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MAAN NDE Sembee gets ~ od A sthetawi ak, oaths Se se eens Nee Aviamy ROR e Aa a kash ne Mei NeeeNinde, St ote mR ae at ae gett PE ht a LOB HOE east ny suet ope ei elaine ftp dere! wee A tS ¢ “ef pe oe C fem Serdy.) i) ANNUAL REPORT 1965-1966 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY 4 os ANNUAL REPORT 1965-1966 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Campoplex, a parasitic ichneumon wasp HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1967 4 x 4 ie ee Na oa ees * MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY FACULTY 1966-1967 NATHAN MARSH PUSEY, PH.D., LL.D., L.H.D., President THOMAS DUDLEY CABOT, A.B. WILLIAM APPLETON COOLIDGE, M.A., LL.B. WILLIAM WHITE HOWELLS, PH.D. CHARLES PEIRSON LYMAN, PH.D. STAFF ERNST MAYR, PH.D., DR.PHIL. (hon.), D.SC. (hon.), Director, Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology, and Professor of Zoology. FRANK MORTON CARPENTER, S.D., Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology and Curator of Fossil Insects. PHILIP JACKSON DARLINGTON, JR., PH.D., Alexander Agassiz Pro- fessor of Zoology. BRYAN PATTERSON, A.M. (hon.), Alexander Agassiz Professor of Verte- brate Paleontology and Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology. GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON, PH.D., SC.D. (hon.), LL.D. (hon.), Dr. h.c. Alexander Agassiz Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology and Pro- fessor of Vertebrate Paleontology. FRANCIS BIRCH, PH.D., Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology. HENRY BRYANT BIGELOW, PH.D., S.D. (hon.), PH.D. (hon.), Re- search Oceanographer, Retired. LOUIS CARYL GRATON, PH.D., Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology, Emeritus. ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER, PH.D., S.D. (hon.), Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology, Emeritus. HOWARD ENSIGN EVANS, PH.D., Curator of Insects. HOWARD BARRACLOUGH FELL, PH.D., D.SC., Curator in Invertebrate Zoology. BERNHARD KUMMEL, PH.D., Curator in Invertebrate Paleontology. HERBERT WALTER LEVI, PH.D., Curator in Arachnology. GILES WILLIS MEAD, PH.D., Curator of Fishes. RAYMOND ANDREW PAYNTER, JR., PH.D., Curator of Birds. BARBARA LAWRENCE SCHEVILL, A.B., Curator of Mammals. ERNEST EDWARD WILLIAMS, PH.D., Curator of Reptiles and Am- phibians. MARLAND PRATT BILLINGS, PH.D., Curator of the Geological Museum. COLUMBUS O'DONNELL ISELIN II, A.M., S.D. (hon.), Research Oceanographer. TOMISLAV MUNETIC, A.B., M.L.S., Librarian. WILLIAM GEORGE FOWLE HARRIS, Associate Curator in Oology. KENNETH JAY BOSS, PH.D., Assistant Curator of Mollusks. JOHN FRANCIS LAWRENCE, PH.D., Assistant Curator of Insects. CHARLES PEIRSON LYMAN, PH.D., Research Associate in Mammalogy. WILLIAM EDWARD SCHEVILL, A.M., Research Associate in Zoology. BENJAMIN SHREVE, Research Associate in Herpetology. RUTH DIXON TURNER, PH.D., Research Associate in Malacology and Alexander Agassiz Fellow in Oceanography and Zoology. CHARLES RICHARD TAYLOR, PH.D., Research Fellow in Mammalogy. NELDA EMELYN WRIGHT, M.A., Research Assistant and Editor of Pub- lications. MYVANWY MILLAR DICK, Research Assistant in Fishes. ARNOLD DAVID LEWIS, Chief, Department of Preparation. MARJORIE KATZENBERG STURM, Administrative Assistant. WILLIAM JAMES CLENCH, PH.D., S.D. (hon.), Honorary Associate in Malacology. ELISABETH DEICHMANN, PH.D., Honorary Associate in Marine Zoology. TILLY EDINGER, DR. PHIL. NAT., S.D. (hon.), DR. RER. NAT. (hon.), M.D. (hon.), Honorary Associate in Vertebrate Paleontology. WILLIAM CHARLES SCHROEDER, Honorary Associate in Ichthyology. RICHARD HAVEN BACKUS, PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. CHARLES HENRY BLAKE, PH.D., Associate in Ornithology. WILLIAM LOUIS BROWN, JR., PH.D., Associate in Entomology. ISABEL CRISTINA CANET, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Zoology. EDWARD ALBERT CHAPIN, PH.D., Associate in Entomology. ARTHUR MERTON CHICKERING, PH.D., Associate in Arachnology. STANLEY COBB, M.D., S.D. (hon.), Associate in Zoology. HAROLD JEFFERSON COOLIDGE, JR., S.B., Associate in Mammalogy. GEORGE WILLIAM COTTRELL, JR., A.B., Associate in Ornithology. WALTER ROWE COURTENAY, JR., PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. JAMES EDWARD CRADDOCK, PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. RICHARD DEAN ESTES, PH.D., Associate in Vertebrate Paleontology. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL FAIRCHILD, PH.D., Associate in Ento- mology. CORDON ENOCH GATES, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Zoology. JAMES COWAN GREENWAY, JR., A.B., Associate in Ornithology. RICHARD LEE HAEDRICH, PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. ARTHUR GROVER HUMES, PH.D., Associate in Marine Zoology. RICHARD IRWIN JOHNSON, A.B., Associate in Malacology. + EDWARD HARLAN MICHELSON, PH.D., Associate in Malacology. DAVID MILLER, M.SC., Associate in Ichthyology. GEORGE MITCHELL MOORE, PH.D., Associate in Malacology. OSVALDO ALFREDO REIG, Associate in Herpetology. NATHAN WENDELL RISER, PH.D., Associate in Malacology. IRA RUBINOFF, PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. ROBERT RAKES SHROCK, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Paleontology. FRANK BERTRAM SMITHE, M.E., Associate in Ornithology. EMERY FREDERICK SWAN, PH.D., Associate in Marine Zoology. RICHARD WAINWRIGHT THORINGTON, JR., PH.D., Associate in Mammalogy. GARTH LEON UNDERWOOD, B.SC., Associate in Herpetology. ANDREW ALBERT WEAVER, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Zoology. THEODORE ELMER WHITE, PH.D., Associate in Vertebrate Paleontol- ogy. EDWARD OSBORNE WILSON, PH.D., Associate in Entomology. 1966-1967 Visiting Committee Nathanael V. Davis, Chairman Lawrence Terry, Vice-Chairman Paul Brooks Mrs. Roy E. Larsen A. W. Crompton Henry Lyman David Emerson Mrs. Gerrish H. Milliken, Jr. Robert K. Enders Herbert W. Pratt Robert G. Goelet Mrs. Gordon C. Prince Crawford H. Greenewalt Robert T. P. Storer, Jr. Henry S. Hall, Jr. David Weld James B. Hallett MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR The image of a natural history museum as a warehouse of dead and preserved specimens has been obsolete for genera- tions. Considering the activities of a modern museum, only a totally uninformed person can still hold on to this image. The museum naturalist of today studies the diversity of living nature in all of its aspects. His concern with the understanding of organisms and their environment becomes more important every day as all of us are increasingly concerned with man’s environment. Virtually every staff member at the MCZ devotes part of his time to the study of the living animal, be it in the field or in the laboratory. Yet, up to the present, the Museum has been poorly equipped for such studies. It has been our endeavor to acquire new facilities and it gives me great pleasure to report here on recent progress. Our efforts to acquire for the Museum (and Harvard's entire biological community ) a field station within easy driv- ing distance from Cambridge are nearing fulfillment. An almost ideal tract of land, the Estabrook Woods, has been located in Concord, and we now have an option on some 700 acres. The area is only thirty-five minutes by car from the Museum, and there is every reason to expect that the Con- cord Field Station will become a reality before the end of 1966. Owing to the generosity of the Edward Pickman family, we are also acquiring an abandoned Nike site and attached acreage close to (but not immediately adjacent to) the Esta- brook Woods. The Nike site will be converted into the head- quarters building for the Station. All of this is being made possible through a concerted fund-raising effort. 6 The most recent part of the MCZ building is seventy-seven years old, and has become totally inadequate for the tasks of the Museum, both as to space and facilities. Application for a subsidy toward a new wing has been made to the National Science Foundation and funds are also being sought in the Harvard Program for Science. This new facility will provide laboratory space, a headquarters for oceanographic research, for behavior analysis and for comparative studies with living animals, as well as much needed graduate student quarters. The new wing when completed will increase the existing floor area of the Museum by one third. STAFF We note here the retirement of Professor Alfred S. Romer after thirty-two years of active association with the Museum where he served in the capacities of Director, Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, Alexander Agassiz Professor of Ver- tebrate Paleontology, and Member of the Museum Faculty. Dr. Romer is now vigorously pursuing his research without administrative worries, and we enviously wish him a long and continuously productive life. Professor Whittington’s resignation this summer to assume the post of Woodwardian Professor of Geology at the Uni- versity of Cambridge was regretfully accepted. In the nearly twenty years that he has been associated with this Museum, he has greatly added to its distinction. Staff appointments during this year include: Leif Stormer, Visiting Alexander Agassiz Lecturer in Paleontology; Kenton Stuart Wall Campbell, Research Fellow in Invertebrate Paleontology; Eviatar Nevo, Research Fellow in Biology; and Tomislav Munetic, Librarian. Mr. Munetic was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Mrs. Jessie Bell MacDonald. Of awards and honors received by staff members, the fol- lowing may be singled out for special mention: Professor Simpson received one of the eleven National Medals of it Science for 1965, and the degree of Doctor honoris causa from the University of Paris, France. Professor Mayr was awarded the American Ornithologists Union’s Brewster Gold Medal. Staff members continue to be active in many national and international organizations. Some new responsibilities in- clude: Professor Mayr—Chairman, National Science Founda- tion Advisory Committee on Bio-Medical Sciences, and Chairman, International Biological Program Sub-committee on Systematics and Biogeography; Dr. Mead—Trustee, George Vanderbilt Foundation; Dr. Paynter—Editor, Nuttall Ornithological Club publications. Staff members gave a total of more than forty lectures in the United States, Canada, and Europe. TEACHING In other years, we have elaborated on the increasing in- volvement of the Museum in teaching. This increase has necessitated (where possible) improvements in our facili- ties, both for student housing and for classrooms. Within our limited space, improvements have been and are being made. We are grateful to the Freshman Seminar Program and to the Office of the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences for help in underwriting some of the expense. Almost all staff members either offered or participated in undergraduate and graduate courses. These included: Freshman Seminar Program (Fell, Turner, Paynter), In- troduction to Research in Biology for Undergraduates (Fell, Paynter), Aspects of the Natural Environment (Kummel), Introduction to Invertebrate Paleontology (Whittington), General Survey of the Invertebrates (Fell), Biology of In- sects (Carpenter), Biology of Vertebrate Animals (Lyman, Patterson, Mead, Paynter, Williams), Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (Williams), Stratigraphy (Whittington), Stra- tigraphy and Sedimentation (Kummel), Biology for High School Teachers (Levi), Methods and Principles of Syste- 8 matic Biology (Mayr, J. Lawrence), and Invertebrate Pale- ontology (Kummel). Graduate research courses were offered by Carpenter, Clench, Darlington, Evans, Fell, Kummel, B. Lawrence, Levi, Lyman, Mayr, Mead, Patterson, Paynter, Romer, Simpson, Turner, Whittington, and Williams. Hans Reichardt, doing his basic research in the Museum, was awarded the Ph.D. degree. His thesis was entitled, “A Monographic Revision of the American Planetini (Cole- optera, Carabidae ).” In Dr. Fell’s courses in marine biology, numerous oppor- tunities occurred for students to participate in trawling from the vessel Salvatore, and thus to gain some practical experi- ence in off-shore collecting methods. About 40 stations were worked in the Boston Harbor region, and several excursions by bus were made to coastal localities in New Hampshire and the Cape Cod area. Students from the mollusk and fish de- partments joined in these activities, as did a number of students from the Biological Laboratories. EXPEDITIONS AND TRAVEL Field research again took students and staff to all corners of the world. Professor Patterson, spending his third summer in East Africa, encountered a wholly new early Pleistocene formation in the vicinity of Kanapoi. The work of his expedi- tion was concentrated in this area with excellent results. A large vertebrate fauna of pre-Olduvai age was collected. An outstanding find was a portion of the humerus (or upper-arm bone) of a hominid. The fossiliferous formation is capped by a basaltic lava. Subsequent to the expedition’s return a potas- sium/argon date of 2.5 plus or minus 0.2 million years has been attained. Dr. Evans was in Mexico for several months collecting wasps of the family Bethylidae. Cruise XIII of the Anton Bruun, sponsored by the National 9 Science Foundation, with Dr. Mead as Chief Scientist, was a great success. The Humboldt Current was transected at the latitude of Valparaiso, Chile, and research on the collected material is actively in progress. Professor Whittington collected from Ordovician rocks along the west coast of Newfoundland, from Port au Port to Cape Anthony. This was his first visit to the northern penin- sula and excellent collections were obtained from several localities. A number of other successful collecting expeditions were undertaken by students and staff to such places as Australia, Argentina, Curacao, Ecuador, New Guinea, Costa Rica, Lesser Antilles, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Turkana Desert in Kenya, and to almost all sections of the United States. RESEARCH Many many years ago a lay person was able to follow and understand almost any kind of biological research. This is no longer the case. Most modern investigations deal with very technical questions which are of interest only to a limited group of specialists, even though their solutions often add to our basic fund of knowledge and to our understanding. In this report on staff and student research special attention has been given to results that are of broad interest, but mention is also made of more specialized findings for the friends and colleagues of our staff members who are always interested in these progress reports. The breadth of research in modern museums always as- tonishes the non-specialist. Even though straight descriptive taxonomy is still one of the tasks of the modern museum worker, it has more and more become a means to an end. Ever new problems of biology emerge that can not be solved until a sound classification is established. Indeed many of these problems would not even be apparent except for the work of the taxonomist. His diversified interests in behavior, ecology, zoogeography, and evolution not only enrich tax- 10 onomy itself, but add greatly to the breadth of biology as a whole. The leading museums play a role in this area of which they have every right to be proud. Taxonomy Last year’s report attempted a survey of the enormous task of the taxonomist and of the strategy he has to adopt in order to perform most efficiently. This year’s report will be devoted to actual advances on the research front. Dr. Clench completed a review of the family Viviparidae for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology and (with Samuel L. H. Fuller) a monographic revision of the genus Viviparus in North America. He is undertaking a major series of revisions of Cuban land snails, of which the first install- ment, a study of the genus Spiroceramus in the Urocoptidae, has been completed. Dr. Darlington continued his work with the New Guinea ground beetles (Carabidae). He completed about six hun- dred pages of manuscript during the year, getting now very near the end of the descriptive part of the job. There have been many collecting parties in New Guinea in recent years mainly from the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, and the amount of new material received is enormous. “Of the com- moner and more obvious Carabidae of New Guinea I now often have to handle two or three hundred specimens of each species, and the labor of sorting, examining, and reporting on all this material is tremendous,” says Dr. Darlington. Of the genus Demetrida, he was able to study a total of almost 900 specimens from New Guinea, representing what seem to be 5/7 species, all of them new. For an evolutionist, this is one of the most exciting genera because it is in the midst of an evolutionary explosion, but many other genera of New Guinean Carabidae are almost equally interesting. Dr. Evans made a most exciting discovery among Peruvian wasps sent to him by E. S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences. Two wingless female specimens represent the first Il known females of the family Plumariidae. This family has long been known from males only (two genera and numerous species, from South America and South Africa) and is of doubtful taxonomic position. The structure of the females suggests that the plumariid group is in many ways interme- diate between the superfamilies Bethyloidea and Scolioidea. The fungus beetles continue to receive the close attention of Dr. John Lawrence. A study of type specimens preserved in various European museums, particularly in London and Paris, has clarified numerous problems, not only of the iden- tity of species, but of generic arrangement. The classification of the genera of Ciidae must be revised completely. For in- stance, the genus Ceracis must be used in an entirely new sense, as shown by the fact that of the forty species to be included in the genus, twenty-one were formerly placed in six different genera (Cis, Ennearthron, Octotemnus, Xestocis, Xylographus, and Scolytocis). Some of the genera of ciids had been established on the basis of the number of antennal segments. Dr. Lawrence's studies have shown that a reduc- tion in the number of antennal segments from ten to eight has occurred independently in a number of different phyletic lines. A revision of the North American species of Ceracis, which he has just completed, includes a key to the species occurring in the United States and Canada, an account of the geographical and ecological distribution of each species, and descriptions of four new taxa. One of the previously recog- nized species has been shown to consist of two sibling species which prefer different host fungi. Dr. Lawrence also completed a study of the type speci- mens and generic concepts in the leaf beetles of the Diabro- ticites group. This meant an examination of over 900 nominal species, of which he examined at least 95 percent, and per- mitted not only the working out of synonymies but also the placing of the species in species-groups and genera. A sound basis has thus been established for all future studies of this difficult beetle group. 12 A careful study of the beetle Sphindocis denticollis Fall, particularly of wing venation, larval structure, and genitalia, has revealed that it does not belong to the family Ciidae, to which it has been assigned in the past, nor does it agree with any other currently recognized family. It may be necessary to erect a separate family for this aberrant species which occurs only along the narrow coastal strip of central and northern California where it is associated with a fungus growing on the branches of the Madrono. Perhaps it represents another of the many relict groups occurring in this area. Dr. Lawrence is continuing his study of the ptinid beetles which live with ants, especially the Australian species. He had an opportunity to examine the types of most of the species. The final report will contain a general discussion of the origin of myrmeco- phily in the Ptinidae, a revision of the genera in the sub- family Ectrephinae, and a key to the Australian species. Dr. Levi had the satisfaction of completing this year his series of revisions of the comb-footed spiders (Theridiidae). In the course of these studies he worked out the diagnostic characters of 800 species from all parts of the Americas, about half of which were new. No less than 200 species occur north of Mexico and of these 22 percent were new. Yet, much still remains to be done. For instance, the question of the number of species among the poisonous black widow spiders is still unsolved. There are four sympatric species in Argen- tina, others in the Amazon Basin, and still others at the southernmost tip of the continent. Three sympatric species from Israel differ from each other only minutely in mor- phology but are well characterized by habits and coloration. Even though these three species are conspicuous and poiso- nous, they are curiously not mentioned in the Bible, which is otherwise so rich a source of natural history observations from the Holy Land. A number of taxonomic revisions by staff and graduate students are in progress in the Fish Department. Dr. Mead is working on pelagic Bramidae, Mrs. Dick on South American 13 Potamotrygonidae (with Dr. Mariano Castex), Dr. Henry B. Bigelow and William C. Schroeder on skates and rays, Mr. Musick on hakes of the genus Urophycis, Mr. Nafpaktitis on lantern fishes (Diaphus), Mr. McDowall on the New Zealand members of the salmonoid family Galaxiidae, Mr. Menezes on South American characinids and Mr. Graae on some deep sea fishes. Mrs. Barbara Schevill (with Dr. W. H. Bossert ) undertook a multiple character analysis of the skulls of coyotes, wolves, and dogs. A linear discrimination analysis provided a basis for the identification of skulls not obviously distinguishable by size or other diagnostic characters. A first result of this analysis was to show that the original red wolf population of the southern states is only subspecifically distinct from Canis lupus of adjacent areas. Dr. Turner has continued work on a catalogue of the Pho- Jadidae, an important family of rock-borers. An interesting deep sea species of Xylophaga was discovered, and work is in progress to shed light on its life history. She is also en- gaged in writing (with Dr. Kumpol Isarankura) a mono- graph of the Tonnidae of the Indo-Pacific, a family of large marine gastropods. They are reputed to have long-lived pelagic larvae; this is reflected in the very extensive ranges of most of the species. Why a few species have very restricted ranges is still an unsolved problem. Morphological material is now being collected to permit a study of the internal anatomy. Morphology and Cytolog The shell of mollusks, used as the principal basis for their classification, offers relatively few distinguishing characters. Now, however, a study of the internal organs is adding a great deal to our understanding of the relationships among the mollusks, and their classification. Dr. Turner is continuing such investigations. She completed (with Dr. Clench) a revision of the genus Latitia of the New Guinea Papuininae. 14 Extensive work is now under way to provide a sounder basis for the classification of the Pholadidae and, indeed, in col- laboration with other malacologists, of the classification of the entire phylum Mollusca. Vida Kenk continued her dis- sections of mytilid mussels and found that the species of the genus Brachidontes can be arranged in a number of well- defined species-groups. A study of the anatomy also showed that some of the species have to be transferred to other genera. The more precise delimitation of species-groups per- mits the use of these bivalves for zoogeographic studies. W. E. Schevill completed dissection of the head of a sperm whale. An understanding of the anatomy of these whales is important in connection with the study of the reception of underwater sounds. Dr. Ellis G. MacLeod completed the first part of a study on the cytotaxonomy of the Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Dr. Guy Bush continued his studies on the chromosomes of tephritid flies. The chromosomes are a character complex which often give revealing information on the relationship of species and on evolutionary pathways, when the evidence from external morphology is insufficient. Faunistics and Stratigraphy Although collections from well-defined areas continue to reach the Museum, often as the result of field trips and expeditions organized by the Museum, such materials are normally distributed in the research collections and studied carefully only when a taxonomic revision is undertaken. This approach is, on the whole, far more economical than the complete working out of each assemblage as received. How- ever, quite frequently exceptions are made when collections are received from previously unexplored areas or from par- ticularly exciting localities. Such faunistic reports are some- times of great importance for subsequent zoogeographic studies and in the case of fossil material the careful analysis of a localized fauna is often very important to facilitate the 15 dating of the deposit and to establish its relation to other deposits. Faunistic-stratigraphic studies remain an important component of paleontological research. Dr. Carpenter completed that part of his series on the Permian insects of Oklahoma dealing with the mayflies (Ephemeroptera). One of the interesting aspects of these Oklahoma insects (Mideo beds) is their approximate co- existence with those from Kansas beds (Elmo), also studied by Dr. Carpenter, although the environmental conditions at the two localities were apparently very different. Of parti- cular interest is the presence in the Mideo beds of hundreds of specimens of nymphs, representing diverse stages of development in the life history of these mayflies. Dr. Car- penter also continued his studies of the Carboniferous insects of Commentry, concentrating on the Protorthoptera and Orthoptera. Dr. Kummel continued his intensive analysis of the world fauna of ammonoids of a single short period in the early Triassic, approximately 225 million years ago. He found that the distributional data indicate that climatic conditions were equitable over a large part of the world and that within the Tethyan belt (roughly comparable to the Alpine-Zagros- Elburz-Himalayan mountain systems) western and eastern Pacific regions had very similar ammonoid populations. The faunas of the circum-Arctic regions are smaller than those of the lower latitudes and contain relatively few endemic genera and species. Dispersal must have been easy at that period and climatic conditions very similar in vast areas of the globe because species that are dominant in the fossil faunas of one locality are found to be equally dominant in the faunas of localities as much as 6,000 miles away. These new methods of research are beginning to give us a much clearer picture of the geographical and ecological situation at this long past geological period than the earlier methods of presenting data. Dr. Whittington (with Dr. Campbell) completed a report 16 on Silurian trilobites from Maine. This collection is especially noteworthy because it contains some of the best preserved Silurian trilobites ever found, with a greater number and variety of growth stages of the various species than found in any previously known deposit. The new morphological in- formation which this fauna supplied helped to clarify certain aspects of the phylogeny of Silurian groups. A study of the stratigraphy of western Newfoundland (with Cecil H. Kin- dle), based on the field work of the preceding summer, per- mitted Dr. Whittington to show that rocks previously thought to be Ordovician contain a Middle Cambrian fauna of a type not previously known from this region. Allen R. Ormiston finished a study of Devonian trilobites from Arctic Canada, and Frederick C. Shaw worked on the Middle Ordovician trilobites of the Chazy region, New York State. Dr. K. S. W. Campbell of the Australian National University, who was a guest in the Museum from May to December 1965, not only participated in the work on the Maine trilo- bites, but also completed a monograph on Silurian trilobites from Oklahoma. The additional presence of Professor Stor- mer in the department gave an unparalleled opportunity for stimulating discussions on trilobite morphology, classifi- cation, and phylogeny. Dr. Stormer undertook studies on Ordovician trilobites, particularly the relationship of Nor- wegian species with those from other parts of the world. Dr. Clench completed several faunistic studies based on collections made by the Noona Dan expedition of the Uni- versity Museum of Copenhagen. A collection of mollusks from Rennell Island and another one from Savo, both in the Solomon Islands, were particularly interesting. Dr. Evans reviewed the bethyloid wasps of Dominica (Lesser Antilles). This small island with its otherwise limited fauna has no less than 19 known species of Bethylidae. A few of these wasps are widely distributed in the neotropics but the majority of species found in inland forests appear to be confined to Dominica or to the Lesser Antilles. This work is 17 part of the biological survey of Dominica currently under- taken by the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Dearborn continued work on Antarctic invertebrates, particularly crinoids; he also investigated some ophiuroid faunas, including one from the Chilean seas. Dr. J. Lawrence completed a report on the ciid fauna of California and ad- vanced his research on the Ciidae of Micronesia. This neces- sitated examination of a large amount of Indo-Pacific material in European museums. As would be expected, most of the Micronesian species have been derived from the faunas of the Philippines, New Guinea, and the East Indies. Dr. Simpson completed his revision of the very large mammalian faunas of the three earliest stages (Riochican, Casamayoran, and Mustersan) of the age of mammals (Ce- nozoic) in South America. Fossils of the latter two of these stages were discovered in Patagonia by Carlos Ameghino and described by his brother Florentino Ameghino in the years 1897 to 1904. The controversial interpretations of the stratig- raphy, and of the classification and phylogeny of the mam- mals offered by the Ameghinos, were widely challenged, but until 1930 no one did anything about them except offer destructive criticism. The questions involved are of utmost importance not only for understanding the geology and paleontology of South America, but also for their crucial bearing on the principles of evolution, systematics, and zoo- geography. | In 1930, Dr. Simpson determined to attack these problems, covering the entire range from field observations up to the broadest theoretical implications. Two summers, 1930-31 and 1933-34 were spent in Patagonia under quite primitive and rigorous conditions, making stratigraphic observations and large fossil collections. The winter months of these years were employed in studying the Ameghino and related collec- tions in Buenos Aires and La Plata museums. In 1954-55 further study was made in Buenos Aires and also in Rio de Janeiro of the then recently discovered related Brazilian 18 fossils. From 1931 onward, many papers have been published on all aspects of this long-range project, from preliminary descriptions of new species to a general treatment of the historical zoogeography of South America. A first part, less than half, of the detailed faunal revision appeared in 1948. The large manuscript sent to the editor in May, 1966, com- pleted that revision and with it the project planned in 1930. Zoogeography The history of distribution patterns has intrigued zoolo- gists since long before the days of Darwin. Why do the faunas of certain areas have the particular composition which they have, how are highly isolated areas colonized, what is the relative contribution of ecological and historical factors in determining distribution patterns—these are some of the questions the student of zoogeography has to ask himself. In his studies of the New Guinea Carabidae, Dr. Darling- ton added two more cases to the one previously known of mainly Australian genera that have closely related species on high mountains in New Guinea and the Indonesian archi- pelago. He found the first clear case of “mountain hopping” in the genus Chydaeus that has used a series of mountains as. stepping stones to get from Asia across the Malay Archi- pelago to New Guinea. The endemic New Guinea species which occurs above timber line in the Bismarck and Snow Mountains is still rather similar to species in the Himalayas and on mountains in Sumatra, Java, and the Philippines. Dr. Mayr (with William H. Phelps, Jr.) completed a zoo- geographic analysis of the birds found on the isolated table- top mountains of southern Venezuela. N inety-six species can be considered typical subtropical elements, twenty-nine of which are endemic. The ninety-six typical species of this up- land area represent every stage of endemicity—from endemic genera and species (29) to nonendemic species with endemic subspecies (55), and species without endemic subspecies (12). The fauna is composed primarily of two elements, 19 altitudinal derivatives of otherwise tropical species (34), and species that reach these mountains by long distance dispersal across the unsuitable tropical lowlands (48). The small number of old endemics indicates that there must be a rapid turnover in the bird fauna of these mountains which must have been in existence for some 30 million years. Dr. Williams has advanced his taxonomic analysis of the lizard Anolis to the point where much of the faunal and evolutionary history of the genus can be reconstructed. The numerous attempts to colonize the Caribbean Islands have had varying success, depending on the ecology of the islands and competitive interactions. His tentative conclusions are: (1) Species that are successful colonizers of distant islands are a specialized group, able to endure the physiological hazards of trans-oceanic rafting. Colonizers are thus physio- logically more similar to each other than they are to non- colonizers, they are more likely to be ecologically equivalent, and there is thus a greater probability than on the mainland that a first comer will exclude a later arrival. The composi- tion of the fauna of small islands is thus to some extent a result of the historical accident of the time of arrival. The earliest colonists will pre-empt the previously empty niches and prevent colonization by close relatives or ecologically equivalent colonizers. (2) Extinction is one of the processes which provide empty niches for later colonists. The precise nature of empty niches is not rigidly determined; rather, there is an ecological space which may be subdivided in various ways depending on the historical accident of the sequence of arrivals. An analysis by Basil Nafpaktitis of the distribution pattern among Atlantic species of the lantern fish Diaphus revealed two interesting findings. First, in certain species, in addition to the normal breeding range there is an area where “ex- patriates” occur; that is, individuals are swept by ocean cur- rents into waters where they can live but not reproduce. Secondly, he found that the distribution pattern in some of 20 the species could not be explained by the widely held picture of the Gulf Stream and a single clockwise gyre, but it con- forms readily to the two-gyre system recently proposed by L. V. Worthington of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti- tution. Several members of the staff have again been very active in reconstructing paleogeographic distribution patterns. The old questions concerning a possible shift of the poles and a drift of the continents are still unsettled and continue to challenge the ingenuity of paleogeographers. Dr. Fell has continued to explore the possibility of using marine inverte- brates to discover the pattern of former ocean currents. Study of marine faunas discloses that Africa had already an intimate faunal relationship with Europe in the earliest Paleozoic, and that South America and Australia had dissimi- lar faunas in the Cambrian-Ordovician, showing no signifi- cant relationship to those of Africa. These findings are in con- flict with the Gondwanaland hypothesis which postulates a union of the southern continents prior to the mid-Paleozoic. The early Paleozoic faunal affinities of the southern conti- nents prove to be amazingly similar to the present ones, Aus- tralia sharing 75 percent of its genera with Eurasia, while South America shows a corresponding relationship to North America. When pelagic forms are analyzed, it is found that they have a different distribution pattern, each southern con- tinent having an affinity with that northern continent lying to the northeast. This pattern can be explained if one postu- lates the presence at that period of oceanic gyres, inclined at 70° to the present east-west direction. Further investigation disclosed world-girdling arcs of genera forming parallels to a great circle inclined at 70° to the equator, and intersecting it west of Ecuador and south of India. Dr. Fell interprets this to be a former equator and was able by an analogous pro- cedure to locate the equator at other geological periods. Dr. Fell also investigated growth gradient patterns in Paleozoic and Recent corals and mollusks, and in the Cam- 21 bro-Ordovician conularians. These have led to a method of determining astronomical data for past periods, using the growth-lines, as first suggested by J. Wells and by Scrutton, but free from dependence upon extrapolation of Recent eclipse data, as hitherto has been necessary. It appears that marine invertebrates must employ an intercalary month sys- tem of co-ordinating the solar year with the lunations, when the latter are not integral divisors of the tropical year. This system matches in a remarkable manner that used by the ancient Greeks, a thirteenth month occurring in every third year. By following diurnal rhythms of growth for sequences up to 1200 days he finds a consistent pattern of recurring integrals in former periods, establishing the length of the synodic month (and hence of the sidereal month) for past times. Using these, he investigated the varying distance of the moon from the earth, and the varying force of the lunar tide in past epochs. These results bring many new perspec- tives into the subject of biological oceanography; it is clear that a first assessment of the data at hand leads to the adop- tion of a steady state theory of the oceans and continents. A method of triangulating the planet is emerging, enabling dis- tances along specified intercontinental arcs to be calculated, with a measurable probable error dependent upon the length of each generic arc. The results confirm the belief that Gond- wanaland cannot have existed, and that all the continents have not moved more than some hundreds of kilometers from their Cambrian positions, i.e., no further than would result from normal movement along transcurrent faults and frac- ture zones. Dr. Whittington analyzed the distribution of the Ordovi- cian trilobites and found that there were two major regions at that period, each region having its characteristic fauna. Evolution appears to have proceeded independently in these regions until late Ordovician when there was a mingling of the faunas and a wide dispersal of some of the genera. As an illustration, it might be mentioned that in the earlier Ordovi- 22 cian (Caradoc) the trilobite fauna of North Wales showed relationship to the Baltic area but not to Scotland. Ecology The host specificity of fungus-feeding beetles is being studied by Dr. J. Lawrence. Many of the species of Ciidae have narrow host ranges, preferring a single species of fun- gus, and occurring less commonly on several others which are similar in color or structure. The fungi seem to fall into a number of distinct groups on the basis of the host preference of insects. For instance, Polyporus gilvus and other fungi with brownish fruiting bodies contain a distinct beetle fauna that is not found in fungi of a different color. Other host preference groups appear to be characterized by a particular type of hyphal system. This suggests that pigmentation (bio- chemical composition) as well as microstructure (toughness and durability) determine feeding preferences. A study (with J. Powell) of the feeding habits of fungus moths in the families Oecophoridae and Tineidae was completed. In his field work in South America, Dr. Levi made a spe- cial effort to accumulate natural history observations that would provide solutions to mysteries concerning older col- lections. Many species, for instance, had originally been described as green, a rather unusual coloring for spiders, and evanescent in preserved material. He found they are indeed green in life, and color photographs taken in the field have made it possible to establish the identity of many of the older descriptions that were unidentifiable from preserved ma- terial. Dr. Turner conducted studies on spawning, larval development, and settlement of wood-boring mollusks, in collaboration with A. C. Johnson of the Clapp Laboratories. It was possible to carry three successful spawnings of Martesia through to the settlement stage and to record this in excellent photographs. This has permitted the description of the various embryological stages that had been previously unknown in this group. 23 Physiology and Biochemistry Dr. Lyman continued a study of the increased sensitivity of muscles to acetylcholine in hibernating mammals. Cell re- placement during hibernation was studied with Dr. S. J. Adelstein. Dr. Lyman secured some hamsters from Turkey which, unlike the Syrian hamster now kept in laboratories, hibernate immediately when exposed to the cold in the fall. Syrian hamsters do not start hibernating until about 54 days after exposure to cold. It is possible that the Turkish hamster is a different species but it is also possible that the ability to hibernate has been selected against, in the Syrian hamsters, since it was introduced into the laboratories in 1932. Dr. C. R. Taylor, working at the East African Veterinary Research Organization, supported by an NIH grant to the MCZ, is continuing his studies of temperature regulation and water metabolism in African ungulates. The wild eland ante- lope can live for long periods without water by such physio- logical tricks as allowing its body temperature to drop at night and become overheated during the day, thus reducing the need for evaporative cooling. These wild ungulates are far better adapted for the East African climate than the in- troduced European cattle. This work is significant not only for its purely scientific interest, but also because of the im- portance of wild ungulates as a source of meat for the in- creasing African population. George C. Gorman has been studying biochemical charac- ters in West Indian Anolis. Different biochemical parameters in the roquet group of Anolis help to define different levels of taxonomic differentiation from the subspecies to the species group. In his studies of the chromosomes of West Indian Anolis, Mr. Gorman finds both striking agreement with current taxonomic grouping as well as interesting and puzzling dis- crepancies. He discovered that the Anolis bimaculatus group is characterized by chromosomal heteromorphism in males. 24 Examination of various other iguanids, either closely or dis- tantly related to Anolis, shows that most have a set of meta- centric macrochromosomes (usually 12) and microchromo- somes as do representatives of several diverse lizard families. However, Polychrus, a presumed representative of the an- cestral stock from which Anolis descended, has only acrocen- tric macrochromosomes. These very interesting studies are being continued. Dr. Ellis G. MacLeod began an experimental study of the environmental control of the facultative diapause in various chrysopid Neuroptera. It was found that the larval photo- period determines the presence or absence of diapause in a given group, but that the actual stage in the life cycle at which the diapause intervenes varies from taxon to taxon thus supplying a new set of taxonomic characters for use in classification. So far, species have been found to diapause as mature larvae, pharate pupae, and adults. Behavior Dr. Levi and students have been filming and analyzing various behavior sequences in spiders, such as burrowing, courtship displays, and web building. A comparative study of behavior is proving taxonomically very valuable in several families of spiders. Differences in web construction and use of silk seem amenable to analysis, and promise to offer clues on the evolution of this complex and highly developed skill. A crew of nearly 100 spiders, representing three families, are busily at work weaving in his laboratory, unaware that their activities are being recorded and the results fed into a computer. The colony of South American brown recluse spiders (Loxosceles) that once flourished in the basement of the Museum seems to have become extinct. Some individuals, however, were used to establish a captive colony, the study of which is providing life history information that is of con- 25 QQ AGC | NSF research vessel Anton Bruun. Dr. Mead and several students and associates Giles W. Mead, Curator of Fishes, with a catch of deep-sea animals aboard the studied the fauna of the Humboldt Current off central Chile during the past year. son 1 Medal of Science from President John impson receiving The Nationa Professor S siderable value because of the potential health hazard pre- sented by this poisonous species. Lee Miller, working with Dr. Carpenter, has been studying the morphology and functional aspects of a sensory receptor on the forewings of Chrysopidae. He believes that this struc- ture is a tympanal organ which is sensitive to ultra sound, and that members of the Chrysopidae, like certain Lepidop- tera, are able to perceive the sounds produced by echo locat- ing bats and then utilize this information to reduce their vulnerability to predation from this source. John A. Musick (with Dr. Mead) has given special atten- tion to the unique inquiline relationship of the juvenile hake (Urophycis chuss) to the sea scallop (Placopecten magel- lanicus). Behavioral observations on young hake actually living within the scallop shell have not heretofore been made, and there are indications that this association is an indis- pensable stage in the early life history of this fish. W. E. Schevill has gathered considerable material on the sounds of marine mammals, particularly walrus and killer whales. Evolution Almost all the research carried out in the Museum has an evolutionary aspect. This is as true for the purely taxonomic research as for that dealing with biogeography, behavior or ecology. Much of the work cited above could have been listed equally well under the heading evolution. Dr. John Lawrence established the first known case of parthenogene- sis in the cucujoid beetles (in Cis fuscipes Mellié). The evo- lution of female-producing parthenogenesis (thelytoky) has enabled this species to spread rapidly throughout North America and to colonize successfully several distant islands (Cuba, Madeira, and Hawaii). Mrs. Barbara Schevill has continued her studies on domes- tication. Among animal bones recovered by Dr. Sadek-Kooros from an Indian hunting camp (proven to have been in opera- 28 tion about 12,000 years ago) she found unmistakable evi- dence of the domestic dog. This is the oldest dated discovery of a domestic animal, and confirms the long held supposition that dogs are in fact the oldest domestic animals. A compara- tive study of the postcranial skeletons of Recent wild sheep and goats from the Near East has resulted in the discovery that the commonly used characters of the foot bones are not the only ones distinguishing the two species. Diagnostic features are also found on some parts of the long bones as well as on the scapula and the ilium. This is of great interest to the archeologist who studies the culture of human popula- tions in transition from hunting to agriculture. Dr. Mayr continued his comparative studies on the effect of population structure on the rates of evolution and speciation. His most recent studies indicate that under optimal condi- tions species status may be reached by a small isolated popu- lation at least one thousand times as fast as by a very large gene pool. However, the chance of extinction is inversely cor- related with population size in the isolates. The number of facts relevant to such calculations is extremely limited but those that are available are consistent with the stated gen- eralizations. Far more data are needed before the stated hypothesis can be considered as fully substantiated. Dr. Mayr continued his studies in the theory and philo- sophy of biology. In a work now in press, he shows that it is inappropriate to apply to biological phenomena (as for in- stance the biological species) definitions that had been developed for inanimate objects. Most publications issued under the name of philosophy of science are actually philo- sophies of physics, and omit treatment of the very pheno- mena and problems which distinguish the organic world from the purely physical world. For instance, there is noth- ing in the physical world that corresponds to the historical information contained in the genetic program of organisms. There are no systems in the physical world that are anywhere near as complex as organisms. Philosophers of biology are 29 now making an effort to work out general principles that avoid the pitfalls of the vitalistic and dualistic philosophies of the past. The role of uniqueness, the non-predictive nature of causality, and the programmed purposiveness of organic development and behavior are aspects of life that will pro- vide key issues for a philosophy of life. The replacement of essentialism by the population approach and the selective advantages of ethical behavior in social animals are addi- tional aspects that must find their proper place in a philo- sophy of biology. Dr. Simpson has actively published in the same area, and he and Dr. Mayr are preparing plans for a conference dealing with these issues. Dr. Simpson revised his book, The Meaning of Evolution (first edition 1949), and wrote a number of essays on varied aspects of evolutionary biology, such as the biological nature of man, zoogeography of the Pacific lands, language, race, and naturalistic ethics. He is becoming increasingly inter- ested in deriving, from the factual data and established prin- ciples of evolution, philosophical conclusions and implica- tions for the human condition. PUBLICATIONS Publications of finished research includes some 103 titles and 2,342 pages. Museum publications totalled 1,111 pages and included the “Bulletin” (Volume 133, Nos. 4-11; Volume 134, Nos. 4-9), 23 numbers of “Breviora,’ 5 MCZ sponsored papers in Psyche, and a special publication: A Survey and Illustrated Catalogue of the Teredinidae by Ruth D. Turner. Details of all publications are recorded in the appended bibliography. COLLECTIONS An important accession to the fish collection is a 46-inch coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. Coelacanths were thought 30 to have been extinct for over 60 million years, but in 1939 were discovered alive in the waters around the Comoro Islands near Madagascar. Professor Henry B. Bigelow’s gen- erosity has made possible this valuable acquisition. The slow process continues of rendering the insect collec- tion safer from museum pests, and more useful to specialists, by transferring specimens to unit trays, and drawers to steel cabinets. Two major projects of the year were as follows: The collection of European insects, brought together by Hagen and others many years ago and housed in very old, deteriorating drawers and cabinets, has been completely transferred to unit trays and new drawers and cabinets, and each order has been filed in its proper systematic position, i.e., with other material of that order. This material is valu- able, despite its age and (in some cases) lack of data, since it includes representatives of the type species of many genera. A complete reorganization of the Neuroptera, in the old, broad sense, was undertaken (with the help of Dr. and Mrs. Ellis MacLeod ). Formerly the termites, bark lice, stone flies, caddis flies, etc., were all filed together under one heading, arranged geographically, and it was exceedingly frustrating to locate anything at all. Now all have been sorted to order and family in the modern classification. Our collections in these “neuropteroid” orders are large and valuable and con- tain many types of Banks, Hagen, Carpenter, and others. Preparation of the 1964 African Miocene vertebrate collec- tion from Kenya has been completed. Although badly crushed, it is the most complete material of this age known from Africa. Preparation has also been completed on one of eight large boxes of fossils collected by Dr. Romer on his expedition to Argentina last year. To date, four new gomphodont cyno- donts, two new carnivorous cynodonts, two new thecodonts, and one new dicynodont have been identified. 3l LIBRARY The library is expanding into the last possible room availa- ble to it, and when renovations are completed, will have considerably more stack area. Modern equipment is being installed, for which we are indebted to the Dean’s Office. This will be the most pleasant room in the library. EXHIBITS AND MUSEUM SHOP The Museum Shop continues to support our modest pro- gram of improving and expanding our educational exhibits. Renovation of the African Room was completed in the late spring and work has begun on a similar refurbishment of the Holarctic Room. Mrs. Don K. Price has resigned as assistant manager of the Museum Shop. Her enthusiasm and faithful service will be missed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We extend warm thanks to our many interested friends and associates who have made valuable additions to our col- lections, have given so generously of their time and have made significant contributions to our resources. We are particularly indebted to the following: For valuable additions to our collections: Edward T. Armstrong David Norton J. C. Bequaert Stanley J. Olsen Guy Bush Fred Parker Val Chepeleft Charles Porter Richard Christoforo Carleton Ray J. Diamond Hind Sadek-Kooros F. C, Fraser David Stansbery Samuel L. H. Fuller Albert Schwartz Rev. Joseph Horbrick | J. Terborgh Leslie Hubricht Richard Thorington Paul A. Jordan L. E. Vega 32 For volunteer help: Richard I. Johnson Miss Deborah Ritter Mrs. Lorna Levi Mrs. Edmund Ritter Miss Charlene Long Dr. Henry D. Russell Mrs. Bette A. Rachlin For major contributions to our resources: Henry B. Bigelow Mrs. Milford R. Lawrence Estate of Richard W. Foster Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Lothrop Mrs. F. Abbot Goodhue Luttrell Sidney A. Hessel Giles W. Mead Foundation Richard I. Johnson Family Mrs. Gordon C. Prince Foundation General Frank R. Schwengel A major portion of the funds for field and museum research was made available by the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the Office for Naval Re- search. Their generous support is gratefully acknowledged. Ernst Mayr, Director 33 PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1965-1966 BULLETIN Vou: 133 No. 4. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera, Coc- cinellidae). By Edward A. Chapin. 45 pp. 16 figs. 10 Sep- tember 1965. No. 5. Comments on some recent changes in the classifica- tion of the Ciidae (Coleoptera). By John F. Lawrence. 21 pp. 20 October 1965. No. 6. The fossil elephant shrews (family Macroscelidi- dae). By Bryan Patterson. 42 pp. 1 pl. 7 figs. 26 November 1965. No. 7. Panamanian spiders of the genus Tmarus (Araneae, Thomisidae ). By Arthur M. Chickering. 32 pp. 35 figs. 26 November 1965. 7 No. 8. The relationships of four small Hispaniolan Eleu- therodactylus (Leptodactylidae). By Albert Schwartz. 31 pp. 4 figs. 20 January 1966. No. 9. Two new fishes of the myctophid genus Diaphus from the Atlantic Ocean. By Basil Nafpaktitis. 24 pp. 11 figs. 20 January 1966. No. 10. The Ameiva (Lacertilia, Teiidae) of Hispaniola. II. Geographic variation in Ameiva chrysolaema Cope. By Albert Schwartz and Ronald F. Klinikowski. 66 pp. 11 figs. 16 March 1966. No. 11. A new attempt to construct life tables for Kent Island herring gulls. By Raymond A. Paynter, Jr. 40 pp. 3 figs. 18 May 1966. VoL. 134 No. 4. The species Bufo granulosus Spix (Salientia: Bufo- nidae) and its geographic variation. By José M. Gallardo. 32 pp. 2 figs. 4 maps. 30 September 1965. 34 No. 5. The mesopelagic fishes collected during Cruise 17 of the R/V Chain, with a method for analyzing faunal transects. By Richard H. Backus, Giles W. Mead, Richard L. Haedrich, and Alfred W. Ebeling. 19 pp. 9 figs. 30 Sep- tember 1965. No. 6. New species of Hemicyclops (Copepoda, Cyclo- poida) from Madagascar. By Arthur G. Humes. 101 pp. 36 pls. 30 November 1965. No. 7. New oceanic cheilodipterid fishes from the Indian Ocean. By Giles W. Mead and J. E. De Falla. 14 pp. 3 figs. 30 November 1965. No. 8. Italian wolf spiders of the genus Pardosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). By Paolo Tongiorgi. 60 pp. 161 figs. 25 Feb- ruary 1966. No. 9. Wolf spiders of the Pardosa monticola group (Ara- neae, Lycosidae). By Paolo Tongiorgi. 25 pp. 32 figs. 25 February 1966. BREVIORA No. 224. New species of land mollusks with notes on other species from the Solomon Islands. By William J. Clench. 8 pp. 2 pls. 15 July 1965. No. 225. The Asian species of Galeritula Strand (Cole- optera, Carabidae). By Hans Reichardt. 16 pp. 9 figs. 15 July 1965. No. 226. The larval form of the Heteromi (Pisces). By Giles W. Mead. 5 pp. 1 fig. 15 July 1965. No. 227. The species of Hispaniolan green anoles (Sauria, Iguanidae). By Ernest E. Williams. 16 pp. 5 figs. 10 Sep- tember 1965. No. 228. Relationships among Indo-Australian Zosteropidae (Aves). By Ernst Mayr. 6 pp. 15 September 1965. No. 229. The genus Darlingtonia (Serpentes) in Hispa- niola, including a new subspecies from the Dominican Republic. By Albert Schwartz and Richard Thomas. 10 pp. 4 figs. 15 September 1965. No. 230. Notes on some non-passerine birds from eastern Ecuador. By David W. Norton. 11 pp. 1 fig. 15 September 1965. 35 No. 231. A new anole (Sauria, Iguanidae) from Puerto Rico. By Ernest E. Williams, Juan A. Rivero and Richard Thomas. 18 pp. 7 figs. 29 October 1965. No. 232. Hispaniolan giant anoles (Sauria, Iguanidae): new data and a new subspecies. By Ermest E. Williams. 7 pp. 2 figs. 29 October 1965. No. 233. South American Anolis (Sauria, Iguanidae): two new species of the punctatus group. By Emest E. Wil- liams. 15 pp. 3 figs. 29 October 1965. No. 234. Studies on neotropical Pompilidae (Hymenop- tera). I. The genus Agenioideus Ashmead in South America. By Howard E. Evans. 7 pp. 4 figs. 29 October 1965. No. 235. A new salamander of the genus Chiropterotriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Mexico. By George B. Rabb. 8 pp. 2 figs. 19 November 1965. No. 236. Variation in the number of marginal tooth posi- tions in three species of iguanid lizards. By Clayton E. Ray. 15 pp. 5 figs. 10 December 1965. No. 237. A new species of the ant genus Dacetinops from Sarawak. By Robert W. Taylor. 4 pp. 2 figs. 15 December 1965. No. 238. An evaluation of Jamaican Dromicus (Serpentes, Colubridae) with the description of a new species. By Donald W. Buden. 10 pp. 3 figs. 25 February 1966. No. 239. South American anoles: Anolis biporcatus and Anolis fraseri (Sauria, Iguanidae) compared. By Ernest E. Williams. 14 pp. 5 figs. 25 February 1966. No. 240. Gymnothorax galetae, a new moray eel from the Atlantic Coast of Panama. By Ira Rubinoff. 4 pp. 1 fig. 25 February 1966. No. 241. Avocettinops yanoi, a new nemichthyid eel from the southern Indian Ocean. By Giles W. Mead and Ira Rubinoff. 6 pp. 1 fig. 25 February 1966. No. 242. The supposed “sponge spicules” of Merrill, 1895, from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of Texas. By William A. S. Sarjeant. 15 pp. 1 pl. 25 February 1966. No. 243. Quaternary fish fossils from west of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. By Keith Stewart Thomson. 10 pp. 29 April 1966. 36 No. 244. A new species of Ashmunella from west Texas (Mollusca: Pulmonata). By W. J. Clench and W. B. Miller. 6 pp. 3 figs. 29 April 1966. No. 245. Notes and descriptions of new Urocoptidae from Cuba and Hispaniola (Mollusca: Pulmonata). By William J. Clench. 14 pp. 2 pls. 29 April 1966. No. 246. Pseudanthessius procurrens n. sp., a cyclopoid copepod associated with a cidarid echinoid in Madagascar. By Arthur G. Humes. 14 pp. 29 figs. 3 May 1966. No. 247. The Chafiares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. I. Introduction. By Alfred Sherwood Romer. 14 pp. 3 May 1966. PSYCHE Vox, i2 No. 2. New species of Chilocorini (Coleoptera: Coccinel- lidae). By Edward A. Chapin. Pp. 148-151, 4 figs., June, 1965. Scolytoidea (Coleoptera) 5: Notes on neotropical Platy- podidae, mainly from Central America. By Hans Reich- ardt. Pp. 159-166, 2 pls., June, 1965. Picrocryptoides: A new genus of the tribe Mesostenini from southern South America (Hymenoptera, Ichneumoni- dae). By Charles C. Porter. Pp. 167-174, 1 pl., 1 map, June, 1965. No. 3. Five new species of the genus Tmarus (Araneae, Thomisidae ) from the West Indies. By Arthur M. Chicker- ing. Pp. 229-240, figs. 1-15, September, 1965. No. 4. The types of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the Charles T. Brues collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. By Lubomir Masner. Pp. 295-304, December, 1965. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS VoL. 2 No. 32. The genus Viviparus (Viviparidae) in North America. By W. J. Clench and S. L. H. Fuller. Pp. 385-412, 5 pls., July 9, 1965. 37 No. 33. Catalogue of the family Pandoridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). By Kenneth J. Boss. Pp. 413-424, November 8, 1965. No. 34. Review number and index. By W. J. Clench. Pp. 425-431, November 8, 1965. Introduction to Volume 2. By W. J. Clench and R. D. Turner. Pp. i-xvi, 3 pls., November 8, 1965. 38 PUBLICATIONS BY THE MUSEUM STAFF 1965-1966 BicELow, H. B. Notes on a small collection of rajids from the sub-Antarctic region. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10(Suppl.): R38-R49, 1966. (With W. C. Schroeder. ) CARPENTER, F. M. Studies on North American Carboniferous insects. Part 4. The genera Metropator, Eubleptus, Hapaloptera and Hadento- mum. Psyche, 72(2): 175-190, 1965. The Lower Permian insects of Kansas. Part 11. The orders Protorthoptera and Orthoptera. Psyche, 73(1): 46-88, 1966. CuapPin, E. A. New species of Chilocorini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae ). Psyche, 72(2): 148-151, 1965. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 133(4): 227-271, 1965. CuIckerInG, A. M. Five new species of the genus Tmarus (Araneae, Thomisidae) from the West Indies. Psyche, 72(3): 229-240, 1965. Panamanian spiders of the genus Tmarus (Araneae, Thomisi- dae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 133(7): 1-32, 1965. CLENcH, W. J. Introduction. Occ. Papers on Mollusks, 2(34): i-xvi, 1965. (With R. D. Turner. ) The genus Viviparus (Viviparidae) in North America. Occ. Papers on Mollusks, 2(32): 385-412, 1965. (With S. L. H. Fuller. ) 39 A new species of Lithasia from Mississippi. Nautilus, 79: 30-33, 1965. A new species of Clappia from Alabama. Nautilus, 79: 33-34, 1965. New species of land mollusks with notes on other species from the Solomon Islands. Breviora, No. 224: 1-8, 1965. Amblema Raf. 1820 (Lamellibranchia). Proposed addition to the official list and proposed suppression of Amblema Raf. 1819. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature, 22: 196-197, 1965. (With A. H. Clarke. ) Review number and index. Occ. Papers on Mollusks, 2 (34): 425-431, 1965. Pomacea bridgesi (Reeve) in Florida. 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The behavior patterns of solitary wasps. Ann. Rey. Entomol., 11: 123-154, 1966. 40 Review. The natural history of flies, by Harold Oldroyd; A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico, by Alan Stone and others. Sci. Amer., 214: 123-126, 1966. A revision of the Mexican and Central American spider wasps of the subfamily Pompilinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc., No. 20: 1-442, 1966. Ants, elephants, and men: strands from the fabric of natural history. Amer. Sci., 54: 110-118, 1966. (With Mary Alice Evans. ) The accessory burrows of digger wasps. Science, 152: 465-471, 1966. Further studies on neotropical Epyrini (Hymenoptera, Bethyl- idae). Psyche, 72(4): 265-278, 1966. Observations on the nesting behavior of some species of Tachytes (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae, Larrinae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 39: 323-332, 1966. (With F. E. Kurczewski. ) FELL, H. B. Ancient echinoderms in modern seas. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 4: 235-245, 1966. Cidaroids. 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A new species of Retropinna from Lake Omapere, North Auck- land. Rec. Dom. Mus. New Zealand, 5(13): 89-91, 1965. 43 Meap, G. W. The larval form of the Heteromi (Pisces). Breviora, No. 226: 1-5, 1965. New oceanic cheilodipterid fishes from the Indian Ocean. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 134(7): 261-274, 1965. (With J. E. DeFalla. ) The mesopelagic fishes collected during Cruise 17 of the R/V Chain, with a method for analyzing faunal transects. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 134(5): 139-157, 1965. (With R. H. Backus, R. L. Haedrich, and A. W. Ebeling. ) Avocettinops yanoi, a new nemichthyid eel from the southern Indian Ocean. Breviora, No. 241: 1-6, 1966. (With I. Ru- binoff. ) Order Iniomi—characters and synopsis of families. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Mem. Sears Found. Mar. Res., No. 1, pt. 5: 1-18, 1966. (With W. A. Gosline and N. B. Marshall. ) Iniomi—Aulopidae. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Mem. Sears Found. Mar. Res., No. 1, pt. 5: 19-29, 1966. 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Wilson Bull., 78: 237-238, 1966. Review. Birds of prey of the world, by M. L. Grossman, and J. Hamlet. Amer. Midland Nat., 76: 252-253, 1966. Porter, C. Picrocryptoides: A new genus of the tribe Mesostenini from southern South America (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Psyche, 72(2): 167-174, 1965. REISKIND, J. Behavior of an avian predator in an experiment simulating Batesian mimicry. Anim. Behavior, 13: 466-469, 1965. A revision of the ant tribe Cardiocondylini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae ). Psyche, 72: 79-86, 1965. Self-burying behavior in the genus Sicarius (Araneae, Sica- riidae). Psyche, 72: 218-224, 1965. The taxonomic problem of sexual dimorphism and a synonym in Myrmecotypus (Araneae: Clubionidae). Psyche, 72: 279- 281, 1966. Romer, A. S. Possible polyphylety of the vertebrate classes. Zool. Jahrb., Syst., 92: 143-156, 1965. Las capas Triasicas del “Gondwana” en la historia de la evo- lucién de los vertebrados. Rev. Mus. Argent. Cien. Nat., Paleont., 1(5): 115-131, 1966. 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Adeh, Me sane lhe (ay 7 vi Ph, | +i baa hi ‘ [oP ec," 5 4 ij * 7 os 4) itll oi i 1 ai aa F j aT i \ speeds { al iY i i : ‘ i aT 4g u i n BS { : - : ‘ ~ < ay id ‘ a ¢ { ie a GWAVA Wa i Sd pe i sy ei PUBLICATIONS ISSUED OR DISTRIBUTED BY THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 1863- BREVIORA 1952- Memorrs 1864-1938 JounsoniA, Department of Mollusks, 1941- OccASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLuusks, 1945- Other Publications. Bigelow, H. B. and W. C. Schroeder, 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Reprint, $6.50 cloth. Brues, C. T., A. L. Melander, and F. M. Carpenter, 1954. Classification of Insects. $9.00 cloth. Creighton, W. S., 1950. The Ants of North America. Reprint, $10.00 cloth. Lyman, C. P. and A. R. Dawe (eds.), 1960. Symposium on Natural Mammalian Hibernation. $3.00 paper, $4.50 cloth. Peters’ Check-list of Birds of the World, vols. 2-7, 9, 10, 15. (Price list on request. ) Turner, R. D., 1966. A Survey and Illustrated Catalogue of the Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). $8.00 cloth. Whittington, H. B. and W. D. I. Rolfe (eds.), 1963. Phylogeny and Evolution of Crustacea. $6.75 cloth. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 1899-1948. (Complete sets only. ) Publications of the Boston Society of Natural History. Publications Office MusEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. SETS BION ZO aes nad bie BEBE ALES TNE Ge ad VES Hy et eee Deane POPS AST FE ees 5S OW ade FSS ARS I ae erate M89 POM gs PN Vacate. re Poh) Pe PdorRi gy wos . mm “a VPNs HERS Ty, SE et ELEN ED OHO Getg age ne EARS BEER EU ABS SEK OIE Ae A ene PPE Wiig! WES wm * ds asec