. HAROLD Fox. Notes on the Life History of the Lesser Clover Weevil, Phytonomus nigrirostris—MEsSRS. H. F. Hupson and A. A. Woop. Entomology in the Quebec Rural Schools—Mr. GEORGE MAHEUX. Observations on the Host Selection Habits of Phytophagous Insects with Special Reference to Pieris rapae L.—Mnr. C. R. TWINn. The Pear Psylla Problem—Mr. W. A. Ross. Insects of the Season in Ontario—Mr. W. A. Ross and PRor. L. CAESAR. The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, completed its fifty-six volume in December last. This volume contained 312 pages, illustrated by six full-page plates and seventeen text figures. The contributors to its pages numbered forty-nine and included writers in British Columbia, Alberta, Mani- toba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Honolulu, and eleven of the United States. REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH The fifty-second annual meeting of this Branch was held on May 13th, 1925, in the Lyman Entomological Room, Redpath Museum, McGill University. Eight meetings were held during the season with an average attendance of five members. The following papers were read during the year: Entomology jasia Lite(Study? : 25 fsacicpeeee eRe Qt tis e. Bae eer eee Geo. A. MooRE Genis CE yants ee eee oar cos F aghast ees Loud de ears clint aire er GEo. A. MOORE Gelastocoridae (Voad=shaped Bugs) ) te 7 ee ek ak wee eee Coe eee Geo. A. Moore Saldidae: (Shore Buigs)s007. YON IS. VADER)... Se >... RRO see GEo. A. MOORE Fertilization Ot, Spitanthes nomanzoiualia .£ uy Pcl amici! oe cit date Cee ee G. H. MousLey WIAEGI AARCAMEES . ic . 5 ok: Bem bo oops ube AG Gusee ar e.6. etn a eR ee TIS GEo. A. MOORE Broad-shonldered’ Water Sttiders!/22 Quito PP iO), SI IS, ok a 5 ee Geo. A. MooRE Mirae pacha ico eaibel meson elie feo. aie eee Gro. A. Moore INanicoridae oi ike cin su Saye sth cere ee ce. = els i sae GEO. A. MOORE The treasurer reported a balance on hand of $187.56. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY a The following were elected officers: President, Geo. A. Moore; vice- president, G. H. Hall; secretary-treasurer, J. W. Buckle; council—G. Chagnon, A. C. Sheppard and G. Fisk. J. W. BUCKLE, Secretary. REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH The twenty-fourth annual meeting was held in the Hotel Vancouver, Van- couver, B.C., on the 14th February, 1925. The following papers were read: Raper ieee sit dM NENG GES Soca se la icy Ek wad B= eeu ecchs cau he Es eepein L. E. MARMONT mansy Spot Of Apples... 22. ..00..... cinerea castlts CUONONG Vo AE ek ami 5 oe ge E. P. VENABLES Peeeeaiac or british Columbia: 26.0500 6 ori ote FS AOS. W. DowNEs MOR Ce ATOMS ANG. UNCLIONS 2, op disyepe onde 4 esac sass « eoe se ose BOE Sea ProF. G. J. SPENCER pmemculacecre Galls of British Columbia.........:...-00.+cc+cesscevceceen Miss DAvIDSON PERMEMMlTISeCESI Esha LES, SER MOR ee ub A BSy Sig r hl Si W. B. ANDERSON Permian Quatantinerysr :;.lry./yaa). Wises Orig lobaltioa Ste se. och W. H. Lyne Some Insect Problems in Vancouver.................. Oe ony eee R, GLENDENNING 1 E IRGSE SCH tes neh pawese eee ele ae ae nae C8 Aral” cain cee cia Ie W. DowNeEs Election of officers resulted as follows: Hon. president, F. Kermode; president, L. E. Marmont; vice-president (coast), Prof. G. J. Spencer; vice- president (interior), E. P. Venables. Advisory Board: Messrs. Bannister, Downes, Hardy, Lyne, and Whittaker. Hon. secretary-treasurer, R. Glenden- ning, Agassiz, B.C. Four new members were elected and the financial statement showed a balance of $176.55 at credit. R. GLENDENNING, Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. REPORT OF INSECTS OF THE YEAR 1925 Division No. 1, Orrawa District.—C. B. HutcHincs I have pleasure in submitting herewith a list of some of the more Enon ant insects of the year 1925. FIELD CROP AND GARDEN INSECTS Cutworms were again numerous in 1925. An important outbreak of the black army cutworm occurred at Bowesville, Ont., near Ottawa. Garden pro- duce suffered considerably from these pests. Onion Maggot, Hylemyia antiqua Meig. Generally very plentiful through- out the whole district. Entire plots in some cases were wiped out. The average losses ranged from 25 to 60 per cent. Twelve-spotted Asparagus Beetle, Crioceris 12-punctata Linn., was present but did little damage. Carrot Rust Fly, Psila rosae Fab. This insect was very bad again this year throughout the district. Reports from the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, showed the fly was numerous and had done much injury to the plots there. Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Numerous on all potato fields throughout the district. Ay A, | x A > >> & > LPI J ae > DPW Wy Lo. a) >) ee Pr 8 THE REPORT OF THE Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus pratensis Linn. While not so severe as last year, it nevertheless did a great deal of damage, especially to asters and dahlias; much loss was sustained by floriculturists and amateur gardeners due to imperfect blooms this insect causes as a result of its attack. Four-lined Plant Bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus Fab., was present in flower gardens and did a moderate amount of damage. Cabbage Maggot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouche. While this insect was present in many fields and gardens, its infestation was not above the average this season. The Three-lined Potato Beetle, Lema trilineata Ol. A report from Meach Lake, in the Gatineau District, showed this pest was causing injury to potato crops during the earlier part of the summer. Cabbage Worm, Pieris rapae Linn. On all cruciferous crops everywhere this insect was very troublesome. Crops were severely affected in the neigh- bourhood of Billings Bridge. Slugs, Agriolimax agrestis. Garden slugs were exceptionally abundant throughout the season. More complaints were received about this trouble than from any field or garden insect. Tomatoes, cabbages and cauliflowers suffered particularly from their attack. SHADE TREE INSECTS The Spring Cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata Peck, was abundant at Gatineau Point district, where it stripped many fine ash, maple and other shade trees. The Green Fruit-Worm, Graptolitha antennata Walker, appeared in early summer in large numbers along the Ottawa river, opposite Rockcliffe, at Gatineau Point. It attacked severely many shade trees as well as shrubbery. The Lilac Leaf Miner, Gracilaria syringella Fab., was particularly severe in its attack this year, specially towards the end of the summer in private mers and roadside hedges. The larva of the Imperial Moth, Baszlona umpervalis Drury, somewhat un- common, was found in small numbers on white pine at Aylmer, Que. The Privet Leaf Miner, Gracilaria cucultpenellum Hiibn., was present again in Ottawa this summer in considerable numbers though not so severe as last year. - It feeds on the Amur privet, Legustrum amurense. The Maple Leaf Cutter, Paraclemensia acertfoltella Fitch, was = dee on maples in and about Ottawa. There were many inquiries about the severe injury that it causes. It many cases the foliage was badly riddled and discoloured. The Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontet Fitch, was found in large numbers on young red and Austrian pines at Rockliffe, Ont. Many trees were badly de- foliated and their leaders injured permanently. MISCELLANEOUS Mosquitoes.—During April, mosquitoes were normally troublesome in and about Ottawa. Among the number of species to be found, the commonest were Aedes stimulans, A. hursuteron and A. vexans. On account, however, of the reduced flooding of the Ottawa and Rideau rivers brought about by a subnormal precipitation during the winter and spring, and also due to the principal breeding grounds being treated with oil, the mosquitoes were decidedly less troublesome this season in the Ottawa District than usually. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 Division No. 3, Toronto District.—A. CosENns While spending a vacation at Kincardine, I noticed that the Balm of Gilead trees along the beach were badly infested with two species of gall-producing aphids. The galls differed from any I had collected at Toronto. They were very numerous, sometimes each leaf of a large branch carried one or more galls. One type of gall consists of a slight swelling of the blade of the leaf, along each side of the midrib. The leaf is folded with the under surface within. The gall starts usually at the base of the leaf and extends for about two-thirds of the length of the midrib. The other type is sub-globular, produced usually from the end of the petiole at the base of the leaf. The galls project on the upper sides of the leaves, on which they are from one to four in number. Often two are paired, one on each side of the petiole. The galls open by slits on the under side of the leaves. Dimensions: One-quarter to three-quarters inches in diameter. There are the following six species of aphid galls common on poplars in the vicinity of Toronto. Pemphigus bursarius L. Host: Populus nigra var. ttalica Du Roi, Lombardy Poplar. A somewhat cone-shaped gall produced from the leaf petiole of the host. Usually the petiole is somewhat flattened and much bent at the point of attach- ment of the gall. The opening of the gall is at the apex of the cone, which in most cases is slightly bent over. Dimensions: Height of gall, three-eights to one-half inch. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. Host: Populus deltotdes Marsh, Cotton-wood. An irregularly spherical gall, located on the petiole of the leaf at the junction of the blade. It is produced by a widening and thickening of the petiole com- bined with a twisting of that organ in an almost horizontal plane. On the out- side the gall is prominently ridged in the direction of the petiole. Dimensions: Three-eighths inch in diameter. Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley. Host: Populus deltoides Marsh, Cotton-wood. An ellipsoidal gall, varying in its position on the petiole of the leaf. It resembles the preceding species in combining a widening of the petiole with a frequent bending of the affected part. The orifice is a transverse slit, with slightly thickened lips, on the side of the gall opposite the petiole. The part of the gall wall formed by the petiole is ridged longitudinally. Dimensions: One-half inch in longest diameter. Pempligus vagabundus Walsh. Host: Populus deltoides Marsh, Cotton-wood. All the leaf rudiments of the terminal bud appear to be concerned in the production of this gall. Yetitisin reality a large pouch-gall with its wall thrown into smaller secondary folds. The apex of the stem, from which the gall originates, usually is swollen to nearly twice its normal diameter. As the tips of the twigs, on which these galls occur, are killed, they often remain prominent objects on the trees for several years. > >) eae 22) yy PME 4 “Se ; A ! f 10 THE REPORT OF THE Dimensions: Two inches in diameter. The two following galls are apparently undescribed: Host: Populus balsamifera L. A pouch-like gall on the under surface of the leaf, produced by a fold in the blade along the line of the midrib or a principal vein, to which one edge of the fold is attached. The slit-like opening, which is on the upper surface of the leaf, extends the full length of the gall. Dimensions: One-half inch in length along line of attachment. Host: Populus balsamifera L. Necklace-like rows of globular to ellipsoidal leaf-fold galls, projecting from the upper surface of the leaf. They open by slit-like orifices on the under surface. On some leaves the galls extend to nearly their full length, and are arranged in two rows, one on each side of the midrib. In the order Hemiptera, there are two families containing gall-makers, the Aphididae and Psyllidae. In the former are included the common aphids or plant lice; in the latter, insects that resemble these but are provided with a pair of jumping legs. The members of both these families are so easily recognized that they serve as a ready means for separating the Hemipterous from the other types of galls. These galls vary from the simple, curled-leaf type to those with the several zones differentiated that are typical of the most complex Dipterous and Hymenop- terous forms. From these the gallsof the plant lice may be easily distinguished by the presence of an external orifice which enables the occupants to vacate the galls. As I was out of the city during July and August, I have asked Mr. R. W. Blakely, superintendent of the Parks Department, to write a few notes for me concerning the insects most in evidence on the trees thissummer. He has kindly sent to me the following: ; ‘‘The larger moths and caterpillars did not seem to be as plentiful this season as usual. The tussock moths were fewer in numbers and did not develop so well asin other years. The tent caterpillars were also equally scarce. The aphids were, however, more numerous. Especially was this true in the case of the species that attack the maples. I have never seen them worse than they were this year; on some streets the trees were half defoliated by them. ‘“We have had very few complaints this year about the elm bark louse or scale. Although it is still present in the city, it has been kept in check by spray- ing with oil emulsion. ‘There are very few plane or sycamore trees in our city and I have always considered this species immune from insects. But while on a visit to Cleveland, Ohio, I noted that some fine avenues of these trees were badly infested with a scale larger than that on ourelms. This pest seemed more destructive than ours as the smaller branches were covered with the scales and the leaves were much discoloured and falling. ‘‘There was also an unusual condition on some Scotch elms at 426 St. Clair Avenue West. The insect was a leaf miner and in some instances covered entirely trees that were quite large. The leaves turned light yellow as though the trees were dead. When these were examined recently they did not seem to be much the worse. “T wish also to note a severe outbreak of Buccalatrix at No. 10 Fernwood Park Avenue. There the red oaks were badly infested, but the pest seems not to be widespread as I have not seen it anywhere else.” ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 11 Division No. 6.—H. F. Hupson, STRATHROY The season on the whole has been fairly favourable for insect activity, but outside of the extensive damage done by the European corn borer, and a decided increase of the potato leaf hopper in Middlesex county, insect activity has not been as marked as in recent years. The following insects have been noted: Fruit INSECTS Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella). Generally speaking, injury by this insect has not been as severe as in recent years. Much more efficient spraying has been done. In unsprayed orchards the insect was quite abundant. Bud moth (7metocera ocellana). This was unduly abundant this year and appears to be on the increase. In unsprayed orchards considerable damage was inflicted. Rose beetles (Macrodactylus subspinosus). While not quite as abundant as last year, considerable damage was done especially to the young green fruit, raspberries, etc. Eight-spotted forester (Alypia octomaculata). Local grapevines were heav- ily infested by the larvae of this pest, but all larvae observed were heavily infested or parasitized by a species of tachinid. | Raspberry sawfly (Monophadnus rubt). Larvae of this sawfly were noted in small numbers in plantations in Elgin county. Cherry slug (Eriocampoides limacina). Fairly common on cherry and pear trees. Currant worm (Pteronus ribesiz). Very abundant on red currant and goose- berry. Plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). Quite abundant and destructive in the vicinity of Coldstream and Poplar Hill. Humped apple caterpillar (Schizura concinna). A small outbreak of this insect occurred at Poplar Hill. VEGETABLE INSECTS Potato leaf hopper (Empoasca mali). This has been our most important vegetable pest. Early and medium-early potato fields that were not sprayed with bordeaux mixture suffered considerable loss. This insect is becoming our most important potato pest, and is increasing in abundance every year. Corn ear worm (Heliothis obsoleta). Considerable injury was done to the early corn crop, especially in Essex county, by this pest. Reports indicate that some fields suffered a 50 per cent. loss. Parsnip webworm (Depressaria heracliana). Unusually abundant this year, especially in the cow parsnip. More than usually abundant in Kent county. Cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae). A slight local injury was occasioned by this insect, but few growers who care to take the risk were the only ones affected. Onion maggot (Phorbia ceparum). Very little injury was noted this year, the crop appearing to be much freer than usual. Onion thrip (Thrip tabact). ee) SS _ DIES > FD» ee | ry y f A | 12 THE REPORT OF THE Three-lined potato beetle (Lema trilineata). While not by any means in- jurious, this insect was much more abundant than usual. Squash bug (Anasa tristis). Slightly more abundant than last year. Flea beetles (Epitrix sp.). Quite abundant and in some turnip fields neces- sitated replanting, especially in Oxford county, around Cathcart and Burford. Cabbage worm (Pieris rapae) was abundant, but less injurious than last year. Cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata and D. duodecimpunctata). In some fields both species were injurious, while in others hardly a beetle could be found. LivE Stock INSECTS The most important livestock insect of the season was the warble fly. A single specimen of H. bovis was taken at the stockyards. Horn fly. A considerable number of complaints have been received relative to this insect. The pest is undoubtedly on the increase. SHADE _TREE INSECTS The outstanding feature of the year was the general widespread outbreak of the fall webworm (Hyphantia sp.). There was hardly a tree in the Government park at Point Pelee that was not heavily attacked. This condition was generally common throughout Western Ontario. Walnut caterpillar (Datana mintstra). Much less abundant than last year, but still fairly abundant. FIELD CROP INSECTS Cutworms. While fairly abundant this year, little damage was done. Before most of the cutworms had matured, a fungous disease attacked them. Considerable injury by these insects to the tobacco crop in Essex and Kent counties was received, but this could have been checked by timely applications of the poisoned bait. Hessian fly (Phytophaga destructor). We have never known the wheat crop to be so free from this pest as it was this year. No injury of any kind was noted, except to a small field, but unfavourable weather during the flight of the flies apparently checked their increase. June beetles (Phyllophaga rugosa). A very small flight of this species occurred in early June. No other species was observed. Potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decimlineata). A heavy spring brood appeared, but the later brood was very light. Grass spittle insect (Cercopid sp.). In low, moist land this insect was very abundant. European corn borer (Pyrausta nubilalis). We have never had such an extensive destructive outbreak of this pest as occurred this year in Essex and Kent counties. Whole fields were entirely ruined. The general situation in ~ western Ontario shows an increase of this pest. “ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 13 INSECTS: OF LAE. SEASON IN ONTARIO L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH AND W. A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION The season of 1925 was not characterized by many outbreaks of injurious insects. ORCHARD INSECTS THE CopLinG Motu (Cydia pomonella). While there was a considerable amount of “‘side-worm’’ damage in some commercial orchards in the Niagara and Burlington and some other districts, codling moth injury, on the whole, was some- what less than usual in most of the apple-growing sections of Ontario. SAN JosE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus). According to a report received from Norfolk county, the San José scale was quite conspicuous in apple orchards in the Courtland section. However, in most districts it made but little headway this yeareafter the severe setback of 1924. APPLE Maccor (Rhagoletis pomonella). Many complaints regarding this insect were received from different parts of the province. SPRING CANKER WoRM (Paleacrita vernaia). In many neglected apple orchards in Welland, Lincoln, Wentworth, Halton and Bruce counties, the trees were defoliated by canker worms. Some of these orchards have been defoliated now for at least three years in succession. APPLE LEAFHOPPERS (Empoasca fabae and Typhlocyba rosae). The apple leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) was unusually abundant on apple trees almost all over the province, and in the Niagara district it was also common on plums, walnuts and raspberries. This species attacks and severely curls the young tender foliage of its host trees, and sometimes causes tip and marginal leaf burn- ing, but unlike Typhlocyba rosae it produces no mottling. In so far as apples are concerned, EL. fabae is primarily a pest of nursery stock and of young trees. The rose leafhopper (7. rosae) was of no importance on apple trees, except in the Niagara district, where it was sufficiently abundant in some orchards to produce pallid foliage, and fruit (particularly Greening apples) specked with excrement. JT. rosae, unlike the former species, feeds on the older leaves and produces a white mottling, but no distortion. THE EUROPEAN RED MITE (Paratetranychus pilosus). Last winter the eggs of this species were remarkably abundant on plum, apple and peach trees, much more numerous on peaches than ever before in our experience, but, in spite of this, there was no early outbreak of the mite. No appreciable injury on plum and apple trees was observed until August. APPLE APHIDS (Aphis pomi and Anuraphis roseus). There were a few sporadic outbreaks of the green aphis (A phis pomz) in the Niagara district and in western Ontario, but on the whole this insect was of very minor importance. It is a pleasure to record that Ontario orchards were also singularly free from rosy aphis injury. Bup MortsH (Spilonota ocellana). The work of the bud moth was rather conspicuous in some Norfolk apple orchards. In the case of some Spy apples which we examined, approximately sixteen per cent. of the fruit showed the characteristic injury. THE FRuIT TREE LEAF ROLLER (Archips argyrospila). Even in orchards commonly subject to leaf roller attack, this pest was of minor importance. P MALS a 14 THE REPORT’ OF THE PLANT Bucs (Miridae). The species of mirids which attack the apple were unusually scarce throughout the province. fl CIGAR AND PrstoL CAsE BEARERS (Coleophora fletcherella and Coleophora malivorella). In eastern Ontario these two species were sufficiently abundant in some unsprayed orchards to make the foliage ragged. THE FALL WEBWwoRM (Hyphantria cunea). The webs of this sell eneeen insect were common in the Niagara district and eastern Ontario, but as usual the caterpillars caused no commercial injury in well-kept orchards. THE WHITE-MARKED Tussock Motu (Hemerocampa leucostigma). Char- acteristic tussock injury was quite readily found in some Niagara apple orchards, but it cannot be said that the moth caused any appreciable damage. _ THE PEAR PSsyLua (Psyllia pyri). This insect was again injurious in the Niagara and Burlington districts. THE PEAR SLUG (Ertocampoides limacina). Cherry trees in Essex and Kent counties were defoliated by this slug, but, generally speaking, in the Niagara and other pear- and cherry-growing districts, it caused little injury—noticeable defoliation being largely confined to a few nurseries. Oak AND Hickory PLANT Bucs (Lygus quercalbae, yi omnivagus and L. caryae). These plant bugs were again destructive in several Niagara peach orchards. In one orchard, where the oak species were particularly abundant, all the peach trees forty yards or less from the oaks were severely attacked, and approximately seventy per cent. of the fruit was rendered worthless. In this same orchard, affected fruit could be readily found one hundred yards from the oaks, but at this distance the damage was negligible. ORIENTAL PEAcH Motu (Laspeyresita molesta). As mentioned elsewhere, peaches infested with the Oriental peach moth were found at four points in the Niagara district, viz., St. David’s, Peachland, Vineland Station and Bartonville. GREEN PEACH APHIS (Myzus persicae). In late May this aphis appeared in ~ sufficiently large numbers on peach trees at St. David’s and in other parts of the Niagara fruit belt to cause some alarm among fruit growers. The plant lice were largely confined to the inner and lower parts of the trees, and fortunately caused no commercial injury. In view of the fact that /. persicae does not remain long on the peach, it is very rarely necessary, under Ontario conditions, to combat it by spraying with an aphidicide. THE LECANIUM FRUIT SCALE (Lecantum cornt). This species was unusually prevalent on plums, particularly on Japanese varieties, in the Niagara peninsula. Pracu Twic Borer (Anarsia lineatella). ‘Two peach orchards in the vicinity of St. David’s were attacked by a twig-borer which we take to be Anarsia linea- tella. THE TARNISHED PLant BuG (Lygus pratensis). Plant-bug injury was un- usually prevalent on peach nursery stock in the Niagara district. In one nursery the loss due to the killing of the terminal buds was estimated at $5,000.00. GRAPE AND SMALL FRUIT INSECTS THE GRAPEVINE FLEA-BEETLE (Altica chalybea). Last winter we advised grape growers that it was highly probable the grapevine flea-beetle would emerge from hibernation in destructive numbers. As we anticipated, the beetle ap- peared in outbreak form in vineyards along the foot of the escarpment, and in other parts of the peninsula. The majority of growers with infested vineyards sprayed their vines or handpicked the beetles, but in several graperies, where no steps were taken to combat the insect, it caused very severe injury. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 15 GRAPE LEAF Hoppers (frythroneura comes and E. tricincta). With favour- able weather conditions, it is probable that grape-leaf hoppers will be injurious next year in some sections of the Niagara district. There was a marked increase in the leaf hopper population this season. THE BROWN GRAPE APHIS (A phis illinotsensis). In the Niagara fruit belt this plant louse was more common than ever before in our experience, on the tender growth of grapevines, but it was not responsible for any commercial damage. THE GRAPE BERRY Motu (Polychrosis viteana). This insect was again in- jurious in several graperies in Grantham and Louth townships, Lincoln county. THE GRAPE PLUME MoTH (Oxyptilus periscelidactylus). This species, which is rarely troublesome in Ontario, was quite numerous in a Grimsby vineyard. THE RosE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus). This pest was again abundant and destructive in several of the sandy sections of southern Ontario. THE RED SPIDER (Tetranychus telarius). During June there was a severe outbreak of red spider on raspberries in Lincoln, Wentworth, Halton, Norfolk, York, Middlesex and Oxford counties. In badly infested sections, the severe mite injury in conjunction with dry weather threatened to reduce the berry crop to a very serious extent, but fortunately this was largely prevented by frequent rains which fell during July and which invigorated the plants, and greatly pro- longed the picking season. It is of interest to note that two years ago in the Niagara district, black currants were much more severely damaged by the red spider than raspberries were, whereas this season raspberries suffered the most. THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). Noserious weevil injury was noticed in strawberry patches this year. THE BLACKBERRY LEAF MINER (Metallus bethunet). As usual this insect was present.in blackberry patches in southern Ontario, but in all instances which came under our observation the leaf-mining damage was negligible. _ THE RASPBERRY SAW-FLY (Monophadnoides rubt). Saw-fly larvae were fairly common on raspberries in the Niagara district, but they caused no com- mercial damage. VEGETABLE INSECTS Breet Lear MINER (Pegomyia hyoscyami). Spinach, beet, sugar beet and mangel leaves were seriously mined by this pest. In a number of cases spinach was so badly injured that it was ploughed under. On1on Macoor ({ylemyia antiqua). There was considerable loss from the maggot in the great onion marsh around Point Pelee and in several other parts of the province, but apparently not more than usual. Some control work was done with lubricating oil emulsions, and, so far as a single year’s experiments go, these new mixtures promise to give better results than any method pre- viously used. CUCUMBER BEETLES (Diabrotica vittata and D. 12-punctata). The striped cucumber beetle was not particularly abundant this year. In the latter part of the season the 12-spotted beetle was much more numerous in Essex, Kent and Elgin counties than D. vittata. EUROPEAN CORN BorER (Pyrausia nubtlalis). For an account of this insect see elsewhere in this report. I DDD ~~ DPD ~_ See I) FD ee r <— LY J 0 EES LP AL ENA —< ~s ea, — ew > DD» > yp 16 THE REPORT OF THE STALK BORER (Papaipema catafracta). More than the usual number of specimens of this borer were sent in from various parts of the province, the sender usually thinking it was the corn borer. (There seems to be considerable con- fusion as to whether the species is catafracta or nitela. The only moths reared were catafracta). Corn Ear Worm (Chloridea obsoleta). Towards the end of September and in October numerous samples of corn ears, infested with about half-grown larvae of this species, were received from widely separated parts of the province, some of them coming from as far north as New Liskeard and as far west as Kenora. The ear worm was more numerous this fall than in any year since the great out- break of 1921. CutworMs. The total loss from cutworms this spring was not exceptional, but there were a number of districts where there were small outbreaks, the most damage being done in New Ontario where the variegated cutworm (Peridroma . margaritosa) and the black army cutworm (Noctua fennica) were the main species seen. The latter did considerable damage in some other districts to alfalfa and sweet clover. WIREWORMS. Seldom have we received so many complaints of wireworm injuries as this year. The crop attacked in most cases was potatoes and as usual © the ground had been broken up from sod only two years. CABBAGE APHIS (Aphis brassicae) In several counties in southwestern Ontario turnips and cabbage were severely attacked by aphids. In some places, e.g. Waterloo county, whole fields of turnips were almost grey with them. Carrot Rust FLy (Psila rosae). Carrots grown in towns and villages were severely attacked in many cases by this pest, to which perhaps too little attention has been given in the past. SHADE TREES AND ORNAMENTALS Litac LEAF MINER (Gracilaria syringella). This comparatively new miner was active this year in several parts of the province, specimens having been received from Guelph, Acton, Toronto and Whitby, but it does not seem to have been so abundant on the whole as last year. SPINY OAK WorM (Anisota senatoria). This year as last a considerable number of oak trees in western Ontario were defoliated by this caterpillar. RED-HUMPED Oak OR MAPLE Worm (Symmerisia albifrons). In parts of Bruce county this late-feeding caterpillar was quite abundant in maple woods. One woods visited on October 5th had been completely defoliated about two weeks before. The only caterpillars present at the time of the visit were the species just mentioned but whether they were the sole cause of the defoliation or not could not be determined. MISCELLANEOUS POWDER Post BEETLE (Lyctus sp.?). Specimens of the work of this insect, which is very destructive to sapwood, were received from Ayr, Hespeler, Rock- wood, Locust Hill, Thamesford and Hamilton. In one case it was the posts of the barn that were attacked and another the rafters, and another the sleepers or sills. Either these insects are becoming more common than usual or more at- tention is being paid to them, for we have received a larger number of inquiries in regard to them the last two years than during the previous ten. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY iW STABLE FLIES (Stomoxys calcitrans). This species of fly was remarkably abundant this fall and caused great annoyance to cattle and horses, especially in western Ontario. Human beings were also attacked in a most exasperating manner. GRAIN MITE (Tyroglyphus farinae). This mite, identified by Dr. Ewing of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., occurred in enormous numbers on a grain mixture intended for poultry. A few tests were made with para- dichlorobenzene, carbon bisulphide, five per cent. carbolic acid, sulphur, hydrated lime and sodium fluoride, respectively. The last two had little or no effect but the paradichlorobenzene and carbon bisulphide killed very quickly. The five per cent. carbolic acid was also effective but was much slower and in many cases would, of course, be an impracticable remedy. HousEHOLD Pests. Clothes moths, carpet beetles, ants and bedbugs this year as usual were the subject of numerous inquiries from housewives. HOUSE CRICKET (Gryllus domesticus). In Toronto there has been an unusual outbreak of this cricket. It was reported as getting into bakeries and kitchens where foods were stored and feeding on these. CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL (Hypera punciata). The following interesting letter in regard to this insect was received from Windsor, Ontario, on September Ist: “Two or three weeks ago we had a shower of bugs over our business premises on avery hot day. When the bugs struck the roof some of them were alive, most of them dead. They have been lying around very thick ever since. The man who gathered these to send to you stated there were a million left. Wedo not know anything about the history of this particular animal, but have no doubt it would be of some interest to you.”’ The letter is quoted because we have never heard of anything like this occurring in connection with this insect and as the writer was a member of a reputable firm we have no reason to believe that such an occurrence did not take place. NOTES ON. THE.CONTROL-OF..THE-GRAPE BERRY.MOTH WriLu1aAM A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, ONTARIO In recent years the grape berry moth, an insect which occurs sporadically in the Niagara fruit belt, and which generally is of minor importance, has come into prominence as a serious pest in several vineyards in Grantham and Niagara townships. During 1923 our attention was directed to a very severe outbreak of the insect in a large grapery near Virgil. According to the owner, berry moth injury first became conspicuous in 1919, but that season it was largely confined to the outside rows. However, during the next four years the whole vineyard was heavily infested, and the grapes were so seriously injured that many rows, even in the middle of the grapery, were left uncut. In 1921, the last year the grower attempted to dispose of the crop in the basket trade market, the pickers were required to pick off all the infested berries. This culling, in addition to the bunches left uncut, reduced the crop to a very serious extent, and also added very materially to the cost of harvesting. DY PP 2») a ——— > 8) ~~“ > hs See ) 2. D> > DD > 18 THE REPORT OF THE LirE History AND Hapits.—Before referring to the control experiments, a word should be said about the life history and habits of the moth. The winter is passed in the pupal stage in fallen leaves.. The adults emerge in spring, and deposit their eggs on the blossom clusters, and later on the bunches of young grapes. The larvae—dark greenish or purplish caterpillars, about three-eighths inch long when full grown—web together and feed on the blossoms and newly set fruit, but fortunately, due to a heavy winter mortality, the first brood is generally not sufficiently abundant to cause any severe damage. When mature the caterpillars migrate to leaves, where they cut and curl over little flaps within which the cocoon is spun and the transformation to the pupal stage takes place. The first brood is then followed by a second and much larger brood of cater- pillars, which attack the green and ripening fruit. These larvae tie the fruit together with a few silken threads; bore into the berries; pass from one grape to another and feed inside on the pulp. Infested berries become discoloured and shrivelled and are absolutely worthless for any purpose. . ContTROL.—In 1924 spraying experiments for the control of the berry moth were conducted in the aforementioned vineyard near Virgil, as follows: Plot Spray Materials First Spray Second Spray 1 |?" Arsenate orleadmen te vc tet a. earn eee eee eee 1144 lbs.| Immediately | About two Sufiocd: ork, Ay CA. Ss ee 2 pints| after weeks later. Bordeauxgmiixtunes i aah oa nteteys eae ee Boe 40 gals.| blossoms. DAY Nesenate’ot leads st.) fei ee ae Tea ee Tay Ve Ibs.| Immediately | About two Soapie sisi. aer.gen ages! . bho e. yaa ees. after weeks later. Bondeaux@mixtuteus.. So she. uika- te ee eee ee ‘ ee blossoms. 2B] Same as 2A. Immediately | About three after weeks later. blossoms. 3 | Same as 1. Immediately | About three . after weeks later. blossoms. 4} Same as 1 and 3. Immediately after None. blossoms. CHECK.—We should like to have had two fair size plots as checks, but as the owner was anxious to spray the whole vineyard, we had to satisfy ourselves with two unsprayed rows as a check—the outside rows of plot 1. METHOD OF SPRAYING.—The spray was applied by means of a power outfit with short rods and angle nozzles. Both sides of each row were sprayed, and care was taken to thoroughly cover every fruit cluster with the mixture. RESULTS.—The unsprayed vines became very badly infested with the berry moth, and by the time the grapes were cut, the fruit was so severely injured that it was absolutely worthless for any purpose, and, in fact, was not harvested. The sprayed vines, on the other hand, were remarkably free from serious damage —much more free than we expected to find them. The condition of the check, coupled with the fact that the berry moth was more troublesome in adjoining graperies than it was during the preceding season, would certainly indicate that spraying was the all-important, if not the only factor responsible for the remarkable decrease of the insect in the experimental plots. The fruit from six vines in each plot was cut at practically the same time. Each bunch was carefully examined and the number of infested berries, number / ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 19 of infested clusters, etc., were noted down. The results obtained in this manner are presented herewith in tabular form. TSE. 4 0 4 egies Amada maniertipene entiation at Hind 1 eX 2B 3 4 Check Eemeent. Of infested bunches....:..).......8.. 54+. O TANT ODN MODAN ME MOO, SAGO 7 Approximate per cent. of infested berries.......... 0.57 | 0.69 OFOsere 1 OS) Pl e854 21 Average number berries per infested bunch........ 3 2.80 DUIS 1S. 93) ¥3) 40 16.90 Maximum number berries per infested bunch..... ple 6 9 1141 11 47 On the basis of several examinations, which the owner of the vineyard ‘and officers of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory made of rows here and there throughout the plots, we believe the above figures represent fairly accurately the average conditions in each plot. Before any of the fruit was _ harvested, we had satisfied ourselves that there was no serious injury in the sprayed plots, and that plot 1 had the smallest and plot 4 the largest percentage of infested bunches. 1925 EXPERIMENTS.— This past season the whole vineyard was sprayed by the owner with arsenate of lead, soap and bordeaux mixture shortly after the blossoms, and the two rows which constituted our check in 1924 were given a second application two weeks later. An examination of the vines in plot 1 (plot 1, 1924) and in plot 5 C (check, 1924) afforded the following data: edt) Te CCR ere ee eae bt le eigen Gols HC 1 fee ime CHEMIE STE CU UMITICIICS 2 Fa ey be gee ae Fes ae cate 24 Aa mpproximate percent. of infested berries....... 0.02.0. .0 0. ee ee 2.8 .39 Average number berries per infested bunch.......................... SES 3.19 Maximum number berries per infested bunch......................0. 10 6 On the basis of these experiments we are advising growers with berry moth in- fested vineyards to spray their vines with 11 lbs. arsenate of lead powder, and 1 lb. soap in 40 gallons Bordeaux mixture, immediately after the blossoms, and, in the case of severe infestations, again two weeks later. We are emphasizing the im- portance of thoroughness in spraying, and the need of using liberal quantities of the spray material, so that all the fruit will be coated with it. In so far as Ontario is concerned, we are of the opinion that with our present spraying machinery, it is essential to use short rods and angle nozzles for berry moth control. Any system of fixed nozzles, with which we are familiar, will not cover the vines sufficiently well to give satisfactory results. THE ROSE SCALE IN BRITISH ‘COLUMBIA W. DOWNES The Rose Scale (Aulacaspis rosae L.) has of recent years become a pest of cane fruits of some importance in the Hatzic-Mission district of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. It is known to have been present in the district for about ten years and at first its occurrence occasioned no alarm, for the scale was slow in spreading and occured only in small numbers so that its effect upon the canes was inappreciable. Within the last four or five years, however, it has shown a sudden tendency to spread more rapidly and heavy infestations DD 2 a) 20 THE. REPORT Of FHE have occurred, causing considerable loss to many growers. The area at present involved is small, extending from Mission to Hatzic in a belt approximately three miles long and half a mile wide. When present in plantations of cane fruits the canes often become heavily encrusted with scales and the yield of fruit is greatly reduced, the leaf growth is stunted and the berries are small and hard. If the attack is severe the canes may be killed. Blackberries suffer severely from the scale and a moderate attack is sufficient to ruin the quality and quantity of the fruit, only small hard berries being produced which are difficult to pick. With raspberries, the Antwerp variety is attacked more severely than the Cuthbert. Loganberries are attacked but so far we have not found them as heavily infested as raspberries and black- berries. Curiously, the scale has not been found on wild blackberries and rasp-. berries growing in the immediate neighbourhood. Other hosts of the Rose Scale that have been recorded are rose, dewberry, mango, myrtle, pear, sago palm and Tree of Heaven (Azlanthus). LirE History.—The Rose Scale is pure white in colour, the female scales +s a being nearly circular in shape, slightly convex, light and thin in texture and — loosely attached to their host. Slightly to one side are seen the exuviae shed at the first and second moults and forming the apparent head of the scale, and around them the waxy excretion forming the scale is built up in more or less concentric rings. Beneath the scale the female will be found, light red in colour and oval and grub-like inform. Around the body of the female there are usually numbers of minute reddish eggs and very often the empty eggshells of those hatched previously. The male scales are very different in appearance to the female; they are oblong and narrow in shape and tricarinate, with one central and two lateral ridges. The winter may be passed in any stage from the egg to the gravid female, although the indications are that in British Columbia at any rate there is in some years an enormous winter mortality. This spring I have failed to find any live overwintered eggs but in ordinary seasons it is probable that some would survive. In exposed situations I failed this year to find many live overwintered scales in any stage, sometimes none at all. In sheltered places, on the other hand, live overwintered scales were numerous, 80 per cent. being alive. Very few of the living overwintered adult females had previously laid eggs; they were principally those that had matured just previous to going into hibernation. Females that had laid eggs the previous fall were practically all dead surrounded by numerous eggs and empty eggshells. The overwintered females commence oviposition in late April or beginning of May, 30 to 50 eggs being laid and by the end of the month or beginning of June the first nymphs appear. Another batch of eggs is then laid which hatch early in July and then the overwintered mother scales of the first generation begin to die off, a few remaining alive until early in August. In the meantime the first brood hatching in the spring has matured and these commence ovi- position in August. By September the young canes are heavily infested with scales of various ages. In October oviposition ceases and the scales begin to go into hibernation. According to my observations the scales require about two months to reach maturity. The young nymphs or larvae are active little creatures, orange red in colour, oval in shape with short antennae and legs. Frequently they do not wander far in search of a suitable place to which to attach themselves but settle down round the older scales on the cane except when the cane is an old one and encrusted with scales, when they migrate to new growths. PP a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 21 There is a slight exudation of wax from the beginning but in the case of the female no very distinct scale formation until after the second moult. The second larval skin is added directly behind the first and then the nearly circular scale begins to be formed behind and around the two exuviae. In the case of the male the life history is somewhat different. After the first nymphal moult the elongate casing is formed directly behind the cast skin and completely surrounds the insect except at the head. The nymph having completed its _ growth, the next change is to a resting stage and in due time the male emerges, a minute, fragile, two-winged creature, without functional mouth parts, but with two pairs of eyes and only capable of living long enough to secure a mate. The canes are infested principally within a foot or eighteen inches of the ground, and except when an infested cane happens to touch another few aggrega- tions of scales will be found above that height. The favourite position taken up by the first arrivals on a young cane is at the base of a spine or at the nodes. After these spots are occupied the lower part of the cane becomes universally infested. A few scales have been found on the leaf petioles but this is rare. The proportion of male and female scales on the canes varies enormously. On many canes 90 per cent. of the scales hatched during the late summer and early fall are males and canes have been seen densely covered with them. On the other hand some canes exhibit a great scarcity of males. The duration of life of the individual female scale may be for the greater part of a year. Adult overwintered females collected in the middle of May were still alive at the middle of August. These females were probably hatched the previous September, completing their half growth before going into hiberna- tion, so their duration of life had been about eleven months. The number of eggs laid by the individual female has not yet been ascer- tained, but as many as 133 have been found beneath a female scale at one time. ConTROL MEAsuRES.—Notwithstanding the apparently fragile nature of this scale it has a reputation for being difficult to control and indeed our first experiences with it seemed to confirm this. In March, 1924, certain sprays were applied which ordinarily are considered effective against scale insects but the results were entirely unsatisfactory. These sprays were dormoil 1 to 16, kerosene emulsion 1 to 15, dry lime-sulphur 1 lb. to 4 gals. water, liquid lime- sulphur 1 to 9. The sprayed canes were examined on March 19th and again on April 30th and in no case was there evidence of more than partial control and the eggs did not appear to have been affected at all. There was a heavy mortality among the males but this was just as evident on canes that had not been sprayed and was no doubt due to natural causes. No further control measures were undertaken until the third week in August when a series of soap sprays were tried. These were: (1) Whale oil soap, one pound to one gallon of water; (2) Whale oil soap, half.a pound to one gallon of water (warm); (3) half a pound of W.O. soap, B.L. 40 and three-quarters ounces water to one gallon; (4) half a pound of W.O. soap, Ialine, two ounces, water one gallon. “Taline”’ is a creosol-soap spray of English manufacture. The old fruiting canes had previously been removed. Examined on September 12th, the following results were found: (1) Practically all scales and eggs killed. Control 99.5 per cent. (2) Adults and eggs controlled. 97.4 per cent. (3) Fairly good control of adults and eggs. 92.4 per cent. (4) Good control of adults and eggs. 97.1 per cent. About two gallons of spray are required for every thirty feet of row and the usual cost of the full strength is from 9 to 14 cents a gallon. 2» >»? wD > By) 38 2 >> m oF. Ee = +See SS pie DY, THE REPORT OF THE In order to reduce the cost of the spray further experiments were tried, using the same formulae both hot and cold. These were applied on September 29th. Notwithstanding the fact that heavy rain fell immediately after the sprays had been applied complete control was obtained with all the formulae. The half strength soap solution (half a pound to one gallon of water) applied hot gave practically as good control as the full strength applied cold (99.4 | per cent). The appearance of the scale when good control is obtained is distinctive. Live scales are plump and white whereas dead scales are usually shrunken and the insect turns brown and shows through the scale. The eggs also when sprayed with whale oil soap stick together in a mass whereas live eggs are always separate and are more or less powdered with the waxy excretion of the female. The effect of the spray is cumulative and canes should not be examined for control until at least a fortnight has elapsed. At present we have no explanation to offer as to why spring applications are of doubtful value. Apparently the overwintered scales are more resistant. Further experiments were tried this spring and while in some cases fair control was obtained the results do not justify us in recommending spring spraying for this scale. In these experiments three kinds of miscible oil, whale oil soap and dry and liquid lime-sulphur were used. Although the applications were very thorough some of the rows on which they were applied show at the present time a moderate infestation of the scale whereas plots sprayed in the fall are practically clean. . Our present recommendations therefore are to cut out and burn the old fruiting canes as soon after the fruit is picked as is practicable and to spray the remainder with one pound of whale oil soap to one gallon of water or with half a pound of W.O. soap to 1 gallon of water applied hot. A driving spray should be used and the canes thoroughly wetted. THE ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH IN CANADA ARTHUR GIBSON, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA I regret to add to the already long list of injurious insects found in Canada) an important enemy of peaches, namely the Oriental Peach Moth, Laspeyresia molesta Busck. In the latter half of September, 1925, in peaches grown in the Niagara district, Ontario, I found living larvae near the centre of the fruits, which I determined as belonging to the genus Laspeyresia and most probably to the species molesta. In order to confirm the determination, larvae were forwarded to Dr. Alvah Peterson, in charge of peach insect investigations, United States Bureau of Entomology, who reported that they were undoubtedly those of the Oriental peach moth of the second and third instars. Mr. W. A. Ross, in charge of our Vineland, Ont., laboratory, also found larvae in peaches grown in the immediate district of Vineland, Ont. He forward- ed to me some specimens of moths taken in orchard bait pans on September 22nd to 25th, and these have been definitely determined by Dr. J. H. McDun- nough as the Oriental peach moth. Mr. Ross reported further under date of | October 14th, that he and his assistants had made a rough survey of the whole | peach belt of the Niagara district, examining peaches at Queenston, Niagara-on- | the-Lake, St. Catharines, Port Dalhousie, Peachland, Vineland Station, Beams- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 23 ville, Grimsby Beach, Grimsby, Winona, Fruitland and Bartonville. This survey indicates that, if the insect is not generally distributed throughout the whole belt, it at least occurs in patches from Hamilton to the Niagara river. Larvae have been definitely found at Vineland Station, Queenston, Peachland and Bartonville. | Just when and how the pest was introduced into Ontario is not known, but in view of the numbers of larvae found in the Vineland district, the insect has doubtless been present for several years. Regarding its distribution, Wood and Selkregg state:* “‘If the infestation should extend to regions where fruit is extensively grown and shipped to other parts of the country, the distribution of the insect would almost certainly take place by transportation of the larvae, either in the fruit or in cocoons on the outside. There is danger, also, of dis- seminating the insect by shipping nursery stock bearing hibernating larvae. Without doubt it was in this way that it first entered the country and reached the localities where it is at present found. It may also spread for short distances from orchard to orchard by flight, as the moth is a strong flier at dusk and in the late afternoon on cloudy days. Laspeyresia molesta was described by Busck in 19167 from material reared in the District of Columbia and environs. It was suggested at the time that the insect had “probably been accidentally introduced from Japan,’’ and that it had been present in the District of Columbia for four or five years, or perhaps - somewhat longer. Since 1916, the insect has been found, in addition to the District of Columbia, in the following states of the United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri (?), New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina (?) (twig injury noted), Tennessee and Virginia. Food Piants.—In Ontario, as yet, the insect has only been found in the fruit of peach, but in the United States it is known to infest, in addition to peach, cherry, plum, apricot, several varieties of flowering cherries, quince, pear, apple and flowering quince. Descriptions of the Insect.—The following descriptions of the various stages of the insect are taken from bulletin No. 405, by Guyton and Champlain, published by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, June ist, 1925. The Eggs.—The eggs are about the size of a pinhead, transparent when empty or translucent and iridescent before hatching. They are circular in outline, scale-like, somewhat convex and with flattened edges. The centre is whitish or grayish with a slight polish. They hatch in from four to ten days. The Larvae——In general appearance the larvae or worms resemble the codling moth larvae, but are somewhat smaller, measuring about one-half inch in length when full grown. They vary in colour during the different stages of development; the younger larvae are a dirty cream color, varying to pink, which is intensified as they grow older. The Pupae.—The pupae are yellowish brown in colour, smooth, with an average length of one-quarter of aninch. The pupal or quiescent period averages eight days, but may be more or less. When the moth is ready to emerge the pupa pushes its way almost from the enclosing cocoon and attaches itself to the cocoon. The pupal case then splits and the moth emerges. *Jour. Agric. Research, April, 1918. tJour. Agric. Research, Nov., 1916. 24 | THE REPORT OF THE The Adult or Moth.—The moth is somewhat smaller than the codling moth although resembling it in many respects. It has dusky brown mottled wings ‘which are folded against the body when the moth is at rest. The wing spread is about three-eighths of an inch. Regarding the habits of the larvae, the above authors state that in the State of Pennsylvania, the young larvae upon hatching immediately start out to find favourable breeding places in the terminals of fruit. The length of the time required for the larvae to develop fully is from eight to sixteen days, depending upon weather conditions. There are four generations in the State of Pennsylvania. The first two generations of larvae feed mainly in the terminals of peach, cherry, and quince. A part of the third generation larvae are found in the terminals but very few individuals of the remaining generation enter the twigs. In one orchard where the trees were old and the twig growth slight, many of the larvae of the first generation went into the small peaches. Larvae of the remaining generations feed in fruit, mainly peach, quince, and apple, the latter usually being attacked in the ripening condition and after the harvesting of peaches. The full-grown larvae of the summer generations when leaders the fruit or stems to transform, prefer to form their cocoon on the sides or between the fruits, where they utilize the fuzz or hairs on the fruit together with their silk in making cocoons. Fruit baskets and corrugated board covers are also favourite places for pupation. Larvae of the third and fourth generations coming from picked fruit are found in such places, and this no doubt constitutes a means of spread of the moth. THE CoNnTROL.—There is apparently no satisfactory method of control. In July, 1925, Mr. L. S. McLaine, Dominion Entomological Branch, visited River- ton, N.J., and discussed the habits of the Oriental peach moth with Dr. Peterson, who is in charge of the investigations for the U.S. Bureau of Entomology. In Dr. Peterson’s opinion, nicotine sprays which have been recommended for the control of this insect are not practical owing to the number of sprays which would be necessary and which would render the cost too excessive even with the best of spraying to destroy the eggs. Only 25 per cent. approximately would, it is estimated, be destroyed, owing to the fact that the majority are laid on the underside of the leaves. DERRIS AS AN INSECTICIDE ARTHUR KELSALL, J. P. SPITTALL, R. P. GORHAM, AND G. P. WALKER INTRODUCTION Several years ago the material now generally known as derris was used as an insecticide in a small way, at the Annapolis Royal Laboratory. At that time the results obtained were regarded as of scientific rather than of general interest from an economic standpoint, due to the fact that the price of the material appeared so large compared with that of other competitive insecticides. How- ever derris became more widely used in England, apparently to quite an extent as an ingredient in proprietary insecticides, and coincidently the shrub from which the material is obtained was planted in quantity in the Malay States where it is now grown solely for the production of the insecticide. These ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 25 developments have very naturally brought this material to the forefront, and being now procurable in quantity at reasonable prices, it was decided to investi- gate the insecticidal properties of this material in some detail. In this paper, in which no review is made of the literature on this subject, is briefly described a summary showing typical results from the use of derris as an insecticide, together with a few general remarks on derris itself. GENERAL INFORMATION ON DERRIS The imsecticide is produced from plants of the Deguelia genus, many of which are highly poisonous, but the principal ones of commerce are apparently Deguelia elliptica and Deguelia uliginosa. This genus has been, and still is, commonly known as ‘‘Derris,’’ from which obviously the insecticide takes its name, but the rules of botanical priority apparently require the use of the name Deguelia of Aublet. The genus extends over a large part of the tropics, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Fiji and Philippine Islands, but its cultivation for insecticidal purposes is apparently mostly confined to the Federated Malay States. The plant is described as a low bush varying to a climbing plant with a short trunk and long trailing branches. It has an extensive root system, and it is from the roots that the insecticide is made. The roots, frequently known as ‘“‘Tuba root,” are dried and ground and the powder thus produced constitutes the insecticide, derris. This root first interested Europeans as being a constituent of the arrow poison of the Malays and Borneo. The green root was macerated in water and the arrowheads alternately painted with the resulting fluid and dried in the sun until a sufficiently thick coating of the poison formed. The material is also used as a fish poison, the roots being crushed and placed in water inhabited by fish, and the fish upon dying float to the surface and are gathered up, and are quite harmless for food purposes. Chinese gardeners have apparently used the material for a long time as an insecticide, the fresh root being chopped and pounded in water and the milky fluid so obtained sprayed or brushed over the plants to be treated. The poisonous principle of derris is associated with a resin, which has been variously named ‘‘derrin’’ and ‘“‘derrid.’”’ The amount of derrin contained in the dried roots may vary apparently from practically none to approaching 20 per cent. The roots of the various species differ greatly in derrin content, so that it is apparent that only certain ones can be grown for insecticidal purposes, and indeed the cultivation of only certain definite species is being practised. However the derrin content of the root varies also with the method of cultivation, the soil, and the time of collection. From this it is apparent that purchases of the material will have to be made upon a basis of the derrin content. The actual poison, which is associated with the above mentioned derrin, has been isolated and has been named ‘‘tubatoxin,’’ which appears to be a rather inappropriate name. It is white, crystalline, insoluble in water, weak acids and alkalis, soluble in methyl, ethyl, and amyl alcohols, acetone, petroleum ether, glycerol, benzene, toluene, glacial acetic acid and olive oil. It has the empirical formula Cig Hyg Os and melts at 163.5 degrees. It is to be noted that the substance is insoluble in water, for this has a marked bearing upon its insect- icidal action. However, it is also to be noted that when the powdered root is mixed with water, a large part of the root including that containing the poison goes into a milky suspension, so that the poison while not soluble in the water is in an exceedingly finely divided suspension either colloidal or approaching oS ee) JI 2 = By) J eee. ) IS es eee > Ya . et 0 EE a i : : . 26 THE REPORT OF THE colloidal. Taken by way of the mouth derris is reputed to be non-poisonous to higher forms of iife, and certainly to the writers’ own knowledge appreciable quantities, probably about one gram, can be eaten with absolute impunity: Injected subcutaneously tubatoxin is reported to be absorbed slowly. Injected intravenously tubatoxin is an exceedingly powerful poison, the symptoms produced being apparently a general paralysis, and the lethal dose is apparently . of about the same order as that of strychnine, namely, somewhat under one milligram per kilogram of body weight. The non-toxicity of derris to higher animals, when taken by way of the mouth, is of considerable importance and interest. Apparently, due to the fact that the poison is insoluble in water, weak acids or alkalis, the material must pass through the digestive system unchanged. It would appear that the poison had to reach the blood stream before being toxic to higher animals. OBSERVED ACTION ON INSECTS Used against insects, derris kills by some sort of paralysis. Insects can be observed with some legs functioning normally, but others totally paralysed; sometimes an insect will appear to be paralysed on one side and will gyrate in small circles. Caterpillars can be frequently noted with the caudal segments completely paralysed and the remainder normal. Later they become completely paralysed, and after becoming so, some insects have been observed to have some intermittent convulsive spasms before death. Occasionally some insects have been noted to recover from this paralysis, and to again appear normal, only later to be again seized and eventually to die. The action of derris is in many cases very rapid and paralysis may be noted in from ten to fifteen minutes after application, with death following very rapidly, but in other cases the action is very prolonged, with death taking place as long as ten or more days after application. On becoming partially paralysed, insects are unable to retain their hold on the plant or other surfaces and fall to the ground where they may remain alive for some time but very rarely seem to recover sufficiently to again crawl up the plant. Aphids are more liable to retain their hold on the plant and fall off at considerable periods later. In the literature on the subject, derris is generally described as being both a stomach poison and a contact poison against insects. However, as far as our observations extend, we would be disposed to regard it as a contact poison only, though of course it will kill many groups of insects only generally handled by stomach poisons. While we are certainly not in a position to say that derris is not a stomach poison, yet we have seen no evidence that would lead us to believe that derris is any more digestible in the insects digestive juices than in those of higher animals. The idea that derris is a stomach poison seems to have arisen from the fact that some insects placed upon plants previously treated with derris and allowed to feed there, will die. However, we have noted that the same insects will die if placed upon a leaf or other surface previously treated with derris, and no feeding takes place at all. Speaking generally, it has been noted that: 1. There is a very much greater and more rapid mortality among insects where the insects themselves are treated with derris along with the foliage, than where foliage is treated with derris and the insects afterwards placed on the foliage. 2. Insects placed on treated foliage may die, but in such situations they tend to feed but very little, and have been noted to become paralysed ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 27 and die without feeding at all. Insects have been noted to die after being placed on other surfaces treated with derris, where there was no question of feeding. 3. Insects fed with a bait containing derris, where the insect comes but little in contact with the bait, are not seriously affected. From the above we can only come to the conclusion that derris is mainly toxic by contact, and much less toxic as a stomach poison if indeed it is toxic in this latter connection at all. It would appear more reasonable to suppose that, as with the higher animals, derris is insoluble in the digestive juices and has to find entrance to the blood to be toxic. Entrance to the insect’s blood would presumably be obtained through the spiracles. INSECTICIDAL VALUE OF DERRIS 1. Against the Colorado Potato Beetle (L. decemlineaia Say.) On July 1ith, 1925, sprays were applied to a block of potatoes at Annapolis Royal, heavily infested with potato beetle larvae which were on the average about half grown. A check was left and one plot sprayed with calcium arsenate at standard strength for comparison. Table I shows both the schedule of treatments and the results. TABLE [. EXPERIMENT 4864 Insecticide Per cent. Control Plot aS EE TG Ee Te in 4-4-40 Bordeaux July 12 July 13 July 14 July 15 y, PIC ISI se eS hE a eh 30% 10% 10% 10% 5 fib: NSE Sane ORO ae aie 90% 97% T% 95% 4 DBSee eel Vesti aU SOLUS IRes Pi. He TOO CCHIT ES OE AOR OD OS SIG oe. 6 Mmibweadletumi-arsenate.... 0...) .< 2265s. No control 65% 15% 85% et a eM ESR ae ed. hae od ee. eer eelberd = 3 scent Plants devoured. It will be seen from this table, derris even as low as one-half a pound per forty gallons gave considerable control and was more rapid in its action than the one pound of calcium arsenate. It should be mentioned that this is the result from only one application, and had the application been repeated, it looks as though derris as low as one-half a pound per forty gallons of Bordeaux might give a fair commercial control. At the strength of one pound of derris per forty gallons, 90 per cent. of the beetles ceased eating within a very short time, while with the calcium arsenate approximately half of them went on feeding for thirty-six hours. In severe epidemics the rapid action of derris would be a great factor in its favour. In order to get more accurate data than could probably be obtained from field notes, the following feeding experiment was initiated in the insectary at Fredericton, N.B. Reference to the schedule of plots will show that there are two series of treatments, plots 1 to 6 consisting of 4-4—40 with gradually increasing strengths of derris, while plots 7 to 12 consisted of the corresponding strengths of derris added to a mixture of hydrated lime only in water. It was thus our purpose to get not only the absolute control obtained by derris at the various strengths, but also to get its comparative toxicity when used in the two different ee ete Sri aa ree SSS na 1) ae eee 28 THE REPORT OF THE mixtures, or to put it briefly, to see whether derris had its toxicity reduced or increased when used with Bordeaux. In going through the tables of results for this experiment it must be remembered that throughout the various series here the sprays were first applied to the foliage and allowed to dry before the larvae were placed thereon. This is a point, the importance of which will be understood better when the discussion of other experiments is reached. TABLE II. EXPERIMENT 4812. PLotT SHEET In this table the derris-hydrated lime mixture is composed of equal parts derris and hydrated lime. Plot 1—4-4-40 plus 1 Ib. derris hydrated lime mixture “ 2—4-4-40 (<4 2 lbs. “c 66 {4 « {9 3—4-4-40 {4 3 {9 « (79 (79 Ae Ah AQ, 6 oA « “ «“ « 5 ALALAQ. 6 a5 6 “ a « “ 6—4-4-40 « 6 (<9 (19 « (<3 “ 7—1 lb. derris hydrated lime mixture to 40 gallons water « a) Ibs. (<4 (44 (19 {5 « 40 (74 {4 (<9 o=3 {9 {4 {4 {4 ({4 « 40 (¢5 (4 «“ O47 (<3 « ¢¢ “ « (<4 40 «é (<4 (73 lees « (<4 «ce “ “ « 40 €¢ « (<4 12-6 « (<4 {4 (<9 {9 «“ 40 {4 « TABLE III. EXPERIMENT No. 4812 (B) Derris to control potato bug, alone and in combination sprays. Experiment begun at 4 p.m., July 13th; concluded at 10 a.m., July 17th. Time 90 hours. 10 a.m., July 14|10 a.m., July 15 |10 a.m., July 16 |10 a.m., July 17 Tray No. Off Off Off Off Total No. Larvae |} Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead Dead 1 25 18 $) 16 5 14 6 11 11 2 DRS wy 10 10 3 9 8 + 3 3 25 23 8 15 2 14 14 1 1 4 29 22 16 7 2 5 5 D 1 5 25 25 Z5rwje lie. seh wey eS aI Gaalemes bids bo keeaee 6 25 2S DS Vo ain ja' sate) eek ayers tl ebyeile a ee aa (ote guiege laa ae ae 7 25 Ze DO. We sew ike @ rel eteate Cetalie fe eke nee Reenter 8 25 75 25800 WOO FARE, a OREO: Ree: ee Ble 9 WS 235 D9: - hevnre Flea estes. ager whey k- eere peel leg aeee 10 25 25 ZO t | she's caste we tinie 2 | foe wats ols eee on fen eeecens opel er 11 a3 25 2S ATE ee eee ee COTES 5 natal nets (eer 12 25 25 D5 elke TRS DS Oe) aad SARI ed ERS Ot eae On account of the high rate of mortality in Trays 5 to 12, the experiment was repeated, beginning the C series at 10 a.m., July 14. ENTOMOLOGICAL: SOCIETY 29 TABLE IV. ExpERIMENT No. 4812 (C) Derris to control potato bug, alone and in combination sprays. Eight fluid ounces of the material used in No. 4812 (B) diluted with an equal quantity of water to make up each spray. Experiment begun 10 a.m., July 17th; concluded 10 a.m., July 17th. Time 72 hours. 10 a.m., July 15 July 16 July 17 July 18 Varia- Mita WOe 1 Gun bi? |aoiibl at py il Signi SS) tion Tray | No. Off Off Off Off Total | from : No. |Larvae} Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Dead| (B) 1 25 16 2 18 3 20 208 NST SO Si. 25 0 2 25 22 Z Zt 0 23 ede ire aes cpecgs 25 —1 Ri) ZS 25 4 16 1 20 ZA OO | le Sr pe ee 25 —1 4 IS 25 2 19 OF ARENSON ARP Ret Oe OS A Oe 21 —3 5 25 23 2 23 Direkt) axe \eGeeioehes Si aorady: 25 0 6 25 19 2 23 DSR es te a eaoreo et ote a lreeas asen oea wee es 25 0 i 25 13 1 24 JES | oe eed UE ee eamaey| Aa, Aina eee eaten ge fp) —3 8 25 De 3 23 DIGI aN s eae Ns eon ces OG we os clans Sa, 8 2 25 0 9 25 2S 1 24 ras Wen teres eal erscsn veil at ees So sce rcs Meco 25 0 10 25 21 3 22 Ded Nae Ae RTO FS | RODS 25 0 11 25 25 5 20 ZO py sls aces cereale Geaiaghes blues: pas | Se Uf: 25 0 12 25 25 5 20 2 Vieille ueyicyst Wiebe oli iy we al teak oS DS 0 A “‘D” series was started, using 4 fluid ounces of the solutions of 4812(B), plus 12 ounces of water. TABLE V. EXPERIMENT No. 4812 (D) Derris to control potato beetle larvae. Experiment begun 3.30 p.m., July 16th; completed July 18th. . Time 48 hours. July 17 July 18 Tray No. | No. Larvae | Off Plant Dead Off Plant Dead Total 1 15) 21 1 24 24 25 2 25 jah) 7 18 18 25 3 25 22 5 pps 19 24 4 25 25 8 Ai. 7 25 5 25 DAS) 11 14 14 Ds) 6 25 25 9 16 16 25 tf 25 22, 2 23 23 $25) 8 ZS 23 7 16 18 25 9 25 22 9 16 16 25 10 25 25 12 bg 13 25 jai ZS ZS 11 14 14 25 12 25 24 8 14 16 24 30 THE REPORT OF THE The trays treated with the materials comprising a small quantity of derris with Bordeaux mixture gave in both tests a slower action than in those where a larger amount was used. The trays treated with the solution not containing Bordeaux gave a more rapid and complete kill. This is possibly due to repellant action of the Bordeaux mixture preventing the larvae from feeding freely on the foliage if derris is an internal poison. Table III shows very graphically to what extent Bordeaux restricts the effectiveness of derris. The series D, Table IV, is rather remarkable in showing that derris as low as one-sixth of a pound to forty gallons, plots 1 and 7, gave 100 per cent. mortality. When this experiment was conducted on a larger scale in the field, derris one-half a pound to forty with both Bordeaux and hydrated lime gave 95 per cent. control. All strengths above one-half to forty gave complete control. All the experiments discussed so far have been on the use of derris in spray form. The following is a discussion of derris used as dust against Colorado potato beetle. A feeding experiment, No. 4811, was conducted in the insectary at Fredericton, N.B., in which derris was used in two different combinations; in one, mixed with hydrated lime alone, and in the other mixed with Bordeaux dust. In Table VI will be found the schedule of treatments: TABLE VI. EXPERIMENT 4811. PLot SHEET Plot 1—2 lbs. derris plus 98 Ibs. hydrated Hime ee “« Oo7 «& 66 (<9 3—4 ({$ «¢ « 06 {9 “66 (74 (<4 4—5 (<3 c¢ é¢ 95 {9 {9 (<4 “ 56 & “ “ QA & “ « “ 6—12-2-86 Dest keene: Ce dens. nyc. lime) « ~7—12-3-85 es f§ | D 4. 84 (19 {3 « (is « « (<4 9Q—12-5-83 ce (<9 (<9 cc {3 (<9 “ 4Q0-—12-6-82 “ “ cs «“ « « “ 441—12-7-81 « « « « “ « (3 12—12-8-80 « « (<3 “ « fs “ 13—100% derris. For results see Tables VII and VIII. In this experiment fronds of potato foliage were dusted with the various materials, set in trays and the larvae placed on the foliage, the insects thus not getting a direct application of dust. In the B series, the dead larvae remained in the trays until the 10th of July. The record of total dead is the number of dead taken out on the 10th plus the dead taken out on the 11th. Difficulty was found in determining just when a larva was dead and when shamming. In the C series, the dead were removed daily. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 3 TABLE VII. EXPERIMENT No. 4811 (B) Derris to control potato beetle. Tray experiment begun 3 p.m., July 8th; concluded 10 a.m., July 11th. Time 67 hours. 9a.m., July 9 4p.m., July 9 | 9a.m., July 10/10 a.m., July 11 Tray No. Off Off Off Off Total No. Larvae | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Dead 1 25 0 0 5 4 7 4 9 5 9 2 25 14 4 16 9 18 10 23 11 Di 3 40 24 3 28 9 29 10 18. 11 at 4 25 16 11 18 16 19 17 7 5 DD 5 25 7 0 18 10 19 9 16 9 18 6 25 8 0 13 6 19 8 14 13 21 7 25 15 0 lf 5 26 0 16 14 19 8 25 6 0 16 8 16 9 16 5 14 9 25 1 6 17 9 Dy 15 8 3 18 10 25 14 0 21 12 OM 12 12 12 24 11 25 26 0 28 11 28 21 4 4 25 12 25 11 1 18 16 25 20 5 5 25 13 25 24 24 DS DO Seti see ret lien Saag cvelentaaciny os DSI 14 Dead larvae removed July 10. A fresh stem put in Tray 13 and 25 fresh larvae put onit. No dust applied to leaves; some remaining on cotton beneath plant... 25 25 25 *Straight derris. TABLE VIII. EXPERIMENT No. 4811 (C) Derris to control potato beetle. Experiment begun 10 a.m., July 13th; concluded July 17th. Time 96 hours. 9 a.m., July 14/9 a.m., July 15/9 a.m., July 16/10 a.m., July 17 Tray | No. Off Off Off Off Total | tion No. |Larvae} Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Plant | Dead | Dead! (B) Cee ee eS Oe ee ee SS Ee Oe 1 DS 4 1 6 6 8 1 5 1 9 0 2 BS 13 1 13 6 Lg) 7 9 0 14 | —7 3 ZS 18 0 22 3 18 10 9 2 Lt || 70 + US 19 5) 18 4 12 8 il 4 il) = 5) 2 V7) 3 18 0 U7) if 9 0 WG) |) =5 6 25 8 2 13 2 12 2 12 2 i |=ils) 7 a5 8 0 10 1 13 3 12 3 7 |=—12 8 25 13 6 12 tks 12 4 8 1 2, ==) 9 25 10 0 21 4 i) 8 8 2 14 | —4 10 US) 20 0 19 5 17 3 14 3 Ui ils 11 Zo 16 0 20 8 11 3 9 2 13) 4-12 12 US 22 11 14 2 13 9 3 0 TN ee 13 58 So 58m Tray was shaken until out all visible dust was gone. A branch bearing bugs was put in 10 a.m., July 14.; 17 off 10 a.m., July 15. *Straight derris, all dead. | | | | = SG as ii ae {A eee em iit PERE a WSs @ errr “Ss 32 THE REPORT CF 4H The mortality generally increased with the increased amount of derris. in | the dust. The results are not at all uniform. Attention is directed to the results | in plots 5, 6, and 7, which show slow action in the first twenty-four hours. The C series ran for a greater number of hours than the B’s but show a lower mortality rate in most instances. The B series had a number of first instar larvae used. For the C series, only second instar larvae were used and. they were probably more resistant than the small individuals, | Summarizing briefly, it will be seen that although three per cent. derris was sufficient to give a commercial control in the first series, in the second series | the results lacked uniformity and were not so satisfactory. The dusts used in this feeding experiment were also used on a larger scale | in the field. Our results there showed that, while three per cent. derris with | 7 per cent. hydrated lime gave complete control of potato bugs, when added to Bordeaux dust, four per cent. of derris was necessary. i) The above recorded experiments against the potato beetle represent only | a small portion of the data we have available and were chosen as being fairly | typical. In the insectary very small amounts of derris are highly toxic to | potato beetles, in the field larger amounts appear to be necessary. The follow- | ing points seem to be fairly well brought out: | 1. Derris is effective in both spray and dust form. 2. Derris kills more rapidly than arsenicals. | 3. Derris is apparently less effective mixed with hydrated lime, and still | less effective mixed with Bordeaux. | 4. To get the same eventual kill, one pound of derris is apparently about | equivalent to from one and a half pounds to three pounds of calcium arsenate. | II. AGAINST THE FoREsT TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) Three webs of forest tent caterpillar collected soon after hatching in spring were kept in trays in the insectary and fed foliage of choke-cherry. One tray | had foliage dusted with straight derris, one tray had foliage dipped in a one | per cent. suspension of derris in water, and in the third tray the foliage was | not treated. Fresh lots of foliage were treated and added twice weekly. The | foliage in all trays was eaten freely, no dead caterpillars were found, and all developed at the same rate to full size. In this experiment a derris was used which was some five or six years old, and experiments on other insects showed that the material had a definite insect- icidal value though much lower than that possessed by most of the derris used in the experiments described in this article. It must be noted that in this experi- ment the derris was applied to the foliage alone, and not to the caterpillars. III. AGAINST THE ORCHARD TENT CATERPILLAR (M. americana Fab.) Larvae of the tent caterpillar were placed on foliage which had been previous- | ly treated with varying amounts of derris. Derris five pounds per 100 gallons of water: Larvae nearly all stupified in one day and nearly all dead in three days. Derris ten pounds per 100 gallons of water: Larvae all completely paralysed in one day and all dead in three days. In the above, as practically no feeding took place, the material must have killed by contact. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 33 The above was repeated, only this time the insects were sprayed along with the foliage, with results, at these dilutions, about identical with the foregoing. Foliage containing larvae of the tent caterpillar was dusted with hydrated lime, containing an admixture of derris varying from two per cent. to twenty per cent. This was done under dry conditions, there being no moisture on the leaves at any time. 8% derris gave 60% control in 7 days. 1 0) ia or A097 wi oS “3 “ and 100% control in 7 days. 20% « {4 10% (¢$ (15 3 (13 6c « (79 6 « Subsequent experiments with other insects showed that the presence of. moisture greatly aided the efficiency of derris, but the above indicates its efficiency under perfectly dry conditions against this insect. In the following series derris is tested at weaker strengths and compared with standard materials. The materials are (a) applied to the foliage alone and (b) applied to the caterpillars as well as the foliage. Ten caterpillars in each tray, nearly full grown. TABLE IX Applied to caterpillars Applied to foliage alone and foliage Material Lead arsenate, 2 Ibs. per 100 gals. | All died on 4th day, none before ae dead on 3rd day 0 6 A é¢ ({5 4th (<9 Lead arsenate, 3 Ibs. per 100 gals.} 90% died on 4th day, none | 20% dead on 2nd day before COE sree 90% 66 6“ 4th {9 Chieck.-....... 5 ale chime one 10% dead on 3rd day. All living Feeding vigorously Feeding vigorously Derris 4% lb. per 100 gals........ Derris 1 lb. per 100 gals......... Derris 2 lbs. per 100 gals........ Derris 5 lbs. per 100 gals........ 10% dead ist day D0 Ye = onde 10% dead 2nd day 30% dead ist day SO oe seo nicly. NOOR SB Ahi ic 50% dead 2nd day OG Oe syeellae None dead 10% dead 4th day 10% dead 2nd day 100% dead ist day 100% dead 1st day 80% dead ist day NGG Snel ee 100% = sade 10% dead 2nd day 10% dead 3rd day apeh witia) tenva lel (ee) expe, lef ieiel|'e) ie) ewe oir le ie! 6 ORCAS ee a is ape thas s 20% dead 4th day 20% dead ist day The above experiment is very illuminating: (1) The derris applied to the caterpillars along with the foliage gave very much higher control than where applied to the foliage alone; (2) one pound of derris per 100 gallons of water gave an equal eventual control, though much more rapidly, than two pounds of lead arsenate; (3) when applied direct to the foliage but not to the cater- pillars derris was not quite equal pound for pound to lead arsenate; (4) derris was very much more effective than nicotine in practical strengths. IV. AGAINST THE IMPORTED CURRANT WormM (P. ribesiz Scop.) The following table is self-explanatory. This relates to an experiment in the insectary in which derris is compared with lead arsenate. 2 ES. Ss ltteer ae ee SS 34 THE REPORT OF THE ee eee ee eee TABLE X. EXPERIMENT No. 4805. Plot Material per 100 gals. WHEN DIPPED 3 hours after 24 hours after CURRANT WORMS ON FOLIAGE 48 hemes after ee aes water application application application 1 eadarsénate <2:lbs. 2. itt bee a Be 80% dead 95% dead 2 Weacdcarsenate 9 [pbon. hs oa et ee 100% Si. S| se eee 3 Check: oh Lave Ss Gries ain a eee ore eR ne SE All alive 4 Derris, 16 les oh ae 100% dead |e... 02.0.0 5 2 5 pian Bis | ovieet a oan MAN ara) 100% © |) [Sea Ou saat ees ef eer 6 SIMs bs. ere 100% “ few cues cw ctw dots oiler From the above table it is evident that derris is extraordinarily effective against this insect. Lead arsenate applications required from one to two days to kill but even one-half pound of derris per 100 gallons killed all insects within three hours. In the following experiment a large currant plantation was available heavily infested with this insect. Derris was used as a spray in six different strengths, as follows: derris ten pounds per 100 gallons; five pounds, 2.5 pounds, 1.25 pounds, 0.63 pounds, and 0.31 pounds, per 100 gallons. This experiment was done in duplicate, abundant checks being left. On all these plots there was 100 per cent. control of these insects after two days, the higher strengths paralysing the larvae almost immediately but the weaker strengths taking a longer time. It is to be noted that one-third pound of derris per 100 gallons gave complete control. A series of dust plots was also applied in a heavily infested currant plantation, the experiment being done in duplicate leaving abundant checks, and comparing with nicotine dusts. Four plots containing derris were used, the filler being hydrated lime, as follows: derris 10 per cent., 5 per cent., 2.5 per cent., and: 1.25 per cent. Nicotine dusts were also used of two per cent. and one per cent. actual nicotine content. All the derris plots gave 100 per cent. control of this insect. With regard to the nicotine plots, many of the insects were brought down and killed at the time of application, but a considerable number remained on the plant, and three days later these were feeding vigourously. The stronger strength of nicotine dust gave about an eighty per cent. control, and the weaker strength less than this. It is to be noted that a dust containing 1.25 per cent. derris was more effective than a two per cent. nicotine dust against this insect. V. AGAINST THE HOUSE FLY (Musca domestica.) Derris at the rate of five pounds per 100 gallons was sprayed on house-flies. The spray was shot at them both while they were resting and while they were on the wing. Such flies became restless almost immediately and commenced cleaning themselves vigourously. Most flies so treated were dead within twenty- four hours, and as far as could be ascertained all were dead within forty-eight hours. . ij I ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 3p Derris was also dusted on house-flies but in this case the action was much slower and after one day none were dead, and it was thought the material was not effective. These flies were not kept under observation afterwards but later work with derris led us to think that had they been kept under observation longer, a subsequent mortality might have been noted. Derris spray was also observed to kill several other flies of undetermined species, and was also observed to kill certain noctuid moths. VI. AGAINST THE CARROT Rust FLY (Psila rosae Fab.) Derris, in either dust or liquid form, gave a considerable measure of control against the carrot rust fly, the material being applied to the soil surface about the time egg-laying was in progress, the control being apparently also accompanied by a plant stimulation. A considerable amount of work has been done on this project and at a later date a special paper will be prepared by one of us dealing with the control of carrot rust fly by derris. VII. AGatinst CLotHEsS MOTHs. A trunk of woolen goods swarming with adult clothes moths was given a liberal application of a 50-50 derris-hydrated lime mixture. Four days later all moths were dead. The trunk was examined a month later and no living larvae and no moths were found. VIII. Acainst Bep Bucs (Cimex lectularius L.). A number of bedbugs were confined in a vial with derris dust. They were active for two hours, but were all dead after three and one-half hours. IX. AGAINsT BUDMOTHs (mostly Spilonota ocellana Schiff.). Derris at the rate of two pounds per 100 gallons was applied to a-considerable area of apple trees at varying periods in the latter part of July and early August, just about the hatching period of the budmoth. Plots using four pounds of lead arsenate per 100 gallons, and others using one pound nicotine sulphate, were also used. In conjunction with all, one pound of calcium caseinate per 100 gallons was used. On both the lead arsenate and the nicotine sulphate plots there was a measure of control of the budmoths, varying from 50 per cent. to 75 per cent., but on the derris plots there was only a very slight control of less than 10 per cent. Derris used in this manner is apparently ineffective against budmoths. X. AGAINST THE FALL WEB Worm (Hyphantria cunea Drury). Derris was used as a spray against the fall webworm in various strengths up to ten pounds per 100 gallons. Not even at the stronger strengths did the derris have the slightest effect, whereas lead arsenate sprays killed them readily. Derris dusts were ineffective also. It is evident that the fall webworm is quite strongly resistant to the poisonous effects of derris. = aes ios Wie sep gs ih ye ee ee S \Seeime Sebi rey 36 THE REPORT OB ine XI. AGAINST GREEN APPLE APHis (A. pomi De G.). While qur preliminary experiments with derris against sucking insects in 1924 had not been very conclusive, we nevertheless decided to make further trials. In 1924 we did not always have a freshly ground and mixed dust, both of which conditions may be of importance, also as the results from nicotine, the material used as our standard of comparison are usually obtained within twenty- four hours; we had usually concluded our observations in less time than we have since found it necessary to derive full benefit from derris. Reference to Table XI will show both the schedule of treatments and results of experiment 4868 conducted against the green-apple aphis, a species which is notoriously resistant to contact insecticides. As will be seen, the derris and nicotine sulphate 40 per cent. appear in two series, each being used without soap and again with soap. Derris, five pounds in 100 gallons without soap, plot 5, gave practically complete control, being a little superior to one pound of nicotine sulphate 40 per cent. With the addition of a little soap to the solution, derris as low as 214 pounds to 100 gallons water gave 100 per cent. mortality, and is superior to one pound nicotine sulphate 40 per cent. See plots 4 and 8. In experiment 4856, derris was tried in dust form against a severe outbreak of this pest in a nursery near Annapolis Royal, N.S., but it was found that derris as high as 10 per cent. with hydrated lime failed to give anywhere as near satis- factory results as a 5 per cent. nicotine sulphate 40 per cent. dust. A later experiment, No. 4865, showed that derris requires moisture to make its toxic properties effective and it is just possible that we may yet find a use for derris dust as a contact insecticide if applied when the foliage is wet. In an insectary experiment, No. 4800, derris as high as 20 per cent. with hydrated lime proved ineffective against the green-apple aphis when applied to dry foliage. Unfor- tunately we did not have an opportunity to try it on wet foliage against this species. TABLE XI. . dead and No.adead tallenyail eq eens Plot Material from leaves leaves 3 days Total Pane aon eae after 3 hrs.}18 hrs.j64 hrs. i % _ apply | Dead 1 ee eee Dead | Live 1 | lb. derris, 40 gals. water..... 36 123 324 Sion) 7549 900 549 62.0 2 4 |b. derris, 40 gals. water with SOap er: Were ae era Mek fos 20 29 30 | 1,072 58 | 1,102 581 95eu 3 1 lb. derris, 40 gals. water. ... 28 66 88 11,010 | 227 11,098 | 227} 82.8 4 1 1b. derris, 40 gals. water . WIEN SGAD es. eee els 3 6 8 | 1,009 0 | 1,017 0 | 100.0 5 2 lbs. derris, 40 gals. water... 50) ES) 173 | 1,893 12 | 2,066 12 99.4 6 2 lbs. derris, 40 gals. water With Spap aaa +. Ties eas 25 30 37 | 1,675 1 | 1,712 1 99.9 q 1:300 sol. Nicotine sulphate OER ace SN aR RAM ya 103 194 1960 A152 83 | 1,348 83 94,2 8 1:800 sol. Nicotine sulphate ANT, withi soapy ht hee 3 5 13 972 55.1) 985 55 | 95.7 Cilecler horney. |. 7. nee 0 1 6 54.1, 263 60 | 263 18.5 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY el XII. Potato Arnis (M. solanifolit Achm.). In view of the unsatisfactory results from derris dust applied dry to the green-apple aphis, it was fortunate that later in the season an outbreak of potato aphis gave us a chance to test out the material again thoroughly, using wet and dry foliage, the same occasion also being used for another trial of derris in liquid form as a contact insecticide. On referring to Table XII, the treatments and results will be found. TaBLe XII. Exprertment 4865. Derris AGAINsT Potato APHIs, SEPTEMBER 2. Plot Materials Sept. 3rd Sept. 5th Sept. 7th 1 Derris 10 Ibs., water 100 gals...| 70% dropped 90% control 100% control 2 rT; 5 « “6 « 80% « 95% « 100% « 3 “ 2.5 « co cf 50% « 60% {3 60% &“ 4 “10 “ Hyd. lime 90 lbs.} 20% es: 60% es 90% Gs 4a “ 10 (<9 6 {9 (<9 wet SSM « 99% 6 100% 6 5 ss Si af “ 95 Ibs. Dp, is 10% ne Foliage shrivelled 5a . Ss $s ce wetle 95.07, ‘6 100% se 100% control 6 sores 15.‘ ss SORES S 1% . S% se All dead, but foliage shrivelled 6a mie, 20" s ec awetl oO, 4 95% sf 100% control i Civeckere ss ah we Mo el. None No drop “ Still feeding 8 Nicotine sulphate 40%, 1 pt. water 100 gals............. 80% iy 100% control 100% control 9 Nicotine sulphate 40%, 1% pt. WwabemlO0leals. 5. oo. ody. ik 80% “ 90% “ 100% bs 10 Nicotine sulphate 40%, 14 pt. water WOO galsiccs ssn ies es es 25% 4 50% ie Foliage shrivelled One or two alive In this experiment, to keep them fresh, the fronds of potato foliage thickly infested with aphids were placed, after treatment, in angle-neck bottles of water. White sheets of paper were set beneath the foliage so that one could see at once as soon as the aphids commenced dropping. In the case of the dust, one series simply had the dust blown on dry, while with the other series the foliage was dipped in water first and the dust then blown on. Comparing plots 4, 5, and 6 with 4a, 5a, and 6a, it will be seen that the presence of moisture had a marked effect in increasing the toxicity of derris, for derris as low as 2.5 per cent. derris in dust gave complete control. This, of course, was in the insectary and whether we would have similar results under field conditions with this species remains to be proven. In plot 2, it will be seen that derris in spray form required 5 pounds per 100 gallons water to produce 100 per cent. mortality, while nicotine sulphate AO per cent., one-half a pint to 100 gallons gave the same control. In all cases it was found that derris was much slower in action than the nicotine. XIII. Acainst Aphis rumicis L. In an insectary experiment, No. 4798, against Aphis rumicis, 5 pounds of derris in 100 gallons of water had been put down as giving only 40 per cent. control, and thus compared very unfavourably with the result from nicotine sulphate 30 per cent. used at the strength of one-half a pint to 100 gallons, which gave 90 per cent. control. The experiment was regarded as concluded, but on 38 THE REPORT OF THE going to the insectary two days later, it was found that all the aphids were dead on the derris plot. This slowness of action by derris has been noted by other observers. The aphids are apparently partially paralysed and may remain on the foliage motionless and apparently healthy for days before they finally wither up. XIV. AGAINST IMPORTED CABBAGE WoRM (P. rapae L.) Growers of cabbage are usually very reluctant to apply arsenicals to this vegetable. As derris is stated to be innocuous to higher animals, we conducted several experiments with this material against the cabbage worm both in 1924 and 1925. In 1924 the plants were rather far advanced, heads having been formed-sometime, and many of the caterpillars were almost fully grown. Dusts were blown on with a small hand duster. Table XIII, which follows, shows treatments and results. TABLE XIII. Plot Derris in Hyd. lime | A. No. alive per head 1 is 0.6 2 YY 0.3 3 5% 0.2 4 0% 0.3 1 ' Check (40 Silents had 171 {larvae alive) 4.3 The moisture usually retained by cabbage foliage undoubtedly assisted in bringing out the toxic properties of derris. In 1925, further trials of this material were made. In experiment 4863, derris was used as a spray, two small plots of lead arsenate also being included for comparison. Sunoco oil was added to aid spreading. The treatments and results were as follows: TABLE XIV. Per cent. Material per 100 gals. water plus 3 pints Cabbage Plot Sunoco infested Larvae per plant 1 Derriso"lhsi5, of. PA eh eee, ELE, 0 0 2 CDA Site olen eee agp ame Es 30 0.3 3 eg Ct) Pam PE, OME A patel a lier: Dae 0.66 4 2 heey | JH) Ae cP yea ial ieee Necanl ria = tt So i § ; 10 0.1 5 Leadt arsenate 5" ibsl! #89225). ss, Fea! 44 0.55 6 rf fp DLS. in ee a Ace ee ee 80 1.3 Checkas) ., Seen. 5 tals oe Ate ee te eae 100 4.5 The plants had been headed out some time and as these larvae continue to eat towards the heart of the plant, the main difficulty encountered in the control of this pest is the mechanical one of getting the treatment to reach them. Sprayed at an earlier stage of growth we are confident that weaker solutions than 5 pounds derris to 100 gallons water would have given even better control than was the case here. . In experiment 4861, treatments with derris in both spray and dust form were repeated, for results of which see Table XV. : 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ee TaBLE XV. AsouTt 25FT. OF Row IN EAcH PLot. REeEsutts 24 Hours AFTER APPLYING, AUGUST 21sT, 1925. Plot Materials No. alive] No. dead}/% _ killed Remarks 1 Derris 5% 63 65 50.8 None of dead were over }% inch Hydrated lime long. No large ones killed. Had 95% results been taken at a later date probably more would be dead. 2 Derris 2.5% 78 35 30.9 * pe sh sf Hyd. lime 97.5% 3 Derris 1.25% 103 12 10.4 s S a) r Hyd. lime 98.75% + Derris 5 lbs. 3 76 96.2 Sunoco 3 pints Water 100 gals. 5 Derris 2.5 lbs. 6 62 91.2 Sunoco 3 pints Water 100 gallons 6 Derris 1.25 lbs. 17 58 Re 3 Sunoco 3 pints Water 100 gals. Derris 0.62 Ibs. 37 49 56.9 Sunoco 3 pints Water 100 gals. 8 Check 123 0 0 “I As will be seen from this table, derris is more effective used in liquid than as a dust for as low as 244 pounds in 100 gallons gave a mortality of over 90 per cent. These materials were applied August 21st and much better results would doubtless have been obtained had applications been made earlier, for then the plants would have been more open and the caterpillars younger. XV. AGAINST MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS AND ANIMALS. Undiluted derris dust, applied with a hand-duster, gave 100 per cent. control of larch sawfly larvae. Derris dust had apparently no effect on Chermes. The three-lined potato beetle was controlled by a dust application of 50-50 derris and hydrated lime. The same mixture as above had apparently no effect on the squash bug. A red aphis on goldenrod and the currant aphis were not controlled on being dusted by the same mixture, but reasoning from other experiments it is possible they might have been if in the presence of moisture. Derris, both dust and spray, gave a measure of control against the larch case bearer. Derris, both dust and spray, was ineffective against the chain dotted geo- meter, but arsenicals were practically ineffective against them also. Derris, 14% pounds per 100 gallons water, with the addition of soap, was used against aphids on a cut-leaf birch. Geometrid larvae, ladybird beetle larvae and syrphid fly larvae were killed and dropped in a few hours, but the aphids did not appear to be affected during the first twelve hours. Two days later the tree was found to be completely free of aphids. Derris was not effective in a bait fed to cutworms, either in the insectary or in the field. 40 THE REPORT OF THE It was noted in some cases that where dusts containing derris had been supplied to plants, and later rains had washed the dust into the soil, that the earthworms came to the surface of the soil and died. a Derris, applied at approximately the rate of one pound per 100 gallons, H added to a large tank of water very heavily infested with mosquito larvae, com- | pletely killed all the larvae in three or four days. . It was also noted that if slugs travelled over a surface on which derris had been lightly sprinkled, that the slugs immediately became distressed and died in a few hours. Derris, used undiluted and also one part derris to three parts dry cement powder, was found very effective against lice on cattle and horses. Besides all the above insects utilized by us, it is well known that derris has | been very successfully used as the insecticidal ingredient of certain proprietary | sheep dips. | GENERAL CONCLUSIONS | | | During the next few years derris will probably be available in quantity, and | at prices competitive with other insecticides. | Derris is a very effective insecticide over a wide group of insects, but by no means effective against all insects. | Derris kills very largely by contact with the external surface of the insect. | Where used against insects on plants, derris is effective both as a spray and | as a dust, but is generally more effective as a spray, and when used as a dust is | generally more effective under moist conditions. | Derris has physical properties which make it good for dusting purposes; for spray purposes it is advisable to make into a paste with a small quantity of water | preparatory to diluting. i \ Used on a number of varieties of plants, and used at much greater strength than is necessary, no foliage injuries on any plant were observed following its use. Due to the material being practically non-poisonous to man, it should be especially useful where it is desired to make an application to food products, such as cabbages, currants, etc., within a short time of use. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON LUBRICATING OIL SPRAYS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE VO THEIR USE FOR, PHAR on lem CONTROL WILLIAM A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, ONTARIO Petroleum products have been utilized as contact insecticides in North America for approximately fifty years. Kerosene emulsions came into use first, and about 1904 were followed by proprietary miscible oils. The history of home- made lubricating oil sprays apparently began about 1906, when Yothers, of the United States Department of Agriculture, used cheap lubricating oils with a j paraffin base for the control of various citrus insects in Florida. It would 4 appear, however, that Yother’s work attracted comparatively little attention | in the entomological world, and that its importance was not appreciated by economic entomologists until 1922-23, when Ackerman’s results on the control of San Jose scale with lubricating oil emulsions were made known. During the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 41 past three or four years, as most of you are aware, many entomologists and chemists have taken up and have made considerable progress in the study of lubricating oil emulsions, and from this work we are gradually accumulating more definite information regarding the extent of the field in orchard and garden entomology for cheap lubricating oil sprays; regarding methods of emulsification ; regarding the emulsifiability of different petroleum products; regarding the chemical and physical properties of oils for various purposes, etc., etc. In the fall of 1923, we initiated an investigation on lubricating oil sprays, primarily with the object of securing a cheaper and more effective contact spray than nicotine sulphate for pear psylla control. We had planned to test several kinds and grades of oils, but, on account of the pressure of other duties, we were forced to restrict our investigatory work to one lubricating oil—an oil sold by the Canadian Oil Company under the trade name of “Sterling Red Paraffin Oil.”’ This oil has the following characteristics: Cyavityeat: O0idegrees Picih oH VMI G. Die werale Fle hipwolne (OPeEMLCUP)) je wie rye Looky. uses ceeds ty. 360 degrees F. Wiseocity, at 100'degrees Eo on uid os ee a 170 seconds (Saybolt) Volatility (loss at 105 degrees—110 degrees C. AME el AO UGS a Mek ee A ts ead ee aay heey abet ALY SOU MeUING EG OLIUG sss, su cise sae ats: cc oh ies 6 5. ate ages oko hacen ack 40 degrees, 35 degrees F. EMULSIFIERS Various emulsifiers—-among others, soaps, copper sulphate and lime, calcium caseinate, sweet milk, sour milk, albumen, egg and glue—different formulae and different methods of emulsification were tested in the laboratory, and the more promising ones in the orchard. On the basis of this work we have decided, at least temporarily, to drop soap emulsions, because they entail too much labour and trouble; because they require a boiling outfit; because they are liable to break down in hard water;* and because in our orchard experiments they have shown no evidence of being superior to cold mixtures. Copper sulphate and lime, calcium caseinate, milk and albumen emulsions are easily prepared and mix readily in hard water, making a smooth and uniform spray mixture, but, judging by our experience this past season, it would appear that the Bordeaux oil will prove to be the most popular oil spray with growers, because copper sulphate and lime are always readily available. DI In the orchard experiments the four cold emulsions were prepared according to the following formulae: GOSterling red *paratiin-oils PF eee a OI, 3 gallons \WEWES cid) weds cake time mmn cme mesic Lite te Tate aries Parents Bee 114 gallons Goppemsulphate a ei Pr i aso bog oy sack sing OS Sane 6 ounces Poy GRALCC MINCE anys ae i es sree ci GG ee ne es 6 ounces @Q)rStechne reds parattin, Oil ssp 0! gues Dy eps dp eurecisall af atl 3 gallons Water...... Cb SACLE SEE LEE A 114 gallons Galcnmrcaseinatene 8. Vek re eee oe ee 6 ounces @)iSterlingered ynaratiims O@l es vase sab ckes bls, op sipydsis fous Geolepe geo eb 3 gallons SMECES KUM eTth nce ait uly eat cage ea as wh eee oy a 214 pints NEG eilanmen hae Ae ty eae alin i cater he lo Caan Sa CRD RA oe er oe oe 11% gallons (4) Sterling red paraffin oil...... TSE ass 1, ARTES a ae ane 3 gallons N\AtCine we Peewee ne nn cc ae ce NE ee yi ea ees tie 11% gallons EMD UIMEMM ea AMAA Nt thd oe. TEEN EA ah 6 ounces *This difficulty can be readily overcome by diluting the emulsion in a weak Bordeaux mixture. ———_——— > ij§j-JS9S@e Ge PNP FS ae we mm) Se. UE) Shae eae 42 THE REPORT, GE THE METHOD OF EMULSIFYING In our experience the simplest method of making cold emulsions under orchard conditions is as follows: Place a container with the oil in it alongside the spray outfit. Dissolve or mix the emulsifier in the water and pour this into the oil and stir. Take the suction hose out of the tank and put it into the oil mixture, start the engine, and under high pressure, pump the mixture back into itself through the gun until all the oil is properly emulsified. While this is being done, the tank should be filled with water. When the tank is full, and all the oil emulsified, the emulsion should be pumped into the tank through the gun. In the case of a spray machine with no suction hose, sufficient material for one day’s spraying should be emulsified in the tank, and the correct amount of emulsion for a tank of spray should be run off into each of several containers. In connection with the manufacture and use of home-made lubricating oil emulsions, the following points are important: (1) In making oil sprays, pumping under high pressure should be continued until the whole mixture has been converted into a thick, uniform emulsion with no free oil in 1t. A properly made emulsion will mix readily with water, giving a smooth, uniform spray material with zo ozl floating on the surface. (2) In view of the fact that cold mixtures, such as Bordeaux and calcium caseinate emulsions, are not particularly stable, it is considered advisable to prepare them as needed at the time of spraying. (3) If a stock emulsion is made some time prior to spraying and oil separates out of it, the mixture should be re-emulsified by pumping. If, however, the emulsion does not break down until diluted, the spray mixture should be emptied out on the ground—the oil scum must not be allowed to go on the trees. (4) A three-per-cent. oil spray should be used for dormant or delayed dormant applications. It should never be applied to foliage. (5) Oil sprays should not be applied until all danger of zero weather is past. PEAR PSYLLA CONTROL EXPERIMENTS At the last annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, we presented a report on the 1924 experiments on pear psylla control, so that it will not be necessary to say anything further about them, except that they indicated a three-per-cent. oil spray would give clear-cut results in controlling the psylla. In 1924 we confined our work to one large pear orchard, but this season we carried on experiments in some twenty-two orchards, scattered through the main pear- growing district from Burlington to the Niagara river, and all very subject to psylla injury. In one orchard comparative tests with three-per-cent. Bordeaux, calcium caseinate, milk, albumen and soap emulsions were conducted; in another three- and four-per-cent. Bordeaux oil sprays were compared; in seven orchards three-per-cent. calcium caseinate oil was used; and in all the others the trees were sprayed with three-per-cent. Bordeaux oil. We had planned to do all the spraying after the “‘flies’’ emerged, and just before they commenced egg-laying, but, as a matter of fact, some eggs were deposited before spraying was completed ; fortunately, however, this did not affect the results. In the two orchards where the comparative tests were run, all the emulsions gave equally good results, and the four-per-cent. oil spray gave no evidence of being superior to the three-per- cent. Furthermore, in all the experimental orchards, with the exception of ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 43 two,* one application gave excellent commercial control of the psylla. Up to the middle of September, when our last observations were made, the insect was scarce in oil-sprayed orchards; there was no serious leaf spotting; no defoliation and no smutting of the fruit. The results, to put it mildly, were remarkable. On the other hand, in the orchards which we used as checks and which had received: (1) a pre-blossom spray of lime sulphur and a post-blossom application of nicotine sulphate, or (2) at least a post-blossom spray of nicotine, the psylla was very abundant and injurious. In such orchards, generally speaking, the insect was abundant by mid-July; serious injury was conspicuous in early August; by the end of the month considerable defoliation had taken place, and the trees and fruit were smutty. How are we to account for the remarkable results secured from one appli- - cation of oil? Wetting the adults with the spray material at the time of spraying destroys a very high percentage of them, but, in some of our experimental orchards, we question if this by itself would have reduced the insect to insig- nificance, because in some instances living adults, while not at all abundant, were too easily found after spraying. We are of the opinion that the oil continues to function as an insecticide for some time after it is applied. Orchard observations indicate that the oil may act as a deterrent to some extent. It also seems pos- sible that, when the trees are wet, some of the adults are killed by the oily film on the wood, and that many newly-hatched nymphs are destroyed by the oil film. We hope to secure definite information on these various points, and also on the value of the oil as an ovicide, from laboratory experiments which will be conducted at Vineland Station this winter. We are not prepared to say that one application of three-per-cent. lubricating oil spray will by itself control the pear psylla every year. It is highly probable that, in some seasons and in some orchards, it will be necessary to supplement the oil spray with a later application of nicotine. The most we claim for the oil treatment at the present time is that it is much more effective and much cheaper than any control measures we have tried heretofore. The cost of the oil spray is approximately one-fourth that of lime sulphur and nicotine sulphate. OTHER USES FOR OIL SPRAYS There is apparently quite a large field for lubricating-oil sprays. They have been used successfully against various citrus insects, San Jose, Putnam, fruit lecanium, cottony maple and European elm scales, pear psylla, fruit-tree leaf- roller, red-banded leaf-roller, redbug, various greenhouse scales and the onion maggot, and the present indications are that further experimental work will demonstrate that they are effective against such pests as orchard aphids, oyster- shell scale and the European red mite. We have found that a three-per-cent. lubricating oil spray is apparently just as effective in controlling the black cherry aphis as lime sulphur and nicotine, We are carrying on oil-spraying experiments for the control of apple aphids, and the European red-mite, but so far no definite information has been secured from this work on account of the scarcity of the pests in the check plots. *In these two orchards other fruit trees, interplanted with the pears, were not sprayed and the adult psyllas, present on these unsprayed trees, were responsible no doubt for the unsatisfactory results. According to our observations, adults migrated from other fruit trees to pears for at least two weeks after the oil spray was applied. In view of this it appears to be necessary to spray other fruit trees, interplanted with or immediately adjoining the pears, in order to secure clear-cut results. > Be Ze on SY a ae — ey) J eee _ sy» a eee et 1 at hk ee PEF aaSS_ re 44, THE REPORT OF THE Effect on Trees——In view of the fact that kerosene emulsions, used year after year, have injured and killed trees, there is always the possibility that annual applications of lubricating oil sprays in fruit orchards may in time result in serious cumulative injury to the trees. Further work and time alone will tell if the use of oil sprays is attended by any such danger. All we know at present is that, so far, no authentic cases of injury to deciduous trees have been reported where two- to four-per-cent. oil sprays were properly used as a dormant or delayed dormant spray. We have used a three-per-cent. oil spray on apple (dormant and delayed dormant), sweet cherry (delayed dormant), pear (dormant), and peach (dormant), without impairing the vigour and health of the trees in any way. In one pear orchard, which was sprayed during the past two years with a three- per-cent. oil spray, the trees were never more thrifty in appearance than they were this season.’ We have seen no evidence so far that two- and three-per-cent. oil sprays retard bud development of healthy trees, although we have seen indi- cations that such sprays may retard development on pear wood seriously weak- ened by the pear psylla, by low temperatures, or by both factors. THE, DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS AND -THE SIGNIPICAN @ESOE EXTRALIMITAL DATA E. P. FELT, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, ALBANY, N.Y. The problems of distribution in relation to all animals, including extinct forms, are of great interest to biologists, and there is probably no group where these are more complex and where greater care is needed in interpretation than among the insects. The distribution of the species is ordinarily interpreted as meaning the region or areas where the insect occurs. It is generally recognized that indi- viduals are occasionally found some distance beyond what may be construed as the normal limits. The cotton moth, Alabama argillacea Hubn., is recorded by Dyar as occurring in the south Atlantic states. This record is accurate and yet millions of the moths appear every few years at least in parts of the northern United States and southern Canada. We may, if we wish, take the case of the monarch butterfly, Danaus archippus Fabr., a species recorded by Dyar as from the United States, and yet this insect is unable to hibernate successfully north of subtropical areas. It is true, however, that it breeds during the warmer portion of the season not only in the northern United States but presumably in southern Canada and possibly farther north than many realize. These two species are mentioned specifically simply to illustrate the difficulties in arriving at satisfactory criteria for the determination of distribution. Presumably most of us would admit that the distribution of an insect should include the entire area where it is able to breed, even if climatic extremes make hibernation impossible. Is it feasible to go farther and include in the area of distribution sections where adults, for example, appear rather commonly as in the case of the cotton moth? If we do this, shall we go farther and include in the distributional area localities where a few individuals have been found from time to time, although evidence indicates that the insects are probably far from their normal habitat and may be regarded as infrequent strays, rather than as permanent members of the local fauna? ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 45 A number of state lists have appeared, notably those of New Jersey, Con- necticut and the list of diptera of New England. All of these are valuable addi- tions to our knowledge concerning the range of different species of insects, and others will be published. The New York State list is practically completed and may be available in the not distant future. The questions raised in a preceding paragraph are designed to provoke dis- cussion in the hopes that we may arrive at a more definite idea as to the content of the word “distribution,” as generally used by entomologists, and, furthermore, to suggest that in future lists it may be advisable to distinguish so far as may be possible the limitations of distributional data, in an effort to differentiate between areas where species are able to maintain themselves indefinitely, sections where seasonal breeding only is possible, and finally the regions which are subject to more or less regular invasion, usually by adults, without there being a reasonable possibility of reproduction. The foregoing leads naturally to the consideration of the significance of what may be called extra-limital data, that is, records of insects occurring more or less commonly in regions where hibernation is impossible and also in sections where even breeding is prevented by various causes. These differences in the type of “‘distribution’”’ are somewhat peculiar to insects, though they may be shared to a certain extent by winged vertebrates, particularly the birds, and to a more limited extent by some other animals. It is obvious that from an economic standpoint these distinctions are of considerable importance and one can hardly say less for the student interested in general biology and the distribution of life. The difficulty is to differentiate between these various types of distribution because our knowledge in regard to many species of insects is very limited. However, we possess a certain amount of information along these lines and it is only by collating this and calling attention to the possibilities in this direction that we can hope to make substantial progress along these lines in the future. It is obvious that in the case of a butterfly, such as the monarch, unable to winter north of subtropical areas, that the annual occurrence of this insect over extended regions outside of the permanent habitat means an annual northward movement with the appearance of warm weather. There is no denying this movement. There may be some question as to whether it is a determinate migration or simply a more or less mechanical response or yielding to environ- mental conditions. It should be stated in this connection that somewhat similar movements are true of certain other butterflies and some other insects. There are those who claim that there must be a corresponding southerly movement on the part of species unable to withstand the rigours of a northern winter and, in the case of the monarch, the large swarms of butterflies rather frequently seen moving southward in the fall is believed by a number to be somewhat conclusive evidence of a return movement. This may be the case, though there is also the possibility that these swarms are simply a reaction to a hibernating instinct, as evidenced by the persistence of such assemblages through the winter in southern California. It may be noted in passing that Mr. C. B. Williams believes that all Europe north of a line through the middle of France and south Germany or Switzerland depends entirely for its painted lady butterflies, Pyrameis cardui Linn., upon African areas south of the Great Desert, and in the case of this species there is very little evidence to suggest a return movement with the coming of cool weather. ™ yh 7 ee F 46 THE REPORT-OP PHB —$—$————_—_—> The somewhat common movement of insects well beyond the limits of the possible breeding area, as in the case of the cotton moth, raises a question as to whether this may be a determinate migration or simply the yielding to favour- able environmental conditions. With this latter species there is practically no question but that millions of moths seen somewhat commonly in northern cities and villages perish, and if this be the case with this species, what substantial grounds have we for assuming that the autumn swarms of the monarch butterfly, for example, do not meet a similar fate, and, as pointed out above, there is little probability of the painted lady butterflies making their way south from higher latitudes. There are a number of other records along this line, notably the taking of the Mexican dexid, Cholomyza inaequipes Bigot in the Pacific states and Tabanus septentrionalts Loew, in New York and New England. A number of distinctly southern Coleoptera, such as Enochrus consors Lec., Oxyporus bicolor Fauv., Boletobtus dimidiatus Er., Eros sculptilis Say, and Longitarsus turbatus Horn., have been taken upon Mount Washington, none with a recorded habitat north of New Jersey. The western Thamnotettix pallidulus Osb. has been captured at Presque Isle, Pa., as well as the typical southern Dorydiella floridana Baker, the latter a species apparently able to maintain itself in this northern habitat. It is logical to assume that if southern insects are dropped on mountain tops far beyond their normal range that by no means all those drifting in the air would be taken at such places. In other words, these mountain-top collections are suggestive of hosts of individuals passing to the north and ordinarily escaping observation. The distance of the drift would depend largely upon favourable climatic conditions, namely, moderate temperatures and winds of sufficient strength to support the insects in large measure. A record of just such a drift has been published recently by C. S. Elton.* He records the finding by several parties in August, 1924, on the snow of North-East Land, Spitzbergen Islands, latitude 80° north, of a large black aphid identified as Dilachnus piceae Panx., and a flower fly, Syrphus ribesii Linn., in such numbers as to suggest that “hundreds of thousands or even millions’’ of these insects had been blown in a broad belt over the island. The fact that there are no trees proves that these insects must have come from some other country and it is surmised that they may have come from the Kola Peninsula, a distance of over 800 miles in a straight line. This idea, the author states, was confirmed by the fact that weather conditions during this period, August 6, 7 and 8, were favourable for strong south and southeast winds blowing from Europe over Spitzbergen and more especially North-East Land. It is suggested that these climatic conditions coincided with an extra- ordinary aphid infestation far to the south. This record, surprising though it may be, is what might be expected under favourable conditions if there is at times a somewhat general northward drift of insects. The extreme north is not a favorite collecting ground for entomologists and the scarcity of records is not surprising. The above data taken by themselves may not be considered particularly conclusive and it therefore seems advisable to refer briefly to the numerous records of insects, sometimes in considerable swarms, being found at sea, miles from the nearest land and in certain cases at least under conditions which can suggest only the casual drifting with favourable winds. It is true that most of these records relate to large and somewhat strong-flying species. The reason *Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans., p. 289-299, 1925. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 47 why most of the records relate to large species is obvious, since they are the ones which most frequently attract the notice of casual observers. It is also evident that strong-flying forms would presumably be able to remain upon the wing for longer periods than weaker species. It does not follow from the latter, how- ever, that the long distances covered are due primarily to the efforts of the insects. In fact it seems more reasonable to believe that wind currents have been important factors in this movement and this view is supported by the finding in different parts of the world of small, weak insects many miles from _ land, as in the case of several lighthouses or lightships, and as further evidenced by the insect drift along the shores of large bodies of water. Surely no one would hold that small midges, lace-winged flies and plume moths were able to cover many miles on the wing largely through their own efforts, though these species, as well as a number of larger, somewhat strong-flying insects, are admirably adapted to drifting for hours and possibly even for days with favourable winds. It therefore appears more reasonable to believe that many of these extensive movements of insects are due to a drifting with favourable winds and if this be accepted it is somewhat easy to explain not only the extralimital records men- tioned above but also the appearance of numbers of insects miles from land, the millions sometimes occurring at lights in cities remote from breeding places, the extensive beach drift which occasionally comes to the attention of a naturalist, and the large accumulations of various species upon glaciers. This is certainly the work of storms, some would say, and yet many of these insects have been observed under what we would consider normal conditions. High winds or violent storms as we call them at the surface of the earth are com- paratively rare and, in our opinion, of minor importance in the dissemination of insects, compared with the gentle convection currents which carry insects to the somewhat rapid winds at a moderate elevation above the surface of the earth. It is evident that the few specimens of the typical western or southern species taken in localities widely distant from their normal habitat must be only a small proportion of those which make their way into these outlying areas. In other words, these are fragmentary data indicating a movement which has been recognized only in the case of a very few conspicuous or somewhat common species. These data are very suggestive and, properly interpreted, may give valuable information in relation to the prevailing winds and the probable direction of wind drift. Furthermore, in the case of these scattering occurrences the prob- abilities are overwhelmingly against the insects making their way back to per- manent breeding areas. They in all probability perish with the coming of cold weather in the same way as the millions of northern drifting cotton moths men- tioned above. The author has given data elsewhere which at least suggest extensive wind- spread, and he is calling attention to this matter at the present time in the hopes that collectors generally will be on the lookout for extralimital insects and thus assist in securing more information concerning this very interesting and important problem. The present indications are that wind-drift in the northeastern United States is mostly from the south and southwest and consequently the taking of species from those areas in the northeastern United States is at least suggestive of extended wind drift. It is felt that enthusiasm in the search for southern and western species in northern United States and southern Canada may yield just as valuable data as the finding of boreal forms on our northern mountain tops. a ———— _ DD) Fy 48 THE REPORT OF THE OBSERVATIONS IN QUEBEC IN 1925 Pror. GEORGES MAHEUX, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, QUEBEC. From the viewpoint of entomological studies the summer of 1925 stands as the most diversified we have experienced for ten years. In midsummer the government officials received many S.O.S. signals from all directions. It was not a case of sudden interest in entomology, but a real symptom of seriouS troubles. Never to the author’s knowledge did Quebec entertain such a galaxy of common and uncommon pests. Our staff, composed of five men, could hardly keep pace with the constant demands from ali over the province, and the field men often had to put aside their regular work to lend a helping hand to farmers, fruit or vegetable growers, florists and others. From the records compiled in our office (and which are undoubtedly incomplete) we take the following ob- servations. VEGETABLE GARDEN INSECTS Among the well-known pests we had as usual to deal with cutworms, potato beetles and cabbage worms. The worst pest, and the one most generally dis- tributed, was Psila rosae, the carrot rust fly. Very serious damages were ob- served in Quebec district and I have no hesitation in stating that seventy-five per cent. of the crop was destroyed. The injury started early, many fields around Quebec being already lost by the end of July. In that district the amount of damage, though difficult to estimate, was heavy. Rimouski and Gaspé districts were also severely affected during the latter part of August, the average loss being estimated at about seventy per cent. Most of the plants did not reach maturity, leaves dying a full month before the normal period of harvesting. Second in importance is the onion maggot, Phorbia ceparum Mg., with a restricted distribution. But here the pest was rather in a bad position due to the results of a propaganda started two years ago in favour of the sodium arsenate treatment. In order to make the vegetable growers familiar with this poison, we had advertised in the rural press that we would distribute free half-ounce samples of the chemical. The first year only thirty-five growers availed them- selves of the offer. Last summer the clerk was kept busy supplying over 500 samples, an indication that our campaign had been successful as was also evident from field surveys. Amongst other vegetable pests mention must be made of occasional leaf injury to cucumbers made by Dzabrotica vitiata in the Quebec district, and thirty per cent. damage caused by Phorbia fusciceps Zett. to young bean plants in Three Rivers district. Injury to beets in Quebec and Beauce districts due to Pegomyta hyoscyamt Panzer (spinach leaf miner), chiefly causing a retardation of growth. A carrot aphid not yet identified has entirely destroyed the crops in some gardens at Rimouski. Barathra occidentata Grote, a noctuid kindly identified by Mr. Arthur Gibson, has been found troublesome in Lake St. John and Quebec districts. It seemed omnivorous and caused much damage to cabbages, raspberries, celery, beans, poplar, asters, poppies and a number of other plants. At Grande Baie, near Chicoutimi, this pest attacked nearly every growing plant in gardens and groves. Never before had this insect been so numerous and so destructive. The pea-louse was very active in Montreal district. Entire fields of peas were seriously affected by Macrostphum pisi Kalt. In some instances the loss was very high. The upper part of corn plants, especially the tassel, was, in ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY «49 Portneuf county, visited by a grayish aphid; damage was rather light. The corn ear-worm, [Heliothis obsoleta, was locally injurious throughout the western part of the province. ORCHARD INSECTS Aphids were very numerous even in some sprayed orchards where spraying started toolate. This experience goes to show that applications for aphid control should commence with the first spray if good results are expected. We have inspected in August nurseries very seriously affected with this pest though the young seedlings were carefully sprayed every ten days with nicotine sulphate, but control measures did not start before the end of June. Apart from these sucking insects, Saperda condida Fab. appeared to be very active this season in many districts. Some isolated cases of infestation by Schizoneura lanigera Haus., Schizura concinna S. and A., Hyphaniria textor Harris, were also recorded. SMALL FRUIT INSECTS The chief offenders in this group were Myzus ribis L. and Pteronus ribesu Scop., both very widely distributed, very active and injurious. Of course, the currant aphis gave more trouble, its attack lasting all summer. The imported currant worm is always the most surprising pest in the small garden. In fact, I do not know of many small-garden owners who do not wait until seventy-five per cent. of the foliage has been devoured before taking Ss of any insecticide. SHADE AND FOREST TREES Quebec has experienced this year a very severe attack from the birch leaf skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Cham. This general outbreak of a rather uncommon pest covered the districts of Quebec, Sherbrooke, Three Rivers and the whole territory between. An average of three larvae per leaf was found at Deschambeault with ninety per cent. of the leaves affected. Species of birch affected were mainly Betula nigra and Betula popultfolia. Second in importance was Paraclemensta acerifoliella Clem., the maple leaf cutter, which continued last season the destruction started three years ago in the district of Montreal on Acer saccharum. The outbreak was severe throughout the district. It will be interesting to follow the growth of these maples after two or three successive attacks. We also have records of occasional attacks by Hemerocampa leucostigma S. and A. (on Salix and Acer rubum); Hemerocampa definita Pack. (on Ulmus and Populus); Vanessa antiopa L. (on Ulmus); Datana ministra Dru. (on Populus tremuloides). In the Provincial Nursery at Deschambeault we observed a large, dark- brown aphis affecting the twigs, branches and trunks of golden willows (Sulix aurantiaca). On a particular tree the bark could hardly be seen, so numerous were the aphids. I have also observed local infestations of basal leaf galls caused by Pem- phigus populicaulis Fitch on Populus tremuloides. In the Eastern Townships some trees were so completely affected that one healthy leaf could hardly be found. 2) PA >» Sb aa | BD SOE ——— ee 50 THE REPORT OF THE FLOWER PLANTS The noctuid Barathra occidentata Grote was very bad in some isolated cases. Asters, poppies, dahlias and other plants were entirely defoliated by the pest by the middle of August. In one instance at least, Macropsiphum rudbekiae Fitch caused much damage to Rudbekiae. Reviewing the whole season we come to the conclusion that the most im- portant entomological feature was presented by plant lice; they showed con- siderably increased numbers, a variety of seriously affected host plants, and in most cases very unexpected outbreaks. INSECT PESTS IMPORTED ON MISCELLANEOUS PLANT PRODUCTS R. A. SHEPPARD, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, NIAGARA FALLS, ONT. Although, perhaps, not generally considered a serious source of danger as carriers of insect pests, miscellaneous plant products, not covered by any restric- tive regulations, are undoubtedly responsible for the importation of many un- welcome and injurious insects, some of which, under favourable conditions, might prove extremely dangerous. In this paper it is my intention to give an account of the insects collected from shipments of plant products of a widely divergent nature which have crossed the border at Niagara Falls, by road or rail, during the last two years. Contrary to expectations, more interceptions of insect pests have been made in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. This appears to be largely due to the increased importations of plant products generally in the former seasons and to the somewhat heavy movements of the products of Euro- pean fields and orchards during the few weeks preceding the Christmas season. It will be noticed that, with the exception of the scale insects, belonging to the Homoptera; only two orders are represented in these collections, namely, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, two great orders to which belong the majority of our most serious pests of field, garden and stored products. Ephestia cautella, Walk. (The Fig Moth.) Both larvae and cocoons of the fig moth have been found alive on several occasions in boxes of shelled almonds from Spain. In no one of these consign- ments was the percentage of infestation very heavy, being in general something in the neighbourhood of one percentum, or even less, of the entire shipment. Larvae of this moth have also been found in shelled Spanish peanuts consigned to Kingston, Ontario, from a firm in Indiana, U.S.A., and once in peanuts, in the shell, originating in North Carolina, U.S.A. Ephestia kuehniella, Zell. (The Mediterranean Flour Moth). A considerable number of live larvae and cocoons of the Mediterranean flour moth were found, in January of this vear, in one bag of a large shipment con- sisting of eighty-seven 100-pound bags of dried chilies from Uganda, East Africa, consigned to a firm in Winnipeg, Manitoba. These specimens were somewhat difficult to collect due to the almost overpowering strength and peppery nature of the chilies, which made it practically impossible to stay in the car with the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 5a shipment for more than a minute or two at a time and brought on a violent fit of sneezing whenever a bag was opened or even moved. One solitary larva, intercepted in a small shipment of beans from Italy, in March of this year, was reared in the office at Niagara Falls and the moth later identified in Ottawa as of this species, and one of two larvae collected from a consignment of black-eyed beans, imported from the United States in July of this year, was also reared at Niagara Falls and identified in Ottawa as the Mediterranean flour moth. Dead and damaged unidentified Ephestia larvae and cocoons, probably referable to this species, have been found, on more than once occasion, in boxes of shelled almonds from Spain, and once a small quantity of Ephesiia silk and castings were found in a shipment of cocoa beans originating in Brazil, but unfortunately nothing sufficient for a definite identification was turned up. Plodia interpunctella, Hb. (The Indian-meal Moth). A one percentum infestation of the larvae of the Indian-meal moth was intercepted, in October of this year, in a shipment consisting of twenty-five 28- pound boxes of shelled almonds, of Spanish origin, consigned to a firm in Toronto from New York city, and in the early part of November of this year an empty cocoon and one solitary, somewhat damaged, larva which appeared to be refer- able to this species, were found in a shipment of Lupin beans from Italy. Mao nce monine, 7eller (~—_- +, ——) In the latter part of November of last year one live larva and three cocoons were intercepted in a large consignment of shelled almonds from Spain, consisting of thirty bags weighing two hundred pounds each. In three of the bags traces of infestation by a Lepidopterous insect were noted, but the four specimens men- tioned above were the only ones that could be found. These were submitted to Ottawa for examination and were, at first, referred to the Ephestia group, but later were reared and identified by Dr. J. H. McDunnough as belonging to this species. This interception constitutes, we believe, a new record for Canada. Carpocapsa pomonella, L. (Codling Moth). Larvae of this common pest have been found on one occasion only, and that was in a consignment of pears imported from Lewiston, New York State. The explanation for this solitary interception is probably due more to the compar- atively small quantities of pears and apples available for inspection at this port than to any other reason. Prodenia commelinae, Abbot and Smith. In February of last year a full-grown larva of this species was found in a very active condition in a crate of fresh tomatoes from Florida which had been purchased on the Buffalo fruit market and imported by a local dealer. Hellula undalis, Fab. (The Cabbage Webworm). Three live larvae of this species, in an active condition, were found in January of this year in a crate of fresh spinach originating in Texas and imported by a local firm from the Buffalo market. Sh aaa, “S) BP a2 THE REPORT OF THE Vitula sp. -——-—-_-- ——_—_ Two Phycid larvae, possibly referable to this genus, were found alive, on the 18th of January last year, in a shipment of bamboo poles from Japan, consigned to Toronto by a New York city firm. One larva was found inhabiting a boring in the bamboo and the other was spun up in silk in the hollow end of one of the poles. In addition to the above-mentioned species, unidentified live and dead Micro-Lepidopterous larvae and cocoons have been intercepted in sunflower seed from the Argentine; two live Micro-Lepidopterous larvae were found in a ship- ment of black-eyed beans from the United States, imported, in July of this year, by a Toronto firm, and dead and dilapidated Lepidopterous larvae have been found on more than one occasion in locust beans, known as St. John’s Bread, from Italy. Many signs of a former infestation of leaf-miners and leaf-tyers have been noted in shipments of senna leaves from India and from Africa. Dead and dilapidated Lepidopterous cocoons and pupae cases have frequently been found in old borings in the dried reeds, known as Cooperage flags, in consignments of this commodity from New York State, but, unfortunately, up to the present time nothing sufficient for an identification has been secured. On one occasion a small, empty Lepidopterous cocoon was found in a boring in a dried stalk of Cannabis herbs in a shipment imported by a Toronto firm from the United States, and signs of a former infestation of both Lepidopterous and Coleopterous larvae have frequently been noticed in shipments of sunflower seed from Russia. Also one shrivelled, unidentified Lepidopterous larva was collected from a small ship- ment of dried Lobelia herbs from the United States, in March of this year, and empty and dilapidated Lepidopterous cocoons were once found in matted clumps, containing a certain amount of dried earth, of gentian root in a consignment, probably of French or Belgian origin, shipped to Toronto by a New York city firm. Mylabris pisorum \.. (The Pea Weevil). Nine dead beetles and about the same number of dormant larvae were found, in January of last year, in a large consignment of dried garden peas, shipped to an Oshawa firm from Syracuse, New York State, and Mylabris weevils of this or a Closely allied species were intercepted in a small shipment of vetch seed origin- ating in Holland and consigned to London, Ontario, by a New York city firm in the early part of last year. Mylabris rufimanus, Boh. (The Broad-bean Weevil). A two percentum infestation of live adult broad-bean weevils was inter- cepted, in December of last year, in a shipment consisting of five 120-pound bags of fava beans from Pasadena, California, consigned to a Toronto company. Unidentified dead weevils, possibly referable to this or to the preceding species, were found on several occasions, during January and February of this year, in consignments of broad and fava beans from Holland, and on one occasion dead Mylabris \Jarvae were collected from a small shipment of black-eyed beans con- signed to a Toronto firm from New York city. Mylabris sp. —-____——— Weevil). In January of last year two dead Mylabris weevils were collected from a small shipment of spring vetch seed originating in Holland and consigned to ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 53 London, Ontario, by a New York city firm. When these specimens were sub- mitted to Ottawa for examination they were thought to be probably new to Canada, but owing to insufficient material a definite identification could not be made. Lasioderma serricorne, Fab. (The Cigarette Beetle). Live larvae, pupae and adults of the Cigarette beetle were intercepted on two occasions; thislast autumn, in small consignments of ginger root from Jamaica, British West Indies. One shipment, examined in the month of September, con- sisting of one bag weighing 112 pounds, was found to be infested to the extent of two percentum of the whole, whilst the other shipment, which crossed the border at a later date and was of exactly the same size, only gave an infestation per- centage of approximately one-half of one percentum. It appears that ginger root is a rather unusual host for the cigarette beetle and that this may possibly be the first recorded instance of this insect attacking such material. Languria qususiia Ga Stemi-borer). Dead specimens of this stem-boring beetle, both larvae and adults, were found occupying borings in the dried stalks of a shipment of lobelia herbs im- ported from the United States by a Montreal firm, in July of last year. On several other occasions borings have been noted in the stems of dried lobelia herbs, but up to the present time no other specimens haye been secured. Platypus sp. --——---—-—— P in-hole Borer). About a dozen or more adult beetles and a few larvae, referable to this genus, were found alive under the bark and inhabiting borings in lignum vitae logs from Nicaragua, shipped in the rough state to the Hydro-Electric Power Commission’s generating station at Queenston by a New York firm. Some of the borings made by this beetle had penetrated an inch or more into the hard- wood and to obtain good specimens of their work it was necessary to use a special metal saw and a cold chisel. 0S Bark beetle). Two live specimens of a bark beetle belonging to this genus, but unidentified as to species, were found under bark and collected from the Nicaraguan lignum vitae logs referred to above in connection with the Platypus beetle. Dermestes sp. (Larder(?) Beetle). A few live Dermesies larvae, undetermined as to species, were found this autumn in one bag of a shipment, consisting of three 100-pound bags, of aniseed from Russia. This is a genus which one would expect to be fairly frequently represented in collections of pests from imported plant products, but for one reason or another this happens to be the only interception of Dermestes that we have made at Niagara Falls. Cerambycid Beetles (Round-headed Borers). Both live and dead round-headed borer larvae, unidentified as to genus or species, have been found on three separate occasions under bark on logs of lignum vitae wood from Nicaragua and other Central American countries. 54 THE REPORT OF THE Buprestid Beetles (Flat-headed Borers). A twenty percentum infestation of live flat-headed borer larvae was inter- cepted, in September of this year, on a shipment consisting of fifty-six small logs | of lignum vitae wood consigned to Quebec, P.Q., by a New York city firm. These borers were found tunnelling between the under side of the bark and the sap wood, and about three dozen specimens of the larvae, together with specimens of their work, were collected and forwarded to Ottawa. Cucujid Beetles (Bark Beetles). Live specimens of Cucujid bark beetles, unidentified as to genus or species, were collected from a log of lignum vitae wood originating in Nicaragua, for- warded, during the month of October last year, to the Hydro-Electric Power Commission at Niagara Falls by a New York city firm. Both live and dead unidentified Coleopterous larvae, in addition to those enumerated, have been intercepted in sunflower seed from Russia, in sunflower seed from the Argentine, as well as in broad beans and in lupin beans from Italy, and numerous traces of what appeared to be a former infestation and damage by weevil have been noted on many occasions in shipments of black-eyed beans and shipments of chick peas from the United States. Lepidosaphes ulmi, L. (The Oyster-shell Scale). Considerable quantities of this scale have been intercepted quite frequently in consignments of dried bark from the United States and on more than one occasion shipments of cascara bark from the same country have been found to be heavily infested with this common pest. Aonidia laurt, Bouche -—---———--—_ ).. On three separate Occasions this scale has been intercepted in shipments of bay leaves from Italy, but in no one of the three consignments was the percentage of infestation very heavy. Traces of a former infestation and damage by insect pests, probably Coleop- terous or Lepidopterous, have been noted in coriander seed from India, in Chick peas from Algeria, in locust beans from Italy, on several occasions in barrels and bags of chestnuts from Italy, and in shipments of lima beans, in cow peas and in chick peas from the United States. Also minute borings have occasionally been found in rattans from the Dutch East Indies, and on one occasion last year, in a consignment of dried reeds, known as cooperage flags, from Charlotte, New York State, a considerable number of old borings were noted, but a careful search failed to reveal anything in the way of insect specimens except some empty and broken Dipterous pupae cases. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 55 SOME INSECTS AND ENTOMOLOGISTS W.E. Britton, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF CONNECTICUT When your Dominion Entomologist paid me the compliment of inviting me to give this public address, | was somewhat at a loss to know just what subject to select. Many other addresses have been given in former years and the same ground must not be covered. On consulting your reports I learn that two years ago, my good friend, Mr. A. F. Burgess, gave you an excellent account of the “Value of Natural Enemies of Insect Pests,’ and that last vear Professor C. L. Metcalf gave you a very complete classified account of the methods used in the “Warfare Against the Insects.’’ As I see it, there are two chief requirements which I must hope to meet in this address: (1) I must interest you, and (2) it must contain enough meat so that you will not go away feeling that entertainment was the only object in view. I have, therefore, chosen this subject because it will include anything which I may wish to say, and there is a possibility (which is rather remote in my case) of making it both entertaining and instructive. With your permission, I will attempt to point out some of the needs and tendencies in the progress of entomology, and will mention some of the men who have been responsible in shaping its growth and development. PIONEERS IN AMERICA First of all I wish here to pay a tribute of respect and appreciation to some of the pioneers of entomology in Canada and the United States. L’Abbe Prov- ancher must have done a tremendous amount of work, especially in the Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, and though J am not an authority in either order, I know that his descriptions were sufficiently good so that most of his species can be recog- nized, and his names hold. We look upon him as the Thomas Say of Canada. Years ago I had the pleasure of meeting Doctors William Saunders and James Fletcher. Dr. Saunders performed a great service by publishing his articles on insects and particularly his ‘‘Insects Injurious to Fruits,’’ which was the standard work on the subject for a generation, or until the arrival of Slingerland and Crosby’s Manual of Fruit Insects, in 1914. Dr. Fletcher, whom some of you knew and worked with, was a big-hearted lovable man, who was Dominion Entomologist and Botanist from 1887 until his death in 1908. I never saw greater enthusiasm nor more ability to interest an audience than he possessed. Dr. Fletcher was an all-round naturalist and was quite as much of a botanist as an entomologist, but first and most of allhe wasa man. It was my good fortune to know and admire his successor, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, from the time he became Dominion Entomologist in 1909 until his untimely death in 1920. Few scientists are equipped with such a brilliant intellect as was Dr. Hewitt, and when com- bined with his unusual executive ability and thorough training, this made him a peculiarly exceptional leader of his time, and he was so recognized throughout America and Europe. It was through his efforts that his department was raised to that of a Branch, and the force consisting of one assistant and one stenographer increased to its present size, with several divisions and field laboratories. I used to meet Mr. H. H. Lyman at our entomological meetings and formed a high opinion of him. I think I never had the pleasure of meeting Messrs. W. H. Harrington, F. H. Wolley Dod, or Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, though I am familiar with their writings and had some correspondence with Mr. Fyles. Though still living, to a former generation belongs Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, who did much by his 4 th % YY bp Dp Fr be _— TF ss) - oD i aL! > — —— 62 THE REPORT, OF ERE determined, but it is extremely abundant on the young sprouts on cut-over land. It is now present throughout Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, eastern New York, and in Vermont at least as far north as Rutland. Thus you see there are many new pests that must be studied aaa overcome. Some of the old ones must be studied again in the light of our present knowledge and experience. New insecticides are constantly being brought out and some of them are sure to be of great value, but we must not depend over-much on them. Rather should we seek a more intimate knowledge of the habits of the insects to find a more vulnerable point, or a more advantageous time to attack them. Considerable progress has already been made in the development of improved machinery for applying sprays and dusts, and more improvements are sure to follow. The aeroplane will doubtless be utilized in many cases where large areas of a single crop or where a forest is to be treated. Likewise cultural prac- tices must be worked out to reduce damage by insects. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY I can hardly make an address of this kind without some reference to the impor- tant discoveries of the last thirty years in the transmission of certain human. dis- eases. These include the transmission of malaria by the bites of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, yellow fever in the tropics by the bites of Aedes argenteus, typhoid fever and house flies, typhus fever and cooties, sleeping sickness and the tsetse flies in Africa, and many other revelations. Surely no man deserves greater honour than those who, like Doctors Reed, Lazear and Gorgas, have devoted their lives to such work for the benefit of mankind. This is a fertile field for well- trained entomological endeavour and he who cultivates it after planting the seed is bound to reap a harvest. Aside from their connection with disease, mosquitoes are a nuisance and from the standpoint of comfort alone they should be controlled around all centres of population. The State of New Jersey has probably taken the lead in this work and great benefits have already accrued. The people take greater comfort, more homes are builded, and property values have increased. Though Connecticut has a much smaller salt marsh area and its problem is correspondingly smaller, a good start has been made and about one-third of its salt marshes have been ditched. Another town has recently voted funds for this purpose. I expect to see more of this work done, especially around the more densely populated areas of the United States and Canada. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES I rejoice in the great number of enthusiastic well-trained young entomologists in Canada and the United States. It augurs well for both the future of the profes- sion and for the welfare of mankind. Associations like the Ontario Entomological Society are productive of great good because they bring the workers together where they can exchange ideas and observations. The great American Associa- tion of Economic Entomologists now has about 800 members. There are other entomological societies and associations, some of which are not strictly economic in character, and each has its own membership. The total of these not included in the 800 mentioned above is hard to estimate, but quite large I am certain; perhaps as large again. I think we can hardly overestimate the value to entomology of the smaller associations such as exist in your provinces, in some of the United States, and ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY S63 grouped around certain centres where large control operations are being carried on. Even municipal societies where a sufficient number having a common interest can come together are advisable. Interest rather than numbers should be the criterion. Some of these smaller meetings are very interesting, they are less formal than the larger gatherings, the workers can become better aquainted and they give an opportunity for many men and especially the young men and . those not holding official positions to attend, who could not go except very rarely to a national meeting. Let us therefore encourage the formation of local asso- ciations, and the holding of group meetings. I believe that we have demonstrated it to be well worth while. In concluding, let me state that I believe that more and better work is now being done than ever before and this is partly because of the foundation laid by the pioneer workers, and in part by the keen competition and the better training of the men. The large number of serious insect problems has attracted public attention to the needs of entomologists and to the importance of their work, and a fair degree of public support is now assured. There remain many problems to be solved, but there is a regiment of keen workers ready to undertake their solution. We may look forward therefore with confidence that the future will bring even greater achievements than the past. If some do not reach their objectives during the first onslaught, they should remember the Englishman’s motto, “It’s dogged as does it,” and go at it again. Persistence and the right spirit will conquer worlds. CONTROLLING THE BROWN TAIL MOTH IN NOVA SCOTIA F. C. GILLIATT, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, N.S. As soon as the brown tail moth was discovered in Nova Scotia in 1907, a number of inspectors were placed in the field by the local Department of Agri- culture. During the first few years, owing to this pest being a new introduction, various control measures were adopted, viz., collecting the winter webs; spraying scrub areas with a hand outfit where larvae were noticed to be feeding; a bounty of three cents, afterwards increased to ten cents per web, being paid by the local Department. This latter method was taken advantage of by unscrupulous people, and soon had to be discontinued as impracticable, though it was the means of gathering in a quantity of webs which otherwise would never have been destroyed. The Jocal Department carried on this inspection work until the year 1910, when through the influence of the late Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, then Dominion Entomologist, the Federal Department co-operated. The work at this time was reorganized, the Dominion Entomological Branch assuming charge of it, with the local Department of Agriculture supplying one-half of the men employed during the inspection season. This co-operation between the two Departments was continued until 1924, when the Provincial Department decided that they were unable to maintain their part of this inspection. During last season, or that of 1924-25, the work was conducted entirely by the Dominion Entomological Branch. At the beginning of this work in Nova Scotia, only two inspectors were employed for a portion of the winter months, but at the time of reorganization 64 THE. REPORT OF TEE in 1910 the number was increased to six, working for a period of six months. The area inspected included the territory from Windsor to Yarmouth, with con- siderable scouting in other parts of the Province. There was a marked increase in the number of winter webs collected during the seasons between 1908-1909 and 1913-1914, as the former numbered only 800 and the latter totalled 24,156 webs. The number of inspectors had to be . increased to ten, and the infested area included more than one-half of the Province. In spite of the strenuous efforts put forth by these ten inspectors, the prospect was far from promising and in every way the pest threatened to become as serious in Nova Scotia as it already was in the New England States. Then came a change in the status of the brown tail moth situation in Nova Scotia. From the zenith year 1913-1914, with its webs numbering 24,156, there has been a gradual decrease, with but slight variations, down to the last | season, showing only 154 webs. Necessarily following this has been a reduction | in the number of inspectors employed and a corresponding decrease in the expense entailed. We cannot definitely state, just why this moth was difficult to keep in check, and why increases occurred each year for about the first eight years after its introduction into Nova Scotia. It has, however, apparently lost its virulence in a comparative degree. Probably the result is not due to any one particular influence or factor but to the various agencies working together, which menace, more or less, the existence of this insect. The following discussion may throw some light upon this subject, and at the same time explain what has beeri done in Nova Scotia by the Entomological Branch to assist in combatting this serious pest. PARASITES INTRODUCED In the spring of 1913, 7,000 Apanteles lactezcolor cocoons were received from Melrose Highlands and liberated in infested areas. To prevent these parasites being destroyed along with the brown tail moth winter webs, three large cages, twelve feet by six feet by five feet, were erected in these areas. Two rows of tanglefoot were placed around the cages on the inside with a projecting board on top, thus making a very large Fiske tray. In the following spring, 6,000 brown tail moth webs were placed in each of these cages, the larvae fed daily until the A panteles emerged, after which the brown tails were destroyed. A very large number of Apanieles emerged, and Mr. G. E. Sanders, who had charge of the work at this time, estimated that 20,000, 20,000, and 100,000 A panteles cocoons respectively were to be found in each cage. These figures, though probably over-estimated, show that this was a very effective and inex- pensive method of rearing and liberating this parasite. These cages were maintained for a number of years, similar ones built in other localities, but owing to the great reduction of webs some of the cages were discarded and none have been used since the season of 1922. A very systematic recovery for A panteles was conducted at the Fredericton Laboratory during the years 1917, 1918, and 1919, from webs collected at fifty- five localities in Nova Scotia. The result revealed that twenty-seven places gave no parasites, numbers recovered from other localities gave as high in one case as 12.25 Apanteles per web, but many averaged less than one per web. In 1913, there were received 1,500 puparia of Compsilura concinnata from Melrose Highlands, also twenty-two from Wellsby, which were liberated at Bear River. In 1915, there were received 1,500 more from Melrose Highlands ENTOMOLOGICAE SOCIETY 65 and liberated at Annapolis Royal. It is interesting to note that a few years later two Compsilura were recovered from brown tail moth larva collected at Annapolis. Royal. During the spring of 1914, 600 Calosoma sycophania were brought to Nova Scotia from the New England States. These were divided into lots of one-hun- dred and liberated at various places in the infested area. Nosystematic attempt was ever made to recover this beetle in Nova Scotia. A few years after its intro- duction, however, circulars were distributed among farmers, schools, etc., showing clearly the value of this predator, and asking for specimens for identifica- tion, but no specimens were ever received. _ Native parasites were recovered in 1913, from Bridgetown and Annapolis Roval, including Braconids and Tachnids, thus indicating the possibility of native parasites attacking this insect. FuUNGOoUS DISEASES In June, 1912, a quantity of brown tail moth larvae were received from Melrose Highlands, affected with Entomophthora aulicoe and placed among American and forest tent caterpillars in our infested areas. In the following year a fungous disease was noticed killing tent caterpillars in rather large numbers. This fungus, however, was identified by Dr. Thaxter as a species of Empusa. The spreading of most fungous diseases is largely dependent upon weather conditions, a warm damp atmosphere being the most favourable, thus making this method of control a rather uncertain one, especially in some seasons. The further introduction or spreading, therefore, of fungous diseases for control of this insect was not undertaken. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS The climate of Nova Scotia has a marked effect upon this insect. It is known that our lowest temperatures cause the death of a considerable percentage of the over-wintering larvae in their webs. The temperature, however, is not the only factor causing this mortality, humidity doubtless having a certain effect along with low temperatures. Winter webs were exposed in ten different localities over the Province in 1913-1914, with the following results: Locality Percentage mortality Lowest temperature NigiamOttliveene sc, 52 —- 6.4F. Bridgetown il ilat i. 45 aly) New Germany........ 100 =) AGES MORO) Wy ery. 96 —Jal| New Glasgow......... Sid) =9).5 NmibIgOnIsShis thes. ch. 66 —20 UNG eg chug seaeteh See Riis Sl anaes 100 —24 .6 Ile Wie eats ante enol ae Na 25 118) Windsor wa UR 55 =1193.8) One interesting item in this list is, that at Yarmouth other factors besides temperature had an adverse effect. It is well known that in Yarmouth the humidity is high. A temperature of —6.4 degrees Fahrenheit in the Annapolis Valley practically has little effect upon mortality, whereas this temperature gave a higher percentage of control than ~19 degrees Fahrenheit at Bridgetown. 3 ES. 66 THE REPORT OF THE Notice, also, that -25 degrees Fahrenheit or over, if lasting for any length of time, usually gave 100 per cent. control. This mortality has been borne out by further exposures in later years. COLLECTING WINTER WEBS Probably no single factor has been as effective in the suppression of this insect in Nova Scotia as the collecting of the winter webs, especially during the first few years of its introduction. If the Dominion and Provincial Departments had not so rigourously pursued their methods of eradication, it is difficult to say how firmly this pest might have established itself in our Province. The collecting, however, has more significance than the mere destruction of the webs. In the badly infested areas the policy pursued has been to work and rework until it would seem as if every web was gathered. If, unavoidably, any are left, they are of necessity the small inconspicuous ones. These small, weak webs being largely the only means of perpetuating the species, the writer is of the opinion that this has been deteriorating to this insect. The webs collected the last few years have been noticeably smaller than ten or fifteen years ago. It is also rather significant that where this pressure, so to speak, has been maintained the longest in the old and worst infested areas in Yarmouth, Digby and Annapolis Counties, these were the first to be entirely eliminated of this pest. As the smaller webs are more easily affected by sudden, severe winter changes, and an easier prey to parasites and birds, we know that the mortality of caterpillars in such webs is greater than in the larger ones. Webs were exposed during the winter in Wolfville and Annapolis Royal with the following results: No. alive No. dead Character | average of | average of | Percentage Lowest Locality Year of Web all webs all webs Mortality | Temperature exposed exposed Wolfville. .| 1924-25 Small 31.6 24 40.4 —22.5 F <¢ ‘ Medium 154.6 Saul S35 ri a e Large 295.2 132 4.2 * Annapolis. vs Small 30.5 37 53.9 —1255' F $6 Me Medium 103.5 3925 24.5 - : cs Large 282 50.9 15-2 ff Other webs were opened and counted from time to time throughout the winter of 1924-1925. No. Nests | Collected at Date Character of | No. Alive No. Dead | Percentage Examined Web Mortality 1 Wolfville. .| Feb. 11 Medium 1 Round Hill ol O Large 1 e ——, OY — <<", eR ay i 80 THE REPORT OF THE THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE i Diabrotica vittata Fab. James MarsHaAtt, O.A.C., GUELPH, ONT. | A study of the life history and habits of the striped cucumber beetle, with a view to the discovery of satisfactory control measures, was begun in 1922 by the | Department of Entomology of the Ontario Agricultural College, under Professor Caesar’s supervision. In 1922, Mr. A. J. Graham conducted the investigation; in 1923, Mr. C. W. Smith; and in 1924 and 1925, the writer. The following account is but a summary of some of the data obtained in these years. The beetles during these four years appeared in spring as soon as the weather had become warm and the daily maximum temperature approximated 80°F. | In 1922, they were first noted on May 11th when the noon temperature was 84°F.; in 1923, on May 28th, at 78°F.; in 1924, on June 9th, at 80°F., and in i 1925 on June 1st, at 90°F. Their appearance seems to coincide fairly closely if with the full bloom of most varieties of apples, or with the fall of sour cherry i blossoms. At this time cucurbit seed may not have been sown, or the young | plants may be barely above the ground. Some years the beetles increase slowly in number and do not become num- erous for two weeks or more after the earliest emergence. Other years they appear more rapidly and are in large numbers in a little more than a week. The total emergence, however, is not attained for at least ten days longer. In gen- eral, it may be said that total emergence takes place three to four weeks after the earliest emergence. Foop PLANTs.—The main food plants are all species of cultivated cucurbits, the order of preference as observed by us being squash, vegetable marrow, cucumber, cantaloupe, watermelon, pumpkin and citron. Wild cucumbers are also much fed upon. In addition, feeding takes place to some extent on the foliage of burdock, stinging nettle, pigweed, beans, peas, radish and curled dock, and on the unripe kernels and silk of corn. Beetles have been taken occasionally on the flowers of the following: chokecherry, raspberry, apple, cultivated cherry, wild aster, goldenrod and sunflower. INJURY FROM THE ADULTS.—The main injury takes place while the plants are still young and up to the time when they begin to form runners. This is brought about by the beetles attacking the cotyledons and the young leaves. They cluster on the undersides of these and devour large areas, causing the leaves, and after, the whole plant to die. It is not uncommon some years, to have as many as fifty per cent. of the plants destroyed within twenty-four hours. After the plants have formed runners, growth is so rapid that it is very rare for any serious loss to occur. As soon as the blossoms appear, large numbers of the beetles feed on these, but we have never seen them cause much injury thereby. Damage by feeding on the fruit seems very rare in this province. OES 4 BEE PO PR SSO — tS IE Several investigators have given satisfactory proof that the adults are largely responsible for the transmission of the serious disease known as cucurbit wilt, and also of yellows or mosaic. We attempted to bring about transmission by the usual methods. On one occasion we succeeded in transmitting the yellows, but all efforts to do so with the wilt for some unknown reason failed. Ecc-LAyinc.—The eggs are yellow and laid singly, or in clusters of twenty or more either in contact with the stem of the host plant, or as far as four inches fromit. They are placed under clods or refuse, in cracks in the ground, or occa- sionally promiscuously on the surface of the soil. In cages the laying period PD) POR) Pe ENPOMOLOGICAL SCGIETY 81 commences about a week after emergence and in the field about two weeks after emergence. The egg-laying period continues until near the time of the disap- pearance of the overwintering generation, which occurs in August. In my cages an average number of 237 eggs was laid per female. The greatest number from a single beetle was 498, which were laid over a period of thirty days. INCUBATION PERIOD.—The incubation period is five to fourteen days. the average for the four years being 9.8 days. THE LARVAE AND THEIR HasBits.—The worm-like, white or yellowish larvae are about 10 m.m. in length when mature, but owing to their boring habits are seldom seen by the grower. We have time after time found them boring into the primary and secondary roots of cucurbits, and in root cages have seen them feeding on the fibrous roots. So far as we could determine they never attack any but the roots of cucurbits. In autumn they are commonly found feeding on the underside of decaying fruits. When numerous they cause serious deformities of the roots and may be instrumental in establishing rot, but as a rule they do not interfere much with the development of the plant. In cages the minimum length of the larval stage was 19 days, the maximum 35 days, and the average 26 days. Under field conditions, where it seems im- possible to determine its duration accurately, it will probably be greater. THE PupaAL STAGE.—Pupation takes place in the soil at a depth of one to three inches and at a distance of half an inch to a foot from the feeding place of the larva. Before pupation a small earthen cell is formed. The pupa within this cell is so fragile that death usually ensues when the cell is broken. The prepupal stage is quite short but its exact length was not determined. The total length of time from the formation of the pupal cell until the emergence of the adult varies from eight to seventeen days. The earliest emergence of adults took place on July 16th, August 9th and August 6th of 1922, 1924 and 1925, respectively. LENGTH OF THE LIFE CycLe.—The time passed from egg-laying to adult emergence in insectary work was as follows: Awerace) lenetnvot, C82: Stage nc)! 6. Si Heys) ase s sede e Hee 9.8 days mverase lengtm of larval Stage... 2... .e se cee te cy eevee 26.0 days mAveracenengt Of pupalistage. 2.0 Ss. a... se ee ee 12.4 days 7 48.2 days NUMBER OF GENERATIONS.—There was nothing to cause us to suspect that there was more than one generation a year. HIBERNATION.—There has been much discussion and conjecture as to this insect’s mode of wintering. Our endeavours to find it in winter quarters were for three years fruitless, despite the fact that diggings and careful observations were made in all situations in which it was felt that there was even a remote possibility of its being found. On November 6th of this year, however, we found adults hibernating practically on the surface of the soil, but covered with a dense mat of withered grass some three inches thick. In such surroundings it is extremely difficult to see them, which may in part explain our previous failures. It is thought by some that the insect may winter also in the pupal stage. Only two pupae were uncovered on November 3rd of this year after several hours of digging in our cucurbit plots, whereas in the early autumn, dozens of them could be unearthed in a single hour. When, in addition to this, it is considered that we have never unearthed a pupa in spring, even in fields heavily infested the previous year, it would seem obvious that with us hibernation occurs exclusive- ly or practically so, in the adult stage. 4 ESS. AY SS ae NBS =i =! 82 THE REPORT OF THE During the winter of 1924-25 Professor Caesar sent out a questionnaire relative to the hibernation of this beetle to most of the prominent economic entomologists of North America. He received forty replies of which thirty-five indicated that the writers had no definite information on the subject. Of the remaining five, Professor Crosby and Dr. Huckett of Cornell University had each found beetles in woods under shelter of leaves. Mr. J. E. Graf of the United States Bureau of Entomology stated that the late H. O. Marsh found adult beetles wintering under rubbish and leaves in berry patches at Rocky Ford, Colorado. Mr. Graf himself had obtained about ten per cent. spring emergence by caging adults over tightly packed weeds and leaves in the autumn. Mr. J. S. Houser of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station carried some beetles through the winter in cages, and Dr. W. V. Balduf of the University of Illinois reported finding beetles near and under old squash plants in November and again in January. CONTROL MEASURES Any cultural methods which will produce a speedy growth in young cucurbit plants are helpful means of lessening serious injury from this insect; dusting with chemicals, however, provides the most effective means of control. In our experiments a total of over sixty dusts, sprays, fumigants and baits were tested, but of this number only the most effective four substances will be discussed here. These substances are all dusts. 1. Two per cent. nicotine dust, the nicotine being 100 per cent. free nicotine. 2. Wisconsin dust, composed of eight per cent. black leaf “40”, twenty-five per cent, anhydrous copper sulphate, sixty-seven per cent. hydrated lime. 3. Arsenate of lime and gypsum (the well known Ohio dust) one part to twenty parts by weight, not by measure. 4. Sodium fluosilicate and hydrated lime, one part to nine parts by volume, not by weight. Both of the nicotine dusts are strongly recommended in some sections of the United States, but under our conditions they are not satisfactory. This is — | largely owing to the fact that several applications of any dust must be given, and this makes them too expensive, especially when cheaper dusts give practically as good results. _ As might be expected, the free nicotine dust kills more quickly than the Wisconsin dust, but its toxic power is exhausted within twenty-four hours and the resultant lime residue is not a very good repellent. The toxic effects of Wisconsin dust are more: prolonged, so that it probably ultimately kills as many beetles. It has the added advantage of being a good repellent as long as it remains in quantity on the vines. Both of these dusts have pungent fumes, but those of the Wisconsin dust are much the more objectionable, and make its application difficult and very offensive to the operator, unless wind conditions are favourable. Wisconsin dust costs $17.00 per one hundred pounds F.O.B. Burlington, Ontario, and Free Nicotine dust $16.75 per one hundred pounds F.O.B. Louisville, Ky. , The third and fourth of the dusts listed may now be considered. They were both applied as were the nicotine dusts (a) in cages where mortality counts were made, (b) in the field by means of a hand duster, Niagara make. They appear practically equally toxic, and although neither of them gives absolute kills, dead beetles are quite common in treated fields, especially so in those treated with the sodium fluosilicate dust. The cage experiments showed that ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 83 when all of the plant surfaces were dusted a sixty-two per cent. kill was obtained with the arsenate-gypsum dust, and a sixty-six per cent. kill with the sodium fluosilicate-hydrated lime dust. When only half of the plants were dusted the arsenate dust killed forty-two per cent. and the fluosilicate thirty-five per cent. This indicates that the entire plant need not be covered, nor the beetles themselves dusted, in order that considerable mortality may follow. In this connection these mixtures are superior to the nicotine dusts. Aside from their toxic properties they are, with the exception of Wisconsin dust, the best repellents that we have tested. The arsenate-gypsum dust is slightly superior to the fluosilicate-hydrated lime dust in this respect. Bearing in mind the fact that it does not produce 100 per cent. mortality, the weakness of the arsenate- gypsum dust lies in its tendency to clog the duster in damp weather, and in the fact that it is not quite as good a spreader as the fluosilicate-lime combination. The latter dust is the easiest of application of all those used, as the hydrated lime diluent acts as a good spreader and dusts well under damp conditions, and the sodium fluosilicate while toxic to various insects is practically harmless to the operator. As the insecticidal value of sodium fluosilicate is but a recent discovery, our experiments with it have only extended over the past season. Four applications at the dilution previously indicated produced no evident stunting or burning of cucurbit plants. | The cost of application of these two dusts is practically the same, being about ninety cents per application per acre, labour included. Four or five treatments would be necessary each year, making the average yearly cost $3.60 to $4.50 per acre. Sodium fluosilicate is a promising insecticide, and if, as we expect, it can be procured in a more finely ground condition, it may prove to be the most valuable substance to use in combating the striped cucumber beetle. In the meantime it would be advisable to use the arsenate of lime-gypsum dust, one part to twenty parts by weight. GARDEN INSECTS OF 1925 IN MONTREAL DISTRICT LIONEL DAVIAULT, MacDonaLp COLLEGE, P.Q. The last season was not characterized by any bad outbreaks of insects. Each year the same insects are found doing practically the same amount of damage. Snails did considerable injury to lettuce, in hot houses, in the spring. Cut-worms were in large numbers this year, especially in tobacco regions. The best method found for controlling them was to spread poison bran by hand two days before planting and to repeat it two days after. _ Wire-worms were abundant in fields of grain following a clean culture. At St. Angele (Nicolet) we counted fifteen worms per square foot of soil. Grasshoppers were found very injurious this year to celery crops, especially around St. Vincent de Paul. The onion maggot (Phorbia cepetorum Meade) and the cabbage root maggot (Pegomyia brassicae Bouché) were as serious enemies of garden plants as ever. Many gardeners have abandoned the growing of onions because of the losses due to the onion maggot, and many others will discontinue this culture unless some good treatment is found. The corn root maggot (Pegomyia fuscipes Zett.) caused many farmers to resow their corn this spring. This occurs generally on soil too heavily manured in the spring. AF ANS USS SUD U6 eee eee ee nt a= a Fe ST) SS eae ne at el ee, eee ee of ee eS - 8 ERE 7 ee =’ 84 THE REPORD ORME EE In certain cases the potato flea beetle (Epztrix cucumeris Harr.) reduced considerably the foliage of the potatoes but the crop seemed not to be affected proportionately. The tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis L.) and the thrips were very bad pests of the chrysanthemum. The first insect attacks the flower’s buds and the second feeds on the leaves. In July we found many fields of peas, around Chambly Basin, entirely covered by large green aphids (Macrosiphum pist Kalt). We sprayed a field of twelve acres with nicotine sulphate and as a result all the aphids died and the crop was saved. LEAFHOPPERS For many years the Provincial Entomologist has received complaints about leafhoppers which were supposed to cause lot of damages to the celery crops. Last spring I was instructed to investigate the problem in order to find a means of control. It was not late in the season before I recognized that the rust of celery instead of the insect was responsible for the losses which the celery grower suffers each year. But I remarked also that if the leafhoppers were of little import- ance to the celery growers they were very bad pests of the lettuce and spinach. In the following lines I shall give a brief résumé of last summer’s work without drawing any definite conclusions because it is inadvisable to do so after only one year research. CLASSIFICATION AND LOCALITIES AFFECTED. ap RE leafhoppers were common on the garden plants throughout the season. They were found by hundreds on mucky soils containing a large amount of clay, and in boggy places. The species more commonly found were Cicadula sex-notata Fall, Helochara communis Fitch, Empoasca malt Le Baron and Parabolocratus viridis Uhler. The localities of St. Michel, St. Hubert, Ste. Rose and St. Vincent de Paul were the ones which were affected around Montreal. Helochara communis is especially found at St. Hubert and St. Michel because large quantities of swamp lands may be found there. Cuzcadula sex-notata is probably the most important because it is not limited to any kind of soil and is of great abundance. NATURE OF INJURY AND PLANTS AFFECTED.—The leafhoppers injure the plants in making thousands of little punctures with their pointed beaks which serve for the extraction of the sap. These feeding punctures were followed by spots in plants like oats and celery, but in potatoes, lettuce and spinach the effect was more generalized, and it affected the whole leaves. A leaf of lettuce badly affected becomes wilted and then changes to brown, having about the same appearance as a plant affected by sunscald. About the same thing occurs also in potatoes and the phytopath- ologists define it as Hopperburn. As previously stated, in the case of oats and celery there is only a spot produced. Osborn has observed the development of these spots for oats: ‘“‘When first made they are whitish, then they change to yellow, then to brown, and later to black, often they show a black or brown centre surrounded by a reddish or yellowish border resembling very closely a fungus spot. It is therefore difficult to separate them. The cause of the production of these spots is unknown yet. Some claim they are due to the presence of a disease, and others, to the introduction of a poison. Lir— Histrory.—It has been difficult for me to work out the life history of these pests because it was late in the season before I recognized them. However, EP NTOMOROGICAL SOCIETY | 85 I think I am right in assuming that the principal leafhoppers studied have three to four generations a year. The first one apparently occurs only on grasses which grow in the garden, the other generations are passed on the vegetable plants. The adults of the fourth generation and also the nymphs who did not have time to complete their development over-winter in sheltered places. CoNnTROL.—In case of insects like the leafhoppers, only preventive methods may be recommended. Knowing that the grasses, weeds, rubbish are good shelter places for winter times, it is advisable to clean the fields of them. Bordeaux mixture, which is used so successfully in the control of the potato leafhopper, has given here also very good results, but plants treated with it _ should be washed with tap water before being sent on the market. In our experiments, Bordeaux mixture was applied with a hand-sprayer, the plants being sprayed on both sides. Three to four applications were found to be required. We have failed in all our experiments with black leaf 40. The nicotin dusts gave better results. The best one is the precipitated nicotin sulphur. This is a cheap product easily spread over the plants and very effective. PARASITES OF WHITE GRUBS IN SOUTHERN QUEBEC A PROGRESS REPORT C. E. PEtcH AND G. H. HAMMOND, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, HEMMINGFORD, QUEBEC Before proceeding with the report of the investigational work carried out this year in connection with life history studies of parasites of Phyllophaga anxia Lec., the only economic species of Phyllophaga in Southern Quebec, it would be advisable to outline the life history in the vicinity of Hemmingford in so far as it has been studied and is associated with the life history of the parasites. The life cycle in this district occupies three years and the broods are very strongly differentiated, overlapping to an extent of less than one per cent. The flight year of the beetles previous to 1925 was 1922, and 1928 will unquestionably be the next one. At Hemmingford and throughout Southern Quebec generally, extending from Covey Hill to Rougemont, thence southward toward the border, the life history of P. anxia Lec. is essentially similar in the main details and the phases of thelife history come within regular periods. The great fluctuations in the number and development of white grubs cause very marked fluctuations in the number of the principal parasites—Mzicrophthalma michiganensis Tns. and Tiphia imornaia Say. During 1923 second year white grubs were present, especially in permanent or timothy sod, in excessive numbers and a considerable amount of damage was caused to the crops. These grubs were full grown during the late spring of 1924, when they caused a fair amount of loss to vegetation and became quiescent several weeks before pupation began. Pupation commenced on July 12th and was gradual until the termination of the period on September Ist. The pupal period averaged 44.5 days. Adult formation was general between August 17th and October 6th. The beetles remained in the soil during the winter and began to emerge in small numbers on May 14th. The flight period lasted until June 19th, . oY “2 RS, SS * . |e . tan, 4 —— a @ fF th Le | | | “)) ae ee EME nn al Ee 86 THE’ REPORT (OF Eis although a few continued to fly until June 28th. Forty per cent. of the total collection made in light traps was taken during the first week in June when the temperature for the week averaged 70.8 degrees Fahrenheit. In dry weather when the temperature was over fifty degrees Fahrenheit, between eight and ten p.m., the flight was always moderately active over the main part of the flight period. Mating occurred between May 26th and June 2nd, on the favour- ite food plants which were, in order of importance, white elm, white oak, silver- leaved poplar (Populus alba), aspen (Populus tremuloides) and cultivated raspberry. Eggs were found in the soil during the latter part of June and early July. The egg stage in the case of eggs collected in the field and hatched in the labora- tory occupied a period of 47.3 days. Hatching of the eggs began on. June 28th and continued to August 16th. The first year white grubs have. a single moult during late summer and fall and thus hibernate in the second instar.- , Pyrgota undata Wied. This Ortalid adult parasite was found rather commonly during the past season but it did not occur in numbers sufficiently large to permit of a detailed study of the life history. From preliminary observations, however, it is apparent that it is not present in sufficient numbers to be included in the list of effective natural checks, since it parasitizes less than one-tenth of one per cent. of the total adult beetles in flight. Curiously enough the first specimens of the flies were flying on June 3rd, or over three weeks after the first substantial June beetle flight. On June 8th and 9th the parasites appeared in moderate numbers and were found mating in most cases on shrubbery bordering meadows and pastures between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. during the day and presumably during the greater part of the night because many of them were drowned after midnight in the water pans of the June beetle traps. On June 13th and 14th Pyrgota was not found so commonly ~ through the day but seemed to be much more active during the night, when as many as twenty specimens were collected from June beetle traps. The flies were doubtless drowned when following June beetles as they flew to trap lanterns. Flight terminated on June 24th when a single specimen was seen on the wing which appeared to have emerged fairly recently, after a complete disappearance of the species since June 17th. A total of seventy-three parasites were collected of which 31.3 per cent. were males and 68.7 per cent. were females. Flight of the adults is rapid but resembles the flight of the larger crane flies; when disturbed the flies take to the wing quickly and usually disappear through thick shrubbery to evade pursuit. Hydrotaea hought Mall. The above fly was reared in small numbers from a group of dead June beetles which were exposed in pot cages for several weeks. Adults emerged from puparia on July 6th, 22nd, 25th, 27th and 31st; the species is believed to be normally saprophytic, no record of parasitism being noted. Pelecinus polyturator Drury On August 18th a single pupa of this species was dug out of permanent sod badly infested by white grubs. The pupa, of which a good photograph was prepared by Mr. F. C. Hennessey, is easily recognizable because of its close ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ey: resemblance in form to the adult. The entire pupa is invested by a yellow membrane which is wide and loose-fitting over the abdomen but it becomes much closer-fitting over the head and thorax. Because of the semi-transparency of the pupal membrane the segments of the abdomen may be plainly seen. The dead white grub host was found close to the pupa, flattened laterally and dis- coloured but with a certain amount of internal tissue which was not consumed by the parasite. The Pelecinus larva emerged from the grub through a slit which extended along the mid-ventral line of the body from the caudal extremity to the sixth abdominal segment. Tiphia inornata Say _ A series of 500 Tiphia cocoons were collected in the field during the fall of 1924 which were placed in hibernating quarters but they developed very slowly during the early spring of 1925. When examined on May 19th, 8.8 per cent. of the total prepupae had been killed by fungi and molds and 10.8 per cent. had reached the adult stage. A few prepupae had advanced in development to the pupal stage. After this date the entire group of Tiphia material from the previous year failed to show marked signs of development during the summer although kept in soil boxes during this period under conditions as nearly natural as possible. In September, 154 of 400 prepupae were still alive but were in a condition of dormancy. The original whitish colour of the prepupa remained as when first formed, except for a light yellowing over the extremities. As anticipated, the flight of Tiphia was large and important thisseason. The males appeared in large numbers on June 4th when the temperature was 75 degrees Fahrenheit, and when the June beetle flight hovered around the maximum. Tiphia adults swarmed over shrubbery and weeds along roads and fences and seemed to have a very marked preference for the terminal twigs of choke cherry (Prunus virginiana) as a resting site, especially where second growth foliage grew thickly to a height of from two to four feet. There is a distinct range of flight for both males and females of Tiphia, the males appearing fully ten days prior to the main flight of the females. Be- tween June 12th and 29th both males and females were present in fair numbers but from that date onward the number of males declined rapidly until the practical termination of their flight on July 5th. The activity of the females reached its height on July 13th, but moderate numbers were present on foliage until July 26th. Generally speaking, Tiphia adults were active throughout the flight period when the temperature during the day was above fifty-five degrees Fahrenheit but below this temperature few or no specimens appeared in exposed positions. Very few white grubs were present in the soil over the period when Tiphia adults were active. Under such conditions a high percentage of parasitism would be expected but the reverse was true and eggs and larvae of Tiphia were rarely found on second and third year white grubs collected during July. Hence, according to expectations, few cocoons were found behind the plow during the fall of 1925, regardless of the type of culture of the soil during the past season. The flight of T7zphia tnornata Say will therefore be slight during 1926 but as the second year white grubs will then be large enough to support the development of the ecto-parasitic larva of Tiphia there will follow an increase of the parasite with the successful pupation of a fair number of individuals. In 1927 a con- dition similar to that occurring in 1924 will obtain in that a moderate number __ ge eae — aoe LEM = —¥ Ge on oe «6 88 THE REPORT OF THE of females will oviposit on the plentiful supply of third year white grubs and during the fall of the same year there will be a large number of cocoons formed in the soil from which adults should emerge during the spring of 1928. In captivity Tiphia adults are very sensitive to changes of temperature and humidity and it is therefore difficult to determine the egg capacity of the females. Oviposition occurred readily in rearing tins, although seldom more than one or two eggs were deposited by one individual. | Eggs were deposited in the folds of the anterior thoracic segments on either side of the median line. Oviposition usually commences on the most anterior fold of the dorsum and progresses caudad over the succeeding sutures when several eggs are laid. Oviposition or sting scars similar to those found on the ventral side of eggs occur among the eggs but in an indefinite arrangement. Presumably the Tiphia female stung the grub in order to quiet it but failed to deposit the egg. Another explanation for the scars would be that the female stings the very restless grubs twice, on separate spots, in order to quiet them. It seldom happened that either eggs or sting scars followed in succession to the first abdominal segment. Many eggs were crushed through the contortions of the grubs. In a series of 180 eggs, 28.3 per cent. hatched, 30.5 per cent. failed to hatch and 31.1 per cent. were crushed. Oviposition in the laboratory was common between July 3rd and 20th and the eggs hatched between July 16th and August 10th. Cocoon construction occurred mainly between August 15th and September 10th. The egg period averaged 15.4 days, the larval period 30 days and the combined egg and larval periods averaged 45.4 days. Larval growth is very slow during the first ten days, becoming more rapid toward the termination of the twenty-day period and during the eight-day period preceding cocoon construction growth is very rapid. The Tiphia larvae leave the fixed position on the host at the commencement of the last growth period and feed through an enlarged opening in the cuticle of the host upon the internal organs. The following table gives the growth measurements of individual Tiphia larvae in millimetres: Tiphia tnornata Say Larval Growth Measurements Tiphia No. DS 3 | GA 7-1} GAI10-1| GA 23'| GA 30 | GA 31) ¢B it Datewblatche dee eee 26 VIL.) 25 VII.| 18 VII.) 16 VILJ 19 VIL; 18 VII) 22) VIL 1 LEH Vl Fl UPR etc Atagh ie ap crue eo Na MM ee ore NS Tis We eae ie els eee ate Te Vey oe oe ee DOP LR ANS Or eee RAO h ant | © ek Cree en i een aes hae lec ext hae 1.3 0°12 DD NIA cas. ie neotenic | ee 25 .6 1.85 1.3 DONT so one ail ache OL creamer | Gee oeaiaeeel| ah cient re 1.9 D Ovi ale so va eae 2.2 10 DSN AA ec \) Lotter od cak fe hme Ree | Regie neo ane yee St Dies DiS Ded La eee DAV HER hk PRET AOTE IOs [BAO 24.35 3.0 2.4 2S eee Hey, ZBL ERAS: Ce Are 1 2Osn Waastenia ite 0D, Al Sg7) OP wail 2.9 175 NG en os 9 hae oe i Dele atin Wa pares GOMER MARE EC sh ei Sead 3:0). See Sr Vale 38.50 eae see SM DAO Tee Saito 3.9 55 Ae) 4S Ck Seas aN Naseer ster Re. Fees D - Oirpiiaky. spaig 4a Tal: etka oe AWS 1.8 PN ALUL: Sigs SOS, eel Ban RR 8 A a By 510) L206 5.0 (Beas tee hak oe TOON ee en Peace tics 2S ace ee | eases TOF ee. eee nate TA 0.0" See 15 NCLAE ee EEE bP OTE Oar A 2 Se 16.0 18.0 10.0 17.0 tha Se iF feens Val EA Ces erat ae 10.0 18.0 Coen lS oe svi sles ts Tel oe 2 ee eee started PONE ee oak ee ecto ts eee 20.0 COG) Te ee eee started ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 89 Tiphia females showed a marked preference for third year white grubs on which to oviposit. Grubs infested by one or more larvae of Microphthalma michiganensis Tws. were always oviposited upon by Tiphia. The resulting Tiphia larvae continued to feed on the white grub host until the Microphthalma larvae emerged from the grub. Microphthalma michiganensis Tws. In the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1924, page 25, M. michiganensis was referred to as a new species, which, although taken from a wide range of localities, was thought to be new. Mr. C. H. Curran has since examined the type specimens of the above and found that they agreed with the new species M. phyllophagae Curran, the description of which was published in ‘Entomological News.”’ In the above description the abdomen is described as being wholly pollinose when viewed from behind in the case of both M. phyllophagae Curran and M. michiganensis Tns. and the genitalia is very similar but the claspers are less narrowed and not acute at the apex, while the forceps are a little more con- cave behind the smooth surface. The above differences may be associated with local races if they are consistent with geographical distribution. In addition to the locality notes for M. michiganensis published in the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1924, page 25, may be added Abbotsford, Rougemont and St. Hilaire, Que. It was as plentiful at these places as at Hemmingford in similar sites. Although the number of adults of the above species during 1924 was exceptionally large and of great economic significance, the flight during 1925 was slight and unimportant. While this great reduction in the number of these parasites is remarkable the cause of the fluctuation may be ascribed to the fact that during the period over which the flight of Microphthalma extended the large series of third year white grubs had either pupated or developed into adults. Such being the case, the only suitable hosts for the new brood of larvae were a small number of second year white grubs which were a year behind the main life cycle in development and consequently a relatively small proportion of the young Microphthalma larvae were successful in finding white grub hosts. To offset the disadvantage of a small number of available hosts, parasitism of white grubs during the spring of 1925 averaged 45.2 per cent. and the third year grubs contained an average of 1.9 parasitic maggots per grub, the actuak number varying with the individual between one and five. Pupation began June 13th this year as compared with June 6th last year, or twenty-three days earlier. It continued until August 17th, or 24 days later than in 1924, and reached its maximum on July 29th. The instances of pupation occurring from August 10th to 17th were unnatural and no adults emerged from these puparia. It is interesting to note that Tiphia larvae consume practically all of the internal tissues of the host before constructing the cocoon but Microphthalma larvae emerge through the body wall and leave behind a considerable amount of liquefaction and internal tissue. Adult emergence began in the laboratory on July 21st and continued until August 24th, reaching its height in the laboratory series on July 10th and in the field on July 15th. During 1924 from thirty to fifty specimens of Microphthalma could be obtained in one half hour collecting in the field but during the maximum flight of 1925 it was seldom possible to collect more than one or two flies in the same period. From the small number of parasitized second and first year grubs ——A TA Boh) 4a a ES | j iy De Mee DD Fe ew iiz@m! i & STE FS ae. Sa ee 90 THE REPORT OF THE obtainable during the present fall it may be safely assumed that the flight of Microphthalma during 1926 will also be small. However, unless ecological conditions are unfavourable there should be a fair increase in the species similar to that obtaining in 1924. A limited number of Microphthalma-infested grubs were turned out behind the plow this fall but practically all of them were second year grubs and only rarely were first year grubs found to be infested. Some interesting points relative to the structure and bionomics of the larva have been noted. Four stages have been identified from the structure of the mouth hooks and a fifth stage may exist which has not yet been isolated. The most useful guide to the identity of the larva probably is the mouth hooks, which in the mature larva each consist of two tapering, downward-directed processes. The apices of these processes are sharply pointed and are projected slightly backward and the area intervening between the two anterior hooks and the posterior pair is a smoothly-rounded arch. The dorsal side of the mouth hooks is smoothly rounded from the outer or anterior side of the frontal pair of hooks to the dorso-caudal margin. In comparison to the size of the Microphthalma larva the entire cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton is small, measuring only .75 milli- metres long in the mature specimens. After entering the body of the host the young parasite constructs a respiratory funnel which invests the caudal third of the parasite and the anterior two-thirds of the body is enveloped in a cyst. The respiratory funnel becomes narrowed as it approaches the cuticle of the grub and it passes through the cuticle in the form of a slightly-tapering tube with a bluntly-rounded apex, on the upper side of which is a tiny orifice, the respiratory pore, through which air passes into the respiratory funnel to the posterior spiracles. In the last larval stage the respiratory tube disappears and by some obscure process a large opening is dissolved away in the body wall of the grub to allow the exit of the parasite which exposes the caudal extremity of the body first. The posterior spiracles undergo a considerable change in form. They are small, rounded and not highly chitinized in the first and second stages of the larva but in the third and possibly fourth stages they bear much the same form as is present in the mature larva. Each spiracle, however, _ possesses, in addition to the three almost parallel slits, a single rounded opening on the upper side of the central slit, bordered on either side by the outer slits. The anterior spiracles are separate in the first two larval stages but these later unite to form a single organ with approximately nineteen tiny openings over the outer bifid area. Astlus snowi Hine. A series of 259 Asilid larvae which were collected behind the plow during the fall of 1924 were placed in rearing tins and covered with one foot of soil. In May, 1925, thirty-seven of the above total were alive and the remainder were mostly killed by winter temperatures, while all the white grubs placed in the tins for food were dead. Some of the tins containing Asilid larvae were not supplied with food in the form of fresh white grubs and from these tins larvae pupated as readily as from the tins which contained food for the Asilid larvae. Hence it is assumed that the larvae of Asilus snowt Hine. does not necessarily require food in the early part of the third year larval period in order to successfully pass through the pupal stage. Two larvae were parasitized by Hymenopterous insects but neither species transformed into adults. The larvae which survived pupated over the following periods given in tabular form below: vrai ~~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 91 No. larva Date pupation Date emergence Pupal period 5 CE Bee een oe 13 Me 21 VII. 37 days OE J eee 13 VI. 20 VII. 30g 0. A iss Pece wa 3: VE 20 VII. SOT eee ON a 1S VIE * 21 VII. Silken ih. Ll. Son ee oe 13 VI. 22 VII. SB erent tar 13 Vl. 18 VII. ey. eee LL SA Ie eee 13 VI. 19 VII. Sarr Re che gh oss 13 VI. 9 VIL 2 2s Es ak. . Sain ss 13 VI. 29 VIL. BO ee acd Js UR or 14 VI. 22° VAT. Otis pins eres tes 15 VI. 25 VII. Adie Ui.06 eee ee 22 VI. 27 VII. 55 73 | Lo Baga ain 13 VIT. 14 VIII. eo Average pupal period, 36.0 days. The pupa of Aszlus snowz is ordinarily light brown in colour, 15 millimetres long, with a row of stout, short spinulae around the posterior margin of each abdominal segment. The caudal extremity of the pupa is armed with two medium sized spinulae. The head bears a large, sharply-pointed spinula on either side of the mid-frontal line, while along the lateral area of the head are a series of three shorter spinulae attached together at the base. The pupa is capable of considerable motion in a spiral form and the abdominal spinulae aid in lifting the pupa upward through the soil. Previous to emergence the pupa becomes dull grey and the adult issues through a split which extends along the mid-dorsal line of the thorax from the caudal area of the head to the anterior margin of the first abdominal segment. In 1925 the adults were present in much greater numbers than during the two previous years and among the white grub parasites and predators the above species ranked next to 7iphia tnornata Say in numerical importance. Robber flies, of which A. snowz composed 98 per cent. during the season, destroyed a large number of noxious Diptera and Lepidoptera. The cherry-tree ugly nest moth, Cacoecia cerasivorana Fitch, was very common in local areas and the ppove species of robber-fly was noted feeding on the moths daily. On account of their small size few Asilid larvae were found in soil infested by white grubs but like the second year white grubs their presence will be much more apparent during 1926. MITES Two species of mites, Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae Riley and Tyroglyphus armipes Bks. were both common and prevalent on third year grubs during 1924, but during the present season they were uncommon, rarely being found on first year grubs and not nearly so numerous on third year grubs. \ \\ wih BS “a fs oe a — el See > 1 t | B| | = - or ——_ } : ! RYE BO EL A A nt 92 THE REPORT OF THE NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE CLOVER ROOT BORER Hylastinus obscurus H. F. Hupson The clover root borer, Hylastinus obscurus, is not regarded as an important clover insect, because it usually attacks plants in the second year of their growth and clover being a biennial is usually ploughed under after the second season. This may not always happen, and a field that is left for several years where volun- teer clover is allowed to grow, may seriously menace a field of young seeds in the immediate vicinity, and such not infrequently happens. Where it does occur the young field is undoubtedly injured, for any insect that feeds upon the roots of the plant must check its growth.. Such an injury occurred in a local field, and some observations were made on the life history of the insect. On April 27th some field collections of infested roots were made. It was found that roots that were spongy and full of water contained no beetles, though ample evidence of the work of the insects was apparent. From an examination of sixteen roots we collected two larvae, two pupae, seventy-five living adults, and four dead ones. One adult was taken on the crown of the plant, the only one seen on the outside of a root. On May ist another field examination was made and from sixteen roots, forty-eight living adults and seven dead ones were taken. Dead beetles were frequently obser1ved in water soaked roots, or those beginning to mould. On May 2nd, from the same number of roots, one larva, forty-seven living adults and six dead ones were taken; on May 3rd, from fifteen roots, sixty-six living adults and ten dead ones were taken; on May 4th, from sixteen roots, forty-five living adults and twelve dead ones were secured; on May 7th, from sixteen roots, three larvae, thirty-five living beetles and three dead ones were secured; on May 9th, from sixteen roots} two larvae, twenty-nine living adults and five dead ones were taken; on May i1th, from sixteen roots, two larvae, forty-two living adults and one dead one were taken; on May 15th, from sixteen roots, one larva, two pupae, thirty-four living adults and three dead ones were taken, while on May 18th from the samre number of roots fifty- three live adults and four dead ones were taken. Movement of adults to new plants was now in progress. Breeding experi- ments were started early in May, and the first eggs were secured May 28th. For this study some thirty-eight pairs of beetles were used, but the egg capacity of the female was not found to be very high. . The largest number of eggs secured from a single femalewas sixteen, and the total egg quota from all egg-laying females was 152. The period of oviposition extended from one to sixty-seven days. From a close study of thirty-four eggs, the maximum length of the stage was found to be seventeen days, the minimum nine days, and the average 12.67 days. Eggs in the field are easy to find, but never more than six were ever found in one root. The egg, length .65 millimetres, width .4 millimetres. When freshly laid the egg is smooth and moist, shining, watery white in colour. The shell is some- what elastic. A faint tinge of yellow is noticed in a few days but there is no great change in appearance during incubation. The larval head being light in colour is not conspicuous through the shell. Deposition. The beetles enter a plant selected for oviposition through the crown, the stem, or in the side of the root, one-half inch to one and one-half inches below the crown. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 93 A more or less winding burrow is formed downward. At intervals along this small pockets are made nearly as deep as the length of the eggs, which are deposited therein singly, afterwards covered with frass. Two to six eggs are usually deposited ina single root. Egg laying continues throughout the summer, beetles that started to lay the latter part of May continued ovipositing up to August 3rd. The larval stages were not studied in the laboratory, we found it impossible to keep the roots fresh long enough, also that once the larvae is removed it fails to re-establish itself. However in the field we found the first pupae July 15th, so that the probable larval stage would be four or five weeks. From July 15th various field observations were made with the following results: From 8 roots: 4 adults, 2 pupae, 45 larvae. July 22nd from 8 roots: 1 beetle, no pupae, 32 larvae. July 26th from 8 roots: no beetles, 1 pupa, 36 larvae. August 3rd, first adult emerged; from 8 roots: 2 newly emerged adults, 16 pupae, 24 larvae. August 12th from 8 roots: 3 adults, 12 pupae, 39 larvae. More extensive field counts were made late in August, September and October. The average infestation per plant for the month of August (from 77 plants) was: larvae, 4.09 per cent.; pupae, 2.05 per cent.; adults, 1.54 per cent. The average infestation per plant for September (80 plants) was: larvae, 77 per cent.; pupae, 75 per cent.; adults, 1.87 per cent. The average infestation for October (16 plants) was: larvae, 12 per cent.; pupae, .06 per cent., and adults, 4.44 per cent. From these studies it would appear that the winter may be spent either in the adult or larval form, with a possibility that in some cases pupae may winter over. We have not located any parasites, neither have we detected any pre- daceous enemies. Control. The control of the insect is simple. Ploughing under clover after the second crop is taken off, and the destruction of volunteer clover is all that is necessary. > ai ne a — — i es el a ee 94 THE REPORT OF THE THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1925 NORMAN CRIDDLE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In preparing the ‘Entomological Record”’ for 1925 we have followed along the lines laid down in 1924. The cost of publication has obliged us to curtail certain details and to restrict to a minimum the number of zonal records. Judg- ing from the interest taken in this publication, however, we believe it is still a direct stimulus to research in entomology, and, as such, still worthy of con- tinuance. Among the works dealing with insects are a number which appear at irregular intervals and in publications little known to many of our readers. A brief summary of the more important of these is given below: Revision of the New World Species of the Tribe Donaciini of the Coleopterous Family Chrysomelidae, by Charles Schaeffer, Brooklyn Museum Science Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1925. This paper contains a description of every known North American species of the tribe in question and gives the dis- tribution of each in detail. It should be in the hands of every working Coleopterist. Contribution to a Monograph of the Syrphidae (Diptera) from North of Mexico, by C. H. Curran, Kansas University Science Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 1, December, 1925 (dated 1924). This is an indispensable paper to students of the Syrphidae and an important contribution to a knowledge of the Canadian species, a number of which are described for the first time. The North American Dragonflies of the Genus Somatochlora, by E. M. Walker, University of Toronto Studies, Biological Series No. 26, 1925. An important work dealing with both the adults and early stages and illustrated by numerous plates. The American Species of the Tachinid Genus Peleteria Desv. (Diptera), by C. H. Curran. A Preliminary Revision of Some Charopsinae, a Subfamily of Ichneumonoidea or Ichneumon-flies, by Henry L. Viereck. The Ephemeroptera of Covey Hill, Que., by J. McDunnough. The above three papers were published in ‘‘The Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada,’’ Third Series, Vol. XIX, 1925. NOTES OF CAPTURES Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described since the last ‘‘Record” was prepared. LEPIDOPTERA (Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s ‘‘Check List of the Lepidoptera.”) Nymphalidae 286 Junonia coenia Hbn. Naswaaksis, N.B., (W. Kasson). Noctuidae 1152 Schinia trifascia Hbn. St. Thomas, Ont., Aug., (James). 1190 Schinia roseitincta Harv. Aweme East, Man., June, (E. Criddle). 2466 Acronycta elizabeta Sm. Strathroy, Ont., (Hudson). 2803 Amolita fessa Grt. St. Thomas, Ont., (James). 3106 Catocala grynea Cram. St. Thomas, Ont., (James). 3246 Autographa surena Grt. Hopedale, Labr., (Perrett). 3285 Abrostola formosa Grt. Victoria Beach, Man., (C. W. Gowan). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Geometridae 3966 Rachela pulchraria Tayl. Mt. Cheam, B.C., (R. Glendenning). 4085 Camptogramma stellata Gn. St. Thomas, Ont., Aug., (James). Pyraustinae 5178 Eustixia pupula Hbn. Pt. Pelee, Ont., July, (Walley). Phycitinae 95 Myelois ceratoniae Zell. Toronto, Ont., (Fowler). Bred from shelled almonds. 5705* Zophodia grossulariae magnificans Dyar. Wellington, B.C., (Taylor). Mens., Vol. XIII, Nos. 10-12, 1925. The following species have been kindly determined by Miss A. Braun: Cosmopterygidae 5957 Cosmopteryx clemensella Staint. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 7822 Batrachedra striolata Zell. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). 5985 Walshia amorphella Clem. Aweme, Man., June-July, (Criddle). Gelechiidae 6041 Aristotelia roseosuffusella Clem. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 6073 Telphusa quinquecristatella Cham. Nordegg, Alta., (McDunnough). 6119,1 Gnorimoschema chenopodiella Busck. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 6139 Recurvaria obliquistrigella Cham. Aweme, Man., May, (Criddle). 6145 Recurvaria quercivorella Cham. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). 6185 Duvita nigratomellaClem. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle); Ottawa, Ont., June, (Young). 6191 Anacampsis niveopulvella Clem. Waterton Lake, (McDunnough); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 6290 Gelechia fuscotaeniaella Cham. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 6357 Trichotaphe serrativitella Zell. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 6379 Dichomeris eupatoriella Cham. Aweme, Man., May, (Criddle). Oecophoridae Inse. Insc. 6450 Agonopteryx gelidella Busck. Nordegg, Alta., (McDunnough); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Tortricidae 7372 Tortrix packardiana Fern. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). Glyphipterygidae Ellabella editha Busck. Quamichan Lake and Saanikten, B.C., (Blackmore) ; Lakes, Alta., (McDunnough). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, No. 3, 1925. Gracilariidae Waterton 7999 Parectopa albicostella Braun. Aweme, Man., (White); Hemmingford, Que., (Petch). Additions to the List of Canadian Eucosminae sent by E. H. Blackmore, Victoria, B.C. Eucosminae Barbara colfaxiana Kft. Fitzgerald, B.C., (W. R. Carter). Barbara colfaxiana var. siskiyouana Kft, ‘Duncan, B.C., (G. O. Day). Thiodia tarandana Moes. Chilcotin, B.C., (E. R Buckell): Saaieooh: Sask., (King) ; Nordegg, Alta., (McDunnough); Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). Eucosma dodana Kit. Atlin, B.C., (Bryant); Mt. McLean, Bic) (As W:- Mt. Piran, Alta. Hanham); Epiblema gratuitana Hein. Duncan, B.C., (Hanham); Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). Epinotia subplicana Wism. Shawnigan Lake, B.C., (J. Clarke); Wellington, B.C., (Bryant). Epinotia terracoctana Wism. Goldstream, B.C., (Blackmore); Saanichten, B.C., (J. G. Colville); Powell River, B.C., (W. B. Anderson). Epinotia miscana Kft. Mt. McLean, B.C., (Hanham). ‘New Localities for Eucosminae sent by E. H. Blackmore, Victoria, B.C. Petrova burkeana Kft. Atlin, B.C., (Bryant). Petrova picicolana Dyar. Duncan, B.C., (Hanham). Thiodia corculana Zell. Creston, B.C., (Hanham). Thiodia columbiana Wlsm. Chilcotin, B.C., (E. R. Buckell). Thoda transversa W\sm. Chilcotin, B.C., (Buckell). Thiodia striatana Clem. Mt. McLean, B.C., (Hanham). Thiodia montanana Wlism._ Chilcotin, B.C., (Buckell). Eucosma ridingsiana Rob. Vavenby, B.C., (Moilliet). 49), asta = = - Sa iS Rh. =a Els = eee j 96 THE REPORT OF THE | | Eucosma argentialbana Wism. Atlin, B.C., (Bryant); Vavenby, B.C., (Moilliet). Eucosma agricolana Wlsm. Goldstream, B. ox (Blackmore). Eucosma scintillana var. randana Kft. Marron Lake, B.C., (B. B. Green). Eucosma subflavana Wism. Chase, B.C., (Anderson). Eucosma lolana Kft. Chilcotin, B.C., (Buckell). Eucosma mediostriata Wism. Chilcotin, B.C., (Buckell). Eucosma dorsisignatana Clem. Vavenby, B. on (Moilliet). Eucosma juncticiliana Wism. Fraser Mills, B. Ge (Marmont). Epiblema periculosana Hein. Mt. McLean, B.C., (Hanham). Type locality. — Epiblema tllotana Wism. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). Gypsonoma adjuncta Hein. Victoria, B. Gs (Carter). Gypsonoma fasciolana Clem. Goldstream, B. C., (Blackmore). Gypsonoma haimbachiana Kft. Vavenby, B.C., (M oilliet). Gypsonoma substitutionts Hein. Victoria, B.C., (W. R. Carter). Proteoteras aesculana Riley. Duncan, B.C., (Hanham). Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Sax. Victoria, B. e (Blackmore). Zetraphera diniana Gue. Victoria, Goldstream, B.C., (Blackmore). | Exentera improbana Wik. Goldstream, B.C., (Blackmore). | Exentera oregonana Wlism._ Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). Griselda radicana Wlism. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). Epinotia similana Hbn. Vavenby, B.C., (Moilliet). zl | Epinotia castaneana Wlsm. Victoria, B. Ge (Blackmore). i | Epinotia albangulana Wism. Victoria, Goldstream,, B.C., (Blackmore). q Epinotia nigralbana Wism. Saanichten, B.C., (J. G _ Colville): Sahtlem, B.C., (Black- more). Epinotia crenana Hub. Shawnigan Lake, B.C., (J. Clarke). Epinotia arctostaphylana Kft. Vavenby, B.C., (Moilliet). Epinotia medioplagata Wlsm. Chilcotin, B.C., (Buckell); Vavenby, B.C., (Moilliet). q Epinotia plumbolinearia Kit. Fraser Mills, Bacz (Marmont); Goldstream, B.C., H| | (Blackmore). } Epinotia cruciana Linn. Vavenby, B.C., (Moilliet). j Renae seorsa Hein. Vavenby, B.C., (Moilliet): Duncan, B.C., (Hanham); Victoria, Epinotia vagana Hein. Fraser Mills, B.C., (Blackmore). Epinotia lindana Fern. Victoria, B.C., (Carter); Lillooet, B.C., (A. Phair). y Epinotia trossulana Wlsm. Brentwood, B.C., (Blackmore). } Anchylopera subaequana Zell. Goldstream, B.C., (Blackmore). | Anchylopera angulifasciana Zell. Brentwood, B.C., (Blackmore). Anchylopera burgesstana Zell. Fraser Mills, Be: , (Blackmore). Ancylis apicana Wik. Fitzgerald, B.C., (Carter); Fraser Mills, B.C., (Bitignore: Ancylis diminutana Haw. Fraser Mills, BCs (Marmont). é Hystricophora stygiana Dyar. Mt. McLean, B.C., (Hanham); Goldstream, B.C., ; (Blackmore). : ( Hystricophora asphodelana Kft. Atlin, B.C., (Bryant). : COLEOPTERA (Arranged according to Lang’s ‘‘Catalogue of Coleoptera,’’ 1920.) } Carabidae 260 Pelophilla rudis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 269* Nebria schwarzi Van D. Banff, Alta., (E. A. Schwarz and Van Dyke). * Nebria pipert Van D. Merritt, B.C., (Hopping). Above two species described in ‘‘Pan. Pac. Ent.,’”’ Vol. 1, No. 3, 1925. 342 Dischirius erythrocerus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). | 505 Bembidion nebraskensis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 661 Bembidion obtusangulum Lec. Peachland, B.C., Stoney Mountain, Man., (Wallis); Leduc, Alta., (Carr). 896 Tachyta californica Casey. Peachland, B.C., (Wallis). 1141 Cryobius arcticola Chd. Mile 332, H.B. Ry., (Wallis). 1547 Platynus carbo Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 1665 Lebia montana Horn. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 1862 Lachnocrepis parallelus Say. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 1879 Piosoma setosa Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Amphizoidae 2281 sea Matth. Pincher Creek, Beaver Creek and Happy Valley, Alta., Carr). Haliplidae 2327 Peltodytes tortulosus Robts. Redwater, Alta., (Carr). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 97 Dytiscidae 2414 Coelambus scellatus Lec. White Lake and Cariboo Rd., B,C., (Criddle, Buckell, Vroom). 2419 Coelambus musculinus Cr. White Lake, Nicola Valley, B. on (Criddle and Vroom). 2421 Coelambus unguicularis Cr. White Lake, Nicola Valley, B. oe (Criddle and Vroom); Tofield and Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Coelambus tumidiventris Fall. Mile 70, Cariboo Rd., B.C., (Criddle, Buckell, Vroom). Hydroporus similaris Fall. Barkerville, B.C., (Criddle). Agabus sharpi Fall. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Agabus ajax Fall. Minnie Lake, B.C., (Criddle). ; Agabus triton Fall. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 2 Gyrinidae f Longitarsus pallescens Blat. Prince Edward Co., Ont., (Brimley). \ Gyrinus wallisi Fall. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr); Ponoha, Alta., (R. D. Bird). f Silphidae | - Necrophorus hybridus Hotch & Angell. Aweme, Man., July-August, (Criddle). f “Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc.,”’ Vol. XX XIII, 1925. f 2965 Ptomaphagus parasitus Lec. Aweme, Man., (R. M. White). \f | Orthoperidae \f 3230 Corylophodes marginicollis Lec. Birds Hill, Man., (Wallis). Histeridae 6573 Hister immunis Er. Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). 6867 Saprinus desertorum Mors. Medicine Hat, Alta. , (Carr). Oedemeridae f 7765. Ditylus coerulens Rond. Birds Hill, Man., (Wallis). I Mordelidae : 7872 Mordellistena grammica Lec. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Lake of Bays, Ont., (Mc- } Dunnough). F 7859 Mordellistena comata cervicalis Lec. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). |. 7875 Mordellistena semiustula Lec. Treesbank, Man., (White). 7896 Mordellistena smitht Drury. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). E 7900 Mordellistena sericans Fall. Aweme, Man., (White). Elateridae . Ludius lobatus Esch. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 8902 Agriotes montanus Lec. Stonewall, Man., (Wallis). Bs 9020 Melanetus canadensis Cond. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). Pp Buprestidae 2 9321 Chalcophora liberta Germ. Victoria Beach, Man., (Mrs. G. S. Brooks). E 9346 Dicerca chrysea Melsh. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 9408 Chrysobothris lecontei Leng. Onah, Man., (Wallis). i 9516 Agrilus pusillus Say. Winnipeg, Man., (Roberts and Wallis). - 9523d Agrilus arcuatus obliquus Lec. Douglas Lake, Man., (Wallis). o Heteroceridae 9644 Heterocerus pallidus Say. Aweme and Thornhill, Man., (Wallis). 9653 Heterocerus auromicans Kies. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Dermestidae : : 9739 Dermestes pulcher Lec. McMunn, Man., (H. Mulligan). . Cucujidae f 10199 Silvanus planatus Germ. Stonewall, Man., (Wallis). / Lathridiidae 10635 Coninomus nodifer Westw. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 10664 Cartodera fiium Aube. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). = Melandryidae 12541 Hallomenus punctulatus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). Bostrichidae 12888 Ampbphicerus bicaudatus Say. Husavick, Man., (Wallis). | j ll | i Mf ll | | ES =, a eae EF O_o 98 THE REPORT OF THE Cisidae 13013 Diphyllocis blaisdelli Casy. Peachiand, B.C. Bred from fungus, (Wallis). Scarabaeidae 13184 Aphodius distinctus Mall. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 13978 Cremastochilus incisus Csy. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Cerambycidae 14728 Anthobasus ruricola Oliv. Wabamun, Alta., (Carr). 14830 Crossidius pulchellus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 15182 Tetraopes femoratus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Chrysomelidae * Donacia emarginata frostt Schaef. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr); Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Rembrandt, Man., (Mrs. Mulligan); Ontario. * Donacia diversa Schaef. Point Pelee, Ont., (Bigelow). ; Donacia wallisi Schaef. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr); Aweme, Man., (Criddle); H. B. Ry., Miles 17-332, (Wallis); Rembrandt, Man., (Mrs. Mulligan). * Donacia dubia Schaef. -Glacia, B.C., (Hubbard and Schwarz); Banff, Alta., (Hearle). * Donacia longicollis Schaef. Metlakatla and Inverness, B.C., (Keen). The above five species described in ‘‘Brooklyn Mus. Sci., Bul., Vol. 3, 1925. Phyliodecta americana Schaef. Cypress Hills, Alta., on aspen, (Carr). 15932 MHaltica vicaria Horn. Medicine Hat, (Carr). Haltica heucherae Fall. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Longitarsus suspectus Blat. Prince Edward Co., Ont., (Brimley). Gyrinus pugionts Fall. Prince Edward Co., Ont., (J. F. Brimley). 16135 Microrhopala cyanea Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Curculionidae 16458 Apion arizonae Fall. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 15186 Amphionycha fammala Newn. Point Pelee, Ont., (G. S. Walley). 16523 Ophryastes sulcirostris Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 16727 Sitona flavescens Marsh. Peachland, B.C., (Metcalf); Husavick and Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 16885 Euclyptus rutilus Fall. Peachland, B.C., (Metcalf). 17009 Promecotarsus densus Csy. Cawston, B.C., ((Metcalf); Aweme, Man., (Wallis). 17046 Bagous transversus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 17262 Anthonomus hirtus Lec. Aweme, Man., (Wallis). DIPTERA Prepared by C. H. Curran The past year has been especially noteworthy for the description of a great many new Canadian Diptera and the record is largely composed of records of these new forms. In addition to the usual record, a complete list of the Canadian species of the families Lonchaeidae, Pallopteridae and Sapromyzidae i is given. The numbers at the left refer to the page in Aldrich’s Catalogue on which the name of the genus appears, while (*) refers to newly described species. Tipulidae 83* Antocha obtusa Alex. Hull, Que., (G. S. Walley). Ent. News, XXXVI, 201, 1925. Cladura flava cae Radium, B.C., (Described in Garrett's “Seventy New Dip- tera,’’ 1925 84* Erioptera aldricht Alex. Valdez, Alaska. Erioptera alaskensis Alex. Windy, Alaska. Ormosia curvata Alex. Skagway, Alaska. Ormosia proxima Alex. Skagway, Alaska. Ormosia decussata Alex. Ketchikan, Alaska. Rhabdomastix borealis Alex. Hurricane, Alaska. The above six species described in Proc. U. S.N.M. , LXIV, Art. 10, 1925. x * & & * 105* Dixa distincta Garr. Cranbrook, B.C. * Dixa simplex Garr. Cranbrook, B.C. Described in Garrett’s ‘‘Sixty-One New Diptera,’’ 1925. * Dixa plexipus Garrett. Nelson, B.C. Described in Garrett’s ‘‘Seventy New Diptera,” 1925. Chironomidae 117* Diamesia confusa Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Diamesia banana Garrett. Cranbrook and Fernie, B.C. * Diamesia borealis Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C — ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY — 99 117* Diamesia lurida Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Prodiamesia pertinax Garrett. Cranbrook and Michel, B.C. * Prodiamesia sequax Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Prodiamesia lutosopra Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Prodiamesia cubita Garrett. Fernie, B.C. * Tanypus arcuatus Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Tanypus trifolia Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * * * * * * * Tanypus abruptus Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Tanypus bifida Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Paratanypus kieffert Garrett. (Gen.n.) Cranbrook, B.C. = Linacerus piloala Garrett. (Gen.n.) Cranbrook, B.C. | Tsoecacta poeyi Garrett. (Gen.n.) Cranbrook, B.C. i Procladius malifero Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. v 111* Corynoneura cubitus Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. | Orphnephilidae 173* Orphnephila pilosa Garrett. Marysville, B.C. f * Orphnephila fusca Garrett. Marysville, B.C. \f All the above new Chironomidae and Orphnephilidae described in Garrett's ‘‘Seventy | New Diptera,” 1925. v Culicidae \ 134* Aedes labradorensis Dyar and Shannon. Labrador. . * Aedes pearyi Dyar and Shannon. Labrador. h The preceding two species described in Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., XV, 78, _ Aedes lazarensis F. & V. Onah and Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Mycetophilidae Neuratelia abrevena Garrett. Marysville, B.C. * Empalia disjuncta Garrett. Marysville, B.C. 143* Leia cephala Garrett. Marysville, B.C. 147* Dynotosoma montanus Garrett. Marysville, B.C. * Dynotosoma huliphila Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Dynotosoma huliphila grandis Garrett. Cranbrook and Bull River, B.C. Docosia setosa Garrett. Michel, B.C. Docosia affinis Garrett. Marysville, B.C. Docosia similis Garrett. Fernie, B.C. Docosia aceus Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Docosia nigrita Garrett. Marysville, B.C. Docosia vierecki Garrett. Nelson, B.C. Docosia apicula Garrett. Fernie and Michel, B.C. Docosia nebulosa Garrett. Vancouver, B.C. Cordyla verto Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Cordyla scutellata Garrett. Nelson, B.C. Cordyla confera Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Cordyla parva Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Zygomyia pilosa Garrett. Marysville and Cranbrook, B.C. Zygomyia bifasciata Garrett. Cranbrook and Marysville, B.C. Zygomyia christulata Garrett. Cranbrook and Marysville, B.C. Zygomyia christata Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Zygomyia coxalis Garrett. Cranbrook and Marysville, B.C. Sceptonia johannseni Garrett. Cranbrook and Marysville, B.C. Sceptonia autumnalis Garrett. Cranbrook and Marysville, B.C. The above described in Garrett’s ‘‘Seventy New Diptera,” 1925. Sciophila longua Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Sciophila neohebes Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Sciophila agassis Garrett. Agassiz, B.C. Sciophila bicolor Garrett. Marysville, B.C. | Sciophila bifida Garrett. Fernie, B.C. | Sciophila distincta Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Sciophila parvus Garrett. Fernie, B.C. | Sciophila fusca Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Sciophila setosa Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Sciophila acuta Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Tetragoneura similas Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Tetragoneura robur Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. f Boletina punctus Garrett. Creston, B.C. | Boletina magna Garrett. Fernie, B.C. Monoclona simplex Garrett. Caulfields, B.C. 143* Leta hemiata Garrett. Bull River, B.C. _| * Leia shermani Garrett. Agassiz, B.C. Sls 2S (C( jp te eX) * * — i cs *# *¥ Hee HH KH KF RE HR HH KH — ws i=) +e * HH E KR KK K eas > oOo © +k H % & M ycetophilidae 144* Odontopoda distincta Garrett. Agassiz, B.C. * Neuratelia obscura Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Neuratelia grandis Garrett. Marysville, B.C. Anatella difficilis Garrett. Vancouver, B.C. Macrocera variola Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Macrocera bicolor Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Macrocera uniqua Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Macrocera pilosa Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. : Macrocera villosa Garrett. Fernie, B.C. Macrocera similis Garrett. Michel, B.C. Macrocera distincta Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Bolitophila simplex Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Bolitophila perlata Garrett. Bull River, B.C. Bolitophila duplus Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Bolitophila raca Garrett. Crow’s Nest, B.C. Bolitophila connectans Garrett. Michel, B.C. Bolitophila recurva Garrett. Michel, B.C. Bolitophila clavata Garrett. Michel, B.C. Bolitophila acuta Garrett. Michel, B.C. Bolitophila subteresa Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Bolitophila bilobata Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Symmerus coguila Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Ceratelion fasciata Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Hesperinus flagellaria Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. Eudicrana plexipus Garrett. Vancouver, B.C. The above described in Garrett’s ‘‘Sixty-One New Diptera,” 1925. | 100 THE REPORT OF THE _ ; | } 4 | 147 : 147 KEKE KEKE KEK KKK HK KH HH HH Se ees rear (=) > % * Sciaridae 148* Sciara diderma Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Sciara diota Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Sciara clavata Garrett. Nelson, B.C. * Sciara arcuaia Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. * Sciara unicorn Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. The above new species described in Garrett’s ‘‘Seventy New Diptera,” 1925. Sciara caldaria Lint. Medicine Hat, Alta., Dec., (F. S. Carr). : Stratiomyidae 189 Nemotelus bonnarius Johns. Salmon Arm, B.C., July, (Dennys). : Tabanidae F * Tylostypia labradorensis Enderlein. Labrador, (subgen. of Tabanus,C.H.C.) (Mitt. _—_ - 5 Zool. Mus. Berlin, XI, 363, 1925). Asilidae 219 Pogonosoma dorsata Say. Victoria Beach, Man., June, July, Aug., (G. S. Brooks). ’ Pogonosoma ridingsit Cresson. Waterton, Alta., July, (Strickland); Lillooet, B.C., June, Y (Ruhmann); Departure Bay, B.C., (Hanham). Dolichopodidae 287 ¥ Mesorhaga pallicornis V.D. Pt. Pelee, Ont., July, (G. S. Walley); Aweme, Man., July, . (N. Criddle). / 288 *Diaphorus opacus Loew. Smith’s Cove, N.S., Aug., (A. Gibson). 289 » Chrysotus convergens V.D. Aylmer, Que., Aug., (Curran). /Chrysotus johnsoni V.D. Aylmer, Que., Aug., (Curran). 291 »Argyra nigricoxa V.D. Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). * . Argyra setipes V.D. Orillia, Ont., July, (Curran). * - Argyra albicoxa V.D. Hull, Que., July, (Curran). * ~ Argyra bimaculaia V.D. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). *. Argyra sericata V.D. Hull, Que., June, (Curran); Rigaud, Que., June. * Argyra currant V.D. Hull, Que., June, Orillia and Sebright, Ont., July, (Curran); Pt. Pelee, Ont., June, (Walley). ‘ Argyra thoracica V.D. Kearney, Ont., (V. Duzee). * - Argyra velutina V.D. Hull, Que., June; Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 292 .Rhaphium punctitarsis Curran. Aweme, Man., May, (N. Criddle). 292 Parasyntormon emarginicornis Curran. Nicola, B.C., (Criddle). 293 » Neurigona infuscata V.D. Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). Neurigona arcuata V.D. Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). 295 | Thinophilus ochrifacies V.D. Smith’s Cove, N.S., Aug., (A. Gibson). 295 » Medetera trisetosus V.D. Frater, Ont., June, (E. R. Watson). *Medetera halteralis V.D. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., Aug., (N. K. Bigelow). Medetera lobatus V.D. Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). Medetera viduus Wheeler. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, Aug., (N. K. Bigelow). 296* « Hydrophorus criddlei V.D. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 101 \ 296* | Hydrophorus fulvidorsum V.D. Chin, Alta., (H. L. Seamans). % The above described in ‘‘Psyche,’” XXXII, 181-182, 1925. “ Hydrophorus aestuum Loew. Shoal Lake, Man., Sept., (Criddle). OEE chrysologus Walk. Victoria Beach, Sept., and Aweme, Man., May, (N. riddle). 297 ~Scellus vigil O.S. Banff, Alta., Aug., (E. Hearle). 298 » Liancalus hydrophilus Ald. Banff, Alta., Oct., and Lake Louise, Alta., Sept., (E. Hearle). 298 » Dolichopus maculitarsis V.D. Baldur, Man., (R. D. Bird); Chin, Alta., May, (W. Carter). (Described in ‘‘Psyche,’’ XXXII, 184, 1925). i VU) -Dolichopus alacer V.D. Pt. Pelee, Ont., June, (Walley); Baldur, Man., June, (Criddle). 7 * Dolichopus nigrilineatus V.D. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (Brooks). "Dolichopus aldrichi Wheeler. Nicola and Douglas I.ake, B.C., July, (Criddle). ’ Dolichopus barbicauda V.D. Salmon Arm, B.C., June, (A. A. Dennys). “Dolichopus brevipennis Meigen. Minnie Lake, B.C., July, (Criddle). - Dolichopus celertpes V.D. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, (Bigelow). . /Dolichopus chrysostoma Loew. Orillia and Severn, Ont., June, (Curran), * Dolichopus cuprinus Wd. Salmon Arm, B.C., Aug., (Dennys). * Dolichopus defectus V.D. Transcona, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). | ’ Dolichopus flavicoxa V.D. Stockton and Glen Souris, Man., June, July, (Criddle); \y Salmon, Arm, B.C., June, (Dennys). ] Dolichopus lobatus Loew. Salmon Arm, B.C., June, (Dennys). v Dolichopus longimanus Loew. Hemmingford, Que., June, (Curran); Minnie Lake, B.C., \ July, (E. R. Buckell). , “ Dolichopus myosota O.S. Oliver, B.C., April, (C. Garrett). Y Dolichopus nigricauda V.D. Baldur, Man., June, (Criddle). ‘Dolichopus stenhammari Zett. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, Aug., (N. K. Bigelow). * Dolichopus varipes Coq. Barkerville, B.C., Aug., (Criddle). 305 » Gymnopternus crassicaudus Loew. Smith’s Cove, N.S., Aug. 6, (A. Gibson). 306* » Hercostomus purpuratus V.D. Stockton, Man., (Criddle). f 307 » Paraclius claviculatus Loew. Smith’s Cove, N.S., Aug., (Gibson). r 308 » Pelastoneurus abbreviatus Loew. Smith’s Cove, N.S., Aug., (Gibson). E » Pelastoneurus neglectus Wheeler. Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). | 2 ie Syrphidae 354 Baccha fuscipennis Say. Normandale, Ont., June, (Walley). Baccha costalis Wied. Pt. Pelee, Ont., July, (Walley). 362* Didea daphne Hull. Keremeos, B.C., (Garrett). (Is a Syrphus, C.H.C.) . (Described in ‘‘Ann. Ent. Soc. Am.,’’ XVIII, 280, 1925). i Syrphus (Didea) laxa syrphoides Hull. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). * Syrphus palliventris Curran. Nordegg, Alta., June, (McDunnough). i * Syrphus rufipunctatus Curran. Lillooet, B.C., July, (Treherne). ‘ * Syrphus neoperplexus Curran. Hussavick, Man., July, (Wallis). r * Syrphus osburni Curran. Orillia, Ont., May, (Curran). i * Syrphus laticaudatus Curran. Victoria, B.C., May, (Treherne). 4 * Syrphus laticaudus Curran. Orillia, Ont., May, (Curran); Hull, Que., May, June, ¢ (Curran). * Enpistrophe albipunctatus Curran. B.C. * Epistrophe columbiae Curran. Chilcotin, B.C., (Buckell); Cranbrook, B.C., (Garrett). * Epistrophe diversipunctatus Curran. Orillia, Ont., May, Sept., (Curran). ji * a ee ae Curran. Bull River, B.C., May, (Garrett); Banff, Alta., June, anson). * Epistrophe huntert Curran. Teulon, Man., May, (A. J. Hunter). * Epistrophe imperialis Curran. Abitibi region, Que., (Dr. Cook); Winnipeg, Man.; Macdiarmid, Ont., June, (Bigelow). * Eptstrophe submarginalis Curran. Orillia, Ont., May, June, (Curran). * Epistrophe subfasciatus Curran. Banff, Alta. * Epistrophe terminalis Curran. Ottawa, Ont., (McDunnough). 360* Melanostoma confusum Curran. Orillia, Ont., May, (Curran); Aylmer, Que., May, ; (McDunnough); Hull, Que., April, May, (Curran). r 348* oe Reg Curran. Orillia, Ont., May, June, and Guelph, Ont., July, i urran). ; (The preceding species described in Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Vol. 15, Dec. 1, 1925). in 375* Neoascia conica Curran. Banff, Alta., (Garrett). * Neoascia sphaerophoria Curran. Banff, Alta., (Garrett). * Neoascia subchalybea Curran. Montreal, Que., (Ouellet). ' * Neoascia unifasciata Curran. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). i (The preceding species described in ‘‘Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., X XVII, 1925). | * Cynorhina nigripes Curran. Victoria, B.C., April, (Treherne); Vancouver, B.C., June. f * Cynorhina armillata hunteri Curran. Teulon, Man., (A. J. Hunter). SS . 4 > — SS 102 THE REPORT OF THE Syrphidae 402* Criorhina mystaceae Curran. Halifax, N.S., June, (J. Perrin). * Criorhina caudaia Curran. Salmon Arm, Cranbrook, Hawser Lake and Kaslo, B.C., (Buckell, Garrett). (The above species described in ‘‘Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull.,’’ XV, Dec. 1, 1925). Parhelophilus obsoletus Loew. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (Brooks). Helophilus groenlandicus O. Fabr. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (Brooks). 384 Eristalis rupium Fabr. Aweme, Man., Aug., (Criddle). * Eristalis mellissoides Hull. British Columbia. “Ohio Journal of Science,’’ XXV, 1925. * Microdon albipilis Curran. ‘‘Manitoba.”’ * Microdon basicornis Curran. Barber Dam, N.B., June, (Tothill). “Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull.,”” XV, 1925. Conopidae 410 Zodion obliquefasciata Macq. Medicine Hat, Alta., July, (F. S. Carr). Tachinidae Phasia furva West. Truro, N.S., (Matheson). “Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc.,”’ XX XIII, 1925. Clausicella tarsalis Cog. Transcona, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). 450 Cylindromyia (Ocyptera) euchenor Walk, Medicine Hat, Alta., July, (F.S. Carr). 451* Linnaemyia nigrescens Curran. Hedley, B.C., (C. Garrett). * Linnaemyia varia Curran. Hopedale, Labr., (Perrett). These two species described in ‘‘Ent. News,’’ XX XVI, 1925. Mericia johnsoni Toth. Montreal, Que., May, (J. Ouellet); Orillia, Ont., June,(Curran). Mericia longicarina Toth. Waterton, Alta., July, (Seamans). Mericia platycarina Toth. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). Lydella polita Tns. (L. connecta Curran). Transcona, Man., July, (Brooks). 480 Gaediopsis ocellaris Coq. Winnipeg, Man., July, (A. V. Mitchener). Microphthalma michiganensis Tns. (M. phyilophagae Curr.). Hemmingford, Que., (G. H. Hammond); Aylmer, Que., (Curran); Strathroy,.Ont., (Hudson)... ~ Fabriciella canadensis Toth. Waterton, Alta., July, (Seamans). 484* Peleteria alberta Curran. Banff, Alta., (C. Garrett). Peleteria angulata Curran. Hedley, Bie , (Garrett). Peleteria biangulata Curran. Salmon Arm, B.C. july sn Ae Denier Peleteria bryanti Curran. Alberta, Man., British Celumbia, Saskatchewan. Peleteria campestris Curran. Alberta, B. Gi Man., Sask. Bryant); London Hill Mine, B.C. _ (Currie). Peleteria confusa Curran. Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. Peleteria conjuncta Curran. N icola, B.C., (P. Vroom). Peleteria cornigera Curran. Lillooet, B.C., (Phair). Peleteria cornuta Curran. Tincher and Cypress, Alta., (Strickland); Calgary, Alta., (J. Fletcher). ee Fike pete Curran. Banff, Alta., (Garrett); Barkerville, B.C., Aug., (N. riddle). Peleteria eronis Curran. Alberta (Strickland, Cameron); British Columbia, (Anderson, Wilson); Manitoba, (Vroom, Wallis). * Peleieria phairi Curran. Lillooet, B. Gr, July, (Phair) Bantie Altay rot iearrett). The above species described in “Trans. Royal Soc. Can., : XIX, 192 25. Sarcophagidae 510* Sarcophaga morosa Aldrich. Ottawa, Ont. “Proc: U:SUNUMEs IE eet lies oP: Muscidae (Anthomyidae) 534 Hydrotaea dentipes Fabr. Macdiarmid, Ont., July, (N. K. Bigelow). Hydrotaea houghi Mall. Macdiarmid, Ont., july, (Bigelow). 542 Trichopticus johnsoni Mall. Off Fame Point, N.W.T., July, (R. Finnie). Helina nigricans Stein. Transcona, Man.. _ June, (Brooks). Helomyzidae 572* Anorostoma hinei Garrett. Alaska, July, (Hine). * Spanoparia walkeri Garrett. Marysville, Brees julyaanug:, (Garrett). * Postleria diversa Garrett. Marysville, B.C. , Aug., (Garrett). The above described in Garrett’s “Seventy New Diptera,” 1925. Postleria czernt Garrett. Alaska. Suillia loewt Garrett. British Columbia (Garrett). Helomyza serrata americana Garrett. ‘‘Canada.”’ Amoebaleria gonea Garrett. Fernie, B.C., October, (Garrett). Amoebaleria fraterna hyalina Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C., (Garrett); Alaska, (Hine). A moebaleria triangulata Garrett. Yukon, B.C. _ (Garrett). The above described in Garrett’s “Sixty- One New Diptera,”’ 1925. x &§ € & KH * * Peleteria clara Curran. Lethbridge, ’ Alta., (Strickland, Carter); Calgary, Alta., (O. — ww ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY - 103 Borboridae * Leptocera maculipennis Spuler. ‘‘British Columbia.” * Leptocera abundans Spuler. Kaslo, B.C., (Currie). Described in ‘‘Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc.,”’ XX XIII, 1925. Ortalidae 597 Seioptera colon Loew. Transcona, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). Ephydridae 629* Ephydra pacifica Cresson. ‘‘British Columbia,’’ (Crew). “Ent. News,’’ XX XVI, 167, 1925. Drosophilidae 640 Stegana eae Wahl. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., Aug., and Macdiarmid, Ont., July, (N. K. Bigelow). Following is a list of Canadian species of Lonchaeidae, Pallopteridae and Sapromyzidae, giving the distribution of species as shown by representatives in the Canadian National Collection. Other species have been recorded but the determination must be verified. Lonchaeidae Lonchaea polita Say. Ontario and Quebec, (Beaulne, Beaulieu, Curran, Evans, Walley, Hewitt and Gibson). Common May to September. epee oT Malloch. Trenton, Ont., (J. D. Evans); Aylmer, Que., Aug., urran). Lonchaea subpolita Malloch. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, (N. K. Bigelow). Lonchaea nigrociliata Malloch. Chilcotin, B.C., June, (E. R. Buckell). Lonchaea occidentalis Malloch. British Columbia, (Hopping). Lonchaea laticornis Meigen. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, Aug., (N. K. Bigelow). Lonchaea aberrans Malloch. Kentville, N.S., May, (R. P. Gorham). Lonchaea vaginalis Fallen. Chatham, Trenton and Ottawa, Ont., (Walley, Curran, Ide, Evans); Montreal, Chicoutimi and Hull, Que., (Beaulieu, Beaulne); Teulon, Man., (W. Chesney). Early May to September. Lonchaea quadrisetosa Malloch. Reared from birch log at Experimental Farm, Ottawa, June, 1919, (C. B. Hutchings); Rigaud, Que., June, (Jos. Ouellet). eee — Malloch. Ottawa, Ont., July, (Curran): Aweme, Man., June, (R. M. ite Lonchaea ruficornis Malloch. Belleville, Ont. Lonchaea afinis Malloch. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, (Bigelow). Sapromyzidae Lauxania cylindricornis Fabricius. Kentville, N.S., June, July, (R. P. Gorham); Ft. Coulonge, Que., July, (Beaulne); Rigaud, Que., June, (Beaulieu); Meach Lake, Que., June, (A. Gibson); Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle, N. Robertson); Vernon, B.C., May, July, (M. H. Ruhmann, Downes): Chilcotin and Fairview, B.C., June, (Buckell, Anderson); Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River, June, (C. H. Crickmay) Camptoprosopella vulgaris Fitch. Kentville, N.S.; Joliette, Outremont, Montreal and Fort Coulonge, Que.; Trenton, Ottawa, Bowmanville, Strathroy and Jordan, Ont.; Treesbank, Man., Saskatoon, Sask. Specimens collected by Gorham, Ouellet, Beaulieu, Beaulne Evans, Fletcher, Ross, Hudson, Curran, Criddle and eine Melanomyza gracilipes Loew. Aylmer, Que., Aug., (Curran); Jordan, Ont., Aug., (W.A Ross); Ottawa, Ont., June, (W. Metcalfe). Minettia americana Malloch. Cottage Beaulieu and Rideau, Que., (Beaulieu); Covey Hill, Que., (T. Armstrong, G. S. Walley); Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough, Viereck); Trenton, Ont., (Evans); Lobo, Ont., (A. A. Wood); Salmon Arm, B.C., (A. A Dennys). The dates range from May to August. Minettia obscura Loew. Hemmingford, Que., (G. Hammond); Meach Lake, Que., (A. Gibson); Ottawa, Ont., (Walley); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). May to July. Minettia lupulina Fabricius. Kentville, N.S., (Gorham); Fort Coulonge and Hull, Que., (Beaulne); Montreal, Que., (Beaulieu); Ottawa, Muskoka, Orillia, Point Pelee, Toronto and Jordan, Ont., (H. S. Parrish, Viereck, Walley, Walker, Bigelow, Ross): Manitoba, (Criddle): Saskatoon, Sask. (King): Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans, Strickland); Salmon atin: ) BAC. (Dennys): ‘Fort Wrigley, NEVA July, (Gao: Crickmay). Very common during the summer. Minettia flaveola Coquillett. Arrowsmith, B.C., (Jas. Fletcher); Lethbridge, Alta., June, (H. L. Seamans). Sapromyza serrata Malloch. Aylmer, Que., July, (Curran); Ottawa, Ont., July, (G. Beaulieu); Norway Point, Ont., July, (Me Dunnenan): Ottawa, (Ww. Metcalfe). Sapromyza quadrilineata Loew. Kentville, NES. uly ka _ Gorham): ‘Montreal, Que., July. | | —— a S 9 = a, | 104 THE REPORT OF THE Sapromyzidae i | Sapromyza annulata Melander. Montreal, Que., July, (Beaulieu); St. John’s, Que., |; | Brockville, Ont., August, (Metcalfe); Ottawa, Ont., June, July, (Metcalfe, Beau- — lieu); Minnie Lake, B.C., July, (Buckell); Salmon Arm, B.C., June, (Dennys). i Sapromyza pictiventris Malloch. Rigaud, Que., June, (Beaulieu); Aweme, Man., i | (N. Criddle). | Sapromyza rotundicornis Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July, (Curran); Brockville, Ont., August, i (Metcalfe); Trenton, Ont., (Evans). Sapromyza nigerrima Melander. Salmon Arm, B.C., August, (Dennys). ; 1 | Sapromyza hyalinaita Meigen. Hull, Que., July, (J. I. Beaulne); Ottawa, Ont., Aug., i | (J. Fletcher); Norway Point, Lake of Bays, Ont., July, (McDunnough). | Sapromyza bispina Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., July, (E. H. Strickland). I Sapromyzosoma fraterna Loew. Ottawa, Ont., Aug., (J. I. Beaulne); Norway Point, Lake of Bays, Ont., Aug., (McDunnough). ; Sapromyzosoma compedita Loew. Kentville, N.S., July, (Gorham); Aylmer, Que., Aug., (Curran); Ottawa, Ont., June, (Beaulne); Brockville, Ont., Aug., (Metcalfe). | Sapromyzosoma cyclops Melander. Lethbridge, Alta., June, (H. L. Seamans); Oliver, B.C., May, (Garrett). | Sapromyzosoma disjuncta Johnson. Hemmingford, Que., July, (Hammond); Aylmer, — Que., July, (Curran); Ottawa, Ont., July, (Curran). | Sapromyzosoma sheldont Coquillett. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Metcalfe). | Sapromyzosoma philadelphica Macquart. Cottage Beaulieu, Que., Aug., (Beaulieu); | | Brule River Camp, Northern Quebec, July, Aug.; Port Hope, Ont., May, (Metcalfe). } Sapromyzosoma incerta Malloch. Cottage Beaulieu, Que., Aug., (Beaulieu); Ottawa, . Ont., June, Aug., (Metcalfe, Curran); Norway Point, Lake of Bays, Ont., Aug., (McDunnough). Sapromyzosoma littoralis Malloch. Lanoraie, Que., June, (G. Beaulieu); Hull, Que., (Beaulne); Ottawa, Ont., (Beaulne, Beaulieu); Aweme, Man., May, (R. D. Bird); Strathroy, Ont., (Hudson). Sapromyzosoma nudifemur Malloch. Kaslo, B.C., (Currie). ‘‘Proc. U.S.N.M.,” LXV, Art..12,.1925,. Sapromyzosoma fratercula Malloch. Kentville, N.S., June, July, (Gorham); Lanoraie, Que., June, (G. Beaulieu); Berthier, Que., May, (J. Ouellet); Fort Coulonge, Que., July, (J. I. Beaulne); Ottawa, Ont., (G. Beaulieu, J. I. Beaulne); Jordan, Ont., (Ross, Curran); Teulon, Man., (A. J. Hunter). Sapromyzosoma seticauda Malloch. Ottawa, Ont., July, Aug., (G. Beaulieu). LS | Pallopteridae ‘ Palloptera jucunda Loew. Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Vernon, B.C., Oct., (W. Downes); Vancouver, B.C., June, (Hanham). Palloptera superba Loew. Normandale, Ont., June, (Walley); Ottawa, Ont., June, July, (W. Metcalfe, F. Ide); Hull, Que., July, (Ide); Aweme, Man., Aug., (N. Criddle) | HYMENOPTERA at Prepared by H. L. VIERECK Vipionidae panies Ne ne militaris Walsh. Chatham, Ont., Aug. 26th, 1925, (A. B. aird). Evaniidae s Gasteruption micrurus Kieff. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1910, (J. B. Wallis). Ichneumonidae Amblyteles (Cratichneumon) discus Cress. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1910, (J. B. Wallis). Chlorolycorina albomarginata Cress. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1925, (R. D. Bird). Cylloceria sexlineata Say. Aweme, Man., July 6, 9, 17, 1924, (R. M. White). : (Pimpla) Epiurus pterophori Ashm. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 4, 1909, (J. B. Wallis). Eremotylus texanus Ashm. Aweme, Man., June 22, 1922, (R. M. White). Glypta militaris Cress. Aweme, Man., July 5, 9, 1924, (R. D. Bird). Lissonota coloradensis Cress. Aweme, Man., July, 22, 1922, (R. M. White). (Casinaria) Neonortonia orgyiae How. Aweme, Man., Aug. 12, 1924, ex Hemero- campa leucostigma, (R. D. Bird). f Orthopelma mediator Thunb. Hemmingford, Que., July 31, Aug. 1, 1925, ex Dzplolepis rosae L., (G. H. Hammond). Phytodietus pleuralis Cress. Sudbury, Ont., 1891, June 6, 1892, (Evans); Aweme, Man., May 27, 1922, (R. M. White). f Phytodietus pulcherrimus Cress. Transcona, Man., July 10, 1924, (G. S. Brooks). a Rhyssa skinnert Vier. var. Aweme, Man., June 30, July 12, 1922, (R. M. White). i| Sagaritis ruficoxalis Vier. Aweme, Man., July 10, 1922, (R. M. White). Xorides catomus Davis. Creston, B.C., May 30, 1924, (C. S. Lallamand). : Zaleptopygus mordellistenae Cush. Treesbank, Man., July 16, 1924, ex Mordellistena aemula, (R. M. White). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 105 The following Ichneumonidae are treated in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada’ Vol. XIX, 3rd series, pp. 259-273, 1925. * Nothanomaloides stenosomus Vier. Ontario, (Evans). * Idiosomidea secunda Vier. Alberta, (O. Bryant). * Campoplegidea walleyi Vier. Quebec, (G. S. Walley). * Campoplegidea vibecifera Vier. Ontario, (W. H. Harrington). * Campoplegidea okanaganensis Vier. Manitoba, (G. S. Brooks); British Columbia. * Campoplegidea stricklandi Vier. Alberta, (E. H. Strickland). * Campoplegidea seamanst Vier. Alberta, (H. L. Seamans). * Campoplegidea rossi Vier. Ontario, (C. H. Curran). * Campboplegidea planatella Vier. Alberta, (H. L. Seamans). * Campoplegidea planata Vier. Ontario, (James Fletcher). * Campoplegidea crassata Vier. Quebec. * Campoplegidea egregiata Vier. British Columbia, (W. Downes). * Campoplegidea edmontonensis Vier. Alberta, (C. Bryant). * Campoplegidea downest Vier. British Columbia (W. Downes), (R. H. Chrystal). * Campoplegidea diversicolor Vier. Ontario. * Campoplegidea citriscopa Vier. Ontario, (C. H. Curran); British Columbia. * Campoplegidea brooksi Vier. Manitoba, (C. S. Brooks); Alberta, (H. L. Seamans). * Campoplegidea signata Vier. Ontario, (Evans); Manitoba, (N. Criddle), (C. S. Brooks). The following three species described in ‘‘Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.”’, Vol. 64, 1925. * Cidaphus occidentalis Cush. Revelstoke, B.C., (Currie). * Protarchoides mandibularis Cush. Wellington, B.C., (C. W. Johnson). * Parabates cristatoides Cush. Kaslo, B.C., (Currie). Belytidae Pseudomethoca propinqua Cress. Medicine Hat and Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916, (Sladen), and Aug. 26, 28, 1912, (J. B. Wallis), respectively. Halictidae Halictus (Evylaeus) pectoraloides Ck\l. British Columbia; Okanagan Falls, June 3, 1919, (E. R. Buckell); Summerland, June 4, 1919, Penticton, May 20, June 2, 22, 1919, (E. R. Buckell). Halictus (Evylaeus) ovaliceps Ckll. Penticton, B.C., June 7, 1918, (E. R. Buckell); Vernon, B.C., June 7, 1919, (E. P. Venables). Halictus (Agapostemon) femoratus Crawford. Okanagan Falls, B.C., June 8, 1913, (E. M. Anderson). Andrenidae Andrena (Andrena) vernoni Vier. Cranbrook, B.C., May 12, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett). Andrena (Andrena) erythrogaster var. rhodura Cklil. Ottawa, Ont., April 23, 1913, April 29, 1916, May 20, 1918, (F. W. L. Sladen), May 25, 1896; Ironsides, Que., April 28, 1916. Andrena (Andrena) erythrogaster var. subaustralis Ckll. Ottawa, Ont., April 25, 1913, May 9, 1914, April 24, 1915, (F. W. Sladen); Ironsides, Que., May 7, 1916, Montreal, May 4, 1906, (Beaulieu); Fairview, B.C., May 18, 1919, (E. R. Buckell); Vasseau Lake, April 9, 1921, (F. W. Sladen). Andrena (Andrena) placida Sm. Ottawa, Ont., April 25, 1913, May 3, 30, 1914, May 24, 1915, (F. W. L. Sladen), April 21, 1912, (J. I. Beaulne); Hull, Que., May 14, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen); Montreal, Que., May 4, 1906 (Beaulieu); Kazabazua, June 3, 1917, blackberry, (F. W. L. Sladen); Annapolis, N.S., May 22, 1912, (C. G. Hewitt); St. John, N.B., June 9, 1901, May 18, 1902, (A. G. Leavitt); May 4, 1902, (W. McIntosh). Andrena (Andrena) illinoensis Rob. Winnipeg, Man., May 7, 1910, (J. B. Wallis). te (Parandrena) mendosa Vier. Penticton, B.C., April 15, 23, 1919, (E. R. Buck- ell). Macropidae Macropis morsei Rob. Orillia, Ont., July 26, 28, 30, Aug. 2, 1924, (H. L. Viereck); Hull, Que., July 8, 1923, on flowers of Steironema ciliatum, (H. L. Viereck); Aylmer, Que., June 21, 1915, (F. W. L. Sladen), July 20, 1924, on flowers of Ceanathus Americanus, (H. L. Viereck); Kazabazua, Que., July 3, 17, 1913; Saskatoon, Sask., July 25, 1923, 16410, 3N. 7C., (K. M. King). Panurgidae Panurginus aestivalis Prov. Toronto, Ont., Sept. 1, 1893; Hemmingford, Que., August 29, 30, 1916, (J. I. Beaulne); St. John, N.B., Aug. 6,1900, Aug. 9, 1903, Aug. 10, 1902, (A. G. Leavitt). Calliopsis andreniformis Sm. Ottawa, Ont., June 28, July 29, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen); June 26, 1914, (J. I. Beaulne); Lanoraie, Que., June 20, 1915, (J. I. Beaulne); Hull, Que., July 6, 1920, (G. Beaulieu); St. John. N.B., Aug. 9, 1902, (A. G. Leavitt); Dalhousie, N.B., July 24, 1915, (F. W. L. Sladen). SO ee ee LI eS a 106 THE REPORT OF THE Panurgidae Greeleyella beardsleyi Ckll. Lethbridge, Alta., July 7, 1909, (J. B. Wallis), July 11, 1922, (W. Carter). Nomada (Gnathias) bella Cress. var. Agassiz, B.C., May 11, 1915, (F. W.L. Sladen); May 20, 1921, (R. Glendenning); Ft. Steel, B.C., June 20, 1922, (W. B. Anderson); Gabriola Island, B.C., (Taylor); Cranbrook, B.C., May 14, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett); Chase, B.C., June 9, 1920, (W. B. Anderson); Victoria, B.C., May 29, 1916, (R. C. Treherne); Vernon, B.C., May 24, 1918, (W. Downes); Penticton, June 21, 1919, (E.R. Buckell). Nomada (Gnathias) cuneata Rob. var. quadrisignata Rob. Kentville, N.S., June 22, 1914, (C.A.G.). Nomada (Gnathias) ovata Rob. Ottawa, Ont., June 12, 1913, April 24, 1915, April 26, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen); Toronto, Ont., May 31, 1895, May 17, 1896, 1897, June 8, 1888. Nomada (Gnathias) albofasciata Sm. Chilcotin, B.C., May 2, 1901, (E. R. Buckell). ene See grayt eastonensis Ckll. Agassiz, B.C., May 11, 1915, (F, W. L. aden). Nomada (Nomada) ultima Ck\l. Saanich Dist., June 2, 1918, (W. Downes). Nomada (Nomada) tllinoensis Rob. Ottawa, Ont., June 30, 1913; Cheticamp, C.B.1., June, July, 1917, (F. Johansen); Eastern Passage, N.S., July 5, 1914. Nomada (Phor.) proxima Cress. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 16, 1900, Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 17, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen); Vernon, B.C., July 24, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen); Lethbridge, Alta., July 28, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen). Phileremulus mallochi Cwfd. Medicine Hat, Alta., July 20, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen) Euceridae Melissodes vernonensis Vier. Similkameen, Okanagan, B.C., Sept. 11, 12, 1913, (T. Wilson); Walhachin, B.C., June 27, 1918, (E. R. Buckell). Tetralomia dilecta Cress. St. Mary River, Alta., July 20, 1923, (R. D. Bird). Anthophoridae Anthophora (Anthemoessa) gorhmanae Ckll. Nakusp, B.C., August:3, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen); Kaslo, B.C., June 11, 1905, (J. W. Cockle). Stelididae Stelis (Microstelis) lateralis Cress. Ottawa, Ont., June 5, 17, 21, Aug. 5. 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen); Toronto, Ont., June 24, 1894, Sept. 23, 1891; Aylmer, Que., June 6, 1915, Potentilla; Kazabazua, Que., Aug. 9, 1913; Kirk’s Ferry, Que., July 13, 1915, (F. W. L. Sladen); St. Anne’s, Que., July 15, 1917; Hull, Que., July 6, 1920, (G. Beaulieu); Winnipeg, Man., April 1, 1920. ’ Megachilidae Ashmeadiella denticulata Cress. Vernon, B.C., July 11, 1914, Spillemachine, July 3, 1914, (F. W. L. Sladen). Andronicus cylindricus Cress. Toronto, Ont., August 12, 1887, June 4, 1883; Port Syd- ney, Ont., May 2, 1891; New Brunswick, July 26, 1902, (A. G. Leavitt); Dalhousie, © N.B., July 24, 1915, (F. W. L. Sladen); Ironsides, Que., June 6, 1914, Rubus, (F. W. L. Sladen); Aylmer, Que., June 21, 1915; Hull, Que., June 14, 1914, May 28, 1915; Kazabazua, July 3, 13, Aug. 4, 1913; St. Ann de la Pocatiere, Que., Aug. 7, 1914; Maniwaki, Que., Aug., 1915; Quebec City, Aug. 8, 1914; Aweme, Man., July 24, 1914, (N. Criddle); Fort Wrigley, McKenzie River, July 25, 1922, (C. H. Crickmay); Painsec, N.S., Aug. 4, 1914; Kentville, N.S., July 30, 1914, (F. W. L. Sladen). Monumetha argentifrons Cress. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 17, 1887; Sudbury, Ont., July 7, 1839; Ft. William, June 2, 1915, (F. W. L. Sladen); Ironsides, Que., June 6, 1914, (Rubus), (F. W. L. Sladen); Teulon, Man., Banff, Alta., Aug. 5, 1915, (Sanson); Upper Stewart River, N.W.T., 1905, (Jos. Keela); Shawnigan, V.I., B.C., June 7, 1914, (F. W. L. Sladen); Kaslo, B.C., May 24, Bulkley Valley, June 14, 1914, (Tom Wilson); Invermere, B.C., June 30, 1914, (F. W. L. Sladen); Vernon, B.C., June 25, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen); Illicilliwaet, B.C., June 11, 1885; Nicola Lake, B.C., May 27, 1922, (E. R. Buckell); Penticton, B.C., June 29, 1919, (E. R. Buckell); Lytton, B.C., June, 1913, (Tom Wilson); Peachland, B.C., June 31, 1909, (J. B. Wallis); Fort Simpson, McKenzie River, June 25, 1922, (C. H. Crickmay). Megachile grindelearum Ckll. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, 1909 (J. B. Wallis). Megachile giliae Ckll. Banff, July 2; 1906 (Sanson). Apidae Bremus borealis Kby. Ottawa, Ont., June 10, 13, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen); Nipigon, Ont., (J. Fletcher); Perce, Que., June 28, 1884, (C. H. Young); Montreal, Que., Sept. 1, 1906; Kazabazua, Que., Aug. 4, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen); East Coast, James Bay, July, 1920, (F. Johansen); Truro, N.S., July 29, 1913; Dalhousie, N.B., July 24, 1915, (F. W. L. Sladen); Newfoundland; Hampton, P.E.I., Aug. 20, 1909, (A. Gibson); Rosthern, Sask., July 17, 1914, (F. W. L. Sladen); Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1900, (J. B. Wallis); Spirit R., Aug. 20, 1915, (E. H. Strickland); Millar- ville, Alta., August 2, 1904. i ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 107 Bremus kincaidi Ckll. Winter Ft., Melville I., July 20, 1909, (F. C. Hennessey). Bremus silvicola johanseni Sladen. For data see Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedi- tion, 1913-18, Vol. III: Insects, Part G, Hymenoptera and Plant Galls. Bremus pleuralis Nyl. For data see Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18, Vol. III: Insects, Part G, Hymenoptera and Plant Galls. Bremus flavifrons var. dimidiatus Ashm. East Coast, James Bay, July, 1920, (F. Johansen); Banff, Alta., July 20, 1922, (C.B.D. Garrett); Hazelton, B.C., July 26, 1920, (C. M. Barbeau). HEMIPTERA Gerridae * Gerris insperatus D. & H. Ottawa, Ont., (Miss Beaulieu); Hogs Back, Ont., (Ozburn) ; Abitibi, Que., (Dr. Cook). * Gerris incurvatus D & H. Saanich, B.C., (Downes); Kaslo, B.C., (Currie). Gerris incognitus D & H. Kaslo, B.C., (Currie); Goldstream, B.C., (Auden). The above species described in ‘‘Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,’’ Vol. 28, May, 1925. EPHEMEROPTERA Ephemerella funeralis McD. Covey Hill, Que., June, (G. S. Walley). Ephemerella fratercula McD. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Walley). Baetis cingulatus McD. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Walley and Curran). Baetis levitans McD. Covey Hill, Que., (Curran & Walley). Baetis rusticans McD. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Walley & Curran). Baetis pluto McD. Covey Hill, Que., (Walley); Broadview, Que., (R. Ozburn). Baetis vagans McD. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran & Walley). Baetis incertans McD. Covey Hil!, Que., July, (Walley). The above species described in ‘‘Trans. Royal Soc. Can.”, 3rd Series, Vol. XIX, 1925. Baetidae * * *# &# * % H ORTHOPTERA Grylloblattidae Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walk. Toby Creek, Invermere, B.C., 7,300 it., August, (E. R. Buckell). Labiduridae Anisolabis maritima Gene. Snake Island, Departure Bay, B.C., May, (G. J. Spencer). Acrididae Bradynotes caurus Scudd. Rockcreek, B.C., (Buckell). Previously recorded as B, pinguis Scud. Asemoplus hespidus Brun. Invermere, B.C., Aug., (Buckell). Melanoplus dawsoni Scud. Canal Flats, B.C., Aug., (Buckell). Melanoplus stonii Hebd. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug., Sept., (Wallis and Criddle). Tettigoniidae Anabrus simplex Held. Cranbrook, B.C., Aug., (Buckell). Rae bop aS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY - 109 INDEX PAGE PAGE MEPEEBOROCIIICUS 0.6... 2 62 COrcODid: SBE: Sees so EO ne a wa B 12 BEIERESULCTON 6 ee eee 8 CHELMES Oe SF HELE Osa ad 6 39 MEE SITIONS. 0 ee eee ee 8 Cherry, slug creel ot or eke hh iekebabae es oS 11 2S ee ee 8 Chlordea-obsoletas: a2 oes ey Oe 16 MMEMITINGX CETESUHS 0 ee ee es 8 Cholomyia inaequipes..........-.-.. 46 MHA OTOUIACED. oo. ee 44 Creadule sex-nolaia. 6 IS AD, 84 MEMENIETECLMIVOCE «002505 a 14 Cigar and pistol case bearer......... 14 Alypia octomaculata................ 11 Cigarette beetle + oo: -u.0. Pe BS 53 American tent caterpillars........... 65 CUMEX TECHULAL TUS 6.0 Sth hoa es 35 MMIINTE PINCOICHO . 06. we ere eines 14 CUES INSECUSVAof ot. tsestste lin oe ee es 43 MMINOSIES 200) oot sch iwie'e ov og eek 12 @lover leaf curcuhios . 5.1.0) 5.-05..5: Fale 79 BEMISOML SCNOLOTIG 0. ee ew 16 « KL MEEVM doer. 2 ds Io SRS 17 BEMISMLOIM OFLENLAIiS.... 2.2.2. ee ee ee 61 oe EOOE WOLELs .3. 2 ulne aie ee Oe 92 EES Se 62 Clothes moths: :.-.. 7-8 Se we Pa 17°39 MPURONOMUS SIgNaLUS.......-.-.0 65s £5 Godline; moths ess ss 2255555 ith 13 5i (Ee ne COC Ee er a ar 17 COVCOPLCR OT eed thus oe tatorn ee 46 BMMMETELDIITS TOSCUS ©... ee ee 13 Colorado potato beetle.............. (sere! ELE Pe ee 54 Compsilura cincinnata.............- 64 mepanteles lactercolor................ 64 Conotrachelus nenuphar..........-.. 11 NE. |» 5 ket 10 COOLEST Ne Ce ce a es Lee nis MS. 62 Lis. of: 2 i arse 10 @orimear Wonrs ) 3555 9530. eee 11, 16, 49 Aphids —Gail. Produces . 2%... 2.2 20S: 9 Corn root mascot... 7... 22M ee Be, 83 BEEEMUTESSICUC Sw NS ee 16 Gortonemotle. hae Pee ets Lee 44 REE ITHOUSEHSIS.....0-.. 00.0005. 0% 15 Cottony maple scale... . S855 8 43 HOME ne ee 13, 36 Criocerts 12-punctata...... SAA ba 7 REMMEEDHEES 0. ss. eS 37 Cueujid' beetlesn 3. 2 ee ee 54 MEMMEEMRIOINGS 5.) 62s ee OSS 13, 43 Cucumber beetlesis. 2.22%. 62. Rae 12-15 Bee feammoOppers...........5-5..: 13 Girerantaolnise os. keer ae ee sae 39, 49 BEMIMAC OES Co OSL. 13 s OLIN Ree © Pe Ce eee menT e 11 fe and thorn skeletonizer....... ; 60 @wewormsiei hese ese 4, 125. 16,139) 4883 Mearenips argyrspila...............3.. 13 CYaia POnLOnell as = Fe ia ee 13 BRMPMEMBCCEIC. 62. ce. 8 ee SY 61 DOnQus ATENLP DUS. oo RS OS ES 44 oS SAIC rr a rae 90 Dark-bprown:aphis..... <2. 2 2 Pn ares 49 Aspidiotus perniciosus.............. £S Datan@HeniSin@ rc. 22 oT Pe 12, 49 MEMMRISPES TOS. 6: SY. NG 19 Depressaria herachana.............- 11 Beerarira occodeniaia................ 48, 50 Dermestes SP ick eae oo os fs SRS Oe: 53 ie 2S) See nee 53, 54 Diabrotica 12-punctata.............- 12,145 asilona tmperialis...........00006. 8 < DOLL ren 10 Metre ra 0 12, 15, 48, 80 LL PLES. cd ee ee 1735 Diulmennus Picede soe 600282. 5 eee 46 SeeEMretINMHHEr. =: 225202 LoS 2 Pee 15 Dorydiella floridana............-.-3. 46 Birch leaf skeletonizer....7......... 49, 69 SARC WOES: «ck 5 he 5 rete eee a 40 LL EVANS ree 46 coe parasites: =. 5 ances pees ek. 78 Black army cutworm............... 16 Eight spotted foresters.............. 11 _ Blackberry leaf miner.............. 15 Evhamscalenn 5.45.65 545 noe fu ese eee 10, 43 etek cherry aphids................ 43 SI DALKLOUSEs. 0 is cea Sot ee Ra es Oe 10 Boletobius dimidiatus............... 46 EMPOOSCOTADEE Ss aces cig acces eee ee 13 EL EPPS SUS oe een eae 65 se COT aa Beene tS Op ir Aaa a Da 11, 84 read bean weevil................. 52 TER OCHUUES GOMSOLNS << v8 ss Oe 46 Brown erape aphis.......-.......... 15 TE PIOSUG CORICUG «5 5 emia 3 Kae Oe 50 BeemMceatl moth... .-.-... 22 22k 2. 60, 63 &s RUCHRICH Oe ch ye eee 50 Bucculatrix canadensisella........... 49, 69 VEBIUY GS CUGUINCLIS <4 Sa5 545 62 Ae 84 LL ECC a ae LP TSSS Eriocampoides limacina............-. 11, 14 eeeiesced Beetles.......8).) 22.5 0..- 54 EE ROSESGUL PLUS We ees, CaN oe <5 ee ee 46 Cabbage APHIS .c9 aren Oe hy 16 FEV ON CUTE: GOMES «sa Na soo ee 15 MARE OLE s.r ee Seat s FACOLTA EEE BET 15 e LOOL aspoty 4 Mas 83 European corn borer.11, 12, 15, 60, 72, 75, 78 s SUNT ait oe as 2 Lc es SE 8, 12, 48 a pine shoot moth. 5% 22° 4, vA id WEDWOEI.. 4156 55 SSS, 51 ae TE GOAIEEL (5h o. Onset « 13:45 Cacoecia cerasivorana............... 91 EEX CEISLES*ROUGT ALON os ea.0ssnck-s ae 78 Calosoma sycophanta................ 65 Balls webworits.s:n<:+.0.% Fe eae ee at 2.14535 @etepet beetles... 2.2... 0.2: 17 CTUSOR DUM 2 oo0.s, coos tescns isso 61 Carpocapsa pomonella............... 19 ae | | DY Kz 770 (0 [aL eee hy ate ernre Re Ao ne Ret ei 50 Beartot rust fly.-............. 2. 7, 16, 35, 48 Flat-headeds boreme tie Hakan nce 2 54 Bemtcwice -. RE 40 Fileat beetles «hse eae. «tc neces nse 12 Cerambycid beetles................ 53 Pilowe nm thie ee) 4 hrc konto 46 110 THE REPORT OF THE PAGE PAGE Forest tent caterpillars............. 32, 65 EN gUs* PratensiSa, =: ssh oan ee 8, 14, 84 Four-linedi plantibieew.-.. . at oe 8 “. quercalbaée. .. 2.2... eee 14 Pruitlecanitim. Gane «ak ee oe 43 Macrodactylus subspinosus........... 11,15 Fruit tree leaf.roller........... 0205. 13, 43 Macrosiphum rudbekiae............. 50 Gallina lens eens ws oe ele aes es eae 10 Mi acrosiphum Piste. 48, 84 Geometnid lanvae.« .: itn 005 osiaoe ee 39 Solantfoltt..........00. ey Gracilaria cuculipenellum............ 8 M alacosoma QMECriCand.. ..... ae a “< SMIIWECHE 0 See etn 8, 16 QiSSt10.. ss ss 32 Grain smite. 2), ions oes oe ee Ay Maple leaf, cutter. .........:.,. eee 8, 49 Grape berry-moth.... o-2.-\-.0.. seen 15, 17 Mediterranean flour moth........... 50 « leathopper:...-<. .attanoteine ae 15 Meiallus bethunet......... dss 15 <- plume moth... Ps \i0 Gene 15 Mexican dexid.................. 22S 46 Grapevine flea beetle............... 14 Microphthalma michiganensis........ 85, 89 Graptolitha antennata...........+00. 8 phyelophagae......... 89. Grasshoppers). oc. .. 0 i..s 0060. +00 ee 14. Green aphids... 00.4. on. anos 1 84 Monarch butterfly. .......5. ae eee 44 < -apple aplids.;.. .2.. (frames 36 Monophadnoides rubt........2..00%- 15 SO) SEE ULE: WOT) 5.) ../se ss saan Se 8 Monophadnus rubi......- 2 11 ce Vhouse scales >.3. 4 2) ooo cet eer 43 Mosquitees.....0......-.> cee eee 8, 62 Or SE Peach Aphis vies auss,co ae 14 Mosquito larvae. ....... 2th eee 40 Gis COMeCSTICUS A cetcleise coe ee Oe 17 Musca domestica... ..22 > seeee eee 34 Gypsy math? occ: bce ieee l Giese: 60, 67 Myelots ceratoniae....... «1-2 51 Habrobracon brevicornis........+.45. 78 Mylabris pesorum.......2.2005 eee 52 Hehothts obsoleia... :.. sae 11, 49 e TUSLMGENUS .... ». +5 52 EL CWWAUG UGLY S ern ce eae te 51 we SP. sien a ep eee 52 Helochar@ communis... ....4...- i aoe 84 Myzus persicae... 2. ...=2 ee 14 H emerocampa defimia. -.. 2 eee 49 6 01S... 22555 eee 49 leucostigmad........... 14, 49 Neadtprion lecontet......2.. 94 shee 8 Hemerophila parianad...........655. 60 . Noctua fennicd........0:.2 ee 16 EVESSIAN MY¥;". 4:56 ci & s.3 6 « eS eIaRIGeee 12 Noetulids. ... 00.05 oss. 2 ee ee sty 50 pan MY aia A. ee ee eee 12 Oak and hickory plant bug: 222333 14 House crickel..0. 66.0002 2. een oe 17 Onion! maggot, <2 eae 7,11, 15,43, 48, 83 JU 57 vay oa eee ae eer ge CNN RT ro" 34, 62 © thrip.....4:..... 1. 2 ps. | Honseholdipests..o. 2.a0¥- ce: - oer 17 Orchards soa ee 43 Humped apple caterpillar........... 11 tent caterpillars: 223254535 Bes Hgdrotaca Wought... in... 4. eee 86 Oriental peach moth... ... 7)S3 eee 14, 22, 60 TIBIASTINUS OUSCULUS 0) Oe. SA eee ne 92 Oyster shell scale... .<. .... 2s nee 43, 54 FIGKCWVY10, QULIENG 5. 1s.) ee 7445 Oxyporus bicolor............528 eee 46 ¢ DIOSSUCOG . noe a ee NE 8 Oxyptilus periscelidactylus........... 15 ED pere PUNClAe 6. «5 Ae Se 17 Painted lady butterflies............. 45 FIN PNG IO CUNEH naa es 14, 35 Paleacnia vernaia.......- 4 8, 13 A VEXLON 3 oa 3 ORES 49 Papillia japonica... .. +2. ee 60 Spl cic ee OU Eee 12 Papaepema cataphracia........ phsee 11, 16 TET POM CrIMGGOUtS os eiacats.as.< cS 12 Parabolocratus viridus.......... ‘eae 84 Imperial noth (larva)... eee e 8 Paraclemensia acerifoliella........... 8, 49 Imported tabbage worm............ 38 Paratetranychus pilosus...........4. 13 wv Currant Worm. :,.-)... seat 33 Parsnip webworm......... 52. 9am 11 Indian meal moth..>. 72 eran eek ol Pea‘ louse......:. .:....0.¢,-,s,.5..,05) Se 48 Japanese beetle. wis st ceus pre autae: 60 “6 bweevil....c5.. ++». Se 52 Jute beetle jv, siey occ. ok4,41%, anc oe, = REO 12 Peach twig borer........./ 253s 14 Lacé winged flies. ......)ssl. ss, Se 47 Pear 'psylla. .............. +2: . eee 14, 40 Ladybird beetle larvae.....:4:....).. Haak. 39 “Sy SLUG. fu. ae a sa) ee 14 EOWEUT CH QUEUSIOLD 0. «5-2 Ae 53 Pelecinus polyturator........ .2aeeeee 86 Lateh case bearer... & j.;2,4,0:., 16 Aes 39 Pegomyta brassicae, ...... + age 83 ameh Sawily ¢ oeoie ince pos sono 39. es fUSCLPCS >. ss 83 Larder (?) Beetle, +0%:....02 eee 53 i RYOSCYOMA.. .« d4c w ee 15, 48 LOS1Od ETM SCTYICOTNE.... siz\.ta\eiatete erties 53 Pemphegus 0ursarvius... >.> eee 9 WLOUSPOVIESIG MOVCStL.. 26.2645 25088 14, 22, 60 iE populicaulis.. ... sae 9, 49 Leafhoppers....... Dit. see ee 84 ef populi-transversus........ 9 Peat Winer 26.3) po oops oR IRE oe 10 ie vagabundus.......- eee 9 LCCONTUIACOTIN. 23.54.22. Heath cere 14 Peridroma margaritosa..........-+.- 16 wg fruit scale, one goods ster. 14 Phorbvaibrassicae. ........ 2). tf LOMA TU TMCONE. vin od oo ea 6 2A AEE 8, 12 “ CODGHIU .. Sa. Sa ee bel dene LPI OSAPiES WML. voc. one eR 54 “ . cepetorum......-.. aaa 83 Leptinotarsa decemlineata.......... Tgp hig Dih | PUuscipes.. oo). ee 48 LAlae teat dInMer.,.. oc, +1. bot 4 Eee 8, 16 Phyeid larvae. ...>3.40252 ee ee 52 OMEUNET SUS TUT DLIUS 6.3 dix oc vce wee cee 46 Phyllophaga ONXIG: -:.. << Soe 85 LVETUS SP ho oe bees o's 6 RO Oe 16 TUPOSW 6 ico ee ee 12 LAN GWS COMBO. ie ip se Ces 6 See ee 14 Phytophaga destructor. ee 12 ie OMINOUS <1 ops so ke Ee PEED 14 Pieris rOpae in. li eee eae 8, 12, 38 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 111 PAGE PAGE MBAR Vp ae ih th es ol als OE, 8 SEN IZUTONCONEGCING Nae 2. ase es ae 11, 49 PEPE IeNDOLELS . ss ee ec ee 53 SCOMGMINGHT Ubon FAL ok kk Ly ee 61 “aya? UES A Ray eee ee eee 14 SULOMESHN DS DIOULUS ie a i ee 79 ICO iyi gt actaes eS od Reo eo 10 SIUGsn seeperee ct ee ee ays) Bae Camas 8, 40 MO PUSISD we ee ne eens 53 5) 11) SSE aN i se i mn an a Rate 83 Me Piodia tnterpunctella...............- 51 SPUOnOld OGCHANG, 22 nee. 13,35 Peli CUFCULIO......04........00- 000s 11 Spinach leat iminere ss. + ee esse 48 PUMITERRIOENS: 6. ccc ccc ec ee eae ee 47 SPinly, Oak WOU.) oo week a 16 = Poecelocapsus lineatus............... 8 Spring canker worsen)... ae sae: 8, 13 MEM VGHTOSIS VIECANG .. 6 ce cas cece ene 15 Sclashvo ue wee. ks oor eae ner eae 12.39 = U2) 2) 01006 ee re 37 Staple tiesn tere. is stout, Mahe toesee elas 17 ; “ CEES Re eo os ap cee Riee Ore ahe es 12, 48 Stalin Oren ses, sg at der eas een 16 RTICAUBCCLIC. of. c cb eee ee es 84 StenmWOrere: hia, ceive, Sen aay 53 SME MEAHMODOCL ..c5:2'6< eens oe eee 11 LOMO NA SCO) CULNMI SI 0) ee ese 17 “ eteaiilke |sYos (=) Gane elie aie 11 Strawberry weevils...) 5 seus oe. 15 Powder post beetles................ 16 Striped cucumber beetle............ 80 BIBOLNeAMIMIMEr. 2.0.6... eee ee eS 8 Symmerista albafrons................ 16 Prodenia commelinaeé...........0.06- Sif Svupiideilvolanvaes. 2s. oases. oo 39 Prospatella perniciost............+-. 58 SIZE LIS: (AUT SOU ioce eacars aoe Pace eet ae 46 NO HOST) Fo MNO, SS, 23 Tabanus septentrionalis............. 46 SUN BIZ Ss aa 14 PACING a one rok git geld 65 NI IOGE, CE ee a a rane re 10 fliagmished plant bug. 220% sce. 8, 14, 84 NICTOWUS FLVESI1.. wo ee 11, 33, 49 ent caterpillars! =... ie fe ee ss 10 LUE G2) SA er 43 AKON CWUS LELATAUS » 5 neh chs se es 15 Pyramets cardut...... ee Soke 45 Thamnotettix pallidulus............. 46 MMOUSIG WUOUAIIS. ......- 62s oo: La S12 Three-lined potato keetle.......... 8, 12739 SOLO UMGGLO ois the ce ee sn 86 LTA DUN TE SE ON oLaun LAG REE a se 11 RIISPORKINISAWHY . 2-2-2 ese eee tS ISG HOCH OIDS 5 Hone oO oe a eee en Ae 85, 87, 90 SE. ZB LLIS 6 epee a 39 IMATCLOCCH@ OCCU ONG, 8): fae yaa ee 11 Red-banded leaf roller.............. 43 Trichogramma minutum............. 78 Sc] [SVEGE SS tiple ore ence 43 ANSE LSE CS wimontin re hoe Suelo wd ice 62 “ humped oak or maple worm..... 16 Puscoclk miOblitwiers Gu. sete as 5 eis, aca 10 MMMSIMGCIG Hn isc vie hc ce ee ee 15) Twelve spotted asparagus beetle..... 7 MEMAZOLELIS POMONEIA.... 22... cree 13 TEM UOENTO VOTE s be Gh OSA AeA 13 Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae..........-. 91 NOON DIFUSIONINUPCS «crn rrn ya oe 91 MMUVACLONIG DUOMGNG....... 000562245 71 5 ON ILLC oar ye ates ot Ly 188 [SCB0S. 8 aioe 11 VALU SDs Men aN ce teal aN pee 2) alee 52 CURIE Sea en cee ea ae 15 WGHESSONOHIVOPO «co 1sis ei e e s w e 49 RICAMMODPCL crs). Loe ape a bh ee 13 Nanevatedicnt wort. 2-08 2... 16 ESM ne Ps asec is os bo 19 WWaliimbicateroililatig. ea. 12 ound-headed borers............... 53 Niaininletivgeee scot eee an iu. 12 VSGLOD CUD CTE ea a ee 49 Whilmiteyousuillo sy. cce eset ases feo esos = ate 85 Bema JOSE SCAIG. 02. ee es 13, 40, 43, 58 White marked tussock moth......... 14 MGTIO Goi. see ep i ee eet 60 NVALOM ORNS Hata en Rune ee her hal se 16, 83 meme IEAL MINeL, . 2c ke ek ee 61 NEMA OATES 51 DIGS & i Soe nD alle a ee Pay 53 REIZONCULG LONUZETA ..g oi vw eevee ese ce 49 LAC MUITD CHCSAT ES ors ee ce ne heise 6 Se 78 Ontario Department of Agriculture | | FIFTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT : OF THE Ent logical Societ of Ontario | PRINTED BY ORDER OF HON. J. S. MARTIN, Minister of Agriculture gis EE OE TT Soma ma Zag TIT \ ONTARIO , TORONTO | Printed by the Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty i 19237 PRODUCED BY oe LIMITED TORODTO CARADA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS RECEIVEN DOCUMENTS DIVISION CONTENTS OPO SERS PO TR OT ees Pie eres EUS eie mL ae ee i a a a re 08 ELLE SRA Git gS ee Pa ee ee ee ee ee ee II MMSE EE tt NSC ee ei a a i meparean. tue Councils: 2). 2... 8 ere eet ey dE Ie Glee Ree a. REPePEReenE aN TOMEnedr DLaneh ae. con eS. Soc eo else cee ble woke te wee. RewaEeettMceiaciticn Columbia branci. 60.6. ee ee oe UR ED inepoerear Losects for the year, Division, No. 1:_C. B. HUTCHINGS,.........4......% A Study of Balinus obtusus Blanchard; or, a Life History in a Hazel Nutshell: Pe LUPE ENUN DS ee ON: Pre canns eaei cbs) cua wails cg os ME e pesese SG Se eau we S Mocquice Control at'Ottawa,/Ontario: C..Rs TWINN) 0... oe ee ce Paradichlorobenzene as a Control for the Mushroom Mite: L. CAESAR............ Notes Upon the Insect Preparations Used in Class Work at the Oka Institute of Pe OMEGEC. MUR OA EHER eBOPORD 2. ee OSD Se aes The Activities of the Division of Foreign Pests Suppression: L.S. MCLAINE.......... Some Preliminary Observations on the Life History of the Armyworm, Cirphis unt- puncia Haw.: H. F. Hupson and A. A. Woop...... ag eka ee Rope Cite Mer oy The Spread and Degree of Infestation of the European Corn Borer in Canada, 1926: PUIG sere eee ats BE ae The Occurrence of the European_.Corn. Borers in Ontario in-Plants Other than Corn and its Significance: J. MARSHALL: ... [ak bes le mare Fook DAR Bis RM op lt The Larval Mortality of the European Corn’ Borer in 1926: James MARSHALL. The European Corn Borér—The Outlook 1 pi @ntario: We. CARGAR | Bi ee de The Currant Fruit Fly, poche canadensis Loew, in Manitoba, Diptera, Trypetidae: A. V. MITCHENER. : An Outbreak of the Turnip Aphid “Ch bhis. ee aire - ee CARSAR ee ee Some Notes on the Oviposition Habits of the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus pratensis Pini wile aeleise ond Oostaslanes=) Ih. ble PAINTERS bad oc oo ee Oe ee oe The PaLomolocicariecord, 1926; NORMAN CRIDDLE. .. 0.2) i. 05 eee ee = ad aah tes nen ieee et 0 Cr ee oe als daclome . ea hi i Pah 2 Entomological Society of Ontario OFFICERS FOR 1926-1927 President—REV. FATHER LEOPOLD, La Trappe, Que. Vice-President—Pror. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. Secretary-Treasurer—R. Ozpurn, O. A. College, Guelph. Curator and Librarian—Miss Rose Kina, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors—Division No. 1, C. B. Hutcuincs, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, C E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dk. NoRMA Forp, Univ. of Toronto; Division No. 4, F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 5, Dr J. D. DETWILER, Western University, London: Division No. ela lp are Hudson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, W. "A, Ross, Vineland Station. Dire tors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—RrEv. Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Toronto; PRoF. JoHN DEaARNESS, London; Pror. WM. LocHHEAD, Macdonald College, Que.; ‘Joun D. EVvANs, Trenton; PROF. E. M. WALKER, University of Toronto: ALBERT F. WINN, Westmount, Que.; Pror. LAWSON CaEsaR, O. A. College, Guelph; ARTHUR GIBSON, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa; Mr. F.J.A. Morais, Peterborough; Dr. J. H. SwWAINE, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. Editor of ‘‘The Canadian Entomologist’’—Dr. J. McDuNNouGuH, Entomological Bianch, Ottawa. Delcgate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT. FINANCIAL STATEMENT For THE YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 31ST, 1926 Receipts Expenditures / Gash.onvhand 1925... 30 4k $468 27 Printing) ) 57 Sn..«dee eee $1,410 00 SUMSCHPHOMS sat. sud gle ie Sy 525 45 Salaries and honoraria.......... 250 00 Members dues) 55.05 29 220200" 176 45 Expense... ). i). 52 23 Wodverrisements.): 6h .05 Mom ees 79 00 Annual meeting...) 0) 109 37 Back numbers. 2.4) as ww. bee 61 69 Cuts... 054.0 U8 ee ee 19 70 Bani interest 544.08 (Ae Ae ea 7 89 Exchange. . 37... 43) ee 16 54 Annual imecting.... 30 ha wes 133 Balance cash on hand........... 462 24 Gevermmentionrant..2 6 ooo. ke 1,000 00 $2,320 08 - $2,320 08 iby cash: onchamdss 2. of} a he 462 24 To printing account payable..... 115 00 Net balances 724 saree oe $347 24 Respectfully submitted, Rec. H. Ozpurn, Secretary-Treasurer. [4] Entomological Society of Ontario ANNUAL MEETING The sixty-third annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Tuesday and Wednesday, November 16th and 17th, 1926. The morning and afternoon meetings were held in the Entomological lecture room, Biological Building. The smoker on Tuesday evening was held in the Faculty Club Room, in Memorial Hall. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1925-26. The sixty-second annual meeting of the Society was held in Ottawa on Friday and Saturday, November 27th and 28th, 1925. The meeting was very well attended by members of the Society from various provinces and by a large number of visitors. The morning and afternoon meetings were held in the exhibition room of the Entomological Branch. The Friday evening meeting was held in the Assembly Hall of the Normal School when Dr. J. H. Grisdale acted as chair- man and Dr. W. E. Britton, State Entomologist of Connecticut, delivered the public lecture on “‘Some Insects and Entomologists.’’ A moving picture film showing “‘Depredations by the European Corn-borer’’ was then shown. After this meeting a smoker was held at the University Club, the freedom of which had been extended to the members. The programme was full and interesting. “Insects of the Season in Ontario’’ (by title)—Messrs. L. Caesar, Guelph, Ont., and W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont. ‘Insects of the Season, District No. 1, Ottawa’’ (by title)—Mr. C. B. Hutchings, Entomo- logical Branch, Ottawa. ‘Insects of Quebec’” (10 minutes)—Rev. Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que. “The Control of the Grape Berry Moth” (10 minutes)—Mr. W. A. Ross, Entomological Branch, Vineland Station, Ont. “The Rose Scale in British Columbia’ (10 minutes)—Mr. W. Downes, Entomological Branch, Victoria, B.C. ‘The Oriental Peach Moth in Canada’ (10 minutes)—Mr. Arthur Gibson, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. ‘“‘Derris as an Insecticide’ (15 minutes) —Messrs. A. Kelsall, J. P. Spittal, R. P. Gorham and G. P. Walker, Entomological Branch, Annapolis, N.S. “Lubricating Oil Sprays” (10 minutes)—Mr. W. A. Ross, Entomological Branch, Vineland Station, Ont. ‘Some Impressions Entomological and Otherwise in Relation to Prince Edward Island - Agriculture’ (10 minutes)—Mr. A, G. Dustan, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “Record of an Earwig New to Canada”’ (6 minutes)—Prof. G. J. Spencer, Univ ersity of B.C., Vancouver, B.C “Notes on Mosquitoes i in the Ottawa District, Ont.’’ (8 minutes)—Mr. C. R. Twinn, Entomo- logical Branch, Ottawa. ~ “A Preliminary Revision of some Charopsinae, a subfamily of Ichneumonoidea or Ichneumon Flies’’ (by title)—Mr. H. L. Viereck, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. ~The Identification of Adult Lepidopterous Insects Attacking Stored Products’’ (10 minutes) _—Mr. C. H. Curran, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “Variation i in Heredity in Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr.’’ (15 minutes)—Dr. J. K. Breiten- becatr, McGill University, Montreal. [5] / 6 | THE REPORT OF tie “‘The Distribution of Insects and the Significance of Extralimital Data’’ (15 minutes)— Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany, INES “Birds from an Entomologist’ s Point of View’’ (10 minutes)—Mr. Norman Criddle, Entomo- logical Branch, Treebank, Man. “‘Some Problems in the Anatomy and Physiology of Grylloblatta” (30 minutes)—Dr. E. M. Walker and Dr. Norma Ford, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. “‘The Canadian National Collection of Insects” (10 minutes) —Dr. J. H. McDunnough, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “‘Methods of Measuring Light in Field and Experimental Entomology’’ (5 minutes)— Mr. A. Brooker Klugh, Queen’s University, Kingston. “‘The Distribution in Canada of a European Scavenger Fly, Muscina pascuorum Meig (5 minutes)—Mr. C. H. Curran, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. ““\ Needed Revision in Relation to Generic Names’”’ (10 minutes)—Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany, N.Y. ‘‘Observations in Quebec in 1925”’ (10 minutes)—Mr. George Maheux, Provincial Entomo- logist, Quebec, Que. “‘Some Insects found on Imported Plant Products entering Canada by Rail and Road’”’ (8 minutes)—Mr. R. W. Sheppard, Entomological Branch, Niagara Falls. *‘Controlling the Brown-tail Moth in Nova Scotia”’ (8 minutes)—Mr. F. C. Gilliatt, Entomo- logical Branch, Annapolis, N.S. “The Gypsy Moth Situation in Quebec’’ (8 minutes)—Messrs. L. S. McLaine and S. H. Short, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “‘Progress of the Gypsy Moth Barrier Zone Work’’ (15 minutes)—Mr. H. L. McIntyre, in charge of Gypsy Moth Work, Conservation Commission, Albany, N.Y. “‘Insects Affecting Shade Trees on the Prairies’ (8. minutes)—Mr. J. J. de Gryse, Entomo- logical Branch, Ottawa. “‘Some Notes on Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb.”’ (5 minutes)—Mr. C.-B. Hutchings, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “‘Forést Insect Conditions in Newfoundland” (10 minutes)—Dr. J. M. Swaine, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “Notes on the Yellow Striped Oak Caterpillar, Aniseta senatoria A. & S.’’ (5 minutes)— Mr. Arthur Gibson, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. ““A Preliminary Announcement on the Outbreak of the European Pine Shoot Moth” (5 minutes)—Mr. L. S. McLaine, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “Environmental Studies Relative to the Overwintering Mortality and Rate of Pupation and Emergence of the European Corn Borer Larva’’ (10 minutes)—Mr. G. A. Ficht, Uni- versity of Western Ontario, London, Ont. “Mortality of the European Corn Borer Adults and Larvae’ (10 minutes)—Mr. Lawson Caesar, O.A.C. Guelph, Ontario. ““The Spread and Degree of Infestation of the European Corn Borer in Ontario in 1925” (8 minutes)—Mr. W. S. Keenan, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “‘An Appraisal of the European Corn Borer Investigations as Carried on by the Entolomogical Branch’”’ (8 minutes)—Mr. H. G. Crawford, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. “Weed Infestation by the European Corn Borer’’ (5 minutes)—Messrs. L. Caesar and James Marshall, O.A.C., Guelph. “‘Recent Developments in the Introduction of Parasites of the European Corn Borer” (8 minutes)—Mr. A. B. Baird, Entomological Branch, Chatham, Ontario. “Studies of the Clover Leaf Curculio’’ (5 minutes)—Mr. H. F. Hudson, Entomological Branch, Strathroy, Ontario. ““The Striped Cucumber Beetle, Diabrotica vittata Fabr.’’ (8 minutes)—Mr. James Marshall, OVA:-C., Guelph. ““The Garden Insects of 1925 with Special Reference to the Celery Leaf Hopper’’ (10 minutes) —Mr. Lionel Daviault, Macdonald College, Que. “‘Parasites of the White Grubs and June Beetles in the Hemmingford District’’ (10 minutes) —Mr. G. H. Hammond, Entomological Branch, Hemmingford, Que. “Notes on Calligrapha elegans’’ (5 minutes)—Mr. R. M. White, Entomological Branch, Treesbank, Man. “Notes on the Life-history of the Clover Root Borer’’ (5 minutes)—Mr. H. F. Hudson, Entomological Branch, Strathroy. ‘“The Saskatoon Sawfly, Hoplocampa halcyon Norton”’ (5 minutes)—Mr. R. D. Bird, Entomo- logical Branch, Treesbank, Man. The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, completed its fifty-seventh volume in December last. This volume contained 312 pages, illustrated by eight full page plates and twenty-two text figures. The con- tributors to its pages numbered forty-four, and included writers in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Honolulu, France, and thirteen of the United States. 7 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 7 REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH The fifty-third annual meeting of this Branch was held on May 15th, 1926, in the Lyman Entomological Room, McGill University. Fight meetings were held during the season in the Lyman Entomological Room and residences of members, with an average attendance of seven. The following papers were read during the year: : CL ESSERE OT | Shee serrata ila: SAR lel are Ree el ae een aoe Geo. A. Moore. EEiLOnolocical Notes Horas Lee es eo eae Geo. A. Moore. “Insects Collected at Peake’s Island, Maine’’............. Geo. A. Moore. ‘‘Two Interesting Wasps” Ta RE aa ca Rae Se RE J. W. Buckle. euccers takentatiiac MeAchigan sare oe ee A A. F. Winn. Eitemiupteraio: Peake:s Island”... ...tiseek i gidwes 6. 8 G. A. Moore. ‘‘Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Hemiptera”’.................. G. A. Moore. Phe so-called Auditory Organs of Insects’’.............. A. F. Winn. B@enericc Ombricimucn ces a, Mee dt Dr. J. K. Breitenbecker. Renaud lio , (Geocoridae) ) so... ho c0. eae eae em be ale Geo. A. Moore. The following were elected officers: President, Geo. A. Moore; vice- president, G. H. Hall; secretary-treasurer, J. W. Buckle; council—G. Chagnon, A. C. Sheppard, A. G. Winn and G. Fisk. J. W. Buckle, Secretary. REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH The twenty-fifth annual meeting was held in the Empress Hotel, Victoria, B.C., on February 27th, 1926. The following papers were read: TETRA STS SVITETIS | E/aNG a Fes Sta: on aa L. E. Marmont. ‘Observations on Some Insects Collected in British Columbia’’.O. Whittaker. “Notes on the European Earwig in Vancouver’’............... J. Stanley. ‘‘Recent Methods in the Control of the Strawberry Root Weevil’. W. Downes. ‘‘Some Blood-sucking Flies of British Columbia”’.............. E. Hearle. “Recent Records of Insects of Veterinary Interest”’ eRe hy orn E. A. Bruce, V.S. ; Leaf-roller Parasites in the Okanagan Valley”’............... E. P. Venables. WES BRE SAU GHES Se ad SAAR) Ss as A aU ree ree G. J. Spencer. SSomerantcandauhen Habits; issc5 so jcore sas) a. Ales n E. R. Buckell. “On the Life History of the Hop-plum Aphis’’................ R. Glendenning. Five new members were elected and the financial statement showed a credit balance of $194.25. The election of officers resulted as follows: Honorary president, F. Kermode; president, J. W. Winson; vice-president (coast), G. J. Spencer; vice-president (interior), E. R. Buckell; advisory board, Messrs. Downes, Hardy, Lyne, Ven- ables and Whittaker; secretary-treasurer, W. Glendenning, Agassiz, B.C. RE BORO VNSECES FOR THE YEAR 1926 Diviston No. 1, Ottawa District—C. B. HUTCHINGS The following more important insects were reported during the past season, 1926. FIELD, CROP, AND GARDEN INSECTS The European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, Hubn., has spread eastwards into Quebec Province,being found this past summer in the Townships of Eardley, Hull and Templeton, Quebec, adjacent to the Province of Ontario, and in May ae Fat gens 8 THE REPORT OF THE Carleton and Russell Counties, Ontario. The infestation is reported to be light” Injury by the Imported Cabbage Worm, Pveris rapae L., was very marked in fields around Billings Bridge, Ontario and at Aylmer, Quebec. Turnip foliage was injured very severely by larvae of the Diamond-back moth, Plutella maculipennis Curt., over 50 per cent. of the leaves being attacked. The Four-lined Plant Bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus Fab., was particularly abundant in July and caused loss in gardens around Ottawa. It was con- sidered one of the most destructive insects of the year and its excessive foliage- feeding on a wide variety of plants caused many complaints. Grasshoppers. The fields around Aylmer district this fall were infested with swarms of grasshoppers. Melanoplus LARPS) Say., and M. femur- rubrum DeG., were chiefly in evidence. The Tastes Cane Borer, Oberea bimaculata Oliv., was reported from many areas as being particularly numerous and injurious and many inquiries were received as to its control. The Onion Maggot, Hylemyia antiqua Meig., was abundant generally and did much damage, but was more severe in the district of Aylmer than other localities. Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say., was numerous in all potato fields and accounted for much loss by severe defoliation. There were many complaints received from gardeners concerning borers in Columbine and Iris. The former insect was very abundant at the Central Experimental Farm while the latter was found in suburban nurseries. Wherever parsnips were grown for seed, the Parsnip Webworm, Depressaria heracliana DeG., was numerous. This was particularly the case at the Central Experimental Farm where considerable loss was accounted for. Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus pratensis L., was much more numerous than last year and on a wide range of crops, Sponge there appears to have been no special injury credited to this insect. Cabbage Maggot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouche, was present i in a large number of gardens and caused much loss. Slugs were exceedingly numerous in August at the Central Experimental Farm and southern parts of Ottawa. Garden vegetables such as tomatoes and cabbages showed 100 per cent. infestation. SHADE TREE INSECTS The Maple Leaf Cutter, Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch, was fairly abund- ant on maples in Ottawa City and the surrounding districts this past summer. © It was noticed to be decidedly on the increase. Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma americana Fab. and M. disstria Hb., were abundant in June on apple, chokecherry and other hosts. They were particu- larly numerous in the districts surrounding Aylmer. The larvae of a sawfly (species unidentified) defoliated viburnums in the Gatineau Point District, Quebec, during midsummer. ; The Spring Cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata Peck, was abundant on oe maples, elm, ash and other hardwoods in the Gatineau and Rockcliffe districts. Many complaints were received during late summer concerning the dis- figurement of lilac bushes by caterpillars of the Lilac Leaf Miner, Gracilaria syringella Fab. During the latter part of September, wild plums, Prunus nigra, in different districts about Ottawa were completely stripped of their foliage by the larvae of an unidentified species of sawfly. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY u MISCELLANEOUS Mosquitoes were particularly troublesome in Rockcliffe, northern sections of Ottawa, and outlying villages during spring and early summer. This was due to a heavy migration of mosquitoes from the Gatineau Point and Kettle Island flood water areas, the mosquitoes being carried by the prevailing winds across the Ottawa River. The species concerned in this connection was Aedes hirsu- _ teron Theo. During the latter part of July, Aedes vexans Mgn., was numerous in the west sections of Ottawa. During April and May the adults of the Webbing Clothes Moth, Tineola biselliella Hum., were quite numerous in Ottawa houses. The Case-making 4 Clothes Moth, 7znea pellionella L., was also taken. House flies, Musca domestica A., were more abundant this summer in Ottawa than for several years past. From midsummer until late fall they proved troublesome. During September and October, the Cat Flea, Ctenocephalus felis Bouche, was present in a number of houses in Ottawa and caused considerable annoyance in its attacks upon human beings. motley OF SBALANINUS OBTUSUS BLANCHARD; OR, A LIFE ESTO TN A HAZEL, NUUSHELL C. B. Huicuines, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA. ' There are a number of species of the weevil group which attack the fruit of nut-producing trees, and which are of considerable economic importance. Many of these belong to the genus Balaninus. For example—Balaninus quercus Horn feeds on the acorns of red and black oak; B. caryae Horn infests hickory nuts; B. rectus Say and B. proboscidus Fab., both are considered serious enemies of chestnuts. Still another member of this genus is B. obtusus Blanch, which chooses the fruit of the hazel for its food, and as a consequence causes a great deal of injury and loss in output of this popular table dessert. In view of the comparatively recent development of the nut-growing industry in Ontario and British Columbia, this last mentioned species becomes one of special im- portance economically and worthy of some consideration. Nut growing in Canada in the past has been somewhat neglected, but is now receiving considerable attention, particularly in the Niagara Peninsula, Western Ontario and British Columbia. Walnuts, hickories, hazels and other varieties are being grown successfully with increasing returns and good profits. The Ontario Department of Agriculture, recognizing the possibilities of such an industry, and with the purpose of assisting the present growers as well as encouraging others to take up this business, have already done a great deal of experimental work in crossing varieties, in cultural methods and in determining the best growing areas. It is very gratifying to learn that considerable success has already attended these efforts. The hazel is one of the varieties that has received some attention. It is considered one of the hardiest and easiest grown of our nut producing trees. Not only does it thrive in the Niagara belt and other sections of Ontario, but is found growing as far north as Hudson Bay and in the Peace River District. A number of introduced varieties of filberts and cobnuts, from England and Southern Europe, have done well in different parts of Ontario and the results have proved encouraging. 10 THE. REPORT) OF- THE This work has been under the direct management of Mr. Jas. A. Neilson, horticulturist at Vineland Station, who is quite an enthusiast. Those who have seen the interesting exhibition of nuts at the Royal Winter Fair, Toronto, for the past two seasons must have been favourably impressed and surprised to learn of the large number of varieties of nuts that could be grown in Canada, and the size and quality of the different kinds. The following figures, supplied by the Department of Customs and Excise, show the amounts and value of nuts imported into Canada for the years 1923, 1924 and 1925 from various countries. It will be seen that hazelnuts represent on an average of 10 per cent. of the bulk imported for the three years mentioned. Nut Imports* 1923 1924 ‘5 S9995 ee ee lbs. . $ Ibs. $ Ibs. $ Wnshelled=crs:t hue. oo. 6,745,662} 723,141] 6,689,984] 670,879] 5,218,004, 581,214 Shelled ie stem 5,646,286] 1,681,769} 7,363,951] 1,649,115] 7,180,369] 2,207,051 Mocaltees | eevee: 12,391,948] 2,407,910] 14,062,935] 2,319,994] 12,398,373] 2,788,265 Of which were hazelnuts. .} 1,382,027 113,702} 1,514,008 84,871 957,580} - 95,835 LirE History AND Hapits: An opportunity of studying B. obtusus Blanch occurred during the summers of 1924 and 1925. A number of bushes of Corylus rostrata Ait., the beaked hazel, growing near the Dominion Entomological Field Station at Aylmer, Que., were found badly attacked by this weevil. A series of observations on its life history and habits were made and some adults col- lected for study. This work was done in co-operation with Mr. C. E. Yauch, my summer assistant, for whose help in this connection I am obliged. ; It was observed that during the early days of June the weevils were to be found often in pairs, resting on the old flower heads or leisurely walking over the bracts nearby. They were very shy and had to be approached cautiously, otherwise, at the least jarring of the foliage, or sudden appearance of a hand over them, they would instantly feign death, roll off the leaf and fall to the ground where they would be lost to view among the dead leaves. If, however, the observer approached slowly, he could get near enough to see the weevils at work. A look-out was kept for eggs and these were found as early as June 10th, although no indications of mating were noted before June 21st. The young hazelnuts at this time were about 3/16” in diameter and the outer shell very soft. Egg punctures were readily detected by the brownish spot on the side of the husk. Some of the nuts had a number of feeding punctures (irregular roughened surface areas) while others only one or two; but excepting an occasional specimen, all nuts showed signs of attack by this date. Punctures were more numerous toward the tip of the nut. , The eggs were deposited near the outer surface of the nut, within the area which later was to be the hard shell, one egg only in each puncture. About July 10th the adults had disappeared and the last of the eggs were hatching. On August 13th several larvae examined at that time appeared to be about full-grown. Each had made a simple ttinnel into the kernel, gradually enlarg- ing the gallery as it went, and this to such an extent that in some cases little *Peanuts and cocoanuts not included in this list. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY _ 11 of the kernel was left. These “wormy” nuts later would drop to the ground and the larva in each case leaving its strong good storehouse through a small round hole about midway in the side of the nut and burrowing into the earth. The winter is passed in the larval stage within a loosely constructed earthen cell just below the surface of the ground, and the weevils emerge the following June. The adult is about 14” long, robust in form and of a light grey colour. _ The snout or beak of the female extends approximately half the length of the body (the male’s being shorter), and at the end of this odd-looking projection is a pair of short, pointed jaws which the weevil uses to dig down into the young nuts for food. The egg is somewhat elliptical in outline, with a smooth and shining surface, whitish in colour and partly transparent. It measures 1 mm. in length. 1 Y 1. Hazel nut weevil, Balaninus obtusus. Blanch. (X2% approx.) 2. (a and b) Nut kernels severely injured by larve. (c) Hazel nuts showing larval exit holes. (X13 approx.) The full-grown larva or grub is of a dull white colour about 7 mm. long, the body plump, concavely rounded on the ventral side and without legs; the head being provided with a pair of short, strong jaws. ConTROL: As the adults feign death readily, this habit can be utilized to trap them. By simply jarring the bushes the weevils fall on a paper or sheet spread on the ground beneath, or will drop into an open umbrella held so as to catch them. After the larva enters the nut it is impossible to getat it; so that defective nuts should be removed from the bushes and any nuts which have fallen to the ground gathered up and burned. Cultivating the soil in spring will expose many of the larvae since they pupate near the surface. In stored products where the larvae are known to be working, treatment by fumigation with carbon bisulphide will be found a good control. The nuts should be placed in an air-tight receptacle with a small quantity of the liquid poured into a dish, one ounce to the bushel, and then left undisturbed for forty- 12 THE REPORT OF THE eight hours. Caution should be taken in handling carbon bisulphide to keep fire away from it as the gas is inflammable. REFERENCES: Brooks’ Bulletin No. 128 of West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station is the only publication on nut weevils available. Two pages are given to a general discussion of obtusus and only a few brief notes on its life history. Chittenden in United States Department of Agriculture Cir. 99 devotes but half a page to obtusus, while Felt and Osborn simply refer to Brooks. Brooks, F. E., Bull. 128, West Virginia Agr. Exp. Sta., 1910. CHITTENDEN, F. H., Cir. 99, U.S. Dept. Agric., 1908. FELT, E., Manual Trees and Shrubs, p. 218, 1924. OsBorn, Agriculture Ent., p. 198, 1916. BLANCHARD, Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. vii, p. 107, 1884 (description only). MOSQUITO :CONTROL AT OTTAWA, ONDTARas C. R. Twinn, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA INTRODUCTION Ottawa, in common with many other Canadian cities, is subject to an annual outbreak of mosquitos varying in severity from year to year. The season during which these pests are troublesome is usually confined to the spring and early summer but it may extend, as it did during 1926, into August. Although mosquitoes are the cause of serious discomfort, particularly to people living in the outlying sections of the city, and in the surrounding towns and villages, and one hears complaints of their bloodthirsty habits on every hand, until recently little or no organized effort has been directed to reduce their numbers in the past. This lethargy on the part of the public is possibly due to lack of knowledge of the life-history and habits of our Canadian mos- quitoes and of their susceptibility to easy destruction while in the larval and pupal stages. Without such knowledge the public is apt to regard the seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes as inevitable, and, with the exception of certain expensive and rather futile measures directed against the adults, to leave their control to natural agencies. Fauna! and biological studies of the mosquitoes in the Ottawa district carried out during the past three years have revealed the feasibility of largely ridding this locality of the mosquito nuisance. If only a small proportion of the money annually spent by the public in purchasing anti-mosquito dopes and sprays, and wire screening for verandahs, doors and windows, chiefly to exclude mosquitces, were devoted to the application of ee scientific control measures, this objective would be attained. | During the past year or two, the Dominion Entomologist, in co-operation with the City Health Department, has directed the attention of the people of Ottawa to the possibility and desirability of controlling the local mosquito pests. Rockcliffe village, a residential section lying to the north of Ottawa and immediately adjacent to it, was the first to seek the advisory and super- visory assistance of the Entomological Branch, and a small sum of money to carry out anti-mosquito work was voted by the council in 1925, and again in 1926. The city cf Ottawa applied for such assistance early in 1926, and voted ~ a sufficient sum to conduct preliminary control measures. . | | : — ENTOMOLOGICAE SOCIETY 13 THE TROUBLESOME MOSQUITOES AND THEIR BREEDING AREAS Before discussing the actual control work it will be in order to give a brie general account of the troublesome mosquitoes, and their principal breeding places. A short account of the latter, together with a fairly complete list of the mosquito species occurring in the district has already been published,’ and unnecessary reiteration will be avoided as far as is consistent with the proper presentation of this paper. The species of importance in the Ottawa district (and probably, with few exceptions, throughout Eastern Canada) on account of their abundance and the blood-sucking habits of the adult females, nearly all belong to the genus Aedes. . These mosquitoes, of which there are several species, develop in temporary bodies of water in the spring and early summer, after having passed the winter in the egg stage, low temperatures apparently being a necessary preliminary to the successful hatching of the eggs. The newly hatched larvae begin to appear shortly after the spring thaw sets in and while the water is only'a few degrees above freezing point. The bodies of water in which they develop are of two principal types, i.e., flood waters formed by river freshets, and snow and rain pools. The principal flood-water breeding areas, affecting Ottawa, lie to the north and north-northeast of the city, along the Quebec shore of the Ottawa river, in the vicinity of Leamy creek and Gatineau Point; on Kettle island and west of East Templeton, extending over several hundred acres of land, the extent and severity of the flooding varying greatly from year to year. Lesser areas, of comparatively minor importance from the point of view of mosquito production, are formed by the Rideau river in Ottawa South and Ottawa East. The snow and rain pools are scattered about chiefly in outlying sections of the city, and outside the city limits. The more important occur in rather low scrubby bushland, but some are found in open fields, although usually not far from trees. CONTROL Work IN 1925.—The control work carried out by the Rock- cliffe authorities in 1925, was directed solely against mosquitoes which were developing in great numbers in snow and rain pools situated in several acres of scrubby woodland, in the immediate vicinity of the village. It was under- taken at a fortunate time, however, for, thanks to a scant winter snowfall followed by a comparatively dry spring, few mosquitoes developed in the flood- water areas, a short distance to the north on the opposite shore of the Ottawa river, and consequently few migrated into the treated section. The material used for this and subsequent control work in the district, consisted of a mixture of 70 per cent. heavy and 30 per cent. light petroleum fuel oils, specially prepared for the purpose by a commercial oil company. On May 14th, the oil was sprayed on the infested pools by means of garden watering cans and a five-gallon knapsack sprayer, at which time the majority of the mosquitoes were in the full-grown larval and pupal stages. Only eighty gallons of oil were used, but the work was done under close supervision, and _ proved very satisfactory, nearly 100 per cent. mortality occurring in treated pools. Owing to this work, and the absence of migratory species, Rockcliffe and adjacent sections enjoyed greater freedom from mosquitoes than for many years. CONTROL WoRK IN 1926. In 1926, Ottawa and Rockcliffe set aside further appropriations to allow of the treatment of mosquito pools and flood-water areas south of the Ottawa river within a short distance of the city limits. At LET meee he 14 THE REPORT OF THE the inception of this work, it was found that the oil supplied was not nearly so satisfactory as that obtained formerly. When sprayed on water it spread very slowly and collected on the surface in dark patches and globules, and had a tendency to drift to the edges of the pools and there adhere to vegetation. It was at first thought that this was due to the rather low temperature of the water, and to a too high percentage of heavy oil, but experiments soon dispelled this theory. The oil company secures the oil from several different sources and it is possible that the base of the oil, whether asphalt or paraffin, has a definite bearing on its suitability for anti-mosquito work. At the suggestion of the Dominion Entomologist, the co-operation of the Division of Chemistry, Central Experimental Farm, was secured. After a series of experiments, Mr. F. A. Herman, of the Division of Chemistry, found that the addition of .004 per cent. of sodium or potassium hydrate to the oil, reduced its surface tension, causing it to spread rapidly and evenly when sprayed on water. For practical purposes three-quarters of an ounce of a 50 per cent. solution of caustic soda in water was added to each gallon of oil, the addition being made in the field, as the oil was poured into the watering cans. In order to keep the caustic in suspension it was necessary for the oilers to constantly agitate the oil by means of sticks, while pouring it on the infested pools. This method proved quite satisfactory, although knapsack sprayers had to be di- spensed with owing to the caustic solution collecting at the bottom and being pumped off first. The oil film remained on treated waters for at least seven days, in spite of heavy rains, and completely destroyed all mosquito stages present. The control work in Ottawa was carried out under the immediate super- vision of Dr. T. A. Lomer, City Health Officer, by four men and a foreman equipped with a large motor truck to convey the oil to and from the widely scattered breeding areas. The work was commenced on May 15th and com- pleted on May 27th. The oiling was completely successful wherever applied, and resulted in a large section of Ottawa enjoying comparative freedom from mosquitoes throughout the summer. It also served to demonstrate the great importance of the flood-water breeding areas in the Gatineau Point—Kettle island section, to the north of the city, and to emphasize the need of including them in any comprehensive control scheme. In these areas the predominant mosquito is Aedes hirsuteron Theo., a small flood-water species with very blood- thirsty habits which, in years of high river freshet, develops in great numbers and invades Ottawa and adjacent localities. FLOOD-WATER MOSQUITOES In 1926, the Ottawa river freshet* commenced towards the end of April, the rapidly rising water extensively flooding low-lying land on Kettle island and the Quebec shore. The water continued to rise until the end of May, submerging extensive egg-beds of Aedes hirsuteron Theo., which had largely remained dry during the previous summer. Within a week or two, the tree lined pools and shallow miniature lakes, formed by the encroaching river waters, were literally swarming with the larvae of this species and, at the beginning of June, the adults were emerging in immense numbers. On June 6th, I visited Kettle island and, on landing on a cleared section of the island, more or less free from trees, I was greeted by large gyrating swarms of Aedes hirsuteron *Data on river levels was kindly supplied by Mr. C. R. Coutlee, Engineer’s Branch, Depart- ment of Public Works, Ottawa. i a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 15 that attacked so viciously, in spite of the bright sunlight and a fresh breeze, that it was impossible to remain on the island for more than a few minutes, and I was forced to make a hasty retreat. At this date great numbers had already crossed the Ottawa river and were becoming extremely troublesome throughout Rockcliffe, New Edinburgh and Eastview. A few days later they were beginning to appear in northern sections of Ottawa, and by the middle of June many had penetrated into central sections of the city, more than three miles south of their breeding places, and were causing much discomfort. This - species continued to be troublesome until well on into midsummer and, in the neighbourhood of its breeding grounds, persisted until late in August. IMPORTANT POINTS IN OILING Before discussing other methods and factors in mosquito control it would be as well to make a brief statement of the more important points to be con- sidered in the use of oil against mosquitoes. Petroleum oils have been used extensively in anti-mosquito work during recent years, but as they vary considerably in their suitability for this work, tests should be made to ensure that the available supply is satisfactory, some time before it is required for use.” The oil should spread quickly when in con- tact with water, forming a thin unbroken film over the surface, without collecting in dark patches or adhering too readily to grasses and foliage. Oil that is too heavy has a tendency to clog portable hand spraying apparatus, _ and oil that does not spread rapidly is apt to be used in much larger quantity than is actually necessary. All pools and other collections of water believed to contain mosquito larvae and pupae should be examined prior to treatment, as many likely-looking bodies of water are often uninfested. This may be done by means of a small- mesh strainer such as a coffee strainer which after being passed through the water, may be placed in a white saucer containing water, any mosquito stages present immediately becoming visible. Frequently they are so numerous that they may be easily seen without resorting to this expedient. The oiling should be delayed until the majority of the larvae are nearly full-grown and some are commencing to pupate. By this time the weather is _ becoming warmer with the result that the oil spreads. more readily. Another reason is that the pupae die more readily than the larvae, and, in addition, any larvae that may have hatched recently are also killed. The work should be carried out under the constant direction of a competent supervisor. The average labourer and gang foreman cannot be expected to perform the work in a satisfactory manner if left to his own resources. The oiling may be done by means of garden watering cans or knapsack sprayers. If the oil is satisfactory the latter are preferable as they are less wasteful and the spray can be controlled more readily. Particular attention should be paid to the edges of infested bodies of water as it is there that the larvae are often most numerous. Pools lying in exposed situations, such as open fields, should not be sprayed in windy weather, as the wind blows the oil film off the surface into the grass-grown margins. The oilers should be equipped | with rubber hip boots and overalls, preferably oilskins. THE UsE oF DERRIS IN MOSQUITO CONTROL The recent paper on the insecticidal properties and uses of derris by Messrs. Kelsall, Spittall, Gorham and Walker! led the author to consider the possible 16 THE REPORT OF THE use of this material in some form or other as a substitute for oil in the control of mosquitoes. At the suggestion of Mr. F. A. Herman, and with his co-opera- tion, the derris was tried in powder form, a series of experiments being con- ducted on mosquito larvae and pupae in the laboratory. The derris was dusted _ on the water surface at the rate of approximately three pounds per acre, the ‘ larvae dying within a period varying from three-quarters of an hour to more than seven hours. In all cases, the larvae, before death, became very feeble, lying motionless and parallel with the surface of the water, moving with difficulty only when rudely disturbed. The pupae died more slowly than the larvae, more than twenty-four hours sometimes elapsing before death occurred. These experiments served to indicate the possible value of derris, but unfortunately none of the material was available in Ottawa, for field tests, until after the majority of mosquitoes had emerged. While in Montreal, however, in July, Mr. W. St. G. Ryan pointed out to me a small temporary pool, on the outskirts of a wood, which contained large numbers of larvae of Aedes vexans Mgn. The pool was rather more than 200 square feet in area and shallow, with a grass-grown bottom. A mixture of derris and French chalk in the proportion of one part of the former to four of the latter was dusted just before sundown on the surface of the water by means of a small hand dust gun, at the rate of 1% lbs. of derris to the acre. The material settled well, forming a very satisfactory film of dust over the entire surface. When examined 16 hours later, a considerable proportion of the larvae were dead and many of the living revealed the effects of the derris in their sluggish movements. For certain reasons the pool was not examined again until sixty hours after treatment. On this occasion all the larvae were dead, many floating on the surface of the water. If in further experimental work derris continues to prove efficient in mos- quito control, and if an adequate supply at a reasonable price can be assured, it should be an excellent substitute for oil. Used in dust form with a suitable “filler” it should be possible to treat large breeding areas either with hand- dusters or by aeroplane, the latter working at a remarkably high speed and low cost. In the United States, aeroplane dusting? with Paris green, in the control of anopheline mosquitoes, cost only from fifty to sixty cents per acre, and more than two thousand acres were treated per day. Paris green, however, according to investigators in the United States is only effective against the larvae of Anopheles which are surface feeders, and does not effect culicine larvae. PERMANENT CONTROL MEASURES In addition to temporary control measures such as have been already described, much work of a more permanent nature could be carried out in the Ottawa district. Many of the breeding areas, particularly the snow and rain pools, could be permanently removed by properly executed drainage schemes. In many places all that is needed is a few well cut ditches kept in good repair. Other areas could be filled in with such material as city garbage, a measure which has been already started in at least two locations. Finally, the flood- water breeding areas adjacent to the Ottawa and Rideau rivers probably could be greatly lessened by the construction of dykes at strategic points. NATURAL CONTROL Natural agencies, particularly the weather, play an important part in regulating the abundance of mosquitoes. It has been already stated that the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 17 height and duration of the Ottawa river freshet is a deciding factor in the pro- duction of flood-water mosquitoes at Ottawa. The freshet, in turn, is regulated by the amount of winter snow fall, spring rains and by temperature. Dry weather in spring frequently results in the extensive drying up of breeding pools, causing the death of great numbers of larvae and pupae. After a short _ dry spell it is a common sight to see shrunken pools in which the water is literally choked with “wrigglers.” Whenever fish gain access to infested bodies of water, the mosquitoes _ quickly disappear. In 1926, the Rideau river rose exceptionally high, and in one location certain troublesome mosquito breeding pools remained connected with the river for some time, with the result that they became impregnated with many small fish. No mosquitoes developed in these pools, thanks to the fish, but as the river subsided, the pools dried up and the fish died also. The larvae of a species of non-biting mosquito, Corethra cinctipes Cog., which often occurs in large numbers in temporary bodies of water containing Aedes larvae, attack the latter, particularly the smaller, recently hatched ones. Water-beetle larvae are also well-known enemies of mosquitoes and undoubtedly greatly reduce their numbers. REFERENCES 1. Kesatt, A., J. P. SPITTALL, R. P. GoRHAM, and G. P. WALKER, ‘‘Derris as an Insecti- cide,’’ 56th Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. of Ont., 1925, pp. 25-40. 2. Morsks, STANLEY F., “‘ Airships for Mosquito Control,’”’ Proc. 13th Ann. Meet. N. J. Mos Ext. Assoc., 1926. p. 82. 3. Twinn, C. R., “Notes on the Mosquitoes of the Ottawa District,’’ Can. Ent., Vol. Iviii, 1926, pp. 108-111. PARADICHLOROBENZENE AS A CONTROL FOR THE MUSH- ROOM MITE L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH While on my holidays in early July, I received a letter from Mr. Carl Peter- son of Port Dover stating that his mushroom bed was being severely injured by a tiny mite. A sample of the soil accompanied the letter. On examination I could easily see a tiny white mite, and though I had nothing with me to make sure of its identity, yet from the general appearance and the description of the injury I feel that there is no doubt it was the mushroom mite, Tyroglyphus lintnert Osb. Mr. Peterson, who is a bright young Danish floriculturist, had already tried but without success to control the mite by using calcium cyanide, nicotine liquid, nicotine powder, X L all nicotine, tobacco stems, carbon bisulphide and ammonia respectively. His failure was to be expected because the mite is notoriously hard to combat. Popenoe, in United States Farmers’ Bulletin 789, says, “Little can be recommended for the control of the mushroom mite after it has once become established in a house.”’ Some months previous to receiving this letter I had been sent samples of wheat severely infested with a closely allied mite, Tyroglyphus farinae DeGeer, and by experiment had found that a small amount of paradichlorobenzene quickly killed it.. Accordingly I sent Mr. Peterson two pounds of this substance and asked him to try it, but warned him to test it first very carefully on a small area for fear it would injure the mushrooms or the mycelium in the soil. Three "A? ea”? 18 THE REPORT OF THE weeks later he wrote stating that the poison had been a complete success and had done no injury. The following is his account of the experiment: “Treatment 1.—Strips of paper about 8 inches wide by 1 yard long were placed on the beds in long continuous rows with about 1 yard distance between rows, with paradichlorobenzene crystals scattered on paper in quantities of about 1 Ib. to 400 sq. ft. of beds, after which the beds were covered with news- paper. The beds at time of this treatment had even moisture. Sixty per cent. kill of mites. “Treatment 2—The beds were thoroughly dried out and the crystals scat- tered evenly on entire surface of bed. (No care used to avoid scattering on mushrooms.) We used for this treatment in quantities of 11% lbs. to 400 sq. ft. of bed, after which the surface was damped slightly with a fine syringe. No covering used on beds, but entire mushroom house closed tightly for 48 hours, and then given a good airing for a few hours. This treatment was practically a 100 per cent. kill and as far as we can ascertain with not the slightest harm done to mushrooms. We have used this treatment twice in ten days, the second time to get any mites that may possibly have escaped or hatched since first and second treatment. “You will understand this is encouraging, more so because our mushroom ’ house is an old barn converted, where planks and old boards are used aplenty. The bed referred to covers the entire bottom of house, about 400 sq. ft., which of course would make it more difficult to clean up.” Four weeks later I called on Mr. Peterson at Port Dover and asked him whether any injurious results had shown up in the meantime from the use of the paradichlorobenzene. He assured me he could see no injury and that no mites had since appeared. As a proof of his confidence in the value of the paradichlorobenzene he had purchased five- pounds to keep on hand in case of future need. On November ist I again wrote Mr. Peterson and asked him whether any injurious effects from the paradichlorobenzene had since been noticed. He replied November 4th as follows:— “T can confidently say that to the best of my knowledge the paradichloro- benzene has not caused any injury whatever to the beds, spawn or mushrooms, if used in the quantities mentioned in my previous letter.” I have not had an opportunity to test this control myself, but it looks as though we have in it a promising means of control for the mushroom mite. Further work is of course necessary to test whether it is safe under all conditions; what is the best amount to use and how it may best be applied. I hope that Mr. Peterson’s success will not cause other mushroom growers to use it reck- lessly as they would a well-tested remedy, but that they- will try it out first on a small area before treating the whole bed. It seems to me that perhaps a wise method to follow would be to cover a portion of the bed with cheesecloth or burlap or some other material of loose texture, then spread the substance over it at the rate of about 114 pounds to 400 square feet and leave this on for two days and at the end of that time remove the covering, taking with it any of the crystals which had not evaporated. Then if the mites have been killed and if after a couple of days no damage is seen, the whole bed could be treated in the same manner. Of course, if the crystals can be scattered over the bed itself without any cheesecloth or other intervening substance and this does not injure the plants, it would be a great saving of labour. It must be kept in mind that paradichlorobenzene is quite injurious to many kinds of plants, especially when the crystals come in direct contact with them. PINTOMOLOGICAL; SOCIETY 19 NOTES UPON THE INSECT PREPARATIONS USED IN CLASS WORK Piet Oho INSTIPUTE OF AGRICULTURE REvV.. FATHER LEOPOLD, LA TRAPPE, QUE. (Father Leopold, recognizing that there would be a group of student mem- bers and visitors present at the annual meetings, felt that some idea of the prepared entomological material being used in class work at Oka would be of particular interest to them. Instead, therefore, of the presidential address as announced on the programme, an excellent collection of microscope slides repre- sentative of the mounted material referred to was shown to the meeting. The series embraced prepared material illustrating external and internal anatomy, isolated structures and insects mounted entire. Some of the mountings of large insects were particularly striking. All the material indicated clearly the great value of such preparation and its undoubted advantage in use in class work. The demonstration was followed by a deseriptive discussion of methods of preparation by Father Leopold, as follows:—) The insects, after killing, are put into a ten per cent. solution of potassium or sodium hydroxide, kept at room temperature or in an incubator at from 37 degrees to 50 degrees Centigrade. Though this is the oldest and best known method of removing the soft internal part of the insect and of softening the chitin, it has the disadvantage of also frequently removing such essential structures as hairs and scale. Owing to this difficulty I prefer to use the low temperature and to avoid the use of the Bunsen burner. If, however, rapid work is essential, then warm the solution in the hot water bath for but ten or fifteen minutes. If the chitin becomes excessively clear by the hydroxide it can be coloured by a solution of pyrogallic acid, alcohol and glycerine, and if overcoloured can be bleached by washing in a weak solution of hydrochloric acid. After these structures have been suitably softened and cleared of soft material the specimen is washed in acidulated distilled water and later in pure distilled water to remove the hydroxide. The water is removed by immersion in increasingly strong alcohol solutions and finally for short periods in absolute alcohol, clove oil, xylol in succession and mounted in Canada balsam. In the preparation of dried\material the insect can be softened by immersion in a dilute solution of the hydroxide or by soaking in 50 per cent. acetic acid, ‘though I prefer the method of R. du Moyer. In this method the insect is soaked in a 10 per cent. solution of ammonia until it retakes the original shape. The material is then washed and carried forward to mounting in the usual way. An even more convenient method (chloral-phenol method), one invented by J. Armann for botanical preparations, may be applied to arthropods in general. Either one of two formulae may be used—(1) chloral hydrate (crystals), two parts, with phenol (crystals), one part; or (2) equal parts of chloral hydrate and monochlorophenol (para). In either case the mixture is liquefied over a slow heat and kept for use in a stoppered rubber pipette bottle. Both liquids are miscible alike in water or Canada balsam without opacity or precipitate, and thus allow mounting direct from the macerating fluid. Care should be taken, however, not to expose small structures to the mixture for too long a time as they become very soft and the parts may become dissociated. Colourless or transparent chitin can be stained to aid in study by being held in a 1 per cent. solution of pyrogallic acid in distilled water for about thirty minutes. Upon removal the material should be exposed to sunlight in 70 per yA Oi THE ‘REPORT OF THE cent. alcohol or glycerine for a few hours, depending upon the intensity and colour required. If the colour is too intense, bleaching can be effected by immersion in weak hydrochloric acid till sufficiently decolourized when, after washing, dehydration and clearing, the material can be mounted. THE ACTIVITIES OF THE. DIVISION OF FOREIGN SEES SUPPRESSION L. S. McLaIneE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA The activities of the Division of Foreign Pests Suppression are divided into two main classes or groups: first, the inspection of imported and exported plants and plant products, including the work involved under the Destructive Insect and Pest Advisory Act Board; and second, the handling of field projects in _ connection with the suppression or control of foreign pests recently introduced and which have not yet secured a foothold in the Dominion. INSPECTION OF PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS All importers of plants from any country are required to secure a permit to cover their importation and which must be presented to the Customs before the shipment can be released. For the year ending March 31st, 1926, a total of 13,730 permits were issued to 6,354 different consignees. Shipments of plants arriving from countries other than the United States of America are subject to reinspection on arrival in Canada either at the seaboard or at destina- tion. During the period mentioned above 30,463,000 plants were examined; these arrived in 22,466 packages and involved 5,555 separate inspections. In 199 shipments, pests or diseases of one kind or another were intercepted. Pro- vision was made two years ago for the handling and inspection of small ship- | ments of plants which arrived by parcel post. These packages are examined either at Montreal or Vancouver. This branch of the work is increasing very rapidly; last season 1,005 packages containing 94,082 plants were inspected at Montreal. | In addition to the inspection of nursery stock, an effort is made to inspect shipments of plant products of all kinds and descriptions entering Canada from foreign countries. This work can only be carried on at ports where inspectors | are stationed, and on account of the limited staff, inspections of these products can only be made at times, when the inspectors are free from examining | , imported nursery stock. A total of 5,692 inspections were made of plant pro- ducts in 1,049,833 containers. In 83 inspections pests or diseases were inter- cepted. , It has been realized for some time that, in addition to the danger of import- ing noxious pests and diseases on shipments of nursery stock and plant products brought in by the regular channels, the question of immigrants and passengers bringing in plants would have to receive consideration. Passenger boats have been attended at the ports of St. John, Quebec, Montreal and Vancouver. At the first three ports inspectors were on hand on the arrival of 318 boats; on 128 boats passengers to the number of 208 were found to be bringing plants with them. If the plants in question were not prohibited entry for one reason or another, they were examined by the inspector and, if free from pests or diseases, were returned to the passenger. | ) b ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Om Certain species of plants are prohibited entry into Canada on account of specific pests or diseases; during the past fiscal year 13,490 plants and 19 ship- ments of potatoes were either seized by the inspectors or refused entry. During the past few years there has been a very marked increase in the amount of plant materials exported to foreign countries. Last season 326 inspections for export shipments were made, the plants being consigned to nine- teen different foreign countries. The products certified included 283,676 plants, 103,766 bulbs, 4,430 pounds of forest tree seed, 25,000 pounds of onion sets, also tobacco plants, tomato plants, etc. Towards the end of the winter a fumigation and inspection building was constructed at the port of Montreal. This station is 150 feet long by 50 feet in depth. It contains three large fumigation and inspection rooms, a small cyanide chamber, a research laboratory, a large room for the installation of vacuum fumigation apparatus, and a boiler room. When the fumigating apparatus is installed, it is to be hoped that the station will be one of the best equipped of its kind, and will fill a much needed want. FIELD PROJECTS Brown-Tail Moth.—This insect, which was present in large numbers in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during the period 1910 to 1917, has gradually been brought under control. During the winter of 1913-1914 over 25,000 winter nests were collected in Nova Scotia and over 28,000 in New Brunswick. These numbers have been greatly reduced, in New Brunswick no nests having been found since the winter of 1917-1918. During the past season ninety-five nests were collected in Nova Scotia. There are several points in the latter province where breeding is going on, but these are kept under close _ observation, the worst orchards are sprayed and it is to be hoped that the insect will eventually be exterminated. Apple Sucker.—This insect was first found in the vicinity of Wolfville, Nova Scotia, in the summer of 1919. It has now spread over the main apple growing sections of that province and into two adjacent counties in New Bruns- wick. It is a pest that is more or less readily controlled under orchard condi- tions, but no effective ovicide has yet been found. Consequently there is an embargo on the movement of the host plants of this insect from the infested to non-infested territory. Scouting work carried on this past season indicated that there had been but little spread during the year. Gypsy Moth—This pest was discovered in the vicinity of Henrysburg, Quebec, in the late summer of 1924. The infestation covered about one-third of a square mile and 2,845 egg clusters were treated. Extensive control measures have been carried on each year, consisting of the spraying of all foliage, creosoting of egg clusters, burning stone walls and brush likely to harbour young cater- pillars, and the placing of burlap and tanglefoot bands on the trees in the infested area, with the result that only one old egg cluster was found this fall. In addi- tion, scouting is being carried on in southern Quebec from the Ontario to the New Hampshire line. This work is being carried on co-operatively with the Quebec Department of Lands and Forests. — European Corn Borer—During the past summer this insect was found to have spread into sixty additional townships in Ontario and had also invaded the province of Quebec at two different points. With the exception of the outbreak at North Bay, Ontario, the increase in distribution has been due undoubtedly to natural spread. A marked increase in the intensity of infesta- tion was also noted, especially as regards southwestern Ontario. 22 THE REPORT OF THE Mexican Bean Beetle.-—This insect, a native of the southwest United States, was found in Alabama in 1920. In one year it spread 4,500 square miles and by 1924 was found on the southern shore of Lake Erie. Scouting to determine whether the pest had invaded Ontario was carried on in 1925 and 1926. Up to the present time no sign of the insect has been found. It is a serious pest of many varieties of bean. European Pine Shoot Moth—In the late spring of 1925, a small shipment of pines imported from Europe were found infested with this insect; the shipment was destroyed. Later in the season a report from the Toronto district indicated the presence of the pest, scouting was immediately started and the pine shoot moth was found at several points in this area. In the fall, plans were formu- lated to re-examine all pines imported since the inauguration of the permit system. This work was started in the spring of 1926, with the result that infestations were found at forty-five points in Ontario, and one in British Columbia. An endeavour has been made to clean up each infestation, and the work will be continued in 1927. The pest is established in at least fifteen states of the United States. : European Corn Borer Parasites—In 1923 a parasite laboratory was estab- lished at St. Thomas, Ontario, for the purpose of rearing and colonizing parasites of the European corn borer. The original breeding material was furnished by the United States Bureau of Entomology. Owing to the severity of the corn borer outbreak in the southwest portion of the province, the laboratory was moved to Chatham in 1925. During the four years the laboratory has been in operation 2,577,000 Habrobracon brevicornis and 118,600 FExeristes roborator parasites have been liberated. This past summer two new species, an A panteles sp. and a \icrogaster sp. have been secured and this new material is now being bred. SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF@ | THE ARMYWORM, CIRPHIS UNIPUNCTA, Haw.* H. F. Hupson anp A. A. Woop, Dom. ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STRATHROY This paper covers some phases of the life history of the armyworm, Cirphis unipuncta, which have been under study at the Dominion Entomological Labor- atory, Strathroy, Ontario, during the years 1925 and 1926. From an economic standpoint, little or nothing has been seen or heard of this insect in Ontario since the memorable outbreak of 1914. At that time the losses to grain crops and pasture fields were estimated to be a quarter of a million | dollars in Western Ontario alone, to say nothing of the damage caused in Eastern Ontario, and other parts of the Dominion. It would appear from authentic Canadian records that outbreaks of this insect occur at irregular periods of from fourteen to twenty years, depending possibly upon weather conditions and the presence or absence of parasites and predators. In normal years the armyworm is difficult to find, and the present investi- gation has shown that a knowledge of the insect, especially in the earlier instars, | is necessary before field observations can be made with profit. Tr The results of the study in 1925 were negligible. Sugar baiting at night | for the moths was started early in the spring, and a worn moth was secured on May 18th. This is very early, and is felt to be an unusual record. No other moths were taken until June 3rd, though the small flight lasted until if June 29th. A total of twenty-five moths was secured during the first flight. | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 23 Moths were seen again on the wing on July 23rd, and were taken in small num- bers until August 13th. During the latter period fourteen moths were secured. Search made in likely situations failed to reveal any larvae and the opinion was felt to be justified that armyworms were very scarce. In 1926 the same ground was covered, and the spring flight of moths was fairly strong. In 1926 the area of sugaring was slightly enlarged so as to be sure of an ample supply of moths. Moths appeared on the wing on June 17th, and the flight lasted until July 19th, the peak of flight being on June 22nd and 23rd. The spring flight lasted forty-two days, and a total of 192 moths were collected. For rearing; these moths were introduced in to a field cage ane the cage results checked by insectary studies. OvIPOSsITION.—On June 3rd, fourty-four moths were collected from atte baits placed upon fence posts along the road. The sexes were not determined at the time, but were placed four to a bag in 16-pound paper bags containing a small bunch of couch grass (Agropyron repens) with a piece of absorbent cotton saturated with dilute blackstrap molasses. An examination of the bags after death of the moths showed that three of the bag cages contained male moths only. Of the other cages each contained three males and one female, and seven females of eight under observation laid fertile eggs. These eggs varied in number per female from 8 to 661; a total of 1,127 eggs were secured with a fertility of 97.97 per cent. and a viability in fertile eggs of 82.57 per cent. No doubt all the fertile eggs would have hatched had humidity conditions been properly regulated, as all eggs showed development. From a study of 801 eggs, the duration of the egg stage was found to vary from four to five days. In bag cages the females have pre-oviposition period of at least ten days, and the possibility is that it may be longer. In the same cages, with only couch grass present, the eggs are usually thrust in between the folded sides of a blade and glued along the grooves with a sticky fluid, the sides of the blade being drawn together so as to hide them effectually. In a study of 1,127 eggs in bag cages with couch grass present, 83.85 per cent. were found in the folded leaf blades, 4.04 per cent. on unfolded leaf blades, and 2.10 per cent. between the leaf sheath and the stem. DEVELOPMENT.—Armyworm larvae pass through six instars. The rate of development may be accelerated by the quantity and nature of food supplied. For instance, those which were fed exclusively on corn leaves matured in forty- one days; with larvae fed upon timothy only the stage was prolonged from forty-eight to fifty days; -on oats the period of development was from forty-seven to fifty-three days; and on barley part time the period ranged from forty-seven to fifty-one days. The barley in the latter experiments became too ripe by July 22 and corn leaves were substituted. When mature the larvae pupate just below the surface at an average depth of half an inch. In a large field cage no pupae were taken below this depth; from this cage 435 male and 611 female pupae were recovered. This number would have been much larger had the wire mesh been fine enough to confine all of the larvae, as during the early instars a number migrated from the cage. The day after emergence, single pairs of moths, from insectary reared material, were placed in the paper bag cages with grass and molasses, to ascer- tain the length of adult life, also incidentally to determine whether oviposition would take place under such conditions. >* Aqunod Juelg ©'9Z 99°12 Oso ted fh Olds 5 (Soyru Of) ¢ "ON Ce) EL) OCLs WOR Vales ae eae (CUE a ONE ENS 0°66 0°89 6.0 O00 eee nu 8-9) T ‘ON df9IT) vCol | €c6t ealy UOT}e}SOJUT - *"yu90 Jod Jsoystpy 26 ba ia ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2h A summary of the above shows that the percentage of stalk infestation within Circle No. 1 has decreased in both 1925 and 1926, a reduction of 25 per cent. occurring this year; Circle No. 2 increased by 21 per cent.; Circle No. 3 increased by 166 per cent.; Essex county, 121 per cent.; Haldimand, 28 per cent.; Huron, 133 per cent.; Kent, 50 per cent.; Lambton, 553 per cent.; Lincoln, 357 per cent.; a reduction of 13 per cent. occurred at our only observation point in eastern Norfolk, which is located near Simcoe, although an increase was noted at several other points in the county by other officers; Middlesex (north west) increased 680 per cent., Oxford 272 per cent., and Welland 105 per cent. These figures indicate a very serious situation and give one an idea of the crop losses which have resulted. The area along the Kent-Essex county line, in which practical destruction of crop extended over 400 square miles in 1925, has increased this year to an area of approximately 1,200 square miles, no part of either Essex or Kent counties being totally free from ruinous infestation in early planted field corn. The area of extensive loss extended westward to the Detroit river and northward into the southern part of Lambton county. The severe infestation in the Kent-Essex territory has resulted in a marked decrease in corn acreage, corn having practically disappeared from the territory most severely infested in 1925. The records show further that the borer is increasing seriously in Welland county, and in so far as the area on the north shore of Lake _ Ontario is concerned, Prince Edward county would appear to be the only one where serious damage is likely to result within the next few years. The infesta- tion in the latter county, which was not found infested until 1924, averaged _ about 2 per cent. this year, but fields showing as high as 10 per cent. infestation ad yal were encountered. The corn borer is now distributed over approximately 35,000 square miles in the province of Ontario, excluding the area concerned as a result of the North Bay collection. About 200 square miles in Hull county, Quebec, are infested, and approximately 550 square miles in southwestern Quebec. The most eastern collection taken in Ontario is 375 miles from the original outbreak in Elgin county, and as scouting records indicate that the infestation in the northeastern counties is well established, it may be recorded here that the pest will apparently thrive under conditions occurring approximately 200 miles north of St. Thomas. The collection taken in the North Bay district is probably due to artificial spread, but it represents the most northern record to date, being approximately 250 miles north of St. Thomas, and the progress of the borer in that district will be watched with interest, although the corn crop fluctuates each season in regard to both quantity and growth. The newly infested areas, comprising the counties of Carleton, Russell, Lanark and Renfrew, are rather important in corn growing, especially ensilage, and the development of the pest should be watched there. The majority of the infested territory in southwestern Quebec is also important, as thousands of acres are grown, but silos are used extensively and may assist greatly in delaying serious outbreaks.’ 28 THE REPORT OF THE ; THE OCCURRENCE OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER IN ONTARIO: IN PLANTS OTHER THAN CORN AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE? J. MARSHALL, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH In the event of a discontinuance of corn growing in the province of Ontario or in any part of it, will the corn borer be able to exist on other plants and, if so, _ will it be likely to prove a menace in that way? This question, a pertinent: one since the European corn borer first appeared in damaging numbers in Ontario, became of primary importance following the alarming increase of — insect in Kent and Essex counties in 1925. | Previous to this, observations on the occurrence of the borer in other plants. than corn had been made from time to time by both federal and provincial: investigators. This work, done in Elgin county, it was felt, should be augmented: by additional observations in Kent and Essex. Accordingly Professor Caesar detailed the writer to a field investigation in the latter counties. Our observa- tions, made in the months of September, October and November of 1925 and 1926, together with related data obtained by other investigators in Ontario, are briefly presented herein. A.—ARTIFICIAL INFESTATION 1921. Crawford and Spencer caged various weeds and garden crops after infesting them with slips of corn leaves bearing corn borer eggs. To quote their notes: ‘‘We had no success in establishing larvae on weeds, but a few established themselves on mangels, potatoes, celery, cauliflower, peas, beans, pepper, vadish, salvia, and aster.’ I have no information as to the numbers established, or their stages of development when examined. 1922. Crawford and Spencer caged corn borer moths with the falibeoiie plants: zimnia, tomato, tobacco, cosmos, bachelor’s button, barnyard grass, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, pigweed, ragweed, and lamb’s quarters. Although no eggs were laid on any of these plants growing beside an infested corn field, the moths in the cages laid freely on all but tobacco, tomato, and cosmos, and a small percentage of the larvae reached maturity on each of the different plants on which the eggs were laid. 1924. Spencer placed four pairs of moths in each of three cages over weeds: hops, and oats, respectively. Larvae were recovered in various stages of develop- ment varying from second to sixth instar in the following weeds: green foxtatl, Canada thistle and common pigweed. In these, 15.25 larvae were established per female moth caged. In the hops the larval development ranged from first to fourth instar, 18.25 larvae being recovered per female moth. The oats, a total of 397 stems showed 215 stems infested. Most of the larvae were second or third instar. They were decidedly more numerous than in either of the other cages but their exact number was not determined. Summing up the work on artificial infestation, larvae established themselves _on the following plants: mangel, potato, egg plant, celery, cauliflower, radish, pea, bean, pepper, salvia, aster, zinnia, bachelor’s button, hops, oats, barnyard grass, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, pigweed, ragweed, lamb’s quarters and Canada thistle. In the case of the weeds, migration from one species to another has not — been taken into consideration. The studies of this phase of the investigation work are incomplete, but they do show that the corn borer, if necessary, and ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 29 if it should oviposit on them, can adapt itself to quite a large number of plants besides corn. Our natural infestation records which follow show, however, that only on very rare occasions does oviposition occur on any plant but corn, and in areas of very heavy infestation, on oats and barley. B.—NATURAL INFESTATION 1921. From confidential and published reports of Crawford, Spencer and Painter on the year’s work I take the following data: In one field of sweet corn in Elgin county the weeds were so heavily infested as to contain 24,400 larvae per acre. Weeds infested in or adjacent to corn fields were: orchard grass, wild sunflower, blue weed, goldenrod, mullein, yarrow, tumble weed, red root pigweed, lamb’s quarter, yellow foxtail, green foxtatl, barnyard grass, old witch grass, lady’s thumb, wild buckwheat; Canada thistle, burdock, ground cherry, beggar ticks. Culti- vated plants infested were: geranium, aster, canna, golden glow, squash vines, garden beats, Hungarian grass, Mann's wonder sorghum, and dahlia. With the exception of dahlias and possibly Mann’s wonder sorghum, the infestation of these plants was entirely due to migration of the larvae from corn. 1922. Crawford and Spencer found the following to be additional shelter plants: wild raspberry, apples (windfall), burdock, Canada thistle, white sweet clover and sugar beets. | They found that both oats and sugar beets might serve as host plants. In an oat field previously in corn numerous larvae were taken. Estimates placed their number at 77,645 per acre. The loss to the grower did not exceed more than one-half bushel of oats per acre. No larvae were past the fifth instar stage when the oats were out, and all that did not reach other plants of suitable nature died within two days. In a sugar beet field there was a fairly general though slight infestation due to migrating larvae bred in an adjoining cornfield. One beet, however, was found infested with three borers far enough from any other infested plants to indicate its being a host. Tobacco grown beside corn for two years in succession was found infested. 1923. Curled dock, hollyhocks, gladiolus and rhubarb were added to the list during this summer. 1925. The investigation in 1925 was carried on within a radius of twenty miles of Tilbury, the scene of ruinous infestation of corn that year. The list of shelter plants was increased by the following: giant ragweed, curl:d dock, cocklebur, motherwort, common mustard, garden sunflower, velvet-leaved mallow, smariweed, daisy, fleabane, thorn apple, oak-leaved goosefoot, Soy bean and white jield bean. As many as thirty-three larvae were removed from a single giant ragweed plant growing in a cornfield. All infestation of these plants occurred within “migrating distance of a cornfield, and although extensive examinations were made among them in areas removed from such, none were found infested. Tomatoes were entered where growing beside a cornfield and in a few instances considerable loss of fruits took place. Special attention was given to sugar beets since it was felt that their high sugar content, making them in this respect akin to corn, might also make them suitable as host plants for the corn borer. Many beet fields were examined and the following table, representing infestation of beets adjoining a ruined corn- field, was typical of the conditions obtaining in the Tilbury district: 30 THE REPORT OF: THE Row of Beets Distance from Corn (feet) Plants entered per 100 1 4 93 2 6 67 3 8 52 4 10 24 5 12 19 6 14 14 8 18 i 10 2 3 ie Hi ro borers 100 200 Petes It will be noted that up to a distance of twenty feet from the corn, the infestation steadily decreases as the distance from the corn increases. This | clearly indicates the migratory tendencies of the insect. Entry of beets at 200 feet was so regular, though slight, that migration seemed unlikely at this distance. Eggs were found on beets earlier in the season by both Baird and Ficht, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, so since previous artificial infestation experiments indicated that larvae could — develop on sugar beets, it is likely that in this very heavily infested area beets served to a very slight extent as host plants when near corn fields. However, no sugar beets were found infested farther than 250 feet from infested corn. Dahlias were found by Ficht infested at a distance of 150 feet from growing corn before the time of expected migration. It is entirely probable that this infestation was a result of oviposition on the dahlias. Reports of corn borers infesting weeds and other plants not in the neigh- bourhood of corn fields have frequently been received from farmers. In prac- tically all cases the larvae present were not corn borers. 1926. Additional shelter plants discovered in the past season’s work were: potato, carrot (as many as seven larvae in a single root reported by Baird and Thompson from Petite Cote), swmach and pokeweed. Infestation of weeds bordering on oat fields was common this year, four borers being taken from one ragweed plant in such a situation. In the weeds surrounding a six-acre oat field previously in corn but unploughed, it was estimated that there were at least 2,400 larvae. It is fortunate that relatively few fields were as poorly tilled as this one because evidence shows that oats following corn in poorly cleaned fields are more subject to infestation than if grown in well ploughed land. Likewise, when the fence-rows are kept free from stout weeds undoubtedly practically all the larvae, even at the edges of the fields, never reach maturity. An average of two corn borer larvae per square yard in oat fields was reported by Ficht this past summer as common infestation in the Tilbury district. Some interesting data in regard to host plants were obtained this year. Barley fields in the vicinity of Chatham and Tilbury were infested at the rate of approximately one larva per square yard, according to Ficht. The writer was unable to find any borers in the weeds bordering on barley fields, possibly because the barley was cut and removed before the majority of the larvae were able to migrate to any extent. Barley, of course, matures a week to two weeks before oats. Two gladioli were found infested by Dustan in the horticultural test gardens at St. Thomas. I understand that members of the Dominion Branch have also found infested gladioli in these gardens. This year, at least, no corn was growing in the immediate vicinity. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Sl Slight infestations of dahlias were found in several localities in Kent county. These were isolated and clearly resulted from oviposition on the dahlias. Zinnias not in the vicinity of any other infested plants were slightly attacked near Wheatley, five mature and one fourth instar larvae being taken from 100 plants. Like the dahlias, these plants were almost certainly acting as hosts. SUMMARY OF NATURAL INFESTATION RECORDS 1. Host Plants—Aside from corn the following have acted as host plants only in scattered instances, with the exception of oats and possibly barley: . Corn—Zea mays L. . Dahlias—Dahlia sp. . Gladioli—Gladiolus sp. . Zinnias—Zinnia elegans Jacq. . Oats—Avena sativa L. . Barley—Hordeum vulgare L. . Sugar Beets—Beta vulgaris var. 2. Shelter Plants Only (Weeds): . Orchard grass—Dactylis glomerata L. . Wild Sunflower—Helianthus sp. . Blueweed—Echium vulgare L. . Mullein—Verbascum thapsus L. Goldenrod—Solidago sp. . Yarrow—Achillea millefolium L. . Wild raspberry—Rubus strigosus Michx. . Canada Thistle—Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. . Burdock—Arctium minus Bernh. 10. Giant Ragweed—Ambrosia trifida L. 11. Common Ragweed—Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 12. Curled Dock—Rumex crispus L. 13. Tumbleweed—Amaranthus graecizans L. 14. Ground Cherry—Physalis heterophila Nees. 15. Cocklebur—Zanthium echinatum Murr. 16. Motherwort—Leonurus cardiaca L. ee Bindweed—Polygonum convulvulus L. 18. Lamb’s Quarters—Chenopodium album L. 19 Common Mustard—Brassica arvense (L) Kuntz. 20. Beggar’s Ticks—Bidens frondosa L. 21. Green Foxtail—Setaria viridis (L) Beauv. 22. Yellow Foxtail—Setaria glauca (L) Beauv. 23. Velvet-leaved Mallow—Abutilon theophrasti Medic. 24. Smartweed—Polygonum persicaria L 25. Daisy Fleabane—Erigeron canadensis L. 26. Thorn Apple—Datura stramonium L. 27. Oak-leaved Goosefoot—Chenopodium glaucum L. 28. Sumach—Rhus typhina L. 29. Pokeweed—Phytolacca decandra L. 30. Barnyard Grass—Echinochloa crusgalli (L) Beauv. Shelter Planis Only (cultivated): 31. Apples (windfall)—Pyrus malus L. 32. White Sweet Clover—Melilotis alba Desr. 33. Yellow Sweet Clover—Melilotis officinale (L.) Lam. 34. Potato—Solanum tuberosum L 35. Tomato—Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 36. Carrot—Daucus carota L. 37. Soy Bean—Glycine hispida Maxim. 38. White Field Bean—Phaseolus vulgaris L. 39. Garden Sunflower—Helianthus annuus L. 40. Geranium—Pelargonium hortorum Bailey. 41. Aster—Callistephus hortensis Cass. 42. Golden Glow—Rudbeckia lacinata L. 43. Squash Vines—Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. 44. Broom Corn—Holcus sorghum Var. techinus L. 45. Sudan Grass—Holcus sudanensis Bailey. 46. Early Amber Sugar Cane—Holcus sorghum Var. saccharastus L. 47. Hungarian Grass—Setaria italica (L) Beaux. MAME ONE OONTDA OE WN 32 THE REPORT OF THE / Plants Common in Infested Cornfields but Never Found Attacked: 1. Prickly Lettuce—Lactuca scaritola L. 2. Spiny Annual Sow Thistle—Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, _*3. Soft-leaved Annual Sow Thistle—Sonchus oleraceus L. ~ 4. Perennial Sow Thistle—Sonchus arvensis L. 5. Dogbane—Apocynum sp. 6. Milkweed—Asclepias syriaca L. *One withered plant found infested in late October. All of these uninfested plants, it will be noted, have milky juices. Certain inferences may reasonably be drawn from the observations cited. 1. The corn borer in Ontario may, and commonly does, enter any of the fairly stout weeds common in corn fields, with the exception of those with milky | juices. Many cultivated plants are also subject to attack when growing beside infested corn. Infestation of the above plants, irrespective of those mentioned | below as host plants, occurs in the late summer or autumn after the borers have | matured or nearly matured in the corn. 2. Oviposition occurs on both oats and barley, and larvae can survive to at least the fifth instar stage in oats. However, both crops are harvested before the borers reach maturity. In the case of oat infestation the larvae near the | borders of the field are likely to enter and develop to maturity in weeds, but if the field has been properly tilled larval survival would be very small, even under conditions of severe infestation. 3. Oviposition in the field rarely occurs on any crops but corn, oats and barley. 4. The corn borer may and occasionally does develop from egg to maturity in dahlias, gladioli, zinnias, and sugar-beets. It commonly develops to at least the fifth instar in oats and possibly in barley. These seven plants constitute to date the known hosts of the European corn borer in Ontario. IN CONCLUSION There are no indications that any other Ontario crops will be injured by the corn borer as long as corn is grown on a commercial scale in the Province. If, as is expected, the early corn acreage in Kent and Essex counties becomes practically nil in 1927, it is difficult to predict what will become of the moths in this area. Many of them, aided by air currents, will almost surely find their way to neighbouring counties where corn is more abundant, but whether or not even late corn will be seriously attacked remains to be seen. Heavy infestation of oats and barley will probably occur in Kent and Essex in 1927. As to the fate of the corn borer in event of a so-called province-wide aban- donment of corn, our findings lead us to believe that the species would still be perpetuated in the aforementioned host plants, or that in the course of time, in view of a consideration of its host plants in its native habitat, that it might gradually adapt itself to still others such as hemp or hops. As long as there is | even a little corn grown in the Province, however, we have reason to feel that the borers will concentrate upon it practically to the exclusion of other plants. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 33 THE LARVAL MORTALITY OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER IN 1926 JAMES MARSHALL, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH In 1924 and 1925, in papers read before the Entomological Society of Ontario, Professor Caesar gave the results of studies of larval mortality. This year the experiments were continued. The methods employed, similar to those of the previous years, were outlined in the Report of the Society for 1924, so need not be given here. The following table gives a summary of the results. I. TABLE SHOWING THE MORTALITY OF LARVAE FROM Eaas ARTIFICIALLY PLACED ON CORN PLANTS WHICH WERE KEPT FREE FROM ALL OTHER E@@s Date eggs Number of Date plants placed on eggs dissected and Number of Living Mortality plants per series larvae counted days larvae ay 24s. 900 August 6 13 117 87% Wrtly, 24 is. os es 900 August 24 31 99 89% PATIGRISE CO. S. iia oS 0; - 900 August 17 12 122 86.4% Panelst OS... ... .- 900 September 5 31 144 84% 3,600 482 86.6% This year weather conditions had apparently a fairly uniform effect on larval mortality from July 24th to August 5th (eggs being classed as potential larvae). / | The table below is prepared to show the comparative mortalities in the years 1924, 1925 and 1926. | II. TABLE SHOWING LARVAL MORTALITIES FOR 1924, 1925 AnD 1926 Number of days from time eggs were placed Larval mortality for Average larval Year on the plants until each series mortality for the year plants dissected OTA. a ea ae oe 12 76.28% UTS 24 79.19% SUS ne ee 15 93.65% 93.58% 30 93.5% . HOO Se FE 12.5 86.7% 86.8% 31 86.5% This table shows that, as has been previously pointed out, larval mortality takes place almost entirely in the first week after the eggs have hatched, or, in other words, in the first and second larval instars. The above yearly averages may now be compared to the average yearly field infestation as found by the Dominion Entomological Branch within a radius of fifteen miles of Union, Elgin county, where our experiments were con- ducted. 2 ES. EE OU 34 THE*REPORT OP THE III. TABLE SHOWING CORRELATION OF LARVAL MORTALITY AND FIELD INFESTATION | Average artificial Average larval Average field infestation ° Year mortality survival Union district TODS yee steer as not taken not taken 235% TODA EAH AEE TEED IDEAS Ie ~ 45.5% DODO Ree antics uae 93.5% 6.5% 36% - Admitting that there are factors entering into the artificial work which do not obtain in the field, these are a constant and it will be seen that the records mirror fairly closely the natural infestation. A high mortality in the experi- ments foretells a decrease in the expected field infestation and vice versa. For instance, in 1924 the mortality as found in our experiments was 77.7 per cent. This, as we now know, is for the European corn borer a low larval death rate, so it was not surprising that the field infestation practically doubled that year. Next year the mortality was 93.5 per cent., a high death rate, since only 6.5 larvae survived out of every hundred eggs laid as compared with 22.3 in 1924, or, in other words, about one-quarter as many larvae established themselves. Therefore it was not surprising when, instead of doubling, the infestation in 1925 was reduced one-fifth. This year a mortality of 86.6 per cent. indicates a moderate increase in the field since approximately twice as many larvae survived as in 1925 but only half as many as in 1924. This expected increase is borne out by the infestation records which have just been compiled. \ The past year’s experiments were conducted at Aylmer, Elgin county, and | those of the preceding two years at Union, twelve miles southwest of Aylmer. An egg parasite (Trichogramma minuta) produced a distinct though undeter- mined mortality in 1925, but no parasitism was evident at Aylmer this year. It might be added that we are experimenting on the factors influencing the mortality of corn borer moths and the number of eggs laid, but as yet we have not done enough work to report further on these. A knowledge of adult mortality and the number of eggs laid is of course necessary before the total | effect of weather on the borers can be estimated. For fear of any misunderstanding it should be kept in mind that the above experiments were carried out in a dairying county where the ordinary farm practice of ensiling or feeding whole nearly all the cornstalks and ploughing under nearly all the stubble does a great deal to prevent a more rapid increase in the number of the borers. In the counties of Essex and Kent, where corn is grown chiefly for husking purposes and where the above methods of dealing with the crop have not up to the present been adopted, even the high larval mortality of 93.58 per cent. would not have prevented a rapid increase in the number of the borers. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY a THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER—THE OUTLOOK IN ONTARIO E CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH My reason for giving this paper is that I felt that those of you who had not been able to keep in close touch with the work on the European corn borer might desire to have a brief summary of present conditions in Ontario and to get some idea of what part the borer is likely to play in the future. THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE BORER IN THE PROVINCE Mr. Keenan has shown that the borer has spread to every county which grows corn to any appreciable extent, and that the percentage of infestation has increased greatly in most of the counties which were infested previously to this year. Let us now look a little more fully into the situation in the Province. In Essex and Kent, where the method of dealing with the corn remnants has been very favourable for the increase of the borer, all the early or moderately early corn this year had borers—often numerous borers—in every stalk, and even the late corn was heavily infested. The result is that most of the farmers realize that they cannot any longer run the risk of growing corn until the borer has been brought under control; hence there will not be more than 10 per cent. of the normal acreage planted to corn next year. So that the corn industry in Essex and Kent is for the time being already almost ruined. Lambton, Middlesex, Elgin and Oxford are all, with the exception of small areas, heavily infested, the average stalk infestation throughout them being between 30 per cent. and 50 per cent. Fields in all of these counties can be found with 80 per cent. and in three of them with 100 per cent. stalk infestation. The increase in every other county west of Toronto has been great so that, though three years ago in most of these counties only a field here and there contained borers, to-day almost every field has them, and in many places the infestation has advanced from less than 1 per cent. in 1924 to 20 per cent. or more to-day. Take for instance Norfolk: In 1924 there was not more than 2 per cent. of an average infestation; to-day for forty-six fields examined in various parts of the county the average was 16.1 per cent. and two fields were found, one with 70 per cent. and the other 75 per cent. East of Toronto borers can be found in almost any field from Toronto to Belleville for several miles back from the lake. In Prince Edward the borer was found in 1924 in a few places, in 1925 it was found in every township; in 1926 the inspector states he has found it in all but one field out of nearly 600 | visited. In one field the infestation was as high as 20 per cent. At the average rate of spread and increase we may expect borers to be found in practically every corn field in Ontario in three years more. WHAT OF THE FUTURE? The most significant thing to my mind about the situation is: first, the enormous increase of the borer in the Province as a whole since 1920—the year ‘of its discovery; and second, the fact that it is now present, even though in small numbers, in almost every field in most of the corn-growing counties. In 1920 we probably had about 2,000,000 borers, most of them in Elgin and Middlesex. To-day there are, I am sure, at least 1,000,000,000, or 500 times as many as in 1920. It may be interesting to note that if you figure it out you will find that a 500-fold increase in six years is equivalent to an annual increase for that time of three-fold or even a little less. 36 THE REPORT OF THE So much for the rate of increase. Now let us consider what is the signi- ficance of the borers’ being present, even though in small numbers, in nearly every field west of Toronto and in many fields in the counties east of Tororto up to and including Prince Edward. This means, first, that the moths have a marvellous instinct to spread out widely instead of concentrating in any one area. This fact has in the past lessened the rate of increase of infestation in most of the older areas. Second, it means that the overflow into new territory will soon cease to play any part; for there will be as many moths come in from most of the counties as will go out from them and thus the conditions for even more rapid increase from now on have been brought about. I am speaking now of counties other than Essex and Kent. These two counties next year at least will, I fear, owing to the high infestation and the dropping to a very large extent of corn growing, send out numerous moths to the surrounding counties. From what has been said, I think all of us must feel that unless effective control measures are adopted by every corn grower, the corn industry will be ruined before many year But you will say, “Can that happen in counties where ie is ihe main industry and most of the farmers have silos?”’ I believe the evidence is strong that it will happen in the most up-to-date dairy counties in the Province. Take, for instance, Oxford and Prince Edward; I had hoped for a very low increase in these counties, because of the large percentage of corn that was ensiled and the nearly general practice of ploughing under the stubble. But the facts show that Oxford is rapidly becoming badly infested. Some fields this year near Ingersoll had nearly every stalk attacked. In Prince Edward, too, as already shown, the rate of increase has been startling. Will the Parasites Check the Increase?—I believe the importation and rearing of parasites is a wise and far-sighted policy, but I am convinced that we have no good reason to hope that parasites will exert any appreciable influence on | the situation for ten years and probably not for twenty or more. We must solve our problem before that. Will a Saturation Point be Reached?—Some have the hope that when the borers have increased all over the Province to such an extent that, say, 50 per cent. on an average of the stalks are infested, a sort of equilibrium will be established. This is a pleasing idea, but it is merely visionary, and what is happening in Essex and Kent shows that a saturation point or a state of equi- librium will only be reached when there are so many borers per plant that the great mass of them will perish of starvation each year. Would Late Planting Check the Increase?—Late planting in some counties has saved many a corn field from ruin, but late planting is out of the question in fully half of the Province for even ensilage corn, because the season for growth is already almost too short for good yields. Moreover, as the infestation increases there is good reason to believe that even in the warmer parts of the Province late planting after a time will not save the crop, since egg laying will begin on it earlier and even the number of late emerging moths will be great enough to lead to its ruin. Can We Hope to Save the Corn?—I believe we can, but only by applying the Corn Borer Act and the Regulations thereunder to each county as soon as the amount of infestation justifies it. At present the Act is in operation only in the worst infested counties and in Prince Edward, because I wanted to learn how to run it on a moderate scale before extending it over a larger area. Next year it will be extended to a good many more counties. | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY : Ren We have not yet proven that even compulsory clean-up measures will result in control, but we have several reasons for thinking they will gradually do so: 1. In even the best dairy counties I have seen fields where the stubble was not ploughed under at all but merely disced in spring and sown. This means all the borers in the stubble would survive. Moreover, not more than 40 per cent. of the ploughing that was done buried the stubble properly. Besides this, there are in all these counties a good many farms without silos and on such there are always numerous stalks and pieces of stalks left lying around long enough for the borers to transform into moths and escape. The Act will enable us to remove these sources of infestation and also to insure that sweet corn in private gardens will be looked after. 2. We can bring about lower cutting of corn for silage and other purposes, which will help to make it easier to look after the remnants in the field. 3. Each inspector will be not only an officer to enforce the law but also an educator who will show the farmer how best to accomplish the destruction of all borers on his farm. He will tell him, too, of improved machinery not beyond his reach to purchase. 4, The great farm implement manufacturers, especially in the United States, have been interested in the problem and have been asked to devise new machinery that will aid greatly in destroying the borers in the crop. Attachments have already been invented to put on corn binders to cut corn at the ground. There is a machine now that will cut, husk and shred the corn as it moves along. There are ploughs which will bury standing corn, at least in spring, and that can be used also to cut the plants just below the ground and lay them in rows to facilitate raking and burning. There are stubble beaters with knives revolving at the rate of 1,700 revolutions a minute which pulverize the stubble. I think, however, that there is room still for further inventions; for instance, we need a better rake to gather stubble and debris on the fields in spring. ‘There is no doubt that machinery will play a big part in the future. 5. Some years the weather is unfavourable for the borers and by taking advantage of this fact we can make a great reduction in their numbers. We had a good example of that in Elgin in 1925 when the infestation was greatly lowered in about half the county. 6. In Massachusetts compulsory legislation has resulted in a large diminu- tion in the number of borers. SoME DIFFICULTIES THAT WE MUST FACE In enforcing the Act we shall have difficulties to meet that may some years prevent our making much progress. The chief of these are: 1. Unfavourable weather. This fall is a good example. We had hoped to have a large proportion of the fields cleaned and ploughed before it froze up. In some counties a great deal has been done, but in others the majority of the fields have been so wet that they have not even been cut. This means a great amount of work to do in the spring when the task of getting in the crop early must also be performed. Then some autumns the ground is so hard that it either cannot be ploughed or if ploughed will break up into large chunks and _ thus not bury the stubble properly. 2. In the heavily infested area many men are going out of corn-growing and every man who does so makes it harder for those who remain in the business, because the moths from his farm will fly to the neighbours’. This is a great Biste THE ‘RELORT OFCIHE problem in Essex and Kent and affects also the neighbouring counties, but it will solve itself in a couple of years. | 3. In the Province as a whole there has been a growing feeling that, quite apart from the corn borer, it is more economical and profitable to grow alfalfa and sweet clover than corn. Here again, every man who puts this idea into practice makes it harder for those who wish to continue to grow corn. But this, too, will settle itself gradually. 4. Then there is the question of the part weeds or other plants may play in the future as breeding plants for the borer. I am hopeful, however, that this is not going to be a serious matter. . 5. There are several more difficulties I could name, but I shall mention only one, and that is the securing of the right man as inspector. This is of immense importance., So far we have been, J think, fortunate. My paper has not been the kind to fill you with optimism and yet I believe there is good reason why we should face the future in this matter hopefully and with the belief that we shall master the borer in this Province and save the corn industry at least for silage or fodder purposes. I doubt, however, whether it will be possible to grow corn for seed again as formerly in Essex and Kent for several years to come, but I hope that ultimately even this result will be achieved. THE CURRANT. FRUIT FLY, EPOCHRA CANADENSIS MANITOBA, DIPTERA, TRY PETIDAE A. V. MITCHENER, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, WINNIPEG The currant fruit fly attacks red and white currants (Rzbes rubrum L.), | flowering currant (Ribes aurem, Pursh.), and probably black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) in Manitoba. Instances have been reported of injury to black currants, but it was impossible to verify these reports. In other parts of America where this insect is found, black currants, and also gooseberries, are included in the list of host plants. The currant fruit fly is probably the most destructive insect attacking red and white currants in Manitoba. The damage is caused by the females ovi- positing in the partially grown currants. The developing maggots cause many of the currants to ripen prematurely and drop from the bushes. Other infested currants may remain on the bushes until the uninfested fruit is ripe. Usually, however, there is a heavy drop from the bushes before the uninjured portion of the fruit is ripe. In some instances as much as 50 per cent. of the currant crop falls from the bushes due to the injury caused by this insect. If small white maggots are found within the prematurely ripening currants, one may be certain of the identity of the insect as no other insect attacks this fruit in the same manner in Manitoba. The distribution of this insect in Manitoba is somewhat extended. Records of injury are at hand from practically all of the municipalities adjoining the city of Winnipeg as well as from Winnipeg itself. We also have records from Boissevain, Gilbert Plains, Miami, and Treesbank. It is altogether probable that it occurs throughout the southern part of Manitoba. As currants become more commonly grown in the province we may expect, no doubt, more extensive damage. — PNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 39 Brief Description of Each Stage-—The adult fly is yellowish brown in colour and is somewhat smaller than the housefly. Its most conspicuous markings are on the wings. ‘These are marked with four dark brown cross-bands and one of a similar nature extending along the apical two-fifths of the front margin of | the wing. The eyes are shining green. The females are larger than the males, and may also be distinguished from them by the presence of a conspicuous - Ovipositor. The egg is a small white object which appears much like a child’s elongate toy balloon when examined under magnification. The eggs average one milli- meter in length and one quarter of a millimeter in width. The maggot is white and varies in size according to its stage of develop- ment. A pair of black hooks may be seen lying in the anterior part of its body. The puparium is yellowish in colour. The average puparium varies from four and one-half to five millimeters in length and is two millimeters in diameter. (a) Male and female currant fruit flies. (6) Egg showing through skin of currant. (c) Part of currant removed to stow maggot. (d) Puparia of currant fruit fly, (slightly reduced). Life History.—Adult currant fruit flies in a normal year begin to emerge from the soil under the currant bushes about the end of the first week in June. In 1925 the first adults were captured on June 10th and in 1926 on June 9th. At this period of the year common lilacs are just coming into full bloom. Adults were captured from those dates until about July 12th. The adults move about most freely on warm days when they may be taken by sweeping with a net. Frequently adult flies may be seen in the centre of the bush, resting on the leaves where it is shady. The grower would in all probability overlook the presence of these flies in the currant patch, and would learn that they had been there only when the infested fruit began to turn red and drop. When a female wishes to oviposit she selects a currant about three-quarters grown. Currants of this size are the largest on’ the bunch at the time the first adults emerge. Evidently currants must be about this size in order that the female may be in an advantageous position to use her ovipositor when she grasps the currant with her feet. On smaller currants the upper side of the currant would be too close to her body for her to do effective work with her | ovipositor. After a currant has been selected she bends her ovipositor back underneath the abdomen and slowly inserts it through the skin of the currant. The females observed in the act of ovipositing worked the ovipositor back and forth for from ten to eighteen minutes before appearing satisfied with the opening made in the currant. The mouth parts of the female then began to work back and forth and continued to do this for nearly a minute, after which she left the currant. The egg is left in the currant and is so near the surface that it can be seen through the thin skin if looked for carefully. During 1925 and 1926 the hatching time required for each of twenty-nine eggs was noted. The average time in the egg stage was about six days. Evidently the time, which varied from five to eight days, was determined largely by the temperature of the atmosphere during the egg stage. In late June the eggs required less time to 7 ae ee 40 THE REPORT SOR THE hatch than they did in mid-June. The young maggot is very small and can be seen with difficulty. Its location is most easily determined by locating the two minute black mouth-hooks which can be distinguished from the surrounding part of the fruit. As soon as the egg hatches the young maggot tunnels under- neath the skin of the currant, leaving a white winding air-filled passage. Ina very short time, however, it burrows into the centre of the fruit and attacks a seed. Young maggots may nearly always be located feeding on the seeds. The average period spent in the maggot stage is about thirteen days, the ex- tremes being from eleven to sixteen days. When full grown the maggot makes an exit hole through the surface of the currant and emerges. At this time the currant may be either lying on the ground or still hanging to the cluster on the bush. In either case the maggot wriggles out and enters the ground where pupation takes place. If the currants are too badly dried up before the maggot attempts to emerge, it may become stuck in the hole and perish. The maggots enter the soil under the bush where they developed. Puparia were recovered at soil depths varying from a half-inch to three or four inches. The puparia lay in all positions in the soil. The pupal stage lasts for about eleven months. There is only one brood per year. The following tabulation shows some details of the life history of the currant fruit fly. DATA ON LIFE HisTory, 1926 Adults Egg Egg Maggot Time in | Time in Number introduced found hatched pupated egg stage | maggot stage LIE Gate BA ee 1 OSPR cae a ROR we June 23 July.6.0 0 ee 13 days IR SME Reed a nay Sua OMe ng Tae AUER June 23 July.3 0 eee 12 days Pe sneered Ane cunt agine tne lias 2 sma tet Aer. June 26 July 8) 2 2s See 12 days ALAS ACERT June 21 June 22 June wWSirbit it eee ees 6 daysyelniges tere SWAT aber air it ees June 21 June 22 June 28 Maggot died |. 6 days (ie sees eh ie eal ene ie DARE n ABUT D - June 22 June 29 Maggot died 7 days: =) scneee cane hey eT MD. he AE, ese me 22 June 23 June 29 Maggot died 6 ‘days Sette eae Seis PaCS) Wee Wi ig Seg eRe June 23 June 29 Maggot died’ || 6 days a\pee eee Oe wb prey Be ht June 21 June 22 June 29 July 12 7 days 13 days LO ete cece tae June 23 June 24 June 29 July 12 5 days 13 days See ees ee aa SY: June 23 June 24 June 29 July 12 5 days 13 days 1 ya esa ee. June 24 June 25 June 30 July 16 5 days 16 days Ie cies ae en ae eee June 24 June 25 July 1 July 12 6 days 11 days Ls sop, Sa ae cheap ig June 29 June 30 Pen yeh 22295 ee een 5 days cere aaa An examination of many prematurely ripening currants failed to reveal the presence of a maggot or an exit hole from which the maggot had escaped. All of these berries showed evidences of holes made by the ovipositor of the fruit fly. Different lots of ripe and fallen berries were collected from time to time and placed on sifted soil in large glass jars. All of the currants collected had been visited by the female fruit fly, as they showed the mark of her ovi- positor. In all some 1,700 currants were collected. Maggots issued from only 12 per cent. of this number. It would seem, therefore, that either the flies do not actually lay eggs in every currant punctured or many maggots perish within the currants before they reach maturity. In any event currants so punctured ripen prematurely and fall from the bushes with a resultant loss to the grower. The work outlined above was carried out at Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, during the years 1925 and 1926. No parasites were reared from any ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 41 of the material under observation during that time. The work was carried out in the field, in the laboratory, and in a screened outdoor insectary. SUMMARY The currant fruit fly has one brood per year. It is injurious to red and white currants and flowering currant in particular in Manitoba, and probably attacks black currant and possibly gooseberry. The injury is caused by cur- rants being attacked by the females. They ripen prematurely and fall from the bushes. Fully 50 per cent. of the currants may be lost in this way in certain seasons. The egg hatches in about six days, the maggot develops in about thirteen days, and the insect is in the pupal stage about eleven months. The adults occur from about the end of the first week of June until about July 12 in a normal year. No practical method of controlling this insect has as yet been successfully demonstrated. AN, OUTBREAK OF THE TURNIP APHID Aphis pseudobrassicae Davis L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH About August 1st rumours of turnips being injured by aphids began to be received, and on August 5th a call for help came in from the Vimy Ridge Farm near Guelph. I at once went to the farm and found that the outbreak was serious, almost every plant in the field having numerous aphids on the under side of the leaves. Extent of the Outbreak.—At Vimy Ridge I learned that the aphids were equally numerous on several neighbouring farms, and that some of the farmers had already begun plowing down their turnips because they felt the crop was ruined. Gradually, as reports arrived from various localities, it was found that the outbreak was very extensive and covered a large part of the province, extend- ing at least as far west as Elgin county and as far east as Prince Edward and north to at least Palmerston. It may have been all over the province, but I did not receive any complaints from the other parts. Identity of the Species —A glance at the aphids would reveal to anyone familiar with our common cabbage aphis, Aphis brassicae, that the culprit was not this species but a different one, for A. brassicae is conspicuously covered with a whitish powder giving it a mealy appearance, whereas the species in question, later identified for me by Mr. W. A. Ross as Aphis pseudobrassicae, was free or almost free from any powdery covering and the body colour was yellowish green often with a tint of brown. On looking over the Canadian Insect Pest Review for October, 1926, I found on page 42 that there had been an important outbreak of this species of aphid in Alberta with serious loss to the crops. I also noticed that in the Maritime provinces an aphid had been very destructive and abundant on turnips and cabbage, but in this case the species was not given. It will not be 42 THE REFORM OR THE surprising if it turns out to have been the same species,* and in that case we ~ have had a remarkable outbreak almost all over Canada. In the course of my own work since 1908, I have seen several severe out- breaks of A. brassicae on turnips as well as cabbage, but I have not before seen any outbreak of A. pseudobrassicae, though it may possibly have been this species that was involved last autumn in a local infestation of turnips in Waterloo county, which I did not have a chance to examine. Of A. pseudobrassicae, Professor J. J. Davis says that it was unknown to science until 1914, that it has a very wide range in North America, from Manitoba to Texas and from Massachusetts to California, and that it is remarkably pro- lific, even more so than the pea aphis. Whether it is a native species has apparently not been discovered. If it is imported it must have come to North America very many years ago to have become so widely distributed. Food Plants—The only plants I found it attacking were fall and Sook turnips. I examined cabbage but found none on it. Rape and other culti- vated cruciferous plants were not examined, but there were no reports of injuries to any of these though the aphids may have been present on them. Davis found that turnips and radishes were favourite food plants, but from the reports of various writers it seems clear that it feeds also on cabbage, rape, wild and cultivated mustards, shepkerd’s purse and several other cruci- ferous plants. Control Experiments.—The following sprays and a dust were tested by me _ at Vimy Ridge: 1. Soap, 1 pound to 4 gallons of water. 2. Derrisol, 1 can to 70 gallons of water, which was a little stronger than recommended by the manufacturers. 3. Nicotine sulphate 40 per cent., % pound plus 3 pounds soap to 50 gallons of water. 4. Kerosene emulsion, approximately 8 per cent., the emulsion being made with several times the ordinary amount of soap. 5. Two per cent. nicotine dust, 5 pounds nicotine sulphate 40 per cent., and 95 pounds hydrated lime. The sprays were applied with a power sprayer at a pressure of 150 to 200 pounds. One line of hose was used and a three foot iron rod equipped with two disc nozzles The rod was bent near the tip so that the spray could be shot up above the under side of the leaves. With this good equipment every care was taken to make a thorough job, but an examination of the plants a day later showed disappointing results; for, though. numerous aphids had been killed by all the mixtures, a sufficient number had escaped to have made re- infestation in a week or so certain if natural forces had not stepped in and de- stroyed nearly all the aphids. Of the sprays kerosene emulsion was the most effective, probably because it spread much more readily and widely than the others. Soap was not satis- factory with the outfit used, because the great amount of froth made by the agitator prevented the spray from going through the nozzles freely. Had there been no agitator.it would probably have been as good as the kerosene emulsion. The nicotine dust was applied by a cyclone bellows duster, which had a spoon-like tip on the outlet pipe which made it possible to apply the dust to *Since writing the above, Mr. Ross has informed me that he has identified this species as Aphis pseudobrassicae Davis. Hence the outbreak has been almost Dominion wide, and com- parable to the great outbreak of the Corn Ear Worm, Heliothis obsoleta, in 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Ros the under side of the leaves. In spite of this I found that a perfect job could scarcely be done without treating each row from both sides. By doing so almost 100 per cent. of the aphids could be killed. A couple of days later Mr. J. A. Flock, in my absence, dusted the college turnip field with a power duster and the same mixture. The duster pipe was equipped with a short T at the outlet, and a long canvas was dragged behind over the plants to concentrate the dust on them. Although the dust was not applied so heavily as he would have liked to apply it, yet the results were, in his opinion, fairly satisfactory but not 100 per cent. kill. CONCLUSION RE SPRAYING AND DUSTING From the above experiments I am convinced that this aphis will not be combated satisfactorily on any large scale by spraying, and that dusting is the only method which will prove effective. Dusting, however, costs about $10 per acre and requires that the farmer have a good hand or power duster, hence I doubt very much whether any one but a market gardener. would go to the expense of using the dust. Duration of. the Outbreak —The outbreak must have been well under way about the beginning of the last week of July It reached its height by about the 10th of August, and nearly all the aphids had disappeared by the 17th of August.. The cause of their disappearance was not investigated closely, but from what I saw in a field east of Toronto I think it was due chiefly to a fungus disease. Hymenopterous parasites helped some at Guelph, but there were very few ladybird beetles or syrphus fly larvae here, though the latter were numerous on turnip leaves sent in from Stratford. It may be of interest here to note that a severe local outbreak on cabbage of A. brassicae in Essex county, which I examined on August 17th, was found to be rapidly being brought under control by a host of ladybird beetles ({7zppo- damia convergens), aphis lions, syrphus fly larvae, hymenopterous parasites and Cecidomyid larvae. The Amount of Damage.—As to the amount of damage done by the aphids I was not able to spend the necessary time to make an accurate estimate. I observed, however, that wherever the plants were large and vigorous they seemed to survive the attack and to develop into good sized turnips. Wherever they were small and weak, as a great many were, due either to time of planting or other factors, the aphids practically ruined them. In Wellington county the agricultural representative estimated that the crop had been lessened by at least 50 per cent. There is no doubt that in several of the other counties there was also a large loss though probably not so high as in Wellington. Concluston.—Farmers and entomologists are wondering whether this aphid is likely to be abundant in the future. One can only conjecture on this point, but it seems to me that since the aphid has been here for many years and has not caused us any appreciable damage until last year, so far as I know, that there must have been remarkably favourable conditions to have led to this year’s outbreak, and these conditions are not likely to occur again for a good many years. Another outbreak like we had this year would mean that most farmers would cease growing turnips and would substitute sugar beets or mangels for them. 44 THE REPORT OF THE SOME NOTES ON THE OVIPOSITION HABITS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LEYGUS PRATENS!IS LINN; WITH S&S LIST - OF HOS? PLANTS R.. He PAINTER, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA During the last eighty years a great deal of investigational work has been carried on by Canadian and United States entomologists, with the tarnished plant bug, Lygus pratensis L. However, in most of these studies, the ovi- position habits and the relation of broods to host plants do not seem to have been very carefully covered, the bulk of the work consisting of experiments leading directly to control. The following is an extract from a paper presented before the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia in 1917 by Brittain and Saunders, and sums up the oviposition records of this insect to that date: ‘‘According to Crosby and Leonard, Slingerland, in his noteis on this insect, records his observation of a female actually in the act of ov position in the following words: “I saw one egg laid, the time occupied in the oviposition being nearly a minute. The ovipositor was sunk in the tissue of the midrib nearly to its full extent.’ He also records that the eggs are occasionally inserted into the blossom of dahlias, sometimes to the number of eight. These workers, in the same bulletin, further record the finding of eggs deposited in the tender tips of peach nursery stock and in the flower heads of the daisy blossom (Erigeron ramosus). Taylor and Collinge describe the oviposition in young apple fruit. Chittenden and Marsh record finding the eggs inserted in the upper side of the leaf of kale. They further state that in the case of the mullein, which is the food plant for the purpose in the District of Columbia, the eggs are inserted in the petiole or leaf stem and in the midrib. The eggs are placed very close together and in confinement; as many as nine were counted on a single leaf an inch long and half as wide. Regarding this point, Haseman writes as follows: In this region* it deposits its eggs in the fall of the year at least, only in the blossoms of flowers such as daisies, asters, mare’s tail (Erigeron canadensis), etc. It is uncertain, from the writings of the foregoing authors, just what brood they had under observation, as the exact number never appears to have been determined with certainty. Brittain and Saunders also record the finding of eggs of the overwintering adults on sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella) and eggs of the first generation on beets, mangolds and probably white turnips. He In the spring of 1925 a biological study of this insect was undertaken at Ottawa, Ont., by the author and the egg-laying habits in relation to broods and host plants have been given particular attention. The field observations to date have shown that the following plants are used as hosts in the Ottawa district by the adults of the overwintering brood: . Common mullein—Verbascum thapsus L. . Black currant—Ribes nigrum L. Wild currants—Ribes sp Night flowering eich fig ease noctiflora L. . Strawberry—Fragaria sp. Common mustard or charlock—Brassica arvensis L. . Sheep sorrel—Rumex acetosella L. . Ox-eye daisy—Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. . Common dandelion—T araxacum officinale Weber. COOWIDA ME WNP *Missouri. SS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 45 Of these the dandelion, black and wild currants, night flowering catchfly, and ox-eye daisy are, as far as is known, new records; the others have been recorded by previous workers, although in all cases the brood responsible has not been indicated. A B (a) Showing 5 eggs of the (6) Showing egg of tarnished tarnished plant bug, plant bug, Lygus praten- Lygus pratensis, L. on sis, L. oviposited through midrib of mullein leaf. a bract on a strawberry stem. The eggs of this insect are laid in such a variety of ways that it is impossible to state any definite location in which they may be found. Thus in the early season eggs were found in the leaf buds of currants and later, as the leaves un- folded, in the petioles. On Mullein, eggs were found in the midribs and the larger leaf veins; on the night flowering catchfly, in the blade of the leaf; on strawberries, in the pedicel of the flowers; on ox-eye daisy, in the receptacle of the flowers; and on willow in the second year bark. The method of insertion also varies a great deal; in some cases the eggs are buried for their full length in the tissue; in others the egg may protrude for practically its entire length, or only a small tip may remain exposed; and occasionally they may even be found lying loose on a fold in the leaf. In regard to the regularity of their occurrence in the tissue, or the system of laying followed, there does not seem to be any rule. Eggs are usually found distributed singly though they may be in groups, as many as eight having been counted in a square centimetre on the midrib of a mullein leaf. Eggs of the overwintering adults were first taken on May 22nd, 1926; these eggs hatched in a few days and the nymphs reached maturity about the middle of July. The adults of these nymphs can, therefore, be called the spring genera- tion. In field observations eggs of the spring generation were noted in the following plants: 1. Beets. 2. White turnips. 3. Swiss chard. 4. Helichrysum. 5. En- geron sp. : Of these, swiss chard and Helichrysum are, I think, new records, and Brittain and Saunders’ record on white turnips, which was in doubt, is verified. In conjunction with the field studies caged experiments were also carried on in cheesecloth covered cages, 1’x 114’ x 2’ in size, in which from forty to fifty adults were placed. In carrying on this.experiment, branches or cuttings of plants, which had been carefully examined for eggs and found free, were placed in vials of water, the neck of the vial being plugged with cotton. These +6 THE ‘REFPOR®D OR THE vials were then sunk in the soil in the cage to bring the neck level with the sur- face. The adults used were collected in the field and consisted of males and females. Plants were allowed to remain in the cages for periods ranging from twenty-four hours to one week, but in all cases the results were the same. The following comprises a list of plants noon which eggs from overwintering adults were obtained in these cages: : . Apple—Prunus sp. . Choke cherry—Prunus sp. . Black currant—Ribes nigrum L. . Cultivated aster—A ster sp. . Chickweed—Stellaria media L., Cryid. . Horsechestnut—Aesculus sp. . Willow—Salix sp. . Prickly lettuce—Lactuca scariola L. . Milkweed—A sclepias syriaca L. 10. Canada fleabane—Erigeron'sp. 11. Catnip—Nepeta cataria L. © 12 Common mustard—Brassica arvensis L., Klize. 13. Curled dock—Rumex crispus L. 14. Golden rod—Solidago sp. 15. Flax—Linum sp. 16. Rugel’s plantain—Plantago rugelii Dene. 17. Sheep sorrel—Rumex acetosella L. 18. Timothy—Phleum pratense L. 19. Buckwheat—Fagepyron esculenium (Tourn) L. 10 COMED Ul = We In addition to the foregoing, the following plants were similarly exposed in egg-laying experiments without success: . Elderberry—Sambucus canadensis L. . Kentucky blue grass—Poa pratensis L. Couch grass—A gepyron repens L. Orchard grass—Dactylis glomerata L. . Red clover—Trifoliaum pratense L. . Chickory—Cichorium intybus L. . Vetch—Vicza sp. . Peppergrass—Lepidium virginicum L. It is our opinion that these plants were refused, due to the comparative hardness of the tissues. So far as the grasses are concerned, the structure of these plants is apparently not such as to induce the insect to oviposit. The following list comprises plants upon which eggs were obtained from adults of the spring generation in cages: 1. Cabbage. 2. Potato. 3. Horse- radish. 4. Tomato. 5. Aster. 6. Helenitum. 7. Nicotiana. 8. Seed lettuce. The plants recorded as hosts of the spring generation in the field were also readily oviposited upon when placed in cages. From these lists can be summed up the following information: In field observations there has been established nine known field hosts of the overwintering brood of the tarnished plant bug and also sixteen other hosts upon which it has been possible to secure eggs in cages, making a total of twenty- five. Also there are five hosts of the spring generation recorded in the field, and eight additional ones upon which eggs were oviposited in cages, making a total of thirteen. Thus we have altogether thirty-eight species of plants in the Ottawa district upon which eggs of this insect have been found. It should be noted that in no case were plants, which had been favoured as hosts by the overwintering generation, found to be hosts of the spring generation. Y oe 4 EN TONMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 47 THe ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD); 1926 NORMAN CRIDDLE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The year 1926, while rather unfavourable for collecting, was noteworthy for marked entomological activity, and collectors have been busy in nearly every province of the Dominion. Much progress has been made in determining specimens and as a result we are able to provide two important lists on distri- bution. the Among the numerous entomological publications issued during the year following should be of particular interest to our readers: Hemiptera of Eastern North America, by W. S. Blatchley, Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. This important work has not yet come to hand, consequently we are unable to review it. Its importance to hemipterists, however, cannot be doubted. Revision of the North American Moths of the Subfamilies Laspeyresiinae and Die Olethreutinae, by Carl Heinrich, Bul. 132, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1926. This paper is a continuation of the revisionary work begun in Bulletin 123 and reviewed in a previous issue of the Entomological Record; it contains many references to Canadian species, several of which are described as new. It is indispensable to workers of the micro-lepidoptera. Chrysops-Arten Nordamerikas einschl, Mexicos (The Species of Chrysops from North America, including Mexico), by O. Krober, in Stettiner Entomo- logische Zeitung, pp. 209 to 353, 2 plates. This paper, which is the most important contribution to the study of the North American species of Chrysops yet published, lists and describes seventy-six species, six of which are new, five of these being from Canada. There are sixty illustrations of wings and abdomen. The following new synonymy is recorded, the names in parenthesis falling to the preceding name: tncisus Macq. (neglectus Will); wiedemanni Krob., (obsoletus Aut.); obsoletus Wied. (morosus O.S.); lateralis Wied. (hilaris O.S.); geminatus Wied. (fallax O.S.); fuliginosus Wied. (plangens Wd.). Other synonymy is suggested and much of that already recorded verified from examination of types. (H.C.) North American Species of Two-winged Flies Belonging to the Tribe Milto- gramminae, by H. W. Allen, Proc. U.S.N.M., LXVIII, Article 9, pp. 1-106 (5 plates). This is a thorough discussion of a group of Sarcophagidae which has generally been included in the Tachinidae. All information concerning the group has been brought together and excellent illustrations render the keys easy to follow. Much of the material discussed is from Wanada) (H..C.) NOTES Ob CAPLEURES Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described since the last Record was prepared. LEPIDOPTERA (Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera.) Pieridae 34 Pieris protodice Bdv. & Lec. Montreal, Que., Sepr., (A. C. Sheppard). 57a Eurymus hecla glacialis McL. Oeneis melissa assimilis Butl. (arctica Gibs). Oeneis polyxenes subhyalina Curt. 139 Erebia rossi Butl. 48 THE REPORT OF THE 193a Brenthis chariclea arctica Zett. 196 Brenthis polaris Bdv. 197b Brenthis improba Butl. The above seven species or subspecies were taken on Baffin Island by J. D. Soper. Euphydryas nubigena beani ab. blackmori Gun. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). * Euphydryas perdiccas ab. nigrisupernipennis Gun. Chilcotin, B.C. * Euphydryas taylori ab. vicboriae Gun. Victoria, B.C. * Melitaea palla ab. blackmori Gun. Lytton, B.C. * Brenthis epithore ab. obscuripennis Gun. Chilcotin, B.C. * Brenthis myrina ab. serratimarginata Gun. Vernon, B.C. The above six aberrations described in Ent. News. Vol. xxxvii, No. 1, 1926. Eurymus interior form napi B. and Benj. Nepigon, Ont. Eurymus pelidne form ber? B. and Benj. Alberta. — Coenonympha inornata race quebecensis B. and Benj. Chelsea, Que. Dryas (Argynnis) atlantis race beani B. and Benj. Banff, Alta. Brenthis aphirape race nichollae B. and Benj. Rocky mountains, B.C. e ee K€ The above five forms described in Bul., S., Cal., Ac., Sc., Vol. xxv, Part 3, 1926. Sphingidae 747 Deidamia inscriptum Harr. Point Pelee, Ont., June, (Walley). Arctiidae 943 Hyphoraia lapponica Thun. Baffin Island, (Soper). Noctuidae 1192 Schinia arcigera Gn., Aweme, Man., Aug., (J. F. May). 1219 Agrotiphila quicta Hbn. Baffin Island, (Soper). 1229 Porosagrotis dolli Grt. Saskatoon, Sask., May, (King). 1240 Euxoa olivia form anacosta Sm. Vernon, B.C., Sept., (E. P. Venables). 1318 Euxoa bostonensis Gt. St. Thomas, Ont., (L. James). 1327 Euxoa recticincta Sm. Sasktoon, Sask., Aug., (King). 2201 Sympistis zetterstedit Stand. Baffin Island, (Soper). 2206 Epigaea decliva Grt. Montreal, Que., (Sheppard). 2281 Trachea spaldingi Sm. Saskatoon, Sask., June, (King). % pone eee Hamp. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). Red Deer River, Alta., (Wolly- od). * Syneda nichollae Hamp. Ashnold, B.C., (Mrs. Nicholl). The above two species described in Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the Subfamily Noctuinae, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 1926. 2304 EremobiajocastaSm. Toronto, Ont., Sept., (Parish). 3359 Anticarsia gemmatilis Hbn. Montreal, Que., (Sheppard). Cosmopterygidae Psacaphora deceptella Braun. Quamichan Lake, B.C., (Hanham). Gelechiidae 6062 Evippe prunifoliella Cham. Fraser Mills, B.C., (Marmont). Oecophoridae 6437 Agnopteryx canella Busck. Chilcotin, B.C., (G. V. Copley). 6470 Agnopteryx nubiferella Wishm. Shawinigan Lake, B.C., (Blackmore). Aegeriidae 6745 Memythrus fraxini Hy. Edw. Niagara Falls, Ont., July, (Whalley). Eucosmidae 6840 Argyroploce mengelana Fern. Baffin Island, (Soper). — Thiodia olivaceana Riley. Pt. Pelee, Ont., June, (G. S. Walley). Thiodia lapidana Wishm._ Chilcotin, B.C., (Copley). Thiodia alterana Hein. Chilcotin, B.C., (Copley). Eucosma conspicienda Hein. Chilcotin, B.C., (Copley). Epiblema brightonana Kft. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). Gypsonoma parryana Curt. Baffin Island, (Soper). Zeiraphera diniana Gn. Hopedale, Labr., July. Exentera costomaculana Clem. Putnam, Ont., May, (Walley). Epinotia normanana Kit. Maniwaki, Que., June, (Curran). Anchylopera platanana Clem. Pt. Pelee, Ont., June, (Walley). Anchylopera semiovana Zell. Pt. Pelee, Ont., June, (Walley). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 49 Tortricidae Sparganothis pulcherrimana Wishm. Pt. Pelee, Ont., June, (Walley). Hapoloptiliidae 7737 © Haploptilia accordella Wishm. Fraser Mills, B.C., (Marmont). Gracilariidae 7904 Lithocolletis incanella Wlshm. Sooke, B.C., (Blackmore). Tineidae 8281 Tinea arcella Fabr. Fraser Mills, B.C., (Marmont). Lampronia piperella Busck. Paradise Valley, B.C. (W.B. Anderson). Salmon Arm, B.C., (W. R. Buckell). Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Lampronia sublusiris Braun. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Incurvariidae 8442 Greya punctifella Wishm. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore and Carter). Greya subalba Braun. Vernon, B.C., (Ruhmann). Ft. Steel, B.C., (Anderson). Chalceopla cockerelli Busck. Mt. Tzouhalem, B.C., (Blackmore). Pterophoridae The following list of Canadian Plume Moths, prepared by Dr. J. McDunnough, is as complete as possible, according to our present records. It is based largely on material in the Canadian National Collection. Trichoptilus pygmaeus Wlishm. Brit. Cou.: Shawnigan, Vancouver Island. ik aos lobidactylus Fitch. QueE.: Chelsea, Aylmer; Ont.: Ottawa, Severn; ALTA.: asper. Beene nneres periscelidactylus Fitch. Qur.: Aylmer; Ont.: Ottawa, Pt. Pelee, Delhi, alsh. Pterophorus ontario McD. Ont.: Normandale. Pierophorus evanst McD. Ont.: Trenton, Ottawa; MAN.: Aweme. Pierophorus tenuidactylus Fitch. Qur.: Aylmer, Hemmingford, Kingsmere; ONT.: Ottawa, Caradoc, Sudbury, Cornwall, Centreville; MAn.: Rounthwaite, Aweme; ALTA.: Lethbridge, Waterton Lakes; Brit. CoL.: Salmon Arm, Duncan, Burnaby. Pierophorus raptor Meyr. Awtta.: Waterton Lakes, Lethbridge. Pierophorus delawaricus Zell. ALTA.: Waterton Lakes; Brit. Cot.: Keremeos, Barker- ville, Goldstream, Kaslo, Anderson Lake, D’Arcy. Plaiyptiia punctidactyla Haw. Ont.: Ottawa; Man.: Aweme, Rounthwaite; ALTA.: Nordegg, Laggan, Lethbridge, Waterton Lakes; Brit Cot.: Kaslo, Bio. Sta., Departure Bay, Salt Spr. Isd., Ucluelet. Platypiiha pica Wishm. Brit. Coi.: Wellington, Victoria. Platyptilia tesseradactyla Linn. Quz.: Meach Lake, Aylmer; ONntT.: Ottawa; ALTA.: Moraine Lake, Waterton Lakes, Nordegg; Brit. Cou.: Barkerville, Adams Lake. Platyptiia carduidactyla Riley. LAprapor, Hopedale; Que.: Pt. aux Alouettes; ALTA.: Lethbridge; Sask.: Saskatoon, Indian Head; Brit. Cot.: Kaslo, Osoyoos, Oliver, Salmon Arm, Vernon, Keremeos, Agassiz, Ucluelet, Bio. Sta., Departure Bay, Victoria, Vancouver. oe ee percnodactyla Wlishm. A.tta.: Waterton Lakes; Brit. CoL.: Keremeos, illooet. Platyptilia williamsi Grinnell. N. Brun.: Fredericton; ALTA.: Nordegg. Platyptilia albicans Fish. Atta.: Waterton Lakes. fase Platyptilia pallidactyla Haw. Qur.: Maniwaki; Onrt.: Ottawa, Trenton, Orillia, Kearney; Man.: Aweme; SASK.: Last Mountain Lake, Craven. Platyptiia ardua McD. Brit. Cor.: Mt. McLean. Platyptilia albertae B. &. L. Atta.: Banff; Brit. Cou.: Revelstoke, Kaslo. Platyptilia carolina Kearf. Qur.: Hemmingford. : Platyptilia edwardsi Fish. Atta.: Rocky Mountain House, Banfi, Moraine Lake, Waterton Lakes, Lethbridge; Brit. Cot.: Mt. Cheam, Hedley, Mt. McLean, Lillooet, Keremeos. ‘ Platyptilia orthocarpi Wishm. Reported from Brit. Col. (G. O. Day), by Lindsey & Blackmore. ; Platyptilia fragilis Wishm. Brit. Cou.: Seton Lake, Lillooet. ; Platyptilia shastae Wishm. Man.: Aweme; ALtTA.: Waterton Lakes; Brit. Cot.: Oliver. Platyptilia nana McD. ALtTA.: Waterton Lakes, Moraine Lake. Platyptilia albiciliata var. canadensis McD. Atta.: Moraine Lake, Banff, Nordegg, Waterton Lakes; Brit. Cot.: Marble Canyon, near Lillooet, Revelstoke, Aspen Grove, Ucluelet, Barkerville, Seton Lake, Lillooet. Platyptilia albidorsella Wishm. Atta.: Waterton Lakes. Platyptilia maea B. & 1.. Atta.: Moraine Lake, Waterton Lakes, Banff. Platyptilia modesta Wishm. MAn.: Aweme. Platyptilia petrodactyla Wik. Ponds Inlet, Baffin’s Land. Stenoptilia mengeli Fern. Reported from Mt. McLean, B.C., by Lindsey & Blackmore. 50 THE REPORT OF THE Pterophoridae—Continued. Stenoptilia bowmani McD. Atta.: Calgary, Nordegg. Stenoptilia exclamationis Wishm. Brit. Cot.: Ucluelet. Stenoptilia coloradensis Fern. Ont.: Trenton, Ottawa; Man.: Aweme; SASK.: Indian Head; Atta.: Nordegg, Lethbridge, Jasper, Banff. Stenoptilia columbia McD. Atta.: Waterton Lakes, Moraine Eales Brit. Coi.: Seton Lake, Lillooet. Adaina montana Wishm. Atta.: Edmonton. Adaina montana form declivis Meyr. OntT.: Ottawa, Trenton. Adaina cinerascens Wishm. Atta.: Waterton Lakes. Oidaematophorus occidentalis Wishm. ALta.: Waterton Lakes; Brit. CoL.: Keremeos, Oliver, Salmon Arm, Kaslo, Lillooet. Oidaematophorus downesi McD. Brit. Cot.: Victoria. Oidaematophorus mathewianus Zell. Brit. Cou.: Duncan, Victoria, Kaslo, Barkerville. Oidaematophorus eupatorit Fern. QueE.: Chelsea; ONT.: Ottawa, Brockville, Trenton; MaAn.: Aweme. Oidaematophorus guttatus Wlshm. Atta.: Waterton Lakes; Brit. Coi.: Seton Lake, Lillooet, Kaslo. Oidaematophorus alaskensis B. & L. Described from Ramparts, Alaska, will probably occur in Yukon Terr. Oidaematophorus grisescens Wlshm. AutA.: Lethbridge; Brit. Cox.: Seton Lake, Lillooet, Kaslo. Oidaematophorus cineraceus Fish. Brit. Cou.: Bio. Sta., Departure Bay. CUES Ores rileyi Fern. ALTA.: Moraine Lake, Waterton Lakes; Brit. Cot.: iver. | Oidaematophorus lindseys McD. MaAn.: Aweme. Oidaematophorus gratiosus Fish. Atta.: Banff; Brir. Cou.: Barkerville. Oidaematophorus brucei Fern. MaAn.: Aweme; SASK.: Indian Head, Saskatoon; ALTA.: Nordegg; Brit. Cou.: Nicola. Oidaematophorus inquinatus Zell. Ont.: Trenton; MAN.: Aweme; SAsK.: Indian Head, Saskatoon. Oidaematophorus fishi Fern. Ont.: Kearney; SAsk.: Earl Grey; ALTA.: Nordegg, Banff; Brit. Coui.: Kaslo, Nicola, Mt. McLean, Lillooet, Oliver. Oidaematophorus heliantht Wishm. Brit. Cou.: Kaslo. Oidaematophorus homodactylus Wlk. Nova Scotia: Digby; QusE.: Chelsea, Kingsmere; Ont.: Mer Bleue, Ottawa, Trenton; MAn.: Aweme, Rounthwaite; ALTA.: Nordegg, Moraine Lake, Banff, Jasper, Waterton Lakes; Brit. Cov.: Lillooet. Oidaematophorus elliottti Fern. QuE.: Chelsea, Aylmer. Oidaematophorus stramineus Wlshm. QueE.: Ottawa Golf Club; Onrt.: Trenton, Ottawa; MAn.: Rounthwaite, Aweme; SASK.: Saskatoon, Yorkton; ALTA.: McLeod, Nordegg, Waterton Lakes, Lethbridge, Moraine Lake; Brit. CoL.: Kaslo, Gold- stream, Victoria. Oidaematophorus lacteodactylus Cham. Qur.: Meach Lake; Ont.: Trenton, Toronto, NCE Man.: Aweme; SASK.: Indian Head, Craven, South Arm, Last Mountain ake. Oidaematophorus kellicottt Fish. Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton; MAn.: Aweme; SAsK.: Last Mountain Lake; ALTA.: Edmonton. Oidaematophorus sulphureodactylus Pack. SaAsxk.: Indian Head. Oidaematophorus costatus B. and L. Brit. Cou.: Nicola. Oidaematophorus corvus B. and L. Atta.: Nordegg, Rocky Mountain House, Banff, aceon Lakes, Jasper; Brit. CoL.: Mt. McLean, Lillooet, Hedley, Kaslo, Salmon rm. Oidaematophorus perditus B. and L. MaAn.: Aweme. Oidaematophorus monodactylus Linn. Ont.: Trenton, Ottawa, Toronto, Guelph; MAN.: Rouneawaite, Aweme, Winnipeg; Brit. Co.: Victoria, Vancouver, Mission, Oliver, uncan Alucitidae ; Alucita huebnert Wall. Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton; MAn.: Aweme; Sask.: Regina, Sask- atoon; ALTA.: Lethbridge, Jasper; Brit. Cox.: Duncan, Victoria, Wellington, Strathcona. Eucosmidae The following list by Dr. J. McDunnough is the continuation and completion of the one begun in the 1924 Report and includes all the known Canadian species of the two remaining sub- families of the Eucosmidae. As before, it is based on Heinrich’s revision and the material in the Canadian National Collection. aoe, BENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 51 Argyroplocinae _ Episimus arguianus Clem. Ont.: Trenton, Ottawa, Severn; MANn.: Aweme. Bactra lanceolana Hbn. Reported by Heinrich from British Columbia. Bactra furfurana Haw. Onv.: Ottawa. Bactra verutana Zell. Ont.: Trenton; ALTA.: Lethbridge. _ Bactra maiorina Heinr. Man.: Aweme. Polychrosis viteana Clem. ONT.: reported from the Niagara district. = Polychrosis cypripediana Forbes. MaAn.: Aweme. Polychrosts yaracana Kft. Onrt.: Ottawa, Orillia. Polychrosis blandula Heinr. MAn.: Aweme. Ahmosia galbinea Heinr. SAsk.: Saskatoon. : Ahmosia aspasiana McD. Ont.: Ottawa. Endothenia montanana Kft. Onrt.: Pt. Pelee. Endothenta kingt McD. SAsK.: Saskatoon, Indian Head. Endothenia hebesana Wk. ONT.: Ottawa, Trenton; Man.: Aweme. AttA.: Nordegg, Rocky Mountain House, Waterton. Endothenia infuscata Heinr. Man.: Aweme. Endothenia antiquana nubilana Clem. QuE.: Island of Montreal; Ont.: Trenton; MAn.: Aweme, Rounthwaite; SAsk.: Indian Head, Regina; ALTa.: Lethbridge, Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer; Brit. Cou.: Nicola, Oliver, Vancouver. Taniva albolineana Kit. OntT.: Ottawa; MAn.: Aweme; ALTA.: Nordegg; Brit. Cot.: Invermere. Tia vulgana McD. Atta.: Nordegg. Hulda impudens W\shm. N.S:: Barrington Passage; ONT.: Ottawa; MAn.: Aweme. Esia approximana Heinr. MAn.: Aweme. Zomaria interruptolineana Fern. Recorded by Hein1ich from Ontario. Aphania capreana Hbn. Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton, Sudbury; MAn.: Aweme, SASK.: Saskatoon; ALTA.: Nordegg, Banff; Brit. CoL.: Keremeos, Vancouver. Aphama youngana McD. QuvesE.: Meach Lake, Chelsea; ONT.: Ottawa, Hamilton. _ Aphania frigidana Pack. N.W.T.: Artillery Lake, Great Slave Lake region. Aphania tertiana McD. Ont.: Ottawa. A phania albeolana Zell. N.S: Bridgetown. Aphania apateticana McD OnrT:.: Ottawa. Aphania deceptana Kft. Reported by Heinrich from Man., Sask., and Alta. A phania dextrana McD. Ont.: Ottawa; MANn.: Aweme; ALTA.: Calgary, Edmonton. Aphania infida Heinr. Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton; Man.: Aweme, Brandon; SAsK.: Indian Head; Atta.: Nordegg. Aphania removana Kft. QueE.: St. Therese Isl.; Ont.: Trenton; SasK.: Saskatoon; AuTa.: Nordegg. Sciaphila duplex Wishm. QueE.: Meach Lake; Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton; MAn.: Aweme; ALTA.: Waterton; BRIT. Cot.: Victoria. Sciaphila duplex thallasana McD. Man.: Aweme, Lauder. Badebecia urticana Hbn. QueE.: Meach Lake, Chelsea; OntT.: Ottawa, Severn, Orillia; MaAn.: Aweme; SASK.: Regina; ALTA.: Lethbridge, ‘Waterton, Edmonton, Nordegg, Moraine Lake; Brir. Cou.: Kaslo, Salmon Arm, Vernon, Keremos, Victoria, Ucluelet. Exartema nitidanum Clem. ONT.: Ottawa. Exartema furfuranum McD. Qugs.: Meach Lake; OnT.: Ottawa. Exartema olivaceanum Fern. N.B.: Fredericton; ONT.: Ottawa, Orillia. Exartema fraternanum McD. Onrt.: Ottawa. Exartema electrofuscum Heinr. Onvt.: Severn; (one female ex larva on Sweet Fern.) Exartema rusticanum McD. MaAn.: Onah. Exartema zellarianum Fern. OntT.: Trenton. Exartema atrodentanum Fern. QueE.: Hemmingford; Ont.: Toronto. Exartema punctanum Wlishm. QUE.: St. Johns. Exartema cornanum Heinr. ONT.: Ottawa. Exartema inornatanum Clem. Reported by Heinrich from Quebec. Exartema clavana Wlk. Reported by Heinrich from Quebec. Exartema exoletum Zell. QuxE.: Aylmer, Chelsea; ONT.: Ottawa. Exartema bicoloranum McD. N.S.: Barrington Passage. Exartema quadrifidum Zell. QUE.: St. Hilaire, Aylmer, Hemmingford, Montreal; ONT.: Ottawa; Man.: Aweme; Brit. CoL.: Rockcreek. Exartema nigranum Heinr. QUE.: Chelsea, Aylmer; OnT.: Ottawa. Exartema merrickanum Kft. OntT.: Ottawa. Exartema corylanum Fern. Reported by Heinrich from Aweme, Manitoba. Exartema sericoranum Wlishm. Reported by Heinrich from Quebec. Fxartema valdanum McD. QuE.: Aylmer, Ft. Coulonge. Exartema versicoloranum Clem. ONT.: Trenton. Exartema brevirostranum Heinr. Man.: Aweme. Exartema permundanum Clem. Que.: Meach Lake, Wakefield; Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton. Exartema submissanum McD. Onr.: Ottawa. Exartema nananum McD. Ont.: Mer Bleue, Ottawa. 52 THE “REPORT OF) THE Argyroplocinae—Continued. ee appendiceum Zell. QurE.: Hudson, Meach Lake; Onrt.: Ottawa; MAN.: weme. Exartema concinnanum Clem. OnNT.: Ottawa, Pt. Stanley. Exartema concinnanum form terminanum McD. Ont.: Ottawa. Exartema fasciatanum Clem. QuE.: Mt. St. Hilaire; ONT.: Ottawa, Trenton. Exartema troglodanum McD. QuE.: Meach Lake; ONnT.: Ottawa. Hedia separatana Kft. Ont.: Ottawa, Putnam; MAN.: Aweme. Hedia ochroleucana Hbn. N.S.: Bridgetown; OntT.: Ottawa, Trenton; Man.: Aweme; SaAsK.: Indian Head; Atta.: Edmonton, Lethbridge, Waterton; Brit. CoL.: Kaslo, Oliver, Keremeos, Vernon, Victoria, Sydney. Hedia variegana Hbn. N.S.: Annapolis; Brit. CoL.: Agassiz. Hedia chionosema Zell. QueE.: Aylmer; ONT.: Ottawa, Prescott, Guelph. Hedia cyanana Murt. MaAn.: Aweme. Argyroploce auricapitana Wishm. N.S.: Barrington Passage. Argyroploce agilana Clem. QuE.: Laprairie; ONT:: Ottawa, Whitby, Niagara Glen, Putnam, Pt. Pelee. Argyroploce albiciliana Fern. ONT.: Severn; MAN.: Aweme. Argyroploce siderana chalybeana Wishm. Brit. Cov.: Kaslo. Argyroploce sordidana McD. Atta.: Nordegg. Argyroploce galaxana Kft. Brit. Cou.: Langford, Goldstream, Salmon Arm. Argyroploce galaxana glitranana Kft. MaAn.: AWEME; SASK.: Regina; ALTA.: Banff, Nordegg, Waterton; N.W.T.: Great Slave Lake region. Argyroploce consiellatana Zell. QuxE.: Montreal, Chelsea; OntT.: Ottawa, Severn. Argyroploce astrologana Zell. OntT.: Ottawa, Severn; MAN.: Aweme; SASK.: Indian Head, Regina; ALta.: Calgary; Brit. CoL.: Kaslo, Salmon Arm. Argyroploce coruscana Clem. Ont.: Pt. Pelee. Argyroploce puncticostana Wik. Onrt.: Algonquin Park; ALTA.: Edmonton. Argyroploce puncticostana major Wlshm. AttTa.: Banff, Nordegg. Argyroploce deprecaioria Heinr. Brit. Cou.: Alta Lake, Mons, Wellington. Argyroploce cespitana Hbn. QueE.: Meach Lake, St Johns; Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton, Severn; Man.: Aweme; SASK.: Regina, Indian Head; ALtta.: Edmonton, Nordegg, Red Deer, Waterton, Moraine Lake, Banff; Brit. Cou.: Aspen Grove, Kaslo. Argyroploce carolana McD. Ont.: Ottawa, Lyn, Trenton; ALTA.: Waterton. ee polluxana McD. Ont.: Ottawa,-Mer Bleue; ALTA.: Nordegg, Moraine Lake, anff. Argyroploce glaciana Moesch. Lapr.: Hopedale; N.S.: Barrington Passage; QUE.: Meach Lake; Ont.: Ottawa, Severn; Man.: Aweme; ALTA.: Edmonton, Nordegg, Calgary, Waterton; Brit. Cot.: Salmon Arm; N. W. TErRR.: Great Slave Lake region. Argyroploce bipartitana Clem. QueE.: Meach Lake; Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton, Toronto, Orillia, Severn, Pt. Pelee; MAan.: Aweme; ALTA.: Nordegg, Waterton, Calgary; Brit. Cot.: Chilcotin. Argyroploce heinrichana McD. Lasr.: Hopedale. Argyroploce nordeggana McD. Atta.: Nordegg. Argyroploce schulziana Fabr. Qur.: Rocky Bay, Bonne Esperance, Bradore; ALTA.: Nordegg; Brit. CoL.: Winderinere. Argyroploce intermistana Clem. Lapr.: Hopedale; N.S.: Barrington Passage; ALTA.: Laggan; N. W. TERR.: Great Slave Lake region. Argyroploce septeniritonana Curt. Lapr.: Hopedale. Argyroploce inquietana Wilk. N.W. TERR.: Bernard Harbor. Argyroploce bowmanana McD. Atta.: Nordegg, Moraine Lake. Argryoploce mengelana Fern. N. W. TERR.: Netilling Lake, Baffin Land. Argyroploce costimaculana Fern. Lapr.: Hopedale; N.S.: Barrington Passage; QUE.: Meach Lake; Ont.: Ottawa, Kearney; ALTA.: High River. Argyroploce buckellana McD. Brit. Cot.: Salmon Arm. Argyroploce buckellana albidula Heinr. Ont.: Ottawa; MAN.: Aweme; SASK.: Saskatoon, Indian Head. Evora hemidesma Zell. Ont.: Ottawa, Algonquin Park; Man.: Aweme. Laspeyresiinae Dicrorampha kana Bsk. AttA.: Banff, Moraine Lake, Waterton; Brit. CoL.: Salmon Arm, Mt. Cheam, Oliver. Dichrorampha britana Bsk. A.tA.: Hillcrest; Brit. Cox.: Kaslo. Dichrorampha simulana Clem. QuE.: Meach Lake; Ont.: Ottawa. Dichrorampha sedaiana Bsk. ALTA.: Waterton. Dichrorampha dana Kft. QuE.: Meach Lake, Cascades; Ont.: Ottawa. Dichrorampha leopardana Bsk. Reported by Heinrich from Ontario. Hemimene felicitana Heinr. OntT.: Pt. Pelee. Hemimene signifera Heinr. Ont.: Lake of Bays. Hemimene paula Heinr. MAN.: Aweme. Sereda lautana Clem. QueE.: Aylmer; MANn.: Aweme. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 53 _ Laspeyresiinae— Continued 503 514 560 661 * 695 721 726 730 732 741 754 * 1153 1483 1499 1650 1747 Grapholitha molesta Bsk. Onrt.: Vineland. Grapholitha liberiina Heinr. Described from Wellington, B.C. Grapholita prunivora Wlishm. QueE.: Meach Lake; Ont.: Ottawa, Orillia, Severn, Chatham; ALTA.: Waterton. Grapholitha angleseana Kft. Onrt.: Pt. Pelee. Grapholitha caeruleana Wishm. Brit. Cou.: Langford, Saanich dist. Grapholitha conversana Wlishm. Brit. Cov.: Oliver. Grapholitha imitativa Heinr. ALTA.: Waterton; Brit. Cou.: Salmon Arm. Grapholitha lunatana Wishm. MaAn.: Aweme; ALTA.: Wabamun, Edmonton; Brit. CoL.: Kaslo, Victoria, Saanich district. Grapholitha interstinctana Clem. QuE.: Meach Lake; Ont.: Ottawa, Cornwall; ALTA.: Nordegg, Waterton. Grapholitha lana Kft. Reported by Heinrich from Wellington and Goldstream, B.C. Grapholitha tristrigana Clem. OnrT.: Pt. Pelee, Toronto, London. Laspeyresia rana Forbes. ONT.: Ottawa; ALTA.: Nordegg. Laspeyresia obnisa Heinr. Described from Fraser Mills, B.C. Laspeyresia garacana Kft. Recorded from Trenton, Ont. Laspeyresia multilineana Kft. MAn.: Aweme; ALTA.: Edmonton. Laspeyresia ingrata Heinr. Described from Aweme, Man. Laspeyresia albimaculana Fern. Ont.: Mer Bleue, Ottawa, Niagara Glen. Laspeyresia populana Bsk. OntT.: Ottawa, Trenton; MAN.: Aweme; ALTA.: Nordegg, Lethbridge. Laspeyresia youngana Kft. OntT.: Ottawa; MAN.: Aweme. Laspeyresia nigricana Steph. N.S.: Truro; Man.: Brandon; ALTA.: Nordegg. Laspeyresia fletcherana Kft. ONT.: Ottawa. Laspeyresia prosperana Kft. ALta.: Waterton, Hillcrest; Brit. Cot.: Kaslo, Hedley, Goldstream, Malahat. Laspeyresia lautiuscula Heinr. Described from Fraser Mills, B.C. Laspeyresia flexiloqua Heinr. Atta.: Calgary. Laspeyresia americana Wlishm. Recorded by Heinrich from B.C. Laspeyresia miscitaia Heinr. Brit. Cov.: “‘Interior.”’ Melissopus latiferreanus Wilshm. Ont.: Trenton. Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. Que.: Hemmingford; OntT.: Ottawa, Vineland; Brit. COL.: Kaslo, Kamloops. Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zell. ONntT.: Trenton. COLEOPTERA (Arranged according to Leng’s Catalogue of Coleoptera, 1920) | Cicindelidae 74 Cicindela punctulata Oliv. Medicine Hat, Alta., (F. S. Carr). Carabidae 115 Tvrachypachus inermis Mots. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 439 Bembidion obliquulum Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 487 Bembidion planiusculum Mann. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion breve Mots. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion quadrulum Lec. Pincher, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion nitens Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion obtusangulum Lec. Medicine Hat, ay (Carn): Bembidion yukonum Fall. Dawson, Y.T., Bembidion constrictum Lec. Dundern, Sask., “(Criddle). Bembidion timidum Lec. Edmonton and Pincher, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion scudderi Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion obiusidens Fall. Dundern, Sask., (Criddle); Winnipegosis, Man., (Wallis and E. Criddle). Bembidion oberthtirti Hayd. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion aenicolle Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion dubitans Lec. (Edmonton and Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Bembidion sulcatum Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). poren lachnophoides Darl. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Psyche, Vol. XXXIII, 26. Poecilus scitulus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Calathus ingratus Dej. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). Rhadine dissecta Lec. Castor, Alta., (Carr). Lebia divisa Lec. Transcona, Man., (S. Brooks). Cymindis borealis Lec. Tofield, Alta., (Carr). Chlaenius frosti Carr. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). Chalenius albertinus Csy. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). ‘ SAN rs eo ace 54 THE: REPORT OB GEE Dytiscidae * Coelambus borealis Fall. Dawson, Y.T., (Fall). sense es planiusculus Fall. Cypress Hills, and Medicine Hat, Alta., Michel, B.C., (Cars): : * Hydroporus yukonensts Fall. Dawson, Y.T., (Fall); Jasper, Alta., (F. Neave). * Hydroporus alaskanus Fall. Keremeos, B.C., (Criddle). 2568 Agabus obliteratus Lec. Medicine Hat, Cypress Hills and Pincher, Alta., (Carr). 2589 Ilybius subaeneus Er. Aweme East, Man., (Wallis); Lytton, B.C., (Auden). 2597 Ilybius discedens Shp. Aweme and Riding Mts., Man., (Wallis and E. Criddle). Gyrinidae 2692 Gyrinus aquirts Lec. Husavick, Man., (Wallis). Staphylinidae * Stenus frigidus Fall. Edmonton, Alta. ; * Philonthus septentrionis Fall. Dawson, Y.T., (Fall). Philonthus fraternus Fall. Dawson, Y.T., (Fall). Histeridae 6530 Hololepta aequalis Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., on Cottonwood, (Carr). Lampyridae 6977 Lucidota fenestralis Melsh. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Cantharidae * Podabrus fissilis Fall. Emerald Lake, B.C., (A. Fenyes). 7074 Podabrus puncticollis Kby. Onah and Husavick, Man., (Wallis). 7100 Cantharis nigritulus Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). Melyridae 7208 Collops bipunctatus Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 7217 Collops punctulatus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Pedilidae 8263 Pergetus campanulatus Lec. Medicine Hat, Pincher and Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Anthicidae 8315 Notoxus cavicornis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 8389 Anthicus scenicus Csy. Saskatoon, Sask., (King); Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 8401 Anthicus flavicans Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 8407 Anthicus hastatus Csy. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 8411 Anthicus coracinus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Elateridae 8710 Ludius fusculus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 8818 Cryptohypnus planatus Esch. Pincher, Alta., (Carr). 8839 Hypnoidus dispersus Horn. Pincher, Alta. 8849 Hypnoidus pectoralis Say. Pincher, Alta. 8960 later pedalis deletus Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 9094 Cardiophorus pubescens Blan. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Buprestidae : 9272 Acmaeodera pulchella Herbst. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 9376 Buprestis confluenta Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 9522 Agrilus cephalicus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Dascillidae 9679 Eucinetus testaceus Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). Dermestidae * Trogoderma sinistra Fall. Dawson, Y.T., (Fall). 9835 Anthrenus verbasci varius Fab. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). Cucujidae ; 10261 Laemophloeus pusillus Schon. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). Coccinellidae 11158 Ceratomegilla fuscilabris Muls. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 11183 Coccinella tricuspis Kby. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). Chilocorus fraternus Lec. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY aa JN Bostrichidae 12908 Stephanopachys substriatus Payk. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Scarabaeidae ; mioo45, 4 brox.atrox Lec. “Medicine Hat; Alta:, (Carr). , Cerambycidae * Tetropium alaskanum Fall. Dawson, Y.T., (Fall). Chrysomelidae 15213 Donacia pusilla Say. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). - 15233 Zeugophora varians Cr. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 15493 Cryptocephalus confluens Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 15499 Cryptocephalus insertus Hald. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Phyiodecta notmani Schaef. Cypress Hills, Alta., ‘‘on willow only”’ (Carr). 15734 Tvrirhabda attenuata Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., ‘‘on sage brush only’’ (Carr). Disonycha latifrons Schaef. Medicine Hat, and Pincher, Alta., (Carr). 16010 Chaetocnema opulenta Horn. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 16148c Jonthonota novemmaculata Mann. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Mylabridae 16175 Mylabris discoideus Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Curculionidae 16336 Auletes congruus Walk. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 16620 Evotus naso Lec. Medicine Hat and Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 16762 Phytonomus castor Lec. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). 18103 Sphenophorus ochreus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Scolytidae * Hylastes yukonis Fall. White Horse and Dawson, Y.T., (Fall). All the new species listed above under Fall were described in the Pan-Pacific Entomolo- gist, Vols. II and III, 1926. DIPTERA Prepared by C. H. Curran Species described as new in the Canadian Entomologist during the year 1926 are omitted from the recerd. The number given before the name of a species refers to the page in Aldrich’s “catalogue’’ on which the name of the genus appears. Tipulidae *59 Limnophila auripennis Alexander. Orillia, Ont., June 10, (Curran). * Limnophila platyphallus Alexander. Orillia, Ont., June 10, (Curran). The above two species described in Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. X XI, 111-113. Limnophila harperi Alexander. Athabasca Delta, Alta., June 18, (F. Harper). Limnophila mc-dunnought Alexander. Nordegg, Alta., July 14, (J. McDunnough). Ormosia garrettti Alexander. Banff, Alta., July, 1922, (C. Garrett). Ormosia hubbelli Alexander. Aweme, Man., Aug. 15, (N. Criddle). The above four species described in Ins. Ins. Menst., XIV. 19-23. *92 Dicranota currani Alexander. Ottawa, Ont., Hull, Que., May 9, 1923-1924. (Curran). *99 Tipula parvemarginata Alexander. Portage la Prairie, Man., July, (A. J. Hunter). The above two species described in Ent. News, XX XVII. * * * * * Tipula perparvula Alexander. Aweme, Man., June 29, (Criddle). Described in Ins. Ins. Menst., XIV, 120. Psychodidae Sait *105 Pericoma aldrichana Dyar. Anchorage, Alaska, June 15, (J. M. Aldrich). Culicidae 121 Anopheles maculipennis Meigen. Indian Head, Sask., (E. Hearle). Culiceta dyarit Coq. Odessa, Sask., (Hearle). 126 Culex apicalis Ad. Indian Head, Sask., (Hearle). 134 Aedes nigromaculis Lud. Indian Head, Sask., (Hearle). Cecidomyidae Shon 156 Asphondylia helianthiflorae Felt. Montreal, Quebec, Oct. 18-27, 1926, (A. F. Winn). On Helianthus decapetalus. 56 THE REPORT OF THE Simulidae 168 Simulium forbesi Mall. Aweme, Man., July, on crow, (N. Criddle). Blephariceridae 171 Bibiocephala grandis O.S. Seton Lake, B.C., May 31, (McDunnough). Stratiomyidae Beris annulifera brunnipes Johnson. Labrador. * Beris annulifera luteipes Johnson. Kearney and Lake Nipigon, Ont. The above described in Psyche, X XXIII, 109. Tabanidae *195 Chrysops wiedemanni Krober. Quebec and Ontario. * Chrysops canadensis Krober. Mer Bleu, Ottawa, Ont., June 7, 1925, (Curran). * Chrysops pilumnus Krober. Jordan, Ont., June 21, 1917, (W. A. Ross). * Chrysops moerens confusus Krober. Oliver, B.C., Aug. 13, 1923, (C. Garrett). * Chrysops geminatus impunctus Krober. Port Stanley, Ont., June 25, (C. R. Twinn). * Chrysops ornatus Krober. Jordan, Ont., July 17. The above described in Stett. Ent. Zeit., for 1926. Chrysops fuliginosus Wiedemann. Kings Co., N.S., July. Bombyliidae =: Anthrax pauper Loew. Seton Lake, B.C., June, (McDunnough). Villa sabina O.S. Seton Lake, B.C., June, (McDunnough). Villa gracilis Meig. Carcross, Yukon, Aug., (Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell). Villa molitor Loew. Carcross, Yukon, Aug., (Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell). Villa aggripina O.S. Seton Lake, B.C., June, (McDunnough). 235 Bombylius albocapillus Loew. Medicine Hat, Alta., April, (F. S. Carr). Theérevidae 246 Psilocephala limata Coq. Waterton, Alta., July, (H. L. Seamans). Psilocephala signatipennis Cole. Oliver, B.C., July, (E. R. Buckell). Psilocephala baccata Cog. Aweme, Man., May, (N. Criddle, R. M. White); Medicine a Hat, ealtas, Way. (hon Cant): Psilocephala albertensis Cole. Aweme, Man., June, (N. Criddle and R. M. White). Dialineura crassicornis Will. Duncan, B.C., June, (W. Downes). 247 Thereva johnsont Coq. Saanich District, B.C., July 24, (W. Downes). i oe ee Loew. Aylmer, Que., July, (H. L. Viereck); Burkes Falls, Ont., July, . Ide). Thereva strigipes Loew. Macdiarmid, Ont., July, (N. K. Bigelow). Asilidae 253 Leptogaster hirtipes Coq. Seton Lake, B.C., July 6, (McDunnough). Leptogaster aridus Cole. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., June 15, (McDunnough); Vernon, B.C., July, (N. L. Cutler). 260 Lasiopogon quadrivittatus Jones. Medicine Hat, Alta., May 8, (F.S. Carr). Lastopogon aldricht Mel. Banff, Alta., July, (C. Garrett). Lasiopogon cinereous Cole. Frank, Alta., Aug. 15, (E. H. Strickland). Buckellia (Cophura) brevicornis Will. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., June, July, (Mc- Dunnough). 266 Nicocles punctipennis Mel. Medicine Hat. Alta., April 24, (F.S. (Carr). 275 Erax subcupreus Schiner. Medicine Hat, Alta., June, (F. S. Carr). - 282 Asilus coquilletti Hine. Seton Lake and Anderson Lake, B.C., June, (McDunnough). Dolichopodidae 288 Diaphorus adustus Van Duzee. Nyarling River, N.W.T., July, (J. Russell). 292. Rhaphium crassipes Meigen. Alta Lake, Mons, B.C., June 10, (McDunnough). Rhaphium campestre Curran, Allan, Sask., Aug., (K. M. King). : | 293 Neurigona carbonifera Loew. Orillia, Ont., June 27, 29, (Curran); Niagara Glen, Ont., June 23, (G. S. Walley). | Neurigona deformis Van Duzee. Orillia, Ont., June 26, 28, (Curran). Neurigona pectoralis Van Duzee. Niagara Glen, Ont., June, July, (G. S. Walley). ES pe Van Duzee. Tillsonburg, Ont., June 4, Niagara Glen, Ont., June 23, alley). Neurigona planipes Van Duzee. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., June 9, (McDonnough). *295 Thinophilus spinipes Van Duzee. Baldur, Man., (N. Criddle). This species described in Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., XIX, 46. Thinophilus fulvidorsum Van Duzee. Nyarling River, N.W.T., July, (J. Russell). 295 /Medetera halteralis Van Duzee. Laprairie, Que., July, (F. Ide). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 57 Dolichopodidae— Continued. 296 v Hydrophorus philombrius Wheeler. Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). _ «© Hydrophorus fumipennis Van Duzee. Nettilling Lake, Baffin Land, May 30, (J.D. ie: - Hydrophorus claripennis Van Duzee. Saskatoon, Sask., May, (K. M. King). ‘ Hydrophorus purus Curran. Richdale, Alta., Aug., (K. M. King). vy Hydrophorus cerutias Loew. Richdale, Alta., Aug. 22, (K. M. King). * » Hydrophorus albomaculatus Van Duzee. Aweme, Man., July 12, (R D. Bird). * . Hydrophorus argentifacies Van Duzee. Treesbank, Man., Sept. 16, April 16, (N. Criddle). = » Hydrophorus flavipennis Van Duzee. Wainfleet, Ont., July 20, (M. C. Van Duzee). * — Hydrophorus lividipes Van Duzee. Aweme, Man., April 8, (N. Criddle). * “ Hydrophorus nigrinervis Van Duzee. Kamloops, B.C., July 30, (N. Criddle). The above five species described in Psyche, X XXIII, 46-51. 298 © Dolichopus pernix Mel. & Br. Cypress Hills, Sask., June, (C. H. Young). Y Dolichopus virga Coq. Severn, Ont., July, (Curran). - Dolichopus indigina Van Duzee. Teulon, Man., Aug. 5, (A. J. Hunter). v Dolichopus conspectus Van Duzee. Baldur, Man., June, (R. M. White). “ Dolichopus uxorcula Van Duzee, Victoria Beach, Man., Sept., (N. Criddle). --Dolichepus nigricornis Meigen (discifer Stann), Alta Lake, B.C., June 11, (McDunnough). y Dolichopus maculiiarsis Van Duzee, Nyarling River, N. W. Te July, (J. Russell). ¥ Dolachopus nigricauda Van Duzee, Nyarling River, N.W.T. , July, Ge Russell). 306 » Hercostomus unicolor Loew, Saskatoon, Sask., July, (K. M. King). Syrphidae 344 Microdon Champlaini Curran, Orillia, Ont., June 28, Severn, Ont., July 3, (Curran). Microdon albipilis Curran. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug., (E. R. ‘Tinkham). 347 Chrysotoxum perplexum Johnson, ‘Transcona, 'Man., Sept., (G. S. Brooks). 363 Syrphus attenuatus Hine. Carcross, Yukon, Aug. (Mrs. ais Cockerell). Syrphus limatus Hine. Atlin, B.C., Aug., (Mrs. T . D. A. Cockerell). Syrphus perplexus Osb. White Horse, Yukon, Aug., (Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell). 360 Melanostoma kelloggs Snow. Mt. McLean, B. Gi July 12, (E. R. Buckell). 358 Pyrophaena granditarsis Forst. Nyarling River, N, W.T., July, (J. Russell). Cartosyrphus plumosa Coq., Bearberry Creek, Sask., July 23°(CaH1s Young): Cartosyrphus sororcula Will. Cypress Hills, Sask., June 26, (iG H. Young). 351 Chilosia ferruginea Lov. Cypress Hills, Alta., May, (les: Carr). Chilosia nigroapicata Curran. Cypress ‘Hills, ‘Alta., May, (Carr). 348 Chrysogaster sinuosa Bigot. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B. C., June 5, (McDunnough). Chrysogaster nigripennis Will. Alta Lake, Mons, Bg Gs ‘June Dy. ‘(McDunnough). 394. Asemosyrphus willing Smith. Baldur, Man., July, (e Ss Brooks) ; Nyarling River, N.W.T., July, (J. Russell). 400 Brachypalpus parvus Will. Pincher, Alta., May, (Carr). 397 Xylota bicolor Loew. Niagara Glen, Ont., "June 23, (G. S. Walley). Xylota florum Fabr. Nyarling River, ING Wel July, (J. Russell). * Xylota confusa Shannon,. B.C. * Xylotomima nemorum americanum Shann. Kaslo, B.C. Both the above described in Proc. U.S.N.M., Ixix, Art. 9. Conopidae 410 Zodion obliquefasciata Macq. Beaver Creek, Sask., July, (N. J. Atkinson). 412 Myopa vesiculosa varians Banks. McLeod, Alta., May, Irvine, Alta., May, (Carr). Trypaneidae 608 Eutreta diana O.S. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., June, (McDunnough); Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 24, (Criddle). Eutreia longicornis ‘Snow, Medicine Hat, Alta., June 20, (Carr). 608 Carphoiricha culta Coq. Pincher, Alta., May 2, (Carr): Ephydridae 629 Ephydra obscuripes Loew. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., June, (J. McDunnough). 630 Scatella palludum Meigen. Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, June, (D. Jenness). Micropezidae *615 Micropeza lineata V.D. Aweme, an June, (Criddle); Winnipeg, Man., July, (J. Fletcher); Orion, Alta., Aug., (H. L. Seamans). Described in Pan. Pac. Ent., iil, D926: Micropeza turcana Townsend. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle); Lethbridge, Alta., June, G. A. Mail). 616 Calobata mima Cress. Triangle, Sask., July, (N. J. Atkinson). * Calobata kennicciti Banks. ‘‘Huds. Bay Terr.” Psyche, xxxiil, 43. 38 THE ‘REPOR ©-OF AHE Scatophagidae 567 Micropresopa lineata Zett. Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, June, (D. Jenness). Muscidae L 551 Hydrophoria alaskensis Mall. Nettilling Lake, Baffin Land., July, (J. D. Soper). Hydrophoria elongata Mall. Baldur, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks); Cypress Hills, Sask., July, (C. H. Young). Hydrophoria ambigua Meig. Baldur, Man., July 19, (Brooks). 554 Eremomyia incompleta Stein. Medicine Hat, Alta., March, April, (Carr). Eremomyoides setcsa Stein. Medicine Hat, Alta., April, (Carr). *534 Hydrotaea abdominalis Aldrich. Kaslo, B.C. Proc. USN. dx Ark.g22- Alliposis obesa Mall. Nettilling Lake, Baffin Land, July, (J. D. Soper). Helina latifrontata Mall. Teulon, Man., July, (A. J. Hunter). Helina nasoni Mall. Cypress Hills, Sask., July, (C. H. Young). Helina bispinosa Mall. Stormy Mt., Man., Aug., (A. J. Hunter). Hebecnema affinis Mall. Burkes Falls, Ont., July, (F. Ide). 546 Limnophora leucogaster Zett. Stormy Mt., Man., Aug., (A. J. Hunter). 542 Trichopticus difinis Mall. Riding Mts., Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). 560 Coenosia lata Walker. Cypress Hills, Alta., May, (Carr). Calliphoridae Steringomyia montana Shann. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., (E. H. Strickland). Sarcophagidae Emblamasoma erro Aldrich. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., June, (McDunnough). 510 Sarcophaga eleodis Ald. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., June, (McDunnough). * Eumacrenychia elongata Allen. Glenboro, Man., June, (H. A. Robertson). ~ * Metopia opaca Allen. Ottawa, Ont., July 26, (Curran). * Pachyophthalmus distortus Allen. Barber Dam, New Brunswick, June, (J. D. Tothill); Muskrat Falls, Labr., July, (S. E. Arthur); Kaslo, B.C., (Currie). * Phrosinella aldrichi Allen. Oliver, B.C., June 7, (C. Garrett). Phrosinella pilosifrons Allen. Lillooet, B.C., July, (J. D. Tothill); Penticton, B.C., June, (W. B. Anderson); Victoria, B.C., July, (W. Downes). The above species described in Proc. U.S.N.M., Ixviui, Art. 9. Tachinidae 426 Myiophasia clistoides Towns. Stony Mt., Man., Aug., (J. B. Wallis). * Cylindromyia compressa Ald. Banff, Alta., (C. Garrett). * Cylindromyia vulgaris Ald. Victoria, William Head, Saanich District, (Downes); Vernon, (N. L. Cutler); Oliver, (P. N. Vroom, E. R. Buckell); Penticton, (R. C. Treherne); Lillooet, (W. B. Anderson) All localities in B.C. The preceding two species described in Proc U.S.N.M., Ixciii, Art. 23. * Cryptomeigenia muscoidea Curran. Aweme, Map., (Criddle); Teulon, Man., May, (A. J. Hunter); Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). * Cryptomeigenia ontario Curran. Belleville, Ont., (Evans); Chatham, Ont., (Walley); Mer Bleu, Ottawa, (R. H. Ozburn); Hull and Aylmer, Que., (Curran); Aweme, Marn., (H. A. Robertson). May and June. * Cryptomeigenia triangularis Curran. Fredericton, N.B., May, (L. S. McLaine); Aylmer, Que., May, June, (C. B. Hutchings); Fairy Lake, near Hull, Que.; Teulon, Man., June, (Hunter); Aweme, Man., June, (H. A. Robertson). * Cryptomeigenia nigripilcsa Curran. Lillooet; B.C., June, (J. D. Tothill). * Cryptomeigenia nigripes Curran. Bothwell, Ont., June, (Walley). * Cryptomeigenia simplex, Curran. Hull and Aylmer, Que., May, (Curran). * Cryptomeigenia dubia Curran. Point Pelee, Ont., June, (Walley). * Cryptomeigenia ochreigastey Curran. Aweme, Man., May, (R. M. White); Winnipeg, Man., June, (F. B. Fetterman). * Tachinomyia variata Curran. Ont., Que., Man., Alta. * Tachinomyia apicata Curran. Que., Ont., Man., B.C., N.S. * Tachinomyia occidentalis Curran. B.C., Man. The above species described in Trans. Royal Soc. Can., Sec. V, 1926. * Ursophyto rufigena Aldrich. Eberts, B.C., June 19, 1914, (R. H. Chrystal). Described in Proc. U.S.N.M., Ixix, Art. 22,14. Pseudotachinomyia webberi Smith. Medicine Hat, Alta., April, (Carr). Dexodes aurifrons Coq. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., Aug., (N. K. Bigelow). Lydella polita Towns. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., June, (McDunnough). 462 Frontina spectabilis Aldrich. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., July, (McDunnough). 464 Sturmia bakeri Coq. Cypress Hills, Sask., July, (C. H. Young). Zenillia submissa A. & W. Cameron Lake, Alta., Aug., (K. M. King). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 59 HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonidae Campoplegidea totalis Vier. Aylmer, Que., Aug., (A. R. Graham). * Campoplegidea fuscitarse Vier. Ottawa, (Harrington). * Campoplegidea mimeticus Vier. Rigaud and Montreal, Que., (J. Beaulieu); Hull, Que., (Harrington); Jordon, Ont., (W. A. Ross). * Campoplegidea subtilis Vier. Banff, Alta., (Garrett). * Campoplegidea woodi Vier. Coldstream, Ont., (A. A. Wood). * Campoplegidea erythromera Vier. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). * Campoplegidea erythrosoma Vier. Montreal, Que., Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). * Campboplegidea nigritibialis Vier. Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes). * Campoplegidea curvata Vier. Sudbury, Ont., (Evans). * Campoplegidea sessilis Vier. Montreal, Que. * Campoplegidea citripes Vier. Lanoraie, Que., (J. I. Beaulne). * Campoplegidea flavicoxa Vier. Montreal, Que., (Beaulieu). * Campoplegidea varicoxa Vier. Sudbury, Ont., (Evans). * Campoplegidea montrealensis Vier. Montreal, Que. * Campoplegidea reticulata Vier. Royal Oak, B.C., (W. Downes). * Campoctonus fossatus Vier. Aweme, Man., (P. N. Vroom). * Pseudocasinaria paenealia Vier. Sudbury, Ont. * Pseudocasinaria decorata Vier. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). * Amorphota pacifica Vier. Victoria, B.C., (Downes). * Amorphota bicoloripes Vier. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). * Idechthis mimicus Vier. Georgetown, Ont. The above species described in Trans. Royal Soc. Can., Sec. V, 1926. * Syzeuctus sigmoidalis Cush. Godbout, Que., (E. M. Walker). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 67, 1926. Calliceratidae * Aparamesius nigriclavis Fouts. Toronto, Ont., (H. S. Parish). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 28, No. 8, 1926: Megachilidae . : * Anthidium tenutflorae yukonense Cockrl. Carcross, Yukon Territory, (W. P. Cockerell). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII, No. 108, 1926. Apidae * Bremus rufocinctus sladeni Frison. Ottawa, Ont., (F. W. L. Sladen). * Bremus pleuralis clarus Frison. Fort Wringley, N.W.T., (C. H. Crickmay). Laggan, Bie. The above two races described in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. LII, No. 2, 19206. HEMIPTERA Coreidae Leptoglossus fulvicornis Westw. Jordan, Ont., 30, VI, 17. (W. A. Ross). Chelinidea wittiger Uhl. Medicine Hat, Alta., 2 V, 25, (F. S. Carr). on cactus. (The Quebec record of Provancher is considered doubtful.) Lygaeidae Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall. Caradoc, Ont., 15, VIII, 21, (H. F. Hudson). Phymatidae Phymata vicina Hand]. Aweme, Man., 8, VII, 24, (N. Criddle). Cercopidae \ Lepyronia gibbosa Ball. Aweme, Man., 14, VIII, 24, (R. D. Bird). EPHEMEROPTERA The following list prepared by G. S. Walley, under the direction of Dr. McDunnough, brings the known distribution of Canadian species up to date. Ephemeridae Ephoron (Polymitarcys) leukon Will. Kirk’s Ferry, Que. Hexagenia recurvata Morgan. Sand Lake, Ont. Hexagenia atrocaudata McD. Lyn, Ont. Hexagenia viridescens WW1k. Severn, Ont. Hexagenia limbata var. occulta Walk. Wendigo Bay, Lake Nipigon, Ont. Former references to /imbata Guer. should come under this heading. | Hexagenia affiliata McD. Sparrow Lake, Severn, Ottawa, Kingston, Algonquin Park, Ont. Ephemera simulans Wik. Pt. Pelee, Normandale, Ont. Neoephemera bicolor McD. Laprairie, Que. Potamanthus verticis Say. (flavecla Walsh). Niagara Falls, Bothwell, Ont. 60 THE REPORT OF THE Baetidae Leptophlebia mollis Eaton. Kearney, Burk’s Falls, Orillia, Ont. Leptophlebia pallipes Hagen. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C. *Leptophlebia temporalis McD. Alta Lake, Mons, B.C. Lepiophlebia guttata McD. Burk’s Falls, Jordan, Ont. Leptophlebia moerens McD. St. Davids, Putnam, Bothwell, Ont. Tepper debilis Wlk. (separata Ulm.) Kearney, Ont.; Seton Lake, Lillooet, Agassiz, B *Leptophlebia bicornuta McD, Bearberry Creek, near Sundre, Alta.; Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, B.C. Leptophlebia johnsoni McD. Kearney, Sand Lake, Ont. *Leptophlebia ontario McD. Jordan, Ball’s Falls, Ont. Leptophlebia rufivenosa Eaton. Goldstream, B.C. *Lepiophlebia invalida McD. Departure Bay, B.C. Blasturus cupidus Say. Sand Lake, Chatham, Bothwell, Ont. Blasturus nebulosus Wilk. Kearney, Orillia, Bothwell, Ont. Choroterpes basalis Banks. Lyn, Muskoka, Ont. Habrophlebiodes americana Banks (bettent Need.) Centreville, Ont. *Ephemerella flavilinea McD. Waterton, B.C. Ephemerella needhami McD. Laprairie, Lachine, Que.; Prescott, Ont. Ephemerella tibialis McD. Slave Lake, Alta. *Ephemerella inflata McD. Wakefield, Que. TE hare simplex McD. St. Annes, Lachine, Que.; Prescott, Niagara Glen, Norman- dale, Ont. Ephemerella attenuata McD. Laprairie, Que.; Deadman’s Creek, B.C. Ephemerella funeralis McD. Kearney, Sand Lake, Ont. : *Ephemerella coxalis McD. Dorval, Lachine, Coteau-du-lac, St. Annes, Beauharnois, Chateauguay, Que.; Kearney, Fisher’s Glen, Ont. Ephemerella inermis Eaton. Shuswap Lake, Penticton, B.C. *Ephemerella semiflava McD. ‘Tillsonburg, Ont. Ephemerella infrequens McD. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C. Caenis hilaris Say. Ottawa, Ont. Baetis b:caudatus Dodds. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C. Baetis intermedius Dodds. Barkerville, Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C. Baetis parallela Banks. Medicine Hat. Alta.; Oliver, B.C. Baetis moffaitti Dodds. Barkerville, B.C. Baetis vagans McD. Ottawa, Ont. Baetis incertans McD. Orillia, Putnam, Ont. Baetis brunneicolor McD. Ottawa, Fisher’s Glen, Normandale, Walsh, Ont. Baetis cingulatus McD. Orillia, Ont. Baetis pallidula McD. Tillsonburg, Ont. Baetis levitans McD. Orillia, Ont. Baetis pluto McD. Lyn, Ont. Baetis rusticans McD. Wakefield, Que.; Algonquin Park, Orillia, Ont. Baetis parvus Dodds. Covey Hill, Hull, Que.; Orillia, Ball’s Falls, Bothwell, Ont.; Alta Lake, Mons, Oliver, B.C. *Baetis akatalepics McD. Medicine Hat, Alta. f Baetis pygmaea Hag. Lachine, Que.; Orillia, Niagara Falls, Walsh, Put-in-Bay, Ont. Baetis frondalis McD. Laprairie, Lachine, St. Annes, Hull, Que.; Algonquin, Brockville, Jordan, Ball’s Falls, Pt. Bruce, Ont. Baetis spinosus McD. Wakefield, Que.; Kearney, Burk’s Falls, Walsh, Normandale, Pt. Bruce, Ont.; Darlingford, Aweme, Man. *Baetis insignificans McD. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C. Baetis frivolus McD. Wakefield, Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Burk’s Falls, Ont. Heterocloeon curiosum McD. Laprairie, Que.; Niagara Falls, Ont. Pseudocleon carclina Banks. Orillia, Ont. Pseudocloeon virilis McD. Lachine, Vaudreuil, Que.; Niagara Falls, Putnam, Ont. Pseudocloeon chlorops McD. Lachine, Que. Pseudocloeon punctiventris McD. Laprairie, Lachine, Que. Centroptilum fragile McD. Laprairie, Lachine, Que.; Cornwall, Ont. ; Be aga ozburni McD. Lachine, Que.; Burk’s Falls, Walsh, Normandale, Delhi, nt. Centroptilum bellum McD. Lachine, Que.; Jordan, Ball’s Falls, Ont. Centroptilum caliginosum McD. Lachine, Que. *Centroptilum semirufum McD. Kearney, Ont. \ *Centroptilum album McD. St. Annes, Que.; Orillia, Ont. Cloeon implicatum McD. Waterton Lakes, Alta., Vernon, B.C. *Cloeon minor McD. Joe Lake, Algonquin Park, Ont. Cloeon simplex McD. Laprairie, Lachine, Wakefield, Que.; Ottawa, Severn, Ont. Cloeon insignificans McD. Ottawa, Ont. Cloeon rubrepicta McD. Laprairie, Lachine, Que.; Cornwall, Severn, Lake Muskoka, Niagara Falls, Walsh, Delhi, Ont. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 61 Baetidae— Continued. Callibaetis fluctuans Walsh. Fisher’s Glen, Ont. Callibaetis ferruginea Walsh. Putnam, Ont. Callibaetis americanus Banks. Putnam, Ont.; Cypress Hills, Alta. Isonychia bicolor Wik. Niagara Falls, Ont. Ameletus ludens Needh. Orillia, Ont. Ameletus velox Dodds. Banff, Alta.; Barkerville, B.C. Ameletus vernalis McD. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C. Siphlonurus rapidus McD. Kearney, Orillia, Ont. Siphlonurus bernice McD. Hopedale, Labrador; Kearney, Sand Lake, Burk’s Falls, Ont. Siphlonurus alternatus Say. Laprairie, Dorval, Que.; Burk’s Falls, Ont.; Slave Lake, Alta. Siphlonurus columbianus McD. Alta Lake, Mons, Agassiz, B.C. *Siphlonurus securifer McD. Algonquin Park, Ont. Heptageniidae Tron longimanus Eaton. Alta Lake, Mons, Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C. Iron pleuralis Banks. Scotch Lake, N.B. Tren grandis McD. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C. Iron suffusus McD. Vaudreuit, Laprairie, Dorval, Aylmer, Hull, Que.; Prescott, Ont. Iron punctatus McD. Laprairie, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. Iron deceptiva McD. Banff, Alta.; Barkerville, B.C. Cinygma mimus Eaton. Alta Lake, Mons, B.C. Cinygma ramaleyt Dodds. Mt. Cheam, Barkerville, B.C. Cinygma hyalina McD. Seton Lake, Lillooet, Barkerville, B.C. Cinygma bipunctata McD. Kearney, Ont. Cinygma iniegrum Eaton. Alta Lake, Mons, B.C. Anepeorus rusticus McD. Saskatoon, Sask. Ecdyonurus frontalis Banks. Aylmer, Kirk’s Ferry, Que.; Kearney, Severn, Lake Muskoka, Ont. Ecdyonurus interpunctatus Say. (flaveola Pict.). Caradoc, Orillia, Niagara Falls, Queen- ston, Put in Bay, Normandale, Delhi, Pt. Bruce, Bothwell, Chatham, Pt. Pelee, Ont. Ecdyonurus_ canadensis Wik. Laprairie, Lachine, St. Annes, Chateauguay, Dorval, Que.; Prescott, Kingston, Orillia, Lake of Bays, Sand Lake, Kearney, Ont. Ecdyonurus tripunctatus Banks. Anticosti Isd.; Laprairie, Chateauguay, Que.; Lyn, Orillia, Lake Muskoka, Kearney, Sand Lake, Jordan, Ball’s Falls, Fisher’s Glen, Normandale, Pt. Pelee, Ont. Ecdyonurus vicarius Wilk. Macinquac, N.B.; Lachine, Que.; Kearney, Bothwell, Ont. Ecdyonurus rubromaculatus Clem. Severn, Ont. Ecdyonurus integer McD. Aylmer, Hull, Wakefield, Kirk’s Ferry, Que.; Ottawa, Severn, Ont. Ecdyonurus pulchella Walsh. _ Niagara Falls, Normandale, Tillsonburg, Ont. *Ecdyonurus medtopunctatus McD. Walsh, Victoria Harbour, Ont. *Ecdyonurus bipunctatus McD. Niagara Falls, Queenston, Cayuga, Normandale, Fisher’s Glen, Bothwell, Pt. Pelee, Ont. *Ecdyonurus ruber McD. Laprairie, Lachine, Aylmer, Hull, Kirk’s Ferry, Que.; Brock- ville, Ottawa, Burk’s Falls; Ont. Ecdyonurus placita Banks. Laprairie, Lachine, Dorval, Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Corn- wall, Prescott, Brockville, Ont. Ecdyonurus terminatus Walsh. Treesbank, Grand Beach, Man ; Waterton Lakes, Alta. *Heptagenia perfida McD. Jordan, Ball’s Falls, Ont. *Heptagenia horrida McD. Jordan, St. Davids, Ont. Hepiagenia marginalis Banks. Laprairie, Kirk’s Ferry, Que. Heptagenia vitrea Wilk. Described from St. Martins Falls—Albany River, Ont., but not yet identified. Hepiagenia cleganiula Eaton (coxalis Banks, querula McD.). Saskatoon, Sask. Hepiagenia solitaria McD. Nicola, Oliver, B.C. i Hepiagenia pullus Clem. Lachine, Lanoraie, Que.; Kearney, Ont. Heptagenia lucidipennis Clem. Laprairie, Lachine, Que. Heptagenia inconspicua McD. Laprairie, Lachine, Que.; Walsh, Bothwell, Ont. Heptagenia manifesta Eaton. Laprairie, Lachine, Kirk’s Ferry, Que. *Heptagenia walshi McD. Walsh, Ont. Hepiagenia minerva McD. Lachine, Chateauguay, Que.; Burk’s Falls, Bothwell, Ont. *Heptagenia aphrodite McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. *Rhithrogena doddst McD. Waterton Lakes, Alta. Rhithrogena jeyuna Eaton (fusca Walk.). Saskatoon, Sask.,; Medicine Hat, Alta.; Deadman’s Creek, Oliver, B.C. Rhithrogena impersonata McD. Dorval, Laprairie, Lachine, Montreal, Que. *Species marked thus are described in Can. Ent., Vol. LVIII, pp. 184-196, 296-303. 62 THE “REPORT ‘OF THE ORTHOPTERA Tryxalinae Gomphocerus clavatus Thom. Cranbrook, B.C., (E. R. Buckell). Oedipodinae Trimerotropis vinculata Scud. Riding Mountain, Man., July, (E. Criddle). Trimerotropis azurensis Brun. Drumheller, Alta., (Criddle and King). Acrididae Aeoloplus turnbulli Thom. Drumheller, Alta., (Criddle and King). Cypress and Minda, Alta., (Strickland). Melanoplus flavidus Scud. Drumheller, Alta., (King). Tettigoniidae Conocephalus fasceatus De G. Gull Lake, Sask., (King). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY INDEX ‘ contin deters PAGE mredesmmersirerOn Theo... . 0. oe es 9,14 -Hylemyia antiqua Meig.............. 2 SEO [ee 9, 16 * Drassrede BOUCHE). 1.5... Age anes. ree ee 16 Imported cabbage worm............ AGN GIES 08 22 Bad ybindiectlesiyce acts laine wale oes PIM EMURASSEGUC? Oo. Sox Soe ces Fe ee 41 Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say........ “ pseudobrassicae Davis......... 41 ilacileat miners ce.30) oo els 2 Yes a en PNPEESUGIZOE Wan j80.. eal Wi. cole ws as 21 TES SUS PU OULCTUSUS Wee .s ib Ni Saleen ih: hes JAUTPOIAN OI COs Aiea i uD) Malacosoma americana Fab.......... balogenus caryae Horn... ........5. 9 ss UES ZED) Veal SG ale cs iy obtusus Blanchard........ 9 Maplevleatemtters oo 5) eee Go. Ms provoscidus Fab... 6. os... 9 Melanoplus bivittatus Say............ 2 auencus Lorn: 6... 0 ok 9 © femur rubrum DeG....... s CUES SEN Gira ee te a 9 Mexicans beanvbeetlen oe ae. oe Browii-ecatemoth.. 0:00... 50}. . DA VET EROLASLOR NM coy eee. V,) ne aera SRO AWPAPE AIMS 25. ea Al INTOSGUNIEOES Co 1S aS ectea Niro eae Pe MIA OO dake wa 8 NVIAUSCOROOMIESLUCO Ms: Wo. ew 2s heen Case-making clothes moth........... 9 IMuShrootiainatbe, yeti Uri Leas Von TE SE) cS en 9 Oberea bimaculata Oliv.............. Curphis unipunctia Haw............. 22 Oniommmaccot seer 05 or. es Colorado potato beetle.............. ite) ‘Paleaeniia vernata Peck... 3464). a. Corethraconctopes Coq... 2.6 0k... 17 Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch...... Wermeat worl. 2. eke. e. 42 RarsniprwebwWOrttes.. i. tic seen. Ctenocephalus felis Bouche........... 9 RCRA SD POC Wid ete Os osc a Glueck ae ROMGEaMe TEUIE Ty =... =. sai. Vokes ins 38 Pluiella maculipennis Curt........... Depressaria heracliana DeG.......... 8 Poecilocapsus lineatus Fab........... Diamond-baclk\moth..<.-. 26.0.) 22.8 8 Parausta nuovualis: Tio...) 6. Epochra canadensis Loew............ 38 NasppeGiyy Gane OOKeL! 2) 4c European corn borer....7, 21, 24, 28, 33, 35 Sliiesrrnte mime era Uae Gees eo aes es pine Shoot moth 2... ..05... 22 Spitm@eycamkenwort..40.. .)o0.. ence WEGEEISLCS TOOOTULOT. ©... wk eal ee 22 ihannished plant bug... ou. bases Pour-lined plant bug... 0.0.3.4... 8 Mlent caterpillars. 5) 2) Wola ais oe Gracilaria syringella Fab............. 8 Hane pelonena lan). gue ee a Soe SS1PZISIS T1070) 010) a ae 8 Taneoia bisellzella Wum.............. ADS UG Ry Sea ee PA i rachogramma MAinuta.. 0... 6.5... - Habrobracon brevicornis............. DD, MN NTT? APATG eset ste G8 Oe, ue avers PICIOUASYOUSOLCEG 0) oo ein ps ee ws 42 Tyroglyphus farinae De Geer........ Hippodamia convergens.............. 43 < laninert Osbio Gam IG CS® [1S Ee A Se ane sce 9 Webbing clothes moth.............. — mMmmMmMMMM~TIONN WN © © © © mmo msi © | Ontario Department of Agriculture FIFTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT Entomological Society of Ontario PRINTED BY ORDER OF HON. J. S. MARTIN, Minister of Agriculture ose Ae kth aaa 1aStina: eNO LS TFS ii A { e rj 4 © 2 G < \f ST, TM || mT iy Jy r FB o f imod w vik ONTARIO | vr a a¥ ‘4 rie, 4 se ee =~ ONAL MUS ee = TORONTO Printed by the Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1928 1927 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAR 4 1938 DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS CONTENTS Page OFFICERS FOR 1927-1928................. AENEAN HN oon ree an OA ace Sees. hen cotlewinsiicecelauiedep ete cuenne tebe 4. PRMAP ENO SO PATENMIEN T..0.cchs0..cstscoveresessteeoreneeoneresceoees poet By id Ae oN GEG re PER 4 Hire SUMMIT CO OUCH tae carte tan nc.bnenatsvesneottcyssnarantoasnacstasadsoeeignsstecasieparecseceodernsoseseeesess 5 SOMO MOUMEALOL ANG WD FATIAN. ci.cc.cc.00--cs0s.cecssessocasveneocesscseseomseoasareseesassensesaneses 6 Se reminmOtm TO MVIOME Od PM CANICI oc ten ceccoccocescesadesreseneneacecntcncsreaeeccuahace iecceescrrectastedesorest 6 Revomsomiuner british Columbia Branch.i.i...h2...ii00lcs...bonecveneeceedeederesssnnenonsetecersonresoes 6 Report of Insects for the year—Division No. 1: C. B. HUTCHINGS... 7 DivistonteN@s G2 delet. EMUDSON 2. ccss-cscs ss oecen eo 8 Report on Insects of the Year 1927, in Nova Scotia: J. P. SPITTALL.................. y Insects of the Season 1926 in Ontario: WILLIAM A. Ross and L. CAESAR.......... 15 Insects of the Season 1927 in Ontario: L. CAESAR and W. A. ROSS........0....ee 19 Some Observations on Nicotine Dust: R. GLENDENINING...........ccccccccccsscceonscnesesseece 25 A Preliminary Report on Some of the Bud-moths and Leaf Rollers of Nova Beste eah nite egy Eapaiey Gee CG TP Mig TO NCIS NY secre svat Su fonts Sota Ms elo eb wan Banc aed chuine wdSeds sampanshcfesoonetdon canes Dil ine VWexican, Bean Beetle in Ontario: LL. S. MCLAINE......ci..c.litiescleccsescccossssnonees 39 Some Notes on the Life-History of the Mexican Bean Beetle in Ontario: Pearle) SEMOD SONG ANG es AIA 8) W OOD ieccesnsccos-senncissvesssoeconececoossenpnrtwvnsnresederensncease Al Latest Developments in the Control of Stored Product Pests with Calcium eprint Wm et lin CAIVAIN Scere auc soac sade nc sudtocul votes stasis addeevavwesaleloucioss.copionfesshadecs 42 A Cheap and Effective Fly Spray: C. R. TWINN and F. A. HERMAN... men RAS Mosquito Control Activities in Western Canada: ERIC HBARLE........00..::cecceee 45 Field Crop Insect Conditions in Saskatchewan, 1922-27: KENNETH M. KING 50 iinescorn morer Act im Operation: Tic) CABSAR LL 2. .d..iciecccdeccceeeccceccceseccoeccccsesnoressecenes 51 Eaeasies of the Huropean Corn Borer: D. W.» JONUS.....0........cescccscsecseceeseenecteres 5d The Spread and Degree of Infestation of the European Corn Borer in Canada, Beagrie mV PsN ete GE BAN ACN pesos cos onc Cos ceding thas sadessacevabelcbcedoritiedetuhgeesuedotvolccscataes 56 On the Occurrence of Aphodius pardalis Lec. as a Pest of Lawns in British SE coli ate yi ean og) ONVINIE! Saga dedc. cc coe ccecSeacoae sosceelsysaseusessscaceutscsssessiedsaedesecincscesceoestes 59 The Habits of the Onion Maggot Flies (Hylemyia antiqua Meigen): ALEx D IBV ALTICIOTE: elidagacoocinctagrar lsstder bebe: uc Sao NORO saan Jen Sin cade 4 ae ae ae a i oe 61 ie Canadian insect’ Pest Survey :-C. RiP WINN. icsccciccccccsestecsesscssestsssacsasvsseceneovse 67 Effect of Calcium Arsenate on Forest Trees: A. KELSALL and J. P. SPITTALL 69 The European Rose Sawfly in New Brunswick: R. P. GORHAM ............0cccc0ceeee 70 The Golden-glow Borer (Epiblema carolinana Walsingham): R. W. THOMPSON 73 Forecasting Outbreaks of the Army Cutworm (Chorizagrotis ausiliaris SEO ey aman lemme EV AIVTAON Scott cae ee tee sas CsA eirc adc cbse vay cueiSuadeawsdisabviccscpeesesitestedocube 76 The Life of Professor William Lochhead: Rev. FATHER LEOPOLD................- des he 86 The Entomological econ. al 92 Mia NORMAN CRIDDIDE..2.:2:5 sa c0vs63sbaevdernonsnvarsdssersseceeds’ 92 _ INDEX joo QOgreL Sadeee JebOREGEDEBB AASEC Soo AGL InRMIAE HG Ha acSECE IN REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH The fifty-fourth annnal meeting of this Branch was held on- May 14, 1927, in the Lyman Entomological Room, McGill University, Montreal. Eight meetings were held during the season in the Lyman Entomologi- cal Room and residences of members, with an average attendance of eight. The following papers were read during the year: “Insects Which Occur in Enormous Numbersg”’.....................-A. F..Winn “Strav Notes on the Birds, Orchids, Ferns and Butter- flies of Mount: Royal” .cc..0.0.2.3. pee H. Mousley “Notes on a Tachinid (Dipterous) Parasite of the Walk- ing-stick Insect. (Diapheromera femorata, Say)””.......... A. F. Winn “Notes on Collecting at Lake Maniteuw”..:..225.-2:2.-=. ee Geo. A. Moore “Local Wasps?’ 2..5:-2288 Soc. ee ee ....0. W. Buckle “Inhibiting the Process of Metamorphosis in the Confused Dr. J: K. Breiten- Flour Beetle (Trilobium confusum) ”’..................:.ccc000-00 becker “Insect. Attractions’... <......sc0csssssscccsteecstaseb bch suaas oie eaiens te eee en “HKarwigs (Dermaptera) 7720 eee ee ee A. F. Winn “Surface, Water Bugs? 5. 369:2.52.2 ee ee Geo. A. Moore “Conditions of Insect Life in British Columbia”.................. W. Downes “Syrphus' Flies” 2.2.04 GAdeie ee eee G. Chagnon “Assassin: Bugs (Reduvitdae) 27.23). ee ee ee G. A. Moore The following were elected officers for the year :-—_President, Geo. A. Moore; Vice-President, G. H. Hall; Secretary-Treasurer, J. W. Buckle; | Council, A. F. Winn, G. Chagnon, A. C. Sheppard and G. H. Fisk. REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH The twenty-sixth annual meeting was held in the Hotel Vancouver, Vancouver, B.C., on February 26, 1927. : The following papers were read: ; : Presidential AGG ress. 22. -2c.-6ceeisosncspivasecssco se ee J. W. Winson “Some Insect Recently Intercepted by Quarantine’””.............. W. H. Lyne “Notes on Insects Hibernating in Dry Trees’’...............00000+ A. A. Dennys “Recent Grasshopper Outbreaks in .B.C.7...2. 43. e ee P. N. Vroom “Life: History. of ‘Melittobia:chalybii’’......4....:0...6.5 2 eee E. R. Buckell “Records of Hymenoptera from B.C.” .._._....c3 O. Whittaker Z ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | “The Status of the Narcissus Bulb Fly in B.C.”’.................. G. J. Spencer “Further Notes on the European HWarwig”’..............ccccceceeeeeee J. Stanley “Notes on the Life History of the Cockroach”’................0..... H. H. Ross “Nicotine Dusts, Their Preparation and Uses6................00000. R. Glendenning The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows :— * Honorary President, F. Kermode; President, J. W. Winson; Vice-Presi- dent (Coast), G. J. Spencer; Vice-President (Interior), E. R. Buckell; Advisory Board, the officers and Messrs. Downes, Lyne, Marmont, Ven- _ ables, and Whittaker; Honorary Secretary-Treasurer, R. Glendenning. Agassiz, B.C.; Honorary Auditor, J. W. Eastham. One new member was elected, and the financial statement showed a eredit balance of $120.67. REPORT OF INSECTS FOR THE YEAR 1927 DIVISION No. 1, OTTAWA DISTRICT—C. B. HUTCHINGS The following more important insects were reported during 1927. FIELD CROP AND GARDEN INSECTS European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn. A further spread of the corn borer has occurred this season. The degree of infestation in the previously infested districts has noticeably increased, although it is still light. Outbreaks were found this year as far north as Gracefield in Hull County; in Buckingham Township in Papineau County, and in the Town- ships of Onslow, Clarendon, Bristol, Calumet, Leitchfield, Mansfield and Oldfield in Pontiac County. Carrot rust fly, Psila rosae Fab., did considerable damage and was the source of many complaints. A number of isolated outbreaks were re- corded. Spinach leaf miner, Pegomyia hyoscyami Panzer, attacked spinach and . beets severely in many of the gardens, rendering the former unfit for consumption and stunting the growth of the latter. Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, was generally numerous in all potato patches. Potato aphis, Illinoia solanifolii Ash. This pest was particularly severe throughout the district. Growers at Bowesville, Ont., suffered heavily; the crops, it is estimated, in some cases being reduced 30 per _ cent. Imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L., was again reported in large numbers in the neighborhood of Billings Bridge, near Ottawa. The losses, however, were less severe than in 1926. Cabbage maggot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouché, was present and caused considerable damage, specially in some of the larger gardens where con- trol methods were not carried out. Raspberry cane borer, Oberea bimaculata Oliv., which is usually severe in the numerous raspberry patches about Ottawa was noticeable for its absence this year, no complaints of any serious damage being recorded. Black army cutworm, Agrotis fennica Tausch. A severe outbreak of this pest occurred at Bowesville, Ont., near Ottawa in June, the clover fields in that area being special objects of attack. It is interesting to record that these insects were later controlled by a parasitic fungus. Tarnished plant bug, Lygus pratensis L., was numerous on garden oe during the latter part of the season, the fall generation being abundant. 8 THE REPORT OF THE Aphids were an outstanding pest and exceptionally abundant on all vegetation throughout the entire season, especially on fruit trees. Apple orchards were very severely attacked and marked damage was done to fruit and foliage. The cool, moist summer was likely responsible for their excess in numbers. Spittle insects, Cercopidae, were unusually abundant on garden plants and grasses during June. Slugs appeared in countless numbers in all gardens throughout the — entire district and proved one of the primary pests of the year. Com- plaints were numerous and showed that a great variety of plants were attacked and widespread injury occurred especially to tomatoes and cab- © bage. The cool wet season favored their development. | SHADE TREE INSECTS Maple leaf cutter, Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch, was exceptionally | abundant in many of the maple groves in the surrounding districts of | Ottawa, one large sugar bush off the Prescott highway being very severely | attacked. | Lilac leaf miner, Gracilaria syringella Fab. This pest was more gen- eral in its range and much more severe in its attack than in any previous year recorded. The second brood ruined practially every bush in Ottawa. Kastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana Fab., was abundant on apple, chokecherry and thorn. Little damage was recorded, likely due to — the presence of parasites and a fungus which killed off the larvae in large numbers. Le Conte’s sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei Fitch. A number of young pines in neighboring districts suffered complete defoliation from this caterpillar and many valuable trees were killed or permanently disfigured. MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS Owing to frequent, abundant rains, mosquitoes of the rain pool species, _ Aedes vexans Mgn., were prevalent in the Ottawa district, particularly outside of the area treated by the local mosquito control committee. The | floodwater mosquito, Aedes hirsuteron Theo., abundant last season, was — practically negligible due to low spring levels of the Ottawa River and to community control operations. 3 Houseflies, Musca domestica L., were less abundant than in 1926. DIVISION No 6—H. F. HUDSON The season has been rather cool, and somewhat dry, with the result that insect activity has not been particularly marked. The principal insect injuries of the year are noted below under their several headings: | FRUIT INSECTS Forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hb. These caterpillars | were in outbreak form, and many orchards in Middlesex and Lambton Counties were defoliated. Larvae and pupae were heavily parasitised. White-marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma S. and A. Four acres of two-year-old apple stock in a local nursery were completely defoliated by this insect. No parasites were obtained from reared ma- | terial. Pear slug, H'riocampoides limacina Retz. Very abundant and injurious to pear and cherry trees. | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 Aphids, Aphis pomi De G., and Myzus cerasi Fab. Both species were very destructive, especially the apple aphid. FIELD CROP INSECTS Yellow-headed cutworm, Septis arctica Bdv. This cutworm was not as injurious as in former years. Several regional fields, suffered slight in- jury, those treated with poisoned bran gave almost perfect control. , European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hon. A general increase throughout Middlesex County. Early corn was severely injured. As many as four larvae could be taken from single cobs of early sweet corn. Hessian fly, Phytophaga destructor Say. A very light infestation was noted in two fields in Middlesex County. Burdock borer, Papaipema cataphracta Grt. Present in several re- gional fields, boring into the stalks of potatoes. White grubs, Phyllophaga spp. Injury to the potato crop by these in- sects was reported from Kent and Middlesex Counties. Potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. There was no increase of the pest over the past year. GARDEN INSECTS Stalk borers, Papaipema cataphracta Grt., and P. nitela Guen. Freely reported as injurious to tomatoes and rhubarb, as well as to many flower- ing plants. Onion maggot, Hylemyia antiqua Meig. There was a slight increase in numbers and injury over the past year. | Cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L. Injury much lighter than usual. SHADE TREE INSECTS -Fall canker worm, Alsophila pometaria Harr. Very abundant in wood- lots, many young maples defoliated. REPORT ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR 1927, IN NOVA SCOTIA J. P. SPITTALL, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, N.S. ORCHARD INSECTS APHiIps—Nearly all species of vegetation were heavily infested with aphids. Green Apple Aphid (Aphis pomi deG.). Apple twigs, covered with eges, sent’ in from various places during the winter warned us of an impending outbreak of this pest. Strange to say, they were not particu- larly numerous until early July, when a period of wet, warm weather produced a tender luxuriant growth of shoots and suckers. Even in some of the best cared-for orchards they increased so rapidly that they got entirely beyond control, and individual growers at different places in the valley claim to have lost thousands of dollars by their work. The yel- lowish red larva of the predator, Leucopis griseola Fall., destroyed large numbers and although this predator became quite numerous by July 28, climatic conditions were apparently too much in favor of the aphids for it | to have any appreciable effect. Another predator, a mirid, species not ia | a r er, 10 THE REPORT OF THE identified, was also fairly numerous. . The first nymphs of the green apple aphis were found on apple buds, April 23, which we believe is rather | early for this province. While the green apple aphid did not appear to be | generally numerous in orchards until late in the season, it was very plenti- ful in nurseries by May 12. ; Apple Bud or Oat Aphid (Aphis avenae Fab.). This early spring visi- | tor of the apple was present throughout the orchard area, but the writer | has never observed any damage being caused by it. Black Cherry Aphid (Myzus cerasi Fab.). Fairly numerous. 1 Woolly Apple Aphid (Evriosoma lanigera Hausm.). Present inadephod the Annapolis valley, but apparently produced no appreciable damage. APPLE LEAF TRUMPET MINER (Tischeria malifoliella Clem.)—Fairly — prevalent in orchards outside the sprayed area in the west of the Annapolis valley. APPLE MaAccot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh)—The usual outbreaks occurred at the west end of the Annapolis valley, and the flies were fairly plentiful in one or two orchards at Windsor. Also reported in Nictaux, Annapolis County. At Acaciaville the early fruit in several orchards was 100 per cent. infested with maggots and most of the fruit was allowed to drop to the ground as worthless. In cages where the writer had placed apples the previous summer, the first flies emerged July 9, the earliest ever recorded in Nova Scotia, and were observed in orchards in Bear River July 13. Newly hatched larvae were found in Gravensteins as early as July 25, and dropped fruit with exit holes were found August 8. These emergence holes may have been made some days previously, so that it is possible that the maggots may go into the ground by the beginning of August. APPLE RED Buc (Lygidea mendax Reut.)—-The only place observed where this was at all numerous was in one orchard at Wilmot. As this species seems to frequent mostly the suckers of apple trees, the owner removed all the suckers and apparently the red bugs at the same time, for after a search of several hours the writer was unable to find a sufficient number there to experiment on, although they had been numercus previous to the removal of these growths. The red bug was aiso found in the Ber- wick and Starr’s Point districts. | APPLE SEED CHALCID (Syntomaspis druparum Boh.)—A severe infesta- tion was found at Windsor; also present in Smith’s Cove, Digby County, and Gaspereau, Kings County. BROWN TAIL MoTH (Nygmia phaeorrhoea Donovan)—This insect seems to be approaching the point of extinction in Nova Scotia. The | number of nests found last winter was 19, against 95 in 1926, and 154 in 1925. There has been a gradual decline in the infestation of the brown- tail since the winter of 1913-14 when nearly 25,000 nests were collected. The nests found last winter were all in the Wolfville area and none at all have been found for several years in the district where originally they were so numerous. BUDMOTH—In view of the epidemic of eye-spotted budmoth (Spilonota ocellana D. and S.) during this past two or three seasons, in our inspection of fruit each fall we have apparently being ascribing to ‘that species some blemishes on the apples for which it was not guilty. While it was probably no worse than last year in the most heavily infested areas of Kings County, this year it was more generally widespread, and individual orchards in Annapolis County also had over 50 per cent. of the fruit marred. Two additional species (first reported from Nova Scotia by F. C. Gilliatt) have been identified this year, namely, Pandemis limitata Rob. and Cacoecia ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 11 | persicana Fitch. Each of the above three species appears to make a more or less characteristic injury, yet at the same time a large percentage of the | blemishes caused by each one resembles so much the work of the other two that we found it a difficult matter to segregate with more than a moderate | degree of accuracy the work of the three species. Both P. limitata Rob. | and C. persicana Fitch were present in our experimental orchards at Woodville, Port Williams, Berwick, Starr’s Point, King County, and, while @not generally numerous, are doubtless present throughout the fruit belt. GREEN BUDWORM (Argyroploce variegana Hbn.)—For the first time | we have to record a definite local outbreak of this hitherto lightly regarded insect. This occurred at Greenwich, Kings County. The foliage in one | orchard looked as bad as that in some of the worst orchards infested with | -the eye-spotted budmoth. CIGAR CASE BEARER (Haploptilia fletcherella Fern.) —Found at Middle- ton, N.S., and in orchards on Prince Edward Island. Quite numerous in one orchard near Middleton. CODLING MoTH (Carpocapsa pomonella L.)—The status of the codling moth is not believed to be appreciably changed from 1926. Up to last year we were of the opinion that it had been slowly increasing. It is not a pest of economic importance in the fruit growing areas. EUROPEAN APPLE SUCKER (Psyllia mali Schmid)—During last winter | the eggs of the apple sucker were found to be as numerous as ever in the _ Wolfville district, many of the fruit spurs and twigs having a yellowish _ tint, so profusely were they sprinkled. The first nymphs were seen May 5. In the early part of June the writer received many calls to investigate injury to foliage in the east end of Annapolis and west end of Kings Counties. On investigating, it was found that a new area, namely: from Middleton to Kingston, was suffering from an epidemic condition of apple sucker and that most of the foliage injury reported was due to Bordeaux spray or dust having been used in orchards infested with this pest. The _ apple sucker survey this year revealed that this insect has now spread to Prince Edward Island, but it was not found beyond the boundaries of Westmorland and Albert Counties in New Brunswick. No survey was made at the west end of the Annapolis valley, but the writer found eggs at -Roundhill, Annapolis County. HKUROPEAN RED MITE (Paratetranychus pilosus C. and F.)—This mite has been increasing for several years until now it must be recognized as one of the major apple orchard enemies. It is quite general in Kings County, and caused serious injury to some orchards. Points of severe outbreaks are Sheffield Mills, Berwick, Woodville and the Blomidon area, Kings County. FALL CANKER WoRM (Alsophila pometaria Harr.)—In 1925 the writer suggested that this insect was again on the increase, and it certainly has committed serious depredations in orchards the past two seasons. Even in -_ Many orchards fairly well looked after, enough canker worms survived control measures to devour not only much of the foliage, but also later in the season to gnaw the fruit. The writer has never before seen as much fruit eaten as this summer. In some orchards not only was the skin of the apple eaten, but in many instances the greater part of the fruit was con- sumed. That a severe outbreak was imminent was heralded by the dis- covery of large numbers of egg masses during the month of January. The ‘or mon in some orchards in the Berwick and Woodville districts. While no first larvae were seen May 23. GRAY-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Eulia mariana Fern.)—This pest is com- definite outbreaks were found elsewhere, fruit was injured by this leaf el : : % "i 12 THE REPORT OF THE | roller at different points throughout the Annapolis valley. Judging by the- results of one of our experiments the numbers flying were on the wane by | June 9. . : | GREEN APPLE Buc—(Lygus communis Knight) —This is still one of our § major pests though somewhat overshadowed this year by the greater — amount of injury caused by budmoth and aphids. It is believed that many § of the early hatched green apple bug nymphs were destroyed by unfavor- | able climatic conditions this spring. In one orchard where the severely . punctured foliage indicated the presence of this insect, practically none } was to be found. A later inspection of the same orchard revealed the presence of many recently hatched nymphs with here and there a large one about one instar older. As an example of how numerous these creatures may become, after a treatment of nicotine dust the writer counted an average of 52 dead nymphs per square foot, indicating that about 16,000 green apple bugs per tree had been brought down. The eggs were still hatching up to June 9. GREEN FRUIT WoRM (Graptolitha bethunei G. and R.)—The eggs of | the green fruit worm were found as early as April 23 on apple twigs. While this insect is believed to be present throughout the Annapolis valley, we have not found any pronounced outbreaks for some years. LACE WING FLY (Chrysopa spp.)—Aphis lions were very numerous and in many orchards undoubtedly prevented the rosy aphids ruining the apple crop. LADY BIRD BEETLES (Coccinellidae)—The larvae of these predators were quite numerous among rosy aphis colonies and in many orchards were undoubtedly a factor in the prevention of much injury. LEAF HOPPERS—Both rose and apple leaf hoppers, E’mpoa rosae L. and Empoasca unicolor LeB., were numerous throughout the fruit belt, nymphs being observed as early as May 20 in a nursery at Upper Clements, An- napolis County. E. rosae was especially numerous at Berwick, Kings County, and by late summer severely blistered the foliage of some or- chards. LEAF SEWER (Allononyma vicarialis Zell.)—While this may not be a new arrival in Nova Scotia, this is the first summer that we have observed so much injury from it. Even with the work of the first generation, orchards at Smith’s Cove, Digby County, looked as though a fire had run through them. By the time the second generation had finished its work, early fall, the greater part of the foliage of orchards from Digby to Mos- chelle, Annapolis County, had been skeletonized and assumed the char- acteristic light reddish brown hue. MARCH FLY OR SAP SUCKER (Bibio nervosus Lw.)—This insect alarmed many of our farmers in May as they feared they were being subjected to an onslaught by a new pest. It was present throughout the valley in immense numbers but, as far as the writer could judge, no harm was done ~ and, in fact, the nature of its mouth parts would preclude any such likeli- hood. OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF ROLLER (Cacoecia rosaceana Harr.) — The larvae were first seen out of their hibernacula April 23. While this insect has never developed in such epidemic proportions as Spilonota ocellana, it can be found generally in many districts of the Annapolis valley. At Ber- wick the larvae were quite heavily parasitized and it is to be hoped that a considerable reduction will be recorded in 1928. ORCHARD TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americana Fab.)—The or- chard tent caterpillar has not been particularly numerous for some years. In March egg masses were found to be fairly plentiful just east of Wolf- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 13 ville, but generally the nests did not appear to be in much greater abun- dance than in 1926. On May 23 numerous nests were seen in an area near Middleton. OYSTER SHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi L.)—No appreciable change ‘from last year; if anything, less numerous. * PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE (Hriophyes pyri Pagnst.)—The blisters on pear foliage caused by this pest were common. There was a great deal ‘more of this injury on apple than the writer has ever seen before. _ PEAR PSYLLA (Psyllia pyricola Forst) Numerous in isolated orchards, ‘the worst infestation having been seen at Centerlea, Annapolis County, ‘where a pear orchard was defoliated. PISTOL CASE BEARER (Haploptilia malivorella Riley)—Found near Middleton. Not a pest of economic importance. RIBBED COCOON MAKER OF APPLE (Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem.)— Probably 30 per cent. of the apple trees in the Lequille area are infested with this insect. SERPENTINE LEAF MINER (Nepticula pomivorella Pack.)—This insect is and has been quite numerous at Lequille, Annapolis County, for some years. Twigs bearing the pupal cases were received from Wolfville, Kings County. This insect is increasing in the west end of the Annapolis valley. SYRPHIDS (Syrphidae)—The larvae of several species of syrphus flies were numerous and had it not been for them the amount of injury caused by the rosy aphis would have been much more serious. SMALL FRUIT INSECTS _ COTTONY MAPLE SCALE (Pulvinaria vitis L.)—The bushes in the black currant patch at the Experimental Farm, Kentville, were covered with this scale. A heavy fall of leaves occurred early in the season. CURRANT FRUIT FLY (E'pochra canadensis Loew.)—A red currant plan- tation on the Experimental Farm, Kentville, has had its yield reduced con- ‘siderably for several years by this fruit fly. Repeated applications of nicotine dust apparently reduced the infestation as the yields were much larger this season. Gooseberries alongside the currants were also drop- ping off prematurely due to a larva in them. As the larva did not resemble the maggot in the currants a quantity of the fruit was placed in a cage in the hope of obtaining adults next year. IMPORTED CURRANT WORM (Pteronidea ribeswu Scop.)—Not so numer- ous at Annapolis Royal as in 1926. The larvae were heavily parasitized “last year. STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus Say.)—While the weevil is still present in plantations at Berwick, it does not appear to be so serious a pest as two or three years ago. GARDEN INSECTS APHID (Aphis rumicis L.)—This aphid was a general pest on dahlias. CARROT RUST FLY (Psila rosae Fab.)—Carrot patches at Annapolis Royal were infested with carrot rust fly larvae, but only to a small extent. COMMON EEL WoRM—Gardens in Halifax were severely infested wit). nematodes, probably Heterodera radicicola Greef. DIAMOND Back MotH (Plutella maculipennis Curtis)—While these larvae were numerous on cabbage at Annapolis Royal, the amount of in- jury caused was unimportant as it was the lower leaves principally which were attacked. 14 THE REPORT OF THE Four LINED LEAF Buc (Poecilocapsus lineatus Fab.) —This mirid was | numerous at Berwick, Kings County, during July and August. Dahlias, marigolds and pigweed showed the characteristic spots on the foliage where they had been punctured. SLUGS (Limax spp.) —Much more numerous than in 1926, probably due . | to the wet summer. Gardeners had a great deal of trouble with them. They were plentiful until well on towards the end of November which we believe is rather late for them to be about in this province. FIELD CRoP INSECTS COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata oa )—About as numerous as in 1926. A rather unusual feature was the damage done to ~ | young potato plants by over-wintering adults. In one field at Upper Clements, Annapolis County, the old beetles in the early part of the season enawed off the young sprouts almost before the latter had time to get through the soil crust. CORN LEAF APHID (Aphis maidis Fitch)—Moderate infestations seen at Weymouth, Digby County; Wilmot, Annapolis County; and at Berwick, Kings County. CORN EAR WoRM (Heliothis obsoleta Fab.)—Reported from Nictaux, Annapolis County. Nota pest of economic importance in Nova Scotia this year. FLEA BEETLE (E'pitrix cucumeris Harr.)—Reported from widely sep- arated localities. By June 10 potato foliage at the Experimental Farm, Kentville, was riddled with holes and cabbage also in some places were | attacked by flea beetles. GRASSHOPPERS—The species Dissosteira carolina L. was abundant at Smith’s Cove, Digby County. No reports of damage to crops were received in 1977 JUNE BEETLES (Phyllophaga spp.)—No reports of outbreaks were re- ceived. PoTATO APHID (Jllinoia solanifolu Ashm.)—-No severe outbreaks re- ported or noticed. POTATO STEM BORER (Hydroecia micacea Esp.)—This insect was re- ported as being present in Pictou County. TARNISHED PLANT Bua (Lygus pratensis L.)—This omniverous feeder was everywhere and it would be difficult to form an estimate of the loss it causes. At Waterville, Kings County, 80 per cent. of the tops in a field of mangels were attacked, the injury being conspicuous by the bulbs on the leaves. The grower informed us that he had the same trouble each year. ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Ceramica picta Harr.)—Mangels at Waterville, Kings County, were attacked by the zebra caterpillars but not in sufficient numbers to cause appreciable loss. FOREST AND SHADE TREE INSECTS - LARCH CASE BEARER (Haploptilia laricella Hb.)—-Woods in Cumber- land County, N.S., are still suffering from the ravages of the larch case- bearer, the defoliation being so severe that it could be detected from a dis- tance of half a mile. Two years ago this injury was general throughout the province. LARCH SAW FLY (Lygaeonematus erichsoni Hart.)—Caused much in-_ jury—particuarly in areas between Windsor and Halifax. FALL WEB-WoRM (Hyphantria cunea Dru.)—Not numerous. Practi- cally no difference from 1926. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 15 Tussock MotHs—tThe first tussock moth larvae were found June 25. They have been comparatively scarce for several years in the Annapolis valley. However, egg masses were a little more numerous last winter in the eastern end of the Annapolis valley, and a severe outbreak occurred during the summer on Long Island near Grand Pre. Birches were de- “ foliated and when the fruit in that vicinity was harvested a large per- centage of apples was found to have been gnawed, and their grading seriously reduced. The writer did not have an opportunity to identify |. which species was doing the damage. Maple and other forest trees at Port Mouton and Yarmouth were almost defoliated by Hemerocampa leucos- tiqma Sm. in August. HOUSEHOLD INSECTS BED BuG (Cimex lectularius L.)—A serious infestation was found in a hotel at Wolfville and the writer had no difficulty in finding numerous specimens of adults, nymphs and eggs. Practically all specimens were obtained by prying asunder parts of the wooden framework on which the spring mattresses rested. BLACK CARPET BEETLE eee piceus Oliv.) —On January 31 this very objectionable household pest was found to have ruined several pairs of woollen socks stored in a trunk at Annapolis Royal. Exposure to as low a temperature as 7 degrees F’.. failed to kill individuals collected. Derris dust 100 per cent. had no effect on the larvae, and after napthalene had been shut in the trunk for months live larvae were still found. Another beetle, presumably Anthrenus scrophulariae L. has for several years been a nuisance in residences at Annapolis Royal and Granville. FALSE CRANE FLIES—A house at Annapolis was infested in November with one of the species Rhyphus. HOUSEFLIES—Probably a little more numerous than in 1926. In the third week of November houses were invaded by flies in large numbers. By this date most householders had removed their window and door screens, but the fall being unusually warm, flies were apparently still numerous outside. Mosquitos (Culicidae)—While these pests seemed bad enough last summer they were a veritable plague in 1927, and many householders were unable to sit out of doors at all in the evenings. Heavy rains throughout July kept renewing the supply of moisture in water holes and pools at a period when in an average season most of them would have dried up. INSECTS OF THE SEASON 1926 IN ONTARIO WILLIAM A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, AND L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH ORCHARD INSECTS CODLING MotTH (Cydia pomonella)—There was an exceptional amount of “side-worm” injury in apple orchards in most parts of the province. Most of this injury was caused by first brood larvae, the second brood being unusually small. SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus )—Parasites and the unfavor- able weather conditions of the past two years have reduced this insect to comparative insignificance. It is very scarce in the Niagara peninsula. 16 THE REPORT OF THE APPLE Maacot (Rhagoletis pomonella)—More than the usual number of complaints of apple maggot injury were received from many widely separated localities. Due to the cold, backward season, the adult flies were late in emerging, and consequently a spray, put on at the time usually recommended, was not so effective as it would have been, if it had been. delayed ten to fourteen days. By way of record it should be mentioned | that reports of injury were received from Galt, Waterdown, Barrie and | Perth—localities from which the apple maggot has not been reported here-_ tofore. SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) — Several neglected or- chards in Halton, Haldimand, Norfolk, Brant and Huron were defoliated by this species. APPLE LEAF HOPPERS (E'mpoasca fabae and Typhlocyba rosae)—The leaf hopper EF’. fabae was very abundant again on young apple trees in the Niagara district, and caused severe curling and some tip and marginal | burning on the tender foliage. The rose leaf hopper was present in large | numbers on apples in the Dixie locality. GREEN APPLE BuG (Lygus communis )—A very serious outbreak of this troublesome pest in a large neglected orchard near Newcastle, has given rise to a considerable amount of apprehension among Newcastle fruit- growers, who naturally are afraid that the insect will spread into their orchards. APPLE APHIDS (Anuraphis roseus, Aphis pomi and Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae)—The stem mothers of A. roseus and A. pomi were not at all abundant this year, and the stem mothers of R. prunifoliae, which usually are present in very large numbers on the bursting buds, were never more scarce in our experience. The rosy aphis A. roseus caused no appreciable injury, but local out- breaks of the green aphis A. pom occurred quite late in the season in different parts of the province. APPLE LEAF-SEWER (Ancylis nubeculana)—A few orchards in Elgin County were severely attacked by the leaf-sewer this autumn. RED-HUMPED APPLE CATERPILLAR (Schizura concinna)—This late feed- ing caterpillar was exceptionally numerous over a large part of western Ontario. In Grey and Huron Counties it was present on almost every other tree in many orchards. YELLOW-NECKED CATERPILLAR (Datana ministra)—A half-acre or- chard of quince trees in Essex County was nearly defoliated in mid-August by this species. EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americana)—There was an increase in the numbers of tent caterpillars in western Ontario—particu- larly in Middlesex and Muskoka. Fortunately so many of the insects were destroyed by disease or parasites that but few eggs were laid. PEAR BLISTER MITE (Eriophyes pyri)—In the Georgian Bay district and also in many places east of Toronto, this mite has become fairly abun- dant in apple and pear orchards, which have not received a dormant spray of lime-sulphur for several years. PEAR PSYLLA (Psyllia pyri) — The overwintering adults were very scarce this spring in most orchards, particularly in the Burlington district. Pear trees at Beamsville and Grimsby, which were not sprayed with oil, were quite badly infested with the insect in late summer, indicating that, if the vast majority of pear orchards, subject to psylla injury, had not been sprayed with oil, the insect would have caused about the usual amount of injury. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY iy) PEAR SLUG (Hriocampoides limacina)—In Elgin, Kent and Essex it was a common sight to see unsprayed cherry trees defoliated by this slug. PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar)—This insect was appar- ently more prevalent than usual in peach orchards in the Niagara district. OAK AND HICKORY PLANT Bucs (Lygus quercalbae, L. omnivagus and L. caryae)—These plant bugs again caused serious injury in several peach orchards in the Niagara district. PEACH TREE BORER (Sanninoidea exitiosa)—This insect was again injurious in southwestern Ontario orchards. It is of interest to note that the borer has always been of quite minor importance in the Niagara pen- insula. CoTTONY PEACH SCALE (Pulvinaria amygdali)—This scale insect, which caused so much injury in 1925 and 1926 along the Lake Ontario shore in New York State, is quite generally distributed throughout the Niagara peach belt, but, fortunately, is present in injurious numbers in * put few peach and plum orchards. Experiments, conducted in a badly infested peach orchard at Port Dal- housie, demonstrated that this scale can be controlled quite readily by spraying with a 4 per cent. lubricating oil emulsion spray. Eulecanium Sp.—A species of Hulecanium was present in outbreak form in several plum orchards in the Niagara district. It was particularly abundant on Japanese varieties. TARNISHED PLANT BuG (Lygus pratensis)—This insect was respon- sible again for a considerable amount of “stop-back’” injury on peach nursery stock in the Niagara peninsula. St. John, Crawford and Elberta trees appear to be especially subject to injury. COTTON MoTH (Alabama argillacea)—In mid-September the cotton moth invaded southern Ontario in immense numbers. It was particuarly abundant in the Niagara peninsula, and by puncturing and feeding on fruit, chiefly peaches, it gave rise to wide spread alarm among fruit growers, who generally mistook it for the Oriental Peach Moth. Wild and alarming reports regarding the moth were published in the newspapers. One paper with a wide circulation in the Niagara peninsula informed its readers in a front page story that the peach moth, a scourge long dreaded by fruit growers, had finally struck the orchards and, practically over- hight, had created untold havoc. Last fall was the only time in our experience that the Cotton Moth caused noticeable injury in peach orchards. BLACK CHERRY APHIS (Myzus cerasi)—Stem mothers of this species were scarce this spring, and throughout the season the aphid was of minor importance. ORIENTAL PEACH MoTH (Grapholitha molesta)—This past season the Niagara peach belt and the peach growing sections in western Ontario were scouted and the following information regarding the distribution of the Oriental Peach Moth was secured: A large orchard near St. Davids is the centre of what we are terming the St. Davids infestation. This orchard has been infested undoubtedly for several years, and from here the insect has in all probability spread by flight and by being carried by winds to Stamford on the south, the Niagara river (Queenston) on the east, and to the lake shore (Niagara-on-the- Lake) on the north. West of St. Davids there has been apparently little spread. What appear to be isolated infestations occur at the following points: In the vicinity of St. Catharines, where the moth appears to be confined to the territory within the triangle formed by St. Catharines, ~ Port Dalhousie and Port Weller; at Peachland; at Vineland Station, where 18 | THE REPORT OF THE at least three farms are infested; at Grimsby, where some eight orchards are now infested; at Bartonville; at Fonthill; and at Olinda and Albuna in Essex County. The St. Davids infestation appears to be by far the heaviest. In the St. Davids orchard mentioned above, approximately 58 per cent. of the fruit was attacked by the peach moth and about 37 per cent. of this infested fruit showed no signs of external injury. BLACKBERRY LEAF MINER (Metallus rubi)—Generally speaking, this insect caused but little damage in blackberry plantations. RASPBERRY SAWFLY (Monophadnoides rubi)—This saw-fly was some- what more abundant than usual in the Niagara district. Raspberry plan- tations at Stamford and Winona were almost completely defoliated by the larvae. TRUCK CROP INSECTS WIREWORMS—An unusually large number of letters were received from farmers, whose crops were being destroyed by wireworms. Some stated that, even though their land had been under cultivation for five or six years, the wireworms were still abundant. CARROT Rust FLY (Psila rosae)—An otherwise excellent crop of about three acres of carrots near Dixie was so severely infested this fall with the rust fly maggot, that it was unmarketable. The owner stated that this was the first year he had had any trouble from this maggot. The insect was reported also from Arthur, Newmarket, Athens, Galt, Toronto, Prescott, Peterboro and Brampton. It is one of the insects which require careful study and the working out of satisfactory control measures. ONION Maccot (Hylemyia antiqua)—There was about an average amount of damage done by the maggot throughout the province. Tests conducted during the past two years with lubricating oil emulsion gave good results, but this remedy has not yet been generally adopted. IMPORTED CABBAGE WoRM (Pieris rapae)—An unusually large number of the butterflies was to be seen in cabbage and turnip fields in Essex and Kent about mid-August and the foliage of these plants was much injured by the caterpillars. ; TURNIP APHIS (Aphis pseudobrassicae)—For an account of the out- break of this insect, see the 57th Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, page 41. CABBAGE APHIS (Aphis brassicae)—There was a severe local outbreak of this aphid in Essex County, but by August 17th it was being brought under complete control by parasites and predaceous insects. CorRN EAR WorRM (Heliothis obsoleta)—It is of interest to note that, though the corn ear worm was not at all abundant this year, specimens of it were received from as far north as Sudbury and Eauclaire. CUTWORMS—There was about the usual number of complaints of cut- worm injury this spring. SEED-CoRN Maccot (Hylemyia cilicrura)—At Ridgetown considerable damage was done to beans and -at Welland to.corn by the seed-corn maggot. SLuGS, MILLIPEDES AND SowBpuGs—Many requests were received for information on how to combat these pests. BILL Bucs (Spenophorous sp.)—In June, the agricultural representa- tive for Brant County sent Professor A. W. Baker specimens of bill bugs found destroying young corn plants. Professor Baker traced the beetles down to the above genus, but, not being certain of the species, he sent specimens to an authority to be identified. Unfortunately they were lost in transit. Reports of bill bugs attacking corn or other plants in Ontario | are very rarely received. . > wee ~*~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 19 MISCELLANEOUS RED-HUMPED OAK CATERPILLAR (Symmerista albifrons)—This cater- pillar, whose habits would entitle it to the name Red-humped Maple Cater- pillar, was abundant in 1925 but still more abundant in 1926. In the former year it defoliated some maple woods in Bruce County and this year did the same in Huron. No reports were received from Bruce County, so we do not know whether the same woods were attacked there again. Even at Guelph the caterpillars were comparatively numerous. COLUMBINE BORER (Papaipema purpurifascia)—Several letters were received stating that columbines were attacked by a borer which proved to be Papaipema purpurifascia. One report of injury came from New Lis- keard early. in August. CHRYSANTHEMUM MIDGE (Diarthronomyia hypogaea)—Specimens of chrysanthemums, severely infested with the midge, were received during October and November from Huntsville and Goderich. INSECTS OF THE SEASON 1927 IN ONTARIO L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, ONTARIO, AND W. A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION ORCHARD INSECTS CODLING MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella L.)—This pest caused some- what less injury than usual. SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.)—This insect is ap- parently even more scarce than it was last year. Very few trees in the _ Niagara district, even in unsprayed orchards, are infested. ‘ ra Cross-section of apples showing the work of the Apple Maggot before the apples are ripe. APPLE Maacot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh)—Very much to our surprise there was a general outbreak of apple maggot in Norfolk County, and local outbreaks in the Niagara district, at Clarkson and in eastern Ontario. The situation in Norfolk, where about one-third of the orchards are badly infested, is particuarly interesting, in view of the fact that here- tofore in this county the apple maggot had never been of importance in 20 THE REPORT OF THE commercial orchards. The indications are that there must have been a considerable increase of the insect in 1926 and that the moist, cool weather of last July and August was exceptionally favorable for its multiplication. The apple maggot in the past has not been a serious pest in well-cared-for commercial orchards, and we have attributed this largely to the fact that in most seasons there is sufficient poison left on the trees from the calyx application (the last arsenical spray in most Ontario orchards) either to A female adult of the Apple Maggot on the fruit, natural size. (Original.) prevent the establishment of the maggot, or, where present, to keep it down to insignificant numbers. However, in a wet season like the past, there would be little if any arsenical residue on the trees at the time the flies emerged, hence in any orchard where the insect was present the calyx application would have no appreciable, if any, effect in controlling it. GREEN APPLE APHIS (Aphis pomi De G.)—This past season will long — be remembered by orchardists and entomologists as the year of the dis- astrous outbreak of green apple aphis. In intensity and duration the epidemic was by far the most serious we have ever experienced. All fruit- growing sections were affected, but the outbreak was much worse west of Bowmanville than in eastern Ontario. The aphis was very abundant about the middle of June, and by the end of the month it was clustering in countless millions on the young growth and fruit. The outbreak continued throughout July and August and into early September, and caused immense losses. Thousands of apple trees were partially defoliated and seriously weakened, and a large percentage of the apple crop was ruined or degraded by the attack. Two factors were primarily responsible for the epidemic, viz: (1) the comparative scarcity of ladybird beetles, syrphid larvae and aphis lions, and (2) the cool, moist | summer. Weather conditions, needless to say, played by far the more important role. Moderate temperatures provided the insect with optimum conditions of temperature for rapid multiplication, and the presence of a | generous supply of moisture, by stimulating the production of succulent growth, furnished the insect with an abundance of the type of growth on which it thrives. | Rosy APPLE APHIS (Anuraphis roseus Baker)—In view of the super- abundance of other species of plant lice, it is rather remarkable that this - aphid was not more troublesome than usual. | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 21 _ ~WooLtty APPLE APHIS (Eriosoma lanigera Hausm.)—This species, evidently favored by the cool, moist summer, was much more numerous _ than in a normal season. Green Aphis on Apple. Aphids Clustering on Sweet Cherry. BuD MOTH (Spilonota ocellana D. and S.)—This species, while not ut in outbreak form, was unusually abundant in some Ontario or- chards. EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americana Fab.) — This caterpillar was present in destructive numbers in almost all the counties from Lambton on the west, to Dundas on the east. The heaviest infesta- tion we noted occurred between Toronto and Hamilton, especially along the Dundas highway, where many unsprayed orchards were almost com- pletely defoliated. FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.)—This pest was not much in evidence in any of the counties we visited except Lambton, where about a dozen apple orchards near Forest were completely or par- | tially defoliated by it. The eastern tent caterpillar was also present but hot in such large numbers. | CIGAR CASE BEARER (Haploptilia fletcherella Fern.)—This case-bearer ' Wwas much in evidence in most unsprayed apple orchards. At Brighten it was present in sufficiently large numbers to cause the partial defoliation of a number of neglected orchards. A LEAF HOPPER ON APPLE (Typhlocyba pomaria McA.)—A leaf hopper | was very abundant in many Ontario apple orchards, especially in Prince | Edward, Northumberland, Durham, Peel, Wentworth, Lincoln and Norfolk ; Counties, and as a result of its activities, the foliage on badly infested trees | was pallid and much of the fruit was specked with exereta. Collections of the hopper from Niagara, Burlington and Norfolk orchards were deter- mined by Mr. W. J. Brown, Dominion Entomological Branch, as Typhlo- ’ eyba pomaria, and the probabilities are that it was this same species which was prevalent east of Toronto. T. pomaria is very similar to the rose leaf 22 THE REPORT OF THE hopper T. rosae and has undoubtedy been confused frequentiy with this species. APPLE RED BuG (Lygidea mendax Reut.)—This plant bug caused | severe injury to the fruit in apple orchards at St. Catharines, Fenwick and | Vinemount. 1 PEAR PSYLLA (Psyllia pyricola Forst.)—-The worst epidemic of the pear psylla in our experience occurred this year. In the past this insect, generally speaking, has not been of importance in small orchards, except . where sheltered by hedges or large trees, and it has- not been of much consequence outside of the Niagara and Burlington districts. This year, however, practically all orchards along the south and west shores of Lake Ontario were badly infested, and the outbreak extended mere or less throughout the province. As in the case of the green apple aphis, moderate temperatures and an abundance of succulent growth undoubtedly were conducive to the rapid multiplication of the insect. Unfortunately many Niagara and Burlington erowers failed to control the psylla, because, on account of the very wet and soft condition of the ground in late March and early April, they were unable to apply the dormant oil spray before egg-laying was under way. In orchards where spraying was properly done, one application of oil and one of nicotine sulphate gave good commercial control. PEAR SLUG (Eriocampoides limacina Retz.)—Adults and eggs of this species were unusually abundant in a large nursery near St. Catharines. but severe injury was prevented by timely spraying. There has been no general outbreak of the slug since 1919. PEAR BLISTER MITE (Eriophyes pyri Pgst.)—While there has been no general epidemic of blister mite during the past 14 or 15 years, local outbreaks have been noticed from time to time. This past season the mite was quite abundant on pears in a large nursery near St. Catharines. CHERRY FRUIT FLY (Rhagoletis cingulata Loew.)—Like the closely re- | lated apple maggot, this insect was exceptionally abundant in cherry or- | chards in the Niagara district, which had not been regularly sprayed, and also in a number of orchards in other districts. At Guelph, from which place the maggot has not been reported heretofore, maggot-infested fruit was found in nearly every garden. No doubt the cool, moist June was remarkably favorable for the emergence of flies and for the laying oi large numbers of eggs. Most of the injury was undoubtedly caused by R. cin- gulata, because R. fausta is extremely rare in the province. BLACK CHERRY APHIS (Myzus cerasi Fab.)—Like the green apple aphis, this species was unusually abundant, and attacked not only sweet but also sour cherries. : PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.)—This insect caused less than the average amount of injury. PLUM APHIDS (Hyalopterus arundinis Fab., Anuraphis cardui L., and Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae L.)—Like many other plants, plum trees were badly infested with plant lice. Of the three species mentioned above, H. arundinis, as usual, was the most abundant and troublesome. ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH (Laspeyresia molesta Busck.)—As anticipated, there was quite a extensive spread of this destructive pest in different | parts of the Niagara district and in the vicinity of Olinda, Essex County. | Mr. R. W. Sheppard of the Dominion Entomological Branch, also found it present in Harwich and Raleigh townships, Kent County. The insect, however, only occurred in severe outbreak form in Niagara township, Lincoln County, where it caused infestations running as high as 50 and 60 per cent. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 23 Fruit growers, canners, fruit dealers and nurserymen, particularly in the Niagara peninsula, are all very much alarmed over the peach moth situation. They are very much afraid, that, judging by the past season’s experience in Niagara township, if a remedy is not discovered, the moth , will be responsible for enormous losses. There is good reason to believe that the moth did and will continue to affect very materially the demand for fresh and canned peaches; that it will cut down to a marked extent the planting of peach trees; and that it will be responsible for a serious depre- ciation in the value of fruit farms in the Niagara peninsula unless satis- factory means of reducing its ravages are found. At the present time it appears probable that there will be no sale for the fruit in a number of orchards in Niagara township next year, in view of the fact that several canners and fruit dealers have stated that they will not purchase peaches from that section next season. EUROPEAN RED MITE (Paratetranychus pilosus C. and F.)—This pest became very abundant quite late in the season in the Burlington and Niagara fruit belt, and as usual was injurious particularly to European plums. Very satisfactory results in controlling it were secured from the use of home-made oil sprays. GRAPE AND BUSH FRUIT INSECTS ROSE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.)—Comparatively little damage was done by the rose chafer this season. The unusually severe outbreak of this pest, extending over several years has apparently now ended. GRAPE LEAF HOPPERS (Erythroneura spp.)—These insecis appeared in large numbers in some Niagara vineyards, and the probabilities are that many graperies will have to be sprayed for hopper control next year (1928). E. comes was the predominating species in the vicinity of Vine- land. GRAPE BERRY MoTH (Polychrosis viteana Clem.)—A local outbreak of this insect occurred at Niagara Falls and, in at least one vineyard com- pletely ruined the crop. GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE (Haltica chalybea Tll.)—This insect was | again present in injurious numbers in several Niagara vineyards. | CURRANT APHIDS—Plant lice were exceptionally abundant on currant bushes, particularly in the Niagara district. Myzus ribis L. was the pre- dominating species on red currants, and Amphorophora lactucae Kalt. on black varieties and gooseberries. The former species gives rise to pockets | on the underside of the foliage, and the distorted portions of the leaves | assume a conspicuous reddish color. The latter species twists and curls the | terminal leaves, but causes no reddish discoloration. | RASPBERRY SAW-FLY (Monophadnoides rubi Harr.)—Local outbreaks of this insect at Winona and Vineland Station were prevented by timely Spraying. STRAWBERRY LEAF BEETLE (Paria canella Fab.)—Two raspberry plan- tations near Jordan were rather seriously injured by this species attacking the buds. VEGETABLE INSECTS CUTWORMS—There were about the usual number of complaints of cut- worm injury. The most common species was taken to be the striped cutworm, Huxoa tessellata Harr. The caterpillars agreed closely with the _ description of this species, but, as no moths were reared, the identity of the cutworm was not definitely determined. ‘ 24 THE REPORT OF THE CABBAGE MAccot (Hylemyia brassicae Bouche)—KFewer complaints of cabbage maggot injury were sent in than usual. ONION Maacot (Hylemyia antiqua Mgn.)—There was about the aver- age amount of onion maggot injury. CARROT RUST FLY (Psila rosae Fab.)—The severe outbreak of last year © was not repeated. At Dixie where hundreds of bushels of carrots were ruined in 1926 only a score or so were severely injured this year, though planted within a few yards of last year’s plot. This is a good illustration . of the way in which this insect seems to vary from year to year. TURNIP APHIS (Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae Davis)—It is interest- ing to note that this insect, though so remarkably abundant last year on turnips, caused no injury this year. WIREWORMS—There have been many correspondents asking how to control these insects. The northern part of Wellington County has been | very much troubled by them for several years and a method of rotation | of crops which will bring about their destruction is not easy to put into © practice. | WHITE GRUBS (Phyllophaga spp.)—Like wireworms these have been | troublesome here and there but not more so than usual. | SEED CORN MaAacot (Hylemyia cilicrura Rond.)—One would have eX- pected a good deal of damage from this maggot owing to the cold backward — spring but only one complaint—from St. Thomas—was received. SPINACH LEAF MINER (Pegomyia hyoscyami Panz.)—Numerous eggs — were present on spinach and beet leaves in June but there was no serious amount of mining done by the larvae except in rare cases. | SLUGS—Many persons, especially in the western part of the province, — asked for remedies for slugs in their gardens which they reported were — doing serious damage. CORN APHIDS (Aphis maidis Fitch)—Dark green aphids were very numerous in most corn fields. during August and September. They fed on the new growth in August, and in September were chiefly in the sheltered | area between the stem and the enveloping leaves. KUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn.)—This insect is dis- — cussed elsewhere in this Annual Report. | MISCELLANEOUS HEMLOCK LOOPER—In Muskoka in the Lake Joseph and several other localities a serious outbreak of a hemlock looper was noticed in 1926 and was continued in 1927. Already many trees have been killed as a result of the 1926 attack and the beauty of the summer resorts is in consequence | much marred. The outbreak is evidently not over, for a correspondent says, at the end of September, the trunks of the hemlocks were almost covered with moths. Apparently the only way to combat this pest is by | aeroplane dusting. The owners, several of whom are wealthy, would, we | feel, be glad to assist in the expense. The species responsible has not been — definitely determined but from the description of the larvae, and the time | ee pupation and emergence of the moths it is probably Ellopia fiscellaria | n. SPINY OAK WoRM (Anisota senatoria S. and A.)—Near Sarnia this fall @ white oak woods were stripped almost bare by this insect. Red oaks were undamaged. The same thing happened in the same woods in 1926. This | caterpillar has often been noticed by the senior writer to have defoliated @ white oaks here and there in the southwestern part of the province but he © has never seen it do so much damage as recorded above. | ¢ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 25 ————— MAPLE LEAF-MIpGE—At Walkerville, in August, most of the terminal soft leaves of maples were crumpled, thickened, stunted and largely de- stroyed by tiny white dipterous maggots about two millimetres long. ‘These maggots were enclosed in the crumpled or thickened portions of the , leaves. There is very little doubt that the insect responsible was Rhabdo- | oe aceris. This is the first time, however, that the writer has seen its injury in the province. | LILAC LEAF-MINER (Gracilaria syringella Fab.)—This comparatively - new insect is becoming a great pest and threatens to ruin the lilacs of the ‘province unless combated. At St. Catharines, privet was attacked, appar- ently by the same species. (In England, privet is given as one of the regular host plants.) The work of the miner was observed at, or reported from Guelph, Toronto, Mono Road, Dixie, St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Meadowvale, Fort Erie, Hamilton, and in fact, appears to be widely dis- tributed throughout the province. - POWDER-PoOSsT BEETLE (Lyctus sp.)—During the last three years speci- mens of the work of one or more of these beetles have been sent in from various parts of the province but especially from the southwestern portion. Beams, floors and joists of houses, barns and churches were attacked. MuSHROOM MITE (Tyroglyphus lintnert)—In last year’s report the senior writer gave a paper on the control of this mite by paradichloro- benzene. Another opportunity to test out this control was given through the presence of the mites in a large mushroom bed at Thornhil!. Excellent results were again obtained here and considerable further information obtained on how to improve the method of treatment outlined in last year’s paper. A brief account of the treatment has been included in the revised edition of the bulletin on “Mushrooms of Ontario,’ No. 303, Ontario De- partment of Agriculture. ~ SOME OBSERVATIONS ON NICOTINE DUST R. GLENDENNING, AGASSIZ, B.C. __ Three factors have been noted which govern the successful application of nicotine dust, these are: firstly, strength, that is, percentage of nicotine in the dust; secondly, condition of the atmosphere at the time of dusting; and, thirdly, length of time during which the insect is enveloped in the dust. In the experience at Agassiz which are quoted hereafter, hydrated lime, only, was used as a carrier for the nicotine. Strength—It was found that the strength necessary to kill varied with the insect. For the cabbage flea beetle, Phyllotreta albionica Lec., a three per cent. dust, actual nicotine content, was required to obtain a ninety per cent. kill, while the hop aphis, Phorodon humuli Schr., was de- stroyed readily with a one per cent. dust. — A four per cent. dust was tried on cabbage flea beetles and gave practically one hundred per cent. mortality. This strength, representing a ‘proportion of ten per cent. nicotine sulphate, was inclined to be too damp and to cake, and did not distribute readily from a hand duster. The cost was, also, rather high. It would appear from our work that, with hydrated lime as a carrier, a three per cent. eee is as high a percentage as is practical and economical. The average mortality with varying strengths of nicotine dust on flea beetles ran in a fairly regular progression, the average for one per cent. dust being forty-four per cent., for two per cent. dust, sixty-eight per cent., and for three per cent.. dust, ninety-one per cent. 4 = 26 THE REPORT OF THE Conditions of the Atmosphere at Time of Dusting—Three conditions are considered in this connection: air movement, temperature, and hu- midity. The first, that is, air movement, is the most important with all types }- of dusting and especially with nicotine dust, as, even a moderate wind interferes with the application of any type of dust. In dusting for the hop } aphis the slight air movements could be largely overcome by extra heavy applications, but this was found to increase the cost excessively. In dust- .} ing for the cabbage flea beetle, however, air movement seemed to be of § less importance, as a number of our experiments were carried out with a slight breeze blowing. This species, however, seems peculiarly susceptible to nicotine fumes. : The second condition, temperature, is important only when using hand operated machines or power machines without agitators. It was found | that a minimum shade temperature of 70 degrees F. was necessary for an effective kill when distributing nicotine dust from hand guns, rotary or bellows types of hand dusters, but in the case of power machines a one hundred per cent. mortality on hop aphis was obtained at a temperature of 50 degrees F. This was probably due to the fact that the agitators in the hopper of the machine raise the temperature of the dust to about 130 degrees F. so that the gas is liberated regardless of the temperature of the outside air. The third condition, humidity, has been mentioned as affecting the properties of nicotine dust; but in our experiments and observations at Agassiz, it seemed to be of no practical importance. Our dusting was as effective on dry as on damp days, taking the temperature into considera- tion, and the addition of six per cent. moisture to the dusts produced no markedly different results. Length of Exposure to the Fumes—This factor in the case of dusting for aphids seems to be the most important. It is governed, of course, to a great extent, by the previously mentioned condition, air movement, as it is impossible to get prolonged exposure to nicotine fumes in a wind. We found when dusting for aphis in the hop yards at Agassiz that in a dead calm the fumes would hang over the rows for thirty seconds or more, and whenever this occurred a one hundred per cent. mortality was af- fected. With slight air currents the cloud of dust would drift.off the vines in cn seconds or less and the resultant kill was reduced to sixty per cent. or less. It was noted, however, in 1926, that if the vines were heavily coated with dust by discharging from one pipe only, a high percentage of mor- tality could be obtained even in a slight breeze. This was probably caused by the dense coating of lime deposited on the leaves which continued to liberate the gas for some time after deposition. The cost of this method of application, however, was excessive, both in the amount of material used and in the time taken to cover the ground. Some Haxperiments with Nicotine Fumes—Some experiments were con- ducted in an endeavor to decide the actual length of exposure necessary to — kill hop aphis with nicotine fumes. Glass vessels of about one-half gallon capacity, were charged with nicotine fumes by puffing in dust from a hand gun. Hop leaves infested with lice were then introduced for periods varying from five to forty seconds. Several tests were made for each period and the results showed that with five seconds exposure only about fifty per cent. of the lice were killed and these were always the younger — individuals. Ten seconds exposure gave from fifty to eighty per cent. mortality in different experiments, and fifteen seconds exposure showed a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 27 mortality of ninety-five per cent., while twenty, thirty and forty seconds immersion in the gas gave a one hundred per cent. kill. These experiments were, of course, somewhat deficient, as we had no means of measuring the concentration of the gas in the vessels, except that \,we attempted to approximate the density of the cloud with that given by the power duster in the field. It would appear, however, both from the experiments as outlined above and from observation made in the field that exposure to the nicotine fumes for fifteen seconds at least is necessary to - kill hop aphis. In the case of the cabbage flea beetle and the hop flea beetle, an ex- posure of only three seconds or so is sufficient to cause death. The differ- ent results obtained from the experiments on flea beetles and aphids may be due to the varying rates of respiration. In this connection it is inter- esting to note that the flea beetles loose all power of movement and are apparently dead in fifteen seconds, whereas the hop aphis will often remain alive from twelve to twenty-four hours after dusting. Costs—With an orchard power duster, refitted with a four- -way union supplying four delivery pipes, each two inches in diameter, we were able to dust hops successfully at a cost per acre of $9.35 for material and $1.00 for labor, 200 pounds of dust being used. During the last four years, spraying costs for hops have run from $10.75 to $15.00 per acre for each application. The lower figure represents the use of an improved form of automatic delivery machine which was introduced this year. Despite these favorable figures it is unlikely that dusting will ever supplant spraying in the hop yards of British Columbia owing to the limited time during which atmospheric conditions will permit efficient dusting. Night dusting is, I believe, often resorted to in hop gardens in England, but labor on the Pacific coast does not take kindly to this form of exercise. Nicotine dust will, however, continue to be used in the hop yards espe- cially in years of red spider outbreaks, as a combination dust of ground sulphur, hydrated lime and nicotine sulphate has been found most effective in destroying both spider and aphis at one operation. Nicotine dust has proved, however, the only suitable control for the cabbage flea beetle, and is being largely adopted in the Lower Fraser valley as both practical and economical. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SOME OF THE BUD-MOTHS AND LEAF ROLLERS OF NOVA SCOTIA F. C. GILLIATT, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, N.S. It is apparent that no entomologist has attempted to draw any well defined line between insects commonly called leaf-rollers and those termed bud-moths. Such would be rather a difficult task, as the group is a very large one and many species have habits which are characteristic of both. One would naturally assume that bud-moths, for at least a certain period, feed within or upon the buds; but some of these also, at other periods, have more of the leaf-roller habits. It is, therefore, difficult to question any writer who defines a certain species as a bud-moth while another may wish to call it a leaf-roller. In the Annapolis Valley, the subject of bud-moths and leaf-rollers has engrossed the attention of the fruit growers particularly during the past q 24, aS THE REPORT OF THE few years. The writer in 1926 started a detailed study of the life-history and habits, etc., of these orchard insects, and this paper I wish to be con-| sidered as an introductory one, leading up to a more complete and detailed | report, which is in course of preparation. | When starting this study only the well known bud-moth. came under: observation. It was not long, however, before it became apparent that _ Others were present which had not previously been reported and were prac- ’ LLLLMILLILL LL LLL In the above life history chart is indicated the number of broods and the comparative length of the various life stages of some bud-moths and leaf rollers of apple in Nova Scotia. Each stage has been drawn to represent the average for the past two years as near as it was possible to do in a chart of this size. aa tere HNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 29 | tically unknown to the growers, or even to individuals more familiar with - insect life. Some of these were already in sufficient numbers to cause ' considerable damage. To combat the worst of these orchard insects, con- trol measures are more or less established, for others, these are still in |, the experimental stage, and for the more recently discovered ones prac- tically nothing has been done in this regard. The writer took no direct - part in any control work, and such therefore, will not be discussed in this @report. Spilonota ocellana D. and S. It is al known that under Nova Scotia conditions, this species winters as partly grown larvae in hibernacula upon the trees. These hibernacula are constructed of tightly woven whitish silk more or less covered on the ‘outside with fine pellets of blackish frass. They are to be found under old bud scales, around buds, in the axils of small fruit spurs, and in various other obscure locations upon the smaller branches. When the larvae are numerous, they often construct hibernacula side by side or even on top of each other, thus forming colonies with each larva constructing and occupy- ing its own individual cell. When the buds begin to swell in the spring, the larvae emerge from their hibernacula. As a rule, the first to appear is during the last week in April. The period of emergence usually lasts for about three weeks, and when mature, pupation occurs in the bunched foliage upon the tree. Pupa- tion begins during the middle of June, but reaches its maximum during the last week of June and the first week of July. The adults emerge after a pupal period of from fourteen to twenty days and in the average season, become numerous in the orchard by the end of the first week in July. Al- though the period of adult emergence is rather prolonged, the maximum occurs over a ten to twelve day period centering around July 10. After a pre-oviposition period of from two to five days, the eggs are deposited singly on both the upper and lower surface of the leaves, and at first are rather transparent in appearance, not unlike a tiny droplet of wax. The “number of eggs deposited by each female is about 150. There is an incu- bation pericd of from ten to twelve days and the young larvae begin to make their appearance upon the leaves about the middle of July. At the very end of August the larvae, when in the fourth instar, begin to desert the foliage and at once construct their hibernacula in such posi- tions upon the tree as previously mentioned. By the end of September the major portion of the larvae are to be found within their winter quarters. There is only one brood of this insect in Nova Scotia. Habits of Larvae in the Spring—tThe larvae, previous to emerging from their winter quarters, become restless, and thin out the hibernaculum until the inner lining is apparently consumed. This is followed by making a small circular exit sufficient to allow their escape. There is usually a delay of several days, after the exit is made, before they actually emerge to feed. The duration of this period of activity within the hibernacula, with full opportunity to escape, depends much upon the weather conditions prevailing at the time. This habit was later found to be an important factor in the application of control, making it possible for certain spray materials to be forced through the small opening, or to penetrate in some instances the thinned hibernacula and kill the larvae by contact be- fore emerging. The larvae first eat their way into the nearest buds and feed upon the tender portion within. As the blossom buds are the first to show green at this time they are always the most heavily infested. Although fre- quently blossom buds are entirely destroyed, this does not necessarily fol- 350 THE REPORT OF THE low, as the buds expand rapidly at this time, providing sufficient feeding surface. The larvae, therefore, feed more from one side of the bud, result- ing in only a partial destruction of the blossom. The leaves and blossoms, however, instead of expanding normally, are held together with silk, thus | presenting a bunched and unhealthy appearance. The skeletonized leaves :\} in these bunches die and turn brown, and together with the dried blossom clusters, remain upon the tree for the greater part of the summer. At this time, particular note should be made of this dead bunched condition, — following the feeding of S. ocellana, as it has special significance when studying the life history of other species which are discussed later in this paper. Habits of the Adults—The adults, which are small grayish moths, gen- erally may be found at rest upon the trees during the day. In the early evening they become very active, being on the wing in myriads through | and over the trees. Habits of the Larvae at Hatching Time—The larvae begin to feed, soon | after hatching, upon the under surface of the leaves. In feeding they skeletonize the foliage and also spin a mat of tightly woven silk which spreads out flat over their feeding area, and affords protection beneath, also, wherever possible, they tie these leaves to the side of the fruit, feeding from both surfaces. At the very end of August they begin to desert the foliage and commence to construct their hibernacula. From 90 to 95 per cent. of the larvae hibernate during the month of September. Bud and Leaf Injury—In light and moderate infestations the bud and leaf injury is ordinarily not very serious. However, with the degree of infestation now existing in the Annapolis Valley orchards, the effect upon the trees from this type of injury is becoming more apparent. In the spring, under some conditions, buds may be totally destroyed, this injury applying particularly to leaf buds. All infested buds are more or less injured and although there is no defoliation, the leaf area is much reduced, due to the skeletonizing of the foliage. Such feeding together with the webbed or bunched condition of the foliage interferes with normal de-. velopment. In the early fall the young larvae again skeletonize the foliage to a serious extent. It is not unusual to find orchards with a reduction of 25 to 80 per cent. of the total leaf area, from this source alone. It is difficult to estimate the combined bud and leaf injury under such conditions, but the vitality of the tree must be impaired, and it is little wonder that such infested orchards frequently fail to set more than a moderate crop of fruit. Fruit Injury—tIn 1927 the larvae were often observed feeding upon the surface of recently set fruit. This was frequently deep into the flesh, resulting in more or less deformity at picking time with russeted area over the eaten surface. There is a variation from year to year in the prevalence of this type of injury, due probably to seasonal variations. The injury of greatest concern is the scarring of the fruit, beginning as soon as the larvae hatch and continuing until they hibernate. Under the attached leaves, previously mentioned, the larvae consume small portions of the fruit. This at first, consists of not more than a few irregular punctures upon the surface. These are enlarged and added to until shallow excava- tions are spread over a considerable portion of the fruit. _ Natural Control—There is ordinarily a winter mortality within the hibernacula of from 15 to 25 per cent. of the larvae. During the past two seasons some dipterous and hymenopterous parasites were recovered but the number was exceedingly small. An egg parasite identified as Tricho- | HNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 51 gramma minutum was of some significance during the season of 1927. It was found to be well established over the infested area, and in some or- chards as high as 31.5 per cent. of the eggs were parasitized. If there should be a further increase of this egg parasite it would result in an important control factor. There were a few predators; spiders apparently *being the most important. These various factors combined however, are -as yet insufficient to prevent an increase of the insect. Economic Importance—This species is the worst insect pest in the Annapolis Valley at the present time. The area, seriously infested, in- cludes a large portion of the Valley and is apparently still spreading. The combined injuries resulting from this insect has rendered many fruit crops almost a complete loss. Cacoecia rosaceana Harris This species, perhaps better known as ‘The Oblique-banded Leaf- roller’ is familiar to most entomologists, as it is more or less scattered over the American continent. It has a wide range of food plants, twenty- one having been listed, those of the rose family being the most important. It is recognized as an orchard insect and under some conditions may be- come a pest of some importance. Although scattered over the Annapolis Valley it is not so well-known to the fruit grower as S. ocellana, because it has not become a pest of the same economic importance. Life-History—Like S. ocellana, the winter is passed as partly grown larvae, in typical hibernacula upon the trees. The location and construc- tion of the hibernacula of these two insects is so similar that from outward appearances it is difficult to differentiate this one from the other. In the spring as the buds are beginning to swell the larvae emerge. This emer- _ gence, however, is usually a few days in advance, and not so prolonged as -S. ocellana. The larvae mature during the latter part of June, pupating within the leaves which they have webbed together and to which the pupa are loosely attached. There is a pupal period of from twelve to sixteen days and the adults begin to appear in the orchard before or by the end of ‘the first week in July. The period between emergence and the beginning of ovipositing, ranges from two to five days. The eggs are deposited in flat masses upon the upper surface of the leaves. The individual eggs overlap each other so that there is only one-third to one-half of the egg exposed. The number in each mass varies from less than one hundred to as many as three hundred and sixty-five. Each female usually lays more than one mass and the largest number of eggs deposited by a single female was found to be seven hundred and seventy. After an incubation period of from twelve to sixteen days, the larvae begin to emerge; this will be under outside conditions, about July 20. As the larvae pass the winter in the third instar there is only a brief feeding period, varying from four- teen to twenty days, before they begin to hibernate. This begins about August 8 and continues until the end of the month, when only a few stray larvae are to be found which have not deserted their feeding positions. Under Nova Scotia conditions this species has only one brood, but in lati- tudes farther south it is known to have two broods. Habits of the Larvae—As soon as the larvae emerge from the hiber- nacula in the spring they bore into the buds, either at the tip where the green is beginning to show, or at the side through the bud scales. There is therefore, at this time a short period when they are well protected within the bud. After the buds have opened and the leaves are of some size the larvae roll up one leaf or draw several together in a loose bunch and upon the margins of these and the surrounding foliage the larvae feed. 32 THE REPORT OF THE There is, therefore, rather more unprotected surface feeding than is the } case with S. ocellana. During the last instar they frequently wander from their feeding positions, other leaves being drawn together in a similar manner, within which they finally pupate. i Habits of the Larvae in the Fall—The larvae, as soon as they escape :} from the eggs, are very active and the majority crawl at once to the edge of the leaf, soon dropping, suspended by a silky thread. This silk is often spun to some length and affords an opportunity for the larvae to be caught up by other leaves upon the tree. This process is frequently repeated being © persisted in until favorable positions are finally located. It is within the } old webbed together leaves, blossom clusters, etc., which are still clinging on the trees as a result of the spring feeding of S. ocellana, that we find the larvae of C. rosaceana at this time. If such or similar material is not located they persist in spinning down from the foliage until they finally drop to the ground where the most of them perish. The conclusions ar- rived at in this regard is that C. rosaceana under orchard conditions is liable to increase with S. ocellana and is almost sure to decrease with it. After the tiny larvae have located in this webbed together material, they further secure it to the living leaves with silk and then feed by skele- tonizing the foliage. Wherever accessible this infested material is drawn in close contact with the fruit, the larvae feeding on both surfaces. Bud and Leaf Injury—In the early spring there is very much the same bud injury as noted with S. ocellana. There is also a certain amount of leaf feeding and in some instances the terminal growth of the shoots may be checked as it is a common habit for them to feed upon these tender growing leaves. In the most severely infested orchards in Nova Scotia, no approach of defoliation has been noted. In the early fall the larvae con- sume so little and are feeding for so short a period that the damage to the foliage, at this time, is not appreciable. Fruit Injury—The larvae have frequently been observed eating deep holes into the fruit soon after it has set. Much of the fruit thus injured is so weakened that it drops prematurely. On the fruit that remains, scars at picking time are similar to those caused by the early feeding of S. ocel- lana, only they are usually larger and deeper. There is ordinarily not enough of this type of injury to be serious. : Like S. ocellana, the injury of most economic importance is that caused by the larvae soon after hatching when they web the leaves in close contact and feed upon the surface. The resulting scars upon the fruit at picking time produced by these two insects are similar, in fact it is difficult in most instances to determine the difference between them. Relatively, this fruit injury caused by C. rosaceana is not so pronounced on account of the shorter feeding period previous to hibernating. Natural Control—The habits of this insect are such that it is readily attacked by parasites. In orchards where not more than a few stray para- sites were recovered from S. ocellana, the larvae of C. rosaceana were heavily parasitized. These included several species of both hymenopterous and dipterous parasites. The egg parasite Trichogramma minutum was also in evidence, in some instances every egg in the mass being occupied by this minute insect. There is also a small percentage of winter mortality within the hibernacula. ; . Economic Importance—As a serious orchard pest in Nova Scotia, at the present time, this species is not to be compared with S. ocellana. Al- — though found over the entire fruit section there is only a small area in the — Berwick district where any degree of injury is apparent. Should S. ocel- — lana, however, continue to persist then there is also the possibility of C. ¥ - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 33 rosaceana increasing and eventually becoming an orchard pest of consider- able economic importance. Argyroploce variegana Hbn. In the bulletin prepared by Sanders and Dustin in 1919 entitled “‘The Apple Bud-moths and Their Control in Nova Scotia,” this species was mentioned as being found only in the vicinity of Kentville. It has, since that time, apparently increased and spread, as during the summer of 1927 it was found to be well scattered over the eastern half of Kings County; _ some orchards in the vicinity of Wolfville and Kentville being, moderately to rather severely, infested. Life-History—Like C. rosaceana the insect passes the winter as third stage larvae in hibernacula upon the trees. The construction and position of these hibernacula are similar to those of the two previously described species. In the spring the tiny larvae emerge even a little earlier than C. rosa- ceana. In 1927 the first larvae were noticed, attempting to enter a bud, on April 22. Although the buds had swollen but little on this date the larvae seemed quite capable of boring through the bud scales to the tender portion beneath. After the leaves have expanded they are drawn together in loose bunches, this occurs to a very large extent at the tender terminal growth. The larva rests within this leafy protection and when feeding consumes small portions of the margins of the surrounding foliage. It is mainly when the larvae first emerge that they attack the blossom buds, confining their feeding very largely to the leaves after they have expanded. Pupa- tion takes place between the webbed together leaves upon the tree. This occurs about June 10 and the adults begin to appear in the orchards about June 25. There is a pupal period of fifteen to eighteen days. The period over which the adults emerge is comparatively short, in the average season the maximum occurs during the first days of July. The adults resemble, rather closely, those of S. ocellana, and are fre- quently mistaken for them. This is due to the similarity of coloring in the - adults of these two species. The A. variegana adults, however, are larger, and the gray or lighter portion on the fore-wing is at the apex instead of across the middle of the wing as in S. ocellana. When the adults have reached their maximum number in the orchard those of S. ocellana are just making their appearance. On account of this mistaken identity many fruit growers thinking that the latter insect emerges at an earlier date, might apply control measures prematurely. Egg deposition occurs from three to five days after the adults emerge. The eggs are deposited singly upon the lower or under surface of the foliage, and resemble closely those of S. ocellana. There is an incubation period of from ten to twelve days. The larvae do not spin down but soon start feeding upon the lower surface of the leaf on which the egg was placed. A protective covering of silk is soon spun, under which the larva feeds. There is, on the average, only about fifteen days of larval feeding before hibernation begins for the winter. In 1926 and also in 1927 this hibernating habit was in evidence during the last days of July and by August 12 all had deserted the leaves and had entered their winter quar- ters. Like the two previous insects there is only one brood in Nova Scotia. Larva! Injury—The most noticable injury is the damage to the buds in the early spring, also leaf feeding during the early growing season. In _ the worst infested orchards the leaves were badly bunched and although by no means any defoliation, there was considerable reduction of leaf area, the trees presenting far from a normal appearance. 34 THE REPORT OF THE Due to the very brief feeding period at mid-summer and to their habit of hibernating so early when the fruit is still small there is not presented the same opportunity for fruit scarring so pronounced with other insects © of this group. Some of the worst infested orchards were under observa- tion during the summer of 1927 but only in a few instances were larvae . noticed injuring the fruit. Economic Importance—lIt is reasonable to conclude from data Safhered | during the past two seasons, that this insect under good orchard manage- _ ment is not liable to become a pest of major importance. The fruit injury : under moderate infestation is very slight and it is doubtful if much would occur in severe outbreaks on account of the short feeding period and its early hibernating habits. However, the worst known infested orchards are those indifferently sprayed and the data available in this regard points to at least a fairly satisfactory control with arsenicals. Pandemis limitata Rob. When collecting C. rosaceana larvae in 1926 it was noticed that all were not typical, some being smaller, having a lighter colored head and pro-shield. These were separated and given a different serial number. The adults were later identified as Pandemis limitata Rob. ‘The species therefore is not well known to Nova Scotia fruit growers, in fact few are aware of its presence and do not realize the possibility of it becoming another orchard pest. The records available regarding this insect appear to be somewhat limited. W. T. M. Forbes in his memoir No. 68, “The Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States’ mentions it as a general feeder especially on trees. S. W. Frost in “Journal of Economic Entomology,’ December, 1926, has it recorded from Pennsylvania as feeding on oak, beech, rose, hazel, sassafrass, as well as on apple. The writer found the larvae feeding on apple, no observations having been made for other possible food plants. Life-History—The life-history and habits of this species under Nova Scotia conditions has been worked out in detail, and found to correspond very closely with C. rosaceana. The larvae pass the winter in hibernacula upon the tree and emerge in the spring to eat their way into the opening buds. This emergence is a little later than that of C. rosaceana, usually not occurring until toward the middle of May. The larvae feed upon the buds in a similar manner, rolling the leaves and feeding upon the margins, webbing these into loose bunches for protection. When mature, which occurs the latter part of June, they pupate webbed up in the leaves which they have drawn together. After a pupal period of eleven to sixteen days the adults emerge; the first appearance in orchards is about July 10. The eggs are deposited in from three to five days in masses upon the upper surface of the leaves, and overlap each other in a manner similar to C. rosaceana. There is an incubation period varying from ten to twelve days, hatching beginning about July 25. - The larval habits, at hatching time, are similar to C. rosaceana, as previous to any feeding they soon drop from the leaf and remain suspended until other leaves are reached, in this manner they are distributed to all parts of the tree. This insect is also dependent to a very large extent upon S. ocellana, as they continue to drop from the leaves until the old webbed together foliage of the latter insect is finally occupied. The larvae use these as a protection, for the brief period, previous to hibernating. From observations to date it appears fairly conclusive that P. limitata is so dependent upon S. ocellana in this respect that it is not likely to become an orchard pest of much importance, except in such pre- ee eS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 35 viously infested orchards. These bunches, when in contact with the fruit, afford an opportunity for the larvae to feed upon the surface resulting in more or less injury to the fruit. Toward the middle of August the larvae begin to leave these protective positions on the tree and seek out suitable places to hibernate for the winter. The position and construction of these hibernacula are similar to those which have been previously mentioned. There is only one brood in Nova Scotia. Larval Injury—There has not been an opportunity to study this species under epidemic conditions. However, the observations so far indicate that the worst feature of this insect is the larval habit of scarring the fruit. The injury begins soon after the larvae have hatched continuing until they hibernate. This scarring usually consists of a single or a series of small circular holes on the surface. The attached leaf or leaves being so loosely tied to the fruit, these after being deserted by the larvae are soon blown or washed off by the rain. Upon exposure, there soon appears a purplish or reddish circular area about the injury, which markings are character- istic of this insect. The bud and leaf feeding habits being so similar to C. rosaceana the injury in this respect is also of much the same nature. Economic Importance—The presence of this insect has been noted in many localities during the past two seasons, and in a few instances there has been considerable fruit injury. It is to be found chiefly in those dis- tricts where S. ocellana is the most numerous, and where the latter insect has been a pest for some time it appears to be on the increase. As long as S. ocellana continues to persist in Nova Scotia orchards there is danger of P. limitata becoming an orchard pest of considerable economic importance. Cacoecia persicana Fitch This species has been recorded by W. T. M. Forbes in his memoir No. 68 as occuring from Maine to Manitoba, feeding on various plants, but no plant in particular being mentioned. It was first observed by the writer in Nova Scotia during the summer of 1926 feeding upon apple, but since a few larvae have been noted feeding on sorrel and apparently developing normally. As far as known this insect has not been previously reported as an orchard pest. Life-History—This species passes the winter as fifth stage larvae, in the fallen leaves upon the ground. During the first part of May, or when the buds are opening, the larvae emerge from the leaves and ascend the trees. This statement is made without having actually observed the larvae crawling up the trunk, but in view of the fact that they are known to winter on the ground and are to be found in the early spring feeding upon the buds; there appears at this time no other deduction. Further observa- tions, however, are to be made in this connection in 1928. The larvae attack the first green buds they chance upon in their ascent. These may be on the water sprouts growing about the base, or they may crawl to the top of the tree or to the farthest lateral branches. At first the larvae spin some rather close fitting silk about the opening bud and under this feed as the leaves expand. They are, therefore, outside feeders and do not bore into or enter the bud. Later a leaf or several leaves are loosely rolled together, and thus protected they consume small portions of the surround- ing foliage. When mature, which occurs early in June, the larvae descend the tree by crawling down the trunk. In this descent a number pupate in the loose - rough bark, while the remainder descend to the ground, where they roll up 36 THE REPORT OF THE an old fallen leaf near the trunk and pupate within. After a pupal period of about two weeks the adults emerge. There is a preoviposition period of two to four days, the egg then being deposited upon the upper surface of the leaves and probably also on the smooth bark of the larger limbs. The eggs are laid in masses and closely resemble those of the previous insect. They hatch in twelve to fifteen days and the young larvae appear upon the trees during the first week in July. After hatching the larvae spin down from the leaf and distribute to various parts of the tree. There is the same larval habit, of feeding more or less concealed, as noted with other insects of this group. Soon after emerging they are to be found within the calyx of the apple; in the old dried bunched leaves still clinging to the tree as result of S. ocellana infes- tations, also in various other secluded positions. When the third instar is reached they begin to leave these various feeding positions and for the remainder of the season show an aptitude for more or less fruit feeding— and have the habit of concealing themselves in various ways in close con- tact with the fruit. The webbed together foliage, within which the larvae are concealed, finally becomes detached from the tree through winds, rain, etc., and thus reach the ground, this occurs during September and continues well into October. There is only one brood under Nova Scotia conditions. Larval Injury—Evidently the calyx is used merely as a place of con- cealment, as actual feeding within was noted only in a few instances. They do, however, partly emerge and eat small circular holes immediately around the outside. Krom these punctures the juice frequently appears in small droplets, which soon dries, leaving a creamy colored deposit around the calyx. This in some instances is quite unsightly, but frequently will not be noticed unless closely examined. The most pronounced injury is the habit which the larvae have of eating from the surface of the fruit. This feeding causes scars and side injury and although usually not deep into the flesh, the fruit thus marked is rendered quite unfit for market. Economic Importance—This species is well established in the central part of the Annapolis Valley and already causing considerable fruit injury. During 1927 a number of growers who treated their orchards thoroughly for S. ocellana in the adult stage with satisfactory results found, at picking time, that C. persicana had apparently increased and caused more side in- jury than the former insect. In these orchards it has without doubt been present for a longer period than generally realized and previous to the present season probably some of C. persicana injury has been attributed to S. ocellana. This injury in some instances amounted to as much as 7 to 8 per cent. of the fruit. The sod or semi-sod mulch system is becoming somewhat popular in certain districts and each year finds a few more growers adopting this method of orchard treatment. It can be readily understood that this sys- tem will foster a certain group of insects, some of which are those that winter, rolled up in the fallen leaves upon the ground. With clean cultiva- tion there is little danger of this becoming a pest of much importance for the hibernating material is buried in the process of plowing, harrowing, etc. It is in the sod mulch orchards that the insect is mainly found and — where it is most likely to increase in the future. Eulia mariana Fern. and EF. quadrifasciana Fern. There are several species of this genus which have been reported from various states of the American Union as important apple pests. Eulia ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Oo” mariana is recorded by S. W. Frost from Pennsylvania. It has also been found in Maine, Massachusetts, and New York States feeding on oak and blueberry. It first became prominent in Nova Scotia during the fall of 1925, when it was found feeding on both the foliage and fruit of the apple. Since 1925 various other food plants have been noted in Nova Scotia in- cluding our most common deciduous forest trees as well as several weeds. It is well established as an orchard pest around Berwick and has been observed in many scattered parts of the Valley indicating that it is well - distributed over the fruit growing district. Owing to the general gray ground color of the adult, the common name “the gray-banded leaf roller’’ has been given to this insect. Life-History—The winter is passed in the pupal stage enclosed within the fallen leaves upon the ground. The emergence of the adults in the spring depends somewhat upon weather conditions and may occur during the latter part of May or be delayed until the first week of June. During 1927 the first to appear was when the Gravenstein variety reached the advanced pink stage. Ovipositing usually begins on the third day after emerging, the eggs being deposited on the upper surface of the foliage, and also on the smooth bark of the larger limbs. They are laid in masses, containing from fifty to one hundred and forty eggs, and in appearance are similar to those of the previously described species which oviposit in this manner. After an incubation period of about twenty days, hatching begins which occurs during the latter part of June, continuing into July. The larval period is very prolonged lasting seventy-five days or more, and it is not until the latter part of September that they begin to pupate. A few pupate enclosed within rolled up leaves upon the tree, but by far the larger number, first, drop to the ground and pupate within the fallen leaves. There is only one complete brood in Nova Scotia. Habits of the Adults—The adults are inactive during the day, being at rest in the grass beneath the trees or upon the trunk, often concealed under the rough bark. The number observed by passing through an infested orchard is by no means an accurate indication of the number present, as they are so concealed and inactive in these various places. They are more active in the evening, and are often noticed flying among the branches and between the trees, but at this time they are not readily observed in any numbers even in those orchards where a considerable degree of infestation is known to exist. Habits of the Larvae—Upon hatching, there is the same larval habit of dropping from the foliage and swinging by a thread as noted with other Species. The larvae however, soon cease their activity and locate singly on the under surface of the leaves usually along the mid-rib. They first feed by skeletonizing the foliage, and there is also spun a tough covering of silk which spreads out flat over their feeding area. Due to contraction of this silk, the leaves become rolled toward the under surface. When about half grown they begin to desert the leaves and crawl short distances locat- ing on the upper surface of a single leaf, or several leaves may be gathered together in a loose bunch. As the larvae always feed more or less con- cealed, it is at this time they tie the foliage to the side of the fruit, invari- ably resulting in very pronounced injury. _ Economic Importance—The gray-banded leaf roller has become prom- Inent in certain districts since its discovery in 1925, due to the pronounced fruit injury. The larvae prefer to feed concealed between overlapping leaves, but wherever accessible they tie the leaves with silk to the fruit, resulting in their feeding upon the surface. This feeding is usually not deep, but may be spread over one-third to one-half of the surface. This i ai 38 THE REPORT OF THE occurs when. the fruit is so near maturity that no protective covering is formed, frequently resulting in early decay. The insect has the habit of localizing in certain areas in the orchard. In 1925 as high as 25 per cent. of the fruit was scarred in some of these infested areas. In 1926 and 1927 there was considerable variation in its attack, some orchards showing more injury, while in others there was less. The insect is encouraged under the sod mulch system, it being quite conclusive that under clean cultivation it will never come to any promin- ence as an orchard pest. It is also fairly conclusive that arsenicals as ordinarily applied are ineffective as a means of control, this at least in part is due to the larval habit of feeding concealed. In any event, the larvae appear so late upon the foliage that it is usually unsafe to apply arsenicals due to the arsenical residue remaining upon the fruit. EH. mariana is an important insect pest and will demand new treatments for its control. Eulia quadrifasciana Fern. This species has been reported from New York State as an apple pest. In Nova Scotia a larva was found at Annapolis on June 14 feeding on apple foliage. This pupated on July 12 and the adult-emerged on July 30 which was later identified by Dr. J. McDunnough as EF. quadrifasciana Fern. This was the only record obtained, and as far as the writer is aware, this insect has not been previously reported from Nova Scotia. Allononyma vicarialis Zell. This species is reported by W. T. M. Forbes as occurring from Nova Scotia to New Hampshire and west to British Columbia, feeding on birch. During 1926 and 1927, in the district from Annapolis west to Digby, a distance of about twenty miles, the larvae so skeletonized the apple foliage that the green portion in many instances was completely consumed. This was so general that whole orchards presented a brown appearance for long distances. The writer has been unable to find any mention of this insect elsewhere as a pest on apple. Only a few brief life-history notes were made during 1927. There is evidently two broods in Nova Scotia, the adults of the first brood appear- ing in July, and those of the second brood late in September extending into October. The larvae roll a single leaf toward the upper surface, and within they feed by skeletonizing until only the veins remain. When mature they move to the under surface, spin a white, very dense, tough web and concealed between this and the leaf transform to pupa. It is the second brood larvae that cause the most injury. It is not definitely known how the winter is passed but probably the insect hibernates in the adult stage. In the above infested area spraying is not generally practised, but in the few treated orchards the insect is not found in any numbers. The contrast between sprayed and unsprayed orchards in this regard is very pronounced, indicating that it is controlled with the regular spring spray- ing. Tortrix affliictana Wk. A few larvae of this species were collected in various parts of the Annapolis Valley both in 1926 and 1927. They were found feeding on apple foliage and in one instance in September of 1927, feeding upon the fruit. Judging by the few observed feeding upon the foliage, they appear to have the typical leaf roller habits. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 39 There is probably only one brood in Nova Scotia, the larvae maturing late in the fall and hibernating enclosed within the fallen leaves. The larvae evidently pupate very early in the spring, as those collected in October and examined late in December were found still in the larval stage, , but on examining early in April were found to have pupated. The adults emerged on June 7th and 9th. This species is reported by Forbes as occurring from Newfoundland to _ Texas and California, caterpillars feeding on fir. Amorbia humerosana Clem. The larvae of this species were collected at Berwick in September of 1926 feeding upon apple foliage, and appeared to be typical leaf rollers. These pupated in October and the adults emerged on the 10th and 19th of the following June. The larvae resemble those of C. rosaceana, but have a paler head and proshield. S. W. Frost, in “Journal of Economic Entomology” has a few notes regarding this species as occurring in Pennsylvania, feeding on huckle- berry, pine, poison ivy, spice bush; apple is not mentioned. W. T. M. Forbes records it as being generally distributed over New York State. THE MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE IN ONTARIO L. S. MCLAINE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA At the annual meeting of the Society, held in 1925, the remark was made that scarcely a year elapses without the discovery of some new and important pest. For the most part these pests have been invaders from other continents, but this report of another noxious foe deals with an insect native to the American continent. The Mexican bean beetle, H'pilachna corrupta Muls., is a native North American insect having been first described by Mulsant in 1850. Accord- ing to Chittenden! this insect came from Mexico. It was first recognized in the United States in 1864, but nothing appears to have been known concerning its injurious habits until twenty years later when in 1883 it caused serious injury to wax beans in Colorado. This pest has, also, been established in New Mexico, Arizona and western Texas for some years. In 1920, it was found in the vicinity of Birmingham, Alabama, although subsequent evidence seems to prove that it may have been introduced two years earlier, having apparently been transported into Alabama on ship- ments of alfalfa hay from beetle infested areas in New Mexico and Col- orado. Previous to this ‘‘jump” the insect ‘‘seems to have been restricted in its spread by surrounding desert and semi-arid range country wherein the necessary food plants did not occur through long distances.’”? After becoming established in Alabama, it spread rapidly and by 1921 all the beans in an area covering 4,500 square miles were destroyed. Quarantines were placed on the infested areas by both the state and federal governments in an attempt to retard distribution and spread, but these were later rescinded on account of the rapid dissemination of the insect by flight. By the fall of 1921, in addition to Alabama, portions of Georgia, North and South Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee were infested. In 1922, Virginia was invaded, and in 1923 portions of Mississippi and south- 1K, H. Chittenden, U.S. Farmers Bulletin 1074, November, 1919. 2¥. L. Thomas, Life-History and Control of the Mexican Bean Beetle, Bulletin 221, 1924, Agricultural Experimental Station, Auburn, Alabama. ra 40 , THE REPORT OF THE ern Ohio were included in the infested area. The following year, 1924, the beetle had reached the southern shores of Lake Erie in Ohio and also the States of Indiana, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The year 1925 saw Maryland added to the list, and although no new states were added in 1926, there was a general spread in those which were infested. Appar- * ently 1927 was a year of unusually heavy flight and spread, for in addition to the States of Michigan and New York being invaded, the insect crossed | the international border and was collected at a number of points in On- | tario. ; With the appearance of the Mexican bean beetle on the southern shore | of Lake Erie in the late summer of 1924, plans were made by the Dominion Entomological Branch to carry on scouting in the bean growing sections of — southwestern Ontario in 1925, as it was anticipated that with favorable winds the insect would soon cross the lake. No sign of the insect was found during that year nor in the summer of 1926 when scouting was con- tinued. On July 20, 1927, a collection of larvae was taken by Mr. C. S. | Thompson, in a large field of beans at Cedar Springs, Kent County, about twelve miles south of Chatham. Further scouting was continued until late August, during which time a total of 369 farms were visited, and twenty- one collections of the insect were made, including all stages of its life history. According to reports of the inspectors, the intensity of the infestation varied greatly, but, in all fields found infested in the extreme southwestern portion of the province, it was possible to find several infested patches distributed throughout the field, from two to fifty plants being attacked in each spot. One or more infestations were found in the following townships: Cam- den, Chatham, Harwich, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, and Zone in Kent County; Colchester South and Mersea in Essex County; Southwold in Elgin County; Etobicoke in York County and Nelson and Trafalgar in Halton County. | Mention should be made of a report received during the winter of 1927, to the effect that two adults of the Mexican bean beetle were collected on grass beside a lake near Plevna, Clarendon township, Frontenac County, during summer of 1926. This area was investigated in 1927, all bean patches in the vicinity of the reported capture being visited, but no sign of the insect was found. ) It is impossible to predict what the insect may do under Canadian conditions. According to Hinds, it is said to live at an altitude up to 7,000 feet and in winter temperatures as low as thirty degrees below zero. Re- ports from infested states indicate severe damage wherever the insect is present in any numbers, and in Ohio? total losses to both field and lima beans are reported. _ The insect has a wide range of food plants. Howard‘ states that it is primarily a bean pest, preferring the common bean and the lima bean to other plants. Its second choice is beggar weed or beggar tick. It can live successfully on cowpea, and soy bean, and attacks hyacinth bean, adsuki bean, alfalfa and sweet clover ; the latter, however, is not considered a desirable plant. When bean foliage is scarce the insect will feed on velvet bean, kudzue, crimson clover, white clover, corn, grasses, okra, egg plant, potato, squash, mung bean and some weeds. out: Bulletin, Ohio Agricultural Experimental Station, November-December, *Neale F. Howard, “The Mexican Bean Beetle in the East.” Farmers Bulletin, 1407, United States Department of Agriculture, May, 1924. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Al The presence of the pest in Canada is most unfortunate, especially in the Province of Ontario, where beans are a most important crop. Accord- ing to the Canada Year Book (1926), in 1925 there were 81,466 acres of _beans planted in Canada and the value of the crop was $3,876,600; 61,080 , acres were in Ontario with a value of $2,836,000. L. CAESAR—I would like to ask Mr. Howard whether in his application of arsenicals the dust method of applying was as satisfactory as the a. Spray? N. HowARD—In our experiments dusts have not given the perfect control that sprays have. However, I presume that over the infested terri- tories dusts are used more than sprays. We make both recommenda- tions to the grower and allow him to choose according to his needs. L. CAESAR—Do you find less burning from the dust than from the spray? _N. Howarp—Apparently a crop of beans will stand more arsenical per acre as a dust than as a spray. However, lead arsenate, zinc arsenate or calcium arsenate without excess of lime will burn as a dust almost as they would as a spray without lime. L. CAESAR—How many applications are found necessary? - N. HowARD—The maximum is five under the most severe conditions but these conditions do not always exist and sometimes we dust only once; sometimes twice or three times. H. G. CRAWFORD—May I ask when five applications are necessary? Are these necessary to kill adults and larvae that were missed in the pre- liminary dusting? N. Howarp—Because bean crops only require forty-five days for maturity and the foliage grows so rapidly that the new foliage is required to be covered. Mr. Hoprpinc—Mr. Prasticht. I was just wondering if anyone had made any surmise or guess as to why this Mexican bean beetle should sud- denly spread over the United States. N. HOWARD—The reason is that it made a so-called commercial jump from the west to north Alabama, probably in freight cars loaded with alfalfa hay being shipped to the east during the war. A. GIBSON—Have you any records as to how far the beetle will fly? N. Howarp—I know of a flight of five miles, but I believe that Mr. Douglas in New Mexico, who is in charge of the laboratory there has better records than that. Observations there prove that flights of 10, 15, or 18 or more miles are made in the fall and spring. In that area the bean beetle flies to the valleys and hibernates in the scrub. We think that most of this spread in the United States has been natural spread, though aided by commerce. Wind is a factor in natural spread. SOME NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE IN ONTARIO* H. F. HUDSON AND A. A. Woop, fate nis ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STRATHROY, ONTARIO These notes cover some observations on the life-history of the Mexican bean beetle, H'pilachna corrupta Muls. which were carried on at the Dom- ‘inion Entomological Laboratory, Strathroy, Ontario, during the year 1927. *Contribution from the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 42 THE REPORT OF THE The insect was first discovered in Canada by Mr. C. S. Thompson, of the Division of Foreign Pests Suppression, while scouting for its possible occurrence in Canada. Material for the study was obtained’ from bean fields at Leamington, Ontario, August 4, 1927. Most of the insects found in the field at this time were in the pupal © stage and emerged as beetles on August 9. Egg laying began on August 10, and the egg laying capacity of one female kept under close observation was found to be 656 eggs during her life time. The eggs were laid in clusters on the underside of the bean leaf, and varied in number per ~ cluster, from 2 to 74, the average mass containing 45 eggs. The eggs, orange yellow in color and slightly sculptured, hatched in from 7 to 14 days. The larvae moulted three times, and the average duration of each stage for the late summer proved to be,—for the first instar, 8.5 days; for the second instar, 5.5 days; for the third instar, 6.25 days; and for the fourth instar, 9.75 days. The average duration of the pupal period was 12.5 days. The whole period from egg to beetle at this season was approximately 51 days. When the beetle emerges it is light lemon in color, without markings, but in less than an hour, the characteristic spots begin to appear. The beetle gradually becomes darker in color, so that in a week to ten days after emergence, its color has changed from the lemon to a definite copper. The beetle may be recognized by its general color and the eight black dots on each elytron. Beans appear to be the preferred food plant, although the beetles will feed to a slight extent on alfalfa. The larvae skeletonize the under surface of the leaf, leaving the upper surface intact. The beetles, however, also feeding from below, eat out ragged areas in the lower surface of the leaf, and by cutting through the upper surface, give the foliage a lace-like appearance. There are probably two broods a year, the winter being spent in the adult stage. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF STORED PRODUCT PESTS WITH CALCIUM CYANIDE C. H. CURRAN During the past year investigations conducted with calcium cyanide as a fumigant for stored product insects in Canada lead to the conclusion that the use of this substance as a fumigant is both efficient and economical. In recommending the use of calcium cyanide as a fumigant a year ago the use of damp and dry newspapers to be used in distributing the dust was contained in the directions for application. Up to that time no opportunity to test the substance in a large commercial plant had presented itself and it is interesting to note that in large buildings the paper may be eliminated and the dust broadcast over the floor and machinery by means of a shovel. The saving in time is very great and the distribution of the dust into corners facilitated. Since the use of calcium cyanide i is likely to increase aoe as a fumi- gant, it becomes necessary to issue a warning to all who are likely to employ it, inasmuch as there is unquestionably a great deal of danger in- volved in this method of control. The greatest danger connected with calcium cyanide is to be found, not in the dust or fumes, but in carelessness or ignorance of the operator, since the use of only certain types of calcium ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 43 ‘omeltaeialll _ cyanide is safe under indoor conditions. Calcium cyanide, as prepared today, consists of two rather extreme forms, each having a different use. _ One of these gives a maximum concentration of gas in from six to seven _ hours and is ideal for indoor work, while the other extreme gives its + greatest concentration in about thirty minutes and is used for field fumi- gation. With this latter type sufficient gas is given off in a few seconds to saturate the air of a room to such an extent that, unless one were stand- ing very close to the exit it might be impossible to escape before inhaling a _ lethal dose. Where maximum concentration is not reached until several hours after distribution there is little danger of being overcome and, while it is urged that the application be carried out quickly, there is no need of haste of such a nature as might result in an uneven distribution of the material. Undoubtedly calcium cyanide giving a maximum concentration of gas in seven or eight hours from the time of exposure to the air, is by far the safest means of employing the deadly gas as a fumigant indoors. In buildings where there are rugs, curtains, etc., these should be re- moved before fumigation, since hydrocyanic acid has a tendency to bleach materials colored by certain dyes. Whether or not this action would be very noticeable from the gas alone is a question I am unable to answer but the contact of the dust with such material would undoubtedly result in discoloration. | The experiments conducted during the past summer would seem to indicate that, under favorable conditions, all stages of insect life are de- stroyed. In samples taken from flour mills no living specimens of the lepidopterous pests were found in the flour after five months from treat- ment, while the checks showed conclusively that adult insects developed in that time from eggs as well as larvae present at the time of fumigation. It is undoubtedly true that Coleopterous insects are much more resis- tant to fumigation (as well as superheating) than are the Lepidoptera. The latter may be destroyed with a dosage of one and one-half pounds of calcium cyanide per one thousand cubic feet, but in order to secure com- plete results, including the destruction of beetles, it is necessary to use two pounds of coarse grade calcium cyanide per one thousand cubic feet. A CHEAP AND EFFECTIVE FLY SPRAY* C. R. TWINN, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, AND F. A. HERMAN, DIVISON OF CHEMISTRY, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA This paper dealt briefly with the desirability of controlling flies in- festing houses and other buildings, particularly the housefly, Mucsa dom- estica L., and presented the results from a series of experiments conducted with fly sprays of various formulae at the Central Experimental Farm. Spray mixtures consisting essentially of pyrethrum extract and kerosene were found to give the best results, for all practical purposes a 6 per cent. pyrethrum-kerosene spray proving quite satisfactory. This is prepared by adding one-half pound of pyrethrum to one gallon (8.08 lbs.) of kerosene, allowing the mixture to stand and agitating it at intervals over a period of about two hours, thus ensuring that practically all the active principle of the pyrethrum is dissolved. The residue of the pyrethrum settles to the bottom of the vessel as a brown sediment, and the clear liquid, which is pale lemon-yellow in color, may either be siphoned or filtered off. When the spray is required for use in farm buildings, it may be satisfactorily *The full paper has been submitted to Scientific Agriculture for publication. 44 THE REPORT OF THE prepared with ordinary kerosene and it is unnecessary to add any other chemicals. For household use, however, to remove any possibility of stain- ing fabrics or furniture, water-white kerosene should be used, and, in | order to impart a pleasant odor, methy] salicylate may be added at the rate | of three fluid ounces to each gallon. The spray should be kept in a tightly © corked container to prevent it from deteriorating in strength, as the active principle of pyrethrum is volatile. Three-quarters of a fluid ounce of spray are required to treat each thousand cubic feet of space, the mater- . ials being sprayed in the form of a fine mist. In using this spray it is advisable to sweep up the dead and dying flies shortly after the application and to either burn them or throw them into hot water, as otherwise a certain percentage is liable to recover. This spray should find wide application wherever flies are troublesome under indoor conditions, such as in cattle barns, stables and unscreened houses, and, as it has been observed to kill other species of insects, it should also prove useful in destroying other household insect pests. CAESAR—Does the spray have to be made up long before use? TWINN—It is only necessary to allow the pyrethrum to stand in the kero- sene for two hours and to agitate it occasionally. It is then ready to use. From experiments it appears that there is no advantage in allow- ing the pyrethrum to stand in the kerosene for twenty-four hours or longer. PRESIDENT—Would the spray keep in a closed container? TWINN—It is always advisable to keep it in a tightly corked vessel. I know people who have used some of the proprietary fly sprays and after keeping them in the house during the winter have found them of little use in the spring. CAESAR—Is there any precaution necessary in the buying of pyrethrum? TWINN—The pyrethrum should be fresh. I have had no trouble with the pyrethrum purchased by us. PRESIDENT—Did you try out this mixture in a dairy barn where it might impart some odor to the milk? TWINN—I did not, but at the Experimental Farm they use spray for stable flies and horn flies that attack cows while in the barn. Apparently they have no trouble from the use of this, so I feel safe in saying that there would be no trouble in this respect resulting from the use of pyrethrum kerosene spray. CAESAR—Did you find any difference in the susceptibility between the © house fly and stable fly? TWINN—It appears to be equally effective against both species. We also found ichneumons, blow flies and other insect species among the dead flies, but the majority were house flies. GORHAM—Does the spray leave any stain? TWINN—Mr. Herman tested the spray prepared with water white kero- sene and found there was no stain from it at all. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 45 i MOSQUITO CONTROL ACTIVITIES IN WESTERN CANADA | ERIC HEARLE, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, INDIAN HEAD, SASKATCHEWAN . INTRODUCTION The last paper that the writer submitted to the Entomological Society of Ontario was published in 1921. It dealt with some mosquito problems of British Columbia, and mainly with the results of an investigation of the mosquitoes of the Lower Fraser valley. Since that time a detailed investigation of the mosquitoes of the Rocky Mountain Park in the vicinity of Banff has been completed; studies of the biology of the main prairie species have been carried out in Saskatchewan and Manitoba; and a num- ber of minor problems have received attention elsewhere. The rapidly increasing tourist trade is responsible for much of the interest that is being shown in mosquito control activities in Western Canada. About a quarter of a million tourists visited the western national parks and adjacent scenic places in 1927. An increasingly large number of tourists utilize auto camps, and in many sections mosquitoes render otherwise attractive places almost untenable. Mosquito control, therefore, has become much more necessary than was the case before auto touring was so much in vogue. Mosquitoes were, indeed, very numerous in many parts of western Canada in 1927, and interest in the possibility of their control is very ‘apparent at the present time. Considerable publicity has been given to the results obtained at Ottawa, Winnipeg, Banff and elsewhere, and the public generally are realizing that mosquitoes are not an incurable pest. From an agricultural viewpoint mosquitoes are undoubtedly a serious ‘pest in many sections of the western provinces, especially in dairy and live stock districts. Lessened milk production and poor condition result from | severe mosquito attacks. The present season (1927) with its excellent _ pasture conditions and abnormally high mosquito production demonstrated these points very forcibly. , DEVELOPMENT IN THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY PROBLEM A three years’ investigation of this problem was completed in 1921 | and the results have been published as Report 17 of the National Research Council. Since 1921 the Sumas dyke has been completed, a reclamation | scheme reducing by more than one half the flood water breeding areas in | the Lower Fraser valley. In addition to the above a dyking scheme em- bracing 1,400 acres has been completed at South Westminster, and another || project embracing 600 acres will probably be undertaken early in 1928 at | Fort Langley. This leaves about 8,000 acres of flood water breeding area ‘|in the Lower Fraser valley as against the huge areas that occurred prior | t0 1921. The problem is becoming much more restricted and the possibility | of an organized program of control is much more feasible than was the | case a few years ago. Residents in the vicinity of Sumas have attested to | the extraordinary reduction in the mosquito pest in that district since the _ dyking was completed. While little has been attempted over much of the valley in the way of | control by oiling; a good demonstration has been given of the feasibility of | oiling methods under the very difficult conditions obtaining in the district. | Mr. R. Glendenning of the Dominion Entomological laboratory at Agassiz undertook the supervision of control work at Harrison Hot Springs during i) 1 | 46 THE REPORT OF THE 1926 and 1927. A system of trails was cut in the dense cottonwood brush | and oiling operations were undertaken in an efficient manner. Excellent | results were obtained at a very small cost. The work will probably be somewhat extended to cope with migrations from beyond the area at present under control. THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Kamloops Mosquito Pest—Mosquitoes have been very troublesome at. this point due mainly to the flooding of breeding areas at the freshet of | the Thompson river. Some of these flood areas are open flats and others are brush covered—they are mainly too narrow for economical dyking. Aedes hirsuteron, Aedes vexans, Aedes punctor and Aedes dorsalis are four of the more important species observed here. It is probable that the last mentioned species breeds to some extent in the irrigation pools. Oiling operations have been carried out by the Kamloops city council | from 1925 on, and have been very successful, except during the present | year, when the appropriation was small and the conditions exceptionally — difficult to deal with owing to a very high freshet. Interest is being shown in the possibilities of controlling the mosquito pest at Tranquille, the site of the government pulmonary sanitarium, which lies in the same valley as Kamloops, and has much the same condi- tions with which to contend. | The Eagle Valley Mosquito League—This league was formed in 1925, when the sum of $1,000 was raised for the purpose of combating the serious mosquito nuisance occurring in the Eagle valley from Sicamous East to Craigellachie. The mosquitoes develop in the flood pools from the freshet of the Eagle river and the rise of Sicamous Lake. The river bot- tom lands are densely clothed with alder and heavy underbrush, and num- bers of old beaver dams complicate matters. There are also small areas of muskeg. The important species are Aedes hirsuteron andAedes vexans; Aedes punctor and Aedes cinereus are also common. The control opera- tions, commenced in 1925, are said to have met with considerable success, and the secretary of the local farmers institute informs us that dairy ani- mals have responded favorably and that there has been a marked improve- ment in the milk yield. The Kelowna Mosquito Pest—Mosquitoes have been a fairly serious pest in this city and its environs, and a very attractive municipal park, bathing beach and auto camp have been especially badly affected owing to the proximity of many sloughs and low places, which fill with water at the rise of the lake. Aedes vexans is one of the most troublesome species in this district. Control operations have been carried out by the city council with considerable success since 1923; systematic oiling being undertaken over all seepage, flood and surface pools within the city limits. Four oilings are made each year. In addition to this a definite program of permanent improvement has been drawn up and low places and sloughs are gradually being eliminated by fillings; a large quantity of sawdust being available for this purpose from local lumber mills. Reports indicate that the best of results have been obtained, and during the present season, when many outside districts were very badly infested, comparative freedom was ex- perienced in the city. Even better results could be realized however if adjacent municipalities with extensive breeding areas would co-operate with the city council. | The Trout Creek Mosquito Pest—This is a small very localized project which has some features of considerable interest. A much silted up creek it. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT causes flooding in this vicinity at freshet time. A number of beavers made this point of land their home and by damming up the creek extended the flooded areas. Not much systematic control work has been attempted beyond a little general oiling. The Mosquito Situation in the Southern Okanagan Valley—This semi- arid valley does not look like the type of place one associates with mosquito pests, but the Okanagan river, which traverses it, has a considerable area _ of scrub covered bottom land on each side, and in places where this is wide, mosquitoes are a serious nuisance following flooding at freshet time. Wide areas of flooded meadow also occur at a few points. Aedes vexans is one of the dominant species and Aedes hirsuteron is undoubtedly an important constituent of the pest. -Our knowledge of the mosquito fauna of this dis- trict is, however, somewhat meagre. Anopheles develop more extensively here than elsewhere in British Columbia, the common species being Ano- pheles maculipennis. Irrigation will doubtless further complicate the sit- uation. The district has been brought into prominence on account of the extensive irrigation project, undertaken by the provincial government, Opening up a very fertile area for fruit farming. Development is pro- ceeding with remarkable rapidity. Little control work has been attempted so far in this district, but a great deal of interest has been evinced as to the possibilities of reducing the pest. Creston Mosquito Pest—A very serious mosquito pest occurs in the Kootenay valley in the vicinity of Creston, and the live stock and small fruit industries suffer considerable losses. Advices during the present season indicate that the pest was unusually severe. A most interesting old book—Lee and Clutterbuck’s ‘“Rambles in British Columbia in 1887” gives a very graphic and amusing account of the mosquito nuisance in this vicinity. The Kootenay Flats, an enormous area of 100,000 acres are sub- ject to flooding at freshet time, owing to the narrow outlet of the Kootenay Lake. There is no doubt that the main mosquito pest is developed here and that Aedes vexans and Aedes hirsuteron are the dominant species. Vari- ous schemes to reclaim this area have been discussed for 40 or 50 years, and recently about 30,000 acres have been reclaimed on the United States’ side of the valley. So far the reclamation of the 45,000 acres on the ~ Canadian side of the boundary has got little further than the preparation of engineers’ plans, but it is hoped that the difficulties in connection with the project will soon be overcome and that this wonderfully fertile land will be put to a better use than the production of several thousand tons of wild hay and an enormous crop of bloodthirsty mosquitoes. There has been a great deal of agitation for mosquito control from this point. TOURIST RESORTS IN THE ALBERTA MOUNTAINS AND THE YUKON TERRITORY Banff Mosquito Control Project—A very serious mosquito pest oc- curred in this vicinity and materially reduced the attractiveness of what is undoubtedly the most important tourist resort in Canada. At one time mosquitoes used to drive away numbers of visitors from this resort. A detailed investigation of the situation was made from 1922 to 1925, and systematic oiling and other control methods were put into operation by the Dominion Parks Branch, under the supervision and guidance of the En- tomological Branch. Three separate problems are encountered in this district—control of the mosquitoes breeding in the snow pools formed in April and May; in the rain pools of late spring; and in the much more extensive flood pools formed by the freshets in June. The nature of the country is such that many difficulties are encountered in carrying out a program of systematic oiling. There are large areas of brush in which the 48 THE REPORT OF THE willow and underbrush were found to be so dense that a system of trails was necessary before oiling was possible. The main species in the Banff district are Aedes cataphylla, Aedes | intrudens and Aedes vexans, although a few others of the 24 species in the | district are of some importance at times. i Oiling has been carried out since 1922 over a district of about 4 by 2 | miles, involving about 1,400 acres of breeding area. These operations | extend from May to July, several oilings being needed, and some 2,500 — gallons being used annually. Since the work was commenced almost per- fect control has been realized except for two short periods when a little | trouble occurred owing to very adverse conditions, during which periods of heavy floods synchronized with almost continuous rains. The total expen- diture for oiling, cutting trails, ditching and other permanent work | amounts to about $3,000 annually and this appears to be a very modest sum when one realizes that some 124,000 tourists utilized the park in > 1925, that the number is increasing greatly each year, and that each tourist | represents a good many dollars profit to the community. Lake Louise Mosquito Pest—Investigations of this pest were made from 1922 to 1925, and the problem was found to be far simpler than that at Banff. There is no flood area involved and very little trouble occurs from summer rain pools. The main pest develops from pools formed by the melting snow. Aedes cataphylla, Aedes intrudens, Aedes punctor and Aedes pullatus are the species of major importance. A little control work has been attempted here but this proved ineffective owing to the inade- quate knowledge of those in charge. Mosquito Pest at White Horse, Yukon Territory—On account of the growing tourist trade some interest has been evinced in the possibilities of controlling the mosquito pest in this vicinity. Dr. Dyar has studied the mosquito fauna here and has found Aedes cataphylla to be the domin- ant species, with Aedes campestris, Aedes communis and Aedes punctor also common. The problem is evidently one that could readily be dealt with by systematic oiling, as it appears to be very similar to the early snow pool problem at Banff, in which practically 100 per cent. control has been realized during the last six years. A number of attempts have been made by individual residents of White Horse to lessen the nuisance and these have met with a certain measure of success, but no extensive systematic oiling program has yet been undertaken. THE MOSQUITO NUISANCE IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES Reports from a number of points throughout the Prairie Provinces indicate that the mosquito pest was far more serious in 1927 than had been the case for many years, owing to the abnormally wet season. Ac- cording to some of the correspondence from practical cattle men, live stock did not pick up in the way they should have done in consideration of the excellent pasture conditions; and in the worst affected districts, a reduction in milk flow from dairy animals was evident. Mosquitoes in the Irrigated Sections of Montana and Alberta—An in- vestigation into the mosquito pest in the Milk River valley in Montana is being undertaken by the Entomological Department of the Montana Ex- periment Station, and the writer looked over the situation during the present year at the request of the officials of this station. The irrigated alfalfa and blue joint meadows are the main source of the pest, which increases throughout the season and continues into September. Each irri- gation results in the hatching of a fresh batch of mosquitoes, and Aedes ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 49 dorsalis, Aedes nigromaculis and Aedes vexans are the main species breed- ing in pools formed by irrigation water. Conditions in the irrigated sections of southern Alberta are somewhat analagous to those in the Milk River valley, Montana, and mosquitoes are very troublesome at times. Some 300,000 acres of irrigated land are in use at present, although nearly three times this amount are available under existing irrigation projects, according to figures from the Canadian Paci- fic Railway Company. Nothing in the way of an adequate survey of mosquito conditions has been attempted, but incidental collecting indicates that Aedes vexans, Aedes dorsalis and Aedes nigromaculis are the major species, as in the irrigated district to the south across the border. Through the courtesy of the entomologists in Montana we are keeping in close touch with developments in mosquito investigations in that state. Investigations of the Bionomics of Prairie Mosquitoes—While stationed at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, during 1926 and 1927 in connection with a survey of live stock insect conditions, the writer carried out studies of the biology of typical prairie mosquitoes. A large number of breeding places have been under observation, collections of larvae and adults have been made and fairly detailed life history studies have been undertaken. The main species under observation have been Aedes spenceru, Aedes flaves- cens, Aedes dorsalis, Aedes excrucians, Aedes campestris and Aedes nigro- maculis. Several thousand specimens from many points in the three Prairie Provinces have been determined and a paper is under preparation incorporating the information obtained. In Manitoba, Dr. H. A. Robertson, working under Mr. Criddle at the Treesbank laboratory, added a great deal to our knowledge of the mos- quitoes of that province. Collections and surveys of breeding places were - made from 1921 to 1923, and in the latter year especially, many rearings were made and notes were secured on the biology of the important species. Winnipeg Mosquito Control Project—In the spring of 1927 a mosquito control committee was formed in Winnipeg under the chairmanship of Dr. H. M. Speechly with the object of reducing the mosquito pest in that vicinity. The writer undertook a preliminary investigation and acted in an advisory capacity to the committee. The poor drainage of extensive areas of uncultivated land surrounding the city results in the accumulation of much water during wet seasons, and the problem is one of very considerable magnitude. Aedes vexans, Aedes hirsuteron, Aedes dorsalis and Aedes canadensis were found to be important species. ; Control operations were undertaken by the Mosquito Control Commit- tee, the City Parks Board, various local golf clubs and several railway companies. The efforts of these organizations appear to have met with a considerable measure of success in spite of abnormally adverse condi- tions. Some 2,000 gallons of oil were applied and the results have been so encouraging that the work will be greatly extended next season. DR. WALKER—I would like to ask Mr. Hearle whether anything came of the experiment of introducing fish into the affected area. HEARLE—We introduced a shipment of Gambusia affinis which is supposed to be one of the best fish for mosquito control. Some of the fish were placed in warm sulphur water hoping that we should form a nucleus for spreading and we found them producing great numbers in this water. They seem to thrive excellently in any place where sulphur water occurs and the water remains warm. Large numbers were placed in lakes and we hoped the fish would increase sufficiently to spread over the breeding areas during flood time. Unfortunately it A po = 50 ‘THE REPORT OF THE has been impossible to revisit that section and see if these fish have actually become acclimatized in the open waters. We have never been able to find out if they have acclimatized themselves to the cold water. SPENCER—Has any study been made of the effect of this wholesale oiling on other insects that breed in pools? HEARLE—F rom casual observations we know that large numbers of certain insects are killed by oil but going over the area year after year we see no reduction in the insect fauna of that district. Large numbers of . dead insects are seen after oiling. KELSALL—What about the effect on wild ducks and other wild birds? HEARLE—We have not noticed any trouble in the Banff district and I have never run across that point. The large permanent areas of water which would naturally harbour the wild duck are not oiled. — It is just semi-permanent and temporary bodies of water we have to oil and we have never noticed any trouble there of that kind. FIELD CROP INSECT CONDITIONS IN SASKATCHEWAN, 1922-277 KENNETH M. KING, SASKATOON, SASK. — SUMMARY t A general survey is given of insect pests affecting Saskatchewan field crops. The average annual value of the production of such crops in this pro- vince approaches three hundred million dollars. During the six year period, considering the province as a whole, the major insect pests were (1) the western wheat-stem sawfly, (2) wireworm, (3) cutworms, and (4) grass- hoppers, listed in their estimated ranking from the viewpoint of crop losses which they caused. A total of more than nineteen million dollars is estimated as the crop loss caused by the major insect pests of 1926, the corresponding total for 1927 being less than half of that amount ; these figures probably represent the two extremes during the period. The area in which ‘‘commercial” damage by the wheat-stem sawtly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) occurs, has shown a considerable increase in recent years. The actual damage has varied markedly from year to year; a maximum occurred in 1926. Ludius aereipennis tinctus Lec. and Cry- ptohypnus nocturnus Esch. were the principal of several species of wire- worms involved in important annual destruction of crop. The red-backed cutworm, H'uxoa ochrogaster Gn. was the outstanding cutworm of econ- omic importance. This species caused important field-crop injury each year from 1923 to 1926, reaching a climax in 1925. From 1925 to 1927 the pale western cutworm, Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr. was destructive in southwestern and south central Saskatchewan, the latter area representing a marked extension of the economic range of the species. Grasshoppers were troublesome only during the first two of the six years under review. Several outbreaks of minor species occurred. Barathra configurata WIk., the “bertha” armyworm, was abundant in some part of the province each year since 1922, seriously injuring flax, sweet clover, alfalfa, cabbage and corn. In 1923 there was a rather local but severe outbreak of the northwest chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber, and in 1924 an outbreak of *Contribution from the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. prayie ; ee: The full statement has been submitted to Scientific Agriculture for publication. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 51 a ' the six-spotted leafhopper, Cicadula sexnotata Fall. The Hessian fly, _ Phytophaga destructor Say, was rather troublesome in some areas during _ several of the years, particularly 1927. During 1923, 1926 and 1927, the _ English grain aphid, Macrosiphum granarium Kby., was widespread and ' abundant during the late summer. __ A number of other insect species caused a relatively small amount of _ damage to field crops in various years, or aroused considerable interest _ because of their abundance in fields in crop. a = THE CORN BORER ACT IN OPERATION 4 PROF. L. CAESAR It is not my intention in this paper to discuss the Corn Borer Act itself nor the regulations under it but merely to give you a general idea of _ how the Act has worked, the difficulties met with, the results obtained and _ suggestions as to how the control operations may be improved. 2. AREA UNDER THE ACT THE FIRST YEAR The Act was put into operation for the first time in the fall of 1926. Only eight counties were put under it the first year. (Other counties had - the privilege of coming under if they wished but none did so.) The eight counties were Essex, Kent, Lambton, Elgin, Middlesex, Oxford, Norfolk and Prince Edward. Of these the first seven were the worst infested in “the province and formed a solid block, a very important fact as any work done in one county would thereby help another. Prince Edward was - included because it is a great canning corn centre, and, due to its position, _ largely isolated; so that it did not stand in much danger of being reinfested _ from its neighbors. The reason for not adding more counties was that it seemed wise to limit our work the first year, so that we might be able to concentrate our efforts better and gain the necessary experience to enable us to handle effectively larger areas later. > THE INSPECTORS The success of any Act depends of course largely upon the inspectors who enforce it; hence I took great pains to impress upon the county councils the necessity of appointing none but the best men available as inspectors. I am glad to say that they nearly all followed this advice and _we have about as good a set of inspectors as one could expect. _ Once the inspectors were appointed, the next step was to train them, first, by familiarizing them with the habits of the borers themselves and then by pointing out what seemed the best methods of performing their duties. Some of them, namely, the men from Norfolk, Oxford, Middlesex and Prince Edward had never seen a really badly injured field; so these, _along with the wardens of their respective counties, were brought to Kent County to see some of the devastated area and thus realize for themselves what a dangerous foe they were helping to combat. The inspectors began their work about the first of September. Most _ of their duties in the autumn were of an educative nature, namely; letting the farmers know that the Act was in operation in their respective coun- Ties, pointing out what it required of them and how they could with the least labor or trouble comply with its regulations. In this way and by ‘notices in the local press, by posters and by distributing copies of the Act aa | ; : % “J wee D2 THE REPORT OF THE itself, almost every corn grower in the eight counties was reached. In | this educative campaign the inspectors were assisted in various ways by the Dominion Entomological Branch, the Agricultural Representatives and by Mr. Marshall, my assistant, and myself. There is not time, however, to give details of how this was done. DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED | As the main work of enforcing the Act took place during the spring | naturally any difficulties that arose were during that period. One of the | greatest of these difficulties, or causes of difficulties encountered, was | that the excessively wet autumn in 1926 had made it impossible in most | cases to do any fall plowing of cornfields or even of other fields, hence | this made the farmers exceedingly busy in the spring and almost over-| worked. | A second difficulty was that it took a good deal of time and firmness | on the inspectors’ part, especially in some counties to get the farmers to grasp the fact that the Act was really going to be enforced. However most of them gradually did realize this and fell into line but in some instances an example had to be made of the most obstinate offenders by summoning > them before a magistrate and having them fined (I may add here that so far not a single case in court has been lost by us). A third difficulty was that in spite of the educational campaign many men through obstinacy or conceit or some other cause plowed their fields poorly or else dragged the stubble nearly all up when cultivating or sowing and then had to pick this off, usually by hand, and burn it. This they found a very hard job and one that they disliked greatly but it speaks well both for the inspectors and farmers that it was done as thoroughly as it. was. A fourth difficulty was that on the urgent request of many farmers, especially in Essex, Kent and Lambton, it was felt wise not to make plow- ing of all corn fields compulsory the first year but to give the men who objected to plowing the option of working their fields up with a disc, then sowing them and then picking off and burning the debris. In some cases, especially where the stubble was long or did not break off or pull up with a disc, the gathering of it was almost an impossible task and so consider- able leniency had to be shown. A fifth difficulty was that the regulations did not make very clear whether the inspector could compel a man to pick off and burn the dragged up stubble or other debris before May 20th. Hence quite a few persons kept putting off this work in a way that was annoying to the inspectors and that aroused criticism. This weakness in the regulations has now been remedied by an Order-in-Council which requires that such stubble and debris be gathered and burned within ten ete after it is dragged up or the crop is sown. ‘A sixth difficulty was that neither myself nor my assistant, Mr. Mar- shall, nor the inspectors had had enough experience to know the simplest or quickest way of cleaning up a field of standing corn or even of dealing with long stubble so as to make a thorough job of plowing and, where stubble was dragged up, we were not quite sure of the best method of gathering it. However, last spring’s experience has taught us a good deal about these points and we have also learned a lot from some experiments conducted this fall; so that next spring we shall be in a much better shape. to advise the farmers on these points. The last difficulty I shall mention is that the inspectors were under a handicap that most of them had had no experience in legal matters and so , gi » + ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 53 felt timid about prosecuting a man; in fact, in many cases prosecutions - should have taken place much earlier than they did and too many warnings were given. However, the inspectors have gained confidence and I think ' there will not be nearly the same amount of hesitation about such matters next year. In spite of all this and other difficulties or handicaps the clean-up, though in several counties far from perfect, was on the whole much better than I or anyone who knew the obstacles to be overcome had hoped for. - We were late, it is true, in getting it completed—about June 20th—hbut so far as I could discover every man in the eight counties made at least an _ effort to comply with the Act; in fact, I feel proud of the spirit shown by _ the great mass of the farmers, of the serious way the inspectors took their _ work and of the hearty assistance and encouragement given them by the local agricultural representatives. RESULTS OBTAINED It is impossible to give the exact results obtained in each county from the first year’s operation of the Corn Borer Act without having spent a great deal more time both in 1926 and 1927 in scouting and dissecting corn plants than was possible. Nevertheless I feel almost sure that the esti- mates given below are conservative. In Essex and Kent there was a decrease in the number of borers of at least 50%; in Elgin a decrease of 20%; in Norfolk a decrease of 30%; in Oxford a decrease of 20%; in Lambton an increase of at least 33%; in Middlesex an increase of probably 25%; in Prince Edward an increase of ~ probably 30%. Unfortunately it was difficult to estimate at all accurately the increases because these all took place in counties where very little sccuting had been done the previous year; hence the most I have done is to give rough ap- proximations. Much more data was available for the five counties in which the decreases took place. From the above it will be seen that in five of the counties there has ‘been an average decrease of about 33% and in the other three counties an increase of probably about the same proportions. The question then naturally arises—Why the decrease in the five coun- ties and the increase in the other three. It is impossible to answer defin- itely. I know however that for several reasons, which it is not necessary to go into, the clean-up work in the three counties was not so good as in the others; so this will partly account for the difference. Then, too, it is reasonable to suppose that there was a large migration of moths with the prevailing winds from Essex and Kent to Lambton and the west half of Middlesex, the part of that county in which the increase almost all took place. There is also a possibility that weather conditions in the two most southerly and so earliest counties, Essex and Kent, were less favorable to the borer than in the rest of the counties and so partly accounted for the decrease there. Our experiments in Lambton in larval mortality showed only a normal mortality there of 83%. Moreover there was no evidence that the life of the moths was shorter or that the number of eggs laid per female was fewer than usual. Hence the weather did not favor our work in Lambton and I doubt whether it did in Elgin, Norfolk or Oxford. INCREASE IN COUNTIES NoT UNDER THE ACT Once more our estimates are only rough approximations but there is very little doubt that they are too low rather than too high. M4 54 THE REPORT OF THE An examination of 40 representative fields in all parts of each of the following counties gave the present infestation: Haldimand 21.9%, Wel- land 41.1%, Wentworth 22.1%, Brant 15.6%. In Lincoln only 27 fields were scouted, all of them being in the part below the escarpment. These gave an average of 42.7%. The early fields in this area average 77.0%. ‘ The above figures show that Haldimand. (21.9%) and Wentworth | (22.1%) are now each twice as heavily infested as Norfolk (10.1%), | though last year not nearly so heavily; that Brant, in which there was | only a light infestation in 1926, has now an average of 15.6%, which is | approximately the same as in Oxford; and that Welland and half of Lin- | coln are now among the most heavily infested areas, having a higher per- centage than Elgin. Judging from what has happened in the above five | counties and what I saw in most other counties where the borer has been > present for some years I feel sure that in the parts of the province not under the Act the borer has increased at least 100%. | When we compare what took place in the eight counties under the Act | with what took place in the rest of the province and remember that it is possible to improve our methods and get a much better clean-up than last year we seem justified in feeling very hopeful of ultimate success in the control of this great pest. | OTHER COUNTIES BROUGHT UNDER THE ACT The great increase of the borer as revealed by scouting this fall made me feel it my duty to bring in much more territory than I had anticipated ; so the Act has now been made operative in all that part of the province south of a line from Goderich to about eight miles north of Toronto and also in an area about six miles wide all along Lake Ontario from Toronto to the east boundary of Hastings. IMPROVING THE CLEAN-UP METHODS If we are to continue growing corn we must not only have the Corn Borer Act well enforced but must at the same time make it easier for the farmer to comply with the Act. Otherwise they will give up’ corn and substitute for it sweet clover and alfalfa or some other crop. The most burdensome feature of the Act at present is the necessity in So many cases of a lot of picking off of stubble and debris after sowing the field in spring; so we must experiment and find out simple-and effective methods by which the farmers can so treat their stubble and plough and cultivate their fields that all corn remnants on them will remain completely buried. I am glad to say that a good program of such experimental work is now being carried out jointly by my assistant, Mr. James Marshall, and Mr. Crawford’s assistant, Mr. George Stirrett. Some results of real value have, I believe, already been obtained, though the work is not yet com- pleted. New implements or new attachments for old implements in addi- tion to those already devised will probably be invented soon in the United © States. Some of these will probably be adopted by a few of our growers but the majority will not buy any expensive new implement for corn alone, and so we must rely on simple home-made devices. Fortunately these seem likely to be sufficient for our purpose. I may say in conclusion that there are some other aspects of the work | under the Corn Borer Act to which I should have liked to call your attention, and also to mention some further lines of investigation which seem to me necessary, but there is not time to do so. -) rs eee Oe a ue ; = ue ~ he Fe ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 5d PARASITES OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER _ OD. W. JONES, ASSOCIATE ENTOMOLOGIST, ARLINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS Parasite work on the European corn borer has developed in a very : healthy manner since Dr. Howard instigated the work late in 1919. In the time alloted I will attempt to give the outstanding points concerning _ the six imported species which we feel are firmly established. Masicera senilis Rond. is one of the tachinids and approximately 15,000 _ have been liberated. Recoveries have been made at many points in Massa- -chusetts where material has been in the field for several years. No re- _ coveries can be expected from the recent western liberations as yet. This tachind deposits living maggots on the food plant near the corn borer. The maggot locates and enters its host and lives within the live borer. It spends the winter in this way and kills the host usually just before pupa- tion. One or two generations occur depending on host development. Phaeogenes planifrons Wesm. is our one pupal parasite. Approximately 20,000 have been liberated and recoveries made in Massachusetts. The female oviposits in the corn borer chrysalid or pupa, entering the tunnels to doso. It shortly emerges as an adult, mates and the females live until pupae are available the zollow ne year. This species is especially numer- _ ous in Italy. Kulimneria crassifemur Thom. is a true larval parasite. About 35,000 specimens have been liberated in widely separated areas, and many re- _coveries have been made in Massachusetts and one isolated case in Michi- gan. This species deposits eggs inside small second instar borers and the host is killed in the fifth instar at the approach of cold weather. A tough cocoon is formed near the host remains and the parasite passes the winter - inside, emerging in the spring. -This species is apparently most valuable in an area where the borer and parasite both have two generations, but it is present in areas where only one generation is possible. Dioctes punctoria Roman, is very similar to Hulimneria, except that it hibernates inside the host larva and in Europe is most valuable in a more southerly range. Some 9,000 have been liberated and it shows up nicely in Massachusetts. : Microgaster tibialis Nees. is especially valuable in Northern France, is doing well in Massachusetts and has been recovered in Ohio. Approxi- mately 150,000 have been liberated. The female lays eggs within the ‘second instar borers and the host is killed late in the fourth instar. Hiber- nation takes place within a tough cocoon in the tunnel where the host was killed. The number of generations is apparently dependent on the host development. Exeristes roborator Fab. This large hymenopteron is one of the ex- ternal feeding parasites with which you are especially familiar. We have _ liberated approximately 150,000 and the Chatham laboratory has exceeded this number. This species has been recovered in small numbers at almost every one of the widely spaced liberation points. These are the oustanding points concerning the six established species. Six more have been liberated, Zenillia roseanae B. and B., Microbracon 56 THE REPORT OF THE brevicornis Wesm., Apanteles thompsoni Lyle, Macrocentrus abdominalis Fab., and two species of the genus Campoplex. Our climate and type of agriculture may prevent some from ever becoming of economic help, but most of these last mentioned species have been liberated for too short a time to expect results as yet. I must emphasize that apparently less important species may become of major importance in certain areas and in certain seasons. Microbracon has been of extremely great importance in Hungary this season, yet we apparently do not have the same ideal conditions during the critical hiber- nation period. Apanteles is of wonderful value in northeastern France. It remains to be seen whether our climate will furnish as ideal conditions at the critical point in Apanteles life history, which is not in the hiberna- tion period at all but during the short period they spend in their cocoons when moisture is very essential. We wish to emphasize the wonderful cooperative spirit which has de- veloped in corn borer parasite work between the United States and Canada. We will do everything in our power to foster and encourage this coopera- tion. THE SPREAD AND DEGREE OF INFESTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER IN CANADA, 1927 W. N. KEENAN, DIVISION OF FOREIGN PESTS SUPPRESSION, OTTAWA _ Records concerning the progress of the European corn borer in Canada have been presented at the annual meetings of this Society since 1920. Each season we have noted advancement of the pest to new districts and in general the degree of infestation in the earlier infested areas has steadily increased. In 1927 further spread was discovered by our scouting staff and, as a result of the special investigations regarding the degree of infestation, there is an encouraging report at last. Reductions were noted in several of the areas in southwestern Ontario where compulsory control was enforced under the direction of the Provincial Entomologist during 1926-1927. Annual Spread—It may be mentioned that the corn borer is believed to have become established in Elgin County in 1910, but was not discovered until 1920, when nearly three thousand square miles were found infested. The infested area has extended each year and at the end of the scouting ~ season in 1926 the area known to be infested comprised all farming sec- tions of Ontario south of a line from Renfrew to Bruce County as well as an apparent local outbreak in the vicinity of North Bay. In addition, infestations were discovered in the Province of Quebec in three townships opposite Ottawa and in the Counties of Chateauguay, Huntingdon and St. Johns. In view of the discovery of the outbreak in the vicinity of North Bay, the fact that corn is not an important crop in the northern districts of Ontario, and the difficulty of enforcing a quaratine prohibiting the move- ment of corn to these districts, it was decided to extend the quarantine to include the northern Ontario areas. Through the revision of the quaran- ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tea tine in April 1927, the area was extended to include the districts of Timis- _kaming, Sudbury, Nipissing, Parry Sound and all territory located east and south of same in the Province of Ontario, excepting Manitoulin dis- trict, as well as the areas in Quebec which were found infested in 1926. + The Counties of Elgin, Middlesex, Kent, Essex and Lambton remained under double quarantine. In 1927 further scouting was carried on by the Federal staff in the _ Province of Ontario and also in the Province of Quebec in cooperation with “the Provincial Entomologist. The results show a continued spread to new districts, as a total of sixty-two collections were made, of which fifty-nine were in districts not previously found infested. The following is a state- ment of the new areas infested: ONTARIO—Nine townships in Algoma district, fourteen townships in Manitoulin, three in Muskoka, four in Nipissing, three in Parry Sound, one in Sudbury and two in Timiskaming district. QUEBEC—In the following number of parishes or townships in the counties stated: Argenteuil (1), Beauharnois (1), Champlain (1), Hull (2), Jacques Cartier (3), L’Assomption (2), Laval (1), Missisquoi (2), Napierville (2), Nicolet (1), Papineau (3), Pontiac (7), St. Johns (1), Two Mountains (1) and Vaudreuil (1). In regard to the 1927 discoveries, it may be pointed out that the most eastern record was located near the village of Batiscan on the St. Lawrence River in Champlain County, Quebec; the most northern at New Liskeard ‘in the district of Timiskaming and the most western in the township of St. Joseph in St. Joseph’s Island, Algoma district, which is approximately fifteen miles east of the city of Sault Ste. Marie. Thus the distribution of the European corn borer extends from east to west, in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, for a distance of 575 miles, while in the former province its north to south distribution covers a distance of 385 miles. DEGREE OF INFESTATION IN INFESTED TERRITORY In the districts found infested this year corn borer collections were made, in most cases, only after careful search and in a great many town- Ships the inspectors were unable to discover outbreaks. On Manitoulin Island, however, the corn borer was noted in practically every field visited. These observations would suggest that the rate of increase on the island should be very carefully watched. In the newly infested area in Quebec Province infestations were dis- _ covered with the least difficulty in Jacques Cartier County. As table corn is grown in large quantities in this and Laval County, annual increases may be expected unless control measures are carefully applied. In the areas in southern Ontario which have been infested for some ‘years, observation points were established to record the annual degree of infestation. The work was first undertaken in 1923 and with the exten- Sion of the seriously infested territory, points were established in addi- tional counties; this necessitated a reduction of points in the areas or- iginally under special observation. The report of this Society for 1926 includes a summary of the records for each season since the work was started and the following table is a summary of the 1927 conditions as compared with those of 1926: 58 THE REPORT OF THE SUMMARY OF CORN BORER INFESTATION RECORDS, 1927 Percent. Stalk Infestation Total No. | Of Fields Area High Low Average Exam. 1926 | 1927 |. 1926 | 1927.) 1926 | 1927s Stepney, Circle Noi, 26-8 miles) 2 ee. ‘fds 76 8 4 31 40 30 30 “Sat CRO MOLIOS i... Ops ca cde we Oe 100 1 D 39 AO 50 43 - rosee3” (@Omiiles) se vaee Om 82 2 0 29 26 eo 57 Brant Countysers3 8 eee 21 67 2 2 10 43 5 5 DurhanmsGoumby 22. ee oe at 8 ts 3 6 5 Essex County (80- 100 miles)...... 100 100 14 “6 83 43 74 if Frontenac County en ak 20 4.44 1 5 0 AG 2 3 5 o8 Grenville(County. = 3. 2 ae As .6 A 0 Al ae 5 HaldimandiGounty.. =... seek 8 5a 1 5 4 16 10 10 Halton Countyasiintir . 2 awe oe se 10 Hie 2 7 < 4 Hastings oo Ne aaa Meare si 2 19 0 7 7 15 D D Huron TaN nnn: Ur serene ceteeaee 21 30 5 6 11 14 5 oi Kent Gente ny oa ba eg ree 100 94 fi 2 78 45 25 24 Lambton EMH AMO, SMR RAL ac 79 86 5 1 34 34 25 18 Leeds CRONE SIRS mn Wee bate a 1 2 0 0 2 ah 5 5 Lennox & Addington County..... 2 5) 0 ie 4 2) 5 5 Dincoln®) sGoumityae : eee sae 23 67 ab 7 D 29 «15 15 Middlesex OnE! Nae) eee ere 54 73 5) 5 28 44 10 9 Norfolk agers Mel Bes Tak kale 17 5S io 8 9 23 5 5 Northumberland County........ 2, 20 0 2 6 9 10 10 Ontario County cx Ce a) ee eee af 47 us 9 21 Es ) OxPOrd * ie oe Gee eae oe oe PA} 56 4 2 14 18 1 13 Peel tae 53 sack Reig ee er be 10 be .6 4 i 4 Prince Edward County (215 mil es) 10 48 0 5 2 15 ao 33, Welland, @oumtys... 3.7 S is 64 100 26 6 2a 43 45 45 Wentworth County gh Meee aD eee eee 3 89 2 = 2 De 5 5 AOE ork, She oe ener anes ts Zi a 1 5 ah 5 *NOTE: Mileage stated peur eels distance from Union Village, the original centre of the infestation. Welland County first found infested in 1920 and apparently a separate outbreak. In addition to the above records, examinations were carried on in 1927 at points in the Counties of Carleton, Dundas, Prescott, Russell and Stor- mont which were known to be infested; but, as the three hundred stalks examined in the various fields did not show any infestation, these counties have been omitted in the preceding table. However, in several of the fields in these counties, with the exception of Prescott, infested stalks were found in carrying on a general examination, but were not encountered in | the standard inspection. As asummary of the preceding records it is pointed out that the degree of infestation at the points in circle No. 1 increased from 31 per cent. to 40 per cent. stalk infestation or 29 per cent. actual increase; Circle No. 2 increased about three per cent; Circle No. 3 decreased 11 per cent.; the single point in Brant county increased 330 per cent. ; in Essex County there | | was a decrease of 49 per cent.; Haldimand County increased 300 per cent. ; Hastings County increased at the single point by 2,000 per cent., although the average stalk infestation was only 15 per cent.; one point in Huron County shows an increase of 27 per cent.; Kent County has decreased 43 | ) per cent.; Lambton County, at our five points, remained the same as last year although increases were noted in other parts: of the county. In the Niagara peninsula a marked increase was noted in Lincoln County, the average stalk infestation at the three points examined being 29 per cent. as compared with 5 per cent. last year. Welland County increased also, at the rate of 86 per cent. and Wentworth County by 1,000 per cent. at the || ; single observation point. ) — re —-— ae; - a. — ae ee igs ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 59 In regard to Middlesex County the records at our point in the north- western section show an increase of 57 per cent.; but, considering the records of the concentric points in that county, as included in the sum- maries of Circles No. 2 and 3, the average stalk infestation is only 34 per cent. as compared with 33 for last year. At the five established points in Norfolk County the records for this year show an increase of 110 per cent., this year’s average being 25 per cent. stalk infestation as compared with 11.8 per cent in 1926. Oxford County records at seven points show _ a decrease from 25.1 to 24.4 per cent. stalk infestation. In connection with the records in Prince Edward County it is interesting to note a further increase of the pest as records of 35 fields at the seven observation points _ show an increase in the average stalk infestation of from 2 to 15 per cent. or 650 per cent. actual increase. — A review of the 1927 situation, with those of the last four years in mind, indicates that the European corn borer will continue to spread to new districts and that in a great part of the territory, as yet lightly in- fested, it threatens to increase in abundance to a point where it will be of economic importance. Every indication points to the absolute necessity of -amost careful application of control methods. ¥ a CAESAR—I presume that the figures given by Mr. Keenan are based solely upon the infestation records made by his inspectors and that no con- sideration was taken of the reduction in acreage of corn. If the latter is taken into account for Essex, Kent and Elgin he would estimate the decrease as greater than I have reported. KEENAN—I might explain in this connection that these points were chosen five years ago and have been used each year. Our policy was to include only fields located within one-half mile of the point and this year at several of these there was not any corn and so records for these do not appear in the county or locality concerned. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF APHODIUS PARDALIS LEC. AS A PEST OF LAWNS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA W. DOWNES, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VICTORIA, B. C. In April, 1925, I received a complaint from the Powell River Pulp Company that numbers of small white grubs were seriously injuring the bowling green maintained by the company. A few of the grubs were received and were found to be larvae of a small scarab beetle. The mature larvae are about ten millimeters in length, when extended. It was at first thought that this was some species of Anomala and indeed the description of the injury gave color to that belief. The sod was said to be cut evenly about three fourths of an inch below the surface resulting in it turning brown and dying in large patches. Adults were reared from the larvae ‘first received and the species was definitely identified by Mr. W. J. Brown, Coleopterist, Division of Systematic Entomology, Ottawa, as Aphodius pardalis Lec. In the spring of 1926 more of the grubs and a section of the sod stripped by them were received from Mr. Gretton, the gardener of the Powell River Company. The sod was, as before, cut off evenly a short distance below the surface and could be rolled up like a earpet. Adults were again reared from these larvae. In October a per- sonal study was made of the situation at Powell River. The sod was taken up and the soil examined to the depth of eight inches. No young larvae ee $ on 60 THE REPORT OF THE were found but a large number of adult females were collected from two to two and one-half inches below the surface. Although eggs were not found they were evidently present, for the sod, after being thoroughly ex- amined indoors and all adults removed, was taken to Victoria and there placed in a soil box out of doors. In the following’ spring larvae were ‘ found to be present in considerable numbers and, at the end of April, these were half grown. Early in May a visit was paid to Powell River and the sod examined. Larvae of varying ages were found, the majority being _ nearly full grown, but some not more than two or three millimeters in © length. In 1927 the injury appeared to be diminishing for not nearly so many larvae were present as in former years and no stripping of the turf occurred. | Aphodius pardalis is a very common species on the Pacific Coast. At Victoria, during warm days in September and October, the beetles are on the wing in great numbers and a long series can usually be obtained in a few minutes. The larvae are common at the roots of grass and I found many, in May of this year, under stones lying in moist grassy places. — Pupation occurs in June and the adults emerge in July and August. Although a common species on the Pacific Coast no previous case has — ever been known of its causing damage to lawns and it is apparent that there must be some special reason for its destructiveness at Powell River. Powell River is a town of 4,000 people, the majority of whom are em- ployees of the pulp company, one of the largest concerns of its kind on the coast. It is an isolated, out-of-the-way spot, about one hundred miles north of Vancouver, and the company has established a bowling green and golf course for the benefit of the residents. The surrounding country is hilly and at one time was covered with heavy bush which has since been logged off. Subsequent fires have reduced it to a wilderness of stumps, burning out what little soil there was and leaving only sand and gravel; this sup- ports only a few weeds, with patches of stunted Berberis and Gaultheria. Wherever the soil is a little better a dense growth of alder has taken the place of the original bush. Except in moist pockets the soil is nowhere more than two or three inches deep and of a light sandy nature. Soil was brought from the neighboring hillside to make the golf course and bowling green and these two places, with the exception of a few small lawns in the town, are the only spots that would provide a breeding ground for Apho- dius. During the years that trouble has been experienced from this species the seasons have been exceptionally dry, and as the larvae require a rather moist situation, the beetles would tend to concentrate on the well-watered golf greens and bowling green rather than on the drier fairways and hill- sides. These conditions may possibly explain the unusual destructiveness of the beetles at Powell River. Although several insecticides have been employed, a _ satisfactory method of control has not yet been obtained. As to means of control, we experimented this year with carbon bisulphide-soap emulsion as used with success in Connecticut, against Anomala orientalis. The results obtained were very poor, not more than 50 per cent. kill being obtained after an | interval of four days, using a strength of 3 oz. of emulsion to 3 gallons of water. In addition, considerable burning occurred, due probably to the effect of hot sunshine the day following, but the grass recovered after a few days. The larvae were nearly all within one inch of the surface of the soil and varied in development from one quarter grown to nearly full | grown. Probably better results could have been obtained earlier in the season with less likelihood of burning. Applications of Du Pont “Seme- san” (Hydroxymercurichlorophenol) at the rate of 1 part to 400 parts of — % ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 61 water were also made in 1926, and the sod still smelt strongly of it in May, 1927, but the treatment appeared to:have little effect upon mature larvae, as the majority were alive.. The smell of phenol is, however, very: persis- tent and it is suggested that liquid applications of this material in the fall = : might have a deterrent effect upon the adults. a THE HABITS OF THE ONION MAGGOT FLIES (Hylemyia antiqua Meigen) ALEX D. BAKER, M.Sc., DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. INTRODUCTION The onion maggot may claim the doubtful honor of being one of the most important insect pests in Canada. It is to be found from coast to t Figure 1.—Section of an onion field where maggot infestation was very heavy. This field had been top-dressed with manure, plowed, ani then harrowed, previous to the sowing of the crop. coast in this country and is only too well known in the United States. The onion growers in the Province of Quebec find in it a continual source of worry and in some years very severe losses to seedling onions are reported. In other years the injury may be comparatively slight, but the grower who has once experienced losses from this source seldom feels safe thereafter. Considerable attention, more particularly in late years, has been given to this pest both in Canada and the United States. The writer has been engaged in the study of this insect at Macdonald College for several years. It is in regard to one phase of that work, that given in the title of this paper, that he wishes to draw your attention. Sufficient attention has not been given to this phase in the past. This paper is intended solely in the nature of a summary of some of the work done along this line and in consequence experimental proof will be largely omitted. 62 THE REPORT OF THE FooD PLANTS It is the feeding of the larvae of the onion maggot that renders the © insect injurious. In conséquence the food habits of the insect at this stage are well known; but what of the food habits of the adult flies? To what . extent can they obtain nourishment from the onion plant? Could they find sufficient food for their sustenance in a cleanly cultivated field of onions? | The onion maggot fly feeds on the onion plant to a very slight extent only, principally on small drops of moisture etc., adhering to the foliage. | In cage experiments it was found impossible to keep the flies alive where they had access to healthy potted onion plants only. The flies died within a short time. The soil around the plants was kept damp, but while the water thus made available to the flies served to prolong life slightly, the | flies very apparently required something more for their sustenance than that provided. Petri dishes containing water-saturated manure were tried | but no marked lengthening of life was observed. By introducing sugar or — molasses solution into the cages it was found that the flies fed readily, egg laying was induced and the flies were kept alive in captivity for con- siderable periods. However, under natural conditions, the latter materials are not normally available for the flies. On what, then, do they feed? A cleanly cultivated field of onions, in itself, will not supply the necessary food materials for the support of the onion flies for any appreciable length of time. This is more particularly true under dry weather conditions. Flowering plants are sought by the onion maggot flies for food. The range of bloom they will visit is very large, but in general, the smaller flowers are those most frequently visited. This is generally true of most flower-visiting Diptera. However, of all the flowers visited the most sought after by the onion maggot flies is the common dandelion flower (Taraxa- cum officinale). This was first pointed out by the writer some three years ago and has since been confirmed by ample experimentation. Introduce a mixed bouquet of flowers into an experimental fly cage. If dandelion blooms are included in the bouquet the preference (?) of the flies is soon apparent. Outdoors the flies have frequently been observed feeding on these blooms in the vicinity of onion fields. At Macdonald College the most successful rearing of these flies has been accomplished by keeping cages supplied with fresh dandelion blooms. No other food was necessary and the flies laid freely when onion plants were introduced. To date we have no evidence, however, that the onion maggot breeds on the dandelion. Apparently this flower is a food plant for the adults alone. The writer has been able to formulate quite a strong case against the dandelion. Besides being the most important food plant of the onion-fly it is also visited by the flies of the cabbage maggot (Hylemyia brassicae Bouche), the beet leaf miner (Pegomyia hyoscyami Panzer), etc. The importance of trying to control the blooming of this weed thus becomes obvious. INDEX TO TIME OF EMERGENCE OF BROODS In Canada there are two full generations of these flies every year and | at least a partial third. From the standpoint of the onion grower the most important generation is the first. This is the generation that does by far the greater damage. The dates of emergence of the various broods vary from one year to another, depending largely on weather conditions. Further, one brood overlaps another. The time of emergence of the first brood, and, to a lesser degree, the second brood are of considerable interest to the onion grower. Calendar dates are not reliable. If the flies appear on May 15th this year it does not necessarily mean that they will appear | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 63 E = %. on that date next year. They may appear on the Ist or again not until the 20th. Our most efficent control measures are directed against the flies and eggs. It is essential, therefore, that we know, at. least, when the flies are likely to emerge and egg laying commences. Direct observation in the | onion field should reveal the eggs but the flies may have been active for * some time before the eggs are noticed. They have a pre-oviposition period of from 10 to 14 days. s In the control of insects in our orchards we are no longer governed to _ any great extent-by calendar dates. We take the stage of growth of the tree, i.e. the food plant, as an index. Our sprays have been given names _according to the stage of seasonal development the tree has reached at the time they are applied. Hence such names as “Pink Spray”, “Green Tip ; Spray”, “Calyx Spray’, etc. The stage of growth of the food plant of an t Figure 2.—A parallel section of that shown in Figure 1, of the same . field. Maggot infestation was very light. The soil had received F essentially the same treatment as that shown in Figure 1, but (owing to lack of time), had not been plowed. As a result the added organic matter was left in the upper layers of the soil. insect is a more reliable index of the development of that insect than a calendar date. On an average, physiological activity in plants and repro- ductive activity in animals begin at approximately the same point. Merri- man let 6 degrees C (or 43 degrees F) represent this point which he took as a basis for his laws of temperature control of the geographic distribu- ‘tion of animals and plants. Not only is the dandelion a favored flower of the onion flies but the ‘Succeeding crops of dandelion flowers are roughly co-incident with the occurrence of at least the first two broods of flies. When the dandelions ‘are in bloom the flies are out. The dandelion’s flowering periods are par- ‘ticularly well adapted to the needs of the flies. In the spring of the year ‘start your control measures when the dandelion flowers appear. You are 64 | THE REPORT OF THE. more likely to have your baits, etc., in the onion field at the right time. While this rule cannot necessarily be a rigid one it should be found better than using the calendar as a guide. REACTIONS TO STORMS Where do the flies go on wet days? In seeking an answer to this | question some interesting points arose. I think the majority of us imagine | or presume that most insects “hide” in wet weather, under foliage, in. crevices, under rubbish, etc. There is no doubt that a great many insects | do this. Accordingly the writer spent some time making inspections of | sheltering foliage, etc., in wet weather. Under leaves was thought to be a likely place, but results there were practically negative. Water tends to gather under small objects of this kind and the flies would stand a good chance of becoming submerged if they sought this shelter. Try to “wet” an onion-maggot fly with water. It will be found quite difficult. Put the flies in a phial of water and shake them. The water rolls off them as it would off the proverbial duck’s back. Water is not very injurious to these flies in itself, so long as it is free to run off the insect’s body. In the spring it was quite a common sight to see these flies perched motionless on top of the dandelion flowers. In such a position the chances of submersion are small. The flower acts like a gridiron and carried the water off from under the fly. The flies’ object is apparently that of finding a well-drained resting ground wherever it can. In addi- tion, of course, completely sheltered situations are undoubtedly sought by the flies, particularly during heavy driving rains. CHEMOTROPIC RESPONSES Touch a fly with oil and see how quickly it “takes” on its body. Cedar oil is particularly effective and the fly dies shortly afterwards. The body of the fly takes the oil up like a piece of blotting paper. Generally speak- ing, oils tend to act as repellents to the flies. Cedar oil on the onion plant would very likely prove an effective protector of the onion, but unfortun- ately it kills the plant. Paint the stem of a healthy onion plant with 4 camel’s hair brush dipped in cedar oil. The plant will have fallen over at the treated point by the next day or thereabouts. This is unfortunate because the oil is effective against the eggs as well. Oils used in baits usually act as repellents, at least they do not attract. Flint and Compton in Illinois claim satisfactory results from the use of a Bordeaux oil emulsion spray. In view of the above this mixture seems a very reasonable one and is one that the writer tried out this year at Mr. McEvoy’s truck garden at Rosemount. The activity of the flies is greatest on bright, warm days. During such weather they are attracted to moisture. Molasses and other sweetish substances appear to add to the attractiveness of the water. Such know- ledge has been made use of in various poisoned baits. We endeavor to attract the flies with some favorable bait, to which we have added a poison that will not diminish the attractiveness too much. Considerable work has been done at Macdonald College to determine the chemotropic responses of the flies and find the most suitable lethal agent. These results will be published shortly. = TYPES OF SOIL WHERE INFESTATIONS ARE Most ABUNDANT In conversation with onion growers the writer was impressed by the frequency of the remarks made by them in reference to an apparent pre- § ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 65 ference of the onion maggot fon certain fields or parts of fields of their A farms. Certain areas were said to be “bad” for maggots. In another field _a short distance off maggot trouble might be reported as negligible. In addition it was noted that infestations were very often “‘patchy”, and on > consulting the grower one is often told that the “pattern” of infested areas, so far as he remembered, was frequently the same in successive years. _ The thought therefore suggested itself to the writer that the adult flies ‘ have a certain preference in the selection of soils for oviposition. : The season of 1924 was a comparatively light one as far as maggot Be of onions was concerned, but satisfactory conditions (from an entomological standpoint) existed on the farm of Mr. McEvoy at Rose- mount, Montreal. In the taking of soil samples, considerable care had to - be observed that smut injury should not be mistaken for maggot injury. a ca hi cliiaa ait + seks 7 Figure 3—A field that has never shown any appreciable maggot in- : jury although onions had been grown here for several years. Part of the same farm as the field shown in Figures 1 and 2. Showed a high percentage of combustible matter in the upper layers. ( Smut was quite prevalent in some fields but where soil samples were _ taken, which were classed as infested types, care was taken to note the ‘actual presence of the maggots so as to eliminate as far as possibile any chance of confusion with smut injury. All samples were taken on the ‘same afternoon, ie., July 23, 1924. As the attracting or repelling prin- eiple (if any) would be located in the upper layers of the soil, the samples ‘were not taken from a depth below four inches. The majority of the ‘Maggots would also be found above this depth normally. A physical analy- ‘sis of all samples, both infested and uninfested, was made according to the ‘method outlined in Chapter VI in “Soils” by Lyon, Fippin and Buckman. ‘The various Sept Co a were named according to the U.S. Bureau of Soils dlassification. ae 66 | THE REPORT OF THE The average percentage of sand, silt and clay for infested and unin- fested soils were as follows: Uninfested Infested Sando. ali eee 716.671% 79.017% Siltse. be Ve eee ee 16.296% 13.835% Gla cscccccccl: eee hee eee 7.024% 7.145% From the above the writer concluded that as yet we are unjustified in | supposing that any predominance in any one separate or group of separ- | ates, such as would occur in fields suitable for the growth of onions, would | be an important factor in rendering a field more dangerous from possible onion maggot infestation. Figures for the finer sand separates were also — obtained from several _representative samples. The results were such that © the writer did not feel warranted in carrying the other soil samples further | through the somewhat tedious process. | Tests to determine the degree of acidity of uninfested and infested soils | gave the following averages: | Average pH for uninfested Soils...................0:0eeeees 6.8 Average pH for infested SOils................cccecccssesseeees 6.825 When the orginal samples were tested for the percentage of combustible matter some interesting results were obtained. The average percentages for infested and uninfested soils were as follows: Uninfested, 12.09%; in- fested, 8.07%. | : Of the samples taken no uninfested soil had a percentage of combus- | tible matter as low as the average for infested soils and no infested soil had a percentage as high as the average for uninfested soils. During the summers of the following years soil samples from other localities were taken as time and opportunity permitted and tested for | percentage of combustible matter. In a few instances the earlier findings did not hold true. Briefly, it would appear that the different degrees in | infestation which are very frequently found between fields having a high, | as opposed to a low, percentage of combustible matter in the upper layers, is due, not so much to an attractive principle to the flies for oviposition but rather to conditions being more suitable for the development of their natural enemies in some soils than others. I refer particularly to the staphylinid parasite and predator Baryodma ontarionis Casey. OTHER RESPONSES It has been frequently suggested that the onion maggot fly feeds on manure. It is true that they are very often to be seen in the vicinity of manure piles, particularly in the spring. It is noteworthy that this phen- omenon is most noticeable on cool spring days. The response is most prob- ably a thermotropic rather than a chemotropic one. As already pointed out these flies can not be successfully raised on a manure diet. In fact 9 caged flies are not markedly attracted to manure. In such cases as did | occur attraction was more probably a hydrotropic response. The onion flies seek moisture on warm days wherever it may be found, on. the onion plant itself, from the soil, from manure or open puddles. Un- doubtedly some food material must be taken: into the insect’s body in solu- §, tion during these activities but not in sufficient quantities to meet body | requirements, nor of such a quality or quantity as to induce egg laying. The positive heliotropic response of the flies, as is pretty well known, is very marked. After dusk, activity practically ceases. The brighter the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 67 day, the greater the activity. Light of low intensity has but little effect. Bright sunshine and warmth induce the greatest activity. Under such conditions moisture attracts the flies readily. Light, warmth, and mois- ture would appear to be the three most important stimuli during a con- siderable proportion of the life of the flies. _ DustTAN—I would like to ask Mr. Baker if he has not found infestations lighter in clay soils than in sandy soils in St. Anne district? BAKER—The infestations were usually heavier in sandy soils; where you would not find a high percentage of combustible material. The onion maggot lays its eggs where it finds the onion without reference to the kind of soil. Conditions for the development of the maggots are more favorable in one soil than the other. ANDERSON—Have you been dealing with field sown onion or those trans- planted ? _ BAKER—PrYractically all fields are sown and later thinned. THE CANADIAN INSECT PEST SURVEY C. R. TWINN, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA The study of economic entomology in Canada is a comparatively recent one, and there are few authentic records of insect occurrence dating back more than seventy years. One of the earliest Canadian publications con- taining such records is ‘‘The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist,” the first volume of which appeared in 1856. This was followed by “Le Naturaliste Canadien” in 1868, the “Canadian Entomologist” in 1869 and the first annual report of the “Entomological Society of Ontario” in 1870. In more recent times many other Canadian publications containing articles on ento- mology have appeared, but the data obtainable from these various sources, although valuable is, however, largely scattered and, during the past, in order to secure accurate and complete information on any one species it has been necessary to search laboriously through a great deal of literature. In a considerable number of cases, too, these data are lamentably incom- plete as entomological workers have been few in number and the territory | involved extremely large, consisting, as it does, of nearly three and three- quarter million square miles, embracing widely varying conditions in environment, topography and climate. In order to successfully promote the war against our numerous insect enemies, it is essential that we have as complete information as possible concerning their distribution, food Bec cnces, seasonal abundance, etc., arranged in a readily accessible orm. With the object in view of supplying this service, the Canadian Insect Pest Survey was first organized in the autumn of 1922, under the direction of the late Mr. R. C. Treherne.* The aim of this survey is to provide a ' complete, accurate and growing record of the occurrence, distribution, sea- sonal prevalence, food habits and natural enemies of our economic insect fauna, and to assemble together current entomological data throughout the _Dominion, in order to make it immediately available to workers in the ‘field, so that they may be kept adequately posted as to entomological de- ‘ velopments outside of their own circumscribed areas, thus developing unity ‘and continuity to their individual efforts. _ As the data accumulated by the survey improve in quality and quantity | it may eventually become possible, by correlating these data with a study *Obit., June 7, 1924. 68 THE REPORT OF THE of the conditions governing insect abundance, to forecast outbreaks of certain species with some degree of accuracy. Entomological forecasting is already being done in a modest way by field officers familiar with local conditions, but more ambitious aims are precluded from realization for some time to come, owing to the comparatively small number of entomo- logical workers engaged, the vastness of the field in which they work, and the large number of species involved which claim their attention. The Insect Pest Survey may be conveniently discussed under two head- ings, namely, the Insect Pest Record and the Insect Pest Review. The Insect Pest Record is a card index system consisting of 5” x 8” cards on which are typed all available data of the kind enumerated above, culled from publications, reports, correspondence, etc. ‘These cards are filed | alphabetically under the specific name of the insect concerned and bear the date and reference to the authority and source from which the infor- mation was secured. Under each species a card is also filed containing a list of the various predacious and parasitic insects reported attacking that species, and, in the case of animal and vegetable parasites and predators. __ reference is made to a separate file in which records of these latter are kept. At the present time, although the Record is far from complete, the majority of the reports and proceedings of our various entomological societies have been carefully reviewed and, in addition, many records added from our current survey work. The Record has already proved very useful, consisting as it does of more than 10,000 records concerning over 2,000 injurious species of in- sects, but there is a great deal of work yet to be done, and its full value will only be realized when it is nearing completion. When brought up-to- date the Record will not only be of great practical value, but will also fur- nish a detailed historical record of each of the species comprising our extensive injurious insect fauna. : The Insect Pest Review is a mimeographed publication which has been issued from Ottawa at monthly intervals from April to October since the spring of 1923. The object of the Review is to keep entomological workers adequately informed of the current entomological situation throughout the Dominion and, as each volume is well indexed, to serve as a valuable record for future reference. Previous to 1923, there was no way in which entom- ologists could acquaint themselves with current entomological develop- ments outside of their own limited region, except through the medium of correspondence, as published data do not usually appear until several months after the reported happenings have actually occurred. The Insect Pest Review by assembling data on current insect conditions from its col- laboraters throughout the Dominion, is able to keep field workers ade- quately informed of the distribution, spread and seasonal fluctuations of well established pests and the introduction and spread of new ones. In addition, thanks to the courtesy of Mr. J. A. Hyslop, of the United States Insect Pest Survey, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., a monthly summary of outstanding entomological features in the United — States is also included, thus enabling our entomological workers to secure | an adequate conception of insect conditions in the adjacent territories to the south. Another feature of the Review consists of monthly summaries of weather conditions throughout Canada compiled from data published by © the Dominion Meteorological Service. The five volumes of the Review already issued consists of 356 pages, each volume containing an average of more than 500 individual records concerning about 250 species of insects. Had it not been for the Insect Pest Review many of these records would probably have been lost sight of, 9. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 69 as in the ordinary course of events only a small proportion would have been published. During the past, the entomological data published in the Review have been largely contributed by the field officers of the Entomological Branch working in the various provinces, but a few notes have also been received from provincial entomologists and certain members of the entomological teaching staffs of the provincial colleges and universities. It is hoped to develop this co-operative service more fully in the future, and in this con- _ nection, accurate observations on insects are welcomed from entomological workers and naturalists throughout Canada. EFFECT OF CALCIUM ARSENATE ON FOREST TREES A. KELSALL AND J. P. SPITTALL, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, N.S. In view of the recent attempts to control insect pests on various trees by means of arsenicals and the probable further developments in this direction, it was decided, at the request of Dr. J. M. Swaine, Associate Dominion Entomologist, to try the effect of calcium arsenate both in spray and dust form on a number of different species of forest trees. While lead arsenate has generally been used with safety, it is more expensive and in some districts not so easily obtained as calcium arsenate. In controlling insect pests in forests it is inevitable that large amounts of material will _ have to be used, and if a material only a little cheaper than lead arsenate can be utilized it would result in a considerable saving. This experiment does not deal with pest control, but relates entirely to the tolerance of the respective trees to calcium arsenate. The calcium arsenate used was a standard commercial material, widely _and satisfactorily used on potatoes and, in conjunction with fungicides, in oe apple orchards. Several analyses of samples of this brand have shown it to be material of consistently good quality. In our experiment the calcium arsenate was used; (1) a series as a spray at the rate of one pound in forty gallons of water and (2) a series as an undiluted calcium arsenate dust. While most of the trees treated were in the same locality, some were several miles distant, but of course sufficiently near to be subject to the same climatic conditions. The tables below show the results obtained. Each tree was treated twice, except in the case of the white birch, where a different tree was used for the second application. TABLE I. Calcium arsenate 1 lb. in 40 gallons, applied June 6 and July 4. Trees Results on Inspection Dates— June 14 July 27 PSOEMICO WICC crc seséssds.0)oaedobcosooboceescecece No injury No injury MAUL Cs MCC Cee seer cevassesdcdcss ioeussdeionpiucedacees ef s . a EEE 0s casadeee | Ss eee ae leo ta ea i + : Severe injury AVEDA VATE Crs ich Secch icssactsadesucasoercecoesece is a. & MaMa ric OC Kis as 2 sce cee sce sbchvteece cca use is sf Some injury. (May have been due to a fungus which was present on leaves)... “ALGIRIIMIOY GIES sy sans cn Se ee ane St ch Slight injury RN ON. acacia Shotuisiianotenn oe es « Slight injury. (Fir not sprayed showed similar injury). BR aA Fe $58 oy hc Sconaeretitecsdevesssdoee re < No injury iy tel AC erate NNO, ce ctied suit ahonesousteaveets cs og 6 se BU es CULO 3. caia a. cec oes ccoiaseocsnenoctadstunen ss e “s ss Mme WiLUC se eet ree oss tsceensceccccosceeceues e “ Slight injury LLG Sco cf Ae ip oe oe ms S as ea em tna re PN a a2 esa be Sidsiaeisn Soak osusace} ss Hf os st tt ie fet 8 rs, 2f) 01.6.0 e.angses NOt.nspected ~ Severe injury POI HEI El osc. ica beasecevsosenecedeese No injury No injury 70 THE REPORT OF THE TABLE II. Calcium Arsenate 100 per cent. dust applied June 6 and July 4 Trees Results on Tuspection Dates— June 14 July 27 Spruce, whiten. -cciheestsatncen eee ee oe No injury No injury Spruce; :redsgen eee Pe eee a eS Slight injury Beeelhis \ vance tere aie nts, eaten ere eee 7 es Severe injury Maple: “wihtt@. ct .45 ee eee ve iy 4 me . Naples rocks see. oe ere y Slight injury. (May have been due to a fungus which was pre- . tee sent on foliage). Hemilocle as .t:socccccust eee ee SS Slight injury (doubtful). cH Mane venus Ate SNE anc a eae Si i Slight injury. (Fir not ee showed similar injury). Pine; Whites sheet eee eet oe * es Noi injury. Ping,. JACK ick ratchet oes eee a ee Birch, + yellow ..6572 5s eee ees # # Slight injury where blast was heavy. Biteh winters. os Be ek ee Severe injury Slight injury. Fl 7.. SANG. Wax fa Oe Pe ee ee ee No injury 3 fe Poplaricinadccknteeul aca ee meee eee is eS (G1 ainretitiogs oe aes EE ESI hapten Not inspected Severe injury. | ES ou genes AeRORn tS Mean P me R PRY tail No injury No injury. From the above tables it will be seen that the only species of tree which suffered any injury from this material in the first application was the white birch (Table II), the calcium arsenate dust causing considerable burning of the foliage. The weather following the first application was unusually dry, there being a total precipitation only of 0.55 inches between June 6 and July 4, when the second applications were made. Following the second application on July 4 to the date of inspection, July 27, there was a total rainfall of 4.76 inches, rain falling on no less than thirteen days. On the latter date eleven species of trees showed injury from the calcium arsenate dust and nine species were injured by the spray. The red spruce and yellow birch were uninjured by the spray, but suffered some injury from the dust. The only trees unaffected by the arsenical were white spruce, white and Jack pine, and larch. In view of the note with regard to firs untreated also showing injury, it is probable that the fir is also resistant to injury by this chemical. The fact that practically no injuries followed the first ap- plication and a considerable amount the second, may be accounted for in three ways. (1) That under dry conditions the trees were tolerant to this chemical. (2) That in the earlier stages of growth the young leaves were more resistant to arsenical injury than later in the season. (8) That foliage was capable of tolerating one application, but unable to with- stand a second. Probably the injuries resulted from a combination of these three factors. In conclusion, speaking generally, it is obvious that calcium arsenate may be safely used on soft wood trees, but that there are elements of danger in its use on hardwood trees, at least in moist climates. THE EUROPEAN ROSE SAWFLY IN NEW BRUNSWICK* R. P. GORHAM, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, FREDERICTON, N.B. During several years past the larvae of the sawfly, Allantus cinctus Linn., has been injurious to rose foliage in a New Brunswick greenhouse and has caused considerable loss. Two generations develop each year; one *Contribution from the Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects, Entomoleee! Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY (gl a attacking the plants in March, April and May, the second in September, October and November. The larvae are only moderately abundant, but their habit of feeding on the youngest and most tender foliage near the top of the plant makes it difficult for the grower to cut blooms with good foliage attached. The insect is supposed to have been first introduced in the egg stage _ on imported rose plants and proof of this has been secured in an examina- aa tion of a recent importation of grafted rose plants received at the green- house with eggs in the leaves. Larvae were reared from these eggs. The insect has not been found on out-of-door roses in New Brunswick but numerous specimens of larvae have been found in shipments of field- grown roses imported from Europe and from these larvae, adults and parasites have been reared. The life-history in the greenhouse has been _ briefly studied. The earliest adults begin to emerge early in March and deposit eggs at once. Other adults continue to emerge at intervals during April and the _ first part of May, with the result that the generation is extended over a considerable period; adults, eggs, larvae in all stages, including the pre- pupal, can be found in the latter part of April. The full generation begins early in September and continues until December. Oviposition was observed first in April, 1925, when an adult reared from a branch in a glass tube on the 13th was moved to a caged rose plant on the 14th. Within an hour, this unmated fly began to deposit eggs. - Alighting on the upper surface of a leaf in full sunlight in the laboratory - window, the fly faced the centre with the claws of the posterior tarsi hooked over the margin. With this as a fixed point for leverage, the - attachment of the legs to the body as fulcrum and the front tarsal claws grasping the leaf surface to apply force, the tip of the abdomen with its saw-like ovipositor was pushed downward and backward, cutting an in- cision 1.5 mm. long in the tough upper epidermis of the leaf. The fly then bent the body sideways and moved the saw about to enlarge the space _beneath one side of the epidermal incision. On three occasions observed, the fly withdrew the saw before ovipositing, re-inserting it to reopen the incision; on seven occasions the egg was deposited at once, which may be considered the usual habit. Slightly less than two minutes was required, on an average, to cut the incision, form the pocket and place the egg in position. The movements of the saw and placing of the egg could be readily observed with a hand lens. The first fly observed deposited four eggs in one morning, six the next, and three on the third. Other flies observed in cages deposited from seven to thirteen eggs. Oviposition went on commonly during the morning hours of brightest sunlight. Eggs dis- sected out of the leaf were found to be pearl-white in color, without markings. These deposited on the 14th hatched on the 22nd, an incubation _ period of eight days. Later observations showed that this stage sometimes 4 extended over twelve days. The larvae, on hatching, cut through the under surface of the leaf, leaving a characteristic exit scar of slightly raised brown tissue with a crater-like hole in the centre. The young larvae feed at first on the _ underside of the leaf, biting out pieces of the parenchyma but not breaking the upper epidermis, which remains at first as a transparent, and later as a brown spot. The exit scars and first larval feeding scars disfigure the upper foliage of the plant and are particularly objectionable to the florist when he desires to cut sprays of bloom with good foliage. The q second, third and fourth instar larvae feed on the leaf margins from 72 THE REPORT OF THE beneath, cutting out larger amounts of tissue but leaving clean edges and less noticeable disfigurement of the foliage. When full-grown, the larva burrows in the pith of a rose branch, forming a small chamber closed at both ends with thin partitions of pith - fragments. Sometimes two or more larvae enter the same branch and occupy chambers separated from one another by these thin partitions or plugs. Several months are passed within these chambers as larvae, the | change to the pupal form taking place some two weeks before the emer- - gence of the adults. | Summary of Life-history, Spri ng Generation Adult emerged April 18. Eggs laid April 143‘ hatehed April 22.).ucke2 3 tc.c eee 8 days 1st larval instar April 22) to: Aprils2 9! 2355 fosccaspv de hee. ae ee Bi eae 2nd larval instar April 29 to May 2...222....ccsc0n esse eee Abe ord larval instar May 2 to May 6.202 kcn A re 4th larval ‘instar May 6° to May l0:...c5..0. 12-32 Ante Boring into branch May 10 Prepupal, period nccnxcctnin Sickie Giie : days Pupal period......... cnoideiavied Seatatuvedecamsaes oi oats so uahen ree a aen, eeea ? Adult emerged October 12 Total time-interv alle... 26nd ent eee eee 5 months, 2 days In the early spring of 1926 the rose bushes in one house were pruned and the wood cut out shipped to the laboratory. The result was that from the prunings large numbers of adult sawflies were reared while the infes- tation in the rose house was so far reduced that the management decided no further control measures were necessary that season. The dead twigs in which the larvae tunnel to pupate are commonly | conspicuous and the pruning and burning of these with the contained — larvae offers a simple control measure. | Certain rose plants appear to receive more eggs than others adjoining. Frequently one bush will be found in a row bearing many eggs while others have none. Three such bushes were marked and the leaves showing eggs, | removed. At later visits these bushes were examined for larvae or signs of larval feeding. None were found, so it would appear that on small rose | bushes where the upper leaves can be readily seen, picking the egg infested leaves as a method of control, can be practised by the careful greenhouse attendant in connection with his ordinary work of tying up and pruning the plants. Greenhouse experience has shown that the larvae are readily killed by spraying the underside of the foliage with an-arsenical spray. The stain left on the foliage by the drying sprays, however, is objectionable to the florist. Trial therefore was made of dusting the leaves with ground derris dust during different larval instars. It was found, that like other sawfly larvae, these were very susceptible to the toxic action of this material, and | that they dropped in a helpless condition within two hours after applica- tion. No objectionable stains are left on the foliage or blooms. In this infested greenhouse the management does not commonly use | hydrocyanic acid gas fumigation but small scale experimental trials showed | that both adults and larvae were readily killed by such fumigation, ee the strengths commonly employed in the greenhouse. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 73 THE GOLDEN-GLOW BORER (E'piblema carolinana Walsingham) R. W. THOMPSON, O.A.C., GUELPH One of the borers very commonly mistaken for the European corn borer in Ontario is the one which attacks the golden-glow. Hence as the _ life history of this species (E’piblema carolinana) had not been worked out, _ Professor Caesar, at the suggestion of Mr. H. G. Crawford, asked me to undertake it. My study was carried out at Wyoming in Lambton County - during the season 1927. The Adult—This is a moth about the size of the codling moth (Car- pocapsa pomonella) or slightly larger. The front wings are silvery gray and the hind ones brownish. (For a technical description see Forbes “Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States’’.) The first moth _ from collected pupae emerged on July 2nd. All pupae outside had trans- formed to moths by August 13th. The maximum emergence took place during the last week in July. Over 30 moths in all emerged from my material during the season. The moths are nocturnal, none being seen at anytime by day. They do not become active until at least one hour after sunset. They were not seen feeding upon any plant or substance outside but in cages took water. Figure 1 (a)—Third and fourth abdominal segments of P. nubilalis, dorsal view. Note the form and arrangement of these spots and also the presence of numerous fine chitinous dots. (b)—-Same segments and same view of EH. carolinana. Note the difference in arrangement and the smaller size of the spots, also the absence of the fine chitinous dots. Ege-laying began (in cages) six to seven days after emergence. The eggs in nature are laid singly and are placed in the blossoms on the inside base of a bract. The highest number of eggs in cages from any one female was 45 and the lowest 17. The average oviposition period was six days; at the end of which time the female died. Thus the average length of life of a female moth was 12 to 13 days. Males lived a shorter period. Eggs—These are a greasy opaque white, about 1.1 to 1.2 mm. in length and about .7 mm. at the widest end and .3 mm. at the other end. The general shape is somewhat that of a blunt tipped cone with rounded ends. Uneven granulations are quite conspicuous on the surface. The incubation period occupied from 4 to 514 days. 7 _ Larvae—These pass through six instars. In all instars they resemble the European corn borer, but the third instar is the one in which the resemblance is greatest. At any time, however, the two species may be distinguished readily with a hand lens by examining the arrangement of 74 THE REPORT OF THE the spots on the dorsum (See fig. I). Another distinguishing character- _istic is the arrangement of the curved apical hooks on the median abdom- inal pseudopods (See fig. 2). A full grown larvae of EF. carolinana is two thirds of an inch long, creamy white, with brown head, and lighter yellowish brown thoracic shield. The body, as implied above, is sparsely © dotted with small brown spots, these being smaller and more uniform in | color than those of Pyrausta nubilalis (fig 1). The minute chitinised dots | found on the skin of the dorsum of P. nubilalis are missing in H. carolinana . (see fig. 1). In proportion to its length the golden-glow borer is stouter | than the corn borer (see fig. 3). | Feeding Habits—It has been mentioned that the eggs are laid in the blossoms, not on the stalks as one might expect. On hatching, the larvae © remain until their third instar in the blossoms, feeding beneath them in the receptacle and devouring almost all of this. Strangely enough, how- ever, the blossoms remain intact so that the insect’s presence would not be | suspected. One has to pull the bloom apart and examine the receptacle to determine whether a larvae is present. In all the infested blossoms I examined there was only one larva to a head and apparently only one egg had been laid. After reaching the third instar the larva leaves the flower head and drops by a silken thread to the ground. It then crawls back up the surface of the stem and eats its way in to it at an average height of four inches Figure 2 (a)—Arrangement of apical - hooks on prolegs of P. nubilalis. (b) —Same of E. carolinana. above the ground. Once inside the stem it works downwards until it reaches the root where the main feeding henceforth takes place. In the root it gradually hollows out a large cavity often half an inch in diameter and six to seven inches long. Some larvae were found in the roots as low as eight inches below the surface. At the bottom of these root-burrows the larvae, judging from specimens examined Nov. 5 and 6, hibernate. No sign of a cocoon of any kind has been found. Before hiber- nating the larva, in some unknown manner, plugs the stem just below where it entered, and sometime afterwards the stem breaks off just above the plug. No exit holes were noticed at the above dates but it was seen during the summer that moths emerged through a hole made at the side, immediately below the plug. All unparasitized larvae are apparently full grown before hibernating. Parasitized larvae may be mature but are much stunted, being only two-thirds normal size. Pupae—Pupation begins in late spring, or early summer, about the middle of June, the first one discovered in 1927 being on June 17th. The pupal stage lasts from seventeen to twenty days. Pupae are a chocolate brown, or in some cases a light reddish brown, and have a row of spines pointing caudad, around each segment. These spines are lacking in the — corn borer pupae. Effect Upon the Plant—As mentioned above, but little damage is done to the bloom, except that a very small bud, when attacked, has a distorted , __ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 75 ' flower head as a result. The injury from the attack on the root, so far as F yet observed does not seem to be serious, perhaps because only the larger _ roots are infested and these have a large surplus store of food material _ which enables them to send up vigorous new growth in spring in spite of |, the borer. No plants other than golden-glow were found to be attacked _ during the season’s observations. ea RA gay age Pts ae ay Mga pee Bcitint es Figure 3 (a)—A lateral view of E. carclinana. a.1.— Dorsal view of same. (b)—Lateral view of P. nubil- alis. b.1.—Dorsal view of same. All magnified about four times. — Amount of Infestation—It was found that the clumps of golden-glow which had been established for considerable time were the most heavily infested. In one clump 25% of the blooms were found to contain larvae, _ in others the infestation counts varied all the way from 2 to 25%. _ Apart from the fact that this insect has an interesting life history it is really of very little economic importance up to date. It is heavily para- sitized by an Ichneumon fly, belonging to the genus Bassus, which attacks the larvae in the earlier instars. Frem counts made this season it would _ appear that between 60 and 70% of the larvae were parasitized. ‘i 1 yi. A y) - 76 THE REPORT OF THE | FORECASTING OUTBREAKS OF THE ARMY CUTWORM (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grote) H. L. SEAMANS, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, LETHBRIDGE, ALTA. INTRODUCTION The army cutworm, Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grote, is a Spasmodic pest . on the plains adjacent to the Rocky Mountains. From time to time it has | caused serious losses in Alberta, Montana and Colorado, the larvae appear- ing in enormous numbers in spring and migrating from one field to an- other destroying everything before them. While moths and larvae are - usually present every year the increase to outbreak numbers is sudden and seldom noticed until the larvae have appeared and are doing some damage. — This is usually followed by a very heavy flight of moths which might be | taken as an indication of an outbreak the following year but which seldom materializes. A recent outbreak in southern Alberta started in a very small way in 1925. The following year the insect was distributed over some 500 town- ships with varying degrees of infestation. Fortunately the season of 1926 was very early and much of the land was not ready for seeding so that in- the majority of cases the larvae were mature before any great damage resulted. During the season of 1927 the insect was found scattered over the same area and extending twice as far north though there had been a slight reduction in some sections. The use of poisoned bait and straight edged furrows across the line of march of the migrating larvae, as has been recommended for several years, reduced the losses to a minimum while a very wet season revived much of the grain that had been cut. This outbreak has been studied with particular interest as it is the first one of any magnitude that has continued for two years in succession. Special attention has been paid to the ecology of all stages of the insect, in the hopes of determining some reason for the sudden increase and decrease from year to year. In very isolated cases, parasites and disease have been found sufficient to cause some fluctuation but these are not factors of control in the West to the extent that they might be under climatic con- ditions where outbreaks are liable to be frequent. LIFE-HISTORY The life-history of Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grote, has been published in detail by Strickland (4)* and Prof. Cooley (1) based largely on the outbreak which occurred in 1915 in Alberta and Montana. The work of the last two years has added a few points which aid materially in deter- mining the reasons for fluctuations. Oviposition takes place in the fall some time after the third week in August, in some seasons extending well into October. The eggs are laid in soft, uncaked soil, irrespective of the presence or absence of vegetation. Incubation is rapid at a temperature of 55 degrees F. and is complete in ten days or two weeks. At the end of that time the eggs hatch if moisture is present but they may hold over for six weeks to two months if kept very dry. Under such conditions only a small percentage of eggs hatch and the larvae are small and weak. Soil moisture in considerable quantities is essential to first instar larvae irrespective of the moisture content of their food. Ninety-six per cent. of *Numbers in parenthesis refer to literature cited. F. | HNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY _ Gk the first instar larvae died in the laboratory when kept at a humidity of 60 per cent. with fresh succulent dandelion for food. In nature they were found feeding on rotting straw, when green food was not available, gradu- ally migrating to growing weeds and volunteer grain. After the first instar the larvae become less susceptible to drought conditions. Freezing temperature halts all development until there has been a rise to 60 degrees F. when it is resumed again. Feeding stops when the tem- perature reaches the neighborhood of 45 degrees F. and the coming of - prolonged cold weather causes the larvae to become inactive. There is apparently no real hibernation. The winter is spent in the loose soil at the surface of the ground where the larvae are to some extent subject to daily temperature changes. Activity is resumed during winter when the weather has become warm, depending on the length and degree of the cold snap to which the larvae have been exposed. During the season just ‘passed (1927) the larvae recovered normally after a 48 hour exposure to a temperature of 10 degrees F. Normal activity is resumed in the spring after the temperature has “reached a point sufficient to start plant growth. The stage of development ‘when activity is resumed, is entirely dependent on fall and winter condi- ‘tions, a long warm fall followed by an open winter resulting in fifth and sixth instar larvae appearing in the spring. Pupation takes place in an earthen cell two or three inches below the ‘surface of the soil. In an average year the majority of the larvae have pupated by May 20 and the moths are usually beginning to emerge after the first week in June. None of the females contain developed ova on emergence. ; The moths are very active and like the majority of this family fly mostly at night. While they are attracted to light they apparently do not - fly long distances to it. Their presence around buildings is hardly due to ab’ light attraction but is apparently a matter of seeking places in which to hide; hundreds of them being found in barns, deserted buildings of all kinds, as well as in unlighted lofts of houses. In the fields they hide under clods, weeds and in any nook or cranny that will afford shelter during the day. It is probable that this is a temperature rather than a light reaction since they are active in daylight during cool weather and go into a period of aestivation when the season becomes hot. The length of the aestivation period depends entirely on the seasonal temperature. During this time the moths are in hiding and large numbers have been found in the fields under clods and weeds practically dormant; others have been found in buildings but very few of these ever find their way out again. It is probable that the numbers which aestivate in the fields form the main source of ovipositing females in the fall. As the weather cools, towards the latter part of August, activity is resumed, and the females contain fully developed ova. Oviposition starts almost at once and is carried on spasmodically during the fall when the temperature is between 55 and 70 degrees F. WEATHER DATA A study of the weather records from twelve points scattered through- out southern Alberta for a total of sixty individual years, has given some very interesting results in connection with army cutworm outbreaks. In addition, several points in Montana and Colorado were studied where out- breaks have occurred in 1925 or 1926 for a total of forty years more. A “cutworm year” has been considered as starting on the first of June and extending to the last of May in the following year. Thus the study of a 78 THE REPORT OF THE A verape C/imograph Lets brid ge, ilberrTa : ae: SAAR | Sed el Gn es eee ee : eizreden "Of Free JS tehenT? 70%. Came Frey rvond Glharla x coeTtrrer aes Jaempecraetera 3 7-0 7 = PreeipiTatvon sa Trches oe Alvetage % Tap Pedic: ne fhat, Alberta Co | py Te alge os el SPREE EEE EEL Laches ot Preeiutati jen. Figure 1.—Climographs showing average rainfall and tempera- ture for Lethbridge, Raymond and Medicine Hat, Alberta. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Saleh oo Samm PASE Temp erature F eee NS SS ES 4 ( A x, N Pe bale ed LEE. Nake , t ee fib ey Le ; Temper atoce F Peace Watieni on ina hee Figure 1A.—Climographs showing average rainfall and tem- perature for Great Falls, Montana; Julesberg, Colorado; and optimum conditions for armyworm outbreaks. 19 80 ae THE REPORT OF THE conditions governing an outbreak in the spring starts with the emergence of moths the previous June, since these moths are responsible for the infestation. The weather conditions of thirty “cutworm years” covering outbreaks throughout Alberta, Montana and Colorado were studied and an average * struck of the total precipitation for each month. This was plotted against the average mean monthly temperature as an optimum climograph for army cutworm outbreaks. When compared with climographs depicting the , average weather conditions for all points throughout the same area the | fact is apparent that outbreaks occur in the west only under very unusual weather conditions. Lethbridge, Gheria Tune (924 -7ay (AT NEE 2 imo * Vemperatuce F_ JVemeevratuve F oD -o fe Ir Freeipitetion in Inches . ad s S. e Vigure 2.—Climographs for the Cutworm years 1924-5 and 1925-6 at Lethbridge, Alberta. Only a few of the localities studied have been used for purposes of illustration, namely, Lethbridge, Raymond and Medicine Hat, Alberta; Great Falls, Montana; and Julesberg, Colorado. The climates of these points are more or less typical of the western plains where extensive out- breaks occur, and greatly resemble each other (Fig. 1). In the average year the three months period of May, June and July is the wettest period of the year while the three months of August, September and October are | very dry. July is almost invariably the hottest month of the year but averages from one and three-quarters to three inches of moisture, depend- a4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 81 ing on the locality, and is considerably wetter than any of the months of August, September or October. The climograph for army cutworm showing the optimum conditions for outbreaks (Fig. 1) shows July not only as having the highest mean tem- perature but also as the driest month of the period from June to November. The difference in mean temperature between July and August, and August and September is greater than normal with the precipitation for each of the months of August, September and October greater than July. This is - very unusual for the entire area studied and has only occurred three times in the last twenty-five years at Lethbridge. The rest of the months do not show any striking departure from the average and with the present Frey: orn, AilberTa Tune 1925 - (Tay 7926 Ta =oooe Het Pt Pt SEER Pope ee eed 32 dedi ubel yee AS a Tatiog ¢ ica ee : é — Figure 3.—1925-6 Climographs for Raymond and Medicine Hat, Alberta. knowledge of the army cutworm are not considered as having any signifi- cance. It would appear then that the critical weather period governing the increase of the insect is from July through October. A study of weather records for individual “cutworm years” in definite localities shows a yearly climograph closely approaching the optimum in spite of slight local variations. In the spring of 1925 there was a very small local increase of army cutworm near Lethbridge. This was not widespread enough to be considered an outbreak but indicated the presence of an increase factor. The climograph for the cutworm year starting with 82 THE REPORT OF THE’ June, 1924 (Fig. 2) shows a very dry July followed by an abnormally wet August. Both September and October are wetter than July but consider- | ably drier than the optimum. In 1926 the increase reached outbreak pro- | portions and the climograph for the cutworm year of 1925-26 practically _ coincides with the optimum. This same season the outbreak was heavier i at Raymond than at Medicine Hat, a fact indicated in their respective | climographs; Raymond having almost optimum conditions and Medicine | Hat with a wet September but dry August and October (Fig. 3). According to the State Entomologist’s (3) report for 1925 there was an outbreak that year in Colorado covering a fairly large area. The report of the State Entomologist (2) for Montana indicated an outbreak in that state in 1926. A study of the weather records covering both outbreaks © gives essentially the same results as are found in Alberta. This can best be illustrated by the climographs of Julesberg, Colorado and Great Falls, Montana, which are typical of the infested localities in both states (Fig. 4). | Both show an abnormal weather condition approaching the optimum for army cutworm and the fact that in both cases August is drier than July does not necessarily detract from the value of August moisture but indi- cates a longer period of aestivation of the moths, pe the value of September and October moisture. CORRELATION OF WEATHER DATA AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS The moths are not attracted to light from great distances, but enough of them are caught in a light trap to serve as an index of the flights. According to the records at Lethbridge the second flight is much smaller than the first indicating a heavy mortality among the moths during the period of aestivation. Field observations have been made during July and August when the moth flight has ceased, to determine the status of the aestivating moths. In many instances moths have been found drowned in their hiding places after a heavy rain. Those hiding under clods of dirt are often found sealed in their hiding place by soil washed down from the clods during a heavy rain. Cooley (1) has also reported this as occurring in Montana. It would appear that heavy rains during the period of aestivation will be responsible for a considerable reduction in the females available for oviposition later in the season. One of the outstanding differences between the optimum weather con- ditions and the average climate of the localities studied is the July rainfall. There is apparently a distinct correlation between the amount of July rainfall and the percentage of moths which survive for the second flight. This is best illustrated by a table made up of the light trap records of C. auxiliaris and the precipitation reports as follows: Per cent. of total July rainfall - Year moths caught during 2nd flight in inches 1914 29.50 93 ae 04 4.84 1921 07 ae: 1925 19.77 "99 1926 6.63: ag 5) - | These figures are not as complete as is desired since the light trap records were not kept between 1916 and 1921, the flights of army cut- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 83 worm moths for 1922 and 1923 were too small to be significant and the light trap records were not kept after the first of September, 1924. Since the length of the aestivation period is governed largely by tem- perature it is evident that in some localities where July and August are both hot and dry the low precipitation for both these months may be ‘significant. Such a case is evident in the outbreak weather conditions for Medicine Hat, Great Fails and Julesberg as shown by their climographs (Figs. 3 and 4). In these particular cases the daily weather records show _that the majority of the precipitation and the lower temperatures occurred after the middle of August and probably ended aestivation. a» Greet Fatts, (Tonkena Torre 1925 Thay (926 Tempecatuce F Sea noe Cee ie ed [ola Temp ecdlurae F Fee tatiana oakos Figure 4.—Climographs of Great Falls, Montana and Julesberg, Colorado, covering the outbreak of the Army Cutworm in 1925 and 1926. Field and laboratory investigations have proven that moisture is essen- tial both for the hatching of eggs in quantity and the survival of first instar larvae. The optimum weather conditions for army cutworm include ‘an excessive amount of moisture in September insuring a high percentage of hatching and the survival of the majority of the first instar larvae. | August and October moisture may or may not be important depending on the length of the aestivation and oviposition periods. The 1924-25 climo- graph for Lethbridge (Fig. 3) has an ideal July for the moths but the August precipitation apparently did not occur at the right time for bring- 84 THE REPORT OF THE. 4 ing through the majority of eggs and young larvae while September and | October were fairly dry. On the whole it was a better year than the > average for increase but not near enough to the optimum for an extensive outbreak. The importance of the totai August, September and October rainfall : in producing outbreaks is indicated by a table made up of the figures showing the percentage of moths surviving from the first flight, the total | rainfall for the three months and the status of outbreak the following year. The per cent. of moths of this species caught in the second flight as com- © pared to the total catch for the season, is considered as an index of the numbers surviving the period of aestivation. Total inches | Per cent. of Outbreak Year moths surviving Aug. Sept. Oct Status 1914 29.50 6.83 - Heavy 1915 04 3.24 ; None 1921 .O7 ee eu! None 1925 19.77 : W192. Very heavy 1926 6.63 724 Very heavy Neither of the tables cover enough years or localities to be considered conclusive in themselves but they indicate a trend of increase and when combined with the climographs are sigan in showing relationships. ; eémentswns From a study of the weather records covering outbreaks of the army cutworm in widely scattered localities in Alberta, Montana and Colorado it is evident that the outbreak is directly concerned with a weather con- dition which is so far from normal that it cannot be a common occurrence. It is possible that there are some sections of North America where the weather conditions- would fit into the optimum more frequently and out- breaks be more common. In such localities a method of forecasting the outbreaks might have to take other factors than weather into considera- tion. After studying the weather records for the western Crem Plains area it has been found possible to forecast with considerable accuracy any increases in the army cutworm by keeping track of the rainfall and tem- perature from the first of July until the first of November. This was tried with one hundred yearly records and thirty local outbreaks recorded correctly. The forecasting of outbreal is based not only on fhe optimum climo- graph but on a study of the available weather records from which the optimum was made. These show that a July with less than one and one- half inches of rainfall and a mean temperature above 638 degrees F. is favorable to increase but does not mean an outbreak the following year. If the dry July is followed by a total of over four and one-half inches of precipitation during August, September and October, with the greater | proportion of this coming in September, an outbreak is ‘assured. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The working up of this data has only been made possible through the courtesy of the Dominion Meteorological Service in supplying the weather records for Alberta and through the kindness of Mr. W. T. Lathrop and Mr. J. M. Sherier, meteorologists at Helena, Montana and Denver, Col- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 85 ee respectively, who so kindly furnished the records wanted for those states. SUM MARY \ The army cutworm Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grote, is one of the pests of the western plains which suddenly appears in enormous numbers and is gone again in a year or two. The losses caused by this insect are largely due to the suddenness of its appearance and the lack of preparation for _ control measures. A study of the western climate and yearly weather conditions indicates that optimum moisture and temperature for army cutworm increase is so far from the average climate that outbreaks cannot be frequent or of long duration. Field observations, when correlated with the optimum condi- tions show why certain weather features are important and why July, August, September and October are critical months in the life history of the insect. | Outbreaks of the army cutworm are apparently a result of a hot July with less than one and one-half inches of rainfall followed by a total pre- cipitation for August, September and October of over four and one-half inches. This has been used as a basis of forecasting outbreaks with satis- factory results for over one hundred yearly records thirty of which in- cluded heavy infestations. a LITERATURE CITED i Cooley, R. A. 1916 —Observations on the Life-History of the Army Cutworm (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris) . foe Agric. Res. 6: 811-881. i ontana Insect Pests for 1925 and 1926. Montana Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 200: 9-24. 3. Langford, G. S. 1926 yee Army Cutworm (Chorizagrotis punts Grote) in 1925. Rep. State Ent. Colorado 1% <(Gire, 51) 2 19-22. 4, Strickland, K. H. ~ 1916—The Army Cutworm, Euxoa ( pe ousanets auxiliaris Grote). Dept. Agric. Canada, Bull. 18. TWINN—I should like to ask Mr. Seamans what his forecast for 1928 is, based on the records for the present year. SEAMANS—Based on the records for Alberta only, for 1927, we have had a July with over three inches of rain, but, we also have had August, September and October with just under four inches of rain. I look for a decided reduction—because our second moth flight was very small. We take into consideration the very cold July in which the moths never went into a real distinct aestivation period. TWINN—It should be possible in future years to broadcast warnings of outbreaks to farmers over the radio. SEAMANS—We do not have to work so close to the margin as that. We | can forecast by the first of September. We have thus plenty of time * before the cutworms appear, as the cutworms do.not appear till the first of the following April. 86 THE REPORT OF THE. THE LIFE OF PROFESSOR WILLIAM LOCHHEAD — REV. FATHER LEOPOLD, OKA, QUE. As an intimate friend of the late William Lochhead, I have chosen to | read you a paper on the life history of one whose work was in close rela- ‘ tion with the Ontario Entomological Society and the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants. I know that I will not do justice to my subject, but I have overlooked all that in the hope that I will try, at least, to show , his friends that we have lost in his person, a devoted student and professor 1 of biology in its broadest sense. Professor Lochhead died at his home, in Ste. Anne de Bellevue on the 26th of March, 1927, after an extended illness, on account of heart trouble. | His loss was deeply felt by us all in Quebec, as our Quebec Society for — the Protection of Plants was convening the day after and his absence was | shedding a sort of gloom all over our deliberations. Professor Lochhead was one of the senior members of the original staff | of the College and Faculty of Agriculture of McGill University, at Mac- | donald College. He had retired from active work in September, 1925 on | account of his heart. He had a wide circle of friends, not only in the | Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which were the scenes of his life-work, but in the States and other Provinces, in scientific and educational circles. He died in his sixty-third year, having been born in 1864. William Lochhead, the fourth son of William Lochhead, a well-known Scotch | farmer, of Elma Township, County of Perth, Ont., spent his boyhood on — the farm, where he became acquainted with the details of farm work. No doubt it is there that he acquired such a lasting love for nature that helped him out so much afterwards in his teaching atmosphere. He received his early education in the school at Elma, from which he passed into the Lis- | towel High School, and in 1881 matriculated for McGill University, win- ning a general proficiency scholarship. At McGill, he won scholarship | after scholarship, proving himself proficient in mathematics as well as | science. While at McGill he came under the direct contact and influence of Sir Wm. Dawson, then professor of geology and zoology, and whatever success has attended his teaching efforts since his graduation, Professor Lochhead attributes to the splendid example shown by that grand old man. The careful training he received at the hands of such a man as the late Principal of McGill, maintained a life influence on the biology teacher that William Lochhead was to become soon. He left McGill with his B.A. Like many young men with limited means and a strong desire to further the cause of science, he decided to follow the teaching profession. After a course of training in pedagogy, at the Kingston Training Institute, he secured his first position in the Perth Collegiate Institute; but resigned it six months later to accept a fellowship in Geology at Cornell University. He returned from Cornell to Perth and taught two years, after which he went to Galt, where he remained five years in charge of the Scientific De- partment of the Collegiate Institute. The years 1894 and 1895 saw him again at Cornell, devoting himself to biology and geology, working under | the guidance of such inspiring teachers as Professor Comstock, Tarr, At- kinson and Gage. He learned their methods of work and the secrets of their great success as investigators and instructors. In 1895 Professor Lochhead secured the degree of Master of Science (M.Sc.) from Cornell University. He taught in Napanee during the following year but resigned in 1896 to accept the mastership of the London Collegiate Institute. From thence he becomes identified with most of the work in biology and geology at the O.A.C., Guelph—September, 1898. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 87 I may say that, hereupon, Professor Lochhead enters a new page in his arduous life. Succeeding Professor J. H. Panton, after the latter’s death, on the O.A.C. staff, the young teacher began his real career. The teaching of biology, geology and entomology fell then to one professor and when this is given to students in three years, one can appreciate the heavy task. On the appointment of Professor Lochhead, the task was divided and Mr. M. Doherty of Eglinton, Toronto, was named his assistant. “My O.A.C. ' days, writes Mr. Lochhead, although full of hard work, are a pleasant ' memory, and I enjoyed my work under Dr. Mills and Dr. Creelman, to both of whom I am deeply grateful for encouragement and aid. The boys were a fine lot, and many are now occupying high positions of responsi- bility and trust in Canada and elsewhere. One of the fine things is to meet these men and to swap stories of the old days. I am especially pleased to see my old friend and associate, Mr. Doherty at the head of the Depart- ment of Agriculture in Ontario, and my former pupil E. C. Drury, as premier.” Though eminently successful as a teacher, Prof. Lochhead was inter- ested then as always in other matters outside his profession. At Guelph, the Educational Department honored him with the appointment of ex- aminer in Methods in Science for the Normal College at Hamilton. He took a keen interest in the pursuit of scientific knowledge whenever the opportunity occurred to him, and the Ontario Entomological Society found in him a good worker and an enthusiastic collector of specimens. _ From the foregoing it will be seen that William Lochhead enters upon the responsible duties connected with the Department of Entomology and Biology of Guelph with a practical and comprehensive training in natural sciences which eminently fit him for discharging those duties in a way that did result in great benefit to the college and to agriculture in general. Professor Lochhead’s stay at Guelph was the period of his development applied to entomology and the time of his earlier investigational work. Although his teaching then was very strenuous, he gave much of his time to investigations, particularly in relation to the San José scale and the Hessian fly. He did much to bring the results of his work in the domain of research to the farmers themselves by dint of field work and the study of practical methods of insect eradication. It need only be necessary to list the titles of the bulletins he wrote then, either alone or in collaboration to prove this: pes ec - The San José Scale and other Scale Insects, Ont. Dept. Agr. Spec. Bul. Insects and Plant Diseases. Bulletin (special) Ont. Dept. Agr. Bul. The Hessian Fly in Ontario. Q.A.C. Bulletin, No. 116. Spray Calendar, O.A.C. Bul. No. 122. Peas and the Pea Weevil, O.A.C. Bul. No. 126. The Weeds of Ontario, 0.A.C. Bul. No. 128 (with Dr. F. C. Harrison). The Present Condition of the San José Scale in Ontario, O.A.C. Bul. No. 1388. Outlines of Nature Study, 0.A.C. Bul. No. 142. The Common Fungous and Insect Pests of Growing Vegetable Crops, O.A.C. Bul. No. 150 (with Mr. T. D. Jarvis). As you no doubt notice by the above enumeration, he was much inter- ested in rural educational methods particularly regarding the advantages of introducing a study of Nature in the schools where farm boys and girls were being taught. Hence his bulletin on Nature Study. He was a pas- -sionate lover of nature and knew how to enthuse others. I come now to the third period of the valuable educational work of Pro- fessor Lochhead, his stage at Macdonald College. In 1905 he was appointed Professor of Biology and acted as one of Dr. J. W. Robertson’s chief ad- visers in the organization of that great institution, in whose service the - 88 THE REPORT OF THE remainder of his life was spent. When the Department of Biology was divided in 1920, Professor Lochhead’s title was altered to that of Professor. of Entomology and Zoology. He was always devoted to his students— spared neither time nor energy for their biological training. As an entomologist, he was President of the Ontario Entomological : Society in 1902-4; a member of the American Society of Entomology of the American Nature Society of which he was vice-president in 1910; a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the | Canadian Society of Technical Agriculturists. | In addition to his investigational and educational work at Macdonald, Prof. Lochhead’s services to agriculture included twelve years editorship of the monthly Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture of the Quebec De- — partment of Agriculture, 1908-20. One of his last services to Macdonald College was a mission to the public schools of the United Kingdom to pre- sent to boys the opportunities open to them in agriculture in Canada. This was in the winter of 1923-24. During this stage of his life he wrote his most complete work, his Class Book of Economic Entomology, 1919, which is the college text book followed at Macdonald today, and later on, an Introduction to Heredity and Genetics, 1920. I need not dwell upon the merits of such publications. But to me, personally, the outstanding work of Professor Lochhead’s career at Macdonald was the foundation and carrying on of our Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants from Insects and Fungous Diseases. The society was created through his energetic efforts and he was the living lever that maintained it so long on such a high plane. I have only to look at the long list of addresses and papers (see foot note attached) he pre- pared as president of our society to show you that we are fully indebted to him for the upkeep of such an association. It was due to his untiring efforts that we can boast, with the Ontario Entomological Society, of having a series of valuable reports to offer to the scientific world today. 1908-09—Spoke on diseases only: The Brown Tail Moth. 1909-10—Spoke on diseases: The Greenhouse Aphids. 1910-11—Adaptations between plants and insects, diseases ; Lochhead and Swaine: Spray Calendar. 1911-12—-Three pests: The Brown Tail Moth. Bees, friends of the agri- culturist. Insect pests of the farm-garden and orchard; weeds. 1912-13—Parasites as means of combating noxious insects. History of parasitism. The destruction of the Gypsy Moth by parasites: Anasta- tus bifasciatus as egg parasite; Schedius kuvanae, also Compsilura con- cinnata, parasite of the larvae, Blepharipa scutellata; Monodontomerus aerus, of the pupa; Calosoma sycophanta. The destruction of the Brown Tail Moth: Pteromalus egregius, Apanteles lacteicolor; Mete- orus versicolor; Zygobothria nidicola; Dexodes nigripes; Pales favida; Monodontemerus aereus and Pimpla instigator. This paper was a very important one and bears 12 pages of text with numerous illustrations. 19138-14—Insects and diseases of the season: Easy means to recognize good and noxious insects. 1914-15—Life-Span; Nature’s equilibrium, organic and inorganic matter, insects and plants; insects and diseases; insects and birds; parasitic insects; life-span—seven pages. Principal noxious insects of the sea- son. Insects attacking ornamental trees, greenhouse pests, domestic animals and houses. How to recognize some important insect pests: A table for Shingidae, Tabanidae, Trypetidae, Cerambycidae, Curcul- tonidae, Sclitidae, Blattidae, Acrididae, Locustidae, Bryllidae. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 89 1915-16—Some aspects of insect life: Instinct of insects; insects and the weather; insecticides—twelve pages. Insects of Quebec cereal crops. The Hessian Fly, etc. 1916-17—Presidential address: A review of some of the publications ap- __ peared in the entomological domain: The Rocky Mountain Grasshopper _ by Riley, Packard and Thomas; The Gypsy Moth by Forbush and Fernald; the Cotton Boll Weevil of Mexico by Hunter and Pierce; the Periodical Cicada by C. L. Marlatt and the Spring Aphis of Grains. Then follows a review of other minor publications, the list being too long to mention here. Near relations of insects that are noxious to plants and animals. That is other classes of Arthropoda crustaceans, etc. ee this year the presidential address of Prof. Lochhead was an elaborate synopsis of the first 18 years of the history of the Society for the Protection of Plants against Insects and Fungous Diseases. He outlines in a masterful way the three objects of the Society: 1. Bring together each year all the biologists of the province and sur- rounding provinces who are in any way interested in the study of entomology and phytopathology, as our Quebec society embraces both of these characters. 2. Expand among the people the broad gospel of economic entomology and phytopathology. 3. Promulgate further the study of insects and plant diseases by its publications, reports and special lists prepared now and then such as Lepidoptera, by Winn ; Diptera by Beaulieu and Winn and Coleoptera by Chagnon. It would be too long to fully report on this remarkable paper, covering 5 pages of the annual report. How our Society can help production? /1918-19—How to make a study of economic entomology. In his presiden- tial address Prof. Lochhead tells us how to rear insects and goes fully into details of cages, etc. He then tells us how to raise parasites. Around the farm is a title of another paper he delivered that year, in which his love of nature is shown very profound. Speaking to the boys and girls of the County of Brome, he tried to inculeate into their young souls some of that love for the beautiful country around them, for | the study of insects and flowers, etc. 1919-20—His presidential address this year was on the natural control of ) insects, which he studies under four heads: 1, Climate; 2, Feeding; 3, Predacious Animals and 4, Animal and Plant Parasites—13 pages. Later on he repeated before our society his address given before the Ontario Entomological Society a few weeks previous: An important bioclimatic law, Hopkins. _1920-21—At this date our president made a very good synopsis of the story of spraying mixtures and reviews: 1. The use of Paris Green against biting insects; 1860-70. 2. The introduction of Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide; 1885. 8. The introduction of Lime Sulphur, first as a contact insecticide and later as a fungicide in 1906. 4. The use of lead arsenate and calcium arsenate as insecticides against biting insects. 5. The use of kerosene emulsion and tobacco extracts as contact in- secticides. 6. The practicability of combining the more important insecticides and fungicides for spraying. 90 THE REPORT OF THE 7. The manufacture of spray materials in the powdered form and the introduction of dusting. | 8. 17845 Phytobius griseomcans Schwarz. Brome Lake, Que., (Brown) ; Cypress Hills , and Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). - 18027 Cossonus quadricolis Van D. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). * Phloeophagus canadensis Van D. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr) ; Victoria, B.C.. - 18093 Calendra graminis Chit. Chappica Lake and Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). - 18107 Calendra striatipennis Chit. Fish Lake, Sask., (N. Criddle). 5 18123 Calendra minima Hart. Lobo, Ont., (Wood); St. Thomas, Ont., (James) i Calendra memnonia Gyll. White Lake, B.C., (Criddle and Vroom). 18157 Sitophilus granarius L. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Strickland). DIPTERA Prepared by C. H. Curran. ( 3 The numbers at the left refer to the page in Aldrich’s Catalogue on which the _ name of the genus appears, while * refers to newly described species. , Tipulidae bi 89* Limnophila aldrichi Alex. Banff, Alta., (Garrett). . * Limnophila columbiana Alex. Prince Rupert, B.C., (Dyar). The above two species described in Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 72, 1927. * Limnophila irene Alex. Bothwell, Ont., 1925 (G. S. Walley). Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1927. ' Simuliidae ‘ * Prosimulium novum Dyar and Shan. Kaslo, B.C., (Dyar). = * Prosimulium dicum D. and S. Prince Rupert, B.C., (Dyar). § * Prosimulium pancerastes D. and S. Prince Rupert, B.C., (Dyar); White Horse, Y.T., (Clark) ; Dawson, Y.T., (J. K. Jessup). EKusimulium mutum permutatum D. and S. Kaslo, B.C., (R. P. Currie). 168* Simulium decarum katmai Dyar and Shan. Carcross, Y.T., and White Horse, Y.T., (Dyar). The above described in Proc. Nat. Mus., LXIX, 1927. _ Stratiomyidae = 4 178* Chrysochroma canadensis Curr. Niagara Glen, Ont., 1926 (Walley). 184* Odontomyia truquii innotata Curr. Riding Mountains, Man., (G. S. Brooks). “ 188* Huparyphus limbiventris Curr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle and Bird). * Euparyphus latelimbatus Curr. Waterton, Alta., (H. L. Seamans); Slave Lake, Alta., (O. Bryant). * Euparyphus nicolensis Curr. Nicola, B.C., (Criddle). * Euparyphus octomaculatus Curr. Penticton, B.C., (W. B. Anderson). The above described in Trans. Ry. Soc. Can., Sec. V, 1927. Tabanidae + 195 Chrysops brunneus Hine. Pt. Pelee, Ont., July, (F. Ide). - Bombyliidae 235 Bombylius fraudulentus Johnson. Severn, Ont., June, (Curran). 245 Toxophora amphitia Walker. Saskatoon, Sask., June, (K. M. King). iB. Therevidae / tl 246 Psilocephala haemorrhoidalis Macq. Pt. Pelee, June, 1922, (A. W. Baker) ; # July, 1927, (F. Ide). _ Asilidae 255 Ospriocerus abdominalis Say. Roche Percee, Sask., July, (Brooks). 5 270 Dasyllis sacrator Walker. Victoria Beach, Man., June, (G. S. Brooks). _- 272 Laphria scorpio L. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (Brooks). _ Dolichopodidae = 6.283* ¥ Psilopus parvicauda Van Duz. Wainfleet, Ont., (Van Duzee). if Ent. News, Vol. XX XVIII, 1927. ’ Rhaphium vanduzeei Curran. Kazubazua, Que., June, (Ide). 100 SSSSCSTHE REPORT OF THE fet | 297 Scellus virago Ald. Roche Percee, Sask., July, (E. and S. Criddle, G. S. Brooks). Syrphidae 376* Copestylum caudatum Curran. Medicine Hat, Alta., (F. 8S. Carr). Ent. News, Vol. XX XVIII, 1927. i 359* -Platycheirus amplus Curran. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., (N. K. Bigelow) ; a -° Spruce Brook, Newfoundland. * Platycheirus bigelowi Curr. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Que., (Bigelow). * Platycheirus erraticus Curr. Orillia, Ont., (Curran); St. Hilaire and Mon- | treal, Que., (Beaulieu); St. Claud, Aweme and Goodlands, Man., | (Criddle). | * Platycheirus occidentalis Curr. Oliver, B.C., (C. B. Garrett). The above species described in Am.-Mus. Novitates, No. 247, 1927. Platycheirus scambus Staeger. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, (N. K. Bigelow). Platycheirus perpallidus Verr. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, (N. K. Bigelow). - =| Platycheirus clypeatus Meigen. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., July, (N. K. | Bigelow). Platycheirus scutatus Mg. Low Bush, Lake Abitibi, Ont., June, (N. K. Bigelow). . 382 Sericomyia sexfasciata Walker. Cadray Bay, Nfld., July-Aug., (A. English). Sapromyzidae . Sapromyzosoma fraterna Lw. Transcona, Man., July, (Brooks); Aweme, Man., Aug., (R. D. Bird). 2 Sapromyzosoma aequalis Mall. Transcona, Man., July, Roche Percee, Sask.. July, (G. S. Brooks). Sapromyzosoma harti Mall. Pt. Pelee, Ont., June, (Ide). ‘ 584 Sapromyza brachysoma Coq. Brockville, Ont., Oct., (W. Metcalfe). | Minettia obscura Mall. Hull, Que., June, (W. J. Brown) ; Niagara Glen, Ont., June, (G. S. Walley). Trypaneidae 606 Rhagoletis striatella Wulp. Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 10, (L. Caesar). Trypanea abstersa Lw. Roche Percee, Sask., July, (G. S. Brooks). Tetanoceridae 579 Tetanocera papilliifera Mel. Victoria Beach, Baldur and Vee Man.,- July, Aug., (G. S. Brooks). Scatophagidae : 567* Orthacheta brunnetpennis Johns. Hull, Que., (Curran):-—amoena Cresson. The above species described in Psyche XXXIV, 1927. Muscidae 536 Pogonomyia similis Mall. Pierson, Man., July, (H. J. Brodie). 542 Trichopticus diaphana Wd. Codroy Valley, Nfld., July-Aug., (A. English). Lispoides aequalis Stein. Shell River, Man., July, (E. and S. Criddle). Bigotomyia curvinervis Mall. Wilmot, N.S., Aug., (A. Dustan). 551 Hydrophoria arctica Mall. Nottingham ‘Isld., Hudson Strait, Aug., (F. Johansen). : ¢ 5638 Lispa nasoni Stn. Transcona, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). 572 Allophyla laevis Lw. Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). Sarcophagidae 476 Opsidia gonioides Cog. Pt. Pelee, Ont., July, (Ide). 476 Gymnoprosopa polita Towns. Pt. Pelee, Ont., June, (F. Ide). Phrosinella fulvicornis Coq. Pt. Pelee, Ont., July, (Ide); Deloraine, Man., July, (E. and S. Criddle). = | 510 Se aculeata gavia Ald. Roche Percee, Sask., July, 1927, (G. S. Brooks Sarcophaga hinei Aldrich. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). 7 510 Sarcophaga peniculata Parker. Victoria Beach, ’Man., Bs (G. S. Brooks).4 Sarcophaga setigera Aldrich. Transcona, Man., ‘July, (G.§ . Brooks). Tachinidae : 422* Gymnosoma occidentale Curran. Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann) ; Jordans Ont., (W. A. Ross); Seton Lake, B.C., (McDunnough). * Phyllomya fuscicosta Curran. Seton Lake, Lillooet, B.C., €. McDunnough). 428* Hulasiona tibialis Curran. Aylmer, Que., (Curran). | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 101 Belvosia canadensis Curran. Piapot Reserve, Sask., (J. Fletcher); Calgary, Alta., Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Belvosia ‘splendens Curr. Last Mountain, Sask., (C. H. Young); Baldur, Man., (R. D. Bird); Aweme, Man., (A. E. and S. Criddle). The above five species described in Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1927. 4 ‘a Cylindromyia decora Ald. Transcona, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). Cylindromyia compressa Aldrich. Aweme, Man., June, (J. B. Wallis). 421 Viviania neomexicana Tns. Kentville, N.S., July, Aug., (R. P. Gorham). 3 HYMENOPTERA _ Ichneumonidae . * Ischnopsidea alberta Cush. Edmonton, Alta., (Geo. Salt). * Cryptus caligatus Cush. Calgary, Alta., (Geo. Salt). * Agrothereutes rufepectus Cush. Bilby, Alta., (Salt). * Protarchoides pallipes Cush. Edmonton, Alta., (Salt). The above species described in Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. LX XII, 1927. Anteoninae. * Chelogynus rugulosus Fent. St. Johns, N.B., (A. G. Leavitt). a * Prenanteon micropunctatus Fent. Nerepis, N.B., (Leavitt). ‘ The above two species described in Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol. LX XII, 1927. Eurytomidae 4 * Harmolita kingi Philp. Saebatoen, Sask., (K. M. King). " Serphoidea * Phaenopria occidentalis Fouts. Chilliwak, B.C., (Oscar Whittaker). * Loxotropa nigrescens Fouts. Chilliwak, B.C., (Whittaker). * Paramesius laetus Fouts. Chilliwak, B.C., (Whittaker). * Calliceras whittakeri Fouts. Chilliwak, B. C., (Whittaker). These 4 species cet et in Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. X XIX, 1927. ; I egachilidae * Megachile wheeleri Mitch. Calgary, Alta., (Geo. Salt). Psyche, Vol. XXXIV, 1927 The following Alberta Ichneumonidae have been determined 1926 by Mr. R. A. Cushman of the United States Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C.; and unless _ otherwise indicated were collected by George Salt. _Acroricnus aequatus Say. Bilby; June. _Alexeter albotarsatus Prov. Calgary; August. _Amblyteles animosus Cress. Calgary; July, August. Amblyteles animosus var. rubelius Cress. Calgary; August. _Amblyteles caeruleus Cress. Bilby; June. 4 mblyteles cincticornis Cress. Edmonton, Bilby; May, June. Amblyteles citatus Prov. Bilby; June. -Amblyteles citemus Cress. Bilby; June. _Amblyteles comes Cress. Calgary; June. _Amblyteles comes var. aleatorius Cress. Calgary; August. Amblyteles discus Cress. Calgary; July. Bimbiyicice feralis Cress. Edmonton; April, May. Amblyteles gestuosus Cress. ? Bilby; June. Amblyteles grandis Brulle. Calgary; July. : i mblyteles grotei Cress. Calgary; August. “Amblyteles instabilis Cress. ? Edmonton; May. Amblyteles longulus Cress. Calgary; August. Amblyteles maurus Cress. Bilby; June. Amblyteles nubivagus Cress. Calgary; July. -Amblyteles nuncius Cress. Calgary; August. Amblyteles ormenus Cress. Tofield; May, (Owen Bryant). _Amblyteles pedalis Cress. Calgary; May, July. Amblyteles quadrizonatus Vier. Calgary; July. Amblyteles robustus Cress. Edmonton; May. Amblyteles rufiventris Brulle. Calgary; June. Amblyteles scitulus Cress. Bilby; June. Amblyteles subfuscus Cress. Calgary; May. Amblyteles subrufus Cress. Edmonton, Tofield; May. aeray superbus Prov. Villeneuve, Edmonton; May, October (O. Bryant, George alt ) f a 102 ‘THE REPORT OF THE Amblyteles suturalis Say.. Calgary; May. : Amblyteles suturalis var. propinquus Cress. Calgary; May. Amblyteles uncinatus Cress. Edmonton; May. Amblyteles variegatus Cress. Calgary; July, August. Amblyteles vescus Prov. Bilby; June. Apechthris picticornis Cress. Edmonton; April. Arenetra nigrita Walsh. Edmonton; April. . Banchus flavescens Cress. Calgary, Bilby; June, July. Catoglyptus fuscatus Cress. Bilby; June. Clepsiporthus rubiginosus Cress. Bilby, Calgary; June, July. Cteniscus clypeatus Cress. Bilby; June. Cryptoideus bicolor Cush. Calgary; May. Cryptus altontt D. T. Edmonton, Calgary; May, June, July. Cryptus robustus Cress. Calgary; May, June. ~ Cylloceria sexlineata Say. Bilby; June. Diaborus ornatus Walsh. Bilby; June. Dialges frontalis Davis. Bilby; June. Diplazon concinnus Cress. Bilby; June. Diplazon laetatorius Fabr. Bilby; June. Diplazon pulchripes Prov. Bilby; June. Enicospilus purgatus Say. Burdett, Calgary; May, June, July,-(W. R. and George Salt). Ephialtes pedalis Cress. Burdett, Calgary, Bilby; May, August, (W. R. and George Salt). Ephialtes tenuicornis Cress. Bilby; June. Epiurus alborictus Cress. Calgary; May. EKrronmenus dimidiatus Cress. Bilby; June. Exyston rufinus Davis. Calgary; July. Glypta californica Prov. ? Calgary; August. Glypta varipes Cress. Calgary; August. Habronyx suburbe Davis. Calgary; May. Hadrodactylus inceptus Cress. Bilby; June. Homotropus humeralis Prov. Calgary; May. Hoplismenus morulus Say. Bilby; June. Hyposoter annulipes Cress. Calgary; July. Ischnus exilis Prov. Calgary; August. Lissonota americana Cress. Calgary; August. Inssonota coloradensis Cress. Calgary; August. Iissonota gelida Cress. Calgary; August. Megarhyssa nortoni Cress. Calgary. Mesochorus uniformis Cress. Bilby; June. Opheltes glaucopterus var. flavipennis Prov. Calgary; September. Ophion abnormis Felt. Calgary; May. Paniscus pallens var. barberi Cush.~ Bilby; June. Phytodietus burgessi Cress. Calgary; July. Phytodietus distinctus Cress. Calgary; July, August. Phytodietus vulgaris Cress. Calgary; July. Polyblastus pedalis Cress. Bilby; June. Polyblastus varitarsus Grav. Bilby; June. Polysphincta texana Cress. Bilby; June. Promethes unicinctus Ashm. Calgary; May. Sagaritis intermedius Vier. ? Calgary; May. Scopesis laetus Prov. Calgary; August. Sestoplex validus Cress. Bilby; June. Synoecetes festivus Cress. Bilby; June. . Syrphoctonus maculifrons Cress. Calgary; May, June. 7 Syrphoctonus pleuralis Cress. Bilby; June. Therion fuscipenne Prov. Burdett; July, (W. R. Salt). Theronia fulvescens Cress. Edmonton; May. Trematopygus semirufus Cress. Bilby; June. Tromatobia rufopectus Cress. Bilby; June. Tryphon communis Cress. Bilby; June. ate ; ; % *, a 2 = fo?) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY _ 103 7 ryphon ci communis var. atripes aie! Bilby; June. Viereckiana laticincta Cress. Calgary; July, August. v iereckiana villosa Nort. Calgary; August. X ‘orides insularis Cress Calgary; August. xc rides stigmapterus Say. Bilby; June. Cryptus relativus Cress. Vernon, B.C.; July, (H. G. Glover). Glypta simplicipes Cress. Vernon, B.C.; July, (H. G. Glover). Theronia fulvescens Cress. Vernon, B.C.; July, (H. G. Glover). oe Bes HEMIPTERA Miridae 3 3 * Deraeocoris piceicola Kt. Simpson Pass and Barkerville, B.C., (EH. R. Buc- kell) ; Revelstoke, B.C., (McDunnough). The above species described Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, 1386, 1927. Ceratocapsus downesi Kt. Saanich and Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes). The above species described in Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XX VII, 151, 1927. | | INDEX % . Page Pe ge ra ‘Aedes BEMCSU US clo chbos, finda skte wits elves. 48 Bucculatrix pomtfoliella Clem............. 13 Mr Aedes canadensis.........0-0...0c0ccceececcse: AQ Wel Ohne apie: DNC iets OE 10,2027 Memeedes COADNYUA 00... oe Geese 48 Bir doclktbOrer se xcccsscksclnck, eee 8) Mee eOeS CIMEFEUS..... 6... ns ae ws 46 Cabbagevaplis. rinse a 18 _ Aedes CODRMITTIVNG Se ee ae 48 @abbagerlea ‘beetle:..A i208. Aone 25 OE MAOTSONS 3. 08a 46 Cadisbace magsoties. ce To2Aeee MEECSPCHCIUCIONS: 200.0.22...000 ei aes AY Cacoecia persicana Butch...) ee LONSS EEG CS OUCSCOMS. 2.2502. AR ce. 49 Cacoeciarosaceana Hatr..63)..2 7,05. 12pak Medes hirsuteron Theo.................5....... 8, 46 Carpocapsa pomonella OM ea ties an 19, ip BEMICHOSPEMUMMOCTS. 02030....8.o OR. A8 Carrot ustatly sts eke: ip +13, 18, 24 BEPICHES MIUGLOMACUUIS, 0c... co cceecciseececeeeees 49 Cephus cinctus Nort... PaO TORSE he 50 4 _ Aedes DOUCET RO a eA 48 Ceramica picta Harr.. ce Ove ear maya BES IDG GC) IA Res ED 46 Chermysinuierilyese ee ts ee 22 | PES S02 0/02 Ue AQ Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grt................ 76, 85 Mueenes Vexrans NMIGN.............0:.6.c0cee scenes 8, 46 Chrysanthemum midge................0....... 19 Mm Argotis fennica Vausch........0 cc. 7 ChrysopG Spe sete acc oe Ae. 12 Mevobama argillacea:........... cl. ie Gicadulasernotata Wally 2.236 D1 Beiantus cinctus Linn.....%...0050.0000000... 70 Wigan Case rDeaher rae) soc: eee De 28 Allononyma vicartalis Zell.................... Lore) Gimerveciularius U.S Alsophila pometaria Harr... aE Stier ets ey Cocemellidae. tos mech ee eee 12 _ Amorbia humerosana Clem ci nah 39 Codlinasnioph......ncs0 2 ee 11, 15719973 é. eo ropmora lactucae Kalt................ 23 Colorado potato beetle.........000000000.. 7,14 Bamcylis MUDECULANG.......00......0000.0000. a diG Columbinte-borerss) a See oe 19 memsota senaioria S. & A... 2. 24 Gommondeeleworm <7 as Ve ee 13 ~ Anomala orientalis... Le ORta Rew ES SC eRe 0) Conotrachelus nenuphar...<:.0.2 5.25 1 a _ Anopheles maculipennis. pea eens 47 @OpMveaT WODIMI ct ugh fos ere te 14, 18 me Anithonomus signatus Say...................... 13 Corneal apliidise oie see AN ay ee 14, 24 m@eanithrenus scrophulariae L......:............. ih Cottonjmothie. <.c.k4. Le eee ie 17 BeemMrap his CATA Vat 22 Cottony-maple scale:...:.....457:... 13 _ Anuraphis roseus Baker... eee 20 Gottony- peach: scalewc.. 20. ee: 17 _ Apanteles thompsoni Lyle... ee Sahel) 6) Cryptohypnus nocturnus Esch............... 20 (DULCE See 8, 9, 13 Currant phidsi eer a ee oe 23 Memos avende Fab. oe 10 Curranveinuil thy eee ee Se 13 BOIS: UEISSICOG 38... ce ass eB cele. 18 Cit WOLMS2 Scan Ce ee Bustle 18, 23 _ Aphis ‘TA ACAT OMS, BY WUC] A aoe epee ee 14, 24 Cydia pomoncllac nee we ee Ae 15 Meonis POM! WG. icc. 9, 16, 20 - DD ORORLORIUURUSEROE ce ee ees Nt ee 16 BeApiis pseudobrassicae................cc0... 18 Diamond back-moth! 2. ee 18, BM WIIPES TIMMILCLS Veo. ee ede By Diarthronomyta hy pogaea...................... 19 Baphodwis pardalis Lec....:..0.00002..0.... 09 Dioctes punctoria Roman...................... ay) Apple aphids........... ics Meee Dk te, 16 DiSsostetra: Carola VL... Gee 14 Meepple bud aphids... cc. 10 Bastern tent caterpillar..................:: 8, 16, 21 mepple leat hopper..........:....5...0/ccce 16521 llopragiscellanta:Gil......02 125. .0 24 Apple leaf sewer............. os SNE ee 16 EST OG. ROS CC Mrs icck 2 ae eee Mee 12 _ Apple leaf trumpet miner................: =iielO TSTUDO ASCO} QD OC. vyisc 5502 'ea2y ee 16 Mole MASP... 10, 16, 19 Empoasca unicolor WeBbs 2k eo. 12 . _ Apple eG TAG Mecsas 10, 22 PASM Grain aphid. shine eae ol MeApple seed chalcid........0 0. 10 Epiblema carolinana Walsish fit 2a7S | 4 Beary CWLWOIM..............0.0.20000. eae ee 76, 85 Epilachna corrupta Muls... “Le POoV Ad | _ Argyroploce variegana Hbn................... MeSe pti GUCUMMeRIS FLATT ac. 05: 22 14 | MeAspidiolus perniciosus...........00...0.2,....- 5) LS) Epochra canadensis Lowe..................-.- 13 | _ Attagenus piceus Oliv... Sheare ts Se eS 1D Eriocampoides lumacina Retz........... SeAGe2 _ Barathra configurata Wilkens hee 50 Eriopnyes pyr Pasnst(..)\ ine Lato 22 | Baryodma ontarionis Casey.................. 66 Eriosoma lanigera Hausm..................... 10,21 | MOC ekg van tear eo Tak 1) TULL ONVELLEROS Ds os 52s), 6h ese 23 | Meeweecw leat MIMEr............0. eal 62 ivemistes rovorator Way’ i o.0e.. 20-8 99 MPOTOG TCTLUOSUS VWe.......00.6e.c.cceuteseeeleeees 12 SBTC OTAULEIUS Ve sips cause scare scee ees nner BE i TL LSS A ae ce Behe s wedl 52) 18 ETAT AOL MeLIN okie 2. a ee 11, 36 | @plack army cutworm.................... eter rh Eulia quadrifasciana Fern.....................36, 38 lackberry leaf miner.. fia Sas Eulimneria crassifemur Thom............... 59 t Gant Ramen WeCtle 1. aie la 15 European apple suckev........5...........0+-- ould Black Glen Aphid .o. 6. oe LOST ie22, European corn borev................ te nod, D5: O0 | Maeslissus occiduus Barber...........:...........- 50 PE Ropeam red mile... sees 11, 23 Memnown tail moth.:.....2.00 ine. 10. Burepean rose sawily..2. 42.55 70 (105) Page Euxod ochrogaster 2... oc he ee 50 Buxoatessellaia-tlarr.:3 232. 2 ee aS Feeristes roborator Bab..23.24 <= ays) Poatcanker werm<.438 = 2 ee 9,11 Feall-web=wor tina! 2. bce eee ee 14 Raise, Crane Plies is co ee te 15 Htea, beetles i.e ts eae 14 Forest. tent:caterpillar...;../. ito S22 Bear lined-leafi\ bus... 24.8 Aes 14 Golden-slow-boret...27... «js 13 = Gractiarta syringella Pab..i.2513.8 24 S25 “Grape berry moO... sei case 2a wn Oui 22 Myzus-ribis L....0. eee Sat Oe | Neodiprion lecontei Fitch............2........ 8_ Nepticula pomivorella Pack................. 13 — Northwest chinch bug... 2.5 504 Nyymia phaeorrhoea Donovyan............ 10 Oak plant bug.....:21 2S 17 Oat’ aphid.....3...4:.2)2 34 10 Oberea bimaculata Oliv..........c00.0c00c0e- 12 Oblique-banded leaf roller................... 12 Onion masgot........-e eee 9, 18, 24, 61 Orchard tent caterpillar.........000000....... 12 Oriental- peach moth:z:..4.. 25 175224 Oyster shell scale... 0.001... ie ee Paleacrita vernata....... 3 eee Pale western cutworm...........0.........: A yo. Pandemis limitata Rob2)..2. 235.202 10,344 Papaipema cataphracta Grt.................. 94 Papaipema nitela Guen........ 25 9 Papdipema purpurifascia... Bee eet 1na) eS Paraclemensia acertfoliella Fitch. ........ “ Paratetranychus pilosus C. & F............. 11.-254 Paria canellaF ab........ 23 4% Peach tree borer:....:..:. 32 eee 17:4 Pear leaf blister mite 2... {ae 13, 416,224 Pear psylla......... 3... 342 13; -h6,:22 Pear slug.............0..5 re 8, 17,223 Pegomyta hyoscyamt Panzet............ 7, 24, 62 Phaeogenes planifrons Wesm............... DO Phorodon. humult Schr....._ 222 20-4 Phyllophaga spp..s5.:.. ae 9, 14, 24 Phyllotreta.albionica oe ROPE Les 25 Phytophaga destructor Say .................... D8 Pieris rapac.L......\..... eee 7, 9,488 Pistol case bearer... 134 Plum aphids..:...2.5. 23 mee Plum curculio.........2. 2S 17; 22% Plutella maculipennis Curtis................ 139 Poecilocapsus lineatus Fab................... 14> Polychrosis viteana Clem....................... 235 | Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr............... 50 Potato. aphis..:::............4.......eeee 7, 14 Potato beetle........... Pe ee 3 Potato. stenr borer... eee 14 — Powder-post beetle............:000...e 25 4 Psila rosae Fab... seve tei om. Lee Psyllia mali Schmid..,....2....20 ee 11-4 | Psylli@ipyri nnn ih ee eee : ee Psyllia pryicola Forst.................... 2dea22e Pteronidea ribesii Scop 2... 2.56 See 13.4 Pulvinaria amygdali....... bah k 173 (106) ~ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY r Z Page Page METIITITIO UTES 14..... 7... £00. et ko Spiny OAL WOOL eye it ee cee 24 _ Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn................. 7,9, 24,74 | Spittle DUSEOESea sole Renate ee 8 @ raspberry cane borer............................ ip Sprne cankerworm.:: 0.4.8.0 .2e 16 Mees eEry SAWILY........2..2.-...c.0.. cece aces 18; 23 PEETEON GES 6h er ast ets, Ty eee ) = Red-backed cutworm..............00.00000..... 50 NEOrEd PLOGuct, Pests: ..2..05...eas-c.ee. 42 _ Red-humped apple caterpillar... 16 Strawberry leaf beetle........:.....0..2.0002.. 23 _Red-humped oak caterpillar.. Ba. Seals 19 SEFAWIDEREY WEEVIL, 3. 5.0.0:.c0s5-c.-ccccs- ee 13 BenADOOPHAGA QCETIS.........2.0....65.00000 25 SUMUNCTISIC QUDIFTOWS:.2...-..55.0. 2000s 19 _ Rhagoletis cingulata Loew.................... 22 Syntomaspis druparum Boh................. 10 - Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh............ 10, 16, 19 Se SITU le aN GS ae ae 13 _ Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae L............... 22 Tarnished PIATIECDUS ho we eS Plast _ Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae.... 16 Fischeria malifoliella.Clem....................- “10 _ Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae Davis 24 Porn ajuctana Wik oo Se 38 Ribbed cocoon maker of apple............ 8) Trichogramma minutum............0.......... ol ooo ve vase evecevesceseecees 23 PRUE cap Mists Se eh ok eee 18, 24 Meine eple ApHIS....... senamasnastnine rewipeiia — ct tstppaaseesatina vavcreciviialaleintcnicisieinettte at eilanit e AAA ™ = s ; 4 a ; ; . i : 7 ‘ a - ae q ~ : 2 - ¢ . F i ! \- . Fe “= 2 4 ma ’ 5 y ’ “ - ' a $ im o> cet te tO LO RM a Ne ERRATA Fifty-ninth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1928 Page 60, the first line of second paragraph, for “‘possibility” read ‘impossibility.’ Page 63, the first line, for “the trap crop” read ‘“‘the crop.” Page 64, the third line of the first paragraph, for, 3.7” read ‘37.7.” ) » H » odd” tol ani i f _ ee ee wccmmnibaintsa a et 4 a tf ae ERM I SOAR LALLA LOLI OAL NTT ‘ 4 4 . Page NS TUS SETS MRTAO) EEE) oo ee cae doesn ss akepagcns (a acgnaspasdecsscanccovsesadesecaesssecetsedonsedadapasnnansestececsaroseconvoss 4 OTN OM AUIOME SACD ENIVIEIN(T tthe cacchtccchcctrcselenicaceetasetieeSetestietste careetieh saa tossvaccbieatdisoedsoesdosvecneuseedovedses 4 FeEeePHER Os MUNeE COMIC sa see meee ctccetades uch cena ncseazcnse Ueahovacscsdiescceasesassesssesarsessocosavescsseegs 5 ~ Repottror whe Curator and Auibrarian . 20 sicrec. eco iivesk eh esodescss beavecsecdadesessiaddehoes if Insects of the Season 1928 in Prince Edward Island: R. P. GORHAM.................000+ 7 Insects of the Season 1928 in Nova Scotia: W. H. BRITTAIN.............ccccsccsssesssssesseees 8 Insects of the Season 1928 in Nova Scotia: F. G. GILLIATT.............cccccssssseeseeseeccecees 10 Insects of the Season 1928 in New Brunswick: R. P. GorHAM, G. P. WALKER SPuMMleee IE SO UNUE SO Nisei enc. oaycscees Seach oe 85. Sesh ac diphe ssa bsu@uneEe ae ncsvowk sa WetddeesunldvonsGdeleesesses 13 mimsects: of the Season 1928 in Quebec: C. B. PET CH s.ccs.cc.cecctecssvssesssscsceccssseersnssessasees lyf ~ Insects of the Season 1928 in Ontario: W. A. Ross and L. CAESAR... 18 . Insects of the Season 1928 in Manitoba: A. V. MircHENER and NoRMON CRIDDLE 22 Insects of the Season 1928 in Saskatchewan: ELLIS MCMILLAN.................cccccceee eee 26 Insects of the Season 1928 in Northern Alberta: E. H. STRICKLAND...............0000+ 28 Insects of the Season 1928 in Alberta: H. L. SEAMANS....0.....cccccccccseeseeeceeceeseecceeeunees 29 Insects of the Scason 1928 in British Columbia: ERIC HEARLE.................:0000s0eceeeeee ou Insects of the Season 1928 Around Vancouver, Especially Point Grey: G. J PRR RUT MOR ence ay Gee rd cide nas cl Ge nasee saauaso das asanue uxasihusy Bearer cig anadbeson Stone ti ar osben 36 The Present Status of Corn Borer Parasites in Canada: A. B. BAIRD 38 Notes on the Life-History of the European Corn Borer in Ontario: Gro. M.: SOTTERIRIESTOT, - snondndubsh eae sao pcC ER Gee Ctr AHEM Ene era tc be EMRE tan A EEO nae tO A he OPE ta 40 Corn Investigations in Relation to the European Corn Borer: A. R. MARSTON 43 The Percentage and Number of European Corn Borers Wintering in the Parts of Corn Stalks Below the Surface of the Ground: R. W. THOMPSON............... 46 The Corn Borer Situation in Ontario in 1928: Li. CAESAR ..............ccecccsssscceeeecceeseesees 49 A Method of Preparing Wax Entomological Exhibits: A. A. WO0OD...............0c0000008 52 The Laboratory Breeding of Microgaster tibialis Nees: W. ELGIN STEENBURGH 55 Notes on Myiasis of the Urinary Passage Caused by Larvae of Fannia: J. D. MO ER VAUD osc Betts hee bcc. REPEC MDL S -earwign..2te.soree eee oe 36, 38 Horn fly ice 35 | European leaf-roller. «2.2... 82.085. 14 Horse ‘bot flies::.20:2... 0 eee 36 | Huropean: red «mite: ies:2...20006208 3300 16 tonal House’ cricket ‘22.2222? Sa 22 Bupoa messoria Hatt........cccccecceees 23 House flies 2200 36,57 2 El Euxoa ochrogaster Gn..........000000.. 23, 26,30 Hyalopterus arundinis Fab...............+ 25 i Hunow tessellata Farr...) 4..0208.. 80 23 Hylemyia antiqua Meig...13, 15, 21, 24,33 Eye-spotted budmoth.......... SPAS bot St Hylemyia brassicae Bouche.............. 15,24 | Fall=canker: wWorms..sc.<0..12808..3 12, 16, 24 Hylemyia cilicrura Rond...............000 14 Fall webworm...........0...cc...ceeeeee 8; 16,4933 Hyphantria cunea Drury........ 8, 16, 17, 33 @ Fannia caniceularis Linn... 57 Hypodtrma bovis DeGeev.................. 350 Fannie sealaris. Pab.2).22258. 22s 57, 58 Hypoderma lincata DeVilliers.......... 35 | Felted. beech coeeus 21.03.0026... 20) 8,16 fehneumon’ ne eee 38 | Feltiella venatoria Felt........:c0.cce0-s: 92 Iiknota pisi Kaltenbach!:. eee 33 TT Birvsawily-asnsiene SOND. ROSEN. ARIS 24 Illinoia solanifolti Ashm.................+ 7 ai Firctussock moéthemes:, 2a)... Soe 34 Imported cabbage worm.............. 13, 24, 33 | BC AS cccasessversethe. SOR SED 38 imported~-currant: worn. 26,32 — Forest tent caterpillav............ 28, 29, 31,34 Isa isabella’ As @: S202 eee 36 Forficula auricularia We... inn 36, 38 Itoplectis conquisitor Say..........---+- 17 FOTMtEU~ fUSCO. cheer neessrcee ERO 29 Ttoplectis- Spree 76 Four lined -leaf - bugcissccs552. 9. GO 10 June -beetle,. 2800209. Antes 10 Laspeyresia prunivora Walsh.......... 31q Gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis L........ 36 Batrine fly sce 57 Gastrophilus intestinalis DeGeev...... 36 ieaf hoppers nn ree 129 Gastrophilus nasalis Licccecccceccceccseeeee 36 Lecanwm: caprae Wiiiss5-2-. eee 34 | Geotrupes stercorarius Lu........e 15 Lepidosaphes wlmi L.....s.cccccceees 12, 16, 188 German*cockroach ee ee ee 25 Leptids’~( Bitine) soon be ERE! 35 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 127 Page Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say........ 13,14, 23,-27, 29, 30 MESSE PlE WOTM wnat. deecedues-denentes 31 GSSEROOUSEHY: 2.5... ceuptacd secs s-c.sasce sees aS Melt meat -MINeY .. ..resgehacsscvds-woncee -onoone ya Mame tree looper,.:isc......-00.0-c-0+---+-ese200 24 HEEPCUTUS COPOMS WANN. cic.scenenee--ncecsero 38 Lipeurus variabilis Nitzsch.............. 38 Loxostege sticticalts L.............c000- Zo align® TEPOUUS OCTUDEMIIS, [. exazseceaconkaansesh senses 28 Lygidea mendax Reut...................-00-- 10,19 Lygus communis Knight...............0008 9,12 Lygus communis var. novascotiensis 15 TUG ITO LENS1S....ss000.-cocsocesseesesens 13, 14,36 Erxyperosia wrritans Li...ccccscccedeccccccccees 35 Macrocentrus ancylivora Rohwev.... 76, 80, 83, 84, 85 Macrocentrus delicatus Cress.......... 75, 84 Macrocentrus gifuensis Ashm.......... 39 Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab........ 20 Malacosoma americana Fab.............. Os 7,19 WEGIGCOSOING, GISSETIG, «:.....0i.neorescariio4cs Malacosoma disstria erosa Stretch 31, 34 Malacosoma pluvialis Dyav.............: erred WEMleteat Cutter ..........0-00000Reisecesossees 18 LEI. STTOIELTC NER Re? Aan nn oo 38 Mealy plum aphid ..nc.Uccccascnctcac 25 Mediterranean flour moth ................ 38 Melanoplus angustipennis...........c00000- 22, Melanoplus atlanis Riley...............00.. 7, 26 Melanoplus bivittatus Say...........cccc0 7 Melanoplus dawson ........c0ccccccsesessseee 22 Melanoplus femur-rubrum .cccccccccceees 22 Meromyza americana Fitch.............. 23, 33 MMCLOCONIES: SP). ebincc!.“S.o50) sees lban.. ase 76, 77 Mexican bean beetle.......0.....ccccccseeee 2b 107 Microbracon br evicornts .....ccccsseecceeeee 39 Microbracon mellitor Say............ 39, 76,77 MEER SECTS 2S... ce Bae. Seek 56 Microgaster tibialis Nees......... ers 39, 55 BYRNE CCS oo oo oc ssssrchcasapicenopicnie odSae~ 21 Monophadnoides rubi Harv.............. eet), Whose tek. ...2eand achice. kn. sies..: 35 Mosquitoes ...dscc.aecaasi ZOD le SLOT Mountain pine beetle... eeeeeeeees 34 - WEVSEG COMCSUICO, Maris cnnoncnsannnectesiends 36 Myzocallis alnifoliae Fitch................ 37 Mijeusvecras Pabi®. 2... S...2.-.0860 hOgA9,132 EES IDO No sain nc co pomoicen bce cheane « Mt. < 25 Nematus erichsoni Hartig..........0..0.... 16 Neodiprion abietis Hart...........c000000.. 24 Nephelodes emmedonia Cram............ 14 Nepticula pomivorella Pack.............. 12 Nomius pygmaeus Dejau......cceecccsscceseee 37 Notolophus antiqua Lu....eecccccccsesseeees 28 Me LACE UC og 5 ose clk, 24 AG CINETIS ene icc 30 Oecanthus nigricornis Walk.............. 20 SUAS 00S mono. 5d. teach. 36 Olive “green. Cutworm-....:..:..2...05..-.. 32 Onion mMagvot..2....2....... 13, Lo a21e 2Ar 33 Witton: (hYripss owe... 21 Oriental peach moth...19, 65, 66, 72, 80, 81 Oxyzaephilus surinamensis L............ Ze, Oyster (shell seqle (22k o.cecccscck, Tee heal ts Page Paleacrita vernata Peckwn.....c....cs.000e- 19 Pale western CUtWOrM. «....5:...