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REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 269
I wish to express here my indebtedness to Prof. A. W. Grabau
of Columbia University, under whose supervision this work was
prosecuted and who has given me continuous encouragement in
the work, " BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barrett, S. T. 1876. Notes on Lower Helderberg Rocks of Port Jervis,
N. Y. and Descriptions of a New Pteropod. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Ann.
I1:290 and Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 3. 13:385-87.
1878. Coralline or Niagara Limestone of the Appalachian System.
Am. Jour. sci. Ser. 3. 152370.
1878. Descriptions of New Species of Fossils from the Upper
Silurian Rocks at Port Jervis, N. Y., with notes on the occurrence of the
Coralline limestone at that locality. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Ann. 1:121.
1893. Note on Paper in Nov. number of Am. Jour. Sci. on a New
Oriskany Fauna in Columbia County, N. Y. Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 3. 45:72.
Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. 1892. Notice of a New Lower Oriskany
Fauna in Columbia County, N. Y., with an annotated list of fossils. A.J.S.
(3) 44:410-14.
Clarke, J. M. 1901. Indigenous and Alien Faunas of the N. Y. Devonic.
N. Y. State Mus. 55th An. Rep’t, p.664-72.
1900. Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia County,
eye N.Y State Mus: “Ment” 3)” p: 128.
& Beecher, C. E. 1889. Development of some Silurian Brachiopoda.
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 1.
Darton, N. H. 1892. Report on the Relations of the Helderberg Lime-
stones and Associated Formations in eastern New York. N. Y. State Mus.
47th An. Rep’t, p. 393.
Grabau, A. W. i900. Siluro-Devonic Contact in New York. Geol. Soc.
Am. Bul. 11 :347-76.
1g02. Stratigraphy of Becraft Mountain, Columbia County, N. Y.
N. Y. State Paleontol. An. Rep’t, p. 1030-1108.
Hartnagel, C. A. 1902. Preliminary Observations on the Cobleskill
(“Coralline”) Limestone of New York. N. Y. State Paleontol. An. Rep’t,
Pp. 1109-75.
Horton, William. 1839. Report on the Geology of Orange County, N. Y.
N. Y. State Geol. An. Rep’t, p. I50, I5I.
Ries, Heinrich. Report on the Geology of Orange County. N. Y. State
Geol. An, Rep’t, 15 :395. |
1898. Notes on a Trip from Port Jervis to Rondout, N. Y. N.Y.
State Mus. 5ad An. Rep’t, 1:188.
Schuchert, Charles. On the Lower Devonic and Ontaric Formations of
Maryland. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 26:413-24.
Fossils near Montreal, Canada. Am. Geol. 27:250. (Names a
fossil, Chonostrophia jervisensis, after Port Jervis).
Ulrich, E. 0. & Schuchert, Charles. 1901. Paleozoic Seas and Barriers
in Eastern North America. N. Y. State Paleontol. An. Rep’t, p.633-63.
van Ingen, Gilbert, & Clark, P. E. 10902. Disturbed Fossiliferous Rocks
in the Vicinity of Rondout N. Y. State Paleontol. An. Rep’t, p. 1176-1227.
Weller, Stuart. 1902. Report on Paleontology. Geol. Sur. N. J. v.3,
various references.
White, I. C. 1882. Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Report G6, various
references. ;
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FAUNA OF THE CHAZY LIME-
STONE ON VALCOUR ISLAND, LAKE CHAMPLAIN
BY GEORGE H. HUDSON, VICE PRINCIPAL STATE NORMAL AND TRAINING
SCHOOL, PLATTSBURG N. Y.
The following descriptions have been made in order to facilitate the study
of a section in the Chazy rocks on Valcour island. All the species were
obtained from the beds of this section.
CN STOLDEA
Genus MALocyYsTITEs Billings
Malocystites emmonsi sp. nov.
| Plate x, figures 3-7
Description. Viewed from above along an axis determined by the
point of attachment to the stem and the center of the more globular
portion of the theca, and with the food grooves or what I may call
the sigma, turned away from the observer, the anus appears to be
placed a little to the left and more or less in advance of the summit;
this axis measures from 6 to 10 mm. Viewed from the right side, |
that portion of the theca bearing the rather prominent plates of
the sigma is seen to be produced so as to form a distinct and some-
what contracted neck with the mouth from 40 to 80 degrees in ad-
vance of the distal end of the axis as defined above; the edge of
the theca from base to anterior food groove is much flattened form-
ing in most cases a rather straight line or chord of from go to 140
degrees; the posterior edge is also rather straight or but slightly
convex, forming a chord of some 45 degrees from base; from here
the outline is usually well rounded to neck under edge of posterior
food groove, though some specimens are rather obliquely oval or
subovate in outline; the longest diameter is from base to outer edge
of posterior food groove and is from one fifth to one fourth longer
than the measured vertical diameter. There are on an average some
43 plates in all, not counting the covering pieces, and their outlines
usually vary from tetragonal to heptagonal. Some of the specimens
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 a7i
are in part ornamented with fine regular, rounded, and not crowded
granulations, while in others the raised granulations become quite
irregular in outline and often confluent. The larger plates have each
a more or less prominent umbo, which may be central or excentric
and which together give various angular outlines to different por-
tions of the theca; there is usually a very large umbo between the
anus and the base. More or less wide, raised ridges usually connect
the umbones and many finer ridges run from them over the plate,
branch, cross the sutures and form some very fine reticulations hav-
ing rounded, depressed pits between them.
Observations. This species differs from M. barrand1ii in its
much smaller size, the excentric position of the anus, the outgrowth
of the theca to form a neck under the sigma, its conical base, its
prominent umbones and varied angular outlines. Mr Percy E. Ray-
mond writes me that the food grooves in the type specimens of M .
barrandii are not so much elevated in proportion to the size of
the theca as in this Valcour form.
These specimens are so well preserved that it seems proper to
make their description still more complete. Specimen A, which has
been chosen as the type, still bears two rings of the stem and shows
it to have had a marked and permanent bend toward the posterior
side. Another specimen has six rings of the stem still attached;
these are circular, measure 1.2 mm across next to the theca and —
uniformly taper down to .9 mm without alternations in size. The
outer surface of the joints is only gently convex and each joint is
very faintly anc closely ribbed across its edge; there are about six
rings to the millimeter; here also a rather abrupt bend toward the
posterior side occurs next the theca and it is rather difficult to dis-
tinguish the sutures between the first two or three rings; the lumen
is round and about half the diameter of the ring. The stem appears
to have been short and used perhaps as an anchor but not for com-
plete support. The theca probably rested, in part at least, on the
plates to the posterior of the proximal ring. This position would
place the mouth at the summit of the theca and bring the arms into
a horizontal plane and a similar external environment. Figures 4,
6 and 7, plate 1, show three specimens oriented as if supported by
272 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the stem alone, making the axis chosen for description the vertical
axis on the plate. A glance at figure 7 will perhaps show the
absurdity of considering this a normal position, particularly so if
the sigma plates bore spreading brachioles, as their structure sug-
gests. The posterior arm is usually the shorter and less developed,
the difference in environment caused by the Posie of the anus
being the probable cause.}
The plates of the type specimen, designated as A [pl.1, fig. 3, 4]
are arranged as follows. There are three basal plates, the anterior
of which is about half the size of the others. This plate is in contact
with but two plates lying above it, while each of the other two is in
contact with four plates above. Numbering to the right from the
posterior margin, plate 4 rests on the upper left side of plate 1, this
plate and the next are tetragonal and small; no. 6 is heptagonal,
‘large, and has a prominent and excentric umbo a little above and to
the right of the center; plates 7 to 9 are nearly as large as 6, are
*I have for some years harbored a notion that one of the many laws under-
lying the production of variation and new species might be expressed by the
term, “the survival of the unfit,’ perhaps better stated as “the survival of
the weak,’ a law related to Cope’s “law of the unspecialized.” Failure
to divide normally at the proper time gave cell aggregates and inaugurated
a new wave in what Herbert Spencer points out as the law of rhythm in
evolution. No new crest of strength springs from the crest of the last wave
but each crest is preceded by a trough. The invagination of a weak hollow
sphere of cells gave rise to the gastrula and forced a division of labor on
the “unfortunate” aggregate; and this law, if IJ may so call it, offers sug-
gestions as to the origin of many things from cell conjugation to the dis-
covery of some weak mortal that he might make the pen mightier than the
sword he was unable to use. The idea suggested a possible cause for the later
change in shape of Eunema epitome. Lyriocrinus? beecheri,
with its invaginated base produced at first by the yielding of weak basals
to the persistent attack of gravity, is an illustration in point and an extreme
is found in Blastoidocrinus carchariidens. The fagare gee
plates to support increased weight has initiated variation along this line in
many crinoids and natural selection has found certain mechanical advantages
in the new forms; out of weakness has come strength. The law suggests
that ancestors of Malocystites were once supported by the stem alone and
had their arms in a normal position, but that descendants with weak stems
often found themselves let down to the ocean floor and had to make shift
to live under adverse conditions. Increased growth of the posterior plates
or decreased growth of the anterior plates would have brought the arms
again uppermost and given rise to a form like that here shown. A stem
unused for support might become of advantage as an organ of locomotion
and secure slow changes in position.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 273
hexagonal, and have slightly raised centers; plate 10 is the last to
have a side in contact with any of the basal plates, it is pentagonal
and about the size of no. 7. Plate 11 is a large pentagonal plate and
may be considered as the first in the third row, though it is so wedged
‘
'
{
’
‘
:
.
ee
Fig. « Analysis of the type specimen, designated as specimen A, of Malocystites
emmonsi.
lhe mouth with its plates bearing the food grooves will be found just above the
center of the diagram; the anus (As) not far below it; the basals are numbered 1, 2 and 3 and
will be found at the extreme upper and lower portions of the figure.
The more prominent
mounds and ridges have been rather roughly indicated by hachures.
in between plates 10 and 4 as to have its lowest angle touch the
highest angle of plate 1; the center of this plate lies a little to the
right of a line drawn from anus to base and is the lowest of three
that might be called the anal row. Passing still to the right, no. 12
is the largest of the remaining plates with one exception, is hep-
tagonal, and bears a moderate umbo. Plate 13 supports the fifth and
the following brachials (if I may so call these plates) of the anterior
arm; plate 14 supports the third brachial of this arm and also half
274 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of the second and nearly all of the fourth brachial. The latter arm
plate has a small shoulder against no. 13. Plate 14 is marked by a
prominent ridge connecting with the umbo on plate 6 and the place
of meeting of plates 13, 6 and 14 is depressed. Plate 15 supports
P|
it SS
S
. ‘sy neal
Yl
ig. 2 Analysis of Malocystites emmonsi, specimen B
F
(pl. 1, fig. 5, 6]
half of each of the first and second brachials, plate 16 has one
shoulder against the first brachial and supports also the plate bearing
the genital pore. The plates now leave the arm, 17 is moderately
large, hexagonal and with a slight umbo just above its center; 18
is small and tetragonal; 19 is as large as any of the others, is hex-
agonal and has a very prominent and nearly central umbo; this
completes the third row and is the last of the plates bearing umbones.
Plate 20 comes directly over 11 and plate 21, above this, forms the
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 275
lower border of the anus; plates 22 and 23 form the right and a
portion of the upper border of the anus, and 23 also supports the
first and half the second brachial of the posterior arm. Plate 24 is
just anterior to and also supports the first brachial of this arm, it
also reaches the mouth and forms part of its border; plate 25 is
semicircular in outline, fills up the inner portion of the half sigma
of the anterior arm and supports all of its brachials on this side; its
- inner border is raised to form the edge of a channel which receives
the eight grooves of the anterior brachials. Plate 26 borders on the
mouth, supports the posterior edge of the first anterior brachial, and
bears the genital pore; 27 is formed like 25 and receives the six
grooves of the posterior arm; 28 supports the last brachials of the
posterior arm on the outer side of the curve and with 29 forms the
left border of the anus. At the point where plates 26, 27 and 28
meet each other there is a peculiar, small, roughened mound which
may represent the madreporite.
There is considerable variation in the plate arrangement in the
three specimens figured. Specimen C was probably as aberrant a
form as could have been found in the two hundred or more speci-
mens collected. This specimen has 37 plates besides the brachials,
A had 29, and B shows but 28.1 The four plates bordering the
mouth are constant and may be called the orals. They bear cover-
ing plates some of which may be seen in specimen B [pl. 1, fig. 5].
The plates I have called brachials are vertical plates with their lower
edges resting on the neck plates of the theca and their middle por-
tion against the opposite oral. These plates do not show covering
pieces but the orals numbered 25 and 27 still continue their cover-
ing pieces which now reach completely across the food groove, form-
ing a single series of rectangular plates. There were several of these
in position on the anterior arm but they became lost through an
accident and the only completely transverse plates now present are
in the posterior arm. The first one or two brachials are the largest ;
the others then grow rapidly smaller as the half sigma recedes from
the mouth. All bear truncate faces on their distal ends and the
larger are marked as if they had borne extended and movable
brachioles. The larger faces are directed more nearly upward and
*Compare figures I, 2 and 3 of the text.
270°". NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
bear two crescentic depressions which face each other; their inner
ends reach to the edge of the food groove; and partly inclosed
between them is a third somewhat triangular depression pointing
toward the food groove but situated nearer the outer edge of the
ee hg ee Se
plate. Surrounding all is a well rounded but not prominent ridge.
The smallest plates seem to have had short extensions which were
bent below the horizon of the sigma. Going toward the larger plates
the angle of each truncate face gradually changes till we reach the
larger and more vertical brachioles. The normal specimens have six
grooves running into the posterior portion of the sigma and eight
into the anterior portion, but it is difficult to determine whether these
grooves represent so many separate plates. The last two are very
small and I have as yet been unable to detect a suture between them.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 27 f
Specimen C has but Io radiating grooves in the complete sigma,
five in each half. Specimen B seems to have no genital pore and the
ornamentation of the plates varies considerably from that of A. The
position of the madreporite is constant in all.
The anus is large, usually appearing as a rounded pentagon. The
covering plates in some of the specimens seem to have been pressed
into the anal opening; one specimen has’ the plates in position and
they form a gently convex mound, the plates meeting so exactly that
the determination of their number, whether five or six, is no easy
matter. They are ornamented by radiating lines of exceedingly
fine and close tubercles.
The specimens so far examined have each six neck plates, but
there is much variation in their manner of supporting the plates of
the sigma. The three basals seem to be constant with no. 2 always
the smaller. The plate numbered 7 seems also constant in shape and
position and the two plates directly above it always reach and sup-
port the sigma plates above them. In the figures illustrating the cup
dissections I have crudely indicated the more marked umbones and
the more prominent ridges connecting the same. Further study
would no doubt enable one to designate many more of these plates
as constants. The specific inheritance had not become as yet so
fixed as to completely shut out some of the plates of an older inherit-
ance. The anterior plates were evidently less disturbed in their early
growth and so have more nearly a constant shape. Name given in
honor of Dr Ebenezer Emmons, former state geologist of New York.
t
CRINOIDEA
Genus zyRiocrinus Hall
Lyriocrinus? beecheri sp. nov.
Plate 3, figures 1-4
Description. Cup small, but 6mm from base to upper angle of
primaxil [rAx], while the whole crown from base to top of incurved
arms is 2Imm; the cup has been crushed and thus slightly widened,
but the greatest width still measures but little over 7mm. Proximal
joint of column round and sunken in a hollow base formed by a
strong infolding of the proximal portion of the basals; column next
278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the cup formed of alternate narrow and wider rings. The basals
appear to be hexagonal and each is marked by two very prominent
keels running from the central portion of the plate toward the lower
angles. Both are bent, with the convex side toward the ring; at
their junction near the center of the plate they give rise to a short
vertical fold which soon divides into two less prominent keels or
Fig. 4 Analysis of Lyriocrinus? beecheri. Interradial plates
shaded and the position of the more prominent plate folds and ridges
indicated.
ridges which pass outward to the radials; between the former and
the latter are three faint folds, seen best next the edge of the plate
and perpendicular to this edge; there is also a strong transverse
ridge below and parallel with the truncate upper edge of the plate. —
The pentagonal, completely separated radials carry very slightly
raised ridges continued from the basals; those near and parallel with
the lateral margins are the more prominent and extend vertically
_ REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 279
over the brachials at about one fourth the width of the plates from —
their margins, as fine, raised ridges; these fork near the upper edge
_ of [Br (first primibrach), and again just as they leave the IAx; the
outer branch in each case remains the stronger but becomes very
faint on I]Br,. The first secundibrach (IIBr,) is about twice as wide
as high and the pentagonal IAx presents approximately the same
_area of surface. These plates seem to be ornamented only by what
appear to be faint nerve ridges and their branches which present |
some very faint reticulations. No ray seems to have possessed a
plate between IBr, and JAx. Each interradius has one large plate
in contact with the basals, and six or seven plates in addition, one
of which may be as large or slightly larger than the first; directly
over these the pinnules from IIBr,, with
their plates somewhat enlarged, meet each FEN
other and are incorporated in the cup. The
10 arms, thus brought closely together, are { ?
comparatively large, biserial and, with their i J
pinnules, obovate in outline; the IIBr ‘= 7
counted on one side number 35 and over
Fig. 5 Diagrammatic cross-
and are strong and rounded on the back; section” of Lyriocrinus?
beecheri showing the man-
the pinnules are closely set and the longest Boras: Hee ee a arefolded
measure about 5mm; the whole arm is very
plumelike in appearance and the manner of folding over the cup
extremely graceful. This folding is a mixture of the convolute and
imbricate and is shown in figure 5.
Observations. The crushed condition of the cup has made the
determination of the arrangement of the plates of the interradii a
somewhat difficult matter. In my drawing of this plate arrangement
(fig. 4), I have outlined only such plates as were present and in,
or nearly in, their normal position. In one or two instances a frac-
ture may have been taken for a suture. The complete interradius
to the right in the cut was drawn from plates crushed in just below
the first incorporated pinnules and perhaps should have one or two
additional small plates near the latter. The completed interradius
placed in the position of 1. anterior IR apparently has had its basal,
the top of which is broken across, forced to one side. This inter-
280 oe NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
radius seems to possess two or more very small tetragonal plates
lying between but not belonging to the enlarged pinnules from IIBr, ;
it should perhaps have been chosen to represent posterior IR. Owing
to the condition of uncertainty I have refrained from completing
the diagram and have made the left hand interradius of figure 1
[pl. 3] the vertical one in figure 4 of this text.
I am one of a host whom Prof. C. E. Beecher placed under lasting
obligation through his kindly given and generous help. This speci-
men was found soon after his visit to my camp in the summer of
1903 and I name it after him, not alone in recognition of the eminent
position he attained in the science to which he gave his life’s labor,
but also as a token of personal affection and in appreciation of many
rare mental qualities which I came to see as one can best see such
things through the freedom of field work by day and at the open
camp fire by night.
Genus RHAPHANOCRINUS Wachsmuth and Springer
Rhaphanocrinus gemmeus sp. nov.
Plate 2, figures 1-5
Description. Cup small; its hight measured from proximal
surface of basals to distal angle of first secundibrach 7.5mm; its
diameter measured from upper edge of right posterior primax#il
about 9.6mm; that of its base across lower shoulders of basals
4mm; that of proximal ring of stem 3.3mm; sides of cup from
lower edge of basals to top of radials rather straight and
from this point gradually curving to give a somewhat ver-
tical edge to cup at IIB,. The more or less narrow depressed
margin of the plates is ornamented by numerous fine radiating lines
which cross the sutures; a single large proximal interbrachial pos-
sesses more than 40 of these lines, and under a low power they are
seen to be rows of fine tubercles; from the inner edge of this border
the plates rise rather. abruptly to the hight of about .5mm and
become smooth or microscopically granular with a large flat or
slightly concave area which shows, near its outline, a marked ten-
dency toward suppression of the plate angles. The infrabasals are
small and almost completely covered by the proximal ring of the
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 Set
stem. Near the cup the stem is made up of alternating light and
heavy rings, slightly flattened on their radial edges and possessing
radially disposed sutures. The basal plates are largest and are trans-
versely depressed as if slightly bent outward at their bases or as if
impressed with a quadrangular die that left four shallow pits at its
four corners. The radials are next in size, their raised areas are
nearly circular in outline and about 2mm in diameter; they also
_ show slight traces of lateral impressions similar to those on the
basals; the raised areas on these plates and on the basals are so
large as to nearly or fully meet at the plate .
edges midway between the angles. ‘The first
brachials are smaller and their raised surface
wider than high, this area showing a tendency
to become diamond-shaped; the plates of the
radii above these brachials are well rounded
and smooth save for a single depression shown
by the anterior and right anterolateral
primaxils. The proximal interbrachials are
but little smaller than the basals and their
raised areas are more angular in outline and
well separated from those of the adjoining
plates; each supports two smaller plates and
these in turn three others above them; a few
smaller plates above the latter lose the smooth
rounded subcentral elevations and present but
° ° CN o Ls .
a short, vertical, median ridge. In the pos- — ey ee eee
terior interradius there is an extra: plate im- PD@7gcrinus gemme-
mediately above the anal which is followed sneer abana ia
by a vertical row of sevem and perhaps more smaller regular
hexagonal plates. The anal tube is about 2.3mm in diameter; rises
with a slightly broader base, from a position but little posterior to
the center of the oral surface; is bent down just above the ninth
hexagonal plate of the anal row; curves slightly to the right and
then back to the left and its tip nearly touches the IIBr, of the
anterior R; the last part, 4mm in length, consists of about 10 rows
of plates each .4mm long and the row so twisted as to bring a plate
282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of one row directly under a plate of the next... Some pinnules appear
to have been incorporated in the lower portions of the tube. Arms
above the IIBr, are wanting in the specimen. Intersecundibrachs
present.
Genus caRrazocrinus Billings
Carabocrinus geometricus sp. nov.
Plate 1, figures 1-2
Description. Cup small, its hight from base to level of upper
edge of anal x, 6.5mm, its width measured across from base of left
Fig. 7 Analysisof Carabocrinus geometricus. The outline of the radials is drawn
as viewed from the side and the true outline of the oral edges is not seen, The more easily
- detected axial folds have been shown by shaded lines.
posterior IAX 7.5mm, its width half way between base and last
measured diameter 6.5mm, subhemispheric with a slight vertical
elongation and a tendency to show inversely conical outlines along
the lines from base through the centers of the RR, particularly in the
1. posterior R where the flattening of the side of the cup is well
marked. Vertical diameter of the IBB a little less than that of the
RR and their transverse diameters about one half of the latter; the
IB of 1. posterior R is a little larger than the others and pentagonal,
one shoulder supporting the supplemental anal plate, the others are
all tetragonal; the IB of r. posterior R is smaller than the others.
The vertical and lateral diameters of the BB are about equal to the
*It will be seen that such a twist, if I may so call it, could be described
as turning either to the right or to the left, or one might consider the tube
to be formed of about 20 longitudinal rows of plates without “twist” but
with the plates offset.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 283
width of the RR; the B of R posterior IR is heptagonal, the other
four are hexagonal. The plates of the anal row are pentagonal, the
anal x is about two thirds of the width of the RR on either side of
it, its vertical diameter is the same, one edge is uppermost and the
two vertical edges are nearly parallel; the radianal is a little smaller
with one angle uppermost and its sides of very nearly the same
length; the supplemental plate is slightly smaller still, of nearly the
_ shape of the anal x and with an angle down. The RR have raised
centers and the axial folds of these plates pass across the sutures and
over the neighboring plates after the manner of C. radiatus,
but the folds are finer and less prominent. The plates are very
faintly tuberculate, the tubercles showing rather more plainly along
the upper edges of the axial folds. The first Br is also the JAX, it
is pentagonal, stout, nearly or quite half the width of the R, and
well rounded on the back; the hight of the outer edges is about one |
fourth of the width of the plate.
A very small portion of the tegmen is present in posterior IR;
the relative size and position of the plates will be seen in plate 1,
figure 2. At each of the other four junctions of the RR in the
periphery of the tegmen there is a shallow excavation of the plate
margins, forming a straight base and an acute angle at either end
as if cut for a dovetail. This appearance suggests triangular del-
toids with a bordering plate on either edge, but as I am not familiar
with the tegmen of crinoids and do not have easy access to the litera-
ture of the subject I shall refrain from further suggestion.
Attached superficially to the left edge of 1. posterior R there
appears to be an anal pyramid of five plates which may belong to
this species, and I have been careful to leave it on the specimen,
though as the locality abounds in crinoid fragments its mere prox-
imity should not be given undue weight. The apex of the pyramid
shows a very small starlike opening, each plate having a more or
less pointed tip and failing to meet its neighboring plates near the
apex.
Three rings of the stem are still attached to the cup and seem to
be rather uniform in size, about four to the millimeter and Imm in
diameter.
284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
This species differs from C. radiatus in its less globular
form, the stouter JAx, and the fact that its arms divide above the
first free joint.
Collected by Mr Percy E. Raymond.
BRACHIOPODA
Genus scHizamBon Walcott
Schizambon duplicimuratus sp. nov.
Plate s, figures 6-7
Description. Pedicle valve subcircular, well rounded anteriorly,
slightly straightened for about 70° on each side of the small and
rather clean cut apex; length of shell 5mm, width 5.4mm; greatest
convexity a little to each side of the pedicle opening and raising sur-
face of shell about 1mm above the plane of the shell margin; apex
about .5mm above the cardinal margin and slightly projecting over it.
Foramen subovate, about .88mm wide, anterior edge 1.8mm from
apex, earlier portions filled up leaving a narrow depression with
smooth convex floor,narrowing posteriorly and reaching the extreme
point of the apex. Surface ornamented with nearly concentric,
raised striae which completely encircle the valve; they are single
and rather crowded where they cross the cardinal area but are
strongly raised and distinctly wider and double over the anterior and
lateral regions of the valve. In front of the pedicle opening eight
pairs of these striae can be counted in the length of 2.5mm on
anterior portion of vertical axis. The spaces between one pair and the
next are rather deep and .2mm wide, the distance across each pair -
is slightly less. The outermost rampart on the double portion bears
a fringe of short spines set about .12mm apart.
Brachial valve similarly ornamented but less produced posteriorly
along the cardinal margin.
Observations. This species seems to be a little larger than S.
typicalis Walcott, and to differ from that species in its rela-
tively larger pedicle opening, its more nearly spheric or transversely
oval outline, and in the prominent and double, not lamellose, striae
over the anterior and lateral slopes of the shell surface.
Described from three specimens, one of them collected by Mr
Percy Raymond and kindly sent me for comparison.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 285
Genus synTrRopH1a Hall and Clarke
Syntrophia multicosta sp. nov.
Plate 5, figures 8-z5
Description. Shell outline semioval, in some specimens inclining
toward subquadrate; hinge line straight, usually equal to greatest
transverse diameter and in a iarge specimen measuring 16mm. In
such a specimen the length would measure Io. smm and the distance
from hinge line to apex of pedicle valve 8mm. Cardinal angles
about 90°, not rounded, sides generally rather straight and parallel
for a distance reaching nearly to the ends of the transverse axis; the
anterior half of the shell uniformly rounded save for a distinct flatten-
ing of the anterior margin. j
Pedicle valve with wide flat cardinal area the sides forming an
angle of from 95° to 110° at the beak; beak slightly convex; the
slope from beak to valve margin quite straight and nearly uniform
in all directions. Delthyrium triangular, two thirds as wide at the
hinge line as it is high, and reaching apex.
Brachial valve nearly flat with a very shallow sinus, not showing
in all specimens.
Radiating costae are numerous and nearly uniform in size from
near the point of their origin to their termination on the margin;
as shell growth proceeds new costae are added by implantation. -
Shells about 2.5mm long have some 33 costae, shells of 5mm length
have about 49, while adult shells have 81 and over. In figure 13,
plate 5, if the two strong costae on either side of the midcosta are
traced to their termination on the margin they will be found to have
II costae between them instead of one. The new costae do not seem
to have been added in regular order, for while the new group of five
to the right have their middle one the longest, the middle one of the
new five on the left is the shortest and youngest. The costae are
crossed by fine raised striae, about .25mm apart. In the gerontic
stage the additions to the shell margin of the brachial valve tend to
add very markedly to its convexity. |
The interior of the brachial valve shows a strong and prominent
median ridge starting from the middle of the valve and widening
286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
backward till it meets the cruralium. This ridge gives off two
lateral branches from its middle portion, equally raised but narrower
and pointing toward the ends of the transverse axis. These ridges
form the inner boundaries of four deep muscular pits of nearly equal
size. The posterior pits with a very slight additional extension back-
ward would leave the cruralium as a narrow platform supported by
the wider portion of the median ridge. The two anterior pits are a
little nearer together and each shows three distinct muscular impres-
sions separated by two very narrow and slightly raised ridges. The
middle scar of each three is the largest, is subtriangular, and has its
apex pointing a little inside of the well marked dental sockets; the
outer pair are a little smaller, of nearly the same shape and with apex
pointing very nearly toward the small, narrow cardinal process; the
outer impression of the three is a little smaller still and rather
rounded in outline. The pedicle valve bears a wide spondylium well
raised from the valve and supported by a fine and narrow median
septum which is continued anteriorly to the middle of the valve.
The arrangement of the genital and pallial sinuses is shown in plate
5, figures 10,14. The muscular areas on the spondylium are not dis-
tinctly separated but one can distinguish three tracts, a central and
two outer of nearly the same area, the boundaries of which are not
sharply limited. The delthyrium is bordered by a narrow raised
ridge which is continued around the cruralium of the brachial valve.
At the apex this well rounded border meets a straight raised ridge
tangent to the curve, and just anterior to the ends of this ridge, and
outside of the curved border, are two short, narrow, depressed pits
usually worn off in most of the valves found.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA
Genus mopiotorsis Hall
Modiolopsis subquadrilateralis sp. nov.
Plate 4, figures 8, 9
Description. Shell small, from anterior to posterior extremity
nearly gmm. Rather elongate ovate with anterior margin truncate,
the straight portion of this margin making an angle of about 125°
with the anterior third of the dorsal margin which is also straight;
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 287
the beaks are at the angle, and are therefore well forward; the hinge
line carries the middle portion of the dorsal line above the flat plane
of the umbones and gives the shell a very slightly alate appearance ;
posterior margin about twice the length of the anterior and quite
regularly curved, the sharpest bend being found at the posteroven-
tral margin; ventral margin very slightly convex, a little more
straightened in middle portion and forming an angle of about 25°
- with the general dorsal area as viewed across the shell; the basal
line forms an angle with the margin of the anterior truncate part
of a little less than go° and the curve of the basal margin gradually
and regularly increases till it meets the margin of the anterior trun-
cate portion in a well rounded angle. Extreme breadth of shell 3mm
and at a point but little anterior to the middle and very closely half-
way between dorsal and ventral margins. Beaks incurved and nearly
touching, byssal pit just below them and the cause, in part, of the
truncate appearance. Surface very regularly curved, the usual
oblique ridge from beaks to posterior margin not prominently
marked. Concentric growth lines very fine and numerous but not
easily seen.
: Genus cyrroponta Billings
Cyrtodonta? lamellosa sp. nov.
Plate 4, figures 10-13
Description. Shell of moderate size, its length being 20.7mm;
length of hinge line 1omm; a perpendicular from posterior extremity
of hinge line reaches posteroventral angle and measures 16mm.
(posterior hight of shell); posterior margin convex and quite
closely forming the arc of a circle of 1omm radius with center on
axis of greatest length; the arc extended forward would follow the
shell for about one fourth of dorsal margin and then enter the shell
again at or very close to the beaks; ventral margin but little con-
vex, nearly straight to point directly below beaks, anterior hight
7.7mm; anterior margin at first following the gentle curve of the
ventral margin, but becoming markedly convex when it rounds back
toward the beaks; the outline of the shell with the exception of the
segment cut off by the straight hinge line and the projection of the
anterior margin closely resembles the outline of the gibbous moon.
288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Crescence line diffuse, well curved, slope of surface of shell from
this line to either margin gently convex; greatest breadth of shell
on this line about one third way from beak to posterior angle and
measures 7mm. The surface is lamellose and imbricated, lamellae
widen as posterior angle is approached and are there placed with
their edges something over Imm apart; they project from the shell
about Imm or a little more and become crowded on the margin dur-
ing the gerontic stage.
_ The valves seem to gape very slightly at the anterior extremity,
perhaps indicating a byssal opening. Area crushed in, but posterior
extremity of hinge line presents a well formed channel between the
winglike posterodorsal extension of the valves, as in Unio
alatus, as if to receive a parivincular, opisthodetic ligament.
The shell substance is rather thin near the middle of the valve and
becomes markedly thicker near the posterior margin.
A line connecting a series of points placed at the successive posi-
tions of posterior extremity of shell (measured from the probable
position of the beaks) marks also the places of greatest breadth met
in crossing the shell and lies over the path of the successive positions
of the posterior adductor. A line from apex to posterior extremity
of one of the earlier neanic stages, when the shell had attained about
one third its length, makes an angle of 30° with the hinge line;
during the growth of the remaining two thirds of the shell this line
is gradually turned away from the hinge line through an angle of
an additional 27°.
GASTROPODA
Genus EuNEMA Salter
Eunema historicum sp. nov.
Plate 4, figure 5
Description. Shell small) turbinate, apical angle 80°, whorls
about four. The body whorl shows five well marked minutely tuber-
culate spiral costae with trace of a faint sixth at the broken edge,
well down on the base. The first costa (numbering down from
eg er
The type specimen, being broken diagonally across the lower portion of
the axis, has lost the aperture while. the apex and most of the body whorl
are preserved; it has a hight of 4.3mm.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 289
suture) is sharp; the second and third are more raised, prominent,
blunt, and each about one fourth as wide as the interspace; the
fourth is a little nearer the third, less prominent and narrower; the
fifth is nearer the fourth by about half the distance between fourth
and third and is about half as wide as the fourth.
Following the outline of a vertical section through the body
whorl, the shell is seen to be slightly angulated; from suture to
outer edge of first costa the line is straight and at right angles to
the axis; a straight line taken from first to third costa would make
an angle of about 23° with the axis; the projection of the second
costa beyond this line gives a slight convexity to this spiral belt of
the whorl; the outer edges of the third, fourth and fifth costae are
more nearly in line with each other and this line is nearly parallel
with the axis of the shell, its inclination toward the base being but
slight; from the fifth rib the surface approaches the axis by another
flattened belt, at an angle of about 45°; the final approach to the
axis is lost. The intercostal spaces are concave, the amount of
concavity increasing markedly as the lower costa is approached,
giving a rather horizontal surface to the upper portions of the
stronger costae or in certain lights making this upper edge appear
slightly reflexed. The suture lies at the base of the nearly vertical,
spiral belt or just under the fourth costa and is thus situated at the
apex of a clearly cut right angle, two sides of which are formed
by the flattened belts already described. The shell is faintly marked
with transverse striae the more prominent of which are about 2mm
apart; between these a still fainter line can in many places be dis-
tinguished; their direction is at first very nearly perpendicular to
the suture and on the body whorl they appear to run gently back-
ward from the fourth costa; they are more easily seen above the
suture and here seem to be nearly vertical across and beyond the
fourth costa; finer growth lines may be detected.
A little more than the first whorl of this specimen is somewhat
Natica-like, not angulated, destitute of costae, and the apical angle
is more obtuse being about 90°. The transverse striae seem to
appear first and are present on the second whorl. The vertical and
horizontal flattened belts are present on the third whorl and the first,
290 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
second, and third costae are clearly developed; the fourth costa
seems to have had a later origin as it is not detected till we reach
the later portions of this whorl. The intercostal spaces on the third
whorl are more uniform and not so deeply concave; the gradual
change to the greater concavity near the lower costa can be easily
seen in different portions of the fourth or body whorl.
The name historicum was suggested by the well presented
ontogenic series in shell growth.
Eunema epitome sp. nov.
Plate 4, figures 6, 7
Description. Shell small, turbinate, apical angle about 80°, length
10.3mm, whorls about four and one half, upper surfaces a little
flattened giving a distinct conical aspect to the upper portion of
shell. A well marked keel on periphery and three more of like
character between this and the suture; these four keels nearly
equidistant and clearly defining the broad, shallow, concave grooves
which lie between them. Keel next the suture and distant from
it about half the width of one of the grooves, finer and sharper
than the others, the second keel from suture strong and rounded
and touching the sides of the apical angle. The suture is formed
on the peripheral or fourth keel, and‘the half groove of the body
whorl is made to fit the base of the smaller groove of the whorl
above in such a manner as to make the suture show as a simple line
in the middle of a groove very similar to and but slightly deeper
than the others. Base of shell near termination of penultimate whorl
nearly flat making an angle of about 90° with upper surface; nearer
the aperture the base becomes more convex and a tendency to lose
gradually the angle of the penultimate whorl is well marked; the
last third of the body whorl is lost but the changes introduced point
to a well rounded aperture. There are five revolving keels on base,
the three next the columella being the finer and closer together ; two
new ones with trace of a third are introduced soon after the com-
mencement of the last whorl and are in position still below the three
last mentioned. Very fine and obscure transverse striae, about seven
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 291
to the millimeter, run backward from the suture and each keeps
approximately in the plane of its origin till it terminates on the
columella.
Observations. The apical angle of the shell in its two whorl stage
is considerably over 100°, and becomes reduced to about 80° on the —
completion of the third whorl; on certain lines the fourth whorl
rather increases this angle and so makes the outline across three
whorls from shoulder to shoulder slightly concave. The revolving
keels appear in the second whorl.
The earlier portions of the suture are a little more angulated, but
acceleration seems to have carried back toward the apex the peculiar
feature of making the suture appear as one of the grooves.
The slight flattening of the upper surfaces of the whorls and the
very marked obliteration of the suture by turning it into a groove
so very like the others may have served to make the shell less readily
distinguishable, as such, to the primitive perceptive powers of some
important enemies.
The introduction of the new keels and the widening to which they
must have been subjected during the probable inflation of the base
of the whorl and the rounding of the aperture suggests that the
grooving of the upper portion of the whorl was later carried to the
base of the last half of the body whorl. This change was probably
induced by a changing in the position of the heavier shell during
locomotion or rest, and enabled the posséssor to still present the
peculiar grooved aspect whatever may have been its purpose.
This shell also seems to recapitulate in its ontogeny some interest-
ing features of its very remote history and at the same time, when
compared with modern shells, to show quite as remarkable an ac-
celeration as many of these; the name epitome therefore is suggested
aS an appropriate one.
Eunema altisulcatum sp. nov.
Plate s, figure 3
Description. Shell small, turbinate, pyramidal, apical angle 52°,
hight 6mm. Whorls four, uniformly increasing in size, hight and
width of body whorl to total hight closely in ratio of 3:5; three
292 ‘NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
prominent, projecting and clear-cut revolving keels on penultimate
whorl, the uppermost of which is the weaker and forms the outer
edge of a flat revolving shelf which is depressed at an angle of
about 115° from the vertical axis. The edge of this keel is narrow
and rather vertical. Just under it a second shelf commences, having
about the same width and angle as the first; it is slightly concave
and is limited by the second and stronger keel. Under this is a
wider, more strongly concave space with its lower border sloping
down at an angle of about 45° to the vertical; the limiting keel to
this revolving groove is the strongest and most extended of all.
The edge of the shell is now cut strongly back, beginning at an
angle of about 90° with last surface and curving down to a very
fine keel immediately above the suture or reaching the suture itself.
The suture thus comes to lie in the widest and deepest revolving
channel of the shell. There are five or six fainter revolving keels
on the base but the shell is not depressed between them; the three
next to the columella are the nearest together. The lip is broken
but appears to have been well rounded and to have been slightly
extended over the columella at the base of the outer lip so as to
leave a very narrow and slitlike cavity appearing like a nearly cov-
ered umbilicus. The revolving keels do not begin to show till the
latter part of the second whorl. Very fine and faint transverse
striae, about 10 to the millimeter, cross the later whorls, and the
edges of the keels are slightly roughened or finely nodular,
Collected by Mr Percy E. Raymond.
Genus STRAPAROLLINA Billings
Straparollina harpa sp. nov.
Plate 5, figures 4, 5
Shell very small, turbinate, spire low, hight 2.5mm, width about
4mm, apical angle about 125°. Whorls three, well rounded, rapidly
enlarging, crossed by fine raised, laminate ridges, vertical to the
surface and about .2mm apart. Umbilicus deep, about one ninth the
width of the shell, the lip at the notch extended and partly reflected
over it.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 203
Differs from S. asperostriatus Billings in its smaller
size, its more depressed spire, its relatively narrower umbilicus, the
closeness of its raised striae, and the absence of any carina along the
underside. |
Described from three specimens collected by Mr Percy E. Ray-
mond. | |
Genus suBULITES Conrad
Subulites raymondi sp. nov.
Plate 4, figures r, 2
Description. Shell small, fusiform; apical angle about 44°;
length of specimen, with apical whorl, or a little more, lost, 9.5mm;
greatest thickness across axis at middle of shell 3.4mm. Whorls
five or six; penultimate whorl showing a rapid elongation, body
whorl 6mm long or considerably longer than the spire.
Aperture elongate, oblique, narrow, with well formed anterior
cenal; inner wall of aperture nearly straight; outer lip convex,
gradually increasing its distance from the axis for about one fourth
its length, remaining very nearly parallel for another fourth and
then slightly increasing its convexity to anterior extremity. With
-aperture toward the observer, the shell appears slightly angulated
at a little above middle on the left, and a short distance below the
middle on the right; turned toward the left through 90°, the right
hand outline is more uniformly convex. Suture but slightly im-
pressed ; surface smooth.
Observations. The shell surface is well preserved and in some
lights seems to show growth lines much like those of Terebel-
lum subulatum Lam., to which this species shows a super-
ficial resemblance in its spire, inner wall of aperture, and anterior
canal. With other lighting however there seem to be growth lines
running gently backward from the suture. These lines are not
easily seen and some of them may be due to marks made in cleaning
the specimen. Still very faint but more easily seen are some ex-
tremely narrow, fine, raised, transverse striae about 4mm apart.
This species has been named after Mr Percy E. Raymond, of the
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg Pa. who found the species in material
from the section described.
2904 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Genus nozopEa Hall
Holopea microclathrata sp. nov.
. Plate 4, figures 3, 4
Description. Shell small, turbinate, apical angle about 73°, length
of type specimen in which apex and last fourth of body whorl are
lost, measured from broken part of apex to most distant point on
body whorl 8mm. Whorls about four, becoming gradually more
oblique, longest diameter of body whorl near the aperture making
an angle of about 50° with the vertical axis. Base of penultimate
whorl slightly flattened and making an angle of about 90° with
upper surface; angle well rounded and upper surface moderately
convex; outline of whorl rapidly becoming more rounded as aper-
ture is approached. Columella apparently strong and thickened and
there seems to be a small umbilicus; no trace of lip across wall of
aperture. Eight fine revolving, raised striae between suture and
periphery ; on the penultimate whorl the first, second, fourth, sixth |
and eighth are the more prominent of these. The spaces before the
first and between this and the second are a little wider than the
others and are gently concave; the third stria (the first of the
fainter or secondary striae) lies at the center of a wider and shallow
concave belt limited by the second and fourth striae; after the
second the distance between striae is quite uniform and the secondary
striae are nearly as prominent as the primary and are but slightly
or not at all depressed below them. There is a peripheral stria and
eight or more similar striae on base of penultimate and body whorls.
The shallow spaces between the striae are crossed by very fine and
sharp, raised, transverse striae, as close as 17 or more to the milli-
meter. These striae pass slightly backward from the suture, curve
regularly and gently across the whorl and become directed forward
on the base. Viewed from the middle of the whorl the lines appear
to make no deviation whatever in any part of their course from the
vertical plane of their origin. The suture forms a fine, rather im-
pressed line just below the eighth stria, the whorls meeting at an
angle of about 90°.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 295
TRILOBITA
Genus cHEIRURUS Beyrich
Cheirurus mars sp. nov.
Plate 5, figures 1-2
Description. Glabella somewhat resembles a medieval, conical
helmet, rising from the frontal rim with a curve of about 6mm
tadius for one third the distance to the apex of the cone. In the
other two thirds the convexity becomes markedly less and the apex
is approached with but very slightly convex outlines; from the apex
to neck furrow the outline is at first concave and then straight.
The cone or spur is thus rather high and produced backward over
the neck ring. Length from frontal. furrow to neck furrow 13mm,
from frontal furrow to apex of cone 15mm, hight of apex of cone
above neck furrow about 8mm, width of glabella just in front of
the neck ring nearly 12mm. The glabellar furrows are convex ~
toward the front throughout their length; the two anterior pairs
reach to a little less than one fourth the distance across the glabella ;
the middle one is most convex toward the front; the posterior fur-
row is less bent at first, reaches about halfway to the apex of the
cone and is bent so as to meet its axis at an angle of about 70°.
Marginal furrow of glabella rounded in front, distinctly angled as
it turns to pass along the sides, where it is concave toward the under
surface with a radius of about Iomm.
Differs from C. vulcanus Billings, in the pronounced char-
acter of the conical spur, the absence of a sigmoid flexure in the
posterior pair of glabellar furrows, the shortness of the two anterior
pairs, and the front angles of the margin. Described from a cast
the surface of which is smooth.
THE STRUCTURE OF SOME PRIMITIVE CEPHALOPODS
BY R. RUEDEMANN
Plates 6-13
Professor Whitfield has described [1886 p. 319], as Ortho-
ceras brainerdi, a cephalopod from the Fort Cassin_
(Upper Beekmantown) beds of Fort Cassin Vt., which is also
very common in beds of like age outcropping along the shore of
Lake Champlain at Valcour N. Y. While the originals of the
species exhibit but fragments of the phragmocone and lack the
living chamber and the apical parts of the conch, there are in
the extensive museum collection of specimens secured at Val-
cour, not only conchs which supplement the original material
but also a great number of siphuncles which exhibit interesting
internal structures.2. These and the peculiarities of the apical
portion of the conch have led to the investigation, whose results
are herewith presented. An extension of the research to the
siphuncles of Piloceras explanator Whitfield, another
form which is equally common in the Fort Cassin beds at the
type locality and at Valcour, has brought to light homologous
structures which are also described here.
1 Parts of siphuncle
In a siphuncle of the mature conch of Cameroceras?
brainerdi four well defined parts, succeeding each other
in apertural direction, can be differentiated. For reasons of
plainer demonstration we will consider them here in the reversed
order of origin or in apical direction. The first portion of the
siphuncle of this species is entirely empty, as in Orthoceras [see
1See list of references.
2Subsequently these structures were also found in specimens from
Fort Cassin itself, which are a part of the State Museum collection.
3We use here the older term Cameroceras not differentiating between
Cameroceras and Endoceras, as Hyatt has done.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 297
pl.6, fig.2]. The septal necks,! however, do not as in most ortho-
ceratites extend only a short distance backward, but curve first gently
inward, thus contracting the siphuncle slightly and just above the
preceding septum bend again outward, growing thicker and standing
on the latter septum. The cameras are thus completely shut off
from the siphuncular space. There is, however, no separate siphun-
cular wall present in this part, the septal necks forming the only par-
titions. The proportional length of this part to the total length of
the conch I have not ascertained; it is, however, certain that this
open siphuncle extended for the distance of several inches apicad
from the living chamber.
Under the second part of the siphuncle we comprise that por-
tion in which the organic deposits characteristic of Cameroceras
and consisting of endocones begin to form. The space included
by the last formed endocone is a cone with elliptic or more
frequently subtriangular section, the base lying parallel to the
iaeesiae Of the siphuncle [see pl.8, fig.7].. The more convex.
side is provided with low annulations which are slightly convex
forward. The cone is always filled with matrix, like the living
chamber and open part of the siphuncle and is what Dewitz and
other authors have termed the “ Spiess” (or dart) of the endocera-
tites. The last endocone is in sections [see pl.g, fig.2] distinctly
set off by its darker color from the coarsely crystalline white calcite
infilling of the more apical portions of the siphuncle, which suggests
that, when left behind by the advancing animal, it contained con-
siderably more organic matter than is found in the solid part of the
siphuncle where calcite infiltration has taken place. This endocone
connects with a cylindric layer of equally carbonaceous lime car-
bonate, which being directly adjacent to the septal necks, lines the
entire siphuncle and extends forward into the first part to an extent
at present not known to me, but certainly not comprising the
entire first part, for its absence in the siphuncle for several inches
from the base of the living chamber could be ascertained in
1We prefer the older term “septal neck” to the later “funnel” pro-
posed by Hyatt for the reason pointed out by Foord [1888, p. 130] that
under funnel another organ of the recent Cephalopoda is understood.
298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
several specimens. In the opposite or apical direction it extends close
to the tip of the siphuncle. This internal lining layer of the siphuncle
will be termed in this paper “ endosipholining ” [see p.303].
The third part of the siphuncle is that which has been filled
by the endocones, but is still surrounded’ by the cameras of the
phragmocone. The endocones have mostly become obliterated
by the formation of coarse white calcite, but from the endosi-
phuncular canal there still proceed at intervals short lines which
are parallel to the last endocone and represent the bases of
former endocones [see pl.o, fig.2]. Occasionally also the entire
walls appear still as gray lines in the calcite filling [see pl.6, fig.3].
The “ dart” or “ Spiess” extends at its apical end into a flat broad
tube, which frequently passes through nearly the whole width of the
siphuncle and which possesses strong, deep black walls of velvety
appearance, suggesting their composition of conchiolin. This flat
tube is the first part of the endosiphuncle The latter passes through
the whole length of the siphuncle. Its characters are such as to
invite detailed description, which will be given below.
The fourth part of the siphuncle of this species is that which
projects apicad beyond the camerated portion of the shell (the
phragmocone), and which, hence, was entirely free. This part
is identical with the apical cone of Nanno aulema Clarke
and- Vaginoceras belemnitiforme “tolge ofa
however, not short and strongly inflated, but long and gradually
widening at approximately the same rate as the anterior parts
of the siphuncle. This free portion may have easily reached
_a length of 70 mm as the finely preserved specimen reproduced
in plate 6, figure 3 indicates.
It might be presumed that in the specimens in hand the septa
continued further apicad than their present preservation would
indicate, and that the free apical cone is more due to incomplete
1We use here provisionally, till further definitions have been given, Hyatt’s
term “endosiphuncle” for the central tube of the siphuncle. Hyatt’s defini-
tion is [1900, p.515]: ‘“ Organic deposits in the form of endocones, and taper
off at the center into a spire that is sometimes tubular and hollow, or again
flattened and elliptical. This is the endosiphuncle.”’ Before this definition
the term “endosiphon” had been in use for the same organ.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 299
- retention of the phragmocone than to its original absence in the
apical portion of the shell. Since however in this species the septa
by their septal necks or funnels form a continuous ectosiphuncular
wall, which is thicker than the septal partitions and is readily dis-
tinguishable in one specimen [see pl.6, fig.3] by its light gray
color contrasting with the black matrix, we have carefully searched
for traces of this wall along the apical cone, without finding any
beyond the contraction of the shell at the beginning of the visible
chambering of the conch. A black conchiolinous deposit forms the
undoubtedly outermost wall of this preseptal conch.
A little forward of the beginning of the cameras (about the
fourth camera) there occurs a distinct contraction, as in the
corresponding places in the species cited above. The apical por-
tion of this free part is slightly curved. The endosipholining,
which in the phragmocone is adjacent to the septal necks, extends
through the full length of this apical free part of the siphuncle
[see pl.3, fig.3]. It contrasts distinctly with the white coarse calcite
filling of the siphuncle and retains its full width and sharp delimita-
tion to within 30 mm of the apex, when it begins to thin out; and
about 15 mm from the apex it has disappeared entirely, the siphuncle
being there wholly filled by the white sugary calcite. The extension
and composition of this layer of carbonaceous calcite leaves no doubt
that it originally formed within a membrane and thus became
charged with organic matter. This endosipholining is in section
sharply outlined by a fine black line which represents an outer
conchiolinous shell layer. This also extends into the chambered
portion of the shell, at least into its earlier part. It is this layer
which gives to the separate siphuncles of this species their black,
shiny surface. There is no doubt that this is identical with the
cuticle of horny matter which incases the whole mantle and also the
siphuncle of Nautilus, and which also has occasionally been: observed
enveloping the siphuncle of fossil cephalopods.
The endosiphuncle passes unrestricted to the very apex of the
siphuncle, where it distinctly empties to the exterior [see pl.6, fig.3].
Its last apical part (about 1 mm) is filled with black material which
appears to be the same as the matrix. This suggests that in this
300 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
form, asin Nanno aulema (according to Hyatt’s observations)
the endosiphuncle communicated for a time with the exterior, . viz
from the time of the destruction of the protoconch to that of the
plugging of the canal between the first and second endocones. At
the time of the burial of the shell in mud, this short end of the canal
was still open and the surrounding
mud could enter it. In the remaining
portion of the endosiphuncle there
has nowhere beem found any matrix,
in our material, not even directly
behind the Spiess, which is always
filled to near its tip with mud. Holm
comments on this fact, but states that
longitudinal sections through the endo-
siphuncle nowhere suggested the pres-
ence of any transverse partitions and
assumes that soft parts of the decaying
animal, remaining in the “ Spiess”
prevented the mud from entering the
endosiphuncle, which apparently was
Fig. 1 Endoceras crassisipho- through the lifetime of the animal in
natum Whiteaves. Shows apparent
A Ohio) reece: (COPY open connection. with the laiver sau
Nanno aulema however, as men-
tioned above, Hyatt observed a closing of the tube in front of the
first endocone. Partition lines, forming acute angles with the endo-
siphon, leave no doubt that also the apical cone of Cameroceras
brainerdi was provided with endocones though no traces of
the same have been observed close to the apex.
1Whiteaves [Roy. Soc. Can. Proc. & Trans. 1891, 9:79] has recorded
that in one specimen of Endoceras (E. crassisiphonatum)
from the Trenton limestone of Manitoba, “the interior of the narrow
posterior end of the siphuncle (endosiphuncle) appears to be portioned
off by a few transverse concave dissepiments” [see text fig. 1]. Since
there exists an early genus (Diphragmoceras Hyatt) in which the
siphuncle is divided by tabulae alternating with the septa of the
camerated shell, it is quite as possible that the endosiphuncle also may
have been tabulated in some forms, though Whiteaves’s observation
seems to stand quite alone at the present time. The observations of
both Hyatt and Whiteaves would seem to support Zittel’s view that
the siphuncle has no particular function but is only a residual.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 301
2 Former observations on endosiphonal structures and the termin-
ology of the latter
The endosiphuncular structures of Cameroceras brain-
erdi which concern us most here are the flattened tube extend-
ing backward from the “ Spiess,” the fine, often capillary tube
extending the greater length of the siphuncle and certain thin
longitudinal layers of dark organic limestone radiating from these
tubes to the walls of the siphuncle.
The attention of paleontologists was directed to similar
structures only a comparatively short time ago, though the fine
threadlike endosiphuncle had already been noticed by Barrande
in a Newfoundland species (Orthoceras insulare)
[see 1867, v.II, t.430, fig.5, 8-11; t.431,
fig.8-10] and also been described by Dewitz
[1879, p.172, 173, fide Holm] and Schroder
[1881, p.76, t.2, fig.8d]. Dewitz also men-
tions [1880, p.377] that ‘in some species
membranes seem to have proceeded from
the posterior end of the fleshy siphuncle,
which often, at least for some distance, beat ify aaa
s, siphuncular side; as, anti-
extended to the internal wall of the ase side. (Copy from
siphuncular tube, and which also secreted
covering sheaths, in which organic carbonate of lime was deposited,”
and adds, “‘ These membranes probably served to attach the posterior
end of the fleshy siphuncle to the interior wall of the siphuncular
tube.” He also figures a transverse section of Endoceras
commune [pl.17, fig-7] which shows three longitudinal mem-
branes radiating from the endosiphuncle, but which do not reach
the siphuncular wall [see text fig.2].
The flattened tube extending from the “Spiess” appears to
have been first noticed by Dawson in a species of Piloceras
[1883, p.4]. Sir William states [p.3] that “the lower part of
the shell is divided by a vertical partition crossing its longer
diameter,” and again [p.4] that the internal cone “is flatter
than the siphuncle, ending at the apex in an edge which is
attached to a central shelly plate crossing the lower part of the
302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
siphuncle,” and adds, “ This plate shows at intervals slight pro-
jections giving rise to delicate cones apparently membranous.”
Hyatt [1884, p.266], though basing his definition of Piloceras
on Dawson’s description, did not recognize the presence of a parti- ~
tion, but believing in its tubular character, referred it to the endosi-
phuncle. Foord, however, observed again the same plate in a
- Piloceras from Durness and figured it [1888, p.159, fig.17, III,
p.160], stating in regard to it in opposition to Hyatt’s view :
“Nevertheless there seems to have been an internal septum
extending upwards, from the lower part of the siphuncle, between
the wall of the latter and that of the sheath into which the
endosiphon opens. This septum shows itself in some transverse
sections of the siphuncle in the manner indicated at figure 17, II
[copied here in text fig.3], and it can be
traced for some distance upwards in the
vertical section of this and of other speci-
mens. The septum seems to have been
penetrated by the endosiphon, as shown in
peers Vale ce ae the figure, but I am unable to give any
Boa een rsiciyP? Partition. satisfactory account of it, owing to its im-
3 perfect condition.” Bather later [1894,
p.433] copied Foord’s figure, stating that the appearance of the par-
tition is exaggerated and its significance unknown. Specimens of
Piloceras explanator from the Fort Cassin bed, which
are in the State Museum, show the same partition and we shall have
occasion to recur to its structure [see p.329]. |
Meanwhile Holm had found a similar endosiphuncular blade
strongly developed in a species from Esthonia, which he described.
in allusion to this feature as Endoceras gladius [1887,
p.13]. In this important publication, to which we shall have frequent
occasion to refer, Dewitz’s observation of the winglike membranes
of the endosiphuncle, is verified.
In a later publication [1895, p.605ff] the same author has
introduced a number of terms for the parts of the siphuncle in
view of the fact that Bather had criticized Hyatt’s term “ endo-
siphon” [J. c., p.433] arguing that the “endosiphon” is in func-
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 303
tion the real siphuncle. As Foord [1888, p.132] has pointed
out “exception might perhaps be taken to this term on the
ground that it seems to imply the existence of two siphuncles,
an inner and an outer one.” Since, however, it will be found
convenient to distinguish the fleshy siphuncle from the shelly
wall that separates it from the septal chamber, and the term
siphuncle has always been used in the latter sense in relation
‘to fossils, he considers the employment of the additional term
justifiable. To avoid its illogical and confusing use Holm has
proposed a series of terms which it seems practicable to adopt
‘
here. These are “ectosipho” for the outer siphuncular tube—
“sipho” being retained for the entire organ—* endosipho” for
the contents of the ectosipho as a whole;! also for the parts of
the endosipho are proposed new expressions. He terms
“ endosiphocylinder ” the wider portion of the siphuncle, which
is entirely occupied by the more cylindric anterior part of the
fleshy siphuncle. This passes posteriorly into the “ endosipho-
cone” (its walls are Hyatt’s “endocones’’); from this again
proceeds the narrow canal which was termed first “ endosiphon ” and
later “ endosiphuncle ” by Hyatt and for which is proposed the word
“ endosiphotube ” by Holm [see text fig.18]. We have, in accord-
ance with this terminology, proposed above the term “ endosipholin-
ing” for the inner, thick, continuous layer of the siphuncular wall,
which, according to Hyatt [1884, p.266], is characteristic of Camero-
ceras (Sannionites) in distinction from Vaginoceras and Endoceras.
This layer is shown in plate 6, figure 3 and text figure 15 (es c)
and the sections on plate 7. To the endosiphuncular formation belong
further thin, calcified membranes which connect the endosiphotubes
and endosiphocones with the ectosiphuncle, and a broad conchio-
linous double blade, extending backward from the endosiphocone.
The latter structure was originally termed by Holm, who was
1Following Hyatt in making a strict distinction between the fleshy
“siphon” and its calcareous covers, the “siphuncle,” we will employ
here the terms “estosiphuncle” and “endosiphuncle.” This usage will
not vitiate the terms “ endosiphocylinder” etc. in which only the radicle
of the word siphon is incorporated; nor will it cause confusion since for the
organ termed “endosiphuncle” by-Hyatt, a new term is proposed.
304 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the first to clearly recognize it, “ schwertahnliches Blatt” [1887].
Later [1895] the same author introduced the term “ endosipho-
blade” (“ endosiphobladet ” in the Swedish original) and defined
it as the thin calcified endosiphuncular membrane which extends
longitudinally in several species of Endoceras and Piloceras and
connects the endosiphotube and endosiphocone with the inside
of the ectosiphuncle. It becomes evident from the discussion of
this organ in the last cited publication that this term is meant
to comprise both the hollow blade and the calcified suspensory
membranes.
Since we shall show in this paper that the endosiphotube is a
new formation, at least in our species, within the broad hollow
endosiphuncular part, first called “ schwertahnliches Blatt” by
Holm, and also that the latter and the suspending membranes
are of different origin in our form, it becomes desirable to dis-
tinguish between these two organs which are comprised in
Holm’s term “endosiphoblade.” We will therefore, in view of
Holm’s definition, retain this latter term for the suspensory mem-
branes and designate the broad and originally hollow endosi-
phuncular “ Blatt’ by a new term.
Holm named the species, in which he observed it, noe
ceras gladius in allusion to this swordlike blade. “ Gla-
dius” would therefore be an appropriate term, were it not for the
fact that this word is already used for the cuttlebone or. pen of
the cuttlefish. For this reason we shall use here instead the
3)
word “ coleon,’ and to make it conform with the other terms,
call this flattened tube the “ endosiphocoleon.” As “ endosipho-
sheaths’ we designate the walls of the funnel-shaped endosipho-
cones (Hyatt’s “ endocones ”), which are left behind by the
advancing animal.
3 Endosiphocoleon and endosiphotube
As we have noted above, Holm was the first to observe, in a
species obtained in Esthonia from a transitional bed between the
Vaginatenkalk and Echinosphaeritenkalk, the organ which we have
found still more peculiarly developed in an American species
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 305
and designated as endosiphocoleon. Holm termed the species at
the time, Endoceras gladius, but he later [1896, p.4oo]
feunited it with Endoceras (Nanno) belemniti-
forme. This again has been referred to Vaginoceras by Hyatt
[1895, p.9]. We will state on this occasion that while we had
worked out the characters of the endosiphuncular organs before
we were aware of Holm’s prior elaborate description, we found
by subsequent comparison that our material on the whole veri-
fies Holm’s observations for the species in hand, but that at the
same time it indicates an origin of the endosiphotube and a rela-
tion between endosiphotube and endosiphocoleon which is dif-
ferent from those observed by Holm. These
and such other differences as have become ap-
parent between the endosiphuncular structures
or Varinoceras belemnitiforme
guage ameroceras braimer.di will be
noted at the end of the description of these
structures in our species. We have copied
here for comparison Holm’s figure of the
endosiphocoleon [text fig.4].
The endosiphocone which, at its forward
end, is subcircular and only slightly flattened
on the ventral (outer) side, becomes rapidly fig, vaginoceras
flattened toward its posterior end, the convex ee aia oat een
of siphuncle, showing endo-
wall approaching the opposite flat one. It Sieh (Copy from
thus runs out into a double blade, which,
lying approximately in the middle of the siphuncle and parallel
to its flatter side, is at first almost as wide as the siphuncle
and nearly touches its walls [see pl.7, fig.1]. This is at least the
case in the large siphuncle of the later portions of the shell when
the animal approaches maturity. This organ is the endosiphocoleon,
which in our material consists just behind the endosiphocone of two
thin, intensely black conchiolinous walls, forming a flattened broad
tube. These walls are composed of extremely thin, concentric or
rather long conical lamellae. They show a double sculpture, viz, low
transverse ribs arching slightly forward and longitudinal lines
306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
which slightly disperse in a forward direction. The low ribs are
evidently the remains of the ribs of the convex side of the endosi-
phocone, noted below.
Holm describes the middle portion of the endosiphocoleon
which proceeds from the apex of the endosiphocone as possess-
ing a very distinct and beautiful sculpture, consisting of growth
lines. “These growth lines form an arch, which is strongly
bent backward. Their form and curvature corresponds exactly
with the outline of the apex of the ‘Spiess’ and thereby with
the outline of the fleshy end of the siphon. On the anterior
portion of the blade there also occur longitudinal lines which
intersect the growth lines.” Our material fails to show these
growth lines so distinctly, but from the fracture lines of the
oblique lamellae composing the wall of the endosiphocoleon we
infer that they may be the intersections of these lamellae with
its surface.
This middle part of the endosiphocoleon is on both narrow
edges [see pl.7, fig.1; pl.o, fig.1; text fig.14] flanked by strong deep
black conchiolinous semicylindric rods or wings, [w of figures]
which, on the upper and lower side of the blade, quite abruptly
change into a layer of dark gray limestone, such as composes the
endosiphocone or last endocone. ‘They correspond to the winglike
lamellae, which according to Holm begin on the endosiphocone and
continue along the endosiphocoleon and which we shall discuss later.
- The further development of the endosiphocoleon can be best
described by the use of a series of sections which were made
apicad of the part of the endosiphocoleon reproduced on plate 7.
These sections are figured on the same plate and diagrammatic
sketches illustrating the further stages of development are inserted
in the text [fig.5-12].
—_—
Fig. 5-12 Diagrammatic sections of siphuncle of Camero
(sp.); esd, endosiphoblade ; esc, endosiphocylinder ;
sheath; es 7, endosiphotube; es v, endosiphocoleon ; §; Wi, younger wing; w., older
wing. In figure rr, the endosiphocoleon is shaded too dark.
ceras brainerdi Whitfield
es, endosiphocone; es s, endosipho-
w, win
308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Figure 5 of plate 7 [also text fig.10] shows the small, thick
walled endosiphotube [e s t] contained within the endosipho-
coleon [e s v], which is entirely filled with very dark organic
carbonate of lime. This observation suggests that the endosi-
photube is not a narrower apicad continuation of the endosipho-
coleon, but a new formation within the same; an inference which
is borne out by the observation of such sec-
tions as that reproduced in figure 2, in
which a still incomplete tube is shown
les SS within the open lumen of the endosiphoco-
leon. This latter stage is also represented
by the diagrammatic section text figure 8.
Besides the inceptive endosiphotube [e s f]
and the inclosing endosiphocoleon [e sv]
eer we see the latter flanked on either side by
is a series of two wings [w, and w,| which
sheaths. In text figure 9 only one of these
wings, the outer and older is present. In
order to make this peculiar relation of
endosiphocoleon and _ endosiphotube - still
clearer we have added two longitudinal
diagrammatic sections. Text figure 13
shows the outer, more anteriorly situated
endosiphocoleon and the inner endosipho-
tube, and text figure 14 illustrates the posi-
tion of the successive wings [w] on the
Fig. 13 Diagrammaticlongi- endosiphoshaths [e s ‘s]. A condition as
tudinal section of endosiphoco-
oT hstbe ccf endosipho. that illustrated in text figure 8, when two
ie wings embrace each other could be obtained
by a transverse section in a plane, laid through the middle of the
iongitudinal section figure 14. We shall recur more fully to the
relation of endosiphocoleon and endosiphotube.
Figure 3 of plate 7 is a section 5 mm distant from figure I.
Between figure 3 and figure 5 (10 mm) a very abrupt quarter
turn of the entire endosiphocoleon takes place, so that its hori-
have formed on two successive endosipho-—
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 309
zontal position has changed to a vertical one. A horizontal section
through the block containing this turn has been made and the rock
polished down sufficiently to expose the turn [fig.4]. Figure 5
shows the front of the next block, which is identical with the posterior
section of figure 4. Here the endosiphuncle has become a very nar-
row cylindric tube (endosiphotube) sharply limited by a black con-
chiolinous wall. It lies somewhat laterally to a broad, dark gray
brown belt of organic lime carbonate, through which the walls of the
large crystals of the siphuncle fill-
ing pass, though retaining the
organic coloring matter in its
original distribution. A split is
noticeable in the upper part, as
if the band here consisted of two
lamellae. Text figure Io repre-
sents this condition of the endo-
siphuncle. The endosiphotube is
now the only remaining organ
with distinct conchiolinous walls
and the endosiphocoleon is re-
duced to a dark band of organic
lime carbonate, a transverse
median line of which indicates
its former composition of two
amellae.
On the other side of the block
Fig. 14 Diagrammatic section of siphuncle
[fig.6, 75 mm farther posteriorly | to show the relation of the wings [w]| to the
i : endosiphosheaths [ess]. Endosiphocoleon cut
the endosiphotube has retained through major axis
the same diameter as in the preceding section, though its shape has
changed from circular to semicylindric ; the endosiphocoleon has not
diminished in size, but has become considerably lighter in color and
more indistinct in outline, specially in the middle part, while the ends
have remained colored slightly stronger and are wider so that
the section assumes somewhat the shape of a dumb-bell. The
median line, observed in the preceding section, has disappeared,
but there remain two darker spots in the center of the end balls
310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of the dumb-bell. This dumb-bell-like outline is again obliterated
in the next section, figure 7 (7.5 mm distant from 6). In this the
endosiphotube has again decreased since the last section to about
one half of its former diameter, while the endosiphocoleon has
retained its width. In the next it has even again become broader.
Its ends are notably rounder and thicker than the middle of the
plate and a fine central line can again be traced, indicating the
composition of the blade of two conjoined lamellae. The entire
endosiphocoleon, which before had swung to one side, has re-
turned again to the median line of the siphuncle.
In this condition the endosiphocoleon remains to the apical end
of this (not complete) siphuncle, 1. e. it extends across the siphuncle
as a dark gray brown band with indistinct outline which includes
the fine endosiphotube; its swollen lateral extremities touching or
coalescing with the gray wall of the siphuncle. Figure Io is taken
15 mm from the preceding section and shows no material change
from the latter. It shows white cross-lines which transect the brown
band of the endosiphocoleon. ‘These are due to secondary crystal-
lization, the endosiphocoleon being—in contrast to the irregular
crystallization of the remainder of the interior of the siphuncle—
composed of two layers of parallel crystals which distinctly grew
from the median line of the endosiphocoleon as a base.
Text figure 11 shows the position and extension of the endosipho-
coleon in a very early portion of the siphuncle or near the apex
[see fig. 7]. It is here a light brown transverse band with a
central black conchiolinous endosiphotube. This condition is
reached shortly behind the endosiphocone in the earlier portions
of the siphuncle, when its diameter is still small as is exemplified
by the section [pl.8, fig.1].
In order to obtain a complete portrayal of the endosiphocoleon
and . endosiphocone: of ;Cameroceras,;btaie ead aye
will add the description. of a few other sections which show
features slightly different from or explanatory of those observed
in the series of sections noted above. There is, first, the longi-
tudinal section [pl.9, fig.2] in which a well preserved endosiphocone
with sheath is exhibited which at its apex contains a newly
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 SPY
formed portion of the endosiphocoleon as a free standing black
and conchiolinous tube! [see text fig.15]. This shows that here the
endosiphocoleon is not a mere continuation of the apex of the endo-
siphocone, as it was found in Vaginoceras belemniti-
forme but a new formation, growing within the apical part of the
visceral cone, presumably preparatory to a succeeding withdrawal
of the animal from that part of the -,
a
siphuncle and the formation of a “Less
rEOSC
7
new endosiphosheath. °
Two sections which exhibit the
same features are those reproduced
in plate 7, figure I and plate 9,
figure 1. These possess on both
narrow sides of the endosiphocoleon
a series of two black concentric
esh
crescents which are -not in contact
with it. In some of these specimens
[pl.7, fig.1] the innermost of these
crescents can be directly traced along
the longitudinal sections to the
strong conchiolinous wing or lat- [eon pormmmpaene .¢ s/)
eral staff of the endosiphosheath & §& | 4! j
described above [see text fig.14].
Directly germane to the sections
and diagrams given here and illus- pee Aor a RAST 4 A) odin
5 : _ phuncle toshow relation of endosiphoco-
trative of the formation and charac com |cu,2litaendosipkocone lacd), Had:
ters of the wings of the endosi- aia tee eats ieee :
phocoleon is the section in plate 8, 2 Bobuases, Pag. |
figure 7. In this the apical part of the endosiphocone is transected
and its semicircular outline shown in the center of the figure and its
base, which corresponds to the flat or outer (ventral?) side of the
siphuncle, is drawn out into short, obliquely ascending horns. The
wall of the cone is formed by the endosiphosheath which is con-
_ tinued in the direction of the horns to the wall of the siphuncle and
penne EseUEaaEE Sim HTT SURE TT hee 8 CO) STO OITS SE
1Tt is twice.as long as the lithographer’s reproduction.
312 ‘ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
also connected at its convex side to the nearest wall by a band of
crystals of organic carbonate of lime. The interspaces are not only
arranged symmetrically, but also delimited so sharply by wuninter-
rupted lines, that it is hardly to be doubted that the calcite bands
connecting the endosiphocone and wall of siphuncle are the remains
of the membranes which held the visceral cone in position within the
_ siphuncle and probably became partially calcified during the lifetime
of the animal. The interspaces remained cavities till they were
filled by the large calcite crystals now occupying the siphuncle.!
The supposition of the fixation of the visceral cone and inclos-
_ ing endosiphosheath to the ectosiphuncle, finds support in the
occasional presence of bands of gray brown limestone, extending
from the endosiphocoleon (virtually the continuation of the vis-
ceral cone) or more posteriorly from the endosiphotube, to the wall
of the siphuncle. Such a section is reproduced in plate 8, figure 5.
The horizontal transverse band with the inclosed endosiphotube is
evidently the “ endosiphoblade ” of Holm. This is held in a manner
corresponding to the fixation of the endosiphocone described above
by a band that is placed perpendicular to the endosiphocoleon.2 The
extension of the internal space of the visceral sac (endosiphocone)
*In this particular siphuncle the interior is 20 mm from the end of the
endosiphocone already so calcified, apparently by secondary calcification,
that hardly any trace of the endosiphocoleon is left [see pl.8, fig.8].
*These supporting membranes were, as we have mentioned above,
recognized by Dewitz and more fully described by Holm. The latter
author [/.c., 1887, p.16] sums up his observations on these supporting
membranes in Endoceras gladius in the following statement:
“During the retrogression of the siphon in the siphuncular tube there were
secreted by the siphon three longitudinal membranes which were prob-
ably soft, pliable and extended to the wall of the siphuncular tube, one
from each of the angular marginal edges and one from the median line of
the convex side. Their function was probably to fix the end of the
siphon, which was suspended in the siphuncular tube in a position in the
middle of the latter. A similar organ was, as we have seen above, ob-
served by Dewitz in the siphuncular tube of a specimen of “Endo-
ceras commune.” In consequence:of this structure the “Spiess”
maintains in all specimens of the species in question, which have been
investigated by me, the same position in the middle of the siphuncular
tube and indicates an invariable position of the end of the siphon. The
thin (cuticular) membranes were secreted along the whole length of the
siphon.”
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 313
into the angles [pl.8, fig.7] and the continuation of the angles into
the supporting membranes indicate that the latter already “supported
the visceral cone before the formation of the last endosipho-
sheath, determined the form of the latter and at the time of its forma-
tion probably became the situs of organic deposits of lime carbonate.
This latter view is at least suggested by the presence of cavities
between the well defined bands of lime in the section.
If these membranes served as suspensory organs of the visceral
cone and its posterior extension, their arrangement will give us a
hint as to which side of this Cameroceras conch was the ventral side
or turned habitually downward in the moving animal, the position
of the siphuncle on one side of the conch not being a reliable criterion
on account of its shifting sometimes in the same individual. It
will now be noticed that in the sections reproduced in plate 8,
figures 5, 6, the tube is suspended by three membranes, two of which
form a diameter of the siphuncle, parallel to its flat side, while
the third holds a perpendicular position to this diameter and
connects the tube with the side of the siphuncle diametrically
opposite to its flat side. If now a tube is suspended by means
of three membranes, forming an inverted T, it is evident that
the middle was the upper one. The alternative possibility that
the tube was held by props or propping blades instead of by
membranes, in which case the relation of the three blades would
be inverted, may be neglected on account of the evident thinness
and frailty of the supporting organs. It then follows that the
flat side of the siphuncle which is in contact with the conch was
the lower or ventral side.
4 Comparison of endosiphuncular structures in Vaginoceras belem-
nitiforme and Cameroceras brainerdi
Holm’s elaborate description of the endosiphocoleon of
Vaginoceras (gladius) belemnitiforme permits
a close comparison of the development of this organ in the
Swedish type and in this American form.
In the description of the endosiphocoleon of V. be lemniti-
forme a distinction [J/. c., p.14] is made between the lateral and
outs NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
middle parts of the “ Blatt.” The former are described as being
a continuation of the two winglike lamellae that flank the en-
dosiphosheath and the latter, which is characterized by its sculp-
ture, as a continuation of the middle part of this endosiphosheath.
This difference is in our material, if anything, still more apparent,
and the two parts are entirely separated owing to their different
places of origin. The wings are formed on the outside of the
endosiphocone, while the middle part, which is the real tube of
the endosiphocoleon, is formed within the endosiphocone [see
text fig.14]. The two conchiolinous bodies are hence in Camero-
ceras brainerdi separated by a layer of gray organic lime
carbonate, the endosiphosheath [see pl.o, fig.1 and text fig.14]. It
is, however, apparent that in V. belemnitiforme _ both
parts are considered as having originated on the outside of the
endosiphocone or to be the direct continuations of the endosipho-
sheath, and the figure [see text fig.4] would seem to bear out this
conclusion. ,
Germane to this observation of Holm as to the origin of the
middle part of the endosiphocoleon is the further observation
and resultant conclusion which is cited here [/. c., p.15, transla-
tion]: “ With the exception of the conchiolinous calcareous
sheath covering the endosiphocone itself, there occur no traces
of such sheaths secreted by the siphon, within the siphuncular
tube. Neither does the calcareous filling show any conical sur-
faces of separation. Since, moreover, the lamellae of the sword-
like structure which proceeds from the endosiphocone form a
direct, uninterrupted continuation of the sheath of the siphon it
must be assumed that the siphon did not secrete the conchio-
linous calcareous sheath until the animal was full grown and no
longer enlarged its conch nor advanced in the siphuncular tube.”
This blade in V. belemnitiforme is supposed to, have
reached to the apical end of the siphuncle.
Our observations would indicate somewhat different relations
in C. brainerdi. First the presence in transverse sections
of a series of embracing crescentic conchiolinous sheaths [see
pl.7, fig.1 and text fig.8], which are the remains of the winglike
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 315
lamellae formed on the outside of the endosiphocones, demon-
strates that the wings were formed successively on the acute
edges of the flattened posterior part of each new endosiphocone
[see text fig.14], thus leaving with advancing growth and the
formation of new embracing endosiphosheaths this series of
conchiolinous margins behind. As to the middle portion of the
endosiphocoleon we have shown that in our species this is
formed within the apical portion of the endosiphocone or visceral
cone and is hence always surrounded by the endosiphosheath.
The fact of the presence of the anterior portion of this endosipho-
coleon within the endosiphocone indicates, in our opinion, that
it kept growing continuously at its anterior end and during a
greater part of the lifetime of the animal (probably from the
beginning of the nepionic stage to that of the ephebic stage) ;
this growth within the endosiphocone being preparative of an
approaching withdrawal of the animal and the subsequent forma-
tion of a new endosiphosheath. The very gradual disappearance
in our specimens of the endosiphocoleon posteriorly by a replace-
ment of the conchiolinous material by organic lime carbonate,
without a notable diminution in width, is taken by us as a fur-
ther argument of the gradual formation at the anterior end of
the organ and a corresponding gradual absorption posteriorly [see
text fig.13]. With this gradual absorption of the posterior endo-
siphocoleon went hand in hand the new formation of the almost
capillary but strong walled endosiphotube.
While we thus hold that in the species in question the forma-
tion of the endosiphocoleon was not delayed till maturity, but
took place during the entire ephebic stage, we are quite convinced
that maturity with its cessation of siphuncular growth and ad-
vance of the animal led to a longer continued secretion of
conchiolinous matter at the posterior parts of the visceral cone
and in the anterior part of the endosiphocoleon, thus producing
the thick conchiolinous deposit observed in such specimens where
the siphuncle has attained approximately its maximal width,
while in siphuncles of still small diameter these same parts, even
close to the endosiphocone, are provided with much thinner walls.
316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Holm subsequently [1895, 17 :616; 1896, 18:406] added observa-
tions on V. belemnitiforme without, however, recurring
to his description of the endosiphuncular structure of the Esth-
onian material of Endoceras gladius. He states, how-
16 18
Fig, 16-18 Diagrammatic sections of
early growth stages of shell of Camero-
ceras brainerdi
ever, that the latter showed that
structure “ remarkably well devel-
oped and preserved” [J. ¢., p.617]
and that also in Swedish speci-
mens of V. belemnitiforme
—=gladius) the _ endosipho-
blade could be observed.
The distinction apparent in our
material between the narrow endo-
siphotube and the wider endosi-
phocoleon, which in apicad direc-
tion becomes a compressed blade,
has not been noticed in the Euro-
pean material and consequently
Holm’s term “ endosiphoblade ”
comprised both the apical blade-
like continuation of the endo-
siphocoleon and the thinner mem-
branes which connect this and
the ectosiphuncle.
5 Growth stages of shell
The description of the trans-
verse and longitudinal sections
through the endosiphuncular
structures in their various stages
of development enables us now to
portray the processes which took
place within the siphuncle of Cameroceras brainerdti
during the animal’s advance from the apical cone to the living
chamber at maturity.
ro
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 27
The protoconch or earliest embryonic stage is not preserved.?
Its former presence outside of the initial apical cone of the shell
is clearly indicated by the perforation of the apical end and the
opening of the endosiphotube.
The growth stages of the animal of C. brainerdi, as
recognized in the shells, are characterized by
the successive forming of the apical cone, of
the chambered portion, the filling of the
siphuncle and the formation of the final
endosiphosheath [see text fig.16-18]. The
shell (protoconch) in which the embryonic
stage was passed has not been preserved.
The first shell which could be preserved was
an open small cup which grew out into a
long cigar-shaped open conch, the preseptal
or apical cone, or nepionic bulb of Hyatt [see
text fig.16, 19]. It was originally entirely
filled by the animal and its wall consisted
only of the present outer conchiolinous
periderm. The aseptate stage is in Nanno
termed the ananepionic stage by Hyatt. In
Seeenatimteradi it must have extended
through a considerable period of the life
of the animal if we can use the length of
Fig. 19 Vaginoceras
belemnitiforme Holm
(sp.) Section of apical part
: showing the nepionic bulb, first
lapse of time. cameras, cicatrix [c], endosi-
seis ‘ i photube [ez] remains of endosi-
The metanepionic substage in Nanno is _ Phosheaths [e4] and long septal
necks, characteristic of Vagino-
ceras
the preseptal cone as an indicator of the
characterized by Hyatt as that with septa
and a huge empty siphuncle, while the paranepionic stage is that
with the first endocone and an endosiphuncle formed at the apex.
The formation of the first cameras in Vaginoceras belem-
“Several authors have at first considered the large apical cone of
Nanno aulema and of Vaginoceras belemnitiforme as
a protoconch. But the finding of the opening of the endosiphotube at
the apical end in both species and of a cicatrix at this opening in the
closely related Piloceras (by Foord) leave no doubt that the protoconch in
these forms has not been capable of preservation.
318 ' NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
nitiforme has been well depicted by Holm [l. c., p.6, 7] and that
of the endosiphosheaths by Bather. We therefore take the liberty
of quoting from both of these authors.
The first of these (cameras) originated in this way: On one
side of the upper portion of the visceral sac a circular and almost
inclosed constriction was produced.. The fold of the mantle thus
formed deposited shell matter making an inclined wall and a
division of a part of the originally open initial chamber. The
resulting chamber was empty and formed the first air chamber.
The chamber is, thus, bounded by only one septum and in this
case lies behind the wall corresponding to the first septum in
Nautilus. It therefore corresponds to the initial chamber in that
genus. As it here has the same function as the other air cham-
bers, 1 have termed it the first air chamber, although in fact it is
a remnant of the open initial chamber. Moreover, the second
air chamber is probably formed in part from the anterior portion
of the initial chamber. ‘The visceral sac of the animal was now”
divided by a constriction into an anterior and posterior portion.
The anterior portion now forms the actual habitation chamber, but
the great visceral sac also fills the posterior portion. Holm
This writer describes further how, by the formation of more
cameras, the siphonal cord of the animal originates, and con-
cludes: .“ Hence the siphon,of E.ndoceras, be€ieummugenos
forme must have had its origin in a differentiation of the
visceral sac.” This differentiation of the visceral sac by the
formation of several cameras also took place in C. brainerdi
[see pl.6, fig.3 and text fig.17] and may be taken as denoting the
metanepionic stage. Whether the cameras were formed for the pur-
pose of supplying a hydrostatic apparatus to the ever heavier grow-
ing animal, as Holm assumes, or whether they served simply the
purpose of shutting off space no longer used within the conch
by the animal which now grew rapidly forward and expanded
laterally, is here immaterial.t |
‘The possibility of a different function of the cameras from that of
having been air chambers has been asserted by Jaekel [see Zeitschr. d.
deutsch. geol. Gesellsch. 1902. p.67] and discussed by the writer in a
review of Jaekel’s paper [Am. Geol. 1903. 31:199].
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 319
After the formation of several cameras the animal began to
withdraw also from the apical conch and then the formation of
the endosiphosheaths set in, which continued throughout the
neanic or adolescent age. Bather has described this process so
graphically [1894, p.433] that we can do no better than quote
here from him.
_ We know that in Nautilus and Spirula after the secretion of
the septal necks, the outer coat of the siphuncle, both inside and
outside the region of the septal neck, becomes hardened by cal-
cium carbonate; this gives it a certain rigidity and assists its
retention in the fossil state. The same thing must have occurred
in the coat of the visceral cone. Now in Piloceras, when the
animal advanced in the shell its viscera naturally followed it, and
by suction the walls of the visceral cone were drawn in so as to
form the narrow and empty siphuncle. At least such would
have been the case had not the stiffness of the outer coat pre-
vented complete yielding of the skin, especially at the posterior
part where the siphuncle tended to begin, but where the coat
was most calcified. It must therefore have happened that the
inner layers of the skin were gradually torn away from the outer
layers. Another stiffening of the skin would take place higher
up and the process would be repeated.
As an explanation of this periodical sloughing it is suggested
that the actual moment of the casting “was after the emission
of the generative products, when the visceral cone was flaccid;
this explanation coincides with Seeley’s explanation of the origin
of septation itself, but it is not exposed to the objections brought
against the latter.”
Perhaps the fact that the cast of the visceral cone preserved
by the mud filling of the “ Spiess” within the last endosipho-
sheath is sometimes of an undulating character, as in the speci-
men reproduced in plate 8, figure 3, and at other times well expanded
and smooth, thus indicating considerable difference in the rela-
tive tension of the wall of the visceral cone, can also be taken
to point to the conclusion that the visceral cone, which in our
form undoubtedly expanded far back into the siphuncular tube,
320 ‘ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
served principally as the receptacle for the generative organs, which
in Nautilus are situated in the posterior part of the visceral sac.
Hyatt determines the close of the nepionic age in Nanno
aulema with the formation of the first endosiphosheath, after
which in that form the endosiphotube becomes plugged and thus
the open connection closed with the embryo bag or if the latter
had been already destroyed, that with the outside. We have no
evidence that such a process took place in C. brainerdi
after the formation of the first endosiphosheath though here also
the matrix did not enter deeper from the outside into the endo-
siphotube than the thickness of one or a few endosiphosheaths,
but it seems to us that the nepionic stage could not be well con-
sidered as ended till the nepionic bulb or preseptal cone had been
entirely left by the visceral sac of the animal or, in other words,
had become filled with endosiphosheaths.
The tube passing through this first endosiphosheath is still
both endosiphotube and endosiphocoleon, the differentiation be-
tween these two not yet having taken place. Where and when
they become differentiated I am not prepared to say. But this
differentiation is clearly consequent on the widening of the
siphuncle. The latter, as nepionic bulb has only a diameter of
2 mm at the perforation of the first endosiphosheath; it increases
to about 10 mm where the formation of the septa begins, meas-
ures 15 mm where the endosiphocoleon is fully developed [pl.7,
fig.1o| and 20 to 25 mm at its passage into the living chamber of a.
mature individual. With the increase of the diameter of the
siphuncle that of the major diameter of the endosiphocoleon
apparently keeps pace. Since, however, as the animal removes itself
more and more from the nepionic conch, only a narrow fleshy band
is left behind, a new narrow tube is secreted by the latter within this
older endosiphocoleon, as we have shown above [see pl.7, fig.2 and
text fig.8]. This is the endostphotube. As we have indicated in
text figure 13, no differentiation between these tubes has yet taken
place near the apex. If we take the long slender nature of the
apical conch in account, it appears quite probable that the two tubes
a
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 321
do not separate for some time and perhaps not till the neanic stage
is reached.
The neanic stage is one of continuous growth. It begins with
the filling of the nepionic bulb and the accomplishment of the
withdrawal therefrom, and ends with the cessation of the forma-
tion of cameras and the secretion of the last and terminal endo-
siphosheath. Its substages are not clearly defined but since the
_ differentiation of the endosiphocoleon and endosiphotube takes
place in this stage, it is possible that one substage, perhaps the
metaneanic, will be found to be marked by this differentiation.
The advance of the endosiphocone with the attendant secretion of
endosiphosheaths, forward growth of: the endosiphocoleon and,
lagging behind, of the inclosed endosiphotube, persisted during a
great part of the individual lives of the species here under discussion,
as is demonstrated by the considerable length of the conch through
which these structures pass with but slight change. The adolescent
stage and notably its last or its last two substages were hence ~
remarkably long. The endosiphocoleon is decidedly the most strik-
ing endosiphonal structure of this stage. _
When finally maturity was reached there were still available to
the animal the living chamber, a very long portion of the wide
and open siphuncle and the endosiphocone, which was closed by
the last and final endosiphosheath. The latter and the last
formed portion of the endosiphocoleon are characterized by
specially thick walls, formed during ephebic age. Further growth
took place only by a lengthening of the living chamber at its
anterior margin.
Gerontic characters have not been observed.
The following tabulation may serve to bring out the differences
of the three principal growth stages of this species in more con-
cise form:
322 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Growth stages of Cameroceras brainerdi Whitheld
STAGE SUBSTAGES CONDITION OF CONCH
Embryonic stage Protoconch not retained :
Nepionic or larval] Ananepionic The conch is at first but an open
stage Metanepionic unchambered, conchiolinous
Paranepionic shell (ananepionic substage).
With further growth a part
of the space inclosed within
the conch is set apart by septa
as cameras,” “and “ets same
phragmocone or chambered
portion of the conch becomes
separated from the open cone
(metanepionic substage). Then
the nepionic bulb becomes
filled by endosiphosheaths and
_ intercalated organic carbonate
of lime (paranepionic sub-
stage).
Neanic or adolescent] Ananeanic Continued growth of the animal
stage Metaneanic necessitates continuous forma-
Paraneanic tion of cameras and of endosi-
phosheaths and leads to a widen-
ing of the siphuncle and the sepa-
ration of an endosiphotube and
endosiphocoleon.
Ephebic or mature} Anephebic The siphuncle is open, separated
stage Metephebic from the phragmocone by the
Parephebic ectosiphuncle (contiguous septal
necks) in the anterior portion;
by the ectosiphuncle and endosi-
pholining in the posterior por-
tion. The endosiphocone is
bounded hy the final endosi-
phosheath. Further growth
of the conch is only apparent
along the apertural margin of
the living chamber.
6 Relations of Proterocameroceras to Cameroceras, Vaginoceras and
Nanno
A reference of our species to any of the genera of the Endo-
ceratidae is beset with considerable difficulty. A short historic
review of the varying generic references of the two most nearly
related forms, Vaginoceras belemnitiforme and
Nanno aulema, will demonstrate this. The first form with
a free apical cone or nepionic bulb was described by Holm as
Endoceras belemnitiforme [2&887, p.5}. The amenen
of the species named stated that it is unknown whether the
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 323
apical conch in the genus Endoceras agrees with the form de-
scribed, but added that he was able to trace in several species of
Endoceras the apical portion to a diameter of a few millimeters,
and that in all of them it was simple and conical, and possessed
septa and siphuncle like the remainder of the phragmocone.
In 1894 Clarke described a species with similar apical cone
from the Trenton beds in Minnesota, making it the type of a
new genus, Na nno aulema '7604, p.205|. In the’ Minne-
-sota report [1897, p.770] this interesting form has been described
very elaborately and it has been pointed out there that “the
continuance of an aseptate condition for a considerable period
in the early history of Nanno is itself indicative of an important
difference from Endoceras (Cameroceras) and Piloceras, inas-
much as this determines it to have been a more elementary
organism than either.” Holm’s species is here also referred to
Nanno. It is evident that both observers saw in the free apical
cone a differential feature of considerable importance.
On account of Holm’s conservative reference of his species to
Endoceras, the validity of the genus Nanno was questioned by
several authors (Sardeson, Bather). Holm himself discussed
the relations of the endosiphonal structures soon after [1895,
p.616] and came to the conclusion that inasmuch as it is not yet
established that the apexes of all species of Endoceras have not
the same structure as that of E. be lemnitiforme, the only
difference between Endoceras and Nanno consists in the unequal
longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the siphonal apical
cone: the siphuncle of Nanno attaining its greatest width within
the apical cone, whence it decreases to the beginning of the
cameration, while in the other Endoceratidae the siphonal apical
cone began undoubtedly very small, and the siphuncle increased
gradually within the chambered conch. For this reason he
adopted the term Nanno for a subgeneric group of Endoceras
and in the following year (1896) described two additional types
of this subgenus, adding also another subgenus Suecoceras. He
redefined the subgenus Nanno, seeing its principal diagnostic
character in the inflated apical cone which corresponds in length
to the combined length of at least three of the oldest cameras,
and which thereafter contracts so rapidly that already within
324 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the third camera. the siphuncle attains its normal dimensions.
This subgenus is made to include Nanno aulema, Nanno
belemnitiforme and two new smaller forms. It is ap-
parent that we would have to enlarge greatly the definition of
this subgenus if we wished to commit our form, with its very
jong but slightly inflated apical cone, to it.
The question is, however, quite differently viewed by Hyatt.
This foremost of the later authors on fossil cephalopods sub-
jected the remarkable type from the Minnesota Trenton to an
independent investigation and came to a different conception of
the genus Nanno [1895, p.1]. It is evident from his discussion
of the relations of Nanno to other genera, as also from his reference
of Holm’s species Endoceras (Nanno) belemniti-
forme to Vaginoceras and his later definition of the genus in
Zittel-Eastman’s handbook [p.515], that he did not see in the
large inflated apical cone more than a primitive character of the
nepionic stage, which may be retained in various genera, but
considered the restriction of the “endosiphuncle”’ (endosipho-
tube) to the apical end as well as the absolute contact of the
shell and siphuncular wall on the ventral side, which leads to a
bending of the sutures apically into a lobe passing around the
siphuncle, as those characters of Nanno which are of generic
importance and differential from the similar genus Narthecoceras.
Thus defined, the genus Nanno becomes restricted to the single
species Nanno aulema and this is to be regarded as a
modified descendant of a genus which retains the endosiphotubé
throughout life. In regard to Cameroceras brainerdi we
have shown that the endosiphotube passes not only through the
apical cone but also through a large portion of the siphuncle of the
shell to a point near the endosiphocone where it enters the endosi-
phocoleon. For this reason a reference to the restricted genus Nanno
is impossible even if the siphuncle were in as close contact with the
6
conch in our species asin Nanno aulema.
The septal necks or funnels of the Valcour form reach only
from the septum of origination to the next apicad of this [see pl.1,
fig.2], and the siphuncle is lined by an inner, thick, continuous
layer (endosipholining). If we, hence, accept Hyatt’s division of the
forms originally comprised :nder Endoceras into the genera Vagino-
ceras, Cameroceras and Findoceras by the criterion of the relative
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 325
length of the funnels, and the presence or absence of the inner
siphuncular lining, our form would have to be brought under
Cameroceras. We would then be in the peculiar situation of
having three groups of species belonging to three different gen-
era which have in common large preseptal apical cones or
nepionic bulbs, indicating long continuation of a very primitive
condition in early youth of the forms. In at least two of these
genera these primitive groups contrast with the larger number
of the younger congeners, in which the siphuncle has been en-
tirely inclosed into the pie sne and the preseptal cone
superseded.
While we do not intend to question Hyatt’s view which
clearly considers the genus Nanno with the scope and definition
given to it by Clarke and Holm, as of polyphyletic origin, and
therefore restricts itto Nanno aulema, we are also con-
vinced that it would not serve the ends of a proper delimitation
of closely related and equally advanced forms, if one would
include in these three genera the forms which clearly represent
an older phylogenetic stage than the genotypes. For this reason
we propose to separate these phylonepionic forms characterized
by preseptal cones from the later and typical phylephebic con-
geners and designate them as subgenera by the prefix “ protero.”
%)
We thus have a “ Proterocameroceras’”’ represented by Pro-
terocameroceras brainerdi, which is a Cameroceras
with a large preseptal cone or nepionic bulb; and a “ Protero-
vaginoceras,’ which is a Vaginoceras with a like cone. To the
latter ™would’ have to be referred Emdoceras (Nanno)
belemnitiforme Holm, while the position of E. (Nanno)
fistula Holm and E. (Nanno) pygmaeus Holm is
uncertain till their siphuncular structures have been studied. As
the long, stafflike, cylindric conchs would indicate, they may
belong to neither of the two genera mentioned and be rather
genuine Nannos or come under Hyatt’s genus Narthecoceras.
In the latter case we might have a third pena: with “ protero ”
forms and later forms.
It is in line with the more primitive character of Protero-
cameroceras brainerdi that it occurs in the Beekman-
town formation; while Cameroceras does not find its principal
development till the Black river and Trenton stages.
320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The close similarity in the structure of the apical portion of |
thé), conchs: ;of » (Proterolviagimoceras stbiel camanmege
forme and Nanno aulema has been recognized by
Clarke, Holm and Hyatt. We have found a like nepionic
siphauncle “4a'7* Ps oteto Cam er o'eer a's! OtPrataren aa
Protet ova gi noeerT as bel omni rt rior me aide
terocameroceras brainerdi have further in common
the strong development of the peculiar organ which we have
termed the endosiphocoleon, leaving as structural differences.
only the different length of the septal necks or funnels and the .
presence of the endosipholining in the latter. The phylogenetic
relationship or common origin of the Proterovaginoceras-Vagi-
noceras series, the Proterocameroceras-Cameroceras and the Nanno
series is therefore not to be doubted. Of these again the Vagimoceras:
series has retained the most primitive characters, as is apparent by
the longer septal necks. A Vaginoceras-like form is therefore with
great probability to be considered as the common radicle of the entire
group. This form, which in the appended diagram we have
designated as “ Protovaginoceras,” would have to be looked for in
stages still preceding the late Beekmantown.
Our view of the relation of the species of Vaginoceras, Cam-
eroceras, Nanno and Piloceras! attained here is expressed im
briefer form in the following table.
CAMEROCERAS-
| PI
ENDOCERAS NANNO SERIES LOCERAS
VAGINOCERAS
SERIES SERIES SERIES
_Typical or mature| Vaginoceras ? (Nanno)
development multitubu- fistula
latum ? (Nanno)
(Vaginoceras) Cameroceras pygmaea | Piloceras
wahlen- trentonense,
bergi) Cameroceras
(Vaginoceras| _ protei-
vaginatum)| forme
etc:
Proteroforms Proterovag- | Proterocam-| Nanno au- (Protero-
inoceras eroceras lema piloceras)
belemniti- brainerdi
forme
Protoform Protovagino-
ceras
*See chapter 8, p.329. :
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 327° -
7 Similarity between the endosiphocoleon and the proostracum of
belemnites
An inspection of the system of surface lines of the endo-
siphocoleon consisting of forward arching transverse ridges and
longitudinal lines can not fail to suggest the proostracum of the
belemnites; and a study of the relative position of the two organs
and of the probable phylogenetic relations of
the Belemnitidae with the Endoceratidae
_ makes this comparison seem less farfetched
or strained than would appear at first
glance.
The belemnite shell, when complete, con-
sists, as is well known, of three parts [see
text fig.2o]. These are the rostrum, the
phragmocone and the proostracum. Of
these the rostrum or guard is a later acquisi-
tion which does not concern us here. The
phragmocone is identical with the phrag-
mocone of the early cephalopods which here
however has become entirely inclosed
within the mantle. From the dorsal side
of the last large chamber of the phrag-
mocone (the former living chamber of the
conch) proceeds a broad, thin, somewhat
arched blade, the proostracum, which con-
sists of two stronger longitudinally striated
lateral regions and a very thin intercalated
dorsal blade. In the typical belemnites this
organ has a size much surpassing that of j.nidic Chelle coctrun Be
the rostrum and phragmocone as in the ae eae
restoration here copied; and in later forms both the latter organs
become reduced,! while, on the other hand, if the Belemnitidae are
traced backward in geologic history, the proostracum becomes
smaller and more insignificant and the Triassic forms do not seem
1The homologies of the different parts of the cuttlebone or sepion of the
Sepia with those of the belemnite shell are not yet clearly established as the
differing views of Bather [1888, p.298] and Blake [1888, p.376] evince.
328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
to have yet acquired it, while inversely the phragmocone, as in
Atractites, was still so well developed that this genus was at first
unhesitatingly referred to Orthoceras. Where the proostracum is
fully developed the animal has discarded the phragmocone entirely
as living chamber, and inclosed this former exterior conch within
the mantle whereby the rostrum and phragmocone find their position
in the posterior end of the aninial. |
‘he endosiphocoleon, which externally resembles the proos-
tracum, lies within the anterior part of the siphuncle. It is, as we
have demonstrated, formed within the endosiphocone. As now the
endosiphocone contained the posterior portion of the animal (“ vis-
ceral cone’”’ of Bather), and this was inclosed by the mantle, the
endosiphocoleon forming at the posterior end of the visceral cone
was undoubtedly produced by the mantle and since the sur-
rounding endosiphosheath was left behind by the outer mantle,
this more anterior endosiphocoleon is to be considered as
secreted within a mantle flap or fold situated at the posterior
end of the animal. Both the endosiphocoleon and proostracum
are hence formed in identical places.
If we further take into account that while in our Proterocamero-
ceras a large portion of the siphuncle served as chamber of habi-
tation to the animal, and that in the Belemnitidae the animal
had entirely withdrawn from the conch, the different position
of the endosiphocoleon and of the proostracuin relative to the
phragmocone will be seen not to constitute a fundamental dis-
tinction. One might say that the animal in withdrawing first
from the siphuncle and finally also from the living chamber
pulled the endosiphocoleon after it till the latter came to lie in
front of the old living chamber of the phragmocone.
It can not be held that the proostracum is a direct further
development of the endosiphocoleon in view of the fact that the
latter is only found in the early Endoceratidae and could have
no place in the later orthoceracones with their shrunken siphun-
cles, while, on the other hand the proostracum does not appear
till the phragmocone has been reduced to a rudiment in the
Belemnitidae. But since the Belemnitidae, as Hyatt has claimed,
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 329
can be linked to paleozoic orthoceraconic cephalopods and the
latter again quite probably took their origin from endoceratitic
forms—by way of Baltoceras—and since therefore there is good
reason to consider the Belemnitidae as descendants of the Endo-
ceratidae, the similarity of the proostracum and endosiphocoleon
is probably more than a mere analogy between unrelated forms
due to formation by a like organ (mantle) in the like posterior
position, but it partakes more of the nature of the recrudescence.
of an organ discarded before, when a new use
had been found for it within the same race.
4
=s.
a5-eerrn
Na Gy
32.
It does not matter that the endosiphocoleon
4
4
aap = 7;
is a flattened tube and the proostracum only a
blade, as a flattened tube would be readily
changed into a blade under the stress of a rliv
new adaptation. a
8 Endosiphuncular structure of Piloceras
We have already anticipated the results of
our investigation of Piloceras in the synoptic
i ivine Pi Fig. 21 Piloceras
table on page 326, in deriving Piloceras from Se a oe
a more primitive genus Proteropiloceras, that SS ea eee
: iph s h\; endosi-
stands on the same plane of phylogenetic plotuhe. El. cea cemaias
of endosiphosheaths [7].
development as Proterocameroceras and Dawson’soriginal drawing.
(Copy from Foord)
Nanno. We have also recorded [p.301] that
in Piloceras an endosiphoblade has been observed by Dawson, which
indicates that the endosiphuncular structure may not only be homol-
ogous to that of Cameroceras by the possession and strong develop-
ment of the endosiphosheaths, but also by the character of the
endosiphuncular tubes.
While, however, in the few specimens of Piloceras in which
the apical end has been actually observed, no nepionic bulb
has been found, and the siphuncle has been seen to expand
gradually and to be inclosed entirely within the phragmocone
[see Foord], we have found that P. explanator Whitfield
at least retains very distinct traces of the nepionic bulb or apical
inflation [see pl. 13, fig.3]. This species points hence clearly
330 ; _NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
to the existence of types which held the same relation to the
-phylephebic species of Piloceras as does Proterocameroceras to
Cameroceras; and which would be properly called “ Proteropilo-
ceras.” If in P. explanator the cameras did not exteqa nam
one side to near or quite to the apex of this nepionic bulb, we
would not hesitate to make this form the type of the proposed
subgenus. It is evident that a process of acceleration in the
phylogeny of this genus has led to a crowding back of the forma-
tion of septa, which originally was the cause of the contraction
of the siphuncle, to the very apex of the nepionic bulb without,
however, having yet been able to efface all vestiges of this former
inflation of the conch. ‘This also points clearly to the process
by which the nepionic bulbs of Proterocameroceras and Protero-
vaginoceras have become reduced in Cameroceras and Vagino-
ceras, 1. e. by a tachygenetic encroachment of the metanepionic
growth stage on the aseptate ananepionic stage.
Besides the presence of the nepionic bulb, Prloceras exhibits
also in its endosiphuncular structure characters which link it
closer to the Protero-forms of the other associated series, than
to Cameroceras.
The siphuncle is, like the conch, short, conical, with elliptic
to oval section [see pl.10]; the endosiphocone is short and. broad
with elliptic upper section, rapidly shrinking to a flat blade at its
narrower end [see pl.13, fig.1,2]. Its cast shows peculiar flutings
arranged in bundles and which, in one specimen, appear to con-
sist of longitudinally arranged pits and strongly remind one of the
similar depressed lines found on the outer conch. Since the latter
are produced by muscular attachment of the animal within the living ©
chamber, the presence of these scars on the wall of the endosiphocone ©
seems to me a strong argument for the view that in this primitive
form the visceral cone shared still to a great measure the functions
of the living chamber. We have already seen that in Protero-
cameroceras brainerdi a.largse anterior portion one
siphuncle remained unobstructed by deposits and was evidently
occupied -by the animal during its lietime.” In’ Pilo@enens
explanator this portion of the siphuncle was considerably wider
«
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 Za -
though not longer, for this reason probably amounting to as large
a proportion of the animal as in Proterocameroceras.
Endosiphosheaths and endosiphofunicles. The endosiphosheaths
were, corresponding to the heavy weight they had to support,
rather stout membranes, reaching in some instances a thick-
ness of Imm. They are mostly well preserved, sometimes
closely crowded and separated by intervals not wider than .5mm
[see pl.12, fig.5]; but in at least one instance they were also sepa-
rated by an open space of 5mm into which calcite crystals freely
project. Their sections are not evenly curved ellipses, but par-
take more of the nature of polygonal surfaces or are even
bounded by undulating lines. This is due to their being held in posi-
tion by guy ropes or funicles, which we will designate here as
“endosiphofunicles.” These are of the same nature as the endosi-
phosheaths and appear in sections as dark gray to black pillars of
organic carbonate of lime, often bounded by black lines. They
originated from membranous funicles, in which organic carbonate of
lime was deposited in similar manner as in the endosiphosheaths.
The sections [pl.11, pl.13, fig.3] show them well developed. Several
have been further enlarged to show their relation to the endosipho-
sheaths [see pl.12].
If it were not for the outward curvature or angulation of the
endosiphosheaths [see pl.12, fig.1, 2] at the points of connection with
the endosiphofunicles, and for the fact that the outer wall of the
siphuncles passes over these funicles [see pl.12, fig.2; pl.13, fig.5],
one might be inclined to consider them as worm tubes; specially
_where they appear in such great numbers as in plate 11, figure 2. But
in this latter section it will be noticed that the greater number
pass only from the outer wall of the siphuncle to the first
endosiphosheath; while but a smaller number—among these
the remarkable one in the upper right corner which bifurcates
three times [see pl.12, fig.1]—reach the inner endosiphosheath or the
endosiphocoleon.
In looking over the series of sections, beginning with figure I
[pl.11] we will readily notice that the number of endosiphofunicles
diminishes very rapidly with the shrinking of the endosiphosheaths
332 NEW YORK -STATE MUSEUM
toward the apical end. This can be easily explained by the fact
that the endosiphocone in its anterior part needed the most guy
ropes on account of the greater weight of the visceral cone there.
Therefore also the number of endosiphofunicles diminishes so
greatly from the outer zone to the next, because the outer endo-
siphosheath inclosed a much larger section of the visceral cone
at the plane of the section than the later inner endosiphosheath
did at the same point.
In section J the endosiphofunicles of the outer whorl appear
distinctly as fine tubes with thin conchiolinous walls, their lumen
being filled by a milk-white calcite which
strongly contrasts with the more limpid
calcite crystals surrounding the tubes.
Many of these tubes bifurcate near the
ectosiphuncular wall, one several times.
There is secured by this mechanical con-
trivance a larger base of fixation, which
insures steadiness and freedom from
vibrations for the visceral cone during
the movements of the animal.
Whether the numerous endosiphofun-
icles were but a modification of the endo-
siphoblades which, as we have seen, hold
Fig.22 Actinoceras abnor- . Pee
me Hall (sp.). Section showing the the endosiphocoleon and endosiphosheaths
endosiphuncle and tubuli. (Copy , Dinset ‘
from Zittel) in position in Proterocameroceras
brainerdi and originated by a dissolution of these suspensory
membranes in numerous strands, or are a new formation induced
by the necessity of supporting the heavy visceral cone hanging free
within the broad siphuncle, is a question which we can not con-
NOTE. Wecan not yet determine whether these endosiphofunicles are
homologous to the remarkable verticils of sometimes branching tubuli
which in some species of Actinoceras connect the endosiphuncle with the
ectosiphuncle. Both undoubtedly are quite similar in appearance. The
tubuli of Actinoceras [seee.g. Actinoceras abnorme Hall, N. Y.
State Mus. 2oth An. Rep’t, pl. 18, fig. 10 (copied here after Zittel)] are by
Foord described in Actinoceras bigsbyi [see 1888, p.166] as pene-
trating the siphuncular wall, and it has been suggested by Owen [Pal. 1869,
p-85] that they served for the passage of blood vessels to the living
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 . 333
clusively answer. But the fact that the endosiphocoleon is also here
in the earliest successive sections of the siphuncle [see pl.11, fig.5, 6]
supported either by continuous membranes proceeding from its
corners or by longitudinal series of closely arranged endosipho-
funicles would argue for a derivation of the endosiphofunicles from
the endosiphoblades. That indeed in the apical portion of the
siphuncle one of the two mentioned modes of suspension prevailed
is to be inferred from the fact that in the above cited succeeding
sections—and as well in the sections found on the other side of the
cutting planes and separated from them by about Imm—the dark
lines which are the sections of the suspensories, retain the same
position throughout.
The arrangement of the endosiphofunicles and endosipho-
blades in the sections [pl.11] shows quite conclusively that the
side of the siphuncle which is the upper in the drawings was
also the upper side during the life of the animal. In the longi- —
tudinal section [pl.13, fig.3], which exhibits a series of endo-
siphofunicles the direction of the latter is of still further interest
as giving a hint as to the direction in which the animal carried
its conch. We notice that if we give the endosiphofunicles a
perpendicular position, such as they should have according to
their function as suspensories the conch assumes a direction
which is obliquely ascending under a small angle. This stands in
full accord with what we know thus far as to the dorsal and ventral
sides of the animal; the siphuncle being in contact with the ventral
wall of the conch, while the chambers form on the upper (dorsal)
and lateral sides1 The fact brought out by the outline of a large
specimen given by Whitfield that the ventral side is nearly straight,
membrane of the septal chambers; while Hyatt [1883, p.272] believes
with Barrande that they did not penetrate the true external wall of the
siphuncle. If Barrande and Hyatt are right in this contention and
Hyatt also in his view that the “rosettes” or endosiphuncular deposits
of Actinoceras are strictly homologous to the endosiphosheaths of Endo-
ceras and Piloceras [1883, p.27] the endosiphofunicles of Piloceras
explanator may indeed be homologous to the “tubuli,” and their
function identical, viz, that of suspensories for the siphon, whose outer
membranes have become calcified.
"In the section the chambers of course appear only on the upper
(dorsal) side.
334 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
while the dorsal one is very convex, or in other words, that the
ventral side appears as a base, all growth taking place in dorsal direc-
tion, tends also to support the view that the conch was carried slightly
oblique and at rest placed in a horizontal position.
It is interesting to note in this connection the views
held by prominent zoologists as to the polarity of the
Cephalopoda. Huxley, Lancaster and Lang give the
original cephalopod the position shown in the diagram-
matic figure reproduced here from Lancaster, while Ver-
dicen oitete rill holds that the antero-posterior axis of the cephalopod
al cephalopod. . ;
(Copy from is shown by forms as Loligo at rest [see fig.24]. It
_—— seems that the structure of Piloceras explan-
ator, which both in organization and the time of its appearance
is to be considered as a primitive form, could be easily reconciled with
this latter view, if we assume
that it was a sluggish creeping
form which would rest its shell
on the flat ventral side, but lift
it,:-up.. slightly. while; «moines; Fit.,24, Loleet test Cony eee
Endosiphocoleon. It remains to us to trace the development of
the endosiphocoleon of the siphuncle of Piloceras ex-
planator, which can be best done by reference to the series
of sections I-7 on plate II.
_ We have already stated that the endosiphocone becomes flatter
as it approaches its posterior end till at its termination it is five
or more times as broad as high [see pl.13, fig.2]. From this end
proceeds the endosiphocoleon, a flat sheathlike canal, which is nearly
as wide as the innermost endosiphosheath; in section I by a sec-
ondary fracture apparently still wider. The longitudinal section
[pl.13, fig.3] shows this endosiphocoleon in a young specimen, cut
through its shorter axis. It demonstrates that the endosipho-
coleon possesses a thin conchiolinous wall which extends through
the last endosiphosheath into the cavity of the endosiphocone ;
and hence was here not formed as a continuation of the external
conchiolinous layer of the endosiphosheath, but within the apical end
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 335
of the endosiphocone. It is hence identical in origin with the
endosiphocoleon of Proterocameroceras brainerdi.
From its lateral ends proceed the endosiphofunicles described
above, apparently mostly in longitudinal series. Corresponding to
the vertical contraction of the siphuncle the section of the endosi-
phuncular canal is broader than high and its lateral ends coalesce
into a conchiolinous blade. As the central portion retains its full
lumen, the section becomes in this specimen at first very broadly
triangular [fig.4] and finally (through fig.5, 6) a low triangle. The
apical termination of this gndosiphuncular canal is not shown in the
specimen here sectioned because the ventral portion of the
siphuncle has been worn away. There is, however, not more
than Iimm wanting of the total length of the siphuncle, and it
is therefore evident that no endosiphotube with distinctly cir-
cular conchiolinous wall passes, as in Proterocamero-
ceras brainerdi, through a large apical portion of the
siphuncle. The coloring of the calcite within section 4 suggests
perhaps [see enl. pl.12, fig.3] that also here only a lumen with circu-
lar section may have remained open within the endosiphocoleon, but
the next section (5) fails entirely to show any inclosed tube.
We have hence no evidence of the formation of an endosiphotube
in Piloceras explanator, but do not doubt that where
the siphuncle becomes longer and more tubular instead of remaining
short and broad as in this species, an endosiphotube may be formed,
as indeed it has been found in other species of Piloceras.
The wings of the endosiphocoleon in Proterocamero-
Pera skey tariyer ds, which ofiginate irom ‘a ideposit vot
conchiolinous matter on the outside of the endosiphosheath and
which there form such a striking feature, have been observed in
but one instance, where. the apical portion of the siphuncle is
extremely broad and flat and the lateral margins of the endosipho-
sheath form hence acute angles. They seem for this reason to have
been strengthened by conchiolinous deposits.
Among the eight species of Piloceras which have thus far been
described, one, P. newton-winchelli Clarke [1897, p.767],
330 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
from the Shakopee formation in Minnesota is of special interest in
relation to the genetic history of this genus and in our opinion stands
at the opposite end of the series from P.explanator. While
in the latter the ectosiphonal wall distinctly consists of the
coalesced retlexed margins of the septa (septal necks), Clarke’s
careful description and figures [see fig.25] demonstrate that in
P. newton-winchelli the funnels or septal necks are
only very short and the siphuncular wall is distinctly formed by
a secondary formation, “the annuli’’1
If we adopt Hyatt’s fundamental divi-
sion of the Nautiloidea, we find the
genus Piloceras brought under the Holo-
choanites which are characterized by the
extension of the funnels from one sep-
tum to the next preceding or beyond.
Piloceras newton-winchelli
is hence not a member of the genus
Piloceras as defined by Hyatt, indeed
it has the ectosiphuncular structure of
Pig” 25 hpi ea new-
ton-winchelli Clarke(sp.). En- :
largement of portion of section to another suborder, the Orthochoanites ;
show the siphuncle [S$]; endosipho-
sheaths [ss]; ectosiphuncle [ws]; or has advanced in the character of its
endosiphotube [es]; septa [sf] and
Deore Hl} Seopy Bowie ectosiphuncle from the Cameroceras
stage found in the other Piloceras forms, to the later Orthoceras
stage. The relation of this form to the typical Piloceras appears to
us identical with that of Endoceras burchardii Dewitz
to the true Endoceras, the latter being a species which, while retain-
ing the habit of an Endoceras has, as Holm has shown [1897, p.171 ]
the ectosiphuncular structure of an Orthoceras. Holm proposed the
genus Baltoceras for this form, a genus which is considered by
Hyatt as the first and most primitive of the genera of Orthoceratidae.
1Tt is doubtful whether these annuli or siphuncular segments of the Ortho-
choanites form a homologue to the continuous “ endosipholining ”’ of Camero-
ceras, as it would appear at first glance. The endosipholining is considered
by Hyatt as composed of the upper unresorbed ends of the endosiphosheaths,
while the siphuncular segments find their fullest development where, on
account of the reduction of the siphuncle, no more endosiphosheaths are
formed. Nor is any genetic connection between the segments and the
endosiphosheaths apparent in text figure 25.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 ane 4,
On the same principle P. newton-winchelli should be
removed from the holochoanitic Piloceratidae and brought under the
Orthochoanites, where, as far as I am aware, it constitutes a new
genus (Clarkoceras).
A further character quite significant of the advance of
Clarkoceras newton-winchelli beyond the typical
Piloceras stage is to be seen in the re-
duction of the endosiphosheaths of which
only two were observed in a specimen of
which only a small apical portion is miss-
ing [see fig.26]. These leave large endo-
siphuncular chambers between them which
are not filled by depositions of lime car-
bonate, as the much smaller chambers
in the species of Piloceras are. The
endosiphotube is only indicated by the
perforation of these endosiphosheaths
and has lost its own wall. The entire
endosiphuncular structure is distinctly in a
process of dissolution, resulting from the
Feduction of ihe size of the*siphuncle in “ay, 16 Clarkoceras new
: ton w inc hielli; Clarke (sp.).
consequence of the more complete with- Median vertical secti.n p-}
3 specimen. x..5. (Copy from
drawal of the visceral cone. In Balto- Clarke) :
ceras the process of dissolution has gone already a step farther and
all traces of endosiphosheaths have been lost notwithstanding the
still considerable width of the siphuncle.
Summary
Pinoanch ot Cameroceras bfainerdi irom the
Upper Beekmantown formation begins with a long slender pre-
septal cone or nepionic bulb, which terminates anteriorly with a
slight constriction where septation sets in.
2 The nepionic bulb and the middle (neanic) portion of the
siphuncle are filled by endosiphosheaths, while the anterior
_(ephebic) portion is empty.
3 The empty anterior portion is closed in apicad direction by
the final endosiphosheath, which incloses the endosiphocone
338 _ . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
(visceral cone). From this last formed endosiphocone a broad,
flattened tube with conchiolinous walls extends backward, for
which the term “endosiphocoleon” is here proposed. This
forms within the endosiphocone preparatory to a further with-
drawal of the animal and the formation of a new endosipho-
sheath. In apicad direction it changes into a blade, consisting
of two lamellae, disappearing gradually by being altered into
organic calcium carbonate and becoming confluent with the cai-
cium carbonate filling of the siphuncle. The endosiphocoleon
grew hence at its anterior end and was absorbed at its posterior
end or vanished there by secondary alteration into lime
carbonate.
4 In the same measure as the endosiphocoleon disappears, a
capillary conchiolinous tube, the endosiphotube, becomes promi-
nent. This forms within the endosiphocoleon by the posterior
contraction of the siphon. It extends to the apical end of the
nepionic bulb, where it empties (into the protoconch which is not
preserved ).
5 The endosiphocoleon is flanked on both sides by conchiolin-
ous wings, having a crescentic section. These form on the out-
side of the angles of the flattening endosiphosheaths and are
hence separated from the endosiphocoleon by the organic lime
carbonate composing the endosiphosheaths.
6 The posterior portion of the empty, ephebic siphuncle is lined
by the endosipholining, the anterior portion only by the septal necks
or funnels. .
7 The endosiphocone, endosiphocoleon and endosiphotube are
held in position by (mostly three) radiating suspensory mem-
branes (endosiphoblades), which affix the endosiphosheath ete:
to the preceding endosiphosheath and the ectosiphuncle.
8 The presence of a preseptal cone or nepionic bulb in an early,
otherwise typical, Cameroceras (C. brainerdi),—while in
the later species of Cameroceras the nepionic bulb has disappeared—,
as well as in a typical Vaginoceras (V. belemnitiforme),
in Nanno aulema and in a Piloceras (P. explanator),
demonstrates that these genera have passed through the same early
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 339
stage of development with a prominent nepionic bulb, which fact is
of sufficient phylogenetic importance to require recognition by
assigning these forms to subgenera (Proterocameroceras, Protero-
vaginoceras and possibly Proteropiloceras) of their respective
genera.
9 The endosiphocoleon is revived in the proostracum of the
belemnites, the probable Mesozoic descendants of the Paleozoic
_ holochoanitic and orthochoanitic orthoceraconic cephalopods.
10 In Piloceras explanator Whitfield the nepionic
bulb is still recognizable by an inflation of the apical portion of
the siphuncle, which by tachygenesis has become inclosed in the
phragmocone.
11 The endosiphocoleon extends without becoming absorbed
to or nearly to the apical end. This results from the wide short
form of the siphuncle.
12 The endosiphosheaths and endosiphocoleon are held in posi-
tion by numerous suspensory funicles (endosiphofunicles). These
proceed from angulations of the endosiphosheaths and frequently
divide in outward direction.
13 The arrangement of the endosiphofunicles on the side oppo-
site the flat side of the conch, where siphuncle and conch are in
contact, indicates that this latter side may have been the ventral
one and that the conch was carried in a subhorizontal, slightly
ascending direction.
14 Piloceras newton-winchelli Clarke is by the
structure of its ectosiphuncle not a holochoanitic form as the
other congeners, but an orthochoanitic form and represents a
genus (Clarkoceras) which holds the same relation to Piloceras
as Baltoceras to Endoceras.
: References ;
1867 Barrande, J. Systeme Silurien de la Bohéme, v.2. Cephalo-
podes (1867-77), t.430, f£.5, 8-11; t.471, £.8-10.
1879 Dewitz, H: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der in den ostpreussi-
schen Silurgeschieben vorkommenden Cephalopoden.
Schriften der physik.-oekon. Gesellsch. in Kénigsberg.
Bd 20.
340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
' Ueber einige ostpreussische Silur-cephalopoden.
Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch. 32:371-93, Tafel
XVI-XVIII. |
1881 Schroder, H. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der in ost- und west-
1880
preussischen Diluvial-Geschieben gefundenen Silur-
Cephalopoden. Schriften der phys.-oekon. Gesellsch.
in Konigsberg. 1881. Bd 22.
1881 Whitfield, R. P. Observations on the Purpose of the Em-
bryonic Sheaths of Endoceras and their Bearing on the
Origin of the Siphon in the Orthocerata. Am. Mus. Nat.
Fist: Bulyc val) mOsL p20: .
1883 Dawson, J. W. Palaeontological Notes I. A New Species
of Piloceras. Can. Nat. n.s. 10:1-4.
1884 Hyatt, Alpheus. Genera of Fossil Cephalopods. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. Proc. 22:253-338. |
1886 Whitfield, R. P. Notice of Geological Investigations along
the Eastern Shore of Lake Champlain, Conducted by
Prof. H. M. Seeley and Pres. Ezra Brainerd, of Middle-
bury College, with Descriptions of the New Fossils Dis-
covered. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. v.1, no.8. .
1887 Holm, G. Ueber die innere Organization einiger silurischen
Cephalopoden. Pal. Abhandl. von Dames & Kayser.
3: 11-27.
1888 Foord, A. H. Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the
British Museum. ptt.
1888 Blake, J. F. Remarks on Shell-growth in Cephalopoda. Ann. .
& Mag. Nat. Hist. ser.6. 1:376.
1893 Hyatt, A. Phylogeny of an Acquired Characteristic. Am.
Phil. Sec. Proc., 32" 346:
1894 Clarke, J. M. Nanno, a New Cephalopodan Type. Am.
Geol. 14:205.
1894 Bather, F. A. Cephalopod Beginnings. Nat. Sci. 5:422-36.
(See his references )
1894 Sardeson, F.W. Note on Nanno. Am. Geol. 14:402.
1895 Holm, G. Om de endosifonala bildningarna hos familjen
Endoceratidae. Geol. For. Forh. i Stockholm. 17:601.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 341
1895 Hyatt, A. Remarks on the Genus Nanno. Am. Geol. 16:1.
1896 Holm, G. Om apicalandan hos Endoceras.. Geol. For. Forh.
i Stockholm. 18:394. Also G. F. F. 1897. 19:175.
1896 Verrill, A. E. The Opisthoteuthidae. A Remarkable New
Family of Deep Sea Cephalopoda, with Remarks on Some
Points of Molluscan Morphology. Am. Jour. Sci. ser.4.
2 :74-80.
1897 Clarke, J. M. Lower Silurian Cephalopoda of Minnesota.
Geol. Minn. v.3, pt2, p.760.
1897 Holm, G. Om ektosifo hos Endoceras Burchardii Dew. Geol.
For. Forh. i Stockholm. 19:171-74.
1900 Hyatt, A. Cephalopoda; in Textbook of Palaeontology by
Zittel, tr. by Ch. R. Eastman. "1 : 502:
342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
NOTES ION TEE SUP OR ONTARIC SECTION On.
BAST ERIN UNE Va) Naini
BY C. A. HARTNAGEL
The Ontaric section of central and western New York, as
developed west of the Helderberg is subdivided into 10
divisions,! and it is from this section of the State that all but
one of the locality names applied to these divisions are derived.
Each of these divisions is more or less distinctly characterized
by differential lithologic features and all are fossiliferous.?
On the east side of the Helderberg and including the section
extending from Ulster county southwest to New Jersey, the
Ontaric lacks several members of the group, while the fossils
found are of an age not earlier than late Salina, the lower mem-
bers of the Ontaric where present being entirely without fossils.
The fact that the Manlius and Rondout formations alone of the
entire Siluric series have stratigraphic continuity across the Hel-
derberg, has left the outcrops of the Siluric rocks in New York
divided into two nearly distinct geographic areas.? |
While the main purpose of this paper is to bring out the rela-
tions of the Cobleskill formation as developed in eastern and
southern New York, it will also attempt to show certain relations
of the lower members of the Ontaric formation in so far as they
have come under the observation of the writer. The lower members
of the Ontaric section in this portion of the State are entirely unfos-
siliferous and confusing in their lithologic features, and it will still
require considerable study to accurately locate their correct position
in the geologic series. This condition is brought about by the dis-
covery that the Cobleskill horizon is above the Salina deposits, a
fact which suggests that the Shawangunk grit and red shales above
it may possibly represent a later age than that to which they have
been usually referred. |
1Clarke. N.Y.S.Mus. Handbook 19, July 1903. Table 1, p. 9.
2 While the Salina beds are sometimes regarded as being nonfossiliferous, it
will be observed that the Salina as now defined includes at its base the Pitts-
ford shale and at its top the Bertie waterlime. Both of these formations are
characterized by an Eurypterus fauna. |
3A third area is developed in Rensselaer county. The Ontaric is here repre-
sented by a single member known as the Rensselaer grit. This is generally
considered the equivalent of the Oneida or of the Shawangunk grit.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 343
Shawangunk grit and conglomerate
The lowest member: of the Ontaric section in eastern New
York is the Shawangunk grit. This designation was first ap-
plied to the formation by Mather! the term being derived from
the mountain area of that name, which extends from near High
Falls in Ulster county southwest through Orange county and
beyond the limits of the State. The Shawangunk grit, wherever
the contact has been observed, is seen to rest unconformably on
the Lower Siluric shales. The Shawangunk grit is generally
correlated with the Oneida conglomerate, the latter term often
being applied to it. Of these two formations the Shawangunk
erit has the greater development, the thickness varying from
less than 50 feet in parts of Ulster county and gradually increas-
ing in thickness to more than 200 feet within a few miles. The
Oneida conglomerate in its type section has a thickness of from
15 to 20 feet and in its western extension it gradually grades
into a sandstone known as the Oswego sandstone, which in
Oswego ccunty has a thickness of more than 100 feet. Both
the Oneida conglomerate and the Oswego sandstone are transi-
tional into the Medina sandstone above.
It will thus appear that while we may consider the Medina as
directly following and transitional from the Oneida in central
New York, the sequence of events following the deposition of
the Shawangunk grit in eastern New York has never been satis-
factorily established. While for many years the red shales lying
above the Shawangunk erit in Ulster county and further south
have been generally correlated with the Medina of central New
York, no proof has ever been set forth to establish their identity
with any degree of certainty. Mather? in the final report of the
first district, the western limit of which was as far west as Her-
kimer county, did not definitely correlate these red shales, though
he was inclined to refer them to the Medina. He says, “ The
observations made do not render it certain whether these red
rocks are equivalent to the Onondaga salt group or the Medina
aGeols NicY . Estbi1st. 1643. © p. 355.
“Geol... ¥.. 1st Mist. 1843. .p0.355,.363.-
344 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
sandstone; but it is thought probable, from some of the mineral
characters, no fossils having been seen, that they belonged to
the epoch of the Medina sandstone, and that the subjacent Shaw-
angunk grit is equivalent to the gray sandstone (=Oswego)
instead of the Oneida conglomerate.”
While it is known that Mather! recognized and designated a
é
formation in eastern New York as “ coralline limestone ” which
recently has been shown to be identical with the Cobleskill
limestone, it is evident from the above citations that Mather
could not have regarded it as of Niagaran age, or he would not
even have suggested the possibility of the underlying red shales
being of Salina age. For many years following the publication
of Mather’s report the section under consideration was not much
studied. The discovery, however, by Dr Barrett, of Cobleskill
fossils near Port Jervis in strata which lie above the red shales,
and the studies of Lindslay of the same formation at Rondout,
left little doubt as to the continuity of these rock masses in the
intervening section, and since the Cobleskill at that time was
correlated with and generally accepted as the equivalent of the
Niagaran formation as developed in western New York, it served
for the time being as apparently conclusive evidence that the
underlying shales could scarcely be correlated other than with
the Clinton and the Medina, or at least it was not thought they
could possibly represent the Salina. As we now know that the
Cobleskill limestone is of an age later than the Salina, the age
of the red shales together with the so called Clinton quartzite
lying above the Shawangunk grit again comes into question,
since both the Salina and the Medina are below the Cobleskill.
As no fossils have been found in the red shales, a feature which
contrasts thetn with the Medina of central New York, it is evi-
dent that in any attempt to correlate these red shales, evidence
must be had from other sources.
It was early shown by Vanuxem? and Hall® that in central
New York the passage from the Oneida to the Medina was a
ee ile eee ea eh eae ca uence
i Geol. N. Y.. 1st Dist. 18432 9. 337.
2Geol. N. Y. 3d Dist. 1842. p. 71.
3 Pall NY ese. 2205500.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 345
gradual one, the conglomerate or the sandstone (Oswego) being
transitional into the Medina. The lower portion of the Medina
throughout the central portion of the State contains pebbles abun-
dantly and is also characterized by an oblique laminated structure.
which is well shown in the exposures of the Medina in Herkimer
county. On the other hand the base of the red shales (=High Falls
_ shales) above. the Shawangunk grit in Ulster county and far-
ther southwestward do not possess the transitional features
ascribed to the Medina of central New York. In the eastern
section these shales are entirely devoid of pebbles, generally of
a bright red color and uniform in character, specially near their
base. On exposure to the atmosphere they break into small
angular fragments which are easily washed away leaving the
sloping surface of the conglomerate beneath clean and white.
In small protected areas on the western face of Shawangunk
mountain, where the agencies of weathering and erosion have
been less severe and the shale, perhaps, of a firmer texture, a
number of isolated patches of these red shales occur. They
are, however, easily removed and the underlying conglomerate
brought to view. On the farm of Patrick Winn at High Falls
the contact of these red shales with the conglomerate is favor-
ably shown. At this place the shales formerly were quarried
and used for making paint. They here retain their characteristic
features down to the conglomerate. It is evident then that there
is a very marked change in the character of the sedimentation
following the conglomerate, suggestive of a hiatus at this point.
Nowhere in central New York has the base of the Medina the
features presented by the red shales of this section. In litho-
logic features they are more like the Vernon red shales of the
Salina than any bed of the Medina, though in the upper portion
of the Medina there are beds of red shales of a somewhat similar
character but more arenaceous. Such beds can be favorably
examined at Lewiston on the Niagara river.
A study of the overlaps on the west side of the Helderberg
shows that the Salina shales extend farther east than does the
Medina, and since the period was one of increasing submergence,
346 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
it is but natural that we should expect to find in eastern New
York manifestations of Salina time rather than the Medina and
the Clinton. The so called Clinton quartzites (—Binnewater quart-
zites) lying above the red shales were so designated because they
are in some respects similar to the Clinton formation of western
New York, and probably also because of their similarity to the green
shales with iron pyrites lying beneath the Cobleskill in Schoharie
county which were formerly also correlated with the Clinton. In
this connection it is interesting to note that the view as given above
was held by Mather.t
With this correlation in view, it follows that, if the quartzite
with the iron pyrites in eastern New York is the equivalent of |
the green shales of the Schoharie section then the quartzite of
eastern New York is Salina and not Clinton, since it is known
that the green shales of Schoharie county are of an age not
earlier than late Salina. South from High Falls the quartzite
below the Wilbur limestone becomes more calcareous and of a
shaly nature. At Accord, a few miles south from High Falls, the
shales are seen in the cut on the Ontario & Western Railroad.
At this place the beds are light colored, soft, argillaceous shales
with considerable mineral matter. They are exposed for a thick-
ness of 18 feet. Southwest from this point there are no favorable
exposures for the examination of these shales in New York.
If we regard the red shales above the Shawangunk grit and con-
glomerate as Salina in age, it is quite probable that the Shawangunk
in this portion of the State is much later than has been generally
supposed. Recent studies indicate that the Shawangunk represents
the invading basal member of the Salina series.
Poxino Island shale
This is the term applied to irregular bedded, buff colored,
calcareous beds which are exposed just across the New York
State line in the Nearpass section in New Jersey and farther
south. At the Nearpass section they are but obscurely shown
for a thickness of 1 foot, and they here form the lowest member
1Geol, N. Y. 1st Dist. 1843. p. 353, 354.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 347
that can be observed in the Nearpass section. These shales have
not been identified with certainty in New York State. Near
Cuddebackville a few miles north from Port Jervis, somewhat
similar shales, but containing iron pyrites, have been observed.
_ They hold a position below the Decker Ferry formation, but
the contact with the Decker Ferry could not be observed. The
shales below the Decker Ferry as recognized at Accord have a
somewhat similar appearance to the Poxino Island shale. In
this section the Bossardville limestone which lies between the
Poxino Island shale and the Decker Ferry formation could not
be observed. It is probable, however, that the Bossardville
limestone has failed by thinning out before this section is
reached. The age of the Poxino Island shales has as yet not
been definitely established, but they probably belong to the
Salina.
Bossardville limestone
No outcrop of this formation has been recognized in New
York State, though it probably extends from New Jersey into
‘Ulster county. At the Nearpass section, 3 miles south of Port
Jervis, its entire thickness is shown to be slightly more than 12
feet. It directly overlies the Poxino Island shale and in litho-
logic features it much resembles some thin banded layers of the
Manlius limestone. This is the lowest member of the Ontaric
formation in this section that is fossiliferous, but even this is
only sparingly so. Leperditia altoides Weller is found
quite abiindantly in several of the thin layers in the upper 2 feet
of the limestone. Besides the Leperditia a single individual of
the genus Oncoceras was found. This species is in some respects
similar to O. ovoides Hall, but is smaller and probably a
distinct species. The Bossardville limestone is regarded by the
writer as a late representative of Salina time.
Decker Ferry formation
The term Decker Ferry formation as recently applied by Wel-
ler in the New Jersey section includes all the strata between
the Bossardville limestone and the Rondout waterlime. The
upper 6 feet of the formation as described by Weller may, how-
348 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ever, be definitely correlated with the Cobleskill limestone, as
typically developed in Schoharie county. The lower part of the
formation is the equivalent of what has been termed Salina
waterlime and Wilbur limestone in a previous report.t
FOSSILIFEROUS SECTIONS
The following fossiliferous sections extending from the well
known locality of the Decker Ferry formation, as exposed 3
miles south of Port Jervis, and extending northeastward into
Ulster county will serve to show the stratigraphic relations of
the fossiliferous beds up to the Coeymans limestone.
Nearpass section 3 miles south from Port Jervis N. Y.
1 Poxino Island shale. In an excavation a little distance above
the base of the cliff there is an exposure of a bed of buff shale 1
foot in thickness. This exposure is being rapidly covered by
talus. No fossils.
2 Bossardville limestone. Thin banded limestone of alternate
light and dark colored laminae. On account of the shaly nature
of the rock, the entire thickness of slightly more than 12 feet can
be readily examined; Leperditia altoides Weller found
abundantly in layers near top; Oncoceras cf. ovoides Hall
the only other fossil observed.
3 Decker Ferry. The lower 24 feet of this formation consists
of several layers of hard crystalline limestone with some shaly
beds. This portion of the section is highly fossiliferous and
from the specially characteristic fossil Chonetes jersey-
ensis Weller, it has been designated the Chonetes jerseyensis
zone. Though found in the other zones of the Decker Ferry
formation and rarely in the Cobleskill limestone of Schoharie
county, Atrypa reticularis Linm is very abundant in
the lower portion of the Decker Ferry, and farther north in
Ulster county it is so plentiful as to make a distinct band in the
Wilbur limestone.
4 Decker Ferry. Red crystalline limestone 2 feet. This layer
is characterized by the species described by Weller as Ptilo-
1N. Y. State Paleontol. An. Rep’t 1903, p. 1142. °
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 349
dictya frondosa and is designated as the Ptilodictya
-frondosa zone. This limestone by reason of its distinctive
lithologic and faunal features can not be confused with any other
bed. No outcrop of this rock has been observed in New York.
5 Decker Ferry. The 15 feet of limestones and shales lying
above the red crystalline limestone have no characteristic fossil
to mark it as a distinct zone. Rhynchonella? lamellata
occurs abundantly, but this fossil has a considerable vertical range
and in some sections extends up into the Rondout. This zone may
be regarded as transitional into the Cobleskill limestone. Its
stratigraphic position is that of the lower cement bed of the
Rondout section, but in the Nearpass section there are no cement
beds. |
6 Cobleskill formation. Six feet of limestone characterized by an
abundance of corals, such as Prismatophyllum ine-
qualis Hall, Halysites catenulatus Linné. This zone
by reason of similarity in lithologic features and fossil con-
tents may be definitely correlated with the Cobleskill limestone
of Schoharie county where it is typically developed, with a thick-
ness of 6 feet.
7 Cobleskill formation? Above the 6 feet of limestone desig-
nated the Cobleskill there are 4 feet of limestone in thin beds
separated by shaly layers. Though containing Cobleskill fossils,
the abundance of ostracodes present indicates a change in the
nature of sedimentation, due perhaps to the introduction of brackish
water conditions which lasted throughout Rondout time.
8 Rondout formation. Above the Cobleskill limestone in the
Nearpass quarry section there are 39 feet of shales and lime-
stones. In general lithologic features this formation resembles
the Rondout as developed in New York State, but the cement
bed so characteristic at the base of the formation farther north
is absent here. With the exception of several species of Leper- |
ditia, fossils are extremely rare. Future studies may show that
the 4 feet of limestones and shales at the base of this formation
and which have been provisionally included with the Cobleskill
belong to the Rondout.
350 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
g Manlius limestone. This formation which is nearly 35 feet
thick carries a typical Manlius limestone fauna. The fossils in ©
some cases are not well preserved. ‘This is specially true of
Tentaculites gyracanthus Eaton, of which welguee
served specimens are rare. From the Nearpass section, however,
on the reverse side of a thin slab collected for specimens of
Megambonia aviculoidea Hall, there was “oone
Tentaculites gyracanthus equally as abundant as in
the sections farther north in New York State. They are how-
ever in a very poor state of preservation and may readily be
passed unnoticed.
ORANGE COUNTY SECTIONS
In the section a short distance southeast of Port Jervis at
Carpenters Point neither the Cobleskill nor the Decker Ferry
formations can be observed, though several members of the Hel-
derbergian are shown at this locality. About 2 miles farther north
from Carpenters Point the Erie Railroad crosses these formations
but they are all too deeply covered to show any outcrops.
The best place in Orange county for the examination of the
Cobleskill and Decker Ferry formations is in the valley of the
Neversink about 8 miles north of Port Jervis and 1 mile east of
Cuddebackville. Here there are a number of parallel ridges
which include not only the Cobleskill and Decker Ferry forma-
tions, but the Rondout and Manlius together with the Helder-
bergian members of the Devonic.
About 1 mile southeast from Cuddebackville there is an old
quarry with a limekiln near by. The beds here are nearly ver-
tical, and just to the east of the quarry the Cobleskill together
with the upper part of the Decker Ferry formation is shown.
The rock is here much sheared and is traversed by mineral
veins. This outcrop of the Cobleskill and others in the vicinity
of the same horizon are noted, by Ries! and are included by him
with the Tentaculite (Manlius) limestone. The lower part of
this outcrop is not favorable for collecting but in the upper part
IN. Y. State Geol. 15th An. Rep’t. 1898. p. 430, 433.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 Lae
of the Cobleskill limestone close to the face of the quarry the
following species were obtained.
I Prismalophyllum inequalis Hall
2 Cyathophyllum cf. hydraulicum
Simpson
3 Favosites helderbergiae var. prae-
cedens Schuchert
4 Atrypa reticularis Linné
5 Camarotoechia litchfieldensis Schu-
chert
6 Leptaena rhomboidalis Wilck.
8 Rhynchonella ? lamellata Hall
9 Stropheodonta bipartita Hall
10 Whitfieldella nucleolata Hail
11 Pleurotomaria ? cf. subdepressa
Hall
12 Calymmene cf. pachydermatus
Barrett
13 Dalmanites sp.
14 Leperditia cf. jonesi Hall
7 Orthothetes interstriatus Hall
me tis locality specimens’ of ‘Léptae na rhomboi-
dalis are plentiful and unusually well preserved. At the top
of the Cobleskill in the portion that is transitional into the Ron-
dout there are found thin bands of limestones separated by shaly
é. partings. The shaly layers weather to a drab color and are
easily removed from the face of the quarry. These thin layers
contain quite abundantly Orthothetes interstriatus
Mmoemand leperditra’ sca larirs* Jones.
bands are crowded with Whitfieldella sulcata Van.
OT th otietes
scalaris Jones
The limestone
Pago piriter vantuxem? Fall, in-
Beienertabns all and Veperd tia
are also found in the limestone bands. In the Nearpass section
_ south of Port Jervis at the top of the Cobleskill there are found
similar limestone bands characterized by many Beyrichias of
which there are several species. In the latter section in these
limestone bands brachiopods are also found, but Leperditia has
as yet not been observed.
Northeast from this outcrop the Cobleskill and Decker Ferry
formations are obscured for about a mile, but the Decker Ferry
formation is again seen on the farm of Mr Cuddeback just in
rear of the house. The Rondout is shown a little higher up on
the ledge and the Manlius and Coeymans limestones a short dis-
tance farther to the west. A short distance to the west of the
house of Mr Case and north of the outcrop back of Mr Cudde-
352 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
back’s house the upper part of the Decker Ferry formation is
shown and the following species were obtained.
I Favosites sp. 7 Spirifer sp. (
2 Atrypa reticularis Linné 8 Stropheodonta bipartita Hall |
3 Camarotoechia litchfieldensis Schu- 9 Pterinea cf. emacerata Con. :
chert 10 Dalmanites sp.
4 Chonetes jerseyensis Weller II Proetus pachydermatus Barrett
5 Leptaena rhomboidalis Wiick. - 12 Beyrichia sp.
6 Rhynchonella ? lamellata Hall
The Cobleskill limestone is obscurely exposed in the field be-
yond, where also were found the thin limestone bands crowded
with Whitfieldella sulcata Van. and Spirifer
vanuxemi Hall, and which mark the upper limit of the
Cobleskill.
Passing from this station northeastward into Sullivan county
no outcrops of the Cobleskill have been observed. Throughout
Sullivan county there is but little opportunity for the examina-
tion of the Siluric and Helderbergian rocks. The cliffs so promi-
nent north from Port Jervis between the Neversink river and
Shawangunk mountain become low in Sullivan county and almost
entirely disappear. Outcrops in the valley are but rarely seen.
There is an old limekiln on the land of John Olcott a short distance
north from Wurtsboro located near the outcrop of the Esopus
shales. There is however no outcrop of limestone in the vicinity,
the rock used for burning lime being gathered from the fields.
Just over the county line north from Spring Glen station? in -
Ulster county, there is an old quarry near the east bank of the
now abandoned Delaware and Hudson canal. The rock as here
exposed is a thin bedded limestone with some layers of shale and
appears to belong to the lower portion of the Manlius.
Two miles southwest from Ellenville there is a small but con-
spicuous outcrop of Helderbergian limestones which rise above
the general level of the valley. The outcrop is near Sanborn
creek on the land of L. F. Hall. Lime is burnt at this place but
only in small quantities. A similar outcrop is seen at John Horn-
beek’s quarry a short distance south of the Eastern Reformatory
‘This outcrop and the two following are noted by Mather. Geol. N. Y. |
ist Dist.’ 1843: p. 322-33.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903 353
a@eeapanoch ihe presence hereof Leptaenisca adnas-
cens Hall & Clarke is indicative of the New Scotland age of
these beds. 7
In passing northward from Ellenville the first outcrop favor-
able for the examination of the Cobleskill is on the land of
Joseph Chipp %4 mile north from Kerhonkson. ‘The rock is
shown in the base of an old quarry on the left of the highway
leading to Accord. The locality is not favorable for collecting
but the following fossils were obtained.
1 Favosites helderbergiae var. prae- { 4 Spirifer corallinensis Grabau
cedens Sciuchert 5 S. cf. vanuxemi Hall
2 Atrypa reticularis Linné 6 Whitfieldella nucleolata Hall
3 Orthothetes interstriatus Hall 7 Leperditia jonesi Hall
The Rondout is not well shown in this section. About 16
feet of Manlius limestone is exposed in the quarry of Lincoln
McConnell on the opposite side of the highway. The combined
thickness of the Rondout and Manlius at this place is 70 feet.
One of the most favorable localities for the examination of
_ the Decker Ferry and Cobleskill formations is in the cut of the
recently constructed Kingston branch of the Ontario & Western
Railroad, % mile southwest from Accord. The railroad passes
in succession over the formations, from the shales underlying
the Decker Ferry to the Coeymans limestone which is exposed
near the station at Accord, but only the shales, the Decker Ferry
and the Cobleskill are shown in the cut. The shales which are
exposed in this cut are considered to be of Salina age and are
exposed for a thickness of 18 feet. The beds are soft, argillace-
ous with bands of mineral matter and so far as known without fossils.
The Decker Ferry iormation is 12 feet thick and in layers
which are quite massive. The basal layer is arenaceous and
gradually changes and becomes more calcareous above. The
formation is fossiliferous throughout. The red crystalline lime-
stone which forms such a conspicuous layer in the Nearpass sec-
tion has not been observed here, and whether its absence is due
to thinning out or failing through overlap of the succeeding
deposits, in which case only the upper part of the Decker Ferry
354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
formation would be represented in this section, has not been
determined. It seems probable that since the period was one of
submergence, the latter view is more nearly correct, though in
this section Chonetes jerseyensis, which is the char-
acteristic fossil of the lower Decker Ferry formation in the
Nearpass section, is here equally as abundant and in size averages
larger. This fossil, in the cut at Accord, is sometimes so plen-+
tiful as to make a band a fraction of an inch in thickness. From
the railroad cut the following species were obtained.
1 Favosites sp. 7 Rhynchonella deckerensis Weller
2 Monotrypa corrugata Weller 8 R. litchfieldensis Schuchert
3 Rhynchonella? lamellata Hall 9g Spirifer cf. corallinensis Grabau
4 A. reticularis Linné 10 Spirifer sp. undet.
5 Chonetes jerseyensis Weller 11 Stropheodonta bipartita Hall
6 Rhipidomella cf. preoblata Weller | 12 Pterinea emacerata Hall
A favorable place for the collection of fossils from the basal
arenaceous layer is at Fiddlers Elbow on the Delaware and Hud-
son canal a short distance from the railroad cut. At this place
the canal is partly excavated in the shales and the limestone is
found a little higher up by the canal bank. At some points the
underlying shales have weathered away leaving the limestone
above as a slightly projecting ledge. From the basal arenaceous
layer the following species were obtained.
1 Favosites sp. 4 Gypidula cf. galeata Dalman
2 Monotrypa corrugata Weller 5 Stropheodonta bipartita Hall
3 Atrypa reticularis Linné 6 Spirifer sp.
At this place a number of rather poorly preserved specimens
of a pentameroid were found. They approach closely Gypid-
ula galeata of the Coeymans limestone and may prove to
be identical with it. .
The Cobleskill limestone is exposed a little higher near an old
limekiln. The rock is here much weathered and fossils are
readily obtained though not in a well preserved state. A feature
of the collection from the Cobleskill obtained at this point is
the large number of gastropods and cephalopods found, and the
fauna is more nearly like the normal fauna of the Cobleskill of
Schoharie county than at any other section that has been studied
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 355
in eastern New York. I[lionia sinuata not recorded from
the Cobleskill farther southwest and in the Nearpass section is
quite abundant here. The following species were obtained.
1 Favosites sp. > Bellerophon auriculatus Hall
2 Atrypa reticularis Linné 8 Kionoceras darwini Billings
3 Rhynchonella? lamellata Hail 9 Orthoceras (large)
4 R. litchfieldensis Schuchert 10 Leperditia jones: Hall
5 Whitfieldella nucleolata Hall tt Calymmene camerata //all
6 Tlionia sinuata Hall
In the railroad cut the Cobleskill is also exposed but not so
favorably for collecting as in the last named locality. The thick-
ness in the cut is about 6 feet. The contact with the Rondout
could not be observed at this station. The formations exposed
at Fiddlers Elbow and in the railroad cut can be readily traced
to a short distance east of Accord, where they form a clearly
defined cliff. The base of the cliff is mostly covered with talus
and the outcrops are not favorable for collecting.
In the vicinity of Accord no beds suitable for making cement
have been observed. This place is but 6 miles from High Falls
where cement has been quarried from the dark Rosendale beds
which at the latter place have a maximum thickness of 22 feet.
It will thus be seen that the lower cement bed so extensively
developed in the Rosendale region and which extends to High
Falls, becomes too calcareous to be used for cement before
Accord is reached. At Rosendale the lower cement bed, with
the exception of Leperditia, which is sometimes found near the
base, is so far as known, entirely without other fossils. When
however High Falls is reached the cement bed, specially near
‘its base, becomes fossiliferous. From the cement rock at this
place some corals, Atrypa reticularis Linné, Ilionia
Simmaea tall and Nucleospira ci. ventricosa Hall
have been obtained. The Cobleskill can be readily recognized
near the brink of the falls on both sides of the stream. The
cement bed is about 14 feet thick, and at its base and resting on
the quartzites below, is a fossiliferous band of shaly limestone 4
to 10 inches thick, in a previous report! referred to the Wilbur
limestone, which in the type section, as at High Falls, underlies
*N. Y. State Paleontol. An. Rep’t. 1903. p.1146.
356 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the lower cement bed. A good view of the falls is given by
Darton" in his report on the Geology of Ulster county. At High
Falls the thin layer above referred to contains unmistakable Decker
Ferry species, the most characteristic of which is Monotrypa
corrugata Weller. The fauna obtained follows:
1 Favosites sp. | 5 Orbiculoidea cf. tenuilamellata
2 Monotrypa corrugata Weller Hall.
3 Atrypa reticularis Linné 6 Orthoceras sp. undet.
4 Pterinea emacerata Conrad
The study of the sections at High Falls and Accord and a
comparison of them with the sections farther south indicate
quite clearly that the lower cement bed at Rosendale and the
lower cement bed and Wilbur limestone at High Falls are of
the same age as the Decker Ferry formation as developed to the
southwest of these localities.. It is also believed that the
cement bed which holds the stratigraphic position of the Bertie water-
lime of western New York is of the same relative age as the latter,
both underlying the Cobleskill limestone. In western New York
the Bertie limestone is characterized by an Eurypterus fauna. The
absence of Eurypterus from the formation in eastern New York is
attributed to the fact that this section of the State belonged to
another sea-province. We therefore propose to meet this difference
in the east by introducing for the lower cement bed in Ulster and
adjoining counties the term Rosendale cement. The transition to
the Cobleskill from the underlying fossiliferous beds in eastern New
York has been shown. In western New York the transitional fea-
tures are somewhat more complex and obscure. Still enough is
known to show an intimate relationship between the Cobleskill and
Bertie formations.
In the Eurypterus-bearing waterlime beds of western New
York (Bertie) Cobleskill fossils are rarely found associated with
Eurypterus. However .Orthothetes.,.1nters (tae
Hall and Leperditia, scalaris: Jones are ,ocegeionaim
found on the same slab with Eurypterus. In beds which are
strictly referable to the Cobleskill and which contain Cobleskill
fossils the writer has never found an Eurypterus. The condi-
IN. Y. State Geol. 13th An. Rep’t. 1894. pl. 1o facing p.342.
REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 357
tions however which are found and which show the intimate
relation of the two formations are as follows.
In western New York usually underlying the Oriskany sand-
stone is found the Cobleskill dolomite which at Buffalo, Dr
Grabau! has shown, contains a fauna similar to the Cobleskill
and which later studies have shown to be identical with the
Cobleskill. In Ontario county at Phelps below the Oriskany
sandstone is found the Cobleskill or “bullhead”’ rock as it is
known in western New York. This rock here and farther west
at Victor and beyond, contains the Cobleskill fauna. Beneath
the “bullhead” rock in Ontario county in a thin bed of water-
lime, fragments of Eurypterus are found and at Victor a large
number of fragments from this horizon were obtained. Beneath
this layer of waterlime in Ontario county we find again in the
dolomite layer another Cobleskill or “bullhead” fauna in which
Lichas ptyonurus Hall is foundand Cyathophyllum
hydraulicum Simpson is quite abundant. Beneath this second
dolomite layer containing Cobleskill fossils, waterlime beds again
occur in which Eurypterus are found.
From the above conditions it would appear that while the
Decker Ferry fauna was living in eastern New York the Euryp-
terus fauna was still to be found in the Salina sea in the western
part of the State, and that there were invasions from the eastern
sea which at first were only temporary, but which finally caused
the retreat or destruction of the Eurypterus fauna.
Pecol Soc. Am: Bul, 1900. TI :363.
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EXPLANATION OF PLATES
360 : NEW YORK ‘STATE MUSEUM
PLATE 1
Carabocrinus geometricus sp. nov.
Page 282
1 View from posterior interradius. x4
2 View of tegmen showing the straight line on which the radials
meet and the acute angle at both ends as if for the insertion
of a triangular deltoid. The angles in the figure are not all
as acute as in the specimen. x4
Malocystites emmonsi sp. nov.
Page 270
3, 4 Oral and side views of specimen A, the type. Figure 4 shows
clearly the position of the genital pore and madreporite. The
axis used in the description is here the vertical axis of the
figure x4
5, 6 Oral and side views of specimen B. x4
7 Specimen C, a form with the sigma much nearer the stem. x4
CHAZY FOSSILS
Rep Paleontologist 1903
Plate 1.
W.S.Barkentin. lith.
G.S.Barkentin. del.
PLATE 2
‘Rhaphanocrinus gemmeus sp. nov.
Page 280
1 View of base. x4
2 View of oral surface with anal tube
3 View of posterior interradius. x4
4 View of right posterior interradius. x4
5 View of left anterior interradius. x4
CHAZY FOSSILS
Rep Paleontolosist 1903 : Plate 2
G.S.Barkentin. del. W.S.Barkentin. lith.
oh ge Se le
S) wort qe settee? agntiocinyl -
t oe Ae
= ith py a +
aa S Gc * . eae Was
ty } me TEST fey SOS : Hess eft fier wer -
‘*. : é 4 :
' rr. Say ; nie i i : +> Pe. c 1 of
Pewee). an by carr iiscry ote) “vhol 4 Me ce ae ee
ae a SW 3 ARTO! ist Foe wetweds vps SL
erahin stale ut = r ie ef sti wore Seetie tr} vig is ‘or f :
= Z P 7 2
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9
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2267 232%
Becraft mountain, fossils, 191°.
Beecher, C. E., cited, 177°, 248°, 260°,
269°; acknowledgments to, 280°.
Beekmantown formations of Lake
Champlain basin, 6°-7°; fauna, 15°-
16°,
Bell, Robert, cited, 139%.
Bellerophon, 161‘.
auriculatus, 355°.
gaspensis mov., 146°.
plenus, 146°.
Bertie limestone, 356°.
Beyrichia, 180°, 181’, 216.
SP 206°; 200°): 2T6",:268)13527.
manliusensis, 209°, 213*, 2141, 214°,
215°, 25°; 215 220s 2287 4268.
Bidwell’s crossing, fossil trails at, 18°-
20°.
9
TAT: wea?
Bilobites varicus, 196°, 207°, 219°, 263.
Binnewater quartzites, 346’.
Blake, J. F., cited, 327°, 340.
386
Blastoidocrinus carchariaedens, 272°.
Blothrophyllum promissum, 235°, 262.
Bonaventure conglomerates, 139°,
E50 .
Bossardville limestone, 347°, 347%,
348°.
Brachiopoda, 161°, 239°, 263, 2847-86".
Brachyprion majus, 142’, 145°.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Ceratopora Sp., 231°, 262.
Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, 160’.
Chadwick, George H., review of sec-
tion of Catskill mountains, 5*.
Chaetetes sphaericus, 198”.
Chamberlin, T. C., cited, 19°.
Chazy formations of Lake Champlain
basin, 6°-7*; fauna, 15°-16°.
Brainerd, Ezra, investigations, 7’.
Bryozoa, 238’, 263.
Bulletins published during year, 11’-
14’.
Bumastus, 162°.
Butts, Charles, paleontologic determi-
nations, 8".
Callopora, 161".
Calymmene, 162°.
callicephala, 157*, 157°.
camerata, 200°, 201°, 355°.
cf. pachydermatus, 351°.
Camarotoechia altiplicata?, 219", 220°. |
barrandei, 187°, 189°-90', 190’, 191°.
dryope, 146°.
excellens, 146°.
litchfieldensis, 351°, 352”.
ramsayi, 146°.
semiplicata, 219°.
Cameroceras, 303’, 322°-26°.
brainerdi, 296-341.
explanation of plates, 370-76.
figures, 307, 316.
proteiforme, 326°.
trentonense, 326°.
Cap Barré beds, 1517-54°.
Cap Blanc massive, 1617-64’.
Cap Canon massive, 159'-60°.
Carabocrinus, 2827-84’.
geometricus Sp. nov., 282°-84".
explanation of plate, 360.
figure, 282.
radiatus, 283°, 284°.
Catalogue of type specimens of
paleozoic fossils, supplement I, 43°- |
533°
Catskill mountains, traverses of, 5°.
Centronella glansfagea, 146°.
Cephalopoda, 259°, 267.
_ Chazy limestone on Valcour Island,
fauna of, by G. H. Hudson, 270-95.
| Cheirurus, 295'.
mars Sp. nov., 295°.
explanation of plate, 368.
vulcanus, 295".
Chonetes sp., 145%.
antiopa, 143:, 145°.
billingsi nov., 145”.
canadensis, 143°, 145’, 148,
140, 158, 100.
hemisphericus, 193”, 230°, 230°, 242°,
263»
hudsonicus, 143°, 145’, 149°, 149,
196°, 2017, 223°, 242°-43, 263.
mut. gaspensis nov., 145’.
jerseyensis, 348", 352”, 354, 354.
melonicus, 145’.
yandellanus, 230°, 243°, 263.
149’,
_ Chonostrophia, 140°, 151°.
complanata, 143°, 145’, 187’, 189°,
189°, 196°, 198°, 206°, 263.
dawsoni, 145°.
jervisensis, 185°, 188°, 199°, 220°,
226°, 226° 220°, 2274 22g eae
227°, 228°, 232°, 234°, 243°, 263.
Clark, P. Edwin, mentioned, 5’; cited,
186°, 191°, 194", 196*, 196°, 269°.
Clarke, John M., Percé, a brief sketch
of its geology, 134'-71*; cited, 190°,
IQI*, 196°, 197°, 240°, 248°, 269°, 260°,
323°, 325°, 320°, 3367, 340,, 3437, 3425
Clarkoceras, 337°, 339’.
newton-winchelli, 337°.
figures, 336, 337.
Clidophorus cuneatus, 261°.
| Clinton quartzites, 346’.
| Cobleskill horizon, above Salina de-
| posits, 342".
| Cobleskill limestone, distribution, 5°-
Ceratocephala gaspesia nov., 147’.
6°, 342-58.
INDEX TO REPORT) OF) THE ‘STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903
Coelospira, 149”.
acutiplicata, 192°, 229°, 230', 230°,
230°, 253°, 254°, 254’, 263.
concava, 146°, 183’, 183°, 184‘, 196°,
G7 AO,” 200",°'207", 212" 212",
Be 220 22376 224! 224°,-226",
(225°, .220',° 226°, 231", 232); 234", |
253°, 263.
dichotoma, 188°, 189’, 180°,
@oan-s 200°, 228°. 253° 263.
grabaui sp. nov., 192°, 230°, 253°-
BAR 203
figure, 253.
Coeymans limestone, 179%, 193°, 194°,
195°, 196°, 198°, 200°, 201°, 203”, 203°,
207.207", 207:,; 218"; 219"; :262,.351' ;
lower, 180*-81°; middle and upper,
181*-82”.
Conocardium cuneus, 146°.
Conularia desiderata, 147°.
lata mut., 147°.
pyramidalis var. jervisensis n. var.,
ESQ, 2220, ,).250',, 207.
Cordania, 147°.
Crania grandegrevensis
144°.
pulchella, 144°.
Crinoid joints, 205°.
Crinoidea, 2777-84’.
Crustaceans from the base of Salina
group, 20°.
Cryptonella ? capsa nov., 146°.
? fausta, 146°.
Cyathophyllum
357 -
Cypricardinia distincta, 146°.
lamellosa, 197°, 234”, 257°, 267.
aff. sublamellosa, 156°.
Cyrtina, 200°.
SpPyeeato y 263.
affinis, 143°, 145°.
Festrata, 145, i185; 198", 227) 227°,
283) 263).<:)10)
Cyrtoceras sp., 147°.
Cyrtodonta, 287°-88".
?lamellosa sp. nov., 287°-88".
explanation of plate, 366.
Cyrtolites expansus, 1837, 1967, 228°,
250°, 267.
Cystoidea, 270°.
198%,
nov., 142",
hydraulicum, 351’,
387
Dalmanella sp., 233°.
concinna, .2267,.243°,263: 5
lucia, 144°.
perelegans, 156°, 197°, 198°, 210%,
226; ) 24317263)
subcarinata, 181’,
207°, 212"
BTO:, 2o2
224°, Bene
225° 8 2207 61220
227° 226% 230,
234°, 243°, 263.
testudinaria, 157*, 157°.
Dalmanites sp. 2124 220, 220° 2327
268: 357 , 352.
anchiops, 230°, 260‘, 268.
dentatus, 179°, 184°, 184", 184°, 185°,
186°, 186’, 186°, 188", 199°, 206°,
220. 220, 220. Zone 2270 22a
228", 260°, 268.
zone, 1857-92”.
dolphi, 185°, 186°.
foederatus nov., 147’.
goniaea nov., 147°.
micrurus, 144’, 147‘, 209°, 268.
nasutus, 143°, 219°, 268.
(Probolium) perceensis nov., 143°,
144°, 147°, 149°, 169°.
phacoptychoides nov., 147".
pleuroptyx, 186", 197°, 205°, 207%,
207°, 216°, 260", 268.
pyrene nov., 147'.
regalis, 186°.
stemmatus, 186".
tridens, 143’.
vatinius nov., 147’.
Datton,..Nis H.,.ctted, 177". 2005. 356°.
Dawson, J. W., cited, 301°, 320’, 340°.
Dawson, Sir William, cited, 16°, 139‘,
140’, I40°.
Decker Ferry formation, 347’, 347°-
48°, 348°-49", 351°, 352", 3535 353°
356%.
Delthyris perlamellosa, 1817, 183%,
195'; 195", (195'-061,1977;)077; 297",
197", SBOP Bk2et 25°,
1957 100, 160),
DIS ARG rao .
22 2223
22 dar eon".
220 O87 S227":
22 2207} 2R3",
224°,
EGO", 200",
220°, | 2227 222". 3238 an 2288 aaA®
2A ~ Oo P impr SoEks aacku ape”
232", 233°, 233°, 252° 5262.
388
Devonic, New York, correlation with
that of Gaspé, Canada, 7°-8*.
Dewitz, H., cited, 3017. 302; ingt2',
339°-40'.
Diaphorostoma sp., 147%.
affine, 143’, 147°.
desmatum, 147%,
258’, 267.
lineatum, 258°.
nearpassi, 185°, 228', 258°, 267.
perceense nov., 143', 147°.
ventricosum, 143’, 185°, 188°, 180°,
195/;) 100g.. 100), 222°, 224" 228".
228) 220", 234° 0.288" 207.
Dicranurus, 152”.
hamatus, £53), 452 -
limenarcha, 153°, 153°; figure, 153.
monstrosus, 153’, 153°.
Diphragmoceras, 300°.
Duncan, John H., management of
Gatka Salt ‘Go... 20"
Duncanella cf. borealis, 156°.
1
TOO, 200 nin 220
Eastman, C. R., cited, 324*.
Eatonia medialis; 195’, 106°, 198’,
200°, °207 1 207°4 "212% 212". "220",
222 222 D2 BON eR 2A,
264.
peculiaris, 146°, 148", 187°, 195°, 196’.
singulafis, (164, “YOO, 200, 222",
§ 7
223, 224°, 224", 234°, 245, 264.
Edriocrinus becraftensis, 196’.
pocilliformis, 183°, 200°, 201°, 232°,
1 7
PIG i293., 238", 238, 202.
sacculus, 198°, 233°.
Pilis; oR, We, cited: 120% 442." TA9*,
167°, 168°.
Elmira quadrangle, areal survey, 8*-9°.
Emmons, Ebenezer, mentioned, 277°.
Endoceras (Nanno), 303’, 324°, 333°.
belemnitiforme, 305°, 318°, -322°,
323°; 324 '}'324°}'325"-
burchardii, 336’.
commune, 312”.
figure, 301.
crassisiphonatum, 300°.
figure, 300.
fistula, 325’.
sladius, 302° 9304 6305 1312’, 310".
pygmaeus, 325".
|
|
|
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Enterolasma (Streptelasma) strictum,
181,183", 184", 01001) i2zan eaten
2 4 6
212°, 212°, )2T2) he2is- eee ore
219") 219%," 220%) aaah) aaa ieeeee
232", 233°, 233 , 235 ,, 202
| Esopus © grit) “1707, 19a) 194te 18a.
TQ6', TO8", "100", *220' aaa.
_ Esopus limestone, wanting in Mary-
land, 201%.
_ Eunema, -288'-92".
altisulcatum sp. nov., 291°-g2'.
explanation of plate, 368.
epitome sp. nov., 272‘, 290°-gI°.
explanation of plate, 366.
historicum sp. nov., 288'-go*.
explanation of plate, 366.
_ Euomphalus ?, 200°.
| Euphemus ? qttebecensis nov., 147°.
| Fossils. t&ails
3
Explanation of plates, 359-84.
Favosites, 210°, 221".
SP.;° 207°, 207°, 207? S25Si, ae eet
262,352", 354°, 354°, 355, 350.
conicus, 237”.
helderbergiae,
195*, 198°,
215 BEG.
218, 221") 235 387%
262.
praecedens, 199°, 203°, 351°, 353°.
niagarensis, 236*, 237°.
sphaericus, 180°, 180’, 181’, 181°,
182°, 200°, 210", 2G, (2aiieemeene
217°; 218", :278*- 200 aaa
28° 202:
Favosites bed, 180*-81°, 193°, 222°.
Field operations, 3*-0..
Foord, A. Hs :citeds 207 sigae ees.
Siz", 382, FAO.
Formations, index to, 31°-32°.
Fossil plants of the paleozoic rocks,
bO 0G
180°, 180", 181’, 181°,
204°, 210°, 21@i 2Eie
216°, 1.2177 Bi7e IES,
237 ase,
at Bidwell’s crossing,
18-20".
| Fossils, catalogue of type specimens,
supplement I, 43°-133°.
7 .
-Gaspe, Canada, correlation of the
New York Devonic with that of,
Dd Qt
Ft)
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 389
Gaspé, Devonic fossils, list of, 144°-
oY a
‘Gaspé limestones, 139°, 139”.
Gaspé sandstones, 139°, 140°.
Gastropoda, 257°, 207, 288'-94’.
Girty, G. H., cited, 237°.
Glenn, L. C., stratigraphic work on
Olean and Salamanca sheets, 8”.
‘Glossina acer nov., 144".
Goniophora mediocris, 146°.
|
Grabau, A. W., map and report on |
Schoharie, region, 4°; cited, 180,
w92, BOA 8047/2195, 202°,:215",
(24S, 200", 357°.
‘Grammysia 1. sp., 261", 267.
undata, 261°.
Grande Gréve
study, 14°.
Grande Gréve .limestones, 8°, 140%.
fauna, correlation
“Graptolite faunas of the slate belt of |
eastern New York, 6°, 15°.
‘Guelph fauna in the State of New
York, 9°-10%.
Gypidula angulata, 207°, 244°, 264.
PeeAlcataeioogricrs 181?) 181?)
195*, 195°, 196’, 196°, 198’,
200*, 201°, zon B07,
age oa er? ain * ar,
Pam, 20) 2e ; 218 , 218",
BON 209, 210°, 244°; 5264,
354".
var., 218%.
pseudogaleata, 183°, 183’, 183°, 197°,
Zot, aogivege* asa" lags 264.
200’,
207”,
PA
218’,
354°,
Plat james;: Cited: 19, 2245) -'236°,
239", 240°, 250", 256", 344°.
Halysites catenularia, 160°.
catenulatus, 161", 340°.
Hartnagel, C. A., study of Cobleskill
limestone, 5°; Notes on the Siluric
or Ontaric Section of Eastern New
York, 342-58; cited, 202°, 260°.
Helderberg fauna, correlation study,
i ee aa ae
Heliolites, 161’, 169°.
Hexactinellid sponges, 162”.
High Falls shales, 345”.
india 157°
Sp, 150°.
fibTosa, 207°, 223°
262.
5)
_ Homalonotus vanuxemi,
| Horton, William, cited,
Hipparionyx, I40°.
proximus, 145°, 148’, 187‘, 187°, 189’,
190”, 198°.
Holm, G., cited, 300°, 302, 303°, 303°,
303°, 304%, 304°, 304”, 305’, 306°, 312’,
313°, 314°, 316°, 318", 322°,.323°, 324,
325°, 326°, 336°, 340°, 340°, 341’, 341°.
Holopea, 294’. :
antiqual, UW4ystorA=! 21 4% §267:
depressa nov., 147°.
gaspensia, 10v., 147°.
microclathrata sp. nov., 294°.
explanation of plate, 366.
195.,. (r8y*.
188’, 197°, 228', 260°, 268.
175, 227°,
6
2609".
Hudson, George H., on species in
Chazy formation, 16‘; Contributions
to the Fauna of the Chazy Lime-
stone on Valcour Island, Lake
Champlain, 270-95.
Huxley, T. H., cited, 334°.
_ Hyatt, Alpheus, cited, 296°, 298’, 300°,
300", 300°, 302’, 303°, 305, 317°, 317,
3203 3247), 325 1320013287, 133390330,
330°, 336°, 340°, 340°, 341°, 341°.
| Hydrozoa, 235’, 262.
Hyolithus cf. aclis, 147°.
encentris ov., 147°.
oxys nov., 147°.
Tlionia sinuata, 355°, 355 355°
_ Ilaenus americanus, [57 158%
Index to formations, 31°-32”.
Index to Publications of the New
York State Natural History Survey.
and the New York State Museum,
Ea"
Ithaca quadrangle, areal survey, 8*-9°.
Jaekel, Otto, cited, 318”.
_ Kingston beds, see Port Ewen beds.
|
{
i
i
Kionoceras darwini, 355°.
rhysum nov., 147’.
Lambe, L., cited, 237°.
Lamellibranchiata, 286°-88".
Lancaster, E. R., cited, 334°.
Lang, A., cited, 334’.
399
Lapworth, Charles, on British grap-
tolites, 15°.
Le Boutillier, Philip, cited, 136", 139°,
160°.
Leperditia alta, 196°, 198’, 210°, 213°,
BIA T2Tee) ZiIss Ars? “216 ar".
268.
altoides, 347°, 347’, 348°.
jonesi, 351°, 353°, 355°.
scalaris, 351°, 351°, 350°.
Leptaena rhomboidalis, 142°, 145°,
156°, 160°, 181‘, 183°, 183°, 185*, 195°,
197°, 199°, 200°, 208", 212°, 219*, 210°,
220°, 200°; 2am eegtipos e245 pont.
22h 221 2225" ean or eer 126".
227) ; 227", 280232) B33 2321209).
233°; 233°, 233, 240°, 204)°351°,7351',
B52)
Leptaenisca adnascens, 353°.
Leptocoelia flabellites, 143°, 146°, 148°,
149°, 187°, 188°, 189", 189°, 189°, 196°,
198’, 199‘, 200°, 200°, 204*, 206°, 228°,
228", 2203234 253", BEAT 26a!
Leptodomus canadensis, 146".
Leptostrophia blainvillii, 145°.
irene, 143’, 145°, 140°, 149°, 151°.
magnifica, 142°, 145°.
oriskania, 145°, 152°, 185°, 227°, 240°,
264.
tullia, 1437, 145°.
Lichas (Terataspis), 161°.
grandegrevensis nov., 147°.
ptyonurus, 357°.
Lichenalia torta, 180°, 181°, 184*, 196’,
207°, 210 sea es; Baal Bib 2 hz 4216)!
218 AIS {210 232" 1232", 238% ao!
Limekiln massive, 160°-617.
Lindsley, J. G., cited, 344%.
Lingula, 182°, 239°-40’.
Sp iM222". 202) 92235 Noa? men waah™
264.
elliptica nov., 142°, 144°.
perlata ?, 234°.
rectilatera, 142", 144°.
spathata, 142, 144°.
Lioclema cellulosum, 181°, 207°, 2109’,
238°, 263.
. ponderosa, 263.
ponderosum, 207°, 238".
Lithographer, appointment of, 21°.
|
|
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Localities, alphabetic list,
New York according to
30°-31'; record of, 32°-42°.
Logan, Sir William, cited, 18°, 19’,
138°, 139°, 139°, 140°, 140°, 141’, 149°,
150°, 165°, .167°21Get
Loxonema ?, 214".
Sp., 209°) 213°,;,215*) 2islasiteaee
230° #2075,
? hebe, 146°.
jerseyense,
228) 267:
Luther, D. D., stratigraphic deter-
minations, 9’.
Lyellia, 161’.
Lyriocrinus, 277°.
? beecheri sp. nov., 272’, 277°-80%.
explanation of plate, 364.
figure, 278, 279..
27°-30° ;
counties,
185°, 188% o220ymeeye
Machaera costata, 261°.
Malocystites, 270%.
barrandi, 2715, 027ae
emmonsi sp. 0v., 270°-77'.
explanation of plate, 360.
figure, 274, 276.
Manlius limestone, 179°, 179°-80*, 193°,
194°, 195°, 196°, 198°, 202°, 203°, 342",
350°, 351°, 353°; similar in New York ~
and New Jersey sections, 201*;
upper, 2009'; 212°, 213°, 204 ero.
216', 220°, 221°, 222°; Homenapeuas
214°, 215, 216°; qannaaaae!
Map of Schoharie region, 4°.
Maps, stratigraphic and areal maps,
177-18".
Marcellus limestone, 203°.
Mather, W. W., cited, 175°, 176°, 227*,
343°, 343°, 344°, 346°, 352°.
Mattimore, H. S., assistance from, 9’.
Medina sandstone, 343°. .
Megalanteris, 140°.
ovalis,. 187°, 189°) 19650 2eReewe
264.
plicata nov., 143*, 146*, 148", 149°,
149°, 160°.
Megambonia aviculoidea, 200°, 213°,
256°, 267, 350°.
crenistriata, 143°, 146°.
nitidula nov., 143°, 146%
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903
Memoirs published during year, 9°- |
10°. |
Mermstelia sp.. 230°. 232°, 232°,' 255’;
264.
-acerra nov., 145°.
arcuata, 169°.
laevis, 181’,
2po, 212’,
223°, 223°,
225°, 225°,
255°, 264.
lata, 184*, 185°, 186*, 188°, 189°, 189°,
189°, 196°, 198°, 199’, 206°, 206%,
Bre 227" 228") 220°) '220°,1220°,
255°, 264.
var. complecta nov., 143°, 145°.
princeps, 212°, 223’, 232°, 255’, 264.
Michelinia cf. lenticularis, 156°.
Migration of faunas, evidence of,
203°-4°.
Modiella modiola nov., 146’.
pygmaea, 146’.
Modiolopsis, 286°-87’.
subquadrilateralis sp. nov., 286°-87°.
explanation of plate, 366.
Modiomorpha gaspesia nov., 146.
Monograptus cf. clintonensis, 156°.
Monotrypa corrugata, 354°, 354°, 356°,
356°.
tabulata, 238°, 263.
Monotrypella ? abrupta,
2237, 238°-30", 263.
tabuldta, 195°.
Mt Joli massive, 155°.
Mt Moreno, restudy of structure, 6°.
Mt Ste Anne, 168°-60°.
Mytilarca canadensis, 146".
nitida, 146",
207°, 2077, |
POM 22a.
224°, 224°,
2g2";1 233),
1577; 8G7*,
Bog 2227
Zoe 2c:
22550 232",
182°, 200°,
Nanno, 322°-26°.
aulema, 298°, 300°, 300°, 317°, 320%, |
eet 425, 324) 324%)! 325°)! 326',
320°, 338".
fistula, 326". |
pygmaea, 326°.
See also Endoceras (Nanno).
Naples Fauna in Western New York,
part) 2;( TO.
Narthecoceras, 325°.
391
New Scotland beds, 179°, 182°-83*,
193°, 194°, 195°, 196°, 199°, 200°, 201",
203°,, 203 ; lower, 207°, 208", 212’,
2E2". 210°, 220 , 22242229223 2223,
223" (223° 224° 023 P55 iipper, 200",
208", 208, 212°, 212°, 220, 220/224",
225.. 226) 225 2318230) s aaa,
262.
Niagara shale, 247%.
Nickles, J. M., cited, 204”.
Nucleospira, 199’.
concentrica, 223°, 254°-55°, 264.
elegans, 185°, 186°, 187°, 207°, 227°,
233°, 233', 255°, 204.
ventricosa, 146°, 207°, 219°, 220%,
255°, 204, 355.
Nuculites barretti sp. nov., 261°,
267; figure, 261.
gaspensis nov., 140°.
261",
Oatka Salt Co., 20°.
Office work, 9*-14°.
Oncoceras ovoides, 347’, 348°.
Onondaga limestone, 179°, 192°-93',
194°, 229°, 230, 231°; wanting in
Maryland, 201°.
Ontaric section of eastern New York,
by C. A. Hartnagel, 342-58.
Orange county, upper Siluric and
lower Devonic faunas of Trilobite
mountain, Orange county, by H. W.
Shimer, 173-260.
Orange county sections, 350*-57.
Orbiculoidea, 182°.
SP., T4Ad- SiG 220"
ampla, 185°, 2277, 240°, 264.
discus, 223”, 265.
nov. cf. grandis, 142°, 144°.
jervisensis, 188", 199°, 206%, 226°,
228%, 228°, 240°, 265.
cf. tenuilamellata, 356’.
Oriskany fauna, correlation study, 14°.
Oriskany limestone, 179%, 184-92",
194", 194°, 196, 197°, 199°, 200°, 202°,
203°, 220°; lower, 1857-88* 2057,
205", 200°, 212", 220°, 22622268 227°.
228", 234°; upper, 188°, 205°, 206’,
206", 212°, 220", 228°. 228°, 228° 2207
234°; thickness, 198’; fauna, 262.
Oriskany-Esopus swamp, 1917-92".
¢
GE
Orthis sp., 242°.
Orthoceras, 355’.
Sp. 147°, 222°, 259°-60, 267, 356°.
brainerdi, 296°.
helderbergiae, 207°, 259", 267.
insulare, 301°.
Orthoceratidae, 336°.
Orthochoanites, 336°, 337°.
Orthopora, 201°, 204’.
regularis, 181°, 182°, 207°, 219", 239’,
263.
rhombifera, 181°, 182
239°, 263.
Orthothetes, 162".
becraftensis, 145°.
interstriatus, 351°, «359 5351 5
356°.
woolworthanus, 185°, 189°,
197’, 197°, 197°, 198°, 200%,
230°, 239 8 DAT~242; 265.
mut. gaspensis, 145°.
Ortonia, 161%.
Sp... Sp:
Ostracoda, 268.
Oswego sandstone, 343°.
8 9 7
sy BOF. 3122T9:,
353
195",
208°,
Palaeopinna flabellum, 146°.
Parastrophia hemiplicata, 157°, 157°.
Parker, Sir Gilbert, cited, 136°.
Pelecypoda, 161°, 255°, 266.
Pelmatozoa, 238°, 262.
Penhallow, D. P., on fossil plants, 16°.
Percé, a brief sketch of its geology,
by John M. Clarke, 79, 134'-71°.
Percé rock massive, 141°-44".
Phacops sp., 156°, 162°, 229%, 220°, 268.
bombifrons, 147°.
correlator, 147°.
losailinn 144+) 14779 149°} = 15657162,
163", * 197° A004 207 55220,,¢ 222",
224*, 232", 260°, 268.
pipa, 260%, 268.
Tana, 193723052314
tumilobus, 163°.
Pholidops ovata, 144°, 197", 219", 224°,
240°, 265.
terminalis, 142°, 144°.
Phthonia cylindrica, 146°.
Phyllograptus shale, uppermost zone,
6".
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
-Piloceras, 326°,’ 326',| 320,03a4n
SP; 301". ;
figure, 302. . .
amplum, figure, 329.
explanator, explanation of plates,
376-84. Dove
newton-winchelli, 335°, 336°, 336’,.
337°, 339.
Plates, explanations, 359-84.
Platyceras sp:,. 147°, 20742211. e2t2
218", 224", 228", 257°-56 ,, 2am.
argynus nov., 143°, 147%.
conulus nov., 147”.
eucerus 70v., 147%.
cf. fornicatiim, 1472
gaspense n0v., 147°.
gibbosum, 224°, 257°, 267.
laciniatum nov., 147°.
lamellosum, 189°, 257*, 267.
cf. nodosum, 147°.
paxillatum nov., 147°.
_ platystoma, 185°, 226°, 257*, 267.
reflexum, 189°, 228°, 257°, 267.
tenuiliratum, 212’, 257', 267.
tortuosum, 143°, 147”.
ventricosum, 185°, 227°, 257°, 267.
Platyostoma, 162".
~Plectambonites sericeus, 160’.
Plethorhyncha barrandei, 146°.
pleiopleura, 146°.
Pleurotomaria sp., 209°, 267.
delia, 146°.
lydia, 146”.
? rotula nov., 146°.
cf. subdepressa, 351°.
voltumna, 146°.
Port Ewen beds, 179°, 184’, 193°, 194°,
195°, 107°,. 190, 200° pezogeneee.
203', 212", 212), 220.225 eee
234°; collections of fauna, 5°; upper,
205", 206°; lower, 206".
Port Jervis, lower Devonic rock sec-
tion at, 14°, 173-260.
| _ 5
Potsdam sandstone, fossil trails on,
18-20".
Poxino Island shale, 346°-47*, 348°.
Prismatophyllum inequalis, 349°, 351°.
Probolium perceensis, see Dalmanites
(Probolium) perceensis.
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST I903
Proetus pachydermatus, 352”.
phocion, 147°.
protuberans, 207*, 260°, 268.
Prosser, C. S., on fossil plants, 16°.
Proterocameroceras, 322°-26°, 330°.
brainerdi, 325°, 325°,,. 326°, 326°,
330, 332", 335, 3355 335:
Proteropiloceras, 326°, 320°, 330°, 330.
Protovaginoceras, 326°, 326°, 330°.
belemnitiforme, 326°, 326°, 326°.
Protozyga exigua, 160’.
Pterinea emacerata, 352°, 354°, 356°.
? gebhardi, 189°, 255°-56°.
var., 266.
naviformis, 207°, 256°, 267.
? textilis, 187°, 195°.
Pterinopecten proteus mut., 146°.
Pteropoda, 258°,. 267.
Pterygometopus cf. intermedius, 157’,
1587.
Ptilodictya frondosa, 348°-49".
Ptychopyge ulrichi, 157°, 158.
Publications, 9°-14°.
Rafinesquina, 157°, 160’.
Spy, 157".
Rensselaer grit, 342°.
Rensselaeria, 140°.
Sp., 146°.
aequiradiata, 180°, 181°, 185°, 187°,
260, 2217. 224°, 226°° 2A6™ 265:
mutabilis, 246°.
ovalis, 246°.
ovoides, 187°, 187°, 189°, 226°, 265.
var., 148°.
var. gaspensis nov., 143°, 146°.
subglobosa, 185", 186*, 187*, 188’,
Teg 227" 227.227) 6227",.. 246",
265.
Report of the State Paleontologist for
1902, 13"-14°.
Reticularia fimbriata, 193°, 230°, 252°,
265.
modesta, 189*, 189°, 219", 2237, 220%,
252) 205,
Rhaphanocrinus, 280°-82’.
gemmeus sp. nov., 280°-82’.
explanation of plate, 362.
figure, 281.
393
Rhipidomella sp., 144°.
assimilis, 244’, 265.
eminens, 244”, 205.
lehuquetiana nov., 144°.
logani nov., 144°.
musculosa, 144°, 242".
oblata, 185’, 186°, 197’, 198°, 2087,
ZNO, 220, 22%), 223, (223° 2258
220), 220 9227), 229", 232. i DAs.
265.
cf. preoblata, 354%.
tubulistriata, 212, 244° 265)
Rhynchonella, 199°.
altiplicata, 265.
bialveata, 2127, 265.
deckerensis, 354°.
formosa, 200°.
lamellata, 349°, 351°, 352°, 354‘, 355°.
litchfieldensis, 354°, 3557.
semiplicata, 181°, 207%, 265.
Rhynchospira, 146%.
formosa, 181°, 196", 207%, 212°, 226,
265.
globosa, 219°, 265.
Ries, Heinrich, cited, 177', 269’, 350°.
Rochester shale, 247°.
Rogers, EY. © cited, 175 ) 177°.
Rondout, structure of disturbed fos-
siliferous rocks in cement district
about, 4°-5*; investigations at, 17°.
Rondout formation, 342‘, 349’, 351°.
Rosendale cement, 356°.
Ruedemann, Rudolf, investigations,
6*; on cephalopods of Beekman-
town and Chazy formations, 16°;
Structure of some Primitive Cep-
halopods, 296-341.
Ruedemann collection, purchase of,
at".
Safford, J. M., cited, 188°.
St Louis Exposition, proposed ex-
hibit, 21°.
Salt mine at Wyoming proposed, 207-
2k
Sannionites, 303".
Sardeson, F. W., cited, 323°, 340°.
Sarle, Clifton J., description of
crustaceans from base of Salina
group, 20°.
394
Schizambon, 284’.
duplicimuratus sp. nov., 284°.
explanation of plate, 368.
typicalis, 284°.
Schizodus ventricosus, 146°.
‘Schizophoria amii nov., 144’.
bisinuata, 207*, 265.
multistriata 207 y) 225,
233, 2605.
Schoharie grit, 192°.
Schoharie limestone, 196°; wanting in
Maryland, 201°.
Schoharie region,
vey; 6 idee
Schroder, H., cited, 301*, 340°.
Schuchert, Charles, cited, 177°, 182°,
185°, 187°, 188% 194°, 199°, 203", 204°,
269", 269°.
Seely, H. M., investigations, 7’.
Shawangunk grit and conglomerate,
343'-46".
Shimer, Hervey Woodburn,
Siluric and Lower Devonic Faunas
of Trilobite Mountain, Orange
county, 173-260.
Siluric section of eastern New York,
by C. A. Hartnagel, 342-58.
Slate belt of eastern New~ York,
paleontology and stratigraphy, 6°.
Sphaerocystites multifasciatus,
200°.
Spirifer sp.,
1 s§
BAS 227%
stratigraphic sur-
1
145°, 352°, 354, 354.
arenosus, 140°, 143°, 145°, 148’, 149°,
TAGs HAG y yi! SI pcelO7 hp EOO LOO ,
190°, 198%, 229°, 251, 265.
concinnoides, 201°.
concinnus, 183’, 183°, 195°, 195°,
100!) Oy", 107", 200, 202, #202,
Boe 254 5233823550233 , 0240 5
50, 251205.
corallinensis, 195°, 353°, 354 -
crispus, 247°, 247*, 247°, 247°, 247’,
Ages BST, Qh
cumberlandiae, 201°.
cyclopterus, 149°, 179°, 181°, 182°,
189*, 195°, 195°, 196°, 197°, 197°,
197°, 198), 109, 100:?4200', .200%,
BOO 6, 207 40 20844212 5 220220
224°, 225". 225°, 2aneon!..220.
Upper |
200’,
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
227° \ e228". 232,142 eo
248°-49", 250, 250),
251 p25 1 yeas 1 -O2cuee
dolbeli nov., 143*, 145°.
eriensis var. 195°.
fimbriatus, 145°.
gaspensis, 145°.
Phera*nov., 145°.
macropleura, 182’,
195", 195°, 197’,
200°, 201 4 Bees
224 12244 224" Vane
225°) 250-525 252.
eS, 265.
Macrus, 103), 2305, 252 265.
modestus, 152°, 156°, 197°, 198%, 200".
var. nitidulus nov., 145°.
mucronatus, 252°.
murchisoni, 140°, 143°, 145°, 148,
149°, 149°, 149°, 151, TOO maga.
184*, 185°, 186%, 188°, 188°, 189°,
189‘, 189°, 196°, 198%, 205°, 206°,
206°, 206°, ,2271, 227.0228 wieaee
228, 229', 220", 220°, 234°, 234,
248", 24097, 250°-5) yi 258 5aesee
265.
zone, 188°, 199.
cf. niagarensis, 156°.
octocostatus ?, 220°.
petilus, 248", 251°.
superbus, AS
tribulis, 201°.
vanuxemi, 169°, 179°, 193, 196%, 198,
232', 233°,
250°, .250°,
265.
, 183°) 3S;
197°, 199°, 200°,
220°, 223° 022,
225 2aer
200°, 200°, .200°; , 200). Zig saauee
213’, 213, 214, Zine geen
215’, 215°, 2107) 2iGe we oie
246°-48', 248", 248°, 248°, 251°, 265,
3525 B52 5 i855e:
Spirorbis latissimus nov., 147°.
Spongia, 262.
Spring House lot, lease of, 20°.
Staff, 21°-22°.
Stenochisma formosa, 185°, 186%, 187°,
227s BAS POs!
Straparollina, 292'-93’.
asperostriatus, 293’.
harpa sp. nov., 292'-93°.
explanation of plate, 368.
Stratigraphic and areal maps, 17*-18*.
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE PALEONTOLOGIST 1903 395
Syntrophia, 285'-86’.
multicosta sp. nov., 285°-86'.
explanation of plate, 368.
Streptelasma cf. caliculus, 156°.
strictum, see Enterolasma (Strep-
telasma) strictum.
Stromatopora, 198°, 210°.
Eaneenttica, 160°, 210',. 216, 216° :
ae OS Ae ae ; ’ | Tentaculite band, 213°.
> b ’ 2 °
. ; ] Sp 207, 207.
Stropheodonta becki, 183’, 184°, 189° Tentaculites sp., 207%, 267 }
: a ae , S acula, “105;,,20L, 220,227 227"
189°, 195°, LOZ. Oy 200", 207°, 508! i Qs. So ’ , ’ »
Peegett +, 216,219 , 220. 222°, eso ivy
224", 225°, 2254 225° 2261 226° CATECh WOU! TAZ «
5) ?
220' eh a 232° 233', 234, 240° elongatus, 143°, 147°, 185°, 186", 188",
? ) S
ae , ) a ee 10 197" Oe 199’,
bipartita, a5r, 352", 354, 354". ee pe ss ef vee pre sig
crebristriata mut. simplex nov., as Oca ees
145¢ 258 5 AO ‘
ee 14s! gyracanthus, 180", 198", 200°, 200%,
’ NM 3 Fs) 3 5 8 8
hunti nov., 145°. joey Ad 213) 213; eee sv
lincklaeni, 142°, igs pe oe 220, 221, 259, 207,
magniventer, 145°. 7 » 350- : ,
parva mut. avita nov., 145%. | ee Oe ee
Pateeoanit tow! ee Se Cae Terataspis grandegrevensis, see Lichas
145" ; ' (Terataspis) grandegrevensis.
ae eG) ike! iso 182 | Terebellum subulatum, 293’.
% > , , ’ 5] Zier
181°, 196°, 196", 198", 207%, 200%, Trematopora, I61'.
a 3 4 i j | Fete multistriata, 1837, 199°
2007 209, 200, 210.210, 210, | i ; :
ele Zis., 213 Al Aeanagnar a’, | ay ue i oy ee at
2 : oak erforata 2 2
Aine 2U5 520 5),. 205 nan ote, | P 54°;
| Tretaspis reticulatus, 157%,
| Trilobita, 2607, 268, 295".
| Trilobite bed, 220°.
_ Trilobite mountain, Orange county,
upper Siluric and lower Devonic
faunas, by H. W. Shimer, 173-269;
Sy ees
2m. 221", 221°," 240", 240265. 57, 158
var. atata, 208°, 217’, 241°, 265.
5 8
Strophomena sp., 157°, 227°.
Strophonella ampla, 145°.
conradi, 185°, 226°, 227°, 241°
continens nov., 145°.
ae.
equalis nov., 145°.
name suggested, 227°.
eee LOr".
equiplicata nov., 145°. | Zt ‘
senile (hee oes | canale nov., 143", 146°.
I : = 9
headleyana, 183%, 222°, 223%, 2247, Tropidodiscus peace nov., 146°.
225°, 232° 24142" 266 : | wakehami, 146°.
] , ’ 7 | . . °
leavenworthana, 2427, 266 | Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils
punctulifera, 184°, 207°, 212°, 2177, | pee York ptate Museum,
220', 225°, 232', 233°, 233° 242° II-13°; supplement 1, 43'-133*.
266. /
radiata, 1077. | Ulrich, E. O,, cited, 260%.
Strophostylus expansus var., TAGs | Uncinulus sp., 210°, 211°, 2177 2187,
Structure of some Primitive Cephalo- | 220°, 266.
pods, by R. Ruedemann, 296-341. campbellanus, 195°, 197°, 199°, 201°,
Subretepora, 157%. 232 232" \BACPY 266,
Subulites, 293”, mutabilis, 146°, 198°, 207°, 211°, 266.
Taymondi sp. nov., 293°. nucleolatus, 181°, 196°, 207%, 245*
explanation of plate, 366. | 266.
396
Uncinulus pyramidatus, 181°,
225°, 245°, 266.
vellicatus, 185%, 187°, 227°, 232’, 266.
Unio alatus, 288°.
Unitrypa nervia, 219’, 239°, 263.
praecursa, 181", 207°, 219", 230°, 263.
Uralichas ribeiroi, 144’.
207°,
Vaginoceras, 303°, 305°, 322°-26°.
belemnitiforme, 298°, 305*, 311’, 313°-
EO’, Sig, 322, 3506
figures, 305, 317.
multitubulatum, 326’.
vaginatum, 326°.
wahlenbergi, 326°.
Valcour Island, fauna of the Chazy
limestone, by G. H. Hudson, 7’,
270-95.
van Ingen, Gilbert, study of region
about Rondout, 5°; investigations
at. Rondout, 17°; cited, 166. .101',
194", 196*, 196°, 198’, 269°.
Vanuxem, Lardner, cited, 344°.
Vermipora serpuloides, 185°, 1867, 223”,
227 232. ZIG, 20%)
Verrill, A. E., cited, 334°, 3417.
Watkins quadrangle, areal survey,
8*-9%.
Waverly quadrangle,
8*-o*.
areal survey,
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Weller, Stuart, cited, 183°, 190°, 194°,
198°, 215", 242°, 244°7246*, 248°, 269°,
347°.
White, David, on fossil plants, 17°.
- White, I. C., cited, 193°, 260°.
Whiteaves, cited, 300°, 300°.
Whitfield, R. P., investigations, 77;
cited, 296°, 333°, 340°, 340°.
Whitfieldella cf. bisulcata, 162".
cf. nitida, 195°.
nucleolata, 180°, 180°, 181’, 209”, 200°,
209", 210°, 213’, 213° Saree
214°, 216%, 216) 207,225 gee
221°, 254°, 266, 351°, 353, 355-
sulcata, 351 23525
Wilbur limestone, 356°.
Woodworth, J. B., account of trails.
on surface of Potsdam sandstone,
—-18°-20°.
Wyoming, proposed salt mine at, 20°-
ar.
Zaphrentis ?, 230°.
sp. 262.
cingulosa, 156°.
corticata, 156*.
roemeri, 180°, 1817, 210", 235°, 262.
Zittel, K., cited, 300°, 324°.
Zygospira, 157°.
cf. uphami, 157°.
Appendix 4 : | :
ees Museum bulletin 71
eding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria
Published monthly by the
University of the State of New York
BULLETIN 296 SEPTEMBER 1903
New York State Museum
ei FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director
4
;
is oa
ad
/
us
Bulletin 71
ZOOLOGY 10
FEEDING HABITS AND GROWTH
OF
VENUS MERCENARIA
BY
JAMES L. KELLOGG Ph. D,
PAGE PAGE
WREGOOCUIOM Soc cee + se nye ee oe 3 | Growth under wire netting ...... 23
Feeding habits of Venus, growth a Growth above the bottom....... 23
TCM LOOM aig Sie soi «hs 2y 0s 0s On| EGIL eS 5. 2. 4 ce detain Sees... 24
Growth experiments ......:.... Lt uh COLE RISTOII. Ne 20h ic stuns ee a 25
LENT 51S ees ae ae 1Sr) Description OF Moumes sa. 2% 5 mise « 26
Growth between tide lines....... LOS fh Hasire se SSeS a eee face 28
Wandering habits of Venus..... DAN; Lier wots. : sous aut. cera Ala nae 28
tOdOdTCL aM ae va
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University of the State of New York
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New York State Museum
FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director
Bulletin 71
ZOOLOGY 10
FEEDING HABITS AND GROWTH
VENUS MERCENARIA
Introduction
In a previous bulletin of the New York State Museum,! attention
was directed to the fact that both the hard clam, or little-neck, and
the common long-neck clam were rapidly diminishing in numbers,
not only in the waters of New York State, but also along the entire
Atlantic coast where these forms have previously been found. After
a careful examination of a large part of the coast of New England
and Long Island, it appeared that the apprehensions of many mar-
ket men and clammers concerning the growing scarcity of these
forms were well founded. It was not intended that the attitude of
an alarmist should be assumed. Clams still may be had at almost
any hotel or restaurant. Even if the natural beds alone are depended
on, as heretofore, a certain supply may be had for some time. But
it is certainly true that, unless something is done to check or
modify the indiscriminate and unintelligent methods of taking these
forms now in vogue, the supply is finally to fail more or less
completely everywhere, as it has already failed in many localities.
That time is not remote. It is difficult for one not personally
familiar with the clam flats and beaches, and their histories, to
realize the truth of such a statement. While at any time one may
obtain fresh or canned lobsters in the market, it is difficult to
interest him by the statement that he may not long be able to
1Clam and Scallop Industries of New York State. N. Y.State Mus.
Bul. 43.
4 ; f NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
indulge his taste for them; yet even now lobsters are danger-
ously near extinction on our coast. But it is the consumer who
should be interested, if possible, because from him, through his
representatives in the Legislature, must come the action which
shall make possible new and intelligent methods of propagation
which may preserve the supply.
Unpleasant facts of this kind, in any case, should be considered
seriously by the public-spirited citizen; but his interest would be
enlisted, and his support obtained much more readily, if he could
be shown some practical way out of the difficulty.
It has been proved, I think beyond question, that, not only are
methods of cultivating the common clam, Mya arenaria, easy and
inexpensive, but the results of the labor involved are astonishingly
great. “Seed” clams may readily be obtained in many localities.
They may, when necessary, be transported from one place to
another without injury. The planting is a simple process. Small
individuals may even be sown broadcast on a soft bottom like so
much grain. Unlike the oyster, the salinity of the water makes
little difference with their growth. Most important of all, their
growth is extremely rapid.
~This method of culture, the details of which have been carefully
worked out and tested in artificial beds, was developed after a study
of the life history, the habits, and the conditions of growth. Every-
thing of scientific interest concerning the form has not been
investigated. The early stages of development from the egg, for
example, are not yet known; but enough wa’ known to devise an
entirely satisfactory and practical method of culeGiae and this
method has been thoroughly tested.
The question may be asked, why, if the demand is increasing
and prices are rising, if the supply has everywhere fallen off, and
if a cheap and practical method of culture has been devised, do
not those who are interested in supplying the market become clam
“farmers,” instead of remaining clam-diggers?
The answer is that ancient laws still leave beaches and flats to
the people. They are public grounds where all have equal rights.
On them any one may dig at any time. No man has a right to
plant and protect his clams, and clam culture is impossible. To
VENUS MERCENARIA 5
repeal a law of this character is extremely difficult, for it appeals
to the many as a cession of their rights to the privileged few. But
all would have equal rights to the property by lease or purchase.
Good beaches are very numerous, and there is little danger that
any would be excluded who might desire such property. The sale
and lease of bottoms to oystermen along the shores of Long Island,
have apparently worked injustice to no person who is desirous of
entering that occupation. At a very few points on the coast, por-.
tions of flats have been leased to clammers. These experiments
have failed because of a lack of adequate protection. Unless such
a system, with proper protection, is introduced by the repeal of
old, and the enactment of new laws, soft clam culture will be
impossible, and such laws can be had only when they are desired
by the people at large.
~The little-neck clam, Venus mercenaria, grows most abundantly
below the low tide line, where it is taken by means of tongs. Much
of the shallow bottom about Long Island, in which clams were
_ formerly taken, has been leased to oystermen. The profit from
oyster culture is much greater, acre for acre, than that derived
from the taking of hard clams, which are left to propagate by the
natural method. The areas left to clammers are now limited, and
the greater part of the supply used in the canning industry comes
from the southern coast. At the same time, clams are rapidly
‘diminishing in the available beds.
The little-neck is also found between tide lines. This fact
suggested experiments to determine whether they grow well in
such places. Beaches and flats are not now generally available
by lease. If this were given, these areas could be more easily
protected than those in deeper water, and the matter of planting
and digging would be greatly simplified. It is of the utmost
importance, however, that clams not continually submerged
should increase in size with some degree of rapidity, to insure the
success of culture methods under these conditions. An account
will be given of this growth in Venus. ;
Very little is known of the growth of lower organisms. Among
the Lamellibrarchiata, the group of mollusks to which the clams
belong, much is known concerning the growth of the oyster,
which, for many years, has been artificially reared in Europe and
6 ‘ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
America. But, till very recently, no observations have been
made on the growth of any clam. In work for the United States
Fish Commission, the results of which have not yet been pub-
lished, Mya was reared in many places, the experiments being
carried out on a large scale. In many ways the results were
astonishing, particularly in regard to the rapidity of growth.
Not only was the actual amount of growth observed, but also
the conditions under which it was least and most rapid, or
: altogether impossible. It was my desire to continue the same
line of work with Venus, as nothing was known concerning its
growth or the conditions governing. it. Though from lack of
time and facilities, these experiments were not extensive, they
were most encouraging, and show that this form also increases
in size rapidly, even when exposed at low tide.
Feeding habits of Venus. Growth a matter of food
Within wide limits, rapidity of growth in clams seems to depend
directly on the amount of food. In order to make clear the con- »
ditions under which rapid growth is possible, the feeding habits oi
Venus should be described.
Before such a description is possible, some anatomical features
must be noticed. In a clam bed, the animal lies but a short dis-
tance below the surface of the bottom. Though the shell is entirely
hidden, the creature reaches up to the water above by means of a
fleshy extension of the body, which has the form of a double
tube. These tubes are known as the siphons, and may quickly be
retracted within the valves of the shell. On a smooth bottom, the
ends of the siphons may be seen, when the animal is undisturbed,
extending out to the level of the surface. A close inspection will
show that a steady stream of water is entering one tube [fig. 1,
in. Ss] and leaving the other [ex.s]. The margin of the first tube
is crowned by short, tactile tentacles. When touched by foreign
bodies floating in the water, these sense organs cause a closing
of the incurrent siphon, or perhaps a retraction of the entire
structure. The microscopic diatoms, which form the food of
clams, are so small and so evenly diffused in the currents, that
they do not induce these movements.
:
VENUS MERCENARIA ; 7
When the animal is removed from the bed, the tight fitting
valves of the shell are found to be firmly closed. It may be neces-
sary to break the shell in order to insert a knife, blade by means of
which the two powerful muscles which connect the valves, and
by their strong contraction close them, may be cut. Removing
one half of the shell, it is seen that both shell valves are lined on
their inner surfaces by thin, fleshy flaps which grow out from the
sides of the body. These are known as the mantle folds [fig. 1, m],
and they inclose a large space, the mantle or branchial chamber,
in which is found the main part of the body. The body, however,
does not entirely fill the mantle chamber, but a large space remains
which is filled with water. The siphons are seen to be simply a
modified portion of the mantle. It is into this space that-the
inflowing stream of water, bearing the microscopic food, must
enter. The manner in which the food is collected and passed into
the mouth will be described presently. While the mantle folds
are free at their margins, their edges are closely applied to each
other, and the mantle chamber is essentially a closed space, except-
ing for the siphonal openings.
If now one of these mantle folds be cut away, the body is
exposed from the side and appears as represented in figure 1.
_ The mantle fold on the farther side is shown at m, lining the
entire inner surface of the shell valve, s. — :
Two large, conspicuous folds, 1g and og, the gills, arising from
the side of the body, hang free in the mantle chamber. In this
position, they are continually bathed by the incoming stream of
water, and they perform a very important function in addition to
that of the aeration of the blood —that of food collection. Just
anterior to the gills, and behind the large anterior adductor muscle,
aa, are two small folds, ap and pp, the labial palps. The portion
of the palp seen in the figure, ap, is simply the lateral extension of
a fold which hangs in front of the mouth like a huge lip drawn out
to a point on the sides. The posterior palp is similarly placed
behind the mouth. The mouth opening is on the median line
behind the anterior adductor muscle, and is hidden from view by
the closely applied palps. It is a funnellike entrance to the
digestive tract, and, because the food of the clam is microscopi-
& : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
cally small, it is supplied with no special organs such as teeth or
rasping structures.
I would call particular attention to the relation in position
between these palps and the anterior edges of the gills; for I wish
presently to describe the manner in which food is transferred from
gills to palps, and by these into the mouth.
When the gills are removed, there is exposed the main mass of
the body [vm, fig. 2] which is made up chiefly of a large colored
gland, the function of which is the secretion of the digestive fluid,
and the greatly developed sexual glands. This body in anatom-
ical descriptions, is called the visceral mass, to distinguish it
from the muscular organ which is developed on its under or
ventral surface —the so called foot, f. The last named organ
is represented in the figure as being contracted within the
mantle chamber. It is capable of great distension and, in a
large clam, may be projected for a distance of two or three
inches from the edges of the shell. Though a fleshy structure,
it is, when protruded, quite tough and firm, being made rigid by a
large quantity of blood which is pumped into it by the heart, in
order to cause its distension. The foot is an organ of locomotion,
and is also used in burrowing. It is possible for Venus to creep
about by means of its thrusting and wormlike movements; but I
believe that the animal uses it in this way much less than is
generally supposed, and this is a point of much interest to the
clam culturist.
In order to understand the mechanism by means of which food
is collected, it is necessary to describe in more detail the structure
of gills and palps. The gills are the most complicated organs
in the bodies of lamellibranchs, and must be described here as
briefly and as simply as possible, without mentioning their won-
derful histological structure. Outer and inner gills are practically
the same. Suppose that one of these is carefully removed from
its line of attachment to the body, and studied by means of the
microscope from the surface and in section: such an examina-
tion shows the gill to be not a solid flap or fold, but an
exquisitely minute basketlike structure with an outer and
inner wall inclosing a space between. These walls are made
VENUS MERCENARIA 9
of extremely fine rods placed side by side, as represented
in the most diagrammatic way possible in figure 3. In order that
these rods, r, may retain their position, they are in many forms,
irregularly fused with each other by secondary lateral growths of
tissue, ic. The outer and inner walls of the gill are also held
together by partitions which extend across the inner space between
them, /. The gill is thus seen to be basketlike, the walls being
‘made of rods between which are spaces, s, which put the interior
chamber in communication with the mantle space in which the
gills hang. |
These rods, or filaments, of which the gill is made, contain an
interior space in which the blood flows. They were probably
primarily developed in order that the blood of the body might be
brought in close contact with the water, that, by diffusion, the
carbon dioxid of the blood might pass outward through the thin
walls, while, by the same process, oxygen, carried by the water,
might pass into the blood. But, in addition to performing the
function of breathing, the gills have taken on that of collecting
minute organisms used as food. This is accomplished by a com-
plicated process. }
We have seen that a constant stream of water entered the mantle
or branchial chamber. What becomes of it? And what is it that
causes the current? All of this water in the mantle chamber streams
through the minute openings between the filaments of the gill and
enters its interior space. It now rises to the base of the gill, and
flows into a tube, the epibranchial chamber [fig. 1, ec], through
which it passes backward, leaving the body by the upper or exhalent
siphon, which is directly continuous with the epibranchial chambers
of the four gills. The currents which we first noticed, then, enter
the mantle chamber by the lower siphon, pass into the-interiors of
the four gills, flow to their upper or attached edges, and are directed
backward and out through the upper siphon tubes of the mantle.
The cause of these rapid currents is revealed by a microscopic
examination of the rods or filaments of the gills. These are found
to be covered on their outer surfaces, which face the water on
both sides of the gill, with innumerable short, hairlike structures
which project perpendicularly from the surface. These cilia
TO : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
are protrusions of the living protoplasm of the cells which form
the walls of the filaments. Each possesses the power of movement,
lashing in a definite direction, and recovering the original per-
pendicular position more slowly. This movement is so rapid that
it can not be seen till nearly stopped by inducing the gradual
death of the protoplasm. It is very effective in causing strong
currents in the surrounding water.
A microscopic examination, and direct experiment with minute,
floating particles, will show that other cilia are present on the
filaments than those which cause the water to enter the gills. The
diagrammatic figure of the gill [fig. 3] does not show why the
minute food particles may not be taken into the interior of the
gill by the entering stream of water, and finally out of the body
through the broad water channels. This is prevented by long
cilia arranged in bands which project out laterally between con-
tiguous filaments in such a way as to strain the water which enters.
the gill, thus preventing all floating matter from entering. These
highly specialized cilia tracts of lamellibranch gills, I have called
the “straining lines.”4 In some forms there is a single line, in
others there are two. In some cases the lines are formed by a
single row of cells; or a section across the line sometimes reveals
several closely crowded cells bearing the greatly elongated strain-
ing cilia.
That foreign matter is really excluded as the current of water
enters the gill, may be demonstrated by direct experiment on a
living gill. Carmine may be ground into a fine powder, and
suspended in water without becoming dissolved. If a small
amount of this is allowed to fall on the surface of a living gill, it
will be seen to lodge there. A wonderful thing now occurs. A
myriad of separate minute grains, which may represent the food
of the clam, are almost instantly cemented together by a sticky
mucus which is secreted by many special gland cells in the fila-
ments, and the whole mass, impelled by the oscillations of the
cilia, begins to move with some velocity toward the lower
or free edge of the gill, On this free margin is a groove
into which the material collected on the faces of the gill is turned.
1 Kellogg, J. L. Contribution to Our Knowledge of Morphology of Lamelli-
brauchiate Mollusks. U.S. Fish Com. Bul. 1892.
VENUS MERCENARIA ja
This groove is also lined by ciliated cells, and the whole mass is
swept swiftly forward in it toward the palps. The natural food
of the clam, of course, is carried forward in the same way. It is
evident that a large proportion of the organisms floating in the
water which enters the mantle chamber must come in contact with
the sides of the gills, and be carried forward to the mouth folds,
to which they may be transferred.
These points may be made more clear by referring to the diagram
[fig. 4]. It represents a section made transversely across the fila-
ments of a typical lamellibranch gill. In a single gill there are
thousands of these rods. But five are shown here on each side,
standing in row to form the perforated walls of the gill. Each rod
is represented as being more or less oval, when its cut end is
viewed in this way. In three places are shown the lateral union
of filaments. The reference letters 1g are supposed to be placed
in the interior space of the gill, and p shows the nature of the
partition, or septum, which, at more or less regular intervals,
stretches across this space and holds the two walls of the gill
together.
The details of cellular structure have been drawn in two
filaments. The long, straining cilia, which stretch across the spaces
between rods, are shown at sc, and the arrow indicates the course
taken by the water current as it enters the interior of the gill. The
cilia which cause this entering current are the frontal cilia, fe.
Opening on the surface between them and the straining cilia are
the gland cells, gc, the secretion from which cements together the
food particles.
This figure is not intended to represent the details of structure
found in the gill of Venus, which is much more complicated in
many ways. The general plan of structure and of function in that
form, however, is very much as represented, and this diagram is
used because it may be so much more easily described.
If we now examine the palps with a hand lens, we may notice
that their inner surfacés—those nearest to the mouth —are
covered by a set of very fine parallel ridges. The lateral portions
of the palps are shown in figure 2, ap and pp. They are capable of
many movements. They may be bent and spirally twisted,
12 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
lengthened or shortened, and, if their inner faces touch the edges
of the gills, any material which is being brought to this region is
transferred onto the ridges of the palp. This is accomplished by
strong cilia which are developed on the ridges. These same cilia
carry the foreign matter on across the ridges, and finally force it
into the mouth [arrow on pf].
This, in brief, is the method by which clams and mint and
other lamellibranchs collect and ingest their food. The process,
till very recently, has not been closely studied, but this auto-
matic feeding process has been known in a general way for a
long time. It has sometimes been said that, if a lamellibranch
is to prevent suspended mud from being collected by the
gills, it must close its shell, thus entirely preventing all ingress
of water into the body. It has been found that these creatures
have no more control over the activities of the cilia which have
been described than a man has over the cilia in his trachea. As
long as the animals live, the cilia continue to lash in the same
definite directions, though their activities soon become lessened
after the shell is removed.
But I have found that the animal can prevent food or particles
of dirt from being taken to the mouth while the stream of water
is yet flowing. It seems never to have been suspected that
complicated mechanisms existed, by means of which collected
particles could at once be discharged from the body. They are
present, however, probably in all lamellibranchs, differing some-
what in different forms, and I shall describe the comparatively
simple one which is found in. Venus.
If the mantle and gills are removed from one side of the body,
so as to expose the visceral mass and the foot, and the creature is
put into a dish of sea water, grains of carmine, which are allowed
to settle on the surface of the visceral mass, at once indicate the
presence of a ciliation there, as well as on palps and gills. These
experiments require care and patience, but they show with great
certainty that the most definite cilia currents exist in this region.
These are indicated by the arrows placed on the visceral mass in
figure 2. It will be seen that all the currents converge at a definite
point, x, just above the line of the base of the muscular foot on the
VENUS MERCENARIA T3
posterior margin of the visceral mass. Any material, then, which
touches this surface, instead of being taken toward the mouth,
tends to be forced in the opposite direction. Immediately on
touching the wall of the visceral mass, the fine particles are
cemented together by an abundant mucus, as on the gills. When
much carmine or mud is used, a large ball of it is collected at +.
It will be noticed that this region lies directly in the path of the
- incoming stream of water from the branchial or lower siphon; and
at first sight it would seem that from this position there could be
no means by which it could escape from the mantle chamber.
Clams undisturbed in the bottom, however, from time to time
may be seen to discharge a strong jet of water from both siphons.
This habit of many lamellibranchs is better shown in Mya. When
these clams are kept in a bucket of water over night, the floor will
be wet for many feet around it in the morning, and indeed one
may at any time when they are so kept, see them violently close
the shell by contracting the adductor muscles, thus emptying the
mantle chamber by throwing a strong jet out of both siphons.
This peculiar habit of all lamellibranchs which have been observed
is, without doubt, for the purpose of removing masses of material
which the animal can not use as food.
This is not the only means of discharging undesirable material
from the mantle chamber. If the entire body be removed, leaving
only the mantle lining the sheil on one side, it also will be found
to be ciliated. In this case, as illustrated in figure 5, everything
is swept downward toward the free edge of the mantle, and falls
into a line parallel with the edge, and is then directed backward.
Particles which may fall on the extreme edge are also passed into
this well marked stream. Everything is directed backward, but
can not be carried out of the incurrent siphon against the stream
which is entering through it. “In a little bay beneath the base of
the siphon, where it is out of the current, the material is collected.
By the contraction of the adductor muscles, and the resulting
emptying of the mantle chamber, as described above, thi- col-
lected mass is expelled.
But, in spite of the activities of these two surfaces, which tend
to rid the body of material not fit for food, it is evident that, if
14 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
much mud is entering, large quantities of it must be collected on
the gills and be sent forward toward the mouth. I have spoken
of the fact that the palps are capable of extended movements. If
they are withdrawn so as not to touch the gills, material will
accumulate in the anterior parts of the gill grooves till masses are
formed so large that they fall off into the space of the mantle
chamber below — perhaps to be taken up by the currents on the
mantle. At any rate, they would be discharged when the mantle
space was emptied. I have no doubt, especially after what I have
observed in forms like Yoldia, that the palps of Venus are from
time to time withdrawn from contact with the gills, in order
that they may receive no material from them.
It is when we come to examine the palps that we find the most
complex arrangement for keeping material from entering the
mouth when that is desirable. A close examination of the inner
faces of the palp shows a narrow strip around its margin which
is without the ridges previously described. Both of these margins
are very densely ciliated. When suspended material falls on the
upper margin, it is carried up onto the surface of the ridges | fig.
2, um| and across them to the mouth. Anything which touches
the other margin, on the other hand, is swept with great rapidity
in the other direction— out to the end of the palp, where it
accumulates and is finally thrown off into the mantle chamber
below. It is true*that this margin is narrow, and not much
material suspended in the water would strike it; but probably
when a large quantity is collected on other parts of the palp,
this edge is folded over so as to touch these heavily laden sur-
faces, and sweeps them clean.
It thus appears that there are extensive ciliary tracts for collect-
ing and conveying food to the mouth; but that, in addition to
these, there are other ciliated surfaces by means of which unde-
sirable material may be excluded without the necessity of closing
the shell. Because of the advantage of sustaining the
aeration of the blood, this must be of very great service when the
water is muddy.
In this description of the feeding habits of Venus many
important details have been omitted, particularly in regard to the
VENUS MERCENARIA ? - 15
anatomy of the gill, which is much more complicated than is
indicated in the figures.
The question of food is an important one when we are searching
for means of rearing this clam by some culture method. In order
to force the growth of oysters in French claires, water is held in
reservoirs back of the beds till the contained diatoms may have
multiplied greatly, and is then allowed to run over the beds. Such
_ methods are expensive, and under proper natural conditions, Venus
will grow very much faster than either the European or American
oyster. Enough has been said of the food of Venus to make it
clear that, if it were raised on beaches or flats, we should not
expect to find so rapid a growth as if it were never exposed, for
feeding is impossible without water currents. I hope to show,
however, that growth seems to be very rapid even under these
circumstances. .
| Growth experiments
Before speaking of these experiments, it will be well to make
it clear that the planting was done on a small scale, and was
pursued under the most adverse circumstances. I believe that the
results as we have them are perfectly certain and they are most
satisfactory as they are; but I am also sure that under favorable
conditions growth would have been very much greater.
A trip was made to Riverhead, and the shore examined carefully
as far as Greenport. Many clams are found along this shore,
and several sites were located, which, so far as currents and char-
acter of bottom were concerned, seemed to be ideal. In every
case, however, I was assured that clams would not be allowed to
remain unmolested for a week. So certain did this seem, that the
very mutch less favorable harbor at Cold Spring, on the sound,
was selected. Here also it appeared that no portion of any of the
beaches would be free from molestation by clam-diggers. The
only thing to be done was te ask the privilege of a small space on
an oyster bed which extended close to the low water mark. This
was granted by Captain Jones, who has my sincere thanks for
this favor, and also for the kindly interest which he showed in the
work. |
The rights of the oystermen seem to be strictly respected. I
ventured to run some of my beds up on the narrow beach nearly
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
to the high tide line, marking them by labeled wires which were
run down out of sight. These I easily found in the winter, but some
of the beds had been raked clean. Others certainly escaped ob-
servation. Before planting, the ground was raked, that I might
be assured that no little-neck clams were present init. Iam very
positive that the beds and sealed wire cages on the oyster ground
had not been touched when they were examined after an interval
of six months. |
But the unfavorable conditions were these. Everywhere above
and below these beds, oysters covered the bottoms as close as they
could lie. They take from the water the same floating organisms
which Venus uses for its food. Everywhere, too, above and below
low tide line, soft clams were burrowed almost as close as they
could be placed. They also use the same food. Now, we have
experimental evidence to show that the growth of all these forms
is, up to a certain point, directly proportionate to the amount of
food. They all grew here; for, on account of the conditions of the
upper harbor, where at high tide the shallow water, fed by fresh-
water streams, was warmed for hours by the sun, diatoms must
have multiplied with great rapidity, and, when carried out,
offered abundant food. But undoubtedly none of these lamelli-
branchs grew as they would if the life of the bottom had not been
so abundant.
As an example of the number of these organisms on the bot-
tom, this case may be cited. A flowerpot, 4 inches across the top,
filled with clean sand, was sunk nearly to the level of the ground
on June 19, 1901. In it was placed a little-neck clam. When.
examined Dec. 28 of the same year—six months afterward—the
sand in this pot contained 11 soft-shelled clams ranging from half
to three quarters of an inch in length, besides the hard clam, which
had increased considerably in size. These soft clams had settled
in the pot from the swimming larval condition, as they settled
elsewhere on the bottom, and had begun to grow. It is most
reasonable to suppose that, if this hard clam had been growing on
almost any beach where less life was being supported, its growth
would have been more rapid, for diatoms are more or less abund-
ant all along the shore.
VENUS MERCENARIA ; 17
Another serious hindrance to the growth of clams is the presence
of the seaweeds, Ulva (sea lettuce) and Enteromorpha which,
| during the greater part of the year, grow profusely after their
attachment to large pebbles or other solid bodies on the bottom.
Not only the larger stones on these beds, but, especially, the wire
cages which were sunk into the bottom, were in December
more or less completely covered by them. In extended experi-
ments on the growth of the soft clam, Mya, the same difficulty
was met with in many localities. The masses of weed, flattened
out on the bottom by the tide currents, greatly hinder the clams
underneath from obtaining from the water their needed food.
My experiments with both forms show that this condition is
detrimental to the best results. If one were free to select
sandy ground which would afford no means of attachment, this
difficulty would not appear.
These matters are spoken of in detail because the results which
will be given should, without doubt, have been far greater. Any
one with rights to certain parts of a beach, who could watch his
beds at all times of the year, could, with very little labor, prevent
these drawbacks.
Still another difficulty attending the work at Cold Spring was
the fact that it was almost impossible to obtain clams small enough
for planting. None were to be had in this locality. A number
were sent from Jamesport, L. I., but most of them were of
marketable size, and hence too large for the most important part
of the experiment. The smaller ones came from New Bedford
Mass., and these had perhaps previously been received from Edgar-
town. It must however be said that the hard clam, like the oyster
and quite unlike the soft clam, Mya, will live for many days, and
even for weeks, after being removed from the water during the
hot summer time, without apparent injury. The soft clam may be
preserved in this way for a long time during the winter, and very
small individuals may safely stand much exposure in hot weather;
but the larger forms of this species succumb after a short time.
The tenacity of life in the small Venus may also be greater than
in the adult, but nothing is known in regard to it.
18 } NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Methods
Each clam was measured in sixteenths of an inch at the time of
planting, and also when taken from the bottom six months after-
ward. Merely to state the increase in length, however, gives no
adequate idea of the actual growth. It is much better to give the
increase in volume. To state that a clam increases “irom
1,%, to 14% inches in a certain time gives little idea of its actual —
growth. If individuals of the two sizes are held in the hand and
compared by the eye, the bulk of one is seen to be much greater
than that of the other. It is really this increase in volume which
we wish to determine, so each clam was measured also by deter-
mining its displacement in water. A table was made showing the
displacement of clams of various sizes. For example, many indi-
viduals just 1 inch in length were measured in a graduated vessel.
There is some slight variation, because some are thicker than
others. The average of many measurements, however, shows
that a clam’ of this’ length displaces’ 2'5:c.em. "> Phe eaveraes
displacement of other sizes was determined in the same way.
To illustrate the difference in the two ways of stating the
increase, we may compare clams 1 and 2 inches in length. One
is 100% longer than the other. One has a volume of 2.5 c.cm, the
other a volume of 22 c.cm; and, while a clam 1 inch long has
increased in length 100%, it has increased in bulk or volume 7804.
This increase in size or volume is what we wish to determine.
Suppose that in a certain bed are placed clams al! of a size.
When these are dug, after a lapse of several months, some indi-
viduals will have increased in size more than others, though the
differences may not be great. In order to determine the increase
in such a bed, the arithmetical mean length of the whole series
has been calculated, and the volume of the mean has been com-
pared with the volume of the clams when planted.
In one bed, for example, several clams 1 53, inches in length were
planted. In six months they were removed, and the length of each
individual carefully measured. There was some individual variation
in the length; so the mean length of the series was calculated. It
was found to be 112 inches. The average volume of clams 13
16
inches long is 4.5 c.cm; that of individuals 14% inches long is
VENUS MERCENARIA : 19
\
. ° ° a
14.5 c.cm, or 3.22 times as great. The increase in volume in the
six months, therefore, was 222%.
Growth between tide lines
The most important point brought out in this experiment is the
fact that growth is considerable on bottoms exposed for several
hours at low tide. This is shown in the following cases.
A line of flowerpots was run from below ordinary low water
mark up the steeply sloping beach to a point about two feet below
the ordinary high water line, the fall of the tide being about six
feet. The pots were sunk so that their tops were level with the
ground, and were separated by a space of about two feet. June 10,
1901, there was placed in each of these pots a clam 1.25 inches, or —
to give the measurements for convenience’s sake in sixteenths of
one inch — 1,4, inches in length. These were examined, after an
interval of six months, on Dec. 28. Some of the pots were empty
or contained dead shells. In the first or highest, the clam had
grown to a length of 144 inches, an increase of 148% in volume in
the half year. If we had no other example of growth, this would
be very suggestive, for the increase is great, the creature having
become in this short period almost two and a half times as large
as when planted.
We should expect to find still greater growth with longer
immersion. In the second pot, the clam had increased 154%, and
in the third, still lower down, 1722.
The fourth pot was empty. In the fifth, the increase, instead of
being greater still, was only 87%. The explanation of this seems to
be perfectly clear, and is exemplified in several other cases. Around
the margin of this pot there had grown a large quantity of Ulva.
There. was much of it at this level of the beach, while higher up
it was not abundant. Without doubt this seaweed was flattened
out over the top of the pot by the current, in such a way as to
prevent free access to the food-bearing stream, and for this reason
growth was not so rapid. :
The presence of these weeds, which grow on so many bottoms,
should not seriously inconvenience the clam culturist. They may
be removed without difficulty with a rake, and do not grow
abundantly on a surface which is reasonably smooth. If it had
20 cal NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
|
been’ possible to visit these beds a few times during the summer,
the results in the case of many lower beds would undoubtedly
have been different.
In pots still lower down, all of which were covered with Ulva,
the growth was much the same as in the fifth— from 80% to 100%
increase,
In this line of pots, then, the fact is demonstrated that between
tide lines, hard clams 1.25 inches long may increase 2.5 times or
more in volume in half a year. Localities more favorable for their
growth could easily be found. If experiments were made on a
large scale, I should expect to get a more rapid average growth
even where the forms were exposed at low tide, and a much greater
increase on bottoms which are never exposed. As it is, this growth
as compared with that of the oyster is marvelously rapid, just as
it is in the soft clam.
It should be noticed that we are not attempting to make extended
generalizations on the data given by four or five individual clams.
Two clams side by side will not increase at the same rate. It is
possible that one might grow twice as fast as another. But, if we
had a single case in which we were certain of the amount of increase,
it would assuredly indicate the possibilities of growth, and the
chances are that it would sot by any-means be the limit of
possibility.
On the other hand, when we compare the growth in pots 1, 2 and
3. and find a progressive increase from the higher to the lower pot
—an increase of 145%, 154% and 172% — our induction is founded
on insufficient data, and really means nothing. The result is as we
should expect it, out it may be entirely accidental. But it is sug-
gestive, and, if it were possible to observe many rows of clams
similarly placed, we might reasonably expect to establish it.
Unfortunately it has not been possible to do this.
~The simple case of the line of flowerpots has been spoken of
first because it was more or less typical of the results obtained in
many small beds planted under similar conditions. Many hundreds
of clams, after being carefully measured, were segregated into
groups according to length and planted together. Their growth
substantiates the results obtained in the flowerpots.
VENUS MERCENARIA 21
Very briefly the following results will be described. Several
small beds, each with an area of 16 square feet, were laid out on
the gravel between tide lines. A group of these was separated by
an intefval of 20 or 30 yards from another group. Most of these
small plots were within the boundaries of the oyster bed already
mentioned, but some were above the line of the bed, and a few
of them were dug clean. Others were not discovered by clam
diggers, and apparently entirely escaped molestation.
In each of these small beds, clams all of a size were planted.
The number on a bed varied from 100 to 175. I would call particu-
lar attention to the fact that on the deeper beds, where the tide
currents were swiftest, larger stones were exposed, and there was
here an abundant growth of seaweed, which was not found farther
up on the beach. This always interfered seriously with the growth
_of the clams.
‘For example, on these beds which were below the ordinary low
tide line, where we should expect to find the most rapid growth,
there was an increase in volume in clams 112 inches long, of 354;
in those 154, inches long, of 41¢; and in those 112 inches long of
42%. Llamallthe more certain that this low rate of growth is to be
explained by the presence of the seaweed, because I had previously
had the same experience in a much larger experiment in the soft
clam. Fortunately, as I have already stated, a little labor by one ©
who is able to be on the spot during the entire year would prevent
this result.
Some of the higher beds, however, which from the character
of the bottom were free from the weed, gave different results, and
show the possibilities of growth much better. On a bed only three
or four feet from ordinary high water line, there was placed on
July 6, 130 clams, 1,4 inches long. On Dec. 30, almost the entire
number was removed. Some had increased more than others.
_ The mean of the series was calculated, and showed an increase
of 255% in volume in a little less than six months.
‘On another bed, somewhat lower, 150 clams 15% inches long had
increased 157% in volume. One of the things to be expected is that
clams of smaller size would show a relatively greater growth. It
has not been possible to make comparisons to demonstrate this
22 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
because of the influence of the seaweed on so many beds. The
variation in the size of planted clams in this experiment was from
137°, inches to li¢é inches in length, and this is not a very great
range.
On a third bed, also situated well up on the beach, clams 1355
inches long when planted had increased 155% in volume in the six
months. Whether the amount of food in the summer is greater
than in the winter, I do not know. I have no doubt that the
increase goes on during the winter months, though, it may be,
with diminished rapidity. It would be extremely interesting to
carry out these experiments on a large scale through the entire
year. These facts certainly show that the possibilities of growth
in Venus are very great, and indicate that its artificial culture
between tide lines would be easy and inexpensive, and that it would
yield large results. Considering the place which the little-neck
has in the markets, it would seem that the artificial culture of the
form should yield a larger income than does the culture of the
oyster as carried on in Long Island sound. The latter is expensive
and laborious, and growth is very much slower than in the case of
either of the clams.
Wandering habits of Venus
The soft or long-neck clam, Mya, is capable of locomotion only
when very small. As the body increases in size, the foot, or loco-
motor organ, becomes relatively smaller. An individual 2 inches
long, while it can not move along the surface of. the bottom, is
still able to use the foot as a burrowing organ. When it has
attained a length of 3 or more inches, however, it seems to be
incapable even of covering itself in the bottom.
In the case of the hard clam, Venus, on the contrary, the foot
remains throughout life a very well developed locomotor organ.
Though no definite experiments have been made to demonstrate
_what it is able to do, one might assume, from the size of the
organ and its power of extension as demonstrated in aquaria,
that the animal is able at all times in its life, not only to burrow
but also to move from one locality to another, as the fresh-water
clams, with a similar foot, are known to do.
VENUS MERCENARIA 23
The beds in this experiment were planted with the fear that the
clams would wander. The result, however, showed conclusively
that they do not have this habit — or that they did not.exhibit it
in this particular case. The clams were found where they were
placed within the limits of the original beds. Careful digging
around the margins of the beds failed in every instance to show
any wandering tendencies.
Growth under wire netting
In order to be perfectly certain that clams should have no means ~
of escape, three cages of wire netting were constructed, bounding
the margins of the area containing clams in each case to a depth
of 5 inches and covering the top. These forms never burrow to
a greater depth than this, and there was no possibility of escape.
In each case the netting remained intact, and certainly was not
disturbed. These beds were exposed only during the full moon
tides. Here also the seaweed seemed to play an important part
in the results. In one case the netting was sunk so deep as to be
covered with sand, and consequently no seaweed attached, as it
did on the other cages. Growth was much more rapid here,
though the clams in this bed were smaller when planted, and, as a
consequence, a more rapid growth should have been expected.
The results were as follows:
Cage 1 Clams planted July 6, 1,8 inches long. Some seaweed
was attached to the wire of the cage. The clams were removed
Dec. 30. The increase in volume was 145%.
Cage 2 Planted July 6, 1,5 inches in length. Removed Dec. 30.
A very large quantity of weed over the cage. Increase in vol-
ume, 78%. .
Cage 3 Planted July 6, 1;4 inches long. This cage was sunk
so deep that no weed was attached on the surface. The increase
Dec. 30 was 222% in volume in the six months.
Growth above the bottom
In methods of oyster culture as developed in France, the forms
are placed in racks above the bottom, and from the tide which
sweeps over them, they are enabled to obtain nourishment enough
for comparatively rapid growth. It would be an interesting
24 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
thing to show that clams could be made to grow in this way.
The clam culturist could then make himself independent of
beach rights, and perhaps more easily obtain a lease of ground
for such a purpose below low water mark.
But one or two very small experiments on the soft clam have
indicated that the creatures do not do well under these conditions.
At Cold Spring a wire rack was constructed, and anchored above
the bottom in a swift current. Into it were put several hard clams
ranging from 1,4 to 2+? inches in length. Every one of these
seemed to be in a healthy condition at the end of six months, but
not one had increased a particle in size. Not being able to cover
the body in sand, they seem to have remained most of the time
with valves closed. They may possibly have moved about at
times, for their shells were worn, but more likely this was due to
the fact that they were rolled about in the cage by the currents.
On their smooth, clean surfaces numbers of Anomias, or silver
shells, had attached and grown, as shown in figure 6.
Though this small attempt to induce growth above the bottom
ended in failure, it should, on account of its importance, be
repeated on a large scale under as many different conditions as
possible, in the hope that some combination of circumstances
might prove to be the right one.
Enemies
Neither of the clams is molested by the starfish after it has
become large enough to burrow, though the very small soft clam,
and perhaps the hard clam also, is destroyed in great numbers by
small starfish, before it is able to cover itself. So far as I have
been able to discover, there is but one natural enemy of Venus
which might possibly be destructive. It is the gastropod mollusk,
Lunatia [fig. 7], which is abundant in some localities. It is found
in numbers at Cold Spring. On several occasions I have observed
it digging below the surface and attacking both hard and soft clams
in their burrows. By long continued labor, it files a smooth, clean
hole through the shell of its victim by means of a rasping organ in
its mouth cavity, and then destroys the soft parts of the body
within. Figure 8 illustrates the character of the borings on shells
VENUS MERCENARIA 25
taken from the beds at Cold Spring. In every case the perforation
is near the prominence of the shell called the umbo, directly over
the pulpy visceral mass, which might most easily be sucked up
through the opening. It is a curious fact that this region of
the shell is selected by Lunatia for boring in any lamellibranch
which it attacks. It may not invariably be so, but I have many
shells of different species which have been drilled in this region,
and have happened to notice no exceptions to it. |
No matter how numerous it might be, this enemy would prob-
ably not be as troublesome to clam culture as the starfish is to the
oyster industry. In several places I have seen it collected by
fishermen for bait, simply by pegging a bit of fish, or even a dead
starfish on the bottom. Ina short time numbers of them will be
found collected on the bait. By some such simple means, if it
were desirable, a clam bed probably could easily be rid of the
creatures.
Conclusion
This experiment on the growth of Venus from lack of means
and time and favorable locality has been a limited one. In order
fully to demonstrate the feasibility of the artificial culture of the
form, it should be carried out on a very much larger scale, and
should be extended through a longer period of time. There can
be no doubt about the accuracy of the results in the case of the
wire cages, the growth in which has been described; and, from
their position, I have no reason to think that the clams were dis-
turbed on the other beds which have been cited as examples of
growth. Some of the higher beds seem to have been discovered
by clammers, and these were raked clean.
The figures giving the percentages of growth, though not numer-
ous, at least indicate the fact that the most essential feature of the
culture of the little-neck clam —rapidity of growth—Jis all that
could be desired. Neither has anything appeared which would
suggest a natural difficulty in the way of artificial culture.
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Side view of large Venus mercenaria. Mantle fold on right side
of the body has been removed. The edge of the left fold of the
mantle is shown at m. The exhalent, ex. s, and inhalent, in. s,
siphons are modified parts of the mantle.
Water bearing food and other floating substances enters the
space between the mantle folds — the mantle chamber — through
the inhalent siphon. Hanging in this chamber are the foot, f, and
gills, og and ig. Cilia on the gills cause water to enter them,
forcing it to their bases, into the epibranchial chambers, ec, and
then backward and out of the body through the excurrent siphon.
This is indicated by fine, dotted arrows. The two large transverse
muscles —the anterior and posterior adductors— which, by their
contraction, close the valves of the shell, are shown at aatand pa.
Reference letters: aa, anterior adductor muscle; pa, p ‘sterior
adductor muscle; ec, epibranchial chamber; og and ig, ou_c~ and
inner gills; ap and pp, anterior and posterior palps; ex. s abielt. s,
exhalent and inhalent siphons; f, foot; m, edge of left manti€ “old;
s, ventral margin of shell. —
Figure 2
Drawn to show that floating particles which touch the “surface
of the visceral mass are taken posteriorly and thrown off into the
mantle chamber at x. From this region, they are removed from
the body by the contraction of the adductor muscles, whi” dis-
charges a large part of the water in the mantle chamber.
At pp is shown the striation of the inner side of the posterior
palp, over which food is taken to the mouth. The unstriated
margin is also shown.
Other reference letters as in figure I.
Figure 3
Paper model of lamellibranch gill. A diagrammatic figr
show the basketlike structure of the gill. ae
Reference letters: ic, interfilamentar connections; p, par ~~
or septum holding the two halves of the gill together; 7, » _ bot-
or filament; s, space between filaments.
VENUS MERCENARIA 27
Figure 4
_ Diagrammatic section across the filaments of a typical gill.
Arrows represent the course taken by water which enters the
gill, Reference letters: 1g, interior of gill; p, septum between
sides; gc, gland cells, the secretion from which cements floating
particles into a mass on the outer surfaces of the gill; fc, fine
frontal cilia causing water to enter gill; sc, straining cilia pre-
venting solid matter from entering the gill and moving it to the
ventral margin.
Figure 5
View of inner surface ef left mantle fold of Venus, showing
course taken by particles which touch it. These are discharged
from the body when the stream entering the mantle chamber
throug’) the lower siphon is reversed by contraction of adductor ~
muscles.
Figure 6
clams kept in wire cage above the bottom for six months.
Ali Jucils were covered by attached Anomia, or silver shells.
Figure 7
Lun :tia, a gastropod mollusk, which bores shells and destroys
clams.
. Figure 8
Vernus shells bored by Lunatia.
INDEX
Anatomical features of Venus mer-
cenaria, 6-12; cilia, 9-10; foot, 8; |
gills, 7, 8-11; mantle folds, 7; palps,
7-8, 11-12, 14; siphons, 6, 7, 13.
Beaches and flats, public grounds, 4.
Cilia of Venus mercenaria, 9-10.
Cultivation of Mya arenaria, 4, 6; of
Venus mercenaria, 15-17.
Enemies of Venus mercenaria, 24-25.
Enteromorpha interferes with clam
culture, 17.
Experiments to determine growth of |
Venus mercenaria, 15-17.
Feeding habits of Venus mercenaria,
6-15.
Figures, description of, 26-27.
Foot of Venus mercenaria, 8.
Gills of Venus mercenaria, 7, 8-11.
- Growth of Mya arenaria, 6.
Growth of Venus mercenaria, depen-
dent on food, 6; experiments to |
determine, 15-17; method of meas- |
uring, 18-19; between tide lines, |
19-22; under wire netting, 23.
Hard clam, see Venus mercenaria.
Kellogg, James L., cited, 3, 10.
Little-neck clam, see Venus merce-
naria.
Lobsters, near extinction, 4.
Locomotion, of Mya arenaria,
Venus mercenaria, 22—23.
Long-neck clam, see Mya arenaria.
Lunatia destructive to Venus merce-
naria, 24-25.
99
.
as
Mantle chamber, 7, 9, 13, 14.
Mantle folds of Venus mercenaria, 7.
Mya arenaria, cultivation of, 4, 6; ob- |
of |
stacles to cultivation of, 17; enemies,
24; rapidity of growth, 6; growth,
above the bottom, 24; locomotion,
22; power of emptying mantle cham-
ber “ts. 2%" |
Oysters, cultivation, 5, 16; growth, 15,
growth above the bottom, 23.
Palps of Venus mercenaria, 7-8, 11—
12, 14. |
Planting, difficulty of obtaining clams
Lor, Ai7,
Racks to hold oysters, 23-24.
Seaweeds interfere with clam culture,
17, 19-20, 22.
Seed clams, 4.
Siphons of Venus mercenaria, 6, 7, 13.
Softiclam, see Mya arenaria.
Starfish destructive to clams, 24.
Straining lines, 10.
Tide lines, growth of Venus merce-
naria between, 19-22.
Ulva, interferes with clam culture,
17, 19-20.
_ Venus mercenaria, supply in danger
Jones, Capt., acknowledgments to, 15. |
of failing, 3-4; where found, 5;
anatomical features, 6-12 ; feeding
habits, 6-15; growth experiments,
15-17; methods of measuring ~
growth, 18-19; growth between tide
lines, 19-22; wandering habits,
22-23; growth under wire netting,
23; growth above the bottom, 23—
24; enemies, 24-25,
_ Wandering habits of Venus, 22-23.
Wire netting, growth of Venus mecce-
naria under, 23.
| Wire rack to hold clams above jot-
tom, 24.
(Pages 29-80 were bulletin cover pages.)
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GEOLOGY 6
Topographic map of Little Falls quadrangle
Geologic map of Little Falls quadrangle
PALEONTOLOGY 10
Geologic map of Salamanca quadrangle
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UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
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GEOLOGY 6
Topographic map of Little Falls quadrangle
Geologic map of Little Falls quadrangle ~
PALEONTOLOGY 10
Geologic map of Salamanca quadrangle
—
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UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK BULLETIN 77
STATE MUSEUM : . LITTLE FALLS QUADRANGLE
LEGEND
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Modemyalley allu-
vium and marsh de -
posilswith some gla-
cial sand and gravel
benches and under-
lying till in the Mohawk
and West Canadavalleys
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Pleistocene unclassified
concealing Boundaries
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Lorraine formation;
Uticablack shales with
thin layers ofslaty line
stoneinlowerportion
SN
Trenton-Utica passage
beds, alternating Inyors
of black shale,and thin
black,blocky limestone
Trenton limestone; in-
cluding the Lowyille
and Black River lime
stones atthe base;
mostly gray and black:
Io thinbeddedlimestone
Boelanantown formation,
Lite Falls dolomite;
massive, grey, often
sandy dolomites
=
Grenville formation,
various gneisses and
schists, mostly quartzose
usually containing garnet
and frequently graphite
IGNEOUS ROCKS
==
di
Diabase,onlyin dikes,
late pre-Cambrian
x
x
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Syenite; sometimes por
phyritic usually sneis-
sold; of post- Grenville
Lassell:
age but much older than
~ the diabase
ROCKS OF UNCERTAIN
QRIGIN
— = [s ioe
(Fe Mostly red granite
——-s
andblack,amphibolitic
§neisses,probably igneous |
somewhat inyolyed with:
Grenville sediments and
probably of Grenville age
Very gneissoid sye-
mingled with granitic
mingled wide geanit
gneisses, and with
patches of basic gar-
neliferous Sneisses
that may be sedimen-
tary inclusions, The
* others appear to be ig -
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PLEISTOCENE
LOWER SILURIAN
PRE-CAMBRIAN
PRE-CAMBRIAN
PRE-CAMBRIAN
border zone of the syenite
UNKNOWN PRE-CAMBRIAN
PreCambrian,but of
unknown character
bechuseconcealed
heavy drift
—_--
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GEOLOGY 6
Topographic map of Little Falls quadrangle
Geologic map of Little Falls quadrangle —
: ; Geologic map of Salamanca quadrangle
— ‘
PALEONTOLOGY 10
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EDUCATION DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY GE THE STATE OF NEW YORK
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STATE PALEON cis STATE M if SUM een ee ea
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LEGEND
Alluyiam
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PLEISTOCENE
NEOCARBONIC
conglomerate
Knapp
formation
conglomerate
ALEOCARBONIC
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Salamanca
conglomerate
lentil
Cattaraugus:
formation
Wolf Oreek
conglomerate
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GEOLOGY 6
Topographic map of Little Falls quadrangle
Geologic map of Little Falls quadrangle ©
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Geologic map of Salamanca quadrangle
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