if : a3 Ge Widest: LRG Een a he eee <4 t Hi ad Pioscat ny sia SEER + ion rah ) vay TP eR end Ee PAN Ray a ie nal Ate Bros ee RS ERS - SS wt Cees a oS 2. + pertronkyen Fok, CaP NEAR PO hte he eN esifseterets tyes eA vhs rh eas aN ey ROL ly ys enh, at v apes Sts he 7 + Ie SSN ANS Apads ea een eae oy Bre, SF ESSRLY oR . en et tad ae e Ft ee 3 Pee re igen te ; want Oy Aen os eset ies ALS { j 5 i i i i ; ] j 7 : j H i | ¢ \ a A tn, mile? id at iw Brhoee + : N a= a ar y Z = ; : [SSM ARTOAA! & SSAA THSSH ; & |SSSSSSSSr) 5 IS SCSSOSSHH a _— - — ee i royem | [AHOVOQeraal S jatar wyeg open J1ue310 5 SSSAHNGHASH!] F |COSHNG HOM a x . iB rye |B [QKAOOMAOH| BlItannoong Aap [210,L SSOnNHHSO 3 SSSCHNGBHASCH Bilt Mapeee te ake ansial eta eke ade End sc ee Peter aes Cli Wi aC eo Tepe eet metas cesetechuetcnaiey (fe Clay (( staihacio lito ut. weno eeet ge ee CGH DEA ee eae Pe Oh age ff cle See ey SEC ee x 5 e Nesters Deiter ce At ak : e LS pete arvme rs cd rere : Ay Q ANCHO SO aN tint Oo mi| A as Byproducts io ONO” (ee Sneha hi eclene es eee A Oe te (eae ee Lane Cie ay ker al ed eS CO MECT SCR ATS Wns git Pea ee abe (Oce*ae, Lea |S” (Ome) le ce Wie CRAG we Owe are aye eel fea eKs ee ewe re Te) xn Ci Ce ont Semen eee Seen yt Sea) eS Cy rg a ECE er Ci Cuber SCS eae tbe a amc CEO OL Le Or EL OL Lined oe Oa ew MCh An Me lng gL ee LL Dy aah ger Ral wae a G's TR oC, a) a Te eer Pi eg UMC CL gle Po av Gm ey Doe ema) ee (a ch mC ty Cl CN Ce ema Ue Py ae Cae pee ae aye, gee a Wr eh ee") ig WieMelrm Keeac ae '@. im oo ee Ne SB a> Sereke eo Oe ale a Byproducts Cottonseed hulls, Buuuetin 81 56 TABLE IV.—POUNDS OF TOTAL DRY MATTER, TOTAL ORGANIC ‘79 | _ [ROM HOAA|S |AQOMaInA . 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F€ HAQHOHNOW) A INTRON OMNOS OQ | upper |B ISCSCCHABDHASH/D ISCSCSCHAMHODR BISSOSHHHNGS SSOSHNMHSOD — sl is +939 Tee OUSIGNIC Se leg Be oR ap to Gene choc) a [CEFR SNCS ISO CNC RICO IC ICRICONC NICS ch ‘soyeip SCOCOCnANGH Ss SOOCHANNANHID| 2 |\COCHNMWOD! © |OODORHRND+O -Ayoqie ~ ON = Lal yoqie) eee eee wel) awe 7 g (an) S |DONHOMDOOHIY IRimnoMmamamn| _|NHOrnOoOdion! @ lomonmHtoOaM© a) ursjo1g | “= |STIROCANDHN ¥ SISO OO ASICS 1 tO NICS TIEO 00 FA 1S CY HS 2 61 0 , : BaISSSSCSHHNG|GaloSOoSonHAN| 8 |jJocoooOCSoSoS , jeesssounn 4 vo. oO» |- = (3) a < jenew BIN Hod HAVEN HY] BHI ID AIM DITOAA) 2» INWROMOMWMA!) 2 INHROMNOIONMS la artes HK ISSSOHNGBDHASH! « ISSCOHHAGBHOH! & (SCOSCHNHHSO!] SF ICSCHNMDHOD oS t O a o I 7) Go} o : 2 BI HoODmrRoorKals Inmnannrnoan| & lnnmnnnwoan| & INNDRDDOROAN Sexy |] Palas Seer SS boa Se Fis al oe la cnn er act PON SSB eer Ss a Sos SNES OR CNS SS SS eos. i Aap [10 SSOHNMDHOD SSSOHNAMHOD SSOSCHABDHOD! FZ ISCSCOCHANMHOD 8 SSE Geen CTT SET Ta Rss set CC SN LONE A ERONC | Se TO SURECEO = GD = oe, Sa see Se tacts) ( uitdl couse Moat cons at llosea eee cee ow ee tie aew Se CS er camel ° soph tamee pec taleteceoncar coe a fee eae ae peers eee 7 eel area aces fee Re ear tn Rhy de eg ONE ee A) Base ccc Pubeeh mat rate) Met tiprsar ieop ty Seeet mies: |B Slip the vases ct te tasayes | BI) ape a lee aE mie pal RBS Mr eT CN I MEN 7a a -eaeeeee ee at~ Tt e e speP el f— eercaldt eerie chet S pall Gore mere pas sere Mre deo eclec ars) LG AAT || ie ste ediig able. sens ea sicciraieed EtG) Misi Seine a ethics namel meee Bical a ae meester cee 5 SS ristiiea al) Db | oticia fa) S isi rN S ati cin ou Fs HAO H1D~ SO] & FAA HIO~O| F HA His Oo] F HNO HOE SO — = i) me FLORA OF VERMONT A LISD OB LE BeRN GY SEED PLANIS GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION. PREPARED BY EzrA BRAINERD, L. R. JONES and W. W. EGGLESTON, COMMITTEE FOR THE VERMONT BOTANICAL CLUB. BURLINGTON : FREE PRESS ASSOCIATION, 1900. kee = vate at - J +e ATE . é es. es re RATS vee ss ‘ fe tus AE Sat - : oy FLORA OF VERMONT PREFACE It is now twelve years since the last edition of Professor Perkins’ Flora of Vermont was published. The supply of the Tenth Report of the State Board of Agriculture, which contained that publication, has for some time been exhausted so that it is increasingly difficult to secure copies of it. Moreover these twelve years have included a period of intense activity in systematic botany in the Eastern States, and they have witnessed consid- erable additions to the knowledge of Vermont plants. The Vermont Botanical Club was organized five vears ago for the chief purpose of adding to and recording this knowledge. The present catalogue has been pre- pared by a committee acting for the Club, and it aims to set forth briefly the facts asat present known to Vermont botanists regarding the occur- rence and distribution of the higher plants in the state. It is unnecessary to say that the list is provisionalandincomplete. Students of the Vermont Flora will doubtless make yearly additions and corrections to this cata- logue, until the time once more arrives when a new one will be neces- sary. The present list stands merely as areport of progress, and the most that is hoped is that it will prove a stimulus and aid to further advance- ment. The list is intended to include the names of all of the seed and fern plants known to occur as native or apart from cultivation within the state. Much pains has been taken to verify doubtful specimens. Where no other authority is given forthe determination of the species or its insertion in the list, the plants have been personally examined by this committee. In every case where a name is admitted to the main list there is an authenti- cated specimen deposited in one or more of the permanent herbaria of the state, orin such other herbarium as is indicated in the accompanying note. The invariable rule has been to admit no name which has not an extant specimen back of it. This has necessarily led to the exclusion of a number of names of plants reported by earlier botanists. In many of these cases the evidence is such as to leave little doubt that the plants actually occurred as reported, and probably many of them will be rediscovered. The names of such plants are included ina supplementary list at the end of the main catalogue, and each name so appearing should be considered as a challenge to the sagacity of present botanists until the plant is again ‘ 1V FLORA OF VERMONT found. It has not been practicable, however, nor has it seemed important, that the committee examine specimens from all the localities cited in the list. Thus if the specimens from one locality have been verified and the species is therefore admitted to the list, other stations are often cited upon the authority of the collectors alone. But even in such cases, where there was any reason for questioningthe identity of the plant, its inspection by recognized authorities has been secured. Stations cited on the sole author- ity of older published lists are in quotation marks. These are busy times for the botanist who would keep informed in matters of nomenclature. The committee had some appreciation of this fact when undertaking its task, but this appreciation has increased during the progress of the work. The aim has been, in accordance with the wish of the Vermont Botanical Club, to follow a conservative policy in matters of nomenclature. In all cases, unless otherwise stated, the preferred name is that in accord with the usages of the Kew herbarium, which means in general the usage of the Gray Manual and the Synoptical Flora of North America. Where the name established by the rules of the Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as expressed in the Britton-Brown Illustrated Flora, is at variance with this preferred name, it follows in parenthesis. All such synonymous names are included in the index. In the sequence of families the order is that of Engler and Prantl as embodied in the Britton-Brown Illustrated Flora. This is accepted by botanists generally as representing more nearly the natural relationship of plants than does that of any of the older systems. It is believed that the temporary inconvenience caused by this change, to those who are more familiar with the older arrangements, will be more than counterbalanced by the advantages which will follow acquaintance with the present one. The committee were in doubt as to whether it would not be wiser to adopt the Engler-Prantl family names. Such would be the consistent course and, doubtless, some will criticise the failure to follow it. Since it involved the breaking up of several of the familiar groups like Rosaceae, Leguminosae, etc., it was decided that the argument of present convenience to most members of the club outweighed that of consistency. In indicating the degree of frequency of occurrence, four adjectives have been used with a careful attempt at precision, namely, ‘‘common,’’ “‘ fre- quent,’’ ‘‘occasional,’’ ‘‘rare.’? In each case this statement regarding frequency is to be associated with the accompanying statement regarding habitat,—thus ‘‘sandy soil, common’’ means common on sandy soils; and such a plant may be rare in other habitats. The term ‘‘rare’’ has been reserved for those plants which are known to occur in but few stations and there but sparingly. Where they are abundant in such stations the word ‘‘local’’ has been preferred. In cases where but four or five stations FLORA OF VERMONT Vv or less were known,these have been enumerated. It is always a matter of justice to botanical explorers and of interest and stimulus to others to insert the name of the station and of the discoverer of a rare plant, and the aim of the committee has been to do this so far as compatible with the brevity required. The habitats given are based on observations made in Vermont. Where these differ from those given in the standard botanies it ts believed that the statements of this list more accurately define the local conditions. Small capitals are used in the Catalogue for the names of foreign plants or of those not indigenous to the northeastern United States, that is to the region covered by the Gray Manual. In this the familiar usage of Gray’s botanies has been followed. The distinction is somewhat helpful, but since it does not indicate the native Vermont flora with the exactness de- sired, a Supplementary List has been prepared which includes the names of those plants which are natives of the northeastern United States, and therefore printed in full-face type in this catalogue but which are not na- tives of Vermont. The committee desires to acknowledge the generous assistance in the work of many other members of the Vermont Botanical Club. Especial mention should be made of the contributions of Dr. A. J. Grout whose specimens and notes were placed in the hands of the committee and of Mr. Clifton D. Howe who made the final copy of the manuscript for the print- ers and helped to handle the proof. Dr. B. L. Robinson and Mr. M. L. Fernald have examined many doubt- ful specimens and have advised throughout in matters of nomenclature. Professor F. Lamson-Scribner critically examined the Vermont specimens of several of the genera of Graminez and contributed notes which add much to the accuracy of their treatment. Dr.C. W. Swan also gave valuable advice in this group. Dr. M. A. Howe has contributed the results of his own explorations and has reported upon various plants in the herbarium of the New York Botanic gardens. To these gentlemen for their courteous assistance and kindly interest, the Vermont Botanical Club is greatly indebted. EZRA BRAINERD, L. R. JONES, W. W. EGGLESTON, Committee. er Soma ith . a of 1 te 4 a vein SB aa om f "\ fi les a F , 1 mihisa® C ett ies: Ptaders + paring AAT ge ‘at 3} Me rats a ; ms bon eiaan SE an) dah bas bvin pita eee “ Piss seICL fiat J & 1a es eee CONTENTS FLORA OF VERMONT Pteridophyta OpHVOCIOSSACEEE 2 2.560ccc-0csser senses il HCE a cece cals Sik y acim icoes 1 IBKAUMISCCACEES <.02.-ccceceeneprmes «oseoees 4 MV COROGIACESS..... v...vccscderecoers ewes 4 ROME TAGES). isch e.octereececetosanes 5 Gymnosperme Womens cedscsaccth tes cenaseoss 5 Monocotyledons MVOC TCGES pcridacdancceece ee ener nae aCE Stee 6 ING BOSH oadacsBeeaapOATBBEBaneoeeS iE: BAUS AC EER aes te cist che sac eae none shee 8 eiyvdirocharid acer... ccs. 2c0e- nes 9 MMC TAUITIUIT CSO eee. ces ace che cncocccsecneceve 9 MCT ACE RO 2. siabecanscosenenuse voles: A PMU ACE OP ee ct cnc dctonheec cis canoes 25 IL OHTA YER SS SO Pe eRe eres seen te ne 25 PRS AC CEOS 5. fs. ciac tos son sa hs nun ae 25 HTC AU Cree oh wow costes uccoesostcce 26 RGU LCC CTIACELE incor easesooeSusisancates 26 Oi CRYER SB aaa cee amen eee ence emacs 26 LOT GEE Ss eaten Henan SE eRaS OBES EEO aEAG 27 MTEL RCO HO eae ecceawaus ye costeesecnethe 29 CONapI AUG be Qere ys oan yp ee ame 29 Dicotyledons IRMA RCE a50cesspuceeed seven eoce: 5] III CACHE a. seuceapcdee-ckectweesocey 32 SINC AC Ore et hes ete sacancbrnaeaacceiae 32 UTC os Sa Ee 33 WWD CE Lessa ie occ dosisse cavearetecoseeso MMO TANGNACE HO .5. 5c oeccdodeetsceses cases: 36 Simin verse, nak Sea eee Geen aBaconnbcae 36 AMIS OLOCMI ACE Hscceccete-.cceecor esse. OO PONY FON ACEH asi. -- 022502 c0teseeavee ns cee 36 WDENOPORIACEE. .. 2. .csec.cestecs wanes 37 INTMANATITACE DE icotc.csontecde sedcscce0e oOo RaryopnyMacere: 2:5. 5... 6.-coscces-.5209 MNCS TACe Ress aes coasc 1o'os ones ceiceeene ace 41 yap RACE: ..6. 7. . ssc nceaaesadenee 40 Gerabopliy MACE j.../..0contyessocee0s 41 PS OMOMACCEE, 1. ainncne ent anase0 cesous 41 RAMU CWIACCLONs Sec ageccdectssecccsesenes 41 [Breve vases be velels Speeee Bepacre tcorcaeacas 43 Menispermace2e..-.............00+.s00: 43 NGAI AC CCE eee niceae Bane ceceones cece wte 44 PAD AV CLACE Dyas ocsicves cca acts aicdbpaee sai 45 MTA ACAcas tee tees ceeaessansccers 44 @rucilere cc tess nee oe eee 44 Capparidacese: <..32/s6a.-cudsseaccsseses 47 SanbHCemintcenias:-es-beneseseateces see: 47 DF OSCTACE Paseo coe rc t ro nneesceaeencuiees 47 @racstllacesetsasaemeascncenoseosecatee 48 SaKUTAPACE TON. aa Burlington, Perkins; Derby, Richmond, Horsford ; Johnson, Grout ; abundant in Essex County, Eggleston. VACCINIUM. Buvurserry. CRANBERRY caespitosum, Michx. Mt. Mansfield Chin, Pringle; rocky shore West. River, Newfane, Grout. Canadense, Kalm. Moist thickets; common in the mountains. The market blueberry of Essex County. corymbosum, L. Swamps and low thickets. The abundant blueberry about northern Lake Champlain. The form known as var. amoenum, Gray, occurs in swamps, Monkton, Charlotte, Pringle. corymbosum, var. atrococcam, Gray. (V. atrococcum, Heller.) Black Blueberry. Bristol Pond bog, A. C. Dyke. Also reported from several other localities but the determinations have not been verified. macrocarpon, Ait. Large Cranberry. (Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pers.) Peat bogs; frequent. Oxycoccus, L, Small Cranberry. (Oxycoccus Oxycoccus, McM.) Incold peat bogs ; frequent. FLORA OF VERMONT 69 V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dryhills; common. The earliest market blue- berry. Plant having black berries without bloom (? V. nigrum, Brit- ton) are found ; West Rutland, Hggleston. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. var. angustifolium, Gray. Summit of Mt. Mans- field and Camel’s Hump, Robbins, Pringle. V. uliginosum, L. Summit of Mt. Mansfield'and Camel’s Hump, Robbins, Pringle; Johnson, Grout. V. vacillans, Solander. Dry woodlands; common; forming part of the later blueberries of the market. V. Vitis-Idaea, L. On the summits of Mansfield and Camel’s Hump moun- tains, Robbins. DIAPENSIACEAE DIAPENSIA D. Lapponica, L. Mt. Mansfield Chin, Pringle. PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY LYSIMACHIA. Loosksrrire L. nummuraria, L. Moneywort. Frequent as a troublesome weed in lawns. L. producta, Fernald. (Rhodora, {:134. 1899.) (L. stricta, var. producta, Gray.) Mouth of the Winooski River, «Zggleston and Jones. L. quadrifolia, L. Dry thickets ; common. L. stricta, Ait. (lL. terrestris, B. S. P.) Low ground ; common. L. thyrsiflora, L. (Naumbergia thyrsiflora, Duby.) Bogs'and swamps; fre- quent. PRIMULA P. Mistassinica, Michx. Willoughby Mountain, A. Wood ; Smuggler’s Notch, Morong. SAMOLUS S. Valerandi, L. var. Americanus, Gray. (S. floribundus, H. B. K.) Along sluggish brooks ; Middlebury, James, C. N. Brainerd; ‘‘ Brattleboro,”’ Frost. STEITRONEMA S. ciliatum, Raf. Moist thickets ; common. S. Ianceolatum, Gray. Low grounds along northern Lake Champlain ; occasional. 70 : FLORA OF VERMONT TRIENTALIS T. Americana, Pursh. Star Flower. Moist woods and thickets; common- OLEAGEAE,. OLIVE FAMILY FRAXINUS. AsH F. Americana, L. White Ash. Rich woods ; common. F. Pennsylvanica, Marsh. (F. pubescens, Lam.) Red Ash. Low grounds ; common along Lake Champlain and its tributaries. F, nigra, Marsh. (F. sambucifolia, Lam.) Black Ash. Swamps and wet. woods ; common. F. lanceolata, Borck. (F. viridis, Michx. f.) Green Ash. Occasional along shores of Lake Champlain. GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY BARTONIA B. tenella, Muh]. (B. Virginica B.S. P.) ‘‘Rockingham,” Carey ; Higbee swamp, Burlington, Jones. GENTIANA. GENTIAN G. Amarella, L., var. acuta, Hook. f. (G. acuta. Michx.) Smuggler’s Notch, Pringle. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Closed Gentian. Moist grounds ; frequent. G. crinita, Froel. Fringed Gentian. Moist ground; frequent in the south- ern part of the State. G. linearis, Froel. Bogs and meadows in the mountains; occasional. A broad leaved form from Stowe, Mrs.Straw, appears to be var. lanceolata, Gray. G. quinqueflora, Lam. (G. quinquefolia, L.) Moist hills ; occasional. HALENIA. (TETRAGONANTHUS) H. deflexa, Griseb. Banks of Lewis Creek. Charlotte, Horsford and Pringle- LIMNANTHEMUM L. lacunosum, Griseb. Shallow water; Spectacle Pond, East Wallingford, Kent ; Springfield, Eggleston ; common in Windham county ; Grout. MENYANTHES M. trifoliata, L. Buck Bean. Sphagnum bogs; occasional. FLORA OF VERMONT 71 APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY APOCYNUM. DosBane A. androsaemifolium, L. Thickets and fields ; common. A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp. Moist banks ; occasional. A. cannabinum, L. var. glaberrimum, DC. Shores of Lake Champlain. Sands of West River, Hggleston. VINCA V. minor, L. Periwinkle. Persisting in neglected dooryards. ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY ASCLEPIAS. MILkwrep - incarnata, L. Marshes; common. . obtusifolia, Michx. Sandy soil; frequent about Burlington. A A A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. . (A. exaltata, Muhl.) Moist copses ; occasional. A, quadrifolia, L. Rocky woods ; occasional. A, Syriaca, L. (A. Cornuti, Decaisne.) Rich grounds ; common. A . tuberosa, L. Butterfly Weed. Dry fields; Pownal.’’ Robbins; ‘‘Bel- lows Falls,’’ Carey; Vernon, Grout ; Manchester, Miss Day. VINCETOXICUM. (CYNANCHUM) V. nigrum, Moench. Brattleboro, Frost; Windsor, Leland. CONVOLVULACEAE. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY A CONVOLVULUS. Brypweep C. arvensis, L. A garden weed ; Woodstock, F. B. Dana. C. Jaronicus, Thunb. The double-flowered form, an occasional escape from cultivation. C. sepium, L. Moist thickets ; common. C. sepium, L. var. Americanus, Sims. Common in the gravelly soil along shores of Lake Champlain. C. spithamaeus, L. Dry sandy plains; common about Burlington. Nor- wich and Rutland, Eggleston. CUSCUTA. DopprEr C, Epiraymum, Murr. In clover fields; threatening to become troublesome. C. Gronovii, Willd. Moist thickets ; common. (P FLORA OF VERMONT POLEMONIACEAE. PHLOX FAMILY PHLOX P, paniculata, L. Escaped from cultivation ; Rutland, Eggleston ; Franklin, Wild. POLEMONIUM P, Van Bruntiae, Britton. (P. ceruleum, of Gray Manual.) Abby Pond, Ripton, Brainerd. HYDROPHYLLACEAE HYDROPHYLLUM H. Virginicum, L. Rich woods ; common. BORRAGINACEAE CY NOGLOSSUM C, orrictnaLE, L. Hound’s-tongue. Pastures ; frequent. C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey. Rich woods; occasional. ECHINOSPERMUM. (LAPPULA) E, Lapputa, Lehm. Grayelly shores of Lake Champlain ; frequent. E, Virginicum, Lehm. (L. Virginiana, Greene.) Beggar’s Lice. Borders of woods ; frequent. ECHIUM. Vrprr’s Buatoss E. vutaare, L. Blueweed. Pastures and moist soil. Becoming increas- ingly troublesome as a weed . LITHOSPERMUM. Gromwetu L, arvensE, L. Old fields and roadsides ; occasional. L. oFFICINALE, L. Dry pastures ; common. MYOSOTIS M. faxa, Lehm. Cold brooks. Peacham, Blanchard ; abundant in White River valley, Eggleston. M, pavustris, Withering. Forget-me-not. Frequently naturalized along cold brooks. FLORA OF VERMONT 73 M. verna, Nutt. (M. Virginica, B. S. P.) Dry banks and ledges. ‘‘ Brattle- boro,’”? Frost; Windsor, Leland; Snake Mountain, Brainerd ; Fairlee Cliffs and West Castleton, Eggleston. SYMPHYTUM S. orrctvALE, L. Comfrey. Moist places ; adventive. VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY PHRYMA P, Leptostachya, L. Moist open woods ; frequent. VERBENA. VERVAIN V. hastata, L. Blue Vervain. Roadsides ; common. V. urticaefolia, L. White Vervain. Roadsides ; common. LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY BLEPHILIA B. ciliata, Raf. Dry open places. East Dorset, S. Grout ; Manchester, Miss Day. B. hirsuta, Benth. Moist shady places ; occasional. B. hirsuta, Benth. var. glabrata, Fernald. (Rhodora I:221. 1899.) Dry soil. Manchester, Miss Day. CALAMINTHA. C. Clinopodium, Benth. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) Borders of thickets and fields ; frequent. COLLINSONIA C. Canadensis, L. Rich moist woods of southern and central Vermont ; occasional. GALEOPSIS G. Trerranit, L. Hemp Nettle. Waste places ; common. HEDEOMA H. pulegioides, Pers. Pennyroyal. Dry fields ; common. HYSSOPUS H, orricinauis, L. Hyssop. Roadsides. Grand Isle, Pringle ; South Wal- lingford, Ross ; Peacham, Blanchard. 74 FLORA OF VERMONT ISANTHUS I. caeruleus, Michx. (I. brachiatus, B.S. P.) Dry sterile fields ; rare. LAMIUM. Derap Nerrie L, AMPLEXICAULE, L. Garden weed. Bristol, Pringle; Rutland, Eggleston. L, macutatum, L. Garden escape. Bristol, Pringle ; Middlebury, Brainerd. LEONURUS L. Carpiaca, L. Motherwort. Waste places ; common. LOPHANTHUS. (AGASTACHE) L. nepetoides, Benth. Thickets and along fences. Middlebury, James, Brain- erd; Pownal, Bennington, Arlington, Robbins. L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. Thickets and fencerows ; occasional. L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. var. mollis, Fernald. (Rhodora I; 220. 1899.) Manchester, Miss Day. LYCOPUS L. Americanus, Muhl. (1. sinuatus, Ell.) Moist soil ; common. L. Virginicus, L. Shady moist places ; common. MARRUBIUM M. vuircare, L. Horehound. Garden escape. Peacham, Blanchard. MENTHA. Minr M. Canadensis, L. Wet places; common. M, pirerira, L. Peppermint. Along brooks; frequent. M, sativa, L. Gardenescape. Rochester and Rutland, Hygleston; John- son, Grout. M, viripis, L. Spearmint. Moist places ; common. MONARDA M, didyma, L. Oswego Tea. Warren, Brainerd; Barnet, Blanchard. M. fistulosa, L. Wild Bergamot. Dry open woods ; occasional. M. fistulosa, L. var. rubra, Gray. (M. media, Willd.) Garden escape. Stowe, Eggleston. M. punctata, L. Colchester, Mrs. Flynn. Doubtless introduced with west- ern seed. FLORA OF VERMONT 15 NEPETA N. Cararia, L. Catnip. Dry pastures ; common. N. GLECHOMA, Benth. (Glecoma hederacea, L.) Ground Ivy. Moist shady places ; common. ORIGANUM O. vureare, L. Wild Marjoram. Moist shady ground ; occasional. PHYSOSTEGIA P. Virginiana, Benth. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional. PRUNELLA. (BRUNELLA) P. vulgaris, L. Self-heal. Woods and fields ; common. Plants with white flowers occur occasionally. PYCNANTHEMUM. (KOELLIA) P. incanum, Michx. Rocky woods. Cavendish, Macrae; Barttleboro and North Pownal, Eggleston. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. (K. Virginiana, MacM.) Dry woods; southern and western Vermont ; occasional. P. finifolium, Pursh. (K. flexuosa, MacM.) Dry fields of western Vermont; occasional. P. muticum, Pers. Fields ; occasional. Jee verkcillatim, Pers. (P. muticum, Gray in part, not Pers. See Bot. Gaz. 28: 132. 1899.) Moist fields; occasional in western Vermont. SATUREIA S. Hortensis, L. Summer Savory. Gravelly bank. Outlet of Dorset Pond, Grout. SCUTELLARIA. Sxkuiicap S. galericulata, L. Wet shady places ; common. S. lateriflora, L. Mad-dog Skullcap. Wet shady places ; common. S. parvula, Michx. Dry banks and headlands of Lake Champlain ; local. STACHYS. HeEpcre NETrrLe S. aspera, Michx. Moist ground ; occasional. S. palustris, L. Meadow, East Wallingford, F. C. Kent. Spezimen in Mr. Kent’s herbarium. TEUCRIUM. GERMANDER T. Canadense, L. Low grounds; occasional. Frequent along the shores of Lake Champlain. 76 FLORA OF VERMONT THYMUS. Tuymr T. Serpyitium, L. Peacham, Blanchard; Rock Point, Burlington, Mrs. Flynn ; West Berkshire, Wild. TRICHOSTEMA T. dichotomum, L. Dry sterile fields ; occasional. SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY DATURA. JamestowN WEED D. Stramontium, L. Occasional in waste places. D. Tatuis, L. Rare and adventive. HYOSCYAMUS H. nicer, L. Henbane. Roadsides. ‘‘ Panton,’’ Burge ; ‘‘ Mt. Independ- ence,’”’? Dr. Hill; Shoreham, Brainerd. LEUCOPHYSALIS L, grandiflora, Rydberg. (Physalis grandiflora, Hook.) Providence Island, Perkins ; Stave Island, Mrs. Flynn. NICANDRA. (PHYSALODES) N. vaysatores, Gaertn. Thetford and Peacham, Blanchard ; Shoreham, Brainerd. PHYSALIS. Grounp CHERRY P. heterophylla, Nees. (P. Virginiana of the Gray Manual.) Manchester, Miss Day. P. heterophylla, Nees. var. ambigua, Rydberg. Sandy soil and gardens ; occasional. P. pruinosa, L. (P. pubescens, Am. authors in part.) Rutland, Eggleston ; Pittsford, G. A. Woolson; Middlebury, Brainerd. P. Virginiana, Mill. Highgate, Jesup ; St. Johnsbury, Mrs. M. H. Buckham. SOLANUM. NiacurTsHaDE S. Dutcamara, L. Moist thickets; frequent. S. nigrum, L. Moist shaded ground ; frequent. FLORA OF VERMONT 77 SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY CASTILLEIA C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. (Castilleja acuminata, Spreng. ) Mt. Mansfield, Tuckerman and Macrae; Smuggler’s Notch, Pringle. CHELONE C. glabra, L. Turtle-head. Moist soil ; common. GERARDIA G. flava, L. (Dasystoma flava, Wood.) Pownal, Andrews. G. pedicularia, L. (Dasystoma pedicularia, Britton.) ‘‘Pownal,’’ Robbins ; “Bellows Falls,’’ Carey; Fairlee Cliffs, Sargent; Lake Dunmore, Brainerd. G. purpurea, L. var. paupercula, Gray. (G. paupercula, Britton.) Knight’s and Butler’s Islands, Brainerd ; Highgate, Wild. G. quercifolia, Pursh. (Dasystoma Virginica, Britton.) Dry open woods ; Fairlee Cliffs, Sargent; Castleton, Pownal, Robbins, Eggleston ; West Rutland, Eggleston ; North Dorset, Mrs. Flynn. G. tenuifolia, Vahl]. Dry open woods ; Pownal, Robbins, Eggleston ; ‘‘Brat- tleboro,’’ Robbins ; ‘‘Bellows Falls,’’ Carey ; Vernon, Grout ; Colchester, Mrs. Flynn. GRATIOLA G. aurea, Muhl. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain ; rare. G. Virginiana, L. Wet shores and ditches ; occasional. ILYSANTHES I. attenuata, Small. Wet shores and ditches ; occasional. LINARIA. Toap-riax L. Canadensis, Dumont. Dry soil; ‘‘Bellows Falls,’’ Carey; Vernon, Grout. L. vutcaris, Mill. Butter and Eggs. (lLinaria Linaria, Karst.) Fields ; common. MELAMPYRUM M. Americanum, Michx. (M. lineare, Lam.) Cow-wheat. Dry wood- lands ; frequent. MIMULUS M. moscuatus, Doug]. Musk-plant. Gardenescape; wet places. Walling- ford, Kent; Wardsboro, Howe; Weston, Mrs. Flynn. M. ringens, L. Monkey-flower. Wet places ; common. 78 FLORA OF VERMONT PEDICULARIS P, Canadensis, L. Lousewort. Thickets ; common. PENTSTEMON P, laevigatus, Solander. Fields, Franklin, Wild. P, pubescens, Solander. Rocky hills; frequent in western Vermont. SCROPHULARIA. Fiaworr S. leporella, Bicknell. Meadows and fence rows ; occasional. S. nodosa, L. var. Marilandica, Gray. (S. Marilandica, L.) Waste places ; occasional. VERBASCUM V. Buarraria, L. Moth Mullein. Clay or rocky pastures and roadsides ; occasional. V. Tuapsus, L. Mullein. Fields; common. VERONICA. SprepweELu V. Americana, Schweinitz. Wet ground ; common. V. Anagallis, L. ‘‘Middlebury,’’ Burge; Tinmouth Creek, Tinmouth, Eggleston. V. arvensis, L. Fields; occasional. V. Buxsaumu, Tenore. (VY. Byzantina, B. 8. P.) Occasionally adventive. V. officinalis, L. Dry fields and thickets; frequent. V. peregrina, L. Gardens and waste places ; occasional. V. scutellata, L. Wet ground ; common. V. serpyllifolia, L. Roadsides and fields ; common. LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY PINGUICULA P. vulgaris, L. Butterwort. Alpine cliffs, Smuggler’s Notch, Pringle. UTRICULARIA. BrappERwort U. cornuta, Michx. Bogs; frequent. U. gibba, L. Rocky pond, Rutland, Ross. U. inflata, Walt. In still water ; occasional. U. intermedia, Hayne. Shallow pools; occasional. FLORA OF VERMONT 79 _U. purpurea, Walt. East Barnet, West Danville, Peacham, Blanchard. U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Fairlee Lake, Sargent and Jesup. U. vulgaris, L. Ponds and slow streams ; common. OROBANCHACEAE. BROOMRAPE FAMILY CONOPHOLIS C. Americana, Wallroth. Woodson White Creek, Chandier ; ‘‘Rock Point, Burlington,’’ Macrae; West Rutland, H. M. Denslow; Snake Mountain, Brainerd. EPIPHEGUS. BrrEcH-—pRops E. Virginiana. Bart. (Leptamnium Virginianum, Raf.) Under beech trees; common. ; OROBANCHE O. uniflora, L. (Aphyllon uniflorum, Gray; Thalesia uniflora, Britton.) Dry woodlands ; occasional. ACANTHACEAE DIANTHERA D. Americana, L. Collected by Dr. Paddock, in 1819, in water at Ferris- burgh ; specimen now in University of Vermont herbarium. No later botanist has found it in Vermont. PLANTAGINACEAE, PLANTAIN FAMILY LITTORELLA L. lacustris, L. (L. uniflora, Rusby.) Gravelly shores. Kelley’s Bay, Al- burgh, Pringle; Spectacle Pond, East Wallingford, Kent; Notch Pond, Ferdinand, Eggleston. PLANTAGO. PLANTAIN P. aristata, Michx. (P. Patagonica, Jacq. var. aristata, Gray.) Occasionally introduced with grass seed. Brookline, Howe; East Wallingford, Kent ; Colchester, Mrs. Flynn. P. LANcEoLATA, L. English Plantain. Grass land ; common. P, major, L. Waysides ; common. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. With the preceding species ; common. 8&0 FLORA OF VERMONT RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY CEPHALANTHUS C. occidentalis, L. Button-bush. Swamps; frequent. GALIUM. BepSrraw. COvEAvers G. Aparine, L. Shaded ground ; frequent. G. asprellum, Michx. Alluvial ground ; common. G. circaezans, Michx. Rich woods ; common. G. Claytoni, Michx. Wet meadows ; frequent. G. Kamtschaticum, Steller. Cold wet woods of the higher mountains ; fre- quent. G. lanceolatum, Torr. Dry woods ; frequent. G. Motiveo, L. Peacham, Blanchard ; ‘‘ North Pomfret,’’? Morgan. G. palustre, L. Wet meadows and along ditches ; common. G. pilosum, Ait. Dry copses. Pownal, Robbins, Eggleston. G, SYLVESTRE, Pollick. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle. G. tinctorium, L. (G. trifidum, L. var. latifolium, Torr.) Wet meadows ; frequent. tinctorium, L. var. Labradoricum, Wiegand. Perch Pond bog, Pownal, J. R. Churchill. G. trifidum, L. (G. trifidum, L. var. pusillum, Gray.) Cold bogs and marshy borders of ponds ; frequent. o G. triflorum, Michx. Rich woodlands ; common. G. verum, L. Yellow Bedstraw. Occasionally introduced in grass lands. HOUSTONIA H, caerulea, L. Bluets. Grassy places and wet rocks ; common. H. purpurea. L. var. longifolia, Gray. (H. longifolia, Gaertn.) Dry rocky places ; frequent in the Champlain valley. Randolph, Bates. MITCHELLA M. repens, L. Partridge-berry. Cool woods ; common. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY DIERVILLA D. trifida, Moench. (D. Diervilla, McM. ) Rocky woodlands ; common. LINNAA L. borealis, L. Twin-flower. Cool, rich woods ; frequent. FLORA OF VERMONT 81 LONICERA. HonerysuckLe L. caerulea, L. Cold bogs of northeastern Vermont ; occasional. L. ciliata, Muhl. Fly Honeysuckle. Moist woods ; common. L. dioica, L. (L. glauca, Hill.) Dry rocky woods ; frequent. L, hirsuta, Eaton. Rocky woodlands of western Vermont ; occasional. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. Cold bogs; ‘‘Brattleboro,’’ Frost ; Bristol, Monkton, New Haven, Starksboro, Pringle; Sutton, E. Faxon. L, Tararica, L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Common in cultivation ; a fre- quent escape in thickets about Burlington. SAMBUCUS. ELpErR S. Canadensis, L. Elderberry. Thickets ; common. S. racemosa, L. Red Elder, (S. pubens, Michx.) Rocky woodlands ; com- mon. SYMPHORICARPOS S. racemosus, Michx. Snowberry. Common in cultivation ; occasionally spreading from old gardens. S. racemosus, Michx. var. pauciflorus, Robbins. (S. pauciflorus, Britton. ) Cliffs and headlands of western Vermont ; occasional. TRIOSTEUM : T. perfoliatum, L. Rich woodlands ; occasional. #VIBURNUM. Arrow—woop V. acerifolium, L. Maple-leaf Viburnum. Dry rocky woods ; common. V. alnifolia, Marsh. (V. lantanoides, Michx.) Hobblebush. Cold moist woods ; common. V. cassinoides, L. Swamps ; common. V. dentatum, L. Arrow-wood. Wet places ; frequent. V. Lentago, L. Sheepberry. . Rich moist woods and banks; frequent. V. Opulus, L. Cranberry-tree. Low ground ; frequent. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Moist ravines near limit of tree growth ; Mt. Mans- field, Tuckerman and Macrae; Killington, Sargent and Eggleston. V. pubescens, Pursh. Common on the cliffs and rocky hills of the Cham- plain valley. 82 FLORA OF VERMONT VALERIANACEAE VALERIANA. VALERIAN V. orrictnauis, L. Garden escape. Franklin, L. Wild; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn. V. sylvatica, Banks. Cedar swainp, Fairhaven, Robbins, Seely ; Craftsbury, Robbins. DIPSACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY DIPSACUS D. syuvesrris, Mill. Wild Teasel. Roadside weed. ‘‘Castleton,’’ Reed ; Shoreham, Brainerd ; Charlotte, Pringle. SCABIOSA S. arvensis, L. Scabious. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle. CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY ECHINOCYSTIS E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. (Micrampelis lobata, Greene.) Wild Cucumber. Alluvial banks and waste places ; frequent. SICYOS S. angulatus, L. Star Cucumber. River banks and waste places ; frequent. CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER FAMILY CAMPANULA. BELLFLOWER C. aparinoides, Pursh. Low sedgy thickets ; rare. C, RAPUNCULOIDES, L. Roadside escape ; occasional. C. rotundifolia, L. Harebell. Rocky banks; common. SPECULARIA. (LEGOUZIA) S. perfoliata, A. DC. Dry rocky woodlands ; occasional and local. LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY LOBELIA L. cardinalis, L. Cardinal-flower. Swales and margins of ponds and streams ; frequent. L. Dortmanna, L. Shallow margins of ponds and bogs ; occasional. L, inflata, L. Fields and pastures ; common. FLORA OF VERMONT 83 L. Kalmii, L. Cool moist rocks and fields ; occasional. L, spicata, Lam. Fields and waysides ; occasional. COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY ACHILLEA A. Millefolium, L. Yarrow. Dry fields and roadsides ; common. AMBROSIA. RaGwEED A. artemisiaefolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Waste places ; common. A. trifida, L. Moist alluvial soil ; occasional. ANAPHALIS A. margaritacea, Benth. and Hook. Pearly Everlasting. Dry hills and woods ; common. ANTENNARIA. PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING A. Brainerdii, Fernald. (Rhodora I: 153. 1899.) Moist banks, usually in shade ; occasional. A. Canadensis, Greene. Dry and moist ground ; common. ‘A. Canadensis, Greene, var. Randii, Fernald. With the type ; occasional. A. fallax, Greene. In partial shade ; occasional. A. fallax, Greene, var. (A. Farwell, Fernald, Rhodora I; 152. 1899, not Greene.) Meadows and hillsides ; common in Addison county. A, neglecta, Greene. Old fields ; common. A. neodioica, Greene. Old pastures and fields ; frequent. A, neodiaica, Greene, var. attenuata, Fernald. Dry fields and pastures ; common. A. neodioica, Greene, var. grandis, Fernald. Usually. in shade ; frequent. A. Parlinii, Fernald. Dry banks and thickets; occasional. A. Parlinii, Fernald, var. arnoglossa, Fernald. (A. arnoglossa, Greene. ) Heavy soil ; frequent in Addison county. A. petaloidea, Fernald. Old pastures ; common. A. plantaginea, R. Br. (A. plantaginifolia, Hook.) Dry open woodlands ; occasional, A, plantaginea, R. Br. var. petiolata, Fernald. Dry woodlands and hilltops; occasional. 84 A, A, A, FLORA OF VERMONT ANTHEMIS Coruta, DC. Mayweed. Waste places ; common. ARCTIUM. Burpock Lappa, L. (A. Lappa, L. var. majus, Gray.) Waste places ; frequent, especially in mountain towns. MINus, Bernh. (A. Lappa, L. var. minus, Gray.) Waste places; common. A burdock with webbed heads, Manchester, Miss Day, represents the form known as var. tomentosum, Gray. M. L. Fernald says, however, that it is not the real A. tomentosum of Europe and is not to be separ- ated from A. minus. ARTEMISIA. Wormwoop AssintHium, L. Dry hills and roadsides ; occasional. biennis, Willd. Introduced along railways ; occasional. Canadensis, Michx. ‘‘ Willoughby Lake,’’ A. Wood ; Smuggler’s Notch, Pringle ; slaty shore of northern Lake Champlain, Brainerd. caudata, Michx. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional. vuLGARIS, L. Waste places ; common. ASTER acuminatus, Michx. Cool rich woods ; common. amethystinus, Nutt. Moist ground. ‘‘ Brattleboro,’’ Frost; South Pow- nal, Eggleston. cordifolius, L. Woodlands ; common. cordifolius, L. var. polycephalus, Porter. Johnson, Grout. diffusus, Ait. (A. lateriflorus, Britton.) Thickets and fields ; common. diffusus, Ait. var. hirsuticaulis, Gray. (A. hirsuticaulis, Lindl.) Borders: of thickets. ‘‘ Bellows Falls,’’ Carey ; ‘‘Burlington,’”’ Macrae ; Highgate Springs, Jesup ; Brattleboro, Grout. divaricatus, L. (A. corymbosus, Ait.) Moist woodlands ; common. dumosus, L. Thickets. Rutland, Eggleston. ericoides, L. Dry open places, southern Vermont ; occasional. ericoides, L. var. Pringlei, Gray. (A. Pringlei, Britton.) Slaty headlands and islands of Lake Champlain ; frequent. Manchester, Miss Day. junceus, Ait. Peat bogs ; rare. laevis, L. Borders of woodlands, southern Vermont ; frequent. linariifolius, L. (lIonactis linariifolias, Greene.) Dry sandy soil ; occa- sional. * > * . . * FLORA OF VERMONT 85 macrophyllus, L. Moist woods ; common. macrophyllus, L. var. excelsior, Burgess. Ripton, Brainerd. macrophyllus, L. var. pinguifolius, Burgess. Pownal, Hggleston ; Lake Dunmore, Brainerd. multiflorus, Ait. Dry hilly pastures. Pownal, Robbins, Eggleston ; Ver- non, Grout. multiflorus, Ait. var.exiguus, Fernald. In railroad yard, Norwich, Sargent. nemoralis, Ait. Rocky shores of North Pond, Brunswick, Eggleston. nemoralis, Ait. var Blakei, Porter. Belden Pond, Johnson, Grout. Novae-Angliae, L. Moist ground; common in western Vermont from Addison county southward, less so elsewhere. Forms with rose-purple rays, var. roseus, DC., and with white rays occur; Bennington, Hggleston. Novi-Belgii, L. Moist shady soil, Connecticut River valley ; occasional. A peculiar form occurs in Smuggler’s Notch. paniculatus, Lam. Shady moist soil ; common. paniculatus, Lam. var. bellidiflorus, Burgess. Rutland, Hggleston. polyphyllus, Willd. (A. Faxoni, Porter.) Willoughby Mountain, Tuck- erman, Faron. ‘‘A dwarf form in pastures, Newark and Sutton,” E. Faxon. prenanthoides, Muhl. Newfane, Grout. ptarmicoides, Torr. and Gray. Dry limestone ledges, Bennington county; occasional. puniceus, L. Low thickets and swamps ; common. puniceus, L. var. firmus, Torr. and Gray. (var. levicaulis, Gray.) Sud- bury, F. W. Hubby. Specimen in Gray herbarium. radula, Ait. ‘‘ Brattleboro,’ Frost; Cranberry Pond bog, Ferdinand, Eggleston. sagittifolius, Willd. Dry ground. Common in the Hoosic valley, Pownal, Eggleston. salicifolius, Ait. Low grounds. North Pownal, rare, Hggleston. tardiflorus, L. Moist shady ground. Newfane, Grout ; Rutland, Castle- ton, Eggleston ; Manchester, Miss Day. Tradescanti, L. Low grounds ; common. umbellatus, Mill. (Doellingeria umbellata, Nees.) Moist thickets; common. undulatus, L. Dry copses ; common. A. vimineus, Lam. Moist banks; frequent. Bi E Ee FLORA OF VERMONT vimineus, Lam. var. foliolosus, Gray. Ledges. Sumner’s Falls, Hartland, Eggleston. vimineus, Lam. var. saxatilis, Fernald. Ledges, Winooski River. Wil- liston, Pringle. BIDENS. Bur Maricoip Beckii, Torr. Ponds and deep slow streams ; occasional. cernua, L. Wet places ; common. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (B. laevis, B. S. P.) Wet grounds ; common. connata, Muhl. Low margins of streams and lakes ; frequent. frondosa, L. Beggar’s Ticks. Moist waste places; common. x oD CENTAUREA Jacea, L. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle. CHRYSANTHEMUM LrucanrHeMum, L. White Daisy. Fields and meadows ; common. CICHORIUM InrysBus, L. Chicory. Roadsides and meadows ; common. CNICUS. (CARDUUS.) Tarstiz altissimus, Willd. var. discolor, Gray. (Carduus discolor, Nutt.) Copses ; occasional. ARVENSIS, Hoffm. Canada Thistle. Fields and waste places ; common. LANCEOLATUS, Hoffm. Bull Thistle. Pastures and roadsides ; common. muticus, Pursh. Swamp Thistle. Swamps and low woods; frequent. pumilus, Torr. (Carduus odoratus, Porter.) Pasture Thistle. The most common pasture thistle of the southern counties ; unknown north of Rutland county. CREPIS BIENNIS, L. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle. ERECHTITES hieracifolia, Raf. Fireweed. Moist woods, especially in recent clearings ; common. ERIGERON. FLeaBane annuus, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Fields and waste places ; common. bellidifolius, Muhl. (EE. pulchellus, Michx.) Copses and moist banks ; common. j FLORA OF VERMONT 87 E. Canadensis, L. (Leptilon Canadense, Britton.) Horseweed. Waste places ; common. E. hyssopifolius, Michx. Moist rocky river banks and mountain cliffs ; occasional. E. Philadelphicus, L. Moist ground ; common. E, strigosus, Muhl. (EK. ramosus, B. S. P.) Fields ; common. EUPATORIUM. TxHoroucuworr . ageratoides, L. Moist rich woods ; common. E E, perfoliatum, L. Boneset. Thoroughwort. Low grounds ; common. E. purpureum, L. var. amoenum, Gray. Dry open woods. Pownal, Eggleston. E - purpureum, L. var. maculatum,’ Darl. (E. maculatum, L.) Joe-Pye Weed. Moist thickets and low grounds; common. E, sessilifolium, L. Dry open woods about base of cliff. North Pownal, Eggleston. GALINSOGA G. PARVIFLORA, Cay. ‘‘In waste heaps, Windsor,’ Leland; Burlington, Grout. Becoming common asa garden weed. Most of the Burlington plants show spreading pubescence, var. hispida, DC. GNAPHALIUM. EVERLASTING G. decurrens, Ives. Hillsides ; common. G. polycephalum, Michx. (G. obtusifolium, L.?) Old fields and woods; com- mon. G. wliginosum, L. Cudweed. Moist soil ; common. HELIANTHUS. Sunriower H. annuus, L. Sunflower. An occasional escape. H. decapetalus, L. Copses and low banks of streams ; frequent. H, divaricatus, L. Thickets and barrens ; frequent. H. giganteus, L. ‘‘ Brattleboro,’’ Frost; ‘‘ Royalton,’? Ward; Randolph, Bates. H, strumosus, L. Dry woods and banks ; occasional. H, tuberosus, L. Jerusalem Artichoke.’ Along fences and roadsides ; fre- quent. 1 Probably the typical Eupatortum purpureum occurs in Vermont. Upon looking through the various herbaria, however, no Vermont specimens of it are found and it must therefore be omitted from this list. It should be sought for next season. 88 FLORA OF VERMONT HELIOPSIS H. scabra, Dunal. Franklin, Wild; Hartford and Norwich, Sargent. HIERACIUM. HAwkwerep H. avurantiacum, L. Orange Hawkweed. Common. A weed pest in pas- tures and lawns, especially in the northwestern counties. H. Canadense, Michx. Dry cool woods ; frequent. H. paniculatum, L. Open woods ; frequent. H. scabrum, Michx. Dry open woods ; common. H. venosum, L. Dry plains and pine woods ; occasional. INULA — + Hetenium, L. Elecampane. Roadsides and damp pastures ; frequent. KRIGIA K, Virginica, Willd. (Adopogon Carolinianum, Britton.) Dwarf Dande- lion. Dry sterile soil ; occasional. LACTUCA. Witp Lerruce L. Canadensis, L. Rich damp soil, borders of fields and thickets ; common. L. hirsuta, Muhl. Charlotte, Pringle. L. integrifolia, Bigel. Newfane, Grout; Pownal, Eggleston; Middlebury, Brainerd. L. leucophaea, Gray. (L. spicata, Hitchcock.) Low grounds ; common. L. Scarroua, L. Prickly Lettuce. Waste places; Rutland, Jones; St. Albans, Orton ; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn. LAPSANA (LAMPSANA) L. communis, L. Brattleboro, Frost. LEONTODON L, aurumNAtis, L. Fall Dandelion. Abundant on village green, Irasburgh, T. EB. Hazen, Wild. MATRICARIA M, piscorpea, DC. (M. matricarioides, Porter.) Adventive from Pacific coast. Abundant along railroad and highways, Pownal, Eggleston. FLORA OF VERMONT 89 ONOPORDON O. Acanruium, L. Cotton Thistle. ‘Dry pastures, Williston and Grand Isle,’’? Robbins ; Charlotte, Pringle. PETASITES P. palmata, Gray. Sweet Coltsfoot. Wooded borders of cold swamps and streams ; occasional. Fairhaven, Robbins ; Charlotte, Pringle ; Sutton, Faxon; Peacham, Blanchard. PICRIS P. mreracroipgs, L. Adventive from Europe. Charlotte, Pringle. POLYMNIA P, Canadensis, L. Limestone ledges, Rutland and Proctor, Eggleston. PRENANTHES. (NABALUS.) RatrLEsNAKE-ROOT P. alba, L. Borders of rich woods; occasional. P. altissima, L. Rich moist woods ; common. P, altissima, L. var. hispidula, Fernald, n. var. ‘‘Stem villous or hispid: leaves at least hispidulous on the veins beneath.—VeERmont, Monkton, Sept. 18, 1879, C. G. Pringle: Mainz, Augusta, Sept. 2, 1886, E. C. Smith ; Woodstock, 1887, J. C. Parlin: Massacuvsstts, North Leo- minster, Sept., 1891, Miss L. E. Shedd.”’ P. Boottii, Gray. Mansfield Chin and Nose; Pringle. P. trifoliolata, Fernald, in herb. (Nabalustrifoliolatus, Cass; P. Serpentaria, Gray, in part, not Pursh.) Lion’s-foot. Dry sterile soil; frequent. RUDBECKIA. CoNrE-FLOWER R, hirta, L. Yellow Daisy. Meadows; common. R. laciniata, L. Low thickets ; frequent. - SENECIO. GrouNnDSsEL S. aureus, L. Golden Ragwort. Swamps; common. S. Bilsamitaz, Muhl. (S. aureus, L. var. Balsamitae, Torr. and Gray. ) Moist cliffs and rocky banks of streams ; frequent. S. obovatus, Muhl. (S. aureus, L. var. obovatus, Torr. and Gray.) Dry open woods. Bennington and Pownal, common, Robbins, Churchill. S. Robbinsti, Oakes. Com non in the cold swamps of northern and central Vermont. S. vute@aris, L. Garden weed ; occasional. 90 w ny 4 FLORA OF VERMONT SERICOCARPUS conyzoides, Nees. (S. asteroides, B.S. P.) Dry open woods. Pownal and Arlington, Robbins; Vernon, Grout. SOLIDAGO. GoLpENRop arguta, Ait. Copses and moist woods ; common. bicolor, L. Dry copses ; common. bicolor, L. var. concolor, Torr. and Gray. (S. hispida, Muhl.) Dry shady cliffs and sterile soil ; occasional. caesia, L. Rich woodlands; common. Canadensis, L. Borders of thickets and fields ; common. Canadensis, L. var. glabrata, Porter. Perch Pond bog, Pownal, Churchill and Hggleston. Canadensis, L. var. procera, Torr. and Gray. Manchester, Miss Day. Canadensis, L. var. scabra, Torr. and Gray. Rutland, Eggleston. humilis, Pursh. (S. Purshii, Porter.) Rocky banks of lakes and streams; occasional. Winooski Gorge, near Burlington, is the station of Pursh’s type. juncea, Ait. Copses and banks; common. lanceolata, L. (Euthamia graminifolia, Nutt.) Moist soil ; common. latifolia, L. (S. flexicaulis, L.) Moist shaded banks ; frequent. macrophylla, Pursh. Highest peaks of Green Mountains ; common above 3000 feet. neglecta, Torr. and Gray. Bogs and swamps ; occasional. nemoralis, Ait. Dry sterile fields ; common. patula, Muhl. Swamps ; frequent in Bennington county. puberula, Nutt. Sandy soil ; occasional. rugosa, Mill. Borders of fields and copses ; common. serotina, Ait. Copses and fencerows ; common. serotina, Ait. var. gigantea, Gray. Low grounds and moist thickets; frequent. squarrosa, Muhl. Rocky woods; occasional. uliginosa, Nutt. Peat bogs; occasional. ulmifolia, Muhl. About base of cliffs. North Pownal, Eggleston. Virgaurea, L. Shady cliffs along the quartzite range of the Green Moun- tains at altitude of 1000-2000 feet. In the cliffs of Mt. Mansfield and S. Ss 22) ”n * ET Ce aye “lle TF. a1, X. FLORA OF VERMONT 91 Willoughby Mountain and on the headlands of Lake Champlain are found the forms described by Porter as var. monticolu (var. Deanei) var. Randii and var. Redfieldii. Virgaurea, L. var. alpina, Bigel. Mansfield Chin; Camel’s Hump, Brainerd. SONCHUS. Sow THISTLE ARVENSIS, L. Creeping Sow Thistle. Shores and waste places of Cham- plain valley, becoming frequent ; Newfane, Grout. ASPER, Vill. Waste places in rich soil; frequent. OLERACEUS, L. Waste places with the preceding. TANACETUM. Tansy VULGARE, L. Roadsides ; frequent. VULGARE, L. var. crispuM, DC. With the species ; frequent. TARAXACUM ERYTHROSPERMUM, Andrz. Red-seeded Dandelion. Shallow soil about ledges ; frequent. Possibly native. OFFICINALE, Weber. (T. Taraxacum, Karst.) Dandelion. Common. TRAGOPOGON PRATENSIS, L. Goat’s-beard. Waste places ; frequent. TUSSILAGO Farrara, L. Coltsfoot. Moist clay banks and along mountain streams; common. XANTHIUM. Cock.LEBuR Canadense, Mill. Shores of lakes and rivers ; frequent. Canadense, Mill. var. echinatum, Gray. Burlington and shores of Con- necticut River, Brainerd. STRUMARIUM, L. Banks of streams and waste places; frequent. 92 FLORA OF VERMONT STATISTICAL SUMMARIES In the following summaries varieties and hybrids are counted with species. When, however, in Tables II and III the numbers are the same, precedence in the list is given to the family or genus containing the fewer varieties and hybrids. The summaries include the species recognized in the list of ‘‘Additions and Corrections.”’ I. NUMBERS AND SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES Native Foreign Total Pteridophytes 81 0 81 Gymnosperms 15 0 15 Angiosperms Monocotyledons 44] 33 474 Dicotyledons 793 200 993 Totals 1330 233 1563 II. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES AMONG THE PRINCIPAL FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS INCLUDING ALL HAVING 15 OR MORE SPECIES MonocotyLepons. 15 FAMILIES. 111 GENERA Genera Spectes and varieties Native Foreign Total Cy peraceze 9 192 0 192 Graminez 44 101 29 130 Orchidacez ( 14 43 OF 43 Liliacese 19 26 4 30 Naiadaceze 4 29 0) 29 Juncacece 2 19 0) 19 The other nine families 19 31 0 31 DICOTYLEDONS. 85 FAMILIES. 362 GENERA Composite 42 140 31 171 Rosaceze 14 64 2 76 Leguminosee iy 32 14 46 Labiatze 25 31 14 45 Cruciferze 18 25 16 4] Ericaces 16 39 0 39 Ranunculaceze ial 31 4 35 Caryophyllaceze stall 14 17 31 Polygonaceze 3 21 10 31 Scrophulariaceze 13 25 5 30 Salicacece 2 22 6 28 Cupuliferze 8 26 0 26 Umbelliferze 16 16 . 5 21 Caprifoliaceze 7 20 1 21 Rubiaceze 4 16 3 19 Saxifragacece 6 16 0 16 Violaceae 1 16 0 16 The other 68 families 148 239 62 301 FLORA OF VERMONT 93 Ill. THE PRINCIPAL GENERA OF ANGIOSPERMS INCLUDING ALL HAVING TEN OR MORE SPECIES MonocoTyLEDONS DicoryLEDONS Genera Species Genera Species Carex 135 Aster 39 Potamogeton 26 Solidago 25 Scirpus 20 Polygonum 22 Panicum 19 Salix 22 Juncus 15 Viola 16 Eleocharis 15 Rubus 16 Habenaria We Galium 15 Ranunculus 15 Antennaria 14 Vaccinium 11 Quercus it Hypericum 10 IV. THE NATIVE FLORA It is often difficult to determine whether a plant is native or intro- duced. In theabove summaries those plants are classified as ‘‘ native,”’ ~which are considered to be natives of northeastern America and which are, therefore, printed in full-face type in the catalogue, following the usage of the Gray Manual. This is not strictly correct, since a number of such plants have recently been added to the original flora of Vermont from the more immediately adjacent parts of this continent. Some of these like Rudbeckia hirta and Hordeum jubatum are clearly recognizable as introduced, while others like Cenchrus tribuloides and Chenopodium capitatum are appar- ently natives in some localities, although plainly not so in others. The problem is further complicated by the fact that natural agen- cies other than man are operative in plant distribution. For ex- ample birds not only disseminate seeds locally, but at the migrating season they may carry them long distances. Probably some of our newly recog- nized forms of Crategus have been brought from the South by migrating crows or other birds within recent years. Disregarding these more natural agencies we have attempted to select from among the species considered to be natives of this continent and, therefore, printed in full-face type in this catalogue, such as have in our judgment been introduced in Vermont by the direct or indirect agency of the white man. This list is doubtless incomplete and imperfect. In our judgment, however. the following plants, except where marked questionable, have been introduced in Vermont. Those followed by a question mark occur usually, if not always, as intro- duced plants, but it is possible that they may also occur occasionally as 94 natives. Thirty-seven names are included as unquestionably introduced, FLORA OF VERMONT If these are deducted from the figures in the above summary it leaves as rep- resenting the more strictly native flora of the State 438 monocotyledons and 759 dicotyledons, which added to the Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms gives a revised total of 1293 native species, varieties and hybrids. Achillea Millefolium, L. ? Amarantus blitoides, Wats. Amarantus graecizans, L. Ambrosia trifida, L. Arabis perfoliata, Lam. Artemisia biennis, Willd. Aster multiflorus, Ait. var. exiguus, Fernald. Atriplex patulum, L. Baptisia australis, R. Br. Cassia nictitans, L. ? Cenchrus tribuloides, L. ? Chenopodium capitatum, Wats, ? Chenopodium hybridum, L. ? Cnicus pumilus, Torr. ? Crotallaria sagittalis, L. ? Eragrostis pectinacea, Steud. ? Eragrostis Purshii, Schrader. Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. ? Euphorbia corollata, L. Festuca ovina, L. Helianthus annuus, L. Helianthus tuberosus, L. Heliopsis scabra, Dunal. ? Hordeum jubatum, L. Humulus Lupulus, L. Krigia Virginica, Willd. ? Lepidium apetalum, Willd. Lepidium Virginicum, L. ? ? Monarda fistulosa, L. var. rubra, Gray Monarda punctata, L. Oxalis stricta, L. Paspalum setaceum, Michx. ? Pentstemon leevigatus, Solander. Phlox paniculata, L. Physalis heterophylla, Nees. Physalis heterophylla, Nees, var. ambigua, Rydberg. Physalis pruinosa, L. Physalis Virginiana, Mill. Plantago aristata, Michx. Plantago major, L. Polygonum aviculare, L. Polygonum erectum, L. Polygonum Hydropiper, L. Polygonum ramosissimum, Michx. ? Ranunculus repens, L. Robinia pseudacacia, L. Robinia viscosa, Vent. Rudbeckia hirta, L. Sagina decumbens, Torr and Gray. ? Sagina procumbens, L. ? Silene antirrhina, L. ? Spergularia rubra, Pres]. Spireea lobata, Jacq. Stachys palustris, L. Symphoricarpos racemosus, Michx. Veronica peregrina, L. Vicia Cracca, L. ? a) FLORA OF VERMONT 95 SUPPLEMENTARY LISTS List 1. The plants of the following list have been reported for Ver- mont, and in most cases there is a probability that they occur ; but we have been unable, after years of search and inquiry, to verify the report. We haye, therefore, felt compelled to omit them from the present catalogue. But we would once more call the attention of all collectors in Vermont to the list, hoping that many of these plants may be rediscovered and reported with specimens. The catalogues referred to are as follows: James, Edwin. Catalogue of Plants of Middlebury, in Hall’s Statistical Account of the Town of Middlebury, 1821. Oakes, Wm. Catalogue of Vermont Plants, in Thompson’s History of Ver- mont, 1852. Torrey, Joseph. Catalogue of Vermont Plants. A continuation of the last in Appendix to the History of Vermont, 1853. Perkins, G. H. Flora of Vermont in the Vermont Agricultural Reports of 1882 and 1888. Jesup, H. G. Catalogue of the Plants of Hanover, N. H., 1891. Asclepias purpurascens, L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey’s Catalogue. Asclepias verticillata, L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey’s Catalogue. , Aster dumosus, L. var. strictior, Torr. & Gray. Oakes’ Catalogue. Aster elodes, Torr. & Gray. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey’s Catalogue. Aster patens, Ait. Barrows; Perkins’ Flora. Calamagrostis Nuttalliana, Steud. Windsor, Leland ; Jesup’s Flora. Carex gynocrates, Worm. Burlington, Torrey ; Perkins’ Flora. Carex trichocarpa, Muhl. Burlington, Torrey ; Perkins’ Flora. Carex varia, Muhl. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Carex vestita, Willd. Middlebury, James ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Cimicifuga racemosa, Nutt. Middlebury, James; Mt. Mansfield, Shelburne, Rock Point, Burlington, Macrae ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Crataegus tomentosa, L. Southern Vermont ; Perkins’ Flora. Crataegus tomentosa, L. var. B., Torr. & Gray. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Desmodium canescens, DC. Pownal, Robbins ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Eragrostis capillaris, Nees. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Festuca tenella, Willd. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Festuca ovina, L. var duriuscula, Koch ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Galeopsis Ladanum, L. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes’ Catalogue. 96 FLORA OF VERMONT Geranium Carolinianum, L. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Glyceria obtusa, Trin. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Hieracium Gronovii, Tourn. Colchester, Torrey ; Brattleboro, Frost ; Tor- rey’s Catalogue. Hypoxis erecta, L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey’s Catalogue. Isoetes Engelmanii, Braun. var. gracilis, Engelm. Frost ; Perkins’ Flora. Linum Virginianum, L. Pownal, Robbins ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Muhlenbergia sobolifera, Trin. Oakes’ Catalogue. Oxalis violacea, L. Cavendish, Dr. Graves; N. Pomfret, A. P. Morgan ; Jesup’s Flora. Plantago Virginica, L, Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey’s Catalogue. Poa trivialis, L. Perkins’ Flora. Podostemon ceratophyllus, Michx. Brattleboro, Frost; Torrey’s Catalogue. Polygonella articulata, Meisn. Colchester Point, Pringle ; Perkins’ Flora. Potamogeton pulcher, Tackerm. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey’s Catalogue. Pyrus arbutifolia, L. f. var. erythrocarpa. Oakes’ Catalogue. Quercus coccinea, Wang. Oakes’ Catalogue. Ranunculus sceleratus, L. Oakes’ Catalogue. Salix alba, L. Perkins’ Flora. Scleria triglomerata, Michx. Vermont; Gray Manual and Britton & Brown Illustrated Flora. Scirpus polyphyllus, Vahl. Pownal, Robbins ; Oakes’ Catalogue. Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Lake Champlain, Michaux ; Oakes’ Cata- logue. Sisymbrium Thaliana, Gaud.