QL 401 W37e THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS Annual Report For 2008 Volume 41 June 2009 FIELDI'.IUCEUM libraky RECEIVED Abstracts and papers from the 4E‘ annual meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists held at the U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, June 5-8, 2008 Western Society of Malacologists Officers 2007-2008 President First Vice President (2009 President) Third Vice President (201 1 President) Secretary Treasurer Member-at-large Charles Powell, II Michael Vendrasco Esteban Felix Pico Victor Smith Victor Smith Hans Bertsch Committees Editoral board for volume 41 Hans Bertsch Rosa del Carmen Campay Nora Foster Charles Powell, II Officers 2008-2009 President First Vice President (2010 President) Second Vice President (2011 President) Secretary Treasurer Members-at -large Michael Vendrasco George Kennedy Esteban Felix Pico Charles Powell, II Kelvin Barwick Hans Bertsch Nora Foster Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 2 Contents Abstracts and papers from the 41"^ Western Society of Malacologists meeting In alphabetical order Orso Angulo, Gerardo Aceves, and Roxana de Silva 8 NEW RECORDS OF HOLOPLANKTONIC MOLLUSCS (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Hans Bertsch 8 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF NORTHEAST PACIFIC OPISTHOBRANCHS: COMPARATIVE FAUNAL PROVINCE STUDIES BETWEEN 34° 23’N AND THE EQUATOR Hans Bertsch and Rosa del Carmen Campay 9 MARINE BIODIVERSITY RICHNESS AND RESOURCE USE IN NORTHWEST MEXICO, WITH THE ROLES OF SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, AND A CONSERVATION ETHIC Carlos Caceres Martinez, D. Barrios Ruiz, and A. Medina Bustamante 12 REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF Pinna rugosa SOWERBY AT SAN IGNACIO LAGOON Carlos Caceres Martinez, L. Lopez Contreras and A. Benitez Torres 13 ADVANCES IN THE MOTHER OF PEARL SHELL CARVING WORK FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FAMILIAL ENTERPRISE IN EL CARDONAL, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO J.I. Caceres-Puig, L. Huato-Soberanis, C. Caceres-Martinez’ J. Candela and Pedro Saucedo 13 RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS OF THE RAINBOW LIP PEARL OYSTER P/eha sterna (GOULD) IN BAHIA DE LA PAZ, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Irene-Butler Y. Carter and Christopher L. Kitting 14 TEN- YEAR COMPARISONS OF MOLLUSCAN ABUNDANCES ON A VERTICAL SUBTIDAL TRANSECT AT THE EDGE OF THE SEA OF CORTEZ, CABO SAN LUCAS, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Cheryl L. Davis, Robert Hershler, Christopher L. Kitting 15 TWO PREVIOUSLY UNRECORDED MOLLUSKS DISCOVERED AS HISTORICAL AND INTRODUCED POPULATIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY Douglas J. Eemisse 15 UNRAVELING A TANGLE: PHYLOGENETIC ESTIMATE FOR CHITONINA THIELE, 1910 BASED ON 16S RIBOSOMAL DNA Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 3 Douglas J. Eemisse and Anthony Draeger 16 TWO GIANT SPECIES OF Stenosemus VON MIDDENDORFF, 1847 FROM SEAMOUNTS OFF SOUTFIERN CALIFORNIA Raed Z. El Hajjaoui, Vicky H. Lee, Ashley A. Fore, Anthony Draeger, and Douglas J. Eemisse 17 RIBS OR NO RIBS: GIRDLE SCALES AND THE PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF TWO CHITONS FROM THE OGASAWARA ISLANDS (JAPAN) Neil E. Fahy 17 Aholimax AND Haplotrema AS DEPICTED BY TLINGIT ARTISTS Esteban F. Felix-Pico, Oscar E. Holguin-Quinones, Mauricio Ramirez-Rodriguez and Jorge A. Lopez-Rocha 18 THE FISHERY OF THE MANGROVE BLACK ARK Jam tuberculosa (SOWERBY) (BIVALVIA: ARCIDAE) IN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Ashley A. Fore, Vicky H. Lee, Raed Z. El Hajjaoui, Anthony Draeger, and Douglas J. Eemisse 19 GOOD LOOKIN’ SISTERS? COMPETING HYPOTHESES FOR A PAIR OF CHITON SPECIES LIVING TOGETHER NEAR TOKYO, JAPAN Eric E. Gonzales and Daniel S. Rokhsar 20 MORPHOLOGICAL DOMAIN AND GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN THE MARINE SNAIL Lottia gigantea SOWERBY HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS ALONG THE VENTRAL MIDLINE DURING GASTRULATION Terrence M. Gosliner and Shireen Fahey 20 SYSTEMATICS AND BIODIVERSITY OF Dermatobranchus (NUDIBRANCHIA: ARMININA) IN THE TROPICAL INDO-PACIFIC Lindsey T. Groves, Richard L. Squires, and LouElla R. Saul 21 A CHECKLIST OF CALIFORNIA TERTIARY MARINE MOLLUSCA SINCE KEEN & BENTSON (1944): CONTINUING THE TRADITION Rachel Hertog and Peter D. Roopnarine 21 ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT: RESISTANCE OF MARINE PALEOCOMMUNITIES TO PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY DISRUPTION IN THE LATE MIOCENE CARIBBEAN Carole S. Hickman 22 ARCHITECTS OF THE BERKELEY LEGACY OF CENOZOIC MOLLUSCAN PALEONTOLOGY Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 4 Matthew J. James 26 SHELLS OF CONTENTION: THE OCHSNER-OLDROYD-DALL CONTROVERSY Rebecca Fay Johnson 27 Cadlina IS NOT A CHROMODORID: TAXON SAMPLING, NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY, MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY George L. Kennedy 27 ELLEN J. MOORE, TERTIARY MOLLUSKS, AND THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George L. Kennedy and Thomas K. Rockwell 29 LATE PLEISTOCENE (LATE LAST-INTERGLACIAL) MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS FROM THE BIRD ROCK TERRACE IN SAN DIEGO, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Janet L. Leonard, John S. Pearse, Karin Breugelmans, and Thierry Backeljau 30 BANANA SLUGS IN THE BAY AREA NATIONAL PARKS: DISTRIBUTION OV Ariolimax (STYLOMMATOPHORA: ARIONIDAE) SPECIES Jere H. Lipps 32 HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY James H. McLean 33 SUBSTANTIAL PROGRESS TOWARD THE COMPLETION OF THE GASTROPOD VOLUMES FOR THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC Luke P. Miller 33 MORPHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS FOR CONTROL OF BODY TEMPERATURE DURING AERIAL EMERSION IN NORTHEASTERN ? kCmC Littorina-. A MECHANISTIC TEST Elizabeth Moore and Terrence Gosliner 34 THE PHYLOGENY OF PhyUodesmium (EHRENBERG 1831): ADAPTATIONS AT THE CENTER OF DIVERSITY Frank A. Perry 35 THE HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY IN THE SOUTHERN SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA Frank A. Perry 35 THE MARINE MOLLUSKS AND DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE MIOCENE TO PLIOCENE PURISIMA FORMATION, NORTHERN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA Marta Pola 35 IS SELF-FERTILIZATION POSSIBLE IN NUDIBRANCHS? Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 5 Charles L. Powell, II, Robert J. Stanton, Jr., and Phil Liff-Grief 36 Architectouica (GASTROPODA) AND ASSOCIATED WARM- WATER MOLLUSKS USED TO CORRELATE AND DATE SCATTERED OUTCROPS IN THE PLIOCENE OF SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL CALIFORNIA Albert Rodriguez and P.J. Krug 37 COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, HYBRIDIZATION, AND MITOCHONDRIAL CAPTURE IN TWO SPECIES OF CARIBBEAN SEA SLUGS WITH NON-PLANKTONIC DEVELOPMENT Luis Alfonso Rodriguez Gil, Juan Alberto Moo Puc, Carlos Francisco Reyes Sosa, Ramiro Alpizar Carrillo, Ivan Rene Rivas Ruiz, Sara Nauatl Dzib and Jose Giorgana Figueroa 37 LIPID DETERMINATION IN THREE SPECIES OF MOLLUSCS: THE GASTROPOD Strombus gigas LINNAEUS AND THE CEPHALOPODS Octopus maya VOSS AND SOLIS, AND Loligo pealeii LESUEUR A. Romo-Pinera, F. Garcia-Dominguez, M. Arellano-Martinez, and B. Ceballos- Vazquez 39 REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE SQUALID CALLISTA Megapitaria squalida (SOWERBY, 1835) (BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE) FROM BAHIA MAGDALENA, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Barry Roth 40 ALMOST BY ACCIDENT: THE HISTORY OF NONMARINE MOLLUSCAN PALEONTOLOGY IN THE WEST Arturo Tripp-Quezada, Jochen Halfar, Lucio Godinez O. & Jose Borges Souza 40 BIODIVERSITY OF MOLLUSKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NONTROPICAL CARBONATE SHELF IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Jann E. Vendetti 42 THE GASTROPOD GENUS Bruclarkia IN TERTIARY STRATA OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC Michael J. Vendrasco, Christine Z. Fernandez, and Douglas J. Eernisse 43 A DIVERSE CHITON FAUNA FROM THE LATE PLIOCENE (~3 MA) PART OF THE SAN DIEGO FORMATION Sally E. Walker 44 THE TERTIARY MAY BE TOAST, BUT LYELL LIKED HIS EOCENE OYSTERS FROM GEORGIA Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 6 PAPERS Earl E. Brabb, Dorm Ristau, David Bukry, Kristin McDougall, Alvin A. Almgren, LouElla Saul, and Aiinika Sanfilippo 45 HOW AN INDEX FOSSIL LED TO POOR CONCLUSIONS ABOUT STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA George L. Kennedy 64 ELLEN J. MOORE, TERTIARY MARINE MOLLUSKS, AND THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Christopher L. Kitting and Irene-butler Y. Carter 69 TEN- YEAR COMPARJSOPN OF MOLLUSCAN ABUNDANCES ON A VERTICAL SUBTIDAL TRANSECT AT THE EDGE OF SEA OF CORTEZ, CABO SAN LUCAS, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Charles L. Powell, II, Robert J. Stanton, Jr., Michael Vendrasco, and Phil Liff-Grief 71 WARM EXTRALIMITAL FOSSIL MOLLUSKS USED TO RECOGNIZE THE MID- PLIOCENE WARM EVENT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA REPORTS OF SOCIETY BUSINESS Executive Board Meeting 92 General Membership Meeting 92 Group Photograph 97 MEMBERSHIP LIST Individuals 98 Institutions 108 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 7 ABSTRACTS In alphabetical order by first author NEW RECORDS OF HOLOPLANKTONIC MOLLUSCS (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Orso Angulo', Gerardo Aceves^, and Roxana de Silva^ Depto. de Plancton y Ecologia Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN, Av. IPN s/n Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita. La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23096 Mexico. oangulo@uabcs.mx. gaceves@ipn.mx, rdesilva@ipn.mx 'CONACYT, PIFI, ^COFAA and EDI grant recipients The holoplanktonic mollusks are the only gastropods that have successfully adapted for the pelagic environment throughout their full life cycles. These are comprehended in four major groups; Heteropods, Pteropods, Gymnostomids, and Nudibranchia. Records of holoplanktonic mollusks in the Gulf of California are almost non-existent (6), and are result of sporadic findings. The first and only systematic study has been made by Seapy & Skoglund (2001) in the Gulf of California, where they recorded 10 species (>%50 of previous findings) resulting in 16 species for the Gulf of California. In this work we obtained a total of 49,404 organisms from seven inter- institutional oceanographic surveys in the Gulf of California, collected with oblique Bongo tows, with a 5 05 -pm mesh net equipped with a flow meter, resulting in 66 species (including nine unidentified taxa); of which 38 are new records (Heteropoda 13 species, Pteropoda 14 species, Gymnostomida 11 species and Nudibranchia 1). Seapy, R. & Skoglund, C. 2001. First Records of Atlantid Heteropod Mollusks from the Golfo de California: The Festivus, v. 33, no. 4, p. 33-44. BIOGEOGRAPHY OF NORTHEAST PACIFIC OPISTHOBRANCHS: COMPARATIVE FAUNAL PROVINCE STUDIES BETWEEN 34“ 23'N AND THE EQUATOR Hans Bertsch Research Associate, Departamento de Ingeniero en Pesquerias, Universidad Autdnoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, BCS, Mexico 192 Imperial Beach Blvd. #A, Imperial Beach, CA 91932 hansmarvida@sbcglobal.net In the four marine faunal provinces between Point Conception, California, USA, and Peru there are 398 known (= reported in the literature or in prep, by McLean) species of Opisthobranchia s.L The Cephalaspidea and Doridina Nudibranchia are the most speciose taxa, both overall and in each province: Californian (C), Gulf of California (G), Mexican (M) and Panamic (P). Numbers of total species present vary among the provinces (C, 214 species; G, 183; M, 1 58; and P, 217), as do relative proportions of the different taxa. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 8 Latitudinal and longitudinal provincial faunal relationships show varying proportions of shared species among these four provinces and with reported Japanese, circumtropical, Indo- Pacific, and Atlantic-Caribbean registers. Dispersal mechanisms and vicariance events seem primarily controlled by thermal regimes and barriers. Levels of endemism vary greatly, from highs in P (50 species, 23%, of which 30 are unnamed and 12 are reported only from the Islas Galapagos) and C (32 species, 14.9%, of which 22 are shelled cephalaspideans), to lows in M (10 species, 5.5%) and P (nine species, 5.7%). Provincial level differences of feeding biogeography (relative % of taxa that prey on select higher-level-taxa organisms) are presented. A preliminary list of 23 sister species groups indicates latitudinal and longitudinal evolutionary relationships. MARINE BIODIVERSITY RICHNESS AND RESOURCE USE IN NORTHWEST MEXICO, WITH THE ROLES OF SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, AND A CONSERVATION ETHIC Hans Bertsch and Rosa del Carmen Campay Proyecto Fronterizo de Educacion Ambiental, Tijuana 192 Imperial Beach Blvd. #A, Imperial Beach, CA 91932 hansmarvida@, sbcglobal.net The incredible biodiversity of the Sea of Cortez includes almost 4,900 named invertebrate species; this may well be only half of the total number of species occurring in this region. However this biota is in extreme danger, due to human activities. “Pollution from agriculture and urban areas, coastal habitat destruction, uncontrolled eco-friendly tourism, inadequate fisheries regulation and historical over-fishing, and lack of reliable scientific data... have resulted in the near extinction of highly visible species..., and substantial reductions in the Gulfs important commercial shrimp and large fish populations” (Brusca, 2004). This is also true for the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula. The range expansion of Dosidicus gigas (Humboldt squid) into the Sea of Cortez and along the coasts of California and the Pacific Northwest during the past 35 years may well be due to multiple synergistic events: global warming, rising sea temperatures, and their occupying niches left vacant by over fishing of their normal predators. Octopuses, clams (such as Oppenheimopecten vogdesi), snails {Piicopurpura pansa = columellaris), sea stars {Heliaster kubiniji), sea cucumbers {Isostichopus fuscus and Parastichopus parvimensis), and urchins {Strongylocentrotus franciscamis) have all suffered population declines from over-collecting. The ill-planned Escalera Nautica, lacking even a marketing-potential prospectus, is destroying not only natural habitats, but also the physico-biological resources of the very communities it purported that it would benefit. At Santa Rosaliita, construction of the dock and breakwater changed water currents, resulting in the loss of over 20 meters of beach sand in front of the community (losing panga-launching sites, and putting homes in danger of falling into the sea). The government took away their legal rights to the land (after more than 40 years of being there), and is giving the Cooperative's fishing permits to outsiders. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 9 In contrast, the 10 Mexican cooperatives between Punta Abreojos and Isla Cedros maintain a sustainable harvest of spiny lobster {PanuUrus interruptus). Some over-exploited commercial species depend heavily upon mariculture for commercial harvests: abalone {Haliotis spp.), mano de leon (Nodipecten subnodosus), Catarina scallop {Argopecten ventricosus), and pearl oysters, among others. Sustainable use of earth depends upon a multi-layered interrelationship among all components (human, biological and physical) of an ecosystem. Environmental and community groups and individuals, the Mexican government, and the United Nations have successfully established national parks, Reservas de la Biosfera (Islas del Golfo de California, Bahia de los Angeles y Canales de Ballenas y Salsipuedes, and El Vizcaino) and Areas Naturales Protegidas (Valle de los Cirios). Significant portions of the Sea of Cortez were declared a Natural World Heritage Site by UNESCO (2005). The benign cohabitation of salt processing (by Exportadores de Sal, S.A. de C.V.) and whale and bird watching in Laguna Ojo de Liebre mutually benefits all organisms (including humans and their needs, pleasures and economy). When the telephone poles were replaced between Guerrero Negro and the salt-loading and whale-watching docks, each pole hosting an osprey family's nest was left intact and untouched. The goals of scientific investigation — discovery, dissemination and application — create a nexus between human cultures within the global ecosystem. There are ethical imperatives to “doing science”: We cannot do bad science. We cannot lie about nor change the results. Nor can we ignore their consequences and not do anything regarding them. Our right to do science depends upon our responsibility of doing it well, benefiting the interrelationships of all our planet's ecosystems. Important themes of environmental education must be explained clearly and with excellent science to communities and agencies at local, state and federal levels (including ejidal, cooperative, ecotourist, environmental, commercial and governmental), so they can make ecologically sensitive decisions and take appropriate actions. Environmental education and science education should be considered synonymous, with the same process: Observation — > Knowledge — > Communication — > Use for Living Beings — > Actions to Do. Our actions must be done with care and reverence for all ecosystems and their inhabitants, resulting in the preservation, conservation and protection of biodiversity. We are a part of, not apart from. Global Life. It behooves us to collaborate in teaching an effective conservation ethic for humans and the living waters of not just the Sea of Cortez, but of all seas and lands, as we search for understanding, appreciation and conservation of life's beauty. Let me propose a Conservation Ethic: “To develop and use a sustainable management plan for life, which conserves, protects and manages Earth's biodiversity for the health and well-being of all members of the Global Ecosystem.” Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 10 RIQUEZA DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD MARINA Y USO DE LOS RECURSOS EN EL NOROESTE DE MEXICO, CON EL PAPEL QUE JUEGA LA CIENCIA Y EDUCACION AMBIENTAL, Y UNA ETICA DE CONSERVACION Hans Bertsch y Rosa del Carmen Campay La increi'ble biodiversidad del Mar de Cortes incluye casi 4,900 especies registradas (nombradas) de invertebrados marinos; esta cifra bien podria ser solo la mitad del total de especies que ocurren en esta region. Sin embrago esta biota se encuentra en extremo peligro debido a las actividades humanas. “La contaminacion proveniente de la agricultura y las areas urbanas, destmccion del habitat costero, turismo ecologico sin control, reglamentos pesqueros inadecuados y sobre pesca historica, asi como la falta de datos cientificos confiables, han resultado casi en la extincion de especies muy visibles. . . asi como reducciones sustanciales en las poblaciones de camaron y de otras especies de importancia comercial en el golfo” (Brusca, 2004). Esto tambien es cierto para la costa del Paciflco de la peninsula de Baja California. Durante los ultimos 35 anos, la expansion del rango de Dosidicus gigas (calamar de Humboldt o Diablo Rojo) en el Mar de Cortes y a lo largo de las costas de California y el Pacifico Noroeste, bien puede deberse a multiples eventos en sinergia: calentamiento global, aumento de temperatura del mar, y ocupar los sitios dejados vacantes por la sobre pesca de sus predadores naturales. Pulpos, almejas (como Oppenheimopecten vogdesi), caracoles {Plicopurpura pansa = columellaris), estrellas de mar (Heliaster kubiniji), pepinos marinos (Isostichopus fuscus y Parastichopus parvimensis), asi como erizos {Strongylocentrotus franciscanus), han sufrido todos declinacion de sus poblaciones por sobre coleccion y sobre pesca. El proyecto de Escalera Nautica, mal concebido y hasta carente de bases mercadotecnicas, no solo esta destruyendo los habitats naturales, sino los recursos fisico-biologicos de las mismas comunidades que deberia beneficiar. En Santa Rosaliita la construccion de la darsena modified las corrientes, lo que provoco la perdida de mas de 20 metros de playa frente a la comunidad (no hay lugar para embarcaciones y algunas casas estan a punto de caerse); el gobiemo detuvo el tramite de tenencia de la tierra (a pesar de mas de 40 anos de habitacion), y estan dando permisos de pesca a personas de fuera, que les corresponden a la Cooperativa local. En contraste, las 10 cooperativas mexicanas ubicadas entre Punta Abreojos e Isla Cedros, mantienen una captura sustentable de langosta (Panulirus inteiruptus). Algunas especies sobre explotadas dependen mucho de la maricultura para lograr cosechas a escala comercial: adulon, (Haliotis spp.), mano de Icon (Nodipecten subnodosus), callo Catarina {Argopecten ventricosus), y ostras perliferas, entre otras. El USO sustentable del planeta depende de una relacion entre multiples niveles de los componentes de un ecosistema (humano, biologico y fisico). Los grupos ambientalistas, comunitarios, e individuos, el Gobiemo Mexicano y las Naciones Unidas han establecido exitosamente Parques Nacionales, Reservas de la Biosfera (Islas del Golfo de California, Bahia de los Angeles, Canales de Ballenas y Salsipuedes, y El Vizcaino) y Areas Naturales Protegidas (Valle de los Cirios). Porciones muy significativas del Mar de Cortes han sido declaradas Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad por la LTNESCO (2005). La cohabitacion benigna entre procesamiento de sal (por Exportadores de Sal, S.A. de C.V.) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 1 1 y el avistamiento de ballenas y de aves en Laguna Ojo de Liebre, beneficia mutuamente a todos los organismos (incluyendo a los humanos y sus necesidades, aficiones y economias). Cuando se colocaron postes telefonicos entre Guerrero Negro y los muelles de embarque de sal y del avistamiento de ballenas, se dejo intacto cada poste que albergaba un nido de Gavilan Pescador. Las metas de la investigacion cientifica — descubrimiento, diseminacion y aplicacion — crean un nexo entre la cultura humana dentro del ecosistema global. Hay imperativos eticos para “hacer ciencia”; No podemos hacer mala ciencia. No podemos mentir ni cambiar los resultados. Ni podemos ignorar sus consecuencias y no hacer nada al respecto. Nuestro derecho de hacer ciencia depende de nuestra responsabilidad de hacerla bien, en beneficio de las interrelaciones de todos los ecosistemas del planeta. Los temas importantes de educacion ambiental deben explicarse claramente y con excelente ciencia a las comunidades y agencies al nivel local, estatal y federal (incluyendo ejidal, cooperativas, ecoturismo, ambientalistas, comerciales y gubemamentales), para que ellos puedan tomar las decisiones ecologicamente sensatas y tomar las acciones apropiadas. La educacion ambiental y la educacion en la ciencia deben ser consideradas como sinonimas, con el mismo proceso: Observacion — > Conocimiento — > Comunicacion — >Uso para los Seres Vivientes — > Acciones a realizar. Debemos conducir nuestras acciones con cuidado y reverencia para todos los ecosistemas y sus habitantes, de manera que resulten en la preservacion, conservacion y proteccion de la biodiversidad. No estamos aparte de, sino que somos parte de la Vida Global. Es conveniente que colaboremos en la ensenanza de una etica efectiva de conservacion para los humanos y las aguas vivientes, no solo del Mar de Cortes, sino de todos los mares y tierras, dentro de nuestra biisqueda de entendimiento, aprecio y conservacion de la belleza de la vida. Permitaseme proponer una Etica de Conservacion: “Desarrollar y usar un plan sustentable de administracion para la vida, que conserve, proteja y dirija la biodiversidad del planeta para la salud y el bienestar de todos los integrantes del Ecosistema Global. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF Pinna rugosa SOWERBY AT SAN IGNACIO LAGOON Carlos Caceres Martinez, D. Barrios Ruiz, and A. Medina Bustamante Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur Km 5.5, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico 23080 ccaceres@uabcs.mx The commercial fisheries of the Pen Shell Pinna rugosa Sowerby in Baja California Sur, Mexico, are an established activity despite the lack of basic biological knowledge of the species reproductive cycle. We studied a natural population in San Ignacio Lagoon from March 2000 to April 2003 to develop strategies to establish a sustainable fishery. Monthly, samples of 15 and 7 animals belonging to one size class, were measured and weighed and then sub-sampled to obtained gonadic tissue for histological studies (using paraffin and HE stain for 8 pm slices and resin for 1.5 pm slices, dyed with Toloudine Blue). The reproductive cycle is described using the histological observations and the oocyte sizes measured using photomicroscopy of the paraffin preparations, which were digitalized and measured using the Image-Pro Plus 5. 1 software. The Pen shell is a protandric hermaphrodite, whose reproduction is related to the end of spring and early summer; its Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 12 gametogenic cycle begins in the early spring. We describe the evolution of volumetric-condition index and muscle-yield index and we discuss the significance of stopping the fisheries during the reproductive period. ADVANCES IN THE MOTHER OF PEARL SHELL CARVING WORK FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FAMILIAL ENTERPRISE IN EL CARDONAL, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Carlos Caceres Martinez^ L. Lopez Contreras" and A. Benitez Torres' 'Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur Km 5.5, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico 23080 ^ Perlas del Cortez S. de R.L. ML, Anuiiti 4723 Los Pericues, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico 23070 ccaceres@uabcs.mx. leolopezc@:yahoo.com During 2006 we began a mollusk shell handcrafts training program for the community of El Cardonal in the Gulf of California, to aid in the establishment of family business to alleviate poverty. The training program was divided in three steps, a motivation module (2006), to introduce the idea within the community, basic methods for working with the shells, including the use of tools (2007), and finally, shell handcrafts design (2008). All the courses were prepared taking into account the low level of education. We used appropriate teaching techniques and didactic resources to maintain a participative environment among the learners. A group of twelve women was established and named “Mujeres Artesanas del Cardonal.” The results of the first two years let us find economic resources from the Municipality (La Paz, Baja California Sur) for the supply of basic tools. Six of those women developed enough skills to produce shell handcrafts good enough to be sold to local guests in their community. However the handcrafts needed to be unique. The design training helped the women to achieve this, and to identify the features of the community to be included in their work. Now, those twelve women have the knowledge to develop their own family business and have an extra income. RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS OF THE RAINBOW LIP PEARL OYSTER sterna (GOULD) IN BAHIA DE LA PAZ, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO J.I. Caceres-Puig', L. Huato-Soberanis', C. Caceres-Martinez^, J. Candela and Pedro Saucedo' 'Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 23090 ^Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur Km 5.5, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico 23080 icaceres@cibnor.mx. ccaceres(ajuabcs.mx In the Gulf of California, Mexico, the commercial production of pearls from Pteria sterna (Gould) relies on juvenile from wild populations. However the quantities of juvenile seed are erratic and show large interannual fluctuations. For instance, during 2006 juvenile density per collector was in the range of 1,000 to 1,500 seeds, while in 2007 the density fell to about 30. This Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 13 variability has become a critical problem for the commercial production of pearls since it does not guarantee a consistent and sufficient input of seeds for the production of pearls. The recruitment process is quite relevant and requires a comprehensive study oriented towards gaining an understanding of the mechanisms that control the production and survival of seed in the wild. We believe that variability in recruitment are dependent on the physiological state of spawners prior to the spawning event, the biotic and abiotic conditions that early life stages encounter during their planktonic phase, and the intra and inter-specific competition for substrate. Here we present our experimental design to approach the problem of the recruitment dynamics of Pteria sterna in Bahia de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. We also present the results obtained during the first phase of this study. We are relying on a backward particle tracking analysis using a numerical stochastic simulation of currents in Bahia La Paz, a hydrodynamics model, to establish the probable location of the banks of spawners inside the Bay. This model is being adjusted using seed density data from collector placed in 10 locations inside the Bay. Once the banks are located we will proceed to determine the relationship between reproductive effort and energy content of spawners prior to the spawning event using calorimetric and stereological techniques. We are also measuring food availability, substrate space competition, temperature, currents and transparency to establish statistical relationships for the recruitment of seeds in the collectors. TEN- YEAR COMPARISONS OF MOLLUSCAN ABUNDANCES ON A VERTICAL SUBTIDAL TRANSECT AT THE EDGE OF THE SEA OF CORTEZ, CABO SAN LUCAS, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Irene-Butler Y. Carter and Christopher L. Kitting Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542 ibutler3@horizon.csueastbay.edu, chris.kitting@csueastbay.edu Long-term, detailed comparisons of subtidal plots are rare, but can detect even slow changes in abundances or sizes of animals and plants. In an underwater sanctuary where the Sea of Cortez meets the Pacific at the southern tip of Baja California, at Cabo San Lucas, Kitting established a subtidal photographic transect in 1998, of ~30 cm x 60 cm contiguous quadrats, arranged vertically to a depth of 13 m. In the present study. Carter used Kitting ’s digital video of the quadrats to compare photographic samples from mid- April, 1998, with our mid- April, 2008 photographic samples. Transparency of the water (horizontal and vertical secchi depth) was measured to be up to 12 meters during the sampling. The vertical rock surface was largely shaded, with little algae and coral. The hypothesis was that some sessile individuals would tend to persist and grow, while other taxa would disappear or increase in abundance. Photographic observations tabulated abundance of larger Mollusca, including numerous “yellow umbrella snail” opisthobranchs (Tylodina fnngindi Gabb), rock scallops (Crassadoma gigantea Gray), other mollusks, and other major invertebrates. Although rock scallop shells often were encrusted with variable sponges, hydroids, barnacles, etc., sea fans were aquatic landmarks that helped locate the same individual oysters growing detectably from the previous decade. Detailed comparisons show evidence that diverse mollusks, especially rock scallops, tended to increase in abundance and depth distribution. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 14 TWO PREVIOUSLY UNRECORDED MOLLUSKS DISCOVERED AS HISTORICAL AND INTRODUCED POPULATIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY Cheryl L. Davis*’ Robert Hershler^, Christopher L. Kitting^ * San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, 1 145 Market Street, San Francisco CA 94103 ^Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, NHB W-305 MRC 163, Washington, DC 20013-7012 ^Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542 cldavis@sfwater.org. hershler@si.edu, chris.kitting@csueastbay.edu San Francisco Bay contains over 250 invasive species (including many mollusks) documented throughout this estuary. In 2000, we discovered patchy, previously unreported populations of two brackish cochliopid snail species <6mm long, in two restored tidal marshes and a non-tidal pool in southern Suisun Bay, San Francisco Estuary. New morphologic and mtDNA evidence identifies these species as: Littoridinops monroensis (Frauenfeld), an estuarine-freshwater species known from coastal habitats from Georgia to Mississippi, and Tryonia porrecta Mighels, previously recorded from thermal springs in eastern California, Nevada, Utah, and Sonora (Mexico). Littoridinops monroensis was the only cochliopid detected at the non-tidal site. Our northern San Francisco Estuary sampling in 2005 also detected that species 50 km northwest in the estuary and 2007 observations detected it in former salt ponds of southern San Francisco Bay. Our >1.5-m-deep cores at Suisun Bay suggest T. porrecta being abundant for >150 years, before widespread European settlement. It was the more abundant species at an older, isolated tidal marsh site, but spatial differences were evident at a tidal marsh with high densities of both species. Both populations have persisted in the estuary for >4 years, surviving widely ranging salinities and hot then occasionally freezing temperatures, although previous records were in warmer climates or thermal springs. MtDNA evidence suggests that L. monroensis from the estuary is little differentiated relative to Atlantic coastal populations and probably represents a recent introduction, whereas genetic evidence for T. porrecta suggests it is diverged historically but is most closely related to Utah populations. Thus, tiny, inconspicuous species, both introduced and historical species, continue to be discovered in inadequately sampled marshes of this estuary. UNRAVELING A TANGLE: PHYLOGENETIC ESTIMATE FOR CHITONINA THIELE, 1910 BASED ON 16S RIBOSOMAL DNA Douglas J. Eemisse California State University Fullerton, Department of Biological Science, Fullerton, CA 92834 Chitonida is a well-supported lineage encompassing more than 85% of the about 925 extant chiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) species, and usually can be differentiated from living and extinct non-chitonid chitons by a fundamental anatomical difference that is detectable in fossils: the presence of valve slits. These are gaps in the valves' insertion plates, embedded in the girdle, through which bundles of nerves from many of the tegmental sensory esthetes pass on their route around the valves' ends to the ladder-like nervous system of the chiton. Non-chitonid chitons mostly supply sensory innervation to their dorsal valve surface more directly via openings through Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 15 the valves' inner surface. Within the Chitonida, the systematics has been controversial but there is emerging agreement, supported by my own results, that Chitonida is subdivided into two lineages: Acanthochitonina Bergenhayn (1930) and Chitonina Thiele (1910). However, there is only modest support for the reciprocal monophyly of these lineages and there has been little resolution within each, particularly so for the 500 recognized species of Chitonina. Here, I present a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of worldwide Chitonina based on 16S ribosomal DNA. Not including outgroups to Chitonina, the analysis is based on sequences from 175 vouchers, representing over 90 species belonging to about 20 genera. The results have generated as many new questions as they have answered but some general conclusions are emerging. As the only sampled exemplars of Callochitonidae Plate (1901), four species of Callochiton Gray (1847) group together as the basal lineage within Chitonina and, if further supported, this would have important implications for interpreting recent reports concerning the primitive nature of Callochiton gametes in comparison to corresponding derived states in other chitonids. There is general support for conventional genus- to family-level groupings within the remainder of Chitonina but there are also some notable exceptions. Ischnochiton Gray (1847), with more than 100 species worldwide, was found to be polyphyletic. Breaking this genus up to reflect the emerging phylogenetic estimates is expected to be an important first step in sorting out Chitonina. For example, Stenosemus von Middendorff ( 1 847) has recently been treated as a subgenus of Ischnochiton but this analysis instead robustly supports it as a discrete lineage, certainly worthy of generic status. Perhaps the most surprising result is the strong evidence that Chitonidae Rafmesque (1815) is likely biphyletic, with Chitoninae Rafmesque (1815) well separated from Acanthopleurinae Dali (1889) + Toniciinae Pilsbry (1893). This implies that the conventional trait used to unite the family, pectinations on the margin of the insertion plates, might have evolved convergently. These and other results provide some clarification of the complex patterns of morphological variation within Chitonina. TWO GIANT SPECIES OF Stenosemus VON MIDDENDORFF, 1847, FROM SEAMOUNTS OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Douglas J. Eemisse^ and Anthony Draeger^ 'California State University Fullerton, Department of Biological Science, Fullerton, CA 92834 ^Kensington, California Geologists at Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Dave Clague and Loiiny Lundsten, have kindly provided us with chitons collected during exploration of seamounts off southern California. We have inferred from morphological and molecular comparisons that there are at least two species of Stenosemus present in the material. Both species are much larger-bodied than all currently recognized congeners. Three of the specimens from the Rodriguez Seamount (ca. 34.0° N 121.1° W; 1,213 or 1,412 m) have been compared with S. stearnsii (Dali, 1902), whose type locality is 704 m off the Farallon Islands in central California, whose southernmost record is off San Clemente Island, and whose known bathymetric range is 412-704 m. Whether or not these specimens are conspecific with S. stearnsii is under investigation and will require comparison to the somewhat smaller (2.5 cm length) holotype of Dali’s species. A second, deeper, species is undescribed and is represented by several large specimens, two of which exceed 5 cm in length, substantially larger than the typical 1-2 cm maximum adult length for congeners. One specimen is Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 16 from the Patton Escarpment (ca. 32.3°N 120.1°W; 1,845m) and three specimens are from Little Joe Seamount (ca. 31.9°N 120.0°W; 2,397 or 2,612 m). Although the three seamounts are along a line less than 300 km long, and both species are alike in their unusually large body size, preliminary phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA reveals that they are not sister species. With five of 17 worldwide (mostly deep water) species of Stenosemus included in a phylogenetic analysis, S. cf. steamsii is basal and the undescribed species groups in a derived position within the Stenosemus clade. Their diet and longevity are unknown so it remains an open question how they are able to get so large living on seamounts at bathyal depths. RIBS OR NO RIBS: GIRDLE SCALES AND THE PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF TWO CHITONS FROM THE OGASAWARA ISLANDS (JAPAN) Raed Z. El Hajjaoui\ Vicky H. Lee\ Ashley A. Fore\ Anthony Draeger^, and Douglas J. Eemisse’ ^California State University Fullerton, Department of Biological Science, Fullerton, CA 92834 ^Kensington, California Two chitons fi’om the Ogasawara (or Bonin) Islands, about 1,000 km south of Tokyo, Japan, have distinctive morphological and 16S ribosomal DNA differences from each other and from known species. Their inclusion in a preliminary 16S phylogenetic analysis supports their close association with Ischnochiton (Haploplax) comptus (Gould, 1859), which is common near Tokyo. This association was partly surprising because only one of two Ogasawara chitons resembled /. (//.) comptus in bearing relatively large and smooth girdle scales, whereas the other specimen was more like another species that is common near Tokyo, Ischnochiton {Ischnochiton) boninensis Bergenhayn (1933), in having much smaller girdle scales that were conspicuously ribbed. The surprise is that the Ogasawara chiton that has ribbed girdle scale like/. (/.) boninensis clearly groups more closely to I. (//.) comptus, based on 16S comparisons. This association of the two Ogasawara specimens and /. (//.) comptus has high bootstrap support, indicating that our phylogenetic results are robust and implying that ribs on girdle scales are likely a rather labile trait. This leads us to challenge the notion that ribs on girdle scales have much systematic value. In particular, the lack of ribs on girdle scales have been emphasized in the diagnosis for the subgenus Haploplax Pilsbry (1894) and our results indicate that this is likely an artificial grouping. Our study could lead to a comparative phylogenetic framework for testing the adaptive value, if any, for having or lacking ribs on girdle scales. Ariolimax AND Haplotrema AS DEPICTED BY TLINGIT ARTISTS Neil E. Fahy Research Associate, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 95018 neilfahv(^.aol.com Ariolimax and Haplotrema are common land snails in the lands of the Tlingit people, southeast Alaska. Recently four Tlingit artists, three at my request, created Tlingit renderings of the snails. The silversmith engraved Ariolimax on both a silver bracelet and a gold bracelet; the two Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 17 weavers incorporated Haplotrema and Ariolimax in weavings; and the carver created a wooden Ariolimax ceremonial mask. THE FISHERY OF THE MANGROVE BLACK X^Anadara tuberculosa (SOWERBY) (BIVALVIA: ARCIDAE) IN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO Esteban F. Felix-Pico, Oscar E. Holguin-Quinones, Mauricio Ramirez-Rodriguez and Jorge A. Lopez-Rocha’ Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), A.P. 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico efelix@ipn.mx. oholguin@ipn.mx. mramir@ipn.mx. ^ 'Ph.D. student with CIBNOR La Paz funded by CONACYT No. 200578. The Arcid bivalve molluskvJnac/ara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) is an important commercial and subsistence resource in many estuaries along the Pacific Coast from Mexico to Peru. Average landings over the last 15 years are 587 tons of fresh whole weight coming from Bahia Magdalena and Laguna San Ignacio, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The mangrove black ark (also called cockle and locally “pata de mula”) lives buried in muddy sediments of mangrove swamps, between tree roots, mainly Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa. This species has high fecundity and good growth rate, reaching commercial size (50 mm shell length in natural conditions) at two years. This work analyzes landings and growth data of^. tuberculosa in order to identify trends, catch statistics recorded from 1991 to 2006. Catch data reveal considerable fluctuations along with a trend towards decline. No defined seasonal exploitation pattern was observed, but on average the months with the highest catches coincide with the highest reproductive activity. Evidence was found of a decrease in black ark density, which might be accounted for by the fishery. The parameters derived from the von Bertalanffy growth equation confirm that individuals reach the minimum catch size of 50 mm in a little more than one year. Catch sizes ranged between 40 and 80 mm. The parameters of growth estimated for each stock were: Los Praditos Loo = 93.26 mm, K = 0.99 per year and L = -0.217, and Santa Elenita: Loo = 88.48 mm, K = 0.90 per year and f = -0.601. However, small black arks of less than 40 mm were not well represented. The growth index values (0' = 0.09 and -0.06 respectively) indicate changes in growth patterns between zones. It is necessary to consider that the estimation method requires that the population size structure be represented in base samples, but no specimens smaller than 40 mm were found in this study, so K is likely to be overestimated. Acknowledgements: This work was financed by the Institute Politecnico Nacional (Project SIP- 20070621), and the author receives grants from SIBE (COFAA) and rants to Felix-Pico from EDI- SEP. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 18 GOOD LOOKIN’ SISTERS? COMPETING HYPOTHESES FOR A PAIR OF CHITON SPECIES LIVING TOGETHER NEAR TOKYO, JAPAN Ashley A. Fore\ Vicky H. Lee’, Raed Z. El Hajjaoui’, Anthony Draeger^, and Douglas J. Eernisse* ’California State University Fullerton, Department of Biological Science, Fullerton, CA 92834 ^Kensington, California Attempts to identify a chiton with a striking “zebra” coloration pattern, discovered on an intertidal visit near Tokyo, revealed that two nearly identical appearing nominal species were each reported to have this rare morph, implying that either their common ancestor already had this morph or perhaps they were not distinct species. These species are found under the same rocks and have similar reported geographic distributions in Japan and vicinity. The paradox is that leading authorities have classified these in different genera or subgenera: Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) boninensis Bergenhayn (1933) and Ischnochiton (Haploplax) comptus (Gould, 1859). If at least one of these alternative subgenera is a natural (i.e., monophyletic) grouping, this would imply that the two species are only distantly related and their similar appearance is most likely convergent. We have confirmed that diagnostic differences in their girdle scales are a consistent basis for separating them: I. (/.) boninensis has smaller ribbed scales whereas /. {H.) comptus has larger smooth scales. Otherwise, we found no consistent morphological difference. The other 12, mostly Australian, members of Haploplax also have smooth girdle scales, which is the sole diagnostic feature for this subgenus. We hypothesized that the Japanese chitons with the rare zebra morph and with or without ribs on their girdle scales could alternatively belong to a single species, closely related but not sister species, or only distantly related but convergent species. We used phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of 22 total chitons, mostly from Japan and Australia, to test between these alternatives. Our results strongly support reciprocally monophyletic groupings of Japanese vs. Australian species, with no support for a widespread ''Haploplax’’’ clade. Our evidence implies that the ribs have likely been lost independently in the vicinities of Australia and Japan, and should not be used as the sole basis for grouping worldwide species with smooth girdle scales together as Haploplax. Our molecular evidence also confirmed the morphology-based distinction between the two species near Tokyo and further that they are indeed closely related but are not sister species. Instead, I. {"Haploplax’’") comptus groups closer to two specimens from the Ogasawara Islands, 1,000 km south of Tokyo. Our results also have implications for inferring the tempo and mode of speciation and raise questions about how they now manage to coexist with such a similar habitat and geographic range. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 19 MORPHOLOGICAL DOMAIN AND GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN THE MARINE SNAIL Lottia gigantea SOWERBY HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS ALONG THE VENTRAL MIDLINE DURING GASTRULATION Eric E. Gonzales and Daniel S. Rokhsar Center for Integrative Genomics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 543 LSA, Berkeley CA 94720 Our objective is to characterize the morphological domains and gene expression patterns of early development in the newly genome-enabled gastropod mollusk Lottia gigantea Sowerby, going from the embryo, through gastrulation, and into the larval adult body plan. Morphological domains are identified using scanning electron microscopy. Patterns of gene expression are characterized by in situ hybridization. Genes examined include L. gigantea orthologs to signaling pathway components and transcription factors that are known to function in gastrulation or early body plan patterning in other metazoans, including orthologs such as BMP, Brachyury, Engrailed, and Hedgehog, among others. Our results show that a complex suite of morphologically distinct sets of cells form domains along and about the presumptive ventral midline over the course of gastrulation. At the same time, complex patterns of gene expression are similarly focused along and about the midline, with different genes often encompassed by a specific morphological domain, or sets of domains. We integrate these findings to identify the origins and dynamics of different morphogenetic domains during gastrulation and the early establishment of the adult body plan in L. gigantea. Our work suggests that a detailed characterization of morphogenetic domains in gastrulation is essential to understanding development in L. gigantea and in other spiral-cleaving taxa, and to elucidating the developmental mechanisms that underlie the evolution of animal forms across the metazoan tree. SYSTEMATICS AND BIODIVERSITY OF Dermatobmnchus (NUDIBRANCHIA: ARMININA) IN THE TROPICAL INDO-PACIFIC Terrence M. Gosliner and Shireen Fahey Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Concourse Dr., San Francisco, CA 94118 tgosliner@calacademv.oru The opisthobranch genus Dermatobranchus is restricted to the Indo-Pacific tropics and temperate southern Africa. Seventeen species have been described from the past literature and are currently recognized as valid. An additional 21 undescribed species have been found and are currently the subject of a major systematic review. These taxa are specialized predators on a wide variety of octocoral prey. As such, they demonstrate a great deal of variation in radular morphology between taxa. Radular differences between taxa that are externally similar are often profound. This paper examines anatomical variation in the Dermatobranchus and discusses its potential utility in understanding phylogenetic relationships within the Arminidae. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 20 A CHECK LIST OF CALIFORNIA TERTIARY MARINE MOLLUSCA SINCE KEEN & BENTSON (1944): CONTINUING THE TRADITION Lindsey T. Groves^ Richard L. Squires^, and LouElla R. Saul^ ^Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Malacology Section, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 ^California State University, Northridge, Department of Geological Sciences, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330 ^Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Invertebrate Paleontology Section, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA lgroves@,nhm.org. ri chard. squires@,csun.edu, lousaul@earthlink.net Check list of California Tertiary marine Mollusca published in 1944 by A. Myra Keen and Herdis Bentson is a listing of more than 1,700 Tertiary mollusk species and subspecies described and/or figured from California. The earliest entry of a California fossil mollusk was that of Conrad (1853) who described Gnathodon lecontei (= Rangia lecontei), a brackish water bivalve purportedly from Carisco Creek (= Carrizo Creek), Imperial County, California, erroneously listed from the Imperial Formation. Species described and/or figured since the Keen and Bentson (1944) 1941 cut-off date are listed in this companion volume. In order to record and document these specimens, multiple visits have been made to examine the type collections at the California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco), the National Museum of Natural History (Washington D.C.), the San Diego Natural History Museum, the University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley), and the University of California, Riverside, as well as that in the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in Los Angeles. To date more than 4,500 entries of species and subspecies described and/or figured since 1941 have been documented in 325 references and more than 150 formations and/or members throughout California. Data included with each entry (when known) include original generic assignment, reference, publication, age, formation, specific locality, locality number, type number, and remarks, which may include taxonomic changes and specimen disposition. ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT: RESISTANCE OF MARINE PALEOCOMMUNITIES TO PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY DISRUPTION IN THE LATE MIOCENE CARIBBEAN Rachel Hertog and Peter D. Roopnarine Department of Invertebrate Zoology & Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118 rhertog(5).calacademv.org: proopnarine@calacademv.org The Neogene uplift of the Central American Isthmus was coincident with a significant regional marine extinction in the Caribbean. Our study focuses on stratigraphically adjacent marine mollusk communities from the upper Miocene of the Dominican Republic. Paleocommunity structure and dynamics are characterized in order to understand ecological changes in the time period leading up to the final separation of the Caribbean and Pacific Oceans. All shells complete enough to be identified to species are counted in each sample. Relative abundance and trophic properties are used to describe each sample, allowing the construction of meta-networks Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 2 1 representing trophic relationships. To build the networks, species within each community are parameterized ecologically and partitioned into guilds, where members of a guild share similar ecological characteristics such as position on substrate, motility and mode of feeding. Links between guilds represent potential trophic interactions of guild members. Trophic networks are reconstructed probabilistically to reflect uncertainty in both community composition and biotic interactions. We then use a trophic network model to simulate disruptions of primary productivity to each community and assess the sensitivity of the networks to disturbance. Initial results show fluctuations in the abundance of many bivalve and gastropod families between samples. Because the extent to which secondary extinctions propagate through a network is a function of both taxonomic and ecological diversity, communities represented by the samples respond differently to perturbations of the same magnitude. ARCHITECTS OF THE BERKELEY LEGACY OF CENOZOIC MOLLUSCAN PALEONTOLOGY Carole S. Hickman Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 caroleh@berkelev.edu Following an initial phase of geological and paleontological reconnaissance along the western margin of North America, molluscan paleontology moved beyond basic taxonomic description and established itself as a major academic discipline at both the University of California, Berkeley, and Stanford University. The Berkeley legacy began to take shape with the formation of the Department of Paleontology and appointment of John C. Merriam as its first professor. Students of Merriam who had the greatest impact on the field during this initial academic phase were Bruce Lawrence Clark, Roy Ernest Dickerson, and Earl Leroy Packard. Clark (PhD 1914) remained at Berkeley, succeeding Merriam in 1918. Two years after completing his degree, Clark had already published monographic studies of the molluscan faunas of the San Pablo Group and the San Lorenzo Series (an impressive 376 pages plus 61 plates). Packard (PhD 1916) published his systematic monograph of mactrid bivalves the same year that he completed his degree and went on to become Professor of Paleontology at the University of Oregon. Dickerson (PhD 1914) had published five substantial papers on Eocene molluscan faunas within two years of completing his degree and went on to become Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology at the California Academy of Sciences. Other students of Merriam completed and published theses in a growing tradition of dissemination via the University of California Publications in Geological Sciences. These included Walter Atheling English (1913, the Agasoma-\\kQ gastropods), Bruce Martin (1913, descriptions of new species of California Neogene mollusks), Jorgen O. Nomland (1915 - 1917, mollusks of the Jacalitos, Etchegoin and Santa Margarita beds), and Carroll Marshall Wagner and Karl Howard Schilling (1918, mollusks of the San Lorenzo Group). Clark not only succeeded Merriam in the Department of Paleontology, but also became the first director of the Museum of Paleontology when it was established in 1921. During the next 30 years, Clark and his students continued and broadened the Merriam tradition of field collection, faunal documentation, systematic description and revision, and creation of a molluscan Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 22 biostratigraphic framework for the eastern Pacific margin. Clark’s most influential students included Hubert Gregory Schenck (PhD 1926), who also acknowledged James Perrin Smith at Stanford as one of his mentors and who subsequently became influential in shaping the molluscan tradition at Stanford; Harold Ernest Yokes (PhD 1935), who merged and integrated the study of west coast mollusks with larger global molluscan inquiry during his years with The Johns Hopkins University and Tulane University; and John Wyatt Durham (MA 1936, PhD 1941), who succeeded Clark on the Berkeley faculty in 1947. Durham's 1944 monograph designating seven "megafaunal zones" in the Paleogene of western Washington was the first use of the Oppelian assemblage-based concept of zonation in the Pacific coast Tertiary. Some of Clark’s students left basic molluscan paleontological research for careers in the oil industry. Although they did not assume prominent academic positions, they contributed important molluscan faunal and taxonomic monographs, catalogs, and new theoretical insights and ideas about climate change, molluscan provinces and paleobiogeography, speciation, nomenclature and classification, migration and faunal exchange, genetics, variation, and mechanisms of evolution. Students of Clark who made major contributions to molluscan paleontology include Marcus Albert Hanna (PhD 1926, Verier icardia. Eocene mollusks from the La Jolla Quadrangle); Henry William Corey (MA 1929, mollusks of the Vaqueros and Miocene of California); Thomas John Etherington (PhD 1930, Stratigraphy and fauna of the Astoria Formation); Nellie May Tegland (PhD 1931, Galeodea and the molluscan fauna of the type Blakeley Formation); Charles Warren Merriam (PhD 1934, turritellid gastropods); Francis Earl Turner (PhD 1934, Eocene mollusks of western Oregon), William Lloyd Effinger (MA 1936, the Cries Ranch molluscan fauna in Washington); John William Ruth (MA 1938, Siphonalia), and Herdis Bentson (MA 1938, PhD 1941, Exilia and a monumental nomenclatural, systematic, and bibliographic catalog of California Tertiary marine mollusks and literature with Dr. A. Myra Keen of Stanford). During the Clark era there was considerable informal joint mentorship by molluscan paleontologists at major west coast institutions. Durham and Effinger had both begun their studies at the University of Washington under Professor Charles Edwin Weaver. Weaver sent them to Berkeley to complete their studies under Clark’s supervision. Although Turner received his degree from Berkeley, he acknowledged Earl Packard at Oregon State University, for the primary mentorship of his research on the Eocene mollusks of Oregon. However Turner also received support and encouragement from Clark as well as financial support from UCMP benefactress Annie Alexander. Alexander was, in fact, notably generous in her support of molluscan field work by graduate students at other institutions as well as at Berkeley. Clark’s own research and publication during the years of his Berkeley professorship were formidable. He is best known and most often cited for his monographic work on Tertiary bivalves and Pacific Coast Eocene faunas and biostratigraphy. Less well known are his contributions on the nature of species, the mechanisms of speciation, and processes of dispersal and migration underlying the geographic distribution of Tertiary mollusks. He joined the debate amongst geneticists over the role of natural selection and adaptation, arguing from paleontological data in support of Sewall Wright’s arguments for the importance of isolation and genetic drift. By 1947, when Durham moved from a faculty position at Cal Tech to Berkeley, approximately 1,700 species of Tertiary marine mollusks had been described and illustrated from California alone. The UC Museum of Paleontology had become a major repository for molluscan type specimens. Molluscan paleontology was entering an explosive phase of interpretive research and publication that had its primary interfaces with the Earth sciences. Durham had a phenomenal Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 23 curiosity and ability to recognize interesting problems. He encouraged the application of new methods and the development of new characters for the revision of difficult taxonomic groups. Students who completed dissertations on important Cenozoic taxa include Richard Case Allison (PhD 1967, turritellid gastropods) and Clifford Melvin Nelson, Jr. (PhD 1974, Neptunea). As opportunities in the petroleum industry declined, fewer students continued the molluscan biostratigraphic tradition, with the notable exception of Oluwafeyisola Sylvester Adegoke (PhD 1966, Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Neogene formations of the Coalinga region). Durham's most influential student in Cenozoic molluscan paleontology is Warren Oliver Addicott (PhD 1956), whose career with the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park set new standards for monographic systematics, faunal and biostratigraphic documentation, and photographic illustration as well as initiating new insights and integration of molluscan research with active margin tectonics, refined climate curves, latitudinal distributions based on marine mollusks, increased radiometric age control on molluscan faunas, extension of molluscan paleontological interpretations into Alaska, and fostering exchange and collaboration with Japanese molluscan paleontologists. The scope of Cenozoic molluscan paleontology broadened through Durham's mentoring of students in non-marine research, including Dwight Willard Taylor (PhD 1957, fresh- water mollusks), James Ronald Firby (MA 1963, PhD 1969, fresh-water mollusks), and Barry Roth (PhD 1979, who went on from the study of Pleistocene marine mollusks to terrestrial gastropods). Marine molluscan research expanded temporally into the Cretaceous and spatially across the border into Mexico with the studies of Edwin Chester Allison (MA 1954, PhD 1964). Durham’s own research turned increasingly away from mollusks to echinoderms and from the Tertiary Period to the Early Cambrian. Students completing theses on the systematics of non- molluscan taxa included Victor August Zullo (MA 1960, PhD 1963, barnacles), Daniel Bryan Blake (PhD 1966, asteroids), Edward Carl Wilson (MA 1960, PhD 1967, Paleozoic corals), Jack Dale Nations, (PhD 1969, crabs), Carol Daily Wagner Allison (MA 1963, PhD 1970, echinoids), Roland Anthony Gangloff (MA 1963, PhD 1975, archaeocyathids) and Penny A. Morris-Smith (PhD 1975, bryozoans). Durham encouraged research on living as well as fossil mollusks. John James Oberling (MA 1951, PhD 1955) and Copeland MacClintock (PhD 1964) conducted some of the first detailed analyses and characterization of molluscan shell structure. William Keith Emerson (PhD 1956) brought the study of fossil and living scaphopods together for the first time and launched a long and productive career in malacology at the American Museum of Natural History. At the time of his retirement in 1975, Durham had set the stage for a new molluscan research at Berkeley that would further diversify to include actualistic paleoecological studies, identification and designation of recurring Tertiary molluscan communities, constructional morphological analysis of molluscan features, a new method of molluscan paleobathymetric interpretation, studies of the taphonomic information content of the molluscan record, biological interpretations based on the molluscan larval shell, development of new character sets for cladistic analyses of living and fossil mollusks, recognition and interpretation of chemosymbiotic molluscan cold-seep assemblages, inclusion of molecular data in molluscan phylogenetic analyses, reinterpretation of the Eocene-Oligocene mass extinction and greenhouse-icehouse climatic transition, experimental analyses of mollusk-substrate interactions, studies of the changing roles of mollusks in Pacific Coast intertidal communities, and revision of the higher level systematics and phylogenetic relationships of marine mollusks. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 24 The collections of Cenozoic mollusks in the Museum of Paleontology continue to grow, in spite of increasingly severe space constraints. Rescue by the Museum and UC Regents of the Tertiary mollusk collections from the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park carries a significant burden of responsibility as well as marvelous new opportunity. Dissolution of the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch and demise of basic research at the Survey has been recognized in the paleontological community as a "scientific disaster of epic proportions." The Berkeley challenge is to expand as well as maintain its unparalleled molluscan paleontological collections and to appoint new faculty and curators who will continue to train students and postdoctoral scholars, foster new collaborations and vision, and expand this remarkable legacy. SHELLS OF CONTENTION: THE OCHSNER-OLDROYD-DALL CONTROVERSY Matthew J. James Department of Geology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 iames@sonoma.edu The 1905-1906 Galapagos expedition of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) spent a year and a day collecting scientific specimens in the volcanic archipelago that would become known as “Darwin’s islands.” Expedition organizer and then CAS Director Leverett Mills Loomis (1857-1928) was not an adherent of Darwinian evolution. Among the eight field collectors hired by Loomis to serve as sailor-scientists during the 17-month expedition was 25-year-old Washington Henry Ochsner (1879-1927), who was the expedition’s geologist, but who was also charged with collecting modem and fossil mollusks. Following the successful completion of the Galapagos expedition in November 1906, and in light of the complete destmction of the California Academy of Sciences in the earthquake of April 18, 1906, and especially in the three days of firestorms that followed, Ochsner began his taxonomic analysis of the fossil marine mollusks and of the land snails of the islands, based on some 25,000 to 30,000 specimens he collected during the expedition. He continued this work, perhaps with an overly ambitious agenda, from 1906 to 1915, consulting and collaborating with James Perrin Smith (1864-1931) at Stanford University. Ochsner had signed a contract with the Academy prior to the expedition, about which he wrote, “Chief of my privileges was the agreement that the results of our hard, dangerous work in collecting be published by the Academy.” In 1915, Ida Shepard Oldroyd (1856-1940) came to Stanford as an assistant in the Department of Geology and began working on the Galapagos material housed there. In early 1916, Ochsner entered into an agreement with Oldroyd for her to visit the United States National Museum (USNM) and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP) in order to make “a final comparison” before publication. At the USNM Oldroyd consulted with William Healey Dali (1845-1927), who Ochsner believed had agreed to “consideration of honorable mention” on the fossil paper and co-authorship on the land shell work. However, Dali wrote to Ochsner in June 1916 that, “If you would like it I shall be glad to associate your name with mine in the title of the papers.” By February 1917, CAS Director Barton Warren Evermann (1853-1932) reported to the governing council of the Academy that Ochsner had revealed in an interview “that in giving data to Dr. Dali he [Ochsner] purposely withheld a sufficient portion of the data to make that which was given to Dr. Dali incomplete and erroneous.” Resolution of this bitter scientific controversy did not Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 25 occur during the lifetimes of either Ochsner or Dali, who died within 15 days of each other in 1927. Ironically, they were united posthumously as co-authors on the fossil and land snail papers that kept them apart ideologically for some 10 years. The 1905-06 Galapagos expedition found its lasting contribution in furthering the Darwinian debate throughout the 20* century and in the salvation of the Academy after the 1906 earthquake. But the delay in publication by the Ochsner- Oldroyd-Dall controversy severely impeded the malacological success of the expedition. Cadlina IS NOT A CHROMODORID: TAXON SAMPLING, NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY, MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY Rebecca Fay Johnson Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA, USA 941 18 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, A3 16 Earth & Marine Sciences, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, USA 95064 ri olinson@calacademy . or g Morphological homoplasy and limited taxon sampling have hampered understanding of phylogenetic relationships among and between dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Researchers have debated the monophyly of the diverse chromodorid nudibranchs for over 100 years. Recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies have added to the debate, but have not resolved this issue. I investigate how outgroup choice and taxon sampling may influence tree topology, support and chromodorid monophyly. I then present phylogenies resulting from different taxon sampling schemes using the same molecular data. Taxon sampling has a strong influence on the resulting phylogenies. Cadlina cannot be a member of the chromodorid clade without including many other dorids in that clade. The chromodorid nudibranchs without Cadlina are monophyletic and sister to the Actinocyclididae. More thorough taxon sampling with more genes, throughout the dorid nudibranchs is needed, but the preponderance of current evidence supports most current family groupings but suggests Cadlina is not a chromodorid. ELLEN J. MOORE, TERTIARY MOLLUSKS, AND THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith and Associates, 14010 Poway Road, Suite A, Poway, CA 92064 gkemiedv@bfsa- ca.com Ellen Louise James was bom on Febmary 6, 1925, in Portland, Oregon, one of three children of Thomas William James and Mildred P. James. Her childhood was spent in Portland, where she and her brother and sister attended the local elementary and high schools. Ellen collected her first fossils as a high school student during one of the regular, usually monthly local geologic field trips mn by the Geological Society of the Oregon Country, which would meet in downtown Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 26 Portland, and then car pool to a designated location. These fossils, and the excitement they ignited in Ellen, were the inspiration that led her into a long and successful career in paleontology. After high school, her interest in geology and fossils continued as she attended Oregon State College (now OSU), where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Geology in 1946. Her paleontology professor was none other than Earl L. Packard, who had led the original field trip in Portland where she had found her first fossils. Following graduation, she worked for the Army Corps of Engineers, as well as at less exciting endeavors before realizing the need to return to graduate school to further advance herself She received her Master of Science degree from the Department of Geography and Geology at the University of Oregon in 1950 with a thesis titled “A new Miocene marine invertebrate fauna from Coos Bay, Oregon.” Her thesis advisor there was Ewart M. Baldwin. Following graduation, she took the required civil service exam needed for employment by the U.S. government, and was subsequently offered a position with the U.S. Geological Survey in Washington, D.C., whose offices were then in the U. S. National Museum building. It was there that she had the opportunity to work with Wendell P. Woodring, an unbelievable dream come true for anyone interested in Cenozoic mollusks. This relationship developed into a lasting friendship and fondness for the man that lasted for many years, as evidenced by her memorial to Woodring published in 1992 by the National Academy of Sciences. If nothing else, Woodring was meticulously thorough in his investigations, and this work ethic must have been instilled in Ellen as well, based on the thoroughness of her later monographic studies on Tertiary mollusks. While in Washington, Ellen had began further study of the Astoria Formation fossils of her thesis work, which eventually expanded into a major monograph published as USGS Professional Paper 419 in 1963 [1964]. Previously, in trying to decipher the identity of the Oregon Tertiary fossils described by Timothy A. Conrad in the 1800s, she spent two months at the ANSP in Philadelphia and was able to recognize most of Conrad’s type specimens. Ellen had married a fellow USGS geologist in 1952, but when that relationship ended, she requested a transfer and was assigned to the Paleontology & Stratigraphy Branch in Menlo Park, California, the western headquarters of the Geological Survey, in 1959. Here she met George W. Moore, also a USGS geologist, and they were married on November 30, 1960, in Palo Alto. Neither of their two children (Leslie and Geoffrey) have followed their parents into geology, but have had successful careers of their own. George Moore died in an automobile accident in late 2007. If Ellen’s first USGS assignment with Wendell Woodring at the USNM can be considered a stroke of good fortune, her transfer to Menlo Park was no less significant. Here, with Warren Addicott, and later Louie Marincovich, and a host of other paleontologists of various taxonomic persuasions, she was part of the most active group of paleontologists on the West Coast in many years. Menlo Park was THE center of Tertiary molluscan research and its reputation extended across the Pacific to Japan and Russia. Although Ellen’s list of publications numbers less than 40, many of them are significant. Particularly useful, thoroughly documented and/or exquisitely illustrated are her study of Conrad’s type specimens (1962), her monographs on Miocene and Oligocene faunas of the Astoria Formation (1963 [1964]), Pittsburg Bluff Formation (1976), and Lincoln Creek Formation (1984), her biostratigraphic studies on middle Tertiary molluscan zones (1984) and, with Warren Addicott, on the Pillarian and Newportian molluscan stages (1987), and a series of systematic studies (1983- 1992) summarizing the fossil record of the “Tertiary Marine Pelecypoda of California and Baja Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 27 California,” published as chapters A thorugh E in U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228, and continued with Chapters F and G, on her internet web site at http://www.cmug.coin/chintimp/Tertiarv.pelecvpods.htm. Ellen’s publications also catered to the amateur fossil collector with profusely and well illustrated identification guides to local fossils of San Diego County, California (1968) and the Oregon coast (1971, 1994, 2000). Ellen’s career with the USGS lasted for 37 years, from 1950 to 1987, when she and her husband George retired from active service and moved to Corvallis, Oregon. Upon retirement, Ellen assumed Scientist Emeritus status with the USGS, followed by an appointment as Courtesy Research Associate in the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. In 2002, the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America included an Invertebrate Paleontology session in her honor, chaired by Elizabeth Nesbitt. Today, the Western Society of Malacologists is proud to honor Ellen with an Honorary Life Membership in the Society in recognition of her lifetime achievements and contributions to the study of Tertiary mollusks of the Pacific Coast region. Information above was derived from a variety of sources, including my own personal recollections, as well as those of her friends and colleagues, particularly Judy Smith, Carole Hickman, and Liz Nesbett. A short summary of Ellen’s career is given in the Preface to her book. Fossil shells from western Oregon - A guide to identification (2000, pp. viii-ix). PALEOCLIMATIC INFERENCES FROM LATE PLEISTOCENE (LATE LAST-INTERGLACIAL) MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNAS FROM THE BIRD ROCK TERRACE, PACIFIC BEACH AND OCEAN BEACH, SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA* George L. Kennedy' and Thomas K. Rockwell^ 'Brian F. Smith and Associates, 14010 Poway Road, Suite A, Poway, CA 92064 ^Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92089 gkeimedy@bfsa-ca.com. trockwell@geology.sdsu.edu Middle and Late Pleistocene estuarine and marine terrace faunas from coastal San Diego County, southern California can be assigned to several depositional episodes that are correlative with dated interglacial sea level highstands of the last half million years as documented in the marine oxygen isotope (b'^O) record of the deep sea. Local Late Pleistocene faunas can be assigned to either of two sea level highstands of the last interglacial complex (equivalent to oxygen isotope Stage 5), that of substage 5e (-120,000 yr BP), represented by the uranium-series dated Bay Point Formation and correlative Nestor Terrace, and substage 5a (-80,000 yr BP), represented by the lower, U-series dated. Bird Rock Terrace. Whereas substage 5e faunas are well documented locally, substage 5a faunas were previously recognized only from rocky-shore marine-terrace habitats around La Jolla and along the outer coast of southern Point Loma. A re-evaluation of previous marine terrace assignments, based in part on newly collected fossil assemblages, suggests that marine invertebrate faunas from the lowest terrace along Pacific Beach, and farther south in Ocean Beach, represent the -80,000 yr sea level highstand rather than the -120,000 yr highstand and thus are assignable to the Bird Rock Terrace rather than to the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 28 Nestor Terrace. These terrace reassignments are supported by their geomorphic position as well as by the temperature {i.e., zoogeographic) aspect of their respective faunas. In Pacific Beach, newly collected faunal assemblages derived from sewer trenching activities on Loring Street yielded a composite fauna of approximately 150 species of marine invertebrates, being represented by 46 bivalves, 80+ gastropods, two scaphopods, five or more chitons, clionid sponge borings, perhaps three bryozoans, five polychaete worms, three or more barnacles, hermit crab shells and crab claws, two urchins and trace fossils. Farther south, another excavation adjacent to Felspar Street yielded a fauna of more than 110 invertebrate species, mainly bivalve and gastropod mollusks. In Ocean Beach, sewer trenching activities in two areas (San Diego City Sewer Group jobs 545 and 719) resulted in several collections, with composite collections of approximately 140 and 124 species. The collections from Pacific Beach and Ocean Beach represent the most diverse faunal assemblages known from these two areas. Paleoclimatically, the faunas from Loring Street and Sewer Group 545 yielded the most interesting array of species, being represented by seven and three species, respectively, with extralimital northern or northward-ranging modem distributions. Extralimital northern species in these faunas (and their modem southern geographic range endpoints) include the bivalves Macoma inquinata (rare south of Santa Barbara, to Mugu Lagoon) and Entodesma navicula (rare south of Shell Beach, San Luis Obispo Co.), the turban-shell gastropods Tegula montereyi (south to Santa Barbara Island) and Tegula brunnea (San Miguel Island and Redondo submarine canyon, but rare south of Point Conception), and the chiton Cryptochiton stelleri (San Nicolas Island, but rare south of Monterey). The presence of these cool-water extralimital northern species, in addition to several more northward ranging, cooler-water species, supports their assignment to the -80,000 year BP cool-water sea level highstand of substage 5a, rather than to the -120,000 year BP warm- water sea level highstand of substage 5e. The recognition of these extralimital northern species in the San Diego area, and extending at least as far south as Punta Banda in northwestern Baja California, is evidence of the southward migration of typically Oregonian provincial species during the cool, terminal phase of the last interglacial period, when sea level was on the order of six to seven meters below its modem level. Specimens of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans from several of the Pacific Beach and Ocean Beach localities, as well as from the type locality of the Bay Point Formation on Crown Point in Mission Bay, are being dated by uranium-series (“^^Th/'^'^U) methods, which should confidently establish the ages of their respective assemblages. *Revised 4/2009 BANANA SLUGS IN THE BAY AREA NATIONAL PARKS: DISTRIBUTION OF Ariolimax (STYLOMMATOPHORA: ARIONIDAE) SPECIES Janet L. Leonard’, John S. Pearse’, Karin Breugehnans’, and Thierry Backeljau“ ’Joseph M. Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, Santa Cmz, CA 95060 "University of Antwerp, BELGIUM illeonar@,ucsc.edu. pearse@biologv.ucsc.edu. Thierrv.Backeljau@naturalsciences.be As part of a study of the phylogeography of the genus Ariolimax, we have surveyed the various units of the National Park system in the greater San Francisco Bay area (California) to Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 29 determine the presence and identity of Ariolimax spp. In general, Ariolimax are likely to be present wherever the water table is sufficiently high to provide moist soil during dry periods. Specimens were collected by hand while walking on trails and identified by dissection and/or molecular data (3 mitochondrial and 2 nuclear genes). We have not found any slugs in Pinnacles National Monument (located in Monterey and San Benito Counties), although it is possible that they exist in some of the moist creek canyons. If present, they would most probably be QiihQX Ariolimax (Ariolimax) buttoni or belong to a possible new species of the subgenus Meadarion (Pilsbry, 1948), which is being described (Pearse, et al, unpublished) from material collected from Fremont Peak, located farther north in the Gabilan Mountains along the Monterey - San Benito County line. Ariolimax buttoni has also been collected from Fremont Peak. Slugs were sought but not found in Eugene O’Neill National Historic Site in Contra Costa County but the proximity of the park to the wooded areas of Mount Diablo suggests that Ariolimax (Ariolimax) buttoni, the only species of Ariolimax previously identified from the East Bay (Leonard, et al., 2007), could occur in the park. Similarly we did not obtain specimens from John Muir National Historical Site (Contra Costa County) although a park ranger subsequently reported seeing one on Mt. Wanda within the park. This was also likely to have been A. buttoni. Specimens collected from parks north of the Golden Gate (Muir Woods National Monument and Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County) have all been A. buttoni. Ariolimax buttoni, including both phallate and aphallate forms (Leonard, et al, 2007) were also collected from wooded areas of the The Presidio (San Francisco County). Banana slugs have not been collected at Fort Point National Historic Site (San Francisco County) but its proximity to The Presidio suggests that A. buttoni will be at least occasionally present. Ariolimax (Meadarion) brachyphallus has not yet been found in The Presidio but it has been described from San Francisco County (Mead, 1943) and should be looked for at The Presidio. The Golden Gate National Recreation area (GGNRA) consists of a variety of widely dispersed units in Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties. Ariolimax (Meadarion) califomicus was collected from the Phleger Estate unit of the GGNRA in San Mateo County. Ariolimax califomicus is the only species found in that portion of the San Francisco Peninsula so far. The Sweeney Ridge, Milagra Ridge, and Mori Point units of the GGNRA farther north in San Mateo County offer limited habitat for slugs and so far none has been found. These units warrant further study since their location suggests that they may be on or near a species boundary between .4. brachyphallus and^l. califomicus. Specimens collected from the Alcatraz unit of GGNRA (Alcatraz Island between Marin and San Francisco Counties) have clustered with A. califomicus on molecular traits but have a novel morphology with a short, blunt epiphallus unlike that of either A. brachyphallus or A. califomicus, although more similar to that of A. brachyphallus. This novel morphology has also been seen in a specimen from Buena Vista Park (San Francisco County). So far the molecular data do not provide good separation among the species within the Meadarion clade. Ariolimax califomicus differs in hatchling color from A. brachyphallus collected from Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties. Ariolimax califomicus has a transparent hatchling whereas A. brachyphallus has a dark, almost black, hatchling. We do not yet have data on hatchling color from Alcatraz slugs. This study was supported by NPS grant PWR-PORE R8538060029 through Point Reyes National Seashore to JLL and JSP. The molecular work was supported by funding to TB. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 30 Leonard, J.L., Westfall, J.A. and Pearse, J.S. 2007. Phally polymorphism and reproductive biology in Ariolimax buttoni (Pilsbry and Vanatta, 1896) (Stylommatophora: Arionidae): American Malacological Bulletin, v. 23, p. 121-135. Mead, A.R. 1943. Revision of the giant West Coast land slugs of the gQnns Ariolimax Moerch (Pulmonata: Arionidae): American Midland Naturalist, v. 30, p. 675-717. Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico); Volume II, Part 2: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs v. 3, p. ix + 1 1 13. HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Jere H. Lipps Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 jlipps@berkelev.edu Over the last 150 years, the University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) developed a very large collection of all fossils, including marine and non-marine fossil and modem mollusks, providing resources for research, teaching and outreach. UCMP’s history and mollusk collections are rooted in the formation of the State of California, and its early decisions about resources and education. John C. Fremont collected the first fossils from California on his expeditions into Mexican California in the 1 840s. He accepted the surrender by Andres Pico in January 1847. That and the discovery of gold in 1848, resulted in the gold msh of 1849 and statehood for California in 1850. The new Legislature needed information on the mineral and natural historical wealth of California. At first J.B. Trask was paid to do the work, but later the Legislature appointed J.D. Whitney as State Geologist and Director of the Geological Survey of California (1860-1874). Some of these early collections formed the foundation of the paleontological museum of the University of California, founded in 1868; others were taken by Whitney to Harvard and by W. M. Gabb to Philadelphia. Many of the modem and fossil mollusks collected by the Survey were identified and new molluscan species described by James G. Cooper. Joseph Le Conte, the first geologist, natural historian and botanist appointed to the faculty, encouraged paleontology through his lecturing, particularly on evolution and fossils, his students, and his acquisition of fossil collections for the university. His most brilliant student, John C. Merriam, became the first professor of paleontology, and though his interactions with the wealthy Annie Alexander, who supported paleontology at Berkeley, the first Department and later Museum of Paleontology were formed in 1 909 and 1921. Although developments were not always smooth, a strong and internationally recognized paleontology program emerged before World War II, followed by increasing strength and diversity of all programs. Molluscan studies began early. By 1915, the Paleontology Department had a collection totaling over 150,000 invertebrate, 15,000 vertebrate and 3,000 plant fossils, of which several hundred were type specimens. Merriam contributed papers on mollusks, followed by Bmce L. Clark, appointed in 1918 and later as first Director of UCMP in 1921. Later J. Wyatt Durham, Carole S. Hickman and David R. Lindberg took over molluscan and invertebrate responsibilities in the museum. The collections are constantly increasing as students, faculty, staff, other institutions, and others continue to donate mollusks, both fossil and modem. A recent example was the large Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 3 1 and important USGS collections, which contained considerable Alaskan material. Today, fossil mollusks are an important part of UCMP’s holdings, which are in addition to the collection of modem species that includes more than half a million specimens. Lipps, J.H. 2004. Success story; The history and development of the Museum of Paleontology at the University of California, Berkeley: Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, V. 55 (suppl. I), p. 209-243. SUBSTANTIAL PROGRESS TOWARD THE COMPLETION OF THE GASTROPOD VOLUMES FOR THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC James H. McLean Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 imclean@nhm.org Two books (illustrated manual/taxonomic revisions) on the long-neglected northeastern Pacific gastropod fauna are underway. The first book treats the gastropod species of British Columbia, Oregon, California, and northern Baja California. With the help of a part-time imaging assistant, there are now over 400 black and white plates with numerous photos that include most type specimens. The text with species accounts has now been merged in two columns below the figures and on facing pages. The format is sufficiently detailed to allow the inclusion of at least 350 new species. The total number of treated species is approximately 1,400. Completion of the text for the southern book is anticipated within a year, for publication by the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The second book treats the gastropod fauna of Alaska and the Bering Sea (including Arctic Alaska), as well as species extending south to 40° N for both the northeastern Pacific and the northwestern Pacific. Inclusion of the northwest Pacific species has been possible due to the 2006 publication of Kantor and Sysoev’s illustrated catalog of marine gastropods of Russia. The species of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon are to be included in both books. The plates for the northern book are 90% finished. It is anticipated that sales generated by the publication of the southern book will finance the subsequent publication of the northern book. Kantor, Yu.L, and Sysoev, A.V. 2006. Marine and brackish water Gastropoda of Russia and adjacent countries: an illustrated catalog. KJMK Scientific Press Ltd., Moscow, 371 pp., 140 pis. [in Russian and English]. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 32 MORPHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS FOR CONTROL OF BODY TEMPERATURE DURING AERIAL EMERSION IN NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC Littorina: A MECHANISTIC TEST Luke P. Miller Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University millerlp@.stanford.edu Littorine snails are often the highest-living marine organisms in the intertidal zone, and as a result they are exposed to large changes in environmental conditions as tides rise and fall. These snails have been the subject of many studies exploring potential adaptations for life under these extreme conditions, especially with regard to thermal regulation and control of desiccation. 1 have constructed a biophysical heat-budget model for four species of Littorina found on the west coast of North America in order to test long-standing hypotheses about morphological and behavioral traits considered to be beneficial in controlling body temperature during warm periods. Behavioral changes such as modifying contact area with the substratum and re-orienting the shell are shown to keep snail body temperatures 2-4°C cooler than snails not carrying out these behaviors. In contrast, many of the morphological characteristics of shells, such as color and shape, are shown to contribute relatively little to reducing body temperature on hot days, with temperature shifts of less than 1°C between morphs. The small changes in temperature afforded by different shell morphologies may be due in large part to the small size of these species. THE PHYLOGENY OF Phyllodesmium (EHRENBERG 1831): ADAPTATIONS AT THE CENTER OF DIVERSITY Elizabeth Moore and Terrence Gosliner Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94103, bmoore@, calacademy.org. tgosliner@:calacademv.org The facelinid genus Phyllodesmium (Ehrenberg, 1831) consists of approximately 27 morphologically diverse species that prey upon soft-bodied corals. At least 1 1 species have yet to be described, making it an interesting genus for testing phylogenetic hypotheses. One of the most interesting adaptations found in this genus is the widespread participation in a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. Many species in Phyllodesmium are able to retain zooxanthellae, which they obtain from their alcyonarian food source. A large degree of anatomical adaptations that enhance the ability to retain zooxanthellae make this group ideal to study the progression of symbiosis as it evolved in these animals. Histological studies have shown a positive relationship between the extent of digestive gland branching and the zooxanthellae retention abilities of these nudibranchs. Based on this observation, it is thought that animals with minimal or no branching are more primitive species, whereas animals with vastly branched digestive tissue are highly evolved for maintaining algal symbionts. In this study, five new species of Phyllodesmium from the Philippine Islands and Japan are described. A preliminary examination of the Phyllodesmium phytogeny suggests that species with Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 33 digestive gland branching and zooxanthellae are more derived, however molecular data could add confidence to this. THE HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY IN THE SOUTHERN SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA Frank A. Perry Research Associate, Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History, 1305 East Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 perrv@,cruzio.com The southern Santa Cruz Mountains of central California expose over 7,000 meters of marine Cenozoic strata. All of the epochs are represented, many by richly fossiliferous sedimentary formations. Lay descriptions of fossils from this area date back to the 1850s and 1860s. Scientific interpretation of the region's geology and fossils was later facilitated by Charles Lewis Anderson, a physician and naturalist who lived in Santa Cruz from 1867 to 1910. He served as mentor to young naturalists in the area, including Laura Hecox. A collector and museum founder, Miss Hecox assisted many scientists, including paleontologist Ralph Arnold of Stanford University. Early 20* century naturalists John Strohbeen and Harry and Mary Turver helped procure fossils for U.C. Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences. In the early to middle 1900s the region benefited from studies by students at Stanford University. The results included the Description of the Santa Cruz Quadrangle, California by J. C. Branner, J. F. Newsom, and Ralph Arnold (1909), and later by refined studies within that quadrangle by Earl E. Brabb, Roscoe M. Touring, and Joseph C. Clark, among others. THE MARINE MOLLUSKS AND DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE MIOCENE TO PLIOCENE PURISIMA FORMATION, NORTHERN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA Frank A. Perry Research Associate, Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History, 1305 East Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz, CA 95062 pen~v@cruzio.com The cliffs along the northern shore of Monterey Bay expose approximately 325 m of upper Miocene and Pliocene marine sediments of the Purisima Formation. The formation records an overall shallowing of marine conditions through time, based on evidence from geology, invertebrate fossils, vertebrate fossils, and trace fossils. Nearly a hundred invertebrate taxa have been recorded, mostly mollusks. The mollusks occur as isolated specimens and in beds ranging from a few centimeters to over a meter in thickness. Beds vary widely in faunal composition and quality of preservation. Exceptional preservation of mollusks in some beds reveals anatomical details not usually visible in specimens from other localities in California. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 34 IS SELF-FERTILIZATION POSSIBLE IN NUDIBRANCHS? Marta Pola Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Concourse Street, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94103 mpolaperez@calacademv.org. Nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) are internally fertilized simultaneous hermaphrodites with a complex reproductive system. Even though their reproductive systems vary greatly in organization, adults normally copulate reciprocally with the gonopores aligned so that the penis of one animal can deposit free sperm in the vagina of the other (Hadfield & Switzer-Dunlap, 1984). Studies about “sperm- trading” in simultaneous hermaphrodites, as well as about hermaphrodite mating conflicts in outcrossing opisthobranch species (Michiels, 1998; Anthes & Michiels, 2005; Anthes, Putz & Michiels, 2006) are rapidly increasing. However, less work has been done with regard to self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. This report focuses on observations of the reproductive system of several nudibranch gastropods of the genus Nembrotha Bergh (1877), where the penis of each specimen was found located inside its own vagina. The review of the literature shows no previous records of penises introduced into the own vagina from any other opisthobranch. We also observed that the penis of all Nembrotha species is very long, usually about 3 mm long in those specimens in which the penis is completely extended. The length of the penises in Nembrotha species is much longer than those of Roboastra and Tambja (500 jim - 1 mm; unpublished data), which would permit certain plasticity. In order to obtain solid evidence of self- fertilization in nudibranchs, experiments using adults isolated, as veliger larvae are essential. However, while nudibranch life cycle studies remain scarce and further studies are done, it is important to present here evidence for at least the physical possibility of self-fertilization in this group. The length of the penis of these species could help to sustain such behavior. Anthes, N. and Michiels, N.K. 2005. Do “sperm trading” simultaneous hermaphrodites always trade sperm? Behavorial Ecology, v. 16, no. l,p. 188-195. Anthes, N., Putz, A., and Michiels, N.K. 2006. Sex role preferences, gender conflict and sperm trading in simultaneous hermaphrodites: a new framework. Animal Behaviour, v. 72, no. 1, p. 1-12. Hadfield, M.G. & Switzer-Dunlap, M. 1984. “Opisthobranch,” in A. Tompa, N.H. Verdonk and J.A. Biggelaar, eds.. Reproduction. The Mollusca, v. 7., p. 209-350. New York. Academy Press Michiels, N.K. 1998. Mating conflicts and sperm competition in simultaneous hermaphrodites. In T.R. Birkhead & A.P. Moller, eds., Sperm competition and sexual selection, p. 219-54. San Diego: Academic Press. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 35 Architectonica (GASTROPODA) AND ASSOCIATED WARM WATER MOLLUSKS USED TO CORRELATE AND DATE SCATTERED OUTCROPS IN THE PLIOCENE OF SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL CALIFORNIA Charles L. Powell, Il\ Robert J. Stanton, Jr.^, and Phil Liff-Grief^ ' U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 ^Invertebrate Paleontology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 ^Malacology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA cpowell@usgs.gov. robertstantonfgjoadmnner.com. pliffgrieff@sbcglobal.net Living representatives of the tropical gastropod genus Architectonica in the eastern Pacific are not currently found north of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Therefore, it is unusual to find them in the fossil record of southern California. We report here on the presence of specimens of Architectonica, compared withal. (Discotectonica) placentalis (Hinds), as well as associated warm-water molluscan faunas, from 1) the San Diego Formation at the border locality in southwest San Diego County; 2) unnamed Pliocene deposits in the Whittier Hills of Orange County; 3) the so-called “Santa Barbara Formation” at Rincon Point near the Ventura - Santa Barbara County line, and 4) in the Cebada fine-grained member of the Carega Sandstone in the Santa Maria District of northern Santa Barbara County. The presence of other southern extra- limital species such as the gastropods Crucibulum cyclopium Berry, Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Merriam of Woodring and Bramlette, and several larger species of Conus at one or more of these localities also supports the existence of warm, subtropical to tropical conditions in southern California in the recent geologic past. Fossil collections from the San Diego Formation, unnamed strata in the Whittier Hills, and the Carega Sandstone have all been assigned to the Pliocene, whereas those from the so-called “Santa Barbara Formation” have previously been assigned to the Pleistocene based on regional lithologic correlations with the middle Pleistocene Santa Barbara Formation in Santa Barbara County. Extinct mollusks from the Rincon Point exposures of the “Santa Barbara Formation” indicate a Pliocene to early Pleistocene age for the fauna. The associated warm-water fauna further differentiates it from that of the Santa Barbara Formation, which consists of dominantly temperate water mollusks. Therefore, all of these faunas are of potential late Pliocene age. Microfossil data (planktic foraminifers and pollen), and other proxy data well correlated to oxygen isotope records as well as to the paleomagnetic and cyclostratigraphy records, document a warming event that took place during the Pliocene epoch between 3.3 and 3.15 Ma [= the “mid”- Pliocene warm event (Gauss chron)]. An age determination from planktonic foraminifers from the San Diego Formation border locality overlap this age range (M. Vendrasco, email, 1/2008). We suggest that these warm-water mollusks and associated faunas were deposited during the “mid”- Pliocene warm event, and that specific southern extralimital warm-water mollusks, particularly Architectonica, can be used to correlate different formations/outcrops of this age in central and southern California; similar to what has already been done for the middle to late Pleistocene in southern California (WSM Annual Report 32:23-36). Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 36 COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, HYBRIDIZATION, AND MITOCHONDRIAL CAPTURE IN TWO SPECIES OF CARIBBEAN SEA SLUGS WITH NON-PLANKTONIC DEVELOPMENT Albert Rodriguez and P J. Krug California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8201 arodrig2@calstatela.edu. pkrug@:calstatela.edu Mitochondrial DNA is often used in phylogeographic studies and for DNA bar-coding, because it is fast evolving. However, historical or ongoing hybridization can move mtDNA between species (introgression), invalidating conclusions based on common markers like cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Comparative studies of nuclear and cytoplasmic genes from closely related taxa can determine which are valid markers for population-level studies and species identification. Elysia pratensis Ortea & Espinosa and E. subomata Verrill, sister species of Caribbean sea slugs, lack a dispersing larval stage; thus, populations from different sites were predicted to be genetically divergent. Portions of COI and the nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S) gene were sequeneed from specimens from Florida, five Bahamas islands, Bermuda and Jamaica. Bayesian analysis of COI haplotypes revealed four distinct clades up to 8% divergent in E. pratensis, with most sites exhibiting reciprocal monophyly, and Analysis of Molecular Variance revealed highly differentiated populations (Fst=0.935). However, two E. pratensis clades from the northern Bahamas were more closely related to E. subomata than to conspecifics, suggesting historical introgression of the mitochondrial genome from E. subomata into E. pratensis. A fixed difference in the nuclear 28S gene, morphology and host use distinguished the two species. Less population structure (Fst=0.389) and no phylogeographic breaks were evident in E. subomata, which may raft between sites on its host alga Caulerpa racemosa. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a history of recurring hybridization and introgression events in the northern Bahamas, where populations of the two species may have been repeatedly isolated together in shallow basins due to Pleistocene sea level fluctuations. Introduction of E. subomata into the Mediterranean has been suggested for biological control of invasive Caulerpa spp., but its potential for dispersal and hybridization with native species urges a cautious approach. LIPID DETERMINATION IN THREE SPECIES OF MOLLUSCS: THE GASTROPOD Strombus gigas LINNAEUS AND THE CEPHALOPODS Octopus maya VOSS AND SOLIS, AND Loligo pealeii LESUEUR Luis Alfonso Rodriguez Gil, Juan Alberto Moo Puc, Carlos Francisco Reyes Sosa, Ramiro Alpizar Carrillo, Ivan Rene Rivas Ruiz, Sara Nauatl Dzib and Jose Giorgana Figueroa Inmstituto Tecnologico de Merida, Km. 5 Carretera Merida a Progreso, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, C.P. 97205 luis_rdzgil@hotmail.com. carlos.reves.sosa@hotmail.com The considerable interest in mollusks is due in part to their importance as food, which has resulted in significant data on various biochemical characteristics of this phylum. Knowing their biochemistry can be of considerable use in understanding their ecology and physiology, and their Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 37 characterization and classification within a Chemotaxonomy. For biochemical characterization, the body of a mollusk should be divided into various body components. These parts can be easily separated from each other by dissection, and yield large enough pieces for chemical analysis. The biochemical composition of these body parts is based on the different amounts of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates present. The development of tourism and the high demands for sea food in the Yucatan Peninsula have contributed to the exploitation of mollusks such as the octopuses Octopus may a Voss and Solis, O. vulgaris Cuvier, the squid Loligo pealeii Lesueur, and the marine snail Strombus gigas Linnaeus. A proper fisheries management program for these resources requires a sustainable collection that benefits both the resources and the human community. Due to these requirements, it is necessary to generate key biological information about these organisms, which go beyond traditional taxonomy. Therefore, making use of a chemotaxonomy by determining the total quantity of the various classes of lipids (e.g., glucolipids and phospholipids) plays an important role in the characterization and identification of the organisms that have been used and processed. These determinations have special relevance when the entire body of the organism is not available, and one cannot identify them by classic taxonomic methods. We used Privett's method of column chromatography to extract total lipid content and to determine the lipid classes present in the proboscis, mantle and muscle of three species: Strombus gigas. Octopus maya and Loligo pealii. Our results allowed us to characterize each mollusc by the lipid class percentages of the separate organs. The percentages of phospholipids in the proboscis gave a clear differentiation and separation between the 3 species. The values were: snail, 82.27%; octopus, 63.48%; and squid, 48.51%. Our lipid study results permit a chemotaxonomic identification of these 3 species, and form the basis for future scientific studies to develop a sustainable and responsible fishery plan for these 3 resources. DETERMINACION DE LIPIDOS EN TRES ESPECIES DE MOLUSCOS: CARACOL Strombus gigas LINNAEUS, PULPO Octopus maya VOSS AND SOLIS, Y CALAMAR Loligo pealeii LESUEUR Luis Alfonso Rodriguez Gil, Juan Alberto Moo Puc, Carlos Francisco Reyes Sosa, Ramiro Alpizar Carrillo, Ivan Rene Rivas Ruiz, Sara Nauatl Dzib and Jose Giorgana Figueroa El interes considerable por los moluscos, es debido en parte a su importancia como alimento, lo que ha resultado en muchos datos sobre una variedad de caracteristicas bioquimicas de su Phylum. Tales datos bioquimicos podrian ser tambien de uso considerable en el entendimiento de la ecologia, de la fisiologia de los moluscos y de su caracterizacion y clasificacidn por medio de la Quimiotaxonomia. Para el propdsito de la caracterizacion bioquimica, el cuerpo de un molusco, por lo tanto, debe ser dividido en varios componentes corporales. Esas son partes, las cuales pueden ser convenientemente separadas las unas de las otras por diseccion y deben ser de tamano suficiente para permitir un analisis bioquimico. Para caracterizar bioquimicamente cada uno de los componentes del cuerpo de un molusco es necesario determinar la cantidad el tipo de cada uno de los constituyentes como son: proteinas, lipidos y carbohidratos. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 38 El desarrollo del turismo y la alta demanda de alimentos del mar en la Peninsula de Yucatan han contribuido a la explotacion de moluscos como: el pulpo Octopus maya Voss y Solis, y Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, el caracol marino Strombus gigas Linne y el calamar Lo//go pealeii Lesueur, Un buen manejo pesquero de estos recursos, se requiere para tener una pesca sustentable y responsable en beneficio de los mismos recursos y de la sociedad en general. Debido a este requerimiento es necesario generar informacion cientifica apropiada aunada a la clasificacion taxonomica tradicional. Por lo que, haciendo uso de la Quimiotaxonomia, la determinacion de la cantidad de lipidos totales y sus clases (neutros, glucolipidos y fosfolipidos) juega un papel importante en la caracterizacion e identificacion de organismos que han sido manipulados y procesados y estas determinaciones toman relevancia cuando no se tiene el cuerpo entero de estos organismos y por lo consiguiente no pueden ser identificados por la taxonomia clasica. La metodologia que se utilizo para la extraccion de los lipidos totales y para la determinacion de las clases de lipidos se uso la cromatografia en columna con el metodo de Privett. La extraccion de los lipidos totales y la separacion de las clases de lipidos se determino en tres organos: (probosis, manto y musculo) en cada una de las tres especies mencionadas. Los resultados obtenidos en cuanto al porcentaje de lipidos totales y el porcentaje de clases de lipidos permitieron caracterizar cada tipo de moluscos de acuerdo a sus organos. El organo probosis en cuanto a los porcentajes de fosfolipidos, fue el que permitio la diferenciacion y la separacion entre las tres especies estudiadas con los siguientes valores: caracol 82.27%, pulpo 63.48% y calamar 48.51%. Los resultados de este trabajo haciendo uso de los lipidos ha permitido hacer una identificacion de estas tres especies estudiadas por medio de la Quimiotaxonomia y sienta las bases para estudios posteriores para que contribuyan de una manera cientifica a un mejor conocimiento de los tres recursos en cuanto a su manejo pesquero de una manera sustentable y responsable. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE SQUALID CALLISTA Megapitaria squalida (SOWERBY, 1835) (BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE) FROM BAHIA MAGDALENA, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO A. Romo-Pinera, F. Garcia-Dominguez, M. Arellano-Martinez, and B. Ceballos- Vazquez Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional. A.P. 592. La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23000, Mexico aromopraapn.mx Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) is one of the most abundant bivalves in the northwest of Mexico, but is considered as a species with low commercial value. Megapitaria squalida is captured year long without restrictions and recently, in this Mexican region, its catch has been increased. Then, its abundance decreased considerably. To establish an adequate management of the resource, it is essential to know the reproductive cycle of the species. Monthly, from February 2007 to January 2008, 30 specimens of M. squalida were collected in Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur Their reproductive activity was histologically analyzed and four stages of gonadic development (development, ripe, spawning and spent) were qualitatively established. Also, a quantitative analysis was done using the oocyte mean diameter. The water temperature and the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 39 concentration of chlorophyll a (as a measurement of food availability) were registered at the time of collection. A total of 372 clams were obtained with a size of 36 to 110 mm of length {X =88.25, s^=12.18); 192 females (51.6 %) and 106 males (28.5 %). The total sex ratio was 1.8H:1M =24.8, P<0.05). Even though this species has been considered gonochorical, the histological evidence revealed the presence of 74 hermaphrodite clams (19.9%). The histological analysis also demonstrated that there were not the undifferentiated, and the ovary spent stages. Megapitaha squalida has continuous reproduction, evidenced by the presence of spawning clams (in variable proportion) throughout the study period. However, the mean oocyte diameter was significantly higher in August and December (P<0.05), revealing two important periods of reproductive activity in these months. Even though the oocyte diameter was not significantly correlated (^>0.05) with the temperature or the concentration of chlorophyll a, it is evident that the temperature regimen and the high productivity in Bahia Magdalena promote continuous gamete production in the area. In contrast with the well established reproductive seasonality of M. squalida in other locality (Ojo de Liebre Lagoon) in Mexico. ALMOST BY ACCIDENT: THE HISTORY OF NONMARINE MOLLUSCAN PALEONTOLOGY IN THE WEST Barry Roth 745 Cole Street, San Francisco, CA 94117 barry_roth@yahoo.com Much of the history of nonmarine molluscan paleontology in western North America came about almost accidentally: specimens collected by paleontologists whose main interest was in other animal groups such as dinosaurs or mammals, or specimens found in marine sections and not recognized as nonmarine until examined by specialists. A recent example of this kind of “indirect” approach is the finding of nonmarine snail fossils in the fossilized dung of Cretaceous duckbilled dinosaurs by Dr. Karen Chin of the University of Colorado. Only in the latter half of the twentieth century have there been paleontologists in the region whose concentration is on land or freshwater mollusks. BIODIVERSITY OF MOLLUSKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NONTROPICAL CARBONATE SHELF IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Arturo Tripp-Quezada', Jochen Halfar^, Lucio Godinez’ O. & Jose Borges Souza’ ’ Departamento de Pesquerias y Biologia Marina IPN-CICIMAR. A.P. 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. ^Deparment of Chemical and Physical Sciences of the University of Toronto at Mississaauga atripp@ipn.mx This determines the ecological and oceanographic process that affects the communities of mollusks associated with carbonate sediments in the western coast of the Gulf of California. Four data sites were selected: Cabo Pulmo (23° N), Isla San Jose (25° N), Punta Chivato (27° N) and Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 40 Bahia de los Angeles (29° N), where 64 sediment samples were collected along with environmental indicators such as temperature, depth, chlorophyll a, transparency, salinity and grain type of the sediment. Abundance and diversity were used as an ecological descriptor of the malacological benthic community and growth of the species of greater relative value as indicators of calcium carbonate production incorporated to sediments. The communities of mollusks in the four sites are different in their specific composition in similar environments (shallow water between 2 to 30 m on sandy bottoms). The group exhibits variability in the index of taphonomic condition within the four sites of study, dominating shells of mollusks in good preservation. The maximum value of the diversity index of Shannon- Wiener was obtained in Punta Chivato, with 3.8 bits/indiv. and Cabo Pulmo had the smaller registered values (1.1 and 12 bits/indiv.). Greater specific richness and relative biomass of macromollusks were found in the northern and central zones that displayed eutrophic and mesotrophic conditions in geologic terms and smaller biomass and richness in the south, where greater richness is represented by micro-mollusks in oligo-mesotrophic environment. In Punta Chivato and Isla San Jose, the highest values of diversity were found and displayed similarity in their mesotrophics conditions. The mollusks, through growth of their shells, deposit to sediments CaCOs after dying in proportion to their density; it was considered that individuals of one cohort of Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) at their highest size contributes with 10 g / year of CaCOs to sediments, whereas Chione califomiensis (Broderip), 5 g at year. THE GASTROPOD GENUS Bruclarkia IN TERTIARY STRATA OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC Jann E. Vendetti Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-4780 jannv@:berkeley.edu The extinct neogastropod genus Bruclarkia Trask in Stewart (1927) comprises thirteen species, all of which are endemic to the Paleogene and Neogene of California, Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Island, and Alaska. Shells are fusiform in shape with an inflated body whorl and varying degrees of prominence in spiral ribs and threads. Spire ornamentation is variable as is its morphology, which ranges from smooth with an adpressed suture to stepped with a deeply impressed suture. The aperture is leaf-shaped and the siphonal canal is slightly recurved, though often missing from fossil specimens. Species are distinguished by spire shape, shoulder on the body whorl, and the number and spacing of spiral cords. The genus first appears as Bruclarkia vokesi Hickman ( 1 969), in the Oregon Keasey Formation of the Eocene, and is last seen in the Oregon Astoria Formation of the middle Miocene as Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad, 1848). A radiation of Bruclarkia species occurred in the early Oligocene after a local extinction near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary in the Pacific Northwest wiped out more than ninety percent of mollusk species. The Bruclarkia species of the post- extinction recovery fauna were adapted to cool water and their longevity ranged from 3 to 15 million years. They went extinct (enigmatically) about 20 million years later, with no Bruclarkia species giving rise to any extant neogastropod. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 4 1 In a morphological analysis of this genus, more than two hundred Bruclarkia specimens (including holotypes) from California, Oregon, Washington, and Vancouver Island, Canada were examined. Fossils were provided by the University of California, Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), California Academy of Sciences, Burke Museum of Natural History, and the author. Poor preserv^ation inhibited analysis of many specimens, especially for siphonal canal and apertural characters, but spire characteristics were generally well preserved and were detailed enough to designate between species consistently. Specimens were grouped into six categories and seventeen character states of shell morphology. By polarizing morphological characters and correlating species with stratigraphic data, a suite of derived Bruclarkia shell characters was identified. They include a noded subsutural collar, extensive parietal lip, convex shoulder, a globose, stepped spire, and evenly spaced nodes bordering the sutural collar. To further elucidate the evolutionary history of this genus, further studies should examine; (1) the original and steinkem-preserved protoconchs of Bruclarkia to infer larval developmental mode, and (2) shell morphology associations with substrate and inferred depth. Bruce Clark, the namesake of this genus, was a Professor and Invertebrate Curator of UC Berkeley’s Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) during the 1920s. His student, J. Wyatt Durham, also became a professor and curator of invertebrate collections at Berkeley and named three Bruclarkia species from the Oligocene of Washington in the 1940s. In 1969, Carole Hickman, an Integrative Biology professor and UCMP curator, described and named Bruclarkia vokesi from formations in Washington and Oregon. In 1970, Warren O. Addicott published on the Miocene gastropods and stratigraphy of the Kern River area formations of California, including B. oregonensis and B. yaquinana (Anderson and Martin, 1914). Two of the most important works on Bruclarkia are Ellen J. Moore’s treatment of the genus and of the species B. oregonensis (Conrad, 1848) and B. Columbiana (Anderson and Martin, 1914) in careful and detailed monographs of the Oregon Miocene Astoria Formation in 1963 [1964] and the Oligocene Pittsburg Bluff Formation in 1976, respectively. A DIVERSE CHITON FAUNA FROM THE LATE PLIOCENE (~3 MA) PART OF THE SAN DIEGO FORMATION Michael J. Vendrasco'’^, Christine Z. Fernandez^, and Douglas J. Eemisse^ ’Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ^Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834 ^4601 Madris Avenue, Norwalk, California 90650 mvendrasco@exchange.fullerton.edu A chiton assemblage consisting of more than 15,000 valves (shell plates) from about fourteen extant and four new extinct species was recovered by George P. Kanakoff (1897-1973) from the richly fossiliferous upper Pliocene part of the San Diego Formation. This is the largest and most diverse fossil chiton assemblage known from western North America, and hundreds of chiton valves are exceptionally well preserved. The chiton assemblage is dominated by Callistochiton, but also includes Lepidozona, Leptochiton, Amicula, Placiphorella, Stenoplax, Tonicella, Oldroydia, Lepidochitona, and Mopalia. These fossils expand the known stratigraphic and paleogeographic ranges of many chiton Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 42 genera and species, and provide much needed detail about the Cenozoic evolution of chitons along the West Coast of North America. For example, the occurrence of Amicula in the San Diego Formation suggests that this genus had a broader geographic range in the past. The massive number of chiton valves in this deposit allows robust analyses of the ratios of head to intermediate to tail valves. The ratios differ dramatically from the expected 1 :6: 1, a result that is consistent with counts of chiton valves in modem sediments. Paleoenvironmental data from chitons, clams, snails, benthic and planktonic foraminifers, ostracods, and other fossils in these particular beds are somewhat conflicting, probably due in part to time-averaging, but the weight of evidence suggests: (1) an inner-neritic (~20 to 50 m depth) continental shelf environment dominated by sandy bottoms, but with patches of rocky substrate; and (2) an annual temperature range about the same as, or slightly colder than, that present along the current San Diego coast. Foraminiferans and mollusks suggest an age of late Pliocene (~3 Ma) for these sedimentary beds. THE TERTIARY MAY BE TOAST, BUT LYELL LIKED HIS EOCENE OYSTERS FROM GEORGIA Sally E. Walker Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 swalkerfegly .uga.edu Charles Lyell spent a good part of his life trying to define the components of the Tertiary, a holdover from Arduino's (1759) division of rocks on the Earth’s surface; but now, the Paleogene tmmps Tertiary as the term of choice for the triad epochs, the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene (Gradstein, et al., 2004). Long before Ellen Moore revealed some of the rich "Tertiary" history of fossil mollusks in the United States, Lyell traveled to the east coast of North America to examine gigantic fossil oysters, Crassostrea gigantissima (Finch), from the Eocene of Georgia. The Tertiary may be toast, but the gigantic oysters that Lyell studied in the Paleogene of Georgia may have whetted his Uniformitarian appetite. Oysters, after all, fit the extreme uniformitarian concept that Lyell espoused: The oysters had a recognizable form throughout their geologic history despite major extinction events. But did they? These oysters were giants, and appeared to share an ecological community much different than those Lyell would have encountered on a modem coastal foray. A paleoecological and taphonomic analysis of the Eocene oysters indicate that they were subtidal, not intertidal in distribution, and flourished in warm, tropical waters with possibly high nutrient loads as indicated by their shell-encmsting and bioeroding fauna; this is a different ecological assemblage than Lyell would have seen on the coast of Georgia. Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. O., Smith, A. G., et al. 2004. A geologic time scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 589 p. (See also: http://www.geotimes.org/nov03/NNjertiary.html and linked sites). Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 43 SUBMITTED PAPERS alphabetical by first author HOW AN INDEX FOSSIL LED TO POOR CONCLUSIONS ABOUT STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA By Earl E. Brabb', Donn Ristau^, David Bukry^, Kristin McDougall"*, Alvin A. Almgren^, LouElla Saul^, and Annika Sanfilippo^ ' 4377 Newland Heights Drive, Rocklin, CA 95765, ebrabb@earthlink.net’ ^44870 El Macero Drive, El Macero, CA 95618 ^ U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94745 '' U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 '5212 DeVille Court, Bakersfield, CA 93308 ^ Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007 ^ Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 Abstract Discovery of a thin sandstone bed with the late Paleocene index fossil Turritella infragranulata pachecoensis near Fairfield, California, led to the assumption that this bed is part of a simple eastward-dipping homocline that extends dozens of miles to the north. Excavation of the grass-covered hills surrounding the sandstone uncovered a nearly continuous section of sandstone and shale nearly 2,500 feet thick with the Paleocene index fossil in the middle. Abundant foraminifers in shale above and below the sandstone with the index fossil led to the mistaken belief that this section may be the “Rosetta stone” for Paleocene rocks in California where the Paleocene is typically thin, sandy, and sparsely fossiliferous. Coccoliths, Foraminifera, and Radiolaria established that the rocks are extensively faulted and partly overturned, and have Eocene and Late Cretaceous rocks inter-layered structurally with the Paleocene rocks. Introduction Discovery of a 3-foot thick sandstone bed with abundant Turritellid gastropods of late Paleocene age (Figure 1) about 4 miles northeast of Fairfield, California and on the southwest flank of Cement Hill, Solano County (Figure 2, area 1), 36° 17’ 30” north latitude and 122°01’ west longitude, provides an opportunity to reevaluate the relationships of lower Tertiary formations in this part of California. Cement Hill is named for travertine deposits in and on top of sandstone of Late Cretaceous age (Hart, 1978). In this report, the current study area where the Paleocene fossils were recently discovered is referred to as lower Cement Hill and is located in section 7 of the U.S. Geological Survey Fairfield North 7.5’ minute quadrangle. Township 5 North, Range 1 West. Lower Cement Hill is about 23 miles north of the so-called Martinez “formation” or stage area (Weaver and others, 1944) of late Paleocene age near Martinez (Figure 2, area 2). The Martinez “formation” and stage have played a significant role in the development of early Tertiary Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 44 stratigraphy in this part of California. The discovery of correlative rocks at Cement Hill was unsuspected and may be helpful in defining the extent of this so-called formation or stage. Coccolith identification and correlations are by David Bukry, foraminifer identifications and correlations by Alvin Almgren and Kristin McDougall, gastropod identification and correlation by LouElla Saul, and Radiolaria identifications and correlations are by Annika Sanfilippo. Figure 1. Sandstone with Turritella infragranulata pachecoensis from locality 03CB5241 on the southwest flank of Cement Hill. A, View of rock surface. B, View of slab prepared by Skyler Phelps, Auburn. LouElla Saul identified and dated the fossils. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 45 ij a _!fi JA H: «> » tCLfiijicrj Figure 2. Map showing localities discussed in this report: (1) Lower Cement Hill area northeast of Fairfield; (2) Type area for Martinez Stage; (3) Vacaville Junction, Peabody Road, and Travis Field area; 4) Vaca Valley and Oakdale School area; and (5) Potrero Hills. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 46 Previous work The rocks that are the focus of this report were mapped by Weaver (1949) as Domengine Sandstone of Eocene age and by Sims and others (1973) as Late Cretaceous based partly on unpublished mapping by Exxon geologists Howard Sonneman and John Switzer. Part of the Sims and others map is shown in Figure 3. The dominance of Late Cretaceous rocks in the area, including the rocks regarded as Eocene by Weaver (1949), was supported by several collections of Late Cretaceous foraminifers identified by Chevron and Exxon paleontologists and virtually surrounding the lower Cement Hill area. The age of most of these samples was verified by Alvin Almgren from the original Chevron and Exxon slides. Except for the tiny outcrop of sandstone with Paleocene fossils, the existence of complexly folded and faulted Tertiary rocks would probably never have been discovered without the excavations that accompanied a preliminary geologic investigation for development of a housing area (Ristau, 1996). New work in Cement Hill area The current study area is part of a subdivision in the Fairfield North quadrangle for which grading commenced in 2002. Elevations within the subdivision development area vary from approximately 100 to 200 feet above mean sea level, with the 200-foot contour elevation targeted as the upper limit of grading for roadway and subdivision improvements. Several samples of mudstone and siltstone from test pits and borings were sent to Alvin Almgren before grading began to determine the age of the rocks beneath the mapped alluvium. He provided ages of Late Cretaceous E and F-2 zones, late Paleocene E zone, and early Eocene C and B zone, all based on foraminifers (zones from Goudkoff, 1945 and Laiming, 1940). Because the test pits and borings were scattered in an area with only a small ledge of sandstone containing the Turritella exposed, the structural relationships of these samples could not be determined. The Turritella was examined by LouElla Saul and determined to be Turritella infragranulata pachecoensis correlative with planktic foraminifer zone P4, the Martinez “stage” of Weaver (1953), and with other late Paleocene formations in California (Saul, 1983). The sandstone with the Turritella dipped moderately to the east, similar to rocks that extended at least 35 miles north-northwest in an eastward dipping monocline (Figure 3). The rocks at lower Cement Hill could easily be interpreted as simply an extension of the monocline. As grading began in 2002 on roads and housing pads, more and more sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and shale above and below the Turritella-bQaring sandstone were exposed. At one point in time, nearly 2,500 feet of what seemed like nearly continuous section was present in various outcrops throughout the site, with the Paleocene sandstone marker bed in the approximate center of the section. Many of the finer-grained rocks had foraminifers clearly visible on the rock surfaces, offering the possibility that this section might become the “Rosetta stone” for Paleocene rocks in central California, an area where rocks of this age are uncommon and generally sparsely fossiliferous. Accordingly, dozens of samples were collected for possible microfossil analysis. A preliminary "stratigraphic section" was pieced together based on the rocks exposed in the cuts (Figure 4). A conglomerate in shale overlying the sandstone with Turritella and the presence of a white sandstone similar to the Domengine Sandstone provided the incentive to speculate that the conglomerate above the Turritella beds might represent the beginning of Eocene deposition. Almost all of the assumptions for constructing this stratigraphic column proved to be incorrect. As grading progressed, more nannoplankton samples were collected and sent to David Bukry. About one-half of the 40 samples have nannoplankton that provided ages for the rocks Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 47 EXPLANATION ^ Strike and dip of bedding Fornialioii contact Fault, dashed wlir.rc apptuxinutc, dotted %vhcre concealed Figure 3. Part of the geologic map by Sims and others (1973) showing the geologic setting of the Cement Hill area. The area north-northwest of Cement Hill is a monocline with rocks of Cretaceous age dipping moderately to the east-northeast. Black dots show places where Chevron and Exxon geologists and E. Brabb collected Late Cretaceous foraminifers with ages confirmed by A. Almgren. Lower Cement Hill is where rocks significantly younger than Cretaceous were recently discovered. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 48 •iL'JjO. 7rQZ'^l C03. irtff-sitc to «aji< :jA NoTEXP05Er> ,'i* i* -^Lca r,*.v: .-n i.. .' : ,• •! .-V'^ V ;^-V» Ft3«t.%M Mi.-n5rTONt.a :. "j_ 1 y/Hi“csAMc«.}OV(r WUl>SirONP» C 0 z • TV • .•< 3 •;') FnPAM Mva»TONr.s n — j •r{ L.* 4 IBasai- CONG-1 nwcRAf E p 5 J z g _ -V u • • 4 a ’■Zj Foram Muoa'fONES (jTt NOT EXPOSED 1SAN0«T3N£ W’lTH StiE.iJLJ^'K’A'ClMCMI'S rr" .-.~«COK<«LOMrRATKISS£ECOtA WfTM VCORAJ- RCCJOCO !#S/a« •»■ & MiNOR:«iHCAKS ■" ■ ■•'- |MA»srvE saNDOTonejb • '.i WITH RIP-UP CLASTS Figure 4. Original stratigraphic column for the lower Cement Hill area is based on limited paleontologic data and an assumption that faults in the section did not greatly displace the rocks. This column had to be completely revised when the rocks thought to be Eocene near the top of the column turned out to be partly overturned Late Cretaceous and Paleocene age and the rocks thought to be Paleocene below the Turritella bed turned out to be Eocene. Faulting with extensive displacement has disrupted the lower Cement Hill area into several different tectonic blocks. (zones from Okada and Bukry, 1980; Bukry, 1991; and Bukry and others 1998). Additional samples for foraminifers were sent to Alvin Almgren and Kristin McDougall. The approximate location of the samples from preliminary scraper cuts, trenches, and other excavations are shown on figure 5. The rich character of the foraminifer faunas identified by K. McDougall was documented in the report by Brabb and others (2008, table 1). All the fossils were used to make a new geologic map, shown in figure 6. For convenience in discussing this complex area, the geology is divided into 6 blocks, A through F shown on figure 7. Almost all of the rocks uncovered in the Lower Cement Hill area are now concealed by concrete roads, curbs, sidewalks, house foundations, and fill. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 49 Structural blocks in the area Six structural blocks are bounded by extensively brecciated shear zones, some of which have been partly filled with calcite. At least two of the blocks are overturned. The blocks are discussed from East to West (also see Figure 7). Block A. This block in the eastern portion of lower Cement Hill has about 20 feet of overturned and highly sheared, dark-gray to black shale and siltstone, with Late Cretaceous coccoliths, foraminifers, and the following radiolarians at localities 02CB5401D and E.: Afens liriodes Riedel and Sanfilippo, Alieviwn superbum (Squinabol), Amphipyndax pseudoconulus (Pessagno), A. tylotus Foreman(?), Archaeodictyomitra lamellicostata (Foreman), Clathropyrgus titthium Riedel and Sanfilippo, Cryptamphorella conara (Foreman), Dictyomitra crassispina (Squinabol)(?), Lithomelissa hoplites Foreman, Myllocercion acineton Foreman, Pseudoaulophacus floresensis Pessagno, P. lenticulatus (White), Stichomitra asymbatos Foreman, Theocampe salillum Foreman(?), Theocapsomma comys Foreman. Annika Sanfilippo believes these are correlative with the Late Cretaceous Campanian Stage, Amphipyndax pseudoconulus Zone of Riedel and Sanfilippo (1974) emended by Foreman (1977) as the^. enesseffi Zone. For additional reference, see the report by Sanfilippo and Riedel (1985). Most of the radiolarians from lower Cement Hill are illustrated on Plates 1 and 2. The shale with radiolarians also contains rare coccoliths of Late Cretaceous age. The overturned rocks with Late Cretaceous fossils in Block A seemingly grade into a similarly-overturned 10-foot thick siltstone, sandstone, and glauconitic sandstone and a 70-foot thick siltstone containing CP4 late Paleocene coccoliths at locality 03CB5401C. These rocks are truncated by highly sheared siltstone in which the bedding is intensely deformed and distorted at the western boundary of Block A. The eastern boundary of Block A is concealed beneath alluvium but is assumed to be a fault because all the Cretaceous rocks uphill seem to be upright. Foraminifers from the rocks with Late Cretaceous fossils in Block A were thought to be most likely Paleogene but could be as old as Cretaceous, according to K. McDougall. A. Almgren examined foraminifers from the same locality and believes that they are Late Cretaceous E zone. Similar black shale that weathers white and contains abundant diatoms, radiolarians, and foraminifers of Late Cretaceous age has been mapped by Exxon geologists along Peabody Road north of Vacaville Junction about 3 miles east of 02CB5401D and E (Figure 2, area 3) and along the west side of Vaca Valley northwest of Vacaville (Figure 2, area 4). This shale has been given the local name “Sacramento” shale by petroleum geologists. At those localities, discussed by Brabb and others (2008) and Almgren (1959, 1986), the black shale also contains a prolific foraminifer fauna correlative with the Campanian Stage and E zone of Goudkoff (1945), according to Almgren (1986). Block B. Most of the rock in block B is massive brown sandstone about 350 feet thick. A white sandstone about 50 feet thick forms the top of this sequence and is probably at least part of the Domengine Sandstone mapped by Sims and others (1973) in the Vacaville Junction, Peabody Road and Travis Field areas east of Cement Hill (Figure 2 area 3). Locality 02CB5432 in the middle of the sequence contains early Eocene CP 10/1 1 coccoliths. The rocks of Block B strike predominantly north to northwest and dip steeply to the northeast. A prominent zone of highly sheared sandstone interpreted as a fault zone about 100 feet wide extends at least along the north-south extent of the outcrop area and marks the boundary between Blocks B and C. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 50 Figure 5. Subdivision layout along Manuel Freitas Parkway showing principal fossil locations relative to streets and lot lines. The gray squares indicate places where samples were collected but are barren of microfossils. The “T” shows places where Turritella sp. was observed and/or collected. Block C. Block C consists mostly of at least 400 feet of well-bedded sandstone and siltstone. Several interbeds of greenish-gray mudstone and shale contain foraminifers and coccoliths of early Eocene age. However, strata at the base of the sequence contain the youngest floras, indicating that Block C is overturned. Shale and mudstone at localities 03CB5373 and 5434 contain early Eocene CPIO coccoliths, whereas localities 03CB5412 and 5436 contain early Eocene CPI 1 coccoliths. Locality 03CB5412 also contains a rich foraminifer fauna correlative with the late Penutian Stage to early Ulatisian Stage, according to K. McDougall. Localites 02CB5422 and 5422A from the middle part of Block C have CP 10/1 1, undivided, coccoliths. Bedding in Block C strikes nearly north and is overturned to the east. Several small-scale folds and faults are present within Block C, and other folds and faults are suspected. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 5 1 NORTH A Explanation QusiLtr-iry SoiJ Ucpcshs: Col iivia; aiiJ alltivLaJ fnn th iaTidl. lypitoLly ssudy cbys with acLa-sit-tial lou.idcd jr-.ivels- Mc.ppcd where thitknKw exL-Lcds 5 fed. I QiiiUer-iiwy.' lurliary G/iVCl Dcpwit: CaarNC c^jlblc COil(ilrreerj>U:. V*Sr| I’roJumiijiJilIv ScJfCstone clnsts with ran; vo.csjiics ^ ' I'.siLtnc llticki. torajl mudsooev (rtimoplaiikluii zones CPK’I muJ CP i i ). sitlsloncs nnd ssniLNluRca. WLilc solid* '.in^ ictilaiivcly corTelnie:l Diionciijjini- t'oenation. P<-ilefv:«ne RikIs: SanibUiiic cjic Si.lslonei 'Maniiw.’ huniuaito with TurrittUa i/tfragntnuiula fnivbfiWMrt* iiiar».ci bed iTj Up’ycf Cictsoeous Rrclcs: Riidialanaii ilialis a.ld siltstone*- 'UndilTersntiiUed Cn.-uiLL'-js Ilocks; P'-;i aiid Gidr^lti ronnaiiuiis ut Kilby. J’lonilcrjm shslirs: um+ora.»:»ritli b.^xxJa zoua, c.\lci'.sive sheared ickiuixs, wiTpcil siTJCturc Evidenl in jrnidini} ^xputiuncs. BM, b.KLic.pc>litloi She-a- riT.liitl: Where seds di^loy shsnred rex’iire-s arJ aiiiuidaijt cailxiiic-ie ceposiiino V’ t O* ;f1in«d bedding N AtriniHcK ir. <>ic an; in kcuruiJL Or ® tcK'iWJwil cnvtr Figure 6. Revised geologic map for the lower Cement Hill area north of Manuel Freitas Parkway from extensive paleontologic, lithologic, and structural data. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 52 ^ y Explanation / ‘ A Smictural Block discussed in Icxl ' ' Blocks • OerxTned ii/ Cr.Ui*XO Scquuicc oi tOi'.TX; rocks; ntanJani rit-im mu-lsUmcx: Jerliul ;>axiiivl,iric niajkci' bed (dSS) . . — . i • ^ ■ Otar kimiirif. i;.aCA ttc>ji>Ja.>'; rnrbonarr-Tith 1 /rvnir^ haseJ on ^ radin^' c.s|>.isiJlCS ■xiupviLicJ slicat coir.act l>;rA'crn blneks; ivn vh;eri-'eil i;r espujcJ ^itidi.1^ ba'id on uraJiiie' exp.ixu.-vs Figure 7. Division of the lower Cement Hill area into six structural blocks labeled A through F in order to discuss each block separately. Block D. This block consists mainly of massive brown sandstone about 1 00 feet thick. Within this sandstone is a well-cemented 3-foot thick sandstone bed with abundant Turritella infragranulata pachecoensis. This bed was traced throughout the extent of Block D where it had to be removed or buried in order to create level building pads and streets. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 4l (2009) page 53 The eastern part of Block D is a highly sheared and contorted mixture of sandstone and shale with fault surfaces dipping from 30 degrees to vertical. The fault zone brings rocks of Paleocene age in Block D against Eocene rocks in Block C. The western boundary of Block D consists of a 20- to 25-foot thick zone of sheared siltstone and mudstone with numerous crosscutting shears. Bedding is highly contorted and disrupted. The bedding in the remaining part of the block strikes northwest and dips moderately to the northeast. Block E. The rocks in Block E are mainly well-bedded sandstone with many interbeds of siltstone, mudstone, and shale with a total thickness of at least 500 feet. One greenish-gray mudstone and glauconitic mudstone within Block E is about 200 feet thick and has localities 03CB5402, 5402A, 5402B, 5402C 03CB5391, 03CB 5411, 5411 A and 03CB5412 with early Eocene CP 10 coccoliths. Rich foraminifer faunas of early or middle Eocene age, late Penutian to early Ulatisian benthic foraminiferal stages, were found in these same samples, according to K. McDougall. The rocks at the western boundary of Block E are not exposed but are covered with alluvium that has extensive shear zones and secondary carbonate extending in a northeast- southwest direction. We interpret these shears and carbonate as masking a major fault truncating Blocks C, D, and E. Block F. Approximately 300 feet of laminated sandstone with interbeds of siltstone comprise the lower part of Block F in the northwest part of the lower Cement Hill area. Some sandstone is thicker-bedded and has rip-up clasts of mudstone at a few localities near the western edge of the property where the oldest beds were concealed by houses in the adjacent subdivision and alluvium during our work. The rocks strike predominantly northeast- southwest and dip fairly steeply to the southeast. Localities 03CB5431B, 5431BB, 5431E, and 5431G from siltstones in the lower part of Block F yielded arenaceous foraminifers correlative with the Late Cretaceous F-1 zone of Goudkoff, according to A. Almgren. Localities 03CB5431F and 543 IH have rare coccoliths of Late Cretaceous age. The upper part of Block F consists mainly of about 500 feet of thickly bedded to massive sandstone with interbeds of siltstone. These rocks strike and dip in about the same direction as those in the lower part of the Block. A sandstone grit at or near the base of this unit contains fragments of mollusks and what seemed from a brief examination to be a coral, but the exposure was covered before the material could be collected. The contact between the sandstone grit and the underlying sandstone beds could be a disconformity or a fault. Turritella infragranulata pachecoensi, was recovered from sandstone near the top of Block F. A sample containing foraminifers of late Paleocene E zone age was identified by A. Almgren from a test pit in the vicinity of the Turritella-hQM'mg sandstone, but the rocks with the foraminifers could not be found after the hill was excavated so that the stratigraphic position of these fossils relative to the Turritella was not established. Shear zones occur near the contact between the lower and upper units of Block F, but the similar attitudes above and below this shear zone and the presence of what may be a disconformity made us reluctant to divide the unit into separate blocks. How do the blocks fit together? Almost none of the rocks in the various blocks have distinctive marker beds that allow us to piece the blocks together to make a continuous section. The Turritella-bGaring sandstone is present Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 54 in Blocks B and F but was not found in Block A. The white sandstone in Block B and the relative ages of coccoliths in various blocks allowed us to tentatively piece together a section (figure 8) with about 2,000 feet of largely sandstone with many siltstone, shale and mudstone inter-beds ranging in age from Late Cretaceous Campanian Stage to early Eocene CPI 1. Blocks A and D are not shown because at least some or all of the rocks are duplicated in Block F. However, the Cretaceous rocks in Block A are different in age from those in Block F, suggesting that more faulting or unconformities are present than we recognized. The presence of many additional shears than described and several small-scale folds should make readers cautious that the so-called section (Figure 8) is probably duplicated in part and even more complex in structure than we realized. Can landsliding explain the structures observed? The alluvium in the Lower Cement Hill area before grading had a somewhat hummocky appearance and is downhill from crescent-shaped valleys that could be landslide scarps, providing the possibility that the overturned beds and faulted blocks were produced by landsliding. The outcrops uphill from the part that was graded, however, are all Cretaceous rocks seemingly in place and not overturned. No rocks of Tertiary age were found uphill from the graded area. Moreover, no alluvium was mixed in with the overturned and faulted bedrock blocks as might be suspected if landsliding produced the mixed structure. We conclude that the structures seen in Lower Cement Hill were produced by tectonic forces, not landsliding. A glance at the regional structure north and south of lower Cement Hill (Figure 3) provides clues about the complicated structure. North of Vacaville for at least 35 miles, Cretaceous rocks are part of a monocline dipping moderately to the east. About 5 miles southeast of lower Cement hill, however, Paleocene and Eocene rocks have been folded into a broad anticline with nearly an east- west strike in the Potrero Hills (Figure 2, area 5, and Sims and others, 1973). This anticline and areas south of Potrero Hills are much more complex than previously mapped, as shown by Unruh and Hector (2007, fig. 2, reproduced on Figure 9 here). Their map was constructed from seismic reflection surveys and from oil well records. They believe that the thrust faults and other structures were produced by contractional folding between the bounding Greenville and Concord strike-slip faults, at least some of which occurred in the late Cenozoic. The lower Cement Hill exposures provide the first surface evidence to corroborate the complex structures inferred from subsurface information in this part of California. Is the name Martinez Formation appropriate? The lower Cement Hill localities are only a few tens of kilometers north of Martinez (Figure 1, area 2) where this formation was first named by Whitney (/>? Gabb, 1869, p. xiii) and considered to be Cretaceous. The subsequent evolution of the name is well described by Smith (1957, p. 130-135) and will not be repeated here. The term has been used mostly as a stage for rocks with Paleocene fossils, not as a lithologic unit. As Smith (1957, p. 134) points out, "no really satisfactory description of a type Martinez formation has ever been given." Therefore, the use of "Martinez Formation, restricted" on the map by Brabb, Sormeman and Switzer (1971) or “Martinez formation” by Sims and others (1973) is not good practice because of likely confusion with the Martinez Stage. Weaver (1953) used the name Vine Hill sandstone as a substitute for Martinez Formation in the vicinity of Martinez. This glauconitic sandstone and minor siltstone has abundant mollusks including Tunitella pachecoensis of Paleocene age indicating that it has similar lithology and is Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 55 correlative with the rocks at Cement Hill and Vaca Valley. However, enough differences in the stratigraphic succession and detailed lithology in the two areas warrant caution in extending the Vine Hill to the Cement Hill area. Ovtl'tltafOC* f,rrA' clav^Ayuir cVoesristi gisv Ktei-H ?• -iiasrv© wItiW! fcwwr iftrslc^e arad ilroyish s.ilfeC'?')? « ts«vT,?,r. sx3d.'«tait«*J!t4 cMai-teJiad s-railstOilA^ macjy fif Tiuibswiii' .%wd Swiftsi oi'fer ^udxlyt'jQi h f>BQeiP*i€ I'twMy deioKi.!%5j inyrtooncaac ia:»iS§tone .Vlasa.vv s.'iiKktmc ^r.id;{i^ jaiit sii»4aH-d fiUistisiW'M Ot,v f «! ll* a Th:ii 'rieddad ssndi‘.:j*se iir,;l slilfeirar* rT-»id'.?«5fi«c lE:*«s Raw and sandstone Ttcir to rr.assrvc brcwn ssndslucie ‘»viU) fir- jf; cias!^ m -J .ittn-bt%td<'r ; |-;n-irr; Figure 8. A new stratigraphic column for the lower Cement Hill area showing the different fault blocks, collecting localities, and an interpretation of how the faulted and in some places overturned blocks fit together. Unrecognized faulting and folding may further complicate this overview of the stratigraphic sequence Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 56 Conclusions The discovery of a Paleocene index fossil in moderately dipping sandstone at the south end of a monocline of Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks led to the erroneous conclusion that the rocks with the fossil was part this monocline. Subsequent excavation of the rocks above and below the sandstone with Paleocene fossils led to the erroneous conclusion that lower Cement Hill must have the thickest fossiliferous Paleocene section in northern California. Documentation with coccoliths and other fossils that beds above and below the sandstone with Paleocene fossils are partly overturned Cretaceous and Eocene rocks has led to a completely different interpretation of the structure. Failure to recognize dislocations of a section by landsliding or faulting are common pitfalls in California, but errors in interpreting the Cement Hill section should serve as a reminder to paleontologists that complexly faulted sections are probably more common than anyone has realized. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Robert Tooby who provided unlimited access to the Cement Hill area during the entire period of this study. MCK Consulting provided extensive support and technical interest during the initial aspects of this investigation. Charles Powell II, U. S. Geological Survey, kindly arranged for LouElla Saul to examine the Paleocene gastropods. Skyler Phelps donated assistance and support for collecting and cutting large slabs of the Turritella beds. Wallace Kuhl Associates provided the subdivision base map used for determining the fossil sample collection localities. We are very grateful to managers and paleontologists with Unocal Company of California, Exxon Petroleum Company, and Chevron Petroleum Company for making samples and notes available for the Vaca Valley, Cement Hill, and Peabody road areas. Scott Hector, Paul Graham Drilling Company, and Jeff Unruh, William Lettis and Associates, kindly provided information about their work in the Potrero Hills. References Cited Almgren, A. A. 1959. The stratigraphic position ofReussella szajnochae var. californica in the Sacramento Valley, California [abs.]; American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting, p. 35. Almgren, A. A. 1986. Benthic foraminiferal zonation and correlation of Upper Cretaceous strata of the Great Valley of California - a modification, in Abbot, P.L., ed., Cretaceous Stratigraphy, western North America: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 137-152. Brabb, E.E., Sonneman, H.S., and Switzer, J.R. 1971. Geologic map of the Mount Diablo-Byron area. Contra Costa, Alameda, and San Joaquin Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-0053. Brabb, E.E., and Parker, J.M. 2005. Foraminifers collected by Chevron petroleum geologists in California: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-167, version 2.0, digital database. Brabb, E.E., Ristau, D., Bukry, D., McDougall, K., Almgren, A.A., Saul, L.E., and Sanfilippo, A. 2008. Newly discovered Paleocene and Eocene rocks near Fairfield, California, and correlation with rocks in Vaca Valley and the so-called Martinez formation or stage: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1228, 32 p. Bukry, D.. 1991. Coccolith correlation of California Cenozoic geologic formations: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 91-574, 30 p. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 57 Bukry, D., Brabb, E.E., Powell, C.L. II, Jones, D.L., and Graymer, R.W. 1998. Recent Tertiary and Cretaceous nannoplankton collections from the San Francisco Bay region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-497, 33 p. Crook, T.H., and Kirby, J.M. 1935. Capay Formation [abs.]: Geological Society of America Annual Meeting Proceedings for 1935, p. 334-335. Foreman, H.P. 1977. Mesozoic Radiolaria from the Atlantic basin and its borderlands, in Swain, F.M., Stratigraphic micropaleontology of Atlantic Basin and borderlands'. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 305-320. Gabb, W.M. 1869. Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils, paleontology of California: Geological Survey of California, v. 2, 299 p. Goudkoff, P.P. 1945. Stratigraphic relations of Upper Cretaceous in the Great Valley, California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 29, no. 7, p. 956-1007. Hart, E.W. 1978. Limestone, dolomite, and shell resources of the Coast Range Province, California: California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 197, p. 14-15. Laiming, B. 1940, Foraminiferal correlations in Eocene of San Joaquin Valley, California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 24, no. 11, p. 1923-1939. Mallory, V.S. 1959. Lower Tertiary biostratigraphy of the California Coast Ranges'. Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, 416 p. Okada, H., and Bukry, D. 1980. Supplementary modification and introduction of code numbers to the low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973; 1975): Marine Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 321-325. Riedel, W.R. and Sanfilippo, A. 1974. Radiolaria from the southern Indian Ocean, DSDP Leg 26: Initial Reports for DSDP 26, Washington, D.C., p. 776-814. Ristau, D. 1996. Geotechnical report lower Cement Hill subdivision: Phoenix Geotechnical, unpublished. Sanfilippo, A., and Riedel, W.R. 1985. Cretaceous Radiolaria, in Bolli, H.M., and Perch-Nielsen, K., eds. Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, p. 573-630. Saul, L.R. 1983. Turritella zonation across Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, California: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 125, 164 p . Sims, J.D., Fox, K.F., Jr., Bartow, J.A., and Helley, E.J. 1973. Preliminary geologic map of Solano County and parts of Napa, Contra Costa, Marin, and Yolo Counties, California: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-484, scale 1:62,500. Smith, B.Y. 1957. Lower Tertiary Foraminifera from Contra Costa County, California: University of California Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin, v. 32, p. 127-242. Unruh, J.R., and Hector, S. 2007. Subsurface characterization of the Potrero-Ryer Island thrust system, western Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Northern California: Pacific Petroleum Geologist Newsletter, January-February issue, p. 7-19. Weaver, C.E., and others. 1944. Correlation of the marine Cenozoic formations of western North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 55, p. 569-598. Weaver, C.E. 1949. Geology of the Coast Ranges immediately north of the San Francisco Bay region, California: Geological Society of America Memoir 35, 242 p. Weaver, C.E. 1953. Eocene and Paleocene deposits at Martinez, California: University of Washington Publication in Geology, v. 7, 1 02 p. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 58 Figure 9. Structural contour map on top of the Eocene Domengine Sandstone in the Potrero Hills to Concord area. The northern part of this map is less than 5 miles (8 km) southeast of lower Cement Hill. Figure prepared by Jeff Unruh and Scott Hector (2007) from seismic reflection and oil well data. Permission to republish received from authors and the Pacific Petroleum Geologist Newsletter. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v- 41 (2009) page 59 Plate 1 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 60 Plate 1 Codes after sample descriptions are slide designations and England Finder coordinates, respectively. Scale bars = 100 pm 1. Dictyomitra sp., Sample 03-CB5401-D, SI., P32/3 2. Dictyomitra sp., Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.l, R40/1 3. Dictyomitra cf D. multicostata Zittd, Sample 03-CB5401-D, SI., U3/0 4. Dictyomita c£ D. regina (Campbell and Clark), Sample 03-CB5401-F, SI., E51/1 5. Dictyomitra cf D. multicostata Zittd, Sample 03-CB5401-D, S1.2, C35/1 6. Dictyomitra sp., Sample 03-CB5401-E, SI., L44/3 7. Dictyomitra sp.. Sample 03-CB5401-F, SL, B40/4 8. Amphipyndax cf A. tylotus Foreman, Sample 03-CB5401-D, SI., H29/2 9. Amphipyndax stocki (Campbell and Clark), Sample 03-CB5401-F, SI. 1, 033/4 10. Dictyomitra cf D. koslovae Foreman, Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.l, N39/4 . Amphisphaera cf A. minor (Clark and Campbell), Sample 03-CB5401-D, S1.2, B40/2 12. Stichomitra cf S. grandis (Campbell and Clark), Sample 03-CB5401-D, S1.2, A14/1 13. Stichomitra cf S. grandis (Campbell and Clark), Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.l, W40/1 14. Stichomitra cf S. grandis (Campbell and Clark), Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.2, W43/0 15. Amphipyndax sp., Sample 03-CB5401-F, Sl.l, V36/2 16. Siphocampe altamontensis (Campbell and Clark), Sample 03-CB5401-D, S1.2, W30/0 17. Cryptamphorella cf C. conara (Foreman), Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.2, K29/2 18. Kuppelella cf K. amphora (Campbell and Clark), Sample 03-CB5401-D, Sl.l, Q16/3 19. Cyrtocapsa cf. C. campi (Campbell and Clark), Sample 03-CB5401-F, SI., L29/3 Plate 2 Codes after sample descriptions are slide designations and England Finder coordinates, respectively. Figs. 1-12 Scale bars = 100 pm. Figs. 13-16 Scale bars = 50 pm 1. Pseudoaulophacus sp.. Sample 03-CB5401-D, S1.2, B37/3 2. Pseudoaulophacus lenticulatus (White), Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.l, Q34/0 3. Pseudoaulophacus floresensis Pessagno, Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.l, V41/3 4. Pseudoaulophacus lenticulatus (White), Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.l, G41/4 5. Pseudoaulophacus sp.. Sample 03-CB5401-F, SI., W38/2 6. Pseudoaulophacus sp.. Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.l, C16/0 7. Pseudoaulophacus sp.. Sample 03-CB5401-E, SI., P22/2 8. Pseudoaulophacus floresensis Pessagno, Sample 03-CB5401-D, SI, U24/0 9. Alievum superbum (Squinabol), detail of triangular meshwork. Sample 03-CB5401-E, SL, M46/4 10. Siliceous unknown pore structure. Sample 03-CB5401-D, SL, J 26/4 11. Stylosphaera sp.. Sample 03-CB5401-D, Sl.l, K30/0 12. Recrystallized foraminiferan fragment. Sample 03-CB5401-D, Cs.l, R29/0 13. Kuppelella sp.. Sample 03-CB5401-D, SL2, W30/0 14. Lithomelissa hoplites Foreman, Sample 03-CB5401-D, SL2, B23/0 15. Myllocercion acineton Foreman, Sample 03-CB5401-D, Sl.l, U41/4 16. ITheocampe lispa Foreman, Sample 03-CB5401-D, SL, M54/1 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 6 1 Plate 2 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 62 ELLEN J. MOORE, TERTIARY MARINE MOLLUSKS, AND THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith and Associates, 14010 Poway Road, Suite A, Poway, CA 92064; gkennedy@bfsa-ca.com Ellen Louise James was bom on Febmary 6, 1925, in Portland, Oregon, the middle of three children of Thomas William James and Mildred P. James. Her father was a night watchman at a local department store and her mother stayed home and looked after the kids. Her childhood was spent in Portland, where she and her brother and sister attended the local elementary and high schools. Ellen collected her first fossils as a young high school student during one of the regular, usually monthly geologic field trips mn by the Geological Society of the Oregon Country, which would meet in downtown Portland, and then car pool to a designated location. These fossils, and the excitement they ignited in Ellen, were the inspiration that led her into a long and successful career in paleontology. After high school, her interest in geology and fossils continued as she attended Oregon State College (now OSU), where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Geology in 1946. Her paleontology professor was none other than Earl L. Packard, who had led the original field trip in Portland where she had found her first fossils. Following graduation, she worked for the Army Corps of Engineers, as well as at less exciting endeavors before realizing the need to return to graduate school to further advance herself She received her Master of Science degree from the Department of Geography and Geology at the University of Oregon in 1950 with a thesis titled “A new Miocene marine invertebrate fauna from Coos Bay, Oregon.” Her thesis advisor there was Ewart M. Baldwin. Following graduation, she took the required civil service exam needed for employment by the U. S. government, and was subsequently offered a position with the U. S. Geological Survey in Washington, D.C. After a short stint in the Mineral Deposits Branch, she was able to transfer to the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch (P&S), with offices in the U.S. National Museum building where she worked for a number of different paleontologists. It was there that she had the opportunity to work with and along side of Wendell P. Woodring, an unbelievable dream come true for anyone interested in Cenozoic mollusks. This relationship developed into a lasting friendship and fondness for the man that lasted for many years, as evidenced by her memorial to Woodring published in 1992 by the National Academy of Sciences. If nothing else. Wooding was meticulously thorough in his investigations, and this work ethic must have been instilled in Ellen as well, based on the thoroughness of her later monographic studies on Tertiary marine mollusks. While in Washington, Ellen had began further study of the Astoria Formation fossils of her thesis work, which was mostly done on her own time, in the evenings and on weekends. This work eventually expanded into a major monograph published as USGS Professional Paper 419 in 1963 [1964]. Previously, in trying to decipher the identity of the Oregon Tertiary fossils described by Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 63 Timothy A. Conrad in the 1800s, she spent two months at the ANSP in Philadelphia and was able to recognize most of Conrad’s type specimens. Ellen had married a fellow USGS geologist in 1952, but when that relationship ended, she requested a transfer and was assigned to the Paleontology & Stratigraphy Branch in Menlo Park, California, the western headquarters of the Geological Survey, in 1959. Here she met George W. Moore, also a USGS geologist, and they were married on November 30, 1960, in Palo Alto. Neither of their two children (Leslie and Geoffrey) have followed their parents into geology, but have had successful careers of their own. George Moore died in an automobile accident on October 4, 2007. If Ellen’s first USGS assignment with the P&S Branch and Wendell Woodring at the USNM can be considered a stroke of good fortune, her transfer to Menlo Park was no less significant. Here, with Warren Addicott, and later Louie Marincovich, and a host of other paleontologists of various taxonomic persuasions, she was part of the most active group of paleontologists on the West Coast in many years. Menlo Park was THE center of Tertiary molluscan research and its reputation extended across the Pacific to Japan and Russia. Although Ellen’s list of publications numbers less than 40, many of them are significant contributions. Particularly useful, thoroughly documented and/or exquisitely illustrated are her study of Conrad’s type specimens (1962), her monographs on Miocene and Oligocene faunas of the Astoria Formation (1963 [1964]), Pittsburg Bluff Formation (1976), and Lincoln Creek Formation (1984), her biostratigraphic studies on middle Tertiary molluscan zones (1984) and the Pillarian and Newportian molluscan stages (1987, with Warren Addicott), and a series of systematic studies (1983-1992) summarizing the fossil record of the “Tertiary Marine Pelecypoda of California and Baja California,” published as chapters A thorugh E in U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228, and continued with Chapters F and G on her internet web site at . Ellen’s publications also catered to the amateur fossil collector with profusely and well illustrated identification guides to local fossils of San Diego County, California (1968) and the Oregon coast (1971, 1994, 2000). Ellen’s career with the USGS lasted for 37 years, from 1950 to 1987, when she and her husband George retired from active service and moved to Corvallis, Oregon. Upon retirement, Ellen assumed Scientist Emeritus status with the USGS, followed by an appointment as Courtesy Research Associate in the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. In 2002, the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America included an Invertebrate Paleontology session in her honor, chaired by Elizabeth Nesbitt. At the 41st Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists, held at the U. S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Ellen was honored with the Society’s Award of Honor and an Honorary Life Membership in the Society in recognition of her lifetime achievments and contributions to the study of Tertiary marine mollusks of the Pacific Coast region. When so informed of the Society’s intentions, Ellen responded thusly: Thank you for honoring me ... at the Western Society of Malacologists’ meeting in June. I found my first fossil mollusk during a Geological Society of the Oregon Country field trip when I was 13 years old, and this began my interest in paleontology. For all of my professional life in the U.S. Geological Survey I was fortunate to be paid for what I loved to do-study Tertiary marine mollusks. I am humbled by your honor. Ellen J. Moore Information above was derived from a variety of sources, including discussions with Ellen, and my own personal recollections as well as those of her friends and colleagues, particularly Judy Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 64 Smith, Carole Hickman and Liz Nesbett. A short summary of Ellen’s career is given in the Preface to her book, Fossil shells from western Oregon - A guide to identification (2000, pp. viii-ix). New species named in honor of Ellen Moore: Fulgoraria (Musashia) ellenmooreae Squires & Goedert, 1994 - Squires, R. L., and Goedert, J. L. 1994. A new species of volutid gastropod Fulgoraria {Musashia) from the Oligocene of Washington. The Veliger, 37(4): 400-408, figs. 1-8. Tegula ellenae Addicott, 1966 - Addicott, W. O. 1966. New Tertiary marine mollusks from Oregon and Washington. Journal of Paleontology, 40(3): 635-646, fig. 1, pis. 76-78. New taxa proposed by Ellen Moore: Bivalvia Acesta (Plicasesta) wilsoni Moore, 1984 Brachidontes (Brachidontes) cooperi Moore, 1983 (new name) Felaniella (Felaniella) snavelyi Moore, 1976 Lima vedderi Moore, 1977 Modiolus addicotti Moore, 1984 Modiolusl (Modiolus?) clarki Moore, 1983 (new name) Nucula (Leionucula) vokesi Moore, 1976 “Nuculana ” epacris Moore, 1 963 [ 1 964] Paramussium astoriana Moore, 1963 [1964] Patinopecten oregonensis [Howe] cancellosus Moore, 1963 [1964] Saccella amelga Moore, 1963 [1964] Saccella calkinsi Moore, 1963 [1964] Gastropoda Ancistrolepis jimgoederti Moore, 1984 “Bathybembix” hickmanae Moore, 1984 Cochliolepisl schoonerensis Moore, 1963 [1964] Comitas? spencerensis Moore, 1963 [1964] Cryptonatica pittsburgensis Moore, 1976 Liracassis Moore, n. gen.; Moore, 1963 [1964] Musashia (Nipponomelon) shikamai Moore, 1984 Neverita (Glossaulax) jamesae Moore, 1963 [1964] Ocenebra depoensis Moore, 1963 [1964] Opalia (Dentiscala?) hertleini Moore, 1976 Perse pittsburgensis [Durham] vernoniensis Moore, 1976 Polinices canalis Moore, 1963 [1964] Spirotropis calodius Moore, 1963 [1964] Turritella pittsburgensis Moore, 1976 Scaphopoda Dentalium (Rhabdus) schencki Moore, 1963 [1964] Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 65 Publications of Ellen J. Moore: Trumbull, Ellen J. 1958. Shumard’s type specimens of Tertiary mollusks from Oregon and other types formerly at Washington University, St. Louis: Journal of Paleontology, v. 32, no. 5, p. 893- 906, pis. 115-117, table 1. Moore, E.J. 1962. Conrad’s Cenozoic fossil marine mollusk type specimens at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Proceedings, V. 1 14, no. 2, p. 23-120, pis. 1-2. Moore, E.J. 1963. [Review of] Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific, particularly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal province (Panama to Peru) by Axel A. Olsson: American Midland Naturalist, v. 69, no. 2, p. 510-511. Moore, E.J. 1963 [1964]. Miocene marine mollusks from the Astoria Formation in Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 4\9, p. i-iv + 1-109, figs. 1-9, pis. 1-33, tables 1-3. (3 February 1964,yzc/e EJM) Moore, E.J. 1968. Fossil mollusks of San Diego County: San Diego Society of Natural History Occasional Paper 15, 76 p., figs. 1-2, pis. 1-34, table 1. Moore, E.J. 1971. Fossil mollusks of coastal Oregon: Oregon State University Monographs, Studies in Geology, no. 10, 64 p., pis. 1-20, table 1. Moore, E.J. 1976. Oligocene marine mollusks fi-om the Pittsburg Bluff Formation in Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 922, p. i-iv + 1-66, figs. 1-6, pis. 1-17, tables 1-5. Vedder, J.G., and Moore, E.J. 1976. Paleoenvironmental implications of fossiliferous Miocene and Pliocene strata on San Clemente Island, California, in Howell, D. G., ed.. Aspects of the geologic history of the California continental borderland: Pacific Section, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Miscellaneous Publication 24, p. 107-135, figs. 1-9, pis. 1-4, table 1. Moore, E.J. 1977. A uniquely sculptured middle Miocene pelecypod of the genus Lima: The Veliger, v. 19, no. 3, p. 277-278, figs. 1-10. Moore, E.J. 1979. Sculptural variation of the Pliocene pelecypod healeyi (Arnold): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1 103, p. i-iii + 1-15, fig. 1, pis. 1-15. Moore, E.J. 1983. Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Nuculidae through Malleidae: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228-A, p. i-iv + A1-A108, figs. 1-2, pis. 1-27, tables 1-8. Moore, E.J. 1984a. Middle Tertiary molluscan zones of the Pacific Northwest: Journal of Paleontology, v. 58, no. 3, p. 718-737, figs. 1-10, table 1. Moore, E.J. 1984b. Molluscan paleontology and biostratigraphy of the lower Miocene upper part of the Lincoln Creek Formation in southwestern Washington: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, no. 351, p. [i-v] + 1-42, figs. 1-180. Moore, E.J. 1984c. Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Propeamussiidae and Pectinidae: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228-B, p. i-iv + Bl-Bl 12, figs. 1-2, pis. 1-42, tables 1-20. Moore, E.J. 1985a. Fossilization of Aturia, an extinct relative of Nautilus [abstract]: Western Society of Malacologists, Annual Report, v. 17, p. 15. Moore, E.J. 1985b. Memorial to Wendell Phillips Woodring, 1891-1983: Geological Society of America Memorials, 15: 1-7, fronds. Moore, E.J. 1986. [Untitled obituary for A. Myra Keen], in Personal notes: Shells and Sea Life, v. 18, no. 1, p. 5. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 66 Moore, E.J. 1987. Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Plicatulidae to Ostreidae: U S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228-C, p. i-iv + C1-C53, figs. 1-2, pis. 1- 22, tables 1-10. Moore, E.J., and Addicott, W.O. 1987. The Miocene Pillarian and Newportian (molluscan) Stages of Washington and Oregon and their usefulness in correlations from Alaska to California. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1664, p. [i-iii] + A1-A15, fig. 1, pis. 1-4. Moore, E.J. 1988a. Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Lucinidae through Chamidae: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228-D, p. i-iv + D1-D108, figs. 1-2, pis. 1-11, tables 1-5. Moore, E.J. 1988b. Diagenetic history of sequential calcite, barite, and quartz within the chambers of the Tertiary nautiloid^/wrza, southwestern Washington: Saito Ho-on Kai Special Publication (Professor T. Kotaka Commemorative volume), p. 193-201, fig. 1, pis. 1-2. Moore, E.J. 1988c. Memorial to Angeline Myra Keen: Geological Society of America Memorials, 18: urmumbered pages. Moore, E.J. 1992a. Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Erycinidae through Carditidae: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1228-E, p. i-iii + E1-E37, figs. 1-3, pis. 1-9, tables 1-3. Moore, E.J. 1992b. Wendell Phillips Woodring, 1891-1983: Biographical Memoirs, v. 61, p. 499- 515, frontis. [National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.] Moore, E.J. 1994. Fossil shells from Oregon beach cliffs: Chintimini Press, Corvallis, Oregon. Pp. 1-88, figs. 1-15, 1 fig., frontis. +pls. 1-14. Moore, E. J. 1997. [Review of] T. rex and the Crater of Doom, by Walter Alvarez. Earth Sciences History, v. 16, p. 158-159. Moore, E.J. 2000. Fossil shells from western Oregon, [subtitled] A guide to identification. Chintimini Press, Corvallis, Oregon. Pp. i-x + 1-131, frontis. + unnumbered figs. Prothero, D.R., Bitboul, C.Z., Moore, G.W., and Moore, E.J. 2001. Magnetic stratigraphy of the lower and middle Miocene Astoria Formation, Lincoln County, Oregon, in D. R. Prothero, ed.. Magnetic stratigraphy of the Pacific Coast Cenozoic: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Pacific Section, Book 91, p. 272-283, figs. 1-7. Moore, E.J. 2001. Silence does not belong in science, in W. Bennis, P. Soleri, and E. J. Moore. Silence. Rphaus, Phoenix. Moore, E J., and Moore, G.W. 2002. Miocene molluscan fossils and stratigraphy, Newport, Oregon, in G. W. Moore, ed.. Field guide to geologic processes in Cascadia: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper 36, p. 187-200, illustrated. Moore, E.J. 2003a. Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California, Chapter F: Crassatellidae, Cardiidae, Mactridae, Mesodesmatidae, Solenidae, Pharidae. [Continuation of Chapters A through E of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228, q.v.] Available at . 107 pp., 14 pis. [“last updated, July 1,2003”] Moore, E.J. 2003b. Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California, Chapter G: Tellinidae, Donacidae, Psammobiidae, Semelidae. [Continuation of Chapters A through E of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228, q.v.] Available on Chintimini Press internet web site at , 88 pp., 11 pis. [“last updated, July 1, 2003”] Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 67 TEN- YEAR COMPARISONS OF MOLLUSCAN ABUNDANCES ON A VERTICAL SUBTIDAL TRANSECT AT THE EDGE OF SEA OF CORTEZ, CABO SAN LUCAS, BAJA SUR, MEXICO Christopher L. Kitting and Irene-Butler Y. Carter Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542 chris.kitting@:csueastbav.edu Marine Mollusca have been the subject of unusual, long-term comparisons, including central Sea of Cortez sites on the Baja Peninsula monitored annually by Bertsch (2008,) where, statistically, species diversity increased but population densities decreased throughout the sampling, 1992 to 2001. Additional latitudinal comparisons within Sea of Cortez detected no latitudinal gradient (Bertsch and Hermosillo, 2007). Very broad latitudinal comparisons of diverse intertidal invertebrates showed major differences along western North American shores (Sagarin and Gaines, 2002). Long-term, detailed comparisons of particular subtidal plots are even more rare, but can detect even slow changes in abundances or sizes of animals and plants. In an underwater sanctuary where Sea of Cortez meets the Pacific at the southern tip of Baja, California, at Cabo San Lucas, Kitting established a subtidal photographic transect in 1998, of ~30 cm x 60 cm contiguous quadrats, arranged vertically to a depth of 13 m. In the present study. Carter used Kitting’ s slides and digital video of the quadrats to compare photographic samples from mid April, 1998, with our mid April, 2008 photographic samples. Kitting’s additional, subjective comparisons at each of four seasons, throughout that decade, suggested no major fluctuations in these Mollusca then. Transparency of the water (horizontal and vertical secchi depth) was measured to be up to 12 meters during the sampling. The vertical rock surface was largely shaded, with little algae and coral. The hypothesis was that some sessile individuals would tend to persist and grow, while other taxa would disappear or increase in abundance. Photographic observations tabulated abundance of larger Mollusca, including numerous “yellow umbrella snail” opisthobranchs {Tylodina fungina), “giant oyster” {Hyotissa hyotis), other mollusks, and other major invertebrates. Although these oyster shells often were encrusted with variable sponges, hy droids, barnacles, etc., sea fans were aquatic landmarks that helped seek the same individual oysters growing detectably from the previous decade. Detailed comparisons show evidence that diverse mollusks, especially oysters, including large specimens, tended to increase in abundance and range of depth distribution. Literature cited: Bertsch, H. 2007. Ten-Year Baseline Study of Annual Variation in the Opisthobranch (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Populations at Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico, in Danemann, Gustavo D., y Exequiel Ezcurra, eds., Bahia de los Angeles: Recursos Naturales y Comunidad. Linea Base 2007: SEMARNAT, Pronatura Noroeste, SDNHM & Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico, p. 319-338. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 68 Bertsch, H., and Hermosillo, A. 2007. Biogeographia alimenticia de los Opisthobranquios del Pacifico Noreste, in E. Rios-Jara et al, eds., Estudios sobre la Malacologia en Mexico, p. 71- Sagarin, R.D., and Gaines, S.D. 2002. Geographical abundance distributions of coastal invertebrates using one-dimensional ranges to test biogeographic hypothesis: Journal of Biogeography, v. 29, no. 8, p. 985-997. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 69 WARM EXTRALIMITAL FOSSIL MOLLUSKS USED TO RECOGNIZE THE MID-PLIOCENE WARM EVENT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Charles L. Powell, ll\ Robert J. Stanton, Jr.^, Michael Vendrasco^ and Phil Liff-Grief^ ' U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025; cpowell@usgs.gov ^ Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 ^Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92834 Abstract Molluscan biostratigraphy for the California Pliocene is poorly developed. The presence of warm-water, southern extralimital species such as the gastropods Crucibulum (large tropical forms), several larger tropical species of Conus, and Discotectonica at several localities in southern California indicates warm, subtropical to tropical conditions in southern California for a short period in the Pliocene. The Pliocene was generally a time of cooling water temperatures along the northeastern Pacific coast from tropical condition during the Miocene to cooler interglacial and glacial conditions in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Therefore, these extralimital, warm water mollusks are unusual and have not been found in other Pliocene deposits. Studies based on microfossils have identified a short period of warm temperatures in the middle Pliocene that has been named the mid-Pliocene warm event, 3.3-3.15 m.y.a. Based on previous age and biostratigraphic data the deposits discussed herein and the warm-water extralimital taxa present, we suggest correlating these faunas with the well-dated mid-Pliocene warm event. This allows much more precise dating of these deposits. It is further hoped that this warm event can be used as a correlation tool for additional Pliocene faunas at other locations in the northwest Pacific as has been done with middle and late Pleistocene deposits in the same area. Introduction Representatives of tropical forms of the gastropod genera Architectonica, Conus, and Crucibulum are not usually found in the Pliocene fossil record of southern California. We report here the presence of specimens of one or more larger species of the genus Conus, tropical Crucibulum, Discotectonica placentalis (Hinds), and indeterminate Discotectonica, from 1) the San Diego Formation at the border locality in southwest San Diego County; 2) unnamed Pliocene deposits on San Clemente Island, California Channel Islands; 3) the “Pico” Formation in the Whittier Hills of Orange County; 4) the so-called “Santa Barbara Formation” at Rincon Point near the Ventura - Santa Barbara County line; and 5) in the Cebada fine-grained member of the Carega Sandstone in the Santa Maria District of northern Santa Barbara County (Figure 1). The paleogeography, paleoecology, and age for these faunas are examined in order to determine if a biostratigraphic unit can be determined, based on the biogeographic character state (i.e., southern - with southern extralimital taxa) of the fauna, that is internally consistent and can be recognized elsewhere in the Pliocene of California. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 70 Tropical and subtropical moilusks were common in California during the Miocene (Addicott, 1970) and some are present at certain times during the Pleistocene (Powell and others, 2000). According to Addicott (1970) the Pliocene was a period of progressive climatic cooling and extralimital moilusks of tropical and subtropical affinities almost entirely disappeared from California by the end of the Pliocene. More recent work on the Pliocene climate using microfossils and outlined by Leroy and others (1999), show the Pliocene was a period of climatic change although the trend was towards progressive cooling. • 4.9-4.3 Ma: Warmer deep water temperatures or a possible deglaciation event (Tiedemann and others, 1994) • 4.5 Ma: First Pliocene cooling (Zagwijn, 1960; Sue and others, 1995) • Generally warmer conditions for the rest of the lower Pliocene (Sue and others, 1995) • 3.6 Ma: Temperatues decrease (Zagwijn, 1960; Sue and others, 1995) culminating in cold temperatures between 3.35 and 3.3 Ma. • 3.3-3.15 Ma: Mid-Pliocene warming event (Leroy and Dupont, 1994; Tiedemann and others, 1 994) • 3.15-2.6 Ma: Cooling trend leading to late Pliocene glaciation (Leroy and Dupont, 1994; Tiedemann and others, 1994) • 2.6 Ma: Start of northern hemisphere glaciation (Leroy and Dupont, 1994) Addicott (1970) general comment of progressive cooling in the Pliocene is correct, the Pliocene was a time of cool temperatures off California. But a few fauna in southern California, previously referred to the late Pliocene, have been recognized as containing a few warm-water, southern extralimital molluscan taxa and these faunas are the focus of this paper. Discussion Biostratigraphy of the California Pliocene is at present poorly developed. Hopefully with the advent of precisely dated divisions of the Pliocene (ICS International Stratigraphic chart - http://www.stratigraphv.org/chus.pdf, retrived 12/2008) a refined biostratigraphy can be established. Here we follow the ICS chart for the Pliocene, which suggests divison of this epoch into the follow stages: Zanclean (lower Pliocene) 5.33-3.60 Ma, Placenzian (middle Pliocene) 3.60-2.59 Ma, Gelasian (upper Pliocene) 2.59-1.81 Ma (Lourens, et al, 2004; Figure 2). The two- fold division of the California Pliocene suggested by Vedder (1960) is not used. Five sites/formations previously considered late Pliocene in southern and central California contain warm southern extralimital moilusks, particularly the genus Discotectonica, and are assumed to have been deposited during a period when water temperautes were warmer than today off the adjacent coast today. Each site is discussed below and relevant age, biostratigraphic, and ecologic data are presented in order to determine if they could have been deposited during the same narrow interval of time and if they can be correlated with the mid-Pliocene warm event. The sites are listed from south to north. No detailed stratigraphy or biostratigraphic is considered within each site/formation and stratigraphically distinct collections are lumped together for the purpose of this preliminary study. Further work is need at each individual site to determine biostratigraphic and paleoclimatic successions, where possible. Western Society of Malacoiogists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 71 I*Sa(na Bjtbatd Foitititlon" Jt RiTIcoM Poiml LACA'l and OLMP eolkctioiis| I unn^nipd Pliocene df in Whittier Hilk/Puente Hills I .AddtfTQlt and ypddf-r, wtitten romriv, U168; Addirott, writl deposits on San Clemente IslaixSI ;S(tsnki and Stadiutix, V978:LAqv^ collectionsi jSd!) Diego FotriiattOEi(lkftde( locjlity}! lACM eolfccttofisj Figure 1. Map of the southern portion of California showing approximate location of fossil sites discussed in the text and pertinent references to the fossil faunas. Figure 2. Neogene time scale modified from K. McDougall (written commun., 2006) shows with a gray bar indicating the position of the mid-Pliocene warm (3.3-3.15 m.y.a.) with relation to California provincial molluscan stages and California foraminifers and calcareousnannoplankton zones. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 72 Border Park, San Diego County; San Diego Formation A fauna of 204 molluscan taxa (99 bivalves, 80 gastropods, 22 polyplacophora, 3 scaphopods; Table 1) from southwestern-most San Diego County is here developed from collections at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Invertebrate Paleontology section, (LACMIP) and personal field observations by Michael Vendrasco. This site is accessable at the time of writing (late 2008), but is due to be destroyed by construction of the Border Fence later this year or early next. Therefore documentation of this fauna is of the utmost importance. Biostrati graphv - Arnold (1903, p. 57-58) recognized two biostratigraphic divisions of the San Diego Formation. A “lower horizon” characterized by the bivalves Euvola stearnsii, Patinopecten healeyi, the gastropods Opalia varicostata anomala, and O. varicostata, and an “upper horizon” characterized by the bivalve Pecten bellus (replacing E. stearnsii), rare Patinopecten healeyi, the gastropod Crepidula princeps, and the echinoid Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold, 1907). Demere (1982) following Arnold’s lead, recognized a “lower” biostratigraphic unit characterized by E. stearnsii Table 1. Faunal list from the San Diego Formation in the area of Border Field State Park, Imperial Beach, southwestemmost San Diego County. Faunal list compiled from Hertlein and Grant (1972; MS); also specimens identified by the senior author at LACMIP and field observations by the second junior author. ’ indicates extinct taxa, ^ indicates southern extralimital taxa. Mollusca Bivalvia Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds, 1843) Aligena diegoana Hertlein & Grant, 1972* Anadara trilineata (Conrad, 1856)' Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny, 1846 Area sisquocensis Reinhart, 1937' Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby II, 1842)' [as Chlamys circularis (Sowerby I, 1835)] Axinopsida serricata (Carpenter, 1864) Barbatia (Fugleria) illota (Sowerby, 1833)^ Basterotia hertleini Durham, 1950' Bornia (Temblornia) frankiana Hertlein & Grant, 1972' Brachiodontes adamsianus (Dunker, 1857) Cardiomya pectinata (Carpenter, 1864) Chama arcana Bernard, 1976 [as C. pellucida Broderip, 1835] Chlamys hastata (Sowerby II, 1842) Chlamys hastata ellisi Hertlein & Grant, 1972' Chlamys jordani (Arnold, 1903)' Chione cf C. undatella (Sowerby I, 1835) Clinocardium nuttalli (Conrad, 1837) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter, 1864) Crassadoma giganteus (Gray, 1825) Crassinella pacifica (C.B. Adams, 1852) [as Astarte branneri (Arnold, 1903)] Crenella decussata (Montagu, 1808) [as C. inflata Carpenter, 1864] Crenomytilus stearnbergi Hettlein & Grant, 1972' [as Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis sternbergi Hertlein & Grant] Cryptomya californica (Conrad, 1837) [also as C. californica magna Dali, 1921] Cumingia cf C. californica Conrad, 1837 Cyathodonta sp. Cyclocardia occidentalis (Conrad, 1855)' Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould, 1850) Cyclopecten pernomus (Hertlein, 1935)" Diplodonta orbella (Gould, 1851) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve, 1850)^ [as D. cornea (Reeve, 1850)] Donax gouldii Dali, 1 92 1 Ensis myrae Berry, 1953 Euvola stearnsii TidiW, 1878' Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds, 1845) [as Gobraeus edentula (Gabb, 1869)] Gians carpenter! (Lamy, 1922) [as G. subquadrata (Carpenter, 1846)] Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dali, 1909' Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis (Middendorff, 1849) [as G. profunda Dali, 1878] Gregariella coarctata (Carpenter, 18957) [as Gregariella chenui (Recluz, 1842) Here excavata (Carpenter, 1857) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 73 Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767) Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter, 1864) Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu, 1803) [as K. laperousii (Deshayes, 1839)] Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes, 1855) [as Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter, 1856)] Limidaria orcutti (Hertlein & Grant, 1972)' Lucinisca nuttalli (Conrad, 1837) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve, 1850) Leukoma staminea (Conrad, 1837) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb, 1869)' Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter, 1864 Macoma (Macoploma) medioamericana Olsson, 1842^ Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad, 1867) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dali, 1894) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby, 1835)^ Milneria minima (Dali, 1871) Miltha xantusi (DaW, 1905)^ Miodontiscus prolongatus (Carpenter, 1864) Modiolus (Modiollusia) rectus (Conrad, 1837) Modiolus (Modiolus) sacculifer (Berry, 1953) Myrakeena veatchii (Gabb, 1866)' [and as Ostrea vespertina Conrad, 1854] Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864) Nuculana (Jupeteria) taphria (Dali, 1896) Nutricola cymata (Dali, 1913) Nutricola tantilla (Gould, 1853) Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad, 1855 Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad, 1837 Panomya cf. P. priapus (Tilesius, 1822) [as P. cf, P. beringiana Dali, 1916] Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1 849) [as Panope generosa (Gould, 1850)] Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter, 1 864) Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold, 1906)' Pecten bellus (Conrad, 1856)' Penitella penita (Conrad, 1837) Periploma stenopa Woodring, 1938' Petricola carditoides (Conrad, 1837) Pododesmus (Monia) macrochisma (Deshayes, 1839) Pristes oblongus Carpenter, 1 864 Protothaca (Calithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter in Gould & Carpenter, 1857) Protothaca tenerrima alta (Waterfall, 1929)' Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter, 1864) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad, 1837 Securella kanakoffi Hertlein & Grant, 1972' Semele rubropicta (Dali, 1871) [syn. S. ashleyi Hertlein & Grant, 1972] Septifer bifurcatus (Conrad, 1837) Siliqua lucida (Conrad, 1837) Solen (Ensisolen) sicarius Gould, 1850 Sphernia cf S.fragilis (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) [as S. cf S. luticola Valenciennes, 1846] Swiftopecten parmeleei (Dali, 1898)' Tagelus californianus (Conrad, 1837) Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds, 1845 Tellina (Angulus) carpenteri Dali, 1900 Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dali, 1891 Tellina (Cadella) nuculoides (Reeve, 1854) [as T. salmonea (Carpenter, 1864)] Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides (Comad, 1 849) [as T. kanakoffi Hertlein & Grant, 1972] Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu, 1803) [as T. gouldii (Philippi, 1845)] Tivela stultorum (Mawe, 1823) Trachycardium (Dallocardium) quadragenarium (Comad, 1837) Tresus nuttallii (Comad, 1837) Trigonulina pacifica Jung, 1 996 [as Ventricordia ornata (Orbigny, 1 842)] Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryi Lowe, 1931 Gastropoda Acanthinucella emersoni Hertlein and Allison, 1959' Acanthincuella spirata (Blainville, 1832) Acmaea m/tra Rathke, 1833 Alia tuberosa (Carpenter, 1864) Amaea (Scalina) brunneopicta (Dali, 1908) Asperiscala minuticosta (DeBoury, 1912) Caesia cf. C. grammatus (Dali, 1917)' Callianax sp. Calliosltoma cancaliculatum (Lightfoot, 1786) Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring, 1950’ Calliosltoma etchegoinense n. spp.?' Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter, 1864 Calyptraea filosa Gabb, 1866' Calyptraea inordata (Gabb, 1869)' Cancellaria arnoldi Dali, 1909' Cancellaria cooperi Gabb, 1865 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 74 Cancellaria fergersoni Carson, 1926 Cancellaria hemphilli Dali, 1909* Cancellaria sp. Chlorostoma gallina multifilosa (Steams, 1892) Cidarina cidaris (Carpenter, 1845) Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, 1844 Cranopsis cucullata (Gould, 1 846) Crassispira zizyphus (Berry 1 940) Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) Crepidula onyx Sowerby, 1834 Crepidula (Grandicrepidula) princeps Conrad, 1856* Crossata californica (Hinds, 1843) Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby 1824) Diodora arnoldi McLean, 1964 Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833) Discotectonica cf. D. placentalis (Hinds, 1844) Epitonium indianorum (Carpenter, 1864) [syn. E. acrostephanus Dali, 1 908] Epitonium tinctum (Carpenterl864) Euspira lewisii (Gould, 1847) Euspira orbicularis Nomland, 1916' Fissurellidae bimaculata (Dali, 1871) Glossaulax reclusianus (Deshayes, 1839) Haliotis cf. H. assimilis Dali, 1878 Haliotis cf H. rufescens Swainson, 1822 Haliotis walallensis Steams, 1899 Halistylus pupoideus (Carpenter, 1864) Homalopoma fenestrata “Bartsch” (Dali, 1919) Homalopoma grippi (Dali, 1911) Homalopoma paucicostatum (Dali, 1871) Homalopoma radiatum (Dali, 1918) Kelletia kelletii (Fobes, 1852) Lirobittium cf. L. asperum (Gabb, 1861) Lirobittium cf L. rugatum (Carpenter, 1866) Macrarene diegensis McLean, 1964* Margarites pupillus (Gould, 1849) Mangelia barbarensis Oldroyd, 1924 Mangelial sp. Maxwellia eldridgei (Arnold, 1907)' Megastraea turbanicus (Dali, 1910) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb, 1865) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby, 1825) Miceranellum crebricinctum (Carpenter, 1864) Mitrellal sp. Nassariusl sp. Naticidae, indeterminate [as Polinices spp.] Niveotectura funiculata (Carpenter, 1864) Opalia monteeyensis (Dali, 1907) Opalia varicostata Steams, 1875' [syn. O. varicostata anomala Steams, 1875] Ophiodermellal sp. Parviturbo acuticostatus (Carpenter, 1 864) Parviturbo stearnsii (Dali, 1918)' [syn. P. s. quay lei Hertlein & Grant, MS] Pomaulax gibberosa (Dillwyn, 1817) Pteropurpura festivus (Hinds, 1844) Pupil lari a aresta Berry, 1914 Scelidontoma bella (Gabb, 1865) Sinezona rimuloides (Carpenter, 1865) [as Coronadoa simonsae Bartsch, 1946] Skenea sp. Solariella peramabilis Carpenter, 1864 Strioterebrum martini English, 1914' Tegula hemphilli Oldroyd, 1921 ‘ Terebral sp. Turcica caffea (Gabb, 1865 [syn. T. brevis Stewart, in Woodring and others, 1940(1941)] Turritella cooperi Carpenter, 1864 Turritella hemphilli (Applin in Merriam, 1841)' Zonaria (Neobernaya) spadica (Swainson, 1823) Poiyplacophora (identified by M. Vandrasco, in manuscript) Amicula n. sp. Callistochiton palmalatus Dali, 1879 Callistochiton n. sp. Lepidozona mertensii (Middendorff, 1847) Lepidozona pectinulata (Carpenter in Pilsbry, 1893) Lepidozona cf L. rothi Ferreira, 1983 Leptochiton rugatus (Carpenter in Pilsbry, 1892) Leptochiton nexus Carpenter, 1864 Lepidozona cf. L. radians (Pilsbry, 1892) Lepidozona n. sp. Mopalia aff M. imporcata Carpenter, 1864 Mopalia cf M. swanii Carpenter, 1864 Mopalia sp Nuttallina sp. Oldroydia percrassa (Dali, 1894) Placiphorella cf P. mirabilis Clark, 1994 Placiphorella velata Carpenter Stenoplax circumsenta Berry, 1956 Stenoplax conspicua (Pilsbry, 1892) Stenoplax fallax (Carpenter, 1892) Stenoplax cf S. heathiana Berry, 1946 Tonicella cf. T. /wea/o (Wood, 1815) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 75 Scaphopoda Dentaliiim neohexagonum Sharp & Pilsbry, 1897 Dentalium semipolitum Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 Patinopecten healeyi, and Opalia varicostata, and an “upper” unit with Pecten bellus, the gastropod Nucella lamellosa, and Dendraster ashleyi as characteristic index species. Interestingly, N. lamellosa is an extralimital cool-water northern species that is not found south of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, central California (Invertebrate Zoology and Geology section, California Academy of Sciences [CAS] collections), but there is some suspicion that its ecologic tolerances have changed over time (Campbell and Valentine, 1979). Gunther (1964) recognized two environmentally different cold-water benthic foraminiferal faunas from three sections along the southern slopes of Mount Soledad. Ingle (1967) using both benthic and planktonic foraminifers from the Pacific Beach section recognized a warm water, outer shelf assemblage in the lower part of the section and a cool water shallower assemblage in the upper part of his section. Later, Mandel (1973) examined planktonic foraminifers from exposures near the border and recognized a decidedly warm water, outer shelf assemblage. Unaware of the work of Ingle (1970) and following Gunther ( 1 964), he guessed that his warm water fauna was younger than the section at Pacific Beach. Demere (1982) pointed out that it is more likely that Mandel’s (1973) warm water fauna is correlative with the warm water facies at Pacific Beach and that the faunas of Gunther are likely younger. We speculate that their warm-water fauna at Pacific Beach also correlates with deposits at the Border locality. Ecology - Using latitude data from extant species (Keen, 1971; Bernard, 1983; McLean, 1996; Coan and others, 2000; McLean, 2007) most of the species from the Border locality of the San Diego Formation have overlapping ranges between 32°N and 34°N, consistent with the latidude of the fossil localities (32.5°N). In addition, the bivalves Cyclopecten pernomus (2-29°N), Macoma medcioamericana (4-3 1°N), Miltha xantusi (25-26°N) and the gastropod Discotectonica placentale (23-28°N; questionably identified here) are extralimital and occur only south of the fossil localities. Argopecten ventricosa (5-34°N), although not stictly extralimital, does represent a southern species with reproducing populations only occurring south of central Baja California (Coan and others, 2000). Populations north of Baja California are sporadic and may correlate with El Nino years, or periods of warmer water. Together, these species indicate water temperatures were warmer than off the adjacent San Diego coast at least in certain areas or perhaps during certain times of the year. Depth data, from the same sources as above, show the vast majority of species have overlapping ranges between 20 and 30 m, with the bivalves Donax gouldii and Penitella penita occurring only shallower than 5 m and Miltha xantusi occurring deeper, between 55 and 80 m. It should be noted that M. xantusi has been found elsewhere in faunas significantly shallower than its modem depth range (for example see Powell, 2008) and its ecologic preferences may have changed over time. In any case, we assumed that deposition at the San Diego Border localities was between 20 and 30 m and that the other taxa washed in from adjacent areas. Age - The precise age range of the San Diego Formation at the Border locality is unclear. Extinct mollusks includes the bivalves Aligena diegoana, Anadara trilineata, Area sisquocensis, Barbatia illota, Basterotia hertleini, Bornia frankiana, Chlamys hastata ellsi, C. jordani, Crenomytilus sternbergi, Euvola stearnsii, Glycymeris grewingki, Limularia orcutti, Lyropecten cerrosensis, Myrakeena veatchii, Patinopecten healeyi, Pecten bellus, Protothaca tenerrima alta, Securella kanakoffi, Swiftopecten parmeleei, Thracia kanakoffi, and the gastropods Acanthinucella Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 76 emersoni, Caesia cf. C. grammatus, Calliostoma coalingensis catoteron, C. etchegoinensis n. spp.?, Calyptraea filosa, C. inordata, Cancellaria fergersoni, C. hemphilli, Crassispira zizyphus, Crepidula phnceps, Macrarene diegensis, Maxwellia eldridgei, Opalia varicostata, and Turritella hemphilli. Because Aligena diegoana, Bornia frankiana, Chlamys hastata ellsi (reported in LACM collection from the Pico Formation in the Simi Valley, Los Angeles County; L. Groves, LACM, personal commun., 2009), Limularia orcutti, and Macrarene diegensis are all described from and restricted to the San Diego Formation they are of little use in refining the age of the Formation. The remainder of the extinct species indicate a Pliocene age for the San Diego Formation Border localities. Demere (1982; 1983) gives an age range of approximately 3.0 to 1.5 Ma [middle Pliocene (following division of the Pliocene from the International Stratigraphic Chart, 2004) to Early Pleistocene] for the formation. Barnes (1976, p. 332-334) assigned fossil vertebrates, mainly marine mammals from the formation to the Blancan North American provincial mammal age (4.75- 1.81 Ma; http : //www. strati graph v . or g/geowhen/stages/B 1 ancan . html retrived 10/2/2008). Wagner and others (2001), using magnetic stratigraphy and land mammal biochronology for non-marine outcrops in the Chula Vista area, suggested a maximum age of about 3.6 Ma for their outcrops. Unpublished reports provided by George Kennedy (Brian F. Smith and Associates, San Diego, CA) on planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton samples collected from the south side of Mt. Soledad (LACMIP Locality 17228) from sediment inside the bivalve Patinopecten healeyi and gastropod Opalia varicostata (as O. v. anomala) indicate a probable early Pliocene age (absolute age range 4.2 to 3.8 Ma; Boettcher, 2001; Kling, 2001). Therefore, the combined data currently available indicates a possible age range between 4.2 and 1.5 Ma for the San Diego Formation throughout its outcrop area. Mandel (1973) interpreted strata from the Border locality as belonging to planktic foraminiferal zone N21. Recent work on planktonic foraminiferal stages assigns this zone an age of between 2.59-1.8 Ma (Gradstein and others, 2004). However, this age range does not allow for the warm water fauna collected by Mandel. As outlined above the late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene was a period of cooler temperatures and would not support the warm water fauna Mandell reported. New samples from the Border locality collected by M. Vendrasco and examined by J.P. Kennett correlate with California Margin planktonic foraminferal zone 6 of Kennett and others (2000) and indicate a likely age of between 3.25 and approximately 2.5 Ma (M. Vendrasco, written eommun., 2008). San Clemente Island, California Channel Islands, Los Angeles County; unnamed Pliocene section A small fauna of 15 mollusk taxa (6 bivalves, 8 gastropods, 1 scaphopod; table 2) was collected from a LACMIP locality 26322 on the east flank of the central part of San Clemente Island. A composite section about 30 m thick, without top or bottom exposed is found in the central part of the Island (Susuki and Stadum, 1978). The section is composed of a basal pebble to cobble conglomerate with scattered volcanie clasts followed by coarse grained biogenic detritus and shells, again with scattered volcanic clasts is exposed in this area (Susuki and Stadum, 1978). Biostrati graphv - Other species reported from the Pliocene of central San Clemente Island include the bivalves Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny, Chionel sp., Chlamys hastatus Sowerby, C. opuntia Dali, C. rubida (Hinds), Crassadoma giganteus (Grey), Crenel la sp., Crenomytilus cf. C. coalingensis sternbergi Hertlein, Lima cf. L. hemphilli Hertleina and Grant, Modiolus sp.. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 77 Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold), P. h. sanclementensis Susuki and Stadium (a synonym of P. healeyi), Pecten bellus (Comad), P. cf. P. lecontei Arnold, Pododesmus macroschisma Deshayes, Pseiidochama sp., Semelel sp., and gastropods ylc/waea n. sp.,? aff. A. mitra Rathke, Aletesl sp., Alvinia sp., Astraeal sp., Bittiuml sp., Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter, C. n. sp., Diodora arnoldi McLean, Fusitriton sp., Nitidiscala cf. N. indianomm (Carpenter), N. tinctum (Carpenter), Nitidiscala n. sp.?, Norrisial sp., Opalia varicostata Steams, Opalia n. sp.?, Pomaulax gradata Grant and Gale (Vedder and Moore, 1976; Susuki and Stadum, 1978; LACMIP collections). Unfortunately, a detailed stratigraphic section has not been developed for the San Clemente Pliocene and it is beyond the scope of this preliminary study to do so. Therefore, all reported taxa from the Pliocene of San Clemente Island are grouped together for age and ecologic interpretations. Table 2. Faunal list from urmamed Pliocene deposits from LACMIP locality 26322, identified by C. Powell, II at LACMIP, also reported by Susuki and Stadium (1978). * indicates extinct taxa, ^ indicates southern extralimital taxa. Mollusca Bivalvia Chama arcana Bernard, 1976 Chama sp. Cyclocardia cf. C. ventricosa (Gould, 1850) [juveniles] Epilucina californica (Conrad, 1837) Glycymeris cf G. grewingki Dali, 1909' Pseudocardium sp.’ Gastropoda Calliostoma annulatum (Lightfoot, 1786) Cidarina cidaris (Carpenter, 1864) [as Calliostoma cf. C. gemmulatum (Carpenter, 1864)] Discotectonic placentalis (Hinds, 1844) [as A. cf. A. nobilis Rdding, 1798f Epitonium sp. Fissurellidae, indeterminate [as Fissurella volcano Reeve, 1849; but not] Haliotis sp. Puncturella cooperi Carpenter, 1864 Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter, 1857) Scaphopoda Dentalium pretiosum Sowerby, 1860 Ecology - Using latitudinal data from Keen (1971), Bernard (1983), McLean (1996), Coan and others (2000), and McLean (2007), the few extant species reported here show overlapping range zones between 33 and 34°N latitude, about the latitude of the fossil site (32.9°N). Based on the limited number of extant species present, the fossil collection represents the same water temperatures as off the adjacent coast today. Depth data show all extant species to have overlapping ranges between about 40 and 50 m. The abundant biogenic detris indicates a lack of terriginous imput, which occurs off California on the leeward side of the offshore islands (K. Lajoe, oral commun., 1990). Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 78 Age - Extinct species from the Pliocene of San Clemente Island, include the bivalves: Chlamys opuntia, Glycymeris cf G. grewingki, Lima cf L. hemphilli, Paiinopecten healeyi, Pecten bellus, P. cf P. lecontei, and the gastropods Opalia varicostata and Pomaulax gradata. These species have overlapping age ranges indicating a Pliocene age. Whittier Hills, Los Angeles County; “Pico” Formation A fauna of 1 1 1 mollusk taxa (44 bivalves, 67 gastropods; table 3) were collected from one site in the northern Whittier Hills, northeastern Los Angeles County by Cortez Hoskins in the 1960’s and identified by Warren O. Addicott and John G. Vedder (both United States Geological Survey [USGS] retired) in 1968 in an internal Evaluation and Report document (E&R). This site has since been developed and is no longer accessable, and was referred to the “Pico” Formation. Biostrati graphv - The fauna above is from a single collection in an unrecorded section so no biostratigraphy is possible. Ecology - Using latitude data from extant species (Keen, 1971; Bernard, 1983; McLean, 1996; Coan and others, 2000; McLean, 2007) most of the species from the Whittier Hills have overlapping ranges between 33°N and 34°N, consistent with the latitude of the fossil locality (approximately 33.6°N). In addition, the gastropods Caesia cerritensis (23-30°N; questionably identified here), Discotectonica placentalis (23-28°N, from Bahia Magdalena, on the outer coast of Baja California around the tip of the peninsula and into the Gulfo de California, and south on Table 3. Faunal list from the “Pico” Formation from the northern Whittier Hills (Ponoma College locality 136), Los Angeles County, California. Specimens identified by Warren O. Addicott and John G. Vedder, USGS E&R 0-68-9M, 3/1968. * indicates extinct taxa, ^ indicates southern extralimital taxa. Mollusca Bivaivia Acila castrensis (Hinds, 1843) Amiantis callosa (Conrad, 1837) Anadara camuloensis (Osmont, 1904)' Anadara trilineata (Conrad, 1856) [including^, t. ca/7a/z5 (Conrad, 1856)]' Area cf. A. santamariensis Reinhart, 1937' Argopecten cf. A. invalidus (Hanna, 1924)' Axinopsida serricata (Carpenter, 1864) Barbatia pseudoillota Reinhart, 1937' Chama arcana Bernard, 1976 [as C. pellucida Broderip, 1835] Chione fernandoensis English, 1914' Chlamys hastata (Sowerby, 1843) Chlamys cf. C. jordani Arnold, 1 903 ' Chlamys opuntia (Dali, 1898)' Chlamys rubida (Hinds, 1845) [as C. hindsii (Carpenter, 1864)] Chlamys sp. Compsomyax subidaphana (Carpenter, 1864) Crassadoma gigantea (Gray, 1825) Crenomytilus coalingensis (Arnold, 1910)?' Diplodonta orbella (Gould, 1851) Epilucinal sp. Euvola cf E. stearnsi (Dali, 1879)' Gari (Gabraeus) fucata (Hinds, 1845) [as G. edentula {Gabh, 1869)] Globivenus fordii (Yates, 1890) Glycymeris sp. Here excavata (Carpenter, 1857) Lima sp. Macoma cf. M calcarea (Gmelin, 1791) Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850 [as M. edulis Linnaeus, 1758] Nemocardium (Keenae) centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864) Nucula sp. Nuculana (Jupiteria) taphria (Dali, 1896) Ostrea sequens Arnold, 1910' Pandora cf. P. bilirata Conrad, 1855 Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) Parvilucina approximata (Dali, 1901) Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold, 1906)' Pecten bellus (Conrad, 1857) [as P. hemphilli Dali, 1878]' Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 79 Pi tar sp. Pododesmus macrochisma (Deshayes, 1839) [as P. cepio (Gray, 1850)] Saxidomus Conrad, 1837 Swiftopecten parmeleei (Dali, 1898)' Thracia (Homoeadesma) trapezoides Conrad, 1849 Trachycardium (Dallocardium) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837) Varicorbula gibbiformis (Grant and Gale, 1931)' Gastropoda Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould, 1853) Admete gracilior (Carpenter, 1869) Alia tuberosa (Carpenter, 1864) Amphissa versicolor Dali, 1871 Astyris cf. A. gauspata (Gould, 1850) [as Mitrella cf M. carinata gausapata (Gould, 1850)] Barbarofusus arnoldi Cossmann, 1903 "'Bittium" sp. Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry, 1893 Caesia cf. C. cerritensis (Arnold, 1903)^ Caesia cf. C. perpinguis (Hinds, 1844) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb, 1869)' Calicantharus sp. Callianax baetica (Carpenter, 1864) Calliostoma cf. C. gemmulatum Carpenter, 1864 Calliostoma supragranosum Carpenter, 1864 Calyptraea fdosa (Gabb, 1866)' Cancellaria arnoldi Dali, 1909' Cancellaria hemphilli Dali, 1909' Capulus californicus Dali, 1900 Chlorostoma gallina (Forbes, 1852) Cockerella conradiana (Gabb, 1866) Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, 1844 Conus (Lithoconus) fergusoni Sowerby, 1873^ Conus (Endemoconus) recurvus Broderip, 1833^ Crassispira semiinflata (Grant and Gale, 1931) [as Burchia redondoensis (Burch, 1938)] Crassispira zizyphus (Berry, 1 940) Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1 846 Crepidula ( Grandicrepidula) princeps Conrad, 1856' Creidula sp. Crepipatella dorsata (Broderip, 1834) [as C. lingulata (Gould, 1846)] Crossata cf C. californica (Hinds, 1843) Cryptonatica sp. Dephnella clathrata Gabb, 1865 Diodora arnoldi McLean, 1966 [as D. inaequalis (Sowerby, 1835)] Discotectonica cf. D. placentalis (Hinds, 1844)^ Epitonium sp. Erato sp. Fusinus barbarensis (Trask, 1855) Glossaulax reclusianus (Deshayes, 1839) '’'‘Gyrineum’’ elsmerense English, 1914' Hima cf. H. mendicus (Gould, 1849) Iselica ovoidea (Gould, 1853) [as Lfenestrata (Carpenter, 1864)] Lirobittium cf. L. larum Bartsch, 1911 Mangelia barbarensis Oldroyd, 1924 Mange Ha spp. Megasurcula cf. M. carpenteriana (Gabb, 1865) Megathura cf. M crenulata (Sowerby, 1825) Musashia (Nipponomelon) oregonensis (Dali, 1907)' “Nassarius ” insculptus (Carpenter, 1 864) Neptunea cf N. smirnia (Dali, 1919) Nodiscala cf. N. spongiosa (Carpenter, 1864) Ocenebrina cf. O. atropurpurea (Carpenter, 1865) [as Ocenebra cf. O. interfossa clathrata (Dali, 1919) Ocenebrina cf. O. barbarensis (Gabb, 1865) Ocenebrina sp. Odostomia diegensis Dali and Bartsch, 1 903 Polinices lewisii (Gould, 1 847) Ropereia poulsoni (Carpenter, 1864) Seila montereyensis Bartsch, 1907 Semibittium cf S. attenuatum (Carpenter, 1864) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad, 1849) Solariella cf. S. peramabilis Carpenter, 1864 Strioterebrum martini English, 1914' Turricula sp. Turridae, indeterminate Turritella cooperi Carpenter, 1 864 Zonaria cf Z. spadicea (Swainson, 1823) Polyplacophora Callistochiton sp. Scaphopoda Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp, 1897 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 80 mainland Mexico to Guaymas, Mexico; questionably identified here), Conus fergiisoni (4°S-25°N; questionably identified here), and Conus recurvis (5-25°N; questionably identified here) are extralimital and occur only south of the fossil locality. Macoma calcarea (44-7 1°N; questionably identified here) is a northern extra limital species that today occurs only north of the fossil locality. It is a common species in the middle Pleistocene and some older Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits in southern California and it is possible its ecologic tolerance may have changed, judging by the ecologic tolerances of associated species (Powell, unpublished data), or the specimens do not actually represent M. calcarea but a closely related with differing ecological preferences. Depth data, from the same sources as above, show a bimodal depth data, with species such as Amiantis callosa (0-20 m), Mytilus trossulus (0-5 m), Saxidomus nuttalli (0-10 m), Amphissa versicolor (0-1 m; depth data from CAS wet collections examined by the senior author 10/1999), Conus californicus (0-30 m), and Nassarius mendicus (0-30 m) being found at water depths less than 30 m, whereas Admete grailior (60-250 m). Conus recurvus (40-160 m; Hanna and Strong, 1949), Fusinus barbarensis (50-350 m), Nassarius insculptus (50-530 m), and Solariella peramabilis (50-350 m) occur only at depths greater than 40 m with some only deeper than 60 m. It is unclear from the faunal list where the taxa were deposited and it could be from anywhere between the intertidal zone (doubtful) to 60 m or greater (doubtful). Age - Extinct species from the “Pico” Formation in the Whittier Hills include the bivalves Anadara camuloensis, Anadara trilineata, Area cf A. santamariensis, Argopecten cf A. invalidus, Barbatia pseudoillota, Chione fernandoensis, Chlamys cf. C. jordani, C. opuntia, Flabellipecten cf. F. stearnsi, Myrakeena veatchii, Patinopecten healeyi, Pecten bellus, Swiftopecten parmeleei, Varicorbnula gibbiformis, and the gastropods Calicantharus humerosus, Calyptraea filosa, Cancellaria arnoldi, C. hemphilli, Crassispira zizyphus, Crepidula princeps, Psephaea oregonensis, and Strioterebrum martini. These species have overlapping age ranges indicating a Pliocene age for this site. Rincon Point/Rincon Hill, Santa Barbara/Ventura County line; “Santa Barbara” Formation A composite fauna of 214 mollusk taxa (62 bivalves, 152 gastropods; table 4) has been collected from a number of sites in the general area of Rincon Point/Rincon Hill near the Santa Barbara/Ventura County line. Many of the best fossil localites are no longer accessible as they are dangerously close to US Highway 1. Upton (1951) measured a section 182 m (596’) thick along US Highway 101, but on the east side of Rincon Hill a section approximately 290 m thick has been paced by the senior author. The faunal list here is from both sides of US 1, and along Rincon Road on the east side of Rincon Hill. Biostratigraphv - Detailed biostratigraphy from the Rinon Point/Rincon Hill area is presently being investigated. Initial observations indicate the warm water gastropods Crucibulum cyclopium and Discotectonica have been found only in the upper part of the section. This suggests that the top of the section correlates with the mid-Pliocene warm and that the majority of the Rincon section is older. Neutral, that is temperatures similar to today off the adjacent coast, to cool water species dominate the lower part of the section and skew the ecologic interpretation of the fauna as a whole. Ecology - This discussion is based on the composite faunal list compilef for the area and trends through the section are not possible at this time. Overall, the Rincon Point/Rincon Hill fauna shows overlapping geographic ranges between 33 and 34°N, using latitudinal data for extant species (Keen, 1971; Bernard, 1983; McLean andGrosiner, 1996; Goan and others, 2000; McLean, Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 8 1 2007). Only one southern extralimital taxa is present, Discotectonica, whereas numerous northern extralimital species occur: Pandora wardiana (47-57°N), Patinopecten caurinus (36-59°N), Calyptraea fastigiata (48-56°N), Cylichnella alba (37-7 1 °N), Lirabuccinum dirum (37-56°N), and Stylidium eschrichtii (48-5 7°N). Future research will determine the stratigraphic significance of these species. Table 4. Faunal list from the “Santa Barbara” Formation exposed in the vicinity of Rincon Point, on both sides of the Ventura and Santa Barbara County line, California. Specimens identified by the senior author at LACMIP and the third junior author from field observations. ' indicates extinct taxa, ^ indicates southern extralimital taxa. ^ indicates northern extralimital taxa. Mollusca Bivalvia Acila castrensis (Hinds, 1843) Anomia? sp. Axinopsida serricata Carpenter, 1864 Cardiomyal sp. Chlamys hastata (Sowerby, 1843) Chlamys jordani (Dali, 1903)‘ Chlamys picoensis (Waterfall, 1929)’ Chlamys opuntia (Dali, 1898)' Chlamys rubida (Hinds, 1845) Chlamys sp. Clinocardiuml sp. Crassadoma giganteus (Gray, 1825) Crenella decussata (Montagu, 1808) Crenella sp. Cyathodoma pedroana Dali, 1915? Cyclocardia California (Dali, 1903) of Woodring and Bramlette, 1950' Cyclocardia cf C. occidentalis (Conrad, 1855)’ Donax gouldii Dali, 1921 Epilucina californica (Conrad, 1837) Flabellipectenl sp. Garil sp. Hiatellal sp. Humilaria prelaminosa (Conrad, 1855)?’ Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter, 1864) Kellia sp. Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad, 1837) Lucinisca nuttalli (Conrad, 1837) Lucinoma annulatum (Reeve, 1850) Macoma nasuta (Conrad, 1837) Macoma sp. Modiolus cf M. rectus (Conrad, 1837) Modiolus? sp. My sella sp. Mytilus sp. Mytilidae, indeterminate Nuculana cf. N. minuta (Muller, 1776) Nuculana (Jupiteria) taphria (Dali, 1 896) Nuculana sp. Nutricola cymata (Dali, 1913) Nutricola cf. N. lordi (Baird, 1863) Nutricola cf N. tantilla (Gould, 1853) Nutricola sp. Pandora wardiana A. Adams, 1860^ Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1 849) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter, 1864) Parvilucinal sp. Patinopecten caurinus (Gould, 1850)^ Pecten bellus (Conrad, 1857)’ “Pecten” sp. [flat valve] Pectinidae, indeterminate Penitella cf P. richardsoni Kenbnedy, 1889 [as Penitella cf P. gabbii (Tryon, 1863)] Pholadidae, indet. [includes Penitella sp.] Pododesmus macrochisma (Deshayes, 1839) Pseudochama granti Strong, 1 934 Semele cf. S. (Amphidesma) venusta (Reeve, 1853) Solen sicarius Gould, 1850 Solenl sp. Tellina cf T. (Augulus) carpenteri Dali, 1900 Tellina (Augulus) modesta (Carpenter, 1864) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837) Tresus? sp. Veneridae, indeterminate Gastropoda Acanthinucella spirata (Blainville, 1832) Acanthinal sp. Acmaea mitra Rathke, 1833? Acmaea? sp. Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould, 1853) Acteocina harpa (Dali, 1871) Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 82 Admete cf. A. californica (Dali, 1908) Admete gracilior (Carpenter, 1869) Alia carinata (Hinds, 1844) Alia tuberosa (Carpenter, 1864) Alvinia sp. Amphissa reticulata Dali, 1916 Amphissa versicolor DdiW, 1871 Amphissa sp. Antiplanes catalenae (Raymond, 1 904) Astyris gausapata (Gould, 1850) Balds sp. Boreotrophon cf. B. bentleyi Dali, 1908 Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz, 1829) Boreotrophon pedroanus (Arnold, 1903) [also as Trophon stuarti praecursor Arnold, 1903] Boreotrophon cf. B. stuarti (Smith, 1880) Borsonella cf. B. merriami (Arnold, 1903) Caecum sp. Caesia perpinguis (Hinds, 1 844) Caesia cf. C. rhinetes Berry, 1853 Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter, 1866)' Calicantharius sp. Callianax cf C. baetica (Carpenter, 1864) Callianax biplicata (Sowerby, 1825) Calliostoma canaliculatum (Lightfoot, 1786) Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter, 1864 Calliostoma sp. Cancellaria arnoldi DaW, 1909 Cancellaria crawfordiana (Dali, 1891) Calyptraea fastigiata Gould^ Cancellaria arnoldi Dali, 1909' Cancellaria cf C. tritonidae (Gabb, 1866)' Cerithiopsis pedroana Bartsch, 1907? [as C. carpenteri Bartsch, 19117] Cerithiopsis sp. Chlorostoma montereyi Kiener, 1850 Clathurella canfieldi Dali, 1871 Cockerel la cf. C. cymodoce (DaW, 1919) Cocker ell a sp. Conidae, indeterminate Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, 1844 Cranopsis cf. C. cucullata (Gould, 1846) Crassispira seminiflata (Grant and Gale, 1931) Crassispira zizyphus Berry, 1940 Crassispira sp. Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1 846 Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby, 1834 Crepidula perforans (Valenciennes, 1846) Crepidula (Grandicrepidula) princeps (Conrad, 1856)' Crepipatella dorsata (Broderip, 1834) Crossata californica (Hinds, 1843) Crucibulum cf C. cyclopium Berry, 1969^ Cryptonatica affinis (Gmelin, 1791) Cylichna cf C. alba (Brown, 1827) Cylichnal sp. Diodora arnoldi McLean, 1966 Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833)7 Discotectonica cf D. placentalis (Hinds, 1844)^ Discurria cf. D. insessa (Hinds, 1842) Engina sp. Epitonium cf E. sawinae (Dali, 1903) Epitonium tinctum (Carpenter, 1864) [identified byH. DuShane, 12/12/1974] Epitonium sp. Euspira pallida (Broderip & Sowerby, 1 829) Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter, 1864) Exilioideal sp. Fusinus cf. F. barbarensis (Trask, 1855) Fu sinus sp. Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield, 1846)7 Garnotia adunca {S,ovjerby, 1825) Glossaulax reclusianus (Deshayes, 1839) Granulina margaritula (Carpenter, 1857) Haliotis sp. Hima mendicus (Gould, 1849) [including H. m. cooperi (Forbes, 1852)] Hipponix tumens Carpenter, 1864 Homalopoma luridum Dali, 1885 Homalopoma panciostatum (Dali, 1871) Homalopoma sp. Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1852) Kelletial sp. Kurtz i a? sp. Lacuna! sp. Lirobittium attenatum (Carpenter, 1864) Lirobittium sp. Lirobuccinum dirum (Reeve, 1846) Lirularia succincta (Carpenter, 1864) Lirularia sp. Littorina keenae Rosewater, 1978 [as L. pi an axis Philippi, 1847] Littorina sp. Lottidae, indeterminate Lott i a sp. Lucapinella callomarginata (Dali, 1871) Mangelia hexagona Gabb, 1865 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 83 Margarites pupillus (Gould, 1849) Margarites sp. Mcvcwellia eldridgei (Arnold, 1907)’ Maxwellia cf. M. gemma (Sowerby, 1879) Maxwellia santarosana (Dali, 1905) Megastraea undosa (Wood, 1828) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb, 1865) Megasurcula stearmiana (Raymond, 1904) Mitra idae (Melville, 1893) Mitrellal sp. “Nassarius” insculptus (Carpenter, 1864) Naticidae, indeterminate Neptunea tabulata (Baird, 1863) [including as N. hawleyi (Carson, 1926)] Ocinebrina aspera (Baird, 1863) Ocinebrina cf. O. beta (Dali, 1919) Ocinebrina foveolata (Hinds, 1844) Ocinebrina cf O. lurida (Middendorff, 1848) Ocinebrina squamulifera (Carpenter, 1868) Ocinebrina sp. Odostomia spp. Ophiodermella cf. O. fancherae (Dali, 1903) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter, 1864) Ophiodermella cf O. inermis (Reeve, 1843) Ophiodermella cf O. mercedensis (Martyn, 1914)’ Ophiodermella sp. Polinicesl sp. Pomaulax gibberosa (Dillwyn, 1817) Promartynia puUigo (Gmelin, 1791) Pteropod, indetermiante Pteropurpura cf. P. macroptera (Deshayes, 1839) Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby, 1834) Pteropurpura vokesae Emerson, 1964 Puncturella sp. Rhodopetomal sp. Rissonia sp. Scabrotrophon cf S. clarki McLean, 1 996 Scabrotrophon cf S. maltzani (Kobelt & Kiister, 1878) Scabrotrophonl sp. Seila montereyensis Bartsch, 1907 Semibittium quadrifilatum (Carpenter, 1 864) Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter, 1857)? Solanella peramabilis Carpenter, 1864 Stylidium eschrichtii (Middendorff, 1849) Tegula cf. T. aureotincta (Forbes, 1852) Tegula sp. Terebra pedroana (Dali, 1908) Tricola? sp. Turbonilla sp. Turridae , indeterminate Turritel la cf. T. cooperi Carpenter, 1864 Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Merriam, 1941, of Woodring and Bramlette, 1950’ Turritella cf T. teglandae Merriam, 194l’ Volvullela cylindrica (Carpenter, 1864) Zonaria spadicea (Swainson, 1823) The vast majority of taxa from the Rincon Point/Rincon Hill area have overlapping depth ranges between about 20 and 40 m with Donax gouldii (0-5 m), Modiolus rectus (0-15 m), Solen sicarius (0-1 m), Amphissa versicolor (0-1 m), Littorina planaxis (0-1 m), Lucapinella callomarginata (0-1 m), occurring shallower, dead Pandora wardiana (40-200 m), Pseudochama grand (46-256 m), Admete gracilior (60-250 m), Antiplanes catalinae (90-270 m), Boreotrophon bentleyi (100-350 m), Bonsonella merriami (70-290 m), Exiloidea rectirostris (60-800 m), Fusinus barbarensis (50-350 m), Neptunea tabulata (50-250 m), Ophiodermella fancherae (50-200 m), and Scabrotrophon clarki (100-210 m) occurring deeper. Because of the lack of stratigraphic control in this prelinminary note these species from outside the presumed depth zone where the fauna, as a whole, was deposited are not considered significant. Mid-shelf water depths are supported by Cronin and others (1983) who studied ostracodes from the Rincon Point section along US Highway 1 0 1 and characterized the fauna as one from an inner to middle shelf environment. Age - Previously exposures at from the Rincon Point/Rincon Hill area were considered late Pliocene or early Pleistocene (Upton, 1951; Dibblee, 1966; Cronin and others, 1983) based on their correlation with the Santa Barbara Formation in Santa Barbara. Extinct species from this area include the bivalves Chlamys jordani, C. picoensis, C. opuntia, Cyclocardia californica, C. cf. C. occidentalis, Humilaria prelaminosa, Pecten bellus, and the gastropods Calicantharus fortis, Cancellaria arnoldi, C. cf C. tritonidae, Crassispira zizyphus, Crepidula princeps, Maxwellia Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 84 eldridgei, Ophiodermella cf. O. mercedensis, Turritella gonostoma hemphilli, and T. cf. T. teglandae. Characteristic Pliocene index-species such as Patinopecten healeyi and Opalia varicostata are missing. In addition, most of the extinct species present occur in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The occurrence of Cancellaria arnoldi, Turritella gonostoma hemphilli, and T. cf T. teglandae indicate a Pliocene age as their known occurrences are restricted to the Pliocene. But their range zones are not well documented and T. teglandae is questionably identified here. Still we considered this area as Pliocene based on the above Cancellaria and Turritella occurrences, but the age is questioned. Santa Maria District, Santa Barbara County; Cebada fine-grained Member of the Careaga Sandstone Description of the formation and fauna of the Cebada fine-grained Member of the Careaga Sandstone (Table 5) is from Woodring and Bramlette (1950). The Careaga Sandstone ranges in thickness from 15 to 430 m (50’ to 1425’) is underlain by Foxen Mudstone and overlain by the Graciosa coarse-grained Member and Paso Robles Formation where the upper member is absent. Faunas similar to the Cebada Member are found in the underlying Foxen Mudstone or older Sisquoc Formation and in the overlying Graciosa coarse-grained Member. Almost three-quarters of the specimens, were found at only one or two localities, with unusually good preservation: Fugler Point and the dump of an old asphalt mine on the south slope of Graciosa Ridge. The shells at both localities are preserved in tar sand or asphalt. Elsewhere, fossils from the Cebada Member are mostly casts and molds. Biostrati graphv - According to Woodring and Bramblette (1950) all the most widespread species, namely Anadara trilineata, Cryptomya cf. C. califomica, Lucinoma cf. L. annulata, Modiolus cf. M capax, Nucella taphria, Myrakeenea veatchii (=Ostrea vespertina of Woodring and Bramlette, 1950), Panopea cf P. abrupta, Patrnopecten healeyi, Protothaca cf P. tenerrima, Solen perrini, and Caesia moraniana occur in the Cebada fine-grained Member and also in the younger Graciosa coarse grained member of the Careaga Sandstone. In addition, all except Nuculana occur in the older Foxen Mudstone or in the still older upper Sisquoc Formation or in both. Dosinia ponderosa diegoana, Lyropecten cerrosensis, Nuculana taphria, Petricola cf P. buwaldi, Yoldia cf. Y. supramontereyensis, Cancellaria rapa perrini, Ophiodermella graciosana, and Strioterebrum martini were found in both members of the Careaga Sandstone, or in undifferentiated Careaga strata, but not in older formations. The southern extralimital gastropod Discotectonica is restricted to this member. Extinct species present in the underlying Foxen Mudstone and not in the Careaga Sandstone include Nuculana orcutti, Mytilus cf. M. coalingensis, Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini, Ranella cf. R. elsmmerense, and the echinoid Merrimaster cf. M perrini (Weaver). It is unclear if these species are stratigraphically or ecologically significant, but with further study they might be used to help develop a biostratigraphy for the California Pliocene. Ecology - Overall, the Cebada fine-grained Member fauna shows overlapping geographic ranges between 34 and 35°N, using latitudinal data for extant species (Keen, 1971; Bernard, 1983; McLean, 1996; Coan and others, 2000; McLean, 2007) consistent with the latitude of the fossil localities. In addition, there are a number of northern extralimital species (Macoma brota, Nuculana culluita, Panomya priapus, Siliqua alta, Calliostoma ligatum, and Calyptraea fastigiata), but only one southern extralimital taxa, Discotectonica and and several species have their northern- most end point of their range at or near the latitude of the fossil site (Argopecten ventricosus. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 85 Calliostoma gemmulatum, and Crepidula aculeata). It is assumed that the northern and southern extralimital species do not occur in the same bed, but detailed biostratigraphy has not been performed at this time. Table 5. Faunal list from the Cebada fine-grained member of Careaga Sandsone in the Santa Maria District, Santa Barbara County, California. Faunal list from Woodring and Bramlette (1950[1951]). ^ indicates extinct taxa, ^ indicates southern extralimital taxa, ^ indicates northern extralimital taxa. Mollusca Bivalvia Acila cf. A. (Truncacila) castremis (Hinds, 1844) Anadara trilineata (Conrad, 1856) Area santamariensis Reinhart, 1937* Area sisquoeensis Reinhart, 1937* Argopeeten cf. A. ventrieosus (Sowerby, 1842) [as A. cf. A. eireularis (Sowerby, 1835)]^ Barbatia pseudoillota Reinhart, 1937* Chama cf. C. areana Bernard, 1976 [as C. cf. C. pellueida Broderip, 1835] Chlamys hastata (Sowerby, 1843) Clinoeardium cf C. meekianum (Gabb, 1866)^ Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter, 1864) Crenella cf. C. deeussata (Montagu, 1808) Crenomytilus cf C. eoalingensis (Arnold, 1910)' Cryptomya cf. C. ealiforniea (Conrad, 1837) Cumingia ealiforniea Conrad, 1837 Cyeloeardia ealiforniea (Dali, 1903)* Diplodonta sp. Dosinia ponderosa diegoana Hertlein and Grant, 1972’ Euvola stearnsii (Dali, 1878)? ' Gari cf G. (Gobraeus) ealiforniea (Conrad, 1849) Gians earpenteri (Lamy, 1922) [as G. subquadrata (Carpenter, 1864)] Glyeymeris sp. Irusella cf /. lamellifer (Conrad, 1837) Kellia suborbieularis (Montagu, 1803) [as K. laperousii (Deshayes, 1839)] Limaria cf L. hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong, 1946) Lituyapeeten diller (Dali, 1901)’ Lueinisea nuttallii anteeedens (Arnold, 1907) Lueinoma cf. L. annulatum (Reeve, 1850) Lyropeeten eerrosensis (Gabb, 1866)’ Maeoma cf. M. brota Dali, 1916 Maeoma cf. M. (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter, 1864 Maeoma cf. M. nasuta (Conrad, 1837) [as M. n. kelseyi Dail, 1900] Maeoma cf. M. (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter, 1864 Maetromeris cf. M eatiliformis (Conrad, 1867) Mactromeris cf M hemphilli (Dali, 1894) Miodontiseus cf M. prolongatus (Carpenter, 1864) Modiolus cf. M. capax (Conrad, 1837) My a sp. Myrakeenea veatehii (Gabb, 1866) [as Ostrea vespertina (Conrad, 1854)]’ Nuculana (Jupiteria) eelluUta (Dail, 1896) Nueulana (Jupiteria) penderi (Dail and Bartsch, 1910) [as Saccella redondoensis (Burch, 1944)] Nueulana (Jupiteria) taphria (Dail, 1896) Nutrieola cf N. tantilla (Gould, 1853) Pandora cf. P. (Heteroelidus) punctata Conrad, 1837 Panomya cf. P. priapus (Tilesius, 1822) [as P. cf P. beringianus Dail, 1916]^ Panopea cf P. abrupta (Conrad, 1 849) [as P. cf P. generosa Gould, 1850] Parvilueina cf. P. tenuisculpta (Carpenter, 1864) Patinopeeten healeyi (Arnold, 1906)' Pecten bellus (Conrad, 1857) [as P. hemphilli Dail, 1878]' Penitella penita (Conrad, 1837) Petricola cf P. buwaldi Clark, 1915' Petrieola cf P. earditoides (Conrad, 1837) Pododesmus maerosehisma (Deshayes, 1839) Protothaea cf. P. staleyi (Gabb, 1866)’ Protothaea cf. P. ( Callithaea) tenerrima (Carpneter, 1857) Pyenodonte eriei (Hertlein, 1929)' Saecella oreutti (Arnold, 1907)’ Saxidomus cf. S. nuttalli Conrad, 1837 Semele cf S. rubropicta Dail, 1 87 1 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 86 Siliqua cf. S. alta Broderip and Sowerby, 1829 [as S. cf. S. media (Sowerby, 1839)] Solena perrini Clark, 1915' Sphenia cf S. luticola (Valenciennes, 1846) [as S. cf. 5'. globulaDdM, 1919] Swiftopecten parmeleei s.s. (Dali, 1898)' Tellinact T. (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds, 1845 Tellina cf. T. (Tellinella) idae Dali, 1891 Tellina cf. T. (Angulus) modes ta (Carpenter, 1864) [as T. cf. T. buttoni Dali, 1900] Thracia cf. T. (Homaeodesma) trapezoides Conrad, 1849 Trachycardium cf T. (Dallocardium) quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837) Tresus cf. T. nuttallii (Conrad, 1837) Yoldia cf. Y. supramontereyensis Arnold, 1908' Gastropoda Acteocina cf A. culcitella (Gould, 1853) Admete gracilior (Carpenter, 1869) Alia tuberosa (Carpenter, 1864), variety Amphissa cf. A. versicolor (Dali, 1878) As tyris gausapata {GoxAd, 1850) Balds cf B. micans (Carpenter, 1 864) Barbarofusinus? cf B? arnoldi (Cossmann, 1903) Barleeia cf B. acuta (Carpenter, 1864) [as B. marmorea (Carpenter, 1864)] “Bittium ” casmaliense Bartsch, 1 9 1 1 ' ‘Bittium ” casmaliense arnoldi Bartsch, 1 91 1 ' Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz, 1829) Caecum (Micranellium) crebricinctum (Carpenter, 1864) Caesia cf C. fossatus (Gould, 1 849) Caesia moraniana (Martin, 1914)' Calicantharus fortis angulata (Arnold, 1907)' Callianax cf. C. baetica Carpenter, 1864 Callianax pycna Berry, 1935 [as O. biplicata (Sowerby, 1825), slender variety]^ Calliostoma coalingense caloteron V/oodring in Woodring and Bramlette, 1950[1951]' Calliostoma cf. C gemmulatum Carpenter, 1864 Calliostoma cf C. ligatum (Gould, 1849) Calliostoma virginicum (Conrad, 1873) [this species (and the following) is from the Miocene of Virginia and not known from California. It is misidentified here, but not illustrated and what the name represents is unclear] Calliostoma cf. C. virginicum (Conrad, 1873) [see above] Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea cf. C. fastigiata Gould, 1846 Calyptraea radians (Lamarck, 1822)' Cancellaria arnoldi Dali, 1909' Cancellaria crawfordiana (Dali, 1891) Cancellaria fergusoni Carson, 1926 [as C. cf C. tritonidea Gabb, 1866; syn. C. santa-marinae Carson, 1926]' Cancellaria hemphilli Dali, 1909* Cancellaria lipara Woodring in Woodring and Bramlette, 1950[1951]' Cancellaria rapa Nomland, 1917' Cancellaria rapa perrini Carson, 1926' Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin, 1791) [as Jaton cf. J. carpenteri (Dali, 1899)] Cidarina cidaris (Adams, 1 864) Clathromangelia variegata (Carpenter, 1864) [angular variety of Willett fide Woodring and Bramlette, 1950[1951]] Cockerella conradiana (Gabb, 1866) Cranopsis cucullata (Gould, 1 846)? Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) Crepidula cod Berry, 1950 [as Crepidula cf C. excavata (Reeve, 1859)] Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1 846 Crepidula (Grandicrepidula) princeps Conrad, 1856' Crepipatella cf C. dorsata (Broderip, 1834) [as C. cf. C. lingulata (Gould, 1846)] Crucibulum cf C. scutellatum (Wood, 1824) [as C. cf. C. imbricatum (Sowerby, 1828)]“ Cryptonatica affiwis (Gmelin, 1791) [as C. aleutica Dali, 1919, small variety] Cylichnella cf. C. attonsa Carpenter, 1864 Cymah'a gracilior (Tryon, 1884) [as Mitramorpha intermedia Arnold, 1903, variety] Cyrnatosyrinx cf C. empyrosia (Dali, 1 899) Demondia californianus (Conrad, 1856) [as Nassa waldorfensis (Arnold, 1907)]' Diodora aspera (Eschscholtz, 1833) Discotectonica sp." Epitonium cf E. tincta (Carpenter, 1 864) Euspira cf E. lewisii (Gould, 1 847) Fusitriton cf F. oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Garnotia ot/wnca (Sowerby, 1825) Glossaulax reclusianus (Deshayes, 1838) Hespererato cf. H. columbella (Menke, 1847) [? as E. cf. Erato scabriuscula Sowerby, 1832] Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 87 Hima mendicus (Gould, 1849), small variety [and H. cooperi (Forbes, 1852), small variety] Homalopoma cf. H. luridum (Dali, 1885) [as H. cf. H. carpenteri (Pilsbry, 1889) Homalopoma cf. H. paucicostata (Dali, 1871) Iselica ovoidea (Gould, 1853) [as l.fenestrata (Carpenter, 1864)] Lirobuccinum portolaensis (Arnold, 1908)' Liridaria cf. L. optabilis (Carpenter, 1 864) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb, 1865) [inflated variety and M. cf. M. c. tryoniana (Gabb, 1866)] Megathura crenulata (Sowerby,1825)? Niveotectura cf. N. funiculata (Carpenter, 1864) Nucella sp. Ocenebrina cf. O. atropurpurea (Carpenter, 1865) [as Ocenebra cf. O. clathrata (Dali, 1919)] Ocenebrina cf. O. barbarensis (Gabb, 1865) Ocenebrina lurida (Middendorff, 1848) Odostomia cf. O. farallonensis Dali and Bartsch, 1909 Opalia varicostata Steams, 1875 [syn. Opalia varicostata anomala Steams, 1875]' Ophiodermella graciosana Arnold, 1 903 ' Perimargelia interfossa (Carpenter, 1864) [as Mangelia interlirata Steams, 1864, inflated variety] Pomaulax cf. P. gibberosa (Dillwyn, 1817) “Propebela” sp. Psephaea oregonensis (Dali, 1907)' Puncturella cooperi asphales Woodring in Woodring and Bramlette, 1950[1951]' Ranella lewisii Carson, 1926' Rictaxis cf. R. punctocaelatus (Carpneter, 1864) Selia montereyensis Bartsch, 1907 Serpulorbis squamigerus Carpenter, 1857? [smooth var.?] Sinum scopulosum (Conrad, 1 849) Solariella n. sp.? Strioterebrum martini English, 1914' Tegulal sp. Teinostoma cf. T. supravallata (Carpenter, 1864)^ Pusula cf. P. californiana (Gray, 1827) [? As P. cf P. sanguinea (Sowerby, 1832)] Turbonilla cf. T. arnoldi Dali and Bartsch, 1903 Turbonilla cf. T. anteslriata Dali and Bartsch, 1907 Turcica caffea brevis Stewart, in Woodring and others, 1941 [as T. imperialis brevis Stewart, in Woodring and others, 1941]' Turritella cooperi Carpenter, 1864 Turritella hemphilli Merriam, 1941 ' Vitrinella stearnsi Bartsch, 1907 Age - Extinct taxa from the Careaga Sandstone include the bivalve Area santamariensis, A. sisquocensis, Barbatia pseudoillota, Crenomytilus cf. C. coalingensis Cyclocardia californica, Lituyapecten dilleri, Lyropecten cerrosensis, Myrakeenea veatchii, Patinopecten healeyi, Pecten bellus, Petricola cf P. buwaldi, Protothaca cf P. staleyi, Pycondonte erici, Saccella orcutti, Solena perrini, Swiftopecten parmeleei s.s., and the gastropods “Bittium ” casmaliene, “B. ” c. arnoldi, Calicantharus fortis angulata, Calliostoma coalingense caloteron, C. virgineum, C. radians, Cancellaria arnoldi, C. fergusoni, C. hemphilli, C. lipara, C. rapa, C. r. perrini, Crepidula princeps, Demondia calif ornianus, Lirobuccinum portolaensis, Opalia varicostata, Ophiodermella graciosana, Psephaea oregonensis, Puncturella cooperi asphales, Rancella lewisii, Turicia caffea brevis, and Turritella hemphilli. These taxa indicate a Pliocene age for the Cebada fine-grained Member of the Careaga Formation. Summary The Pliocene was a period of mostly neutral to cool-water temperatures off the California coast compared to today. The occurrence of warm-water southern extralimital mollusks at several localities in southern and central California is suprising and although these outcrops are poorly dated the occurrence of these warm-water species suggests that these scattered sites might represent a single period of time when temperatures were warmer than today. Therefore, we propose using Pliocene warm water southern extral-limital mollusks to recognize this middle Pliocene warm water event in southern California. Collections from the Border locality of the Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report for 2008, v. 41 (2009) page 88 San Diego Formation, unnamed Pliocene deposits on San Clemente Island and in the Whittier Hills, sediments attributed to the “Santa Barbara” Formation at Rincon Hill/Rincon Road, and the Cebada fine-grained Member of the Careaga Formation all contain warm-water extralimital mollusks and are used here to develop a ecologic based, warm water biostratigraphic unit that is tentatively correlated with the 3.3 to 3.15 Ma mid-Pliocene warm event of Leroy and Dupont (1994) and Tiedemann and others (1994) based on their Pliocene age and the presence of southern extralimital mollusks, especially Discotectonica. Because the above sites/formations cannot be precisely dated they are only tentatively correlated with one another here via their southern extralimital, warm water taxa. Curiously each site has a slightly different suite of extinct species. If these deposits are the same age then one would expect that they would contain the same extinct species. But, these differences possibly reflect differences in the ecological setting of each site/geologic unit. Also the geographic distributions of extinct species are poorly known, so they might have limited geographic distributions. In any case, all the sites/formations discussed above are consitant with a middle Pliocene age based on their mollusk faunas, if not a much broader age range. As these and other Pliocene sites are better documented and dated a more precise biostratigraphy can be developed and correlated with the International Stratigraphic Chart f http : //www. strati graph v . or g/chus .pdf: retrieved 12/2008). This method of using the paleotemperatures as an aid to dating mollusk faunas has been successful in the Pleistocene of southern California (see Powell and others, 2000) and extending it to other age deposits and over a broader geographic area is worth pursuing. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Mary McGann (USGS) and an anonymous reviewer for their very helpful reviews. In addition, we thank Jean DeMouthe (CAS), Harry F. Filkhom (LACM), and David Haasl (formerly at Museum of Paleontology, University of California at Bekeley) for use of collections in their care. References Addicott, W.O. 1970. Miocene gastropods and biostratigraphy of the Kern River area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 6A2, p. 1-174. Arnold, R.A. 1903. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California: California Academy of Sciences Memoir, v. 3, 420 p. Arnold, R.A. 1907. New and characgteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-bearing Tertiary formations of southern California: U.S. National Museum Proceedings, v. 32, p. 525- 546. Barnes, L.G. 1976. Outline of eastern North Pacific fossil Cetacean assemblages: Systematic Zoology, V. 24, p. 321-343. Bernard, F.R. 1983. 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Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara Channel: v. 9, 228 p. McLean, J.H. 2007. Shelled Gastropoda, in Carlton, J.T., ed.. The Light and Smith Manual (4th ed.): Intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon: Berkeley, CA. University of California Press, p. 713-766. Powell, C.L., 11. 2008. Pliocene Invertebrates From the Travertine Point Outcrop of the Imperial Formation, Imperial County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2m^-5\55, 25 p. Powell, C.L., II, Lajoie, K., and Ponti, D. 2000. A preliminary chronostratigraphy based on molluscan biogeography for the late Quaternary of southern California: Western Society of Malacologists, Annual Report, v. 32, p. 23-36. Sue, J.-P., Diniz, F., Leroy, S., Poumot, C., Bertini, A., Dupont, L., Clet, M., Bessais, E., Zheng, Z., Fauquette, S., and Ferrier, J. 1995. Zanclean (Brunssumian) to early Piacenzian (early- middle Reuverian) climate from 4° to 54° north latitude (west Africa, west Europe, and west Mediterranean areas): Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, v. 52, p. 43-56. Susuki, T., and Stadum, C.J. 1978. A Neogene section northeast San Clemente Island, California: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, no. 299, 24 p. Tiedemann, R., Samthein, M., and Shackleton, N. 1994. Astronomic timescale for the Pliocene Atlantic and dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program Site 659: Paleoceanography, V. 9, p. 619-638. Upton, J.E. 1951. Geology and ground- water resources of the south-coast basins of Santa Barbara, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1108, 144 p. Vedder, J.G. 1960. Previously unreported Pliocene Mollusca from the southeastern Los Angeles Basin: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 400-B, p. B326-B328. Vedder, J.G., and Moore, E.J. 1976. Paleoenvironmental implications of fossiliferous Miocene and Pliocene strata on San Clemente Island, California, in Howell, D.G., ed., Aspects of the geologic history of the California Continental Borderland: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Miscellaneous Publications 24, p. 107-135. Wagner, H.M., Riney, B.O., Demere, T.A., and Prothero, D.R. 2001. Magnetic stratigraphy and land mammal biochronology of the nonmarine facies of the Pliocene San Diego Formation, San Diego County, California, in Prothero, D.R., ed.. Magnetic stratigraphy of the Pacific Coast Cenozoic: Pacific Section SEPM (Society of Sedimentary Geology Book 91, p. 359-368. Woodring, W.P., and Bramlette, M.N. 1950[1951]. Geology and paleontology of the Santa Maria District, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 222, 185 p. Zagwijn, W.H. 1960 Aspects of the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene vegetation in The Netherlands: Mededelingen van de Geologische Stiching, series C, v. 3, 78 p. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 9 1 REPORTS OF SOCIETY BUSINESS EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING MINUTES - JULY 5, 2008 No minutes could be found GENERAL MEMBERSHIP MEETING MINUTES - JUNE 7, 2008 WSM President Charles Powell, II called the meeting to order at 2:16 P.M. Other current WSM officers were named: o First Vice President: Michael Vendrasco o Second Vice President: unofficially George Kennedy ■ In the Executive Board Meeting (June 5, 2008), G. Kennedy was suggested as second vice president ■ He was officially elected in this meeting o Third Vice President: Esteban Felix-Pico, who was ^ected at last year’s annual meeting in La Paz, Mexico o Treasurer and Secretary: Vic Smith C. Powell then mentioned that V. Smith will be stepping down from his current positions, and that no members-at-large were nominated at the Executive Board Meeting o G. Kennedy volunteered to be second vice president (president 2010) o C. Powell volunteered to be secretary o Doug Eemisse suggested Kelvin Barwick as treasurer and he agreed to the position o Hans Bertsch and Nora Foster volunteered to be members-at-large o A motion was made to accept the slate of officers, seconded, and approved by all o No volunteers could be found for the auditing committee o The Student Grant committee will be determined at a later date as volunteers are found o H. Bertsch volunteered to act as financial intermediary between Mexican and American colleagues. He suggested Mexican members can deposit money directly into his Mexican bank account, or send a check to him that he will deposit in his account, and he will be able to transfer to WSM without transaction fees. H. Bertsch also mentioned that he will send an e-mail to the WSM Treasurer and President upon any such transaction C. Powell suggested that Ellen Moore be presented with an Award of Honor, including a lifetime membership in WSM, for her contributions to West Coast molluscan paleontology o D. Eemisse and many others seconded simultaneously. Approved by all C. Powell then asked First Vice President M. Vendrasco to present details about next years conference o M. Vendrasco said he did not know where the conference will be held, and is open to suggestions. Some possibilities mentioned include Asilomar (although many pointed out it is likely too late to book facilities there for this coming year), Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, and California State University, Fullerton. One attendee suggested the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 92 History. M. Vandresco said the conference will most likely be in mid-summer, but is contingent on scheduling of facilities o M. Vandresco said he will inform everyone once the time and place when it is determined, hopefully within a month or two. C. Powell then asked Second Vice President G. Kennedy where the following year’s (2010) meeting will be. o G. Kennedy said he will need to work this out and perhaps coordinate with the AMS armual meeting. Charles then asked Third Vice President Esteban Felix-Pico where the 2011 meeting will be. o E. Felix replied that will be in La Paz and the meeting will be combined with the Mexican Malacological Society. The topic of student grants was then mentioned, including the question of why there were none this year. The answer being no dues were collected this year and one of the shell clubs from which those funds have been give in the past is not able not able to send funds anymore. o Carol Hertz mentioned that the San Diego Shell Club was never approached for funds for this purpose. ■ C. Powell mentioned that that the upcoming President should contact C. Hertz about funding for next year’s student grant(s). C. Powell mentions that binders (as stated in the Society By-laws) on details of the duties of the WSM officers are missing, as well as the WSM gavel. o G. Kennedy says that he initially put together binder but likewise is not sure where it is. If found the contents should be put on the WSM web site, o K. Barwick suggests the WSM use the Google group discussion site for exective board and invited guest to communicate Society business. This group would be archived and searchable. K. Barwick agreed to set this up for WSM — he just needs everyone’s e-mail address. ■ C. Powell suggested opening up this discussion board to all interested. ■ G. Kermedy said past presidents of WSM as unofficially board members, so should also be included. ■ C. Powell will provide K. Barwick with a list of e-mails. ■ H. Bertsch suggested we put a link to this discussion board on the website, o C. Hertz made the motion, H. Bertsch seconded, approved by all. C. Powell brought up the issue of annual reports. o N. Foster mentioned that Hans is doing the final edit from last year (2007) annual report. ■ H. Bertsch said it is a gratifying experience, but he wants it done faster this year. o C. Powell asked for status of the 2005-2006 annual reports. ■ H. Bertsch says the 2005-2006 annual reports are not yet out. Hans said he understood that the last two presidents are supposedly producing these armual reports. Hans reported that he spoke with Roland Anderson (2006 president) on the phone recently about this, but has yet to receive an answer. Nothing has come from 2007 president Peter Roopnarine either. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 93 • G. Kennedy reported that he talked to P. Roopnarine about this in the past week. G. Kennedy also mentions the need to have treasury reports and other important files in addition to abstracts in the annual report. He said to consult bylaws for more detail about what should be included in the annual report. o N. Foster mentioned that for 2004 Annual Report there are no treasurer reports or minutes in spite of numerous requests. o C. Powell indicated a November 15 deadline for papers and abstracts for this year’s meeting ■ G. Kennedy mentions that presenters can expand their abstracts so that the annual report looks better. ■ G. Kennedy said that, for purposes of the annual report, to send him any photos or anything else about WSM that might be well suited for inclusion in the journal. He also said to make sure to list who is in each picture sent to him. C. Powell mentioned that there is a WSM archive at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. o Some attendees brought up possible leads for where the WSM gavel might be. Carlos Caceres Martinez said that he has yet to receive payment for expenses for last year’s annual meeting. He says he owes his University about $870 (U.S.). o C. Powell says to send him the exact amount, because he also needs to be reimbursed for expenses for this year’s conference, so he can contact V. Smith so that both can be reimbursed. ■ G. Kennedy motions to have C. Caceres Martinez reimbursed ASAP, many second, approved by all. ■ Then the same vote was made for C. Powell to be reimbursed, and this was likewise approved. C. Caceres Martinez then asked about how to go about getting more funding for indigenous shell crafters that he described in his Thursday morning (June 5) talk. o H. Bertsch said that if anyone wants to make a donation, he will act as conduit for changing American to Mexican funds. His wife donated $50. o C. Hertz said the WSM probably should not donate due to lack of funds, but individuals in the society can make contributions. Most of those in attendance appeared to agree. o C. Powell said that a notice about the need for funds for this might be put in the annual report. o G. Kennedy reported that at the end of the 2004 meeting, a 5-piece ensemble played, and individual WSM members were moved to finance the recording of a CD of this group’s music. A question was then raised on the financial status of WSM. o C. Powell mentioned that in -2004, the WSM had 3 CDs valued at over $20,000 and about $2-3,000 in a checking account. No one present had any more recent details. o C. Powell reported that the Asilomar meeting (2006) was not in debt. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 94 D. Eeraissee reported that WSM in the past had contributed at least half the funds for student grants. o C. Hertz says that there is usually a line on the dues notice for contributions from WSM members for this purpose. o C. Powell noted that no dues notices had gone out this year (based on communication from Vic Smith and observations of many members). o G. Kennedy mentioned that historically grant offerings are proportional to how well the society is doing financially. o Chris Kitting mentioned that many students who receive WSM grants do not attend the annual meetings (one possible reason being the awards do not typically enough to cover travel to the meeting), so he brought up for discussion the possibility of combing the grant with the best paper award, to ensure that money goes to students who actually contribute to WSM. ■ This initiated another discussion on WSM funds. D. Eemisse suggested Terry Gosliner might be able to lean on V. Smith to divulge amount of funds so that action can be taken for WSM grants for this coming year. ■ C. Hertz mentioned the need for a committee to determine who should get student grants. ■ H. Bertsch suggested setting up a planning committee before the final grant committee is set up. ■ Janet Leonard moved that when C. Powell gets in touch with V. Smith, he can also get an update on funds. ■ C. Caceres Martinez mentioned that V. Smith has not yet answered his requests for reimbursement. ■ D. Eemisse mentioned that we caimot post a grant notice until all board members discuss this issue. ■ K. Barwick mentioned the need to know how much money WSM has before any further serious discussion of student grants can take place. ■ C. Kitting reiterated for discussion the proposal to combine best presentation award with student grants. • D. Eemisse agreed that student grants should be larger, but he and others disagreed with the proposal to combine these two awards, so this issue was dropped for the time. ■ C. Kitting said he would donate $100 for the best student award, and C. Powell said he would donate an extra $20 for the 2008 meeting • Orso Angulo was proposed as best student presenter this year, and all were in favor. o H. Bertsch said to give money for this purpose and/or for donation to the indigenous shell-crafters that C. Caceres Martinez is working with and he will transfer funds to both and provide a list of all donors. ■ D. Eemisse mentioned that the Unitas and AMS Newsletter are good places where the WSM can advertise grants. ■ C. Hertz and C. Kitting mentioned that we should give WSM grants to people that we judge will most likely attend future meetings. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 95 ■ C. Caceres Martinez mentioned the need to have the treasurer make sure all dues are paid. ■ C. Powell suggested that WSM send out an annual report along with the dues notice, as a way to entice previous but currently non-active members to rejoin, in that way building WSM funds. • G. Kennedy moved to send out a copy of the annual report with the upcoming dues notice, J. Leonard seconded, and approved by all. ■ C. Hertz and C. Kitting agreed to start the committee to begin work on student grants. H. Bertsch said a group of three should do this and send off to the proper specialists within the WSM. C. Powell volunteered to review submissions relating to paleontology, N. Foster will volunteer to review grants related to archeology. • G. Kermedy moves to adjourn the meeting, C. Kitting seconds, and all approve. Minutes recorded by Michael Vendrasco, 6/7/2008; edited by C. Powell and others via email, 6/10-12/2008. It should be noted that Vic Smith showed up after the meeting and wrote a check for Carlos Caceres Martinez (2007 President). The 2008 meeting hadn’t concluded so reimbursement of those funds will wait until the bookkeeping has been done. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 96 GROUP PHOTOGRAPH Front row (left to right): Charles Powell, Ashley Fore, Eric Gonzales, Laney Whitlow, Albert Rodrigues, Elizabeth Moore, Carlos Caeceres Martines with Juliana Caceres Bamios, and Daniela Branos Ruiz. Second row (left to right): Raed El Hajjaoui, Vicky H. Lee, Patty Jo Hoff, Clay Carson, Neil Fahy, Marta Pola, Hans Bertsch, Rosa Campay, Jan Leonard. Back row (left to right): Doug Eenisse, Michael Vendrasco, Esteban Felix Pico, Orso Angulo, Patrick I. LaFollette, Kelvin Barwick, Chris Kitting, Carole Hertz, Jules Hertz, Nora Foster, Terry Gosliner, George Kennedy. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 97 Membership list 2008 A Mary Jane Adams 2116 Canyon Dr. Arcadia, CA 91006-1505 Alvin Alejandrino 1905 E. 1st St, Apt. P Long Beach, CA 90802 Dr. Warren D. Allmon Paleontological Research Institute 1259 Tmmansburg Rd. Ithaca, NY 14850 Dr. Roland C. Anderson Seattle Aquarium 1483 Alaskan Way Seattle, WA98101 Tamara Anderson 285 Smith St. Lander, WY 82520 Jose Angel Olivas Instituto de Sanidad Acuicola A.C., Calle 9 y Gastelum 468 Local 14 Zona Centro Ensenada, Baja California 22800 MEXICO Orso Angulo Campillo Ligui #3, Col. Los Olivos. C.P. 23040 Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur La Paz, Baja California Sur, MEXICO Jamal Asif 836 S. Burlington #2R Los Angeles, CA 90057 B Minnie A. Ball 1236 Bradley St. Riverside, CA 92506 Bax R. Barton P. O. Box 278 Seahurst. WA 98062 Kelvin L. Barwick EMTS Laboratory 2392 Kincaid Rd. San Diego, C A 92101-0811 Jessica R. Bean Geology Department University of California, Davis One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616 David W. Behrens 5091 Debbie Ct Gig Harbor, WA 98335 Dr. Hans Bertsch 192 Imperial Beach Blvd., #A Imperial Beach, CA 91932 Lillian Bloch Villanova University Mendel Hall 147 800 Lancaster Ave. Villanova, PA 19085 Diana Boyer Department of Earth Sciences - 036 University of California Riverside, CA 92521 Caren Brary Hopkins Marine Station Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 98 Dr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Burch 3599 Sylvan Pines Cir. Bremerton, WA 98310 Helen Bustamante 16 Cookingham Rd. Pougkeepsie, NY 12601 C Carlos Cacerse Martinez Ligui #3, Col. Los Olivos. C.P. 23040 Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur La Paz, Baja California Sur, MEXICO Jorge Caceres Martinez Instituto de Sanidad Acuicola, A.C. Calle 9 y Gastelum 468 Local 14, Zona Centro Ensenada, Baja California 22800 MEXICO Donald B. Cadien Marine Biology Lab-JWPCP 24501 S. Figueroa St. Carson, CA 90745 Orso Angulo Campillo Departmento de Biologia Marina Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Instituto Politecnico Nacional Av. I.P.N. s/n. Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, C.P. 23096, A.P. 592 La Paz, Baja California Sur MEXICO Clay Carlson P.O. Box 8019 Merizo, GUAM 96916 James T. Carlton Maritime Studies Program Mystic Seaport Mystic, CT 06355 Shannon M. Carpenter 422 Garden St. Santa Barbara, CA 93101 Dr. Walter E. Carr 2043 Mohawk Dr. Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 Jamie Chan 1201 44th Ave., Apt. 5 San Francisco, CA 94122 Barbara K. Chaney 1633 Posilipo Ln. Santa Barbara, CA 93108 Dr. Henry W. Chaney Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd. Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Robin Chen Department of Biological Sciences California State University, East Bay Hayward, CA 95442 Shou-Yu Chen 847 Lavender Dr. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Matthew Clapham Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740 Jordan Clarke P.O. Box 6850 Fullerton, CA 98234-6850 Julia Clayton 2582 28th Ave. West Seattle, WA 98199 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 99 Stephanie Clutts 1805 Skyline Dr. Cobden, IL 62920 Dr. Eugene V. Coan 891 San Jude Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94306-2640 Dr. Tom Cockbum 7683 Colin PI. Saanichton, BC V8M 1N6 CANADA Dr. James R. Cordeiro Department of Invertebrates American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79* New York, NY 10024 Dr. Robert Cowie University of Hawaii 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408 Honolulu, HI 96822 Erin Cox Department of Biological Sciences California State University Fullerton, CA 92647 Sergio Curiel Instituto de Sanidad Acuicola, A.C. Calle 9 y Gastelum 468 Local 14 Zona Centro, Ensenada Baja California 22800 MEXICO D Dr. Charles N. D'Asaro Department of Biology College of Science and Technoloy 11000 University Pky. Pensacola, FL 32514 Cheryl Davis 3306 Euclid Ave. Concord, CA 94519 Angus Davison Institute of Genetics School of Biology University of Nottingham NG7 2UH UK Dr. John D. DeMartini 1 1 1 1 Birch Ave. McKinleyville, CA 95519-7915 Alia Dermis 1622 Virgil St. Baton Rouge, LA 70808 Dr. Steve Dombo Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740 Fred Duerr 364 NW 59th St. Newport, OR 97365 Jimmie DuFoe 417 Grove St. Rockton, IL 61072 E Dr. Douglas J. Eemisse Department of Bioloigcal Sciences, MH282 P.O. Box 34080 California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Ryan Ellingson 90 Hurlbut St., #10 Pasadena, C A 91105 Dr. William K. Emerson 10k E. End Ave. New York, NY 10075 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 100 Neil E. Fahy 1425 South Mayfair Ave. Daly City, CA 94015-3867 Phillip Fenberg Division of Biological Sciences UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 John Flentz 4541 Lambeth Ct. Carlsbad, CA 92008 Nora R. Foster 2998 Gold Hills Rd. Fairbanks, AK 99709 Bruce H. Fowler 1074 Dempsey Rd. Milpitas, CA 95035 Margaret Fraiser Department Earth Sciences Zumberg Hall 117 University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90254 Dr. Terrence J. Frest 2517 NE 65th St. Seattle, WA 98115 Kinsey Frick Department Zoology 46 College Rd. University New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Allan Fukuyama 7019 157th SW Edmonds, WA 98026 G Lance Gilbertson Orange Coast College P.O. Box 5005 Costa Mesa, CA 92628 Dr. Jeffrey & Lise Goddard P.O. Box 8 Los Olivos, CA 93441 Dave Goodwin Department Geosciences 100 Sunset Hill Dr. Denison University Granville, OH 43023 Daniel R. Goodwin Things Marine P.O. Box 30472 Honolulu, HI 96820 Dr. Terrence M. Gosliner Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Dr. San Francisco, CA 94118 Brian Gregory 1 124 Pennsylvania Ave. Bremerton, WA 98337 Erin Grey 5430 S. Woodlawn Ave., Apt.#3 Chicago, IL 60615 Lindsey T. Groves Natural History Museum 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 H Erika Hansen 489 Blue Blossom Lane Eureka, CA 95503 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 101 Dr. Rick Harbo Fisheries & Oceans Canada South Coast 3225 Stephenson Point Rd. Nanaimo, BC V9T 1K3 CANADA Ms. Elizabeth Hawkes c/o Kitting Lab Department Biological Sciences California State University, East Bay Hayward, CA 9454L3083 Hillary Hayford 8272 Moss Landing Rd. Moss Landing, CA 95039 Dr. Michael Hellberg Department of Biological Sciences 202 Life Sciences Building Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Alicia Hermosillo-Gonzales 4619 San Darin Ave., Box 138 Laredo, TX 78041 Mr. and Mrs. Jules Hertz 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave San Diego, CA 92111 Dr. Carole S. Hickman Department of Integrative Biology 3060 VLSB #3140 University of California Berkeley, C A 94720-3140 Dr. F. G. Hochberg Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Nathan R. Hodges 2841 SE Tibbetts St. Portland, OR 97202 Patty Hoff P.O.Box 8019 Merizo, GUAM 96916 Juliet Hoffman 1680 Terrace Rd. Walnut Creek, CA 94596 Linda & Kim Hutsall 5804 Lauretta St., #2 San Diego, CA 92110 J John D. Jackson 11558 Rolling Hills Dr. El Cajon, CA 92020 Anne Joffe 1163 Kittiwake Cir. Sanibel Island, FL 33957 Edward J. Johannes 16827 51st Ave. South Seatac,WA 98188-3245 Rebecca Johnson 1763 Chestnut St. San Francisco, CA 94123 Diane A. Jovee 38-700 Vista Dr. Cathedral City, CA 92234 K Kirstie L. Kaiser Paseo de las Conchas Chinas #115-4 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco 48300 MEXICO Dr. George L. Kennedy Brian F. Smith & Associates 14010 Poway Rd., Suite A Poway, CA 92064 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 102 Andrew Kingston School of Geography and Earth Sciences McMaster University 1280 Main St. West Hamilton, Ontario L85 4K1 CANADA Lisa Kirkendale Department of Malacology Florida Museum of Natural History Dickinson Hall, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 Dr. Christopher L. Kitting Department of Biological Sciences California State University, East Bay Hayward, CA 94542 Dr. Ann L. Knowlton Department of Biology, MS 9160 Western Washington University 516 High St. Bellingham, WA 98225-9160 Dr. Silvard P. Kool 14 Vale Ln. New Seabury, MA 02649 Patrick Krug 12320 Texas Ave., Apt. 7 Los Angeles, CA 90025 L Patrick I. LaFollette 38-700 Vista Dr. Cathedral City, CA 92234 Mr. James R. Lance 3220 8th St. Lebanon, OR 97355 Dr. Janet Leonard Joseph M. Long Marine Lab University California, Santa Cruz 100 Shaffer Rd. Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Rowan Lockwood Department of Geology The College of William and Mary P.O. Box 8795 Williamsburg, VA 23187 Steve Long 265 S. Pacific St. Tustin, CA 92780-3636 Dr. Steve Lonhart 299 Foam St. Monterey, CA 93940 M Dr. Dan C. Marelli Florida Department of Natural Resource 100 8th Ave. SE St. Petersburg, FL 33701 Cara McGary 841 BaysideRd., #10 Areata, CA 95521 Dr. James H. McLean Natural History Museum of L.A. County 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90007 Pat McMillan Scripps Institute of Oceanography University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr., 0218 La Jolla, CA 92093-0218 Dr. Artie L. Metcalf Department Biological Sciences University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, TX 79968-0519 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 103 Dr. George & Roma E. Metz 121 Wild Horse Valley Rd. Novato, CA 94947 Erin Meyer Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley 3060 Valley Life Sciences Bulding Berkeley, CA 94720-3140 Dr. Chris Meyer Florida Museum of Natural History Gainesville, FL 32611 Dr. Paula M. Mikkelsen Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York, NY 10024-5192 Dr. Sandra Millen Department of Zoology, UBC 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver, B.C. VSV2V7V6T 124 CANADA Michael D. Miller 4777 Ladner St. San Diego, CA 92113-3544 Alice Monroe 2468 Timbercrest Cir. West Clearwater, FL 33763 Nancy Montford Cove Corporation 10200 Breeden Rd. Lusby, MD 20657 Dr. Ellen J. Moore 3324 SW Chintimini Ave. Corvallis, OR 97333-1529 Mr. and Mrs. David K. Mulliner 5283 Vickie Dr. San Diego, CA 92109-1334 Dr. Harold D. Murray 247 Pinewood Ln. San Antonio, TX 78216 N Dr. Edna Naranjo-Garcia Calle Estio No. 2 Mexico D. F. 01600 MEXICO Takami Nobuhara Science Education (Geology) Faculty of Education Shizuoka University, Oya 836, Sumgu-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 JAPAN Mr. and Mrs. Harold Norrid 233 East Cairo Dr. Tempe, AZ 85282-3607 Mark Novak Department of Ecology and Evolution 1101 East 57th St University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637 Dr. James Nybakken Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 O Michael A. Osborne 1431 NW 16* St Lincoln City, OR 97367 P Dr. Dianna Padilla Department Ecology & Evolution SUNY - Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245 Western Society of Malacologists Annua! Report 41 Page 104 Christine Parent Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr. Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 CANADA Reuben Paul 17997 Oak LeafLn. Yorba Linda, CA 92886 Dr. Timothy Pearce Carnegie Museum of Natural History 4400 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Antonio Perrone via Palermo 7 73014 Gallipoli ITALY Richard E. Petit 806 St Charles Rd. North Myrtle Beach, SC 29582-2846 Esteban Fernando Felix Pico Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas CICIMAR-IPN, Apdo. Postal 592 Ave. Inst. Politecnico Nal. S/N Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico. Gabrielle S. Pires(nee Mowlds) 23715 Friar Creek Rd. Monroe, WA 98272 Maria Poison 501 Ave. G, Unit 1 Redondo Beach, CA 90277 Charles L. Powell, II U.S. Geological Survey, MS 975 345 Middlefield Rd. Menlo Park, CA 94025 R Pakki A. Reath Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University 1 Hearst St. Areata, CA 95521 Brent Reines P.O. Box 5124 Alamogordo, NM 88310 Thomas C. Rice P. O. Box 219 Port Gamble, WA 98364 Albert Rodriguez 1 1525 Beatty Ave. Norwalk, CA 90650 Dr. Peter Roopnarine Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive San Francisco, CA 94118 Dr. Barry Roth 745 Cole St. San Francisco, CA 94117 Scott Rugh Paleontology Department San Diego Natural History Museum P.O. Box 121390 San Diego, CA 92112-1390 Rebecca J. Rundell Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Culver 402 1025 E 57th St. Chicago, IL 60637 Dr. Michael Russell Biology Department Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 105 Villanova University 800 Lancaster Ave. Villanova, PA 19085-1699 S Dr. Eric Sanford Hopkins Marine Station Oceanview Blvd. Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Dr. LouElla Saul 14713 Cumpston St. VanNuys, CA 91411 Bill & Nancy Schneider 12829 Carriage Rd. Poway, CA 92064 Julia Clayton 2582 28th Ave. West Seattle, WA 98199 Walter D. Schroeder 8101 La Palma Cir. Huntington Beach, CA 92646 Paul Valentich Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd. Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Dr. Roger R. Seapy Department of Biological Sciences California State University Fullerton, CA 92834-6850 Dr. Ronald L. Shimek P. O. Box 4 Wilsall, MT 59086 Carol Skoglund 3846 East Highland Ave. Phoenix, AZ 85018-3620 Victor Smith 53 Woodbine Dr. Mill Valley, CA 94941 Dr. Judith Terry Smith 2330 14th St. North, #401 Arlington, VA 22201-5867 Dr. Richard L. Squires Department Geological Sciences California State University 18111 Nordhoff St. Northridge, CA 91330-8266 Carole J. Stadum 7563 Gibraltar St. #22 Carlsbad, CA 92009-7426 Dr. David H. Stansbery Museum of Zoology Ohio State University 1315 Kinnear Rd. Columbus, OH 43210 Timothy D. Stebbins City of San Diego Marine Biology Laboratory 2392 Kincaid Rd. San Diego, C A 92101-0811 Carla Stout 426 Los Gatos Dr. Walnut, CA 91789 Wendy Storms City of San Diego 2392 Kincaid Rd. San Diego, CA 92101-0811 STREIT Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz Institute of Zoology Johaimes von Muellerweg 6 Mainz D-55099 GERMANY Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 106 Dr. Charles F. Sturm Jr. 5024 Beech Rd. Murrysville, PA 15668-9613 T Maya Takeuchi 23 Bd Matabiau 31000 Toulose FRANCE Matt Terry 1465 Popenoe Rd. La Habra Heights, CA 9063 1 Dr. Cynthia D. Trowbridge P. O. Box 1995 Newport, OR 97365 Dr. Geoffrey Trussell Marine Science Center Northeastern University 430 Nahant Rd. Nahant, MA 01908 V Dr. Angel Valdes Biological Sciences Cal Poly Pomona 3801 West Temple Ave. Pomona, CA 91768 Dr. Kathy Van Alstyne Shannon Point Marine Station 1 900 Shannon Point Rd. Anacortes, WA 98221 Rebeca Vasquez Yeomans Instituto de Sanidad Acuicola, A.C. Calle 9 y Gastelum 468 Local 14 Zona Centro, Ensenada Baja California 22800 MEXICO Ron Velarde City of San Diego EMITS Laboratory 3292 Kincaid Rd. San Diego, CA 92101 Michael Vendrasco Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567 Dr. Janet Voight Department of Zoology The Field Museum 1400 S Lake Shore Dr. Chicago, IL 60605 W Michele Weber Department of Integrative Biology 3060 VLSB #3140 University of California Berkeley, C A 94720-3140 Sara Webster c/o Kitting Lab Department Biological Sciences California State University, East Bay Hayward, CA 94541-3083 Laney Whitlow 1365 Lisa Way Marysville, CA 95901 Mary Jo (Jody) Woolsey 3717 Bagley Ave., #206 Los Angeles, CA 90034 Dr. Shi-Kuei Wu Campus 315, Hunter Building University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report 41 Page 107 Y Dr. Thomas E. Yancey 1411 Caudill St. College Station, TX 77840 Institutions American Conchologist Treasurer: Phil Dietz P.O. 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