= 


1s eb 


Phys & 


}| ¥IFTH ANNUAL REPORT 


\bG& Se-\4- 
FANTAR ¥,488. 


BOSTON: 
WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 


No. 4 SpriInG LANE. 


1868. 


'PeeRnis 


satial=i 


‘ae, 


Ss 


Hearning and Labo 


LIBRARY 


OF THE 


University of Illinois. 


CLASS. BOOK. VOLUME. 


MVS baB yeex cen 


Q 
? 
e 
e 
e 


& 


Laer ay 


A172 


ae 


= 
lS att 


AM TASS 


At gt 
tes WS 


& 
é 
= 
Ir 


“1B. Ui 


ane Be 


va 


Isher ee rei SS ait 


Are January 6, 1864. 


e To ion. ALEXANDER H. Butuock, Speaker of the House of 
Representatives: 4 ; 4 ‘ 


| ~The undersigned, a Committee of the Trustees of the Massa- vets 
 chusetts Agricultural College, having it in charge to make the , 
~ annual report to the legislature, which is required by the 
enih section of the 220th chapter of the statutes of 1863, incor- | 
fi porating said Trustees, have the honor to make the following ght 
% communication. 4s pe sete 


_ The corporation was organized, in conformity to the statutes 

7 ‘of this Commonwealth on the 18th day of November, 1863, 
Bei and the following officers chosen, to wit : His Excellency John nee 
A. Andrew, President ; Hon. Allen W. Dodge, Vice-Presi- 18 
dent ; and Charles L. Flint, Secretary. The election of a ‘ 

ae ee was deferred to a future time. By-laws were 


ee aye Be ites of the Trustees, consisting of Messrs. Mar- 
shall P. Wilder, Henry L. Whiting, Phineas Stedman, Nathan 
ee Henry Colt, Charles G. Davis, and ta: Marston, met 


2 MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


tions to the funds required by law to put the Agricultural 


College in operation, and also to consider the subject of a 
location for the College, and to receive proposals concerning 


the same, and to report to each meeting of the Trustees the 


progress they have made.” 


Several propositions have been made to this committee | 
with reference to the location of the College, which are under 


consideration. A very liberal disposition is manifested, in 
several localities, with reference to raising and offering funds 
to aid in the establishment of the College. None of these 
have been sufficiently considered and matured to be the sub- 
ject of special report. 

Two vacancies exist in the Board of. Trustees, which the 
legislature will be called upon to fill ;—one arising from the 
lamented decease of Hon. John Brooks, of Princeton, from 
whose intelligence, liberal public spirit, and zeal in the cause 
of agriculture, we might have expected valuable counsel and 
assistance ; and the other from the resignation of Dr. John 
B. King, of Nantucket, which was communicated to the first 
meeting of the Trustees. 


As no funds have yet come to the corporation there is no — 


report of its financial condition to be made. 


Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Trustees. 


GEO. MARSTON, 

WM. S. SOUTHWORTH, 

CHARLES L. FLINT, 
Committee. 


BY-LAWS. 


- oe ‘¢ the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.”’ 

A regular meeting of the Trustees shall be held on the first 
bs Bratincedas of November, February, May, and August, in each 
w, at the State House, at eleven o’clock in the forenoon. Spec- 
meetings may be called at any time upon the written request 
- of the Governor, or of any three members of the Board of Trustees. 


Pa 


Such request shall be made to the Secretary, who shall thereupon 


. Ta _ seven days before the meeting. 


oe . ae The officers of the =o ae shall be a President, Vice- 


i ox Ercdicat. 
te . ‘2 3. The officers of the corporation shall be chosen annually by 
“oa ballot, and the regular meeting which shall be held on the first 


igh ae ated of May, in each year, shall be the annual meeting for 


. Se to each of the Trustees, at least seven days before such meeting, 


. nas that the subject of the by-laws will be brought before the meeting. 
And such notice may be given either by the Secretary or by any 
Bone of the Trustees who desires to propose any change of the 


give notice in writing to each member of the Board, not less than 


2 


SENATE....No. 39. 


: Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 


e ANNUAL REPORT 
: OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To the Senate and House of Representatives in se guts Court 
| convened. 


In accordance with the requirement of the Act of incorpora- 
tion, that ‘‘ the corporation shall make an Annual Report of 
its condition, financial and otherwise, to the Legislature,” 
the President, by direction of the Board of Trustees, submits 
_ the following— 
ae “hE Pe RT: 
_ Our annual report of last year sets forth the conditions of 
the grant by Congress for agricultural colleges, the acceptance 


of the grant by the Commonwealth, the location of the college 
at Amherst, with the reasons therefor, the purchase of a farm 


Pe = _of between three hundred and four hundred acres there, the 


oe 
BS) 


\ OA 
¢ “a 


_ subscription of $75,000 for the erection of buildings, the sale 
of the land scrip so far as accomplished, and the steps taken 
toward the organization of the college. ° | 


to 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Two vacancies then existing in the board of trustees were 
filled by the election of Henry F. Hills and E. Francis Bow- 
ditch, so that the board is now composed of the following mem- 
bers: Marshall P. Wilder, of Dorchester; Charles G. Davis, of 
Plymouth; Nathan Durfee, of Fall River; Henry Colt, of — 
Pittsfield; Charles C. Sewall, of Medfield; Paoli Lathrop, of 
South Hadley; Phinehas Stedman, of Chicopee; Allen W. 
Dodge, of Hamilton ; George Marston, of Barnstable; William 
B. Washburn, of Greenfield; Henry L. Whiting, of Tisbury ; 
D. Waldo Lincoln, of Worcester ; Henry F. Hills, of Amherst ;_ 
K. Francis Bowditch, of Framingham ; and Henry F. French, 
of Amherst ; Alexander H. Bullock, of Worcester ; Charles L. 
Flint, of Boston; and Joseph White, of Williamstown ; the 
last named four being each a member ez officio. 

At the annual meeting in, May, the following office of the 
board were elected: His Excellency John A. Andrew, Presi- 
dent; Henry F. French, Vice-President; Charles L. Flint, 
Secretary; Nathan Durfee, Treasurer; Allen W. Rodan. | 
Auditor; Messrs. French, Lathrop, Colt, and Davis, Executive 
Committee, to which, on the 1st of November, Mr. Lincoln was 
added. 

The Act of incorporation, as amended, requires that “ the 
plan of organization, government, and course of study pre- 
scribed for said college shall be subject to the approval of the 
governor and council.’’ On the third’ day of February, 1865, 
‘Ca plan of organization and course of study,”’ after most care- 
ful examination, was unanimously adopted by the trustees, and 
on the same day transmitted to. the governor for such approval. — 
After a full hearing on the subject before the governor and 
council, by officers of our board, the paper was, on the first day 
of April, returned to us by the governor, without having been 
acted upon by the council, with a suggestion that an approval 
at that time would be premature. At the quarterly meeting of 
the board in May, it was voted to lay the subject upon the table, 
and no further action was taken upon it until December 27th, 
when it was voted to present the plan to the ines governor 
and council for approval. 

It has seemed to the trustees desipdlbte that theis plan of 
organization should be early established, in order not only that 
their buildings and farm might be arranged in conformity with — 


1866. | SENATE—No. 39. 3 


it; but that they might publicly and officially answer the fre- 
quent and reasonable inquiries as to what they proposed to do 
for agriculture and education, by means of the college. Inas- 
much, however, as their plan has no validity until approved by 
the governor and council, and is subject still to any amend- 
ment by the trustees, which their further deliberation or that of 
the governor and council may render proper, it has not been 
deemed expedient to publish it in full in advance of its final 
sanction ; yet it seems due to the community, whose interests 
we have in charge, that some general statement of our views 
and intentions should be made public. 

In a, paper addressed to the governor and council, in Sep- 
_ tember, 1864, by our executive committee, in behalf of the trus- 
tees, printed in Senate document No. 172, in 1865, we set forth, 
with some precision, our ideas as to what is required in our 
plan of organization by our charter, and by the Act of Congress 
granting the land for the colleges. These views, so far as they 
affected the immediate question which called them forth, which 
was the approval by the governor and council of our location 
of the college at Amherst, seem to have been satisfactory, and 
were sanctioned by the favorable action of the executive, and 
by subsequent grants of aid by the legislature. Our general 
plan has not since been greatly modified by further investiga- 
tion. A few principles and circumstances seem to us to indi- 
cate clearly to our board what our duty in this behalf requires. 

In organizing the college, we should keep constantly in mind, 
at the same time, the requirements of the Act of Congress asd 
of our charter, and the facilities for education already afforded 
by our common school system, and the various existing colleges 
and other institutions of learning. Our college is to be estab- 
lished as a part of the great scheme of public education ; not 
in opposition to our grammar schools and high schools, but in 
harmony with them; not as a rival to our other excellent colleges, 
but as a co-worker with them in a common cause, supplying 
some faciltties for the investigation of physical science, and. 
some practical teachings in “‘ such branches of learning as are 
related to agriculture and the mechanic arts,’’ which can never 
be afforded by existing colleges, without sacrificing their essen- 
tial character of classical schools, and adding farms, imple- 
ments, and live stock to their apparatus and museums. 


4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


ADAPTATION TO OUR POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 


In deciding on a course of study and discipline for such an 
institution, we must ever remember that we live under a repub- 
lican and not an aristocratic government. An agricultural 
college based upon republican institutions and adapted to them, 
will differ essentially from any college existing in a country 
controlled by an aristocracy. Aristocratic governments are con- 
structed upon the idea of inequality in property, in education, 
and, therefore, in political rights and power. We use the word 
therefore, because wealth and education, monopolized by any 
class in any country, will draw to that class the political con- 
trol of that country. The foundation stones of republicanism 
or democracy, as distinguished from aristocracy, are the 
ideas of Equatiry, Procress, and the Dienrry or Lasor. The 
distinctive principles of an aristocratic government are, that a 
few are created to govern, and the rest to be governed, and that 
government is especially valuable to preserve these natural and 
proper relations in society, and prevent the lower orders from 
struggling upwards to the disturbance of the system. It 
requires less intellect in general to perform manual labor than 
mental labor. Peasants and serfs and slaves can dig and pick 
cotton, under task-masters, as well as graduates of universities, 
and are far more obedient and docile in such positions. In all 
aristocratic countries, therefore, no matter by what name we 
call the government, the peasant, the serf or the slave performs 
all the manual labor, and labor becomes ged merely 
because degraded, ignorant persons perform it. | 

Labor is not dishonorable in England, merely Headide it is 
hard for the physical system. A gentleman in a fox-chase, or 
a university student in a boat club, will cheerfully endure more 
hard work than he would impose on any servant. But in those 
countries wealth and education monopolize the positions which 
ignorance cannot fill, if it were allowed to try, and so all politi- 
cal offices, and all the professions and posts of honor of every 
kind are filled by the aristocracy, leaving poverty, ignorance 
and hard work for the masses. The boys in England grow up 
with the idea that manual labor is for peasants; the planter’s 
son regards labor as fit only for slaves; and, in both cases, the 
desire of the governing classes naturally is to perpetuate these 
notions. Thus the idea of progress is excluded, and the asso- 


1866. ] SENATE—No. 39. | 5 


ciation of labor with servility and ignorance is maintained. 
Even the comfortable farmer of England, on his thousand acres 
of leased land, is as unconcerned about public affairs as one of 
his own fat bullocks. He trusts his spiritual affairs to the 
Church, and his political affairs to his landlord, and cares not 
what party rules, provided the markets are good. 

The poorest graduate of a Massachusetts high school, with no 
capital but his brains, and no tools but his jack-knife, has right- 
fully more interest in the government, and a broader field of 
enterprise and usefulness open to him, than the son of any man 
however wealthy, of the middle | chuewes in the aristocratic 
countries of Europe. 

Republicanism has undertaken in America to recast society 
into a system of equality.. It proposes to create true and safe 
equality, not by conferring on the ignorant and degraded the 
rights of citizenship, but by raising all, through education, to 
the full dignity of freemen. Its purpose is to diffuse education 
and property among all the people, to give as nearly as possible 
every child an even start in the world, and an equal chance to 
be president, member of Congress, farmer, or mechanic as he. 
may choose. To effect this, our fathers abolished hereditary - 
rank.” In England the king’s son is born to be king, and the 
lord’s son to be a lord, and the oldest son inherits all his father’s 
lands. 

In our country, the president’s son has no better claim to be 
president than another, nor a senator’s son to be senator ; and 
all the sons and daughters share alike the father’s property. 

Then comes in the great regulator and elevator, general edu- _ 
cation, like a huge subsoiler, breaking up the old foundations 
trampled down by the heavy feet of the weary laborers, as they 
toiled on for centuries, like beasts in the furrow, and this must 
finish the work. 

Equality in education, in wealth, in power, so far as God has 
permitted, is the key-stone of the arch of liberty, which our 
fathers established. As men who believe these things, not as 
mere glittering generalities, but as vital, practical, eternal 
truths, how shall we build up an agricultural college ? 

The Agricultural College at Cirencester is the only institu- 
tion of the kind in England, and this has proved.a failure, so 
that in 1862, says Mr. Flint, it was $150,000 in debt, and all 


6 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —[Jan. 


its professors had resigned. Dr. Hitchcock, in his Report in 
1851, shows us the fatal difficulties of an aristocratic agricul- 
tural college. The school was opened, he tells us, for the sons 
of farmers; but in 1849, out of seventy students, there was not 
one son of a farmer there. “Formerly,” says Dr. Hitchcock, 
‘‘ the school was open for the sons of the smaller farmers, but 
could not find support on that plan, and it was found if those 

attended, the wealthier classes would not send their sons. The 
price, accordingly, has been raised, and none but the sons of 
gentlemen, such as clergymen, and wealthy laymen, now attend. 
None of the nobility send their children, although many give 
their money for its support.” 

‘‘ Farmers,” ‘“ gentlemen,” and ‘‘ the nobility,” form three 
classes so distinct that they cannot attend the same school, 
and far below the lowest of those, is the whole class of laborers, 
ten times as numerous as all the other three, who are not. 
thought of as having any place in such a school. 

A. careful reading of Mr. Flint’s recent Report upon the 
Agricultural Schools of Europe must satisfy any one that we 
. Shall in vain look abroad for a model. ‘The curse of aristocracy 
_ is upon them all. They are designed for the education of some 
one class, and not for the elevation of any man above thé class 
into which he was born. If manual labor is required at all, it 
is required only of the lower class ; that is, by classes corti al 
_of a lower order of students, who never go into the higher 
classes, thus keeping up the very idea of caste which it is our 

object to destroy. 

The bill of fare of the agricultural boarders of the Albert | 
National Agricultural Institution, near Dublin, in Ireland, may — 
indicate whether we have any occasion to educate any such 
class. The whole breakfast, five days in the week, is ‘ bread, 
three-quarters of a pound; and sweet milk, one pint.’ The 
other two days they have the same quantity of bread, and one 
ounce of butter, and tea or coffee. Hvery day, year out and 
year in, their supper is the same, “ oatmeal half a pound, in 
stir-about, and skim-milk, one pint.” The aristocracy of the 
school, of course, fare better. The Albert Institution is per- 
haps the best in Great Britain, and well adapted to the wants 
of the country, where the highest object is to train students for 
teachers in schools of lower grade, and for positions as land 


1866.] SENATE—No. 39. 7 


stewards, to take charge of the farms of the nobility. There all 
the land is owned by the small aristocratic class, who perform 
no labor with their hands, and have no occasion to learn to 
labor. Here every man may have a homestead without price, 
and should personally know how, with his own hands, to render 
it profitable. | 

We must remember, however, that although with us, all men 
are born equal, and education is open to all, there are few who 
can devote their lives to learning, and that a system of educa- 
tion based upon republican ideas, must be such as is best 
adapted to the wants of the many, and not of the few. It may 
fairly be assumed that the great mass of our young men must 
complete their school and college education at about twenty-one 
years of age, and after that, devote themselves to getting their 
living. | 

Our common schools, up to the general standard of admission 
to our colleges, carry all alike, rich and poor, in even ranks, 
giving them a good general education, in English branches ; 
and in our high schools considerable advancement in Latin, — 
with French and Greek in the larger towns. Existing colleges . 
and schools afford everywhere opportunity for education in the 
classics, and in abstract mathematics. There is no demand in 
that direction, for another college in this Commonwealth. 


DEMAND FOR MODIFICATION IN COLLEGE EpucaTION. 


There is, however, an impression quite common, both in this 
country and abroad, that in existing colleges, too much of the 
usual four years course is devoted to Greek and Latin and 
abstract mathematics ; and our colleges have all been recently 
giving way to this idea, and allowing the modern, languages to 
be taken as’ electives, to some extent, instead of them. 
Scientific schools too, have been established in connection with 
the colleges, to give the more practical teaching which they 
who expect to occupy positions of actual business have seemed 
to demand. The Institute of Technology, recently opened in 
Boston, under most favorable auspices is, we understand, 
already crowded with pupils, seeking the special education 
which may fit them in the few years they can give exclusively 
to study, for the practical affairs of life. 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Hven in England, where the importance of the education of 
the masses is by no means appreciated as in this country, the 
universities of Oxford and Cambridge have recently admitted 
that their exclusive course of instruction has not been adapted 
to the wants of modern times, and have added a new feature 
to their old system. We refer to what are known in England 
as }- 


THe MippLe CLAss EXAMINATIONS. 


On the 18th of June, 1857, the university of Oxford passed 
a statute, establishing examinations of those not members of 
the university: one for youths under eighteen, another for boys 
under fifteen. A commission was authorized to frame a scheme 
of examination, appoint examiners, and arrange all the details 
of the examinations, which are held at various centres, chiefly 
the large towns. Certificates are given to those under fifteen 
who succeed in the lower examination; and youth under 
_ eighteen who pass the higher ce is: receive the title of © 
Associate of Arts. 

The university of Cambridge in England, has followed the 
example of Oxford, and provided for similar examinations. 

The objects of these examinations are, to encourage the 
middle classes in the pursuit of learning, to guide them in 
their course of study, and finally to test their progress, and | 
grant them such certificates of ability, as shall give them the 
positions in business life for which they are found qualified. 

It was perceived in England, as here, that no adequate 
education was provided for business life. Of two hundred 
boys in a grammar school in Leeds, only three, on an average, 
go yearly to the universities. The others go directly from the 
grammar school to such business as they can find. 3 

Under the new arrangement it is hoped, that young men 
designing to engage in trade, in art, in science, in manufactures 
or in agriculture, may be encouraged to pursue their studies in 
the course indicated by the universities, in order to avail 
themselves of the certificates or titles thus publicly conferred. 


PARLIAMENTARY REPORT. — | 
A “Report of Her Majesty2s commissioners appointed to 
inquire into the revenues and management of certain colleges 


1866. ] SENATE—No. 39. 9 


and schools, and the studies pursued, and the instruction 
given therein,” presented to Parliament in March, 1864, in 
four folio volumes, has given to the world some Astounding 
disclosures as to the defects of thé system of education 
pursued in England, showing how manifest errors in a matter 
of vital interest to the public, may be tolerated under an 
enlightened government, from generation to generation. We 
have not space to dq more than glance at this subject. In 
brief, it may be said, that this report shows that in the great 
schools of Eton, Westminster, Harrow, Winchester and Rugby, 
physical science, including chemistry, natural philosophy, 
geology, astronomy and botany, form no part of the regular 
course of study, and French and German fare little better. 
At Eton, out of 780 students, only twenty studied German ; 
and about eighty attended to French as an optional study, with 
little regularity. At this most aristocratic of schools, only 
thirty-five pupils attended to drawing, and music was not 
taught at all. 

«¢ At Winchester,” says the Rev. Mr. Moberly, for twenty-seven 
years the head master there, “ we do not profess to teach 
modern history at: all,’ and ‘it is plainly out of the question 
that we should teach chemistry, astronomy, geology, &c.” 
To the question, “ Are the physical sciences not of value as a 

discipline of the mind?’ he replies: “I hardly know what 
‘their value is. I do think it is very desirable that young 
people and old people should know these things; I think they 
are matters of accomplishment and knowledge, which every- 
body should know something of, but as a matter of education 
and training of the mind, which is our particular duty as 
instructors, I do not feel the value of them.” 

If the question is asked, what is taught at these great 
training schools for Oxford and Cambridge, the answer is, 
Latin and Greek, and to some little extent, mathematics. 
When, however, the commission follows its investigation farther, 
it would seem that what little these pupils had learned at the 
schools, they had forgotten at the university. Mr. Neate, M. P. 
for Oxford, gives the following as his estimate of the grand 
result of education at a classical school and Oxford, in these 
words : 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


‘¢] do not hesitate to say, that the great majority of those 
who take a degree in Oxford, after having spent ten or twelve 
years of their life in the all but exclusive study of Latin and 
Greek, are unable to construe off-hand, the easiest passages in 
either language, if they have never seen them before, and that — 
their Latin writing is almost invariably such as would, under 
the old school system, have subjected them to a flogging, as 
boys of twelve years old ; and those who .take first classes, often 
make such mistakes as make it difficult to understand how — 
they ever got simply a degree.” 

The commissioners in their report say, “ of the young men 
who go to the universities, a great number never acquire so 
much Latin and Greek as would enable them to read the: best 
classical authors intelligently, and with pleasure, and more 
than half of those who leave school do not go to the 
universities at all; among these the average of classical 
attainment is lower aiiDy and probably i in nine cases out of ten, 
they never, after they eee quitted school, open a Greek or 
Latin book.’ A foreign reviewer of this report says: ‘* Under 
the recent examination statute of the university of Oxford, the 
portion of ancient history taken in by the student, who is not a 
- candidate for honors, at his final examination is, three books of 
Herodotus, four books of Livy, or four nba of Tacitus. 
Three books of a Greek or four of a Latin historian, are the 
largest amount of ancient history, which the extreme difficulty 
of the dead language in which that history is contained, 
permits the university to require of an ordinary. student. 
From such a mere segment, he can hardly learn more of the © 
historical wisdom of the ancients, than he could of the beauty 
of St. Mary’s church from a single window. Nor does he, any — 
more than the boy who leaves school without coming to the 
university, open his classics again when his last examination is 
past. In these, the majority of cases, to talk of the glories and 
the treasures of ancient literature is really little better than 
nonsense.”’ | 


EXCELLENCE OF oUR GENERAL SysTEM OF HpvucarTION. 
We would by no means be understood as intimating that 
the preparatory or college course of education in this country 
is open to such criticism. Our wholeysystem of schools has 


1866.] SENATE—No. 239. 11 


been already republicanized. Our common schools are the 
chief glory of the State. Our colleges, we claim as democratic 
institutions, as the great levellers of society, levelling in the 
right way, wp and not down, that enable the son of the poor 
‘man to rise to the highest positions of influence and honor. 
The colleges, however, it must be everywhere admitted, fit no 
one for the actual duties of any profession, art or business of 
life. They do not profess to do so, but merely to give a 
training preparatory to special education for some particular 
business. Their graduates, for the most part, pass into the 
professions, a few into the scientific schools, and almost none 
into agricultural pursuits. There are special. schools for 
divinity, law and medicine, but no schools for the farmer as 
such. 

Agriculture, the foundation of all national prosperity, has 
heretofore received no such aid in her advancement. To a 
new class, we would now open our college halls, supplying a 
great want in our general system of education, and hoping 
rather to attract to our academic groves those who would 
otherwise neglect a course of college study, than to withdraw 
from existing institutions, any who are tending toward them. 

In all our colleges the four years course is fully occupied 
with study. Indeed the error is rather of overwork than of 
idleness or insufficient exaction. If but four years can be 
devoted to the college course, and other studies seem to us 
more important than those pursued in existing institutions, we 
have no choice but to discard a portion of the latter to make 
room for others that we deem essential. 

_ Again, it is generally admitted by those engaged in teaching, 
that boys differ in their aptitude for the various branches of 
learning. 

One seems born a mathematician, and almost performs mira~ 
cles in that direction, while it is in vain to attempt even to keep 
him in classes with others in Latin and Greek. 

Another has an aptitude for languages, and acquires them 
almost by intuition, while a third runs wild in pursuit of birds 
and beasts and flowers, and feels any restraint in school as a 
punishment; and a fourth seems to be a natural mechanic, and 
will take the old house-clock to pieces and reconstruct it, almost 
before he can read. While we by no means advocate the idea © 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


that boys should be allowed to neglect the ordinary course of 
early education, on account of any distaste they may feel for a 
particular study, yet it is rarely expedient to try to force the 
progress of a youth old enough to enter college, in any pursuit, 
against what seems to be his natural taste. 

This natural or very early developed diversity of taste, or 
adaptation for'special branches of knowledge may, we think, be 
properly met at the age of about sixteen, by offering a choice 
between the Latin and Greek and dry mathematics of existing 
colleges, and institutions like ours, where agriculture is spe- 
cially taught, and where modern languages and physical science 
are made prominent, and where a love of nature may be 
cherished in familiar converse with her various works. 

Our first duty we apprehend to be, to make the college dis. 
tinctively an agricultural institution, to establish a course of 
study which, if faithfully pursued, shall make every graduate 
a scientific and a practical farmer, capable of performing every 
- variety of work upon a farm with his own hand, and capable of | 
directing and managing the affairs of -an. estate, however 
extensive. 

But this is by no means all our sane, As we propose to con- 
‘sume, in our course, as much time as the other colleges, and to 
complete, so far as instruction goes, the education of our stu- 

dents, our course should be such as to answer the great ends 
of education, the best discipline of the mind, with such physi- 
cal training as may best secure the full and healthy develop- 
ment of the body, with the highest esthetic and moral culture. 

Connected with the department of physical culture, is a pro- 
vision for instruction in military tactics,-as required by the Act 
of Congress. 


PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. 


The estate, which comprises nearly four hundred acres of ae 
excellent land, affording great variety of surface and soil, is to 
‘be furnished with model farm buildings to be erected salsa time 
time, as the increasing productiveness of the farm shall require, 
to be supplied with farm implements of the most approved 
kinds, and stocked with a variety of the best thoroughbred and 
other animals that we may be able to procure ; the farm to be 
conducted, primarily, for the education of the pupils, by way 


1866. ] SENATE—No. 389. 13 


of illustration in agriculture, horticulture, botany, stock growing 
and other rural affairs. 

A college building, to be immediately erected, for lecture and 
recitation rooms, library, museums of natural history and of 
farm implements and products, chemical laboratories, halls for 
exhibition and military drill, armory and chapel, and rooms for 
the president, librarian, and other officers. 

A president, who shall reside at the farm, and have general 
charge of its affairs under the trustees; a faculty, composed 
of the president and resident professors, who shall administer 
the government and execute the prescribed regulations, and a 
farm superintendent, who shall direct the ordinary labor, and 
manage the details of business on the farm. | 

The following departments, under such professors and assist- 
ants as may be necessary: A department of Agriculture and 
Horticulture ; a department of Physics, Mathematics, and 
Engineering ; a department of Natural History ; a department 
of Chemistry ; a department of Political Economy, Intellectual 
Philosophy, and Christian Morals ; a department of Compara- 
tive Anatomy and Animal Physiology, including Veterinary 
Surgery and Medicine; a department of Modern Languages 
and Literature; and a department of Physical Education, 
including Military Tactics. 

The general course of study to be four years, with provisions 
for shorter elective courses. 

For admission, students to be sixteen years of age, and to 
pass such examination as is required for admission to our 
Normal Schools; and such further examination as shall be 
prescribed. 

Manual labor to be required daily of every student, as may 
be arranged by the faculty, who may allow compensation for 
extra work. Tuition to be fixed by the trustees, with such free 
scholarships as may be established by public and private 
bounty. 


-REMARKS UPON THE PLAN. 

In the full discussions of our scheme among the trustees, in 
conversations with officers of other agricultural colleges, and 
with those engaged in education in the ordinary course, in the 
suggestions of the press and of speakers at agricultural meet- 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


« 


ings, we may fairly assume that we appreciate, to some extent, 
the criticisms that may be made upon a plan of organization 
like that of which an outline has been given. . 

The difference of opinion is found to be more in the expected 
development of the plan than in the departments of learning — 
to be established. ! 

The course of study recommended by Doctor Hitchcock for 
an agricultural college, in his report in 1851, does not differ 
essentially from that suggested by Governor Andrew in his 
annual address of 1868, and the principal features of both are 
found in our own plan, and in those of the ‘agricultural col- 
leges of Pennsylvania and Michigan. Indeed,a member of the 
Board of Education has assured us that there is not a branch 
of learning prescribed by us, that is not taught, to some extent, 
in every high school in the Commonwealth. 

When, however, we consider that by its charter, our institu- 
tion is styled an Agricultural College, that we are required to 
have an extensive farm attached to it, that manual labor is to 
be required of the students, and that Latin and Greek are not 
to be prominent, we perceive at once that although most of the 
studies are such as make up in part the course pursued in all 
modern education, yet the result of our training on the charac- 
ter and habits of the student, if we keep our peculiar land- 
_marks in view, must be entirely different from that attained at 
our other colleges. 

Physics and engineering and natural history are branches 
included in every college course in New England. 

We propose, however, to teach the application of science, 
practically, to farm labor, to the construction of roads and 
bridges, of houses and barns, to surveying and levelling, to 
irrigation and drainage. Architecture in its broadest sense, 
both as a science and an art, should be taught, and prominence 
should be given to hydrodynamics, pneumatics, climatology, — 
landscape gardening and draining, to the laws of light, heat 
and sound, and especially to their application to the construc- 
tion, warming, lighting and ventilation of buildings. 

Natural history should be taught with special reference to 
the farm; botany as applied to plants in the various uses for 
food, shelter and ornament; zoology as applied to the history, 
structure and reproduction of domestic animals, and of birds, 


1866.] SENATE—No. 89. 15 
\ ; 


beasts and insects useful or injurious to man; geology as 
applied to the formation and constitution of soils, as affecting 
their general fertility or special adaptation to particular crops. 

Following out through each of the departments of our col- 
lege this idea of combining the practical application of princi- 
ples of art and science to every day life, with the mental, 
physical, esthetic and moral discipline afforded by the other 
colleges, we hope to furnish a course of education peculiarly 
attractive and useful to such as intend to pursue agriculture as 
a business, or even to build up for themselves, tasteful rural 
homes. 


INABILITY TO PROCURE TEACHERS. 


On the part of those who advocated a union of the Agricul- 
tural College with Harvard University and the Bussey Institu- 
tion, it was fairly enough urged, that to make the college 
worthy of the Commonwealth, if independently established, 
would require a large amount of funds above what the grant of 
Congress would afford. To this, it is as fairly answered that 
the legislature having almost unanimously determined that the 
institution should be independent, the resources of the Com- 
monwealth, both public and private, are abundant to make it 
worthy of the honored name it bears. 

It has been objected, also, that existing institutions already 
engage the services of the great leading minds in the several 
departments of science, and that suitable professors and 
teachers cannot be obtained for an independent institution. 

There is much apparent force in this suggestion. It is, how- 
ever, no disrespect to any existing institution to maintain, that no 
one of them has within itself, a corps of instructors competent 
to manage an agricultural college. Wedded to their own 
approved and time-honored theoties, almost unanimously dis- 
trusting the possibility of a union of manual labor and study, 
accustomed to instruct mainly in theory, unfamiliar with prac- 
tical agriculture, believing that Latin and Greek furnish the 
the best discipline for the youthful mind; the agricultural 
college, thus connected, would of necessity, sink into a subordi- 
nate branch of the university, and fail of all its purposes. 

That there are men in our colleges, at the very head of those 
departments of learning which we seek to make most prominent 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 1 ae 


in our institution, we cheerfully admit. That we hope to avail 
ourselves largely of the valuable services of wise men we are 
happy to avow. 

They, however, who advocate the union of all the masters of 
science in one grand university, we think confound somewhat - 
- the objects of our institution, and misapprehend the practical 
relations of these master minds to young students. 

The objects of institutions of learning are twofold—the 
diffusion and the advancement of knowledge. Our com- 
mon schools add nothing to the sum of human knowledge 
from year to year, but only diffuse that already attained, 
and the same is true of our colleges. The undergraduate, 
in his four years, is not expected to excel Cicero in Latin, 
or Euclid in mathematics. If he has acquired all that his 
tutor had acquired at graduation, he has gained all that was 
proposed for him. The measure of the scholar’s acquirement 
is the limit of his own capacity, and not that of his teacher. 
The pupil can receive only what his cup will hold, however. 
copious the fountain. The great names of the professors of 
zoology and anatomy at Harvard bring honor to that univer- 
sity, but these professors, it is understood, give no personal 
instruction to the under-graduates: Their lecture-rooms are, 
indeed, open to such, but their attendance is not required, and 
their time is fully occupied by the regular studies of their 
class. Practically, the presence or absence of such men as 
these is of little importance to freshman or sophomore. Men 
engaged in the highest realms of science, and who may be 
expected to enlarge its boundaries, are presumed to have 
attained the heights already explored. _Their range of study is 
among the stars, above the reach of boys at school. They 
investigate alone, and make their discoveries in the study, in 
the dissecting room, in the laboratory, and the observatory, and 
do not spend their time in drilling boys upon the rudiments of 
science, which a recent graduate may do as well. 

Applying these ideas to our college in its infancy, we say, 
that receiving a class at about sixteen, to remain through a 
four years course, our purpose is to give the students as much 
instruction as they are capable of receiving, in our several — 
departments. In the organization of these departments, we 
desire to avail ourselves of the best talent in the country, 


1866.] SENATE—No. 389. i 


and we are satisfied that among the highest names connected 
with all our institutions of learning, there are few who have not 
both leisure and inclination to give, for proper compensation, 
as much of their time in courses of lectures on their special 
subjects, as may be practically useful to our college. We 
desire to secure for laborers constantly with us, as many pro- 
fessors of high attainments as practicable, but the very want, in 
times past, of such an institution as ours is intended to be, is 
the reason why teachers, exactly fitted to fill our professorships 
are very rare. In Michigan, some of the professorships in the 
agricultural college are already admirably filled by its own 
graduates. 

Although our first care is for the classes who shall first come 
into our halls, and our first purpose to make of all who come, 
' practical and scientific farmers, our ultimate aim is far beyond. 
Teachers and professors will soon be wanted in similar institu- 
tions, in all the Western and Southern States. Many young 
men, who have not farms, nor capital to buy them, may be 
aivdated to our college with the purpose of supplying this 
demand. Massachusetts, the prolific mother of teachers, can 
do no nobler work for education and humanity, than to send. 
through our wide borders, these heralds of her great ideas of 
liberty, equality and the dignity of labor. And farther still, 
when our classes shall one by one be filled, and our organization 
become complete, let us look still higher; let our motto still be 
ProcReEss; and let us pursue our study beyond the mere instruc- 
tion of classes in their prescribed course, and endeavor by 
careful experiment in the field and careful investigation in the 
study and the laboratory, to make discoveries in science, and to 
enlarge the boundaries of existing knowledge, fixing no limits 
to our researches but the limits of finite intelligence. 

Our idea has been to make our plan both simple and expan- 
sive, that it may be conformed, from time to time, to the wants 
of the people, and to the pecuniary means which may be 
secured. | 


OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED. 

It has been objected to our scheme, as shadowed forth in the 
document referred to, that such an institution is not strictly an 
agricultural college, but rather a college with some agriculture 

3 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


attached; and on the other side it has been charged, that the 
Act of Congress does not require an agricultural college, and 
that ours is too exclusively such. 

The Act of Congress properly gives great latitude to. the 
States in this matter, seeing that the new and old States have - 
very different wants in education. The great difficulty, even in 
Michigan, whose system of general education is better, perhaps, 
than that of any other Western State, is to find scholars who are 
fitted to enter the agricultural college, and a preparatory class 
has been arranged at the college to meet this difficulty. 

In Massachusetts, however high our requirements, we antici- 


_: pate no difficulty in that quarter. In the new States, these 


colleges must begin lower, and provide for teaching the common — 
branches. We, having excellent schools and colleges already 
at work, seem called upon to meet the wants not already 
supplied. We therefore make our course more distinctively 
agricultural at the outset, yet, as our pupils, in general, are 
expected to complete their education in our classes, we endeavor 
to carry them forward through such branches of common 
learning as belong to educated men in any position in life. 

It seems often to be assumed, that the college is to be 
established for the education exclusively of the sons of farmers, 
and it is objected that by a high course of general culture we 
shall render our students unfit to return to the common labors 
of New England farms, by giving them ideas too exalted for 
the humble pursuits of agriculture. 

This objection is based, we submit, upon radical michrieckual 
sion. The college is not designed for the benefit of the sons of 
any class of our citizens. 

A college which should not open its doors as readily for the 
admission of the sons of the poorest mechanic, the wealthiest 
merchant, the minister, the lawyer, and the doctor, as of the 
farmer, would tend to establish caste, and would be utterly at 
variance with our common school system, and with the first — 
principles of republican institutions. 

‘‘From what classes do you expect your pupils ?”’ is often 
asked. Our answer is, from all classes. In the Michigan 
Agricultural College, a large majority of the pupils are sons 
of farmers, while in the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, 
a large majority are from other classes, many of them from the 


1866. ] | SENATE—No. 39. 19 


cities and large towns, so that we gain no light from that 
quarter. 

The spirit of unrest which possesses Americans more than 
any other people, which prompts a man as soon as his house is 
built, to move away from it and go from a pleasant home to 
the wilds of Oregon, or the mines of California, is an almost 
necessary result of the development of free institutions in a 
vast, rich and diversified country. Here, instead of the right 
of primogeniture, by which the eldest son takes all the father’s 
land, property is equally divided among all the children, and 
so the accumulation of great estates is prevented. Here, no. 
seven years apprenticeship to any trade or business is required, 
and no man is born to rank or office, but each may do what his 
hands find to do,—a farmer in summer, a shoemaker, factory 
hand or tailor in winter, and by and by a member of Congress 
or president. 

Again, there is a charm in rural life which a child always 
appreciates and never forgets. The merchant in the city sighs 
for a country home, and means, when he is rich enough, to 
return to the old homestead and be happy again as he was 
when a boy. He does not like to see his sons grow up in the 
Latin school and the university, ignorant of rural affairs, and - 
may prefer to send them to the agricultural college. The 
farmer, on the other hand, is apt to think his own lot-a hard 
one, and to regard the comforts and apparent ease of city or 
professional life,-as more desirable for his sons. The boys | 
themselves, who have = influence in ‘the matter, assist in 
the decision. 

The city boy imagines the farmer’s life to be what he has 
seen in the country where he has passed his holidays, while 
the farmer’s boy, as too often treated, associates farming with | 
milking the cows before sunrise in winter, or dropping potatoes 
in thé hot sun, or turning the grindstone, in summer. This 
circulation from country to city and from city to country, as 
generations follow each other, is healthful for a community 
like ours, tending as it does to promote harmony and equality. 

Although by such influences, many, no doubt, from families 
other than the farmer’s will find their way to our college, yet, 
since the land adapted to agriculture is generally owned by 
those who occupy it, and one son at least usually remains at 


\ 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


home, it is fair to suppose that the farmers will contribute the 
larger portion of our students. | 


EFFECT OF SUCH EDUCATION. 


To the objection that we shall over-educate students, and so 
turn them away from farm labor and: their love of the old 
homestead, we would answer, that neither our received 
theories of such education, nor our convictions of its effects, 
allow us any apprehension on this point. 

Assuming that intelligent agriculture is the most agreeable 
and the most profitable employment for a large portion of our 
people; that the interest of the student in the wonderful 
processes of nature, in her formation of blade and bud and 
flower and fruit, in the reproduction of animals, in their 
various improved species, in the mechanism of new imple- 
ments, and in the development of new processes of culture, 
will constantly increase with his knowledge, and that such 
knowledge will, at the same time render the pursuit of 
agriculture more manifestly profitable, we claim that our 
course of education will attach the student more strongly to a 
life upon the farm. 

We contend, on the other hand, that oe college life 
tends to wean the student frost home attachments, and 
especially from attachment to the farm. Four. years of study, 
at the age when the character is most impressible, of branches 
not connected with agriculture, four years’ association with 
young men preparing almost exclusively for the professions, 
four years’ absence from the farm, the garden and the grand 
old woods, with.four years’ exemption from all manual labor, 
necessarily turn the thoughts of the young man away from 
agriculture and unfit him for the farm. . 

To counteract this tendency of ordinary college education, 
and give agriculture its due rank with the highest professions, 
is one of the grand objects of our enterprise. 


It-is true, no doubt, that some of the homesteads of New fy 


England may not be the most desirable places in the world, 
and that students, by a college education, may make discovery 
of this fact, and go elsewhere. 

_ We apprehend, however, that no parent desires so to educate 
his son as to cheat him into a false belief on such a point. 


1866.] - SENATE—No. 39. 21 


No! give him education in the truth, and when he is 
graduated at the college, let his stand-point be clevated 
enough to overlook the whole country, and if cattle-raising in 
Texas, corn-culture in Illinois, cotton-growing in Carolina or 
sheep-husbandry in California, offer stronger inducements than 
market-gardening at Cambridge or tobacco-culture on the 
Connecticut, with the settled institutions of New England, let 
him go where duty and interest call him, well qualified for 
whatever he may undertake ; and his father’s blessing will not 
be withheld. And again, if after such education as we can 
give him, he finds in agriculture no such promise of profit or 
pleasure as to induce him to pursue it as a business, what 
harm if he turn to a profession or to trade, and make of 
agriculture a means of pleasant relaxation, or a collateral 
scientific study. 

To diffuse through all classes the Knowléd ge how to make a 
rural home pleasant, how to replace the bare and the bald 
with lawns, and trees, and shrubs, and flowers, with tasteful 
and comfortable buildings, is no unimportant part of a liberal 
education. A rural life well lived, is no doubt, the happiest of 
all, and the most healthful for soul and body. The words of 
the poet are golden truth, 


‘¢ Happy the man who hath escaped the town, 
Him did an angel bless, when he was born, ” 


and let it.be part of our mission, so to teach. 


MANUAL LABOR. 


Our charter requires manual labor of all the students. 
This is one of the distinctive features of the college and one 
that has elicited much comment. Learned men, connected 
with education in the ordinary mode, generally doubt the 
success of the experiment. Their doubts have arisen from the 
want of success of strictly manual labor schools, schools where 
the labor of the student was expected to be profitable eae to 
pay in part, at least, his expenses. 

Severe, long continued daily physical labor is, no doubt, 
inconsistent with the highest intellectual exertion. No man 
can regularly perform his eight or ten hours daily work in the 
field or workshop and devote five or six more to severe mental 
exercise. 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [Jan. 


It is certainly true, however, that two or three hours of 
moderate bodily exercise daily, whether in the gymnasium, in 
field sports and games, or in any labor which is not irksome, is 
for most persons, healthful, and promotive of mental energy. 

Manual labor, at our college, is to be required, primarily, 
for the education of the student and not for profit, and the 
time devoted to labor should be graduated accordingly. — 

The object being education and not profit, the student 
should, so far as possible, be allowed’to practise such labor as 
he does not understand, whereas in a school where profit is the 
object, each student should perform what he best knows 
already. We have carefully observed the working of this part 
of the system in the agricultural colleges of Michigan and 
Pennsylvania. The number of students in the former has 
been usually about 100, being as many as can be at present 
accommodated. The number at the latter has varied 
considerably, the catalogue for 1864-5 showing 146 students. 

In each of them, three hours daily labor is required of every — 
student. In the Michigan college, after detailing a sufficient — 
number to take care of the stock, and to attend to various 
minor affairs, the students are divided into three equal classes, 
one:of which works in the gardens, under the charge of the 
' professor of botany and horticulture, while the other two work 
in the field under the professor of physiology and practical 
agriculture. At the end of a fortnight, the class from the 
garden is put into the field, and one of the other classes is put 
into the garden, new details having been made for the care of 
stock. A workshop is also provided, for which students are 
detailed as occasion requires. | 

The pupils are willing to work, and manifest great interest 
in the affairs of the farm and garden, taking a just pride in 
their fine stock and the excellent condition of their farm. 
Their farm contains nearly seyen hundred acres of excellent © 


land, covered, a few years since, with heavy timber. Upon it . 


there are now about one hundred sheep and seventy catile. 
They show good specimens of pure Shorthorn, Devon and Ayr- 
shire cattle, of Southdown, Silesian and Spanish Merino sheep, 
and of Essex, Suffolk and Chester white swine. Interesting’ 
experiments are also going on with crosses of different breeds. 
Nearly all the labor is performed by the students, and every- 


1866.) |  SENATE—No. 39. ” 23 


thing indicates that, thus far, the experiment of manual labor 
is entirely successful. 

At the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania the time allotted 
tolaboristhe same. The labor is, however, performed under the 
farm superintendent, and not, as in Michigan, under the profes- 
sors. q@@ur visit there was at a time unfortunate for observing 
the working of the system. The death of Dr. Pugh, the former 
president, had left an interregnum, and Dr. Allen, the new | 
president, was temporarily absent; and indeed had not been 
long enough in office to re-arrange affairs according td his own 
views. From what could be learned, it seemed that the rela- 
tions between the students and farm superintendent were not 
entirely harmonious, and the work did not go on so pleasantly 
as could be desired. 

It is important, we think, so far as podeltle, so to arrange our 
classes that’ the professors may superintend the students in 
their labors. It is hardly to be expected that we should be 
able to find any superintendent who will combine with the 
practical business tact and energy essential to his position, the 
scientific knowledge and habits of careful observation necessary 
to the prosecution of valuable experiments in agriculture, and 
the general culture which may command the respect of 
students. | 

This, however, is one of the many points which only experi- 
ence and careful observation can determine. There are cer- 
tainly manifest advantages in having the labor of the pupils 
directed by their professors, illustrating in the field the lessons 
of the lecture-room, and with the students, conducting to 
definite results experiments in the many vexed ae of 


practical ggriculture. 


ELECTIVE CouRSES. 


It is a part of our plan to provide, at the college, for courses 
of study of shorter duration than the regular course, for the 
benefit of those who may desire only a practical education in 
agriculture. This has been undertaken in most modern insti- 
tutions of learning, and may be effected by admitting. pupils, 
under proper restrictions, to certain recitations in the regular 
classes, without requiring them to pursue all the studies of the 
class, and by providing courses of popular lectures, in the 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | iaa. 


leisure season of the year, which may be attended by the 
public generally. ; 


It is believed to be practicable thus to meet the wants of two - 


classes ; the first, of those engaged in agriculture, of older 
growth than ordinary pupils, who have not time for a full 
course, who yet desire to prosecute, to some extent, sgientific 
study, and to observe the improved processes of husbandry ; 
the second, of educated young men, graduates of colleges and 
others, who wish to become familiar with the use of implements, 
with live stock, with farm labor and rural affairs in general, 
and to render practical their abstract knowledge of “such 
branches of learning as are related to agriculture.” 


Turron. 


Tt naturally occurs to many, that, inasmuch as this is a State 
institution, admission to it, as to our common schools, should 
be free, Mrewet to our own citizens. To this it is answered, 
that a large annual expenditure is necessary to maintain such 
a college as our people demand, that one-half or more of the 
pupils will be abundantly able to pay a reasonable tuition fee, 
and that to give to such is no charity.. Scholarships may be 
established, by State or private bounty, in aid of such as need 
assistance. 

It is contemplated, too, in our plan, that students who distin 
to do so, upon previous notice given, may have their studies so 
arran ned as to perform extra labor on the farm, for which they 
shall be paid. 

By these, and other arrangements, it is hoped that no’ young 
man need be deterred from seeking an education at our college 
By want of eee | means. e 


THE Farm, 

Our favorable estimate of the farm selected, as to its general 
adaptation to the- purposes of the institution, and as to its 
productiveness, are fully confirmed. 

Most of the estate was leased for the past season under 
restrictions securing good husbandry, and requiring the tenents 
to expend all the hay and other fodder upon the land, and 
leave the manure for our use at the expiration of their leases. 
The rents secured for the year amount to more than $2 ,000, or 


1866.] . SENATE—No. 39. | 25 


about five per cent. upon the whole purchase money, which, 
when we consider that we bought nearly four hundred acres of 
land in compact form, of persons who had no desire to sell, and 
for purposes other than mere profit, and that much of it is wood, 
rough pasture and swamp, indicates, at least, a judicious invest- 
ment. In our purchase of D. K. Bangs, he deducted $125 
from the price, for the rent of it the past season, so that that 
amount, to be accurate, should be added in our statement, to 
the rent of the farm for 1865. A part of the land purchased 
of Mr. Cobb, being the portion of the estate upon which it was 
expected improvements would first be made, was not leased. 
In the statement annexed to this Report, of the income and 
expenses of the farm, will be found various charges for labor in 
planting.trees, fencing, ploughing, haying and harvesting, and 
credits for oats and hay, mostly relating to the Cobb land. 
Our operations in ornamental improvement of the grounds have 
necessarily been limited by want of the definite plans incident 
to the location of buildings and roads. They have consisted 
partly in planting a few hundred evergreens, of six to eight feet 
height, for a screen on our easterly line, and in setting, in 
nurseries, some three thousand small trees for future use. A 
reservoir upon the highest land where water appears, has been 
constructed, ten feet in diameter and ten feet deep, which has 
been full for many weeks, with a pipe laid low enough to draw © 
it to the bottom. It was deemed important early to test the 
‘supply of water from the springs, and the one in question, two 
hundred and twenty-five feet above the lowest point on the 
estate, although not at any time a copious spring, has been 
found to yield five hundred gallons per day in the dryest part 
of the very dry summer of 1865. Abundant supplies of water 
from springs coming out at lower points, yet elevated enough 
for all farm purposes, are found in various places on the farm. 


ALTERATION OF HigHway. : 


A public highway crosses the estate, leaving about one- 
quarter of its territory on the upper, or east side, and the rest 
on the west or lower side. As this highway admitted of 
obvious improvements which were likely to be made at some 
time, measures were taken, early in the season, to have its 
location changed so as better to accommodate both our estate 

4 


26 AGBICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


and the public. Upon a petition filed for the purpose, it was, 
on the first Tuesday of December, adjudged by the county 
commissioners, that the common convenience and necessity 
require a change therein, and the 17th day of January, 1866, 
has been fixed by them, for the proper location thereof. 


BUILDINGS. 


At the quarterly meeting in. February, a committee was . 
appointed to consider the subject of location and plan of con- 
struction of buildings. Upon approaching this duty it was at | 
once seen by the committee that no satisfactory conclusions . 
could be reached without a careful and elaborate survey. Our 
engineer was therefore instructed to make such a survey, and the 

result is a map showing accurately every building, fence, road 
stream, spring and other principal object on the estate, with 
sketches of the tracts of forest, and contour-lines at every five 
feet vertical height, so marked that at a glance the elevation of 
any point may be accurately observed. When it is understood — 
that the surface is quite diversified with hills and valleys, 
woods and fields, varying at points, two hundred and seventy 
feet in height, the necessity of such a survey will be appre-— 
ciated. It is not only of use in the location of buildings ; but 
in every future improvement, whether of the construction of 
’ buildings, roads or walks, of works for supplying water to the 
different parts of the estate, of draining, irrigation or grading, 
such a map is essential to systematic progress. 

Having completed our surveys and obtained all possible infor- 
mation respecting the size and form of a college building, a 
competent architect was employed to furnish specific plans and 
superintend the erection of such a building. / 

After a free interchange of opinion, and a full discussion, the 
site deemed by the trustees most suitable has been selected, and 
preparations have been made for procuring materials for the 
proposed building. The general expectation of a decline in 
the prices of labor and materials has induced us to delay as 
long as possible the contracts for its erection. It is hoped, 
however, that energetic progress may be made in the om 
of the coming season. 

It is more important to organize the institution wisely spel 
rapidly, and to any reasonable delay which brings harmony to 


' 1866.) SENATE—No. 39. 27 


our counsels, and inspires confidence in our final action, we 
may cheerfully submit. We are bound, however, by the con- 
ditions of the grant of Congress, to provide such a college as is 
therein described, within five years from the second day of 
July, 1862. 

Hoping for the prompt co-operation of the governor and 
council in establishing our plan of organization, and for such 
aid from the legislature as may be necessary for its develop- 
ment; expecting from all that charity which is due to men 
charged with an enterprise in which the interests of agriculture 
and education, and the reputation of the Commonwealth as the 
pioneer in education, are alike involved, we trust we shall be 
able to lay the foundations of our institution so brogd and deep, 
that it may forever stand as a landmark of progress in the 
education of the people. 


FINANCIAL. 


By Act of July 2, 1862, Congress granted to the Common- 
wealth, scrip for 360 000 acres of land for colleges for the 
benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Our legislature, 
by Act of April 27, 1863, appropriated one-third of the income 
of the fund derived fot the sale of nine-tenths of ‘the scrip to 
’ the Institute of Technology, one-tenth having been assigned to 
the Agricultural College to be used in payment for its farm. 
Our report of last year states the sales of the scrip to the close 
of the year 1864. Since then the agent’of the college has sold. 
of the one-tenth 960 acres for $736, and the commissioner for 
the State has sold 4,960 acres for $4,144.80. 

The results of all the sales to the close of the year 1865 are 
as follows: Of the tenth of the scrip assigned to the college, 
32,320 acres have been sold for $27,318.40, and 3,680 acres 
remain unsold. Of the other nine-tenths, 104,160 acres have 
been sold for $83,546.40, and 219,840 acres remain unsold. In 
all, 136,480 acres have been sold for $110,864.80, being an 
average of about 81} cents per acre. 

The proceeds of the one-tenth are accounted for by the trea- 
surer of the college, and the proceeds of the nine-tenths by the 
treasurer of the Commonwealth. 

The governor and council having fixed the minimum price 
of the scrip in the hands of the commissioner at eighty cents 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ~ (Jan. 


per acre, which is somewhat above its market value during the 
past year, the sales have been small. It is believed that the 
legislature would prefer to advance the funds necessary to the 
maintenance of the college, rather than force the sale of the 
scrip at a low price. 

By Act of May 11, 1864, the legislature granted $10,000 
‘to defray the necessary expenses of establishing and main- 
taining” the college, and provided for the repayment thereof 
out of the first moneys received by the treasurer of the Com- 
monwealth as income of our part of the land scrip fund. 
In our annual report of last year we set forth reasons why 

this repayment cannot be legally made, and referring to those 
reasons we again respectfully ask the legislature to repeal:the 
provision for such repayment. 

By Act of May 11, 1865, the sum of $10,000 was granted to 
the Massachusetts Arrioniiaeal College to aid in .its establish- 
ment. The accounts of the treasurer of the corporation, here- 
with exhibited, show the application of these funds so far as 
expended. The. treasurer of the Commonwealth reports that 
the income of the scrip fund for the years 1864 and 1865 is 
$11,365.22, two-thirds of which, $7,576.81, is held by him for 
payment of the $10,000 granted to the college in 1864, the 
other third to be accounted for to the Institute of Technology. - 

The apparent income of the scrip fund has been increased by 
a re-investment of part of the fund originally in gold-paying — 
_ bonds, in 7-30’s, and by large premiums on gold received as 
interest. It has been suggested by the incoming treasurer that 
a part, $2,900.70, of what has been regarded as income, might 
perhaps be properly treated as principal, so as to preserve the 
integrity of the fund, as the Act of Congress requires. ‘This 
correction, if made, must be made by pong to the dase.» a, 
part of future income. 

The treasurer’s account shows the sum of $1,255.88 
advanced for expenses of the trustees. This covers their 
expenses from May, 1864, to the close of 1865. For the year 
ending May, 1864, there was provision made in the appropria- 
tion bills by the legislature. For the following year, a similar 
appropriation was inserted by the proper committee, but it was 
by some misapprehension stricken out. 


1866.] SENATE—No. 39. 29 


Our annual meeting being held in May, we have heretofore 
made up our accounts to that time. It has been thought 
better, however, to conform to the political year of the 
Commonwealth, and to make up our accounts in future to the 
first Wednesday of the year. As there is no fund, except such 
as the legislature may provide, to which the expenses of the 
meetings of the trustees can be charged, it is hoped that such. 
expenses may go regularly into the appropriation bills, lik 
those of other State institutions. Of the $2,000, which by the 
treasurer’s account appear to have been paid to the building 
committee, there has been expended, principally in quarrying 
and drawing stone and in excavation, $1,431.41, leaving $586.59 
on hand. The item ‘ paid H. F. French per order of trustees © 
$500,’ was a payment to the executive committee to be 
applied to general improvements. Of.this amount $163.76 
has been expended in constructing a reservoir, and the balance 
$336.24 is on hand. 

A general statement of the financial condition of the college, 
a statement of the income and expenditures of the farm, and 
the accounts of the treasurer, are annexed and form part of 
this peporte. 


Respectfully submitted in behalf of the Trustees by 


HENRY F. FRENCH, President. 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


(Jan. 


STATEMENT OF PROPERTY AND DEBTS. 


1. As TO Lanp. 


Pree ty.—8103 acres and buildings cost 
Tanda for 8,680 acres at 80c.,. 
In hands of treasurer, . : 


Debt.—Note to L. D. Cowles, 
Balance , 


) 2. As To Buitpine Fonp. 
Property—Amount of unpaid subscription 
One year’s interest, 
In hands of treasurer, . 
In hands of committee, 
Quarried stone and tools, say 


3. AS TO CONTINGENT Fup. 
_ Property.—In hands of treasurer, ; 


$34,999 50 
2,944 00 
5,929 31 


$43,072 81 


$12,000 00 
81,072 81 


$413,072 81 


$70,000 00 
4,200 00 
8,210 00 


586 59 _- 


1,000 00 


$78,996 59 


$18,665 05 


4, As to Funp FoR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE. 
hi —Two-thirds the income of $83,453.00, held by the 
treasurer of the Commonwealth. Income for 1865 
and probable income for 1866, held to pay $10,000 


appropriation of 1864. 


Two-thirds the income of 219,840 acres of land- 
scrip yet unsold, valued at eighty cents per acre, 


or $175,872.00. 


@ 


1866.] 


STATEMENT OF INCOME 
THE COLLEGE 


Receipts. 


Rent of L. D. Cowles,. . $900 00 


of Chester Cowles, . 580 00 

_ of Crouch place, . 200 00 

' of Donahue, 125 00 

of Cobb pasture, . . 75 00 

150 bushels oats, 90 00 
10 tons hay, 160 00 
$2,130 00 


SENATE—No. 389. 31 


AND EXPENDITURES OF 
FARM, IN 1865. 


Expenditures. 

Donahue, labor, . - $15 50 
Chester Cowles, labor, . 146 50 
L. D. Cowles, labor, 96 50 
D. K. Bangs, labor, . 21 00 
Cutler, grass seed, &c., . 139 64 
Insurance, . . 32 00 
Trees, 53 10 
Reservoir, ‘ 163 76 

$668 00 


-Note.—The rents as stated above are for the year ending 


April 1, 1866, when the last half of these amounts are 
payable. The first three items for labor were offset against 
the rent, so that the treasurer’s accounts show only the 
balances for the half year. The oats and hay are on hand. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


32 


#9 6&1 SanQ say “ony ‘peas ‘sews ‘SM "NH WM — | ‘6B oooo’s |° * * * *° +  * ‘torertdordde 0727g as: "qT 


GS SPS. : + : - — ‘uospy 29 ppeyg ‘sarheaing — | ‘zT “uee ; “CORT 

: “G98 oooo's |* * * * +. * + fuonerdoiddeajyg —§ | ‘- deg 

o¢i# |° °° * * *° * + ‘‘y00q yueq gq | ‘Ts “Aon || 00 OOS'ts ]}*  * * + = * «* ~~ * ‘uonepdordde eg oy, | - Aine 
“POST “POST 


Sy  *GNO LNGONILNOO 


a 


~ 


00 OT‘e¢ 00 OTz‘e¢ 


(A-OICS Ss (5 2S Se ‘puvy U0 souryeq fo uve 
“998T OO 01S CG | * ot Se ae ey 
oo ooo'se }*° 8 tt * fag FUMULOD Surpymg pred Ag | ‘gT “300 ||. UMOT, Joy UoTdiosqns ‘Foley WIITM JO peateoes oy, | ‘eT “3dag 
. . "GOST. "G98 


> 


‘CNOA DNIGTING 


"CORT ‘Gz IOQUIOAON WOIT JSOIOFUL YITM YOO'SI$ OF SOPMOD *ql “’T 0} O}0U BV SUIpUL}S}NO AOU SI IOI], 


Ieeeon|* Se Sas tC pmmeed £| fe ee | Ors 1° 2 2 BENIG 07 PUNO] ONO'OGS IeoTaINT | 3 
‘08s || 00.0ha =|* * * = ® {pjos. duos “youedy “A “H 1Z "20d 


00.0009 14 es Se Spurl eopon -ae-e ‘SL INAV || 00 OFZ s 8 2 5 8 © ‘pos dias ‘qouedg fH ‘T “AON 
OCG Ge | So fe S.Ct. PURL MonOsO [Sf ‘% ‘ure |}00deo f° * tf tt (jos duos "yous aH =| (IT 

: “COST ORG et. St a = “posdians *yaneg re ‘e Avy 
00.008'2'= | 42S ee ‘purr ‘sopMoO 1038049 ‘SI oo 00st |° > * *° *° ¢° * §pjos dries ‘youery fH ‘WT ‘uee 
00. 000° |" 3: *= > > “pus ‘ssuvgq syd 7 "GOST 
00 OL1'S ° ° . . : > ‘pur ‘anqeuog uyor ‘5 "AON 00 000‘¢ ° . ° . ° > ‘pros draos ‘qouerg “aq *H ‘g dag 
og 60r'9¢ |° OC et tt Spy Sqqog sauozy pred Ag | ‘Fr 390 || 00 ooo‘Os#] °° tt Ct * Spyos ditos ‘qouerg gq *HOL | ‘e “ny 

"POST "POST 


“LNOQOOOYV dIdos GNVT 
Ce) ‘ADATION) IVUALINOIUNY SLLASAHOVSSV]L Y72M guUNnoIID U2 ‘WaunsvaLyT “ATAUAG NVHLVN "mq 


33 


SENATE—No. 39. 


00 000‘0$ 


- + HIeMIOF poLlivo sjunowy 


‘ : * gogo jo siredoayy 


"88819 01) 29 STTPAA 
nq Arpuns ‘ Youaly “Wl "H pitg 
- O09 ‘seam ‘souvg “MC 


: : , : ‘OUT AA *f 
; : *  *UOJSIVJAL 0.5.1095) 
* “qouer] ‘TH 
"Ujooury “AA “£ 
‘saying, UvYyIeNy 
‘syuBquieg "T “f 
* . . ‘uinqys? AA g “mM 
: : * “mang yse MA "a “AA 
"8 8 Gurpt y sepeyp 
: ; * — ‘u0}SABYAT 05.1004) 
: . * TeMeg *O sepeyD 
; : * “emag *O sepreyg 
"- "5 RUG saManeT Ty 
: : * ‘espoq ie 
; ; See a Se ale) at. 
. . . a“ : J ‘W109 = 
: : : * favupeys *g 
. ° . . ‘uvuIpeg ‘dq 
‘dorqye'T noe 
‘doryqye'y oe 
+ Sea 
ae ae ‘Santy M "I Mon 
7930] nei 
* ory eBeLIey 
‘ - * ‘sraeg "5 one 
—‘souy Aipuns ‘soajsna jo sosuodxny 
~ * uoprserg jo Arvpeg 


* — ‘gayMoD *q “Ty pred 4sor0juy 
: > ‘ppeyg A, *¢ ‘Burkaaing 
‘sooqsni J, Jepio sod ‘youarg “HAG 


GP 1Ec‘os$ 


£0 30g 
ah ge 

00 000‘0r 
00 003'es 


‘pIVMIOJ POLIVD JUNOWY 


> + ‘syuex Arpung 
‘pouroy ‘ong zg “yse10qUl 

* ‘nonviudoidde 03439 

+ ‘uoneiadordde 03%}g OF, 


[Jan. ’66. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


abo poanynayb) V snasnyonsso yy LOUNSDILT, : . =. : 


‘GGuNd NVHLVN : | — *powrtaqns Ajmjoodsoyy | 
9% 968°ES$ | | 9% 968' E98 
9¢ F00'°6S | °° ee ‘kep sIq} qensvary, JO spury ut aourleg : 
06 TEs‘Te¢! ° > : ° a ‘oyep 0} seunqipugdxe Ivor, | ‘e ‘ure || 9g geg‘egsi: * : * ‘eyep 0} SOdINOS [[e WO S}drodel [VJOy, | ‘ge ‘URL 
“9981 | ‘9981 
ey Lec‘osd) ; Gh Les‘oat ' 


RO 200 Es Stee = st 8 et ee eee aeg Ag 


89 OLT = : 2 
0¢ & * : : : * ‘oqe, pu soidog ; 


TL 9 : : : : * ‘spoep surpi0der] 2 


00 OT . . . ° . . ‘SITOH “IN 

PT . ° e . ° . ‘ydviSeya 7, : 

00 g : e e e ° e ° ‘eas esaT]09 ; 

99 FZ e ° e e e e ° ‘Sool, : : 

@) 9 ° ° e ° . e e ‘Suu 

LE GT : ; : : * “929 fy700q 109}0'T 

00 GE . : : ‘ 2 : ‘gouvinsuy 

rd 09% ° ° ° ° ° e ° ‘sduieys ‘a Avy - 

“GOST 

86 16 eo 

Fe } ° e ° e ° ° ° ‘10Qe'T 

00 ve ee ° . ° ° . ° ‘sdure}9 ; : 

IL Z C 5 : . : - ‘gory GuSianq 

00 &T : : : : ‘Suyuid pus zodeg : 

0S 6 : 2 ; : » + {Kyeu01y#}9 

Go 8 : : ‘ ; * ‘SUIMVS PU POO MA 

— *sqIra Axpuns * youe.y ‘A ‘ET pred Ag 

00 0000 | 82 sae *  ‘prvadtoy qySnoiq syunowy cp pec'osti tt tt Spt MdOT FYSNOIG JUHOUY 


“aD  PanuyuUuouj—AOATIOD IVHALTIAOIYOW SLLASOHOVSSV]L Y720 yun0000 Un “saunsva4T “AATUAG NVHLVNY ‘ud 


iC . j My 
me his i 
7 F t- ‘ 
ose) 


. Aner’, faa he * ’ ty J : j . : 
‘ich Lehi Mmmm bog Ra ae Foie at i 
“ee ? 


at ih Silat 
! Pye kun, 
ie ae 
5 
$ 
s 
. ’ 
a 
‘ 
x 
* 
“ i 
- 5 Ls 
\ é ’ 
, 
° 
pes 
* 
a7 
‘ 
; ; 
, 
4 . 
; 
. 
3 7k 
4) > 
ol ri a4 
+ 1 A 
Cty 
ea adbe 
. & 5 
‘ Ps 
, 
‘ 
I , 
: * 


SENATE...... 7 vNo. 89. 


ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


AMassachnselts Agricultural College. 


nS Charge 


BOSTON: 
WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
4 


EE, 


- 
= 
Pi 


Bearehe we 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


To the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court 
convened. 


In accordance with the requirement of the Act incorporating 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College, that “the corporation 
shall make an Annual Report of its condition, financial and 
otherwise, to the legislature,’ the Board of Trustees submit 
the following 


REPORT: 


The Annual Reports of 1865 and 1866 set forth with suffi- 
cient fulness the organization and general plan of the Agricul- 
tural College. 

The governor of the Commonwealth, the secretary of the 
Board of Agriculture, secretary of the Board of Hducation, 
and the president of the College, are ex officio members of the 
Board of Trustees. 

The remaining members of the Board are Marshall P. Wil- 
der, of Dorchester; Charles G. Davis, of Plymouth; Nathan 
Durfee, of Fall River; Henry Colt, of Pittsfield; Charles C. 
Sewall, of Medfield; Paoli Lathrop, of South Hadley ; Phineas 
‘Stedman, of Chicopee; Allen W. Dodge, of Hamilton ; 
George Marston, of Barnstable; William B. Washburn, of 
Greenfield; Henry L. Whiting, of Tisbury ; D. Waldo Lincoln, 
of Worcester; Henry F. Hills, of Amherst; E. Francis Bow- 
ditch, of Framingham. 

On the 29th of September, President French Tesigned his 
office, and Professor P. A. Chadbourne, of Williams College, 
was, on the 7th of November, elected in his place. 


$0725 


‘40 MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


The time has now come when it seems demanded that a defi- 
nite plan of action should be presented to the legislature, not 
only to meet the requirements of the law, but also that those 
who desire the advantages of the College may understand the 
facilities it will offer for education. 


PLAN OF STUDY. 


According to the regulations already adopted for admission 
to the freshman class, students must be prepared to pass the 
examination required for entering the normal schools of the 
State. , : 

The subjects required to be taught in the College were also 
given in a former report. The present plan, therefore, simply 
arranges the studies, giving to each what is thought to be its 
proper place in the course. Undoubtedly, experience will sug- 
gest improvements, changing the relative place of studies here 
mentioned, introducing others, and perhaps striking out some 
now required. The object aimed at in the instruction is, first, — 
to make intelligent, thoroughly-educated men; and secondly, 
to make practical agriculturists. This is demanded by the law 
of Congress donating the lands, which declares the purpose to 
be, *‘ to promote the liberal and practical education of the indus- 
trial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.” It 
is difficult to see how an agricultural education alone would 
meet the requirements of this law if such an education were 
desirable. But any system that attempts to give practical knowl-. 
edge without first having given a broad scientific basis, will 
succeed only in making skilful artisans, and will not send forth 
men fitted to improve themselves, or add materially to the 
advancement of knowledge. 

The course of instruction is necessarily somewhat modified 
by the condition of our schools. If all the children in the 
State could have the advantage of our best High Schools, the - 
studies of the College course might commence one year in 
advance of what they now can. The College must raise its 
standard just as rapidly as it can be done without shutting out 
those who most need its advantages. 

If any are now able to have at home the advantages offained 
by the College in the first year, such students can enter in 
advance, while the College should offer instruction to those who 


ca 


~ 1867.] - SENATE—No. 39. 5 


must go from home, at a less price than it can be obtained for 
in any other place. , 

It is proposed that, for the present at least, the instruction 
shall consist of two courses: a special course of lectures, exclu- 
sively agricultural, to be given every winter, and also a regular 
four years’ course of study that shall give a truly liberal edu- 
cation, — a basis for the active duties of life, which any citizen 
of a free republic may be called upon to engage in. The 
College will thus offer the advantages of a professional school 
in agriculture, and an educational course differing from that 
in the other colleges of the State, but no less extensive and 
thorough in its requirements. 

Instruction in the regular course must first be given mainly 
- by permanent professors of the College; but in the special 
courses, it is intended to bring in as lecturers gentlemen con- 
nected with other institutions, who have made certain subjects 
connected with agriculture their special study; and also to 
bring in prominent agriculturists to lecture upon those subjects 
that have been of special interest to them. The College will 
thus bring before its students the best instruction that can be 
given by scientific men and the practical agriculturists of the 
State. We need all the aid we can command.in such a new 
and almost untried enterprise as this, and we know of no better 
way to secure it than this which we have indicated. We see 
no better way than this to secure the practical element which it 
is desirable to have prominent in the instruction of the College ; 
and in no way can abstract science be more rapidly advanced 
than where the suggestions which have come from study in the 
laboratory and cabinet can be tested at once by the observations 
and experiments of practical men, who are thus enabled to 
turn to good account the accumulated experience of a lifetime, 
which otherwise might be of no advantage to others. The first 
work of the College in aid of agriculture will be to put in prac- 
tice the best results which have already been worked out by our 
leading agriculturists, before it will be in a condition to enter 
upon new experiments. 

The following is the course of study proposed for both the 
regular and special departments. Such explanations are added 
as will show as nearly as can now be done what the work of 
each year is to be. 


6 MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Feb. 


1. SpectaL Course. 

Lectures commencing with the Spring Term, embracing in 
part the following subjects :— 

Structural Botany, Propagation and Cultivation of Plants, 
History of Cultivated Plants, Pomology, Practical Agriculture, | 
Agricultural Chemistry, Physical Geography and Surface 
Geology, Natural History of Domestic Animals, Comparative ! 
Anatomy, Diseases of Animals, Milch Cows and Dairy, Sheep 
Husbandry, Insects injurious to Vegetation, Fuel—its origin 
and preparation, Rural Architecture. 

A portion of these lectures will be delivered by the president 
and professors of the College. But among those who have 
promised their aid in carrying on this course are Hon. Marshall 
P. Wilder, Dr. George B. Loring, E. W. Bull, Esq. and C. L. 
Flint, secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 

This course of lectures will be especially for the benefit of 
those whose circumstances are such that they can devote but.a 
short time in winter to study. It is but extending and render- 
ing more complete the plan of the Board of Agriculture, in 
holding yearly meetings for lectures and discussions. While 
these lectures will not take the place of the regular college 
duties, the arrangement of the lectures and college studies will - 
be such that students who remain three years in College, will 
be able to hear all the lectures of the special course. 


2. REGULAR COURSE. 


Freshman Year. 

First Term.— Algebra; English Language; Human Anatomy; Bot- 
any. Lectures on the Preservation of Health and Methods of Study. 

Second Term.—Geometry; Drawing; French; General Chemistry 
and Mineralogy. (Recitations and Lectures.) 

Third Term.—Geometry; Drawing; French; General Zoblogy ; ; 
Botanical Analysis. 

Members of the Freshman Class will be ‘allowed to attend at least 
one lecture daily of the special course on Agriculture, in such depart- 
ments as the Faculty shall determine. 


Sophomore Year. 
First Term.—Trigonometry ; Surveying; Mensuration ; Agriculture ; 
‘Physical Geography ; Applied Chemistry and Mineralogy. (Recitations 
and Lectures.) | 


” 


1867.) SENATE—No. 39. yy 


Second Term—Analytical Geometry; German; History. Farm 
Management by lectures ; Book-keeping and Farm Accounts; Laboratory 
Practice. 

Third Term.—German; Comparative Anatomy; General Geology ; 
Landscape Gardening and Rural Architecture. 

Lectures——Diseases of Domestic Animals; Physical Properties of 
Soils; Drainage. 

Students of the Sophomore Class will be allowed to attend one lec- 
ture daily of the special course, on such subjects as the Faculty may 
determine. 


Junior Year. 


First Term.—Mechanics and Optics; Political Economy; English, 
French or German Literature or Calculus, (optional.) 

Lectures.—Horticulture ; History of Useful Plants. . 

Second Term.—Engineering ; Hydrostatics; Analytical Chemistry, 
Laboratory Practice; Forestry ; Industrial Statistics. 

Lectures.—Magnetism and Electricity. 

Third Term—Astronomy, Climatology ; Animal and Vegetable 
Physiology, with special reference to Breeds and Varieties; Rhetoric; 
Laboratory Practice. 7 

Lectures.—Entomology, Bee Culture, &c. 

Students in the Junior Class will have the privilege of attending one 
lecture daily, of the special course, on such subjects as the Faculty shall 
determine. | 


Senior Year. 


First Term.—Civil Polity ; Intellectual Philosophy ; Economic Geol- 
ogy and Mining. 

Lectures.—Law relating to Rural Affairs. 

Second Term.—Moral Philosophy; Logic; Esthetics; English 
Literature. 

Lectures.—Architecture. 

Third Term.—Special Subjects ; Reviews. 

Seniors attend any lectures of the course. 

Military Tactics ; Declamations; Discussion and Themes during the 
whole course. 


The first term of the College will commence October 2, 1867. 
The first year provision will be made for a freshman class 
only. 


8 MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [ Feb. 


Those students who complete the whole course will be enti- 
tled to the degree of Bachelor of Science; and those students 
who make special proficiency in any department, beyond what 
is required in the college course, without neglecting the required 
duties, will, on examination, be entitled to a special diploma 
in that department. 3 

Persons not proposing to cyanate may enter at any time and 
select any two studies which they are fitted to pursue, and 
attend any lectures of the course. Such students must con- 
form to allthe college regulations binding upon students of 
the regular course. 

The laboratory and field practice will be under the direction 
of the professors of the several departments, and will be car- 
ried on for the purpose of instruction alone. No natural science 

can be learned by the mere study of books. There must be 

work in the laboratory, in the cabinet and in the field. This 
principle now recognized in most of our colleges and scientific 
schools, will be made prominent in all the departments of this 
College. A weil cultivated farm will at all times furnish illus- | 
trations in Agriculture. A botanic garden, with green-house, 
graperies and propagating houses will be an invaluable aid in 
the study of Botany and Horticulture. 


CoLLEGE BUILDINGS. 


A college must have recitation and lecture rooms convenient 
for the purposes of instruction, and when a college is fully 
organized no small amount of accommodation is required for 
cabinets, library and other appliances required in giving a thor- 
ough education. Some provision must also be made for rooms 
and board for students. When students can be accommodated 
in families, that is the best that can be done for them. But 
this method of rooming and boarding is always expensive, and 
if an Agricultural College is situated so as to have a large farm 
conuected with it, there will seldom be found families enough 
within a reasonable distance to furnish rooms and board for 
students at such prices as they can afford to pay. Certainly, as 
this College is located, there, seems to be an imperative demand 
that some provision should be made for the students, both on 
the score of convenience and economy. Because students are 


1867.] SENATE—No. 39. 9 


better off in families than in any other place, it does not follow 
that they are better off distributed in small club houses where 
there are no families, than they are in a college building of the 
ordinary kind. The Trustees must furnish the best accommo- 
dation possible with the means at their command. 

In the plan adopted they have contracted for such buildings 
as will always be needed for the College. And while these 
buildings are by no means all that will ultimately be required 
for the greatest efficiency of the institution, they will be suff- 
cient for its accommodation, until it shall be better known 
than it now is, exactly what is needed, and until the College 
shall be shown to be worthy of the patronage and support of 
the public. 

The following buildings are already contracted for at the 
prices named, the work to be completed by the first of August 
of the present year. 

1. A dormitory 10050 feet, four stories high. The three 
upper stories of this building will afford ample rooms for forty- 
eight students, leaving the entire lower story for recitation 
rooms, a cabinet and library room. Whenever a building shall 
be erected giving more ample accommodations for lectures, 
recitations, cabinets and libraries, this lower story can readily 
be used for students’ rooms. The cost of this building, 
according to contract, is to be $30,000. 

2. A laboratory 46x57 feet, two stories high. The lower 
story contains a room for chemical analysis, with furnace room, 
apparatus room, and balance room attached. The upper story 
contains furnace room, three apparatus rooms, and a large 
lecture room which can also be used as achapel. Cost, $9,350. 

8A hoarding house, where board can be furnished for fifty 
students. Students will board wherever they choose, but this 
house is built for the purpose of securing to such as desire it, 
board at cost within a convenient distance to the College. Cost 
of the building, $5,050. 

It is estimated that $46,000 will cover the entire cost of these 
buildings and such out-buildings as are required for them. 

This will leave $33,429.34 of the building fund for repair- 
ing the buildings now on the farm, erecting new farm 
buildings and a president’s house. 

2 


10 MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


INSTRUCTION. 


Some account has already been given of the proposed method 
of giving instruction in the special course. 

In the regular course, the College must commence with a 
single class, and at first will have no need of a full corps of — 
instructors. The instruction in chemistry and natural history 
for the first year will be given by the president. For the other 
departments ample provision will be made before the opening 
of the collegiate year. 

The Hon. Levi Stockbridge has been elected Farm Superin- 
tendent and will enter upon the duties of his office the coming 
spring. The farm will then, as soon as possible, be brought 
into a state fitting it for the purposes of instruction in practical 
agriculture. In addition to such field work as may be required 
under the direction of the several professors for the purpose of 
instruction, those students who choose to employ a portion of 
their time on the farm will be encouraged to do so under the 
direction of the Farm Superintendent. For such labor a fair © 
compensation will be given. But as the purpose of the College 
is instruction, mere labor for pay will not be encouraged or 
allowed to such an extent as to interfere with the regular and 
successful performance of all required college duties. = 


Botanic GARDEN, 


With the limited means derived from the college fund, no 
outlay on-the land could be made except such as should be 
demanded for the general cultivation of the farm. But the 
Trustees are able to make the gratifying announcement that 
$20,000 have already been pledged to the College for the 
express purpose of establishing and maintaining a Botanic 
Garden. Ten thousand dollars of this fund are given by 
Messrs. Leonard M. and Henry F. Hills, of Amherst, and ten 
thousand by Dr. Nathan Durfee, of Fall River. These liberal ’ 
subscriptions, so promptly made for this purpose, render it the 
duty of the Trustees at once to undertake the work on a scale 
that shall correspond to the generous intentions of the donors, 
and make the garden an honor to the State. We have no doubt 
others will willingly aid in carrying out a plan that shall secure 
to the College all that can be desired in’ this direction. The 


1867.] SENATE—No. 39. : 11 


whole subject has been referred to a committee of the Board, to 
report upon a plan of organization, so that the work of pre- 
paring the ground for the garden may be commenced the 
coming spring. 


RELATIONS TO AMHERST COLLEGE. 


The people of Massachusetts, through their representatives, 
were emphatic in their decision that the Agricultural College 
should not be merely a department of some already existing 
institution. A fear has been entertained by some that its loca- 
tion near another college is an unfortunate one. We think 
any apprehension on this score is entirely without foundation. 
Certainly there are some great advantages in its proximity to 
an old established institution. The very liberal offers made by 
Amherst College in regard to the use of its library, give the 
students of the Agricultural College advantages which they 
could not have for many years from the institution itself. The 
very extensive and valuable mineralogical and geological cabi- 
nets there will always be open to our students, so that there 
will be no need of attempting to build up such cabinets in 
connection with the Agricultural College. With these cabinets 
so near and so valuable—but valuable to students only for 
general examination—it would be a mere waste of money to 
do more than to prepare cabinets for illustration in the lecture 
room, and make collections in those departments having special 
reference to agriculture. This method of action ought to be 
more generally adopted than it is, even by those coMeges far 
from each other. If each one would provide itself with speci- 
mens needful for class instruction, and then complete its 
collection in some department not well represented in other 
cabinets, we should have far better results for science than 
we do when each institution strives.to build up its cabinets in 
all directions without any reference to what can be found in a 
neighboring institution ; or, if it has any reference, it is simply 
to duplicate the specimen instead of supplementing it. It is 
not too much to hope that the day will come, when for certain 
purposes, all the institutions of the State will be bound together 
in a university system, so that each may do its appropriate work 
and avail itself of the work done by other institutions, whether 


12 MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Feb. 


near or far from it. We have no doubt there will yet be much 
greater concert of action among our institutions, even without 
change of location. Whatever disadvantages may be alleged 
from the location of the Agricultural College, it certainly has 
great advantages from its nearness to another institution which 
has around it expensive libraries and cabinets which need not 
be duplicated. In time a full return will be made to Amherst 
College in the Botanic Garden and other facilities for certain 
scientific studies which it is now in no abet to command 
for itself. 

While it is highly désiiable nid expected that the Agricul- 
tural College shall have its own corps of professors devoted to 
its work, it is not easy to select at any time a body of men 
fitted at once for the several departments. And, especially in 
the beginning, the full amount of labor in some professorships 
will not be required. In some departments only a small amount 
of time is ever required in a single year. It will not be merely 
a matter of economy, but an advantage to the institution in ~ 
other respects, for us to be able to avail ourselves to some 
extent of the services of gentlemen connected with the other 
college.. It is easy to see that the two institutions may be of 
mutual benefit to each other, yeaa each goes on te its 
distinct work. 


Cost oF EDUCATION. 


It is the policy of Massachusetts to bring education within 
the reach of all. This may be said to be the aim of our Amer- 
ican college system. The best colleges receive from their 
students only a small part of the money which is annually 
expended for their benefit. Grants from the State and dona- 
tions from liberal benefactors have put our colleges into such a 
position that they can offer to the poorest, for a mere nominal 
sum, such advantages that no favored class in the land can 
secure better. 

Every year are found in them, struggling side by side, the 
sons of the rich and the poor. This is as it should be, and 
shows our colleges to be truly democratic institutions. But 
the support of the student while obtaining his education has 
become so expensive within the last few years, that it is to be 


1867.] SENATE—No. 39. 13 


feared that a large class of most worthy young men will be 
deterred from undertaking an extended course of study. It is 
the desire of the Trustees to do everything in their power to 
diminish the expenses of the students who, may become con- 
nected with the Agricultural College. For the present the 
price of tuition is fixed at thirty-six dollars a year, and room 
rent in the college building at fifteen dollars. Board in the 
club-house will be furnished at its actual cost, reckoning nothing 
for rent of building. It would be desirable for still further 
provision to be made to diminish expense. This can be done > 
by the establishment of scholarships and by donations for found- 
ing professorships, and other purposes. It would be very 
appropriate for every agricultural society in the State to have at 
least one scholarship at its disposal, to be awarded by examina- 
tion of applicants for the place. The candidates might be 
restricted to those who proposed to devote themselves to agri- 
cultural pursuits within the limits of the society. It might be 
the means of saving to us as agriculturists some of the young 
men who would otherwise leave the State. It would secure to 
each section of the State a few thoroughly educated farmers, who 
could not fail to exert a beneficial iufluence on the farming 
interest of their portion of the State. They would be able also to 
render important assistance to the College and to the Board in 
making experiments and recording reliable observations in the 
different counties, thus bringing out results which could not pos- 
sibly be reached by experiment in any one portion of the State. 
We can hardly think of a more honorable and inviting field of 
labor, than those young men will occupy who thus fit themselves 
to become leaders in developing this great interest, either as 
practical farmers, or as teachers in the agricultural schools 
and colleges which are springing up in almost every State. 

And before our College has a body of alumni to care for its 
interests, we must look mainly to the Board of Agriculture, 
by which the College ought to be “ connected with every farm in 
the State.” With no special effort, every agricultural society 
in the State might in a single year, secure a scholarship for 
itself, and do so much. towards permanently diminishing the 
cost of education for a student of its own choice. 


14 MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


FINANCIAL. 


An account of the expenses of the institution will be found — 
in the Treasurer’s Report, and the general condition of the 
funds for building and support of the College is presented in 
the schedule appended to this Report. The Trustees will be 
called upon to be pay $600 towards the expense of the new 
county road just completed through the College grounds. 
- There are also a few other unadjusted accounts of small amount. 

The treasurer of the Commonwealth reports the whole 
amount received by him from sale of land scrip to be $83,673.00. 
From the income of the funds in his hands $4,408.20 have been 
taken to pay premium on stocks bought, that the principal 
might remain undiminished. Of the net income of the land- 
scrip fund the College is entitled to two-thirds and the Institute 
of Technology to one-third. The net amount of income remain- 
ing in the treasury to the credit of the College at the close of 
the year 1866, was $8,935.08. 

But by the provisions of the Act of May 11, 1864, granting — 
$10,000 to the College, this sum was to be repaid to the Com- 
monwealth from the income of the land-scrip fund belonging to 
the College. Ifthe provisions of that Act are insisted upon by 
the Commonwealth, it will absorb all of the income of the fund 
belonging to the College for 1864, 1865, 1866 and $1,064.97 of 
the income of 1867. The reasons why this repayment cannot 
legally be made have been fully set forth in former reports. 
The attention of the legislature is again respectfully called to 
this subject. 

The whole amount of scrip granted to the Commonwealth 
was 360,000 acres. One-tenth (86,000 acres) has been sold 
for $29,778.40, and that sum has been paid to the treasurer of 
the College for the purchase of land. Of the remaining nine- 
tenths 219,520 acres remain unsold. 


CONCLUSION. 

It is unfortunate for the College that its organization has 
been so long delayed. Difference of opinion in regard to loca- 
tion of the buildings has been misunderstood as a difference of 
opinion in regard to the method of organizing and conducting 
the institution. Undoubtedly there is a difference of opinion 


1360) SENATE—No. 39. 15 


as to what the College should be. In reference to some of our 
best institutions that have been established for more than a 
century, there is a marked difference of opinion among their 
alumni and officers as to the most desirable organization for 
them now to meet the demands of the present time. As no one 
can claim to have experience in conducting such an institution 
as this, it would seem to be the wisest way for all well-wishers 
of the College to go on as best they can in the light of expe- 
rience gained in the general work of education, and be ready to 
adopt such changes as the practical working of the institution 
shall show to be necessary. 

The fear is expressed by some that, if an attempt is made to 
give a truly liberal education, the students will turn aside from 
agriculture to other pursuits. Undoubtedly some of them will. 
If such an education is given in practical science as ought to be 
given in such an institution, there will be a demand for its 
students as teachers and in other professions. And it would be 
an education entirely unworthy of Massachusetts, and contrary 
to the plain intent of the Act of Congress donating the land, if 
it were so meagre in its requirements that the students should 
be fitted only for one pursuit in life. No surer way could be 
devised to defeat the very end for which the College was estab- 
lished, than to conduct it on a plan which proclaimed in theory 
and practice, that its students were to be kept in ignorance of 
certain things lest they should be above their calling. No insti- 
tution can ever succeed on such a plan, and it ought not. It 
is difficult to see what a student would enter such an institution 
for. Such views are repugnant to every generous feeling which 
an educated man ought to possess, contrary to the principles of 
our institutions, and are not sustained by the present position 
of the agriculturists of this State. The adoption of such a system 
would be simply saying to the farmers of Massachusetts that 
they are tillers of the soil, because they are too ignorant for 
other pursuits. An entirely different principle has been acted 
upon in organizing the College. While the student is to be 
educated, agriculture, which rests upon a knowledge of all the 
natural sciences, is to be made a means of education. It ought 
to be so presented that it shall be an inviting pursuit for an 
educated man. When all its processes are scientifically under- 


16 MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


stood, it will be difficult to point to any business or profession — 
that offers a field of thought more desirable. The number of 
students will undoubtedly be’ small until thé true position of 
the College is fully understood and it has established ts 
character by the work it has accomplished. 
The College will accomplish its design only by giving a sound 
education to its students and by aiding in the work undertaken 
by the Board of Agriculture, of developing the sciences of 
Agriculture and Horticulture in the State. 


Respectfully submitted. 
By order of the Trustees, 


P. A. CHADBOURNE, President. 


1867.] SENATE—No. 39. 17 
STATEMENT OF PROPERTY AND DEBTS. 
3 1. Land. 
Property.—310} acres of land with buildings, $34,999 50 
- In hands of treasurer, . ; 9,889 31 
$40,888 81 
Pee Note to. L. D. Cowles, $11,000 00 
Balance, : 29,888 81 
$40,888 81 
2. As to Building Fund. 
Amount of unpaid subscription, $70,000 00 
Interest on $50,000 to January 1, 1867, 4,875 00 
In hands of treasurer, . ‘ : 210 00 
"iil stone and tools, say, 1,000 00 
rick and lumber, say, . 2,000 00 
Due from contingent Fund, 1,344 34 
$79,429 34 
. 3. As to Contingent Fund. 
Property—kIn hands of treasurer, . $7,354 43 
Debt.—Due building fund as above, 1,344 34 
$6,010 09 


4, As to Fund for Maintenance of the College. 
’ Property.—Two-thirds of the income of $83,453, held by the 
treasurer of the Commonwealth. 
Income of 1864, 1865, 1866, and part of income of 1867, held to 
pay appropriation made by legislature in 1864. 
Two-thirds of income of land scrip, 219,520 acres yet unsold. 
Income of $10,000 for support of Botanic Garden, given by L. M- 
and Henry F. Hills. 
Income of $10,000 for Botanic Garden, given by Nathan Durfee. 


3 


ee Co 


tle? ag, i 
TK See 


ME RENN Oe 


78 BAA ORR 


OY GO, TLS 
7 a a tis 
‘4 a ee 


dein Bk aby IE 7% ate ivoine 


LA BERS 


» 


OG COO OTe 


Hy GLE 
‘Og (ey, i 
Hy ri) 
Be BRE, 

rei 


; 
eile aS se 5 


Po 

Ga La rs ea nn 
&y i i i *G ti 
BO eet 
Teak mannii cial _ 


a0 010,38 


a ar fle: ae gist 


if 


. 
, 


aye ahh “ gecexy autora kn. “ah bees av ahs, a 

ety yh. Bhd ted ES tab. sions adi? Wh shai oa 
. eres ft 
oe tied .T06!. Joe acigent we: rq: bas i Bae 
oe es ear aaa onaligal: sao 

+ Moai toy eM OSE CLE cigs frend) io prio 
HE de EG. 8 si Hons glamiott “ha deb hal i 0 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


20 


00 O16 : ‘ : : ‘puey uo sourleq ‘Tg ‘ue 
‘ : ) “Ost 
00 O12 pei Slang ‘yunos08 AU oO} souReq «| ‘Tg “Ue 
"29ST 
00 000° |* * *° “xeansvory, ‘STH “A “H ‘0G “AON 
00 ores |°  * + + ‘puey uo aouryeq Ag | ‘gt ‘wee |/"00 ooo'se | *° * Ss Stounsvaxy, ‘SIME “a “H pred yseo oy, | ‘{ “Bny 
“99st 


‘CNOA ONIGTING 


Te 68g¢ [°° * ‘puey uo yseo ourjeq ‘Ig ‘uep 
‘ ‘29ST : 
TS 68¢°L8 F TE 68e° 28° 
Te Wee Gi at 45 8 ae ‘yuNODDe MOU 0} BOULTeG ‘Ig ‘uer 
“29ST 
00 09F% | ° : ; *  ‘dizos jo apes yseo ‘c AME |! 00 002 : : ‘9}0U UO ysar0qUt S9[MOD “C “TJ ‘I ‘00q 
Ig 6aL'es | ° : 2 : ‘pury uo sourleq Sq | ‘QT ‘uee || 00 OOO TS | ° > ‘purl jo JUN0D0e UO SaTMOD ‘q “T pred oy, | ‘9g sung 


‘998Tt ‘99ST 


“ENOQOOOV dIvos ANV'T 


"ag aInspaty, ‘AALYAG NVHLVN Y}2M JUNOIOD Ut ADATION) IVAALTIAOIUOW SLLASABOVSSVIL su 


21 


IF 908‘FTS | * . * ‘mupnsof parLivo punoU 


vor) 
in) 
3 
‘ 
E > 
EY 
= 
Z 
i= 
io 9) 
4 00 ST : z P g * ‘ofeinjsed ‘ET 
0G 16 : : : fone pure seoyejod fT 
00 ST - ‘ : ‘oSeanysed ‘FT ‘~O 
00 0&6 : : seal, JasoyC) JO Jur ‘52 
00 OF : : . * ‘ssvad Jo ores ‘eT 


* ‘qonorg *g “f Jo yuer ‘, Ane 
: anole UO 4So10}UI YSeo 
Bases uo aouryeq Aq | ‘eT 


00 OOT ae 
99 166 : : : 
GO ¢99°ETS | ° : : . 


1867.] 


00 000‘0$ 


‘GNOW LNGONILNOO 


: ‘DLDNLOf PadlDD JUNOW PW 


.* Sq ‘dorqyery yorg 
* TIq ‘qouery “WH 
* ‘TIIq ‘qoueqy “WH 
‘T[Iq ‘etowyLy) “FM 
* > “ita ‘Aerpeae “¢ 
II! S.YAOMTe AA “CL 
‘TItq “OD MOTT soury . 


‘TIIq ‘sstiq "H urmefueg 


‘TI!q ‘dog 233 suepY “¢ 
* ‘TItq ‘Soojjoy sour 
“THE “9900989 AA “S “MA 
Be ead ES A 

Iq “peeswO “T VT 


‘faeyes saqjaenb ouo ‘qouet 7 
‘faejes tojaenb ouo ‘qouery “7 ET 


é 


“IEG “297909 “OD 3° M 
‘I]Iq ‘juase ‘osunON “fF 


‘TIq ‘1ojAVT, 29 Moyoo 


(‘ooysnay,) ‘ujooury “AA ‘G 


Wg syueqaueg "Te 


‘Caeyes aajaenb ouo ‘yqouery “WH 


‘Karenb OF spe WH 
Pt Sack a as i 
"Tq Sveets oH FE 


‘IN 809 3 xneA ‘poysu[O 


(‘ooqsn.1y,) ‘SITE “a H pred yseo oy, 


> Po His 


[ee od 


NAWISOAATAO OSA AA 


N 


nn 


a | 
‘BT ‘aee 
‘9981 


MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Feb. ’67. 


22 


‘abayjog poanynaubp ‘SSO Lainsvaly “ATAVACG NVHLVYN 
‘poytuaqns Ajpnjoodsoyy Ca “a "LOST ‘TG AUVONVE 
. "99ST ‘GZ JoquIBAON WOY 4se10}01 YIM ‘000'TI# 105 ‘yunosow puey UO ‘soTMOD *q “T 0} 930u e SuIpueisyno Mou SI O10], 
PL SSr'sl |° ° * ‘pug uo yseo eouryeq ‘TG 


GL SOT‘Se$ . GL SOT‘Ged 
00 09Fz P : One diios puvy ted se ‘IZ FL ecrel |° : : : ‘yunODDe MOU 0} 9oURTeq TZ 
9¢ IF9 ; * pung quesuyuoo sod se yseo ‘Ig ‘ure || 86 I¢e‘o | ° : . " “puny yuasutjuoo aed se ofl eal 
"298 || 09 OoO'S |° : : , OE puny Suypping aed se ‘I? 
92 F00'%R | ° : : ‘puey uo yseo oourreq Aq | ‘gt ‘uer || 00 OOL'TS |° : : ‘yunoooe dios purl sod sv yseo og | ‘Tz ‘uer 
“998T - “29ST 


“INQO00V HSVO IVHUNAD 


CP pce), ° : s ‘puey uo Yysed souLTeq Ag i ‘uer 
z ; i‘ “2981 ; 
IF 908‘F18| IP 908'F18 
STP pag’), = x fo! * ‘qunos0R MOU 0} Qouel[eg We 
CT PII eet Cosine, ‘SUG MA “TH ‘g 
GO ¢ “  s  * _-* Tig Pajoomry,* Air 1p = 7 
CE 8Z "+  (feaysnay,) ‘ujooury “AA “¢ ‘f 
G6 OG : ° : (‘oajsnay,) ‘OU M ‘¢ pred yseo oF, | ‘pF cuee 
TP 90e'rI#|- ‘paomiof yy6no19g yunow y {| 00 000.0 |°  * tt Datnmsof yybno1g qunowy “298T 


Sete LNHONILNOO 


ae 
s 


me 
+o’ t t 
oe . s : 
4 one ‘ 1 bee ap f - . Lf a 
5 ior r & 4: hy ; =. 
¢ - es ? a 
Mer | os mn ; 
wy eer =. : Berra f i 
, 4 ray i re 4 : 
v, | , pote . 
#3 : re | 
cms See : A ; " * 
' 4 . 
*. jy 7 
: 
. . 
. t. 
rf * ‘3 
‘ 
| " 
’ 
5 : 
: om . 
“ 4 . 
4 
t | 
' : 
pe! oted 
. an Le 
_ oad 
we 3 ; 
i , 
> ke 
mice . 
iy S é 
te . + & ‘ 
Ved kd / a ) 
Pl 8 £ Cf 
Ss i % ; 
’ if 
' ne be can { 
ra x 
i *» 
4 j 
, a _e 2 
Oe eee i a : 
bm pe , 
b ieee 
b tom] Q 
. a “> i * = 
a , os 
+ oa . 
ee aw. 
re } 
-= y 
yo  aasill 
. ne 
. . 
ae r . 
- a | Rental i 4" oy 
9 q , A ~ ef 
+ wl i 
me 
9S Beg 1 \ 4 ‘ 
a a : : : 8 
r 9 “s A 
sm ae . m 
we a a 
id ho "ey 
¥ pe —— 
os * = 
“ wh + 
van , 
» d r 
r 
® a * - 
6 si 
\ . 4 : 
. 
; 1 : 
: ’ . “ ; 
iy - 1 
* 
n: ® 
“ . ’ 
' 
\ 
: \ 
a Ps ® 7 
° - « ~ 
i = . - 1 > 
ie > ‘ . 
. Sas + “se . q ‘ * 
* . 
f < a a, 
«4 * 4 
~ om 
4 é 
. ey E> 4 ; - — 
a 7 Fo a ; , ¥ 
an = t : -. 
, 4 * % 
¥ <A J 
a a) \ “ae 7 
- wn] sa 
i a 
{ Pa ry q 
+ © j ny 7 : 
. . “ ie ; ; 
‘ “ 7 ' 
: : 
: aay oe eae 
la mS A Ay Oe ome ~ ( iy 
¥ A ( 
— es ' 
fom ene b4 - 
a em > i ~— 3 See ee ( j 
i to PS “ > Me ) 
o o; * 
ee e } # r 
P ‘ 
a 
; > | see 
¢ < 
F . 
i P 
he 
. ed » 
- 4 
e 


PE perits (545 ge A 
SU) ies 


<a 
em 
: 
‘yam 
ni 


‘Laboratory. 


Dormitory. 


Durfee Plant Houses. 


Botanic Museum. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


EN ARR 1 "71 US No. 30. 


FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


Massachusetts Agricultural College, 


BOSTON: 
WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
No. 4 Sprinea LANE. 


1868. 


‘ ri 
jt » 
ay 
‘ 
) 
j 
iy 
‘ 
y % 
< 
¢ 
. 
fe) 
~ 
r 
{ 
“— 
d 
' 
4 i 
i ¥ 


ee 


d i s A 
c a eS 
iy 
4 
‘ 4 ls 
ae coed 
ee 4] = 


4 
he 
4 te 
j ; 
e2.m 
* 
< 
~ 2/t 
eh #9 
if be 
Lie idee th 2 
. ! 
be 
Wey 


ie a 
Bi 1 
* 


phen 


we 
Ba ee 
by 

ois 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, as 
required by its charter, submit the following Annual Report of 
the condition of the institution : — | 

The subject of agricultural education has been in various 
forms before the people of the Commonwealth since 1850, when 
principally through the influence of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, 
then president of the senate, Dr. Edward Hitchcock, president 
of Amherst College, was commissioned to visit the agricultural 
institutions of Europe, and report upon their organization and 
success. The first practical result of this effort, was the estab- 
lishment of the Board of Agriculture, which has accomplished 
much, both to improve the farms and farmers of the State, and 
to prepare the way for the successful operation of an agricul- 
tural college. 

In 1856, the Massachusetts School of Agriculture was incor- 
porated, but, from want of funds, served only to keep the 
necessity of such an institution before the public. In 1860, its 
charter was transferred to several enterprising citizens of 
Springfield, who, after consultation with leading agriculturists, 
determined to raise by subscription $75,000 for the opening of 
the school in that city, relying upon the legislature for a further 
endowment. This project would doubtless have succeeded, 
had not the call to arms and the necessities of the war absorbed 
the public attention. | 

In 1862, congress, realizing more than ever the immense 
value of the agricultural products of the country, and the 
incalculable worth of improvements in farm implements, and 
the varieties of stock raised, and grasses, grains, root-crops and 


zie fee, 
a () f 


Wap AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —__ [Jan. 


fruits cultivated, made to each state the liberal offer of 30,000 
acres of the public land for every member of congress to which 
it was then entitled, for the endowment of one or more col- 
leges, the leading object of which should be to teach such 
branches of learning as are related to ann and te 
mechanic arts. 

The legislature of Massachusetts at once accepted this gen- 
erous gift of 360,000 acres of land, and, after much discussion, 
resolved to found one independent pallens for the special edu- 
cation of young men in scientific agriculture and horticulture. 
To this institution was given the proceeds of the sale of one- 
tenth of the land scrip for the purchase of a farm, and as an 
endowment two-thirds of the income of the fund obtained by 
the sale of the remaining nine-tenths. The other third of the 
income was granted to the Institute of Technology at Boston, 
which from its favorable location and ample endowment, pos- 
sesses admirable facilities for the instruction of young men in 
the mechanie arts. Of the other states, which have received 
lands under the act-of 1862, some, like Michigan, have estab- 
lished independent colleges for education in agriculture and 
the mechanic arts; others, as Connecticut, ,have given the 
income of their funds to existing institutions upon condition 
that instruction be furnished in the theory of agriculture and 
in the sciences most closely connected with it ; and others, like 
New York, have appropriated the income of their funds to the 
maintenance of universities, where shall be taught the whole 
circle of the sciences, the liberal arts and the learned profes- 
sions. The Massachusetts Agricultural College, therefore, 
appears to be the only one in the United States devoted exclu- 
sively to the professional education of farmers and gardeners, 
and with the hearty co-operation of the Board of Agriculture, 
may reasonably be expected to benefit greatly the AgriSHaaeee 
interests of the Commonwealth. 

Since the last Annual Report, the College and the Common- 
wealth have suffered an irreparable less in the resignation and 
removal to a more genial climate of President P. A. Chadbourne, 
rendered necessary by an alarming hemorrhage from the lungs, - 
and complete prostration of strength. During the few months 
of his presidency, he labored assiduously to organize the college, 
and contracted for the erection of three of the buildings now 


1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. 5 


completed. By his large experience and comprehensive views, 
his practical judgment and great energy, he was enabled, 
immediately upon his entrance into his difficult office, to inspire 
confidence, complete a satisfactory plan of organization, and 
harmonize conflicting views, respecting the location and style 
of buildings. He was elected president November 7th, 1866, 
and resigned June Ist, 1867. 

The State and the College have also more recently been 
called to mourn over the sudden decease of Hon. Joseph A. 
Pond, member of the Board of Trustees from Middlesex County. 
Though elected only last winter, and consequently less familiar 
with the history of the College than some, he was a devoted 
friend of the enterprise, and an earnest worker for its welfare, 
especially in the legislature. 

On the 7th of August last, W. S. Clark was elected president ; 
E. S. Snell, professor of mathematics ; and H. H. Goodell, pro- 
fessor of modern languages. It was voted to open the College 
for those who might wish to enter the freshman class, October 
2d. By great effort the necessary buildings were completed 
and furniture procured, so that the first term commenced at 
that time. The number of students steadily increased until 
before the close, December 17th, forty-seven were admitted to 
the class. Several others were examined, but rejected on 
account of deficient scholarship, so that, during the first term, 
more than fifty applied at the College for admission. Besides 
these, nearly as many more, some of them from other States, 
have asked for information and intimated a wish to enjoy the 
advantages of the institution. 


BUILDINGS. 


The dormitory building contains twenty-three rooms, intended 
to accommodate forty-six students, and no more can be received 
unless more than two are required to room together, which is 
very undesirable, for obvious reasons. It is evident, therefore, 
that it will be impossible to admit another class without addi- 
tional buildings. It has been the design of the Board thus far 
to expend the fund of $75,000, pledged by the town of Amherst 
for such buildings as were necessary to put the College into 
operation, and try upon a moderate scale the experiment about 
which there has been so much discussion, of combining in an 


6 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Jan. 


educational course, theory and practice,—scientific culture and 
manual labor. With this object in view they have erected a 
dormitory 10050 feet and four stories high, with a basement 
for fucl. This edifice, besides rooms for one professor and 
forty-six students, contains two recitation rooms, a reading 
room and library, and two large rooms occupied by the State 
cabinet of specimens illustrating the natural history and geology 
of Massachusetts. This edifice, with fixtures for the public 
rooms, stoves, well, and the necessary grading and outbuildings, 
cost $36,280. 

The boarding-house furnishes accommodations for a family, 
and has a dining-room 50X18 feet, where the students are 
provided with satisfactory board, at $3 per week. The cost 
of this building, including furniture, grading, and oupery ing 
with water, was $8,180. 

The chemical laboratory is 57X46 feet and two stories high, 
and. affords excellent rooms for lectures, practical chemistry, 
and apparatus. - The building, including bell and grading, has 
cost, about $10,860. It has not yet been provided with 
apparatus or furniture, and is used at present as a gymnasium. 

The botanic museum is a two-story structure 45x31 feet, 
with a deep cellar for storing plants, flower-pots, sand, and 
other matcrial for winter use in the glass houses adjoining. 
The lower floor contains the president’s office and lecture room, 
and the upper floor will be provided with cases for the exhibi- 
tion of fruit models, specimens of seeds, woods, and interesting 
vegetable products. The cost of this building, including furni- 
ture and grading, will be not far from $5,180. 

The Durfee plant houses are an elegant group of glass build- 
ings with curvilinear roofs, covering 5,000 square feet of surface, 
and heated by hot water. It is divided into five compartments, 
the temperature and moisture of which are entirely under the 
control of the superintendent. They are named the dry stove, 
for succulent plants; the moist stove, for true tropical species; _ 
the palm-house, for larger species of tender trees and shrubs; _ 
the camellia house, for such as require comparatively little 
heat, and the victoria house, for aquatic and air plants. 
Besides these there are two propagating pits, each 50X12 feet, 
one of which is supplied with a hot water tank for heating the 
sand beds, while in the other they are warmed by the cireula- 


Dav Propaceriee Per 
Ox 12 


Camera He 


XQ 


Vacrorss House Cares Hover Moser Srove 
25X18 10 X 40 5OX 25 60X60 we 25 


BOTANIC CARDEN 
AMHERST MASS 


FA Loot Accttat we 


| 
Pauw House Day Srove f 
| 
| 
| 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


MASSACHUUSETIS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Byte 


“yr 


DEP Gs Mati 


1868.] _ -  HOUSE—No. 380. T 


tion of water from the boilers in iron pipes. An abundant sup- 
ply of soft water is procured from a reservoir on the hill north 
of the building, which is heated and aerated in a tank over the 
potting room and boilers. From the tank it is conducted in 
iron pipes to all parts of the house, and flows with sufficient 
force to feed a fountain in the victoria house, and shower all 
the plants as required. The plan ‘and specifications, grading 
and foundations for this building cost about $2,000, and the 
structure itself, with heating apparatus and water, about 
$10,000 more, which was generously paid by Dr. Nathan 
Durfee, of Fall River. 

A reference to the photograph accompanying this Report will 
furnish a correct idea of the front elevation of the entire struc- 
ture, as designed by Mr. F. A. Lord, of Syracuse, N. Y., and 
also of the size and proposed use of the several compartments. 
When completed it will cover more than 10,000 square feet, 
and be one of the most tasteful, conveniently arranged and 
delightfully located buildings of the kind in the country. The 
value of such an establishment for experiments in hybridizing, 
propagating, and cultivating useful and ornamental plants, as 
well as in teaching horticulture and systematic botany, can 
hardly be overestimated. By the wise liberality of Messrs. L. 
M. and H. F. Hills, of Amherst, the College has been provided 
with a fund of $10,000, the income of which is to be expended 
in the purchase of such seeds, plants and books as may be 
needed in this department. 

Plans and specifications for a model barn have been procured, 
and the sum of $7,000 appropriated for its construction. The 
stone and’much of the lumber will be taken from the lands of 
the College and hauled to the location selected, on the central 
ridge of the farm, about forty rods south of the dormitory, the 
_ present winter. The barn is intended to stand on the western 
slope of the ridge and to be 100X450 feet, with posts 28 feet 
high. The upper, or threshing floor, is to be ten feet above the 
sills and entered by a bridge from a wall fourteen feet east of 
the building. The lower story contains stables, root-room, 
granary, and feeding floor, with bay for hay, which is to be 
thrown down from the upper floor. In the second story is the 
tool-room and corn-house, and underneath the whole of the 
- main building a cellar for manure. The barn stands east and 


g AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


west, with an ell on the west end, extending south from the 
building 100 feet, for a shelter to the stock and for storage. 
On the east end of the barn is another ell, 8020 feet and two 
stories in height, with horse stable and carriage room above 
and piggery below. The entire structure will hold about 175 
tons of hay. Another barn of equal capacity will ultimately be 
necessary upon the north side of the farm, near the extensive 
pile of old buildings purchased of L. D. Cowles, and now oecu- 
pied by the College. 

Near the east side of the farm is a beautiful eminence, 
crowned with a grove of large chestnuts and oaks, and rising 
nearly three hundred feet above the river, which bounds the 
College property on the west. From a prospect tower among 
the trees on the summit might be seen every part of the farm 
and also a magnificent view of the Connecticut flowing through 
the best agricultural district of the Commonwealth, from 
Sugar Loaf Mountain on the north to Mounts Holyoke and Tom 
on the south. At the suggestion of friends residing in the 
vicinity, a plan has been procured for a tower seventy feet in 
height, and there is reason to expect from. them, funds for its 
erection the ensuing season. 

The sum of $6,000 has been taken from the building fund t to 
pay for the farm houses and barns upon the farm, and applied 
to the purchase of additional land, so that the College now owns 
3832 acres. It was deemed best to purchase this amount of 
land, although a portion of it should remain for a time unpaid 
for, as it would never be worth less than the price agreed upon, 
and hereafter it might be impossible to procure it at a reason- 
able rate. The cost of the farm exceeded the sum. received 
from the sale of the land scrip, devoted to this object by law, 
$7,221.60. 

From the foregoing statement, it appears la the sum of 
$75,000 has been expended or appropriated for buildings 
and furniture, besides the $10,000 given by Dr. Durfee. 

With its present buildings the College will be able to educate 
about fifty young men, and unless others are provided the pres- 
ent class must be retained four years, and when they graduate 
another class of fifty can be admitted for the full course. If, 
however, another dormitory building, with public rooms on the 
first floor, another boarding-house and two houses for professors 


1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. 9 


were erected next summer, another class of sixty could be 
accommodated. This would require an expenditure of $50,000. 
The entire sum now invested in the Agricultural College is 
$275,000, and the number of students which might be profit- 
ably educated there at one time is three hundred. The State 
has thus far only appropriated to the institution $20,000, or 
about enough to pay the cost of salaries, surveys, plans and 
traveling expenses during the five years of preliminary opera- 
tions. It remains, therefore, for your honorable body to 
decide whether the public interest requires an appropriation of 
$50,000 for the erection of the buildings necessary to enable 
the College to go on with its regular course and receive next 
year another class, or whether the present class shall enjoy all 
the benefit of the College farm and funds during the next four 
years. 
FarRM OPERATIONS. 

Most of the College property was rented until April 1, 1867, 
and up to that date little preparation had been made for farm 
work. About that time Levi Stockbridge was elected farm 
superintendent, and entered with energy upon the duties of his 
office. Teams and tools were purchased, and about sixty acres 
plowed and planted with corn, potatoes, or root crops, or sown 
with oats. Ten acres were thoroughly underdrained, and 
many rail fences, hedge-rows, and stones removed from the 
fields. During the autumn the students have dug up about 
fifty old apple-trees and cut out at the roots the brush from 
eight acres of the pasture lands near the river. They have also 
harvested nearly all the fall crops, and threshed out the oats. 
More than 200 tons of excellent hay was cut, and the larger 
part housed in good condition. 

In consequence of the great amount of work required in the 
construction of roads and walks, and in grading about the new 
buildings, it has been impossible for the superintendent to enter 
upon any extensive plan for the improvement and general man- 
agement of the farm. This will be done however as rapidly as 
may be practicable, so as to render the estate a model, worthy 
the attention of the farmers of the Commonwealth. 

It is also the intention of the Trustees to enter upon a course 
of experiments such as may be suggested by the Board of Agri- 
culture, or by any who may be familiar with the difficulties of 

2 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | (Jan. 


practical farming and gardening. These experiments, per- 
formed under the direction of scientific men, cannot fail to be 
of great value in testing implements, fertilizers, and the differ- 

ent modes of raising, improving and utilizing the various - 
"products of the soil. 

The College should be a perpetual agricultural fair, whine 
the finest specimens of the best breeds of live stock of all kinds 
may be seen and compared. To procure such animals will 
demand a considerable expenditure of money and several years’ 
time. It is confidently hoped that wealthy breeders will be 
willing to contribute occasionally specimens of the flocks and 
herds which afford them so much satisfaction, and so greatly 
advance the agricultural interests of the State. : 

The animals now owned by the College are as follows, viz. : 
20 very fine Southdown ewes, 2 Southdown bucks and 1 
Cotswold buck, 1 Ayrshire and 1 Alderney bull calf, 3 pairs of 
oxen, 18 three-years old steers, and 15 yearlings, all grade 
Shorthorns; 8 milch cows, 3 horses, and 3 Suffolk swine. 

The superintendents of the farm and garden will keep an 
accurate account of all receipts and expenditures in their 
respective departments, and will adopt the most approved sys- — 
tem of book-keeping as applied to the business of the farmer. 
This will not only be of service in the management of the 
affairs of the College, but will aid in the introduction of this 
most important practice among the agriculturists of the State. 


Botanic GARDEN AND HorvticuLTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


During the past season the grounds have been drained and 
graded, and plans for the principal roads and walks determined 
upon, and a portion of them constructed. The museum and 
plant-houses have been completed, and about 400 species and 
varieties of rare and interesting plants are now growing under 
the glass. Among the most valuable of these may be mentioned 
the choice collection of camellias, presented by Hon. Marshall 
P. Wilder; a large century plant, with variegated foliage, 
planted in the open ground of the dry stove, and surrounded 
by a fine collection of succulent plants, consisting of many large 
cactuses, euphorbias, aloes, crassulas, and mesembryanthe- 
mums, presented by W. S. Clark; large specimens of latania, 
pandanus, banana, ficus, hibiscus, crinum, ananassa, passiflora, 


-1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. 11 


dracena, and many other genera; numerous species of mar- 
anta, begonia, alocasia, caladium and other plants with beauti- 
ful leaves; several of the choicest orchids, and numerous ferns 
and lycopods. This garden will form one of the most attrac- 
tive as well as instructive features of the College, and has 
already awakened much interest among the horticulturists of 
the Commonwealth. If those who have interesting plants will 
be kind enough to supply the garden, either by way of donation 
or exchange, it will be of great service to the institution in its 
efforts to educate in the most thorough manner its students in 
the delightful occupation of Eden, and to increase among the 
people the love of the beautiful, and the cultivation of flowers 
and fruits. 


Course OF STUDY AND INSTRUCTION. 
The general plan of organization adopted by the Board and 


. approved by the governor and council, has been made the 


basis of the course laid down in this Report. It has been the 
intention to arrange the recitations and lectures so as to allow 
half of every day for manual labor, or for study, as might be 
desirable, and. whenever instruction is given to four classes, 
two of them will recite in the forenoon and the others in the 
afternoon. It will then be practicable to have all the work of 
the farm and garden performed by students, as it ought to be. 
During the fall term all were required to labor, without pay, 
two hours every other day, and those who wished it were paid 


for additional work at the rate of twelve and one-half cents 


> 


per hour. In special cases, where the amount and kind of 
labor would warrant it, a somewhat higher rate was paid. 
Thirty-six of the class voluntarily worked for wages, some 
earning but little, while others received considerable sums. 
One was paid $30.38, two others $29.75 each, another $29, 
another $21.71, and another $16.58. It is perhaps worthy of 
note that the best scholar in the class has also earned the most 
money. All the students cheerfully complied with the regula- 
tions for study and labor, so that no case for severe discipline 
occurred during the term. Any misconduct or failure in the 
field, or recitation room, is noted by a certain number of 
demerit marks, and every duty faithfully and successfully done 
is marked on the scale of one hundred for perfection. At the 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


end of the term the average is taken and reduced for absences 
and demerit marks. If the average rank thus obtained is 
above fifty, the student is allowed to remain a member of the 
class, but if less, his parent or guardian is informed that he 
cannot return. At the end of each term a report concerning 
every student, giving his rank in all: departments, his absences, 
demerits, and wages earned is sent to his parent or guardian. 

The full course of study occupies four years, and those who 
complete it will receive the degree of Bachelor of Science. 
Three recitations, or their equivalent in lectures or literary 
exercises, are assigned for each day, except Saturday and Sun- 
day. Saturday afternoon is devoted to scientifie excursions 
and recreation. On Sunday all are required to attend church, 
or Bible class ; but in all biblical instruction the inculcation of 
denominational views is, as far as practicable, to be avoided. __ 

At the close of each term, thorough examinations are held 
upon the studies gone over. All the manual labor is directed: 
either by the farm superintendent, or the director of the garden, 
but it is not deemed important that an officer of the faculty 
should always be present in the field, except as necessary for 
purposes of instruction. Hach squad of six or eight is under 
command of one of their own number, who superintends their 
labor, and reports misconduct to the officer in charge. » 

The present members of the College average more than seven- 
teen years old, and with young men of that age, who appreciate 
their advantages, there appears to be no difficulty in reference 
to the labor question. They understand that the object is 
simply to render them expert in their profession, and that prac- 
tice is as necessary in the various operations of the farm and 
garden, as in the dissecting-room of the surgeon, or the labora- 
tory of the chemist. 

An effort has been made so to arrange the studies of the 
regular course, as to enable the smallest possible number of 
officers to impart the necessary instruction. This will allow 
the Board to pay liberal salaries to first-rate men, who will 
then cheerfully devote their entire energies. to the important 
duties of their respective chairs. The faculty will be enlarged 
as rapidly as the increase in the number of students demands, 
and the education given will be as thorough and practical as 
possible. 


1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. 13 


The expense of living at the College will be reduced to the 
lowest point compatible with health and comfort, since, while 
the advantages of the institution are freely offered to all, they 
are specially designed to benefit the industrial classes. A young 
man of good talents, healthy, and willing to work, can here 
procure a superior education for $100 per annum, in addition 
to what he can earn on the premises. 


_ Mrpitary SCIENCE. 


In accordance with the act of congress, granting lands for 
the establishment of the College, the legislature of 1863, in the 
Act of incorporation, made it incumbent upon the Trustees to 
provide instruction in military tactics. During the past year 
the national government has had under consideration the sub- 
ject of founding professorships of military science in one or 
more colleges in every State. After visiting the leading colleges 
of the country, Major J. H. Whittlesey, to whom the matter 
was referred by the secretary of war, has prepared a bill upon 
the subject, which, with his report, has been laid before con- 
gress. If the bill becomes a law, it will be necessary for the 
legislature to designate the College in the Commonwealth, 
which shall enjoy the benefit of the act ; and as the Agricultu- 
ral College is obliged to teach military tactics, and is a State 
institution, it seems eminently proper that it should be selected 
as the military college of Massachusetts. 

Meanwhile, until other provision is made, the Board would 
respectfully ask that His Excellency the Governor be authorized 
to issue to the president of the College such military arms and 
equipments as may,in his judgment, be so issued, without 
detriment to the militia service. 


CoNCLUSION. 


Appended to this Report will be found a financial statement 
of the permanent funds, real and personal property, liabilities, 
and assets of the College, with the report of the Treasurer. In 
the report of last year, the building fund was credited with 
interest, amounting to $5,085, which was reckoned as due on 
the $75,000 pledged by Amherst. As, however, the law only 
demanded $75,000 for the erection of buildings when needed, 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


and as there was unforeseen delay in organizing the College, it 
has been deemed proper to make no demand for interest. The - 
sum of $60,156 has been paid, and the,balance, $14,843.33, is 
-amply secured, and will be paid upon the demand of the treas- 
urer, which has not been made, because the money was not 
needed. | 

The sum of $10,000, given by Nathan Durfee, and placed in 
the statement of last year among the funds for the maintenance 
of the Botanic Garden, has been paid and expended for the 
erection of plant-houses, according to the intent of the donor. 

The catalogue of officers and students contains the names of 
the present Board of Trustees, and of those students who have 
been admitted to the freshman class since the opening of the — 
institution, in October last. 

Following this will be found the terms of admission, the 
calendar, and the necessary expenses of the student. 

The list of donations for the year shows that many persons 
are interested in the success of the College, and this kindly 
feeling is often as valuable as the gift, and greatly encourages. 
those who are actively engaged in the daily duties of this 
important and novel enterprise. 

The act of congress, granting land for the endowment of 
the College, requires that ‘‘ An annual report shall be made 
regarding the progress of each college, recording any improve- 
ments and experiments made, with their cost and results, and 
such other matters, including state industrial and economical 
statistics, as may be supposed useful, one copy of which shall 
be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all the other colleges 
which may be endowed under the Mines of this act, and 
also one copy to the secretary of the interior.” 

In accordance with this requirement is added a register of 
meteorological observations, giving the complete statistics of 
the weather at Amherst, for the year 1867, and a most valuable 
summary of similar observations for the past thirty years. 
Nothing affects the operations of husbandry more than the 
- ever-varying elements which make up the climate of any local- 
ity ; and experiments for the solution of agricultural problems - 
can be made truly valuable only by a careful consideration of 
the amount of sunshine, heat and moisture during the entire 
period of trial. | 


1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. ee i 


Finally, encouraged by the successful opening and prosperous 

condition of the institution under their charge, the Trustees 

confidently hope that the College which Massachusetts has hon- 

ored with her name, and pledged herself to maintain forever, 

and which is peculiarly the people’s College, will receive from 
your honorable body the means necessary to carry out, ina 
. creditable manner, the plan adopted for its organization. 


eS ee eee 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 


W. S. CLARK, President. 


AmueErst, Jan. Ist, 1868. 


* 
\ 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [Jan. 


CATALOGUE 
OF 


‘TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 


Boud of Trustees. 
MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS: 
His Excettency ALEXANDER H. BULLOCK. 
Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, Secretary of Board of Education. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 
WILLIAM 8S. CLARK, President of the College. 


ELECTED BY THE LEGISLATURE: 
MARSHALL P. WILDER, .. . of Norroix County. 


CHARLES G. DAVIS,. ... . PLyMouTH COUNTY. 
NATHAN “DUREEE,. 9...) cee Bristot County. 
HENRY COLT, ... Paice BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 
CHARLES C. SEWALL, . oun NorFoik Counry. 
PAOULL LATHROP... . vues HampsHIRE Counry. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN,..... Hamppen County. 
ALLEN W. DODGH, ..... Essex County. 
GEORGE MARSTON,.... . BARNSTABLE CouUNTY. 
WILLIAM B. WASHBURN,. . . FRANKLIN Counry. 
GEORGE L. WHITING, ... . Duxes County. 

D. WALDO LINCOLN, . .. . Worcester County. 
BENRY POOHELLS, «Cee ee HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. 


me tl el MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 


Bourd of Oberseers. oe 
Tue Strate Boarp or AGRICULTURE. 


———EEE 


Members of Faculty. 


Wiiiram S. Criarx, Ph. D., 
President and Professor of Botany and Horticulture, and Director of the Botanic Garden. 


LEv1 STOCKBRIDGF, 
Farm Superintendent and Instructor in Agriculture. 


EBENEZER S. SNELL, LL. D., 
Professor of Mathematics. 


Henry H. Goopeti, A.M., 
Professor of Modern Languages, and Instructor in Gymnastics and Military Tactics. 


1868.] ~  -HOUSE—No. 30. 


Greshman Class. 


Allen, Gideon H.., 

- Barrows, William, Jr., . : 3 
Bassett, Andrew L., . ; : : f 5 

Bell, George H., : s D t A 

Birnie, William P., . 

Blunt, Charles E., vay : 

Bowker, William H., : 5 ; : 

Breck, Webster, ‘ ; ; : ; 

Brett, William F., . 

Brown, Clarence E., 

Cary, William H., 

Casey, Michael F., : : : 
LE rr 
Cole, Daniel P., 

Cowles, Homer L., . 

Crocker, Loring, Jr., ? 

Eastman, George H., i 

Ellsworth, Emory A, 

Fisher, Jabez F., 

Fuller, George E., 

Graves, George G., . 

Greene, William H., 


A Gunn, Charles B., 


Hall, Frederick A.,. 
Hall, Lemuel W., — 
Hawley, Frank W., 
Herrick, Frederick St. C., 
Howland, Charles M., 
Hubbard, Frank, 
Kelleher, David W., 
' King, Albert, 

’ Leonard, George, 
Luther, Gardiner C., 
Lyman, Robert W., 
Morse, James H., 
Nash, Edwin D., 
Nichols, Lewis A., 
Norcross, Arthur D., 
Page, Joel B., . ; 
Rankin, Austin A., . : 
Richmond, Samuel H., 
Russell, William D., 

3 


by 


Marion. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Springfield. 
Nashua, N. H. 
» Phillipston. 
Watertown. 
North Bridgewater. 
Florence. 
Amherst. 


. Amherst. 


Fitchburg. 
Springfield. 
*Hadley. 
Barnstable. 
Amherst. 
Barre. 
Fitchburg. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Hadley. 
Montague. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. * 
Hadley. 
Lawrence. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Cambridge. 
Taunton. 
New Bedford. 


' Providence, R. I. 


Easthampton. 
Salem. 
Northfield. 
Danvers. 
Monson. 
Conway. 
Pelham. 
Taunton. 
Sunderland. 


. 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ' [Jan. 


Slattery, William, Jr., 
Smead, Edwin, 
Southwick, Alonzo L., 
Sparrow, Lewis A., . 
Strickland, George P., 
Swift, George A., 

. Thompson, Edgar E., 
Tucker, Wilson M., 
Ware, Willard C., . 
Wheeler, Charles A., 
Wheeler, Wiliam, . 
Whitney, Frank I. P., 
Williams, Henry, 

~ Woolson, George C., 


Total, 


Amherst. 
Greenfield. 
Blackstone. 
Medway. 
Amesbury. 
Charlestown. 
Hopkinton. 
Monson. 
Salem. | 


Hopkinton. 


Concord. 
Boston. 
Williamstown. 
Hopkinton. _ 


56. 


1868.) HOUSE—No. 30. | 19 


COURSE OF STUDY AND INSTRUCTION. 


FRESHMAN YEAR. 


First Term.—Algebra; Human Anatomy and Bhawoles y; Chemical 
Physics. 

Second Term.—Geometry ; French; Chemistry. 

Third Term.—Geometry ; French; Botany. : 

Lectures upon Hygiene, Chemistry, Botany and Agriculture; and Exer- 
cises in Orthography, Elocution, and English Composition, during the year. 


SOPHOMORE YEAR. 


First Term—German; Agriculture; Commercial Arithmetic and Book- 


keeping. 


Second Term.—German; Trigonometry; Analytical Chemistry. 

Third Term.—Mensuration ; Surveying; Analytical Chemistry ; Zoology ; 
Drawing. 

imines upon Comparative Anatomy, Diseases of Domestic Animals, 


Organic Chemistry and Market Gardening; and Exercises in English Com- 


position and Declamation, during the year. 


JUNIOR YEAR. 

First. Then. eat hy sies; French or German; Agricultural Chemistry ; 
Drawing. , 

aud Term.—Physics; Rhetoric; Horticulture. 

Third Term.—Astronomy; Systematic Botany ; ery of the United . 
States. 

Lectures upon Physics, Mineralogy, The Cultivation of the Vine, and 
Fruit and Forest Trees, and Useful and Injurious Insects; and Exercises in 


English Composition and Debate, during the year. 


SENIOR YEAR. 


First Term.—Intellectual Philosophy ; History ; Physical Geography. 

Second Term.—Moral Philosophy ; Political Geography; The Civil Polity 
of Massachusetts and the United States. 

Third Term.—Geology ; Engineering ; Political Economy. 

Lectures upon Stock Farming, Architecture, Landscape Gardening, Geol- 
ogy and English Literature ; he Exercises in Original Declamation and 
Debate, during the year. , 


_ Exercises in Gymnastics, Military Tactics, and the various operations of 


the Farm and Garden, through the course. 


20 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . _{Jan. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission are examined in writing upon the following sub- 
jects: English Grammar, Geography, Arithmetic, and Algebra, to Quadratic 
Equations. | | 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also in the 
studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. | 

No one can be admitted tg the College until he is fifteen years of age; and 
every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character from his: . 
last pastor or teacher, and to give asatisfactory bond for the prompt payment 
of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid.in advance, at the begin- 
ning of each term ; and bills for board, fuel and washing at the end of every — 
term. 

The regular examination fae admission is held at the Botanic Museum, at 
9 o’clock, A. M., on the second Thursday of September ; but candidates may 
be examined ni admitted at any other time in the year. 

Further information may be obtained from President W. S. Clark, Amherst, 
Mass. . 

CALENDAR. 


The academic year is divided into three terms: 

The first term begins the —— Thursday of September, and continues 
thirteen weeks. 

The ‘second term begins the fourth Thursday of January, and continues 
thirteen weeks. 

The third term begins the first Thursday of May, and continues thirteen 
weeks. . 


EXPENSES. 
Duition; i) -\. . perterm,$12 00; .  . perannum, $36 00 
Room Rent, . : 2 5 00; : 3 . 15 00 
Board, : : per week, 3 00; 5 : ¥ 117 00 
’ Fuel, WW akicie, &e., at cost—about, phils : . 25 00 


Incidental ene: about $1 00 per term, .  . se B00 


$196 00° 


1868.) HOUSE—No. 30. - 21 


DONATIONS. 


The following donations have been made to the College the past year: 

: From Dr. Ge a. B. Loring, Salem, 1 Alderney and 1 Ayrshire bull calf. 
From Dr. Nathan Dare, Fall River, 1 Cotswold and 1 Southdown 
buck, and a valuable collection of gloxinias and other hot-house plants. 

From Thomas Buffum, Esq., Newport, R. I., 1 Southdown buck. 


i From M. Smith, Esq., Worcester, 1 horse rake. 
From Clipper Mowing Machine Co., Yonkers, N. Y., 1 Clipper dees: 
Machine. 
From Walter Woods, Esq., Hoosic Falls, N. Y., 1 Woods’ Mowing 
- Machine. 


From J. T. Ames, Esq., Chicopee, 50 species and sannution of plants, 
including caladiums, begonias, marantas, and others, with ornamental foliage. 

From Olm Brothers, Springfield, 20 species of rare hot-house plants. - 

From Prof. Asa Gray, Botanic Garden, Cambridge, 20 species greenhouse 

plants, and seeds of 21 species of Australian trees and shrubs. 

From W. S. Clark, Amherst, 200 species succulent and stove plants. 

From Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester, 1,300 specimens, including 
100 camellias, of the choicest varieties, many very large; a large bouquet 
orange; 100 herbaceous and 25 tree peonias; 100 roses; 100 Japan lilies ; 
100 gladioli ; 100 greenhouse and stove plants; 100°hardy flowering shrubs, 

_ and many fine varieties of currants and raspberries. 

From Miss Sarah Ferry, Amherst, 1 large hoya carnosa. 

From Austin Eastman, Esq. Amherst, 1 large oleander and 1 large 
lemon. 

From Mrs. H. F. Hills, Amherst, 1 araucaria imbricata. 

From Hon. William B. Washburn, Greenfield, 100 volumes Congres- 
sional Documents. 

From Allen W. Dodge, Esq., Hamilton, 57 volumes of books on Agricul- 
ture and Horticulture. 

From Hon. C. L. Flint, 54 volumes Transactions of Acricultural Societies 
and State Boards of Agriculture. 

From H. F. Hills, Esq. ., Amherst, ul voltae French on Drainage. 

From G. & C. Merriam, Springfield, 1 copy Webster’s Une Dic- 
* tionary, 1868. : 

From Hon. H. K. Oliver, enn 34 volumes, including 20 volumes on Bee 
Culture. 

From Mrs. Richard S. Fay, Salem, 11 volumes on Agriculture. 

From John W. Proctor, Esq., Danvers, 36 volumes on Agriculture. 


29 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ia 


From the Publishers,—“ The Boston Cultivator” for 1868; ‘‘ The American 
Agriculturist,” 1868; “The Massachusetts Ploughman,” 1868 ; “The New 
England Homestead,” 1868; “‘ The Hampshire Express,” 1868; “'The.Amer-: 
ican Naturalist,” 1867-8; “The American Journal of Horticulture,” 
1867-8 ; “The Proceedings of the Essex Institute,” 1867-8. 

From Hon. Alvah Crocker, Fitchburg, 1 volume, Fitchburg’ in — the 
Rebellion. | : ‘GL 
From.John A. Whipple, Esq., Boston, 1 portrait in oil of Hon. Marshall P. 

Wilder. 
From J. W. Boynton, Esq., Hartford, Conn., 1 green rose. 
From J. L. Beal, Esq., Union Springs, N. Y., 1 rose. 


—1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. 


{ 


23 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR JANUARY 1s?, 1868. 


—— 


wal Real Estate. 
The College farm contains 3834 acres, and cost, 


‘exclusive of buildings, . .-. «. ~~ $837,000 00 

The quarry in Pelham, cost. : : ‘ : 500 00 

" i =e 
Buildings. 


North College, of brick, 100 X 50 feet, four sto- 
ries, with cases for books and cabinet speci- 
mens, desks and chairs for public rooms, stoves, 


well, out-buildings and architect’s bill, cost . $36,280. 00 
Chemical Laboratory, of wood, 57 X 46 feet, two 

stories, with bell, cost . - 10,360 00 
Boarding-House, of wood, with Bain hall 50 Dae 5, 

feet, with furniture, cost . : . 8,180 00 


Botanic Museum, of wood, 45 « 31 feet, tig sto- 
_ries, with office and lecture room of ae 


with cases and furniture, cost . . : 5,180 00 
Durfee Plant-Houses, with water; heat appa- 

ratus and shelving, cost . : } 12,000 00 
. Three dwelling-houses and four barnes bowali 

with the farm, cost . : ‘ 2 : , 6,000 00 


Total real estate, . 


$37,500 00 


78,000 ‘00 


- $115,500 00 


Fe cus PROPERTY IN CHARGE OF FARM Qa aaaaD TA 


Live Stock. 


- 45 neat cattle, valued at . : : ; =. $3,290: 00 


23 sheep, - vd : : : ° : 445 00 
3 horses, - ; : ‘ iar 750 00 
3 swine, f ‘ - 3 F. | 25 00 


Farm Produce. 
150 tons hay, . 7 : ; ; 5 - $1,800 00 


20 tons oat straw, . ‘ ‘ ‘ Fee 120 00 

20 tonscorn stover, . d : ; P A 120 00 

600 bushels oats, . , ‘ = ; : ‘ 450 00 

700 bushels corn, . : : : : : ; 700 00 
100 bushels potatoes, . - : p - : 75 00— 

250 bushels roots, Se | ee 82 50 


$4,510 00 


$3,347 50 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —[Jan. 


| : Farm Implements. 
Wagons, carts and harnesses, __. ; ; ; $755 00 
Tools of various kinds, wee ‘ 5 A. 30mee 
. — $1,485 00 
Total personal property, . »@ . ; ; - . « $9,342 50 


Funp ror MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE IN! CHARGE OF THE STATE 
TREASURER. 


The total amount received from the sale of the 360,000 acres of 
land given to Massachusetts, for the endowment of one or 
more colleges for the promotion of education in agriculture 


and the mechanic arts, is : : : . 236.807 40 
Of this amount, in accordance with the Act. of Congress, was 
expended for a farm, . : : : ; 3 : - 29,778 40 


The investments of the fund made by the State Treasurer are as follows :— 


" United States bonds, 5-20’s, interest 6 per cent. gold, . : $50,500 00. 


6 te uA ()'G, 8 Cn ee ct - -« « £1 80,000700 

Massachusetts bonds, 5 per cent. gold, . 4 : 2S 2a eO0 00 

a " 6 per cent. currency, . : 5 : 3,000 00 

City of Salem bonds, 6 : “f Bb he : . ' 55,000 00 

City of Lynn bonds, 6 3 ys 5 AE - 28,000 00 
Town of Milford bonds,6 oe , lw ty oe A 

Par value of bonds, . : : : ph eee ty ie - $201,700 00 


Cash uninvested, . : ; ‘ : : ‘ : ‘ 5,724 65 


——— 


Total fund, ov ae : : Sa bs : ; - $207,424 65 


Annual income of fund at 6 percent... d : : . $12,445 48 


Two-thirds of this is to be paid to the treasurer of the College, and one- — 
third to the treasurer of the Institute of Technology. 


Income of College from fund, . : : .. $8,296 99 
By the conditions of the gift none of ie income of the fund 

derived from the sale of land scrip can be used for the erec- 

tion or repair of buildings. 
The Hills Fund of $10,000 for the maintenance of the Botanic 

Garden is in charge of the College treasurer, and at present 

yields an income of - . : : «rani 4 : . 500 00 


—— 


Total income from funds, .  . = » |» |.) .-[ioee 


@®o this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room rent, amount- 
ing to $51 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the 
products of the farm and garden. 


Liabilities of the College, January 1st, 1868, og 
Available funds, . “ : ae . 25,446 87 


hoe yen 


_ 
, 
* , ‘ 4 
‘e 
4 
74) t 
a 
es er a 
F 
Ss 
F 2 
x 
x 
rn aa ve i “ , i 
5 + 04 " , . , 
1 e : 
“= ‘ . cate 
L ¥ ‘ poe, > ™ ,] 
wy a .- a > 
j \ i i 
aYV s 
° Ud . ; . > 
‘. = 4 7 
/ | 
* = 
: : ay a 
ry 
mG iB: : \ : ; bi; 
ag S > 
-% x 
’ 
c] 
‘Zn 
y ‘ 
‘ 4 4 
j > 
i ? he 
4 »@ 4 - - 
4 
: ; 
¥ - 
} i 
, i, 
> a 2 
_ ii} ' 
> “Dal ; 
or / rs 
eS 
. ~ ‘ 
wi, é 
ri ; 
= ‘ ® $48 , 
v7 “he 
| f 
iS 4 - 
/ ~~ 7 ; 
f 
é , ’ 
a 4 
i ; 2 
! 
f e 
‘ 
‘ 4 y, 
pis 


[Jan. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


19 9ET‘G9¢ . 
Se GOV FS ° * “Junoooe po wow aouvjeq Aq | ‘T Auer) ge corp °° ° * * 7 7  * + +  unoooe meu 07 ourjeq oy | ‘tT Aue 
‘S98T : ; "S98T 
6% ¥69 09$ 
: Le 128, c 8 6 + 6 stant wo.st[tq Jed sz “sorapuns 
Fe, Cegow = 2? ‘Buyureay pue surpeis ‘cujeavoxe Ur 10qe] 
18 TIL : : 2 : : > ‘gm04s ‘Aoyeag pue suryuer 


09 FF Ceo ee aes eau fae aon ape On ge 
00 OST e e ° e ry ry e e *aqvIs ‘a]dang “MA "Ni 
0G ¢Ge9 ‘ : : ‘ ‘suosvul ‘ayoo) pure Apoo, 
9L SSL te 8 SF eporcunigy sl] seo Ol asp Ieeen 


19 9¢T'e9$ 00 G1Z , , = 3 : : ‘royured ‘ospliqmoly, Wy ‘| 
00 SOE g een ks : Same —ae ‘sroqured ‘s1oyjo1g soARiy 
00 000‘0T * : * “eazand *N Woy 00 SFI : Z 4 s 2 ‘srojured ‘wivyeisuy pue seuoy, Ty, 
19 9F6'F : : > “HOISTTIIM “S Woy 9% 6&6 : : ; : : > ‘sroquodivo ‘oz AA pur younyO 
00 000‘°0¢ ° : ‘ssroquy JO UMO} WOI YsvO 6L OS6' Lr ° : poms ; >  — §s 10JDVAJUOD PUB 499}ITOIB.0} 
00 O1z$ "+ + “gunooov pjo jo couvyeq Aq | ‘tT A.uee]| 00 OOO'9S ° - * * * 5 8  ¢  ¢ fséurpymg way 10} pred ysvo OJ, 
"L98T. "L981 


‘CNOA ONIGTONE 


ye SS a 2 a a ae ee 


Te 6@e'es = * 2° = * ~~ “gunooov pyo ‘souvyeq Ag | ‘tT Auer 


"898T. : 
Te 68g ITs 
ie ee Le ees === es 
000009 °°  * — ‘pung Surpring 0} Te 6's * *° * 5 * * +  {unoooe sou 0} soured oe 
poesieyo ‘peseyoind wary uo s.3,prmq 00 099 : : “ * ‘930M WO 4So190}UI ‘SajMOD “qT ‘8g -008q 
Te 6ss‘eg ° : * — ‘yunoooe pjo ‘eouvjeq Ag | ‘Tg A.uee 00 o0O'sS$ *~ ° ‘ «WIR T] ,SOTMOD ,, Jo souvyeq 10} pred ysvo oy | ‘eg Ayue 


See eS See ee ce Sans oe Se es eS ee "LOST 
~ “ENQOOOV ANV'I 


"ad “Wadnspasy, “ATAANG NVHLVN Y71M JuN0IID Ut ‘ADATION IVAALTINOIMDY SLLASAHOVSSV] ‘uq 


> 
9€ 900'T2S 
68 Lag * + © — Gunovoe pjo ‘sounjeq Sg | ‘ET Lue || 6g 2g te Sse 8 eee Lae e MGI Gy eoneleq ‘{ A,uee 
° “S987 : *S98T 
= Gl S8P : . ‘ : : . : aly. wo stig Jad sv soripuns 
; 10 GORE * : ° : : : ie es sosuedxe wary ArvuIpso 
= 18 0S0'T * : : se : > ‘sjuetmmeAoiduar wey quouruted 
F9 CoQ 16 J . e . ° . . . . . Spvol uo 10Q®BI 
A OL 898 x Spee J : : ‘soded pore} pue oj} Ureip 
| GL SFL Fs F . : Bp8e8 SSVI pues sioziij19y 
e8 OLS F . . . ° . . . . . *y003s8 Al] 
ZB 96 LE8 : ‘ 4 : _ “ . ‘syuoure[d ut WIRy 
. . . e e e . e ¢ . 
3) oF ly : : Nad Surysea IOy ‘ORIG ‘SIM ; 
(=) FG OLOT eyaepns Sorpreog LOJ “HWS ‘dL “SN 
fo 0G 819 , : : ¢ * ‘gouRinsul 
gs cic.  * 3 : : “sUIOOL pane pue esnoq SUI pIvod oJ oanqruINy 
OO CMe cre oe or vagy 81124 


09 ee) ° . . ° e . i ° . . . . ‘jong 
F0 098 tes eNOS ce Sas = Sso1dxo pue JYSIOI 


92 900'TZR 19 8% . : : *  ‘surviSajo} pus sdtuvjs onusAar puv oovysod 
—— —__——— I& SFL . : : : 3 . ; > ‘Zuisndoape pure suyuid 
LL 9F@'T ‘ : ‘gonpoid wavy WOIy 89 LOL : , St eee 38 : : - ‘Kiouoryeys pus syooq 
9L SLe‘T is ale * ‘SI ]Iq W494 Woy YsBo : 0G LE9 : : : : - : oss sy Sudaeyo Ul SOSVUILpP pUrT| 
ULOPG Ue eh Set 4S SPUN JO . COREE ce Pe DSR eg Seam tae y * — ‘so1B] BS 
ewoour ‘JoInseorT, a}v}IG WoI Ysvo GL &bF : hs cae Seas ‘ : ; * — SJaoursue ‘ppeys "He 
wee eh Poe'Le O° : - ‘gunooov pjo jo oouvreq Sg | ‘ft A,uve || es F99e* : 4 s : y : - ? ‘sooqgn.y jo sosuedxe pied of, 
re : : 
; “LO8T LO8T 
4x ‘ ; * ., 4 
et : - . GNNA INGONILNOO : 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


28 


*g9eT ‘9 Areniqeg ‘NOLSOg 
‘sonpny ‘NTOONIT OGIVM ‘a | , 
"sIoqONOA Jedoid oy} YIM poruvduooor puv pozeys A]}001100 WEY} PUY PUR S}UNODOR S.JoINSveI], OY} PoulMIVXS AVY [ 


‘abayog jounynorwb y syasnyovssy yy . 


wainsdaty, “ATATNG NVHLVN 
. ‘peqruiqns <{;njqoodsoxy 


80 6FL'Z$ * > “‘puey Uo Yysed Suloq sourleq Aq | ‘tT <A,uee 


é “S98T : 

FE G20 86$ FS G20 86% 
19 9F6 'F9 . ° e ° . ° ‘puny 80 6FL'L . e e ° e . ° e ° ‘qUN0008 MOT 0} eouvleq Ol, 1 A.uee 

SUIP[INg JuNOdDv UO pPaATooer Ysvo “898T 
[LCT Se a see es) 1008 | 

qUISUI}UOD JUNOIY UO P9ATedaI1 YSvO 63 F69'09 ° , : : : : : - ‘puny surpimg uo 
Fl, ecrels ° : > ‘puevy uo yseo souvjeq Aq | ‘Tt A.uee || 16 sPeOs ° : , : : _ . > ‘pung juesuyU0g uo 

*)98T 00 099‘sé ° : . : : . : ; ‘yunooDV pury uo pred ysevo oF, "19ST 


oof on ats op | ee Ss Se Se hl ees ee ie, 9 ee eee Reis Files ee SE 
SINOQOOOV IVYANAD 


ay , ‘wainsnaly “ATAYAC NVHLVN 9/71 7Un0900 U1 “ADATION IVYALTIOOIYDY SLLASAHOVSSV]L "Iq 


ECR: ATL ETRE! 


_ REGISTER OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 


For the year 1867: 


» Taken at Amuerst, Mass., 


BYE. S. SNEIE 


_ Professor of Mathematics in the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


- Tatitede, 49° 99 17", Longitude, 72° 34’ 30/. Height above the sea, 267 ft. 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


REMARKS. 


A meteorological journal has been kept at Amherst a little more 
than thirty years, a record being made three times every day, of the 
temperature, the pressure of air, the direction and force of wind, the 
quantity, kind, velocity and direction of. the clouds, the amount of 
moisture in the air, and the depth of rain and snow. Since the Smith- 
sonian Institution began its operations, these observations haye been 
made at the hours which it has adopted, namely, 7 A. M., 2 P. M., 
and 9 P. M. | OA 

The mean annual temperature at Amherst for the last thirty years is 
46.15 degrees, ranging from the highest, 48.02 degrees in 1846, to the 
lowest, 44.66 degrees in 1861. The greatest difference therefore in the 
annual mean for thirty years, is 8.36 degrees. ‘The mean temperature 
of 1867 was 46.17 degrees, 0.02 of a degree above the mean for thirty 
years. The highest temperature observed during the year was 90 
degrees, July 4; the lowest was 5 degrees below zero, January 16. 

The mean atmospheric pressure, measured by the barometer, depends 
on the altitude of the station above the sea-level. The barometer used 
for the Amherst observations is 267 feet above the ocean. The mean 
height of the mercury column, during the last thirty years, was 29.723 
inches, ranging from 29.780, the greatest annual mean, in 1849, to 
29.643, the least, in 1837. In 1867,'the mean height of the barometer 
was 29.731 inches; the greatest height was 30.084, Feb. 11, and the 
least, 28.991, May 9. Since mercury is lighter when warmer, and 
' heavier when colder, the results given in the accompanying table have 
all been reduced from the observed numbers to the standard temper- Z 
ature of 32 degrees. : 

The depth of rain and snow in a year is quite variable in this climate. 
During the last thirty years, the mean annual depth of water, (rain and 
melted snow,) has been 44.21 inches. The greatest fall was 56.183 — 
inchesgn 1863; and the least, 34.433 inches in 1864, a year of unusual ~ 
drought. In 1867, the fall of water was 46.087 inches, nearly 2 
inches above the mean. August was a very rainy month, in which ~ 
there fell more than 9 inches; while in each of the months, January 
and September, there was only a fraction more than 1 inch. 


—_—_-~ 
? 


1868. ] HOUSE—No. 30. 31 


The depth of snow was 3.666 feet in 1867. In a series of years, 
the annual depth in this place has varied from 2.500 feet to 6.750 feet, 
The record of winds includes two particulars, — the quarter from 
which they flow, and their estimated force. The latter ranges from one, 
the least perceptible motion, to ten, a destructive tornado. Regarding 


_ both time and force, nearly one-half of the wind in this locality is from 


the N. W. quarter; one-fourth from the 8. E.; one-eighth from the 
S. W.; one-eighth from the N. E.; though these proportions are not 
very uniform. The year 1867 differs considerably from the mean, 
there being less wind than usual from the N. W., and more than usual 
from the N. E. The results are as follows: N. W., 43 per cent; S. 
W.,16; S. E., 24; N. E17. The large amount from the N. E. was 
mainly due to = winds of March, 39 per cent. of which were from that 


quarter. 


The cloudiness is obtained by noticing how many tenths of the sky 
are covered at the time of each observation, The mean cloudiness for 
a series of years at this station differs but very little from 50 per cent. 
The mean for 1867 is higher than usual, amounting to 54 per cent. 
The kinds of cloud are marked by abbreviations, thus, Str. stratus, that 
is, spread in sheets; Cum. cumulus, piled in —_ Cir. cirrus, drawn 
out in fibres. Intermediate kinds are, Cu-str. cumulo-stratus; Cir-str. 
cirro-stratus ; Oir-cum. cirro-cumulus. 

The moisture in the air is expressed by two numbers, one of which 
denotes the actual pressure of moisture by the height of mercury sus- 
tained by it; this number is called the “force of vapor.” The other 
number, called “humidity,” expresses what per cent. of the greatest 


- possible moisture actually exists at a given time. The greatest humid- 


ity is therefore 100. But when the humidity is 100, the quantity of 
moisture, (that is, the force of vapor,) depends on the temperature, 
being greater as the temperature is higher. Therefore, if the humidity 
is 100, and the temperature falls, a part of the moisture must cease to 
exist in the form of vapor, and must be precipitated in dew, fog, rain or 
some other liquid or solid form. 

The mean force of vapor at this place is about 0.30 of an inch of 
mercury, and the mean humidity about 78 per cent. The force of 
vapor in 1867 was 0.31 of an inch, and the humidity 84 per cent. The 


great humidity of January and August contributed especially to raise 


the mean result. 
; 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


32 (Jan. 
JANUARY, 186%. 
obbeaaitiieels it RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. | 
a Sa La aaa ae EI ey E TA. M, 2P. M. 9 P.M. 
r= bo e ae |8oa| 8 ee ee 
g et a os ee lal os _ |S _ | 34 
by || S28 | S42 |Seg) 28] ee) 33) ee) 6S) ge) ce 
ay ae eA | a So ls eal | we |. <3| <3| 
1 | 21.7 | 31.0 | 28.0] 26.9|| 104. m.| Night. | 0.053] 1.0|| 10 | Str 10 |Nim..| 10 | Nim 
2 | 16.5 | 24.8] 20.5/20.6]| - . ea) pees li Zeal ii 8 | Str 7 | Str. 
3 | 2.5] 15.2] 9.4] 9.0 E: rs isle bil: Bad Soe e 2 lhe o 
4 | 1.0] 17.9| 17.7 | 12.2 i es Aandi hee * gal ine 1 
5 | 16.7 | 29.0 | 33.4 | 26.4 * -~ |0.020] 0.5}| 9 | Str. 2 |Str. .|10 |Str. . « 
6 | 29.7 | 31.8 | 27.3 | 29.6 a * - | -|]10 |Str. .| 10 |Nim..| 5 | Str. 
7 | 19.0 | 25.0 | 18.0 | 20.7 if = Hil ee: deg hiisee: 4 | Str a - 
8 | 13.5 | 23.0 | 14.0 | 16.8 é a iat idler 2ehi@eel . By ght Bot 
9 | 14.0 | 27.0| 25.7 | 22.2 ES 2 aa) ech Negi 2 | Str. 4 | Str. 
10 } 12.8 | 30.0 | 22.9 | 21.9 = . u -|| 8 | Str. 5 | Str 10 | Str. 
11 | 12.7 | 27.2| 19.7 | 19.9 a = me, a A Wind 8 | Str. 4 | Str. 
12 | 14.7 | 20.0] 12.0 | 15.6 L a Re ae ES ghee u 
13 | 8.7 | 26.5| 14.7 | 16.6 i s RLS Tei Ege g | Str. .| 10 | Str. q 
14. (14.0/21.9/ 13.0|16.3|| - 2 LOL a BLee 2 BS Mass " 7 
#15 | 70/170] oz]nel} - : - | -|| 5 [str | sf) gh *)t2 | ser 
16 | -5.0| 13.9] 9.0| 6.0}| Night. - - - - - 5 Str 72 | Str, 
47 |11.5| 17.4] 17.8 | 15.6 - |Night. |0.305| 5.0]/| 10 |Nim..| 10 | Nim. «| 10 | Nim 
18 | 10.5| 9.0] 2.0] 7.2 - " alee lh LOet Str 9 | Str E _ 
12 | 0.0] 10.9| 10.0] 7.0 4 e dl iit lh | deel Reo 8 | Str 7 | Str. 
20 | 5.6| 18.7 | 18.0| 13.9 || Night. a enibull lieth iB yal ere 5 | Str 10 | Str. 
21 | 21.9 | 24.0.| 24.7 | 23.5 - |3P.M. | 0.528] 5.0|| 10 |Nim..| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim 
22 | 18.5 | 29.4 | 25.7 | 24.5 - |Nighte |0.030| 0.5]| 4 | Str 2 | Str 7 | Str. 
23 | 23.0 | 30.2 | 27.3 | 26.8 i 7 Siete eh wierd 2 | Str 2 | Str. 
2A | 29.0 | 33.5 | 19.2 | 27.2 Z a =i, oct Aah WO. Sit: 2 | Cir - - 
25 | 8.0 |'28.6 | 25.5 | 20.7 || Night. - eyed | es - | By, | Strecy plO gel Stes ce 
26 | 23.5 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 27.8 - |8p.m. |0.408| 4.0]| 10 |Nim..| 10 | Nim..| 10 | Str. . 
27 | 23.7 | 26.3 | 20.8 | 23.6 t e ye | iyo alin Bieler ? | Str 5 | Nim 
28 | 19.5 | 24.0 | 16.8 | 20.1 i “ ciel bc ala @aalaser 3° | Str . _ 
29 | 13.0] 19.5 | 13.5 | 15.3 L e neler sil | a leeite: 3. | Str 3 | Str. 
B0 | 4.3] 10.0/-2.5] 3.9 b - bali ibeetallel ee ee L oeepili ks a 
31 | 3.0 | 28.2 Bp 0 epee - - - -|| 2. | Str. 8 | Str 10 | Str. 
any . 188 Sums, . . 1.3824 15.0|} Mean, . 5-0 
Min. -5.0 a 


* A film of snow. 


& 


t A few flakes. 


1868.] HOUSE—No. 20. . 33 
JANUARY, 186 %.—ConrTINUED. 

WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 

=e PRESSURE OF ||HUMIDITY OR 
TAM | 2P.M 9P.M BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF ~ 
TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. e 

on 5 SS oO 25) = st s o eI 

S.W.| 1/sS.w.]| 1] 8S. Ww.]| 1 || 29.920 | 29.882 | 29.923 | 29.908 || .115 | .166 | .148]| 100 | 97 | 100} 1 
S.E.| 1/8. E.| 2 |N.w. | 1 || 29.961 | 29.918 | 29.899 | 29.926 || .087 | .127 | .108|| 100} 98 | 100] 2 
Ss. 2 | S. E.}| 2 | N.W. | 2 |) 29.895 | 29.905 | 29.890 | 29.897 || .048 | .086 | .065 |; 100 | 100 | 100} 3 
N.w.| 2/|N.w.|1/S. E.| 1 || 29.850 | 29.833 | 29.837 | 29.840 | | .045 | .089 | .093|/ 100 | 95 | 100) 4 
1| w. | 2] N. | 3 || 29.810 | 20%9e | 20.430 | 29.622 || .090 | .131 | .137.}| 100] 85 | 721 5 
N. 3 N. 2 |N.wW. | 2 || 29.199 | 29.259 | 29.293 | 29.250 154 | .144 | .129 94)" Sit SA 
N.W.| 2/N.w.| 4/N.W.'} 3 || 29.857 | 29.325-| 29.321 | 29.334 || .103 ‘o08l -080)| | 100 |" 72; |" Sa |” '7 
Ww. 2/(N.w.| 2 |N.w. | J || 29.250 | 29.158 | 29.182 | 29.197 || .076 | .077 | .079 96 | 65 | 100) 8 
w. 1{N.w.| 2] w. | 2 || 29.210 | 29.179 |.29.211 | 29.200 || .078 | .081/| .130]/ #0] 56| 96/ 9 
S.B.} 3|N.w.| 1] N. | 2 || 29.223 | 29.175 | 29.219 | 29.206 || .075 115 113 || 100; 73} 96| 10 
s.B.| 2|now.| 2 | Now. | 1 || 29.357 | 2942 | 29.595 | 29.461 || .075 | .107 | .095 || 100 7a | 92 ee 
N.wW.| 2/N.w.| 4 | N.w. | 2 || 29.710 | 29.764 | 29.861 | 29.778 || .077 | .081 | .065 93 | 76; 92;12 
N.wW.| 2/N.w.| 2] w. | 1 || 29.793 | 29.623 | 29.526 | 29.647 || .062 | .127| .083|| 100 | 90 | 100|13 
N.w.| 2] N. 13] N. | 3 || 29.487 | 29.495 | 29.544 | 29.475 || .080 | .064 | .053|| 100} 56 | 69 14 
N.W:| 4/N.w. | 2 | N. 3 | | 29.542 | 29.564 | 29.749 | 29.618 || .057 | .061 | .053|| 100; 67/| 81|15 
N.W.| 2/s. E.| 2/58. 1 || 29.880 | 29.854 | 29.725 | 29.820 || .034 | .050 | .060 || 100 | 67 | 95116 
N. 4/ N. |5/] N | 6 || 29.370 | 29.058 | 29.193 | 29.107 || .071 | .094 | .095 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 17 
N.w.| 5 |N.wW. | 4 |N.wW. | 5 || 29.379 | 29.390 | 29.416 | 29.395 || .068 | .064 | .048 || 100 | 100 | 100| 18 
N.W.| 3| Ww. | 3/|N.w.| 2 29.367 29.368 | 29.507 | 29.414 || .044 | .062 | .068 || 100 | 89! 100} 19 
S.m} 2 w. Fi § 2 || 29.686 | 29.732 | 29.672 | 29.697 || .055 082 085 || 100 | 84| 89 | 20 
N: 3] Nn. | 2] N. | 1 || 29.347 | 29.204 | 29.270 | 29.274 || .116 | .127 | .129]} 100 | 100 | 100 | 21 
N.wW.} 1/N.W.| 2 |N.W. | 3 || 29.352 | 29.345 | 29.406 | 29.368 || .096 | .122) .108|| 100 | 77 | 78/32 
N.w.| 3/N.w.| 3 | Nw. | 3 || 29.462 | 29.453 | 29.609 | 29.508 || .112] .130| 1301) 92/ 78 | 89/23 
N.w.| 4/N.w.! 3 |N.w. | 1 || 29.745 | 29.782 | 29.866 | 29.798 || .133 | .101|] .098]| 83] 52 | 100 | 24 
N.w.| 1/N.w./ 2] E. | 2 || 29.890 | 29.746 | 29.692 a 062 | 106) .102|| 100) 76] 74/25 
N.W.| 1/|N.W.| 1/5. E.| 21] 29.285 | 29.013 | 29.041 | 29.113 || .126| .160| .148!! 100 | 100} 89| 26 
_N-W.| 3/N-W. | 3 | N.w. | 3 || 29.169 | 29.276 | 29.470 29.305 126 | .123| .098|| 100 | 87| 89] 27 
N.w.| 4|N.w.| 4] w. | 2 || 29.617 | 29.612 | 29.693 | 29.641 || .092| .o97 | .094!| 87! 76 | 100] 28 
N.w.| 3 New. 4 | N.w. | 4 || 29.641 | 29.616 | 29.769 | 29.675 || .078 | .071| .075 || 100 | 69| 96/29 
N.w.| 2|N-w.| 1} w. | 1 || 29.971 | 30.075 | 30.167 | 30.071 || .052 | .059 | .038 || 100 | 89 | 100 | 30 
S.w.| 1} Ss. |3/S.E. | 2 || 30.036 | 29.883 | 29.797 | 29.905 | | .047 | .120 | .141 || 100 82 100 | 31 

Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, . . . 29.556|| Mean, . .092|| Mean,. . 91 

N.W. & W. 67; S. w. & S. 4; || Max. : : . 380:167 |} Max. . . :166 || Max. . 100 

8.E. & £.11; N.E. & N.18. || Min. . : : - 29.013 || Min. 034 || Min. . . §2 
EE nS ee Sh a ae | ieee eens ee, Soe 


34 , AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Jan. 
‘ FEBRUARY, 186%. 
ian ss Sitar in|| | RAEN AND SNow. | CLOUDS. 
a ‘ace ahront ag mil 2: Se ee 3 TA. M 22. M 9P. M. 
5 By S@ |see)2 % x ae Sy 
Sbotols |. set Pa pega ce lleels 2 Hee) 
Be oe Wee Ho ee = = < A“ ||<3| & <3| <3,| M 
1 | 34.5 | 48.3 | 37.0 | 39.9 a EY FG Str. 6} aie t - a 
2 | 21.0| 37.0 | 35.0 | 31.0 || Night x - | =|} 2 | Str. .]| 9 | Nim..| 10 | Nim 
3 | 34.0 | 39.0 | 36.3 | 36.3 - |6A.M. 10.550} - || 10 | Nim.* | 10 | Fog, .| 10 | Fog, 
4 | 35.0 | 39.3 | 36.0 | 36.8 || Night. - ~ le cmehh oS.cl Ste. oP a Serie 10 aie 
5 | 35.0 | 40.0 | 37.7 | 37.6 - |10A.m.] 0.252] .- || 10 | Nim 9 |Str. .| 10 | Str. 
6 | 30.0 | 40.7 | 29.0 | 33.2 ~ - : m1 7a) Ste oi) okie meee 7 
7 | 21.3 | 38.0 | 29.7 | 29.7 : - “ ttle - 2 Cir a Alb . 
8 | 22.0 | 42.5 | 36.0 | 33.5 || 7 P. = - cl ares z 7 |Str. .| 10 | Nim 
Q | 36.0 | 43.6 | 39.4 | 39.6 - |Night. | 1.622} - || 10 | Nim.* | 10 t+ | 10 | Nim 
10 | 25.0] 19.2) 7.3} 17.2||" - = ei alicqamel dy ual Sire le 2 Seen ae A 
11 | 8.0] 26.1 | 24.0 | 19.4 E ee le -. | 7 J)Str> | 8.4) ee 
12 | 27.4 | 37.8 | 36.0 | 33.7 : - mol ab! Sal Ste 4 8 Stree ees 
13 | 32.0 | 47.7 | 42.8 | 40.8 - - - ab dal Str: ».4 5. Gish) ap alae. 
14 | 44.7 | 50.0 | 44.5 | 46.4 = = te = 4:9) Str) ob 9 | Sime adem 
15 | 31.5 | 34.2 | 29.0| 31.6 5 a ee -|| 5 | Str. 7 1 Stare os) eB. | ais 
16 | 27.5 | 33.0 | 33.0| 31.2||7 a.m. | Night. | 0.358) -|| 10 |Str. .| 10 | Nim../ 10 | Nim 
17 | 31.8 | 39.3 | 36.4 | 35.8 4 - A) peels] 0 yal ib R 7 |iStre a] a uit. 
18 | 27.0] 41.0 | 34.8 | 34.3 = - E eau Sih 8 |Str. .| 9 | Str. 
19 | 32.0 | 37.2 24.0] 31.1 - - - =j)odo)Str ..1) 2 J)Str7-4 2) ae 
2O | 19.0 | 22.6 | 16.5 | 19.4|| 8} A.m.|/6P.m. | 0.107] 1.0|| 10 | Str. .| 10 |Nim..| 5 | Str. 
21 | 19.0/ 28.2! 24.0] 23.7 || 84. ar. Night. | 0.395} 5.0/| 10 | Str. .| 10 | Nim 10 | Nim 
22 | 24.0 | 36.0 | 26.0 | 28.7 = so ls ll ae =| 8)Str 1 8 Str!) 2) | ite 
23 | 9.0| 28.1 | 23.2 | 20.1]| SP. M. e a -|| 5 |Str. .| 8 | Str. .| 10 | Nim 
QA | 27.8 | 42.8 | 29.7 | 33.4 - |8A.m. |-0.362] .1.0)| 10] Nim. .|.8 | Si. ..| = = 
25 | 20.2 28.8 | 19.0 | 22.7 L re - | -|] 4 Cire & ite Gin yp bie Q 
26 | 9.0 | 35.1] 29.8 | 28.0 2 ai = = {| 2[Str «| 8 | Str =} “ 
27 | 22.9 | 35.3 | 24.5 | 27.6 2 a ‘ cepts . 1. |-Guestr. | i- es 
28 | 18.0 | 40.9 | 36.3 | 31.7 iy ar " ev eS gf St ap Si Rete as | Str. 
Eee eens ea) een 
Mean, - 31.23 || Sums, . 8.646 7.0,| Mean, Q 6.3 
Max . 50.0 
Min ze) 


{ Fog and Mist. 


-1868.] HOUSE—No. 380. 35 
FEBRUARY, 18 6 %7.—ContTINvUED. 
WINDS BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
PRESSURE OF || HUMIDITY OR 
TAM 2pP.M. | 9p. M. || BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF| | 
———- TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHEs. SATURATION. & 
Ble| a jel a lel] = | eile elalelj/e|a|oal A 
S.E.| 3] WwW. | 2/|N.w.| 3 || 29.396 | 29.339 | 29.582 | 29.439 || .183 | .239 | .145 O3t| 21)" 69 i 
N.wW.| 1/S.E.{ 2] E. | 2 || 29.709 | 29.645 | 29.466 | 29.607 || .112 | .139 | .199|} 100} 64/ 98 2 
N. 1|s.E.|1)]|S. E.| 1 || 29.106 | 29.073 | 29.128 | 29.102 || .196 | .286 | .212 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 3 
N.w.| 4] w. | 2/|S.E.| 2 || 29.389 | 29.577 | 29.618 | 29.528 || .146 | .158 | .197 72 | (G6ry 9p 4 
wow. | OL Ps. |S y. 4 || 29.229 | 29.301 | 29.482 | 29.337 || .204 | .207| .174|| 100} 84) 78 5 
S.W.| 1|N.w.| 4|N.w.| 1 || 29.741 | 29.758 | 29.931 | 29.810 || .135 | .160 | .147 Si |” Gai 92 6 
s.E.| 1 Ss. | 2| 8. E.| 1 || 30.113 | 30.126 | 30.173 | 30.137 || .113 | .162 | .160|| 100 | 73 | 100 P 
Ss. |S. w.|1 - | -— |} 30.108 | 29.996 | 29.818 | 29.974 || .118 | .194 | .209 |} 100 | 73 | 100 8 
§.W.| 1|S.w.| 1] Ss. | 3 || 29.452 | 29.363 | 29.235 | 29.350 || .210) .278 | .241 | 100 | 100 | 100 9 
N.w.| 5 |N.w.| 6 | N.w.| 4 || 29.208 | 29.677 | 30.210 | 29.708 || .111 | .075 | .060 83 | 74/|-100 | 10 
w. | 2| 8s. |3i]>s. | 4 ]| 30.584 #561 30.494 | 30.546 || .o62| 108 | .118 || 100 | 78| 91 | 11 
Ss. 3 |S. E.| 3/8. E. | 2 || 30.354 | 30.272 | 30.245 | 30.290 || .147 | .145 | .192 || 100} 65| 93] 12 
8. 1|)s.E.| 4] Ss. | 3 || 30.174 | 30.047 | 29.920 | 30.047 || .180 | .267 .275 || 100 | 83} 100} 13 
Ss. 1|s.w.| 1 | N.w.| 1 || 29.809 | 29.843 | 29.907 | 29.853 || .295 | .295 | .257 99} §3| 89| 14 
N.w.| 3/|S.W.| 2 |N.w.| 1 || 30.072 | 30.124 | 30.204 | 30.133 || .131 | .109 | .123 26,| 900°). OL lanbes 
N. 2) E. |1] E. | 1 || 30.098 | 29.835 | 29.531 | 29.821 || .147 | .187 | .183 100 100 | 100 | 16 
S.E.| 1]N.wW.| 5 | N.w.| 5 || 29.492 | 29.578 | 29.696 | 29.589 || .179 | .157| .145 || 100 | 65; 69 | 17 
Mw.| 1/s.w./2/ 8s 1 || 29.789 | 29.731 | 29.660 | 29.727 || .188 | .149 | .167 97 |" .60 | 82 sks 
N.W 1|/ Ww. |3|N.E.| 3 |} 29.640 | 29.762 | 29.948 | 29.783 || .171 | .138 | .087 96 | 64] 69} 19 
N.E 2|N.E.| 2|N.w.| 1 || 29.932 | 29.851 | 29.970 | 29.918 || .088 | .114 | .090 88 | 97 | 100} 20: 
N-w.| 1/S.E./ 2|N.E. | 2 || 29.922 | 29.796 | 29.622 | 29.780 101 140 | .129|| 100 | 90 | 100 |} 2L 
N.w.| 3 |N.wW.| 3 | N.w.| 4 || 29.655 | 29.682 | 29.804 | 29.714 || .129| .156| .113 || 100 | 75) 78 | 22 
Ss. 1|N.w.} 1|S. E.| 2 || 29.974 | 29.846 | 20.718 | 29.846 || .064 | .105 | .124/] 100 | 71] 100} 23 
w. 1} w. |3| w. | 1 || 29.299 | 29.385 | 29.600 | 29.428 || .152 | .192 | .160 || 100 | 72 | 100 | 24 
N.W.| 2|N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 1 || 29.867 | 29.864 | 29.886 | 29.872 || .094 | .082 | .098 88 | 53 | 100 | 25 
8.W.| 2|N.W.| 2 | N.w.| 4 || 29.855 | 29.868 | 29.935 | 29.886 || .064 | .128 | .188 || 100 | 62] 86] 26 
N.w.| 1/|N.w.| 3 | Ww. | 1 || 29.984 | 29.966 | 30.066 | 30.005 || .106 | .127 | .086 90 | 62) 69 | 27 - 
S.w.| 1} s.w.| 3|s.w.| 1 || 30.099 | 29.871 | 29.795 | 29.920 || .093 | .148 | 192 96 | 60] 90/] 28 
| 
Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, 295791 Mean, . 152 | Mean,. .. 86 
N.W. & W.53; S.w. & S. 22; || Max. 30.584 || Max. . 295 || Max. . . 100 
8.E. & E.19; N.E. & N. 6. Min. . 29.073 || Min. . . .060 | Min. 53 


36 AGRICULTURAL .COLLEGE. ‘[Jan. 


MARCH, 1867. 


Shalala OR RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 

, | THEOPEN alr oi |e al Sa : ana re cz. 

ae Pa | 2 |285/2 |loy sai cl a 

7 R || se | t= [See] osl/e2l 3a | ee] 23 les] ee 

ef | 2/2] 8|| 22) 2 |zez] €3|| 22] 22 | 23] 22 | ee] £2 

aleje|o |i 8%} 8% jee8| 85) 3) a> | 23 eee 

1 | 32.0 | 33.9 | 31.2 /32.4]| 12. a. , wy | St. 19 ee 

2, | 33.3 | 44.0 | 28.5 | 35.3 - |6A.mM. |0.170] - || 10 |Nim..| 7|Str. .| 21Str. . 

3 | 12.0 | 23.4) 23.0 | 19.5 || Night. . ee ltd | Str... 7 | ee 

4. | 19.0 | 31.0 |.28.0 | 26.0 - [3 P.M. [0.645] 5.0 || 10 | Nim. .) 19] Nim. .| 10] Str. . 

5 | 27.4| 36.3 | 20.7 | 28.1 : = - | = || 9 | Str.) 3 CRiie ine 

6 | 15.8 | 32.9 | 28.7 | 25.8 || Night. |  - ~ 1ST 9° | Str, <i) 10° \Sbeke 21 ee en 

7 | 26.0 | 26.8 | 26.8 | 26.5 ~ 7P.M. | 0.478! 2.0|/| 10 |Nim..| 10|Nim..| 10 | Nim 

8 | 25.0| 36.0 | 30.0 | 30.3 = 2 Ce eer) | Spee 2 he 

9 | 19.0 | 42.0 | 34.5 | 31.8 + = ls ale MS g!Str. .| 10/Str. . 

10 | 32.2| 37.0) 34.8] 34.7||9 a.m. | Night. |0.475| - ji) 10 | Str. 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. 

11 | 34.2| 46.3 | 37.0 | 39.2 e A en gO, | Ste: 5|Str. .| 2|Str. . 

12 | 34.0| 36.9 | 33.4/94.8||5$4.m.|6xr.m. |0.230] - || 40 |Nim..| 10|Nim..| 9{Str. . 

13 | 32.0 | 41.3 | 34.7 | 36.0 * - =. et ato Stee 10 | Str. .| 10 | Nim 

14 | 26.0 | 26.3\| 16.3 | 22.9 - - a ee ng isos 7 Stnak ven oe aren ce 

5 | 10.6 | 26.0 | 20.7 | 19.1 - - - {| - - - 2\Str...| 2] Sirs. 

16 | 14.2/| 29.6 | 24.0 | 22.6 || 4 P. m. 3 sil 7} pea t 10 str. .| 10| Nim 

17 | 21.5 | 26.8 | 23.8 | 24.0 - |5pP.m. |0.650] 7.0/| 10 |Nim..|} 10|Nim..| 8,|Str. . 

18 | 21.4] 25.0|21.5/226|] - 2 Cees. | Str: 2/Str. .| 8/Str . 

19 | 18.0 | 34.6 | 21.0 | 24.5 - - - | - - - - - -| = 

20 | 8.0/ 39.0/ 31.8 | 26.3 - 2 i ia hte S28 1|Str. .| 3] Haze 

21 | 29.0 | 44.0 | 36.0 | 36.3 - - - | - 9 | Str. 10 | Str.,.| 8 1iseet 

22, | 32.0 | 35.0 | 34.0 | 33.7 - = ees | Str: 10 |Str. .| 10]Str. . 

23 | 31.8 | 40.0 | 31.3 | 34.4 = S la tO ES 7|\Str. .| 8|Str. . 

24 os 35.0 | 36.6 || Night. ah | nay | 9 ‘ .| 8 Str. .| 10/Str. . 

25 | 34.0 | 46.0 | 38.7 | 39.6 - |10a.m.|0.467| - || 10 | Nim. g|Str. .| 9|Str. . 

26 | 30.3 | 38.2] 30.7 | 33.1 : = =e ee el er hs a we ae 

27 | 27.0 | 39.7 | 34.6 | 33.8 Se = ee 8 | Str 9|Str. .| 9 | Str. 

28 | 31.3 | 38.2 | 32.0 | 33.8 a hs ae 10 |Str. .| 8|Str. .] 1/Str. . 

29 | 27.6 | 33.8 | 29.0 | 30.1 = 2 Seay al eee 4/Sstr. .| 1/ Str. 

30 | 30.5 | 45.0 | 40.0 | 38.5 2 2 Se Te de Goer, 3 '| Bbre (ods al aie 

B1 | 35.7 | 53.0 | 42.5 | 43.7 = . 2k lace eee aes «Pe te 
Mean,:. . 30.84|/ Sums, . . 3.115 14.0/| Mean, . . ile ft A NGS 
Max. . . 53.0 ; 
Min. . ; 8.0 


* Mist, Evening. 


1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. 87 


MARCH, 18 6% — ConTINvUED. 


= WINDS. . BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 

ia. PRESSURE OF || HUMIDITY OR 
TA. M. 2P.M OP. at BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR. FRACTION OF | = 
—— ; TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. = 
eral Aa 
3 ares .toe, & |e 3 re : ° 
WwW. | 1/N.E.| 3} N. | 3 || 29.830 | 29.695 | 29.399 |29.641 || .179 | .173 | .174|| 100] 89 | 100] 1 
8. E.| 3 es 2|N.W.| 5 || 29.093 | 29.075 | 29.399 | 29.189 || .189 | .279| .144/| 100 | 97] 91] 2 
n. | 3] n. |2| nN. | 1]| 29.852 | 29.884 | 29.869 | 29.868 || .067] .076/ .115|| 90] 62| 94] 3 
N. 1 | N.w. | 2 | N.w.| 1 || 29.637 | 29.640 29.723 | 29.667 || .103 | .146| .152 100; 86 | 100} 4 
Swe) 1 | ew: 1 : | 1 || 29.926 | 29.960 30.080 | 29.989 || .147 | .153 | .108|| 100} 73] 100| 5 
Ss. E.| 1|N.W.| 2|S.E.| 2 || 30.206 | 30.221 30.182 | 30.203 || .086 | .120| .155|| 100! 66) 100} 6 
N. 1|n.z.|2| wn. | 3 || 29.966 | 29.743 | 29.849 | 29.853 || .141| 1431 .138 |] 100 | 100 | 97 7 
S. E. N. 3 ‘ 3 || 30.063 | 30.136 | 30.181 | 30.127 || .131 | .129| .132|| 100 | 61] 81 8 
N.w.| 2| S. | 3] S..{| 1 || 30.189 | 30.099 | 30.133 | 30.140 || .101 | .168| .190|; 100| 65 | 77) 9 
N.E 2 N.E.| 1|N.E./| 1 || 30.092 | 29.964 | 29.776 | 29.944 || .181 | .197| .200|| 100 | 91] 100} 10 
Ww. 2) W. | 1|N.w.| 2 ||'29:598 | 29.787 | 29.782 | 29.722 || .198 | .218| .191|| 100 | 71] 90/11 
N.wr| 1/|N.E.| 1 - | ~ |] 29.750 | 29.602 | 29.625 | 29.659 || .195 | .222 | .182|| 100 | 100! 96 | 12 
s. 1/8. E.| 2|S.E.{ 1 || 29.703 | 29.633 | 29.548 | 29.628 || .180 | .214| .204|| 100 | 84 | 100| 13 
N.wW.| 4|N.w.| 4 | N.wW.! 5 || 29.601 | 29.715 | 29.868 | 29.728 | | .105 | .104 | .075 7 | 77 | 8 |14 
S.E.| 2|S.W.| 2|S.E. | 1 || 30.099 | 30.114 | 30.130 | 30.114 || .068 | .094 | .090 | | 100 68 84 | 15 
Ss. - 1|N.E.| 3 | N.E.} 2 || 30.192 | 29.993 | 29.821 | 30.002 || .083 | .097 | .128 || 100 | 60} 100| 16 
N. 2| N. | 2|N.w.! 1 || 29.454 | 29 290 | 29.267 | 29.340 || .114 | .141] .128 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 17 
N.W.| 5 |N.W.| 6 | N.W.) 3 || 29,467 | 29.583 | 29.696 | 29.582 || .109 | .097 | .096|| 96] 75 | 8 |18 
N.W.| 2|N-w.| 2|s.5. | 1 || 29.829 | 29.849 | 29.990 | 29.889 || .089 | .162 | .095 92; 84) 88&|19 
S.W.| 1|N.E.| 2|N.E.) 2 || 30.104 | 30.097 | 30.153 | 30.118 || .060 | .099 | .120|| 100 | 43] 68; 20 
N.E.| 1|N.E.| 3 |N.E. 2 || 30.146 | 30.068 | 29.976 | 80.063 || .142 | .171 | .152 88 | 60} 73] 21 
N.E.| 3|N. af 4|n.E. 4 || 29.952 | 29.852 | 29.955 | 29.886 || .147 | 157 | .151 82] 78| 77 | 22 
N.E.| 4/)N.E.|3/N.E | 3 || 30.029 | 30.051 | 30.102 | 30.061 || .145 | .182 | .150 82 | 73] 86| 23 
mow. | Lj} E. ae 2 || 30.063 | 29.992 ae | -161 | .193 | .201 95 69 | 100 | 24 
m2 |S. BE. ) 1) w. | 2 }| 29.785 | 29.731 29.775 29.764 196 | .263] .186|}| 100 | 88] 79) 25 
N-W.| -3 | N.W.| 3 | N.w.| 3 || 29.815 | 29 750 | 29.747 | 29.771 | | .135 | .126 | .130 81] 56] 78 | 26 
ve 1 $s. 8.) 2) s.r. | 1 29.625 | 29.496 | 29.396 29.506 || .125 | .141 | .186 8 | 61] 95 | 27 
N. 3 |N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 2 || 29.276 | 29.223 | 29.308 | 29.269 || .141] .160| .141 81} 70} 79| 28 
w. 3 | N.w.| 4 | N.w. | 4 || 29.315 | 29.222 | 29.224 | 29.287 || .107 | .094 | .105 73} 50| 67] 29 
s. 1 | N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 4 || 29.238 | 29.204 | 29.264 | 29.285 | .126| .144 | .164 76] 49| 66; 30 
s.w.| 1|n.w.13] w. | 2 gaat | Pee | 24-406 29.387 || .174| .191 | .182 83| 48| 68/ 31 

fee ee e 

_ Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, . : +, 29.762 | “Mean, se 14or | Mean. 9% 84. 

N.W. & W. 48; 8S. w. & S.5; || Max. . : : 30.221 || Max. . . .279/| Max. . . 100 

S.E, &¥E.12; N.E.& N.35.||Min. . . . 20.075 | Min. . . .060|| Min. 43 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


38 [Jan. 
APRIL, 1 88 v. 

= Een ha aE RAIN AND SNOW. | "  OLOUDS. 
i eT 4 ge EE a 3 TA. M. | 2P. M. | 9 P. M. 
1 | 35.1] 41.0 | 36.8 | 37.6]|9 A.M. |3 P.M. | 0.350 - Str. .| 10 | Nim 9 | str. 
2 | 41.9 | 49.0 | 38.5 | 43.1 s: = 2 -|| 8 |Str. .| 2° (@nsatr. | ei ee: 
3° | 36.0 | 48.0 | 37.5 | 40.5 - = 2 ea | Stet eae be a 7 
4 | 34.5 | 62.3 | 47.0 | 47.9 - = 3 eb? | Ste as . Smoke,| 3 | Str. 
5 | 47.0 | 41.8 | 40.8] 43.2]//8 a.m. |4p.mM. |0.266] -// 10 | Str. .| 10 |Nim..| 7 |Str. .- 
6 ; 36.0 | 40.0 | 33.8; 36.6 = - ; ~|| 2 | Str. 2] 5° Sim 2) - 
7 | 36.0 | 59.0 | 43.5 | 46.2 = = = — |) "5 | Str) 403 eee 6° | Sir. 2 
8 | 38.8 | 58.4 | 53.5 | 50.2 - = 2 —|| (9 | Str.’ 246) etme 8° | Str.” 
9 | 41.9 | 53.0 | 41.0 | 50.4 A is Dig, its ape a — |) ga Ser: 
10 | 41.8 | 55.5 | 45.9| 47.7||6P. mM. | Night. |0.3875| -|| 5 | Str. .| 10 | Str. 10 | Nim 
11 | 42.0 | 52.0 | 38.0 | 44.0 - = - ly -|| 8 | Str .| 5 iCucstn: (a ememeney 
12 | 36.5 | 59.4 | 42.0 | 46.0 y is er = ete “04! Nie {asain 
13 | 37.7 | 53.0 | 38.9 | 43.2 : - - - 7. sure 5 | Cu-str.| —- = 
14 | 29.0 | 53.3 | 42.0 | 41.4 - = = a Bt cot oll deere ern ee 
15 | 42.2 | 66.0 | 57.0 | 55.1 || Night 7 2 <1 10 (Str). a7 mete y | Stz.' 
16 | 54.6 | 56.0 | 54.7 | 55.1 - 2 = - || 10 | Nim. .| 10- | Nim. .| 10 - 
17 | 48.0 | 50.3 | 46.0 | 48.1 - 5 PLM. | 1.325 -—1| 9 | Nim. .1° 9 eiNaes - me 
18 | 43.5 | 49.9} 39.8) 44.4]/  - = = Sy * 4 |Str. .| - - 
19 | 40.5 | 58.0 | 47.8 | 48.8 - - - | -|} 8 [Str .) -. | Str 3 | Str. . 
20 | 47.1 | 58.0 | 48.0 | 51.4 * | Night. [0.326] -|| 3 |Cir. .| 6 | Str. .| 9 | Nim,. 
21 | 48.0 | 58.0 | 47.0 | 51.0 - - = - |! 10 | Fog,'.) 7 Curstr.|) a2 ier 
22 | 42.8 | 55.3|49.0| 49.0|| 104.0. |8p.a. 0.581) -|| 8 |Str. .| 9 |Nim..] - - 
Zo | 43.0} - |36.0| —- - - - - 2 |Str.. .| 3 | Custr.| — | Str. 
24 | 37.0 | 38.2 | 37.3| 37.5|| 11 a.m. Night. |0.085; - || 9 | Str. .| 10 | Nim. ./ 10 | Nim 
25 | 41.4 | 52.2 | 42.0 | 45.2 - - - -~ || 3 ‘Str, |... 02) Mig ee eens on 
26 | 38.5 | 60.0 | 46.8 | 48.4 = = = Lp ee - [2 "Custe 8 | Str. 
27 | 45.2 | 48.0 | 37.5 |43.6)| 14 p.m. |4 P.M. | 0.158) -|| 2 |Str. .| 10 |Nim..j| - ES 
28 | 33.0 | 46.0 | 39.0 | 39.3 wipes - - = || = —) [2 eee. - - 
29 | 36.0! 52.0| 39.2| 42.4||eP.m TY a Gar. Pea 0 ge 
30 | 40.7 | 49.9 | 50.0 | 46.9 = 2 0.325| -|| 10 |Nim..] 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim 

| 

Mean, . 45.49 || Sum, 3.791 —- || Mean, 4.9 

Max. 66.0 

Min. . 29.0 

* Shower. 


HOUSE—No. 380. 


PAPRILE, 186 %.—Cowrworp. 


SES SSS ANE SEE TE 
eee 


WINDS. 


) 
7 
5 


Direction. 
Direction. 


Force. 


Bs 


N.W. 


Direction. e 


ks 


4 
4 


B 


er cent. of Time and Force: 
N. W. & w.40; 8. w. & S. 28; 
/S.E. & E.16; N. E. & N. 16. 


< 
é 


29.321 | 29.186 
29.260 | 29.296 


29.751 
29.885 
29.348 
29.213 
29.696 
29.871 
29.873 
29.771 
29.226 
29.623 
29.612 
30.109 


29.943 | 


29.585 
29.315 
29.625 
29.895 
29.796 
29.425 
29.456 
29.521 
29.965 
29.878 
29.945 | 
29.679 
29.900 
30.058 | 


29.858 | 


Mean, 
Max. 
Min. . 


BAROMETER. | FORCE OR~ 
"PRESSURE OF 

BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED | | VAPOR, 
TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHEs. 
a} | etal a] 
a ee i: | eel) BS 
29.192 | 29.566 || .187 | .247 | .218 
29.513 | 29.056 |} .203 | .185 | 165 
| 29.848 | 29.925 | 29.872 || 141 | .116 | .157 
29.595 | 29.519 | 29.666 || .190 | .284 | .261 
29.157 | 29.210 | 29.238 || 319 | .264 | .207 
29.384 | 29.613 | 29.403 || .200 | .153 | .119 
29.548 | 29.761 | 29.668 || .153 | .182 | .209 
29.663 | 29.663 | 29.732 || .202 | .377 | .257 
29.897 | 29.968 | 29.913 || .161 | .146 | .253 
29.573 | 29.349 | 29.564 || .212 | .267 | .305 
29.340 | 29.553 | 29.373 || .254 | .211 | .149 
29.511 | 29.507 | 29.580 || .165 | .190 | .209 
29.642 | 29.890 | 29.715 || .216 | .194 | .o97 
30.055 | 30.063 | 30.076 |) .132 .177 | .296 
29.713 | 29.683 | 29.780 || .232 | .380 | .360 
29.444 | 29.330 | 29.453 || .421 | .442 | 404 
29.403 | 29.650 | 29.456 || .305 | .298 | 278 
29.700 | 29.808 | 29.711 || .240 | .143 | .150 
29.832 | 29.821 | 29.849 || .o97 | .114 | .208 
29.673 | 29.660 | 29.710 || .232 | .170 | .200 
29.416 | 29.500 | 29.447 || .334 | .233 | .226 
29.200°| 29.174 | 29.277 || .253 | .321 | .341 
- | 29.875 195) - | .162 
29.963 | 29.897 | 29.942 || .156 | .228 | .219 
29.864 | 29.905 | 29.882 || .257 | .204 | .233 
29.817 | 29.805 | 29.889} 295 | .190 | 241 
29.563 | 29.717 | 29.653 || .258 | .289 | .170 
29.923 | 29.962@) 29.928 || 124 | .130 | .126 
29.994 | 29.973 | 30.008 || .174| .188 | .238 
29.742 | 29.637 | 29.746 || 245 a 361 
29.598 || Mean, . .224 

30.109 || Max... . .442 


RELATIVE 
HUMIDITY OR 
FRACTION OF} |; 
SATURATION. 8 
So aes poarch = 
lel el I 
Ba a4 ee 
92/ 96] 100] 1 
76.158 172) Bo 
67| 35); 71| 3 
OF S21 or | ha. 
100 | 100| 82] 5 
94] 62] 62] 6 
73 | 38 |) 764. V7, 
86 | 59] 68]! 8 
60] 388] 100} 9 
82 | 62/100} 10 
9 | 55| 65/121 
78 | 38! 80/12 
97} 50] 42/13 
8 | 44} 78/14 
87 | 61| 79/15 
100 | 100 | 100) 16 
91; 82| 92/17 
86 | 41/ 63/18 
39] 24] 67/19 
73| 36| 59/20 
100| 49| 72/91 
94] 74 | 100 | 22 
70 | =| 578 | 9g 
71 | 100 | 100 | 24 
100 | 52!] 87] 25 
97] 38] 78126 
86 | 89| 76) 27 
67 | 431 56/28 
84 | 50) 100| 99 
98 | 99 | 100 | 30 
Mean, 74 
Max 100 


Max. 
Min. 


* Shower. 


+ A few drops in night. 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
MAY, 1867. ® 
eet Cite ed TH RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 
a UN al i E z a be A 7 A.M. 2P.M. 9p. M. 
E BS. | 2 |eeel®llog) |e 
“io oaths zi | gf |ge8/22)/23| 24 |23| 22 |Ee| 2 
Sees | a |S = a 4°70 <3| as| 4 |<o|* 
1 | 52.5 | 58.7 x Noon. | 0.318 || || 10 [Ni Nim..| 9 | Nim.. 
2 | 46.0 | 56.0 : zt 2 us Cum..| - = 
3 | 36.0 | 48.2 Ms e F 2] Z 2 
4. | 38.0 | 55.0 p a = 2 Cir. - - 
5 55.0 a e obs Nat her Ste. 140) | Stee. « 
6 66.3 & ue = Shi 40 Str. .| 10 | Str. 
7 52.8 : 4 alhi' oil yi Nim. |) 9.) Str... 
8 58.7 é : ile. =| Nim. .| 10 | Str. 
Q | 45.0 | 57.0 2 (yj) 1tdeame OBONys = 3) 088 Cu-str.| 2 | Str. 
10 | 51.1 | 63.2/ - - ~ lies Cu-str.| 2 | Str. 
11 | 53.4 | 64.2 - - = - - Cu-str.| 3 | Cir. 
12 | 51.0 | 57.2 - - - ~ - Cu-str.| - | 2 - 
13 | 46.0 | 65.3 pela) he Bieta -} Shs t 10 Nim 
14 | 49.2 | 57.0 GP. MAF 6am. | ees Aaa Str. 9 | Str. 
15 | 49.5 | 57.8 p. M.t = = er illo Cu-str.| 8 | Str. 
16 | 48.0 | 57.2 a 2» ual ae Mine Sze | Cu-str.| 2 | Str. 
17 | 53.1 | 61.0 + : = Bole 4 Str. 3 | Str. 
18 | 54.0 | 59.0 + = = eh ier Cu-str.| 5 | Str. 
19 | 51.0 | 60.5 Night. a = et finn Cu-str.| 9 | Str. 
20 50.4 | 55.8 - Wout 0.370 - || 10 Nim. . | 5 | Str. 
Ql | 47.2 | 65.0 = = es a iha-b Cu-str.| 1. | Str. 
22, | 49.5 | 50.4 QLA.M.|1e.M. | 0.872 10 Nim. .| 10 | Str. 
51.7 | 61.0 tk - | 0.042 9 Cu-str.| 6 | Str. 
50.2 | 59.8 - - - 76 Cu-str.| - - 
51.3 | 71.8 Night. - - - Cum. .| 10 | Str. 
57.0 | 68.0 - | Night. | 1.048 10 Str. .| 10 | Nim 
54.8 | 70.8 : us x a et Str. 
60.0 | 75.5 Night. - *- Sa) 8 Cir. 10: :| Strs 
59.1 | 65.7 =) 20) | 3 PARLANOe20It E Nim 9 | Str. 
58.0 | 70.8 i = - -|| 5 Cu-str.| 8 | Str. 
53.0 | 68.0 aS - - - 9 ; Cu-str.| - - 
eid) ES 
Mean, Sum, . 4.610 - || Mean, | ht a 5.9) 


{ Sprinkles. 


1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. AL 


MAY, 18 6 7.—ConrinvueED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
: —— —______1\___——————_|| PRESSURE OF || HUMIDITY OR 

TA M. 2PM. 9P.M BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED | | VAPOR, FRACTION OF yp 

a9 ; TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. 8 

at 2} 8. 4/1 w. | 3 || 29.340 | 29.111 | 29.047 | 29.166 || .393 | .509 | .803 || 100 | 100! 89; L 
N.W.| 4 | N.wW.| 5 | N.w.| 2 || 29.538 | 29.666 | 29.902 | 29.702 213 141) .152 || 69] 32] 63/ 2 
N.w.| 2|N.w.| 2]|s. E. | 3 |; 30.116 | 30.085 | 30.133 | 30.111 |; .124 | .130| .175], 60] 40] 76! 3 
N.w:| 1/8S.w.| 2/s. £. | 3 || 30.223 | 30.129 | 30.102 | 30.151]| .192 | .185| .145/| 86] 44|/ Go| 4 
S.E.| 2/s.E.| 4] gs. | 4 || 30.020 | 29.980 | 29.840 | 29.913 || .198 | .257| .246/| 80] 61| 80| 5 
S.E.| 2/S.W.! 3]/s. E. | 2 || 29.797 | 29.691 | 29.680 | 29.723 |! .307 | .348 | .348|/ 100} 56] 96] 6 
Sei 2 NW. 2/s. BE. | 1 || 29.581 | 29.521 | 29.471 | 29.519 || .348 | 380] .362/| 93] 96| 93] 7 

N. | 2|N-E.| 2/5. 5. | 4 || 29.211 | 29.031 | 29.042 | 20.095 || 855 | .480| .246|/| 99] 99! 6G8| 8g 

s.E.| 3|New.|3| w. | 2 || 28.991 | 29.101 | 29.286 | 29.126 |! .287 | 315 | 2661} 97| 68 | 78 9 
S.w.| 2|S.W-! 3 |s.w.| 1 || 29.380 | 29.360 | 29.454 | 29.398 || .296 | .265| 2391] 79| 47] 63110 

Ss. E.| 11|N-w.| 2 | n.w.| 1 || 29.518 | 29.485 | 29.566 | 29.523 || .293 | .220| .194|| 73] 37] 52] 11 

kK. 1 | N-w.| 4 | w.w.| 1 || 29.653 | 20.625 | 29.726 | 29.668 || 299] .216 | .215||:S1] 46| 667) 12 

S.E.| 1]|S.W.| 1|s.w.| 3 || 29.789 | 29.646 | 29.576.| 29.670 || .260 | .255 | .264|] 84] 42] 691/13 
N.E.| 1] Ww. | 2] w. | 1 || 29.336 | 20.232 | 29.282 | 29.283 || .348 | 428] .359|| 100] 94] 99| 14 
S.E.| 2/8.w.| 3] w. | 1 || 29.263 | 20.192 | 29.272 | 29.242 || .357 | .356].306/| 100] 75 | 96] 15 

. N.w.| 2|N-w.| 4| w. | 1 || 29.344 | 29.415 | 29.528 | 29.429 || .269 | .295 | .255 || 81] 631 73/16 
; S E.} 1| w. | 2] wn. | 1 || 29.551 | 29.503 | 29.524 | 29.526 || .285 | 325] .294|| 71] 61] St] 17 
N.w.| 2] N. | 4] N.w.| 3 || 29.503 | 29.605 | 29.714 | 29.637 || .302 | .248 | .252/] 73] 49 | 18 
mai. 2) NW. 12| wn. | 1 .779 | 29.721 | 29.709 | 29.736 || .310 | .277] .308|| 87] 53] 79] 19 
: s.e.| 2|s.xu.|3|n.x.| 2 || 29.664 | 29.596 | 29.601 | 29.620 || .361| 376 | 240 || 100] 87 4 20 
N.W.| 1|S.£E.| 3.|s. £. | 2 || 29.594 | 29.515 | 29.470 | 29.526 || .323 | .887| .255 || 100] 65 | 74! QL 
w.E.| 3|N.E.] 2] w. | 1 || 29.330 | 29.264 | 29.315 | 29.303 || .272 | .235 | .321/| 78 | 93] 100] 22 
S.E.| 2/S.w.| 3] w. | 2 || 29.338 | 29.330 | 29.429 | 29.366 || .364 | .366| .291|] 96] 71| 71! 23 

Ww. } 1/ w. [41] w. |-1 || 29.551 | 29.615 | 29.810 | 29.659 || .337 | -303] .295 || 94] 59| 83] 24 

s.E.| 1|s.w.|4]| gs. | 3 || 29.833 |i9.751 | 29.758 | 29.781 || .308 | 362] .280|| 82] 47/ 59! 25 

8. 3/s.w.|4]{ s. | 1!| 29.681 | 29.532 | 29.588 | 29.584 || .463 | .556| .441'| 100| 84 | 100] 26 

N.w.| 1| w. | 1\s.w. 4 29.724 | 29.711 | 29.755 | 29.730 || .369 | .887 | .387|| 90| 54] 84] 27 
wel 2\s.w.|3| s. 4 29.813 | 29.709 | 29.685 | 29.736 || .415 | .497 | .460}| 82| 59! 73] 28 

N. | 1] E. | 1/N.4E. | 3 || 29.593 | 29.605 | 29.634 | 29.611|| .500 | .500 | .424|| 100} 81] 88] 29 

S.E.| 2] w. |3| Nn. | 1 || 29.621 | 29.530 | 29.564 | 29.572 || .459 | .565 | 3421] 96] 78| 91] 30 

N. | 1|N.w.| 4] n. | 1 || 29.541 | 29.577 | 29.733 | 29.617 || .369 | 344] .8387/| 921 51] 70] 81 


_ Percent. of Time and Force:|| Mean, . . . 29.571|| Mean, . .319|| Mean,. . 76 
N.W. & W.36; S.w. & S.23; || Max. : -  .» 380.223 || Max.. . .565 || Max. . . 100 
S. EB. & 5.27; N.E.&N.14. || Min... . . . 28.991|| Min. 


42 


THERMOMETER IN 
THE OPEN AIR. 


oemon Qaar wan F Day of Month. 


a) 
ie) 


HHH 
» Oo DD 


hoe to SN ee ee 
BwoNrFHoOoeDoaAN aA 


pe w WN 
IQ Oo 


bo bo 
Oo WO 


i) 
oO 


. 67.06 | 
85.0 
54.0 


Mean, 
Max. 
Nim. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JUNE, 186%. 


RAIN AND SNOW 
aD .° . to 3 =o OH 
‘s z a z me ze ‘ 
th & Sa bars r= 
y 2 5 oH Seo’! @ 
A we O ne 
i) i) S| uw 
et ba won| Og 
os oa © ate uate 
os 3 | lee £2 
a ou ~dDe/| BD 
Es Es |e8| os 
a H < (Aq) 
4P.M. - - - 
- SA.M. | 1.053) - 
#5 P.M. |7P.M 1.669) - 
t g res mt 
SP. M. - = “ 
8 A.M. | 1.135 | ? 
iW : I 10 _ 
22 P.M. |) Night.| 1.215 | § 


Sum, 


_ 


= 


_ 


~ 


a 


CLOUDS. 

TA. M. 2P. M. OP. M. 
&2\ g3 |23| a? | 43] 2° 
2 | Str: 7 | Str. 5 | Str. 
2 | Str. 9 | Str. .| 10 | Nim.. 
10. | Nim 8 | Cu.str | 7 | Str. 

2 | Str. 6 |Custr.| - | - 
- - 1 | Cum - - 
2 |cir. .| 4} a i 
1 | str. «| 5] Che. © 904 Bon 
10 | Str. 10 | Str. 10 | Str. 
9 Str.) |" Cee - ts 
- | Str. 4 | Cum 2 - 
- | Str. 1} Cos M 
3 | Cir.) )* 1 eae 10 | Nim.. 
1 | Str. 4 |Cum..| 2 | Cir. 
a Cir. 2 | Cum - = 
7 | Str. 7 | Str. 10 | Str. 

| 10 | Str. ~ = 9 | Str. 
10 | Str. 10 | Str. .|-10 | Nim 
10 | Min 10 | Str. 10 | Nim 

8 | Str. 2 |Cu-str.| 1 | Str. 
5}/Ge% tof SB] 9 ste. 
7 | Str. 7 |Cu-str.| 8 | Str. 
1 | Cir. ~ | Cum .) aire 
1 | Str. 1 | Str. S Vsti... 
10 Str. 1°} Cum. .176 } Str: 

10 | Str. 9 | Str. .| 10 | Str. 

2 |cir. .| 3)| Gin] 8 [Str - 
10 | Str. & |}10 | Nim. | 10 | Str. - 
10 | Str. 3 | Cusstr.| - - 
~ | Str. 1 | Str L | Stir: 
2 | Cir 2 | Cir. - - 
La Le 
Mean, Nogaeri. 4.9 


: t Sprinkle. 


* Thunder Shower. 


. 


. 1868.) | HOUSE—No, 30. 43 
JUNE, 18 6 %.—ContINvED. 
' WINDS. a BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
> : PRESSURE OF|| HUMIDITY OR 
TA. M 2P. M 9 P. M. BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF| 3 
eee ' TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHEs. SATURATION. 8 
Pose) © |s| 34s A FI i & 4 ie | eee bor ae PS 
; S.E.}| 1.]S.w.| 2} E. | 1 || 29.848 | 29.777 | 29.789 | 29.805 || .401 | .302 | .415 GON AS ted a, 
§.E.| 3/jS.E.| 4]S. E.| 2 || 29.793 | 29.696 | 29.625 | 29.705 |) .417 | .499 | .518 79 | 71 | 100 2 
s. B.| 3/s.w.| 31 w. | 1 || 29.384 | 29.306 | 29.323 | 20.338 || .5676 | .762 | .618|| 100 | 86 | 100 3 
S. E. 1 WwW. | 4/N.W.| 2 | | 29.374 | 29.448 | 29.568 | 29.463 || .550 | .433 | .426 92} 63] 82 4 
x.w.| 1 | x-w.| 2 | x-w.| 1 || 29.687 | 20.665 | 20.725 | 29.602 || 428 | .345| .347|| 82] 40) Gt] 5 
N.W.| 1/8. W. 3 | N.W.| 1 || 29. 761 29.628 | 29.642 | 29.677 || .433 | .623 | .588 87 | 53] 8 6 
S.E.| 2/8. E.| 4|N.E. | 2 | | 29.659 | 29.600 | 29.711 | 29.657 || .624 | .820 | .556 86 | 74 | 100 W 
} N.E.| 3 /N. E. 3! N. | 3 || 29.823 | 29.812 | 29.854 | 29.830 | | .883 | .896 | .3824 76 | 76! 7% 8 
H.- 3 |N.E.| 3 | N.E.| 1 | | 29.788 |. 29.780 | 29.854 | 29.801 || .396 | 347.) .321 O20) toma nace 9 
ME 1! EB. | 2/8. B. | 2 |} 29.989 | 20.936 | 29.994 | 29.956 || .862 | .466 | .809 84] 63) 8 10 
S.E.| 1/s. E.| 1/8. E.| 3 | | 30.016 | 20.935 | 29.924 | 29.958 || .348 | .532 | .350 83 | 63) 70 | 11 
$E.| 3/s.H.} 4] S. | 1 || 29.875 | 29.728 | 29.704 | 29.769 | | .484 | .568 | .586 OF |. 107. 97 nl aee 
S.5.}/ 1] w. | 4] W. | 1 || 29.690 | 29.645 | 29.724 | 29.686 | | .614 | .594 | .469 95'| 55") 68)) 13S 
Ww. 2\|s.Ww.| 2] S. 2 | | 29.848 29.8 13 | 29.858 | 29.840 | | .563 | .576 | .396 88} 60; 74) 14 
SE.| 2/)/s. 8.) 4] E. | 8 || 29.810 | 29.728 | 29.718 | 29.752 || .510 | .726 | .619 O70 | (92) 
Ss. E 3 - |-—|S. E.] 1 | | 29.713 - | 29.267 ~ .657| -— | .642/] 100/ - | 100; 16 
8. E Ps: E.| 2) 8. 2 | | 29.872 | 29.836 | 29.832 | 29.847 | | .713 | .780 |".678 | | 100 97 | 100 | 17 
5. B.|) 2/|s.w.| 4 — | — || 29.734 | 29.682 | 29.702 | 29.706 | | .662 | .778 | .581 || 100} 98; 97} 18 
N.W. 2 w.| 2] w. | 1 || 29.784 | 29.810 | 29.846 | 29.813 || .416 | .413| .514/| 82] 51| 98) 19 
Ww. 1} w. | 1] w. | 1 || 29.907 | 29.897 | 29.949 29.915 || .484 | .530 | .507 97 | 59; 86) 20 
S.w.|.1/\s.E.| 2/8. E. | 3 | | 29.980 | 29.902 | 29.929 | 29.987 || .552 | .681 | .595 96) 74] 93:5) Ba 
Sore 1) 8. E.| 3 |S, 1 | | 29.949 | 29.891 | 29.912 | 29.917 || .605 | .580 | .472 91} 68) 83} 23 
S.E.| 2/|S.E.| 2 |S. E.| 2 | | 29.894 | 29.801 | 29.762 29.819 469 | .609 | .674 8 | 67; 98 | 23 
eed) Ss. wW.| 1 |S. E.} 3 | | 20.721 29.644 | 29.673 29.679 || .631 | .819 | .571|| 100) 76] 82) 24 
. E. 2| gn. | 4/N.E.| 4 || 29.721 | 29.759 | 29.841 | 29.774 | | .533 | .543 | 487 94) 83 | 94) 25 
x. E 1)N.E.| 3 |N.E.| 2 29.889 29.851 | 29.883 | 29.874 || .439 | .443 | .405 88 | 56) 74/] 26 
N.w.! 4/n.w.! 1|N.w.| 1 || 29.786 | 29.693 | 29.672 | 29.717 || .500 | .603 | .600}| 100 | 100 | 100 | 27 
come oe} WwW. | 2) SE. 7 2 | | 29.645 | 29.655 | 29.737 | 29.679 | | .687 | .704 | .592]| 100 | 67] 92) 28 
Rew.) 3/|8.W.| 2/8. E. | 3 || 29.938 | 29.773 | 29.726 29,812 007 | .478 | .513 86 | 50) 76| 29 
pS. EB.) 2)|s.w.| 4|S.Ww.| 2 || 29.642 | 29.455 | 29.375 | 29.491 || .563 | .735 | .718 94 /| 65) 81; 30 
Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, ae « 29.756 | Mean, . .534 || Mean, . .82 
H.W. & w. 21;8.w.&S.16; || Max. 4 ; - 30.016 || Max.  . .820 || Max.. . .100 


8. al 48; ‘N. E. & N. 15. || Min. : . . 20,000.) Min, =. . 00 Min. . . 40 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - [Jan. - 


JULY, 186%. 


a 


RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 
THERMOMETER IN 

ul EN AIR. DD bo b wo ° 
& THE OP = e a E oF 8 E TAM. 2P.M. 9P.M. 
= "to Sh |605) & —- pe —— 
3 ak on, | SES] ow 3 oi So ‘aa | . 
= 3 ic) De) |S D oa my oa Get 
a = 3 ‘Se ~|\iwo| & g | ve rn en og 

A o 8 os ° n | on ~ n wn 
a) — -— vO! =o aes oS ae oO es Lo] 
o | 4 os o@ |eS2\/Sa/| 23) 3B )63| 3B | oe 38 
> g E ao3| $2 S| a8 3| 2° Bi ene 
oe | < ane Es |868| 22/\/88| go Go| Ss |88| Gs 
A = H a < i=) 40 i <0 4 45 i 


1 


r 


us 
* Shower. . 


< 
a 
“ ‘ i 


- 1868.] .  HOUSE—No. 30. 45 


a Urine, 1:8 6:7 _—ContInvEp. 


WINDS. | BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
ee PRESSURE OF || HUMID: TY OR 
7AM. | 2P.M. 9P. M. BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR. FRACTION OF F 
3 a | TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. | 3 
meee |. (12 |_| | | ry Sa aa ee 
= © = 3) 5) a) P= = s F- < 
w. | 3 | x.w.| 4 | Naw.| 1 || 29.400 | 29.518 | 29.618 | 29.512 || .672| 443] 410|| 75 | 46| oo] 1 
w. 1} w. | 1|N.w.| 1 || 29.689 | 29.628 | 29.620 | 29.646 || .510 | .457 | .542/) 88 | 49] 88 2 
s. w.| 1|s.w.| 3] w. | 1 || 29.644 | 29.587 | 29.573 | 29.601 || .622 | .578| .775]| 93 | 48] 95 3 
E. 1 | S.w./| 1} W. | 1 || 29.525 | 29.507 | 29.568 | 29.533 || .712 | .700 | .685 || 92] 92 | 100 4 
E. 2|N.E.| 1|N.E.! 1 || 29.684 | 29.728 | 29.728 | 29.713 || .580 | .553 | .543 || 100 | 94 | 100 5 
N. 1 |S. E.| 1| 8S. E.| 1 || 29.667 | 29.539 | 29.454 | 29.553 || .633 | .717 | .817|) 100 | 95 | 100 6 
W.w.| 4 |N.W.| 2/S. E.| 1 || 29.518 | 29.521 | 29.587 | 29.542 || .624 | .614 | .681 79 | 54] 90 7 
N.W. 1| w. | 3] w. | 11] 29.682 | 29.684 | 29.712 | 29.693 44 460 | .511 78 | 49] 88 8 
MN. 2/)S.E.| 2] S. | 1 || 29:745 | 29.640 | 29.648 | 29.678 || .485 | .539| .508 || 86 | 65 | 95 9 
N.w.| 3 |N.w.| 2] N. | 1 || 29.749 | 29.766 | 29.794 | 29.770 || .473 | .484| .508|| 88] 50; 91] 10 
E. 2 |S.W.| 3/8. E.| 3 || 29.768 | 29.659 | 29.634 | 29.687 | | .593 | .678 | .664|| 94] 68) 95) 11 
s.E.| 2]|s.w.| 2 | x.w.| 2 || 29.566 | 29.550 | 29.612 | 29.576 || .701| .704| .579"|| 100} 69| 7s! 12 
Ws 4/ N. | 3|N.W.| 1 || 29.753 | 29.821 | 29.912 | 29.829 |} .348 | 251) .450// 72 | 49] 87] 13 
oat i) ew. | 1 — | — || 30.025 | 29.988 | 29.988 | 30.000 || .485 | 469) .495|| 92] 52] 90| 14 
S.E.{ 1/|S.W.| 2/S. E.| 1 || 29.974 | 29.863 | 29.801 | 29.879 || .475 | 494] .526]| 100} 52] 89] 15 
S.E.| 2/S.W.| 2] S. | 2 |} 29.753 | 29.680 | 29.705 | 29.713 || .516 | .628| .558// 91] 80] 100] 16 
w. 1] N. | 2|N.w.| 1 || 29.771 | 29.737 | 29.789 | 29.766 || .518 | .422| .447// 100} 50} 99] 17 
N. 1; N. | 2|N.w.| 1 |} 29.803 | 29.774 | 29.790 | 29.789 || .455 | .428°| .439|| 99 | 67] 89) 18 
N. 2] N. | 1) N. | 2 || 29.796 | 29.703 | 29.701 | 29.733 || .455 | 528] .502|| 97] 97) 94] 19 
N. 1|N.E.| 3; N. | 1 [| 29.651 | 29.595 | 29.528 | 29.591 || .493 | .509 | .518 || 100 | 83 | 100 | 20 
N.W.| 3 |N-E.| 2 | N.W.| 1 || 29.418 | 29.428 | 29.429 | 29.425 || 427 | 467) .496|| 92] 79] 92] 21 
N.E.{| 1 |N.w.| 3 | N.w.| 1 || 29.441 | 29.413 | 29.500 | 29.451 || 495] .523| .514/| 94 (69) 90) 22 
owe 1| ©. |1| £ 1 || 29.592 | 29.617 | 29.647 | 29.619 || .518 | .570| .592|| 100} 57] 84] 23 
N.w.| 1/S.w.} 2] s. | 1 || 29.667 | 29.572 | 29.521 | 29.587 || .596 | .847 | .785|| 100 | 72| 90| 24 
S.E.} 1|S.w./ 1/8.w.| 1 ||.29.582 | 29.455 | 29.522 | 29.500 || .701 | .916 | .708|| 98 | 91) 100} 25 
N.w.| 1| Ww. | 2 |N.w.| 1 || 29.897 | 29.501 | 29.627 | 29.508 || .685 | .668 | .622|| 100; 86 | 95 | 26 
8.E.| 1/|s. £5 S. E.| 2 || 29.735 | 29.755 | 29.723 | 29.738 || .631 | .713 | .663 100 | 89 | 98 | 27 
S.E.j 2| Ss. | 4|S.E.| 2 || 29.659 | 29.577 | 29.494 | 29.577 || .708 | .977| .868]| 100 | 87] 97] 28 
S.wW.| 1/S.w.| 1 | N.w.| 2 || 29.504 | 29.466 | 29.598 | 29.523 || .790 | .916| 505]; 94] 87] 73| 29 
NeW. 1] w. | 3] w. | 1 || 29.756 | 29.763 | 29.855 | 29.791 || .396 | .434| .486|} 75 | 51] 94] 30 
Nw] 2) E. | 2/8. E.| 3 || 29.995 | 29.947 | 29.947 | 29.963 || .483 | 489] .505)| 100) 63) 97/ 31 
Per cent. of Time and Force: Mean,, . .«  «, aoc) || Méan; |. .572'|| Mean, . 85 
N.W. & W.38; s.w. & 8.18; || Max. : . - 380.025 || Max. . . .977 || Max. . . 100 

BoE. & E.24;N.E.&N.20. || Min... . . . 29.397 / Min. « « ah || Min. ©. 5.46 


onmN OO PP | NW EF | Day of Month. 


Hoe 
He © 


62.0 


58.2 


THERMOMETER IN 
THE OPEN AIR. 


T ASM: 
2 P.M. 


56.0 
63.8 
67.0 
61.4 
61.0 
63.5 
70.7 
71.7 
69.0 


72.0 
68.8 
68.0 
78.0 
80.8 
79.7 
83.5 


80.4 
69.2 
76.1 
76.1 
73.8 


72.0 


50.5 
64.5 


70.0 
69.0 | 70.0 
66.9 


69.5 


68.8 
71.8 
67.8 | 83.0 
69.7 | 82.9 
63.3 | 73.4 
59.9 | 79.0 
63.0 | 69.0 
62.0 | 65.5 
63.0 | 77.5 
60.9 | 73.8 
57.3 | 77.0 
59.8 | 76.0 
64.4 | 79.3 
71.3 \ 71.8 
67.4 


48.3 | 66.0 


Min. , 


* Thunder Shower. 


82.0 | 


83.3 | 


M. 


9P. 
Mean. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


AUGUST, 186%. 


Time of begin’g 
of rain or snow, 


| ‘ 
66.0 | 64.7 || Night. 


68.0 | 66.9 
64.0 | 66.3 
68.5 
.0 | 69.6 
714 
25.4 
74.5 


Sum, 


Time of ending 


of rain or snow. 


-M. 


melted snow in 
gauge, inches. 
‘| Depth of snow, 


Am’'t of rain or 
inches. 


9,161 - 


RAIN AND SNOW. 


[Jan. 
? 
CLOUDS. . 
TA.M 2P. M. uP. Mu 
a3| a° | £3, 2° | 23] 2° 
2| Cir. .| 7°) Coestr’| ie Sire. 
10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim 2 Ser. . 
10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim. - - 
9 | Fog, 2 | Cum oe, WORE! in 
1| cir. -)| 4 er, aoe ee 
10 | Str. .| 8 | Cu-str.| & 4Str.. . 
9 Re ty Cum..| 3 {Str. . 
7|Str. .| 4 | Com - 
10 str. «| 24) Ra |{5 str. 
1) Str. .| 9° "|i, ee eee = 
1/Str. .| 1 |Cum..|] - a 
- - - - 1 (Sir) 
3) Str: | O° Ste: o.oo 
10 | Nim 7 |Cum..| 10 | Nim. 
9|Str. .| 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim. 
10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim. .|10 | Nim. . 
8 | Str. .| 9) Neme oy - 
2 SE.) oe - 3 | Cum.. 
7|Str. . 5} Cin, Bes ete 
3) Str. 7) 00 Sila # Str. . 
8 | Str. .| 8 "Cum. 2] 20 ste 
10 | Cu-str.| 10 | Nim 10 | Nim. . 
10 | Nim 10 Nim 8 |Str. . 
10 | Str. .| 1°} Cam 9 |Str. . 
aS as - | Cum 2 | tre). 
7 |Fog, .| - |Str...| 5 |Str. . 
10|Str. .| 5 |Cu-str.| 10 |Str. . 
10 | Nim 8 “| Ste, (40'S Speers 
4|Str...| 2 | Cu-str.| - « 
- - 1 Ste. | YT .PSmeiX 
Mean, ‘ : 5 fs 


+ Sprinkle. 


1868.) HOUSE—No. 30. AT 


AUGUST, 18 6%.—ConrtTINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 

aaa aa a ee SURO UM T DLE yrOn 
TA, M. 2P. M 9 Pp. M. BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF a 
1 ; TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. & 

iS) ts © = 3) 2 A A a a A A 
Meee efelaici 2} ef] a} ena slahelalslé 
} 8. E.] 1/)8.E./ 2/8. E.| 1 29.909 | 29.808 | 29.752 | 29.823 || .449 | .423 | 593 || 100 | 77 | 94 i 
mei | N. | 1 — | = || 29.657 | 29.531 | 29.464 | 29.551 || .584 | .693 | .647]] 100 | 100 | 95 2 
! eee. | 1 | S.. | 1 — | — || 29.669 | 29.717 | 29.782 29.723 650 | .673 | .590 || 100 | 100 | 100 3 
. | 1 | N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 1 || 29.899 | 29.870 | 29.883 | 29.884 || .537 | .639 | .573|| 100 | 69| 93 4 
) S.w.} 1} w./1] w. | 1 || 29.917 | 29.869 | 29.886 | 29.891 || .537 | .495 | .622/| 100 | 49] 96 5 
s.E.| 1|/s.w.|3]|s. 5.| 1 || 29.924 | 29.995 | 29.807 | 29.905 .578 | .813 | .738]] 100 | 82] 100 6 
$.E.| 2]/s.4E.| 1]|S. E.] 1 || 29.915 | 29.845 | 29.849 | 29.870 || .742 | 847] .770|| 100] 75] 98 t 
WW 1|s.w.| 2/8. E.| 1 || 29.983 | 29.836 | 29.835 | 29.851 |] .769 | .808| .708|| 100} 76] 100] 8 
s.E.| 1/s. £.| 2|s. EB. | 2 || 29.856 | 29.796 | 29.894 | 29.819 || .686 | .757 | .714 99} 76| 97 9 
S.E.| 3 | We ecnliSs BE. | 2 29.754 29.682'| 29.762 | 29.733 || .772 | .703 | .657 || 100 | 100 | 100 | LO 
N.w.| 1/|N.w.| 3/58. £5. | 1 || 29.851 | 29.827 | 29.839 | 29.839 527 446 | .504 96.) 50.| O40 EL 
Ae 1|s.w.] 1/58. E.| 3 || 29.849 | 29.753 | 29.680 | 29.761 || .485 | .547 | .563| 100 | 62] 88/12 
pee £18. | si) Ss 4 || 29.630 | 29.550 | 29.573 | 29.584 || .584 | .683 | .620 97 | 84] 89/13 
S.E.j| 1] Ss. |2]| s. | 2 }| 29.597 | 29.617 | 29.713 | 29.642 || .720 | .871| .696|| 100} 79] 100 | 14 
etek tk | N. 11) Nz 1 || 29.766 | 29.803 | 29.802 | 29.791 || .703 | .728 | .635 |} 100 | 100 | 100 | 15 
N.E.| 2/|N.E.| 1] w. | 1 || 29.708 | 29.540 | 29.491 | 29.580 || .647 | .662 | .708 || 100 | 100} 100 | 16 
E. 2/S.E.| 1] E. | 1 || 29.485 | 29.386 | 29.443 |.29.438 || .718 | .780 | .708 || 100 | 100 | 100 | L7 
S.E.| 3/s.w.| 3] w. | 1 || 29.563 | 29.544 | 29.573 | 29.560 || .673 | .943 | .630]| 100; 85} 82/18 
$.E.| 1] s.w.| 4 |N.w.| 1 || 29.594 | 29.593 | 29.632 | 29.606 || .626 | .731 | .667 88 | 67] 96/19 
S.w.| 1/s.w.| 2| Nn. | 1 |} 29.726 | 29.710 | 29.710 | 29.715 || 543 | .584 | .552 94} 73 | 98) 20 
N.w.| 1/N.w.] 1] N.w.| 1 || 29.729 | 29.662 | 29.660 | 29.684 |} .507 | .628 | .625|/| 100} 65 | 98 | 21 
N.w.| 1/N.w.! 2|N.4E. | 2 || 29.694 | 29.692 | 29.693 | 29.693 || .568-] .649 | .588 || 100} 94] 93 | 22 
mee. | 2/N.E.| 2 - | — || 29.631 | 29.562 | 29.569 | 29.587 || .554 | .618 | .590 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 23 
S.E.| 1]|S. E.| 2 | N.w.| 1 || 20.581 | 29.506 | 29.580 | 29.556 || .570 | .804 | .624]| 100 | 88] 100 | 24 
orl) N. | 3] 8. fl 29.716 | 29.743 | 29.826 | 29.762 || .524 | .480 | .490]} 100 | 59 | 96 | 25 
S.E.| 1/8. E.| 2|8. E.| 2 || 29.907 | 29.839 | 29.856 | 29.867 || .466 | .652 | .566|| 100 | 73] 94 | 26 
S.E.| 1] s. | 3/5. E.| 1 | | 29.849 | 29.756 | 29.738 | 39.781 || .509 | .610 | .576|| 100] 70] 100 | 27 
Som.) 1)s8s.5.| 5 E. | 3 | | 29.673 | 29.543 | 29.522 | 29.579 || .696 | .768 | .736|| 100] 79| 97 | 28 
S.E.| 1/N.w.| 2| w. | 1 | | 29.474 | 29.479 | 29.533 | 29.495 || .759 | .547|.501|/} 100} 72] 83 | 29 
WY. 1|N.w.| 4 | N-w.| 2 || 29.619 | 29.681 | 29.868 | 29.723 || .483 | .357 |] .293|| 100] 54] 68 | 30 
N. 1./8.W.| 3/58. E.| 2 || 29.969 | 29.894 | 29.810 | 29,891 || .334 | .366 406 100 | 58] 94| 31 

] 
Per cent. of Time & Force: Mean, : : - 29.716 || Mean, . .618|| Mean, . . 91 
N. W. & w. 22; 8. w.& 8.23; || Max. . - «| Soper | Nias” 6. OFS Max.” . > 100 


8.E. & E. 42; N.E.&N. 13. || Min.. : : - 29.386 || Min. . . 293|| Nim. . . 49 


48 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


SEPTEMBER, 


186%. 


i'w Vey fi 
) 
. et 
y 
. 7 


Tan. 


ne AND SNOW. — CLOUDS. 


THERMOMETER IN . * 

THE OPEN AIR. bo wy |eRal ys 
& es = 3 B63 z TAM 2P.M. OP. M. 
- |—_—— oa aS | eee 
8 2h Ogi omsiee te of so Sa 
= « © % © pee ee 2 Gt oe win eo — 
te one og SOS aij eal o 2 | ee) a ee ieee ees 
- mA a a = o& one SEsiSG]| 25 3 | 25 e | Ss > 
4 a 4 fe ae oFula eg os e.8 os a x) os 2 i) 
a a A Ay ® Ex Weel Ess ® or Eo = Elo = 8 Eo = 8 
a é a a = a a <4 Qa <ao| <5| “to | 
1 | 50.0 | 69.0 | 59.0 | 59.3 = = -|| 2 | Str. .| & | Str. 3 |Str. . 
“2 |57.0| 71.3 | 65.0 | 64.4 E = = -{\| 5 |Str. .| 8 | Str. 8 |Str. . 
3 | 63.0| 75.1) 62.0] 66.7||5 A.M.* 2 = -"!'40 | Nim. . | 98 (Sep 
4 | 63.4) 77.7} 63.8] 68.3||7sAma.t| - 0.096} -|| 10 |Str. .| 5 |Cu-str.| 1.|Str. . 
5 | 59.4! 77.2 | 65.1 | 67.21| 7 ep. u.t = 0.313! -|| 7 | Cu-str.| 8 | Cu-str.| 9 | Str. . 
6 | 64.7 | 72.5 | 68.0 | 68.4 2 = ~ —|| 10 | Str. 2) 9) ) Shr) eee 
7 | 67.0 | 67.0 | 62.3 | 65.4 = = = -|| 10 | Str. .| 8 | Str. 9 |Str. . 
8 | 59.0| 70.5/58.7/62.7/|  - 2 -| =|) 9 1st. <| 8) S) tal eiee: 
9 | 55.7| 67.4 | 63.6 | 62.2 - Z ~/} 2 ]1 9 Jh@ér. | go 4 ee aoe eae 
10 | 64.0} 66.1 | 59.7 | 63.3 | | Noon.* - - -|/ 10 | Str. 8 |Nim..| 9 |Str. . 
11 | 48.5 | 66.9 | 49.0 | 53.8 = = 4 Se = 1 | Cum m3 a ee 
12 | 45.0] 68.7 | 56.9 | 56.9 _ a SASH "enn hcl pees 1 | Str. 4 | Sere 
13 | 57.5 | 76.0 | 68.0 | 67.2||9}P.m.§| — - 0.112} - |] 10 | Str. 2 | Cir. 9 |Str. . 
14 | 50.4 | 60.5 | 49.7 | 53.5 - - - - - - - | Cir. - - 
15 | 41.0] 59.9 49.5 | 50.1 Z = = -|| 7 | Str 2 | Cir. . 2 
16 | 47.8 | 65.0 62.5/58.4||  - = -.| =|) 8 Str. | De | See eee 
17 | 59.4| 80.0 65.5 | 68.3 = a = -|| 2°) Str. <. | 06 Ser. 05) Sao eee 
18 | 62.6| 74.5 | 69.0|68.7||9}P.m.t) - 0.098| -|| 10 | Str. 3 |Str. .| 10 | Nim.. 
19 | 69.1 | 68.0 | 58.5 | 65.2 - K: = -|| 9 |Str. .| 10 | Str. - L 
20 | 61.0| 74.5 | 69.0 | 68.2 a s = =1) 10 "|"Str. 4 | Str. *. OP Veen: 
Lye W672 B70 | he s S =|) 9 |Str. 1.196. ) Site 8 |Str. . 
22 | 46.8 | 65.8 | 56.0 | 56.2 2 + = <1] 97 \Fog, |. || gee = 
23 | 45.8 | 57.7 | 43.7 | 49.1 us = e SARE Ls = = = 3 
Fog in a 
24 | 44.5 | 62.9 | 53.7 | 53.7 2 £ = - -{ valley: t - ~ 
25 | 52.0 | 62.1| 57.2 |57.1/|3P. a 0.190} -|| 5 |Cir. .| 10 | Nim.-] 7 | Str. . 
26 | 50.9 | 58.0 | 48.2 | 52.4 is g is -!| 5 | Str. 2 |Cu-str.| - = 
27 | 39.5 | 65.0 | 50.6 | 51.7 2 e = Sane 4 ~ - - - 
28 | 39.0 | 68.5 | 56.0 | 54.5 - = - - 6 | Fog, - - - - 
29 | 55.2) 72.3 | 62.0 | 63.2 !1| Night S 2 — 1|10 "| Fog, . | >- 2 5. | Str”. 
30 | 41.9 | 48.7 | 39.8 | 43.5 -~ |10A.m.| 0.298] -|| 10 |Nim..| 3 | Str. 1 | Str. 

Mean, . 59.99 || Sum, » +. 1.107. - || Mean ; c C : es as daa 

Max. .  . 80.0 a | 

Min. . 39.0 

* Sprinkle. } Little shower, § Shower. 


t Thunder-shower, 


1868.) HOUSE—No. 30. 49 


SEPTEMBER, 18 6 %.—ConrINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
: —— PRESSURE OF || HUMIDITY OR 

TA. M 2y.. M 9 P. M. BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF ‘Z 

ae oe TO FREEZING POINT. Iv Incues, © || SATURATION, = 

E 3 i 3 : atl: 3 3 oj | eae it: a. a er 5 

N.w.| 2| E. | 1} Ww. | 11} | 29.651 | 29.512 | 29.535 | 29.566 || .861 | .588 | .489]] 100 | 85 | 100 £ 
S.w.| 1/S.w.| 1] E. | 1 || 29.775 | 29.809 | 29.854 | 29.813 || .463 | .543 | .592]| 100 | 73) 97 2 

E. 1/s.E.{/ 1] E. | 2 || 29.895 | 29.845 | 29.840 | 29.860 || .572 | .643 | .548}| 100 | 79 | 100 3 
S.E.| 2/|S.W.| 3] W 1 | | 29.802 | 29.730 | 29.762 | 29.765 || .576 | .770 | .580 || 100 | 83 | 100 4 
w. 2/|S. E.! 1} S. E.! 1 || 29.821 | 29.774 | 29.771 | 29.789 || .494 | .782 | .605 99 ! 86} 100 5 
: S.E.}) 3/S.E./ 3/8. 2 | | 29.769 | 29.732 | 29.742 | 29.748 || .603 | .709 | .677 || 100; 91] 99 6 
N. 3) N. | 4] E. | 1 |) 29.803 | 29.912 | 30.007 | 29.907 || .662 | 391) .519}| 100] 61) 94 Zi 
| N.*| 3|N.E.| 3 |N.E. | 1 || 30.106 | 30.062 | 30.036 | 30.068 | | .852 | .479 | .449 70 |\- 66 | 92 8 
N. 21S. E.| 2|S.Ww.| 1 || 29.954 | 29.824 | 29.748 | 29.842 || .443 | .606 | .576|| 100 | 92 | 100 9 
| S.E 1| n. | 2/N.w.| 4 || 29.602 | 29.590 | 29.701 | 29.631 || 588 | .212| .377|| 100| 81] 75 | 10 
N Br oN. PE — | — || 29.861 | 29.840 | 29.834 | 29.845 || .811 | .371] .341 91.) 64); 100] IL 
N.w-| 1/S.W.| 4/8. E.| 2 || 29.822 | 29.723 | 29.705 | 29.750 || .298 | .478 | .443|| 100 | 72] 97) 12 
s.E.| 2}s.w.| 4] w. | 1 || 29.665 | 29.484 | 29.516 555 473 | .688 | .680 100 | 78 | 99 13 
N.E.| 4] N. “4 N.W.| 2 || 29.822 | 29.908 | 30.045 | 29.925 || .235 | .226 | .266 6 | 43) 78/14 
N.wW.| 1/S.w.|)3 | E. | 1 | {30.179 | 30.137 | 30.105 | 30.140 || .257 | 880} .385 || 100 | 76, 94] 15 
SH} 1)S.w.| 2) Ss. 2 || 30.089 | 29.975 | 29.913 | 29.992 || .331 | .516 | .6389|| 100; 85] 97);16 
N.W.| 1/5S.4E./ 1/58. E.| 2 |} 29.925 | 29.906 | 30.009 | 29.947 |} .504 | 804] .574]| 100} 81] 93 | 17 
Soe) Lise: | 2 - | — || 29.993 | 29.845 | 29.787 | 29.875 || .560 | .772 | .708 || 100 | 91] 100) 18 
Maw) | Lo) No. |2 S. E. 1 | | 29.800 | 29.862 | 29.900 | 29.854 || .706 | .571| .809|| 100 | 85 | 64]; 19 
S. EB.) 2/S.E./ 31S. E.| 2 |4 29.877 | 29.735 | 29.697 | 29.770 | | .524 | .702 | .708 99; 83] 100 | 20 
N. aN. S| N. 3! — | 29.825 | 29.861 ~ - 396 | .449 - 60 | 100 | 21 
S.E.} 1] w: | 3) w. | 1 || 29.846 | 29.740 | 29.717 | 29.768 || .311 | .414| .405}] 100 | 67] 94 | 22 
N.W.} 5 | N.W.|'3 | N.w.| 1 | | 29.955 | 30.040 | 30.151 | 30.049 | | .202 | .229 | .216 67 | 49| 77123 
N.W.| 2/|S.w.| 4/8. E.| 2 || 30.216 | 30.093 | 30.002 | 30.104 | | .278 | .340| .875 1] 100 | 61] 93 | 24 
S.E.| 3]|N.wW.| 2 | N.wW.| 2 || 29.752 | 29.581 | 29.664 | 29.666 || .377 | .530 | .399 98 | 97] 86 | 25 
N.W.| 3 |N.W.| 4|N.w.| 3 || 29.729 | 29.698 ; 29.731 | 29.719 || .311 |-.279 | .267 841} 58; 81| 26 
N.E.| 2/|N.W.| 1|N.E.| 1 | | 29.764 | 29.702 | 29.720 | 29.729 || .238 | .332 | 338 || 100 | 55 | 94 | 27 
N.W.| 1/|8S.E.| 2|s. E.| 2 || 29.748 | 29.660 | 29.672 | 29.693 || .288 | .488 |) .431|| 100] 75 | 99 | 28 
S.E.} 2/8. E.| 3j|S. E.| 1 || 29.551 | 29.403 | 29.379 | 29.444 || .433 | .562 | .529|| 100] 71] 97| 29 
N.W.| 4/N.W.| 6 | N-w.| 3 || 29.524 | 29.564 | | 29.682 | 29.590 || .249 | .172 | 173 96 | 52] 73} 30 


+ Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, . . . 29.807|| Mean, . .460|| Mean,. . 86 
Sue Wee W.dt; 8.w.&8.14;|| Max. . . . 30.216 || Max.. . .782|| Max. . . 100 
; 8. E. & E. 32; 'N.E. & N. 20. Ming . ° «) > (29879 |i) Min...) « sdZ#dapi Min. « ods 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


OCTOBER, 186%. 


a tne RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 
“ rere es BE Fig E Bi bie itt 2P.M 7 9 P.M 
a ee | 28 |S52] a. 
2 ee | 98 (cee eo 28| 5 |e 
slale)/alail ee | of [p28 s8\| 25|.52 |e] a. or 
1 | 30.0 | 58.5 | 45.0 | 47.5 2 r eo | ere ee le a 1 | Str. 
2 | 44.5 | 68.8 | 60.5 | 57.9 4 rm eile Salih - |) 6 ol Sta) a) i es 
8 | 57.0 | 61.0 | 51.5 | 56.5 = © eT ie 2 |Cu-str.| 6 | Str. 8 |Str. . 
4 | 34.9! 55.0 | 49.7 | 43.2|| Night x sulky aaSblin 8. ohSibe. 7 |Str. .| 10 | Str. 
5 | 48.2 | 51.0 | 52.5 | 50.6 - 4l10B 1.852| - || 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. . 
6 | 45.0 | 53.0 | 46.0 | 48.0 - - - - 1 Ste. 3 |Cu-str,| 5 | Str. 
7 | 37.7 | 52.0 | 38.8 | 42.8 ~ - es ihe = - - - ~ - - 
8 | 92.4/58.3/42.6/444]|  - J eh) sobhaenoheme ll al 
9 | 39.0| 59.0 | 55.0 | 51.0 3 . eatin sade’. oltre 9 | Str ”.1 10 See 
10 | 52.0 | 67.7 | 54.3 | 58.0 - - - = 7) seer. 2) Ste 1 | Cir. 
Ll | 55.0 | 55.0 | 51.2 | 53.7] | 2 P.M. - -|- 10 | Str. 10 | Nim 10 | Nim, 
12 | 45.5 | 49.2 | 48.8 | 47.8 - |3p.m. |0.470] - |] 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Str. 
13 | 45.0|54.8/47.0/48.9]/ - 4 ~ | +/) 8 |isi. .| 8. 1@u-ci| ia jie. 
14 | 34.4 | 60.0 | 45.3 | 46.6 - - SS Gin Fog, 1 | Cum 3 | Cir. . 
15 | 35.8 | 60.3 | 46.9 | 47.5 = - =o = gulag Bo aes 6 | Str. - = 
16 | 38.0| 60.8 | 46.0 | 48.3 = . Sie = ilo aes = td MASE. 
17 | 43.0] 67.8 | 54.5 | 55.1 . = =) = uthe+)[iBeg, | Iai ieieeaaae ~ 
18 | 52.9 | 76.0 | 61.3 | 63.4 2 - a) cdo  bSmoke, 14}@uma.j ities 2 
19 | 52.0] 73.8 | 56.0 | 60.6 4 a ek codbo= | Smoke,| 2. 1s0ir) ia anen ee 
20 | 46.5 | 70.7 | 55.0 | 57.4 = = Shield. [stirs 3, | Cir.) oleue - 
21 | 51.7 | 56.0 | 53.9 | 51.9 || Night. - |o0049| ~ |! 10 | Str. .| 10 | Str. .| 10 | Nim. . 
22 | 56.0 | 67.0 | 52.7| 58.9/|6P.M. | Night. | 0.357} - 10 | Nim. .| 5 | Str. 10 | Nim... 
23 | 41.8|50.0|37.8/43.2/|  - ss elie ods ste”. = A)petee an 
24 | 28.0 | 50.0 | 36.0 | 38.0 : z Sulit eh ill 4 ee 5 
25 | 27.0 | 54.0 | 45.5 | 42.2 - - - tus 1 | Str. - |Cum,.| 2 | Str. 
26 | 32.0|58.2| 41.5] 43.91] = s sual) alain . | 2 lene ei e 
27 | 30.0| 60.0 | 40.0 | 43.3 a zs Sai. aA MET ities Se at pe 
28 | 31.1 | 57.2 | 49.7 | 46.0 a x ally (inhi Bey eta 3 |Str. .| - | Smoke, 
29 | 47.0/51.3| 49.7) 49.3|/64.m. | Night. | 1117] ~ || 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim, .| 10 | Nim.. 
30 | 46.0 | 51.8 | 51.0 | 49.6 || Mist. 2 whee aeto. Str: | 10h IN, Ge ni 
31 | 46.3 | 58.3 | 49.7 | 51.4 = . his} eds he Ste) 9 | Str, - . 

eee wae) ees er 

Mean, .  »49.90}|)Sum,. 0. . 8.845 = || Meany. $2 

Max.) \. . 76.0 

Min. . . 27.0 


--1868.] -- -HOUSENo. 80. 51 


OCTOBER, 18 6 %.—ConTINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
i hia a eee | PR RSSURE OF) HUMIDERY JOT 
Tae 2P.M 9 P. M. || BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF, | 
j : a TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. 5 
§ 8 8 7 
moletes |ci & |) 3i| x a A : a) ae ech Be Behe 
N.W.| 2|N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 1. || 29.694 | 29.594 | 29.540 , 29.509 208 177 | .256 91>) 13% | .90 1 
S\H.j* 3 |S.Ww.| 3) E 1 | | 29.517 | 29.376 | 29.319 | 29.404 || .265 | .380 | .420 92; 56) 81 2 
Ww. 4| w. |4| w 1 || 29.431 | 29.521 | 29.707 | 29.553 || 325 | .286 | .187 70 | 541} 50 3 
N.W.} 3/|8S.E./ 3/8. E. | 4 || 29.905 | 29.936 | 29.964 ; 29.934 || .193 | .278 | .206 97 | 66} 86 4 
E. PAP NN. 9 TQ N 2 || 29.823 | 29.490 | 29.465 | 29.593 || .3380 | 374 | .388 98 | 100 | 100 5 
N.W.| 3 |N.wW.| 5 | N.w.| 2 || 29.649 | 29.761 | 29.915 | 29.775 || .284 | .226 | .228 78| 59! 76 6 
W. | 2|N.W.| 4 | N.wW.! 1 || 30.005 | 30.002 | 30.092 | 30.033 || .199 | .175 | .189 90 | 46] 83 Ff 
S.E.} 1/S.w.| 1/S. E.]} 1 || 30.126 | 30.013 | 29.981 | 30.040 || .179 | .263 | .267 99 | 58 | 100 8 
q S.E.| 2] 8. 3] 5S. 2 || 29.886 | 29.731 | 29.567 | 29.728 |} .238 | .809 | .389]| 100; 64) 93 9 
S.E./ 1)8.w.| 3] &. 1 | | 29.421 | 29.341 | 29.354 | 29.372 .382 | .359 | .403 || 100 | 54} 100] 10 
N.E 1|N.E.| 2|N.E.| 2 || 29.428 | 29.478 | 29.468 | 29.458 || .424 | .896 | .344 98.) 92) 9S aia 
. N.E 1|N.E.| 2/8. E.| 2 || 29.475 | 29.508 | 29.497 | 29.493 || .302 | .297 | .380|}| 100 | 86) 98] 12 
NoW.| 2)N.w.| 4] E. | 1 || 29.590 | 29.594 | 29.654 29.613 -265 | .223 | .288 92) | 520] * 901) HS 
MWe 2) Ww. 13}, N 1 29.704 | 29.641 | 29.707 | 29.684 | | .194 | .251] .275]| 100 | 49 | 92) 14 
Ww. 1\s.w.| 1} W. | 1 || 29.726 | 29.593 | 29.717 | 29.679 || .204 | .401 | .275|| 100 | 76/ 89/15 
N.W-} 1) w. | 1] Ws | 1 || 29.889 | 29.899 | 29.947 | 29.912 || .227| .296 | .295|| 100; 57} 98| 16 
S.W.| 1/|Sw.| 3/8. E.| 2 || 29.936 | 29.755 | 29.700 | 29.797 || .275 | .466 | 426/}| 100 | 70 | 100 | 17 
8S. E.| 3| w: | 4/|N.w. i 29.615 | 29.548 | 29.614 | 29.592 || .895 | .449| .878 ||; 100 | 52] 71/|;18 
Ee 1 |s.w.| 1 | N.w.} 1 || 29.733 | 29.740 | 29.836 | 29.770 || .888 | .469 | .365|| 100 | 57] 8 {19 
8. EH.) 2/N.E.| 3 |N.E.| 1 29.985 30.005 | 30.087 | 30.026 || .312 | .416 ‘364 100} 57) 8 | 20 
8. E.|/ 1/8. 4.| 11/58. B.| 1 || 30.065 | 29 997 | 29.977 29.946 374 | .411 | .410]| 100} 94] 100 | 21 
S. E.} 2/S.w.| 3] Ww. | 2 || 29.852) 29.695 | 29.768 | 29.772 || .446 | .567 | .364// 100] 88| 93] 22 
N-W.| 3 |N.W.| 3 | N.W.| 1 || 29.775 | 29.987 | 30.137 | 29.966 || .203 | .167 | .172 80] 48 | 78] 23 
N.W.| 1/|N.w.| 3 | N.w.| 2 || 30.224 | 80.184 | 30.206 | 30.205 || .147 | .147| .1938/| 100 | 41] 84] 24 
5. E.} 2/8. E.| 2/8. E.] 1 || 30.233 | 30.139 | 30.125 | 30.166 |} .143 | .286 | .211 |} 100; 58) 72) 25 
N.wW.| 1/N.w./}1/ N. | 1 || 30.098 | 30.001 | 30.015 | 30.038 || .174 | .235 | .222|| 100} 50] 87] 26 
SE.) 1/ w. | 2] w. | 1 || 30.073 | 30.027 | 30.088 | 30.063 || .165 | .262 | .227}/ 100} 51] 95 | 27 
S-E.} 1/s.w.| 1] E. | 1 || 30.144 | 30.037 | 30.020 | 30.067 || .172 | .297 | .252|| 100| 64| 71| 28 
i 2)N.E.| 2|N.E.| 5 || 29.874 | 29.660 | 29.477 | 29.670 1280 | 872 | 334 88 | 99 |. 94 | 29 
UN. 4\ N. | 4/N.Ww.] 1 || 29.391 | 29.355 | 29.393 | 29.380 || .295 | .841 | .354 96} 89} 96) 30 
ewe) 1] wn. | 3/N.w. 3 || 29.401 | 29.375 | 29.563 | 29,446 || .309 | 309} .231]/ 100 | 64; 66/31 
Percent. of Time & Force: || Mean, . . . 29.780/| Mean, . .293|| Mean,. . 82 
DN. W. & w.44;s. w. & s. 12; |; Max. , : - 30:235 |) Max, . '. 067 |f Max. .° . 100 
$.E. & E. 23; N.E. &N. 21. || Min. . ; ; = 29 BIO Mts, 5° 6 4o Min. ay Oe 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 
NOVEMBER, 186%. 

PAREN Ait IN | searinnh Sahedali. | CL 
a an 7h Naa ae £ ah oi 2 TA. M 2P.M. 9P. M. 
= Be | BE |S6e)e | 
3 = Bol eS le Se eal Be \ 3% 3% 
s\2i.| ct. ll.8e | °2 |Seelgel cel. > 2) oe | og 
Beis. |! icy | vies |. ca = 2 < AT |l<s| 4 <o| <3| & 
1 | 39.5 | 52.0 | 48.7 | 45.1 - - - - 1: | Cir. ¢..) SS eG ie esa ebm. 
2 | 41.0) 65.0/51.3)524]) - * a eeee ee “ 
3 | 39.2|515/47.5|46.1||7ip.M.| - Sel 28 ALAR: 5 |Str. .| 10 | Nim.. 
4 | 56.0 | 44.8 | 41.0 | 47.3 - |2p.m../0.092| -|| 8 |Nim..| 10 |Nim..| 5 |Str. . 
5 | 30.0 | 45.0 | 32.3 | 35.8 - = ee = 6 |Cu-str.| 5 |Str. . 
6 | 33.5 | 40.8 | 30.0 | 34.8 - ~ Saale 1 dl ean! 3.) Cu-str.| 1 | Str. . 
7 | 20.9 | 31.2 | 31.3 | 27.8 - - - -|| 7.| Str...) 9 Sir 10s) Si. 
8 | 34.0 | 40.9 | 39.5 | 38.1 || Night # =) =|] 10086...) 10° 1S. eee eee 
9 | 39.0 | 58.0 | 59.8 | 52.3 - | Night. /0.292) -|/10 |Nim..|.3 |Str. .| 10 | Str. . 
10 | 57.7) 64.7 | 52.0/58.1||4P.M. | Night.. | 2.089) - || 10 | Str. 5 |Str. .| 10 | Nim.. 
L1 /45.0| 54.5 | 41.3 | 46.9 - = as ahs Str. 5.) Sa iste eee = 
12 | 41.4] 35.3| 34.5|971|/6a.m. | Night. |0593| 2.0|| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim.. 
13 | 28.0 | 31.0 | 27.9 | 29.0 - 2 - Sob higte (1) 42 alee “ 
14 | 23.0 | 39.8 | 37.5 | 33.4 - = u 4 i) 2 liste 9. Str. 4. be tenes 
15 | 27.9) 313/05.5!o82||/7aa*}  - - | =/) 40 (mim...) 2 | Str. .| 5 Veen, 
16 | 27.3 | 45.5 | 37.0| 36.6||7A.M.t|/9A.M. | 0.050| 0.5]| 10 | Str. .| 3 | Cu-str.| 9 | Str. . 
17 | 25.1 | 33.0 | 30.2 | 29.4 t e . “| 2. | Str. .3| 4 Ste. saan 2 
18 | 17.5 | 22.8 | 17.5 | 19.3 - - : -|| - | Str. .| 2) | Str. 2} - | Str, 7 
19 | 18.0 | 24.0 | 16.0] 19.3 - 2 etree er * 
20 | 24.0 | 37.4 | 38.9 | 33.4 - s “ -|| 9 | Str. .) 10 | Nim..| 10 | Str. . 
21 | 36.7 | 37.0 | 26.0 | 33.2 = 2 s - || 10 | Str. ~ |Str. .| - | = 
22 | 26.2 | 33.9 | 36.0 | 32.0 = : = -|[ 10 | Str. .|10 | Str. .| 10 | Str. . 
23 | 38.7 | 46.2 | 43.0 | 42.6 ~ - e ~ |} 10. | Str.. «| 109 (Ste. 0 gO) Nisa 
24 | 39.0 | 44.0 | 41.0 | 41.3 § = --| <)} 10. )im. .| 20) )Stn. ee i aName 
25 | 44.6 51.0 | 43.8 | 46.5 || Night. Z a ~ |) 10.) Str... | 100 Stee epee 
26 | 45.0 | 55.3 | 39.8 | 46.7 -~ » | Noon, '|.0:095 |. ¥) 104) Nim. . | <3 2) St ea eee 
27 | 33.5 | 46.3 | 34.6 | 38.1 = is s ae ee - 1, }Str, oe 07 MS tee 
28 | 33.0 | 38.0 | 36.8 | 35.9|| 8 aA. 2 m -||10 | str. :) 10 -|Nim..| 10 | Str. . 
29 | 38.0 | 43.0 | 46.0 | 42.3 - | Night. | 1.005} - |] 10 | Nim. .| 10 |Nim. .| 10 | Nim. 
30 | 30.5 | 25.7 | 16.0 | 24.1 2 rs 4 ahlog.) Mistry «| 8) (Gm atre | = _ 

ae ARs 

Mean ae Sums, . «4305 2.5 ||'Mean, hoe et ene 

Min. 17.5 

* Flakes. + Snow. { Snow in evening. § Fog and Mist. \| Smoky. ei 


1868.] HOUSE—No. 30. 53 


NOVEMBER, 186 %.—Conrinvep. 


ooanrianapr on # 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
aaa | UhUhUUMU | CPE RESSURE OF,||| HUMIDITY OR 
7 A.M. 2P. HM. 9P. M. BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF = 
; a) (or) TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. g 
lela ei) 2) i) eyailfiie 
a ie! Aa |e] A |e é re o a ~ | alo ey | a loo | A 
N.w.| 2 | S$.W.| 2/8. E.| 3 || 29.754 | 29.652 | 29.517 | 29.641 173 | .218 | .248 73 | 58 | 90 
S$. E.} 1] S.W.| 2 | N.W.| 6 || 29.320 | 29.133 | 29.377 | 29.277 || .255 | .822| .173 || 100 | 64) 46 
w. 2S. Wie | Ss. 1 | | 29.644 | 29.598 | 29.469 | 29.570 || .175 | .208 | .323 73| 655 | 100 
S.E.| 3 |N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 2 || 29.261 | 29.519 | 29.784 | 29.521 || .444 | .289 | .175 || 100 | 821] 69 
N.W.| 1/N.w.| 3 | N.W.| 2 || 29.980 | 29.977 | 30.000 | 29.986 || .162 | .158 | .149 98 | 53 | 84 
N.W.| 2/|N.wW.| 4/|N.W.| 4 || 29.842 | 29.826 | 29.979 | 29.882 || .161 | .089 | .099 84 | 36] 61 
N-w.| 2)S.w.| 2] °s. 1 || 30.018 | 30.046 | 29.993 | 30.019 | | .094 | .101 | .172 88 | 60 | 100 
N. ZeeNe Po | NM. | 3 |} 29.914 | 29.794 29.797 29.835 |} .155 | .193 | .216 SOT 7 rol 
S.E.| 1/S.4E.| 2|S.E.| 2 || 29.777 | 29.658 | 29.733 | 29.723 | | .286 | .440| .481/| 100 | 94) 94 
S.E.| 1]|S.w.| 2|S.W.| 1 || 29.775 | 29.727 | 29.702 | 29.735 || .472 | .521| .368|| 100 | 8& | 96) 10 
s. 1) s.E.| 1/8. E.} 1 || 29.773 | 29.687 | 29.614 | 29.691a) | .296 | .311 | .241// 100 | 75 | 95) 11 
N. 2) n. | 4] N. | 5 || 29.423 | 29.291 | 29.247 | 29.320 || .261 | .204 | .174|] 100 | 100| 86] 12 
N.w.| 6 | N.w.| 5 | N.W.| 5 || 29.295 | 29.277 | 29.416 | 29.329 |} .120 | .124 | .105 79 1 73 | ©70 eS 
S.E.| 2/S.E.|3| W. | 4 || 29427 | 29.203 | 29.406 29.345 118 | .206 | .132 96) 86} 60} 14 
N. 3 | N.wW.| 3 | N.W.| 1 || 29.795 | 29.896 | 29.959 | 29.883 || .150 | .103 | .126/| 100 | 59] 93] 15 
N. 3) w. | 41] WwW. | 5 || 29.611 | 29.405 | 29.505 | 29.507 | | .136 | .180 | .139 92; 60| 64/16 
N.W.| 3|N.wW.|3 | W. | 5 || 29.529 | 29.404 | 29.343 ; 29.425 || .106 | .116 | .126 79: 1°62 PPG: PF 
N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 3 || 29.565 | 29.577 | 29.707 | 29.616 || .078 | .073 | .078 83 |} 61) 8 |18 
N. 1 | N.w.| 5/8. E.| 1 || 29.795 | 29.906 | 29.978 | 29.893 |! .090 | .083 | .085 94 | 66) 98!|19 
S.E.; 2) s.-|3]S. E..| 1 || 29.980 | 29.809 | 29.697 | 29.829 || .117| .136 | .185 || 93 | 62/] 79] 20 
inft 3 | N.wW.| 1 | N.w.| 1 |} 29.886 | 29.945 | 30.059 | 29.963 || .176 | .143 | .1380 82 | 66} 96) 21 
N. 2 N.E. 1/| Ss. E.| 2 || 30.073 | 29.991 | 29.970 | 30.011 | | .135 | .186 | .199 97; 98} 95 | 22 
§.E.| 2/)S.E.| 1/S. E.| 1 || 29.924 | 29.881 | 29.919 | 29.908 | | .232 | .286 | .266 99 | 91) 100 | 23 
1} N. | 1|N.E.| 1 || 29.958 | 29.945 | 29.968 | 29.957 || .238 | .276 | .255 || 100 | 98 | 100 | 24 
E. 1 S. E.| 3 |S. E. | 3 || 29.945 | 29.976 | 29.819 | 29.913 | | .289 | .831 | .286)| 100 | 89 | 100 | 25 
S.E.| 2/8 18; 2) WwW. | 3 || 29.664 | 29.563 | 29.733 | 29.653 || .800 | .425]| .198 || 100 | 98} 82] 26 
Ww. 1 | N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 2 || 29.850 | 29.803 , 29.766 | 29.806 || .181 | .196 | .187 95 | 63} 95 | 27 
8. E.| 1|sS.E.}/1] N. | 2 || 29.717 | 29.708 29.763 | 29.729 || .187 | .227 | .218 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 28 
S.W.| 1|S. E.| 2|8. E.| 1 || 29.731 | 29.507 | 29.086 | 29.441 | | .229 | .273 | .308 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 29 
N.W.| 5 | N.w.| 5 | N.w.| 5 || 29.126 | 29.337 | 29.689 | 29.354 || .123 | .088 | .072 73 | 62} 82} 30 
Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, . 2 - 29.692 || Mean, . .203||Mean,. . 84 
N. W. & w.5t; s.w.&S.8; || Max. . : ? 30.073 || Max. . . .521|| Max. . . 100 
Jubb ee ae cA Min... «36. 


8.E.& 8.21; N.E.&N.17.|| Min. . . . 29.086 


54 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, — (Jan. 


DECEMBER, 186%. 
a SO nT PE SSSI A TIT PP TREAT RN 


ERATE oe a5 RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 
i THE OPEN AIR. ae Be oA a a lee mba | if ua 
s we | 48 female Se]. | oe re 
Slalalsi¢ll ef | of |-88)22]| #3| 53) ee) ee uere 
el ailail«al| & Ex Bs |Egs|e5/'65/ £23/185| £3/86| 38 
Bee cs |) eb eS s = < | oul, da 435} i <5| 3. 
1 | 13.8 | 23.0 15.0 | 17.3 - - a ie 7, isl ibis, Call ae = be is 
2 | 25.0/ 30.9| 24.0) 26.6|) SUN? |foa.m.| - | - |] 10 /str. .| 8 [Str .| 1 | Str 
3 | 29.0 | 37.0, 29.5 | 81.8 - : etal Se i, 10 ol Ste. 2) Sen 3 | Str | 
4. | 26.0 | 23.0 | 16.0 | 21.7 - - <ialp ies 2 wi Str. a ae - 4 | Str. 
5 | 12.0 | 29.2 | 27.7 | 23.0 - - Saal 7 «| Str >.) o2 gi Ste es eee. 
g | 24.0| 34.0 | 42.0 | 33.3||3P. 0. | Night. |o.102/ - || 9 | Str. .| 20 | Str. .| 10 | Nim 
7 | 36.0 | 34.0 | 27.0 | 32.3 - = lly) = 8 |Str. .| 5 | Str. 9 | Str 
8 | 13.8 | 22.0 | 15.0 | 16.9 = = einai. - - 8 | Str. 2/2!) | Str. 
9 | 2.5] 8.0}. 3.0] 4.5|| Night. oo) - - 1 |Str. .] - - - - 
10! 9.0) 21.3 | 10.2 | 13.5 = 9 A.M. | 0.133) 1.5 {| 10 |Nim..| 3 | Str. . S 
11 | 7.8) 24.0] 17.5 | 16.4 = shies = ile 6 Sin (2) ieee 3) | Str 
12 | 27} -11|-0.5| 0.4|| Noon. Night. | 0.135] 1.5]/ 10 | Str. .| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. . 
13 |-1.0/ 10.0] 8.0] 5.7 " nya Sec: eee . " 
14 |-3.0/ 15.1/ 15.1} 9.4 = 2 = shale = - 4 |Str. .| 10 |Str. - 
15 | 15.0} 22.8 | 20.0) 19.38)|11A.M.|1P.™M. - - 9 | Ste. ..4° 9 Sime be Sst 
16 | 22.2 | 25.0| 19.8 | 22.3 * . - | - || 10 |Nim..} 9 | Str. .} - - 
17 | 18.7 | 29.4] 27.5 | 25.2 t = ee 8 (Str. .|10 | Nim.,. 40) Sie 
18 | 17.8 | 24.3 | 11.5 | 17.9 = - ail 1, (Str. «| DyeSecr eee o 
19 | 2.7/15.5| 1.5] 6.6 y 6 sl te _ s age a uy 
20 | 5.0| 13.0] 19.8] 12.6//9 A.M. | Night. | 0.088] 1.0|| 8 | Str. .| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. . 
21 | 31.0 | 37.9 | 31.5 | 33.5 || Night. = - | - 5 | Str. 1) 8 esa 10. | Stroy. 
22 | 31.5 | 34.0 | 37.5 | 34.2 - |Night. | 0.613] 2.0]| 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. - 
23 | 37.3 | 25.8 | 19.7 | 27.6 * - - - 9 .| Str. (1+ 2a ede - - 
2A. | 16.0 | 29.6 | 31.2 | 25.6 = = ee 8 | Str. .| 9 | Str. 7? | Str. 
25 | 32.0 | 36.0 | 36.5 | 34.8 : - 0.885} = || 2 | Ste .| 10 | Nim, | go" }str. 
26 | 37.0 | 46.0 | 38.3 | 40.4 st ~ = pal = ely ROi NMR. is By = : . 6 . 
27 | 34.8 | 42.0 | 44.8 | 40.5 § - |0.055}) - 8 | Str. .| 10 | Str. .| 10 | Nim. . 
28 | 42.5 | 42.0 | 34.9 | 39.8 = is ely = 9 | Str. |) 20] Ste. 4199 | Bee 
29 | 27.0 | 35.0 | 26.5 | 29.5 2 bs ee - |Str. .| 5 | Str. 5 | Str. 
3O | 22.0 | 24.0} 16.5 | 20.8 = é We 9..| Str. | 9 Bam = 
31 | 8.7 | 24.0 | 23.0 | 18.6 di ‘ ~ | - || 5 |Str. .|-8 | Str. .| 10 | Str. 
Mean, . . 22.64/| Sums, . . 1.511 6.0 || Mean, nee 
Max. 46.0 
Min. -3.0 
* Snow Squalls. {¢ Sprinkles in Night. is Occasional Sprinkles. 


> 


t+ A few Flakes. 


HOUSE—No. 30. 


DECEMBER, 18 6 7.—ConTINUED. 


sy) 


9P.M 
8 E § 

-3 |s/ 3 || 3. /¢8 
= on wee eS 1k 
=. o — ° — ° 
A fey a tm =) is 

N.W. N.w. 


Ss. W. 


N.W. 


S. E. 


N.W. 


4 
co 


N.W. 
NW. | 
S. E.| 2 


Per cent. of Time and Force: 
N.W. & w.56; s. w. &8. 15; 
SEL & &. 15; N.E. & N. 14. 


3 
4 
co 


n 
Bl 
i) 


BAROMETER. 


BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED 
TO FREEZING POINT. 


TA. M 
2P.M. 


30.075 
29.719 
29.649 
29.507 
29.461 
29.571 
29.377 
29.644 
29.861 
29.336 
29.625 
29.745 
29.724 
29.942 
20.644 
29.280 
29.353 
29.652 
30.206 
29.935 
30.138 
29.447 
29.435 
29.899 
29.936 
29.610 
29.528 
29.607 
29.790 
30.069 
30.194 


Sim os) 
\ 


Mean. 


A 
4 
a 


30.061 
29.804 
29.621 
29.504 
29.526 
29.539 
29.373 
29.703 
29.850 
29.505 
29.661 
29.767 
29.748 
29.943 
29.668 
29.326 
29.327 
29.693 


30.113 
29.716 
29.504 
29.511 
29.640 
29.217 
29.480 
29.734 
29.884 
29.621 
29.718 
29.725 
29.821 
29.931 
29.558 
29.388 
29.326 
29.868 
30.300 30.213 
29.785 | 29.983 
30.127 | 30.105 


eee 


29.528 
29.505 
| 29.902 
29.876 
29.618 
29.553 
29.624 
29.835 
30.107 
30.207 


29.283 
29.806 
29.783 
29.780 
29.852 
29.330 
29.774 
29.955 
30.180 
30.143 


29.731 
30.300 
29.217 


FORCE OR 
PRESSURE OF 
VAPOR, 

In INCHES. 


-ll1 
298 
037 


RELATIVE 


HUMIDITY OR 
FRACTION OF 
SATURATION. 
all te ik 
ears 
81 45 | 100 
89 95 | 100 
100 | 60| 83 
71 52 96 
100 66 88 
89 96 96 
ot 46 82 
85 74 87 
100 94 | 100 
100 96 | 100 
100 76 | 100 
100 | 100 | 100 
100 | 100 | 100 
100 | 100 93 
95 96 92 
93 68 73 
88 | 100 | 100 
100 76 | 100 
100 74 | 100 
100 | 100 | 100 
100 62 78 
100 | 100 | 100 
62 77 84 
100 | 77 | 84 
90 96 85 
100 |} 58 72 
88 87 | 100 
74 | 63 79 
100 55 76 
75 61 85 
100 79 65 
eae ‘ie 
Min. @.' .° 40 


Day of Month. 


omanN our won we 


OO NDnDNNN NY NNN ND ND KB KP BH SY BS SY BS eB eS 
FOO MAN aoanrrPiwswnrovonwntanwnptbpwonsFe- Oo 


(Jan. 68. 


¥8 Fo | OOL 


002°62 
T82°6% 
%69'62 
082°6% 
208° 62 
91263 
199'6% 
992° 6% 
T29°6% 
86S" 6% 
Z9L'62 
162°6% 
929°6% 


‘UveTT 


166'82% 
L1Z'6S 
980°62 
GIE'6S 
6LE'GS 
988" 6% 
L686 
90862 
166'8z 
£8162 
20°66 
£20°6% 
| $10'6% 


“CUNWUT AL 


a 


F8C'0E 
008"08 
£20°08 
€€2'08 
9Tz'08 
€86°6% 
GZ0'08 
910'08 
€6U'0E 
GOT'0S 
1Z2"08 
¥89°08 
29T'0€ 


*UINWITXB JT 


“INIOd ONIZTANA OL 


aqyONGad LISIGH WALAWOUVA 


“da LYNOUV a 


"O'SP ‘2-9OST JO TOJULAA x 


4 
Ss 
ee 
y 


Ser eee ane * 
# | OL ch rg «O° FP 280° OF Zv9b |O'G- | 0:06 {°° Saeax 
eT | -st  |- 9¢ WSs 09 TiS 79°22 | O&- | OOF |> ‘Tequrisooq 
IZ |9 Fe 09 ard COEF 2vze | S2Zt | ogo |* ‘xoquieaoynr 
&% ras +P Ut = CESS O6GF | Oe | OL > ‘1840390 
ze | Ft ¥€ Vs - 2001 66°65 | oGe | 0708 | “tequraydag 
a a rad eG - 1906 9g°89 | SSF | Ges [> ° “Ysnsny 
Fe ST 8& as - 000°F F189 | os¢ | 0°06 |*” ‘Ayue 
Sp | OF 1% OF - 229°S 90°29-| oS | oes |> * ‘Sounge 
Lz €% 9g ce = O19'F core | OOE | gEZ : tos ARTE 
or | gz OF OF - 1622 crop | 062 |oo9 !>  * “dy 
rae ¢ Sh €9 OFT CIT Fe0e | 08 |oee |* ° ‘your 
61 2 ES €°9 02 9F9'S sete 1078 | og |: ‘Arenaqoiy 
IL p | 29 0's 0°ST F2E'T Of'st | os- | Gee |* ° ‘Aaenuee 
2) A a te of 
td ” ‘ie Q sy 5 Ss oe 3 z = 5 
s = = > 2 ak = See ES) = » 

. 5 < 3 oe > mat S S = 
& & EP a» 2 5 So tenes = = 
Pl wn 4 a8 m | Bo, 5 5 
: aE @ Se = : “SHINOW 
"NOILOFAIG {O “LNID aI || s >| & = = “aIV NaAdO 
| ES = = AL NI : 
"SANIM 


—— et ei 


“SaNOTO “MONS GNV NIV TaELANONAAAL 


F 28 | Sb | GOT | TIT’. | 260" | soz" 
e #8. | 98 | oot || soz | 220 | Teg" 
Ss Zs Z@ | OOT €6e° | SFI’ | 29¢° 
a 98 er | 00f 09 | S2I° | w82° 
3 S 1G | 6F | oor || sr9° | gee -| Fe 
ej eg | 96 | oot |] 22g" | ste | 2zo0 
= zs | oF | oor || Fee | Gos’ | ozs 
> 92 | 2 | oor || ere | Fer | soc 
= $2 | Fe | OOL || Fez | 260° | ser 
= #3 | @& | oor || ost: | o90: | 6ze" 
Ps 9g | £¢ | oor || eet | 090° | Soe 
w5 16 | && | OOF || 260" | FEO" | 99T" 
a Pas 
ee ee 2 ea Ss 
“NOLLVYOALVYS LO “SHHON] NJ 
NOILOVUA ‘MOdVA 
HO ALIGINOH iO adaAssata 
AAILVIAU 210 DOVOd 
Can) 
10D 


"L981 


‘ANVWWAS 


ny M 
Lr <®) 
Tay eA 
SY IG 
PANN 


an 


ee 1 
| 
| 

( 


Me 


{ 
M 


SVAN, 
al 


= <—rz —_ = — EE 
SSS = = SSS g = —— 
= = — Su = z = Zz —— cS 
Za === = eS Sa BE: 
S SS —— = = x —s SFE a If 
SSE — — SSS SSH Z = LEA, A Zz 
: LAID 
= = SEE | Bio iE BEZI2 


SSS 
——> 


== 


———= 


——————— 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


he ae pee wanNo. 81. | 
[H ANNUAL REPORT 
a } Sr OF THE | 


ame 


TRUSTEES. 


sus 


achuselts Agricultural College. 


January, 1869. 


; BOSTON: ; 
«WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
79 Mitk STREET, (CoRNER OF FEDERAL.) 


1869. 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives : 


The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College re- 
spectfully submit the following Report, in accordance with the 
requirement of its charter, and of the law of the United States 
granting lands for its endowment. 

The liberal appropriation of $50,000 by the last legislature 
has proved in the highest degree beneficial, not only in furnish- 
_ ing necessary means for the development of the institution, but 
in disarming opposition, overcoming prejudice and securing the 
confidence and sympathy of the public. The general feeling 
during the year, as represented by the agricultural and other 
papers, has been exceedingly friendly, and the kindest and 
most hopeful sentiments have been expressed by many distin- 
guished citizens of this and other States who have visited the 
institution. 

There dan no longer be any doubt that there is an abundant 
demand for the education which the plan of organization 
adopted is designed to afford. Notwithstanding the numerous 
changes and the constant distraction inseparable from the 
building operations of the past year, the students have been as 
deeply interested and as successful in their studies as could be 
desired. The peculiar character of the course of study renders 


_ it difficult for persons to enter the regular classes except at the 


beginning of freshman year, so that the size of the classes will 
unavoidably diminish up to the time of graduation; and this 
may be expected to occur to a much greater extent than in the 
older colleges, because there are so few institutions of a like 
character from which the membership can be replenished. 
While it is indispensable for the highest success of the Col- 
lege, as a professional school, that its regular course be very 


S007. 25: 


4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


thorough and complete, it is perhaps equally important that it 
should offer every possible facility to those who choose to follow 
a select course adapted to their individual circumstances and 
‘necessities. It has hitherto been impracticable to furnish rooms 
and instruction to any considerable number of this class, and not 
until quite recently have they been invited to become members of 
the institution. It is evident that, as soon as the requisite sup- 
ply of buildings, apparatus and teachers can be obtained, so 
that instruction may be given every year in all the studies of 
the course, there will be a large attendance of young men, de- 
signing to be farmers and eager to acquire the latest and best 
information respecting their chosen profession. As students of 
this class will generally be mature, industrious and specially 
interested in the departments of agriculture and horticulture, 
their influence upon the members of the regular classes, under 
suitable management, will be of a desirable character. 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 


Nearly all the agricultural societies of the State have shown 
their interest in the College by voting to pay the term bills of 
one or more students, the amount per annum for each being 
$54. As an excellent sample of the mode of proceeding in 
the choice of scholars, the following statement is extracted from 
the report for 1868 of the Worcester North Agricultural 
Society :— e 


“'The Committee to which was intrusted the duty of awarding 
the Scholarship established in the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege by the Trustees of this Society, sent a copy of the following 
circular to each member of the Board of Trustees. 


“<¢ To the Trustees of the Worcester North Agricultural Society : 

“¢¢ You are hereby notified that the undersigned will be in session 
at the hall on the grounds of the Society, on Tuesday, the 4th day 
of August, at half-past one o’clock, P. M., for the purpose of award- 
ing the Scholarship of the Society in the Massachusetts Agricultu- 
ral College. : 

“¢ Students proposing to compete for the scholarship must be 15 
years old, of good moral character, and will be examined in English 
grammar, geography, arithmetic, and in algebra to quadratic 
equations. , 


1869.] SENATE—No. 381. 5 


“<¢Tt is earnestly desired that the trustees in each town will 
induce at least one young man to present himself as a candidate. 
We believe that no educational institution offers a better general 
and special education to its students than the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College. As agriculturists we should desire to give it 
such aid and encouragement in its infancy as to place its permanent 
success beyond question. 

“<n making your selections, it will be proper to give a prefer- 
ence to persons of limited means, and particularly to such as pro- 
pose to devote themselves to agricultural pursuits. 

“¢ Janez FIsHEr, 
“<Joun Brooks, 
“¢SoLon CarTER, 
“< Committee on Scholarship. 
“¢ WircuBurG, July 20th, 1868.’ 


* At the date therein named, three candidates presented them- 


selves, and after a written, competitive examination, lasting five 


hours, the scholarship was awarded to Wm. EK. C. Whitney of 
Harvard. 

“‘ He has since passed a satisfactory examination at the College 
and is now pursuing his studies as a member of the freshman class. 
“JABEZ FISHER, Chairman.” 

At the present time the following societies maintain scholar- 
ships, viz.: The Massachusetts Society supports three ; Essex 
and Plymouth two each; Barnstable, Bristol, Bristol Central, 
Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Hampshire, Frank- 
lin and Hampden, estan, Highland, Middlesex South, Nor- 
folk, Worcester, Worcester North, Worcester South-East, and 
Watiasisk West, one each. 

There are many indigent young men who would gladly 
secure a college education if they could enjoy the benefit of a 
scholarship, and it is confidently hoped that from time to time 
gifts and bequests may be made to the corporation for the 
establishment of scholarships and prizes, which may serve to 
stimulate, encourage and help worthy students in the effort to 
prepare for an influential and useful life. 


Laspor FuUnpD. 


There is, however, another method of assisting indigent — 
students, which is peculiarly suited to the circumstances and 


6 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


object of the College, viz.: to furnish them labor at fair wages 
whenever they desire it, both in term time and in vacation, 
except perhaps in the winter, when they could earn more in 
teaching or some other business, and when their work on the 


farm would be less valuable than at other seasons. This em-. 


ployment of students for money has been practised during the 
past year and with satisfactory results. A large amount of 
farm work has been performed, and the young men have proved 
faithful and industrious. As, however, the College has no funds 
to appropriate to this object, and a large proportion of the labor 
must be expended on improvements, or products to be con- 
sumed on the premises, it is obvious that only a limited number 
can thus be assisted. Suppose, on the other hand, liberal- 
minded and large-hearted friends of agriculture and education 
should establish a fund of say $100,000, the income of which 
should be expended for the labor of students on the farm 
and in the garden, several most desirable things would be 
accomplished. 3 


First. Young men would be aided in such a way as to pre- 


serve their self-respect, and their habits of industry and manual 
labor. 

Secondly. The College having such a fund would never lack 
for students of the best character. 


Thirdly. It would render it possible not only to manage the 


farm with due reference to pecuniary profit, but also to adopt 


and carry out a suitable system of improvements, and to perform 


such experiments for the benefit of agriculture as the wi of 
the institution demands. 

Fourthly. It would enable the director of the horticultural 
department to proceed with the important work of laying out, 
planting and keeping in proper condition the botanic garden, 
the arboretum, the nursery, the orchards and the vineyards. 

Would not money given to such a fund yield a most satisfac- 
tory per cent. of blessing to the world, and thus of good to the 
giver? When the national government has provided the estate 
and the endowment, and the Commonwealth has liberally 
granted buildings and appliances for instruction, there surely 
must be some among the wealthy friends of the College who 
will contribute of their abundance to a Labor Fund. 


1869. ] SENATE—No. 381. T 


FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 


With the addition of a new class, changes in the faculty 
became necessary. Prof. E. S. Snell, of Amherst College, 
who, temporarily, during the first year, performed with entire 
_acceptance the duties of professor of mathematics, has given 
place to Prof. S. F. Miller, of Chicago, Ill. 

Prof. Miller is a graduate of Amherst College, who has had 
many years of experience as a civil engineer, engaged in 
locating and building railroads in the West. He is admirably 
qualified to instruct in mechanical and topographical drawing, 
surveying and civil engineering. 

Prof. C. A. Goessmann, of Syracuse, N. Y., has been elected 
professor of chemistry, and enters upon the duties of his 
department at the beginning of the next term. He is a grad- 
uate of the German university of Gottingen, where he taught 
analytical and organic chemistry for five years after his gradua- 
tion. During the last six years he has had the superintendence 
of the manufacture of salt at the works of the Onondaga Salt 
Company, near Syracuse; and by the improvements there 
introduced, as\well as by his published memoirs upon the 
salines and salt deposits of the country, has won a wide repu- 
tation as a practical and scientific chemist. His large experi- 
ence as a teacher, and his great familiarity with the applications 
of chemistry to the arts, qualify him, in a peculiar manner, for 
the important position of chemist in the Agricultural College. 
It is confidently expected that, under his supervision, analyses 
of commercial fertilizers will be made, and suitable experiments 
instituted, to determine for what purposes and at what prices 
the farmers of the State should employ them. A collection of 
material for such investigations has already been begun, and all 
persons interested are invited to communicate with Dr. Goess- 
mann on the subject. 

The laboratory has been well furnished with tables, furnaces, 
apparatus and chemicals, so as to afford good accommodations 
for fifty students. 

Analyses of soils, ores, waters, &c., will be made, and 
scientific advice given, upon application at the College. 

During the past term, Hon. C. L. Flint has given a course of 
lectures upon the dairy and dairy farming, Dr. Calvin Cutter 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


one upon the laws of health, and Dr. J. H. Stickney, V. S., one 
upon the diseases of eee animals. 

Next term, Prof. Goessmann will lecture upon chensialiit: 
Dr. Jabez Fisher upon market gardening, and Prof. Stock- 
bridge upon agriculture. During the summer term, lectures 
will be delivered by the president upon botany, by Dr. Edward 
Hitchcock on comparative anatomy, and by Hon. Marshall P. 
Wilder on the culture of fruits and flowers, and the art of pro- 
ducing new and valuable varieties. 

During the first twelve months from the opening of the 
college, there were admitted, on written examinations, ninety- 
six students, of whom ninety-two were received as freshmen for 
the regular course. Seventy-four of them, at the time of 
admission, were acquainted with farm work, and thirty-five 
intended to become farmers, while forty-three were undecided 
as to their future business. Their average age was nearly 
eighteen years. The number in each of the three classes, and 
the localities. from which they come, will be seen by reference — 
to the catalogue appended. The general conduct of the stu- 
dents has been all that could be desired, and it is capqolahy 
worthy of remark that there was no case of “hazing” during 
the past year. 

The department of gymnastics and military tactics has been 
under the direction of Prof. H. H. Goodell, and has been man- 
aged with energy and success. The sophomore class have been 
thoroughly drilled in the school of the soldier and of the com- 
pany, and have become expert in the manual of arms. The 
freshmen have been drilled in light gymnastics, and are pre- 
pared to commence military tactics whenever arms and a suita- 
ble drill-hall are provided. 

The health of the students has been most excellent. No 
death has occurred, nor any case of alarming illness. The 
average absence from duty, on account of sickness or wounds, 
has amounted to less than one day for each student during the 
entire year. The average for the summer term, ending August 
oth, was less than one half day for each person. 


BUILDINGS. 


_ An admirable photograph of the college buildings bad 
been recently made by Mr. J. L. Lovell, of Amherst, it has been 


1869. ] SENATE—No. 31. 9 


engraved upon wood by Hammatt Billings, Esq., of Boston, and 
electrotyped for this Report. The point of view is on the Mt. 
Pleasant ridge, near the east line of the estate ; and the observer 
looking to the west, sees in the foreground the Durfee plant- 
house; the botanic museum, with the fountain in front, pre- 
sented by the ladies of Amherst; to the right of this, and 
beyond it, the new boarding-house. Near the centre of the 
picture is seen the laboratory; to the left, or south of it, the 
new dormitory; and south of that, the dormitory erected in 
1867. 

The new dormitory is a substantial edifice of brick, covered 
with slate, finished inside with chestnut, piped for gas, and fur- 
nishing fine accommodations for sixty-four students. It is 100 
<50 feet, four stories in height, and provided with a light 
basement ten feet high. It was designed by George Hathorne, 
Esq., of New York, and built by Mr. L. N. Granger, of Hadley, 
who deserves great credit for the energy displayed in completing 
the entire job according to contract, so that it was ready for 
use on the 10th of September. The expense of this building 
was $36,000, which includes the services of the architect, the 
grading and the stoves. 

The new boarding-house is a large, plain structure of wood, 
which cost, with the furniture for the kitchens and dining 
rooms, about $8,000. The present building affords ample ac- 
commodations for a family and one hundred table boarders, 
and is so planned that its capacity can be doubled at a small 
expense by adding another dining room north of the kitchen. 

The best of the old barns and sheds upon the farm have been 
grouped together near the north line, and repaired ata cost of 
about $2,500. 


HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The out-door operations in this department have been con- 
fined principally to the preparation of the land designed for 
permanent plantations of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, 
shrubs and herbaceous perennials. The beautiful slope south 
of the plant-house, which was underdrained, limed and planted 
with corn last year, has been laid down to grass. It will thus 
be useful and pleasant to the eye, until finally occupied as a 
botanic garden. The central portion of the Mt. Pleasant ridge, 

2 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


intended for orchards and vineyards, has been heavily manured 
and broken up, and produced the past season a fine crop of 
corn. It is now ready for planting with apples, pears, peaches, 
grapes, &c., as soon as suitable trees and vines can be obtained. 
Gifts of this kind would be most gratefully received. A nurs- 
ery of trees and shrubs has been planted at the north end of 
the ridge and will be enlarged as circumstances will permit, 
with the purpose of having constantly on hand an abundant stock 
of all desirable trees and plants which are hardy in Massachu- 
setts, both for planting, for exchange and for sale. | 

Upon the southern portion of the ridge it is proposed to plant 
an arboretum, where will be grouped according to their natural 
affinities and the principles of landscape gardening, fine speci- 
mens of all woody plants which will endure our climate. 

A gentleman, distinguished for his knowledge and love of 
trees, has promised to aid in a liberal manner in the laying out 
and future care of such an arboretum, the beauty and ee 
of which will be obvious to all. 

The Durfee plant-house has been the centre of attraction for 
the numerous visitors, who have honored us by their presence, 
and by the completeness of its arrangement and the appearance 
of its contents has served as an excellent specimen of the man. 
ner in which the model farm and garden of the College is 
designed to be equipped and managed, as soon as other friends 
shall imitate the noble example of its generous builder. | 
_ A catalogue of the plants now under cultivation is appended to 
this Report, and most of them have been propagated, so that a 
supply for sale or exchange is constantly on hand. Communica- 
tion has been opened with some of the leading European estab- 
lishments which will forward directly to the College the most 
desirable new varieties and species as soon as offered in 
‘market. Persons disposed to aid this department will confer a 
favor by furnishing any interesting plants not on the list, ie 
as a donation or in exchange. 

As all money derived from the sale of plants will assist in the 
support and development of the collection, it is hoped that par- 
ties interested will purchase here bedding and other plants as 
they may need them.* Seedlings of the Victoria Regia can be 


* Orders addressed to Mr. John Griffin, Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass, will 
meet with prompt attention, and be filled with good plants at low prices. 


1869. ] SENATE—No. 31. 11 


furnished in the spring, and it is believed that if planted in a 
sheltered, sunny pond or tank in the open air in June, they 
would grow to fair size and probably blossom. 

The seeds from which the present supply has come were 
ripened in the open air on the grounds of the Tennessee Hospi- 
tal for the Insane, near Nashville, and kindly presented by the 
superintendent, Dr. W. P. Jones. 


AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction in this department has been given, as hereto- 
fore, by Hon. Levi Stockbridge, who has lectured once a week 
through the year and heard daily recitations during the fall 
term in Waring’s Elements of Agriculture. He has also 
directed the labor of the students in the field and given such 
practical lessons as were required. In consequence of the want 
of farm labor, suitable live stock and barn accommodations, 
_ little progress has been made in the improvement of the estate. 
The building operations, which were absolutely indispensable in 
order to provide room for the new class in September, demanded 
the labor of teams and men often to the detriment of farm 
work. The ordinary crops were, however, cultivated and 
harvested as usual. The amount of hay and corn secured in 
good order was large, as will be seen by reference to the farm 
inventory appended. ? 

The following suggestions respecting the general manage- 
ment of the farm which have been made by Superintendent 
Stockbridge and approved by the Trustees, will serve to indicate 
the course to be pursued in the future, so far as circumstances 
will allow. 

The college estate consists of nearly four hundred acres of 
Jand, with a diversity of soil, elevation and aspect, including 

Pr adlana for timber and Fal and to illustrate the art of 
forestry ; fields adapted to the oath of both natural and cul- 
tivated grasses, and suited for pasturage and mowing; soils fit 
for the cultivation of all kinds of grain and root-crops, and 
localities suitable for all the fruits of our climate. This tract 
of land it is proposed to convert into a model farm for the 
double purpose of giving the young men gathered here an 
opportunity to learn agriculture in its best form, and of afford- 
ing the farmers of the State facilities for acquiring information 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


respecting farm management, stock, crops, fertilizers, imple- 
ments, and every kind of agricultural improvement. 

While this will require a vast expenditure of time and labor 
as wellas money for its complete development, it is evident 
__ that a general plan of management, based upon correct princi- — 
ples, should be at once adopted and kept in view in all subse- 
quent operations. In the consideration of the subject, the first 
topic to suggest itself is the division of the farm into woodland, 
pasture, permanent mowing, and land for tillage. As the land 
east of the old county road and grove on the Mt. Pleasant 
ridge is already appropriated to horticultural and botanical pur- 
poses and is not under the control of the farm superintendent, 
it need not be included in the subdivision of the form proper, 
nor in any plan for its improvement. : 

The timber land is conveniently situated and should not be 
disturbed, except that all the open woods scattered through the 
west pastures should be removed. 

The permanent top-dressed mowing should include all the 
fields bounded by the south line of the farm on the south, the 
old county road, and the grove on the Mt. Pleasant ridge, on 
the east, the north line of the farm on the north, and a line, 
central on the chestnut-tree ridge, on the west. 

The fields for tillage, crop-rotation and experiment, should 
be those lying between the west line of the mowing above © 
described and the fence at the Hadley line, and extending from 
the north to the south boundary of the farm. 

The pasture lands should be that portion of the estate west 
of the Hadley line which is not covered with timber. 

The fences should be as few as possible, but straight and 
well built of posts and boards. It will be obviously necessary 
to fence the county road sufficiently to prevent cattle, which 
are constantly driven over it, from strolling into'the mowing on 
either side. As soon as a hedge can be grown this fence may 
be removed. The boundary line should be well fenced and the 
pastures subdivided by cross fences, and separated from the 
land devoted to other uses. There should also be lanes fenced 
off on the north and south lines of the estate to guide the cattle 
to and from the barns and to the highway and pastures. 

The public roads running through or adjoining the college 
“property are so located as to be very convenient for farm pur- 


1869.] SENATE—No. 31. 13 


poses, so that but a small amount of additional road will be 
necessary to secure access to every desired point. Ultimately, 
when the pasture lands in Hadley are improved, a farm road 
will be required across the estate near the town line, but is not 
wanted at present. 

The farm buildings should be so located as to be most acces- 
sible from that portion of the farm to and from which there 
will be the most cartage. This will be about on the centre of 
chestnut-tree ridge, at the dividing line between the divisions’ 
already set apart for permanent mowing and for tillage. This 
land is admirably adapted for building purposes, and the central 
portion is already occupied by the college edifices. As the farm 
is very large it will produce, when brought into a high state of 
cultivation, five hundred tons of hay and other long fodder. It 
is not prudent to place so much combustible material of value, 
with the stock necessary to consume it, in one barn. It will, 
therefore, be necessary to have two sets of farm buildings, one 
on the southern and the other on the northern portion of the 


_ central ridge. One of the farm houses should be occupied by 


the farm superintendent and the other by the farmer, who 
should have the immediate oversight of the teams, tools, stock — 
and labor on the premises, under the direction of the superin- 
tendent. 

The farm having been properly subdivided and furnished 
with necessary buildings as indicated, should next be supplied 
with as much live stock of the best kinds as it will carry both 
summer and winter. The great work of permanent improve- 
ment is then to be begun and pursued as rapidly as can be done 
with due regard to economy. As it is necessary to preserve 
the proper balance of the different'portions of the farm, which 
has been an object in the division adopted, the amelioration of 
the various parts must be brought about gradually and at the 
same time. 

The mow lands first demand attention because they are con- 
tiguous to the highway and at present wet, rough and unpro- 
ductive. The fields of this division slope towards the brook, 
which has a rapid fall. They are all surcharged with water, 
which breaks out in springs in many places, running over the 
surface, making the soil cold and barren, and inducing the 
growth of coarse, undesirable grasses. These fields should be 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


under-drained in the most thorough manner, plowed, have the 
holes and gullies filled, the boulders taken out or sunk, and 
then be top-dressed, re-seeded and kept as permanent mowing. 
The drains will open at the level of the brook, which should be 


first straightened and made wider. This is a great and costly 


undertaking, but is absolutely necessary. It cannot all be done 
at once, nor is it desirable that it should be. No large appro- 
priations should be made, to be expended in season or out of 
season, just as may happen, but a system for the whole should 


be adopted, and then, as time and circumstances favor, let the 7 


work be continually going on. This process should begin at 
the south line of the farm and continue until all the land 


between the college road on the west and the grove on the 


north-east has been renovated. 

Most of the tillage lands need only high manuring, sig a 
judicious rotation of crops, to bring them into fine condition, 
but the slope from the Hadley line for a distance of from 
twenty to thirty rods eastward, must be under-drained before it 
can be properly improved. 

The pasture lands on the river, which bounds the estate on 
the west, have the best soil of the farm, but much of it is satu- 
rated with water and covered with brush, and should be 
improved immediately. 

This section would also be greatly benefited by under-drain- 

ing, but as this cannot be done at present it should be cleared 
of brush and scattered timber with the ax, the scythe, and 
sheep, and have the surface water removed by open drains. 
_ How, when and by whom shall this work of improvement be 
done? Negatively not by a large appropriation and the em- 
ployment of a large extra force to come upon the farm for a 
short time and do the work at all hazards of cost, whether the 
weather, the season and the circumstances of the farm crops 
and operations favor or not, but by the students and a regular 
force of good men employed by the month, who shall be a rally- 
ing point for the boys, and make this labor available and profit- 
able. This method will accomplish the work better, more 
economically, will be more beneficial to the students, and will 
require but a comparatively small annual appropriation beyond 
the farm income. 


= Se ee 


=o a 


Si? Ss 


1869. ] SENATE—No. 31. 15 


The great want of the time is the application of known prin- 
ciples of science to the practical business of life. And this is 
eminently true of the agriculture of our State. The chief 
object of this institution is, to meet this want by giving to the 
young men of Massachusetts, especially those of limited means, 
an opportunity of acquiring a thorough education of that scien- 
tific and practical character which will qualify them to superin- 
tend and manage successfully the most important business 
operations, but chiefly those of horticulture and agriculture, 
and ultimately through them to give to the industrial pursuits 
of our people that intelligence and direction needed to increase 
their productive power to the highest point. Their instruction 
in all the practical details of the farm, and of business con- 
nected therewith, as well as in the principles that underlie all 
intelligent, successful practice, devolve to great extent on the 
farm superintendent and professor of agriculture. The pro- 
ficiency and character of the students in this regard will depend 


_ very much on the manner in which this officer discharges his 


duties, and makes his position one of great responsibility and 
importance. He should, therefore, be well educated and pre- 
pared for his position, and be furnished with abundant facilities 
to aid him in his work. In consequence of the crude and un- 
digested condition of our agricultural knowledge, of the lack 
of suitable text-books, and a generally accepted system of agri- 
culture, his duties should be so arranged as to give him the 
necessary time and freedom of thought for investigating and 
establishing agricultural facts, and to instruct his pupils indi- 
vidually in everything that relates to the most correct practice. 
In the present condition of the institution this officer is the 
“man of all work.” A portion of the year he is daily in the 
school-room as a teacher, he lectures weekly, he must take his 
class to the farm daily for practice in the. manual of agricul- 
ture. He must plan all general farm work and improvements, 
and personally superintend the carrying out of those plans, 
take charge of and keep the time of the paid labor of students 
and men, look to the condition of the stock and crops, have the 
general supervision of the teams and tools, and examine and 
report on all implements and machines left for trial, must keep 
the farm books and accounts, attend to all the outside business 
of the farm, with his own hand perform such farm labor as 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


requires skill and experience, and be ready at all times to give 
attention to the visiting public who seek information respecting 
the agricultural department. It is therefore important that the 
duties now assigned to one individual should, as soon as cir- : 
cumstances will admit, be divided and assigned to two persons, 
—a professor of agriculture and farm superintendent, whose 
duty it shall be to give instruction in agriculture in the lecture- 
room and field, and to have the general direction and planning 
of all farm operations and improvements ; and a farmer, intel- 
ligent, capable and efficient, who shall have the personal over- 
sight of all the details of farm labor and keep the time of hired 
men and of students who work for pay, and be responsible to the 
superintendent for the discharge of his duties. It would cost 
more to pay sucha farmer than it does to pay a mere laborer, but 
the result would be to so thoroughly systematize and direct all 
paid labor that it would make it more profitable; there would 
be less waste and loss of time and material, and a saving would 
be made inthis regard that would go far toward paying the 
salary of the farmer. In this case the superintendent, if he be 
a suitable person, will be able to use his time and thoughts 
more efficiently in the theoretical and practical instruction of 
his pupils, and in devising and elaborating his general plans 
and experiments. 


TRIAL OF PLOWs. 


The New England Agricultural Society, in May last, held 
upon the college farm a grand trial of plows, which continued 
through four days, and was attended not only by the officers 
and committees of the society, but also by many of the leading 
manufacturers of agricultural implements, reporters of agricul- 
tural papers, and the farmers of the vicinity. As a detailed 
statement of the premium list, programme of exercises and 
reports of committees has been published in the annual trans- 
actions of the society, it is unnecessary to repeat them. The 
students of the College were deeply interested in the proceed- 
ings, and appointed a committee of five, who prepared an 
elaborate report upon the whole subject for the consideration of 
their comrades. 

The committees were instructed to pay particular attention, 
in their examinations of plows, to the following points, viz. : 


1869.] SENATE—No. 81. 17 


pulverizing power, non-liability to choke in stubble, lightness of 
draft, ease of holding, durability, cheapness, excellence of me- 
chanical work, excellence of material, thorough inversion and 
burial of weeds, even distribution of wear, and regularity in 
turning and carrying the furrow slice on sod. 

The number of plows entered for premium was twenty-nine, 
and included almost every valuable variety, except the steam 
plow, which is now becoming so popular in England. There 
were, besides the ordinary forms, the swivel plow, which may 
be reversed at the end of every furrow; the gang or California 
plow, capable of turning from one to seven furrows at a time ; 
the sulky plow, on which the plowman rides; and the self-hold- 
ing plow, which requires scarcely any attention, and retains its 
_ proper position, even in turning, in a remarkable manner. 
The plows were arranged in eight classes for trial, and were 
thoroughly tested in the kind of work they were specially de- 
signed to perform. The successful competitors were the Ames 
Plow Company of Boston, the Collins Company of Collinsville, 
Conn., Taylor and Belcher of Chicopee, C. W. Sykes of Suf- 
field, Conn., and J. H. Morse of Boston. 

After the trial of plows, Dr. George B. Loring, president of 
the New England Society, delivered an instructive address upon 
plows and plowing, which was followed by an interesting dis- 
cussion. The substance of the remarks seemed to be that, with 
all the modern improvements, a perfect plow was not yet in- 
vented, and that while it is possible to make a plow that would 
work well in different soils and at different depths, still a uni- 
versal plow for every kind of work was not likely to be devised. 

It is understood that the New England Society proposes to 
institute a grand trial of mowing machines at the College in 
June next, of which due notice will be given. 

These important trials of agricultural implements are made 
at the expense of the society. 


METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. 


The Act of Congress, granting land for the endowment of the 
College, requires that ‘an annual report shall be made regard- 
ing the progress of each college, recording any improvements 
and experiments made, with their cost and results, and such 
other matters including State industrial and economical statis 

3 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


tics, as may be supposed useful, one copy of which shall be 
transmitted by mail free, by each, to all the other colleges 
which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and 
also one copy to the secretary of the interior.” 

In accordance with this requirement is added a register of 
meteorological observations, giving the complete statistics of the 
weather at Amherst for the year 1868, accompanied by remarks 
from Professors Snell and Stockbridge upon the peculiarities of 
the past season, and their effects upon the growing crops. It 
is regarded by those interested in agricultural improvement as 
very important that such tables be printed and distributed 
among the farmers, that they may be able the better to judge 
of the effects of temperature, sunshine and moisture upon their 
experiments with fertilizers, special crops and modes of culture. 

The Michigan Agricultural College has for many years pub- 
lished with its annual report such a register. When colleges in 
all the States shall do this, a vast amount of valuable informa- 
tion respecting the climate of the whole country will be accu- 
mulated at each institution, and can hardly fail to afford 
important truth for the benefit of agriculture. 


Boarp OF AGRICULTURE. 


The relations of the Board to the College have been of the 
pleasantest kind. A committee consisting of Prof. Louis 
Agassiz, Hon. George A. King, and Capt. John B. Moore, have 
attended the examinations of the students, and inspected all 
the operations of the College, and will report at the annual 
meeting in Boston. The usual session for lectures and discus- 
sions, commonly called the “ country meeting,’ was held at 
Amherst, December 8th, 9th and 10th, and was admitted by all 
to have been remarkably successful. Among the numerous 
speakers may be named Prof. Agassiz, Dr. Loring, Prof. 
Gamgee, J. F. C. Hyde, Esq., Hon. M. P. Wilder, President 
Clark, Superintendent Stockbridge, Col. M. C. Weld, Dr. Na- 
than Durfee, Rev. William Clift, Hon. T. S. Gold, Hon. 8S. L. 
Goodale, X. A. Willard, Esq., Richard Goodman, -Esq., Alex- 
ander Hyde, Esq., Hon. E. W. Bull, Capt. J. B. Moore, Dr. 
Jabez Fisher, and many other distinguished agriculturists. A 
phonographic record of the proceedings will be printed in the 


1869. ] SENATE—No. 381. 19 


forthcoming report of the Board, which will be found replete 
with interesting and useful knowledge. 


IMMEDIATE AND PROSPECTIVE WANTS. 


Massachusetts, in proportion to her population, has doubtless 
raised by direct taxation and expended more money for educa- 
tional purposes, and made more liberal appropriations for the 
promotion of her agricultural interest than any other State of 
our Union or any other government in the world. The benefi- 
cial results of these large expenditures for such worthy objects 
are sufficiently familiar and satisfactory to all her citizens. 
Dr. Edward Hitchcock, in his report concerning an agricultural 
school, made to the legislature of 1851, in earnestly recom- 
mending the establishment of such an institution, says, ‘‘ to 
advance our agriculture is to give a new impulse to all other 
industrial. pursuits; nay, to all our great interests, economical, 
political, social and moral.’’ After nearly twenty years of 
earnest effort, accompanied by ample illustration of the adage 
that “every beginning is difficult,” a college for the education 
and training of young men for practical life and especially for 
farming has been organized and successfully started upon a 
plan which meets with general approval. It has received from 
the United States $168,000 for a farm and an endowment ; 
from the town of Amherst, $75,000, for the erection of build- 
ings; from the State, $70,000, for building and other expenses, 
and from individuals $20,000 for special purposes. The sum 
of $125,000 has been applied in the construction of two large 
dormitories, containing each 32 suites of rooms, affording excel- 
lent accommodations for 128 students, whenever they can be 
devoted exclusively to this use; two boarding-houses, a chemi- 
cal laboratory, a plant-house and botanic museum; and to the 
purchase and repair of several old houses and barns upon the 
estate. 

The College began with a freshman class, October 2d, 1867, 


received another last September, and, next fall, should be pre- 


pared for a third. The second and third years are those in the 
course of study particularly devoted to the natural sciences 
and to agriculture and horticulture. It is of the utmost 
importance therefore in order that justice be done to those who 
first entered the institution, and to conform to the published 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


programme of studies, that the necessary buildings, apparatus 
and live stock be procured for the proper and thorough instruc- 
tion of the sophomore and junior classes. To do this will 
require the expenditure of $100,000 the ensuing year, for the 
following objects, viz. :— 

1. A barn, 100 by 50 feet, of wood. 

A eotmmanicia of the Board of Agriculture has undertaken to 
prepare a plan for such a structure as shall be at once economi- 
cal and convenient, and it is hoped their report will be of great 
value to the farmers of the Commonwealth. The estimated 
cost of the barn is $8,000. 

2. A farm house near the new barn for the farm superintend- 
ent, to cost $5,000. 

This is indispensable for the proper care and safety of the barn 
and contents and the management of the business of the estate. 

3. A supply of soft, running water at all the buildings on 
the central ridge. This will require the construction of a 
reservoir on the Mt. Pleasant ridge and the laying of one mile 
of large cement or iron pipe. A plan has been prepared by 
Phineas Ball, C. E., of Worcester, for the construction of a 
reservoir of ample capacity, which, with the loyang of the 
necessary pipe, will cost $5,000. 

This is a matter of the utmost importance both for the com- 
fort and health of men and animals and for safety in case of 
fire. 

The fall is sufficient to throw water over any of the buildings, 
and it might be used for irrigation and for ornamental pur- 
poses. It is greatly needed also in the bathing-room and in the 
chemical laboratory. It seems, from the trials made, to be very 
expensive and difficult, if not impossible, to obtain good wells 
on the ridge. 

4. A suitable supply of hand implements for students, and 
the fitting up of a tool room; the erection of necessary fences ; 
moving of long shed and fitting it to the new barn; grading; 
roads; tile for under-draining, and the purchase of fine, young 
specimens of the principal breeds of cattle will require at least 
$10,000. 

The above named sum of $28,000 for agricultural purposes is 
greatly needed for use the present year. The proper training 
of the students, the profitable management of the farm, and 


1869. ] SENATE—No. 81. 21 


the reputation of the College, as a professional school, demand 
that these improvements be made immediately. 

5. A building of wood, 10050 feet, for a gymnasium, 
drill-hall and armory which, with necessary fixtures, will cost 
$8,000. The law, both of the State and of Congress, requires 
that military tactics be regularly taught as a part of the course 
of instruction, and the State has granted a supply of arms and 
equipments which have been in use the past year. The build- 
ing erected for a chemical laboratory has hitherto been occu- 
pied for this department, but will hereafter be required exclu- 
sively for operations in chemistry. The military and gymuastic 
drill is of the highest value in developing a symmetrical and 
graceful form, and giving that erect and manly carriage of the 
person which is so desirable. With proper facilities every 
student, during his four years’ residence at the College, might 
* become thoroughly familiar with all the duties of a soldier in 
both the infantry and artillery service, and so qualified to serve 
at once in the ranks, or as an officer, for which his general 
education would tend to fit him. Prof. Goodell is an admira- 
ble gymnast and tactician, having served as an officer in the 
army, and, if provided with the building named, would carry 
out efficiently the requirement of the law. In order, however, 
to do this without serious interference with the out-door opera- 
tions of the farm and garden, he must be able to drill his 
classes in winter and in rainy weather. This would also give 
to the students the necessary bodily exercise, which they are 
not otherwise likely to obtain in unpleasant days. 

It may be well in this connection to remark that five years 
ago a commissioner was appointed by Governor Andrew, in 
compliance with a Resolve passed by the legislature, to prepare 
a plan for a military academy to be established by the State. 
Hon. Edward Everett was chairman of the board and wrote 
their report, which recommended the adoption of a plan for an 
academy similar to the one at West Point, and requiring for 
buildings, apparatus and endowment, one million of dollars. 
By the expenditure of a few thousand dollars in connection 
with the Agricultural College, results perhaps quite as valuable, 
even in a military point of view, may now be attained. 

6. A public building, 10050 feet, of brick, to contain in 
the basement, besides a furnace and work room, an agricultural 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan 


museum for a collection of implements, drawings, models, and 
products of the farm, and a lecture-room; on the first floor, a 
treasurer’s office, a lecture and an apparatus room for the 
department of physics and engineering and the State cabinet of 
natural history ; on the second floor, a library, reading-room 
and chapel. A plan for such a building has been sketched by 
George Hathorne, Esq., of New York, the estimated cost of 
which is $40,000. The chapel is a necessity, as there is no 
room on the college premises large enough to seat comfortably 
three classes of the present size, and a hall suitable for the 
assembling of all the students for devotional and other exer- 
cises cannot be dispensed with. The State collection should be 
removed from the south dormitory to make room for the new 
class of 1869. It also ought to be placed where it would be in 
less danger of destruction by fire than in its present location. 
The mathematical recitation room, lbrary, and treasurer’s 
office should also be transferred to another building to make 
room for students, or a third dormitory should be erected next 
summer. 

T. For constructing cases for books, specimens and apparatus ; 
for moving collections and fitting up the lower floor of south 
college for the occupation of students ; for fitting up a bathing- 
room ; for the purchase of books of reference, and for apparatus: 
in the departments of chemistry, physics, engineering, survey- 
ing and drawing will be needed the sum of $10,000. 

8. For a president’s house, of wood, $14,000. 

With the constant increase in the number of students and 
visitors it becomes more and more important that the president 
should reside in the immediate vicinity of the College, and this 
becomes almost a necessity in view of the fact that there are as 
yet no suitable houses for any other members of the faculty 
upon the estate. 

Finally, to complete in a measure the institution and furnish 
it with the means for educating four classes, of fifty each, there - 
will be required in addition to the $100,000 needed this year, 
the further sum of $50,000 next year, for the erection of 
another dormitory, and of houses for the faculty. 

The statement respecting the immediate and prospective 
wants of the College is thus presented with entire frankness 
and fullness in order that the legislature and the public may 


1869.] SENATE—No. 381. Oe I 


clearly understand their magnitude and their limit. Massa- 
chusetts has undertaken to create an Agricultural College, and 
will never be satisfied with one of an inferior grade. No college 
of the kind in the United States has to-day a better reputation 
than the one which bears her name. No one is believed to be 
more sure of the highest success by those who are interested in 
such institutions and best able to judge of their merits. The 
items of expenditure mentioned above as necessary to the com- 
plete development of the College will never be less than at pres- 
ent. Nothing will be gained by delay in granting the requisite 
funds, but much may be lost. If your honorable body, having 
visited the institution, shall decide that it is worthy of your 
patronage, we pray you to grant the appropriation asked and 
throw the responsibility of its future upon the officers in charge. 
The public confidence and interest in the People’s College will 
thus be increased, and will appear in the large number of 
students applying for admission, and in the donations which 
will assuredly come for special objects from wealthy friends, as 
soon as they are convinced that its foundationis secure. ‘ For 
unto him that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance.” 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 


W.S. CLARK, President. 
Amuerst, January 1, 1869. 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


CATALOGUE 


OF 


TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS, 
1868. 


Bourd of Crustees. 
MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS: 
His Excettency ALEXANDER H. BULLOCK, LL.D. 
Cot. WILLIAM S. CLARK, President of College. 
Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL.D., Secretary of Board of Education. 
Hoy. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 


ELECTED BY THE LEGISLATURE: 


Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER,. . . Norrotx County. 
Hon. CHARLES G. DAVIS, . .. . PiLymoutH County. 


Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, .. .. . Bristot County. 
HENRY COLT, Ese. . . .. . . Brrxsuire County. 
Rev. CHARLES C. SEWALL, . . . Norrorx Counry. 
PAOLI LATHROP, Esq, . . . . . HaAmpsHire County. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq, . . . . Hamppen County. 
Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE, .. . . Essex County. 
Hon. GEORGE MARSTON, .. . . BarnstasLe COUNTY. 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN,. . FRANKLIN CouUNTY. 
HENRY L. WHITING, Esq... . Dukes County. 
Hon. D. WALDO LINCOLN,. . . . WorcrstEeR County. 
HENRY F. HILLS, Ese, . . . . . Hampsurre County. 
Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM, .. . . MippiLEesex Counry. 


Geeentibe und Building Committee. 
PRESIDENT WILLIAM 8S. CLARK, Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, Hon. D. WALDO LINCOLN, 
HENRY F. HILLS, Esq. 


Auditor. 
Hon. D. WALDO LINCOLN, or Worcester. 


1869.) SENATE—No. 381. 25 


Grengurer. 
NATHAN DURFEE, M.D., or Fatu River. 


Assistant Treasurer. 
GEORGE MONTAGUE, Esq, or AMHERST. 


Board of Oberseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
Geamining Committee. 


Pror. LOUIS AGASSIZ, Hon. GEORGE A. KING, 
Cart. JOHN B. MOORE. 


Members of Faculty. 
WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pu. Dr., 


J resident and Professor of Botany and Horticulture, and Director of the Botanic Garden. 


Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 


Farm Superintendent and Instructor in Agriculture. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, A.M., 


Professor of Modern Languages and Instructor in Military Tactics. 


SAMUEL F. MILLER, G.E., 


Professor of Mathematics. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. Dr., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


JOHN S. STICKNEY, V. S., M.D., 


Lecturer on Diseases of Domestic Animals. 


CHARLES L. FLINT, AM, 


Lecturer on Dairy Farming. 


CALVIN CUTTER, M.D., 


Lecturer on Hygiene. 


JABEZ FISHER, M.D., 


Lecturer on Market Gardening. 


EDWARD HITCHCOCK, M.D., 


Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy. 


Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, 
Lecturer on the Culture of Fruits and Flowers, and the Art of producing New and 
Valuable Varieties. 


JOHN GRIFFIN, GarpeEner. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Allen, Gideon Hammond, 
Bassett, Andrew Lewis, 
Bell, George Henry, 
Birnie, William Perkins, 
Blunt, Charles Easty, 
Bowker, William Henry, 
Breck, Webster, 

Brown, Clarence Eaton, 
Cary, William Herbert, 
Caswell, Lilley Brewer, 
Cowles, Homer Lucian, 
Eastman, George Henry, 
Ellsworth, Emory Alexander, 
Fisher, Jabez Franklin, 
Fuller, George Elwyn, . 
Greene, William Henry, 
Hawley, Frank Warren, 


Herrick, Frederick St. Clair, 


King, Albert, 

Leonard, George, . 

Lyman, Robert Wotthiiston, 
Miller, Henry Lewis, 

Morse, James Henry, 
Nichols, Lewis Abel, 
Norcross, Arthur Dickinson, . 
Page, Joel Bardwell, 
Richmond, Samuel Howard, . 
Russell, William Delano, 
Smead, Edwin, 

Southwick, Alonzo Lewis, 
Sparrow, Lewis Addison, 
Strickland, George Porter, 
Swift, George Albert, 
Thompson, Edgar Eliab, 


Tucker, Wilson Morehouse, .« 


Ware, Willard Carroll, . 4 
Wheeler, Charles Albert, 
Wheeler, William, 

Whitney, Frank Le Prelet, 
~ Woolson, George Clark, 


Total, ‘ ; a 


Sophomore Class. 


Marion. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Springfield. 
Nashua, N. H. 
Phillipston. 
Watertown. 
Florence. 
Amherst. 
Fitchburg. 
Hadley. 
Amherst. 
Barre. 
Fitchburg. 
Amherst 
Hadley. 
Hadley. 
Lawrence. 
Taunton. 


. New Bedford. 


Easthampton. . 
South Hadley. 
Salem. 
Danvers. 
Monson. 
Conway. 
Taunton. 
Sunderland. 
Greenfield. 
Blackstone. 
Medway. 
Amesbury. 
Charlestown. 
Hopkinton. 
Monson. 
Salem. 
Hopkinton. 
Concord. 
Boston. 
Hopkinton. 


40 


[Jan. 


-1869.] 


Freshman Class. 


Ames, William Campbell, 
Bancroft, Jonathan Franklin, 
Barber, Strong Hayden, 
Barker, Charles Augustus, Jr., 
Bell, Burleigh Cook, : 
Blood, Alonzo Hutchinson, . 
Brainard, John Wilson, 
Brett, William Franklin, 
Bullard, William Ebenezer, . 
Chapman, Edward Brown, 
Clark, John Wesley, 

Cole, Daniel Pomeroy, . 
Cowles, Frank Colton, . 
Cowls, Walter Dickinson, 
Crocker, Loring, Jr., 

Cutter, John Clarence, . 
Dyer, Edward Norris, . 
Easterbrook, Isaac Henry, 
Fisk, Edward Ransom, . 
Flagg, Charles Otis, 

Grover, Richard Baxter, 
Harrington, Frank Warner, . 
Kimball, Francis Elliot, 
Kingman, Willie Hart, . 
Livermore, Russell Woolcott, 
Lockey, John Morse, 
Mackie, George, 

Morey, Herbert Ellis, 
Morris, Frederick William, . 
Nash, Arthur Henry, 

Ober, Frederick Albion, 
Penhallow, Charles Lowell, . 
Shaw, Elliot Dwight, 

Snow, George Henry, . 
Somers, Frederick Maxwell, . 
Swazey, Walter West, . 
Thomas, George Hutchins, 
Thompson, Samuel Clarence, 
Wells, Henry, .. : 
Whitney, William Channing, 
Wills, John Wheelwright, 


mom, . : ° : : 


SENATE—No. 381. 


27 


Conway. 
Tyngsboro’. 
Windsor, Ct. 
Charlestown. 
Winchester. 
Winchester. 
Palmer. 

North Bridgewater. 
Royalston. 
Jersey City, N. J. 
North Hadley. 
Springfield. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Barnstable. 
Warren. 
Shrewsbury. 
Boston. 
Amherst. 
Westminster. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Dudley. 
Amherst. 
Bozrahville, Conn. 
Leominster. 
New Bedford. 
Malden. 
Springfield. 
Hadley. 
Beverly. 
Portsmouth, N. H. 
Chicopee. 
Leominster. 
Greenfield. 
Springfield. 
Lebanon, Ct. 
Southboro’. 
Stockbridge. 
Harvard. 
Boston. 


41 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, — [Jan. 


Select Course. 


Luther, Gardner Clark, ; - « .« «  .» PONE 
Smith, William Henry,. - ‘ : : » . Stafford Springs, Ct. 
Tucker, George Homer, . . . «~~ ~~ ~~ . W.Spring Creek, Pa. 
Vose, Edward Faxon, . : ‘ a. . ~ Marion. 


Total, . 4 : ‘ ‘ : : see 


Summary. 


Sophomores, . : 5 : : 3 : 3 ‘ 40 
Freshmen, . : : : : 3 : ‘ : 41 
Select, e e e ° ’e ° e e ° e 4 


Total, é : : : ° ; : : « 80988 


1869. ] SENATE—No. 31. 29 


COURSE OF STUDY AND INSTRUCTION. 


FRESHMAN YEAR. 
First Term—Algebra; Human Anatomy and Physiology; Chemical 
Physics. 
Second Term.—Geometry ; French; Chemistry. 
Third Term.—Geometry ; French; Botany. 


Lectures upon Hygiene, Chemistry, Botany and Agriculture; and Exer- 
cises in Orthography, Elocution, and English Composition, during the year. 


SOPHOMORE YEAR. 
First Term—German; Agriculture; Commercial Arithmetic and Book- 
Keeping. 
Second Term.—German; Trigonometry; Analytical Chemistry with labo- 
ratory practice. 


Third Term.—Mensuration ; puree Analytical Chemistry; Zodlogy ; 
Drawing. 


Lectures upon Comparative Anatomy, Diseases of Domestic Animals, Or- 
ganic Chemistry, Dairy Farming and Market Gardening; and Exercises in 
English Composition and Declamation, during the year. 


JUNIOR YEAR. 
First Term.—Physics; French or German; Agricultural Chemistry with 
practice in the laboratory and the field; Drawing. 
Second Term.—Physics ; Rhetoric; Horticulture. 


Third Term.—Astronomy; Systematic Botany; History of the United 
States. 


Lectures upon Physics, Mineralogy, the Cultivation of the Vine, of 
Fruit and Forest Trees, and Useful and Injurious Insects; and Exercises in 
English Composition and Debate, during the year. 


SENIOR YEAR. 


First Term.—Intellectual Philosophy ; History ; Physical Geography. 

Second Term.—Moral Philosophy ; Political Geography ; The Civil Polity 
of Massachusetts and the United States. 

Third Term.—Geology ; Engineering; Political Economy. 

Lectures upon Stock Farming, Architecture, Landscape Gardening, Geol- 
ogy and English Literature; apa Exercises in Original Declamation and 
Debate, during the year. ; 


Exercises in Gymnastics, Military Tactics, and the various operations of 
the Farm and Garden, through the course. 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


DAILY ROUTINE, WINTER TERM, 1869. 


At 630 a. m., bell for rising; at 7 a. m., bell for breakfast; at 8.45 a. m., 
bell for prayer; at 9 a. m., bell for study or labor; at 12 m., bell for dinner ; 
at 1 p. m., bell for study or labor; at 5.380 p. m., bell for supper; at 7 p. m. ” 
bell for shail 


Sundays change as follows :— 
At 7 a. m., bell for rising; at 7.30 a. m., bell for breakfast; at 8.45 a. m., 


bell for prayer; at 10.15 a. m., bell for church; at 3.30 p. m., bell for Bible 
class. 


EXERCISES OF SOPHOMORE CLASS. 
At 9 a. m., Manual Labor on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. 
First Division At 1 p. m., Laboratory Practice ; at 3 Fe m., Trigoncmhey 
at 4 p. m., German. 
Second Wevtetbie. —At 1 p. m., German; at 2 p. m., Trigonometry; at 3 
p- m., Laboratory Practice. 


Saturdays change as follows :— 


At 9 a. m., Declamations; at 10 a. m., Compositions or Translations; at 11 
a. m., Examination in Analytical Chemistry. 


EXERCISES OF FRESHMAN CLASS. 


At 9a.m., Chemistry, Recitation or Lecture; at 10 a. m., Geometry; at 
11a m., French; at 1 p.m., Manual Labor on Mondays, Wednesdays, and 
Fridays. 


Saturdays change as follows :— 


At 9 a.m., Reading and Spelling; at 10 a. m., English Composition ; at 
11 a. m., Lecture on Agriculture. 


1869.] SENATE—No. 81. 31 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman class are examined in 
writing upon the following subjects: English Grammar, Geography, 
Arithmetic, and Algebra, to Quadratic Equations. | 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire 
admission. 

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of 
age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good 
character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give a satisfactory 
bond for the prompt payment of term bills. Tuition and room- 
rent must be paid in advance, at the beginning of each term; and 
bills for board, fuel and washing at the end of every term. 

The regular examination for admission is held at the Botanic 
Museum, at 9 o’clock, A.M., on the second Thursday of September ; 
but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in 
the year. 

Further information may be obtained from President W. S. Clark, 
Amherst, Mass. 


—— 


CALENDAR. 

The next academic year begins September 9th, 1869, and is di- 
vided into three terms :— 

The first term begins the second Wiarsday of September, and 
continues thirteen weeks. 

The second term begins the fourth Thursday of J anuary, and con- 
tinues thirteen weeks. 

The third term begins the first sai of May, and continues 
thirteen weeks. 


EXPENSES. 

eon, Sl : - : : : - $12 00 per term. 
Room rent, . : : : ‘ ‘ ‘ 5 00 
Incidental expenses, - : : Hor < 
Board, . ; . : : : eh. 3 50 per week. 
Washing, . 50 per dozen. 
Expenses of CBeitioal orators to iideiia 

of practical chemistry, ; . 00 per term. 
Public and private damages, include Soe 

cal apparatus, . : ° : ° ° at cost. 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. © [Jan. 


REMARKS. 


The full course of study occupies four years, and those who com- 
plete it will receive the degree of Bachelor of Science. Three 
recitations, or their equivalent in lectures or literary exercises, are 
assigned for each day, except Saturday and Sunday. Saturday 
afternoon is devoted to scientific excursions and recreation. On 
Sunday all are required to attend church, or Bible class; but in all 
biblical instruction the inculcation of denominational views es as 
far as practicable, to be avoided. 

All students are expected to engage in manual labor six hours per 
week when required, without compensation, for the purpose of 
learning the various operations of the farm and garden, and those 
who wish to perform additional work for wages will be allowed to 
do so and receive pay at the rate of ten cents per hour. 

Students wishing to be absent from any assigned duty are ex- 
pected to ask permission beforehand, whenever that is practicable, 
and in all cases to present their excuses after an absence to any 
officer from whose exercise they may have been absent. 

A careful record will be kept of the attendance, attainments and 
deportment of every student, and sent to his parent or guardian at 
the close of each term, and only such as are faithful, successful and 
gentlemanly will be allowed to continue members of the College. 

Those who pursue a select course will attend recitations and lec- 
tures with the regular classes; but persons properly qualified and 
desiring special instruction in Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Agri- 
culture or Horticulture, will be allowed to make private arrange- 
ments with the officers having charge of those departments. Dur- 
ing the present collegiate year instruction will be given only to the 
Freshman and Sophomore classes. 


1869.] SENATE—No. 81. 33 


GIFTS. 


The following gifts have been made to the College dur- 
ing the past year :— 
» From the American Unitarian Association of Boston, 33 volumes of relig- 
ious books and 14 pamphlets. 
From Hon. Albert Fearing of Boston, 23 costly volumes of agricultural and 
horticultural books, including an elegant copy of Hovey’s Fruits of America. 
From William Knowlton, Esq., of Upton, $50 in cash for purchase of books. 
From the Highland Agricultural Society, $50 in cash. 
From the Amherst Farmer’s Club, 40 volumes of valuable agricultural 
books. 
From Luke Sweetser, Esq., of Amherst, 1 volume, Coleman’s Agriculture. 
From Rev. C. C. Sewall, of Medfield, 2 volumes on agriculture. 
From J. B. Burr & Co., of Hartford, Conn., 1 volume, Dictionary of the 
Bible. 
From Levi P. Warner, Esq., of Sunderland, 1 volume, Facts for Farmers. 
From Samuel Batchelder, Esq., of Cambridge, 49 volumes of the Transac- 
tions of the Society of Arts. London, 1783—1882. 
From Hovey & Nichols, of Chicago, Ill., 10 fruit models. 
From William H. Lyman, Esq., of Leverett, 100 varieties of flower and 
50 of vegetable seeds. 
: From Leander Wetherell, Esq., of Boston, 18 volumes of the Journal of 
. the Royal Agricultural Society, London, and a fine collection of the seeds 
and cones of the evergreens of California. 
From J. Q. A. Warren, Esq., of San Francisco, Cal., 1 broom from Califor- 
: nian brush, 24 feet long. 
From E. W. Buswell, Esq., of Boston, fresh and dried seeds and plants. 
From Hon. E. H. Sawyer, of Easthampton, greenhouse plants. 
From 8. D. Tillman, Esq., of New York, 2 volumes, Transactions of the 
American Institute. 
From J. T. Ames, Esq., of Chicopee, stove plants. 
From Olm Brothers, of Springfield, 1 banyan tree and 1 guava, large spec- 
imens. 
From Mr. W. D. Mosman, of Amherst College, 1 banana plant from Cuba. 
From Dr. Nathan Durfee, of Fall River, 20 large pine-apple plants. 
From Dr. L. W. Puffer, of North Bridgewater, seeds and plants. 
From William Richards, Esq., of Sharon, 1 remarkable specimen of herds- 
grass. 
From P. S. Williams, Esq., of Hadley, plants from Missouri. 
From. Hon. S. Williston, of Easthampton, stove plants. 
5 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


From Prof. P. C. DeLaslier, of Boston, seeds of galega orientalis, a new 
forage plant. : 

From Hon. 8S. L. Goodale, of Saco, Maine, 12 volumes of the Transactions 
of the Maine Board of Agriculture. 

From J. O. Baker & Co., of New York, valuable specimens of phosphatic 
guano. 

From Dr. C. U. Shepard, Jr., of Charleston, S. C., ie bbls. mineral phos- 
phate of line. 

From J. Gould, Esq., of Boston, 3 bbls. of alkaline manure. 

From Isaac N. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, 40 volumes of Flint’s Dairy 
and Dairy Farming, presented to the Sophomore class. , 

From Hon. C. L. Flint, of Boston, 200 volumes of agricultural books, pre- 
sented to the Sophomore class. 

From Dr. W. P. Jones, of Nashville, Tenn., 1 large plant pe victoria regia, 
and 2 packages of seeds. 

From the Publishers,—“ The Boston Cultivator ” for 1868 ; “The Massachu- 
setts Ploughman,” 1869 ; “ The New England Farmer,” 1869 ; “ The American 
Naturalist,” 1869 ; “The Proceedings of the Essex Institute,” 1868-9; “ The 
Amherst Record,” 1869; “The Chicago Weekly Journal,” 1869; “ The Cal- 
ifornia Farmer,” 1869; “ The New England Homestead,” 1869. . 

From Hon. Wm. B. Washburn, of Greenfield, 10 volumes Congressional 
Documents. | 

From Clinton Cowles, Esq., of Amherst, 1 large fig-tree. 

From Hon. Horace Capron, of Washington, D. C., several varieties of 
seeds, and the bi-monthly and annual Reports of the Department of Agri- 
culture. 

From Hon. Henry Barnard, of Washington, D. C., 1 volume, Report of 
Department of Education. 

From President T. C. Abbott, of Lansing, Mich., 2 volumes, Report of — 
Michigan Agricultural College and Board of Agriculture. 
_ From Ames Plow Company, Boston, 1 plow. 

From Collins Manufacturing Company, of Collinsville, 1 1 cast-steel 
plow. 

From Hon. D. Waldo Lincoln, of Worcester, 1 volume, Allen’s Victoria 
Regia. 

From Hon. R. B. Hubbard, of Amherst, specimens of minerals from silver 
and quicksilver mines of California. 


1869.] SENATE—No. 81. 


35 


‘FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR JANUARY 1ST, 1869. 


Real Estate. 


The College Fant contains 3833 acres, and cost, 
exclusive of buildings, 
"The Quarry in Pelham, cost 


Buildings. 

South College, of brick, 100 x 50 feet, four sto- 
ries, with cases for books and cabinet speci- 
mens, desks and chairs for public rooms, stoves, 
well, out-buildings and architect’s bill, cost, 

Chemical Laboratory, of wood, 57 x 46 feet, two 
stories, with bell, cost : 

South Boarding-House, of wood, with date hall 
50 X 18 feet, with furniture, cost, . = ° 

Botanic Museum, of wood, 45 x 31 feet, two sto- 
ries, with office and lecture room of president, 
with cases and furniture, cost . F 

Durfee Plant-Houses, with water, heating appa- 
ratus and shelving, cost 

Three Dwelling-Houses and four Harne hetehe 
with the farm, with repairs, cost, 

‘North Boarding-House, of wood, with furniture, 
cost . 

North College, of Wick; 100 4 50 feet, aud sto- 
ries, with basement, with grading, architect’s 
bill, gas-pipe, lightning-rods and stoves, . 


Total real estate, . 


FARM INVENTORY. 


Live Stock. 
2 pairs of oxen, 
4 cows, 
14 two year was 
38 yearlings, : , : J : ; ; 
1 yearling bull, 
32 sheep, 
7 swine, 
5 horses, . 
Total value of Ree: : : - ‘ : 


$37,000 00 
500 00 


$36,280 00 
10,360 00 


8,180 00 


5,180 00 
12,000 00 
9,000 00 


8,000 00 


36,000 00° 


$700 00 
240 00 
980 00 
150 00 
75 00 
500 00 
75 00 

1,300 00 


$37,500 00 


125,000 00 


$162,500 00 


$4,020 00 


[Jan. 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
Implements and Vehicles. 
2 two-horse wagons, . : $350 00 
2 ox carts, . : 5 4 240 00 
2 horse carts, 100 00 
1 one-horse farm wagon, 55 00 
1 two-horse sled, 70 00 
1 express sled, 70 00 
1 two-horse traverse sleigh, 50 00 
2 sets double harnesses, 125 00 
2 horse cart harnesses, 60 00 
2 single harnesses, 60 00 
8 plows, 100 00 
2 harrows, . 25 00 
1 roller, 20 00 
1 seed planter, . 15 00 
1 hay tedder, 65 00 
2 mowing machines, . 200 00 
2 horse rakes, 50 00 
1 fanning mill, . 25 00 
20 grain bags, 12 00 
1 corn sheller, . 18 00 
2 cultivators, 18 00 
2 wheelbarrows, 14 00 
2 dirt scrapers, . 14 00 
2 cutting machines, . i 18 00 
Small hand tools, 300 00 
Total value of implements ail vohtlies, ——_——_ $2,074 00 
’ Farm Produce on Hand. 
125 tons hay, . : 5 F ‘ ; ‘ $1,500 00 
8 tons straw, . ‘ ; bees ; : 80 00 
20 tons corn fodder, 120 00 
1,000 bushels corn, : sis , : 1,000 00 
50 bushels rye, : : ; , 4 é 75, 00 
250 bushels oats, : : : ; : 150 00 
150 bushels potatoes, 5 : 5 4 ° 100 00 
Other roots, ae F 50 00 
Total value of me eines on id, ——-_—- 3,075 00 
Total value of stock, tools, produce, &c., in charge . 
of the Superintendent, .- .: .+ .«* .«* « $9,169 00 


Funp FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE IN CHARGE OF THE STATE 
TREASURER. . 
The total amount received from the sale of the 360,000 acres of 
land given to Massachusetts, for the endowment of one or 
more colleges for the promotion of education in agriculture 
and the mechanic arts, is . « $286,307 40 
Of this amount, in accordance ath the Act of Gonniceal was 


expended fora farm, . .  . 29,778 40 


~-1869.] SENATE—No. 31. 37 


The investments of the fund made by the State Treasurer are as follows :— 


United States bonds, 5-20’s, interest 6 per cent. gold, . . $50,500 00 
« « “ - 10-40’s, a 66 “6 : - 80,000 00 
Massachusetts bonds, 5 per cent. gold, . : : , . 24,000 00 


- ss © per cent, curreneyy . «+, 2 9 3,000 00 
City of Salem bonds, 6 - bs : 3 E - 55,000 00 
City of Lynn bonds, 6 &“ “6 J ; , A 25,000 00 
Town of Milford bonds, 6 6 sc 3 ; j - 14,200 00 


Par value of bonds, . } : ; j . : ‘ - $201,700 00 
Cash uninvested, , - : ; 2 ‘ ; : 5,724 65 


Dee UGC Og Be i EE  B207 Aa 65 
Annual income of fund at 6 percent., . : : ; . $12,445 48 


Two-thirds of this is to be paid to the treasurer of the College, and one- 
third to the treasurer of the Institute of Technology. 


Income of College from fund, . . é ‘ - $8,296 99 
By the conditions of the gift none of the income of the fund 

derived from the sale of land scrip can be used for the erec- 

tion or repair of buildings. 
The Hills Fund of $10,000 for the maintenance of the Botanic 

Garden is in charge of the College treasurer, and at present 

yields anincome of .. : : $49 - : ‘ 500 00 


Total income from funds, . , : . é ‘ - $8,796 99 


To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room rent, amount- 
ing to $51 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the 
products of the farm and garden. 


Cash Receipts. 


From sale of Jand scrip, . | cae : : - + $168,061 50 
town of Amherst, . ; ‘ : ; j : - 75,000 00 
appropriations of Legislature, é : : 7 - 70,000 00 
L. M. and H. F. Hills, . oe Bh Soak! TR OO ea Oa: Ge 
Dr. Nathan Durfee, : : ) : : ’ - 10,000 00 


Total, § A : : E : , G ‘ - $333,061 50 


Total indebtedness of College, . : ; 3 : - $23,569 42 
Total cash on hand, . - ; , ; : ‘ > , 17254 80 


[Jan. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


38 


ee eSeSeeeeFeFeSeeeeeeeeeeeE 
GL 96I‘TS$ ZL 961 TEs 


@0: 00G'@. 8 St ee & ep esp ina so sedar 
OL sega : ; : * ‘suieq Sumieder pue Suraoutr 
A BS 169'G oR I Qiede watel SE ‘ssnoy-SuIpseog Mou 
6t 961 T 7 5 + ‘puny jerates uroy pred souryeq ar ogrce = SSS ‘JOB. U00 Jed sv ‘A10j1uop Mou 
00 0000s «=* 8 tt Saangqursiday ey} Woy uoeldoidde gq | ‘Tt oung || gt ggg'eg * * * + * ‘pred ‘zogz ‘yunosde eouryeq of, | ‘og Auee 
| "8981 “8981 


‘dNOa ONIGTING 


L¢ 699°66$ LG 699°66¢ 

08 FSS LT * soa . : ‘ > “puey uo yseo oouryeg 

Ig #¢9'¢ : 5 z : : : “syunoooe [euossod 

OF IFL'S : ‘osnoq-ued Jo} JowI}UOD UO cour] Eq ‘ploy Va 

9g LIT : ; : - ‘symepnys Jo pazoq ‘yunoooe pivog 00 000‘IT °* 2 : : : ‘IaINSvII} JO 9j0u UO Ys¥o ‘eT “AON 

€8 F68'T ‘ “syuapms JO 10qzT PUB syo0g “yunoooe [fq W104 €8 FG : : $ : : : : : ‘pyos syooq . 

00 0&6 : ee : “OGM Areyes 86 LOT : : > ; ‘ = : F “plos syuvyd 

26 OGF : oe : ‘oop ‘sjuyid 10} pred ‘puny sit 9L F06S ° : : : : E “PIos eonpoid wey 

06 #F : *  “ooWgo 8 1einseal} JUYISISER “yunoooe esued xe 70 99G°2 °° : : : é ; * unoosov {Iq w19} 

LG G98 ; fe : ‘yUNODDe 4Se10}UL OL 8068 * ; : : : : ‘puny 23819 Jo ewoout *g 

00 000'F s *  ‘sa[0D “qT 0} e30u UO pred ieqvded SqTIq €& €tS'FL ° : : : qs1oquTy JO UMO} WO souvleq ‘9 

00 000'% ° : ued Js1eqwy 4B 930u pred ‘ajqedAed sijI1q 00 000‘0¢ ° . : : : : ‘S98T jo uorjeridoidde ‘g ounge 

TL Lore : : ‘syuouejdurr puw y00}s ear] ‘qunod08 WAIvy 00 00 : : : : , : ‘puny SI[LE] JO owoour ‘9 

6g 986°¢ ; . : ‘yanoooe punj yuesuiju00 8 cope ° ‘ : : : : > ‘sourjeq oy, | ‘tT A,uee 

GL O19StS * : zs : : * 4 unoooe puny Surpjing 4g *S98T “S98T 
‘ag MaAnspaty, “ATAYA( NVHLVN ym junoson mw ‘ADATION IVAALIOOIUDY SLLESOHOVSSV] aq 


39 


SENATE—No. 31. 


1869.] 


‘Lonpny ‘NTIOONIT O@IVA ‘a 


'698T ‘6g Arenuep ‘NoLsog 


‘soyonoa sodoad oy Aq poruvduiooor puv poyeys A]}001109 Woy} PUY pu Ss}UNODOY S,1OINSvaI], OY} PoUlWVXe OAvY JT 


‘abanog Jounynowb py spasnyonssvyy Ladnsva.t 7 


‘ACTUNd NVHLYN 
‘paqjimiqns Apjny00dsayy 


F0 9c0‘0T$ 70 9¢0'0T$ 


00 OLE 
00 008 
00 O8T 
00 &3I 
00 &cF 
00 £0% 
00 019 
Ze 188 

; 00 F9L'T 
00 oge 
00 OE'T 


61 68I'T 
06 F136 4 : : $ ‘puny yeroued Woy pred souryeq 
89 606 < i. Ss > “U18} 00 O00T 
Sapids “syuepnys oy PIS [woo “yuNOddR ]IIq WA} ZO Z9L'S 
10 &F : - — ‘syunowe Aipuns 19 1 
6@ szch tt i’ ‘JOUIQV BAOWA 0} JaINSveI} O}e}s WO JUNOWY Ag | ‘Og Auve || 00 Oste 
“S98T 


eee 


: . ° . ° . ° > ‘sirq sxoqured 
e ° . . ° . e e . ‘gouvInsur 
: ; ; : “op ‘sjod ‘sosuodxe osnoy-jueld 
° . . . ° : > ‘srirq _syyrmsyor]q 
. . ‘sdurg}s pur Arou01jv4s ‘Surstoape ‘Sunund 


. : : MH ‘STIG IYS1ay pur ssoidxo 
: - - : : : 4 8 ,Joo}TOIVB 
‘ouopivd JO SOOTAIOS YITM “029 ‘SuIpvis ‘Ud JO 10qu[ 
: - — ‘guL001 WOIVRII00I PUB SO9Fe]][09 10} [BOO 


s : > ‘4suzaysro pue osnoy-Surpavog 10J SyoIq 
: : : - * ‘unesnul IUBJOg PUB SMIOOI 
UOTVILOIT OF OANGTIUANY ‘ose aInzIuIny UdyojTy pue 

Ar9y9030 pue Arapyna 9198} ‘ganziuany 10f pred junoule 
- ‘gsnoy-uaed8 pus 

sedo][00 qmoqe Ioqul 103 ‘yuno008 doqe] .sjuepnjs 

: ‘s (UUIHIOA * qunoooe Uliey 

. : ‘ ; > OST “ssaupa;qopul pred 


eS eae “sunooo8 pavog ‘yg “q “LS 
$ sera © s > —‘gaaqysnajz sosued xo OF, 


‘ANNA CUNGONILNOO 


‘og A.uee 


“898T 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


CATALOGUE OF PLANTS IN DURFEE PLANT-HOUSE, 
13 gs, 


Abies Menziesi. Allamanda neriifolia. 
Abutilon Duc de Malakoff. “ — Schotti. . 
“¢  insigne. Alocasia albo-violacea. 
«6 striatum. «¢  macrorhiza variegata. 
“© ~— Mesopotamicum. ' a metallica. 
Acacia armata. Alsophila australis. 
“  cultriformis. Alternanthera ameena. 
“© homalophylla. ae spathulata. 
“ Julibrissin. : ie speciosa. 
6 Latrobei. Aloe depressa. 
“  Jeiophylla. “ minor. 
«¢  leptophylla. «“ Perdix. 
6 lophantha.  socotrina. 
pubescens. spiralis. 
“© spectabilis. ‘¢ virens. 
“ trinervata. Aloysia citriodora. 
“¢ vestita. Amaryllis Belladonna. 
Acanthus mollis. “¢  Johnsoni. 
«¢ __ spinosus. Ananassa sativa. 
Achyranthes auro reticulata. us “  variegata. 
fs Verschaffelti. Aneectochilus argenteus. 
Achimenes in var. Aphelandra aurantiaca. 
Adelaster albo venatus. s Leopoldi. 
Adhatoda cydonizefolia. Aralia palmata. 
Adiantum cuneatum. “ papyrifera. 
et formosum. “reticulata. 
reniforme. “© Sieboldti. ! 
ae setulosum. Araucaria imbricata. | 
trapeziforme. Ardisia crenulata. 
érides odoratum. “undulata. 
Aischynanthus grandiflorus. Aristolochia altissima. 
- zebrinus. % Bonplandi. 
Agapanthus umbellatus. Y Sipho. 
a “ variegatus. Arundo Donax variegata. 
Agave Americana. Asclepias curassavica alba. 
es et variegata. Aspidistra elatior variegata. 
Ageratum Mexicanum variegatum. Aspidium cristatum. 
Aira coerulea variegata. : “  faleatum. 
Akebia quinata. | Asplenium auritum. 


Allamanda grandiflora. ’ i bulbiferum. 


————————e 


1869.] 

Asplenium falcatum. 
€ Filix-feemina var. molle. 
“  _s Nidus-avis. 
a viviparum. 

Astilbe Japonica. 


“ce oe 


Atropa Belladonna. 
Aucuba Japonica. 
Azalea Indica, in 15 varieties. 
Bambusa Fortuni variegata. 
Banksia integrifolia. 
Begonia, in 20 varieties. 
Bellis perennis. 
Bignonia Capensis. 

“  jasminoides. 

*¢ _ radicans. 

“©  Rollinsoni. 
Billbergia thyrsoidea. 


“ zebrina. 
Blechnum australe. 
6 Brasiliense. 


Bletia Tankervilliz. 
Behmeria argentea. 
Bonapartea juncea. 
Bougainvillea aurantiaca. 
spectabilis. 
Bouvardia grandiflora. 

es leiantha. 

y triphylla. 
Brexia spinosa. 
Broughtonia sanguinea. 
Brugmansia suaveolens. 
Burchellia Capensis. 
Caladium, in 10 varieties. 
Calanthes vestita. 
Calathea zebrina. 
Calceolaria, in variety. 
Callitris cupressiformis. 
Camellia, in 25 varieties. 

“¢ Japonica. 

“reticulata. 

“ — Sasanqua. 
Campylobotrys refulgens. 
Canna bicolor de Java. 

“« discolor. 
Cantua bicolor. 
Carmichelia australis. 
Casuarina quadrivalvis. 


6 


auro reticulata. 


SENATE—No. 31. 


Cattleya Loddigesi. 
Centaurea candidissima. 
“ gymnocarpa. 
Centradenia floribunda. 
“  grandifolia. 
Cerastium tomentosum. 
Cereus giganteus. 

“«  grandiflorus. 

“  flagelliformis. 

*¢ Mac Donaldi. 

“  -Peruvianus. 

“«  serpentinus. 

‘¢  speciosissimus. 

“«  tetragonus. 

“  triangularis. 
Ceropegia elegans. 
Cestrum acuminatum. 

“¢  _ aurantiacum. 
Chameerops humilis. 
Chilanthes lendigera. 
Chimaphila maculata. 
Chorozema elegans. 


Chrysanthemum, in 20 varieties. 


Cinchona officinalis. 
Cineraria, in variety. 


- maritima. 
Cinnamomum Camphora. 
= Cassia. 
e verum. 


Cissus discolor. 

*¢  porphyrophyllus. 
Cistus laurifolius. 
Citrus Aurantium. 
wen Wy variegatum. 

‘“ Limonum. 

Clematis viticella Sophia. 
Clerodendron Thompsoni. 
Clianthus Dampieri. 
Clivea nobilis. 
Coccoloba platyclada. 
Cocos plumosa. 
Celogyne cristata. 
Coffea Arabica. 
Coleus, in 6 varieties. 
Colocasia esculenta. 
Convolulus Cneorum. 
Mauritanicus. 


Cordyline australis. 


41 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Cordyline indivisa. 
Coronilla elegans variegata. 
Cotyledon orbiculatum. 
Crassula punctata. 

Crinum amabile. 

Crocus, in 6 varieties. 
Croton pictum. 

“ auro pictum. 
Cryptomeria Japonica. 
Cuphea platycentra. 
Cupressus thyoides fol. var. 
Curculigo Sumatrana. 
Cyanophyllum magnificum. 
Cyathea arborea. 
Cyclamen Europeum. 

Persicum. 
Cycas revoluta. 
Cymbidium Sinense. 
Cyperus alternifolius variegatus, 
Cypripedium barbatum. 

o insigne. 
Cyrtanthera magnifica. 
Cyrtopodium Anderson. 
Cytisus racemosus. 
Dammara australis. 
Daphne Indica. 

“© odora variegata. 
Daubentonia magnifica. 
Dendrobium nobile. 
Deutzia gracilis. 

Dianella ceerulea. 
Dianthus Sinensis. 


Dieffenbachia seguina maculata. 


Dioscoria discolor. 
Diosma fragrans. 
Diospyrus Ebenum. 
Doodia caudata. 
Doryanthes excelsa. 
Dracena Brasiliensis. 

“  Cooperi. 

‘“ ferrea. 

“¢ - marginata. 

“ terminalis. 
Echinocactus recurvus. 
Kchites argyreea. 

“¢  picta. 

Echiveria retusa. 

0 secunda. 


Epacris delicatissima. 

“© ‘Wilmoriana. | 
Epidendrum macrochilum. 
Epiphyllum coccineum. 


6 crenatum. 
66 Hookeri. 
“ phyllanthoides. 
6 speciosum. id 
6c truncatum. 


Eranthemum pulchellum. 
Erica arborea. 
“gracilis. 
Erythrina Crista-galli. 
Eucalyptus globulus. 
ee Stewartiana. 
2 viminalis. 
Eucharis Amazonica. 
Eugenia myrtifolia. 
Euonymus Japonicus variegatus. 
“ radicans auro medio-pictus. 
Eupatorium fruticosum. 
Euphorbia clava. 


a jacquiniflora. 
es lactea. 
i splendens. 


Eurya latifolia variegata. 
Fabiana imbricata. 
Farfugium grande. 
Ficus Carica. 

“ ~~ Cooperi. 

¢ elastica. 

“  ferruginea. 

Porteana. 

“¢  religiosa. 

“repens. 
Franciscea eximia. 
Frenela Guinii. 
Fuchsia, in 20 varieties. 

“© corymbiflora. 
“© microphylla. 
Galega orientalis. 7 
Gardenia angustifolia variegata.: 
“© florida. 
“6 _radicans. 

Gastonia palmata. . 
Geissomeria longiflora. 
Gelsemium sempervirens. 
Geranium, vide Pelargonium. 


1869.] 


Gesnera cinnabarina. 
“elongata. 
“ — fulgens. 
“© _longiflora. 
Gloriosa Planti. 
Goldfussia anisophylla. 
Goodyera pubescens. 
Gymnostachyum Verschaffelti. 
Gynerium argenteum. 
Habrothamnus elegans. 
Hardenbergia ovata alba. 
Hedera Helix. 
“ “ -variegata. 
Hedychium Gardnerianum. 
Heliconia Brasiliensis. 
Heliotropium, in 8 varieties. 
Heterocentrum roseum. 


. “ album. 
Hibiscus Cooperi. 
“© Rosa-Sinensis. 
a “ flore pleno. 
iT3 iT 6c flavus. 
«¢ __splendens. 
Hoya bella. 
“«  earnosa. 
“i “« _-variegata. 
«grandiflora. 
Humea elegans. 
Hydrangea Japonica. 
“ se: variegata. 


Hymenocallis rotata. 
Ilicium religiosum. 
Impatiens Jerdoniz. 
Inga pulcherrima. 
Ixora coccinea. 
Jasminum officinale. 

+ Sambac flore pleno. 
Juanulloa aurantiaca. 
Justicia carnea. 
Kennedya rubicunda. 
Laelia acuminata. 
Lagerstreemia Indica. 

% Regine. 
Lantana in variety. 
Lapageria rosea. 
Lasiandra argentea. 
Latania Borbonica. 
Lavendula Spica. 


SENATE—No. 81. 43 


Leycesteria formosa. 
Lilium auratum. 
- &  Browni. 

“  Chalcedonicum. 

“ ~excelsum. 

“  Jancifolium in vars. 

“  longiflorum. 

“  -venustum. 
Limnocharis Humboldti. 
Linum trigynum. 

Lobelia erinoides. 

Lomaria procera. 

Lonicera auro reticulata. 

Lophospermum Hendersoni. 
ae scandens. 

Lycaste Skinneri. 

Lycopodium apodum. 


“ arboreum. 

“ atrovirens. 

- cesium. 

6 denticulatum. 
& formosum. 


- Wildenowi. 
Lygodium palmatum. 

a scandens. 
Magnolia fuscata. 

“glauca. 

‘¢ grandiflora. 
Mahernia odorata. 
Malvaviscus mollis. 
Mammillaria discolor. 


“ longimamma. 
is pusilla. 
& stellata aurea. 


Mandevillea suaveolens. 
Maranta fasciata. 

“ micans. 

“  pulchella. 

“ -regalis. 

“sanguinea. 

‘Van den Hecki. 

“ s-Verschaffelti. 

1) vittatas 

“« Warsewiczi. 
Marsilea quadrifolia. 
Maurandya Barclayana. 
Maxillaria aromatica. 
Medinilla erythrophylla. 


44 


Melastoma velutina. 
Mesembryanthemum in variety. 
4 muricatum. 
a spectabile. 
Meyenia erecta. 
. ‘¢ _-variegata, 
Mimosa sensitiva. 
Musa Cavendishi. 
‘¢  paradisiaca. 
Myrsiphyllum angustifolium. 
Myrtus communis. 
Narcissus, in varieties. 
Nematanthus longipes. 
Nepenthes distillatoria. 
Nerium Oleander album. [pleno. 
ae «¢  splendens flore 
- “¢ -variegatum. 
Nicotiana glauca. 
Nymphaea cerulea. 
Odontoglossum citrosmum. 
Olea fragrans. 
“ jlicifolia. 
“sativa. 
Oncidium Papilio. 
Opuntia Brasiliensis. 
«¢ ~ decumana. 
«¢  flavicoma. 


“ horrida. 
6 humilis. 
6 Tuna. 


“vulgaris. 
Oxalis Bowiei. 
Pancratium maritimum. 
Panicum imbecile variegatum. 
“  plicatum. 
Passiflora alba. 
“© —s cerulea. 
“edulis. 
“¢ /pprinceps. 
-« — quadrangularis. 
Pandanus elegantissimus. 
ue Javanicus variegatus. 
utilis. 
Pelargonium, in 50 varieties. 
Pereskia aculeata. 
o Bleo. 
Periploca Greca. 
Peristeria elata. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Petunia, in 12 varieties. 
Phaius maculatus. 
Phaseolus Caracalla. 
Philodendron pertusum. 
Pheenix dactylifera. 
Phormium tenax. 
Phlox decussata. 
Phyllanthus falcatus. 
Pilea microphylla. 
Pinus edulis. 
Piper nigrum. 
Pitcairnea fulgens. 
Pittosporum Tobira. 
ef i. variegatum. 
Platycerium alcicorne. 
Pleroma elegans. 
Plumbago Capensis. 
4 rosea. 
Poa trivialis variegata. 
Poinciana pulcherrima. 
Poinsettia pulcherrima. 
Polygala Dalmasiana. 
Polypodium aureum. 
Portulaca flore pleno in var. 
Possoqueria longiflora. 
Pothos argyreea. 
“¢ macrophylla. 
Primula prenitens. 
4 ie fimbriata rosea. 
66 Gc 66 plena : 
Psidium Cattleyanum. [alba. 
Pteris argyrea. 
“ Cretica albo-lineata. 
“  hastata. 
‘© incisa. 
“ rotundifolia. 
ef semi-pinnata. 
“tremula. 
Punica Granatum flore pleno. 
«nana. a 
Puya longifolia. 
Pyrethrum Parthenium. 
ie oF foliis auro 
Quisqualis Indica. [pictis. 
Rhapis flabelliformis. th, 
Rhipsalis fascicularis. 
‘“¢ _ pachyptera. 
“¢ _ salicornoides. 


1869.] 


Rhododendron arboreum. 
cil Gibsoni. 
Rhopala Corcovadensis. 
Rhyncospermum jasminoides. 
Richardia XMthiopica. 
Ricinus communis. 
“¢  sanguineus. 

Rochea falcata. 
Rogiera ameena. 
Rondeletia speciosa. 

5 splendens. 
Rosa, in 20 varieties. 
Rubus roszefolius coronarius. 
Ruellia picta. 
Ruscus Hypophyllum. 
Russelia juncea. 
Salvia fulgens variegata. 

“¢  patens. 

“ splendens. 
Sanseviera Javanica. 

“¢ _ earnea variegata. 
Santolina canescens. 
Sarracenia purpurea. 
Saxifraga sarmentosa. 

* tricolor. 
Schizostylis coccinea. 

Scilla campanulata. 
Scolopendrium vulgare. 
Sedum carneum variegatum. 

“  Sieboldti. 

“  Telephium rubrum. 
Sempervivum arboreum. 
Sequoia gigantea. 

Serissa foetida. 

Za. variegata. 
Siphocampylus bicolor. 
Solandra grandiflora. 
Solanum capsicastrum. 

¢ _ jasminoides. 

*¢  Pseudo-capsicum. 
Sonerila margaritacea. 


Species about, .  . 
Varieties “ hs ae 


Total about, . é 


SENATE—No. 31. 


Stachys lanata. 
Stanhopea tigrina. 
Statice Halfordi. 
Stephanotis floribunda. 
Stevia serrata. 
Strelitzia Regine. 
Sutherlandia frutescens. 
Swainsonia Osborni. 
Tacsonia levis. 
Taxus baccata aurea. 
Tecoma jasminoides. 
Thea Bohea. 

“viridis. 
Thujopsis dolobrata. 
Thymus Serpyllum variegatus. 
Thyrsacanthus rutilans. 
Tillandsia rosea. 

° usneoides. 
Tournefortia heliotropioides. 
Tradescantia zebrina. 
Tragium Anisum. 
Tricosanthes colubrina. 
Tricyrtus hirtus. 

Tritoma Uvaria serotina. 
Tropeolum Jarratti. 
minus. 

Vanda teres. 
Vanilla aromatica. 
Verbena, in 25 varieties. 
Viburnum Tinus. 
Victoria regia. 
Vinca major. 

& “_-variegata. 
Wigandia Caraccasana. 
Wistaria Sinensis. 

* “ alba. 

Yucca aloifolia. 
. . variegata. 
“© gloriosa. 

Zephyranthes Atamasco. 

Zingiber officinale. 


° ‘ ; : ; 650 


45 


" FAO a a Sit i: ? Cy ies 
pianel ay coated Mevtised 
mclrart aaqadantee eae? “OF 
* ‘ . , * by 4 
ADGOT AEE dotbenee » 
. : a Re bloeuthie 
fs 
Divino HP “18 OTA 
a ; KEE 
ae od é i i 
ohh 
¢ ihe 
‘ aia 
oneenied sf. mecliaan eda | Supe on 
as 4 Fn teted ae: 


Bi 10 2! 
pus GUO Lolo. 


tI mf 


Wee 
e vil ids 


vi 


ai —_ OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 


aa ‘ip Pike ye For the year 1868: 
Le Bepuid 
4 c ow @iivix Taken AT AMHERST, Mass., 


‘sia OO TO Oe}. + 
is ' By Professor E. 8. SNELL, LL. D. 


Be erin ne dt 
ata ont aid Pa 22 aw, Longitude 72° 34/7 307. Elevation above the Sea level, 267 feet, 
i OH 69 


: ane ots 


. lA 
0 SRIKO 494) 
h eb by Te 
| Biases 
ie ee Mo Mtl 
elites oe 
a Ba OM Mj). 
Leh 


pyOM di 


il. Ie “+ 
a, 
Al 4 re : - 
why to on 


Mypeoiss) 
’ 4 
. et eee ET: ad 
44 » Mo <) . 
Ma | ber. 


a 
¢ 


Bey. 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


REMARKS. 


* 

The following tables, containing the principal results of the obser- 
vations made in 1868, are copied from the Meteorological Journal of 
Amherst College :— 

The hours of observation are 7 A.M., 2 P.M., and 9 P.M. , Sonne 
ing to the system adopted by the Pinithsomay Tnstitalieae The 
temperature is given in degrees and tenths. 

The amount of cloudiness is expressed by a number indicating 
the tenths of the sky covered. The kinds of clouds are marked by 
abbreviations, thus, St. stratus, that is, spread in sheets; Cum. 
cumulus, piled in heaps; Cir. cirrus, drawn out in fibres. 

Intermediate kinds are, Cu-str. cumulo-stratus; Cir-str. cirro- 
stratus; Cir-cum. cirro-cumulus. Vim. nimbus, is any kind of 
cloud, when falling in rain, snow or hail. The numbers giving the 
force of wind, are on a scale from one, the slightest perceptible, to 
ten, a destructive tornado. 

The height of the barometer is expressed in inches and decimals. 
Since mercury is lighter when warmer, the observed height is re- 
duced to that which would exist, if the mercury were at the tem- 
perature of 32 degrees. The columns headed “force of vapor,” 
express the weight of moisture in the air, by stating what decimal 
of an inch of mercury is sustained by it; and the columns of 
“humidity ” show what per cent. of complete saturation exists at 
the temperature and the time when the observation is made. 

The temperature of 1868 was 1.2 degrees below the average. 
January, February, April, May, October, November and December, 
were all in a greater or less degree colder than usual; September 
was at the general mean for that month, and the remaining months, 
March, June, July, and August were warmer than the mean. 

In respect to cloudiness, the year had about 5 per cent. more 
than the average. May was excessively cloudy, and September 
much more so than common. 

The other months had not far from the average amount of clouds, 
which is 50 or 51 per cent. of the sky. The amount of atmospheric 
pressure for the year, never varies much from the mean. In 1868 
it was slightly greater than usual. February and October were 
marked by the greatest pressure, and May by the least, as indicated 
by the tables. 


1869. ] SENATE—No. 31. 49 


The amount of moisture in the air was greater than the general 
mean. July and August were especially noticeable for their exces- 
sive dampness. 

The fall of water was greater than the annual mean by about 
four and a half inches. The rain-fall of May was large, and that 
of September was quite unusual. No month in the year was defi- 
cient in this respect. 

The following statements in relation to the crops, made by Mr. 
Stockbridge, Superintendent of the College farm, are in a measure 
explained by the meteorological facts presented in the foregoing 
remarks. 

In consequence of the character of the season, our cultivated 
crops were sown and planted later than usual. 

Early potatoes were planted the second week in May. They did 
not germinate for a long time, and grew very slowly until the first 
of July, when they pushed forward rapidly and were in condition 
to dig, the first of August. The crop was medium in quantity and 
quality. 

Field potatoes, were planted late, last week in May and first in 
June, and came up very slowly. The foliage did not fully develop 
until after the middle of July, and was infested with the slug in 
August, but continued to grow until late in Septemper, and ripened 
a fair crop. , 

Oats were sown about the 25th of April, were a long time in 
coming up, struggled hard to live, until the last week in June, then 
commenced growing rapidly, and continued to do so until the last 
week in July, when they fell, and both straw and grain were light. 

Winter rye started slowly in April and May, did not. tiller well, 
but grew up rapidly in June and early July with a large, stout 
straw, filled a long head well, and ripened a heavy grain. 

Corn planted the last week in May sprouted and came up quickly, 
but did not grow fast until July, then pushed forward rapidly 
through July and August, and ripened well in September an excel- 
lent crop. 

Grass started slowly in April and May, advanced rapidly in 
June, but did not on natural meadow send out shoots and leaves so 
abundantly as usual, but attained its ordinary height. The crop 
was medium, and where cut after the first of July was of good 
quality. ‘The second growth hardly started at all until August, and 
was very light. 

7 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JANUARY, 1868. 


ia 


RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 


THERMOMETER IN 
THE OPEN AIR. 


- 
b 
& 
tn 
- 
5 


i) 
oo MON Oa FPF WN HF Day of Month 


je 
a 


ee 
BP Ww dD 


HEHE He eH 
onN Qa 


OwnNNNNN NHN NY DY DWN 
Foeoonanon ar Wn KF Oo 


9P.M. 


24.5 
36.5 
31.2 
27.3 
16.0 
15.0 


27.0 
25.0 


33.0 
34.0 
27.0 
20.0 
12.0 
12.7 
20.7 
30.0 
10.0 

6.0 
13.8 

8.7 
13.0 
18.0 
14.6 
12:0 
11.5 
16.0 
14.5 
32.5 
27.0 
12.0 
36.5 
28.0 
22.0 
18.0 
21.0 
21.0 
24.5 
17.7 
18.0 


Time of begin’g 
of rain or snow. 


Time of ending 
of rain or snow. 


eS 
1 , & 
a 
ot 


Night. 


Night. 
Night. 


5 A.M. 


gauge, inches. 


iS) 


Am’t of rain or 
melted snow in 


Ey 
ras 
(se) 


0.335 
{0.078 


0.265 


Depth of snow, 
inches. 


se 
r—) 


wo 
or 


. 3,517 26.0 


Amount of 
cloudiness. 


10 


Kind of 


clouds. 


Amount of 
cloudiness. 
Kind of 


10 


1 
8 
8 | Str 
7 
1 
AL 


clouds. 


Amount of 
cloudiness. 


o non © CO 


a, 


 1869.] SENATE—No. 31. 51 
: JANUARY, 18 68.—Conrinuep. 
WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
So | PRESSURE OF || HUMIDITY OR 
7A. M. 2P. M. oP. M BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF | | 
= aah Tia TO FREEZING POINT. In IncHEs. SATURATION. | = 
a) ial 2iin Wes 
A |m&]| A |m&] A |e - a | o = - | ala ~ | a | a] A 
N. 2/|N.E.| 3| N. | 1 |! 29.803 | 29.241 | 29.009 | 29.351 || .130| .197 | .188 || 100 | 89 | 100 1 
Ww. 2] W. | 3] Ww. | 1 || 29.161 | 29.252 | 29.336 | 29.250 || .191 | .163 | .160 90; 70; 81 2 
E. 1 | N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 1 || 29.482 | 29.487 | 29.555 | 29.491 || .160 | .167 | .146 92 | 68] 100 3 
N.W.| 2/N.E./ 1|N.E. | 2 || 29.433 | 29.352 | 29.467 | 29.417 || .147 | .182 | .108)| 100} 92 | 100 4 
N.W.| 2/N.w.| 2] w. | 2 || 29.770 | 29.801 29.858 29.810 || .087 | .083 | .074|| 100 | 77 | 100 5 
N.W.| 3|N.w./ 2| w. | 1 || 29.841 | 29.767 | 29.810 | 29.806 || .058 | .081 | .066 68 | 57) 86 6 
; Ww. Die. |} 2) FR. 1 | | 29.773 | 29.730 | 29.698 | 29.734 || .050 | .096 | .117|| 100 | 71 | 88 7 
N. 1| w. | 1| N-w.| 1 || 29.635 | 29.535 | 29.471 | 29.547 || .122 | .101 | .116 Bo | 821) 72 8 
Nw.| 1/N.w./ 4/N.w.| 5 || 29.346 | 29.303 | 29.469 | 29.373 || .123 | .090 | .068 93 | 78! 100 9 
N.W.| 3/ Ww. | 4 Ss. 1 || 29.560 | 29.578 | 29.598 | 29.579 || .057 | .069 | .056 || 100; 90! 100} 10 
8S.E.| 2/S.w.] 3 Ss. 1 | | 29.568 | 29.480 | 29.532 | 29.527 || .054 | .091 | .078/| 100} 76 | 100 | 11 
N.w.| 5/| w. | 3] w. | 2 || 29.710 | 29.801 | 29.861 | 29.791 || .057 | .060 | .062 88 | 80; 100 | 12 
N.W.| 1/N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 3 || 29.948 | 29.447 | 30.063 | 29.819 || .042 | .082 | .056/| 100 | 84/ 73/13 
N.W.| 2/|N.E.| 1 | N.w.| 1 |! 30.153 | 30.106 | 30.052 | 30.104 || .061 | .104 | .089|| 100; 89! 94/14 
NE 2| w. | 1] S.w. | 1 || 29.839 | 29.702 | 29.670 | 29.737 || .077 | .104 | .081 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 15 
» N.W. 5 2\|N.w.| 3] N. | 2 || 29.589 | 29.501 | 29.596 | 29.562 || .058 | .127 | .071/} 100 | 88 | 100 | 16 
S Ww. 1|)/s.w.| 3] s. 2 || 29.530 | 29.506 | 29.603 | 29.546 || .041 | .099 | .069|| 100 | 86 | 100 | 17 
| N.W.| 2| w. | 2/S.E.} 2 || 29.711 | 29.759 | 29.860 | 29.777 || .085 | .106 | .088 || 100 | 87] 100/18 
| N.w.| 1/8. E.| 2 1 | | 30.029 | 30.074 | 30.078 | 30.060 || .050 | .113 | .082 || 100 | 87] 100} 19 
q Bok. || 31S. E..| 2 1 | | 29.946 | 29.804 | 29.735 | 29.662 || .105 | .186 181 100 | 97 | 100 | 20 
4 N.E 3/ N. | 3] N. | 4 /| 29.420 | 29.223 | 29.504 | 29.382 || .159 | .147 | .147 |} 100 | 100 | 100 | 21 
N.w.| 1 N.w. 2/8. E. | 1 || 29.953 | 30.116 | 30.200 | 30.089 || .084 | .117 | .073 |; 100 | 76} 100; 22 
S.E.| 1/|N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 1 || 30.127 | 29.727 | 29.509 | 29.788 || .066 | .164 | .212 || 100 | 100 | 100 |} 23 
N.w.| 4/N.w.| 3 | N.w.| 4 || 29.522 | 29.543 | 29.636 | 29.567 || .129 | .131 | .120 74| 68] 79 | 24 
N.W.} 2|N.w.| 3 | w. | 1 || 29.708 | 29.770 | 29.830 | 29.769 || .098 | .114| .104/] 100} 75] 92] 25 
8.E.; 2/ N. |1/ N. | 2 || 29.794 | 29.716 | 29.740 | 29.750 || .105 | .127 | .098 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 26 
N. 2|N.w.| 2] N. | 1 || 29.678 | 29.574 | 29.646 | 29.633 || .090 | .123 | .112|| 100 | 100 | 100 | 27 
| NeW.) 3| w. |! 2! w. | 1 || 29.725 | 29.760 | 29.859 | 29.781 ||. .087 | .117] .112}| 100 | 97 | 100] 28 
P N. 2| N. | 2] N. | 2 || 29 824 | 20.648 | 29.551 | 29.674 || .107 | .136 | .131 |] 100 | 100 | 100 | 29 
_ NW.) 3/N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 1 || 29.630 | 29.777 | 29.996 | 29.768 || .111 | .092 | .090 93 | 78 | 96| 30 
“8.e.| 1/s.w.|2| w. | 1 || 30.115 | 30.116 | 30.219 | 30.115 || .053 | .o92 | .090 | 100} 81{ 96] 31 
f : ype Bi 
4 Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, 29.686 || Mean, . .106 || Mean, 91 


N.W. & w. 61; s.w. & 8.7; 


r 8.E. & £.11; N. £. & N. 21. 


30.219 
29.009 


x 
Min., 


212 || Max., 
. 041 || Min., 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 
FEBRUARY, 1868. 
AY TEE ae RAIN AND SNOW. |_ e CLOUDS. 
é THE OPEN AIR. | : Z : ae pL tae Be 5 es 
lite] i]al ab] ag a; silHlailalai 
Go| oc | ceuhiee th te a? | A? [3°97] 87|| <5] 4° | ac) Be eee 
1 | 5.7| 27.5 | 14.9] 16.0 = a a a we Re BF lin ph nig a5) aie 
2| 7.0 | 30.2 | 26.0| 17.7 = = pes 1 | Str. 5|Str. .| 3 | Str. 
3| 5.0| 7.0|-9.0] 1.0 = = ai ae on: DUP gis ay i Ree 
4 | 1.0] 27.3) 17.0} 15.1 e 2 ee 8 | Str. 8|Str. .| 1] Str 
5 | 3.8 | 24.0 | 22.0] 16.6 || 6P.m = Eke - | Str. 1/Str. .| 10] Nim. 
6 | 23.0 | 37.1 | 23.6 | 27.9 - |7a.m. | 0.290] 3.0|} 10 | Nim 8|Str. .| 8 | Str. 
7 | 13.3|15.8| 5.2| 11.4 2 2 S| 9 | Str. 2 ae a i 
8 |-18.3|:10.0| 7.3 | -0.5 2 = — es =e eee 2 | Cir. 
9 | 19.0] 38.0 | 36.3 | 31.1 || 64 A. M.| Night. | 0.333| 1.0]| 10 | Nim 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim 
10 | 15.3] 15.5] 6.5 | 12.4 = = Say = = ~ | Str. 2 | Str 
11 | 28/160] 86] 9.1 = 2 aon a4) P10 | Stir: 1 | Str ee a 
12 | -9.2| 23.0/160] 9.9 ss = Be |) acl goa a ihie 2/Str. . 
13 | 13.8 | 36.0 | 31.0 | 26.9 = - |) 2 7 | Str. 9 | Str. 3 | Str 
14 | 10.8 | 20.0 | 14.5 | 15.1 ze 2 = ae 1 | Str. 1 | Str. 2 | Str. 
15 | 21.2 | 39.0 | 33.0 | 31.1 . = dle} eel 10 Ste, 9/Str. .| 10 | Str. 
16 | 28.0 | 30.7 | 17.0 | 25.2 - - - - 9 | Str. 1 | Str. - - 
17 | 3.5| 32.0/ 31.0 | 22.2||/2P.m. | Night. | 0.165] 1.5/) - | Str. 10 |Nim..| 10 | Nim.. 
18 | 21.7 | 24.0| 110 | 18.9 Z E S Z 1 | Str. =i eae 1 | Str 
19 | 14.5 | 40.6 | 37.0| 30.7||7 4.m. |8a.™ Si Nes || 107] Naim 7 | Str. ahve 
20 | 21.0 | 42.8 | 37.0 | 33.6 = - = = 1 | Str. 2 | Cir. 2|Str . 
Zl | 35.0 | 45.0 | 21.2 | 337 2 2 a -|| 5 | Str. 1 | Cir Str. 
22| 6.0/13.0| 4.0] 7.7 = : - 3 3 | Str. 1 | Str. pay Totes 
23 |-80! 8.0| 5.0] 1.8 s a | eee peer (oc bes 1 | Str. BY et 
24 | 2.0| 17.5| 13.0 | 10.8 2 2 BS emia eee ch 10 | Str. ee 
25 | 11.7 | 26.1| 17.5 | 18.4 x a -|| 10! Str. 7 | Str 1 | Str 
26 | 14.9 | 29.0 | 26.0 | 23.3 Z LE = LA 8 est 9 | Str. 10 | Str. 
27 | 22.0 | 34.3 | 27.0/ 27.8||3P.m. |8P.m. | 0.242] 3.5/] 9 10 | Nim 10 | Nim 


Ee SS S.C Se 


1869.] SENATE—No. 31. 58 


FEBRUARY, 18 68.—ConrTINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
eee SURE, OFF EO NED TD Yo OR 


TA. M. 2P.M. | 9 P.M. || BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF) 5 
TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHEs. SATURATION. z 
§ § E beet} 
alel| a lel 4 le = he bente 
SEs 37) 8.: | 3 S. | 2 || 30.359 | 30.309 |[30.239 | 30.302 || .055 | .099 | .085, | 100 | 69} 100 x 
S.E.| 2 S. | 2|S.E.| 1 || 30.010 | 29.861 | 29.798 | 29.890 || .058 | .142 | .086 || 100 |. 86 | 100 2 
N.w.| 3|N.wW.| 3| W. | 1 |} 30.033 | 30.221 | 30.323 | 30.192 || .055 | .058 | .028 |) 100 | 100 | 100 3 
s. 3|S.w.| 3 | W. | 2 || 30.107 | 29.942 | 30.063 | 30.037 || .045 | .101 | .082 || 100 | 74] 88 4 
Wowey Jil w. | 1 Ss. 1 || 30.115 | 29.980 | 29.734 | 29.944 || 0511! .105 | .118 || 100 | 85 | 100 5 
N.W.| 3/|S.E.| 1 | N.w.| 4 || 29.3863 | 29.132 | 29.310 | 29.268 || .123 | .192 | .112|| 100} 90] 89 6 
N.W.| 4/|N.W.| 5 | N.W.| 2 | | 29.456 | 29.697 | 29.987 | 29.713 || .078 | .083 | .053 || 100 | 95 | 100} 7 
S.E.| 1|N.w.| 2| S.E. | 2 || 30.197 | 30.188 | 30.108 | 30.164 | | .019 | .059 | .058 |} 100 | 89 | 100 8 
S.E.| 2] s.w.| 3 2 | | 29.748 | 29.404 | 29.237 | 29.463 || .101 | .225 | .212 || 100 | 100 | 100; 9 
N.wW.| 4/N.w.| 4] N. | 2 || 29.710 | 29.939 | 30.064 | 29.904 || .086 | .066} .051/|} 100} 77| 90/10 
We 2 Ss. | 2] N. | 1 || 30.045 | 29.963 | 30.071 | 30.030 || .049 | .088 | .060 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 11 
S.E.| 1/S.E.| 3] E. | 1 || 30.135 | 30.045 | 30.088 | 30.089 || .028 | .098 | .086 || 100 | 82) 100|12 
Ww. 2] s. | 3] S. | 3 || 29.989 | 29.763 | 29.693 | 29.815 || .081 | .138| .170|} 100 | 68-) 100|13 
N.W.| 2/ N. | 1/|N.E.| 1 || 29.937 | 29.998 | 30.012 | 29.982 || .068 | .088 | .078|/} 100} 86] 96/14 
8.E.; 3|S.w.|3]| N 1 | | 29.855 | 29.705 | 29.707 | 29.756 || .096 | .169 | .187 85 | 72] 100;15 
Ww. 3] N. | 2] N. | 1 || 29.849 | 29.897 | 29.936 | 29.894 || .133 | .112 | .090 87 | 66) 100/16 
N.W.| 1/S.E.| 2] S.4E./ 1 || 29.833 | 29.587 | 39.461 | 29.627 || .050 | .155 | .173 || 100 | 89 | 100|17 
N.W.| 4/N.w.| 3] N. | 1 || 29.617 | 29.645 | 29.692 | 29.651 || .103 | .086 | .068 90; 69) 100;18 
S.E.} 2/S.E.| 2| w. | 2 || 29.527 | 29.476 | 29.608 | 29.404 || .082) .195 | .157/| 100} 79| 73);19 
8S.E./ 1] S.E.| 3| 8. E.| 4 || 29.684 | 29.588 | 29.505 | 29.592 || .110 | .175 | .181/| 100 | 66] 83|20 
8.E./ 1| w. | 2|N.w.| 4 | | 29.480 | 29.487 | 29.547 | 29.547 || .200 | .186 | .099/| 100 | 63; 88 | 21 
N.W.| 4/|N.w.| 4|N.w.| 3 | | 29.932 | 30.004 | 30.150 | 30.029 || .015 | .060 | .050 26 | 80 100 | 22 
S.W.| 1/|N.w.| 3 | N.w.| 2 | | 30.278 | 30.331 | 30.474 | 30.361 || .029 | .062 | .053 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 23 
S.E.; 1/ N. | 3] w. | 1 || 30.526 | 30.416 | 30.387 | 30.433 || .047 | .070| .078 || 100 | 75 | 100 | 24 
N.W.| 2/|N.W./ 1/| N.w.| 2 || 30.330 | 30.244 | 30.219 | 30.264 || .061 | .051 -081 86 | 38) 87); 25 
N.W.| 2/|N.W.| 2|N.w.| 1 || 30.206 | 30.128 | 30.040 | 30.125 || .077 | .129 | .126 93 | 82| 93) 26 
Ww. 1 | S.w.| 1 | S.w. | 1 | | 29.844 | 29.630 | 29.457 | 29.644 | | .115 | .168 | .147/| 100 | 86 | 100 | 27 
N.W.| 1/N.w.} 4 | N.w. } 4 | | 29.155 | 29.136 | 29.177 | 29.169 | | .133 | .134| .121/| 100 | 72] 88/28 
N.W.| 3/|N.w.| 5 | N.w.| 3 || 29.294 | 29.391 | 29.596 | 29.427 | | .087 | .079| .065/| 96| 83] 94/29 
Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, - + «+ 29.852||Mean,. . .099|| Mean, . . 90 
N.W. & w. 57; 8. w. & 8.17; || Max., - . = -80:026))| Max:, .” 3-225) i)| Max... .. 100 
Seeemeeese No. G& N.7. ||Min,. . «. #«. 29.132||Min., . ..015/|Min., . . 26 


54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


MARCH, 1868. 


tes erin oD RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 
F all 2 E : E se 4 TA. M 2P.M 9P. M. 
o : 68) SS |o8a) | ee) ° S| bel Peace 
e| zi alalé|| 2& | £6 |#33| 88|/22| 22/82) £3] 23| 2s 
aAalelalel| 4 ee Ho |q "ll amllas| 4° | as| 4° jo] f° 
1 | -7.3 | 22.1] 18.0 | 10.9 é bs See — - | 7 | Str. .1 40 "| Str. 
2, | 13.8| 12.0] 10.0| 11.9|| Night. |7P.m. | 0.525] 5.0|| 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Str. . 
3 | 6.0) 12.5] 10) 65|)  - a 1 S90 | ser. .|)8 1) Set eee 
4 | 6.6| 23.5 | 14.5 | 14.9 S Z =e | 7 | Str, . || oe é 
5 | 3.9| 33.3] 170 | 18.1 J: Z =) ella ay BH See if 
6 | 4.6| 35.0 | 35.0 | 24.9 ay ial Bie - | -|| 8 | Str. .| 10 |Str. 2/99 | Str 
7 | 36.8 | 45.8 | 40.5 | 41.0 - bs ay —'|| to. Str: 9 | Str. .| 10 | Str 
8 | 40.0 | 46.1 | 38.0 | 41.4 iu = SM Bh Stee 7 |Str. .| 1 [Str . 
9 | 28.7 | 47.0] 38.7/38.1/|  - “ -| -||)- | - | 8}) gh S103) ise 
10 | 38.0 | 48.0 | 43.0 | 43.0 * = = Ey s)a| Str 3 | Str. 10 | Nim 
11 | 38.0 | 36.0 | 25.0 | 33.0 - - = 2 7 | Str. 4 Cir fies ies 
12 | 17.9] 38.7 | 33.9 | 30.2|)6P. ™ z eee a: Str: 8 |Str. .| 10 | Nim.. 
13 | 38.0 | 45.9 | 38.0 | 40.6 - Noon. /| 1.273 -|| 10 |Nim..| 9 | Str 7 | Str 
14 | 36.9 | 52.0 | 41.0 | 43.3 i - | 0.485) 21) > | Str | 7 SS pene 
15 | 39.7 | 49.7 | 38.5 | 42.6 || Night. Se Gaatiie e 10 j cele { 10 Str. .| 10 | Fog, . 
16 | 37.0 | 46.5 | 43.0 | 42.2 || Night. - |0.205} -|{| 10 |Nim..] 10 |Str. .| 10 | Nim.. 
17 | 39.7 | 46.0 | 50.0 | 45.2 || Night. - |022! -|| 10 |¥Fog, .| 10 | Fog, .!10 | Nim.. 
18 | 43.6 | 49.9 | 31.7 | 41.7 z a ee 9! Sere 3} Ce ea ote 
19 | 26.8 | 43.3 | 32.1 | 34.0 e 2 aii) jar - ||) 2 Gia e 
20 | 29.0 | 43.0 | 33.0 | 35.0 || Night. he - |. 1] 1 | Str. 2] 8° Giese) (aoa 
21 | 28.0 | 34.3 | 31.5 | 31.3 - |6p.m. | 0.545] 5.0/| 10 |Nim..| 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim. . 
22 | 29.0 | 36.0 | 30.0 | 31.7 - - - - 5 |Str. .| - | Cu-str.| - - 
23 | 27.5 | 47.5 | 36.7 | 37.2 - ~ - -|| 7 | Str. «|| (2) ers aaa - 
24. | 31.0| 40.4 | 30.2 | 33.9 : : eg |) ai Ha _ |) 2 See eae e 
25 |26.0/ 40.0) 29.6) 31.9/|  - - - | -|| 3] Si eta | Ce te 
26 | 29.7 | 41.2 | 32.0 | 34.3 Ls x Phas 2 al is WAU) ale elo sas nS eh 
27 | 32.1| 56.3 | 39.9 | 42.8 = = SRE 9 Ste CP (a isto one - 
28 | 31.7 | 56.5 | 41.0 | 43.1 a a ae aS er) S 
29 |35.0|53.0| 34.0| 40.7/| - 2 A he odie = tae = 
30 | 29.7 | 49.8 | 34.6 | 38.0 bs ai ~ | 21 4°] ste. =| 9 | gir ie eee 
31 | 29.0 | 59.8 | 44.0 ag = ~ - ah 2 lsStrs |.) 2" ae eee - 

Mean, . .8380||Sums, . . . 3.249 10.0||Mean, . . ,) 

Max., . . 59.8 

Min., he euiead ao 


* Sprinkles. t Shower in night. 


1869. ] _ SENATE—No. 31. 55 


MARCH, 18 6 8.—ConrTINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 

EO (een Ne We Oke 
TA. M. 2 Ps 9 P. Mi. BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF a 
; oe TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. | SATURATION. 8 
E. 1|S.E. | 2|8S.E. | 1 || 29.732 | 29.675 | 29.608 | 29.672 || .031 086 087 || 100 | 75 | 90; 1 
N.E.| 3|N.E.| 5 | N.W.| 4 || 29.261 | 29.008 | 29.163 | 29.144 || .079 | .073 | .068 || 100 | 100 | 100; 2 
N.w.| 3 |N.W.| 4|N.w.| 2 || 29.425 | 29.480 | 29.602 | 29.502 || .057 | .067 | .045 || 100 | 90 | 100; 3 
N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 1 || 29.655 | 29.726 | 29.948 | 29.776 || .058 | .098 | 082 || 100) 82] 100} 4 
S. E 1|s. x. | 1 | s.w. | 1 || 30.143 | 30.193 | 30.318 | 30.218 || .051 | .134 | .077 || 100) 72) 87| 5 
S.E fis.) | 5 4 || 30.360 | 30.132 | 30.127 | 30.206 || .051 | .169  .176|| 100} 85 | 87| 6 
8 3\s.E.| 1/8. E. | 1 |} 29.996 | 29.957 | 29.941 | 29.965 || .212 | .263 | 248 98 | 91 | 100| 7 
S.E 3|/s.E.| 3] W. | 1 || 29.837 | 29.815 | 30.006 | 29.886 || .243 | .277| .189|| 100 | 92] 8] 8 
Ss. E 1/s.E./ 1] w. | 1 || 30.127 | 30.077 | 30.073 | 30.092 || .152 | .208 | .178|| 100 | 67| 81] 9 
E Iie. E.|.2) 8 1 || 29.970 | 29.773 | 29.852 | 29.865 || .196 | .234 | .249 88 | 70| 91/10 
N.W.| 2/|N.E.| 3 | N.w.| 1 || 30.055 | 30.249 | 30.349 | 30.218 | | .184 | .098 | .109 81; 48; 8/11 
N.w.| 2/s.4E.|31]|8S.E. | 2 || 30.285 | 30.087 | 29.869 | 30.080 || .094 | .182 | .193 || 100 | 82] 100/12 
S.E.| 2] s. |2]| 8s. | 1 || 29.485 | 29.428 | 29.457 | 29.457 || .227 | .282 | .228|| 100} 94 | 100/13 
S.E.| 1]|N.w.| 2/58. E. | 1 || 29.523 | 29.585 | 29.631 | 29.580 || .220 | .245 | .238 || 100] 65] 93/14 
S.E.| 2] s. |1]| s. | 1 || 29.645 | 29.673 | 29.747 | 29.688 || .240 | .328 | .229|| 100 | 94 | 100/15 
E. 2| BE. | 1] E. | 1 || 29.795 | 29.750 | 29.717 | 29.754 || .221 | .311 | .276 || 100 | 100 | 100|16 
S.E.| 1}|s.E.|2] S. | 2 || 29.656 | 29.568 | 29.597 | 29.607 || .241 | .304 | .861|| 100 | 100 | 100 |17 
N.w.| 4 |N.w.| 4] N.w.| 2 || 29.598 | 29.645 | 29.873 | 29.715 || .278 | .205 | .118 80 | 59} 68/18 
Ss. E.| 1/N.w.| 3/8. E. | 2 || 29.950 | 29.933 | 29.976 | 29.953 || .141 | .119 | .149|| 100} 44) 84/19 
E. 1|/s.E.|3]| E. | 3 || 29.901 | 29.765 | 29.629 | 29.765 || .153 | .181 | .143|| 100! 65 | 77 |20 
N.E.| 4/)N.E.|6/ N. | 5 || 29.199 | 28.953 | 29.023 | 29.058 || .153 | .171 | .174|| 100] 87 | 100} 31 
N.w.| 5 |N.w.| 5 | N.w.| 1 || 29.220 | 29.373 | 29.596 | 29.396 || .123 | .151 | .114 78 | 73 | 70 | 22 
S.E.| 2] Nn. | 1] 8s.w. | 1 || 29.614 | 29.463 | 29.455 | 29.511 || .121| .144| .164|| 81] 44] 78 | 23 
N.w.| 1] n. | 4] wn. | 1 || 29.489 | 29.649 | 29.866 | 29.668 || .170] .110| .083|| 100; 45] 50 | 24 
N-w.| 1/N.w.| 1/8. £. | 1 || 29.962 | 29.927 | 29.909 | 29.933 || .128 | .109 | .127 92) 45] 80/25 
N.w.| 3| E. | 2/S.E.| 1 || 29.977 | 29.914 | 29.871 | 29.921 || .105 | .080 | .109 66 | 32] 62/26 
E. 2\s.w.| 31/8. E. | 2 || 29.714 | 29.568 | 29.560 | 29.614 || .185 | .103 | .180 73 | 23) 75 | 27 
s. 1/s.w.|3|N.E.| 3 || 29.611 | 29.593 | 29.768 | 29.657 || .173 | .126| .163|| 100| 28| 64|28 
. s 3 |N.w.| 3 |S. E. | 3 || 29.938 | 29.955 | 30.076 | 29.990 || .123 | .109 | .128 60 | 28] 68/29 
S.E.| 2/|S.w. | 1 | N.w.| 1 || 30.108 | 29.967 | 29.897 | 29.991 | | .156 | .162 | .148 97 | 47 | 78|30 
N.w.| 1 | N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 1 || 29.720 | 29.574 | 29.536 | 29.610 || .160 | .204 | .225|| 100} 41] 80/31 

Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, % : - 29.758 || Mean,. . .162|| Mean, . . 82 

N.W. & w. 34;8.w.& S. 13; || Max., é : . 980.360 || Max.,. . .861)| Max., . . 100 


S.@. &E. 84; N.5.&N.19. ||Min,. . . . 28.953||Min., . . .031||Min., . . 23 


56 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


APRIL, 


1868. 


[Jan. 


THERMOMETER IN 
THE OPEN AIR. 


Day of Month. 


TAM. 


L | 33.3 
2 | 46.0 
32.6 
34.4 
31.1 
26.0 
32.8 
33.8 
23.2 
23.0 
29.0 
40.3 
25.2 
26.8 
42.0 
53.8 
59.0 
45.5 
40.4 
43.0 
46.5 
46.4 
48.8 
33.0 
39.0 
37.0 
33.8 
39.0 
39.0 
42.8 


2 P.M. 


67.5 
46.0 
44.8 
40.3 
49.4 
30.0 
33.7 
39.0 
32.0 
28.4 
43.4 
33.8 
36.0 
50.1 
61.7 
57.9 
64.2 
44.0 
60.9 
43.3 
60.0 
64.0 
54.3 
06.5 
44.8 
58.0 
49.0 
00.9 
62.5 
64.0 


Mean, . 


Max. 
Min., 


9P. M. 


50.3 
39.0 
34.7 
32.9 
22.8 
27.0 
32.0 
26.1 
24.0 


27.0 
38.2 
29.7 
29.7 
36.2 
07.0 
60.0 
52.0 
38.7 
48.0 
44.0 
47.8 
48.5 
33.0 
42.0 
39.8 
40.5 
38.8 
45.8 
48.3 
59.8 


Mean. 


50.4 
43.7 
37.4 


30.9 
27.8 
22.3 
32.8 
33.0 
26.4 
26.1 
36.9 
34.6 
30.3 
37.7 
53.6 
07.2 
57.1 
42.7 
49.8 
43.4 


51.4 
53.0 
45.4 
43.8 
41.2 
45.2 
40.5 
46.9 


49.9 
55.5 


. 41.96 
- 67.5 


» 23.0 


RAIN AND SNOW. 


Time of begin’g 
of rain or snow. 


* 


34 P.M.t 


94 A.M. 


Night. 


83 A.M. 


7 A.M. | Noon. 


Time of ending 
of rain or snow. 


Night. 


10;P. M. 


sa |g 

sea| 8 

Lol as 

gy : 
[o) mM 
288) ga 
Fea) 5 
qF™! 6 

0.432} - 
0.158 | 1.5 
1.374 6.0 
0.626 | 7.5 
0.092| - 
0.205; = 
0.965; - 
0.171| 1.0 
0.247;  - 


CLOUDS. 
TA. M. 2 P. Me oP. M. 
wm A ar ae 
- - - 3 | Str. 
9 | Str. 10 '| Nim: . |" 4 | See. 7; 
2 | Sere - |Cu-str.| 1 | Str. . 
8 | Str. 7 *| Str. (1 ee eee 
5 |Nim..| 3 | Cu-str.| 1 | Str. 
A SDE 2 | Cu-str.| 1 | Str. 
10 Nim 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. 
2 | Str. 3 | Cu-str.| - - 
— | Str. 1 |Str. .} - - 
10 | Str. 10 {| Nim. .| 10 | Nim. 
8 | Str. 1 |Str. .| 10 |Str. . 
9 Ser: 9 | Str. .) "94 siz, 
- | Str. - - - - 
- - 3 |Str. .| 10 | Nim. . 
10 | Str. 9°" |Str. sq) OR ear 
10 | Str. 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim.. 
10 | Str. 8 |Str. .| 2 |Str. . 
7 | Str. 8 | Str. .| 3 | Str. 
- ~ 5°) Cir. 2)" 10 Str 
10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim.. 
5 | Str. 7 |Cu-str.| 2 |Str. . 
8} | See t ~ 4 Tse. 
2°°)'Str. 24 Oa Site emames - 
- | Str. 1: Cie. fi 2 | Str. 
10 | Nim 10 7} Str. “96 eee 
3 | Fog, .| 7 | Cu-str.| —- - 
10 | Nim..{| 10 | Str. 5 |Str. . 
5 (Str. .| 6 |Str. .| 10 |Nim.. 
10 |Nim..{ 1 | Cu-str.| 8 | Nim.. 
“ 5.2 


. 4.270 16.0||Mean, . . 


a ES EN ESE FSO IR Sea a RCSL 
* Sprinkle in night. 
§ Shower. 


t Thunder shower. 
|| Squalls. 


t¢ Snow squalls. 
T Flakes of snow. 


SS a ee 


1869.] SENATE—No. 31. BT 


APRIL, 18 6 8.—ConrTINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
==> a a PRESSURE OF ||HUMIDITY OR 
TA. M. | 2P.M. 9P.M BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF re 
2 TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. 8 
g é é 5a eal Gea A 
plete lgielal =| 2!) 4] ¢|alalalle] alls 
Seeeeieeaiel s | 2 | s:) sybe} a] sii ai a] sie 
S.E.| 2/|S.W. | 2|S.E. | 1 || 29.493 | 29.335 | 29.855 | 29.394 || .187 | .163 | .258|| 100 | 25] 71 1 
E. 1|/N.w.| 1) wW.-| 3 || 29.3859 | 29.260 | 29.390.| 29.336 || .296 | .296 | .193 97.) 92.4) Sh 2 
N.w.| 4|N.wW.| 3/S.E. | 1 || 29.597 | 29.584 | 29.543 | 29.575 || .162 | .160 | .143 89) 54] 73 3 
s.w.| 1] w. | 3] w.. | 3 || 29.399 | 29.315 | 29.381 | 26.365 || .191 | .155 | .131 98 «| 623); 71 4 
w. 1 | N.w.| 6 | N.W.| 5 || 29.296 | 29.474 | 29.704.) 29.491 || 153./ .100} .090 89 | 63 | 75 5 
§.W.| 3/|N.W.| 5] E 1 | | 29.785 | 29.773 | 29.867 | 29.808 || .111 | .088 | .115 | 81); 46 | 86 6 
S.E.| 2|N.E.| 2 |N.E.| 3 || 29.696 | 29.312 | 28.755 | 29.253 || .183 | .184 .178 || 100 | 95 | 100 T 
N.w.| 4/|N.W.| 3 | N.w.| 2 || 29.114 | 29.250 | 29.887.| 29.300 || .147 | .141 | .102 77 | 61) 73 8 
N.w.| 3/|N-W.!/ 3 |N.w.| 1 || 29.914 | 30.001 | 30.077 | 29.997 || .100 | .100 | .105 821 57) 85 +S 
N. 2) EB. | 1)|N. 5. | 1 |} 30.059 | 29.886 | 29.723 | 29.889 || .112 | .151 | .147 93 |'100 | 100 | 10 
Sweet N.. | 2), 8. 3,| | 29-629 | 29.594 | 29.494 | 29.572 || .155 | .173 | .168 || 100°} 64) 74) 11 
8. 2) w. |3]| N. | 8 || 29.318 | 29.601 | 29.740 | 29.553 || .225 | .118 | .102 91} 62) 63/12 
| New | 1 | N.w.| 3 | N-w.| 1 || 29.941 | 29.981 | 30.069 | 29.997 || .094 | .099)| .105 73°'| 47 | 66|13 
. NeWaellues aS... | 3), 8; 3 || 30-138 | 30.000 | 29.915 | 30.018 || .126 | .175 | .208 90°} 50} 100/14 
8. 3/Sw.}1] s. 4 || 29.701 | 29.614 | 29.593 | 29.636 || .266 | .464 | .453/| 100 | 86 | 98 |15 
8.w.| 3/s-w.{|2]| 8S. | 4 || 29.560 | 29.502 | 29.451 | 29.504 || .411 | .474 .499|| 100 | 100 | 97/16 
S.E.| 2/|s.w.|3| w.-| 1 || 29.506 | 29.448 | 29.548 | 29.501 || .428 | .285 .3811|| 100 | 48) 81)17 
N.w.| 2|N.w.| 5 | N.w. | 4 || 29.641 | 29.789 | 29.957 | 29.796 || .221 | .165 | .145 72:| 57°) 62:;18 
§.E.| 1/S-w./|3] 8. 2 || 30.124 | 30.076 | 30.082 | 30.094 || .181 | .242 | .3823 71} 46) 100|19 
8.E.| 2] N. | 2] N. | 2 || 29.984 | 29.796 | 29.717 | 29.832 || .186 | .278 | .289 67'| 100 | 100 | 20 
Ww. 2|s-w.|1] Ss 3 || 29.786 | 29.747 | 29.788 | 29.774 || .311| .347 | .323 || 100 | 67 | 100; 21 
S.E.| 1|N-w.| 3| w. | 2 || 29.845 | 29.850 | 29.895 | 29.863 || .312 | .160 | .184|| 100:} 28] 56'| 22 
8.E.| 3] w. | 4|N.w.| 5 || 29.780 | 29.697 | 30.053 | 29.843 || .281 | .244 | .132 82'| 60] 71 | 23 
Sako. 2) S.-W. | 2). 8. 3 || 30.193 | 30.085 | 30.088 | 30.122 || .146 | .186 | .164 78 | 42 | 63 | 24 
¢ S.E.| 3!8S.E.| 1! w. | 1 || 30.018 | 29.936 | 29.925 | 29.960 || .180 | .268 | .243 77.| 94'! 100 | 25 
5 8.E.|} 2| Ww. | 5|N.w.| 1 || 29.933 | 29.825 | 29.984 70.01% 221 | .145 | .135}| 100°} 32'| 55 | 26 
~ N.w.| 1/|N.w.| 2] N. | 2 || 30.001 | 29.844 | 29.928 | 29.924 || .175 | .222 | .223 92} 64) 95. | 27 
N.w.| 2| N. | 1/s.w. | 3 || 29.990 | 29.954 | 29.996 | 29.980 || .221]| .210| .283 9 | 50} 77) 28 
N.W.| 1/S.E.| 3|N.£.| 2 || 30.045 | 29.922 | 29.773 | 29.913 || .217 | .194 | .186 92} 35) 56 | 29 
is 1|s.w.)} 3] w. | 3 || 29.495 | 29.359 | 29.424 | 29.426 || .272 | .457| .379|| 100] 81] 73:|30 
Per cent. of Time and Force: |} Mean, 4 - .+ 29.721|| Mean, .211||Mean,. . 77 
_ N.W. & w. 48; 8s. w.& S. 27; || Max., 4 : - 380.193 ax.,. . .499|| Max., - 100 
. S8.E.& 5.14; N. E. & N. 11. || Min., . : F - 28.755 79 eaves OSSD HELEN. 5. 5 25 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Jan. 


MAY, 1868. 


RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 


THERMOMETER IN 


THE OPEN AIR. to oo 4: ue = 
S a8 £5 |ots 5 TAM 2p. M 9 P. M 
a) =| bo} aq eo 
= po a | lo. 
=) Q Reo Te Rear ; 
= 8 6 |RGBle || og og Sg 
| ww Se e) is oO. ~~ oO Sa ° » ®D od ° » oO GS 
og | oy wn = ou a Oo uw ae 
3 ist . i = 2% ae PSI oo] Sp Le] as ro 
& A A a Oo of j23s/2S1\ 03! 2 5 | os] hele cee 
: o gu Ae igaa| & § eaig a g S 
a| < oy pa i B15 las agi os eo) Sam 8| £3/88| Se 
ol MO = SH fe a B < a so | <3 | <3 | 


1 | 44.6 | 55.5 | 45.9 | 48.6 
2 | 42.2 | 41.0 | 41.3 | 41.5 


B | 43.0) 89.6 | 47.2) 80. i A By ae g |Str. . 
4. | 443 | 66.8/50.0/53.7||  - a SRE 'oNeaneny, 
5 | 46.3 | 66.2| 54.7 55.7||Night.*| - |osee| -|| 5 |Str. . 
6 | 48.7 | 63.9|50.8/54.5}/P.at° | - [0.005] -|| 10 | Str. . 
7 | 45.0 | 47.6 | 43.3 | 45.3 || Night. | - Seg! Str! a. 
8 |36.0/49.3/ 420/424] - joa.m. |0.625| -|| 10 |Nim.. 
9 | 46.0 | 58.0 | 48.0 | 50.7 - - -| -|| - |Str. . 
10 | 47.5 | 628/493) 532|;  - ‘ Seen 8) Cire: 
16 | 51.1/ 73.8 | 60.7 | 61.8 


as 
ry 
o fF 
Zz 2 
Bg 

+ 

a} 
LS ae 
™M 
of 
lel 

t 


I © KR ON RH OD © O&O &O Dd 
(@) 
= 
B 
1 
{ 


11 | 46.7 | 56.0 | 47.8 | 50.2 - 2 = Ls 9 | Str Str. a cs 
12 | 450| 67.0/48.7/53.6|/ - H ee a c Cu-str.| - tH 
13 | 50.0| 59.5|54.8/548|/2ip.m./  - a a me str. .| 10 | Nim 
14 | 57.0| 72.3) 57.0/62.1|| - |11a.m.}1.362} -|| 10 | Nim Str. .| - L 
15 | 50.5 | 62.4 | 55.0| 56.0||P a.* 2) 16.275 Pee of oe t 10 Nim. .| 10 |Str. . 


17 | 56.9 | 73.0 | 59.7 | 63.2 
18 | 56.7 | 56.0 | 52.0 | 54.9 
19 | 49.9 | 57.3 | 52.5 | 53.0 
20 | 50.0 | 59.0 | 56.0 | 53.3 
21 | 52.0 | 56.9 | 55.0 | 54.6 
32 | 54.9 | 62.0 | 57.0| 58.0 
23 | 52.0| 56.9 | 51.0 | 53.3 
Za. | 49.4 | 61.9 | 54.5 | 55.3 - |dla.m.| 1.468] - 
25 | 53.9 | 64.6 | 60.0 | 59.5 t 4 ag 
26 | 56.8 | 64.0 | 60.0 | 60.3 t 

27 | 59.7 | 75.0 | 61.2 | 65.3 : £ Lee 
28 | 54.5 | 72.1 | 62.0 | 62.9 e Lo) Baia 
29 | 60.3 | 68.9 | 63.0 | 64.1|/2P.m. | Night. |0.395| - 
30 | 57.7 | 66.9 | 63.5 | 62.7 t : Bhi Ag 
31 | 61.8 | 68.6 | 58.0 | 62.8 = KE is | sale 


g |str. .| 16|Nim. .| 10 4 


10 |Nim..| 10/Str. .|10 |Str. . 


9 |Str. . 2/;Cum..| - - 


10 | Str... 3. |-Str. 7/517 760 iseeee 
10 | Str. .| 9|Nim..| 10 | Nim.. 


Mean, . . 55.40;|Sum, .. - 7.863 ° - 


* Showers. t Sprinkles, 


1869.]. SENATE—No. 31. 59 


MAY, 1868.—ContinveED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 

l a eee PR SS URE OF HOMIDITY OR 
Ta. M 2P.M 9 P. M. BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF a 
che TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. EE 
N.w.| 4/N.E/} 4] N. | 2 || 29.650 | 29.708 | 29.708 | 29.689 || .212 | .192| .179|| 73 | 44) 61] 1 
N. 1} N. | 1] E. | 1 || 29.843 | 29.776 | 29.725 | 29.781 || .262 | .255 | .257|| 98 | 100 | 100| 2 
N. 2) N. | 3|N.w.} 1 || 29.711 | 29.678 | 29.749 | 29.713 || .273 | .294| .220;/ 98 | 59] 69] 3 
8.E.{ 1/S.w.|2/ 8S. | 3 || 29.776 | 29.633 | 29.637 | 29.682 || .289 | .256 | .248 || 100 | 39) 69) 4 
N.W.| 1/S.w. | 4 | S.W. | 3 || 29.576 | 29.481 | 29.527 | 29.528 || .299 | .380 | .274/| 96] 61] 66; 5 
N.wW.| 1/|S.w.|3| Ww. | 1 || 29.524 | 29.422 | 29.433 | 29.460 || .315 | .365 | .334|| 93 | 63] 92] 6 
N.E.| 3/N.E.| 2|N.E.| 2 |} 29.422 | 29.371 | 29.320 | 29.453 || .216 | .259 | .266 72 | 80} 96 7 
N.E.| 2)N.w.| 4| W. | 3 || 29.198 | 29.299 | 29.447 | 29.315 || .212 | .202] .190/| 100; 58| 74|] 8 
3 | N.W.| 4 |N.w.| 1 || 29.525 | 29.496 | 29.594 | 29.538 || .193 | .223 | .220 64 | 46] 68 9 
E. 1/N.w.| 2| N. | 2 || 29.669 | 29.673 | 29.856 | 29.733 |] .249 | .153 | .292 72 | 28:10) SE 
w. 1|N.E.| 3 |N. E.| 1 || 29.948 | 29.976 | 29.997 | 29.974 || .253 | .241 | .233)| 80] 54] -71|11 
Dewi e) U4) S., Bao| 2” |! °-S. 1 || 80.018 | 29.941 | 29.983 | 29.981 || .231} .316 | .236 78 | 49| 70;12 
E. 2/8. EH.) 5 |N.E.| 5 || 29.922 | 29.752 | 29.562 | 29.745 || .237 | .880 | .425 66 | 76) 99/13 
N.E.| 1/|S.E.| 3.|S.E. | 3 || 29.472 | 29.489 | 29.623 | 29.528 || .463 | .583 | .380 || 100 | 82| 83/14 
N.W.| 1/S.E.|/ 3/8. E. | 1 || 29.773 | 29.713 | 29.798 | 29.761 || .864 | .478 | .405 99 | 87} 94115 
N.w.} 1/ 8s. |1] S. | 1 || 29.734 | 29.644 | 20.651 | 29.676 || .374 | .542 | .482/]/ 100} 66} 93)16 
S.E.| 2) w. |3] 8. | 2 || 29.634 | 29.540 | 29.574 | 29.583 || .445 | .462| .436|| 97] 59| 87/17 
E. 1|N. E.| 1 | N-w.} 3 || 29.444 | 29.357 | 29.423 | 29.408 || .450 | .449| .362/| 99] 100} 95)/18 
2|N.E.} 1/8. E. 2 || 29.658 | 29.719 | 29.799 | 29.725 || .845 | 825 373 96 | 70) 96/19 
N.E.| 2|N.E.|3] wn. | 2 || 29.866 | 29.834 | 29.768 | 29.823 || 307 | .251| .8741|-85 | 73 | 100 | 20 
N. 4/N.E.| 3|N.E.| 1 || 29.385 | 29.204 | 29.287 | 26.292 || 388 | .447| .480|| 100 | 97 , 100 | 21 
S.E.| 2/|S.E.}/ 1] 8s. | 1 || 29.443 | 29.523 | 29.651 | 29.539 || .890 | .427 | .466|| 92] 77} 100 | 22 
N.E.| 3/|N.E.| 2|N.E.| 3 || 29.717 | 29.699 | 29.649 | 29.688 || .888 | .435 | .374 || 100 | 95 | 100! 23 
N. 3} E. | 2/S.E.| 1 || 29.468 | 29.431 | 29.506 | 29.468 || .844 | .467 | .425 98 | §6 | 100 | 24 
S.E.; 1] E. |11|S.E. | 1 || 29.537 | 29.560 | 29.626 | 29.574 || .410| .517 | .509 || 100 | 86 | 100 | 25 
S.E.| 1| E. {1]| E. | 3 }| 29.706 | 29.708 | 29.704 | 29.706 || .456 | .479| .471/|| 100 | 82] 91|26 
N.w.| 2) w. | 2/8. E.| 3 || 29.698 | 29.579 | 29.580 | 29.619 || .458 | .558 | .476 90} 66| 89 | 27 
S.E.| 2|S.w. | 2 |8.w. | 2 || 29.594 | 29.545 | 20.591 | 29.577 || 420) .599 | .139 || 99 | 77] 82| 28 
S8.E.| 1/S.E.|2/)|8.E. | 4 || 29.628 | 29.598 | 29.565 | 29.597 || .514 | .696 | .566 98 | 100} 98 | 29 
8.E.|/ 1/| Ss. | 2|8S.E./ 1 || 29.566 | 29.543 | 29.569 | 29.599 || .463 | .590| .576|| 99] 89 | 100/30 
N.W.| 3/N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 1 || 29.611 | 29.588 | 29.673 | 29.624 || .402 | .421 | .366 73\ |} 6077 | SL 

Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, ° ; - 29.624|| Mean,. . .365)| Mean, «= ~83 

N.W. & w. 24; N.E. & N. 34; || Max., - : - 29.997 || Max., . . .696)| Max., . . 100 


8. E. & E.28; 8. w.&s.14. ||Min,. . . . 29.204||Min., ; | [139||Min., . ; 28 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 
JUNE, 1868. . 
THERMOMETER IN RAIN AND SNOW. | CLOUDS. 
F Saar < 3 : E [EEE 3 3 T A.M. 2 P.M. 9 Pp. M. 
: sy Seated ey ee) oo eee 
sleletiel.all °4 | °s (Seal agll ee! o.3 ee) ee eee 
elajalel ail £6 | as \eze atl at ada ee| 24 |e2| 28 | Es) 23 
Ale| alo jx B A? |e" anmllas| 4° |as| 4? | asl Me 
1 | 57.0 | 70.0 | 60.7 | 62.6 - - - - - | str. -| 5 |*Cu-str.| 10 |} Str. - 
2 | 56.0 | 67.7 | 58.7 | 60.8 - - = - 2 |Cu-str.| 4 |‘Cu-str.| 8 |Str. . 
3 | 52.7 | 66.5 | 56.5 | 58.6 - - - - 2 Gir. .|'-8.0 SCout 1 eres 
4. | 55.5 | 69.2 | 53.0 | 59.2 = - - - - - - - - = 
5 | 51.8 | 66.0 | 62.0 | 59.9 || P. M.* - - - 9 |Str. .| 10 | Str. .| 10 | Nim 
6 | 66.0 | 76.5 | 68.0 | 70.2 | | Night.t - 0.225 |. - 10 -bStr. . | °°7 ()SStr) oe eee 
7 | 64.0 | 60.7 | 58.0} 60.9|/6A.M. |8 P.M. | 0.3826) —- 10 |-Nim. .| 10 |Str. .| 10 |Str. . 
8 | 57.8 | 68.0 | 63.2 | 64.3 - = > = 8 |-Str. .| 5 |Cu-str.| - | Str. . 
9 | 60.7 | 72.3 | 59.5 | 64.2 || P. M.t - 0.203 | - 10°'Str. .|°-% |} Sire Sib atte 
10 | 63.0 | 69.5 | 57.0 | 63.2 || 12 M. - - = - |Cir. .| 1 | Cu-str.| 1 Str. 
11 | 53.8 | 54.0 | 50.5 | 52.8 - - = - 9 |}Str. .| 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim. . 
12 | 53.0 | 62.6 | 63.0 | 59.5 = 6P.M. | 0.863| — 10 | Nim 10 |Nim..|] 9 | Str. ; : 
13 | 60.3 | 78.9 | 69.2 | 69.5 = - = - 2° )Cir 7 \|Str.5 2] 8 WStre 
14 | 64.0 | 79.5 | 67.7 | 70.4 = = = = = - 2 |Cu-str.| 2 | Str. . 
15 | 63.0 | 81.9 | 68.0 | 73.0 = = = - - - 4 )'Cir. .| 9 | Str. 
16 | 63.8 | 80.4 | 69.0 | 71.1 || P. M.f - 0.162] - 10 | Nim 7 | Cu-str.| 10 | Str. . ‘ 
17 | 70.0 | 81.0 | 70.0 | 73.7 - - = = 10 | Str. 3 |Cum.. 2 = 
18 | 65.0 | 80.8 | 69.0 | 71.6 ~ - - | - || 10 | Str. 2 || Str.) 21) 12 Stee 
19 | 65.8 | 82.8|73.5/73.9||  - = + |4209 a0) deur. 1 |Cum..} 1 |Str . i 
20 | 69.0 | 88.7 |. 79.0 | 78.9 = - = - 10 | Str. 1 |Cum..| 7 |Str. . 
21 | 70.0} 71.0 | 62.0 | 67.7 || 9 A.M - = = 10 | Str. .| 10 | Nim. .| 10 im. . 
22, | 59.2 | 61.0 | 57.0 | 59.1 - 10 A. M.| 0.662} —- 10 | Nim 10 | Str. .| 10 ; 
23 | 57.0 | 72.9 | 63.5 | 64.5 § - - = 10 |Nim..| 3 |Cum..| 5 ? 
24 | 60.0 71.0 | 58.0 ; 63.0 - - - = 1°.Str.0 1° 7) 1 te. ee Hat 
25 | 56.8 | 76.8 | 64.0 | 65.9 - 5 —. ee} | 10° (S8og, . 2) || Spm ae id 
26 | 61.8 | 76.8 | 70.3 | 69.6 = - = = 4 |Cir. .| 7 | Str. .| 5 
27 | 65.0 | 85.1 | 69.5 | 73.2 = - - - - - - - 1 
28 | 63.5 |.77.0 | 67.5 | 69.3 - - - - 1 | Str. - |Cum..; - 
29 | 57.7 | 76.4 | 66.0 | 66.7 - - = - 2 | Cir. 2 |Cum..| - 
30 | 63.7 | 77.8 | 62.2 | 67.9 - - - - 2 | Cir. 2) | Cir. ise 3 
Mean, . . 66.17 ||Sum, . A 22.4414 - Mean, . ° : : : . 
Max., . . 8.7 " 
‘Min., 4 . 51.8 . 
* Mist. ¢{ Thunder Shower. } Sprinkles. § Mist in morning. — 


a 
> 
5 
rn 
" 
5 
ro) 
Wy 
5 


eee fae | 2) 42 |-2 

me elelalel a le 
os. | 1] we [3 isw.]1 
mo N.w.| 1|N.w.| 2 |N.w.| 2 
ewes ew. 12 )s8. kr. | 38 
S.E.| 1/S.E./1)/S.E.] 3 
N.w.| 2/|S.E./ 2] 8. 2 

q S.w.| 3| Ss. | 4/8S.E.1] 3 
wae tii Ns fo) EK. | 1 
N.W.| 1/N.w.| 2/58. E.| 2 
modes peek |) Ss. -|'2')'N-w.] 1 
‘N. pi w. 12}| 8. BE. ] 1 
maweopea | MN. 2) N. | 2 

q N. 3] N. | 1|N.w.] 3 
' Ww. 1 - |-|S.E.] 1 
S.E.}/ 1/|S.E./2)8S.E.| 2 
Sm. |) 1) S.E./3)| 8: E.] 3 
 S§.E.| 1/8. E./ 2/8. E.} 2 
j mee] 1} Be. P2)) Nw. | 1 
«Ez 1/s.E.| 3 es 
ween. | 1:)S: 5. | 1)) 8:5. } 2 
S.E.| 1/s.w. | 3 =e i Oe 
ew t | ©. / 2) x. | 2 
x epee | Lis. zB. | 2 
1|N.w./3| #. | 1 

iw. 12) w. | 1 

1/8. E.| 2|S-w. | 1 

mew.) 2) Ww. | 1 

1|N.-w.| 2/ w. | 1 

aw. )oat oN. | 1 

1/s8.w. | 2/s.E./3 

ma &. 14) Ss. 73 


* er r cent. of Time and Force: 
; N.W. & W.00; “Ss. Ww. & 8. 00; 
es. E. & E. 00; 'N. E. & N.00. 


SENATE—No. 81. 


JUNE, 


BAROMETER. 


BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED 
TO FREEZING POINT. 


TAM, 


29.738 
29.742 
29.910 
30.104 
30.068 
29.743 
29.774 
29.947 
29.791 
29.947 
29.968 
29.579 
29.803 
29.907 
29.911 
29.715 
29.668 
29.672 
29.541 
29.378 
29.462 
29.627 
29.630 
29.808 
29.990 
29.830 
29.567 
29.586 
29.836 
29.968 


Mean, 


Max, . 
Min., . 


2P.M. 


29.677 
29.661 
29.910 
30.058 
29.979 
29.667 
29.849 
29.845 
29.704 
29.925 
29.912 
29.498 
29.746 
29.859 
29.893 
29.630 
29.624 
29.620 
29.432 
29.333 
29.534 
29.635 
29.624 
29.810 
29.918 
29.700 
29.482 
29.607 
29.834 
29.909 


i a le lle a em et ea ge ee lil naa os 
~ 
© 


Mean. 


29.707 
29.730 
29.945 
30.101 
29.972 
29.693 
29.850 
29.869 
29.768 
29.938 
29.913 
29.547 
29.795 
29.880 
29.859 
29.668 
29.642 
29.624 
29.449 
29.367 
29.539 
29.637 
29.658 
29.834 
29.935 
29.727 
29.515 
29.628 
29.853 
29.944 
29.753 


30.142 
29.333 


1 8 6 8 .—ConTINUED. 


FORCE 


OR 


RELATIVE 


PRESSURE OF ||}HUMIDITY OR 
VAPOR, 
In INCHES. 


FRACTION OF 
SATURATION. 
a, ite 
2s ates 
84 | 49) 74 
81} 40] 57 
79 | 54) 7% 
82 | 51] 84 
84] 85 | 100 
99! 80] 89 
100 | 94} 92 
100° |? 77 |" 95 
100 | 86} 99 
93 | 54] 94 
100 | 95 | 99 
100 | 99}; 91 
96} 62) °87 
92 | 74 |S 
90 | 68} 87 
100 | 84 100 
99) |" 727 | 96 
99° |">80" | "96 
100 | 8% | 99 
100; 51); 74 
96} 91] 98 
100 | 90) 99 
100 | 53 | 91 
8 | 59] 94 
100 | 62! 89 
a Mali si tt, 
04) 47 | 85 
83 | 64 | 78 
94] 61) 93 
95+ OS" i 7 
Mean, . 84 
Min.” 100 


40 


61 


Day of Month, 


ae ee | : 
Oo wre © © @ ss Oo oy Pp eo NW 


YF YF - eS 
on OO A 


ONNNNNNDNYD DY WY WD 
eo eaNaoamrbawnr so 


62 


Coo MoN an BP w WS FE | Day of Month. 


o oN DP Dh! Sb SN NY NYDN BY FP YY PY eS SY SE eS 
FP owomwnoanu»4rprprpeweneirFreiooeuwonoaoaouw4pr wn et 


THERMOMETER IN 
THE OPEN AIR. 


7 A.M. 


65.0 
66.2 
70.5 
71.9 
77.3 
72.0 
61.3 
69.0 
70.0 
64.2 
68.5 


72.7 


76.9 
77.0 
74.9 
78.3 
67.6 
66.2 
69.9 
71.2 
66.0 
69.6 
68.0 
63.0 
68.9 
64.2 
56.9 
61.0 
61.0 
65.0 
68.2 


tI 
ny 
nN 


74.2 
82.5 
89.0 
89.8 
93.2 
78.0 
73.0 
80.5 
VA 
82.0 
89.0 
93.9 
94.0 
92.0 
94.5 
86.0 
83.5 
86.2 
86.0 
73.3 
77.0 
84.0 
77.0 
68.0 
79.1 
77.3 
81.0 
71.3 
78.0 
70.0 
82.8 


Mean, 
Max., 
Min., 


* Thunder Showers. 


> 


je. 36: 


67.8 


75.0 


74.5 
79.5 
27.7 
61.3 
67.8 
71.8 
68.0 
73.7 
77.8 
78.8 
75.0 
79.0 
83.0 
74.2 
71.0 
75.5 
74.7 
67.9 
69.7 
69.0 
68.0 
67.8 
70.5 
63.8 
67.0 
66.7 
67.7 
70.0 
75.2 


Mean. 


69.0 
74.6 
78.0 
79.7 
82.7 
70.4 
67.4 
73.8 
69.7 
73.3 
78.4 
81.8 
82.0 
82.7 
84.1 
79.5 
74.0 
76.0 
76.9 
70.8 
70.9 
74.2 
71.0 
66.3 
72.8 
68.4 


68.3 


66.3 
66.2 
68.3 
75.4 


- 73.97 
° 94.5 
- 61.0 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 
a es Se E 7A.M 2P.M IP. M 
as E : E 5 Palitea So Sa 
se | Sa [gel °g|lZe| ¥2]e8] Ba] ee! = 
gf | 28 |gez|23||£2| 22 | 2e| 28 | ee 2 
a° | a [S88 S851) 531 go | ke| go | Sel g 
3 = - - 8 | Str. 10 
- - - - 10 | Str 1 
= - - - 10 | Str 2 
= 7 = = + | Cir. .| 38 
= - - - - | Str 3 
- - - - 1 | Str - 
P.M. 9P.M. |0.253| - 1 | Str 9 
- - - - 10 | Str. 7 
- - - - 10 | Str 10 
= - ~ - 3 | Cir 1 
= = St || 10 Str 4 
: eh ell). este 5} 
ie a 2) 2he4 Nas Vues ie sid eae ba aes 
= - - - 2 | Str 2 
- - - - 10 | Str 2 
- - - = 2 | Str 3 
- = = - - - 2 
- - - - Os Stl. oes 
DEM. } 8 Pah Oaa — 103862. isi} ee 
- - = = 10 | Str 10 
= - = - 10.08 tr. aa 
t - |0.048; =|] 10/Str. .| 2 
- - = - 5 | Str 4 
3P.M - - - 10 | Str 10 
5A.M.t|7 A.M. | 0.904} -1|] 10 | Nim 7 
- - - = - |Smoke,|} - 
ee is = - 5 | Str 3 
- - - - baStr ss | 1B 
- - - - - |Smoke,} - 
sce - {oreo} -~ || 10|Nim.. | 10 
My csc) |) einen) Fog, 3 
Sum, . < Mite BeBe -|| Mean, . : . 


JULY, 1868, b 


t Sprinkle. ra Shower. § Sprinkles in evening. 


SENATE—No. 31. 63 


JULY, 18 68.—ConrTINUED. 


BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
aa a en eS URE OF) | UMEDEEY: OR 
TA. M. 2P.M. SP) Ms BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF! 3 
= a TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. | 5 
& g g aie |. thet a 
vei eigl a) 2) 2] etalzjilalilik 
Seeeeeeris || 2 els | ee spay ei el aia 
8.E.{ 1 | S.w. | 2/S.w. | 1 || 29.939 |.29.910 | 29.917 | 29.922 | | .591 | .690 | .647 96 | 84] 96 a 
8.E.| 1/S.E.| 2|S.E. | 3 || 29 986 | 29.928 | 29.852 | 29.906 | | .639 | .904 .889)| 100 | 83 | 100 2 
8.E.| 1] S. | 2|S.E.} 2 || 29.871 | 29.800 | 29.855 | 29.842 | | .733 |1.040} .758 || 100 | 78; 90 3 
8..| 1 8. | 1) S.w. | -1 || 29.826 29.743 29.728 | 29.766 | | .733 | .948 | .973 95 | 90] 98 4 
g.E.| 2|N-w.|3] N. | 1 || 29.705 | 29.648 | 29.720 | 29.691 || .908 | .881 | .847 99) O87 mae 5 
N 2) E. | 2/S.E. | 3 || 29.871 | 29.850 | 29.906 | 29.876 | | .511 | .620 | .470 66 | 67) 88 6 
8.E.| 2] S.wW.| 3/S.wW. | 1 || 29.812 | 29.671 | 29.667 | 29.717 | | .504 | .676 | .678 95 | 87 | 100 T 
S.w.| 1| Ss. |2/] E. | 2 || 29.654 | 29.637 | 29.667 | 29.653 |} .709 | .846 | .768 || 100 | 84 | 100 8 
N.E.| 3/S.E.| 2/8. E. | 1 | | 29.724 | 29.766 | 29.652 | 29.714 || .700 | .679 | .645 99 |} 90} 94 9 
Bxuew.| 1] 8 2|S.E. | 2 || 29.815 | 29.749 | 29.730 | 29.765 | | .563 | .707 | .763 94} 66}; 9/10 
—— -| w. | 3/S.w. | 1 || 29.764 | 29.676 | 29.675 | 29.705 | | .685 | .785 | .883 || 100 | 56] 93] 11 
s. E.| 1/N.w.| 2|S.H. | 1 || 29.704 | 29.646 | 29.686 | 29.679 | | .761 | .832 | .894 96 | 54) 91/12 
1|N.w.| 1 — | -— || 29.710 | 29.675 | 29.746 | 29.710 || .854 | .902 | .819 95 | 58} 98| 13 
1!s.w | 2/8.E. | 2 || 29.772 | 29.706 | 29.695 | 29.724 || .862 1.098] .914 93} 75} 9 | 14 
1/s.w.|2)| w. | 3 || 29.682 | 29.490 | 29.498 | 29.540 |} .851 /1.154| .789|| 100 | 76] 74) 15 
3| E.3| 3 | N.w.| 2 || 29.514 | 29.590 | 29.649 | 29.584 | | .780 | .778 | .638 82} 66/° 78) 16 
3 |N.w.| 2} E. | 1.|| 29.757 | 29.694 | 29.703 | 29.718 | | .587 | .673 | .658 83.() OOTY SOL EF 
1 E. | 1/S8.5. | 3 || 29.717 | 29.634 | 29.660 | 29.670 | | .639 | .599| .789|} 100; 49} 92);18 
1 - |-]| Ww. | 1 || 29.668 | 29.617 | 29.674 | 29.653 || .731 | 951) .839 || 100 79 | 100; 19 
1{/N.B./} 2] E. | 1 |} 29.757 | 29.797 | 29.884 | 29.796 | | .759 | .740 | .562|| 100; 91] 87] 20 
1|s.E. | 2]S. 3B. | 2 || 29.808 | 29.726 | 29.667 | 29.734 | | .593 | .726 | .705 OE ZO 2 995 2s 
1/s.B.}1|N.W.| 1 |} 29.599 | 29.505 | 29.559 | 29.554 | | .723 | .802 | .703|| 100 | 72] 100) 22 
3/S.E.| 2/8. E. | 3 || 29.663 | 29.638 | 29.653 | 29.651 | | .564 | .660 | .604 Sou, 2212 SORE ay 
2) n. | 1] E. | 1 || 29.646 | 29.600 | 29.571 | 29.608 | | .564 | .652 | .669|}| 100; 96] 100} 24 
1] s. | 2] S.w. | 1 |} 29.481 | 29.477 | 29.564 | 29.507 || .699 | .817 | .746|| 100 | 83) 100; 25 
1 | N.w.} 1 | N.w.| 1 || 29.710 | 29.745 | 29.760 | 29.738 || .591 | .516 | .474 97 | 56] 82] 26 
1/|s.w.|1]Ss.&. | 1 || 29.831 | 29.768 | 29.775 | 29.791 || 461} .455; .5389/| 100| 45] 88! 27 
1|s.E.| 1/8. E.| 1 || 29.885 | 29.755 | 29.765 | 29.802 || .537 | .672 | .639 || 100 | 90} 100| 28 
| 1) 8s.w.| 2/8. 2. | 3 || 29.822 | 29.786 | 29.816 | 29.808 | | .524 | .722| .580/| 100| 77] 87/| 29 
Pee 8.) | 2] 38. 1 || 29.802 | 29.771 | 29.775 | 29.783 | | .616 | .746 | .720|| 100 | 100 | 100 | 30 
lis 2/S.E.| 3 29.741 | 29.629 | 29.558 | 29.643 | | .690 | .925 | .862 |} 100 | 87] 100/; 31 
cent. of Time and Force:|| Mean, . . . 29.718|| Mean, . .722/| Mean,. . 87 
N.W. & W. 24;8.w. & 8.20; || Max., : « ..«.. 29.939 || Max., 1.154) Max., . «100 
3. E. & E. 48; N. BE. &N. 8. Min., ve 6 620468 | CMs... £507)|" Min., . 4 


| Day of Month. 


oO MN Oo Bh ww He 


oon nd NYDNNNDNMNN DD FR RH RR He Pp 
FOOWMWN OTnAhOANHFODOWAN OA PRWDYD H 


THERMOMETER IN 
THE OPEN AIR. 


2P.M 
9P.M. 
Mean 


72.7 | 75.5 
74.0 | 76.7 
69.8 | 74.9 
68.0 | 71.5 
69.8 | 69.6 
65.0 | 67.0 
64.7 | 65.8 
71.0 | 70.0 
67.7 | 72.7 
74.0 | 65.0 | 67.2 
68.4 | 65.3 | 65.9 
72.0 | 57.0 | 63.4 
71.8 | 63.0 | 61.9 
78.0 | 66.0 | 67.0 
78.9 | 69.4 | 70.8 
71.0 | 58.7 | 64.5 
69.8 | 62.5 | 61.4 
73.1 | 68.5 | 67.5 
83.0 | 74.0 | 76.0 
74.0 | 69.8 | 71.8 
78.8 | 68.9 | 71.6 
77.9 | 63.8 | 67.9 
78.0 | 64.0 | 66.0 
78.0 | 67.0 | 66.6 
78.0 | 67.1 | 67.8 
81.5 | 69.8 | 72.1 
72.7 | 58.0 | 65.4 
71.7 | 60.0 | 61.7 
78.6 | 70.0 | 70.2 
83.3 | 70.7 | 74.5 
79.8 | 71.0 | 71.1 


aS Mm 
2 & & hk B 
WS © --d —© 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


ALDGUS Dy 


RAIN AND SNOW. 


RD eo fie |e Oe 
Sia, 5) Mee | Seamer 
‘b & oS ako) 2 
o n a Ww = Od na 
Pa OS Rag 
me wie wn ‘Ss i 
og og oss un 
2 & 25 eee] gs 
aus XS = 
Bo qe Se [aaa as An 
6P.M * - 0.161 
| 5 P. Mf - = 
- 2P.M. | 1.640 
Night.} - 0.726 
ie if Tay 
A. M.{ ee ss iif 
4P.M.*|6P.M. | 1.028 - 
6P. M.f - 0.432 - 
6P. M.* - 0.838 - 
t - 0.080 - 
t - 0.110 - 
Night.{ -, = = 
* - 0.453 - 
4P.M.t - 0.197 - 


+ Thunder Shower. 


1868. 


TA.M 
33 
ee| a° 
8 | Str. 
3 | Cir. 
9 | Str. 
10 | Nim 
10 | Nim 
8 | Str. 
7 | Str. 
10. | Str. 
10 | Str. 
9 | Str. 
5 | Str. 
3 | Str. 
10 | Nim 
2 | Cir. 
7 | Str. 
10 | Str. 
10 | Str. 
5 | Str. 
2 | Str. 
5 | Fog, 
3 | Cir. 
5 | Fog, 
5 | Str. 
2 | Str. 
3 | Str. 
4 | Str. 
7 | Str. 
3 | Fog, 


Y 


CLOUDS 
2P. M 
Gy 
oF Ee 
ele: 
<3 | “j 
9 | Cu-str 
3 | Cum 
2 |Cum 
10 | Nim 
10 | Str 
6 | Str. 
sf Cu. & 
) | Str. 
10 | Str. 
Cir. & 
2} Cum 
2 | Cum 
10 | Nim. . 
8 | Cu-str 
? | Str. 
1 | Cum 
8 | Str. 
3 | Cum 
1 Cum ‘ 
8 Str . e 
6 | Str. 
10 | Nim 
Str. & 
3 } Cum 
2 |} Cum 
5 |Str. . 
7 |Str. 
5 | Cu-str. 
4 | Cu-str. 
8 | Cu-str. 
3 | Str. 


¢ Sprinkles, 


Amount of 
cloudiness. 


Kind of 


clouds. 


Str. . 


SENATE—No. 31. 65 


| ! AUGUST, 18 6 8 .—ConTINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
== eed EE Se EY Ey Ou | EU nD ue (Org 
7 A.M. 2P. M. opp. Mi BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF! 3 
=a TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. r= 
Ee care mes ne | See | eT 
2\2/ 212] 21: | H) ef at g lala] al et} ae) als 
pmenedsiicn | 8) Sf) eu ape Sl ape sie 
Ss. E. 1|S.w.| 3S. E. | 2 || 29.484 | 29.395 | 29.377 | 29.419 || .785 | .829.| 782 || 100 | 77] 99 1 
S.E.| 2|S.w. | 2|S. 5. | 2 || 29.365 | 29.341 | 29.392 | 29.366 || .780 | .824 | .825 || 100 | 73 | 100 2 
S. E. 1|s.w. | 2 N.W. 1 || 29.483 | 29.554 | 29.644 | 29.560 || .728 | .746 | .720 || 100 | 64 | 100 3 
N.w.| 2] N. | 2/S.E. | 1 || 29.702 | 29.785 | 29.857 | 29.781 || .691 | .685 | .673 || 100 | 100 | 100 4 
N.W.| 2/|N.E.| 1|N.E.| 1 || 29.908 | 29.896 | 29.955 | 29.920 || .622 | .721| .686|| 100 | 88] 89 5 
: N.W.| 3|N.E.| 3 | N.W.| 2 || 29.964 | 29.961 | 29.955 | 29.973 || .552 | .506 | .529 98 | 63) 86 8 
| N.w.} 1/S.E.| 1] E. | 1 || 29.823 | 29.751 | 29.704 | 29.759 || .564 | .564 | .593}| 100 | 70] 99 7 
. s. 2|S.W. | 2|S. E. | 2 || 29.627 | 29.640 | 29.524 | 29.597 || .639 | .765 | .746;| 100 | 98 | 100 8 
s. 3} S. | 4] E. | 1 || 29.520 | 29.490 | 29.575 | 29.528 || .754 | .888 | .667 || 100 | 74 | 100 9 
N.W.| 2/N.W.| 2|S.E. | 1 || 29.684 | 29.708 | 29.769 | 29.720 || .566 | .475 | .546|)| 100 | 58} 92)/10 
s.E.| 1/)S.w. | 3 - | — || 29.765 | 29.717 | 29.622 | 29.701 | | .594 | .641 | .618|}/ 100 | 95 | 100) 11 
N.w.| 2| N. | 3] N. | 1 || 29.590 | 29.617 | 29.734 | 29.647 | | .537 | 429] .455/| 100 | 56 | 100};12 
» 1 | N.w.| 4 |N.w.| 1 || 29.826 | 29.741 | 29.760 | 29.776 || .874 | .400| .486|| 100} 53] 90/13 
N.w.| 1/S.w. | 3 |S. E.} 1 || 29.802 | 29.764 | 29.772 | 29.779 || .466 | .489 | .566 || 100} 53) 92/14 
§. Bey 2 )s.w.}-3 | 8S. 3 || 29.772 | 29.687 | 29.654 | 29.704 || .557 | .614 | .629 97 | 64| 88/15 
N. 1} N. | 3] E. | 1 || 29.661 | 29.703 | 29.814 | 29.726 || .576 | .466| .446/| 100 | 62| 93|16 
N.w.| 11S. E. 1|S. E. | 2 || 29.951 | 29.940 | 29.966 | 29.955 | | .370 | .476 | .526 97 | 66| 9% |17 
ewe? tL S.Waikdr) Ss. 3 || 29.996 | 29.961 | 29.928 | 29.962 || .537 | .629| .648 || 100} 79 | 95/18 
S.w.| 3/S.w. | 4] Ss. 1 || 29.812 | 29.709 | 29.725 | 29.749 || .737 | .859 | .821 98 | 79) 100|;19 
Ss. 3 |S. 1/8. E. | 1 || 29.679 | 29.635 | 29.659 | 29.658 || .769 | .839 | .708 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 20 
Ww. 2|N.W.| 2|N.E.| 1 || 29.765 | 29.764 | 29.829 | 29.716 || .653 | .609 | .638 || 100 | 64] 91 | 21 
NOW.| 2 |) Ne 1/ Ss. E. | 1 || 29.896 | 29.839 | 29.859 | 29.865 || .507 | .512 | .559 92 | 56) 97/22 
N.w.| 1/N.w.| 1 | N.w.| 1 || 29.849 | 29.765 | 29.785 | 29.783 || .446 | .567 | .586 || 100 | 61 | 100 | 23 
Nowy 1). E. 1/s. E. | 1 || 29.755 | 29.715 | 29.731 | 29.734 || .429 | .600 | .639 || 100 | 64 | 100 | 24 
N.W. 1 s. 1/|s.4E. | 1 || 29.802 | 29.765 | 29.806 | 29.758 || .483 | .632 | .580 |] 100 | 67 | 89 | 25 
§.E.| 2/|S.w.|3/Ss.E.| 1 || 29.833 | 29.795 | 29.800 | 29.809 || .618 | .829 | .716|| 100 | 79 | 100 | 26 
N.E./ 3] E. | 2/8. E.] 1 || 29.914 | 29.975 | 30.037 | 29.975 || .565 | .605 | .460 92} 79) 97 | 27 
8. 1/|S.E.} 2|8. E. | 2 || 30.080 | 29.994 | 29.970 | 30.015 | | .408} .503 | .486 |) 100 | 66| 94 | 28 
/S-E.| 2|s.w.| 3s. 5. | 3 || 29.830 / 29.732 | 29.693 | 29.752 || .546 | .742|.717|| 100 | 78]. 98 | 29 
§.E.| 2|s.w. | 2|S8. 5. | 1 || 29.686 | 29.618 | 29.735 | 29.680 | | .708 | .854 | .733 || 100 | 77 | 100 | 30 
- NoW.| 2/S.wW. | 2/8. E. | 3 || 29.823 | 29.762 | 29.723 | 29.769 || .558 | .682 .652 || 100 | 68 | 88 | 31 
aaa EEE SS Se Eee) | Se Sse Oe es CORO 
‘Percent. of Time and Force:||Mean, . . . 29.748||Mean,. . .618||Mean,. . 8 
N.W. & wW. 23; 8. w.& 8. 34; || Max., - : . 380.080 || Max.,. . .888|| Max., . . 100 
- 8.E. & E. 32; Xx. E. & N.11. || Min., . : : Sree toca tld Bh ee wma 70 | IVETE Sor Sacre lel 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 
” 
SEPTEMBER, 1868. 
THERMOMETER IN RAIN AND SNOW. CLOUDS. 
HE OPEN AIR. ro to (es Ree | 
OF 2 ae OF ee TAM. tee | oP. ML. 
ra a Ri geo] 2 | 
= oer tT AE ge Ve o n =| wn =) os n 
g | es ok OP. I em NI ‘Sa. . [ae 
a Cie be Sn eR nces ona meee MS 
oa ; ; : oa Sg |03¢ o1/8&S| 9% 6 | Sai) 2 See 
Sie 4 A gi oS oS |»2h! Sal| 25| »« 8 | 2a] ms eeueee 
el alaf]a] sil 85 | 2% |8as! $21\65|.424 ge) Seeeeeue 
0 ean ie Wil = = = < Am || <3 | 6°43) BOS oye 
1 | 73.0 | 79.5 | 64.8 | 72.4 * m Sof acl) 9: bstr. J] oe (iste Sae eieaie 
2 | 58.5 | 72.8 | 61.8 | 64.4 - - - - 7 Str. -| 8 | Cu-str.| 8 | Str. . 
3 | 61.1 | 69.8 | 59.3 | 63.4 | | Night - - - || 10 |Str. .| 7 | Str. .| 10 | Str. . 
4 | 56.2 | 61.8 | 61.7 | 59.9 - Night. | 3.459 -{|]/ 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim. 
‘® | 61.8 | 73.6 | 60.0 | 65.1 - - - - 9 | Str. L.) Str. 0.4 F= - 
“@ | 53.7 | 71.0 | 64.7 | 63.1 - - - - 2 \Str.. «| 8° (Cu-stra "o> 4 Shee 2 
“JT | 63.5 | 73.3 | 62.0 | 66.3 || A. M.t - 0.150; - || 10 |Str. .| 7 | Cu-str.| 5 | Str - 
“8 | 54.0 | 70.0 | 59.8 | 61.3 - - - - - - - - - = 
‘9 | 58.5 ) 65.3 | 65.0 | 62.9 | | Night.+ - - - 9° Str. «| 10) Ste. 2 1ea6) 4 ene 
‘10 | 66.0 | 71.2 | 69.8 | 69.0 - - - - 10 | Nim 10 |Str. .| 10 |Str. . 
11 | 69.9 | 78.5 | 73.5 | 74.0 - 10 A. M. | 1.3808 - || 10 | Nim..|] 8° |Str. .| 10 Str. ‘ 
12 | 71.8 | 76.5 | 69.5 | 72.6 || Night.f - 0.505 - || 10 | Str. 10. | Str. .| 10 | Nim.. 
13 | 66.5 | 75.1 | 72.1 | 71.2 || Pp. M.§ - 0.108 -|| 10 |Str. .| 9 |Nim..| 9 |Str. . 
14 | 60.6 | 71.0 | 59.0 | 63.5 - - - - 7 | Str. 7. (Str. 273) Sie 
15 | 51.0 | 69.1 | 56.8 | 59.0 - - - - - - = = 9 |Str. . 
A.M.f ‘ Sy 
16 | 56.0 | 64.8 | 51.0 | 57.4 Nout} a foward 200 4am. || 8.4) Ste ene 
17 | 37.9 | 56.0 | 44.8 | 46.2 - - - - 1 |Str. .| 3 | Cu-str.| - - 
18 | 36.2 | 60.2 | 48.2 | 48.2 = = : 2-3 \og, . |) 20) Ciesere ae et 
19 | 38.0 | 63.5 | 53.0 | 51.5 - - - - 1: | Fog, . |) 34) Cir. 4 eee 
20 | 54.8 | 63.3 | 60.0 | 59.4 | 2P.M. | Night. | 0.278 = 9 |Str. .| 10 | Str. .} 10 | Nim.. 
21 | 47.2 | 56.8 | 46.0 | 50.0 - - - - = - - = = =- 
22 | 37.0 | 59.7 | 53.7 | 66.8 || Night = 2 Ler telkogs bare pistes 10 “ 
23 | 52.0 | 59.0 | 57.5 | 56.2 = 1P.M. | 0.331 - 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Str. 10 |Str. . 
24 | 49.7 | 54.0| 460] 49.9//5P.M - - - 8 |Str. .| 9 | Str. 10 | Nim 
25 | 46.0 | 53.0 | 53.0 | 50.7 - Night 3.317 - 10 | Nim. .! 10 | Str. 10 | Nim.. 
26 | 56.0 | 61.1 | 52.0 | 56.4 | | Night - - = Sh eStr. «1.88 WiStre a6) A Stra 2 
27 | 49.4 | 52.0 | 52.1 | 51.2 - Night 1.030 - 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim 10 | Nim 
28 | 53.8 | 69.2 | 57.0 | 60.0 - - - - 8 |Str. .| 3 {| Cu-str.| —- - 
~ 29 | 45.0 | 57.7 | 46.5 | 49.7 - - - - 1 |Str. .| 3 | Cu-str.| —- - 
30 | 40.7 | 59.0 | 57.8 | 52.5 - - - ~ Q0Cir.: s [0:6 Str. aa ash ee 
Mean, 51.47 || Sum, 10.633 -|| Mean, . . : 
Max., 79.5 
Min., . 862 
* A few drops. { Showers. ¢ Sprinkles. § Thunder shower. 


SEPTEMBER, 


SENATE—No. 31. 


1 8 6 8 .—ContTINUED. 


67 


WINDS. 


TA. M. | 2P.M 9P.M 
eee — 

A i A |e] A |e 
S.E.| 3|N.W.|4]N.w.| 2 
N.w.| 1) S.w.| 2]|S.E.| 2 
8.E.| 2]|S.E.|3|S.E.| 3 
N.E PAN | ON. | 2 
N.W.| 3|N.w.| 4|N.w.| 1 
ww.| 2/}swij2| - |- 
w. 1] w. |3|N.w.| 3 
N. $A TNecwe 8. 2 
Som |. .3:|)' 8. | 2 8.) 1 
N. De. Er.) 1) s.r.) 1 
Ss. E Pile S.aa2 | SE. | 1 
E. oe Mews | @ E.| 1 
S.E.| 1|N.w.| 1] N.w.| 2 
N. 3 |-N. | Balin. |. 1 
Now-| 4 | EE. | 4/98.E.| 3 
mw ok} W.-|.4,| WwW. | 2 
E. 1| we 44 |N E.| 1 
E. 1 |N.w.| 1|N.w.}] 1 
S.E.| 1/S.w.|3/|S.E. | 2 
Ss. 3/S.w.{3] Ss. | 2 
N.w.| 4|N.w.| 3|N.w.| 1 
- -|N.W.| 1|S.E. | 3 
veer | 2) -}<-|.- | - 
: N.W.| 3/|N.w.| 3|N.E. | 2 
N.E.| 2/N.w.| 2 - |- 
Now.) 1 | N.we}-2 | N.w.| 1 
N. Me |) |) ON. 5]. 2 
S.E.| 1/|8.E.|2/N.w.| 3 
8.E.| 1/|N.w.| 6|N.w.| 1 
‘ ew.) 1) w..| 3] s.w.| 2 


_ Per cent. of Time a:id Force: 
N.W. & W. 4458S. Ww. & 8S. 13; 
| 8. E. & E. 30; N. E. & N. 13. 


“ae 


BAROMETER. 


BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED 
TO FREEZING POINT. 


A. M. 


29.543 
29.818 
30.038 | 
29.897 
29.661 
29.721 
29.586 
29.817 
29.718 
29.705 
29.778 
29.861 
29.717 
29.878 
30.014 
29.694 
29.900 
30.112 
30.235 
29.941 
29.757 
29.853 
29.712 
29.982 

29.706 
29.694 
29.831 
29.635 
29.714 
29.892 


Mean, 
Max., 


P.M. 


29.565 
29.811 
30.028 
| 29. 787 
29.602 
29.703 
29.468 
20.001 
29.618 
29.700 
29.803 
29.808 
29.647 


29.909 
29.937 
29.585 
| 29.858 
30.090 
30.136 
29.721 
29.421 
29.789 


Min., . . 


| 
| 


a 
ror 


29.707 
29.902 
30.017 
29.743 
29.684 
29.696 
29.653 
29.172 
29.674 
29.730 
29.837 
29.802 
29.744 
29.951 
29.910 
29.722 
29.965 
30.119 
30.093 
29.628 
29.817 
29.770 
29.792 
29.916 
29.597 
29.819 
29.699 
29.640 
29.795 
29.762 


Mean. 


29.605 
29.844 
30.028 
29.809 
29.649 
29.707 
29.569 
29.787 
29.670 
29.712 
29.806 
29.824 
29.703 
29.913 
29. 954 | 
29.667 
29.908 
30.109 
30.155 
29.863 
29.782 
29.804 
29.752 
29.960 
29.639 
29.760 
29.754 
29.607 
29.728 
29.803 


UI 


29.792 
30.235 
29.468 


ee ee EEE eee 
Se 


FORCE OR 
PRESSURE OF 


VAPOR, 


In INCHES. 


255 


Mean, . 
Max., . 
Min., . 


: 


332 


445 
877 
.166 


RELATIVE 
HUMIDITY OR 
FRACTION OF 
SATURATION. 


93 | 52] 88 
100 | 94} 100 
100 | 100 | 100 
100 | 92 | 100 
100 | 93 | 100 
100 | 100 | 89 

68 | 57} 97 

93 | 58} 89 
100 | 77 | 56 

97 | 45 | 92 
100 |} 51] 94 
100 | 57 | 86 

93 | 80 | 100 

77 | 48] 88 
100 | 66] 83 
100 - | 100 

76 | 53 | 100 
100 } 100 | 100 

94 | 67] 93 
100 | 100 | 100 
100} 81] 72 
100 | 36] 69 
100 | 61] 84 

Hash at 
Min.., «gs PO 


Day of Month. 
oan aouwnprP & ND EF 


© 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘Jan. 
OCTOBER, 1868. 
OUTER tie oe RAIN AND SNOW. | CLOUDS. 
g Pauie eat = 5 £ a 3 Talis 2p. M. 9 P.M. 
E 25 | bs |e || Sg 33 33 
| ee .{|. 38 | 8 |S3el 23(| ee] 22) ee| 2) eel og 
el alal«l| || 26) £§ (eee) 2|/22| £2 |g2| 28 | ez) 22 
Alslalels BA | Be [ge ar] as] be & |] eit oe Sete) eee 
L | 48.5 | 51.5 | 47.3 | 49.1 * = = = 9 | Str 9 | Str. 10 | Nim 
2 | 46.0 | 55.5 | 49.0 | 50.2 || Night.+ = 0238) M04 40-'Str. 9 | Str. 10 | Nim 
3 | 48.9 | 58.0) 46.5 | 51.1 = = 4 - || 10 | Nim 2 | Str. - - 
4. | 36.0 | 58.6 | 48.0 | 47.5 - a - ~ 2 | Cir 2 | Str. 10 | Str. 
5 | 44.0! 61.7 | 53.5 | 53.1 - = - - || 10 | Str 3 | Cir. 1 | Str. 
6 | 51.9 | 64.0 | 48.0 | 54.6 . - - - -|Smoke,| 2 | Str. - 2 
7 | 38.7 | 64.1 | 56.5 | 53.1 = = = “ 8 | Fog, 5 | Str. '.} 10 | Str. 
8 | 63.7 | 64.0 | 46.7 | 58.1 * = s -|| 10 | Nim +8 | Str..-4) Sie. 
9 | 36.0 | 51.0 | 39.5 | 42.2 = : 8B — SMG ge, O | ane % ‘s 2 
LO | 32.9 | 55.0 | 46.0 | 44.6 - 3 - - 7 | Str ~ - = = 
11 | 49.0 | 68.0 | 54.5 | 57.2 * = = SOR SLO. ES tr. Si) eee - ~ - 
12 | 47.7 | 59.8 | 48.0 | 57.8 - - s = 3 | Str 2|Cu-str.| = - 
13 | 35.0 | 57.3 | 48.0 | 46.8 | | Night. - = - - - 7 | Str. 10 | Str. . 
14 | 44.4 | 49.0 | 47.8 | 47.1 - = = -|| 10 | Nim 10 | Str. 10 | Str. 
15 | 47.0 | 54.9 | 52.3 | 51.4 - 6 A.M. |0.435| -|| 10|Nim..| 9/Str. .| 9 | Str. 
16 | 43.0 | 61.5 | 45.0 | 49.8 - - 2 - 1 | Str. - - - - 
17 | 38.0 | 40.5 | 30.3| 36.3//6A.M. | 10A.M.| 0.235} 1.0/| 10|Nim..| 21 Cu-str.| —- = 
18 | 23.0 | 46.5 | 35.3 | 34.9 - - ~ - - - - - 1| Str. . 
19 | 40.8 | 47.9) 47.0|45.2)/|1e.m. |4P.M = ~ 7 |'Str. 10|Nim..| 6 | Str. 
20 | 37.8 | 52.0 | 37.5 | 42.4 4 = = - 2 | Str. 1 | Cu-str.| = LE 
21 | 39.2 | 43.0 | 42.0 | 41.4 || 114. Mm. = = - 9 | Str. 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim 
22 | 34.2 | 39.7 | 36.0 | 36.7 - Night. |0.285| -|| 10 | Nim 10 | Nim..| 10 | Nim.. 
23 | 33.0 |.37.2 | 35.0 | 35.1 - - _ = 2 | Str. 8 | Str. - - 
ZA. | 19.2 | 42.0 | 32.3 | 31.2 - = f a 1 | Str. - - - - 
25 | 27.0 | 48.5 | 45.4 | 40.3 || Night.t = 0.103) - 3 | Str 3 | Str. 10 | Nim 
2G | 46.0 | 54.6 | 43.0 | 47.7 - = £ = 9 | Nim 8 | Str. 3 | Str. 
‘27 | 29.5 | 50.8 | 50.0 | 43.4 || Night.* - 0.075| - 1 | Fog, .| °9|Str.-'.| 10 | Str: 
28 | 55.0 | 56.0 | 42.0 | 51.0 = 4 # e 9 | Nim 7 | Str...) 3 | Str. 
29 | 32.3 | 40.2 | 29.0 | 33.8 2 = = - - | Str. 1 | Str. 
BO | 21.5 | 43.0 | 81.7 | 32.1 = i E & 2 & a e 
31 las 52.8 | 54.8 | 45.0 = *: s ~ 7 (Str. |) 9S "Stream 
Mean, . . 45.30 || Sums, . 1.371 1,0|| Mean, .'%. @ 4 
Max., 68.0 
Min,, . 9%. 19:2 
* Sprinkles. { Rain. 


SENATE—No. 381. 69 


OCTOBER, 1868.—ConrTINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 
= LES, OF UNDE, ¥ "Ors 
ta. Mi | Op. i. | 9 P. M. BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF a 
SS TO FREEZING POINT. | Ly Incnes. SATURATION. 8 
= 4 4 F é S| a] s 4 |4n les 
N.W.| 2/S.E. | 2/|S.E. | 1 || 29.983 | 30.034 | 30.069 | 30.029 | -242 | .265 | .303 G2 \to tee Oe A 
N.W.} 1/S.w. | 1 Ss. 1 || 30.066 | 29.988 | 29.982 | 30.012 | 262 | .314 | .340 84 |. -77 |, 99 2 
N. 1| N. | 3/|N.w.| 1 || 29.899 | 29.878 | 29.957 | 29.911 | .339 | .803 | .262;| 100} 63] 84 3 
N.w.| 1/|S.w. | 2/S.E. | 2 || 80.0382 | 29.914 | 29.853 | 29.933 || .212 | .809 | .477 || 100 | 64 | 100 4 
E. 1/s.E.| 2] E. | 1 || 29.655 | 29.416 | 29.358 | 29.476 || .289 | .417| .576|| 100 | 77 |} 100 5 
N.wW.| 2 |N.w.| 4 1 || 29.504 | 29.660 | 29.835 | 29.666 || .310 | .299 | .294 81 52 | 90 6 
N.W.| 2/S.E.| 3/|S.E. |} 3 || 29.938 | 29.806 | 29.751 | 29.832 || .231 | .486 | .420|| 100 | 74 | 94 y | 
S.E.| 4| w. | 3/|N.w.| 4 || 29570 | 29.524 | 29.755 | 29.616 || .590 | .403 | .210 || 100 | 67) 68 8 
N.w.| 1|N.w.| 2/|N.w.| 1 || 29.973 | 29.972 | 30.010 | 29.985 || .180 | .164 | .195 85 | 45] 82 9 
_W. 1 | N-w.| 2 | N.wW.| 1 || 29.993 | 29.880 | 29.871 | 29.915 || .184 | .858 | .267/| 100 | 84]; 88/190 
S.E.| 1/|S.w.|3| N-. | 1 || 29.762 | 29.620 | 29.681 | 29.688 || .349 | .475 | .418|| 100] 69 | 100; 11 
S.W.| 2/|N.W.] 6/|S. E. | 2 || 29.738 | 29.736 | 29.882 | 29.785 || .293 | .216 | .217 89 | 438} 66/12 
E. 1/|s.w.| 3 |S. E. | 1 || 29 952 | 29.882 | 29.916 | 29.917 || .203 | .291 | .263|| 100} 62| 79/13 
Meee | |) BL. jk - | - || 29.972 | 29.937 | 29.916 | 29 942 || .289 | .823 | .327|| 100 | 94] 100;14 
N.wW.| 2|N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 2 || 29.874 | 29.765 | 29.699 | 29.779 || .323 | .386 | .388|| 100} 90] 100;15 
N.W Ew 2 |N.w.| 1 || 29.639 | 29.584 | 29.631 | 29.618 || .278 | .297 | .285 || 100| 55) 96|16 
N.w.| 3/|N-w.| 5 |N.w.!| 3 || 29.631 | 29.848 | 30.075 | 29.851 || .229 | .162 | .114 || 100| 63} 69|17 
S.E.| 1]S.w.| 4/5s. 5. | 1 || 30.160 | 30.044 | 30.012 | 30.072 || .123 | .163 | .162 || 100} 52| 80/18 
S.E./ 2/|S.w.| 2] w. | 3 || 29.868 | 29.689 | 29.726 | 29.761 || .199 | .327 | .249 78 | 100| 77/19 
N.W 1 | N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 1 | |.29.840 | 29.830 | 29.930 | 29.867 | | .218 | .201 | .206 98 | 52} 95 | 20 
| N.W 1|N.w.| 1] N. | 1 || 29.927 | 29.876 | 29.780 | 29.861 || .216 | .271 | .266 91 | 98 | 100] 21 
N.w.| 1| nN. | 2] wn. | 1 || 29.696 | 29.775 | 29.780 | 29.750 || .196 | .230 | .212|| 100 | 95 | 100 | 22 
P N. 2) N. |3/ N. | 1 |} 80.023 | 30.124 | 30.198 | 30.115 || .178 | .136 | .166 94| 60| 82|23 
' Nie 1}s.w.|2]| §E. | 1 |} 30.127 | 30.093 | 30.051 | 30.120 || .101| .187 | .176|| 100 | 69| 97| 24 
; Ww. 1}. s.w. | 2 s. 1 || 29.980 | 29.826 | 29.783 | 29.830 || .145 | .258 | .288 || 100 | 78] 94] 25 
Ww. 1 | N.w.| 3 | N.w.| 1 || 29.726 | 29.778 | 29.947 | 29.817 || .311 | .808 | .227|| 100] 74] 83|26 
N.W.} 1/8.w.| 3] Ss. 2 || 30.035 | 29.930 | 29.830 | 29.932 || .153 | .286 | .331 || 100 | 78 | 93| 27 
Ss. 2/ w. | 4/N.w.!| 4 || 29.585 | 29.578 | 29.767 | 29.643 || .483 | .288 | .184/| 100 | 64] 70) 28 
NW.| 3/N.w.| 4)N.w.| 1 || 30.025 | 30.050 | 30.168 | 30.081 || .125 | .118 | .135 69 | 48/ 88|29 
N.W.| 1/NE./1/ E. | 1 || 30.320) 30.319 | 30.363 | 30.334 || .113 | .103 | .133 || 100 | 37] 76)|30 
E.. 1 Se +48. 4 || 30.321 | 30.084 | 29.878 | 30.094 || .147 | .292 | .380/| 100} 73] 89| 31 
_ Per cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, : oct fs, 20874 || Mean... .¢26%|| Mean, «aoe 
N.W. & w.52; 8. w. & S. 20; || Max., “ . - 30.363 || Max,. . .590|| Max., . . 100 
eee m.19;N.E.&N.9. ||Min,. . . . 29.368||Min., . ..101||Min, . . 37 


g* 


Day of Month. 


THERMOMETER IN 
THE OPEN AIR. 


a 


9P. Mw 
Mean 


41.2 
33.7 
31.3 
39.9 
42.3 
33.0 
31.8 
37.0 
50.5 
37.0 
34.8 
30.0 


34.0 
32.5 
34.0 
28.8 
33.0 
34.5 
30.5 
33.0 
34.0 
34.8 
29.9 
36.7 
37.0 
42.5 
31.8 
36.7 
36.7 
30.3 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 


NOVEMBER, 


RAIN AND SNOW. 


Time of begin’g 
of rain or snow. 


A 
ae ae 
[od 


9 A.M. 


Night. 


Night. 


* 


Time of ending 
of rain or snow. 


Noon. 
Noon. 


6P.M. 


10 A. M.| Night. 


Sums, . 


* Film of snow. 


i 


gauge, inches. 


E of rain or 
melted snow in 
2 of snow, 


0.150 


0.687 
0.700 


0.700 


0.025 


4.796 


inches. 


0.5 


1.5 


1868. 


7 A.M 
ea ve 
Be re 
e3| 2s 

ee eres | ae 
10 | Nim 
10 | Nim 
10 | Nim 
- | Str. 
10 | Str. 
3 | Str 
10. | Str. 
10 | Fog, 
LOS" Sort 
10 | Nim 
1 | Str. 
3 | Str 
a) Sur, 
9 | Str 
2 | Str 
Shpall 5 
10 | Nim 
oN Sor 
Ser 
10 | Str. 
10 | Str. 
2 | Str 
4") Str 
10 | Str. 
2. | Str 
7°) Str 
10 | Fog, 
9 | Str 
Mean, . 


CLOUDS. 
2P.M 

So 

ae. 

23 | & x 

10 | Nim. . 

10 | Nim 

7 | Str 

10 | Nim 

4 | Str 

2 1 Cir 

10 | Nim.. 

9 | Str 

10 | Nim 

9 -| Str. 

4 | Cu-str 

2 Cie ee 

5 | Str. 

1 | Str. 

10 | Str. 

10 | Nim 

3 | Cu-str 

9 |Str. . 

9 

9° Sieh 

2 | Cum 

5 | Cir. 

10 | Nim. . 

1 | Cu-str 

2 | Str 

5 | Str 

10 | Nim 


9P. M 
pera 
SE athe 
53| a® 
10 | Nim. 
10 | Nim. 
¥ + Ste: 
1 -| Str. 
2 | Str. 
5 | Str. 
10 | Nim 
10 | Str. 
10 | Nim 
10 | Str. 
3 | Str. 
10 | Str. 
8 | Str. 
3 | Str. 
10 
5 
4 
10 
9 
10 


: .{| 10 | Str. 
10 |Str.. 


_ ts a <4 
a i i el 


SENATE—No. 381. at 


NOVEMBER, 1 8 68.—ConrTINUED. 


FORCE OR RELATIVE 
PRESSURE OF || HUMIDITY OR 
VAPOR, FRACTION OF 


| BAROMETER. 


BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED 


cra) 
4 
5 


. 7A. M. 2P.M a 
: ; : 7% TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. r= 
. £ g E tia z 
eee aie sf | ef) 8 2) Sai el al ala 
: S.E.| 6 —- |-| N. | 2 || 29.465 | 29.345 | 29.425 | 29.412 | -480 | .395 | .258 | | 100 | 100 | 100 1 
: N. 4) N. | 4/N.w.| 1 || 29.559 | 29.597 | 29.674 | 29.610 || .196 | .194| .186 |} 100 | 92) 96 2 
| N.W.| 2 }N.wW.} 2) N.w.| 1 |} 29.653 | 29.619 | 29.639 | 29.637 || .175 | .175 | .174 |} 100} 73} 100 3 
| N.w.| 1) S.w. |} 2 |N.w.| 1 || 29.764 | 29.633 | 29.638 | 29.678 || .141 | .284 | .226]| 100} 65]. 91 4 
| N.E 2) w. | 1/N.wW.| 3 || 29.516 | 29.434 | 29.549 | 29.500 |} .212 |. .250 | .218 |} 100 | 100 | 81 5 
N.w.| 4/)N.w.] 5 N.W.| 4 || 29.788 | 29.838 | 29.972 | 29.849 || .187 | .182 | .150 77 | 66| 80 6 
WWE a fe 0 | N. E.| 2 | N.w.|} 2 || 80.115 | 30.138 } 30.210 | 30.154 || .139 | .143 | .147 83 | 55 | 84 v 
) N.W.| 1{|N.w.| 1] S. 1 | | 30.190 | 29.952 | 29.901 | 30.014 || .163 | .206 | .221 87 | 100 | 100 8 
N.w.}| 1 E. | 1|N.w.| 1 || 29.741 | 29.685 | 29.715 | 29.714 | | .234 | .403 | .361 | 100 | 100 | 100 9 
. E 3 |N.E.| 3 | N. E.| 2 || 29.894 | 29.885 | 29.883 | 29.887 || .268 | .249 | .214 96} 96} 95)/10 
N.E.} 3|N.W.|.3|] W. | 1 || 29.631 | 29.528 | 29.682 | 29.614 || .286 | .224] .155]/ 100 | 83] 76|11 
F Woe 1 | N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 1 || 29.861 | 29.936 | 30.102 | 29.966 || .139 | .114 | .126 81] 52] 76)12 
8. E 2;)S.E.|2] E. | 1 |} 30.139 | 29.993 | 30.002 | 30.011 || .152 |..181 | .178|| 100} 59) 92);13 
8.E.}; 1/S.w./ 2) E. 1 || 30.000 | 29.938 | 29.973 | 29.970 | | .164 | .120 | .162 97 | 28; 89/14 
N.E 1} w. | 1/|N.w.| 1 || 30.069 | 30.033 | 30.067 | 30.056 || .149 | .184|] .160/| 100 | 77 | 81)15 
N.w.| 3/|N.W.| 2|N.W.| 2 || 30.151 | 30.102 | 30.135 | 30.129 | | .132 | .128 | .109 96; 58) 70;16 
E. eaves | dee mS | 3 30.109 | 29.998 | 29.952 | 30.020 | | .126 | .162 | .188 96 | 80} 100/17 
N.E.| 4/N.E.|] 2/N.w.| 3 | 29.633 | 29.515 | 29.533 | 29.560 || .196 |} .207 | .200}| 100 | 100 | 100 | 18 
N.w.| 1/|N.W.} 2 | N.w.| 1 || 29.589 | 29.546 | 29.589 | 29.575 || .196 | .193 | .170 || 100 |} 71} 100|19 
S.E.} 1/S.W.|1/S.E.} 2 || 29.588 | 29.534 | 29.506 | 29.543 | | .125 | .186} .159// 100 | 88) 8 | 20 
N. 3] N. |.3 3 || 29.439 | 29.388 | 29.430 | 29.419 | | .163 | .146 | .188 86 | 69; 71 | 21 
N. 4) N. | 4] N. | 4 || 29.454 | 29.514 | 29.616 | 29.528 | | .147 |. .155 | .150 74| 70.) 7122 
Now.) 1)N.w.| 3S. 5. | 1 || 29.7380 | 29.757 | 29.779) | 29.755 | | .147 | .149 | .153 || 100} 65) 94/123 
S.E.| 1 i ha luat Ns | 2 || 29.725 | 29.676 | 29.833 | 29.745 || .160} .178 | .165]| 100 | 60] 78 | 24 
8.E. | 2/|S.E. | 3 |S. E. | 2 || 29.902 | 29.870 | 29.792 | 29.855 || .137 ; .121] .181 || 100 | 64; 83|25 
Ss. 3} N. | 3|N.w.| 5 || 29.521 | 29.084 | 29.314 | 29.306 | | .267 | .289 | .215 || 100 | 100 | 79 | 26 
N.wW.| 5|N.wW.| 4/S.2E.| 1] | 29.640 | 29.731 | 29.885 | 29.752 | | .150 | .134 | .157 80 |p S744) 924), Bie 
8.E.| 1/|S.w. | 3|S.w. | 1 || 29.747 | 29.581 | 29.473 | 29.600 | | .142 | .183 | .189 96 |; 70; 88 |28 
E. 1 | N.w.| 3 | N.w.| 4 | | 29.322 | 29.260 | 29.266 | 29.283 || .176 | .184] .161/]| 100 | 66 | 74|29 
Bow. | 1tis.w.|1)| N 3 29.118 | 29.092 | 29.213 | 29.141 | | .161 | .216 | .157 81 | 100; 94130 
es cent. of Time and Force: || Mean, = 29.699 || Mean,. . .176|| Mean, . 95 
meamee, W.40; S.W. &S.8;||Max,. . 30.212 || Max,: . .480]| Max., . . 100 
S.E.& £.19; N.E. & N. 28. | Min., . 29.084 || Min., . . .114)/|Min., 28 


T2 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


DECEMBER, 1868. 


RAIN AND § ‘ O 3 
THERMOMETER IN SNe | cL 
THE OPEN AIR. to of 4s an oy 

a a8 Bis A meteea ie TA. M. 2p. M. 9PM. 

3 & & Se is as =I 

a aM o 2 Seo| * 5 ; 

s ee B |RGS] a Sg Sa oa 

a Se | Se lege! Pall ee] & es |eh eee 
4 | om — —_ Ss | Ss 

ei a a a S| ® § o 8 (PSP) S6)| 25/0 8 | 25] po eo Soe es 

b SI cs, Es Ea [gee 221 65|. § See )aan 54 Sa 

S < Ay Ay _ Oo = 0 Heo} 25 & ATO = a3 |8o| a9 

Alrelaloal| aA S S 4 A“||<3| <3 | a3| 

1 | 22.0 | 25.0 | 20.8 | 22.6 | | Night.* - - -|| 10 |Nim..|] 9 | Str 3 4 Strei.s 

2 | 23.3 | 28.3 | 22.8 | 23.3 - - - - || 10 | Str. 2 | Str - - 

3 | 16.1 | 32.5 | 26.0) 24.5 |) - - -| -|) - - | 4 | Str -| - 

4 | 17.8 | 32.5 | 23.0 | 24.4 || Night. - - - 1 | Str 10 | Str 8 | Stre « 

5 | 26.0 | 28.8 | 27.0 | 27.3 ei Night. | 0.490} 7.0/| 10 | Nim. .}| 10 | Nim 10 | Nim. . 

6 | 25.0 | 33.0 | 27.2 | 28.4 - - ah 7? | Str. + (Str. «0 4) Stravu 

7 | 25.2 | 32.6 | 42.7 | 33.7|| Noon. | Night. | 0.495] 3.0|| 10 | Str 10 | Nim 10 - 

8 | 36.4 | 35.3 | 30.0 | 33.9 || Night.t - - - 7 | Str. 7.4, Str.) si, AO 2) Nim, 
9 | 20.6 | 26.1| 18.8 | 21.6 t _ » -|| 8 | Str. 9 | Nim 4 
LO | 12.5 | 21.0 | 13.9 | 15.8 - - - - 2 | Str. 1. Stree ea Siro. 
11 1.5 | 22.5 | 19.8 | 14.6 - - - - 1.) Str. .| Gil Stes (40 0) trae 

12 | 19.3 | 24.3 | 24.8 | 22.8 - - - - 9: Str. «|| 2) Ste - - 
13 | 19.5 | 29.7 | 18.3 | 22.5 - - - - 20Str.  . |) soiree - 
14 | 18.0 | 25.9 | 22.3 | 22.1 * - - - 9 | Str 10 | Str 7? | Str 
15 | 16.0 | 28.1 | 13.4 | 19.2 - - - = LoiSitr. 2 > Sastre. ie - 
16 | 8.0 | 22.7 | 23.8 | 18.2 - - - c= 3 | Str. 9 |Str. .| 10 | Str . \ 
17 | 25.3 | 37.0 | 38.7 | 33.7 - - - -!| 10 | Str 2 | Str 5 | Str 
18 | 38.0 | 29.5 | 18.5 | 28.7 - - - = 8 | Str 1 } Str. - of 
19 | 85/| 19.0] 9.5 | 12.3 - - - - - - - - - - 
20 | 16.0 | 20.5 | 34.0 | 23.5||9 A.M. | Night. | 0.257) 0.5|| 10 | Str. .| 10 | Nim. .| 10 | Nim.. i 
21 | 33.8 | 40.0 | 36.0 | 36.6 4 e a =|) 00dcRog, «| Sic Stren wees e . 
22 | 30.0 | 34.5 | 29.8 | 31.4 - - - -|| 5 |Str. .| 4 | Cu-str.| 6 | 
23 | 26.8 | 26.0 | 17.0 | 23.3/|5 A.M. |11.A. M.| 0.092) 1.5]) 10 | Nim..| 5 |Str. .| - 
24 | 3.0/17.2| 4.2| 8.1 te 4 2 alice Sadie c J J 
25 | -4.0| 20.4| 17.0] 11.1 - - - - 1 |Str. .) 4 | Str. Zi 
26 | 17.7|21.0| 6.5 | 15.1 - - - = 4 | Str. - - - 
27 |-5.0 | 14.0} 18.0} 9.0/|1P.M. | Night. | 0.097] 1.0 1 | Str. 10 | Nim 10 
28 | 21.0 | 31.8 | 19.7 | 24.2 - - - - 6 | Str 5 | Str. - 
29 | 16.3 | 32.0 | 36.5 | 28.3 t - 0.020 - 8 | Str. 10 | Nim 5 
30 | 21.7| - - ~ - - - - 3 | Str. - - - 
31] - - - - - - - ~ - - - ~ - 
| 
Mean, . - -00|}Sums, . : - 00 00|| Mean, . : 0 ; A 
Max., . » -00 
Min., ' - 00 


* Film of snow. t Squalls. ft A little snow and rain. 


— 1869.] | SENATE—No. 81. 73 


DECEMBER, 1 8 68.—ConrTINUED. 


WINDS. BAROMETER. FORCE OR RELATIVE 

eet PRESSURE, OF + |HUMEDELY OF 
TA. M 2PM 2 Bee, BAROMETER HEIGHT REDUCED VAPOR, FRACTION OF a 
: — TO FREEZING POINT. In INCHES. SATURATION. r= 
s 3 : 3 2 3 | 4 oe 
eee ElE) ele lel 2 eleleieielele 
N. 3 | N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 4 || 29.279 | 29.267 | 29.427.) 29.324 || .101 | .096 | .091 86 | 71] 8 R 
S.W.| 4/|N.w.| 4/|N.w.| 3 || 29.577 | 29.615 | 29.759 | 29.650 || .103 | .105 | .107|| 83) 69) 93 2 
N.wW.| 1 | N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 1 || 29.922 | 29.902 | 29.992 | 29.938 || .087 | .119 .129|} 100 | 64; 91 3 
S.E.| 1] E. | 1|S.w. | 2 || 29.975 | 29.921 | 29.865 | 29.920 || .095 | .176 | .123 || 100 | 100 | 100; 4 
E. 2) N. | 2] N. | 2 || 29.755 | 29.635 | 29.699 | 29.696 || .140 | .157 | .147 || 100 | 100 | 100 5 
N. 1 | N.w.| 1 | N. E.} 1 || 29.826 | 29.855 | 29.947 | 29.876 || .133 | .163 | .141|| 100| 86) 94 6 
S.E.| 2|N.E.| 5 |S. E. | 6 |} 29.819 | 29.331 | 28.681 | 29.277 || .137 | .185 | .257|| 100 | 100 | 94 7% 
WwW. | 4/N.w.| 5 | N.w.| 4 || 29.879 | 29.979 | 29.056 | 28.971 || .211 | 144 | .164 98 | 61 | 100 8 
N.W.| 5 |N.w.| 3/8.w. | 3 || 29.314 | 29.468 | 29.616 | 29.466 || .098 | .114| .093 || 88] 81] 96 9 
N.E.| 1|S.wW.| 2 | S.w. | 2 || 29.653 | 29.643 | 29.701 | 29.666 || .076 | .096 | .078|| 100 | 88 | 100} 10 
E. 1 | N.w.| 1 | N.W.|.3 || 29.687 | 29.550 | 29.436 | 29.558 || .047 | .097 | .097|| 100} 83] 96] 11 
N.wW.| 3 |N.w.| 4 | N.w.| 4 || 29.527 | 29.679 | 29.482 | 29.683 || .098 | .102 | .105 94) 79} 80 | 2 
S.E.| 2] w. | 3] w. | 1 || 29.952 | 29.955 | 29.980 | 29.962 || .103 | .118 | .098 || 100} 75} 100 | 13 
E. 1/s.E.}2| BE. | 1 || 29.900 | 29.745 | 29.655 | 29.767 || .095 | .115| .110|| 96| 85 | 94| 14 
S.E.| 1|N.w.| 1] w. | 1 || 29.744 | 29.853 | 29.943 | 29.847 || .086 | .125 | .090}| 100 | 82] 100| 15 
S.E.| 1|S.E,| 2|N.E.| 1 || 29.804 | 29.624 | 29.420 | 29.616 || .062 | .115 | .126/|| 100 | 100 | 100} 16 
| N.W.| 1/|S.w. | 2|N.w.| 4 || 29.192 | 28.976 | 28.991 | 29.053 || .135 | .176| .155|| 100 {| 81] 66| 17 
; N.W.| 4|N.wW.| 5 | N.wW.| 4 || 29.112 | 29.341 | 29.619 | 29.357 || .168 | .118 | .090 74 | 7 | 92) 48 
| N.W.| 3 |N.wW.} 2 | N.w.| 1 || 29.952 | 30.118 | 30.191 | 30.087 | | .055 | .061 | .066 88 |} 60 | 100} 19 
Ss. 1|s.w.| 1/S Ww. | 1 || 30.058 | 29.776 | 29.588 | 29.807 | | .086 | .108 | .196 |} 100 | 100 | 100 | 20 
N.w.} 1| w. |1| w. | 2 || 29.477 | 29.460 | 29.577 | 29.505 || .192 | .193 | .149|| 100 | 80] 71] 21 
N.W.| 1/|N.wW.| 4 | N.w.| 3 || 29.708 | 29.758 | 29.826 | 29.764 | | .146 | .125 | .181 89 |} 63; 91/| 22 
S.E.| 2|N.W.| 3 | N.w.| 2 || 29.714 | 29.662 | 29.700 | 29.692 || .144 | .108 | .087|| 100} 80| 95 /|'23 
S.E.| 1/N.w.| 3 | N.w.| 3 || 29.616 | 29.517 | 29.589 | 29.574 || .049 | .066| .052|| 100} 71 | 100) 24 
S.E.| 1] w. | 3|S.w. | 1 || 29.624 | 29.535 | 29.604 | 29.588 || .036 | .091| .083 || 100| 85] 89 | 25 
W. | 4/|N.w.| 2 | N.w.| 2 || 29.832 | 29.989 | 30.149 | 29.990 || .078 | .085 | .058 83 | 78 | 100 | 26 
S.E.| 1/sS.w.| 1/58. £. | 1 || 30.239 | 30.185 | 30.077 | 30.167 | | .035 | .078 | .095 || 100 | 100 | 100 | 27 
N.W.| 1/N.w.| 2| 8.5. | 1 || 29.934 | 29.961 | 30.071 | 29.989 || .112 | .155 | .100|| 100 | 87] 100! 28 
E. 2| s. | 3] Ww. | 2 || 29.985 | 29.704 | 29.698 | 29.769 || .088 | .181| .168|| 100 | 100 | 78 | 29 
- |- - | - || 30.000 - = - 103} - ~ 94 - -| 30 
= - - |- - |- - - - - - - - - - -| 31 

| 

| Per cent. of Time and Force Mean, . 00 || Mean, 00 || Mean,. . 00 

N.W. & w. 00; 8. w. & s. 00; || Max., . ° 00 |||\Max., .. 00 ax.,. » OD 

8. E. & E. 00; N. E. & N.0 i Oy i are 00||‘Min.,. . 00|| Min, . . 00 


= 
nen ee ee ee ee ESS 
4 EEE ES ES SSS SE eee ee ee ae Se Se See 6 SSS SS 


10 


¥ 


ll . _ — pee > Ee a ee 


= °G'69 ‘8-Z98T JO IOVUTAA x 
en et ee ee Se 


28 | €@ | oor || stg | sto’ | Fert || FP2s | Te9°s% | ozgoe || gt | 92 | at | oe gg 4792 | O6g'sr || Teor |est-|o%6 [°° ‘avax 
: £6 | 09 | OOF |; FIT | seo" | 2ez || Zco°Gs | t89°8% | Gevoe |; 6 | or | et | eg9 Tg O'eT T2hT |) 2% |o6- | eer |*  ‘xoqureoaq 
= $6 | sé | oor || gzx | srr’ | ose || 669°6e | Fe0'6e | eteoe || gz | or | 8 oh ag GT 962° || SFoe | see lorsg |* ‘xequteaon 
ie #8 | 2& | COL || Sov | Tor” | 6s || gzsGe | seecz | goeoe || 6 | ot | os | ag CF - TZeT || 08'er | eer |o's9 |* * ‘40qQ0700 
= 98 | 98 | oo || tH | gor | 22s" || sez'es | SoFGs | Gezoe || er | of | EL | FF €°9 = e90L || 2h6g | se | gee |* ‘xequioqdag 
OD 68 | & | GOT || sto" | ozs | sss || sFZ'6s | TBe'6e | Ogoog || Ir | ze | Fe | 2% sg . goog || 26°89 |o'Ts jogs |* * “gsnsny 
48 | Sb | OOL || ez | sor | Fert || stzez | rsr6z | oeoos || 8 | SF | of | #2 is = pes'e || 2oe2 |ot9 [one [°° **éIne 
— 
< #8 | Ob | COE |/ Seg" | zov" | FOG || eozes | eeees | eetoe || Ht | TR | sr | 2 ra = THs || 2r99 | ste jase |* * ‘oun 
i | 
> €8 | 8% | OOL || Soe | GET" | 969° || Fz9°6e | Goses | Lecce || Fe | Se | Bt | Fe Ve = e984 ||erec jorge jose |*  *° “he 
= 42 | $% | OOL || Ite | S80" | G6r || Tees | sea'sz | gerog || It | FE | 2 | gF eg Oot | OF |loeT joes |ozo |* ° ‘tdy 
= 8 | €% | OOL || cor’ | Teo" | Toe" || sez-6s | ego'sa | ooeog || or | Fe | GE | Fe SP O01 ore |joses |ez- |se¢ |°  * ‘qos 
ma 06 | 9% | OL || 660° | Sto" | sz || zesoz | zeros | oesroe || 2 | or | at | as Ub 0°6 gor || TZ'st |s'st-joep |  ‘Aavnaqay 
ds) 16 | 2b | OOF || 90r | TFO" | ztz || 989°6% | Goo'ee | erzoe || Te | Ir | 2 19 rg cos | 2ige |itz0s joo |gee |° * ‘Arenuee 
< 
= 5 = = = = = = = A ie we A S » o > is pees acid 
ioe aie eee Bo holies gg a at ee eee le eo eelcgc | 
ee 5 5 Be | el a 5 Me a8 gan Pol Balls 
‘NOILVUALYS JO ‘SUHONY NI 3 B |e e& SHINOW 
NOILOVaA ‘MOdVA GIDAGIE LOMO Pert onea | MOOG. TO= TNE tag 2 2 Se ‘IIV NUdO 
HOAMGIMON || Jo unnssata ||———— GH. NI 
TAIL TA 10 Houod ‘TLAWOUV A ‘SCNIA ‘SGM010 || “MONS GNV NIVU || ULLAWONWUEHL 
SS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS RY 
=H 5 6 
~ 89ST AUVWWNAS 


yy - - 
ie 
44 | ‘ z 
- al 
| ert 
oF 7 
« 
* a 
“ali? - 
(aie 
_- 
\- 
. 
. 
i 
. 


LIBRARY 
UF JHE 
UNIVERSEEY of ILLINOIS 


4 


‘MSNOH LNVId FHAANd 


gs 75AOW UM 


Se 
= Se 


ill 


\ 


SENATE...... sags N Oe Ol 


SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


JANUARY, 1870. 


B O'S SG Nee 
WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 


79 Mitk STREET, (CORNER OF FEDERAL.) 


t 87.0: 


AMHERST, January 14th, 1870. 


‘i aii, . CootipGE, President of Massachusetts Senate. 


Very respectfully, 
| Your obedient servant, 


W. S. CLARK, 
President. 


Bo) 25) 


a AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives : 


The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College re- 
spectfully submit the following Report concerning the progress 
and condition of the institution under their charge. 

Thanks to a kind Providence, the record of the year 1869 is 
one of continued and growing prosperity. The estate has been 
much improved and supplied with necessary buildings and live 
stock ; the means of scientific illustration and conveniences for 
instruction have been largely increased; and the number of 
friends, teachers and students multiplied. ‘The liberal aid 
uniformly granted by past legislatures for the development of 
the College has inspired the people of the Commonwealth with 
confidence in its permanence, its utility, and its final success. 


AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


During the past year special effort has been made to promote 
the interest and elevate the character of this most important 
department. | 

A commodious dwelling for the farm superintendent has been 
— erected, at a cost of $4,000, near the south line of the College 
property on the central ridge, by Mr. L. N. Granger, of Hadley. 

The new barn is located a few rods north-west of this house, 
and was built by Mr. C. W. Lessey, of Amherst. It is a sub- 
stantial but plain structure of wood, upon a granite founda- 
tion. The cellar for manure extends under the entire main 
building, and is one hundred feet in length, fifty feet wide, and 
ten feet deep. It is accessible with teams at the west end by 
two nearly level drive-ways twelve feet in width, and is well 
lighted and ventilated by windows on the north and south sides. 


 1870.] SENATE—No. 6. 5 


The lower story, immediately over the cellar, is eight feet 
high in the clear, and well lighted by windows on the north, 
west and south. Ventilation is secured by flues in each corner, 
which extend to the roof, and by the upper sashes of the win- 
dows, which are hung with weights. On the east end of this 
floor is a room for roots, which are dumped from the drive-way 
in the story above on to a screen in the form of an A, which 
breaks their fall and throws them each way toward the ends of 
the room, at the same time separating from them any loose 
earth brought from the field. The stone wall at the east end 
of the cellar is carried up eighteen feet to support the embank- 
ment made for the drive-way into the upper story, and thus 
secures the roots from frost. 'The remainder of the lower story 
is occupied by stalls for cattle. The bulls are kept in box-stalls 
which are twelve by ten feet ; the cows are secured by stanchions 
upon platforms four and one-half feet wide; and the rest of the 
stock are fastened with chains. There are four tiers of stalls 
running across the barn and surrounded on all sides by passage- 
ways of convenient width. The three outside doors of this 
floor open on the south side of the barn into a yard one hun- 
dred by seventy-five feet. This is sheltered on the west by an 
ell containing a sheep-pen and cattle-shed, which is seventy-five 

feet long by twenty-six feet wide. The whole establishment 
- will accommodate, in an excellent manner, fifty neat cattle 
and fifty sheep, while the cellar, being light and sufficiently 
ventilated, is well adapted for swine. 

Soft, running water is supplied in abundance both to the yard 
and sheep-pen. ‘The barn stands upon the western slope of the 
ridge, with the main entrance at the east end. The upper floor 
is reached by a road rising from the summit of the ridge to the 
barn, about six feet in one hundred. The drive-way through 
the upper floor is fifteen feet wide, and the exit is at the west 
end, over a platform of timber which has an inclination con- 
siderably greater than that at the entrance. In the drive-way 
is a Fairbanks hay-scale of the best quality, capable of weighing 
four tons. Near the centre of the barn, on each side of the 
threshing-floor, is a compartment seventeen feet long and four- 
teen feet wide, with a double window. In the north one are 
the stairs leading to the story below and bins for grain. That 
on the south side is designed for a horse power for threshing 


6 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 
ow 


and cutting fodder. The main floor of the barn is thus divided 
into four bays, each forty-three feet long, seventeen feet wide, 
and sixteen feet to the plates, affording room for one hundred — 
tons of hay, and by using the space under the roof and a scaf- 
fold over the threshing floor, the capacity may be very largely 
increased. This story is well ventilated through the cupola and 
by the windows, which are six in number, besides those over 
the doors. The entire cost of the barn was about $10,000. 

Horse and ox-teams, wagons, carts, and agricultural imple- 
ments are provided for in the barns on the north side of the 
estate. 

Substantial, board. fences have been built at a suitable distance 
from the north and south boundaries of the farm to form con- 
venient roadways, through which teams may pass or cattle be 
driven from the barns either to the county road or to the pas- 
tures on the river. 

A large amount of work has been done in under-draining ; 
grading on the farm, along the highway, and about the new 
buildings; and in repairing and constructing roads and 
bridges. 

Among the results of ordinary farm operations may be men- 
tioned the laying down to grass of about fifteen acres, the hay 
crop of one hundred and fifty tons, seven hundred bushels of 
corn, six hundred of oats, and six hundred of potatoes. 

The College now owns good specimens of the four principal 
breeds of cattle. 

The Shorthorns are represented by a bull, Mountain Lad, 
bred by Augustus Whitman, of Fitchburg; a cow, Young 
Acacia, bred by G. Munson, of Huntington ; a heifer, Yarico 
57th, from the herd of Paoli Lathrop, of South Hadley; and 
another, Autumn Rose, from that of Phineas Stedman, of 
Chicopee. | 

The Devons are from the stock of E. H. Hyde, of Stafford, 
Conn., and consist of a bull, General Lyon; and two cows, 
Gem 38d-and Winona 2d. | 

‘The Ayrshires are a bull, Colfax, bred by H.S. Collins, of 
Collinsville, Conn.; and a heifer, Lulie, bred by H. F. Hills, 
of Amherst. 

The Jerseys consist of a bull, Essex, from the herd of Charles 
G. Loring, of Boston; a bull calf, Enterprise, bred by James 


1870.) SENATE—No. 6. T 


Thompson, of Nantucket; and a cow, Lucy, from the stock of 
Henry Cobb, of Amherst. 

Besides the above-named, thoroughbred animals, the College 
has about forty natives, mostly cows, and steers designed for 
slaughter. There are also upon the farm twenty-five fine South- 
down sheep, from the stock of Thomas Buffum, of Newport, 
R. I., and twenty-four swine of the Suffolk, Berkshire and Ches- 
ter County breeds. 

The teams consist of two pairs of oxen and five horses. 

Since the first of June, Capt. A. J. Marks has had the imme- 
diate oversight of the business in this department, and has 
managed it in an efficient and faithful manner. 

The theoretical and practical instruction in agriculture has 
been in charge, as heretofore, of Prof. Levi Stockbridge, who 
has devoted himself zealously and successfully to this work. 
His labors have been supplemented by a course of lectures on 
dairy farming, by Charles L. Flint, A. M., and another on 
market gardening, by Jabez Fisher, M. D. 

More than $20,000 have been expended during the past 
. season for permanent improvements in the agricultural depart- 
ment, by which the facilities for instruction have been greatly 
increased. It is intended to develop the professional character 

of the College as completely and rapidly as possible, and so 
to command the attention, the respect, and the patronage of 
those for whose particular benefit it has been founded. 


BOARD OF OVERSEERS. 


The Board of Agriculture visited the institution in August 
last, and their. committee, consisting of Messrs. Agassiz, 
Thatcher and Slade, have attended the examinations at the 
close of each term. The interest in agricultural education 
thus manifested by the representatives of the various societies 
cannot fail to exert a stimulating influence upon both the 
faculty and students of the institution and the farmers of the 
Commonwealth. | 


AID FoR INDIGENT STUDENTS. 
In accordance with the recommendation of the Board, nearly 
all of the thirty societies in the State have established one or 
more scholarships, the advantages of which are enjoyed by 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


students selected from their respective limits by committees 
appointed for the purpose. 

In addition to this, Hon. Albert Fearing, William Knowlton, 
Ksq., and Dr. Nathan Durfee, members of the Board, have 
liberally contributed to the maintenance of indigent students. 
Francis Dane, Esq., of Boston, has also paid into the treasury 
one hundred dollars, to be used by the president for the same 
purpose. 

It is most desirable that assistance be rendered, in some 
way, to the large number of worthy young men who are striy- 
ing to secure an education at the College with very limited 
means. This may be done by founding free scholarships, by 
the payment into the treasury of $1,000 for each; by establish- 
ing a loan fund, from which students might borrow such small 
sums as, from time to time, might be necessary to enable them 
to remain in College ; or by the gift to the institution of money, 
the income of which should be expended in the form of liberal 
wages for manual labor. This last method would be doubly 
useful in supplying the farm with necessary help, and in en- 
abling students to work their way through College, and thus, 
while obtaining a good education, form habits of industry and 
self-reliance. 


New ENGLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. : 
The second national exhibition of agricultural machines, in- 
stituted by the New England Society, was opened at the Col- 
lege June 20th, and continued four days. During this time, 
twenty-five mowing machines, twelve horse-rakes, three tedders 
and a hay-loader were critically examined and severely tested in 
the field by competent committees. The occasion brought to- 
gether a large number of inventors, manufacturers and agents, 
as well as farmers, from different parts of the country, and re- 
sulted in much good. The perfection of the mowing machines 
was quite remarkable, and the differences in actual merit be- 
tween several of the best patterns was scarcely appreciable. 
In amount of draft, in simplicity and strength of construction, 
in convenience of operating, in quality and quantity of work 
performed, and in cost, there was a surprising uniformity. 
It is a singular fact, which shows the progress of invention, 


‘\ 


1870.) SENATE—No. 6. 9 


that of the four machines exhibited at a trial on the same farm 
ten years before, not one wasin any form offered for inspection. 

The students were deeply interested, and acquired such 
knowledge of the construction and merits of the various ma- 
chines presented, and of the proper methods of subjecting them 
to thorough trial, as they could have obtained in no other way. 


HortTicuLTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The botanic museum has been enriched by the generous gift 
of $2,000, from William Knowlton, Esq., of Upton, a member 
of the Board of Agriculture, for the purchase of an herbarium 
and the erection of suitable cases for its safe keeping. 

The herbarium was collected by Mr. W. W. Denslow, of New 
York, and contains about fifteen thousand species of plants from 
various countries. It is well supplied with the plants which 
occur in the United States and in Europe. About ten thousand 
Species are admirably mounted on thick, white paper, and the 
remainder are mostly named and ready for mounting. A cata- 
logue is now preparing for the press. 

In addition to the Denslow collection, six hundred species, 
mostly from the Rocky Mountains, have been purchased of Dr. 
George Vasey, botanist of Powell’s Colorado expedition ; also, 
a beautiful herbarium of. cryptogamous plants from Germany. 

A very curious and interesting suite of fifty specimens from 
the Himalaya Mountains has been received from the celebrated 
travelers, the brothers Von Schlagentwelt. These consist of 
sections of the trunks of trees varying in diameter from six 
inches to two feet. They are sawed from logs with the bark 
on, and are about two inches thick. One surface is polished 
and waxed, so as to exhibit the color and structure of the bark, 
the sap and the heart-wood. Hach specimen is bound with 
iron, and so mounted that it can either be hung on the wall or 
caused to stand at any desired inclination upon a shelf. 

Additions have also been made by members of the College to 
the specimens of indigenous woods and seeds in the museum, 
and the fruit models received from the Massachusetts Horticul- 
tural Society have been repainted. 

There have been obtained from Germany several volumes of 
very old, botanical books, profusely illustrated with wood-cuts 


of the plants described. Among them is a work by Otto Brun- 
2 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


felsius, printed in 1530; another by Taberneemontanus, pub- 
lished in 1590; and a third by Rovillius, published at Venice in 
1587. This consists of two, immense, quarto volumes of two 
thousand pages, and is a general history of all plants described 
up to that time. It is written in Latin, and the index gives the 
names of the plants, so far as known, in Latin, Greek, Arabic, 
French, Italian, Spanish, German, Bohemian, Belgian and 
English. 

The sash doors and cornice for the cases of the Knowlton 
herbarium are of chestnut, trimmed with black walnut. The 
shelves are of Spanish cedar, half an inch thick, and their size 
is eighteen by twelve inches. They are slipped loosely into 
grooves five inches apart, forming altogether two hundred and 
forty pigeon-holes of just the right size to receive the paper 
on which the plants are mounted. In these the different or- 
ders and sub-orders are deposited according to the arrange- 
ment of Jussieu, and the printed name of the order is pasted 
on the inside of the glass directly in front, so as to be legible from 
the outside. Underneath these cases are cupboards for dupli- 
cates, paper and labels, and the whole will contain thirty thou- 
sand species. 

The interest of the students in the study of botany has been 
- greatly increased by this admirable herbarium, and they have 
been unusually successful in the search for rare plants during 
the past season. 

The Durfee plant-house has been filled with specimens of 
about one thousand species of such plants as are most impor- — 
tant in a scientific or an economical point of view. Among 
these may be named sugar-cane, banana, pine-apple, coffee, 
black and green tea, vanilla, black pepper, cinnamon, cassia, 
camphor, grenadilla, guava, pomegranate, fig, orange, lemon, 
olive, banyan, India-rubber, date palm, and most of the plants 
cultivated for their beauty of flower or foliage. | 

The Victoria regia is growing in its tank of warm water, but 
has not yet blossomed, and along with it is the charming, blue 
water-lily, which flowers continually. 

A superb specimen of the Cyanophyllum magnificum was 
grown in the Victoria house, which received a silver medal at 
the exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 
Boston. Through the politeness of the president, J. F. OC. 


1870.] SENATE—No. 6. rst 


Hyde, Esq., the members of the College were invited to attend 
the exhibition of the Society in September, and fifty students 
gladly availed themselves of the opportunity to visit both the 
Horticultural Exhibition and the Mechanics’ Fair, to which they 
were also admitted gratuitously. 

A delightful drive has been opened from the plant-house to 
the new residence of the president on Mount Pleasant; the 
grounds designed for ornamental planting have been cleared of 
many worthless trees, stumps, and stones ; and ten acres have 
been sown with grass. A working plan is now in preparation 
for the laying out and planting of the botanic garden and arbore- 
tum, which should be commenced at the earliest practicable date. 

The nursery of ornamental trees and shrubs has been largely 
increased by the purchase and planting of small stock, and will 
furnish a valuable supply whenever wanted. 

Of fruit trees there have been set the past season two hundred 
and fifty standard pears, the gift of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, 
fifty peaches, and twenty-five apples. Fifty apple-trees presented 
by Asa Clement, Esq., and forwarded by railroad, were never 
received. 

There have also been planted two thousand grape-vines, in- 
cluding ten of the best sorts, but the greater part are Concords. 
They were set six feet apart, in rows nine feet apart, and staked 
with chestnut pickets five feet long. The design is to support 
them in 1871 by wire trellises. The vineyard is a gravelly loam, 
sloping to the south, sheltered by trees on the north, and eleva- 
ted nearly three hundred feet above the river, which greatly 
diminishes the danger from frost. 

The garden for small fruits and vegetables has been placed 
under charge of the farm superintendent, and several acres of 
ground have been selected and heavily manured for planting in 
the spring. Currants, raspberries, strawberries, asparagus and 
rhubarb, were set last spring, and the supply will be increased 
next season. 

It is proposed also to institute a series of experiments with 
the sugar beet for the purpose of determining what varieties are 
_ best suited to our soil and climate, and what per cent. of sugar 
may be expected from them. It would seem that an industry 
which has developed so rapidly and prosperously in Europe, 
with such beneficial results to agriculture, could hardly fail of 
being remunerative here. 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


A reservoir has been constructed on the hill south-east of the 
plant-house, and 2,100 feet of four-inch pipe laid from it in a 
westerly direction to the central ridge. From this point a two- 
inch iron pipe is laid southerly to the new barn and farm-house, 
furnishing an abundant supply of soft, running water. When- 
ever funds can be spared for the purpose, it is designed to lay 
about 2,500 feet more of two-inch pipe in a northerly direction 
along the front of the College buildings and boarding-houses to 
the north barns, and to supply them all with water by means 
of service-pipes. 

The cost of building the reservoir and laying the pipes, with 
hydrants and gate, was $2,000. 


The work was promptly and faithfully executed by Mr. Geo. 


L. Manchester of Hasthampton. 


BUILDINGS. 


The buildings represented in the frontispiece of the Re- 


»* 


port are the following, viz.:—In the foreground is the Durfee — 


Plant-house as it will appear on the front when completed 
according to the design ; near by, and a little to the rear, is the 
_ Botanic Museum; on the extreme left is South College ; next to 
it, one hundred feet distant, is North College ; the central build- 
ing is the new College Hall just finished; north of this, and 
separated from it by a deep ravine, are the boarding-houses. 
College Hall is a large, wooden edifice with a width on the 
front of sixty feet, and a length of ninety-seven feet. ‘The base- 
ment is nine feet high in the clear, and contains a room for 
furnace and coal, a repair shop, and a chemical work-room and 
store-room. The first story is fifteen feet high, and includes 
a chapel sixty by forty feet, and four rooms occupied by students 
in practical chemistry. .The second story is of the same 
height, and consists of the hall for drawing, which is also used 
as a recitation and lecture room by the professor of mathe- 


matics and engineering; a chemical lecture-room, and the. 


office, private laboratory and apparatus room of the professor 
of chemistry. The third story in the Mansard roof is twenty- 
three feet from the floor to the upper rafters, which are planed 
and painted. Here is the military hall, about one hundred feet 
by fifty, and the armory, forty feet long by twelve wide. The 
cost of College Hall, with permanent furniture and grading, will 


1870. } SENATE—No. 6. 13 


be about $20,000. The cost of the chemical laboratory which 
is now incorporated in the new edifice, was about $10,000, 
making the entire cost of the building $30,000. 

The architect was Mr. George Hathorne, of New York, and 
the builder, Mr. C. W. Lessey, of Amherst. 

All the buildings of the corporation are insured against loss by 
fire in the aggregate sum of $84,900, for five years, from the 
dates of the several policies. 


CouRSE OF STUDY AND INSTRUCTION. 


The legislature of 1863 having decided to establish an in- 
dependent institution for the education of farmers and the 
promotion of agriculture, evidently intended that it should 
afford instruction in the higher branches of learning. It was 
chartered as a College, which in Massachusetts means some- 
thing, and the large sum of $75,000 was demanded as the price 
for which the advantages resulting from its location in any com- 
munity were to be secured. The trustees accordingly, with 
entire unanimity, adopted a very liberal and comprehensive 
plan of organization, which was approved by the governor 
and council, and has been steadfastly adhered to in all subse- 
quent operations. 

The complete course of study occupies four years, and is 
arranged with special reference to the wants of young men who 
design to be practical farmers or gardeners. 

While it is the purpose of the faculty to give the best possible 
instruction upon every subject taught, there is no desire to ex- 
pand the course beyond the proper limits of a simple profes- 
sional school, or to compete in any manner with other existing 
institutions. The College is intended, however, to be very dif- 
ferent from a mere manual labor or farm school for training 
apprentices in the various operations of husbandry. As an ex- 
perimental station for the advancement of agricultural science 
in general it will doubtless accomplish something of impor- 
tance ; and ultimately the estate may be expected to serve as 
a model in many respects for the farms of the Commonwealth. 

When the College is fully established, all the instruction of 
the complete curriculum will be repeated every year, and stu- 
dents will be allowed to select and pursue any studies taught, re- 
maining for a single term or longer, as they please. This plan 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


enables those who from lack of time or funds are unable to en- 
joy all the privileges of the institution, to obtain at least as 
much benefit as they could from one of a lower grade, or with 
a shorter course. It is an encouraging fact that nearly all the 
present members of the College are in the regular classes. 

Recognizing the fact that good health lies at the foundation 
of the highest happiness and efficiency of every person, the edu- 
cation begins with the study of human anatomy and physiology, 
accompanied by lectures upon hygiene. By means of diagrams, 
a Skeleton, and a manikin of life-size, the structure, position, 
and use of every organ is illustrated. The more common in- 
juries, resulting from accident, disease, bad modes of living, or 
excessive indulgence of appetites or passions, are pointed out, 
and the proper remedies suggested. Commencing with the 
theoretical instruction, and continuing through the entire course, 
is a system of muscular training connected with manual labor, 
light gymnastics, military drill, and scientific excursions, which 
can scarcely fail to develop a vigorous and manly form, an erect 
and graceful carriage of person, and a thoroughly sound body. 

The act of Congress granting lands to the different States for 
the endowment of agricultural colleges requires that military 
tactics should constitute a part of the course of instruction. 
Believing that the training of a large number of her intelligent 
young men in all that pertains to the use of the rifle, the bayo- 
net, the sabre, the cannon, and the duties of soldiers and offi- 
cers in the different branches of service in the field, together 
with a knowledge of the construction of fortifications, would 
be of immense value to the Commonwealth, and that military 
drill is a most admirable means of physical culture, the College 
has made ample provision for this department. A convenient 
armory and a spacious hall have been erected; the State has 
furnished arms and equipments; and the United States sup- 
ports at the College an accomplished officer of the regular 
army, who is a member of the faculty, and has entire charge 
of this department. 

The military drill in the hall is, to a great extent, substituted 
for manual labor in the field during stormy weather and the 
winter season. Thus regular exercise is secured to all students 
every day of the college year, which is of very decided advan- 
tage to their health. The arrangements for this department 


-— 


; 
r 


. 


1870.] SENATE—No. 6. 15 


are so excellent and complete that it can hardly fail to be 
popular, efficient and useful. ) 

All students of the regular classes, unless physically inca- 
pacitated, are obliged to work upon the farm without compensa- 
tion six hours each week whenever called upon to do so. They 
are also allowed to labor for wages, varying from ten to twenty 
cents per hour, according to the value of their services, as much 
as they please, provided their studies are not neglected. 

The intention of the system of compulsory, manual labor is 
altogether educational, precisely like the manipulations of the 
chemical laboratory, or the hospital practice of the medical 
student. Farmers’ sons are supposed to have been already 
trained at home, and to need only instruction in the most im- 
proved methods of performing their work and the principles 
involved in it. Those who have never engaged in farm labor. 
can only be taught the correct theory of the various operations 
of agriculture, and must perfect themselves by practice in after- 
life, just as the graduate of the medical school, by wearisome 
years of toil, becomes the experienced and successful physician. 
Long practice only can develop the skillful farmer, and the 
hours of student life can be much more profitably employed 
than in mere manual labor, opportunities for which are every- 
where presented, while the facilities for education are offered 
only at the College and for a limited period. 

Some persons appear to look upon the contented performance 
of coarse and difficult manual labor with a sort of respect, and 
to regard with suspicion any attempt to avoid or relieve it as 
indicative of laziness. But a desire for improvement lies at 
the foundation of all progress in the arts, and by the intelligent 
efforts of men, dissatisfied with the methods of the past, agri- 
culture is rapidly rising toward the dignity and physical comfort 
of a learned profession. How much more mind and how much 
less muscle is now called into requisition in the various opera- 
tions of husbandry than twenty-five years ago. In preparing 
the soil, in planting, in cultivating, in haying, in harvesting, in 
threshing, in the management of the dairy; in fact, almost 
everywhere, intelligence is the principal thing, and mere brute 
force comparatively worthless. The old prejudice against 
thoughtful, studious and progressive men, as book-farmers and 
fancy farmers, has at length been overcome by the mass of 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


printed matter which pours its light into every household, and 
by the numberless improvements which have been demonstrated 
to be not merely expensive luxuries for the rich, but of priceless 
value to every tiller of the soil. | 

The second department of education in the College has for 
its object the inculcation of correct ethical and religious prin- 
ciples and the formation of good habits. For this purpose, the 
Bible is adopted as an invaluable text-book, and its teachings 
regarded as constituting the best rules for the conduct of life. 
Morning devotions are held in the chapel every day. A sermon 
is preached every Sunday forenoon, and a Bible-class held every 
Sabbath afternoon. The students have organized a Christian 
Union, and have a room furnished with religious books and 
papers. Moral science is also made a daily study during one 
term of the four years’ course. 

Regularity and promptness in attendance upon any assigned 
exercise, fidelity and thoroughness in the performance of every 
duty, and gentlemanly conduct toward all persons are de- 
manded of every member of the institution. Removed as the 
students are from the temptations of large towns and cities, 
constantly occupied upon a farm, a mile away from any village, 
constituting a community of themselves, and living in a very 
plain and economical manner, it is to be hoped they may avoid 
many of the evils and extravagances of life in the older colleges, 
and acquire that simplicity of manners, purity of morals, and 
true nobility of character, which are so becoming to every man, 
but especially to the farmer. 

The third department of the college course relates to the 
intellectual training and the literary and scientific instruction 
of the student. The object is to develop the mental faculties 
by thorough discipline, to strengthen the memory, to sharpen the 
powers of perception and analysis, to give facility of expression 
with the voice and the pen, and to impart that knowledge which 
will be most useful in practical life. ‘The course in language 
and literature begins with reading, spelling and penmanship 
for those who are not already accomplished in these funda- 
mental branches, since many young men of good scholarship in 
other respects are deficient here. Excellent instruction in 
elocution is given, with drill in vocal gymnastics, that all 
may be able to read aloud or to speak in public with distinet 


> 


} 


1870.) SENATE —No. 6. 17 


utterance, correct inflections, and effective gestures. Exercises 
in English composition, in French and German translation, in 
extempore debate and original declamation are prescribed for 
the several terms of the curriculum. The French and German 
languages, the English language and literature, and rhetoric 
complete the studies of this division. 

In addition to this, the Washington Irving Society, main- 
tained by the students, affords abundant opportunity for further 
development in this direction. 

The mathematical studies begin with commercial arithmetic 
and bookkeeping, and are followed by just so much algebra, 
geometry, conic sections and trigonometry as are essential to 
the practical operations of drawing, surveying and leveling, of 
landscape gardening and military fortification, and the con- 
struction of roads, bridges, and farm buildings. Sufficient office 
and field work is given during the four years to render every 
student a good surveyor and draughtsman, and, for all agricul- 
tural purposes, a competent engineer. 

The various branches of physics are taken up in course and 
illustrated by seventy lectures, and special attention is paid to 
the construction of agricultural machinery. 

Astronomy and meteorology, or the science which treats of 
those atmospheric phenomena constituting the weather, are 
also important subjects for consideration. 

The study of the great forces of nature, which are so inti- 
mately connected, and which produce the infinite variety of 
changes in the forms and qualities of matter constantly occur- 
ring within and around us, is begun the first term and continued 
for three years. The heat, light, and chemical force, which 
exist united mysteriously in sunshine, are the powers upon 
which agriculture is especially dependent. In the mass of the 
earth sunshine produces electricity and magnetism; in the 
atmosphere, those currents which mix and temper the con- 
stituents of the air, and furnish a most valuable motive power ; 
while from the ocean it raises, in the form of invisible vapor, 
the moisture which, descending as dew, rain, or snow, refreshes 
vegetation, feeds the springs and streams, or clothes the earth 
in its wintry mantle. This process of evaporation also unites 
the elements of ammonia to furnish this indispensable stimulus 
of plant growth, while the watery vapor in the air around and 

3 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


above us shuts in, like the glass of a plant-house, the obscure 
heat of the earth, which would otherwise be radiated into space 
so rapidly as to render the climate of Massachusetts uninhabit- 
_ able. Living beings also are dependent for health and vigor 
upon the influence of sunshine. To understand what sunshine 
is and does is therefore essential to intelligent, scientific agri- 
culture. 

After spending two terms in the sade of these forces and 
witnessing in the experiments of the chemical lecture-room the 
illustrations of their peculiar effects upon matter and upon each 


other, the student enters the laboratory and becomes a practical | 


chemist. After one year’s close application he may be qualified 
to understand and explain most of the chemical changes of im- 
portance to the farmer, and to make, with correctness, experi- 
ments and investigations in regard to the composition of soils, 
manures, and the various products of the earth. He has 
become at least master of the means to be employed in 
scientific inquiry, and is familiar with the use of books, re- 
agents and apparatus ;—he has the key to the door of knowledge. 

The agricultural bearings of chemistry are so numerous and 
important that they cannot be named in detail here. Not only 
is a knowledge of its principles indispensable to an understand- 
ing of the out-door operations of agriculture, but in the feeding 


of animals, in the making of cheese and butter, in the preser-. 


vation and ripening of fruit, in preventing the decay of vege- 
tables, fruits and fresh meats by desiccation, ,by canning, or 
the direct use of antiseptics, the aid of the . mratie art is every- 
where needed. 

The science of botany teaches the student the structure of 
plants, their mode of growth, their various forms and names, 
and their useful or injurious properties. In its applications to 
agriculture, it reveals the diseases of vegetation and often their 
causes and remedies ; unfolds the reasons for many of the pro- 


cesses of the horticulturist, such as hybridization and artificial — 


fertilization, and the numerous modes of propagating by exten- 
sion and by seed ; explains how plants feed and grow, and are. 
improved for special purposes ; and tells the origin and habits. 
of cultivated plants and weeds. Botanical knowledge requires 
no costly apparatus, is easily acquired, and is of great value to 
the farmer. , 


q 


1870. ] SENATE—No. 6. 19 


Zoology treats of animal life, and is a science of the utmost 
interest, but of vast extent and difficulty. The general system 
of classification in this great kingdom of nature, and the nat- 
ural history of the more common animals, with some knowledge 
of their comparative structure, should be familiar to every well- 
educated person. The zodlogist in applying his knowledge to 
agriculture, would, as an entomologist, discourse of useful in- 
sects, like the silk-worm and the honey-bee, their habits, diseases, 
and proper treatment under the varying circumstances of their 
existence ; or he would point out the injurious insects, the 
borers, caterpillars and beetles, and inform, us what to do for 
protection against their depredations. As an ichthyologist, he 
would reveal the mysteries of the new branch of farming, the 
breeding of fish ; and as an ornithologist, he would give us an 
insight into the structure and habits of domestic and other 
birds. He should also teach the history and peculiarities of the 
different breeds of mammals, which have resulted from domes- 
tication, and the principles by which varieties are to be produced 
or preserved. 

But the study of the diseases of the animals of the farm and 
their proper treatment is a subject of the highest moment, and 
the practical application of this knowledge constitutes the vet- 
erinary art. It is intended that the students of the College 
shall be thoroughly instructed in this art which is at the present 
time almost unknown in this country. A vast amount of prop- 
erty in live stock is lost every year from the want of informa- 
tion in the community on this subject. The ordinary horse 
and cow-doctors of Massachusetts are not distinguished for 
their learning or their skill, and should be replaced as soon as 
possible by men of science. 

The study of physical geography and geology will enable the 
student to contemplate the structure of the globe, both internal 
and external, and to learn how it has been preparing through 
countless ages to be the abode of man. In their applications 
to agriculture they will teach the origin of soils, and the causes 
which in various countries affect the fertility and products of 
the earth and the character of its climate and inhabitants. 

In conclusion, the intellectual and scientific division of the 
college course includes the study of mental philosophy, history, 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [Jan. 


the civil polity of the state and national governments, and polit- 
ical economy. These subjects demand the careful attention of 
every person who would be well informed in regard to his own — 
faculties, and his duties as a citizen of a free republic. 

The last and most important department of the College,— 
that for which it was founded, and by the character of which it 
must be judged, is the Agricultural. It must sustain a high 
reputation as an educational institution, but that is not enough. 
Its graduates must not only be vigorous, virtuous and intelli- 
gent men, but they must be good farmers and gardeners, at 
least in theory. They must know the origin and nature of soils 
_ and sub-soils, and the proper treatment for each ; the methods 
and advantages of the various kinds of tillage ; and the modes 
of drainage and irrigation, with their cost and value. They must 
understand the worth and peculiar effect of every variety of 
mineral and organic fertilizers ; the construction and use of all 
the implements and machines of improved husbandry ; the best 
modes of planting, cultivating, and harvesting all sorts of crops, 
and the varieties of each which are most valuable for different 
localities and objects. They must be familiar with the charac- 
teristics of the different breeds of domestic animals, and their 
various adaptations ; with the proper modes of feeding for par- 
ticular purposes, and of treatment in health and sickness, 
and with the principles of breeding. They must be acquainted 
with the keeping of farm accounts, the ordinary rules of busi- 
ness, and the legal rights and obligations of land-holders ; with 
the renovation of worn-out lands, and the improvement of those 
which are new and rough; with the most desirable location and 
construction of farm buildings, the correct division of an estate 
into arable, pasture, meadow and wood-land, according to cir- 
cumstances, and the building of roads, bridges and fences. 
They must understand the use of rotation in crops; the man- 
agement of the dairy ; the cultivation of vegetables in the mar-. 
ket garden and under glass; the raising of small fruits, and 
their transportation and sale; the planting and culture of vine- 
yards, orchards, and forest trees; and the theory and practice 
of landscape gardening, with the proper selection and treat- 
‘ment of ornamental plants. sin 

No complete system of agricultural science has yet been per- 


Pit 


1870. ] SENATE—No. 6. 21 


fected, and intelligent men differ widely in opinion upon many 


of the most important questions which it involves. Neverthe- 
less, order is gradually evolving from the chaos of the past and 
accurate experiment and observation are harmonizing conflict- 
ing views. The necessity of adopting some definite course of 
instruction in the agricultural colleges, now springing up in all 
parts of the country, will compel their professors to diligent 
research until the wheat of positive knowledge is separated 
from the chaff of mere opinion. Some text-books have already 
appeared containing much valuable information in a convenient 
form for reference, and others are preparing. 

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture not only neces- 
sitates the consideration of an immense number of topics in the 
lecture-room, but demands an extraordinary amount and va- 
riety of means for its illustration, and practical application. 

To provide a model farm with a suitable diversity of soil, 
aspect and elevation, furnished with buildings of the most ap- 
proved construction, with all the modern, agricultural imple- 
ments and machines, and the choicest specimens of the best 
breeds of animals, is a work requiring years of effort, and a 
very large expenditure of money. The proper management of 
such an establishment for purposes of instruction and experi- 
ment must also be very expensive, as the labor must be per- 
formed by young men in process of education and most of the 
time occupied with their studies. 

The arrangement and care of the plant-houses, the museums, 
and the botanic garden, arboretum, and nursery also add largely 
to the cost of the establishment, but they are absolutely neces- 
sary as means of instruction and investigation. When it is 
remembered that dormitories, boarding-houses, public rooms, 
scientific apparatus, books and periodicals, are also necessities, 
it will not be surprising that the institution must have for its 


_ equipment and endowment a large amount of money. 


Upon the present plan of organization, with the necessary 
buildings, the College could accommodate three hundred stu- 
dents, and graduate from its regular course fifty each year. This 
is an average of about four to each county, and in seven years the 
number would equal the number of towns in the State. Thus 
the influence of the institution would be widely and speedily 


% 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


felt upon our husbandry. The graduates will not only accom- 
plish much good by their example as farmers, but they will 
constitute a body of trustworthy observers and intelligent ex- 
perimenters who in different portions of the Commonwealth 
will zealously codperate with the Colleze and the societies in 
advancing the interests of agriculture. Some of them will be 
needed as editors and teachers, and it is to be hoped they 
may soon start at least one agricultural school in each county, 
for the education of those who cannot enjoy the larger advan- 
tages of the College. Wherever they are, and whatever their 
business, they will know what are the best books and periodi- 
cals for the farmer’s library and how to use them to the best 
advantage ; they will be agitators for improvement and excel- 
lent advisers of the community in which they reside. They will 
be able to give information in regard to the supposed mines and 
mineral springs which are so frequently discovered ; to detect the 
humbug usually concealed in the low-priced, but, as claimed, won- 
derfully potent fertilizers annually offered for sale; to show 
wherein newly invented, agricultural machines are valuable or 
otherwise ; to recommend the best methods for improving 
swamps and other lands ; to aid in leveling, surveying, and farm 
engineering generally ; to give advice respecting varieties of 
seeds, fruits and stock, and especially to act the part of vet- 
 erinary surgeons in the case of accident or disease to any ani- 
mal of much value. Generally this help can be rendered with- 
out much expenditure of time or labor and, therefore, gratui- 
tously, and so the graduates of the College will do something 
to pay the debt they owe the Commonwealth for their education. 


CONCLUSION. 


The College was opened for students October 2d, 1867. The 
number in attendance in 1868 was ninety-six, and in 1869 it 
increased to one hundred and nineteen. 

The farm contains 384 acres, and is well provided with build- 
ings, stock, and implements. The total expenditure for real 
estate, improvements and apparatus for instruction has been 
about $225,000, and the cash fund for the maintenance of the 
institution is about $150,000. In order to accommodate the 
four regular classes and the special students, together with the 


1870.] SENATE—No. 6. 23 


officers of the faculty, additional buildings will be necessary, the 
cost of which will vary from $100,000 to $200,000, according to 
the number provided for. As every student pays term bills to 
the amount of $54 per annum, it is obviously good economy 
to assemble as many as can be taught to advantage, which is 
about three hundred. With-this number the expenses of in- 
struction will be but little more than for one hundred ; the farm 
labor will be more abundant, and the beneficial influence and 
financial ability of the College greatly enhanced. Every effort 
is made to reduce the cost of living so as to enable young men 
of limited means to avail themselves of the advantages of edu- 
cation. The absolutely necessary cost of a residence at the 
institution will not exceed $250 per annum, including all ex- 
penses except clothing. 

The Massachusetts Agricultural College should be furnished 
with whatever is necessary to render it equal to the best in the 
country. Wise public policy demands that all reasonable effort 
at agricultural improvement should be encouraged. The annual 
value of the farm produce of the State is more than $69,000,000, 
or $1,000 for each person employed in the business of farming. 
It is many millions more than it would have been, but for the 
establishment of the agricultural societies and the Board of 
Agriculture. 

If the College codperating with all other agencies, as societies, 
clubs, schools, and agricultural books and periodicals, should be 
instrumental in the production of one per cent. more of value 
from the farms of the Commonwealth without any increase of. 
cost, it would add annually to our wealth $690,000. If we con- 
sider for a moment what the applications of science have done 
for manufactures and commerce, or even what they have done 
for agriculture, we cannot fail to anticipate a far grander result 
than this, satisfactory as this ought to be in a mere pecuniary 
point of view. 

In England, by the depts of the best methods of improy- 
ing and managing an estate, its annual rental has been raised, 
within thirty years, from $25,000 to $200,000, and the average 

‘product per acre of wheat in Great Britain has been more than 
doubled during the present century. 

In Prussia, there has been a remarkable development during 


. 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


the last few years in rural affairs. The soil has been enriched, 
the domestic animals greatly improved and multiplied, and the 
annual farm produce largely increased in value. In no other 
country at the present time is agricultural education so highly 
advanced and so generally diffused. There are four royal 
agricultural societies, and more: than five hundred voluntary 
agricultural organizations for the advancement of the art. There 
are nineteen’ professional agricultural schools aided by the 
government, and ‘several experimental stations for the special 
study and application of agricultural chemistry, besides a large 


number of schools devoted to the training of young farmers for 


some particular branch of their business. In addition to all 
this, suitable persons are employed to go from village to village 
criticising the prevailing cultivation and farm management, and 
imparting valuable practical information upon agricultural 


topics. As the general intelligence and thorough training of — 


her soldiers enabled Prussia to win with astounding rapidity 
glorious victories in her late war with Austria, so the education 
and skill of her farmers will furnish her the material wealth 
essential to the maintenance of her proud position. 

With such results of agricultural education before her, Massa- 
chusetts cannot hesitate in completing the establishment of the 
College, which has been so auspiciously commenced. <A detailed 
statement was made to the legislature of 1868 respecting the 
amount needed to provide for the accommodation and instruc- 
tion of the four classes. “The committee to whom the matter 
was referred unanimously reported a bill granting $150,000, 
to be paid in three annual installments, upon condition that 
$50,000 be secured from other sources. But the legislature pre- 
ferred to appropriate unconditionally the sum of $50,000, which 
has been expended so as to meet the most pressing necessities 
of the institution, in the confident expectation that the remain- 
ing sum of $100,000 would be granted as required. 

In order to receive another class next September a new dor- 
mitory must be erected, as the present buildings are full. Three 
dwelling-houses for sivoPtsoat are almost indispensable, as their 


presence on the premises is very desirable, and suitable tene-. 


ments in the vicinity cannot be rented. Funds are also needed 
for books, apparatus, and farm improvements. True economy 


1870.)  SENATE—No. 6. 25 


demands that the necessary buildings, which the State is pledged 
to provide, should be supplied as rapidly as they can be filled 
with students, so as to secure for the institution the greatest 
available income, popularity, and usefulness.” 

Finally, believing that the wisest statesmanship will be most 
watchful of the interests of agriculture, the foundation of all 
human industry, we earnestly recommend to your favorable 
consideration the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 


W. S. CLARK, President. 


Amuerst, Jan. Ist, 1870. 
4 


% 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


CATALOGUE 


OF 


TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS, 
1869. 


Board of Crustees. 


MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. 

His EXCELLENCY WILLIAM CLAFLIN. 

‘Cot. WILLIAM S. CLARK, President of College. 

Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LI..D., Secretary of Board of Education. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 


ELECTED BY THE LEGISLATURE: | 
Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER,. . . . Surrork County. 


Hon. CHARLES G. DAVIS, . . . . . PrLymourH County. 
Dr. NATHAN DURFEER, ... . . . BRISTOL COUNTY. 
HENRY COLT, Esa., . . . . . . =. +. BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 
Rev. CHARLES C. SEWALL, .. : . NOrFroLK County. 
PAOLI LATHROP, Esq., .. . . . . HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq, . . . . . Hamppren Counry. 
Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE,. .. . . . ESSEX COUNTY. 
Hon. GEORGE MARSTON, .. . . . BrisToL COUNTY. 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN,. . .. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
Pror. HENRY L. WHITING,. . . . . DukES COUNTY. 
Hon. D. WALDO LINCOLN,. . . . . WoORCESTER COUNTY. 
HENRY F. HILLS, Esqa., .. . . . +. HampsHireE COUNTY. 
Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM, 2 he gee _ MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 


—— Gecutibe and Building Committee. 
PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK, Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, HENRY COLT, Esq, 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq. 


Secretarp. 
Hon. C. L. FLINT, of Boston. 


SENATE—No. 6. at 


Auditor, 
Hon. D. WALDO LINCOLN, oF WORCESTER. 


Treasurer. 
NATHAN DURFEE, M.D., or Fatt River. 


Assistant Greasurer. 

‘GEORGE MONTAGUE, Esq., or AMHERST. 
Board of Oberseers. 

THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Geamining Conunittee. 


Pror. LOUIS AGASSIZ, AVERY P. SLADE, Esq., 


T. D. THATCHER, Esq. 


Members of Faculty. 
WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pu. Dr., 


President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 


Professor of Agriculture. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, A.M., 
Professor of English, French and German Languages. 


SAMUEL F. MILLER, C.E., 
Professor of Mathematics and Farm Engineering. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. Dr. 
Professor of Chemistry. 


Cart. HENRY E. ALVORD, U.S.A., B.S., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


Ha 5S. BARLOW, “4.5-. 


Instructor in Rhetoric and Elocution. 


Pror. JAMES LAW, V.S., M.R.V.C., 


Lecturer on Diseases of Domestic Animals. 


CHARLES L. FLINT, A.M., 


Lecturer on Dairy Farming. 


CALVIN CUTTER, M.D., 


Lecturer on Hygiene. 


Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL.D. 
Lecturer on Ciwil Polity. 


JABEZ FISHER, M.D., 


Lecturer on Market Gardening. 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Pror. EDWARD HITCHCOCK, M.D., 


Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy. 


Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, 
Lecturer on the Culture of Fruits and Flowers, and the Art of Producing New and 
Valuable Varieties. 


A. 8S. PACKARD, Jr., M.D., 


Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. 


Pror. E. S. SNELL, LUL.D., 
Lecturer on Physics. , 


GEORGE B. LORING, M.D., 


Lecturer on Stock Farming. 


Pror. L. CLARK SEELYE, 
’ Lecturer on English Literature. 


JOHN GRIFFIN, GARDENER. 


Capr. A. J. MARKS, AcTING Farm SUPERINTENDENT. 


1870.] SENATE—No, 6 


Allen, Gideon Hammond, 
Bassett, Andrew Lewis, 
Birnie, William Perkins, . 
Bowker, William Henry, . 
Brown, Clarence Eaton, 
Breck, Webster, 

Caswell, Lilley Brewer, 
Cary, William Hubert, 
Cowles, Homer Lucian, 
Eastman, George Henry, . 


dunior Class. 


Ellsworth, Emory Alexander, . 


Fisher, Jabez Franklin, 
Fuller, George Elwyn, 
Greene, William Henry, '. 
Hawley, Frank Warren, . 
Herrick, Frederick St. Clair, 
Leonard, George, 


Lyman, Robert Worthinizton, 5 


Morse, James Henry, 
Nichols, Lewis Abel, 
Norcross, Arthur Dickinson, 
Page, Joel Bardwell, 
Richmond, Samuel Howard, 
Russell, William Delano, . 
Swift, George Albert, 
Smead, Edwin,. : 
Southwick, Alonzo Lewis, 
Sparrow, Lewis Addison, . 
Strickland, George Porter, 
Thompson, Edgar Eliab, 
Tucker, George Homer, 
Ware, Willard Carroll, 
Wheeler, William, 
Whitney, Frank LePrelet, 
Woolson, George Clark, 


Total, 


mJ 


29 


Marion. 
Amherst. 
Springfield. 
Phillipston. 
Florence. 
Watertown. 
Fitchburg. 
Amherst. 
Hadley. 
Amherst. 
Barre. 
Fitchburg. 
Amherst. 
Hadley. 
Hadley. 
Lawrence. 
New Bedford. 
Easthampton. 
Salem. 
Danvers. 
Monson. 
Conway. 
Taunton. / 
Sunderland. 
Charlestown. 
Greenfield. 
Blackstone. 
Medway. 
Amesbury. 
Hopkinton. 
W. Spring Creek, Pa. 
Salem. 
Concord. 
Boston. 
Hopkinton. 


30 ‘ 


% 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Sophomore Glass. 


Ames, William Campbell, 
Barber, Strong Hayden, . 
Bell, Burleigh Cook, . 

Blood, Alonzo Hutchinson, 
Brainard, John Wilson, 
Brett, William Franklin, . 
Barker, Charles Augustus, Jr., . 
Bullard, William Ebenezer, 
Clark, John Wesley,. 

Cole, Daniel Pomeroy, 
Cowles, Walter Dickinson, 
Cowls, Frank Colton, 
Chapman, Edward Brown, 
Crocker, Loring, Jr., 

Cutter, John Clarence, 
Dyer, Edward Norris, 
Easterbrook, Isaac Henry, 
Fisk, Edward Ransom, 
Flagg, Charles Otis, . 
Grover, Richard Baxter, . 
Harrington, Frank Warner, 
Holmes, Lemuel Le Baron, 
Kimball, Francis Elliot,’ . 
Lester, Frank Harris, 
Livermore, Russell Woolcott, 
Lockey, John Morse, 
Mackie, George, 

Maynard, Samuel Parsee! 
Morey, Hubert Ellis, 

Nash, Arthur Henry, 

Ober, Frederick Albion, . é 4 
Peabody, William Russell, SAP 
-Penhallow, Charles Lowell, 
Salisbury, Frank Battelle, 
Shaw, Dwight Elliot, 

Snow, George Henry, 
Somers, Frederic Maxwell, 
Thomas, George Hutchins, 
Thompson, Samuel Clarence, 
‘Wells, Henry, . ; 
Whitney, William Channind, 


Total, 


[J an. 


Conway. 

Windsor, Conn. 
Winchester. 
Winchester. 
Palmer. 

North Bridgewater. 
Charlestown. 
Royalston. 

Hadley. 

Springfield. 


* Amherst. 


Amherst. 

Jersey City, N. J. 
Barnstable. 
Warren. 
Shrewsbury. © 
Boston. 

Amherst. 
Westminster. 
Ambherst. 
Amherst. 
Mattapoisett. 
Dudley. . 
Plainfield, Conn. 
Bozrahville, Conn. 
Leominster. 

New Bedford. 
Northborough. . 
Malden. 


. Hadley. 


Beverly. 

Boston. 
Portsmouth, N. H. 
Sherborn. 


. _ Chicopee. 


Leominster. 
Greenfield. 


Lebanon, Conn. 


Southborough. | 
Stockbridge. 
Harvard. i | 


41 


1870.] SENATE—No. 6. 31 


Freshman Class. 


Avery, Frank Rhodes, - : : : . We&tfield. 
Baker, Frederick William, : : : : - Winchester. 
Barrows, Fletcher Kneeland, . : : : - Brattleboro’, Vt. 
Carter, Herbert Mason, . : : : : . Winchester. 
Childs, William Frederick, ; : : , . Montreal, Canada. 
Copp, Belton Allyn, . : ; , ‘ : . Groton, Conn. 
Eldred, Frederick Cornelius, — . F , ‘ . Sandwich. 
Flower, Archibald Dick, . ‘ : ; : . Ashfield. R 
Furness, George Albert, . : : - ; . Tarrytown, N. Y. 
Healey, George Clifford, . : : : 5 . Hampton Falls, N. H. 
Lathrop, Joseph Dwight, . : : ; ’ - Northampton. 
Lovell, Frank Kendall, . : : , ; . Boston. 
Leland, Walter Sherman, . ; ‘ P . . Sherborn. 
Lyman, Asahel Hubert, . - : ; - Huntington. 
Mills, George Westgate, . ‘ : : - « / Medford. 
Mines, William Wales, . . . 2 «ey oy erooktyaan. Y. 
Minor, John Bacon, . ; : - ; : . New Britain, Conn. 
Penhallow, David Pearce, : : ; -. « Portsmouth, N. H. 
Renshaw, James Budden, . : ‘ : : . Richmond. 
Rowland, Clarence Warner, . s 3 , . Boston. 
Sanderson, Robert Wilson, 4 ; : ; . Ambherst. 
Simpson, Henry Bell, : : : : : - Hudson, N. Y. 
Warner, Seth Smith, , 3 : . P . Florence. 

| Warriner, Alfred Allen, . ; : ‘ ; . Warren. 


Total, . : : : J P ; . 24 


: | 
82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Select Cluss. 


Blankinship, Edwin Augustus, . ; ° : - Marion. 

Bayley, Jonathan, “S 9 . =. © | iy |. NO 
Barreto, Fiuza, . , ; : : ; : . Bahia, Brazil. 

Capen, Thomas Allyn, . : : : ; . Taunton. 

Colby, Daniel Thompson, . : : ; “ - Newburyport. 

Cook, Charles Montague, . : + ae - + Honolulu, Sandwich I. 
Damon, Edward, . . : : ; 3 - Honolulu, Sandwich I. 
Deag, Charles Thomas, . : ; : ; . Columbus, Ga. 
Garrett, William Edward, : ; ; . «West Newton. 
Kingman, William Hart... . aS . Ambherst. 

Luther, Gardner Clark, . : : s ; . Providence, R. I. 
Morris, Frederick William,  . : ae . Springfield. | 


Phelps, John, . ‘ : , é : 2 . Milo, Ill. 
Sanderson, Charles Franklin, . 2 9...» eNPetelreheras 

Smith, William Owen, .  . : ; : . Koloa, Sandwich I. 
Swazey, Walter West, . . : - : . Springfield. 

Vose, Edward Faxon, : : ; j : . Marion. 

Wills, John Wheelwright, . : ‘ s : - Boston. 

Wood, Frank Warner, . : ; , : . Grafton. 


Totals" : ; : - . ‘. asl 


Summary. 
Juniors, . : 5 : : : ; : : . 385 
Sophomores, . Baia ut : : : . ae 
Freshmen, - . : ‘ : : : ; ‘ . 24 


Select, . 5 ; : ; 5 é : : a 


= 
veri 
i 
é * 
y 
* 
vy 
@ 
Ae 
Neg = 
€ 
=> 


-IBRARY 
OF THE 
UNIVERSTEY of LLINUIS 


¢< 


; 
= 


: er ee er eee 
ere ae oe 
+ 


‘ToaTTOO TVWHALINOTYNV SLLASOHOVSSVA 


-~-Z a. =< 
ie S = : SOS LG BCS eh sy SRS = 
Ww BN : > = 
WINS 4 SZ N % = ; SS NAS Saas 
' Lop ~~ WABI A Sy Te % SS : 
GAR ne t . AARIRNI AN RRA = YF. 
—— : NAVs Rens N ¥ We LEZ 
. S <a 
SN Ee RSs 


pe 


— ee 
S 

SaAbhy SS 
1y. Wea 


hi 


ml 


A= 


——— == —— = = 


1870.] SENATE—No. 6. 33 


COURSE OF STUDY AND INSTRUCTION. 


FRESHMAN YEAR. 


First Term.—Recitations in Human Anatomy and Physiology ; Chemical 
Physics ; and Commercial Arithmetic and Book-keeping. . Lectures on Agri- 
culture : first, its importance as an Art, and its relations to other pursuits ; 
secondly, as a Profession, and the education it requires; and thirdly, of Soils, 
their origin, varieties and composition. Lectures on the Properties of Matter 
and the nature and effects of the forces, Heat, Light and Electricity. Lectures 
on the Laws of Health. Instruction in Elocution; and in Penmanship and Or- 
thography for such as are deficient in these branches. Military Drill: In- 
fantry ‘Tactics ;, The School of the Soldier. 

Second Term.—Recitations in Chemistry ; Algebra; and French. Lectures 
on Agriculture: Improvement of Soils by chemical and mechanical means ; 
Drainage ; Irrigation; Tillage; Implements for and methods of stirring and 
‘pulverizing the Soil and Subsoil. Lectures on the Chemistry of the Non- 
metallic Elements; the principles of Chemical Philosophy ; the most impor- 
tant Metals and their uses in the arts. Instruction in Elocution; Vocal 
Music; and English Composition. Military Drill: Infantry Tactics ; School 
of the Company, and Manual of Arms. 

Third Term.—Recitations in Algebra and Geometry; and French with 
written Exercises. Lectures on Agriculture: Sterility of Soils, its Causes 
and Remedies; Rotation of Crops. Lectures on Organic Chemistry ; In- 
struction in the Laboratory in Analytical Chemistry. Instruction in Elocu- 
tion and Reading. Military Drill: Infantry Tactics; Schools of the Company 
and Battalion. 


SOPHOMORE YEAR. 


First Term.—Recitations in German; Geology ; Geometry and Conic Sec- 
tions. Lectures on Agriculture: Mineral Fertilizers; Organic Fertilizers ; 
Animal Manure, its origin, varieties, value and treatment; Wastes of Ferti- 
lizers; Absorbents of liquid Manures; Composts; ‘Application of Fertilizers. 
Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry. Instruction in the Laboratory in Prac- 
tical Chemistry. Exercises in Declamation; and French Translation. Mili- 
tary Drill: Infantry Tactics; Manual of the Bayonet; and Instruction in 
duty as Skirmishers. 

Second Term.—Recitations in German with written Exercises; Logarithms, 
Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, and Measurement of Lines, Surfaces 
and Volumes. Lectures on Agriculture: Economy in the treatment and use 
of Soils, Manures, Crops, Teams, Laborers, Live Stock, Implements, Fences 
and Buildings. Lectures on Quantitative Analysis, and Practice in the 


5 


: 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [Jan. 


Chemical Laboratory. Exercises in Declamation; and Vocal Music. Mili- 
tary Drill: Infantry Tactics; Bayonet Exercise. 

Third Term.—Recitations in Zodlogy ; and Surveying, with Practical Land 
Surveying, Plotting and Geometrical Drawing. Lectures on Agriculture : 
Farm Management; Selection of Lands; Division into mowing, arable, pas- 
ture and woodland; Roads; Fences; Buildings; System to be adopted; - 
Plans for each year; Cultivation and use of the various crops; Sources of 
profit in General Farming ; Special Farming. Lectures on the Diseases of 
Domestic Animals: General Pathology; Fevers and Inflammation and their 
Consequences ; Glanders and Farcy ; Diseases of Respiratory and Circulatory 
Organs; Diseases. of Digestive Organs; Urinary and Generative Organs; 
Castration; Parturition, and Rules for assisting parturient animals; Diseases 
of Udder and Teats; Affections of the Nervous System; of the Eye; the 
Skin; the Foot; Method of Shoeing ; Wounds; Ulcers; Sprains; Diseases 
of the Bones and Joints; Dislocations and Fractures. Exercises in Reading 
and Practice in Writing sentences on the blackboard. Military Drill: In- 
fantry Tactics; Skirmish and Battalion Drill; Guard Duty; and Forms of 
Parade and Review. 


JUNIOR YEAR. 


First Term.—Recitations in German; Mechanics of Solids and Liquids ; 
and Physical Geography. Lectures on Agriculture: Market Gardening 
including Small Fruits. Lectures on Useful and Injurious Insects. Lectureson 
Mechanics. Instruction in Practical Leveling and Topographical Drawing. 
Exercises in Reading Shakespeare. Military Drill: Artillery Tactics ; School 
of the Piece. ; 

Second Term.—Recitations in Mechanics of Air and Steam; Sound; 
Light; Heat; Electricity; Rhetoric; and Structural Botany. Lectures 
on the Construction and Management of Plant Houses and the Cultivation 
of Plants under glass. Lectures on Mechanics of Air and Steam; and 
Sound. Instruction in Free-hand Drawing; Perspective and Shades 
and Shadows. ‘Exercises in Debate; and Vocal Music. Miltary Drill: Ar- 
tillery and Cavalry Tactics; Manual of the Sabre; and School of the 
Trooper dismounted ; Instruction in Heavy Artillery Tactics and Gunnery. 

Third Term.—Recitations in Astronomy ; Systematic Botany; and His- 
tory. Lectures on Milch Cows and Dairy Farming. Lectures on Stock 
Farming and the Breeding of Domestic Animals. Lectures on Comparative 
Anatomy. Exercises in’ Debate. Military Drill: Artillery Tactics ; School 
of the Section; Infantry Tactics; Battalion Drill. 


SENIOR YEAR. 


First Term.—Recitations in Mental Philosophy ; English Language; and . 
Civil Engineering for the Farm. Lectures on English Literature. Lectures 
on the Cultivation of Fruits and Flowers, and the Art of producing ‘new 
varieties. Instruction in Mechanical and Architectural Drawing; and in 
preparing Working Plans, and Specifications. Exercises in Original Decla- 
mation. Military Drill: Cavalry, Artillery and Infantry Tactics; Duty as 


\ 


mero.) SENATE—No. 6. 35 


Drill Masters and Officers in Infantry and Artillery Drills; Theoretical In- 
struction in Cavalry Tactics and the Organization and Uses of Cavalry. 

Second Term.—Recitations in Moral Philosophy ; Political Science and 
Economy; and Military Science. Lectures on Rural Law, including the 
Rights and Obligations of Landholders. Lectures on Arboriculture; the 
Planting and Care of Trees for the production of Fuel, Timber, Fruit or 
for other purposes. Lectures on Military History ; Military Law; and Courts- 
Martial. Exercises in Original Declamation. Military Drill: Cavalry 
Tactics ; Sabre Exercise. 

Third Term.—Recitations in Landscape Gardening; Meteorology ; and 
General Reviews. Lectures on Agricultural Botany. Lectures on Architec- 


ture, with special reference to Rural Affairs. Lectures on Mineralogy and 


Geology. Lectures on Civil Polity. Exercises in Original Declamation. 
Military Drill: Target Practice ; Sword Play ; and General Drill. 


Practice in the various operations of the Farm and Garden through the 
Course. 


| SELECT COURSE. 
Those who do not intend to pursue the full course, may select from the 
studies of the first, second or third terms of any year in the curriculum, such 
instruction as they choose, provided they are qualified for it. 


” 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman class are examined in 
writing upon the following subjects: English Grammar, Geography, 
Arithmetic, and the History of the United States. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire 
admission. 

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of 
age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good 
character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for 
the prompt payment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be 
paid in advance, at the beginning of each term ; and bills for board, 
fuel, and washing, at the end of every term. 

The regular examination for admission is held at the Botanic 
Museum, at 9 o’clock, A.M., on the second Thursday of September ; 
but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in 
the year. ; 

Further information may be obtained fr om President W. S. Clark, 
Amherst, Mass. 


CALENDAR. 


The next academic year begins September 8th, 1870, and is di- 
vided into three terms :— 3 

The first term begins the second Thursday of September, and — 
continues thirteen weeks. 

The second term begins the fourth Thursday of January, and 
continues thirteen weeks. 

The third term begins the first Thursday of May, and continues 
thirteen weeks. 


EXPENSES. 

Tuition, . ; : ; 3 : . $12 00 per term. 
Room rent, i : ; : ; ieee 5 00 . 
Incidental expenses, . ; : : : : 1 00 
Board, . : : : : : : ‘ 3 50 per week. 
Washing, : 50 per dozen. 
Expenses of hermidsi Laboteeen és students 

of practical chemistry, . ; 5 00 per term. 
Public and private damages, viichupatie cheno 

apparatus, . : at cost. 


Annual expenses, including beck, Bion! $200 00. 


1870.] SENATE—No. 6. 87 


REMARKS. 


The full course of study occupies four years, and those who com- 
plete it will receive the degree of Bachelor of Science. Three 
recitations, or their equivalent in lectures or literary exercises, are 
assigned for each day, except Saturday and Sunday. Saturday 
afternoon is devoted to scientific excursions and recreation. On 
Sacbath morning, all are required to attend church and, in the after- 
noon, Bible-class ; but, in all biblical instruction, the inculcation of 
denominational views is, as far as practicable, to be avoided. 

All students are expected to engage in manual labor six hours 
per week when required, without compensation, for the purpose of 
learning the various operations of the farm and garden, and those 
who wish to perform additional work for wages will be allowed to 
do so, and receive pay at the rate of from ten to fifteen cents per 
hour. 

The rooms in the dormitory buildings are unfurnished, except 
with stoves, but furniture may be purchased, at very reasonable 
rates, either new or second-hand, in Amherst. 

Students, wishing to be absent from any assigned duty, are ex- 
pected to ask permission beforehand, whenever that is practicable, 
and, in all cases, to present their excuses after an absence, to any 
officer from whose exercise they may have been absent. 

A careful record is kept of the attendance, attainments, and 
deportment of every student, and sent to his parent or guardian at 
the close of each term; and only such as are faithful, successful, and 
gentlemanly, will be allowed to continue members of the College. 

Those who pursue a select course will attend recitations and lec- 
tures with the regular classes; but persons properly qualified, and 
desiring special instruction in Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Agri- 
culture, or Horticulture, will be allowed to make private arrange- 
ments with the officers having charge of those departments. 
During the present collegiate year instruction will be given only to 
the Freshman, Sophomore and Junior classes. 


38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 


JANUARY Ist, 1870. 


Reau Estate. 
College Farm and mites 
South College, . 
North College, . 
College Hall, 
South Boarding-House, 
North Boarding-House, : : ; : : 
Durfee Plant-House, A : : : : : ‘ 
Botanic Museum, 
South Barn, 
Farm House, . ; 
Four Dwellings and Barns, stilt bed with the seule 


Total Real Estate, 


FARM STATEMENT. 


Value of Live Stock, : : : : A s 
of Vehicles and Implements, . 
of Produce on hand, 


Total credits of Farm, including property inventoried, Jan. 1, 
1870, credit for labor performed in grading, &c., and receipts 


from sales of produce and live stock, 


Total debits of Farm, including property inventoried, Jan. 1, 
1869, and all expenditures for live stock, labor, implements, 


repairs, seed, fertilizers, &c., 


Balance in favor of Farm, . 


[Jan. 


$37,500 00 
36,000 00 
36,000 00 
30,000 00 
8,000 00 
8,000 00 
12,000 00 
5,000 00 
10,000 00 
4,000 00 
10,000 00 


. $196,500 00. 


$6,880 00 
2,240 00 
4,345 00 


$13,465 00 
$17,600 18 


15,083 00 


$2,567 13 


» £879.) SENATE—No. 6. 39 


FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE. 


In CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER. 


The total amount received from the sale of the 360,000 acres of 
land given to Massachusetts, for the endowment of one or 
more colleges for the promotion of education in agriculture 


and the mechanic arts,is_—. : d P . $236,307 40 
Of this amount, in accordance with the rer of Congress, was 
expended for a farm, ; ‘ ‘ é * ; ; : 29,778 40 
The investments of the fund made by the State Treasurer are as follows: 
United States bonds, 5-20’s, interest 6 per cent. gold, . . $50,500 00 
a $ Se M0 40s, = & i s : : 30,000 00 
Massachusetts bonds, 5 per cent. gold, . : : ‘ «. -,24;000)-60 
¥ 6 per cent. currency, . ; : : 3,000 00 
City of Salem bonds, 6 aa oe. : , , : 55,000 00 
City of Lynn bonds, 6 = ‘i 1 ; ; 3 25,000 00 
Town of Milford bonds, 6 - (a 5; , : 14,200 00 
Par value of bonds, . : 3 P : ie . $201,700 00 
Town of Plymouth, note, ‘ ‘ : E : - : 6,724 65 
Total Fund, : ; : : way . $208,424 65 
Annual Income of Fund at 6 per cent., . : ‘ ‘ . $12,505 48 


Two-thirds of this is to be paid to the treasurer of the College, and one- 
third to the treasurer of the Institute of Technology. 


eons of College from Fund, : aes : . $8,336 99 
By the conditions of the gift none of the income of the fund 

derived from the sale of land scrip can be used for the erec- 

tion or repair of buildings. 
The Hills Fund of $10,000 for the maintenance of the Botanic 

Garden is in charge of the College treasurer, and at present 

yields an income of . d ; ’ : F , : 500 00 


Total Income from Funds, . : ; ; $8,836 99 


To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent, amount- 
ing to $51 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the 
products of the farm and garden. 


[Jan. | 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


40 


IL ¢16‘ces Il @16‘ee¢ 

99 699'9T : . * “Tey asa]joo s\ou JUNOD0R UO 

OL 981% g J Z esnioy WaABE MOT. JUNOIOR UO 

€9 9G6°8 ‘ z : z ‘ureq AAT JUNODIB TO 

E; . : ZL 9FG6S : : ‘saredo pue SSUIP[INg SULAOUL 
IL e16‘eee |° : : : ; , ; * ‘norjendoidde Ag . 8G OFS Es | ° P : * — *R98T JuNODOR ooULTVq pred OT, 
‘698T "698T 
SCGNF ASH OENeT Cra eae: - 
9T G0E‘06S || 98 cos‘06s 
06 Gsr‘L ; , . : ; * ‘puvy uo Ysvo souryeq | 
CL G8I : a ‘ . , - ‘uoryerdoidde 13038. 
00 198 ‘T ee ig =. gun yoors aay 
OT 288°T Sn as ; ‘junoooe sed sv pred “on 29 omy] 
00 000°L => = “pred=ojou-—ojqe dud syiq 
00 894 : ; 2 : > . Yun0d0v LOTPONAYSUL BALXO 
99 699'°9T | * : : * ‘uoeidoidde |jeqy esezjoo ou 
OL 91'S 7 + + ++  ‘qorvrdoidde osnoy utes Mou 
G9 9G6‘8 : : s : : > ‘ornvriidoidde wieq Avett 
G9 GL : ‘ : : : * ‘norerndosdde yeroeds 
19 OFT : i STA redep Leo RePOd pur [B.1nj]N94.10T : 
03 6L1E'T : : 7 , * gumosoe 4se1e3ul 
Ge LOL : Se ; : : - ‘qunooo# T[Lq Wi.10} OL 611. : ; : : : : : ‘puny JUISUTJUOD 
FF 186 : : : : 2 : ‘yuno008 OULOOUL STII 90 OF8‘T : : : : ‘eonpord jo soyus ‘yUNODOB UWABE 
SL 98E'F : : : ‘syuoue/dumy Wey PUR ‘yuno208 UIT ge eee ‘TT , 6 : : : > ‘Guno0d9B ]IIq W193 
OL Z6L'8 E £ a $ ‘puny Surpymq GL SLo'P : ‘puny uo deere *“LOINSBOT} aye WoI JUNOWB ‘OL ‘pO 
91 §¢ : ; : : * — *QOTJO §,.LOINSVAIJ-JUBISISSB 00 000‘0G |° . - — *gggT Jo uoneridoidde T° -Sny 
1B GLOG ; : s S : : : _yunoo0e eae 08 9&F'F : ‘puny u0 deere yuk ‘1OINSBOI} 27819 WO. JUNOWE ‘eT Woury 
GL 169°TT : : : : S : : JUNODB AIVB[VS 00 00& : : ‘puny S|[HH 3° aOoUL 
89 260°8s ; : : : : % * ‘puny quesuryuos Ag 08 PSe°LTH | ° : ; . 3 : ; * ‘gouvpeq Of, | ‘T “uel 
“6981 “6981 
‘ag “aANSDALT, ‘AAAYA( NVHLVN Yim JUN0IID Wt ADATION TVYALIAOIUDY SLLASAHOVSSV]L “acd 


: 5s ‘soad} 


‘Pung yeroues wor aouReq — ‘ rsu 
QouURINSUT 


; “og ap amyn 
eae Woy pe 


i 
~ 
N 
me 
. 


“i ro / 
= a3 
=% * ’ ™ | 
ia Port 7. ae - : ; : : 
= = es : r 06 Cor Z . . . . . . ° ° ° ° ° . . . . purg uo yseg 
— cL Re 00 000 ‘ee w . . . ° . . . . . . . ; . : ° . . ‘ssoupa}qopul [B10], 
age ten RG, | “ ‘OLST ‘gt Avenue ‘NoLsog “ 
See | eeny -NIOONIT OCIVM "dd 
a “aed ‘srayonoa rodoad oy} Aq poravdwooov puv poyeys Ap}OeL100 WY} PUY PUB SJUNODG S,LaINSBALT, OY} POUTWIEXO OAVY T : 
Fe al ' 
aa i= ‘ahaqjo) jwinynowbhy syjasnyovssnyy saunsvaw J, 
“a <o ‘THA NVALVN 
ss aac, : ‘ ‘paytuiqns Aypnyqoodsayy 
= DM oe Fs 
yes ye. 170 6h FE TF9‘6S 
Fa o — : 0% ege‘e d ae ‘guno008 iad sv ‘snoourspoostut tee F 
ne 00 008'T : : : : ‘yanopoe wo “op ap owyn’y ;, t gag 
‘ae SO || 9€ 6&8 . Saad Pe es) : a 


At Bb ie 
ey ’ 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, | [Jan. 


GIFTS. 


The following gifts have been made to the College during the past year :— 

From William Knowlton, Esq., of Upton, $2,000, in cash, for the purchase 
of an herbarium and the construction of cases in the Botanic Museum. 

From Francis Dane, Esq., of Boston, $100, in cash, for indigent students. 

From Hon. Albert Fearing, of Boston, $100, in cash, for the purchase of 
books for the Washington Irving Society. 

From the Massachusetts Horticultural Society 125 models of apples, pears 
and other fruits. 

From Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, of Boston, Eodels of fruits from India, manu- 
factured by the natives. 

From Rev. J. H. Bates, missionary, collection of seeds from Cey igus 

From the Peabody Academy of Science, their publications. 

From Rey. J. F. Clark, missionary, varieties of seed wheat and maize, and 
geological specimens from Bulgaria. | 

From Prof. George H. Cook, of New Brunswick, N. J.,2 volumes, Geology 
of New Jersey. 

From Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture, at Washington, 
many packages of seed wheat, oats, barley and garden seeds and several 
copies each of the bi-monthly and annual Reports of the Department of 
Agriculture. 

From Hon. E. P. Tileston, of Dorchester, 13 volumes, elegantly bound, 
Gardener’s Magazine. 

From Jonathan French, Esq., of Boston, 42 volumes of agricultural books. 

From Mrs. Levi Lincoln, of Worcester, 84 volumes of Hovey’s Magazine 
of Horticulture, 

From C. A. Wakefield, Esq., of Pittsfield, one corn-planter. 

From Wm. H. Lyman, Esq., of Leverett, 250 varieties of flower seeds. 

From Edwin Wheeler, Esq., of Concord, 125 Concord grape-vines. 

From Capt. J. B. Moore, of Concord, 225 Concord and other grape-vines, 
grape cuttings, asparagus roots and strawberry plants. 

From Augustus Parker, Esq., of Boston, rhubarb roots and strawberry 
plants. 

From Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, of Boston, 250 standard pear-trees, a 
quantity of hardy, ornamental shrubs, three large orange trees and a mag- 
nificent specimen of Stenocarpus Cunninghami ; also, 25 volumes horticultural 
books, valued at $50. 

From James Gould, Esq., of Boston, one ton alkaline phosphate. 

From J. F. C. Hyde, Esq., of Newton, one barrel Harrison potatoes. 

From Augustus Whitman, Esq., of Fitchburg, 1 Shorthorn bull, Mountain 
Lad. 

From Henry Cobb, Esq., of Amherst, 1 Jersey cow, Lucy. 

From James Thompson, Esq., of Nantucket, 1 Jersey bull-calf, Enterprise. 


-1870.] SENATE—No. 6. 43 


From Hon. E. H. Hyde, of Stafford, Conn., 1 Devon bull, Gen. Lyon. 

From H. F. Hills, Esq., of Amherst, 1 Ayrshire heifer, Lulie. 

From L. 8. Stafford, Esq., of North Stafford, Me., the right to use his 
patent swinging stanchions. 

From F. Nishwitz, Esq., of Williamsburg, N. Y., 1 pulverizing harrow. 

From Hon. C. L. Flint, of Boston, 200 volumes of agricultural books for 
distribution to students; and 2 volumes, Grasses of United States. 

From Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, 40 copies of Flint’s “ Milch 
Cows and Dairy Farming,” for members of Sophomore class. 

From Hon. Wm. B. Washburn, of Greenfield, 12 volumes Congressional 
Documents. 

From Hon. Sanford Howard, of Lansing, Mich., 2 volumes, Report of 
Michigan State Board of Agriculture. 

From Prof.-C. U. Shepard, Jr., of Charleston, S. C., a fine specimen of 
Dickson cotton in the boll. 

From the Publishers, “The Massachusetts Ploughman,” “The New Ene- 
land Farmer,” “ The Boston Cultivator,” “The California Farmer,” ‘“ The 
New England Homestead” and “ The American Naturalist.” 


} i Bis bo =: ‘ee eT Rear: dy 
Y OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
< crineiaad MS Margk the year 1869: 

: KE nN AT AMHERST, Mas S., 


By Professor E. 8. SNELL, LL.D. 


j Abie! ri 


42° 297 17/7, Longitude 72° 34/ 30/7. — Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet. 
gine 7 


' 


« 


' 
? 
: 
rv? 
? fe ° j 
s 
sf 
- 
= 
e aay : 
? 
* a4 7 
We2) : . 
’ 
eh (pid Se a { ii } 
‘ 
i vie Pe yal : 7 e 
. 
ty hie ‘ ae 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


REMARKS. 


The surprising uniformity of climate is clearly seen upon com- 
paring the results of meteorological observations for the year 1869 
with the average for thirty years. The mean temperature in Am- 
herst for thirty years is 46.37°, for 1869 it is 46.54°. 

The total rain-fall, including melted snow, is, for thirty years, on 
the average 44.52 inches, and for 1869 it is 53.47 inches. 7 

This excess of nearly 9 inches above the mean was due to the 
great storm in October, when the rain-fall was about 10 inches more 
than in October, 1868. _ 

The average depth of snow is 54.2 inches, and for 1869 it is 58.5 
inches. 

The average amount of eloudiness for thirty years is 51 per cent. 
of the visible sky, and for 1869 the amount is precisely the same; 
and this is the result of 1,095 observations made during each year. 

The height of barometer is 29.72 inches, and for 1869 it is 29.68 
inches. ‘ 

Even the unstable wind blows with almost the same uniform 
steadiness. The total amount of air moving during the past ten 
years from the north-west averages 47 per cent. of all the wind, 
estimating both the time during which, and the velocity with which, 
it blew. The amount for 1869 is 51 per cent. From the south- 
west the average is 18 per cent., and in 1869 it was 15 per cent. 
From the south-east the amounts are the same—24 per cent.; and 
from the north-east it averages 10 per cent., and in 1869 was 11 per 
cent. 


The time of blossoming for early spring flowers was as follows in 
1869 :— 


Symplocarpus fcetidus, (skunk’s cabbage), . : : March 14 
Viola rotundifolia, (violet), : : : Apri 
Kpigza repens, (trailing arbutus), . : mae) 
Anemone nemorosa, (wind flower), . ; ; May 54 
Sanguinaria Canadensis, (blood-root), " 8 


Pyrus Malus, (apple), : “ : ; 4 : baer | 


1870.) . SENATE—No. 6. at 


The past season has been remarkably favorable for the oat, about 
an average for the potato, and rather below the average for Indian 
corn and hay. The cold, wet weather in May seemed to affect 
fruit buds unfavorably, but the apples which set adhered to the 
trees, and ripened a fair crop. 

On the whole, the season of 1869 was in many respects similar 
to that of 1868; but August, the past year, was very dry and clear, 
and this brought forward the corn rapidly, which otherwise would 
hardly have ripened. ‘The grape, for the same reason, produced an 

_ excellent crop. 


a 


—_ s 
«a 
5 ; | a <a eee ao ge ane eee 
ore FL | 9% | OOT €83" | 620° | 8z6" T89°66 PEL'SS 296'0€ Ot FG CT TS VG G'8¢ 99F' EG FEOP-, 010s 16:68 1 ao 
(44 8& | OOT 9cT* $0" | 082° CT8'6% TT6°86 2960 ay 06 €I 0g 8°g G6 86°F | SF LG | Cine cece ‘Tequia0eq 
@ | Th | OOL || 6ST" | 620" | GFE || GFO'GS | Geo'Gs | F90'0E || 2 2% | or | gs Qi9 ay Tee's || 26°¢8 69 G9G | ‘taqureaoN 
ica 08 9§ Oot . €26° | 260° | 069° €F9'66 66066 €TL'0§ E 1K 0G 8G SF = SSE TT 89 OF | A WP IGA: fe * “139q0790 
= Ts tr | OOL | S2r° €6r° | 128° 288°6¢ 0&6’ 6G O61 ‘0E 8 CP 61 8G OF Se SIS F 90°29 | €9E 10°98 |* ‘axequreidag 
= 2h FE | OOT || OTG | SEs | Sze OFL'6% EFF 66 2£ET'0E 6 06 KV Pr | 8's = 2£80'T 28°99 | o0g | eZg |°.. * “ysnsny 
= 2G TP | 86 €&S°_ | 69%" | Zzs" £99 66 CGE 66 $9006 i GG LG LP oF = 826% | 80°69 | GEG | 668 |* * ‘ANG 
| : : 
3 64 OF 86 | OFF Foo | FES E4966 OFG' 66 ¢G0'0€ & 6L C& GP 8G = 986° GaE9 | PLP | 208 |- 3 Sgune 
=< £9 GG £6 | 208 | 290° | 602° 80S 66 668° 8 9€6'°66 1G FE 9 66 £°¢ ¢'0 6F9'S £8'oG | @cs | OSS | ° 7 ‘ABIL 
3s T9 9G (a0) TOG’ | 680° | 6c¢ FL2'6% | G2ZT°6S C1006 9 0G ia 09 CP = CEST GP OF £296 | OFZ | * : Tdy 
i= Té cE OOT IT’ | 620° | 88a OFL' 6G 690° 66 6cG0E || OT CT Il 8g SF OFT cor g 82°26 | O'6- | 8S | - ‘  Yorsyl 
= CL 9¢ | oor || 20L° | TO" | FIe 819°66 PEL'8s 8éc'0& 1 oT 8 8¢ 6G CST LEUF 10°86 | OT- | 90 | ° ‘ALENAQIT 
o 82 66 OOT €or’ | 260° | &Sa" €89°6¢ 69166 ¢60'0& &T GG 9 6¢ Gia 091 LOPE F086 xe O6F | * ‘ArvnUe pe 
aa | : 
Kd K i BS i ta M t 
o Boe ee laes |jae |e 5 = 5 Bele e Se re I ape ate Sees | ee ee le 
= S 7 iy i=] 4 i) =} M = ‘= = we = S [S) 5 3 [=] iy] 
< Bam a les 5 5 = = Ss |e | § oS & Bue | 6 eee | ee =| Be 
F E ogee eiet | 54 ise e foo ies ee e | g 
B B el es o & BB Se ais 5 5 
‘NOLLVUALYS JO ‘SHHONT NT = gala A a a | 8, : eS ee Oe 
: ‘ “INIOd ONIZHAUA OL “10 “INGO oe ° iss} ¥ . 
le ae te See th a AHNNGAY LHYIGH WALANOUVA Waii—TOUOT GNY FWIL 2 3 y ge a Set 
—<—<$—$—$<—$—<———— | | $$} | —____——_ HL 
AAILV Ia 10 AOWOd ‘UALAWOUV EA "SANIM ‘S@NOTO || ‘MONS GNV NIVY|| VALANONAAAL 


48 


‘6981 HOA SNOILVANASAO IVOIDOTONOALIN HO AAVAWOS 


iH 


» 
: 


; Jody 


« 
> 


‘HSNOH LNVId FHaHnd 


EEE ESS —— 


SS 


Z SS ine = | = 
y 22>. SS =n ZU TCTTE OIE 
i; Pots Z = UUUIT TUE Ee LUTE 


= Ss SS SS SSS 


SS 


SENATE...... res NGs’ 1D 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT | 


OF THE 


TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


JANUARY, “HOT i, 


BOSTON: — 
WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 


79 MILK STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL), 


“ 187% 


IN D Bx. 


Report of ‘Trustees, : 

Faculty and Students, . . 
Agricultural Department, 
Agricultural Experiments, 

Map of College Estate, 
Horticultural Department, . 

Plan of Botanic Garden, 

Estimate of Expenditures for 1871, 
Catalogue of Officers and Students, 
Course of Study and Instruction, 
Calendar for 1871, . : 
Admission, . 4 : 

Expenses, - : - ; 
Remarks on Course of Study, 
Books, Apparatus and Museums, 
Gifts, . e 2 

Catalogue of Tibtiighbeed leattte, 
Meteorological Observations, 
Remarks on the Weather of 1870, 


Financial Statement and Treasurer’s Report, ? 
Report on the Production of Beet Sugar in Massachusetts, 
Report of Examining Committee of Overseers, 


wt : a ; : i * ' “ah ed Me y as ia 1. 
sy OT Peete Oi ana 
Fe Pe ay. 5 ni ar 
. oe ton : 4 1 
4.) ‘ ‘ * | r ri $ Nise oth, ee) 
a. > < s 4 7 % ¥ ° 
: de : : . + GY WE TO: ORM 
‘ (ty : ; ‘ " perk stan Bed vitae 
ee mes aia Le ! aD ete Page > 
ri “ « & ea a _ " 4 nae 
We : ay Dappee oe 
4its 4 . - ‘ h' ; Pate ’ 
Re ' * * . 4 AG is i i 4 oad 
Rags . 4 4 Re 3 Set ‘ , s ”. 


a ? oho 


. 
— 
. 

. 


me St eG ROE hee so ae 
Hie: wogarh aM naan k Daa 4 i . 


tee ele: Tee co Bees 


Peromen Rec s 


. : ay? an 


Comntonwcalth of Massachusetts. 


AMHERST, Feb. Ist, 1871. 
Hon. H. H. Cooper, President of Massachusetts Senate. 


Sir :—lI have the honor herewith to transmit to the Legislature 
. the Highth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College. | 


Very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


W. 8S. CLARK, President. 


6 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives : 


The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College re- 
spectfully present the following Report for the year 1870. 

A gracious Providence has continued to smile upon our efforts 
and crown them with success. During the past year, entire har- 
mony has prevailed among the trustees, overseers, and faculty, | 
and all have worked together to advance the interests of the 
institution. His Excellency Governor Claflin has been pleased 
to visit the college twice, and to express his gratification with 
the condition of its affairs. 


Facurty anp Srupents. 


The number of students has been larger than ever before, and 
greater than the dormitories could properly accommodate. The 
general conduct and spirit of the several classes have been ex- 
cellent, and the progress in study, as good as could be reasonably 
expected where so many distracting demands are made upon 
the student for manual labor, military drill, and the various 
practical operations ‘unboked with surveying, chemistry, and 
natural history. 

The course of instruction as at present arranged gives ee 
satisfaction, and it is especially worthy of mention that the 


_ tendency among the young men is very decidedly towards the 


full period of four years. Many who enter with the intention 
of remaining only a term or two, decide to join one of the 
regular classes and become candidates for a degree. They soon 
learn that the road to a thorough knowledge of agriculture is 
neither short nor easy, and hunger for an understanding of those 
sciences which alone can explain its difficult problems. 

The instruction is given by the president and six resident 
professors, who are assisted in particular departments by non- 


— - 


1871. ] SENATE—No. 75. T 


resident lecturers, selected on account of their special familiarity 
with the topics of their respective courses. 

One additional resident professor is needed and will be ap- 
pointed as soon as the funds of the college will warrant it. 
This officer should be competent to teach zodlogy, physiology, 


‘comparative anatomy, and especially veterinary science. He 
should reside upon the farm and maintain there for purposes of 


instruction a hospital for diseased animals of all kinds. Only 
in this way can the students acquire a useful, practical knowl- 
edge of this most important subject, and learn how to treat 
safely and skillfully such cases as may come under their obser- 
vation in after life. There are but few educated veterinarians 
in the Commonwealth, and most of these reside at Boston ; and 
as a consequence, the treatment of our horses and cattle when 
lame or sick is often irrational and barbarous in the extreme. 
Aside from the prevention of much needless suffering, the 
graduates of the college, if educated as they should be in this 
department, would save an immense amount of property which 
is now constantly going to waste through ignorance. 

Professor James Law of Cornell University has given an ex- 
cellent course of lectures on this subject the past summer, and 
accompanied his oral teachings by actual demonstration upon 
living animals so far as practicable. But the proper treatment 
of diseased animals demands much time, which can only be 
secured by having a hospital under the charge of a competent 
resident professor. With more knowledge respecting the causes, 
nature, and proper treatment of the diseases of domestic ani- 
mals among our farmers, the difficulty and expense of control- 
ling contagious distempers, like that now prevailing, would be 
greatly diminished. 

For this department, also, are needed drawings, skeletons, 
and models, illustrating the animal structure both in the healthy 
and tlie diseased condition. 

In the midst of our prosperity, the reaper Zhpewkh has for the 
first time come among us and removed, as by a single stroke, 
both a beloved professor and a highly Bocuitd pupil. 

Mr. Charles F. Sanderson of Petersham died September 
13th, very suddenly, of inflammation of the brain. He was a 
special student, pursuing botany and chemistry preparatory to 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


the study of medicine. His character was irreproachable and | 
his scholarship superior. ; 

Professor S. F. Miller died, October 28th, of a cancerous 
affection of the bowels. During the two years of his service at 
the college, he won the highest respect from all with whom he 
came in contact. Thoroughly accomplished as a civil engineer, 
he was deeply interested in the applications of science to works 
of public utility. He was very industrious and found time, be- 
sides performing his duties as instructor with rare fidelity and 
success, to engage in many other affairs of importance. He 
surveyed the line of the Massachusetts Central Railroad from 
Belchertown to Northampton ; assisted in locating and grading 
numerous walks and roads in Amherst; prepared a plan for the 
introduction of water from Pelham; wrote a prize essay on the 
highways of the State and the best method of constructing and 
repairing them; and originated. the idea of establishing true — 
meridian lines in different parts of the Commonwealth, and 
requiring all surveys to be made with reference to them. Hayv- 
ing been appointed by the governor surveyor of meridian lines, 
he was actively engaged in the business of this office when 
prostrated by the last violent attack of the obscure disease from 
which he had suffered many months previously. 

To lose a man of his noble character, large experience, and _ 
intellectual ability, is a great calamity to both the college and 
the Commonwealth. His colleagues and pupils will cherish his 
memory. | 7 | | 

Professor M. H. Fisk has assumed the duties of the chair 
occupied by the lamented Professor Miller, and having had 
much experience as a teacher, and also as a practical surveyor 
and engineer, will, doubtless, give satisfaction as his successor. 

The college has been exceedingly fortunate in securing, as 
special instructor of the senior class, Professor H. W. Parker, 
who has achieved a most enviable reputation as professor in Lowa 
College. He came with the very highest testimonials as to 
character, enterprise, and scholarly attainments, and has given 
entire satisfaction in the performance of his duties during the 
first term of the present collegiate year. 

In addition to the distinguished lecturers who have previously 
honored us with their valuable services for a mere nominal 
price, we are so fortunate as to have secured the following for 


1871.) SENATE—No. 75. ; 9 


the ensuing year:—George B. Emerson, LL.D., of Boston, 
author of “‘ Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts,”’ will lecture on. 
Arboriculture ; Alonzo Bradley, Esq., of Lee, president of the 
Massachusetts Bee-Keepers’ Association, will lecture on Bees 
and their management; M. F. Dickinson, Jr., Esq., of Boston, 
will lecture on Law as applied to rural affairs; and Professor 
William R. Ware, of Boston, on Architecture with special refer- 
ence to agricultural requirements. 


AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


This department has been managed by Professor Stockbridge 
with his usual skill and success. The students under his direc- 
tion have done a great amount of labor, much of it of the least 
interesting and most disagreeable kind, such as ditching, stump- 
pulling, and digging up old orchards. The beauty and value 
of the farm have thereby been greatly increased, especially of 
that portion lying east of the highway and designed in part for 
planting as an arboretum and botanic garden. The theoretical 
instruction has been given by lectures, and has been thorough 
and interesting. 

The immediate control of the farm work has devolved upon 
Mr. John C. Dillon, who entered upon his duties as farm 
superintendent on the first of April, and has done exceedingly 
well. He has manifested the utmost fidelity, strict honesty, a 
hearty interest in the general welfare of the college, as well as 
of his own special department, and good temper and judgment 
in his intercourse with the students. 

From his report it appears that there were cultivated on the 
college farm the past season about eighteen acres of oats, nine 
acres of corn, three of potatoes, one of fodder corn, one of 
turnips, and one of garden vegetables. These all gave good 
returns, except the oats, which suffered somewhat from the 
drought, and from the fact that circumstances postponed the 
sowing at least ten days longer than was desirable. The hay 
crop amounted to 168 tons, and was of superior quality. 

The stock upon the farm has been much improved by the pur: 
chase of a considerable number of excellent thoroughbred cows 
and heifers. The herd now contains fourteen Shorthorns, five 
Ayrshires, four Devons, and four Jerseys, a catalogue of which 
is appended to this Report. There are, also, on the farm twenty- 

2 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


seven grade cattle; twenty-seven Southdown sheep; nineteen 
swine of the Suffolk and Chester White breeds; and six horses. 

Outside of the regular farm operations, the teams have done 
a large amount of work in making and repairing roads, and in 
grading. The knoll in front of College Hall has been re- 
moved, and the drive-way across the ravine. north has been 
widened and raised. | 

In regard to the wages paid to students for labor, the superin- 
tendent says :— 


“‘ Most of this money has been well earned. This means more 
than at first sight may appear; for to earn a given sum when em- 
barrassed with study, and the necessity of constant change between 
the barn and the lecture-room, requires a far greater effort than is 
needed when there are no such conflicting claims.” | 


He, also, speaks as follows respecting the importance of the 
_ labor fund which has been alluded to as most desirable in the 
last two annual reports :— 


“YT would respectfully suggest that, if either by an appropriation 
from the State or by private beneficence a fund could be provided 
for employing industrious students at a fair rate without too strict 
regard to the immediate value of their labor, the farm would be 
benefited, the interest of the students in its operations would be 
increased, habits of industry would be fostered, and a very deserv- 
ing class of young men, who would unite thorough practical ex- 
perience with accurate scientific knowledge, would be encouraged 
and assisted to become valuable members of the agricultural com- 
munity.” 


While the general farm management’ has been, perhaps, as 
good as circumstances would allow, it is not surprising that the 
expenditures for the year have largely exceeded the receipts. 
The reasons for this are many and obvious. In the first place, 
the amount paid for labor to students is $1,750, and while it is 
not more than they ought to receive as a reward for their ser- 
vices, is still an outlay which, if the farm were not part of an 
educational institution, might be very largely reduced. Again, 
much of the work has been. for purposes of permanent im- 
provement, and therefore is not represented on both sides of the 


— = —~—tS 


: ‘ 
; 
: 


1871. ] SENATE—No. 75. 11 


account. Moreover, until the farm superintendent has had an 
opportunity to become acquainted with his surroundings, and 
with the duties of his office, and to make systematic arrange- 
ments for the operations of the year before the busy season, he 
can hardly be expected to succeed as well as when more favor- 
ably situated. 


AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 


The experiments of the past year have been directed to the 
cultivation of the sugar-beet, for the purpose of learning what 
varieties were best adapted to our soil and climate, and what 
per cent of sugar might be expected from them. 

- Professor Goessmann early in the year sent to Germany and 
procured seeds of the thirteen best sorts cultivated in Saxony 
and Prussia. These were sown upon the ground which hap- 
pened to be in the best condition for them and a fair crop ob- 


tained, notwithstanding the unpropitious season. The juice of 


these different kinds of beet was expressed by means of a port- 
able cider-mill, and subjected to careful examination to deter- 
mine the per cent of sugar. The results were quite variable, 
but very satisfactory, the percentage varying from 7.20 to 15.61, 
the average being 11.5.. 

The accompanying report by Professor Goessmann upon the 
production of beet-sugar in Massachusetts will be found replete 
with valuable and altogether reliable information, and is believed 
to be a very important contribution to our agricultural literature. 
The learned professor is eminently qualified to discuss the sub- 
ject, having been familiar with the business as carried on in his 
native country, and having had his attention for many years 
specially directed to it while engaged in refining sugars. 

If the necessary funds be obtained in season, it is proposed 
to import a large quantity of seed from Germany, and plant 
on the college farm and in its vicinity several acres of beets 
the coming spring for the purpose of manufacturing a few 
tons of sugar, and thus learning by actual experiment what dif- 
ficulties are to be overcome, and what results may be reasonably 


expected in this new but most important branch of industry. 


To provide the necessary apparatus for a small sugar factory 
will require an expenditure: of not less than $5,000. A more 
satisfactory and more permanent establishment, sufficiently 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


extensive to work several tons of roots daily would cost about 
$10,000. Such a factory would not only be useful for this ex- 
periment, but afterward serve as necessary apparatus for the 
education of young men in the art of making and refining sugar. 

The soil and climate of Massachusetts are peculiarly adapted 


to the production of sugar beets of the best quality, and when 


we consider the marvelous development of the sugar manufac- 
ture in Europe, and its extraordinary influence in increasing the 
productive power of the soil, in improving the methods of 
_ farming, in multiplying the number of cattle, and thus in fur- 
nishing an abundant supply of sugar, milk, and meat, we cannot 
fail to desire its introduction at the earliest practicable moment. 
In Germany, France, and Russia, the expenses of the first experi- 
ments have been borne by the government, and now the tax on 
this crop is a very important source’of revenue. In France, more 
than one sixth of the cultivated land is devoted to the beet, and 
the product of sugar the past year was 276,000 tons, yielding a 
revenue of about $13,000,000, besides more than 7,000,000 
gallons of alcohol, distilled directly from the beet juice and 
paying a tax of nearly $3,000,000. But the indirect advantages 
to the government far surpass the direct. More sugar is now pro- 
duced both in France and Germany than is consumed, although 
the consumption is rapidly increasing, and, therefore, no money 
is ‘sent abroad for this indispensable article of food. At the 
same time the capacity of the country to supply bread and 
meat is also enlarged to a remarkable degree. In a single 
limited district of France, the introduction of beet culture has 
increased the number of oxen from 700 to 11,500, and the 
annual yield of wheat from 976,000 bushels to 1,168,000. 


The number of sugar factories in Hurope is now more than — 


1,400, and constantly augmentmg. 

The Agricultural College ought to be made an experimental 
station, similar to those now so common in Germany, and 
which are universally admitted to have paid back to the govern- 
ment many times their cost by the valuable information they 
have afforded as the result of their investigations. There can 
be little doubt that the establishment of a fund, the income of 
which should be employed to defray the necessary expenses of 
‘scientific experiment and research, would be a most profitable 
investment of money in the interest of agriculture. As such 


we Sur k Pre 
PS DEK BK PK AK DS 


02 


PR SK + 
se BK 


S./2°49'12 421%, 


Estate of (he 


MASS. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 


Antherst. 
jie eer “ 
Area 363% Acres. 


Hip 
js HH 


ww 


eee 


_ 


222 7206.9; 


W792 04 


K 


oO 
< 
- 
wd 
73 
te 
> 


GARDEN 


/ 


sta te of the 


2 
AGRI 


SS 


CULTURAL COLLEGE 


—_—— 


—— 
3 8 


naies 


MASS 


P20 6 


534 Wr Tapp, F 


A 


~ EL ERIQN on 
Area 3834 Acres 


1871.] | SENATE—No. 75. | 13 


undertakings require usually some time for preparation, and 
must often be continued through a series of years in order to 
attain conclusive results, itis evident that some permanent pro- 
vision should be made for this work. If the sum of $1,000 per 
‘annum were provided for this object, it would stimulate a spirit 
of inquiry among the officers and students of the institution 
‘and unquestionably result in much good. May we not hope 
that some wealthy and public-spirited friend of progressive 
agriculture will soon feel inclined to establish such a fund? 


Map or Farm. 


The accompanying plan of the college estate was drawn by 
Mr. 8. F.. Maynard, of the junior class, from the map made some 
years since by J. Herbert Shedd, C. E., of Boston, to which have 
been added the roads, walks, and buildings constructed since 
1866. Toa person familiar with such maps it gives an excel- 
lent idea of the topographical features of the farm’, which is 
beautifully located and admirably adapted for the purposes of 
the Agricultural College. 


HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The operations in this department have been confined mostly 
to the care of the Durfee Plant-House, the vineyard, the 
orchard, and the nursery, and the preparation of the plan and 
ground for planting the Arboretum and Botanic Garden. 

The Victoria regia has blossomed freely and is still thriving. 
‘This magnificent species produces the largest flower and leaf of 
any plant in cultivation. The leaf has been grown to the size 
of nine feet in diameter, and capable of floating the weight of an 
ordinary man. The flower resembles a superb and fragrant 
pond-lily, being white with a beautiful rose-colored center, and 
attains a diameter of one foot. 

_ The noble specimen of Stenocarpus Cunninghami, presented 
by Colonel Wilder, has bloomed abundantly and attracted much 
attention from the richness of its evergreen foliage and the sin- 
gular beauty of its flowers. 

Several new species of particular interest have been obtained 
and the general condition of the plants under glass is good. A 
valuable collection of plants has been received from Professor 
Asa Gray, of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, and some choice 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Feb. 


seeds of conifers from the Pacific Coast haye been presented by 
Dr. George B. Emerson, of Boston. Many species of tree seeds 
have been sown in the open ground and a large number of young 
specimens are coming forward. 


The most urgent want of this department is glass houses for 


the cultivation of choice plants and garden vegetables. If, in 
addition to the extensive structures erected by Dr. Durfee, there 
were built three hundred feet in length of houses like.the pres- 
ent propagating pits at a cost of $3,000, the expenses of this 
entire establishment might be defrayed by the sale of plants, 
flowers, and vegetables. This would save at least $1,000 per 
annum to the treasury, and render the instruction in horticul- 


ture much more practical and useful than it can be at. present. 


After much study, a design for the Botanic Garden 
and Arboretum has been perfected with the assistance of the 
late accomplished chief gardener of the New York Central Park, 


Mr. I. A.:Pilat, who has, also, prepared a catalogue of desirable 


species for planting. The accompanying plan includes an area 
of about forty acres which is admirably adapted to the purpose 


for which it is designed, as will appear from an examination of . 
the plan of the farm, where its topography is exhibited. It is* 


proposed to proceed with the laying out of these grounds as 


soon as a fund of $50,000 has been secured for their perpetual — 


maintenance. It is confidently expected that citizens of taste 
and wealth will be willing to contribute toward so desirable an 
object. The income of such a fund would not only serve to keep 
these ornamental grounds in order, but, also, furnish means for 
the. support of indigent students who would gladly do the work 
for moderate compensation. Such a garden would not only be 
exceedingly delightful as a place of resort for students of both 
the colleges of Amherst, and for the public generally, but would 
be extremely useful for scientific purposes, and for the acclima- 
tion and trial of new and valuable trees, shrubs, and herbaceous 
plants. As the gifts of private individuals to this department 
have already amounted to more than $25,000, and as the Durfee 
Plant-House and the Knowlton Hesbieiiin have been highly 
appreciated by all who have visited them, it cannot be doubted 


that the work so well begun will be carried forward to comple- 


tion. 


a a ey ee Ny a a ee Ry a en Ra Meer 
Tae gee age Va eae eT pee 


“e * * r 7 


aS 


it an of 
BOTARIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM 


Connected un uth the 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
ay AMA E RSW. 


ee cr ae a 


% 


ORCHARD * 


-VINE YARD: 


Area 38% acres. 
TA: Palais 
1870 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 15 


CONCLUSION. 


The success of the college as an educational institution is now 
universally conceded, and with wise management there will be no 
lack of patronage. The course of instruction is designed to 
develop the faculties of the student harmoniously and prepare 
him for a practical career of usefulness. He is made familiar 
with the most important truths of the natural sciences, as well as 
of agriculture and horticulture, and is taught to believe and feel 
that farming is an occupation worthy his best efforts and more 
certain than any other to furnish a competent support and a 
comfortable home to a man of intelligence, industry, and moder- 
ate capital. There are at least five thousand young men on the 
farms of the Commonwealth who ought, if it were practicable, 
to enjoy immediately the advantages of the college. The time 
and money expended in securing such an education as it affords 
would yield to them in after life a larger return in cash than 
if invested in any other manner; besides which, the increased 
influence and the pleasure resulting from knowledge and 
culture would be above all price. It is deeply to be regretted 
that so many independent farmers fail to appreciate the benefits 
of education, and, therefore, are more ready to question the 
utility of the Agricultural College or to criticize its management 
than to dispense with the valuable services of their sons at 
home and pay their expenses during the four years of study. 

Still there are more students constantly in attendance than 
the dormitories were intended to accommodate, and the princi- 
pal want of the institution is now, as heretofore, new buildings. 
In accepting the grant from Congress and the subscription from 
the town of Amherst, the State entered into a contract to pro- 
vide the necessary buildings and keep them in repair. Nothing 
which has been erected remains unoccupied, and it seems reason- 
able that additional edifices should be built as soon as the con- 
dition of the finances will warrant the expenditure. Until this 
is done, annual appropriations will be demanded to carry out 
the plan which was formed in the beginning, and which has 
proved so excellent as to have won for the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College the reputation of being one of the most suc- 
cessful institutions of the kind ever established. 

The ordinary expenses are now as large as they would be 
with twice the number of students. The salaries of the faculty 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


for the year 1871 amount to $16,750, and are provided for by 
the income of the fund and the receipts for tuition. The 
salaries and wages of other employés, as assistant treasurer, farm 
superintendent, gardener, teamsters, and students, will reach 
an aggregate of $8,400, and are in part met by the receipts 
from the sale of farm produce, leaving a balance of $5,000 to 
be provided by legislative appropriation. Under good manage- 
ment, since the condition of the farm is rapidly improving, the 
receipts from sales will steadily increase, and, at no distant day, 
should be sufficient to pay all the above expenses. 

The other necessary expenditures are for expenses of trustees, 
interest, fuel, general repairs, printing and advertising, freight 
and express charges, office expenses, &c., and amount to an 
estimated sum of $6,000. 

Among the most important extraordinary expenses, for which 
appropriations should be made, are the following, viz.: for the 
purchase of apparatus for the manufacture of beet sugar, 
$5,000; for the construction of glass houses for the cultivation 
of plants and vegetables for sale, $3,000; for the erection of a 
sheep barn, piggery and sheds in connection with the south 
barn, to replace what was destroyed by a violent wind in Feb- 
ruary last, $3,000 ; for apparatus in the department of physics — 
and astronomy, for the use of which the college now pays $500 
per annum, $5,000; and for the extension of the aqueduct pipe 
to the chemical laboratory, supplying at the same time the two _ 
dormitory buildings, $1,000. 

In conclusion, believing that professional education is the 
special want of our agriculture, and that the public policy 
adopted of offering it in an economical and attractive form to 
the farmers of the Commonwealth is eminently .wise and 
worthy of continuance, we commend the college under our 
charge to your favorable consideration. 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 


W. S. CLARK, President. 


AMHERST, January, 1871. 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 17 


CATALOGUE 


OF 


TRUSTEES OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS. 


1870. 


Hoard of Crustees. 


MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. 


His ExcELLENCY WILLIAM CLAFLIN. 

Cot. WILLIAM S. CLARK, President of College. 

Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL.D., Secretary of Board of Education. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 


ELECTED BY THE LEGISLATURE. 


Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, .. . . SuFFOLK CouNrTY. 
Mon. CHARLES G.. DAVIS, ... .. s-+-cccesve,.t LYMOUTH COUNTY. 
et AN DURPER, .-. -»:* 2 % oo BRISTOL COUNTY. 
Benny COLT, Hsa., ..... « cmengeet’s DERKSHIRE COUNTY. 
REv. CHARLES C. SEWALL, «iy «pitas ALORFOLK: COUNTY: 
TAOG? LATHROP, HsQ.,-. .... «.s=.<gpaae ce ELAMPSHIRE COUNTY. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esa. .. . « «© HAMPDEN COUNTY. 
Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE, . . ..., « ... Essex COUNTY. 
Hon. GEORGE MARSTON, .. . . . . BRISTOL COUNTY. 

‘ Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, .. .«. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
Pror. HENRY L. WHITING, ... .. . MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 
Hon. D. WALDO LINCOLN, .. . . . WORCESTER COUNTY. 
eee FAILS, HsQ.,...«, «+ «sce « + LAMPSHIRE COUNTY. 
Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM,. ... . . MIDDLESEX CouNTY. 


Geecutibe and Building Committee. 


PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK, Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, HENRY COLT, Esq., 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esa. 


Secretary. 


Hon. CHARLES L, FLINT, or Boston. 
3 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Auditor. 
HENRY COLT, Esq., or PITTSFIELD. 


Greusurer. 
NATHAN DURFEE, M.D., or Fatt RIvEr. 


Assistant Creusurer, 
GEORGE MONTAGUE, Esq., or AMHERST. 


Board of Oberseers. . 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Geamining Committee of Oberseers. 


ProF. LOUIS AGASSIZ, Hon. RICHARD GOODMAN, 
Cot. ELIPHALET STONE. 


Members of Faculty. 
WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pu. D., 
President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., 


Professor of Modern Languages. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL F. MILLER, C.E.,* 
Professor of Mathematics and Farm Engineering. 
Capt. HENRY E. ALVORD, U:S.A., C.E., 

Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 

HENRY W. PARKER, M.A., 

Professor of Mental, Moral, and Social Science. 
MARTIN H. FISK, M.A., 
Instructor in Mathematics and Civil Engineering. 
JOHN K. RICHARDSON, B.A., 
Instructor in Mathematics. 


ELIHU ROOT, B.A., 


Instructor in Rhetoric and Elocution. 


Pror, JAMES LAW, F.R.V.C., 


Lecturer on Diseases of Domestic Animals. 


Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, 


Lecturer on Dairy Farming. 


CALVIN CUTTER, M.D., 


Lecturer on Hygiene. 


* Deceased. 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 19 


Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL.D., 
Lecturer on Civil Polity. 


JABEZ FISHER, M.D., 
Lecturer on Market Gardening. 


Pror. EDWARD HITCHCOCK, M.D., 


Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy. 


Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, 
Lecturer on Pomology and Floriculture. 


A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M.D. (STATE ENTOMOLOGIST), 


Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. 


PrRoF. EBENEZER S. SNELL, LL.D., 


Lecturer on Physics. 
“ GEORGE B. LORING, M.D., 
Lecturer on Stock Farming. 


Pror. L. CLARK SEELYE, 


Lecturer on English Literature. 


GEORGE B. EMERSON, LL.D., 


Lecturer on Arboriculture. 


ALONZO BRADLEY, Esq., 
Lecturer on the Honey Bee. 


MARQUIS F. DICKINSON, Jr., Esq., 
Lecturer on Rural Law. 
Pror. WM. R. WARE, B.S., 
Lecturer on Architecture and its Application to Rural Affairs. 


GEORGE F. MILLER, 
Teacher of Vocal Music. 


¢e 


JOHN GRIFFIN, GARDENER. 


JOHN C. DILLON, Farm SUPERINTENDENT. 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ——[Feb. 


Allen, Gideon Hammond, . 
Bassett, Andrew Lewis, 
Birnie, William Perkins, 
Bowker, William Henry, 
Brown, Clarence Eaton, 
Caswell, Lilley Brewer, 
Cowles, Homer Lucian, 
Ellsworth, Emory Alexander, 
Fisher, Jabez Franklin, 
Fuller, George Elwyn, 
Hawley, Frank Warren, 
Herrick, Frederick St. Clair, 
Leonard, George, 

Lyman, Robert Hiohiiinetar 
Morse, James Henry,’ 
Nichols, Lewis Abel, . 
Norcross, Arthur Dickinson, 
Page, Joel Bardwell, . 
Richmond, Samuel Howard, 
Russell, William Delano, 
Smead, Edwin, . ; 
Southwick, Alonzo Lewis, . 
Sparrow, Lewis Addison, 

Strickland, George Porter, 
Thompson, Edgar Eliab, 
Tucker, George Homer, 
Ware, Willard Carroll, 
Wheeler, William, 

Whitney, Frank Le Beate 

Woolson, George Clark, 


Total, 


' Senior Class. 


Marion. 
Amherst. 
Springfield. 
Phillipston. 
Northamptone 
Fitchburg. 
Hadley. 
Barre. 
Fitchburg. 
Greenfield. 
Hadley. — 
Lawrence. 
New Bedford. 
Easthampton. 
Salem. 


. . Danvers. 


Monson. 
Conway. 
Taunton. 
Sunderland. 
Greenfield. 
Blackstone. 
Medway. 
Amesbury. 
Hopkinton. 
Spring Creek, Pa. 
Salem. 
Concord. 
Boston. 
Hopkinton. 


30. 


al” Oe eae 


a)Cti« 


Ames, William Campbell, . 
Bell, Burleigh Cook, . 
Blood, Alonzo Hutchinson, 
Brett, William Franklin, 
Clark, John Wesley, . 
Cole, Daniel Pomeroy, 
Cowles, Frank Colton, 
Crocker, Loring, Jr, . 
Cutter, John Clarence, 
Dyer, Edward Norris, 
Easterbrook, Isaac Henry, . 
Fisk, Edward Ransom, 
Flagg, Charles Otis, . 
Grover, Richard Baxter, 


- Harrington, Frank Warner, 


Holmes, Lemuel Le Baron, 
Howe, Edward Gardner, 
Kimball, Francis Elliot, . 
Lester, Frank Harris, 
Livermore, Russell Woolcott, 
Lockey, John Morse, . 
Mackie, George, ; 
Maynard, Samuel Taylor, . 
Morey, Hubert Ellis, . 
Peabody, William Russell, - 
Penhallow, Charles, Lowell, 
Salisbury, Frank Battelle, . 


_ Shaw, Dwight Elliot, 


Snow, George Henry, 
Somers, Frederick Maxwell, 
Thomas, George Hutchins, 
Thompson, Samuel Clarence, 
Wells, Henry, . ° ‘ 
Whitney, William Channing, 


“otal, . ° ? 


-SENATE—No. 75. 


dunior Class. 


21 


Conway. 


Winchester. 


Winchester. 
North Bridgewater. 
Hadley. 
Springfield. 
Amherst. 
Barnstable. 
Warren. 
Shrewsbury. 
Boston. 
Amherst. 
Westminster. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 


‘Mattapoisett. 


Chicago, Ill. 
Dudley. 
Plainfield, Conn. 
Bozrahville, Conn. 
Leominster. 

New Bedford. 
Northborough. 
Malden. 

Boston. 
Portsmouth, N. H. 
Sherborn. 
Chicopee. 
Leominster. 
Greenfield. 
Lebanon, Conn. 
Southborough. 
Stockbridge. 
Harvard. 


34. 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . 


Baker, Frederick William, 


Barrows, Fletcher Kneeland, 


Carter, Herbert Mason, 
Clark, William Jared, 
Cleland, William Francis, . 
Copp, Belton Allyn, . - 
Flower, Archibald Dick, 
Frisbie, George Benedict, . 
Furness, George Abbot, 
Garrett, William Edward, . 
Healey, George Clifford, . 
Jefts, Melvin Willard, 
Johns, Frederick Durfee, . 
Lathrop, Joseph Dwight, 
Leland, Walter Sherman, . 
Lyman, Asahel Hubert, 
Mills, George Westgate, 
Mines, William Wales, 
Minor, John Bacon, 
Penhallow, David Pearce, . 


Renshaw, James Budden, . 


Smith, Jasper B., ; 
Simpson, Henry Bell, 
Warner, Seth Smith, . 
Warriner, Alfred Allen, . 
Webb, James Henry, . : 
Wellington, Charles, . 


Totals vue ; ; 


Sophomore Class. 


 [Feb. 


Winchester. 
Brattleboro’, Vt. 
Winchester. 
Cincinnati, O. 
Natick. 

Groton, Conn. 
Ashfield. 

New York. 
Tarrytown, N. Y. 
West Newton. 
Hampton Falls, N. H. 
Ashland. 
St. Charles, Mo. 
Northampton. 
Sherborn. 
Huntington. 
Medford. 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 
New Britain, Conn. 
Portsmouth, N. H. 
Richmond. | 
Newburyport. 
Hudson, N Y. 
Northampton. 
Warren. 


New Haven, Conn. — 


“ 


Amherst. 


2s 


1871] SENATE—No. 75. 


Greshman Class. 


Alexander, Edward Percival, . : : 
Barstow, William Hale, . 

Benedict, John Mitchell, : : ; ae 
Briggs, Louis Willard, : Z - ‘ . 
Chandler, Edward Phelps, . . . ‘ : 
EOS 7 
Clark, Wallis Olwyn, : 

Curtis, Wolfred Fletcher, . 

Dickinson, Asa Williams, . 

Doubleday, Henry Mather, 

Doubleday, William Horace, 


Duncan, George Adams, . F ; ; : 
Fisk, Charles Abbott, : 
Gillett, Edward, ‘ 


Johns, Arthur Clifford, . 
Lyman, Henry, . , . 
Lyman, William, ; , 
Millard, David Knox, 

Mitchell, William H., , 
Montague, Arthur Huntington, . 
Moody, George Frederick, 
SaieeGemes ne 8 
Pearce, Walter Sloan, 

Rowland, Clarence Warner, 
Shaw, Charles Jacob, 

Smith, Frank Stockbridge, 
Smith, James Metcalf, 

Strain, William, 
’ Towne, Frank Augustus, 
Zeller, Bruce Scott, 
Zeller, Harrie McKeen, 
Zeller, William Melville, 


Total, 


93 


Greenville, Ill. 
Haverhill, N. H. 
Bethel, Conn 
Plaquemine, La. 
Westborough. 
Springfield. 
Chelsea. 
Westminster. 
Amherst. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Brooklyn, N. Y.. 
Keene, N. H. 
Springfield. 
Southwick. 

St Charles, Mo. 
Middlefield, Conn. 
Middlefield, Conn. 
Northampton. 
Chicago, Ill. 
Granby. 
Springfield. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Frazer, Pa. 
West Newton. 
Boston. 
Springfield. 
Westfield. 
Southwick. 
Keene, N. H. 
Hagerstown, Md. 
Hagerstown, Md. 
Hagerstown, Md. 


32. 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Feb. 


Adams, Frank Edgar, 


Annable, Robert Whipple, 


Ariail, Smith, 
Avery, Frank Rhodes, 


Barber, Strong Hayden, 


Bayley, Jonathan, 


Blankinship, Edwin Ee Sicture 
Bliss, Albert Nathaniel, 


Capen, Thomas Allyn, 


Colby, Daniel Thompson, . 
Cooke, Charles Montague, . 


Damon, Edward, 


Eldred, Frederick eeadlins, 
Hardy, Edward Eldridge, . 


Post, Henry Watross, 


Sanderson, Charles Franklin,* 
Sanderson, Robert Wilson, 
Smith, William Owen, 
Swazey, Walter West, 
Watkis, James Edwin, 

Wills, John Wheelright, 
Wood, Frank Warren, 


Total, 


Heyl, Jacob E., B.S., 


Seniors, 
Juniors, 
Sophomores, 
Freshmen, 
Select, 


Resident Graduates, . 


Total, 


Select Olugs.. 


Hadley. 
Portsmouth, N. H. 
Stockbridge. 
Westfield. 
Windsor, Conn. 
Northampton. 

. Marion. 
Brattleboro’, Vt. 
Taunton. 
Newburyport. 


Honolulu, Hawai’n I. 3 


Honolulu, Hawai’n I. 
Sandwich. 

Boston. 
Brattleboro’, Vt. 
Petersham. 
Amherst. 

Koloa, Hawaiian I. 
Springfield. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Boston. 

Grafton. 


22. 


Residvent Graduntes, 
Garrigues, Samuel S., Ph. D., 


East Saginaw, Mich. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


Summary. 


: : 5 - ee 


* Deceased. 


ee ee aes 


1871.] SENATE—No. T5. 25 


COURSE OF STUDY AND INSTRUCTION. 


FRESHMAN YEAR. 
First Term. —Recitations in. Human. Anatomy and Physiology ; Shams 


Physics ; and Commercial Arithmetic and Book-keeping. Lectures on Agri- 


culture: first, its importance as an Art, and its relations to other pursuits; 


secondly, as a Profession, and. the education it requires; and thirdly, of Soils, 
their origin, varieties, and composition. Lectures on the properties of Matter 
and the nature and effects of the forces, Heat, Light, and Electricity. _Lee- 
tures on the Laws of Health. Instruction in Elocution; and in Penmanship, 


and Orthography, for such as are deficient in these branches. Military Drill ; 
Infantry Tactics; School of the Soldier. 

Second Term.—Recitations in Chemistry ; and Algebra; Lectures on Agri- 
culture ; Improvement of Soils by chemical and mechanical means; Drainage ; 
Irrigation ; Tillage; Implements for, and methods of stirring and pulverizing 
the soil and subsoil. Lectures on the Chemistry of the Non-metallic Ele- 
ments ; the principles of Chemical Philosophy; the most important Metals 
and their uses in thé Arts. Instruction in Elocution; Vocal Music; and 
English Composition. Military Drill; Infantry Tactics; School of the Com- 
pany, and Manual of Arms. 

Third Term.—Recitations in Algebra and Geometry; and French. Lec- 
tures on Agriculture; Sterility of Soils, its causes and remedies; Rotation of 
Crops. Lectures on Organic Chemistry; Instruction in the Laboratory in 
Analytical Chemistry. Instruction in Elocution, and Reading. Military 


Drill: Infantry Tactics; Schools of the Company and Battalion. 


SOPHOMORE YEAR. 


_ First Term.—Recitations in French, with written exercises; Zodlogy; Ge- 
ometry.and Conic Sections. Lectures on Agriculture; Mineral Fertilizers; 
Organic Fertilizers; Animal Manure, its origin, varieties, value, and treat- 
ment; Waste of Fertilizers; Absorbents of liquid Manures: Composts; Ap- 
plication of Fertilizers. Lectures-on Agricultural Chemistry ; Instructions 
in the Laboratory in Practical Chemistry. Exercises in Declamation; and 
French Translation. Military Drill: Infantry Tactics; Manual of the Bay- 
onet, and Instruction in duty as Skirmishers. 

Second Term.—Recitations in French; Néascibtinis Plane and Spherical 
Trigonometry, and Measurement of Lines, Surfaces, and Volumes. Lectures 
on Agriculture; Economy in the treatment and use of Soils, Manures, Crops, 
Teams, Laborers, Live Siock, Implements, Fences, and Buildings. Lectures 


4 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | _ [Feb. 


on Quantitative Analysis, and Practice in the Chemical Laboratory. Exer- 
cises in Declamation; and Vocal Music. Military Drill: Infantry Tactics ; 
Bayonet Exercise. 

Third Term.—Recitations in History ; and Surveying, with Practical Land 
Surveying, Plotting, and Geometrical Drawing. Lectures on Agriculture ; 
Farm Management; Selection of Lands. Division into mowing, arable, pas- 
ture, and woodland; Roads; Fences; Buildings; System to be adopted ; 
Plans for each year; Cultivation and use of the various crops; Sources of 
profit in General Farming ; Special Farming. Lectures on the Diseases of 
Domestic Animals; General Pathology ; Fevers and Inflammation and their 
consequences ; Glanders and Farcy ; Diseases of Respiratory and Circulatory 
Organs; Diseases of Digestive Organs; Urinary and Generative Organs ; 
Castration ; Parturition and rules for assisting parturient animals; Diseases 
of Udder and Teats; Affections of the Nervous System; of the Eye; of the 
Skin; the Foot; Method of Shoeing; Wounds; Ulcers; Sprains; Diseases 
of the Bones and Joints ; Didlbshitens and Fractures. Exercises in Reading; 
and Practice in Writing Sentences on the Blackboard. Military Drill: In- 
fantry Tactics; Skirmish and Battalion Drill; Guard Duty; and Forms of 
Parade and Review. 


JUNIOR YEAR. 


First Term.—Recitations in. German ; Mechanics of Solids and Liquids; 
and Physical Geography. Lectures on Agriculture ; Market Gardening, in- 
cluding Small Fruits. Lectures on Useful and Injurious Insects. Instruc- 
tion in Practical Leveling, and Topographical Drawing. Exercises in Read- 
ing Shakespeare. Military Drill: Artillery Tactics ; School of the Piece. 

Second Term.—Recitations in Mechanics of Air and Steam ; Sound; Light; 
Heat; Electricity ; German ; and Structural Botany. Lepage on the Con- 
struction and Management ‘of Plant-houses, and the Cultivation of Plants 
under glass. Lectures on Mechanics, and Statical Electricity. Instruction in 
Free-hand Drawing ; Perspective ; and Shades and Shadows. Exercises in 
Agricultural Discussion; and Vocal Music. Military Drill: Artillery and 
Cavalry Tactics; Manual of the Sabre; School of the Trooper dismounted ; 
Instruction in Heavy Artillery Tactics and Gunnery. 

‘Third Term.—Recitations in Astronomy ; Systematic Botany; and Ger- 
man. Lectures on Milch Cows, and Dairy Farming. Lectures on Stock 
Farming, and the Breeding of Domestic Animals. Lectures on Physics; and 
Comparative Anatomy. Exercises in Debate. Military Drill: Artillery 
Tactics ; School of the Section; Infantry Tactics; Battalion Drill. 


SENIOR YEAR. 


First Term.—Recitations in Mental Science; Rhetoric; and Civil En- 
gineering for the Farm. Lectures on English Literature. Lectures on the 
Cultivation of Fruits and Flowers, and the art of producing new varie- 
ties. Instruction in Mechanical and Architectural Drawing ; and in prepar- 
ing Working Plans and Specifications. Exercises in Original Declamation. 
Military Drill: Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry Tactics; Duty as Drill Mas- 


1871.) _ SENATE—No. 75. QT 


ters and Officers in Infantry and Artillery Drill; Theoretical Instruction in 
Cavalry Tactics, and the organization and uses of Cavalry. 

Second Term.—Recitations in Moral Science; Political Science and Econ- 
omy ; and English Literature. Lectures on Rural Law, including the Rights 
and Obligations of Landholders. Lectures on Arboriculture; the planting 
and care of Treés for the production of Fuel, Timber, Fruit, or for other pur- 
poses. Lectures on Military History; Military Law; and Courts-martial. 
Exercises in Original Declamation. Military Drill: Cavalry Tactics; Sabre 
Exercise. 

Third Term.—Recitations in Landscape Gardening ; Geihicage ; and Gen- 
eral Reviews. Lectures on Agricultural Botany. Lectures on Architecture, 
with special reference to Rural Affairs. Lectures on Mineralogy, and Geol- 
ogy; Meteorology; and Civil Polity. Exercises in Original Declamation. 
Military Drill: Target Practice ; Sword Play ; and General Drill. 


Practice in the various operations of the Farm and Garden through the 
course. 


SELECT COURSE. 


‘Those who do not intend to pursue the full course, may select from the 
studies of the first, second, or third tefms of any year in the curriculum, such 
instruction as they choose, provided they are qualified for it. 


CALENDAR FOR 1871. 


The second term of the collegiate year begins January 19, and continues 
till April 19. 

The third term begins April 27, and continues till July 19. 

The first term begins August 31, and continues till the Wednesday before 
Thanksgiving. 

There is an Examination of candidates for admission to the Callezas at the 
Botanic Museum, at 9, A. M., Tuesday, July 18, and also on Thursday, 
August 31. 

The annual Public Examinations, and’ the Prize Declamations take place 
Monday, July 17. 

The Exercises of Class Day, and.the Address before the Literary Societies, 
on Tuesday, July 18. 

The Exercises of Graduation Day, with the conferring of Degrees by His 
Excellency Governor Claflin, and an Historical Address, by Hon. Marshall 
P. Wilder, on Wednesday, July 19. 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 
ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman class, are examined in writing, 
upon the following subjects: English Grammar, Godan Arithmetic, and 
the History of the United States. 

Candidates for higher standing, are examined as above, and also in the 
studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. 

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of age, and 


every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character from his 


late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt payment of term 
bills. ‘Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance at the beginning of 
each term ; and bills for board, fuel, and washing, at the end of every term. 

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum at 
9 o’clock, A. M., on Tuesday, July 18, and on Thursday, August 31 ; but can- 
didates may be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. 

Further information may be obtained from President W. S. Clark, Am- 
herst, Mass. 


EXPENSES. 


Tuition, ; 5 ; ‘ ! } 5 ; - $18 00 per term. | 


Room rent, . ‘ t ‘ : : : ‘ ‘ 5 00 - 
Incidental expenses, . ; : : : ; 5 1 00 ie 
Board, . 4 ; 5 : : Se ORs : : 3 50 per week. 
Washing, meas : : 50 per dozen. 
Expenses of Gigaset Tees to dailies of practi- 

cal Chemistry, . . : . 5 00 per term. 
Public and private damages, nee ae of cherie 

apparatus injured or destroyed, . : : : ; at cost. 
Annual expenses, including books, 5 : : - $250.00 to $300.00 


_ REMARKS. 


The full course of study occupies four years, and those who complete it 
receive the degree of Bachelor of Science. 

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the graduates to 
write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to translate French 
and German with facility. The scientific course is extensive and thorough, and 


as practical as possible. Every student has the opportunity of becoming a — 


a een 


-1871.] - SENATE—No. 75. | 29 


good chemist, a skillful surveyor, and a civil engineer. At the same time, 
every science is taught with constant reference to its applications to agriculture 
and the wants of the farmer. 

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture, includes every branch of 
farming and gardening which is practiced i in Massachusetts, and is both theo- 
retical and practical. Every topic is discussed thoroughly in the lecture- 
room, and again in the plant-house or the field, where every student is obliged: 
to labor. The amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per > 
week, in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to 
do as much as they please, provided they maintain the necessary rank as schol- 
ars. All labor"is paid at the rate of from ten to twenty cents per hour, 
according to its value. 

There is no provision for indigent students, beyond the opportunity to do 
such work as may offer about the college and farm buildings, or in the field, 
and it is hardly possible to earn more than from fifty to one hundred dollars 
per annum, besides performing other duties. So far as is consistent with cir- 
cumstances, students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor as they 
may for spécial reasons desire to engage in. * 

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures with the 
regular classes; but persons, properly qualified and desiring special instruction 
in chemistry, civil engineering, agriculture, or horticulture, may make private 
arrangements with the officers having charge of these departments. 

An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to provide furni- 
ture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second-hand, 
and re-sold upon leaving, if desirable. 

On Sunday, students are expected to attend the chapel service and Bible- 
class, which are: conducted by the professor of moral science. While the 
Bible is made the basis of all religious instruction, everything of a denomina- - 
tional character is as far as practicable avoided. 

Students may, upon the written request of their parents or guardians, be 
excused from these exercises to. attend services in one of the churches of 


the village. 


BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. 


The Library of the College contains about one thousand volumes. Among 
them are several valuable sets of cyclopedias, magazines and newspapers, 
reports of Agricultural Societies, and State Boards of Agriculture, and many 
- standard works on Agriculture and Horticulture. There are also many excel- 
lent works of reference in Chemistry, Botany, Surveying and Drawing. The 
larger part of the books have been pe to the Institution Be private 
individuals. 

The faculty and students of the College also have access to the Library of 
Amherst College, which contains bbariee thirty thousand volumes. 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


The State Cabinet of Specimens illustrating the Geology and Natural His- 
tory of Massachusetts has been removed from Boston to the College, and is 
of much value for purposes of instruction. 

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than fifteen thousand species of 
named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The Bo- 
tanic Museum is supplied with a interesting and useful specimens of bers 
seeds, and fruit models. 

_ About one thousand species and varieties of side are cultivated in the 
Durfee Plant-House, which yields a perennial supply of enjoyment and infor- 
mation to the students of both colleges. 

The very extensive and, in many respects, unsurpassed colléctions in Geol 
ogy, Mineralogy, Natural History, and Ethnology, belonging to Amherst Col- 
lege, are accessible to members of the Agricultural College. 

Lectures upon Physics must also be given to agricultural students at Am- 
herst College, until apparatus is provided for this indispensable department. 

The Chemical, Engineering, and Military departments of the Agricultural 
College are well furnished. 

% 


——————————— << Ss _ ~- ~~ 


A eke oo Sa =. ee 


- 


a 


ee a a oe 


ie a 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 31 


GIFTS. 


The following persons have shown their kind interest in the Michie during 
the year by donations, namely :— 

Mrs. A. B. Howe, of Springfield, gift of $30 and a loan of $200 to indi- 
gent students. 

Mr. Joseph Nee Sima, of Japan, collection of 100 varieties of Japanese 
seeds. : 

Messrs. R. P. Eaton & Co., of Boston, 3 volumes “ New England Farmer.” 

Wn. Knowlton, Esq., of Upton, loan of $100 to indigent student. 

Hon. E. H. Hyde, of Stafford, Conn., 3 volumes Reports of Connecticut 
Board of Agriculture, 1866-67-68. 

Rev. M. D. Sanders, missionary, a valuable work in the Tamil language, 


- written on palmleaf, and a collection of seeds from Ceylon. 


Hon. F. F. Holbrook, of Boston, agricultural implements. 

Col. E. Stone, of Dedham, $20 for books, a valuable photograph, a Biel 
of seed potatoes, and a collection of hardy roses. 

Hon. Peter Harvey, of Boston, a photograph of an immense plow, made 
and used by Daniel Webster. 

Hon. Richard Goodman, of Lenox, $50 for indigent student, and barrel of 
seed potatoes. 

Mr, Levi Janney, Jr., of Fairhaven, two Sicilian Nut Trees. 

From the publishers, “ Boston Journal of Chemistry,” “ New England Farm- 
er,” “New England Homestead,” “ Massachusetts Ploughman,” “ Bowdoin 
Scientific Review,” “ California Farmer,” “ Prairie Farmer,” Publications of 
the Essex Institute, “ Boston Cultivator,” “ Albany Cultivator and Country 
Gentleman,” “ Hearth and Home,” “ Rural World,” “ American Naturalist,” 
“ American Agriculturist,” “ Journal of Horticulture,” “ People’s Journal,” 
“ gis and Gazette,” “ Rural New Yorker,” “ Revolution,” “ American Bee- 
keeper’s Journal,” “Yale Courant,” “ Educational Bulletin,” ‘“ Amherst 
Student,” “ Amherst Record,” “‘ Advocate of Peace.” 

Messrs. George Bruce’s Son & Co., of New York, a copy of Specimen Book 
of Printing. 

John S. Keyes, Esq., of Concord, 12 volumes “ New England Farmer,” and 


2 of “ Horticulturist.” 


Hon. Wm. B. Washburn, of Greenfield, 20 volumes Congressional Docu- 
ments, and 25 copies U. S. Reports on Agriculture, for students. 

KE. Lewis Sturtevant, Esq., of Framingham, a fine collection of minerals. — 

George B. Emerson, LL. D., of Boston, 50 volumes of Agricultural books, 
and 24 varieties of tree seeds from California. 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Messrs. Mason & Hamlin, of Boston, $400 discount on the price of a Cabi- 
net Organ. 

rok. Louis Agassiz, of Cambridge, Bulletin Museum of Comparative 
' Zoology. 

Hon. Horace Capron, of Washington, D. C., numerous packages of seeds, 
for trial, and copies of the Bi-monthly and Annual Reports of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 

James S. Grinnell, Esq., of ‘Washington, D. C., a valuable box of Patent 
Office and other Reports. 

Thomas Field, Esq., of Northfield, one Shorthorn heifer, “ Barre Belle.” 

The Winchester Rifle Co., of New Haven, Conn., two repeating and 
breech-loading rifles. | 

S. J. Parker, M. D., of Ithaca, N. Y., a pair Madagascar rabbits, straw- 
berry plants and fossils. ‘ae 

Hon. C. L. Flint, of Boston, 100 copies Report of Massachusetts Board of 
Agriculture, for students. 

Hon. Charles Sumner, of Boston, several packages seeds. 


Agricultural Societies have paid the tuition and expenses of students of 
their own selection, as follows :— 


Berkshire, . 0 © ww ek ee 
Essex, . : 5 - “ : 5 5 ; eet dee - 100 00 
Franklin, : ‘ : : : : a thine? ; : : 51 00 


Hampden, . ; : 5 5 : 5 : . , : 54 00 
Hampshire, . ; . : 5 5 : : : 51 00 
Hampshire, Franklin, ae Hampden, : : : : este hal 57 00— 
Hingham, . : § : ; 4 Bricpe - +150 00 
Housatonic, . 4 : , ; ; : 54 00 


Mass. Society for Panton of yee EE Oe eee ia 
Middlesex South, . 5 if ; : é ‘ , ‘ : 54 00 
Norfolk, § : : be. Wyk ‘ : ‘ : ; ‘ 54 00. 
Plymouth, . : : ; : : ; 4 ; ; - 108 00 
Worcester . ; Spi ll ‘ ; ; share ; 54 00 
Worcester North, . ‘ : ; : ; : ; . : 54 00. 
Worcester South-East, . ; “4 : ; 5 ‘ : : 51 00 


1871.]  SENATE—No. 75 33 


CATALOGUE OF HERD-BOOK ANIMALS BELONGING 
TO THE COLLEGE. 


SHORTHORNS. 
Mountain Lad. (8673.) Autumn Rose. 
Young Acacia. Barre Belle. 
Yarico, 57th. Susan Snap,—calf. 
Arabella, 10th. Emma, 3d,—calf. 
Peach Bud. Kate Hunnibee,—calf. 
Aurora, 4th. Two bull calves. 
Fern. | 
AYRSHIRE. 
_ Colfax. (127) Rosa. 

Juno. Beauty. 
Lulie. 

DEVON. 
General Lyon. Devon Herd-Book, Winona, 2d, Vol. 2, No. 742. 

WaleeyNO. 252. - Heifer calf. 
Gem, 3d, Vol. 2, No. 502. 
JERSEY. 

Enterprise. Rosie. ‘ 
Lucy. Hattie. 


\ « 
oe ea 
: ai" 


ROTATE BLAMTIA, ROOST H ie 


; L109 ear: OT og 


ode pede elle ailiiasiA: 


nea jon Faia YEE RIRO Hci 


“<> 
= 
= 

— 


eee: pxcirttied. Ye 
@llast ovnedd 
Sigoe nn rhs amie %) 
ages ss ctenGh”. 
‘igo pisetirar i f g °o, CS i. Mm a 
oaieo. (ud eat PN a! 


all yeaa A mG 


.WBOdL 


) Tee nOvaE 


SEY OVE SOY PE anda he: oust beh aovitlva 


we 4 


. scarce 
208 Ove oe 
ul 


. sed atte Rye th 


tal. 


a ¥ 
Co eel Pie han 
* AAR 


sia! 


| RY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 
For the Year 1879. 
Taken at Amuurst, Mass., 2 


ss By Professor E. 8. SNELL, LL. D. 


© 92/ 17/7, Longitude 72° 34/ 30/7. Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet, 


Wd) 7 \ 0 
ay an eee oe Ph ; I 
= ys, : aos, Fan Way ‘ Pray 7 a 

7 Pi rf Pi ¢ 


MOTTO) 3 LTPRCAD A OR 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_—_[Feb. 


REMARKS. 


The weather in Amherst has been remarkable for the exceeding dryness of 
the last eight months of the year, and the consequent extreme heat of the 
summer. | 

The average amount of rain per month since May 1, was only 2.771 inches, 
the rain-fall for that month having been only 1.723 inches. 

The mean annual rain-fall for the past ten years was 46.200 inches, while 
for 1870 the amount of rain and SROs measured as water, was only § 39.700 
inches. 

The mean cloudiness of the ten years was .51 of the sky, while for 1870 the 
cloudiness was only .48. 

The mean force of vapor for the ten years was .292 of an inch, and the 
humidity, 76; and for 1870 the former was .319, and the latter, 72. 

The mean height of the barometer for the ten years was 29.712 inches ; 
that for 1870 was 29.691 inches. 

The mean temperature for the ten years was 46.87° Fahrenheit, while for 
1870 it was 49.17°. The average temperature of each of the three summer 
months was above 70°, while in 1869 there was no month in the year with so 
high an average as 70°. The mean summer temperature of 1869 was 66.89°, 
while that of 1870 was 71.70°. 

There was no frost for more than six months after April 1, and the mean 
temperature for the seven months after that date was 62.26°. 

Indeed, we have no record of a season so warm as that of 1870, and it is a 
remarkable fact that the temperature did not fall to zero during the year. 
The winds have been unusual in respect to the amount and velocity from an 
easterly direction,—there having been two very severe and destructive gales - 
from that quarter. In the month of June, one-half the wind was from the south- 
east. The winds of the ten years were distributed thus: From the north-west, 
46 per cent.; from the south-west, 18; from the south-east, 24; and from the 
the north-east, 12. For 1870 the distribution was as follows: From the 
‘north-west, 43 per cent.; from the south-west, 15; from the south-east, 27; 
and from the north-east, 15. 

During a portion of January, 1870, there was no frost in the ground, and 
the soil was in a fair condition for plowing, and this was successfully under- 
taken by several farmers in the vicinity of the college. 

The spring flowers appeared about one week earlier than in 1869, as 
follows :— 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 87 


Symplocarpus foetidus, (skunk’s cabbage), . . : : « Jane 1d: 
Populus balsamifera, (poplar), . : ; ; : : ; April 7, 


Taraxacum Dens-leonis, (dandelion), Tee. Se faye 
Epigeza repens, (trailing arbutus), . : : . : . ay 9. 
Ulmus Americana, (elm), . : : , : ‘ : A tage (a 
Anemone nemorosa, (wind flower), . : ; ; ‘ ‘ “ 24, 
Sanguinaria Canadensis, (blood-root), _. aeragts Ria pp! ey 24. 
Fragaria Virginiana, (strawberry), . sia ee - : : May 4. 
Pyrus Malus, (apple), ; ‘ : ; : : - ; ee Ss 
Sassafras officinale, (sassafras), . s “ : : : : oF 16. 
Carya alba, (hickory), .  . i é : : ; : June 1. 


The hay crop was of excellent quality, but considerably lighter than it 
would have been, had more rain fallen in May and June. Early in July, 
pastures, except in low lands, began to fail, and the supply of fall feed was 
very limited. Oats and potatoes, especially the Early Rose and Bresee’s 
Prolific, yielded a fair crop. 

Corn, broom-corn, and tobacco, which withstand the effects of drought 
better than other crops, were nearly or quite as good as usual in the valley of 
the Connecticut; and corn fodder was never better. 

The long continued dry, hot weather was very favorable to the sweet 
potato, which has been planted by many persons in the State the past season 
with very satisfactory results in most cases. Those grown in Amherst were 
large and of fine quality. Fruit of all kinds was ripened in great abundance, 
and was less affected by the drought, as to size, than might have been expected. 
Apples were very plenty, and grapes of all the hardy varieties were perfectly 
matured during the warm autumn. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


co 
co 


bales a ee are 
“XOILVIALVYS JO ‘SHHONT NI 
NOILOVU ‘HOdVA 
a0 ALIGINNOH 40 HAOSsadd 
WAILV Tat ao HOOK 


T69°66 


* 
6E9°66 
E9266 
§68"66 
669° 66 
£89°66 
94£9°6¢ 
899°6a 
889'6% 
£6966 


98166 


“UvOTT 


68S 66, 


068°86 


* 
G6T' 66 
990°66 
0&8'66 


9ZF' 6S 


688°63 
9TS"66 
£9766 
89&°6¢ 
T66°82 
66686 
028°82 


‘TUN UITOL 


08¢'08 
. 
ZEr'Ce 
98% 08 
GOT'08 
€20'08 
668'62 
888°62 
8Z0'08 
EST 08 
PES'0E 
298'08 
086'08 


aie 


“UMN UIT XB 


“INIOd ONIZHANA OL 
@uONGat LHXIGH WaALanNOUV a GNV GAIL FO LINAD Add 


‘Aa LANKOUV a 


~~ 6 


“Iaquiedeq Ul SUOT}BAIESqO ON ¢ 


ST AG or &P 8'P S6°F 


00268 
a1 FL SI | 9g o’g oe OF8'T 
Z 02 8 G9 6 - 8222 
21 0% vz | OF CF - FGF PF 
12 CZ ZL | «GF 9g ~ 2G2'T 
Or cz Tg | #8 0'F ~ 8z8°S 
g IF 9% | of oF - 929% 
OL 0g er | gz 9°¢ -— 8%2'% 
oe cg 6 ras eg - SB2'T 
98 G2 €I | 92 9°¢ "0 1024'S 
OL 6% - Gg 9°¢ 0'6L 602'% 
&I cl 8 9 FS OFT LESS 
61 IZ 02 | OF 0'9 0'eI ZL8°S 
A Pp a Z 2 we S| > 
g = eae 58 Bs | 38 8 
P o\-gee See | & aed Pe lag 
8 : 2 . Bg aire [ge es 
cs ct an n Go ro) iar) a) te 
oe i Ne TES eS ss w@ = “a = a SF 
‘a0u0u = 5 g 4 
g 3 SaaS 
"SaNIM ‘SdN070 || ‘MONS ANY NIVU 


206% | oT | 086 
00's%} ot | oF 
ore | 2% | o'T9 
zores | oroe | o*tZ 
ze'z9 | o'oF | ges 
ITZ | ze | ete 
eg'e2| be | 316 
er02 | ses | 0°86 
29g | sep | #28 
gz'sF| orgs | o'82 
gs0g | 9 | s'0g 
peez | v9 | o-gs 
gz'0e| og | gFs 
zie] s# 
2 5 M 
5 3 a 

e = 

Bo} Ba 

‘a1V Nado 
HHL NI 

ToALANOWUAAL 


i 


* ‘requreseq. 
* ‘T9qUIaAO NT 
> — £19q07190 
‘requreydag 


: “snsny 
"  * ‘én 
- ¢ ‘oune 
PS! ABT 
© * Gudy 
: ‘qoIVvyl 
> “Kreniqa i 


: ‘kienuee 


“SHLNONW 


SS TT SS 


°018T YOF SNOILVAYASAO TVOIDOTOUOEULAN FO AUVANWAS 


1871.] | SENATE—No. 75. 


39 

FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 

JANUARY Ist, 1871. 
REAL ESTATE. 
College Farm and Quarry, . $37,500 00 
South College, . 36,000 00 
North College, . 36,000 00 
College Hall, 30,000 00 
South Boarding-House, , 8,000 00 
North Boarding-House, . : ‘ : : 8,000 00 
Durfee Plant-House, : ‘ 2 Z F 12,000 00 
Botanic Museum, : 5,000 00 
South Barn, 10,000 00 
Farm House, . 4,000 00 
Four Dwellings and Pa, Perched with ihe Bete 10,000 00 
Total Real Estate, $196,500 00 
FARM STATEMENT. 

Value of Live Stock, é $7,809 00 
of Vehicles and Implements, 2,479 00 
of Produce on hand, 4,714 00 
$15,002 00 

Total credits of Farm, including property inventoried, Jan. 1, 

1871, credit for labor performed in grading, &c., and es 
from sales of produce and live stock, 4 $19,873 19 


Total debits of Farm, including property inventoried, Jan. 1, 
1870, and all expenditures for live stock, labor, implements, 


repairs, seed, fertilizers, &c , $21,409 69 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE, 


In CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER. 


The total amount received from the sale of the 360,000 acres of 
land given to Massachusetts, for the endowment of one or 
more colleges for the promotion of education in agriculture 


and the mechanic arts, is . . $236,307 40 
Of this amount, in accordance ovr the Bi of Coneren was 

expended forafarm, . . . ‘ : : 4 - 29,778 40 
The investments of the fund, made by the State Treasurer, are as follows: 
United States bonds, 5-20’s, interest 6 per cent. gold, . —. $80,500 00 
oF Bes 8 OT BAO AO’ sy 461 6 8 a ts - ++ 380,000 00 
Massachusetts bonds, 5 per cent. gold, . ; ; : . 24,000 00 
“ “ . 6 per cent. currency, -. ; : . 3,000 00 

City of Salem bonds, 6 “ is “akong EE A Re 
City of Lynn bonds, 6 “ | Vi : : . 25,000 00 

Town of Milford bonds,6 as Ni fe 2 Lo  ) TA200 700" 
Par value of bonds, . 5 ; ; , 3 : ! . $201,700 00 
Town of Plymouth mote, 00 J) 0.) aot) aa a 


Total Bund, .. +. ,+» leis dol) Jel opeeee 


Annual Income of Fund at 6 per cent., . ma ie : . $12,505 48 


Two-thirds of this is paid to the treasurer of the College, and one-third, 
to the treasurer of the Institute of Technology. 


Income of College from Fund,.  . : - $8,336 99 
By the conditions of the gift, fone of the income of fie fund 
derived from the sale of land scrip can be used for the erec- 
tion or repair of buildings. 
The Hills Fund of $10,000 for the maintenance of the Botanic 
Garden is in charge of the College treasurer, and at present * 
yields an income of . a Te oe, Rat . 500 00 


Total Income from Funds, . } P A - $8,836 99 - 


To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent, amount- 
ing to $72 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the 
products of the farm and garden. 


41 


SENATE—No. 75. 


1871.] 


‘Lonpny ‘LIOQ AUNAY 


*s1ayonoa sedoid oy} Aq poruvdwooov pus pozeys A]}00I1100 Wey} puy pus ‘s}UN0D0v S,JoINSBOI], OY} POUIMIBXO OALY J 


‘dainspa4] “ATATNdG NVHLVN 


*pezqiuiqns ATjnsj00dsoy7 


F8 9Ie'Pcd F8 OTS hos 

16 1esn's e ° e e ° e e ‘gourleq 

IS I6T . is . PpraRpoTs eoruejog pure A10;e.10qe| 

OL 802 ° . ° * — ‘syunoo0R [euosied 

€9 68 ° : ; ° 2 ‘yunodoe puny surpying 

Te set . ° ° S ° : ‘yuNnODOR 4S9190}UI 

CZ &68'T . ° ° . * ‘QunoooR UOTONAsUI By xO 8) 18% _ ‘syunoo 

98 ILI'P . ° . . . ° ‘yuNod0R [Iq Wud} -08 juosuIju0D pue [euosiod—yseg “TE ‘5 

19 OFL'E . . . . * unoooe pieog sjuepn}s 8), £00‘ . : : ‘yunoooe WAejJ—yseg ‘TOs a9 

COs Ole “pred Gust J0 seoupeiqepm 9¢ POSSI |° .° ‘S[[Iq W410} S}Uepnys—ysep ‘Tg ‘o0q © 

LL 9119 : ° . ° . “qunoooe WAP 00 000‘se |° . ‘uoneiudoidde 93e39—yseQ ‘pT Apne 

See ol ee oo Ot SS SORT 6P PITS |* ° ‘tounseory, oyej1g Woy YseD ‘6g eune 

‘18 bad Suipus ssojrenb anoj 10; yunovoe Axeyes €8 G2LT . : ‘1OINSBdI T, a7e}G Woy YseD ‘OL ‘ae 

0S ZIT'E ‘6981 ‘IE aa expug 1oyzenb ao} qunoosoe Arryes 00 00¢ ° . Pe a! StH woiy owWOoUT ‘t, 5 

Te GOT‘9$ | ° a = ‘puny juesutjyuoo Sg 06 GsPrZe |° . * ‘gouryeq oy | ‘T “uer 
: *O2SL "OLST 
‘ay “HOANS DIA T ‘AHTAO(T NVHIVN UYURUMN QUNOIID Ud HOATION TVAALTIAOIUDYy “SLLASAHOVSSVJT “ad 


ea, ee ee ee ae 


= bi - — a“ 
el ioe LA ae ol 


oo 


rat hs 


re ia 


~*3 


= 
ao 


- 


. 
| 


Sapir: 


REPORT 


ON THE 


IDUCTION OF BEET SUGAR _ 


ceey w 4 


AS AN 


rs 


am 4 es: 
Peete) i) : 
per ener eit : 


CULTURAL ENTERPRISE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 


; f By Pror. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN. 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


d 


REPORT. 


Among the various saccharine substances, which chemistry 
at present recognizes, are three of particular interest to the 
agriculturist, namely, milk sugar, grape sugar, and cane sugar. 
Milk sugar, which causes the sweetness of milk, is exclusively 
confined to this peculiar animal secretion, and constitutes in 
that of different animals from 38 to 9 per cent. Its application 
in an isolated form is quite limited, and its manufacture carried 
on mainly by the mountaineers of the Swiss Alps. | 

Grape sugar or glucose, which gives sweetness to the grape, 
is the most widely distributed of all saccharine substances. 
Most of our cultivated fruits derive from it, at least in bes 
their sweet taste. 

It is the only one among the sugars eben enumerated, 
which we are able to produce by artificial means; its commer- 
cial importance, on account of its use for the production of 
alcohol and alcoholic liquors, as wine, beer, etc., and of sirups, — 
is daily increasing. As our cheaper grains furnish the material, 
starch, from which grape sugar is mainly manufactured, its 
increasing production sensibly affects our home. consumption 
of corn. 

Cane sugar, which receives its name from its principal source, 
the sugar cane, is the kind which we commonly employ for 
household purposes, andis consumed in enormous quantities ; 
while the number of plants which furnish it is quite limited. 
The sugar-cane, a few species of palm, the sugar-maple, the 

sorghum cane and the sugar-beet, are the plants which are 
turned to account for its manufacture. M.D. Dureau, in a re- 
port on the World’s Exhibition of 1867, mentions that of the 
whole amount of sugar which has recently entered the various 
markets, 66.47 per cent is produced from the sugar-cane, 27.87 
per cent from the sugar-beet, 4.29 per cent from the palms, 
and 1.24 per cent from the sugar-maple. The same authority 


1871.] — | SENATE—No. 75. 45 


states that the whole amount of sugar sold in 1867 in the principal 
markets was 5,140 million pounds, besides eighteen million gal- 
lons of sorghum molasses.* The consumption of sugar is steadily 
increasing among civilized nations ; in France it has more than 
doubled within the last thirty years; in England it has doubled 
within the last fifteen years, whilst in Germany, its consump- 
tion has increased threefold within the same period of time. 
Numerical statements like those of Dureau, respecting the total 
production, are therefore not surprising; in fact, if we should 
allow to the whole population of Europe the same liberal supply 
of sugar, required by the citizens of the United States (30 
pounds per head), the total amount stated would scarcely 
suffice to meet one-half the demand. More than nine hundred 
million pounds of various grades of sugar, besides from fifty to 
sixty million gallons of sirup and molasses from sugar-cane and 
sorghum have been annually consumed of late, representing 
a value of nearly one hundred million dollars, of which about 
seven-tenths are first cost, and three-tenths government taxation. 


Home RESOURCES. 


' The sugar produced in the United States is far less than the 
amount consumed, leaving a heavy balance for importation. 
' The production of sugar-cane in Louisiana and Texas, it appears 
from reports of Champonnois and others, never exceeded four 
hundred and fifty thousand hogsheads, besides twenty thousand 
gallons of molasses; the maple-sugar production may have 
reached in favorable years from twenty to twenty-five million 
pounds; the sorghum plant has thus far yielded, with but a_ 
few exceptions, only molasses,t whilst the cultivation of the 
sugar-beet for the manufacture of sugar, has just begun to 
attract attention as worthy a more thorough trial in various parts 
of the country.t In presenting the above figures concerning 
our home production, I have chosen as far as the sugar-cane 
cultivation is concerned, the results of 1861, the most favora- 
ble year on record. Glancing over the early history of the 

* The home consumption, particularly in the East Indies, is apparently not estimated, 
for the home consumption of cane-sugar obtained from palms, is set down as 90,000 tons. 
(See Hunt’s Commercial Review, Vol. 39, Nov., 1858, No. 5.) 

t Mr. B. Moore, of Bloomington, IIl., and others, have produced a large quantity of 
crystallized sorghum-cane sugar. 


{ The first attempt to produce beet-sugar within the United States, is credited to 
David Lee Child, of Northampton, Mass., who made about 1,300 Ibs. of sugar in 1838. 


46° AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


sugar-cane in Louisiana, we find that the large production of 
sugar, conceded to her above, proves to be based on an excep- 
tionally large crop, and gives by no means a correct idea of 
her past contribution to our home product. The sugarcane 
was first introduced into [Souisiana in 1751; M. Dubreuil 
established the first plantation in 1758; from 1828 to 1843, its — 
average produce per year has been about 82,000 hogsheads 
(90,000,000 pounds) of sugar, besides five to six million gal- 
lons of molasses; from 1844 to 1857, its annual produce 
averages two hundred and forty-one thousand and eight hun- 
dred hogsheads (each 1,100 lbs.), or 265 million pounds of 
sugar, with about sixteen million gallons of molasses; in 1854, 
there were one thousand four hundred and eighty-one planta- 
tions under cultivation, whilst in 1857, but one thousand two 
hundred and ninety-nine plantations are reported. The last re- 
port (1869) of the National Agricultural Department at Wash- 
ington, D. C., states on the authority of M. Bouchereau, that 
one acre yielded during the past year 1,350 pounds of sugar, 
worth ten cents per pound, besides seventy gallons of molasses, 
worth sixty cents per gallon; and that improved lands fit for 
sugar-cane cultivation might be bought for from $25 to $40 
per acre. - | 
While the sugar-planters of Louisiana, a few years before the 
late war, thus apparently struggled to hold their slowly gained 
ground, we cannot help being struck by the prominent position 
which the sugar-cane cultivation acquired during the same 
period of time in the neighboring island of Cuba, which fur- 
nished for exportation from eleven to twelve hundred millions 
of pounds, about one-third of all the sugar that enters the 
markets of the United States and Europe. Unfavorable legis- 
lation with us is frequently cited asa cause of the results in 
Louisiana. Unsettled conditions regarding leading principles — 
of political economy, no doubt, act most seriously on industrial 
enterprises, which require.time for their healthy development ; 
how much such influence may have interfered here, I do not 
propose to discuss, but shall confine myself to the exposition of 
a cause which has much to do with the past results of the 
Louisiana sugar-cane cultivation. A close examination of the 
statistics of the annual production of sugar in Louisiana, for 


over forty years past, leaves scarcely a doubt about the fact, a 


ey 90 SENATE—No. 75. 4T 


that unfavorable climatic influences—as early frosts, and the 
consequent serious limitation of the harvesting season, must 
have interfered with the most profitable cultivation of the crop. 

The fluctuations in the annual produce of sugar during suc- 
cessive years are so large and of sd frequent occurrence, that 
any other assumption can scarcely account for it. Thus 
we have— 


In 1834, . ,. 100,000 hogsheads. | In 1846, . . 140,000 hogsheads. 


1835, - . 30,000 « 1851,.7°. >. 236,000 « 

1838, . . 70,000 « 1853, . . 489,976 « 
: 1839, . . 115,000 « 1856,/S4e011) -738;97601 0% 
| oe) 5. 100,000.“ 1860,;. « ): 228,758 | « 


1844, . . 200,000 « 1863.7 Re y?. 2459-410, 1 


To rely on the production of one crop exclusively without 
abundance of ready capital is hazardous, even in exceptional 
cases, where the special character of the soil and of the climate, 
or the peculiar condition of the markets, seem to secure a 
monopoly, for these conditions are at the present time in the 
“majority of cases but temporary. Wherever large gains are to 

be secured, competition will sooner or later enter the field. The 

cane-sugar industry of Louisiana, judging from past experience, 
'. cannot stand in unrestricted competition with that of the islands 
' of the West Indies; but a judicious rotation of crops, and the 
introduction of other sound principles of modern farming, may 
produce better results in the future.* ‘ 

Our production of maple-sugar is of little consequence as far 
as available quantity is concerned, and still less reliable in regard 
to its annual yield; since an early spring with warm nights 
may reduce it to a mere trifle. An increase of maple-sugar 
production is scarcely to be expected, and its chances are daily 
diminishing. Many of our barren, rocky hillsides might furnish 

_ suitable grounds for maple-groves, yet before broad-leafed trees 
will flourish, it is probably necessary that the exhausted ele- 


* The production of sugar from one acre of sugar-cane differs widely, and may be 

greatly increased, by the adoption of rational modes of cultivation. Upon Reunion 
_ 1,056 Ibs. sugar are stated to be the annual results per acre, while upon Java, 4,045 Ibs. 
_ are raised upon the same area. The great success upon Java is ascribed to the adherance 
to a judicious system of rotation, but one-fifth of the lands under cultivation being planted 
_ atone time with sugar-cane, the cane changing its place every two years, and the weeds 
upon the land being frequently burned, to destroy parasites, etc. 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


ments of fertility be restored by the growth of one or more 
generations of pines. 

Our production of the sorghum plant, although spreading 
steadily in some portions of the country, has not yet received 
that attention in those localities, which, on account of a warm 
and long season, are particularly qualified to reap the full bene- 


fit of its cultivation, In a paper presented to the New York ~ 


State Agricultural Society at their annual meeting in 1861, and 
printed in their annual report of that year, I stated the results 
of a chemical investigation carried out by me in 1857, concern- 
ing the fitness of the sorghum cane ‘for the manufacture of 
sugar and of superior sirups. These statements have been 
confirmed, as far as its yield of 4 good quality of sirup is con- 
cerned ; but the manufacture of sugar has not been tried to 
any extent, although there is no substantial reason why within 
some of the Southern States with their favorable climate, a 
part of its sugar might not be advantageously secured in crys- 
tals. A proper defecation of the sorghum juice before its con- 
centration would doubtless accomplish that result. In making 


these statements here, I do not intend to assert that most of our ~ 


Northern, and particularly our North-western States can profit- 
ably engage in the production of sorghum sugar. Localities 
liable to early frost and short seasons had better confine them- 
selves, if at all engaged insorghum cultivation, to the manufacture 
of sirups, for unripe cane is entirely unfit for the manufacture of 
crystallized sugar.* The Middle and some of the Southern 


States have apparently not sufficiently appreciated the value of 


this crop. Associations between neighboring farmers for the 
purpose of supporting one cane-mill in common, no doubt, 
would reap handsome profits. Quick working of the ripe cane 


is essential to success, for there is no practical way as yet pro- _ 


posed, by which the sorghum cane may be preserved unchanged 
after it has attained its ripeness. 

In view of these present conditions and Ftnee prospects of 
- existing home resources of one of our most important articles 
for daily comfort, we must regard it as peculiarly proper that 
public attention is turning more and more seriously toward the 
question, whether with intelligent management the production 
of beet sugar as an industrial enterprise can be profitably un- 


dertaken in Massachusetts, as it has been in many countries of — 


po 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 49 


Europe. Having witnessed personally the working of the 
sugar-cane upon the island of Cuba, and in Louisiana, and 
being also somewhat acquainted with the beet-sugar industry 
of Europe, and the treatment of sugar solutions for refining 
- purposes, I do not hesitate to state, that the sugar-beet as a 
mere sugar. producing plant is inferior to sugar-cane ; in fact, 
if it were possible to cultivate advantageously the best sugar- 
beet alongside of the sugar-cane, bestowing at the same time 
equal care on the cultivation of both plants, and on the treat- 
ment of their juices, they could be scarcely considered rivals. 
Yet, to-day, the beet-sugar manufacture is looked upon in 
Europe by agriculturists and by sugar manufacturers as a de- 
cided success.* England, even with her great facilities for 
importation, and her favorable commercial relations with cane- 
sugar producing countries, is hastening of late to add the 
beet-sugar manufacture to its home industry. English agricul- 
turists have had for years occasion to notice the highly prosper- 
ous condition of the farms in beet-sugar producing districts of 
‘Germany, France, and elsewhere; while English capitalists 
begin to believe in the sound foundation of the new business, 
when they notice the steady increase of beet-sugar importation 
into England, amounting in the year 1867 to a value of £1,600- 
000. 
However different the views of the friends of the beet-sugar 
interest may have been at various times regarding its financial 
success as a mere industrial enterprise for a cheaper home 
manufacture of sugar, they all agree at the present day on one 
point, namely, that in connection with agriculture it has proved 
to be one of the most important, and at the same time, most 
successful attempts to stimulate the introduction of sound prin- 
ciples into agricultural pursuits, to develop, consequently, 
agriculture, and to promote a healthy feeling of a common 
interest between agriculture and manufactures, between capi- 


* The beet-sugar manufacture in Europe amounted in 1859 to 812,113,000 pounds ; in 
1869 to 1,256,462,300 pounds, of which was produced— 


By France, . «eT OM It 0 SR haber beni. 
Be irian Bonederstion: |. : : ker ; “ : : - 28.5 per cent. 
Austria, . ° : ° : : : : : ‘ - 11.8 per cent. 
Russia, . : : ‘ , : ; : ‘ q - 14.83 per cent. 
Belgium, . é . . , . : - ; ; - 5.92 per cent. 
Poland, . ’ ° ° ‘ ° ; : ; : - 2.81 per cent. 
OR es. ke es O80 par. cant. 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


tal and labor. Improved farm management and unusual 
progress in the modes of separating the sugar at a lower 
cost went hand in hand. MHuropean agriculturists have 
accomplished this thrifty union of mutual industrial and ag- — 
ricultural interests, only by devoting themselves with almost 
unrivaled perseverance to the task of producing a sugar-beet 
which contains the largest possible amount of sugar in the most 
favorable condition for extraction. The solution of the prob- 
lem, whether beet-sugar manufacture can succeed with us, as a 
paying enterprise, will prove to depend here, as has been the 
case in Kurope, on the interest which intelligent agriculturists 
and agricultural chemists will take in raising a suitable sugar- 
beet ; for the quality of the root controls to a large degree the 
financial success of the industrial enterprise. A mere high per- 
centage of sugar in the beet-root is not the sole requirement, 
although a most important one, but the production of a beet 
which contains the largest possible amount of sugar with the) 
smallest possible percentage of foreign substances, whether — 
saline, nitrogenous, or indifferent, non-nitrogenous organic 
compounds, for practice has established beyond doubt, that for 
every percentage of foreign admixture, about one and a half 
per cent of sugar in the juice will be rendered uncrystallizable, 
and thus converted into a less valuable molasses. It is of the 
utmost importance that the difficulties to be encountered be 
well understood, for a temporary check caused by want of 
proper precaution in producing a suitable beet, or providing the 
necessary apparatus, or oversight in the general management, 
would be deplorable, considering the benefits to be gained for 
agricultural development alone, in case the experiment should 
succeed. Itis then to our intelligent farmers these few pages 
are addressed, for the purpose of aiding in the dissemination of 
facts, which have been instrumental in the development of the 
sugar-beet cultivation and the bect-sugar manufacture. In- 
fluenced by such views, I proposed a year ago to enter upon 
experiments concerning sugar-beet cultivation upon the college 
farm, and procured a variety of seeds from successful sugar- 
beet cultivators in Germany, believing that much was gained 
by having the best to begin with. The first year’s crop has 
been gathered, and the percentage of sugar of each of the 
thirteen kinds ascertained. Beyond that point no experiments 


a 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 51 


have been made; for as. it was too late to control a proper 
manuring of the land used, I left the determination of foreign 
admixtures, which, in quality and quantity are decidedly in- 
fluenced by the kind of manure applied, to another season, 


- when the soil can be properly prepared and planted with care- 


fully selected seeds. The results of the past season, being for 
the reason just referred to of a mere introductory character, 
will follow as an Appendix to these pages. 


THE CULTIVATION OF SUGAR-BEETS. 


The rules, by which beets are successfully raised for feeding 
purposes, do not apply to a successful production of the beet 
for sugar. In the first case, quantity is the main aim; in the 
second, besides quantity, a good quality is essential. A good 


-sugar-beet is expected to contain not less than twelve per cent 


of sugar, a small percentage of saline substances, and the least 
possible amount of nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous constitu- 
ents. The more nitrogenous compounds are present, the less 
sugar will be noticed; for they exert a controlling influence 
on the formation of sugar in the growing beet-root. The saline 
substances, on the other hand, do not affect injuriously the for- 
mation of sugar; yet, they place it under very disadvantageous 
conditions, as far as its final separation in a crystallized state is 


concerned ; they favor the production of molasses and thus 
‘increase the manufacturing expenses. The history of the beet- 


sugar industry of later years is not without many illustrations 
of these damaging influences. Some late experiments in this 
country, no doubt, owe their failure, in part at least, to the 
fact, that virgin soil, rich in vegetable mould and saline con- 
stituents, has been used for the cultivation of the sugar-beet. 
Judging from analogy, we cannot but consider the reported 
gigantic roots and unusually large crops per acre as unfavorable 
features of some recent attempts in beet-sugar manufacture. 
The common mangel is no substitute for the sugar-beet in the 
production of sugar, while the latter is highly valued for feed- 
ing purposes and becoming daily more popular. 

Among the various kinds of sugar-beets at present cultivated 
in Germany, the Silesian white sugar-beet (Achard’s beet) is 
almost exclusively employed. Two of its sub-varicties, the 
pear-shaped white Silesian beet, with somewhat drooping leaves, 


52 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


(which is a cross-breed from the wedge-shaped Silesian white 

sugar beet and the Magdeburg chicory beet), and the Quedlin- 

burg variety, with pinkish colored skin and red lines in the 

centre leaves, are particularly valued. The latter requires the 

richest soil. The French Vilmorin sugar-beets, on account of 
their superior saccharine property are also frequently raised ; yet 

as they are more liable to degenerate in the pits during the 

winter season, they are only cultivated to a limited extent, and 

are worked before frost during the latter part of September and 

October. The sugar-beet in its present state, a child of cultiva- 

tion, is a variety of an unsightly biennial plant, beta maritima, 

which grows wild along the coast of the Mediterranean, in south- 

western Europe. A comparison of the following analyses of 
the ash constituents of the wild and the cultivated plant gives 

some idea to what extent a systematic cultivation for partic- 

ular objects, aided by climate and soil, may affect the normal 

mineral constituents of a plant. The wild beet-root may be 
called a soda plant, while the cultivated sugar-beet is Bees: 

a potassa-plant. 


Wild Beet-root. (WaAyY.) 


Potassa, . ; rye : : , Ree FI 
Soda, . " Aah : : , a 
Lime, . : ‘ ; ‘ : : ; . 4) ee : : 
Magnesia, .  . : Cpe hy: : : Owe 
Chlorine, . : ; , : ong seg nee 
Sulphuric acid, . : : : : f ee 
Phosphoric acid, . : : Saale ; 2 1 One 


Silicic acid, . page 2 ARDS Oe ie i 
/ 100.00 


Cultivated Sugar-beet. (BOUSSINGAULT.) | 


Potassa, . f : : P ; : . 48.9 
Soda, . ; ‘ by nee 4 : : td a 
Lime, . srea rans ; : : ; ; - Geet 
Magnesia, . : ; 4 ‘ : ; . base 
Chlorine, .. ; , ; : : ‘ (as 
Sulphuric acid, . ‘ ‘ ‘ ; . 2 
Phosphoric acid, . : : ; Sit Stl, 3) a 
Silicic acid, : 4 : : 4 s « ot ; 

, — 100.00 ) 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 53 


It is well known, that, as a general rule, the various mineral 
constituents of a plant are indispensable to its growth, so that, 
if any one is wanting, the rest are thereby rendered incapable 
of supporting it. Our whole system of manuring, and even of 
rotation, rests upon this premise, and practical experience man- 
ifestly confirms it. 3 

The composition of the ash constituents of the highly cul- 
tivated sugar-beet, compared with that of the wild beet, furnishes 
us with a striking instance as to what extent elements of a 
similar chemical character, for instance, potassa and soda, 
may be substituted for each other. We may also notice, how- 
ever gradually such substitution may have been accomplished, 
that it inevitably affects the normal physiological processes going 
on in those plants which are subjected to such treatment. 
Whatever favors abnormal growth in plants surely aids in 
hastening on their premature unfitness for propagation, and 
their final extinction. A comparative study of our garden 
plants regarding their ash and other constituents, in their wild 
and cultivated state, would furnish us most likely with numer- 
ous instances of differences similar to those noticed in the case 
of the sugar-beet, and investigations of that kind could not but 
point out to us very important facts concerning the most advan- 
tageous selection of special manures for the production of a 
desired abnormal growth of our cultivated plants. Louis Vil- 
morin, the celebrated French gardener and seedsman, states 
that he raised, by proper selection, sugar-beets which contained 
in their juice not less than 21 per cent. of sugar, thus surpass- 
ing in sweetness the juice of the sugar-cane. 


SELECTION OF VARIETIES OF BEET. 


The successful cultivation of the sugar-beet begins with the 
selection of seed beets. Vilmorin’s views on this subject are 
considered of great weight; a detailed exposition of his rules 
may be found in the Journal d’Agriculture Pratique, No. 5, 
1858. He advises the selection of healthy, well-shaped beet-roots 
of from 14 to 2 pounds weight, those, which with a large yield, 
show the most rings of leaf marks are preferred,—the specific 
gravity of their juice ought not to be less than 1.05; those 
which contain a juice of from 1.06 to 1.07 specific gravity are 
of superior character ; seed-beets ought not to be taken from a 


54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


soil which for the first time is turned into use for the produc- 
tion of sugar-beets, and the seed-beet fields ought to be kept 
separated from the general sugar-beet fields.* 


SOIL FOR SUGAR-BEET CULTIVATION. 


The best soil for the cultivation of sugar-beets is a mellow, 
deep, sandy loam with a free and permeable subsoil,—a soil 
named by German agriculturists a rich, first-class barley soil. 
A sandy loam, if deep and rich in well decomposed organic 
matter, is preferable to a clayish soil, for the latter becomes too 
compact and hard in a dry season, particularly after heavy rain 
showers, and thus frequently interferes with the growth of the 
fleshy roots ; and in wet seasons it produces a watery beet of in- 
ferior saccharine properties. In case the subsoil is not perfectly 
free, under-drainage becomes indispensable. A stony soil, or 
a thin surface soil, with gravelly subsoil, or a deep virgin soil 
with large quantities of half-decayed vegetable matter, are very 
objectionable ; and stagnant waters cause the premature decay 
of the roots at their lower termination. 

Favorable physical properties of the soil are of the first im- 
portance, for fitness of the soil, as far as a necessary amount of 
plant food is concerned, may be secured by a carefully selected 
system of rotation, supported by a proper selection of special 
_manures. Inferior kinds of soil, may, to a certain degree in 
some exceptional cases, answer for beet-sugar cultivation, yet 
they ought not to be solely relied upon as a safe basis for beet- 
sugar manufacture. A moderately warm and moist climate 
seems to be best adapted to this crop; the northern sections of 
Germany and France being considered more successful than the ~ 
southern parts of those countries. This observation may find 
its confirmation in the United States. Whether a change from 
Wisconsin to California merely on account of a warm climate 
would be a judicious move, future experience may teach,—but 
past experience does not point in that direction. The sugar- 
beets raised in southern portions of Hurope have been found to 
contain more saline constituents than those raised in northern 
sections, a circumstance which must counteract their superior 
richness on sugar. A careful change to deep plowing is for 


* The amount of beet seed raised per acre, varies from 12,500 to 25,000 pounds. 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 58 


obvious reasons highly recommended, provided the subsoil 
proves of a fit quality. In no case is the soil to be plowed to a 
less depth than eight inches; from ten to sixteen inches and 
deeper being desirable. Wherever deep plowing is undertaken 
for the first time, it is done during the fall, and the lands are © 
immediately afterwards well manured. The rules for preparing 
the soil may be summed up as follows: Manure in the fall and 
plow the manure in deep; use only well rotted compost, if you 
are obliged to manure in the spring ; begin the work in autumn 
at any rate, and turn the soil two or three times; do not work 
the soil when wet ; pulverize it with the best implements, and as 
soon as possible ; let not much time be lost between the last 
mechanical operation and the seeding. 

Stable manure is the basis of the whole system of manuring ; 
commercial or artificial manures are only relied on as an aid. 
For this reason sugar-beets are usually raised as second crop, 
giving a chance for a thorough disintegration of the stable man- 
ure; the effect of the latter is supported in the second year 
previous to the planting of the sugar-beet, by a special com- 
mercial manure. The condition and the composition of the 
soil, quite naturally, control the whole system of manuring. As 
the soil in both respects will differ more or less, practical experi- 
ence does not point out any one manure, which will answer 
under all circumstances ; yet sufficient is known to assert what 
kind of manure has a good effect, and what has a bad effect on 
the sugar-beet, as far as the percentage of sugar and its final 
successful separation are concerned. The production of sugar 
being the main object, and on account of its high price affect- 
ing most decidedly the balance sheet, it is but natural that the 
agriculturist has now and then to compromise in the interest of 
the sugar manufacturer. Large crops of watery sugar-beets are 
not economical, where, as for instance in Germany, the beet-root 
is taxed; in France, where the sugar resulting from the sugar- 
beet is taxed, spring manuring is more freely resorted to. 

_ Plants differ less in regard to the various kinds of food they 
need, than in regard to the quantities of each kind. Stable 
manure and plant ash are for this reason the only universal 
manures we recognize; the former is preferable to the latter, on 
account of its decided effect on the physical condition of the 
soil. The beet partakes largely of atmospheric food, and as the 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


proper physical condition of the soil increases its disposition to 
absorb atmospheric plant food, we find that stable manure, and 
green crops turned under, are the best fertilizers; the only 
precaution recommended consisting in the advice to apply them 
in time to have them disintegrated before the beets are planted. 
The successful sugar-beet cultivator adheres to the rule to sell 
nothing without replacing it in some form or other, except what 
he has drawn from the atmosphere, the sugar,—considering 


_almost everything else part of his real estate, which he cannot | 


dispose of without injuring its value. Whatever he sells, be- 


sides sugar, ig merely a matter of exchange; the mineral con- - 


_ stituents, and to a certain extent the nitrogen, which the articles 
sold contain, whether in the form of milk, grain, or live stock, 
produced upon his farm, he brings carefully back, either by buy- 
ing fertilizers, or better, by buying hay to manufacture the 
manure on his grounds. 

We find no definite relation between the organic portion of 
plants and their mineral constituents; yet we know that an 
abundant supply of both nitrogenous and mineral substances 


controls the amount of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, absorbed | 


for the formation of the organic constituents of plants, and that 


the available amount of these substances thus manifestly decides © 


their final annual growth. Itis thought best for this reason 


to calculate the amount of manure required for the production - 


of a satisfactory crop from the quantity of nitrogen.and mineral 
constituents, which a full crop contains. The form in which we 
apply the manures usually varies widely. They are rarely of a 
homogeneous nature, and require, therefore, more or less time 
for disintegration and final absorption; larger quantities of 
manure are consequently applied in starting a crop than it actu- 
ally requires. It may be of interest to some to notice a few of 
those figures, which are commonly used as bases for the calcu- 
lations of the time required to reap the full benefit of various 
kinds of manure. 


——— OT ee 


_- a | } 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 57 


| i year. | = years. | 3 years. 4 years. 


Stable manure, :| 50 percent. | 25 percent. | 15 percent. | 10 per cent. 
-Flourof bone, .| 30 “ 30 i“ areas 15 

Gimare,, .. «| 50. “ og, 207 ie to 

Peruvian guano, .| 60 “ 30 « 10 sf 1D», Ff 


Pulverized commercial manures, as a general rule, are ex- 
pected to work quickly, as slow action would seriously enhance 
their cost, adding interest of outlay to the capital; and most of 
them are designed to supply only special wants, and aid thereby 


_in the production of large special crops. They therefore, if not 


proportionately supported by stable manure, green manuring, 
and a judicious rotation of crops, hasten on the exhaustion of 
the soil or general mineral plant-food. In some cases, as with 
guano, their effect depends, in an undesirable degree on the 
weather, whether dry or wet. Special manures occupy for 
these reasons a subordinate position. Potassa and phosphoric 
acid are, strictly speaking, the only plant constituents which 
have to be bought in consequence of the extensive stock-feeding 
usually connected with the farm management of sugar-beet 
cultivation for manufacturing purposes, particularly in cases 
where the molasses is sold, which contains a very large propor- 
tion of the soluble saline constituents of the beet-roots. Having 
attempted to enumerate some of the rules by which practice 
should be guided, it may be but proper to speak somewhat more 
in detail of the special effects of some of these manures. Fresh 
barnyard manure, particularly of horses and sheep, or liquid 
stable manure, or poudrette, and all manures containing uric 
acid are decidedly objectionable in the spring preceding the 
planting of the sugar-beet, for they induce an excessive growth 
of the leaves, shortening thereby the time for the ripening of 
the beet-roots, while favoring an increase of their nitrogenous 
constituents. They also cause a large absorption of saline con- 


stituents. In case barn manure has to be applied during the 


spring preceding the raising of the sugar-beet, cow manure is 
considered the least objectionable, but well-rotted compost is 
8 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


preferred. Guano and oil-cake, without any admixture of 
superphosphate of lime, act similarly to the most objectionable 

fresh stable manures. Saline compounds, as saltpetre, salt, 

Stassfurth manure-salt, &c., increase the quantity of beets, yet 

render them, if applied freely, rich in saline constituents. A 

mixture of one hundred and thirty pounds of Peruvian guano, 
and three hundred to four hundred pounds of superphosphate 

of lime per acre, or Chili saltpetre with superphosphate of 
lime, or wood ashes, or flour of bone, or. well-rotted bones 

with wood ashes, are considered the best special manures for 

the production ai superior sugar-beet. Green manuring, if 
applied in time, is highly recommended on account of its effects 

on the physical properties of the soil. Judicious selection of 
crops for rotation is most carefully resorted to in the interest of 
economy of manure and an undiminished productiveness of the . 
soil. To render an efficient system of rotation possible,-but one- 

fourth of the entire area under cultivation is planted annually 

with sugar-beets. In case a rotation of five or six years is pos- 

sible the results are still more satisfactory. In the absence of a 

large farm, a number of smaller ones may thus successfully 

support a beet-sugar factory ; and the soundest basis for a sugar- 

beet establishment consists in making arrangements by which 

the farmer is to have an interest in the produce of sugar. To 

engage merely in the cultivation of the sugar-beet for supplying 

existing factories is, however, considered a paying business, par- 

ticularly if the farmer secures to himself in part at least the 

vegeetable refuse, as press-cake, &c., for stock feeding. 


PLANTING OF THE SEED AND TREATMENT OF THE SUGAR—BEET. 


The seed are planted by hand or by machine ; theoretically 
from two to three pounds would be necessary for one acre, but 
in practice from fifteen to seventeen pounds are used. The 
seeds, after being soaked in water, if planted by hand, are 
placed usually at a distance of fourteen inches apart ; if sowed 
by machine (of Garret’s patent) they are dropped about eight 
inches apart in rows about twenty inches apart, which allows 
one horse with implement to pass between. In the latter case 
from 28,500 to 30,000 plants could be raised upon one acre. 
A larger space around each plant favors an excessive enlarge- 
ment of the roots, a result not at all desirable, for large beets 
are usually watery. 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 59 


A beet-root from one to one and one-half pounds is prefera- 
ble to those from two to three pounds. Every common beet 
seed, containing by its natural construction from two to three 
germs, will produce as many plants, of which the strongest is 
left, whilst the rest are pulled up or otherwise destroyed in due 
time. The process of thinning out the plants takes place as soon 
as the roots have reached a length of from three to four inches, 
and, if possible, shortly after a rain, to prevent the loosening of 
the soil around the specimen left. A transplanting of sugar- 
beet plants from a separate bed to the lands for final cultivation | 
is rarely resorted to ; it is only recommended to fill out the gaps 
produced by the failure of seeds. Whenever this failure 
acquires any considerable proportion in the beet fields, a re- 
seeding is preferred, provided the season has not too far advanced. 
The soil around the young plant should be frequently loosened 
by proper implements (every two or three weeks), and the roots 
kept carefully covered, until the leaves have acquired their 
proper development early in June. Such treatment destroys 
the weeds and increases the hygroscopic and general absorptive 
properties of the soil, and thus favors highly an undisturbed, 
early and rapid development of the leaves. The latter, it is 
asserted, exert a controlling influence on the formation of sugar. 
M. Vilmorin considers a large number of rows of leaf marks, 
as previously stated, an essential property of a good sugar-beet. 
The leaves absorb as a general rule atmospheric food in propor- 
tion to their number and size. The sooner they acquirea good 
size, and the more numerous they are, the better are the 
chances of a copious formation of sugar, for this apparently 
depends to a great degree on the supply of atmospheric food. 
There are three distinct periods in the growth of the beet, viz. : 
the development of the leaves, which closes usually within the 
first half of June; the formation of the roots which is accom- 
plished by the middle of September or first part of October ; 
and, finally, the production of the seeds which takes place in the 
second year. ‘The ripeness of the roots is indicated by a change 
in the color of leaves from a deep green-to a yellowish tint. 
Those varieties which show a particular inclination to grow out 
of the soil are considered inferior. As soon as the leaves have 
reached their size, which happens in ordinary years usually in 
the fore part of June, the loosening of the soil and the cover- 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEG E. [Feb. 


ing up of the beet-roots ceases, leaving them undisturbed in 
their growth. To convey some idea concerning the peculiar 
features in the growth of the sugar-beet plant, I insert here 
some of the results of an interesting investigation in this 
direction by Dr. P. Bretschneider. The weights are in 
grammes, one gramme being equal to 15.43 grains :— | 


DATE | Weight of the | Weight of the | Proportion between | Percentage 

Root. Leaves. Root and Leaves. | of Sugar. 

June 12, 0.2005 fe “2 9.13 
21, 5.8000 2 e 4.17 

July 9, 78.3000 286. 1 to 3.65 4.99 
160 : : 109.600 226. 1 to 2.06 8.86 

DO yk eG 994, 1 to 1.34 fi 

Ang, 8," : ; 124. 106. 1 to 0.56 11.27 
205 ate 5 - 228. . 121. 1 to 0.53 11.52 
Sept.19,  . { ; 586. 346. 1 to 0.59 11.45 
100) EOE ei HOBO: 38. 1 to 0.22 10.80 

1 to 0.25 13.15 


Lee One meiiils 


The harvesting of the sugar-beet root begins, when the outer 
leaves turn yellow and dry, which in different seasons and 
localities may vary from the fore part of September to the first 
of October; the past season being with us unusually dry and 
warm caused a somewhat premature dying out of the leaves 
upon our experimental field. The gathering of the leaves, even 
in part, at any preceding stage of the growth of the plants, is 
seriously objected to, for it affects most decidedly the final yield 
of sugar. Nature, in its wonderful economy of matter and force, 
always provides for the continuance of species under the most 
advantageous conditions, storing up in some of the organs of 
plants under the influence of a favorable summer temperature 
a maximum of such compounds as will enable them to develop 
their organs for propagation almost independent of outside 
assistance. The flowers and subsequently the seeds draw upon 


. 


4 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 61 


the food accumulated in roots, stalks and leaves, and the seeds 
themselves again store up an amount to enable the embryonic 
germ to provide itself with such organs as will fit it to fulfill 
its mission in the production of a new plant. Sugar is undeni- 
ably- one of those substances which are required to support the 
beet-root plant in this last stage of growth. 

The amount of sugar in the sugar-beet is largest when the 
root has just attained its ripeness; subsequently, it diminishes 
gradually in consequence of advancing growth. To preserve 
undiminished the maximum percentage of sugar till the time 
of manufacture is somewhat difficult. There is no such thing 
in nature as absolute rest. If it were practicable to keep the 
beet-root frozen from the beginning to the close of the manu- 
facturing season, it might prove to be the most efficient mode, 


so far as the preservation of sugar is concerned. The manu- 


facture of the sugar begins usually in the latter part of Sep- 
tember, and the beet-roots are daily carried in such quantities 
from the fields as the factory can dispose of. Those varieties, 
like the Vilmorin beets, which do not keep well in the pits over 
winter, are first gathered and worked up. As soon as frost 
becomes imminent, all the roots are gathered after the removal 
of the leaves, which operation is carried on upon the fields. 
They are then buried in suitable pits without loss Of time. 
The beets are raised out of the soil by means of forks, and the 
leaves cut off with sword-like knives about one-half to one 
inch from the root. To cut off the top of the beet-roots from 
those which are to be kept over winter is disapproved of. The 
use of the plow in harvesting is also objectionable on account 
of frequent laceration of the roots. 

The mature roots after being freed from the leaves in the 
manner just described, are with the adhering soil laid carefully 
into shallow pits about six feet long by three feet wide, and 
from four to five feet in depth. These are, finally, covered with 
soil to protect them against frost. Small pits of the size just 
described are preferred, for they allow a better control of the 
temperature than large pits, which frequently suffer from an 
undesirable increase of heat, causing the growth of leaves or 
degeneration by decay. The covering of soil is gradually in- 
creased in thickness with the advancing season, amounting 
usually to a final thickness of three feet, and this is sometimes 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


rendered more efficient by a thin outer layer of stable manure. 
To secure a uniform moderate temperature is the sole object 
of these proceedings, and pits beginning to heat, are worked up 
without delay. The pits must be loéated upon very dry land on 
or near the beet fields, and in such a position that no accumu- 
lation of water can injuriously affect them. 

To give some idea about the changes which a good sugar-beet 
undergoes in the pits even under quite favorable circumstances, 
I insert the following statement of H. Rake. The same kind 
of beét-roots: contained— 


In October, 1862: 
Cellulose, . : : Maa : . 98.49 
Water, . : : . . : | SRS 


Cane sugar, . : BOT i : . 12.40 
Grape'sugar,’ “#46 Us = 
‘Mineral constituents, . : : | 
Albuminous and extractive pabaNabed , Ree is. |) 
100.00 


In February, 1863: 
Cellulose, . ees : : : oo ez 
Watery), M229" fou) yk Ci Oe DI aE a 
Cane sugar, . bet ie : : : . 10.60 
Grape sugar, Fee She E : 0 See 


Mineral constituents, . : é oat Oss 
- Albuminous and extractive vaibsteneed) ; 2 Oe 
100.00 


Whenever the roots begin to rot the sugar is lessened ; the 
loss due to the sprouting of the leaves may amount to two per 
cent more than the preceding analysis states. 


YIELD OF SuGAR—BEETS. 


The numerous varieties of beets differ widely in regard to 
their annual yield, independent of the conditions of season, 
upon the same soil and under the same treatment. Whilst 
common mangels have been raised upon a suitable soil, in ex- 
- ceptional cases, at the rate of from ninety-four to one hundred 


Tyan 


i x a) 
ae 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. «68 


and ten tons per acre, the sugar-beet never yields at anything 


like such a rate. The following statement respecting the yield 
and amount of sugar obtained from three kinds of beets is quite 
interesting and suggestive regarding the important question, 
what kind of beet roots are the most desirable for cultivation 
for the manufacture of sugar. 


Amount of Sugar in 
the entire Root Crop. 


Percentage of 
Sugar. 


Annual yield 


AMES. 
8 of Roots per acre. 


Metz (fodder beet), . . | 86,457 pounds. | 4.5 per cent.| 8,890 pounds. 


Imperial (sugar-beet), .| 59,613 “ 10.51 a 6,265" 
Silesian White(sugar-beet),) 52,787 =“ 13.6490, yf 200): ink 


These few numerical statements teach most decidedly, that 
mere quantity will not insure success for the beet-sugar interest. 
We find in practice as a general rule that the mean annual yield 
of sugar-beets is less than in the cases cited. In Silesia, the 
crop averages from 18,000 to 19,000 pounds per acre, and the 
beet juice itself is expected to contain throughout the entire 
sugar-making season from 11 to 18 per cent of sugar,’which 
indicates that scarcely any roots with less than 12.5 per cent 
of sugar are worked in that district. In Saxony, from 23,500 . 
to 24,000 pounds are obtained per acre, and, in exceptional 
cases, even as high as from 30,000 to 31,000 pounds are reported. 
In France, where the sugar resulting, and not the roots used for 
its manufacture, are taxed, the annual yield is larger than in 
Germany, one acre yielding there from. 38,000 to 40,000 
pounds of roots. Yet a larger final yield of sugar is claimed 
from one acre in Germany than in France.* The cost of pro- 
duction in Germany is set down at from 21 to 22 cents per 
hundred pounds of sugar-beet roots. 

Those who sell their sugar-beets at the factory, receive from 


* In Germany 100 pounds of sugar-beet roots are taxed (8 sgr.) 19.44 cents (1869). 
In France every (52 kilogrammes) 114.4 pounds of beet sugar are taxed (13 francs and 75 
centimes) 2.66 dollars. Every 1,000 kilogrammes or 2,200 pounds of sugar-beet roots 
yield on an average (52 kilogrammes) 114.4 pounds of sugar in the form in which it is 
taxed. (Walkhoff.) 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


25 to 27 cents per hundred pounds, together with one-half of 
the vegetable refuse or press-cake. 

Not unfrequently, separate contracts are made for furnishing 
small beets not exceeding two pounds in weight. The sugar- 
beet cultivation usually becomes a prominent feature of agri- 
cultural industry in the vicinity of beet-sugar factories, for 
although the manufacturer of sugar is, as a general rule, to 
some extent at least a producer of beets, he rarely limits 
himself to the amount of his own produce. He finds it profit- 
able to purchase a certain quantity, if for no other reason, in 
order to be enabled to cultivate his own lands on a liberal 
system of rotation. He, also, frequently retains one-half of | 
the press-cake and other refuse resulting from the working of 
an additional amount of Beck mots, for stock feeding” and 
manuring purposes. 


YIELD OF JUICE. 


The sugar-beet contains about 82 per cent of water, and 80 
per cent of its juice may be obtained by subjecting the crushed 
beet to a powerful pressure. The relation of the power applied 
to the quantity of juice obtained may be inferred from the 
following statement of Walkhoff:— 


By 50 pounds of pressure to the square inch, 60 per cent. 
80 66 66 66 66 66 64 5 
400. 6 6 6 66 Ts ae 
750 66 66 66 6¢ 66 80 74 


The press-plates are made 14 inches or more square, and 24 
pounds of pulp for every 100 square inches of press surface is con- 
sidered the best proportion. The roots are usually changed into 
a pulp by circular saws fastened upon two hollow iron rollers run- 
ning in opposite directions. Water is added (from 15 to 30 per 
cent) while preparing the pulp to reduce the amount of sugar 
left in the press-cakes. By means of this and numerous other 
devices from 80 to 87 per cent of the actual juice in the beet- 
roots is secured. The profitable addition of water is limited by 
the expense arising from the evaporation of a diluted ola 


* One hundred pounds of coal are required for the evaporation of 500 pounds of water, 
in the course of beet-sugar manufacture. 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 65 


The extra expense necessary to procure more than 80 per cent 
of the juice diminishes largely its value, nevertheless improved 
methods are constantly sought and are doubtless attainable. 
The press method and Roberts’* modification of warm and 
cold maceration of the fresh beets have apparently the warmest 
advocates. It would beavain attempt on my part to treat here 
in a becoming manner on these questions. I propose to leave 
that task to some future occasion, when the manufacture of 
beet-sugar will be discussed. The supply of labor, fuel, and 
water, the condition of the sugar market, &c., control, as every 
manufacturer is aware, in such a degree the choice of appara- 


’ tus and modes of operation, that very little information could 


be gleaned from a general discussion without some detailed ex- 
planation. To the farmer, the vegetable refuse, as press-cake 
and like substances, is of-prime importance, and the various 
modes of abstracting the juice from the beet roots affect him 
only in so far as the value of the refuse for feeding purposes is 
concerned. A comparison of the composition of the juices 
obtained by meansof a powerful hydraulic press and by Roberts’ 
maceration, (or the dialytic mode), can aid in understanding 
this question of which I shall have to treat somewhat more in 
detail hereafter :— 


bis 


Beet juice procured by the aid of a hydraulic press contains :— 


Sugar, . : 12.410 per cent. 
Potassa and soda compounds, Boni ltsd2 Sic hahaa 
Lime and magnesia, __. : Streh wall A oy a Mill 

_ Nitrogenous substance, .. z he 3 No dal et 


Non-nitrogenous organic substan- 
ces, e e es e e e 1.048 ae 


II. 


Beet juice procured by Roberts’ diffusion apparatus with an 
addition of 15 per cent of water, contains :— 


* Roberts claims to secure 94 per cent of the juice by adding but 15 per cent of 
water, and carrying on the first osmotic maceration at 87 to 80 degrees centigrade, and 
the remainder at a common temperature. 


9 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


Sugar, . , : ; ; . 11.580 per cent. 


Potassa and soda compounds, .,, (0.441 
Lime and magnesia, . ahwivirie Aut cece Lan 
Nitrogenous substance, . : .» 0 1OL ao 


Non-nitrogenous organic substan- 
ces, . ; : ; ‘ ..,~ OOS teem 


YIELD OF SUGAR. 


According to the mode of operation pursued, more or less 
sugar will be left with the cellular refuse mass. The residue 
of the hydraulic press contains from: 3.6 to 4.8 per cent of 
sugar, or 0.76 per cent of the amount in the original sugar- 
beet; while Roberts’ mode leaves but 0.1 to 0.2 per cent of 
sugar. Between these figures lie the quantities of sugar left 
by the application of other modes of operation. With the 
removal of the juice begins consequently the loss of sugar, 
which amounts during the whole operation for its final separa- 
tion to about 8.5 per cent under a good management of exist- 
ing methods. To set down losses which occur in a branch of 
manufacture where peculiar skill so decidedly bears upon the 
final results, is no doubt quite arbitrary ; but it is of interest ~ 
to notice where they usually occur, and to what degree they 
affect the final results in many instances. The following state- 
ment is presented as a fair one and may serve the purpose just 
specified :— 


One hundred parts of sugar-beet roots, under fair manage- 
ment, are liable to lose sugar as follows : 


In the pits by degeneration, . . 2.00 per cent. 
By change into grape sugar, . . 0.54 
In process of filtration of the juice, . 0.14 “ 
In defecation and carbonization, Bs 4, 
In juice left in the press-cake, . ~ 0.16 


Total loss, °. : : : .. . os00 ier 


One hundred parts of sugar existing in the beet roots were, 
in one case, accounted for in the following way at the close of 
manufacture :— , 


pei |: 


1871.] | SENATE—No. 75. | 67 
Crystallized sugar, . d F . 62.46 per cent. 
Sugar left in the molasses, . 5), TANS S 
Lost during manufacture, ; i QUT SS bust 


Left in the press-cakes, : : PTSEBAS ot 


Hight per cent of sugar from the beet is at present assumed 
to be the actual result of most factories with improved modes 
of operation and superior sets of apparatus; some factories 
claim even more. The importance of an increase in the yield 
of crystallized sugar may perhaps be best inferred from a case 
reported by W. Crookes, F. R.S., in his late publication 
on beet-sugar manufacture with reference to England. Mr. 
Baruchson, the beet-sugar manufacturer, is reported as stat- 
ing that the factory cost £10,845; 150,000 pounds of sugar- 


_ beet root has been worked per day for five months; the ex- 


penses for labor amounted per year to £5,190; the total 
expenses per year had been £13,980; the total receipts per 
year were £20,470; the profits thus had amounted to £6,490, 


_ or 24.75 per cent on the first outlay ; 6.5 per cent of crystal- 


lized sugar had been the result. He further states that one- 
half per cent of increase of the yield of crystallized sugar 
would be equal to 7.5 per cent additional profits; eight per 


- cent of crystallized sugar from every 100 pounds of beet roots 


worked, would thus insure a profit of 48 per cent. Accepting 
this statement as correct, there is no doubt, but that the Eng- 
lish beet-sugar manufacture ought to prosper under their 
present revenue law. In Germany, where eight per cent of. 
crystallized sugar is obtained, the ‘yield per acre varies from 
1,520 to 2,270 pounds of sugar. In France, where but six per 


- cent of sugar is obtained (Walkhoff), the yield is said to be 


from 1,706 to 2,650 pounds per acre. The same authority 
states that the average expenses in Germany for the production 
of sugar per acre, taking the average yield of beet roots as 
from 23,000 to 24,000 pounds, amount to from $182 to $133, 
of which the governmént takes in form of taxes from $45 to 
$46 ; while in France, assuming the average yield of beet roots 
per acre to be from 36,000 to 37,000 pounds, and separating 
114.4 pounds of sugar from every 2,200 pounds of beet roots, 
the whole average expenses per acre for beet-sugar amounts to 
from $161 to #162, of which the government draws for taxes 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. §_—_—[F eb. 


on sugar $50.75. The expenses in the two countries are 
divided among the different operations in the following pro- 
portion :— 


In Germany :* 

. Manure, . : 2G: Ont ; . 14.48 per cent. 
Cultivation of beets, ; 2 . D2 
Taxes on sugar, . ; : .) (848280 i 
Manufacturing expenses, . . . 8940 gp 


In France: | 
Manure and cultivation of beets, . 24.40 per cent. 
Taxes on sugar, . A : . SIORR ae 

. Manufacturing expenses, . F s 44.0b° of 

Taking the produce of an American acre as equal to from 

23,000 to 23,500 pounds, and presuming an average percentage 

of sugar in the beets of from 11 to 12 per cent, allowing 

at the same time 80 per cent of juice, which contains but 9.6 

per cent of the sugar in the beets, and calculating, finally, but 

6.5 per cent of crystallized sugar as obtainable from 100 

pounds of beets, an American acre would yield 1,500 pounds, 

which at seven cents per poundy would amount to $105. 

The molasses obtained from the sugar-beet is not fit for house- 

hold consumption on account of its unpleasant saline taste. 

It is fermented in most cases for the production of alcohol, and 

rarely fed to live stock, as its continued use, even in small 

quantities, is not considered safe, from its effect on the digestive 
organs. Its value as food is about one-half that of good hay, 
and its effect is similar to that of oil-cake. 1.8 pounds of 
molasses per day mixed with clover hay or even straw has 
increased the yield of milk. Sometimes the molasses is mixed 
with caustic lime or the carbonate, and composted for manure. 


* Recent reliable private communications coming from different sections of Germany 
state the expenses for the production of sugar-beet roots, when in the pits, in one case at 
$46 and in another at $59.50 per acre. Land rent in both cases was equal and 
amounted to $12.50 per acre; manure in the first case amounted to nearly one-half, 
dn the second case to but one-third of all expenses. The price of labor caused the 
difference. , ; 

{+ To assume a higher value is unsafe, considering the unsettled views concerning the 
degree of protection which our sugar industry may claim. ' 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 69 


AVERAGE CoMPOSITION OF BrEet-SuGAR MOLASSES. 


Albuminous substances, . . . "9:2. percent. 
Sugar, . : ‘ : on AL Sas 
Other organic Pubeiinces, : ‘ eR BOTS 02% 
Saline compounds, . é { PLO | be 


mrater,’” *. : 3 : : su BANGhin 44 


The saline constituents of course differ somewhat in every 
case, particularly as far as the lime compounds are cqncerned. 
The following analytical results, (Trommer & Rode), may give 
some idea about their general character. 


One hundred pounds of ash constituents of beet-sugar molas- 
ses contain of :— 


MEER s. sw (fg a «80-40 per cent. 
Soda, . ; : : : ees... 
Lime, . s ; : siepeba 
Sesqui-oxide of iron, : | 
Carbonic acid, é , : A ids a 
Sulphuric acid, : , Ae? 
Per. |. te Oe. e 
Chlorine, : : : ; fe 1 00S 


100.00 


The residual liquid left after the fermentation of the molas- 
ses is usually evaporated and the solid mass subsequently 
calcined. The beet-sugar manufacture furnishes in this form 
quite a large quantity of valuable saline compounds for general 
industrial purposes. One hundred pounds of these calcined 
saline substances contain from 45 to 48 per cent of soluble 
constituents of a composition more or less corresponding with 
the following figures :— 


Carbonate of potassa, . . . 27.60 per cent. 
Carbonate of soda, . - ; yh. BO 0 KS 
Chloride of potassium, . 5 a kewpasd By >,.,5° 
Sulphate of potassa, : : ‘doce to alee 


45.80 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


One single beet-sugar factory at Wagehdusel (Germany), 
sends every year 200,000 pounds of such potassa salts into 
market, which is mainly used for the manufacture of nitre. 
The molasses contains by far the largest portion of the soluble 
saline constituents of the sugar-beets, particularly the potassa 
compounds which must be returned to the soil directly or indi- 
rectly. The cheaper crude sulphate of potassa of Stassfurth is 
bought at present in exchange for the carbonate of potassa 
sold.* Distilleries are reams connected with sugar beet 
manufactories. 


THe CELLULAR RESIDUE OF THE BEET Root. 


The juice is obtained in different ways, and, according to the 
mode adopted, the quality of the residue is affected. The press- 
cakes resulting from the application of the hydraulic press, 
which is the main apparatus employed, are compact in conse- 
quence of packing the pulp into bags or coarse linen cloths 
before subjecting it to the press. 100 pounds of beet roots fur- 
nish from 18 to 20 pounds of press-cakes, which consist, in case 
a very powerful press is used, of :— 


Albumen, . : ; : . 1.386 per cent. 
Potassa, : : ; : 2 6 AST ae 
Sugar, . ‘ A bape : . 4,945 ine 
Cellulose, . ; ‘ : > 1Eo22 
Saline matters, . Co 1! SOG 
Water, . : f Aa a . TELS ee 


100.000 « 


These cakes are highly valued for feeding purposes; 100 
pounds of press-cakes are valued at 29.6 cents, when hay is 
worth 20 dollars per ton; the cellular residue of beets left 
after tle abstraction of the juice by other modes is as a general 
rule less valuable. For instance, the residue after the treatment 
with centrifugal apparatus and the subsequent displacement 


_ * The producer of potatoes sells in an average crop of 7.41 acres (three hectares) the 
mineral constituents of four crops of wheat besides 600 pounds of potassa, and in an 
average crop of beet roots from the same area the mineral constituents of four wheat 
crops, besides 1,000 pounds of potassa.—Leibig. . 


— CO SENATE—No. 75. ae | 


process is considered worth but 16.9 cents per 100 pounds ; 
that obtained by hot maceration of dried beet roots is held at 
from 24 to 25 cents per 100 pounds, while that obtained by a 
maceration of the fresh beet roots after Roberts’ improved 
method, (free from an excess of lime), is valued at from 7.2 to 
9.1 cents per 100 pounds. The last named residue contains but 
from 5.5 to 6.9 per cent of dry substance, while common press- 
cakes contain 25 per cent. Roberts’ mode of operation leaves 
about 70 pounds of cellular residuum for every 100 pounds of 
beet, which contains, as stated previously, more nitrogenous 
matter in proportion to dry substance, but less sugar than 
common press-cakes. It is worth as fodder about one-quarter 
as much, according to the estimate of Grouven. 

One and one-half tons of press cakes are assumed in practice 
as the produce from one Prussian morgen,” or 4,700 pounds 
per acre, so that allowing a value of 29 cents for every 100 
pounds, the whole amount of press-cakes from one acre would 
be worth $13.60. Moreover, as 100 pounds of common press- 
cakes contain 25 per cent of dry substance, 4,700 pounds 
contain 1,175 pounds; and as the dry substance of any article 
of vegetable food is known to furnish 1.75 times its weight in 
common stable manure, 2,056 pounds of manure will result 
from the feeding of the press-cakes of one acre. Reckoning 
one ton of manure worth $1.75, 2,056 pounds will be worth 
about $1.80. The fodder value of press-cakes resulting from 
the operation with the hydraulic press without subsequent 
maceration is equal to the same weight of sugar-beet roots. 
They are even preferred to the latter, since they become 


‘more digestible and acquire, after being buried in pits in con- 


sequence of slow fermentation, a slightly acidulated taste. 
Cattle then eat them greedily and thrive upon them, particu- 
larly in case they are fed in connection with a proper quantity 
of oil-cake, bran, hay, or barley straw, &c., to replace the 
potassa compounds and the phosphates which the juice has 


carried off. 


The preservation of the press-cakes is easily accomplished. 
They are packed closely into the empty beet-root pits or into 


* In this report all calculations concerning reductions of German surface measures and 
of money value are based on the following proportions: one American acre is considered 
equal to 1.58 Prussian morgen, and one Prussian thaler equal to 0.73 dollars. 


Toe AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


brick chambers, being frequently interlaid with a small quantity 
of chopped straw, and, fimally, tightly covered with soil. The 
fermented mass resulting from this operation keeps in an excel- 
lent state of preservation for six to seven months. 


Propuce oF LEAVES. 


The leaves amount at the time of the harvesting of the roots 
to about one-fourth of the weight of the latter; calculating as 
previously, 6,000 pounds of leaves would result from an acre. 
The leaves are separated upon the fields and subsequently in 
their green state plowed under deeply, or they are fed either 
fresh or in a preserved state. ‘The manuring effect, of the 
beet leaves is very great, since they contain in their. fresh 
state more potassa, more phosphoric acid and more nitrogenous 
substances than an equal weight of roots. Their ash percent- 
age is also larger than that of the beet roots, consisting mainly 
of alkalies and alkaline earths. Almost one-third of all the 
potassa, one-half of the phosphoric acid,‘and two-fifths of the 
whole amount of nitrogenous substances of the entire sugar- 
beet crop is contained in the leaves. As they can be fed in 
small quantity only, in their fresh state, they are salted down 
in pits. The pits used for this purpose ought to be in a dry 
locality and dug to a depth of from five to six feet. The 
bottom is covered from two to three inches thick with a layer 
of chopped straw of oats, rye or wheat; then a layer from 
four to five inches thick of fresh beet leaves, mixed with one- 
quarter of one per cent of common salt is put on and trodden 
down, and these alternations continued until the pit is not only 
filled, but raised from two to three feet above the ground, and 
then a layer of two feet of soil is added as covering. In -the 
same proportion as the mass shrinks in consequence of fermen- 
tation new soil is added to keep the covering above the level of 
the surrounding ground as protection from the rain. The 
leaves in the pits begin soon to ferment and to discharge 
moisture, which the straw absorbs; they retain a strong smell . 
until January, when they turn by degrees sweet and are on 
that account freely eaten by cattle. Sixty pounds of fresh 
green leaves produce forty pounds of preserved leaf-mass ; one 
acre furnishing thus about 3,900 pounds of such food, which, 
taking 100 pounds of hay worth one dollar, is valued at 16.3 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. | 73 


cents per 100 pounds. One acre would thus produce in food 
derived from the leaves $6.35 ; fresh leaves have 11.99 per 
cent of dry substance, preserved leaves contain 15.0 per 
cent ; the leaves of one acre of sugar-beet root contain there- 
fore 585 pounds of dry substance ; which multiplied by 1.75 
gives about 1,000 pounds of manure from this source of food. 
The leaves are never fed by themselves. Grouven recommends 
the following composition of food for every 1,000 pounds of live 
weight per day: 40 to 50 pounds of preserved leaf-mass, 40 
pounds press-cakes, 3 pounds of rape-cake with 6 pounds of hay. 
In proposing this composition of food, he presumes that 25 
pounds of perfectly dry hay represent the normal qnantity of 
food required to support 1,000 pounds of live weight per day. 
A comparison of the mineral constituents contained in 25 
pounds of dry hay and 25 pounds of dried sugar-beet leaves 
explains the proposed practice. 


Hay. 
Potassa, . 4 : ’ : - 0.80 per cent. 
Phosphoric acid, : ‘ at MORAG? ot Ss 
Sulphuric acid, . : : ; TO) A) ee 
Chloride of sodium, . . : Gy. 


Dry Preserved Leaves. 


Potassa, i ; : : - 1.00 per cent. 
Phosphoric acid, , : A a eee «Ss 
Sulphuric acid, . : : ; wotezo, «8 
Chloride of sodium, . : : Hie a 


The small quantity of phosphoric acid and the large percent- 
age of sulphuric acid and chloride of sodium in the beet leaves 
_ renders their exclusive use objectionable. They are, therefore, 
fed in common with substances like oat-meal, oil-cake, bran, 
clover, hay, &c., on account of their richness in phosphates, &e. 
Preserved beet leaves, it appears from experiments of Tod, 
increase the production of milk in quality and quantity, whilst 
press-cakes, if exclusively used, reduce its quantity decidedly. 
A mixed food of 100 pounds of press-cakes with 75 pounds of 
_ preserved leaves produced for every 100 pounds of leaves fed, 
an increase of 24.5 pounds of milk per day, as compared with 


10 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


a corresponding feeding of press-cakes alone. The value of 
press-cakes and preserved leaves for the support of live stock, 
particularly during. a period when food as a general rule 
becomes scarce and thus expensive, must be quite apparent ; 
especially when we consider further that every ton of sugar-beets 
raised furnishes 400 pounds of press-cakes and 400 pounds of . 
fresh leaves, and that an ordinary factory consumes from 40 to 
50 tons of beet roots per day during five months. In cases 
where stock feeding is no part of the enterprise, or where plenty 
of other kinds of food is at hand, the leaves’ while still green 
are plowed under. The part which the beet leaves perform in 
the absorption of mineral constituents from the soil may be 
seen from the following analytical statement :-— 


A fair average crop of sugar beets abstracts per acre,— 


By Roots and Leaves. 


Phosphoric acid, - , : . 85 pounds. 
Potassa, . : : ’ . 64 ee 
Lime and magnesia, : : . | 63.00 Uae 


siie fe 


By Roots Alone. 
Phosphoric acid, - ‘ ; . 25 pounds. 
Bee es ae ae pg 
Lime and magnesia, : : oe o 
ig ee ta ee ee 65 ee 


Returned in form of Leaves. 


Phosphoric acid, .- Moca . 10 — pounds. 
Potassa, . ., : : . eae i> -n 
Lime and magnesia, : : eae i 
FEE ade bens cure RET = SE sacl 


Tur GENERAL INFLUENCE OF THE SugaR-BEET CULTIVATION ON 

THE CONDITION OF THE SoIL. | 

The first question which will be forced upon us in this con- 

nection, is: Can the sugar-beet be raised upon the same lands 

continuously without reducing their value either for the- pro- 
duction of sugar beets or for general farm management ? 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. ial 


Tt is no doubt most convenient to refer for an answer to 
Germany and France, and notice the conditions of the lands 
engaged in the beet sugar cultivation for generations. We 
shall find that the yield of good sugar-beets is not diminishing, 
that the beet sugar industry in fact is continually growing—(has 


_ Inereased in Germany within the last fifteen years threefold)— 


‘ 
al 


A 


and instead of reducing the general farm products, in conse- 
quence of engaging so large an area in the sugar-beet cultiva- 
tion, we know from statistical reports that they exceed in value 
the farm products of previous periods. High farming based on 
rational principles has taken the lead ; to increase the fertility 
of the soil has been the aim ; advantageous systems of rotation 
have been introduced and the effects of special manures have 
been subjected to close study. Science has made itself famil- 
jar with common farm routine, and an enterprising farming 
community. has listened to its advice. Two facts are quite evi- 
dent to every intelligent farmer: first, that a certain chemical 
and physical condition of the soil is required to secure by the 
crops raised a satisfactory compensation for labor and expenses 


‘Incurred in its cultivation ; and, secondly, that the plants we 


cultivate differ in their requirements in both directions. The 
mineral constituents needed for the support of any one kind of 
plant will be sooner or later exhausted, for nature as a general 
rule does not change the mineral compounds required for the 
maintenance of a forced vegetation into a fit state for assimila- 
tion so rapidly as most of our farm crops, and the sugar-beet 
in particular, require. Fortunately for us the disintegrating 
surface of our globe has been for ages subjected to a leaching 
process, and its products are daily more and more opened to us 
in the form of saline deposits of every description ; the accu- 
mulated results of animal and vegetable life of past generations 


_ are brought back to us in the form of guano and phosphates of 


varying character, while chemistry has taught us how to assist 


_hature in its preparation of plant-food. The physical condi- 


tions of the soil, however favorable they may have been, will 


Suffer, if year after year subjected to the same or a similar treat- 


ment for the cultivation of one and the same plant ; diversity 


in its mechanical treatment and change of seasons for such 


treatment cannot otherwise but affect favorably its mechanical 
condition and its chemical disintegration, promoting thereby its 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - [Feb. 


fitness for the absorption of atmospheric food. The roots of the 
same plants abstract their food year after year from the same 
layer of soil; while a change of crop frequently alters the 
depth from which the food is absorbed. To cultivate the same 
plant upon the same spot for any length of time is also objec- 
tionable on account of the particular chances offered for the 
growth of those parasites and insects which make that plant 
their home. These and other reasons demand imperatively a 
rotation of crops. | 

The sugar-beet sends its cdots to a depth of several feet, and 
draws consequently largely from the subsoil; the latter is on that 
account, as stated before, of great importance. As the sugar- 
beet also depends in a high degree on atmospheric food, its leaf 
growth must be stimulated by a most careful pulverization of 
the soil, and as the fleshy root needs for its growth a loose, deep 
soil, deep plowing has been generally introduced. Thorough 
cultivation and a perfected system of under-drainage being 
absolutely indispensable to the highest success must necessarily 
improve the condition of lands devoted to beet culture. Green 
manuring and a liberal use of stable manure have also been 
employed to render the soil mellow and rich, and thus the farm 
lands have reached by degrees a high state of fertility. The 
use of special commercial fertilizers is resorted to not to the 
exclusion, but in aid of stable manure, and thus the chemical 
and physical requirements of the soil are met in the most 
efficient way. Rotation of crops in connection with a rotation 
of special manures has demonstrated the practicability of pre- 
serving unimpaired the fertility of soil gs in sugar-beet 

cultivation. 

Without entering here in detail upon this much studied 
question, I propose to state merely a few observations of a more 
general interest, in addition to what is said in previous pages. 
Well manured aS leaf crops for green feeding, are con- 
sidered the best crop to precede the beet ; next in order, follow 
well manured summer or winter grain crops ; less recommended j 
are perennial grasses and other fodder crops; directly objec- 


tionable are, if not specially manured, potatoes and root crops 


in general, of which the mangel is the. worst. The sugar-beet, — 
on the other hand, is a good crop to precede almost any other — 
farm plant. The succession of crops adopted in the interest of — 


—————————— ————L— CCC -”” 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 17 


sugar-beet industry has reference to two important objects, 
namely, an adequate supply of food to each crop and the pro- 
duction of the largest possible amount of animal manure. A 
fair crop of beet roots is of course more exhausting to the soil, 
as far as phosphoric acid, and particularly potassa, is concerned, 
than most of our farm plants; a judicious system of rotation 
divides that effect over several years, and thus enables the 
farmer to draw more efficiently on the natural resources of 
the soil, and so avoid a direct outlay of money. The follow- 
ing succession of crops is considered very satisfactory, viz. : 
green fodder, wheat, sugar-beets, and, finally, a summer grain 
crop; or barley, sugar-beets, barley, green fodder, wheat, 
sugar-beets ; and these are economical as far as manure is con- 
cerned. ‘Two thousand three hundred pounds of hay, or its full 
equivalent in fodder value, are considered sufficient to replace 
the constituents which a fair beet sugar crop abstracts per acre 
in excess of what the refuse material resulting from such crop 
in the course of beet sugar manufacture will compensate for. 
The amount of refuse material fit for manuring purposes is 
counted per acre equal to 4,700 pounds. T. T. Fubling’s 
figures on this question are of great interest as they come from 
a practical sugar-beet cultivator, whose opinion is regarded as 
of great importance. They refer to pounds per acre. 


Ps. |v 
Nitrogen, . x ; -| 36.4 19.8 16.6 PEW f 32. 
Potassa, . ; ; : 96.4 19. 77.4 28.5 33.2 
Soda, : , ‘ ‘ 39.5 6.3 33.2 9.5 3.2 
Lime, . ; : . 14.2 28.5 33.2 . 4. 28.5 
Magnesia, . 3 ; 9.5 11.9 33.2 4.3 9.5 
Chlorine, . ah. ilo 28 2.4 26.1 4.3 9.5 
Sulphuric acid, . : ; 79 6.4 1.5 11.5 9.5 
Phosphoric acid, , 15.8 9.5 6.3 2: 4.8 
Silicice acid, : 17.4 - 6.3 8. 47.4 

| 


* Substances abstracted by a full sugar-beet crop. 

+ Substances returned in the manure obtained from sugar-beets. 

{ Amount of substances not replaced by that manure. 

§ Amount of substances abstracted per acre during a four years’ rotation as detailed. 

|| Amount of substances restored to the soil by the manure resulting from the feeding 
of 2,300 pounds of hay. 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Comparing these analytical results, we find that the manure 
obtained from the beet roots and from the hay replace what, in 
the course of a few years’ rotation, as specified above, will be 
taken per year from one acre. Wherever a farmer deviates 
from the practice previously stated, potassa and phosphoric acid 
must be largely supplied in form of special manures, as super- 
phosphate of lime, or flour of bones and wood-ash, or crude 
sulphate of potassa. One hundred acres of good meadow-land 
in twelve hundred acres under cultivation for beet-sugar manu- 
facture are considered in Germany a suitable proportion to 
raise the amount of hay required. 

Stock feeding then becomes a prominent feature in the farm 
industry. The farm produce is largely sold in the form of live 
weight, and the manure is more cheaply produced by fattening 
live stock than it can be bought. The farmer keeps only as 
many horses as are indispensable, and does his farmwork, as’ 
far as possible, with oxen. He looks upon cows, if not favora- 
bly located for the milk-market, as a mere manure-machine, and 
keeps only as many as required to make up the stock wanting. 
Sheep-fattening, if he has suitable pasture, he considers a 
profitable business. In feeding his stock he believes in the 
efficiency of feeding high, to reduce the expenses of keeping ; 
and this produces also the cheapest manure. Every animal 
requires a certain amount of food for daily support independent 
of its-increase in weight; the shorter the time for fattening the 
more food for mere keeping is saved. In calculating the 
quantity of food required for the various kinds of stock, the 
following figures are frequently adopted: for every one hun- 
dred pounds of live weight, 8.33 pounds of hay or its equivalent 
per day are considered necessary as the mere support of farm 
stock in cases of ordinary employment, and five pounds of hay 
or its equivalent for every hundred pounds of live weight for 
fattening purposes. In the case of young stock, eight times as 
much food is given for production of weight as for mere sus- 
tenance ; from every hundred pounds of food for support, and 
fifty pounds of food for growth, from four to six pounds of 
increase in live weight are expected as return. 

Summing up the value of the various products of one acre of 
sugar-beets, we find at a very low calculation the following 
result :— 


’ 


1871.] -SENATE—No. 75. 79 


Sugar, 1,500 pounds at seven cents, c : . $105 00 
Molasses, : : ; : A hair g : 2 90 
Press-cakes, . : : ; ; : . © 28°60 
Wemervod ledrmass, = 2 6 80 
Manure (about two tons), : : : ‘ : 3 50 


(Profit, in converted produce, &c., &c.) 


‘Every cent of increase in the price of the sugar would be 
equal to fifteen dollars additional profit per acre, and every 


- one-half per cent increase in crystallized sugar- from every hun- 


dred pounds of beet roots worked, would add about 115 pounds 
of sugar to yield, or $8.05 additional profit per acre. These 
additions in profit are by no means beyond reach, for the 
best management in Kurope realizes them. 

To enter, in concluding this Report, upon a detailed calcula- 
tion of what our expenses for the production of the above 
articles per acre would be, could be at best but a mere approxi- 
mation. 

It may suffice to keep in mind that in Europe from forty-six 


to fifty dollars per acre has to be paid in taxes to the govern- 


ment; that our lands are cheaper, and that machinery is taking 
daily more and more the place of the hand in planting seeds, in 
cleaning the fields, and in securing the juice from the beet 
roots. Where the final pecuniary results may differ so widely, 
as must be quite apparent from previous statements, in conse- 
quence of a more or less favorable location of the factory and 
the skill engaged in its management, it is unsafe to state a 
definite sum of profit. It must here, as in every similar 
instance of an industrial enterprise, suffice to know that money 
can be made if the business be intelligently managed. As far 
as the farmer is concerned there is little risk. While the profits 
of the beet-sugar manufacturer may be lessened by changes in 
provisions of political economy, the farmer is not necessarily 
subjected to influences of that kind. In this case, he is aware 
that root crops are profitable, and that aside from this, his farm 
lands will receive a treatment which has everywhere been 
proved to enrich, rather than to exhaust the soil. 

To restore his land to something like its original productive- 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. © 


ness, and to do this mainly through capital furnished by outside 
parties, is worthy his serious consideration. . 

The real importance of this subject to the farming integl of 
the Commonwealth, as well as to the people at large, can never 
be satisfactorily die téeratnee: except by a series of wisely con- 
ducted experiments, which can no where be so appropriately 
undertaken as at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


APPENDIX. 


Results of the Hxamination of Sugar-beets raised on the College 
Farm during the past season. 


7 

NAME Salelorebed Weight, in Percentage of 

; : pounds. Sugar in juice. 
J—Vilmorin beet, . .  . | Saxony, $ to % 15.50 
I.—Vilmorin beet, : 4 ms 3 to 1 15.61 
I.—White Imperial, bas : cS $ to 14 14.20 
: New Imperial, : 14 to 12 13.80 
I.—White Magdeburg, . : 1} to 2 13.10 

Quedlinburg, Vt 4. 5 14, fo 13 13.44 © 
IJ.— White Imperial, “Hdl ie i 12 to 2 10.27 
Ii.—White Magdeburg, . . | Silesia, 14 to 12 10.06 
White Silésian, . : ; - 1i to 13 9.72 
III.—Vilmorin beet, . : , “ 1i tol 9.93 
Long White beet, .  . ie 14 to 13 8 60 
White Sugar beet, . : 12 to 2 7.20 
Vienna Red beet, . : Fe 13 to 2 8.10 


The percentage of sugar was ascertained by means of a polar- 
ization apparatus, and the results obtained, in several instances, 
verified by Trommer’s test. My thanks are due to Mr. J. H. 
Heyl, of Philadelphia, for kind assistance rendered in the labor- 
atory work during his stay as special student in chemistry at 
the Agricultural College. 


Mai> ve eb ee 


a ee ee 


i a 8 


JRIN SUGAR B 


FRENGH VILM( 


Werght tb. 


cs 


AR BEET, 


™~ 
\ 


SDS AOA 


RIN SU 
lb 


VILMO 


ENCH 


Pan 


ix 


eo) * 

N 

=e 

wo = 

, yf 
a 

i 

Ta 

i. 2 

~~ 


MI 
j 


| 


WHITE 


os 04 ae 
Bab 
i 
‘ 
jae 4 
ped 
f it 
y f 
Goal Oy 
' 
¢ 
a 
j 


* 


UNIVER 


a 
Ley, 


ut 


A 
z 


U 
lb S50 


l 


ht 


SIAN 


2 


X 


1 


SLE 
We 


Brs 


hon . 
. 
, ns 3s 
{ 
Par ib 
N ¥ 
‘ 
lf 4 
& . 
. As f 
. 
y 
; Ay 
e 
‘ 
2 
iy 

= \ 

‘ 
e % os 


“ LIBRARY. 
oe | OF THE 
oF UNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS 


a mee 


7 - 
- 
; ‘ 
- : 7 
i 5 
’ 
‘ 
‘ee 
re 
r 
\ 
i’ \ 
: 
, er en 
Nel 
‘ 
z . 
4 > ‘ 
ae , 
a ee a" ae 


RHEPORT 


OF THE 


EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF THE OVERSEERS. 


eas 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Hye chad eg @ Dr Ep 


_ The undersigned, appointed by this Board, a Committee for 
the visitation and examination of the Agricultural College for — 
the year 1870, do report as follows :— 


Two of the Committee, Messrs. Goodman and Stone, have 
visited the college at the end of each term, and have given 
close attention to the examinations, and have also examined in 
detail the results of the operations on the farm, and all other 
matters of importance connected with the institution, while 
Professor Agassiz, owing to sickness, has only visited Amherst 
incidentally during the summer. The examinations of the 
students in classes have been upon agriculture, horticulture, 
botany, physiology, chemistry, geology, mental and kindred 
sciences; and we have witnessed the military drills, and observed 
with gratification the topographical drawings by the students. 
Having had a previous knowledge of many of the young 
men, we are convinced that the system of instruction is well 
calculated for the ends in view, and that the students are mak- 
ing commendable progress in their studies, and that the several 
professors are not only accomplished in their respective-depart- 
ments, but earnest and thorough in the’ prosecution of their 
duties. 

The leading object, of course, in this institution, in compli- 
ance with the Act of Congress, to which it owes part of its 
endowment, is to teach such branches of learning as are related 
to agriculture, and to include military tactics, and it seems to 
us, that the course of study and instruction laid down is 
eminently in consonance with that object, and that the sciences 
taught are with pointed reference to the, uses of the farm. 


71.) SENATE—No. 75. 83 


The theory of scientific agriculture is thoroughly taught, and 
the application of such knowledge is made on the farm under the 
direction of the professor in that department, who is a practical 
farmer ; and all students are compelled to work at the details of 
husbandry, so that manual labor becomes a valuable adjunct to 
mental application. Chemistry, botany, physiology and zodlogy 
are, of course, invaluable to the farmer in regard to the analysis 
of soils, the use of manures, the food of animals, the growth of 
grains and fruits, the anatomy and physiology of animals, and 
the conditions and habits of destructive insects ; and mathemat- 
ics and civil engineering, in the use of the chain, compass and 
level, are almost equally necessary. Specialties, such as logic, 
mental and moral philosophy, political economy, English litera- 
ture and modern languages, must also to.some extent be 
embraced within the curriculum of any educational institu- 
tion of a high order. Without entering at all into the dis- 
cussion as to the value of classical learning in an ordinary 
course of education, and without intending to cast a doubt 
upon the utility of such studies to develop the mind and heart, 
exalt the aspirations and improve the taste, it is enough to say 
that they are not absolutely necessary in agricultural colleges, 
and that during the period (none too long) in which the stu- 
dents are passing through the course as laid out, there is none 
too much time devoted to the more special studies appertain- 
ing to the direct object of the institution. 

As the Act of Congress especially includes military tactics as 
a leading branch to be taught in all colleges receiving the 
bounty of the nation, and without expense to the State, and 
details an accomplished officer to instruct the classes in such 
tactics, it may appear supererogatory to say more upon the 
subject ; but your Committee cannot refrain from alluding to 
the interest which all the young men take in the drills, the 
evident beneficial effect upon their bearing and health, and the 
value of the accomplished soldiers and officers thus made for 
the future service of the Commonwealth, in the event of another 
call to send forth her sons for herself or the nation. Were 
no other result accomplished by this institution the money of 
the Commonwealth could be no more judiciously expended, and 
yet this instruction is but an incident to the regular course. 


a! ae AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — (Feb. 


The two members of your Committee who have visited the 
college have, as before stated, given special attention to the 
farm, both on account of the criticisms current regarding it, and 
because to one of said Committee, at least, the farm is the major 
part of the premises. At our first visit last winter certain parts 
of the barn adjuncts were in admired disorder, owing to the 
violence of the gales in the fall and the inundation of the cel- 
lar. For the latter reason the manure could not be properly 
composted, nor were the cattle above so arranged and bedded 
as seemed right in the eyes of the more advanced farmers ; but 
under the personal direction of the farm superintendent, who 
brings to his work, not only muscle, but intelligence of a high 
order, the proper remedies were applied to these disorders, and, 
with the exception of a restoration of the cattle-sheds in the 
yard, to rebuild which there are uo funds, everything about 
those premises is in good keeping, and the excellence of the 
crops, taken from the fields in which this imperfectly composted 
manure was mingled, attests a careful culture. And it must 
not be forgotten that this was the’ first season in which the 
whole force of the farm, especially the teams, could be applied 
to its development, the appropriations by the legislature of money 
to erect buildings having been always made at the beginning of 
the farming season. And your Committee in this connection 
desire to correct what they regard as a popular error, viz., that 
the college should possess a model farm, like a Dutch garden, 
complete and formal in every part. On the contrary, we think 
it should be a working farm, on which all experiments may be 
tried, and if necessary, over and over again, that the students 
may take part in all kinds of agricultural labor ; but, of course, 
a main object should be to grow profitable crops, and to plant, 
cultivate and harvest them in the best manner and condition. | 
It is desirable, also, that more attention should be given to the 
garden, and the students be early taught the value of so impor- 
tant a part of the farm, and we trust that out of the first appro- 
priations of money for the college, a sufficient sum may be 
applied to the erection of suitable forcing beds for the pro- 
duction of early vegetables, by which, not only can the pupils 
be instructed in one of the most profitable branches of agricul- 
ture, but no inconsiderable revenue could: be derived from the 
sale of the products in the vicinity of the college. veal 


1871.) SENATE—No. 75. 85 


The farm is now well stocked with cattle, a large proportion 
of which are thoroughbreds, and though purchased at reason- 
able rates fairly represent the various breeds. They are stabled 
and bedded comfortably, and the manure made by their means 
and the matter composted with it will enable such enriching 
to be given to the soil, that the farm products must necessarily, 
under proper cultivation, yield hereafter largely in excess of 
previous seasons. In addition, a valuable young stock will soon 
be growing up, and the cattle of the vicinity, and through it that 
of the State, will be continually improved by the use of the 
bulls, whose services are afforded at such reasonable rates as to 
give no excuse for the least prosperous farmer to degrade his 
stock by breeding to inferior ones. These pure-bred animals 
were put in competition with many others of the same class at 
one of the large exhibitions in the State the past fall, at which 
one of your Committee was present, and received a due share 
of admiration and premiums. | 

From what we could learn from the students who take their 

meals at the boarding-house we infer that they consider the 
board as good as can be afforded for the moderate price charged, 
and if we should suggest any alterations as to details it would 
be to reduce the amount of meat and add more largely vegeta- 
bles and farinaceous food, and especially unbolted wheat bread, 
and, in lieu of pastry, substitute fruits of the season. But under 
the present system the person who hires the boarding-house, 
_and is limited as to the price which he shall charge the students 
who board with him, cannot be expected to do more than give a 
fair equivalent for such price ; and probably as the products of 
the farm increase, the trustees who have the oversight of this 
| matter and are not blind to its importance will contrive some 
‘ plan by which the students may have a greater variety at the 
_ minimum price. But as long as the energetic president of the 
college has any old apple-trees on the farm to be cut down or 
_ any other active employment for the young men, there will not - 
be much complaint from them about their food, if it is abundant 
___ and of good quality. It must not, however, be forgotten that 
_ the only mode of providing board for such students as are unable 
_ to pay but a small price is by some such regulations as are now 
_ enforced on the person keeping the house, and that it is optional 
_ with other students whether they board there or elsewhere. 


86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


We commend to the consideration of the trustees the sugges- 
tions of the Committee of last year as to the boarding-house 
being run under their directions, and have no doubt they will 
come to a conclusion in consonance with the best interests of 
the students and the college. 

‘No man,” said Jefferson, ‘ever repented of having eaten 
too little.” Students will hardly subscribe to this axiom; but 
they do not desire, nor should they have, during their life at 
college, aught but plain, wholesome fare, similar to what they 
had at home. Upon a review of our examination of the college — 
and the farm, we are satisfied that great improvements haye 
been and are being made in all the departments, that the stu- 
dents are not only well taught the theory of the various 
sciences in the class-rooms, but are practically instructed in the 
laboratory, in the field, the garden and the drill-room. The 
future usefulness of the pupils in agriculture is also held up 
prominently to their eyes, and the kindred sciences taught are 
necessary adjuncts to its full development, and no more special 
attention. is bestowed upon them than is necessary for such 
purpose. 

It is too late to re-open the question as to the necessity of 
educating the farming community for its own sake as well as 
for the sake of all other classes. To the rural population we 
must look for the substratum of all society, and from it come 
not only those who provide the material means for the subsist- 
ence of all others, but from its ranks are recruited the greater 
proportion of the most reliable business and professional men, — 
and useful and efficient women. This class of society should be 
able to furnish the best possible material in the future, as it has 
in the past, for. the use of the State, but as its prosperity has not 
increased in the same proportion as that of others it cannot care 
for itself, even as formerly, when the pinchings of parental 
economy, the savings of fraternal and sisterly affection, scarce 
_ sufficed to educate one member of the family; and now that 
education in other institutions has become so costly, farmers’ 
sons can only be instructed in institutions adapted to their _ 
means and objects. + 

Whether or no special institutions can educate Coa 
_turists, and whether the business of farming can be conducted 


1871.] SENATE—No. 75. 87 


scientifically, and to the profit of the farmer and the nation, 
are questions of the past. The hundreds of agricultural 
schools in Europe attest the avidity with which more thorough 
knowledge—of the natural laws which govern the growth of 
crops and the atmospheric changes, of the habits, anatomy and 
diseases of domestic animals, of the principles of mechanics 
applicable to farm implements and machinery, and of many other 
things, not possible to be learned without special instruction— 
is sought; and the result of such instruction has been shown 
by the greatly increased production of the soil in those coun- 
tries which foster these institutions. 

With the aid of a national grant, the State of Massachusetts 
has initiated an institution to promote the education of the most 
prominent and numerous industrial class in the Commonwealth, 
and so far as the experiment has progressed it is a success. It 
is not, however, complete, for the original scheme of providing 
buildings for four classes has not been perfected, and until that 
is done it cannot be said that the spirit of the original grant nor 

the intentions of the organizers of the institution have been 
carried out; and, if the experiment should by any possibility now 
fail, it would be owing, not to any lack of applications from the 
class whose instruction is had in view, nor from any want of 
energy or ability on the part of the trustees, presidents or teach- 

ers of the college, but solely from a want of accommodations . 
for the tendered pupils. No educated and interested observer 
of this institution can fail to note that a four-years’ course is 
barely sufficient to perfect the students in the necessary learn- 
ing for the objects in view ; and that, if sufficient accommoda- 
tions are afforded, the college will be filled by large classes, 
while, as the number of pupils increases, the expenses of the 
institution will be met by a corresponding increase of resources. 
We hope to see this institution put upon a complete and solid 
footing. At present, since it has no wealthy alumni to appeal to, 
and the people for whose sonsyits instruction is intended are, in 
_ the main, of very moderate means, its only reliance is, in the 
_ + outset of its career, upon the beneficence of the whole commu- 
_ nity represented in the legislature, and we do not believe that 
_ community will desire that an experiment which has been so 
_ far successful shall now fail for need of that support which, 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Feb. ’71. 


if not expressly promised, was impliedly vouched for at its 
inception. 

At the proper time, we trust a professorship of veterinary 
science will be added to the college, and the diseases and treat- 
ment of the horse and other domestic animals be so taught 
that we shall have a class of men among us qualified to treat 
the ills of those animals in a scientific and humane manner, and 
the present system of quackery and inhumanity be abolished. 


LOUIS AGASSIZ. 
RICHARD GOODMAN. 
ELIPHALET STONE. 


2 
e 
: 
‘ 

: 

h 
Be g 
ys 5 
oe 

3 

e 


Hs ar 


ia ae 


BS puiverss . g ILLINOIS 


- 
= 
\ 
' 
’ 
‘ 
= 
4 - 
, om 
A hes 
= 
4 = 
F ° 
= , 
r ; 
i 
4 ‘ 
~ 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


SENATE...... dvaasesNQ. LOG. 


NINTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


TRUSTEES 


‘OF «THE 


VWlassoehnsetts Aavieuttnat College 


JANUARY, | 1872. 


BOSTON: 


WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
79 MitK STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL). 


1872. 


NA 
4 
- 
. 
se . 
hau 
sys ri . 
ya 
y ‘ 
\ia - } 
i 
~ 
’ . ‘ 
i 
{ 
‘ 
# , ' 


Pe IAIN 
ig 4 
Past fhe tah 


t, AY & 5 J i 
sun? Yo 308 
ert hss Ne ANS Wh Hy 
es os Tae | 
Isiae DMG ed eh ew 


fee, coeu 
ELT: 


INDEX. 


Report of Trustees, . 4 5 : - : : - - : é 8 
Legislation of 1871, . : - F > - . ‘ . : ° 11 
Graduation Day, : ° : ; i : : : ° ‘ P 12 


Regatta, e e e e ° e e e e e e e 16 
Faculty and Be its, ce cP ete. NY, eee 
Pioneer Scholarship, , $ - ; . : A . ; ; 18 


Horticultural Department, . : ; ‘ ‘ : . . 19 
College Farm, . ; 2 a : 3 ‘ Br) Wate: 3 sit aN 
Beet Sugar, = : : : - : : : , : : : 24 
Conclusion of Report of Trustees, 5 3 : : : : 28 
Report of Prof. C. A. Goessmann on Sugar an : eT 3 31 
Report of Farm Superintendent, J. C. Dillon, : ; ‘ : 65 
Catalogue of Officers and Students, : a ‘ ; s ; 83 
Course of Study and Instruction, . A . é : A : e 92 
a ear 
Admission, ; : , : ? . s : a ‘ 3 ‘ 94 
Expenses, . : : : ; s A : : : < : ° 95 
Remarks on Course of Study, . : : 3 < : : é A 95 
Regulations, . ‘ ; : . ° ‘ ° . . ; . 96 
Books, Apparatus and Museums, . 3 é . ° 2 ‘ 97 
Financial Statement, and Treasurer’s Report, A | ' “ : 98 
Gifts, . ‘ ‘ ; ‘ : : - - . . : : « | 102 
Meteorological Observations for 1871, . ; . ° . : 208 


iw 
. 


en 


¢ 


er 


V4 

ASA 
2 

ab3 

iM Ty : 

ee. ’ 

“ 


r ene | ile Week ae ee LL eae. 
. dagell, shone Th: bag 


Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, BOSTON, February 12, 1872. 
To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives: 


_ [have the honor to transmit herewith for the information of 
the General Court, and such disposition as may seem advisable, 
the ninth annual report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts 
Agricultural Collége, with accompanying documents. 


W. B. WASHBURN. 


> 
7 
A rttiey SEE POL HERTS Re 
a ts . Arg ian cab ‘ ot j , 2 , ip ‘gs Vai 


Mart Cee. 


fieiel 


Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 


AMHERST, February 7, 1872. 
To His Excellency WILLIAM B. WASHBURN. 


Sir:—I have the honor herewith to transmit to “the Goy- 
ernor and Council,” in accordance with the requirement of 
chapter 378 of the General Laws of 1871, the ninth annual re- 
port of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 


W. 8S. CLARK, President. 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council: 


The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 
respectfully present the following Report for the year 1871. 

A beneficent Providence has bestowed extraordinary prosper- 
ity upon the College during the past twelve months. Its prop- 
erty has been largely increased, its facilities for instruction 
multiplied, its faculty strengthened by the addition of able men, 


its students more numerous and faithful than ever before, and, 


while it has received much commendation at home, its unquali- 
fied success has acquired for it a favorable reputation throughout 
the entire country. 

These results are largely due to the kind offices of His Excel- 
lency Governor Claflin, who has uniformly exerted his influence 
in favor of the institution. The following extract from his mes- 
sage to the legislature of 1871 evinces a hearty and intelligent 
appreciation of its object, plan, and requirements :— | 


“The Agricultural College has steadily grown in importance and 
in the confidence of the public. The number of students already 
admitted and the number presenting themselves for admission, each 
year, show clearly that there was a demand for such an institution 
in the community. An impartial examination of the curriculum of 
studies must convince any candid man that it is eminently caleu- 
lated to meet the practical wants of the present time. This college 
affords an opportunity for any young man to study the natura] 
sciences, and fit himself, at the same time, by daily observation and 
labor for the pursuit of agriculture. It gives him a thorough course 
of instruction in English literature; he is obliged to study military 
tactics and to practise them daily, so that, when he is graduated, he 
is well qualified for military duty and command. So far as the 


ve ee ee 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. 9 


classes have gone on, they show good proficiency, and it is confi- 
dently expected by the friends of the institution that the class, 
which is to be graduated this year, will compare favorably with 
classes in our other colleges in the studies which they have pursued. 
The expenses of the course in this college are not large, and it is 
the aim of the trustees to bring them within the reach of any young 
man of enterprise and energy who desires to obtain an education 
which will fit him for the active labors of life. The practical value 
of the College will be more apparent hereafter, and its friends firmly 
believe that the day is not far distant when a large number of stu- 
' dents will be in attendance, and that it deserves and should receive 
the fostering care of the State. Give it means to educate three 
hundred students, and it is expected that it will be of no further 
expense to the Commonwealth, but become self-sustaining, and that 
then, like other colleges, needed improvements will be furnished by 
the beneficence of the wealthy, aided by the strong support of the 
alumni who will be graduated from year to year.” 


By a resolve of the legislature of 1870, the secretary of the 
board of education and the secretary of the board of agricult- 
ure were directed to devise a plan, if practicable, by which the 
College might, without expense to the Commonwealth, be recog- 
nized as an independent institution in analogy with other col- 
leges in the Commonwealth, and to inquire whether the term of 
study in said College should not be reduced; and report to the 
next general court. The obvious intent of this inquiry was to 
limit, if possible, the growth of the College, and to prevent 
the full development of the plan which had been unanimously 
adopted by the trustees, with the approval of the governor and 
council. The thanks of all the friends of agricultural educa- 
tion are due to Hon. Joseph White, the efficient secretary of the 
board of education, for the earnest and able investigation which 
he gave this subject, and for his valuable report to the last legis- 
lature (House—No. 420), in which he was cordially seconded 
by Secretary Flint. After a thorough review of all previous 
legislation, the conclusion is reached that the State has assumed 
the following obligations :— 


“First. To establish an institution with such needful equipment 
of lands, buildings, books, apparatus, and teachers, as shall enable 
it to furnish the education, both in kind and degree, which the act 

2 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


of Congress and the idea conveyed in the term ‘Agricultural Col- 
lege’ imply. 

“Second. To furnish to the institution thus endowed, either by 
annual grants or by permanent endowment, sufficient means in addi- 
tion to the congressional fund for its continued cxistence in a health- 
ful, working condition. 

“ Until these obligations are reasonably and fairly discharged, it 
is not ‘practicable’ to sever the connection between the College 
and the Commonwealth, and withhold from it further aid, in con- 
sistency with that character for good faith which it has ever been 
the pride and glory of her people to maintain. - : 

“The act of Congress already quoted declares the ‘leading ob- 
ject to be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, to 
teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and 
the mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical 
education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and pro- 
fessions of life.’ These are noble words, worthy of the legislators 
of a great and free people. Their meaning is clear and need not be 
mistaken. They propose to elevate labor from the dust and drudg- 
ery of unintelligent toil to that higher condition which intelligence 
creates. They would add to the practical training which is essen- 
tial to success in the several industries of the country, that broad 
and liberal culture which will raise them to the rank of ‘ professions 
in life.’ They would aid in training the young men to become not 
simply skilled artisans and tillers of the soil, but also the intelligent 
members of a free state, competent to form and give free expression 
to just opinions relating to the rights and duties of citizenship. 

“It seems, therefore, plain to us that with any considerable re- 
duction the prescribed course of a study would fall far short of that 
liberal culture which this act contemplates. 

“Moreover, it will not be denied that the Agricultural College 
should hold an equal rank with the other technical schools which 
have shared in the bounty of the Commonwealth, whose courses of 
study cover a period of four years, and are fully equal to that of 
the College in respect to the scientific and general culture which 
they afford. . | 

“‘ Another consideration which has great weight with the trustees 
arises from the necessity of adapting the terms of admission to the 
average attainments of the young men desiring to enter the College, 
when they should reach the proper age to be admitted. Living as 
they do in the country, and for the most part enjoying only the 
advantages of the common schools, it was at once seen that the 
terms of admission must be such as can be met by boys of sixteen 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 11 


or seventeen years of age who have made good use of such school 
privileges as are within their reach, and that the higher terms for 
admission which the other colleges prescribe would exclude from 
this the larger number of those for whose benefit it was established. 
A course of four years, therefore, becomes a practical necessity, in 
order that the student may complete with tolerable success the 
scientific and practical education which it is the special design of 
the College to give. 

“The recommendations of the report are: First. That the sum 
of $50,000 be granted to the trustees of the Agricultural College, 
to be expended in the erection of an additional building, and in 
otherwise completing its establishment. 

“Second. That the sum of $150,000 be added to the fund de- 
rived from the congressional grant, entitled ‘The Fund for the 
promotion of Education in Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts,’ 
the income thereof to be appropriated according to existing law. 

“ Third. That the act incorporating the Agricultural College, 


with the amendments thereto, be so altered and amended as to give 


the trustees the power to fill the vacancies which may occur in their 
number, but retaining therein those who represent the Common- 
wealth as ex officio members, and also retaining the board of agri- 


culture as a board of overseers, with such powers as they now 


possess.” 


Through the judicious and zealous efforts of Hon. Richard 
Goodman, Calvin R. Taft, Esq., and other friends of the College, 
the following laws were enacted by the last legislature :-— 


RESOLVES in relation to the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

Resolved, That the sum of fifty thousand dollars be allowed 
and paid out of the treasury to the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, to be expended by the trustees for the payment of all 
existing debts of the College, and all current expenses of the same 
not otherwise provided for, and the residue to be applied toward 
the erection of necessary buildings. 

Resolved, That there be paid from the treasury into the perpet- 
ual fund, created by virtue of the provisions of chapter one hundred 
and sixty-six of the acts of the year eighteen hundred and sixty- 
three, and entitled “'The Fund for the promotion of Education in 
Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts,” a sum sufficient to increase 
said fund so that it shall amount in the whole to three hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars, the income whereof shall be paid as pro- 
vided by existing laws. [Approved May 26, 1871. 


9 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_—_[F eb. 


An Act to amend the Act incorporating the Massachusetts hea yore: 
Be it enacted, g§-c., as follows: 

Sect. 1. Chapter two hundred and twenty of the acts of the 
year eighteen hundred and sixty-three, entitled “An Act to incor- 
por ate the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural eh 
is hereby amended, to wit: 

Strike from the first section thereof the sacl ag s(hnedisit 
vacancies shall occur in the’ board of trustees, the legislature shall 
fill the same,” and substitute therefor the words, “also from time to 
time to elect new members.” 

Strike the last sentence from the fifth section and substitute 
therefor the following: “The College shall furnish to the gov- 
ernor and council a copy of the annual report of its operations.” 

Sct. 2. This act shall take effect upon its passage. [ Approved 
May 26, 1871. 


¢ me 


GRADUATION Day. 


The closing exercises of the college year occurred July 17, 
18 and 19, and were of an exceedingly interesting character. 
Among the numerous distinguished visitors of the occasion 
may be enumerated the following, viz.: His Excellency Gov- 
ernor Claflin, with several members of his Council and Staff, 
Hon. Justin S. Morrill of Vermont, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, 
Dr. George B. Loring, Professor Agassiz, President-P. A. Chad- 
bourne, Hon. Joseph White, Hon. Charles L. Flint, and the 
majority of the board of Trustees and Overseers. The people 
of Amherst and vicinity also entered with enthusiasm into the 
festivities of this first graduation anniversary, and manifested 
their interest not only by attending the exercises, but also by a 
brilliant illumination of the village and the avenue leading to 
the College. Gentlemen from abroad were very much impressed 
by this hearty good-will of the citizens towards the institution 
here founded by the State for the practical education of the 
people. 

Besides the secheweii oa of the several classes, which oc- 
curred on Monday and Tuesday, the principal events of the 
occasion were as follows: On Monday evening, the prize decla- 
mations were delivered by members of the three lower classes. 
On Tuesday afternoon, class-day exercises were held, and, in 
the evening, an address was given before the literary societies 
by Dr. George B. Loring, which was an eloquent review of the 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 13 


advantages resulting from the numerous applications of science 
to the affairs of common life, accompanied by a vivid picture 
of the improvements to be expected in the agricultural com- 


munity from the thorough education of farmers. After the 


address, a reception given by Governor Claflin was attended by 
several hundred persons, who were addressed by Senator Mor- 
rill, and entertained by a torchlight parade of the college cadets, 
the music of the Springfield Armory band, a brilliant display 
of fireworks, an illumination of the college buildings, and a 
midnight salute of artillery. .On Wednesday morning, the col- 
lege cadets were reviewed by the Governor, in the presence of 
many spectators, on the college campus. The public speaking 


by members of the graduating class occurred in the village, 


and was listened to by a large and appreciative audience, who 
were evidently surprised by the high degree of culture and 
manly self-reliance exhibited by the speakers.. 

Professor Agassiz was upon the platform, and, having been 
introduced to the audience as one who had been a devoted 


friend of the College from the beginning, said,— 


“He had been very solicitous in regard to the success of this 
experiment in agricultural education, but after what he had seen, 
he was entirely satisfied. Infinitely more had been done than 
could have been expected. The farmer might now be an educated 
man, the equal of the scholar and the philosopher. There need no 
longer be any difference between the education of the city and the 
country. He was particularly gratified by the methods of impart- 
ing knowledge adopted by the faculty, and was glad to see the dull 
routine of the recitation from text-books substituted by the fresh, 
practical instructions of the living teacher. He was sure all pres- 
ent would agree with him in pronouncing the College a complete 
success.” 


After the valedictory address by James Henry Morse, of 
Salem, His Excellency Governer Claflin, president of the board | 
of trustees, delivered an instructive address to the members of 
the graduating class, concluding as follows :— 


“T congratulate you on the success of your efforts to secure an 
education which will enable you to meet the responsibilities of 
life with high honor. With the concurrence of your instructors, 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


the trustees, and especially these visiting friends, among them 
Professor Agassiz, whose love of science is only equalled by his love 
of humanity, and who is chiefly interested in the success of this insti- 
tution because he believes it a new instrument for the elevation of 
man, I may now assure the people of the Commonwealth that their 
highest expectations have been fully realized, and that they can 
take a just pride in an institution established by their authority 
and sustained by their munificent appropriations. Being the first 
graduates, much will be expected of you, not in the brilliancy of 
your performances, but in the faithfulness with which you serve 
the public in such occupations as you may follow. 

“The friends of the College have every confidence in its future, 
but you can greatly add to their number, and increase its influence, 
by maintaining an unswerving integrity and unselfish devotion to 
duty. 
“These degrees are conferred upon you with the cordial sip witins 
tion of the authorities of the College, for they feel that nis have 
faithfully followed their instructions. 

“The friends of the College congratulate you upon the success 
which has attended your efforts, and you have the best wishes of 
the people of this great Commonwealth, whose noble purpose in 
founding this institution you will more highly appreciate as you 
mingle in the affairs of men, and as you have a clearer perception 
of the great purposes of life. 

“ As you leave these pleasant scenes to commence your selected 
work, resolve to be true to the instructions given you here, to the 
great principles of liberty, and to the guidance of Holy Writ.” 


The president of the faculty then conferred the degree of 
bachelor of science upon the twenty-seven young men who had 
satisfactorily completed the four years’ course. The diploma 
and seal of the College have been very handsomely designed 
and engraved by Messrs. Gavit & Co., of Albany, N. ¥Y. The 
vignette of the former represents the State coat of arms, with 
arising sun in the background. On the right, is Ceres, the 
_ goddess of agriculture, seated in the midst of sheaves of wheat 
and other appropriate emblems, and, in the distance, a pleasant 
farm-house, a ploughman in the field, and a glimpse of ships on 
the ocean. On the left, is Minerva, the goddess of learning and 
of war, with scientific apparatus and military devices, and in 
the distance, the tented field. 

_ The seal is circular, and has a diameter of two inches. In ~ 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. 15 


the center is the shield of the United States, surrounded by 
flowers and fruits, and surmounted by the spread eagle, and 
around these the inscription, ‘“‘ Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 


. lege, Amherst, 1863.” 


The diploma bears the following words: ‘ The Massachusetts 
Agricultural College, in accordance with the recommendation of 
its Faculty, and by authority of the Commonwealth, hereby 
confers upon the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE, in con- 
sideration of his having completed the prescribed course of study 
and training,” and the signatures of the governor of the State and 
the president of the College, with the seal of the corporation. 

The closing exercise of this memorable anniversary was an 
historical address by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, senior member 
of the board of trustees, who has been more closely identified 
with efforts for the promotion of agricultural and horticultural 
improvement than any other American. The address was able 
and interesting, and has been published by the College as a 
valuable contribution to the history of agricultural education. 
The following extract will suffice to show the sentiments of this 


~ noble man towards the institution and the cause for which he 


has perhaps done more than any other person :— 


«‘ And here I desire for myself, and in behalf of those with whom 
I have been associated, to acknowledge the goodness of that Divine 
Providence which has prolonged our lives, and permitted us to wit- 
ness the establishment of an Agricultural College in Massachusetts. 

“Tt is not often that the projectors of like enterprises are permit- 
ted to reap the harvest of their sowing. Soon, all of those who 
twenty years ago were banded together for the promotion of agri- 
cultural education in this State, will have gone to their reward; 
but I esteem it as among the choicest reminiscences of my life, that 
Ihave enjoyed the friendship of those wise and good men. I have 
climbed the summit of the hill of life, and am descending on the 


other side. Ere long I shall reach the valley below, and be buried 


in the bosom of my mother earth; but while I live I shall labor 
with such ability as I possess, to promote the welfare of this Col- 
lege, and the good cause which we have so long had at heart. May 
this institution live on, prospering and to prosper. May it rise yet 
higher in the scale of popular favor and usefulness, sharing the good- 
will of the people, the munificence of noble-hearted men and the 
fostering care of a generous government.” 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


CoLLEGE REGATTA. 
Under ordinary circumstances, it might seem trivial to allude 
in an official report to the boating interests of an agricultural 
college, but when the chosen champions of our oldest and 


largest university are signally defeated by half a dozen farmer 


boys who have enjoyed very limited opportunities for training ; 
and when these farmers not on'y pull right away from all their 
competitors in the regatta, but actually row three miles quicker 
than any other college crew ever has, it may not be improper to 
make a note of it. At all events, the victory was one of great 
importance to the winners, and presented the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College before the public in a very favorable light. 
Multitudes in Boston and vicinity, as well asin all parts of the 
country, then for the first time became thoroughly aware of the 
existence and merit of the institution: and the beautiful prize 
banner with the words, ‘“ College Regatta” on one side, and 
“ University ’’ on the other, which now adorns its museum, will 


serve to show future generations the vigor of its early youth. 


The first regatta of the Rowing Association of American Col- 
leges occurred on the Connecticut, at Ingleside near Spring- 
field, July 21st, 1871, and was witnessed by several thousand 
interested spectators. The race was three miles straight away, 
and won in sixteen minutes and forty-six and a half seconds by 
the college crew, consisting of the following students, to wit: 
George Leonard, captain, Arthur D. Norcross, Henry B. Simpson, 
Gideon H. Allen, Fred. M. Somers and Fred. C. Eldred, stroke. 

Farming, at {baat in youth, is evidently favorable to the devel- 
opment of both brain and muscle, and the Agricultural College 
course, with its manual labor, its military drill and its out-door 


omens in engineering, botany and other branches of natural — 


history, as well as its quiet yet industrious student life, mani- 
festly tends to impart that robust strength, self-reliant courage 
and general intelligence which will enable its graduates to win 
success in the world. 


FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 
The most important changes in the corps of instructors have 
been in the departments of military tactics, mathematics and 
veterinary science. | 


i = cae = eu 


Eeiiein Sen 


=e CC 


1872.] -SENATE—No. 100. 17 


Capt. Henry EH. Alvord, who has discharged the duties of 
military professor during the past two years with marked ac- 
ceptance, has been compelled by circumstances beyond his con- 
trol to resign his commission in the army. 

Prof. Selim H. Peabody, of Chicago, Ill., has entered upon the 
business of his office, as the successor of the lamented Professor 
Miller, with energy and popularity. He has had much experi- 
ence in teaching, and is well known in the West as an author of 
good repute. He is a graduate of the University of Vermont, 
and will undoubtedly prove a most efficient and acceptable 
member of the resident faculty. 

Prof. Henry James Clark, of Lexington, Ky., has accepted 
the chair of veterinary science, and will teach zodlogy, human 
and comparative anatomy and physiology, the principles of 
breeding domestic animals, and their proper treatment in health 
and disease. Professor Clark has enjoyed the advantages of study 
at Harvard College, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge Muse- 
um of Comparative Zodlogy, and in Europe. He has been ad- 
junct professor of zodlogy at Harvard, and professor in the 
Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, and in the University of 
Kentucky. His reputation as a microscopist and an original 
investigator in the sciences to which he has devoted himself is 
of the highest order, and as he proposes now to build up an 
anatomical museum, and apply his scientific attainments to the 
establishment of a veterinary department, we may confidently 
expect in this connection results creditable and useful both to 
the College and the Commonwealth. 

The theoretical and practical instruction in agriculture has 
been given by Professor Stockbridge, and has been quite satisfac- 
tory to all parties. 

Professor Goodell has delivered a valuable course of lectures on 
English literature, and by his enthusiastic and well directed 
efforts has awakened much desire in the classes under his 
charge for literary improvement. 

In the chemical department, everything has been managed by 
Professor Goessmann with great economy, and yet with excellent 
results. The instruction has been interesting and profitable, 
and a great number of important questions, relating especially 
to commercial fertilizers and the sugar beet, have been subject- 
ed to the test of experiment. The report of the learned 

3 


18 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Feb. 


professor on the quality and value for sugar making of the 
beets raised upon the college farm the past season, which is 
herewith submitted, sufficiently attests both his industry and 
ability. | 

Professor Parker has had charge of the moral and religious in- 
struction of the college, and the special training of the senior 
class in mental philosophy and original declamation. If the 
general good behavior of the students and the appearance of 
the graduating class at the last anniversary be taken as speci- 
mens of his work, he may well be considered a successful 
teacher. 

Courses of lectures have been given upon particular topics dur- 
ing the year past by the following non-resident lecturers, viz. : 
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Hon. Joseph White, Dr. George B. 
Emerson, Dr. George B. Loring, Hon. Charles G. Davis, Dr. S. 
J. Parker, Alonzo Bradley, Hsq., Prof. HE. S. Snell, Prof. Edward 
Hitchcock, M. F. Dickinson, Jr., Hsq., and Prof. Richard H. 
Mather. Many of these lectures were exceedingly valuable, and 
yet none of the gentlemen named_ received more than a mere 
nominal sum for their services, several refused all compensation 
beyond their traveling expenses, and some declined even this. 

- The number of students in 1871 has been one hundred and 
sixty-six, Or many more than in any previous year. The larger 
part of them are from Massachusetts, but there are representa- 
tives from twelve other States of the Union as well as from 
Spain and Japan. Every county in the Commonwealth is rep- 
resented except Nantucket. There has been no hazing of fresh- 
men, and no collision between classes, and very little, if any, 
wanton destruction of public property. The students as a body 
are quite remarkable for their industry, fidelity, economy and 
gentlemanly conduct. 


PIONEER SCHOLARSHIP OF 1871. 


The class which graduated July 19th, at their parting supper, 
voted to establish a perpetual scholarship amounting to $72 per — 
annum, to be called the “ Pioneer Scholarship of 1871,” and 
to be awarded to that student of the freshman class who should 
comply with the following conditions, to wit: ‘The successful 
competitor must maintain a rank in scholarship above ninety ; 
his deportment mark must be one hundred, and he must have 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 19 


no unexcused absences. If no one attains so high a standard, 
the faculty are to select the one who comes the nearest to it. 
The student to whom the award is made must not receive any 
other scholarship, but shall retain this for four years, provided 
he keeps his high standing to the satisfaction of the faculty.” 

It is an interesting fact that there are now in the freshman 
class three competitors for this prize who rank 95, 96, and 982, 
whose deportment is perfect, and who have no unexcused absences. 
The award is to be made at the end of the freshman year. 


HortIcULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The Durfce plant house is now in charge of Mr. Willard C. 
Ware, a graduate of the College, and its contents are in good 
condition. The building has been thoroughly repaired and 
painted, and is well stocked with about one thousand species 
and varieties of plants. Among them may be found many of 
special interest to the student of botany, and others of econom- 
ical importance in tropical countries, as well as all such as are 
commonly cultivated under glass for ornament. The most val- 
uable addition recently made to this department is a collection 
of sixty-seven species of rare trees and shrubs, raised in the 
public garden at Washington, D. C., and presented to the Col- 
lege by William Saunders, Esq., the accomplished superintend- 
ent. 

Among the interesting fruits which have ripened in the plant 
_ house during the past year may be enumerated those of the 
orange, the lemon, the guava, the fig, the pineapple, the grana- 
dilla, the banana, the seaside grape, the prickly pear, the coffee, 
the tea, the sago cycas and many others. 

A large number of fruit, flowering, and forest trees and 
shrubs have been raised in the nursery either from seed or by 
budding, and several hundred of suitable size have been trans- 
planted to form hedges and orchards, or for ornament and shade. ° 
A portion of the ground designed for an arboretum has been 
planted with potatoes and partially prepared for its intended use. 
_ The vineyard has been well cared for and will doubtless produce 
a large quantity of grapes the coming season. 

About one hundred species of fodder plants were grown in 
contiguous patches under the direction of Mr. S. T. Maynard, 
of the senior class, and specimens collected for the Knowlton 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Feb. 


herbarium. The same gentleman has also made several hun- 
dred drawings to illustrate systematic botany, and prepared in a 
very superior manner models of more than one hundred varieties 
of fruit, choice specimens of which were kindly sent by Mr. Saun- 
ders from Washington, by Colonel Wilder from Boston, and by 
Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry from Rochester, N. Y. 

There is a great need of money for the further development 
of this department. 

The plant house should be completed according to the origi- 
nal design to give more room for the general collection and 
especially for the trees, several of which are already too large for 
the present building. There is also urgent want of glass struct- 
ures for propagating purposes, for growing early vegetables, and 
especially for warm and cold graperies and orchard houses. 
Until these are furnished, it will be impossible to give the stu- 
dents suitable instruction in horticulture, and prepare them to 
take charge of the gardens and plant houses of wealthy persons 
who would be glad to employ them, after graduation, at good 
wages. The last-named improvements would cost but a few 
thousand dollars, and would give a large return of income from 
the sale of the plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables produced. 
A wise expenditure in this direction would. render this depart- 
ment self-supporting and relieve the treasury from a heavy 
annual draft. 

It is also hoped that some wealthy friend of the College will 
soon generously provide the fund of $50,000 necessary to the 
proper maintenance of the botanic garden.and aboretum. Much 
has been already accomplished in the preliminary work. of pre- 
paring plans, and in underdraining and otherwise fitting the 
ground, which is admirably suited to the object in view. If 
such a fund could be obtained for the horticultural depart- 
ment, and a similar one for the agricultural, many valuable 
results would follow. The College would thus be developed in 
the right direction and rendered obviously peculiar among our 
educational institutions ; indigent students could be provided 
. with remunerative employment, and experiments of the utmost 
value to the Commonwealth might be constantly carried forward 
under the most favorable conditions for success. 


ee EE 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 21 


THE CoLLEGE Farm. 

The agricultural operations of the year have been well man- 
aged by Superintendent John C. Dillon, whose annual report 
herewith submitted contains a statement of what has been under- 
taken and accomplished in this most important department of 


- the College. While with larger expenditures more satisfactory 


results might have been attained, it will still be evident to any 
candid observer that great improvements have been made in 
several directions. ‘The conveniences for the care of neat stock, 
sheep, swine and poultry have been largely increased at a cost 
of nearly $5,000. The thoroughbred animals have been multi- 
plied by natural increase, by purchase and by gift, until there 
may now be seen under one roof excellent representatives of 
seven imported breeds of cattle. The general appearance of the 


estate has been improved by the removal of most of the worth- 


less apple-trees, unsightly stumps, hedge rows and boulders 
which had not in former years disappeared under the vigorous 
assaults of successive classes of freshmen. The roads and 
walks have been graveled anew and kept in fine order. The 
cultivated fields have been well cleaned of weeds and yielded 
remunerative crops. Some ditches have been opened, but less 
tile laid than in former years, in consequence of the large 
amount of labor required in laying one thousand feet of aque- 
duct pipe, and in grading during the autumn months. 

The great difficulty in the way of the most successful man- 
agement of the college farm is the want of active capital, which 
is the one chief hinderance to really profitable agriculture 
throughout the Commonwealth. Prof. George H. Cook, of the 
New Jersey Agricultural College, who has recently made a tour 
of observation in Europe, asserts that the active capital ofa 
farmer should equal the value of his farm. Nothing in English 
agriculture more surprises an American than the extraordinary 
expenditures of money which are everywhere indulged in, even 
by tenant farmers, in the management of lands. 

This is well illustrated in the case of Mr. James Campbell, of 
Buscot Park in Berkshire, England, who undertook an experi- 
ment in the cultivation of the sugar beet the past season. 
Knowing that root crops delight in a deep and mellow soil, he 
plowed 1,600 acres for his beet field, and with a subsoil plow 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Feb. 


stirred it thoroughly to the depth of three feet. Well under- 
standing that coal was cheaper than grain, and steam power 
therefore cheaper than horse power, he began his preparations 
for business by the purchase of four steam-plows of thirty-horse 
power each. These cost him more than $30,000, but they pul- 
verized his land to the depth of a yard at the rate of four acres 
per hour, the total expense being fifty cents per acre. He then 
harrowed it by steam, using harrows with teeth twelve inches 
in length, and so fitted his land for beets. Then fully assured 
that he should have a crop, he expended more than $100,000 for 
buildings and machinery to manufacture it on his own premises, 
and is now said to be feeding the refuse to 2,500 neat cattle and 
12,000 sheep. 

The farmers of Great Britain now use 38,000 steam-plows, 
costing about $7,500 each, and probably spend more money for 
commercial fertilizers, deep culture, thorough drainage and 
irrigation, every year, than ever has been expended for these 
purposes in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It is evident, 
therefore, that much money must be constantly employed in the 
wise management of the college farm. The $75,000 already 
expended for land, buildings, stock, implements and improve- 
ments, have merely served to prepare the way for active opera- 
tions. These cannot be profitably carried on without a liberal 
use of capital, and the annual receipts for produce sold must be 
very small so long as the annual appropriations are on the same 
scale. : 

The numerous economical applications of steam in agricult- 
ure render it very desirable that the College should be 
provided with steam machinery for plowing and harrowing, for 
threshing and grinding grain, for cutting fuel, lumber and fod- 
der, and for cooking roots and steaming food for stock. Such 
mechanical operations would not only furnish useful and instruct- 
ive employment to many indigent students, but would also 
serve to awaken an interest in the whole subject of steam on 
the farm in the minds of all who should visit the College. Be- 
sides doing the work at home, a steam-plow would find abun- _ 
dant occupation on the unfenced and level diluvial plains and 
alluvial meadows of the adjoining towns. It would be exceed- 
ingly interesting to see what effects could be produced upon the 


clayey hardpan, which underlies a large portion of the land in 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. 23 


Amherst, by means of a powerful steam-engine, and it is 
earnestly to be hoped the experiment may be tried at no distant 
day on the college estate. It can hardly be doubted that if the 
generally shallow soil of Massachusetts could by judicious sub- 
soiling and plowing be gradually increased in depth, it would 
not only produce much larger crops in favorable seasons, but 
would be enabled to withstand much better than at present the 
disastrous droughts which so often blast the hopes of the 
farmer. While there are many portions of the State which are 
too hilly or rocky for the steam-plow, there are many others, 
including all the best tillage lands, where there are no serious 
obstacles, except the multitude of fences and the small size of 
the farms. The sooner a large part of the old fences are used 
for fuel the better, and the number of enclosures actually need- 
ed, even with our present style of farming, is much less than 
commonly supposed. The codperative system in regard to agri- 
cultural machinery, which has been adopted by the farmers of 
Framingham, might be applied profitably to the use of steam- 
plows. In England, some landlords now furnish a steam-plow 
for the use of their tenants, and charge for plowing a sufficient 
price per acre to meet the running expenses, the cost of repairs 
and the interest on the first outlay. <A plow costing $7,500, 
will easily turn over, to any desired depth, thirty acres per day 
of ordinary soil, and will do the work quicker, better and much 
cheaper than is possible by any other means. 

At a recent trial of steam machinery for farm use under the 
auspices of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, there 
were no less than ten competitors, and the first prize for plows 
was taken by Messrs. Fowler & Co., who have been manufactur- 
ing for fifteen years the Fowler steam-plow. With a machine 
of twenty-horse power they plowed four acres in an hour to the 
depth of fifteen inches. 

Will not some one of the wealthy gentlemen who are spend- 
ing money so freely in importing stock, erecting expensive 
_ barns, or beautifying old farms at great cost, purchase for ex- 
perimental use at the College, one set of the most approved 
steam machinery for plowing, harrowing, rolling, ditching, 
clearing fields of stumps, stones, etc., in order that we may 
have an opportunity to learn what advantages are to be derived 
from the employment of the best now made, and that Yankee 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


ingenuity may have a chance to study and remedy whatever is 
defective ? 
BEET SuGaR. 


The cultivation of the sugar beet for the manufacture of 
sugar, has been made the subject of much experiment and 
study at the College during the past year. One hundred 
pounds of recently imported seed of the best French and Ger- 
man varieties were obtained from the Beet Sugar Company in 
Sauk County, Wisconsin, early in the season. Five acres were 
cultivated on the college farm, and seed distributed to various 
localities in the State, with the view of testing the adaptation 
of the crop to our soil and climate. The cost of cultivation 
under favorable circumstances could not be determined, from 
the total want of suitable machinery, which it is designed to 
import from Germany for use the coming season. The results 
which have been attained by Professor Goessmann and his 
assistants with great difficulty from the lack of suitable appa- 
ratus, are ‘exceedingly gratifying and perfectly conclusive, so 
far as the practicability of an economical production of sugar in 
Massachusetts is concerned. The beets grown were of good 
shape, with a very firm flesh, and the juice obtained was rich 
in saccharine matter, and free from any excess of injurious 
substances. Sugar was manufactured in every form desirable, 
such as white coffee, granulated and loaf, of the finest quality. 
Samples of the brown sugar sent to refiners in Boston and New 
York were pronounced of superior grade, worth from eight 
to nine cents per pound. With skillful cultivation and man- 
ufacture there would be little difficulty in obtaining one ton of 
sugar per acre on the better class of tillage lands in Massachu- 
setts. 30,000 acres would supply each of her inhabitants with 
forty pounds per annum. There are cultivated in the State 
60,000 acres of corn, and the total value of the crop averages 
only forty dollars per acre. Would it not be better to spend 
the $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 now sent to Cuba for sugar in 


producing our supply at home? We should thus furnish em- . 


ployment to more laborers in summer, and create a new branch 
of manufacturing industry which would afford pleasant and 
profitable work in winter. Sugar is a delicious and most 


desirable article of food, the demand for which increases in 


proportion to the advancement of nations in wealth and civili- 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 25 


zation. In the year 1700, only 10,000 tons were used in Great 
Britain, but in 1870, the importation of sugar amounted to 
600,000 tons. The consumption of sugar in the United States 
was fifteen per cent. greater in 1871 than in 1870, and 
amounted in the ageregate to 700,000 tons, for which the people 
paid more than $100,000,000 in gold, -besides the profits of 


- refiners and dealers. To this enormous amount of sweetening, 


which is vastly more than was used in any other country, must 
be added 150,000 hogsheads of molasses and sorghum syrup 
consumed during the past year. We require, therefore, for our 
present supply nearly one-fourth of all the sugar produced in 
the world, and with our rate of increase in wealth and popula- — 
tion, shall need from ten to twenty per cent. per annum more 
as the years roll on. The sugar of the American people costs 
them more than their bread, and while it can in all probability 
be raised in any of the Northern States with as much certainty 
and more profit than corn, they are buying it for gold of 
foreigners. In view of these facts, true patriotism, as well as 
a wise public policy, demands the introduction of the sugar- 
beet culture into the Commonwealth at the earliest practicable 
moment. There is nothing in the history of agriculture so 
wonderful as the uniform and rapid development of the beet- 
sugar industry during the past twenty years on the continent of 
Europe. The production in France has risen from 60,000 tons 
to 300,000; in Austria, from 10,000 to 80,000 tons; in Russia, 
from nothing to more than 100,000 tons,—so that to-day the 
people of that northern country consume three times as much 
sugar as they did in 1850, and produce it all from their own 
soil. 

The two principal arguments of those intelligent persons who 
doubt the feasibility of introducing this business into Massa- 
chusetts with profit, are based upon the relatively high price of 
our labor. But in Europe the internal revenue tax equals 
almost the cost of the sugar. England taxes beet sugar grown 
on her own soil at the same rate with her colonial sugars, while 
in France and Germany the tax is between three and four cents 
per pound, or from forty to fifty dollars per acre on the beets. 
Here the national government levies an impost of from two and 
one-half to three and one-half cents per pound on foreign 
sugars, and admits sugar machinery free of duty, while there 

4 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


is no internal revenue tax whatever. Will not these advan- 
tages more than compensate for the difference in the wages of 
workmen ? ; 

Another class of persons who lack faith in the beet-sugar 
industry, are those who know that nearly all our sugar is the 
product of the sugar-cane, cultivated and manufactured by 
slave labor, and that sugar planting has been exceedingly profit- 
able in Cuba and other tropical islands. Their argument is, 
that the beet cannot compete successfully with the cane as a 
sugar-producing plant, because the latter under favorable cir- 
cumstances, will yield two or three times as much sugar to the 
acre. Some, admitting that with the present tariff sugar might 
be profitably grown in Massachusetts, still object that as soon 
as Cuba or San Domingo are annexed and their sugars enter 
our markets free of duty, beet sugar will fail to be a profitable 
crop. 3 

But it should be remembered that sugar planting has never 
greatly prospered except with slave labor, and whenever sugar 
from the West Indies is free to enter our ports on account of 
annexation, the negro will be free to labor or not as he pleases. 
With the privilege of importing slaves from Africa and driving 
them to their unrequited toil with the whip, the planters of 
Jamaica exported 150,000 hogsheads of sugar annually, but, 
notwithstanding indemnity for emancipation, and favorable leg- 
islation on the part of England, the annual product has declined 
with free labor to 30,000 hogsheads. The work of the cane- 
field and the sugar-mill is severe, and in time of harvest admits 
of no intermission, day or night, and the ignorant negro of the 
plantations can never be induced to labor with regularity and 
energy by the mere stimulus of wages amid the luxuriant 
vegetation of the tropics. The public sentiment of Christian | 
nations is now so utterly opposed to both slavery and the coolie 
system, that they must soon be abolished, and then it cannot — 
be doubted that the beet, in a temperate climate, where it is 
both necessary and honorable to labor, will furnish sugar more 
economically than the cane. In fact, beet sugar already de- 
mands its place in the great markets of the world, as some 
speculators have recently found to their damage, for its in- 
creased production in Europe has prevented any such rise in 
prices as would otherwise have occurred in consequence of the 


' 
} 
. 
7 


1872.) SENATE—No. 100. 27 


war in Cuba. During 1871, nearly 100,000 tons of beet sugar 
were imported into England, paying tax where produced, and 
duty when landed, and then successfully competing with sugar 
from the cane, cultivated in some cases by free, and in others 
by slave labor. It is evident, therefore, that we shall soon 
begin the use of sugar from the beet, whether we will raise it 
or not, since the supply of this indispensable article of food 
from the tropics is not at all likely to keep pace with the rap- 
idly increasing consumption, and Europe will be able and will- 
ing to furnish any amount we want. 

The sugar beet seems to have been specially designed to en- 
courage a rational system of agriculture, which should not only 
produce remunerative crops, but at the same time increase the 
fertility of the soil. No useful plant adapts itself more readily 
to a variety of circumstances, and no one has fewer destructive 
enemies. There is no crop, however, which responds more 


‘readily to good treatment, as is seen in the fact that, during the 


past season, one cultivator in Belgium is reported to have ob- 
tained roots at the rate of eighty-two tons per acre by manuring 
with linseed oil applied to the extent of one hundred dollars’ 
worth per acre; while another, in France, boasts of eighty-five 
tons per acre, the roots, transplanted from a rich seed bed, at-, 
taining a weight of between thirty and forty pounds each. 

In order to produce a large percentage of sugar, the roots 
must be grown in a deep, mellow, well tilled and thoroughly 
drained soil. This is obviously best for all crops, but most of 
the staple articles cultivated in Massachusetts are surface plants 
and will yield a fair return on soil only six inches deep, if it be 
well manured. This thin stratum, therefore, is generally the 
only one ever disturbed, and the fertilizing elements below re- 
main useless. But the beet seeks its mineral constituents from 
the lower layers of the soil, sending down its rootlets many 
feet, where the character of the land and the tillage permit. 
Thus the valuable salts from the subsoil are pumped to the sur- 
face, and passing into the foliage of the plant stimulate it to 
digest the carbonic acid and water which it converts into cellu- 
lose, starch and sugar. 

Another very important consideration respecting the beet 
crop is seen in the utilization of it. The sugar which is sold 
contains no valuable mineral constituents whatever, but con 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


sists of carbon and water only, and, therefore, deprives the 
farm of nothing. 

The leaves, which are rich in salts, and vary in quantity from 
five to ten tons per acre, are left on the field for manure, or 
may be fed to cattle. The trimmings and refuse from which 
the juice has been extracted are most excellent food for stock of 
all kinds, and may be preserved for winter use with but little 
trouble. Hence the beet grower is able to keep many cattle, 
which furnish meat, milk and manure, and thus insure the 
means for improving the soil. It is a well established fact that 
those districts in Kurope which produce the most beets are also 
the ones which yield the greatest product of bread and nasa 
and are in all respects the most prosperous. 

The alluvial meadows of the valley of the Connecticut are 
remarkably suited to the sugar beet, and it will be surprising if 
their wealthy owners do not enter heartily into its cultivation. 
The most feasible plan for a successful experiment would seem 
to be somewhat as follows: Let a company be organized with a 
capital of $100,000 for the erection of a factory. capable of 
manufacturing at least fifty tons of roots per day, and let the 
farmers contract to deliver at the factory, every autumn for five 
years, the beets raised on a certain quantity of good land, prop- 
erly tilled. The company might perhaps obtain exemption from 
taxation for ten years, and then pay six dollars per ton for 
washed and trimmed roots, besides returning to the producer 
gratis all the refuse. The farmers ought to furnish at least 
10,000 tons of roots annually, and at the above price would be 
sure of a handsome remuneration for their crop. 


CONCLUSION. 


The year 1871 must ever be memorable in the history of the 
College. Then for the first time the governor of the Common- 
wealth in his annual message highly complimented the institu- 
tion, and recommended it to the favorable consideration of the 
legislature. The committee of investigation, appointed by the 
legislature of 1870 for the avowed object of limiting its course 
of instruction, and thus its annual expenses, reported in favor of 
the existing plan and a larger endowment. The legislature of 
1871, after printing 10,000 extra copies of the annual report, 
and carefully inquiring into the condition of the College, voted 


> 
: 
5 
Ei 
3 
. 
-4 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. | 29 


with remarkable unanimity an appropriation of $50,000 for its 
immediate wants, and $100,000 for the increase of its perma- \ 
nent fund. Those who had been predicting failure, and harshly 
criticising the efforts of its friends, now suddenly ceased their 
opposition and admitted, at least tacitly, that an agricultural 
college might successfully accomplish the object of its establish- 
ment. The Pioneer class on graduation day surprised most of 
those who attended the exercises, by the style and substance of 
their speeches, as well as by their large number and manly ap- 
pearance. The address of Col. Wilder, and the affair at Ingle- 
side, are worthy a place in the annals of the year; and the 
natural result of all these favoring circumstances was the fill- 
ing of every r om with excellent students at the beginning of 
the collegiate year. 

The College is now in good condition to educate one hundred 
young men, which is all that its dormitories can properly accom- 
modate. The State has most wisely and generously granted 
the large sum of $450,000, which has been increased from other 
sources to $030,000 for the founding of an institution to pro- 
mote the interests of agriculture. Yet there is urgent need of 
a public building for a chapel, library and museum, which 
should be the finest edifice on the grounds, and cost not less 
than $50,000. There should also be erected, as soon as possible, 
two large dormitory buildings similar to those now in use, which 
would furnish rooms for one hundred more students. These 
would require about $30,000 each for their construction. 

Though many liberal persons seem to hesitate about giving 
their money to a State institution, because, as they reason, the 
State is able to appropriate whatever sums may be really de- 
manded by the circumstances of the case, yet it does seem to 
be the duty of the friends of education and progress to show 
some appreciation of what has been so nobly done by the 
government. During the past year, Miss Mary Robinson of 
Medfield has died, and left a bequest of $2,000, to establish a 
scholarship, and several others have given smaller sums. Why 
should not wealthy persons bestow their riches to erect build- | 
ings, endow scholarships, prizes and professorships, or create a 
labor fund in the College which is especially designed to give to 
the people at.a moderate cost a practical education? Massa- 
chusetts has laid a magnificent foundation, and pledged herself 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb’72. 


to preserve it forever. Where can the benevolent and public- 
spirited citizen place his property to greater advantage for the 
promotion of education, than in the care of a board of trustees 
who, while enjoying the liberal patronage of the Common- 
wealth, are still a self-perpetuating corporation beyond the reach 
of political changes ? 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 


WM. S. CLARK, President. 


AMHERST, Jan. Ist, 1872. 


REPORT 


SUGAR BEETS RAISED UPON THE COLLEGE FARM. 


By Pror. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D. 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


REPORT. 


In a previous report, I expressed the opinion that the profit- 
able cultivation of the sugar beet for the manufacture of sugar 
in Massachusetts, must depend, if not exclusively, at least 
essentially, on the interest intelligent agriculturists will take, 
first, in a careful selection of superior seeds of the best foreign 
varieties, and subsequently of the choicest seed beets; and 
secondly, in the proper choice of lands which are not only well 
adapted to the cultivation of root crops in general, but also in 
such a state of fertility as to enable the farmer to supply the 
kind and amount of plant-food required for the production of a 
special crop for a special purpose. Considering these premises 
of first importance, I attempted a short exposition of the ways 
and the means by which these requirements have been accom- 
plished elsewhere, showing how farmers and manufacturers by a 
mutual understanding have contrived to promote their mutual 
interest, and that their great success was particularly due to 
the fact that the farmer in his legitimate attempts to produce a 
large crop never failed to keep in mind that the ultimate object 
was to secure a sugar beet which would contain the desired 
amount of sugar under advantageous conditions for its separa- 
tion. He knew that the manufacturer would value every per- 
centage of sugar at about 2.4 cents with more or less of the 
vegetable refuse of roots, and the leaves returned. The history 
of the pioneers of the beet-sugar industry in every country, 
ours not excepted, furnishes striking illustrations of this truth. 
German beet-sugar manufacturers do not hesitate to ascribe 
their great success over other competitors at the World’s Exhi- _ 
bition at Paris, in 1867, to their superior sugar beets.” 

To transfer a known process of manufacture from one coun- 
try to another is a simple problem, and offers, in skilled hands, 


*In Germany, the beet-root is taxed; in France, the beet sugar produced; which is a 
sufficient reason to account for the superiority of German skill and machinery. 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 38 


but little risk in cases where the materials to be turned to 
account can be shown to be either identical or to stand at least 
in some fixed relations to those which have been previously 
used. Quite different, however, are the circumstances when 
the introduction of an industry like the beet-sugar manufacture 
is contemplated; for a good sugar beet is the result of the par- 
ticular influence of peculiar modes of farming, of soil, and of 
climate. To suspect a possible serious change in the composi- 
tion of a sugar-producing plant like the sugar beet in conse- 
quence of a transfer of its seed from one country and soil to 
another is but reasonable, in view of our past experience con- 
cerning sugar-cane,* sorghum,} the cultivated grapes, and fruits. 
of every description. The sugar planters of Louisiana and of 
the West Indies have to accommodate their modes of operation 
for the manufacture of sugar to suit the peculiar variety of 
cane they are cultivating. Even upon the island of Cuba, 
planters cannot manage the details of their operations alike, 
and expect to be equally successful. As the system of manur- 
ing, the kind of soil, and the quality and depth of the subsoil in 
particular, besides certain conditions of the climate, are known 
to exert a powerful influence on the quality, and thus the fitness 
of the sugar beet for the manufacture of sugar; and as all these 
controlling influences vary more or less in different countries, 
it is quite plain that a series of well-designed and carefully 
conducted experiments are desirable for the purpose of studying 
the behavior of a good imported sugar-beet seed upon our soil 
and under our climate. They are indispensable as a reliable 
basis for -the introduction of the beet-sugar manufacture as a 
home industry. Animated by these considerations and some- 
what encouraged by the results of the preceding year, my 
examinations in the field and in the laboratory have been con- 
tinued and enlarged upon during the past season. The results, 
which have been gratifying in both directions, will be described 
in the following pages. I confined myself, for obvious reasons, 
to the following points. First, to produce good sugar beets in 
sufficient quantities and in accordance with the rules recom- 


* See ‘t Notes on the Manufacture of Sugar in the Island of Cuba,’ by C. A. Goess- 
mann, Syracuse, N. Y., 1865. 

7 On Sorghum, or Chinese Sugar Cane, by C. A. Goessmann, see the Transactions of 
the New York State Agricultural Society of 1860. 


5 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


mended in my report for 18715; secondly, to study the chemical 
properties of the sugar beets raised on the college farm with 
reference to their fitness for beet-sugar manufacture ; thirdly, 
to ascertain by actual tests the amount of sugar available for 
commercial purposes. 


I. ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE SUGAR BEET. 


The field selected for the cultivation of the sugar beets con- 
sisted of four and seven-tenths acres which slope gently to the 
west; the soil was a warm, sandy loam, with the exception of 
the south-west corner, which, being wet, was subsequently 
planted with common mangolds. Grass had been raised upon 
the land for many years, until the fall of 1869, when it was 
ploughed and the surface covered with a good coat of coarse 
yard manure. In the spring of 1870, it was planted with corn, 
each hill receiving a handful of phosphate, and yielded 70 
bushels of corn per acre. It was thus, in consequence of a 
suitable selection of manure and a satisfactory preceding crop, 
in a desirable condition for the production of sugar beets. 
During the spring of 1871, it was ploughed three times, har- 
rowed and rolled to make its mechanical condition as favorable 
as possible.’ The entire field was subsequently divided into five 
equal parts, running from east to west, conforming with its 
slope. Each of these divisions received, a few days before seed- 
ing down, five hundred pounds of various commercial phos- 
phates, which were sown broadcast. The various kinds of 
seeds, which were imported during the last two years, had been 
previously tested in regard to their fitness for germination, and 
they all produced, after some soaking in water, healthy young 
plants within from seven to ten days. The following vari- 
eties and respective quantities were planted by means of Hol- 
brook’s seed drill, the most suitable implement at hand. 


Of Vilmorin of 1869, 5 i , . . 1.5 pounds. 
Imperial of 1869, . é : : : bid on ON 
Imperial of 1870, .0 0... : ; ae act 
Electoral of 1870, . ; : : : . 10 ES 
Vienna Globe of 1869, . i : ‘ 1 DeBende ae 
Varieties of Mangold of 1870, q ‘ je as | 


1872.] | SENATE—No. 100. 35 


» The rows were about two and one-half feet apart and passed 
from north to south through each one of the various fertilizers. 
The planting of the seed took place on the 11th and 12th of 
May, and on the 22d of May most of the rows were distinctly 
marked by the young crop. The entire field looked well, with 
the exception of the first few rows on the east side, where some 
trouble with the seed drill had left empty spaces. These spots 
were subsequently filled out with young plants taken from other 
parts of the field at the time when the surplus plants were cut 
out. After thinning, the plants stood from six to eight inches 
apart. During the time from the first of June to the 21st of 
July, the young plants were three times hoed to keep the root 
tops covered, and the space between the rows cultivated as 
many times with a horse hoe to destroy the weeds. ‘The entire 
crop looked promising at any time during the entire season, 
with the exception of the transplanted beets, which remained 
behind in spite of an additional manuring, and confirmed the 
statement made in my previous report that the general experi- 
ence of beet-sugar cultivators teaches that it does not pay in 
most cases to transplant; for these plants remain usually so 
far behind that they are of no value for sugar manufacture. 
Towards the end of September, the outer leaves began to dry 
up, indicating, under normal circumstances, the ripeness of the 
roots. My examination concerning the saccharine properties of 
the various kinds of beet roots began at this time. The harvest- 
ing of the entire root crop took place on the 18th and 20th 
of October. The danger of a severe frost rendered it advisable 
to protect the roots against its damaging influence. ‘They were 
for that reason buried without delay after being freed from the 
leaves, care being taken not to bruise them. The pits were six 
by three feet, and three feet deep, and located on the upper 
side of the beet field. The leaves had already somewhat suf- 
fered from the frost, and were mostly dried up. The larger 
portion of them were on that account left upon the field to 
serve as manure. A small quantity of leaves still green were 
however collected and buried in a pit twelve feet long, three 
feet wide, aud three feet deep, to be kept till spring for exper- 
imental purposes. The root crop averaged per acre 22,200 
pounds. This amount exceeds the product in Silesia, and 
ranks with the usual crops in Saxony. The results obtained 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Feb. 


upon the experimental field of the college farm may be looked 
upon as gratifying and encouraging, particularly when we re- 
member the reduction caused in the crop by the defective oper- 
ation of the seed-drill, and also keep in mind that the entire 
operation of planting it had to be managed with unsuitable. 
implements. The rows of beets, instead of being twenty inches 
apart with eight inches space between the plants, which would 
have secured from 28,500 to 30,000 plants per acre, had to be 
kept two and one-half feet apart to allow the horse and culti- 
vator on hand to pass between the rows, causing a great waste 
of land. There are implements long used in the sugar-beet 
cultivation which locate the rows from eighteen to twenty inches 
apart, and which are used both in seeding and in cultivating 
from four to eight rows at once. In view of this first actual 
yield, I believe that with suitable implements our annual prod- 
uce of sugar-beet roots per acre would rank with the highest 
yield in Saxony, which is stated to be: from 30,000 to 32,000 
pounds per acre. In my original plan for the fertilization of 
the beet field, I designed to apply from 250 to 800 pounds of 
Stassfurt vibe fertilizer per acre. The scarcity of these val- 
uable potash compounds in our markets when wanted , prevented 
their arrival at a sufficiently early date. Although a small 
strip ten feet wide in each of the five main divisions of the 
field received, finally, some commercial kainite at the rate pre- 
viously mentioned, no particular importance will be attached to 
that fact. The sugar beet is manifestly a potash plant, and the 
application of potash fertilizers but rational. Their good effect 
cannot be doubted wherever the soil has been shown to be really 
deficient in available potash compounds, and where time and 
the peculiar physical condition of the various layers of the soil 
have favored their penetration to the strata upon which the 
plant under cultivation mainly feeds. Neglect of these impor- 
tant points may be looked upon as the cause of existing contra- 
dictory statements. To apply the Stassfurt fertilizers to 
meadow grasses, or even potatoes, as a surface dressing, or 
shortly before their planting, may give satisfaction in most 
cases; for these plants live, comparatively speaking, largely 
upon the surface soil, and their roots branch in every direction 
in search of food. The sugar beet, on the other hand, sends. 
by natural disposition its main roots to the subsoil, the quality — 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. ST 


of which is therefore of great importance. The potash must 
descend to the subsoil, as exact investigations of a more recent 
date demonstrate, before its beneficial effect* will be noticed on 
plants like the sugar beet. This circumstance explains to some 
extent at least the peculiar fact, that potatoes and sugar beets, 
although preéminently potash plants, have been raised alter- 
nately upon the same lands for years in succession, with satis- 
factory results,f without showing the usual signs of exhaustion 
which such a practice in most instances would soon produce. 
In connection with the investigation of the previous questions, 
an interesting fact has been noticed which deserves attention, 
particularly as it may lead to misconstructions. It was demon- 
strated by careful experiment (Frank) that a small percentage 
of the chloride of sodium aids in the circulation of the potassa 
compounds in the soil, it acting in that respect similarly to the 
nitrate of soda, and apparently counteracting the ordinary 
retentiveness of the soil, and favoring the passage of the 
potassa-to the subsoil. The chloride of potassium and the 
sulphate of potassa are alike readily decomposed in a good soil. 
The potassa is always very eagerly retained in the surface por- 
tion of a soil of good physical condition, and passes only grad- 
ually to lower depths, provided the soil has not received an 
unusually large supply, and is not too inferior in retentive 
quality. It takes usually months before its surplus will reach 
the lower strata, and the rate of its downward motion depends 
in ordinary cases entirely on the chemical and physical condi- 
tion of the soil. Chlorine and the mineral acids, with the 
exception of phosphoric acid, differ essentially in that respect 
and pass on more rapidly to the drainage waters. The demand 
for chlorine is limited, not more than 0.08 per cent. of the 
amount introduced by the application of chloride of potassium 
being absorbed by-sugar-beet roots. The absence or the pres- 
ence of chlorides in mineral fertilizers affects the root crop 
but slightly, provided a sufficient amount of potash is supplied, 
and the chloride of sodium not used in excessive quantity. 
Whenever potash is wanting, and at the same time common 


* 250 pounds each of kainite and of superphosphate per acre are highly recommended. 

t Potatoes were raised on a large scale to serve as an admixture to the beet molasses 
for alcohol manufacture in order to render the refuse from the still of more value for feed- 
ing purposes, 


38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


salt is largely supplied as a fertilizing agent, it is natural that 
the sugar beet should manifest a tendency to return to its more 
primitive form, the common fodder beet. ‘The recommendation 
of the direct application of the Stassfurt salines for fertilizing 
purposes in the case of the sugar beet will appear to many 
readers of my report on sugar-beet cultivation, of 1871, of 
rather doubtful merit, and apparently somewhat in contradic- 
tion with previous statements. They will remember, in all 
probability, the objection raised against the selection of lands 
which from natural causes contain a large accumulation of the 
various saline constituents of plants resulting from the decay 
of successive generations of vegetation, as woodlands and 
prairies but recently put under cultivation. These lands are 
not fit in their original state for the cultivation of a good sugar 
beet, because their mineral elements find more than their equiy- 
alent of suitable organic and particularly of nitrogenous plant- 
food which favors a luxuriant growth altogether different from 
what the beet-sugar manufacturer desires. Large quantities of 
nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous compounds peculiar to this — 
species of plant enter it, and carry their corresponding quantity 
of mineral constituents with them, which of course will also be 
present in an extraordinary amount. These very same lands, 
if of a more sandy than clayish nature, with a permeable sub- 
soil, may prove, in consequence of repeated cropping, sooner ‘or 
later, a most excellent soil for the cultivation of the sugar beet. 
It is, after all, a good physical condition of the soil which in the 
hands of an intelligent farmer will most surely in the course of 
time turn the scale of profit in his favor. Silesia, where the 
beet-sugar industry of Europe originated, falls, in spite of equal 
skill and perseverance, considerably behind other districts in 
its average yield of roots per acre, in consequence of a less 
favorable soil. Neither much exhausted lands nor such as are 
above described offer encouraging prospects for a first trial of 
the beet-sugar industry. No sugar beet can be raised without 
potash, or without phosphoric acid, and the same may be said 
about some of its other constituents, though we rarely call 
attention to this latter fact because the natural supply is usually 
sufficient. Soda, in case of a deficiency of potassa, will serve 
to a limited extent as a substitute. Sulphuric acid may replace 
in the same way phosphoric acid, and magnesia, lime, but 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 39 


neither of the various constituents alone stands in any fixed 
relation to the percentage of sugar, except the potash or rather 
the sum of the alkalies (Stohmann). 


Il. ON THE QUALITY OF THE SuGAR Beets RAISED. 


_ A good sugar beet has the following properties, viz.: Its leaves 
are numerous, of medium size, not upright, but rather rounded 
and drooping, and of uniform, light green color ; its root is of a 
moderate size, not exceeding two and one-half pounds; the 
skin of the root is white and smooth, and its meat hard, white, ’ 
and of sweet taste; the form of the root is pear or wedge- 
shaped, very gradually terminating in a long thin tap-root with- 
out any side branches; its specific gravity is always less than 
that of its juice. The specific gravity of a good sugar beet 
varies, in the majority of cases, between 1.010 and 1.060, 
though instances are on record where it was found to be as 
1.070. Roots between one and two pounds in weight* contain 
usually a juice of less density and also frequently of less value 
than those of one-half a pound, and even less weight, and sim- 
ilar conditions have been noticed in regard to their relative 
proportions of sugar and their other remaining soluble constit- 


_ uents. Roots of a higher specific gravity contain usually less 


of these latter constituents in their juice, and their gravity 
varies within quite narrow limits from 2.0 to 2.7 per cent., 
whilst the juice of roots of a lower specific gravity usually con- 
tains not only more impurities, but what is of particular impor- 
tance, because of more general occurrence, these foreign 
soluble substances are present in larger quantity, namely, from 
2.7 to 5.0 per cent. and more. The following two facts will be 
apparent from the previous statements, namely: that no strictly 
reliable deduction can be drawn from the specific gravity of the 
sugar-beet root in regard to the value of the juice, nor from 
the specific gravity of its juice in regard to its percentage of 
sugar, beyond the general assumption that, in most cases, the 
larger roots (two to three pounds) of the same quality of sugar 
beets are inferior to the smaller specimens. Individual roots of 
the same variety, raised upon the same field and under the same 

* The excellent pictures of sugar beets in my first report were sketched from specimens 


raised upon the college farm by Mr. Samuel T. Maynard, of eotae agg Mass., a ° 
member of the present senior class. 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


treatment, even when of the same size, are known to differ in’ 
regard to their composition as far as their saccharine quality is 
concerned (Stammer). The quality of a sugar-beet crop, 
therefore, can only be safely decided by testing a large number 
of roots of various sizes from different portions of the field, and 
accepting the mean of a series of such examinations as the most 
probable actual condition of the entire crop. All tests have to be 
made without any unnecessary delay, for beet roots, like other 
roots, lose moisture on exposure to the air, and suffer thereby 
more or less serious alteration, which, if not taken into consid- 
eration, must result in mistakes. The increased density of the 
juice will be followed by a corresponding smaller yield. The: 
loss noticed during an ordinary state of the atmosphere amounted . 
at a temperature from 15° to 18° C. to 2.6 per cent. within 
thirty hours and to 18.1 per cent. within eight days, whilst at a 
temperature from 80° to 40° C. it reached 23.0 to 25.0 per 
cent., and the internal changes as far as the crystallizable sugar 
is mucunks are, in the latter case, still more serious. 

A sound, fresh, full-grown sugar-beet root is free from grape 
sugar and from ammonia, yet both compounds will be noticed 
sooner or later in a beet root after its removal from the soil, 
and subsequent exposure to a temperature which favors fer- 
mentation. The practical sugar-beet cultivator recognizes this 
fact by placing the roots, after their removal from the soil and 
their separation from the leaves, without much delay in pits. 
A lacerated beet root decays rapidly. The beet roots raised 
upon the college farm, on the whole, showed the characteristics 
of good specimens, having in the majority of cases a smooth 
and white skin, and white, hard and swect meat, being remark- 
ably compact, of good form, and generally free from branching 
roots. The main bulk of these did not exceed one and one-half 
pounds in weight, specimens from two to three pounds in 
weight having been rather scarce. The outer leaves turned 
yellow toward the middle of September, indicating the ripeness 
of the roots. My laboratory tests for determining their per- 
centage of sugar began on the tenth of September. 


1. Determination of the amount of water. 


13.818 grammes of carefully cut, thin slices of the Imperial _ 
sugar-beet root were loosely packed between a given weight of. 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 41 


dry blotting paper and kept in an air bath at a temperature 
from 100° to 105° C. until a constant weight was obtained ; the 
loss amounted to 11.328 grammes or 81.98 per cent. of water. 
Again, 9.191 grammes of the same beet root were dried under 
corresponding conditions ; the loss amounted to 7.502 grammes 
or 81.74 per cent. 


Imperial Sugar-beet Root. 


| I. | Xi. 


Volatile matter, . : 3 : 3 : 18 02 18 26 
Water, . é . qty . é ‘ ‘ 81.98 81.74 


_ A good sugar beet contains usually from 81 to 82 per cent. of 
water, yet it may vary from 79 to 86.63 per cent. of water, and 
from 13.37 to 21 per cent. of dry substance. 


2. Tests of the juice. 


The juice of the roots, of the tops, and of the main parts of 
the leaves differs widely; an analytical statement concerning 
these points* will be found quite instructive here. 


(MEHAY.) 


| 


Juice of Bashy Leaf Stalk. Leaf. 


Sugar, crystallizable, . ¢ othe 12.00 


0.25 0.00 
Sugar, uncrystallizable, ‘ a Sal 0.50 2.12 1.23 
Oxaliec acid, é | : : ; 0.22 0.43 1.86 
Specific gravity, . ° : . ‘ 1.060 1.023 1.025 


The sugar was determined by means of fermentation by Dubrunfaut’s 
method. 


*Mehay; comptes rendus, T., Ixix., p. 754. Heidepriem; Zeitschrift, xix., S. 75. 
Stohmann; Zeitschrift, xix., §. 273. Stammer; Jahresbericht, 1869. 


6 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


(HEIpEPRIEM, 1869.) 


Juice of Root. | Juice of Top. 


Specific Orava bots sin Ube ae Ey eel kes Aa 1,0648 1.0572 
Sugar, . : : ° . 13.6800 10.2100 
Soluble substances, without sugar, ; § 4 ; 2 0200 3.3900 
Organic substances, without sugar,. . . »| 1.4600 2.4600 
Ashes, less carbonic acid, : : 3 4 a 0.5600 7.2000 
Protein substances, . : 3 ; : ; , 0.8870 1.7500 


(STOHMANN, 1869,) 


SUGAR-BEET JUICE. 


Minimum. Maximum. 
Sugar, . . : ; 9.56 17.680 . 
Soluble substances, without sugar, : : : : 0.38 3 510 
Potassa, . ; 6 : i : : 2 : 0.09 0.255 


The amount of other soluble substances for every 100 parts of 
sugar in the beet juice, varies from 8 to 18.50 parts. The specific 
gravity of the beet juice is usually ascertained by Brix’s sac- 
charometer, an instrument which refers to percentages of pure 
sugar in distilled water. As the beet juice contains besides 
sugar a variety of organic compounds, its indications are only 
of interest for comparative tests. The exact amount of dry 
substance in the juice has to be decided by a careful evapora- 
tion to dryness. The percentage of sugar in the juice from the 
same beets may differ somewhat in consequence of different 
ways of obtaining it. The juice obtained: by ‘a centrifugal 
apparatus and that extracted by hand pressure were noticed to 
differ about 0.7 per cent., the latter being the richer juice, 
while that obtained by a powerful press may exceed even this’ 
by 0.1 to 0.66 per cent. These few general remarks may serve 
to place some of my subsequent analytical statements in their 
proper light. 


3. Determination of the sugar in the juice. 
Most of the sugar tests were made by means of an excellent 
Dubosq-Soleil’s optical saccharometer. In some instances, the 


ee ee eel rrr S————™ 


1872. ] SENATE—No, 100. , 43 


results thus obtained have been verified after converting the 
entire amount of cane sugar present into grape sugar; in other 
cases, particularly where the Dubosq’s apparatus gave high 


results, I verified the optical test by a chemical test, by the use 


of Fehling’s well-known solution. The juice for my experiments 
was produced, where not otherwise directly stated, always in the 
following way. A number of sugar-beet roots of various weights, 
which were collected from the five divisions of the field, were 
freed from the tops as far as the leaf-marks extended. The roots 
were subsequently ground by hand upon a common tin grater, 


and the pulp resulting pressed by hand in a strong cloth. In 


a few instances, when a larger number of roots were to be 


pressed for juice, they were cut by an ordinary root-cutter and 


pressed by a common iron screw press. The juice, after being 
obtained in either of these ways, was either allowed to settle or 
strained through a cloth, and then tested in regard to its spec- 
ific gravity by means of a Brix’s saccharometer. The prepara- 
tion of the juice for the tests with the polariscope was carried 
out in the following manner: 500 cubic centimeters of the 
juice were poured into a graduated glass cylinder, and subse- 
quently thoroughly mixed with 50 ©. ©. of a solution of sub- 
acetate of lead of the usual concentration.* As soon as a light 
colorless solution began to separate from the bulky precipitate, the 
whole mass was put upon two filters of coarse paper and quickly 
filtered, and the juice thereby obtained was again without delay 
filtered through 150 C. C. of medium-sized, coarse boneblack. 
The first 100 C. C. of the filtrate were set aside and the subse- 
quent filtrate turned to account for the optical test in the usual 
manner. I removed 100 C. C. of the filtrate, its first portion, 
for the purpose of rendering the solution for the tests independ- 
ent of the incidental influences of boneblack, its moisture, &c. 
This mode of proceeding was adopted to allow a direct compar- 
ison of my results with numerous other investigations of a 
similar character and for similar ends. 

The polariscope was in each case adjusted with a carefully 
prepared standard solution } of pure sugar, and also with water. 


* Digest one part of acetate of lead, one part of oxide of lead, and twenty parts of 
water at 30° to 40° C. from six to ten hours and filter. ; 

t 1000 C. C. water containing 163.50 grammes of pure sugar in solution when put 
into a tube of 200 millimeters in length produces the same rotation which a quartz plate 


dt AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


The number of degrees required to produce the optical effect of 
presenting but one color were increased by one-tenth of their 
number to compensate for the dilution of the original genuine 
beet juice by means of the lead solution used for its defecation, 
each degree representing 0.1635 per cent. of sugar. The re- 
sults of my tests will be given in a chronological order. They 
refer mainly to sugar beets and other beet roots raised upon the 
college farm, while an appendix contains also a few tests con- 
cerning sugar beets grown elsewhere in the State. 


Sugar Beets from the College Farm. 


WEIGHT OF Roots : 
WEIGHT OF LEAVES. 


WITH TOPS. 
Lbs. Oz. Lbs. Oz. 
( 1 14 1 0 
Sept. 12, 1871. Imperial sugar beet | 1 4 - 13 
4 1 10 - 13 
from seed imported in 1870, . .| 1 13 - ‘al 
L 1 12 = 10.5 
8 5 3 | 155 
Juice, 15° Brix, at 64° F.; per cent. of sugar, 12.59. 
ROOTS AND TOPS. LEAVES. 
Lbs. Oz. Lbs. Oz. 
1 9 1 3 
Sept. 138. French Vilmorin beet from 2 4 1 1 
1 5 ~ 12.5 
imported German seed of 1870, | 1 5 - 12 
1 11 1 8 
7 | 2 5 | 45 


Juice, 14.5° Brix, at 65° F.; per cent. of sugar, 12.95. 


of one millimeter thickness will produce. 100 C. C. of water containing 16.35 per cent. 
of pure sugar in, solution when examined in a tube 200 M. M. in length indicates 
directly the percentage by means of degrees. 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. 45 


ROoTs, WITH TOPS. LEAVES. 
Lbs. Oz. Lbs. Oz. 
Chale E 1 1 7 
Sept.10. Electoral beet, from seed im- | 1 1 - it 
1 1 = 13 
Pertea invi870,. 3 . |. ows 1, | 0.5 - 15 
L 1 4 Z 14 
5 7.5 4 12 


Juice, 14° Brix, at 62° F.; sugar, 12.30 per cent. 


Oct. 11. Imperial beets; seeds imported, 1870. Two hundred and fifty 
pounds of these roots, without tops, were cut by a common root-cutter and 
pressed in an iron screw press. The roots were moist from washing before 
cutting. Juice, 15° Brix, at 73° F.; sugar, 12.05 per cent. 

Oct. 16. Electoral sugar beet; seed imported 1871. Four hundred and 
ninety pounds of roots, without tops, cut by a root-cutter and pressed by an 
iron screw press. Juice, 15° Brix, at 54° F.; sugar, 12.22 per cent. 

Oct. 18. Vilmorin sugar beet ; seed imported 1870. Six hundred pounds 
of roots, without tops, cut by a root-cutter and pressed by an iron screw press. 
Juice, 16° Brix, at 60° F.; sugar, 13.129 per cent. 


Roots, WITH TOPS 
BUT NO LEAVES. 


Lbs. Oz. 


i 8 
- 135 
1 4.5 
= 454% 
- 10.5 
~ 13 


5 14.5 


( 
| 
Nov. 14. Imperial beets taken from the pit, wind 
lL 


Juice, by hand press, 15° Brix, at 64° F , 1.064 to 1.065 specific gravity ; 
sugar, 11.60 per cent. 


Noy. 21. Vilmorin Beet, from the pit. One root, with top, weighing one 
pound 12 ounces. Juice, 15 5° Brix, at 68° F.; sugar, 13 12 per cent. 


46 AGRICULTURAL | COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Fodder Beets. 


RooTS AND Tops. LEAVES. 
Lbs. Oz. Lbs. Oz. 
Sept. 19. Vienna red, yellow, and 2 2 - 12 
) 1 8 - 10 
white globe beets, . : : 3 1 - 10 
6 11 pe ~ 


Juice, Brix 11° at 65° F ; sugar, 8 004 per cent, 


————— 


| ROOTS, WITH TOPS. LEAVES. 
Lbs Oz. Lbs. Oz. 
Sept 19. Ordinary Mangolds, red and ( 1 04 0 5 
yellow. Seeds sent from the National 1 1 0 2 
Agricultural Department, . 1 12 0 12 
3 13} 1 3 


Juice, Brix 9° at 66° F.; sugar, 5 035 per cent. 


Sugar Beets sent from other parts of the State. 
[From the Imperial seed, imported 1871. ] 


ROOTS, WITH ToPs (some- 
what withered). 


Lbs Oz. 
1 6.50 
Nov. 7. Hon. S. Williston, of Easthampton, Mass., 2 11.25 
2 140. 
6 15 75 


Juice, 12.39 per cent. of sugar by polarization. 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. AT 


ROOTS, WITH Tops (some- 
what withered). 


Lbs. | Oz. 


Noy. 22. -William Jonewlion, Esq., of Upton, 
Mass , 


— 


ee 
as, 


' 


Juice, Brix 15° at 55° F.; sugar, 10.07 per cent. 


ROOTS, WITH TOPS. 


. riers 0} 
Nov. 10. Dr. N. Durfee, of Fall River, Mass, .  .4| 5 : 
iP es 11 

8 95 


Juice, Brix 15.5° at 60° F.; sugar, 10 45 per cent. 


A large specimen of the American Improved Imperial sugar 
beet of Hon. Henry Lane of Cornwall, Vermont, recommended 
for stock feeding and raised at Seno Mass., was tested 
at the request of Hon. P. A. Chadbourne. This aay root had 
been for several days on exhibition at the fair of the Hampshire 
Agricultural Society at Amherst, Sept. 27, 1871, and was con- 
sequently in a somewhat dried up state; it was spongy, partly 
hollow and weighed between seven and eight pounds. Juice, 
Brix, 15° at 58° F.; sugar, 6.67 per cent. 

For the purpose of verifying the results of the optical anal- 
ysis, 1 selected one of the best beet roots (the Vilmorin of 
November 21) and subjected its juice to a chemical test. I 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Feb. 


took 100 C. C. of the juice prepared with a solution of subace- 
tate of lead (one-tenth vol.) for the test with the polariscope 
and precipitated the excess of lead by means of diluted sul- 
phuric acid. I added then an excess of sulphuric acid and 
digested the mixture for several hours at a temperature of from 
60° to 80° C. to convert the cane sugar to grape sugar, and 
neutralized, subsequently, with carbonate of soda, and diluted 
the whole to 500 C. C. In two successive tests, I noticed that 
four C. C. of that solution were sufficient to reduce twenty C. 
C. of Fehling’s solution. These results prove that 500 C. C. 
contain 12.5 grammes of grape sugar, for 10 C. C. of Fehling’s 
solution are equal to 0.050 grammes of grape sugar (or 0.0475 
erammes of cane sugar). Adding to 12.5 grammes one-tenth 
more, for the dilution by the subacetate of lead solution, we 
find that the original beet juice contained 13.75 per cent. of 
grape sugar, or 13.09 per cent. of cane sugar, the form in which 
the juice contains its sugar. Similar results were obtained 
with the polariscope, after the inversion of the cane sugar by 
means of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 


5. Determination of the solid residue of the juice. 


I selected for this purpose a variety of sugar beet which, - 
comparatively speaking, with a low percentage of sugar, had 
shown a high specific gravity of its juice. Two different sam- 
ples, each 100 grammes, of an Imperial sugar-beet juice (Noy- 
ember 14th) were evaporated carefully in an air-bath to dryness, 
and the residue finally kept at from 100 to 105° C. until no 
further loss could be noticed. ‘The solid residue varied from 
15.06 to 15.10 per cent. As the sugar found in that juice 
amounted to 11.60 per cent., we learned that its entire amount 
of organic and inorganic non-volatile substance after the deduc- 
_tion of the sugar was equal to 3.40 per cent. The juice of 
that Imperial beet consisted therefore of 


Solid matter (containing 11.60 per cent of sugar), 15.10 per ct. 
Water, ; . : ; : 4 : . 84.9 - 


100.00 per ct. 


The results of Brix’s saccharometer and of the sugar tests 


together are usually turned to account to give some idea about ; 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 49 ~ 


the percentage of foreign matters in a beet juice. or instance, 
in the case of the preceding examination, we notice 15° Brix 
as the specific gravity ; the actual evaporation proves that each 
degree corresponds in that case quite closely with one per cent. 
of matter in solution.* This assumption is not strictly exact, 
yet it gives for ordinary practice quite valuable indications. 
Subjecting then all previous investigations of beet juice to this 
mode of representing their value in a general way, we obtain 
the following figures :— 


| All substances in 
solution, except 
sugar. 


Brix’s Sacchar- 


Sugar, per cent. 
ometer, corre 


Beet, juice of,— 


Sept. 10,| Electoral, . ° . 14° 12.30 1.75 
12, | Imperial (1870), ; 15° 12.59 2.41 
13,| Vilmorin (1870), : 14.5° 12.95 1.55 
18,| Imperial (1871), : - 14° 10.79 3 21 
Oct. 11,| Imperial, . ‘ d 15° 12.05 2.95 
16,| Electoral, . ‘ : 1 Eo 12.22 2.78 
18,. Vilmorin, |. | 3 16° 13.18 2 87 
Nov. 14,| Imperial (asi), ; 15° 11.60 3.34 
21,| Vilmorin, . : 15.5° 13.12 2.38 


We notice that the Imperial beets from seed imported in 1871 
differ considerably from the rest, and are quite inferior to them, 
whilst the latter average very well, viz.: 12.63 per cent. of 
sugar to 2.38 per cent. of other soluble substances, or 100 parts 
of sugar to 18.8 parts of the others. The inferior Imperial 
stands, on the average, as 11.19 per cent. of sugar to 3.275 per 
cent. of other soluble substances, or 100 parts of sugar to 
29.20 parts of the others. The fodder beets differ still more, 
as will be seen from the following statement :— 


| | Brix. | Sugar. : ek MCA 
ine substances. 
Sept 19,; Vienna globe, . ia 11.0° 8.00 3.00 
Common mangold, ‘ : 9.0° 5.00 3.97 


Or Vienna, 100 parts of sugar to 37.5 of other soluble substances. 
Mangold, 100 parts of sugar to 79.5 of other soluble substances. 


*The saccharometer used in my tests has for its smallest division one-half degree 
instead of one-tenth as would be desirable. 


(i 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


5 Determination of the nitrogenous constituents of the beet juice. 


One hundred grammes of the juice of an Imperial beet, 
(November 14) containing the largest proportion of foreign 
admixture in its juice, were used for this test, its solid dry 
residue amounting to 15.10 grammes. The analysis for the 
percentage of nitrogen was carried on in a Bohemian glass 
tube and in the well-known manner with caustic soda and lime, 
taking particular care to apply a decided excess of the mixture 
to secure a thorough combustion of the highly carbonaceous 
mass. The ammonia resulting was collected by means of 
moderately concentrated (1.12 spec. grav.) hydrochloric acid in 
a Will-Varrentrap’s apparatus, and its amount determined in 
the forrn of platin-ammonium chloride. 2.0660 grammes 
of dry, pulverized residue of the beet juice produced 0 515 
grammes of platin-ammonium chloride, which is equal to 
3.761 grammes of the entire dry substance of the beet juice 
(100 grammes). } 


1.912 grammes of the same residue produced 0.470 grammes of 


platin-ammonium chloride, which is equal to 8.6881 grammes for 
the entire residue. As 223.20 parts of the platinum compound 
contain seventeen parts of ammonia and fourteen parts of nitro- 
gen, which is equal to 6.2724 per cent. of the latter, our results 
correspond to the following figures: 8.761 grammes of platin- 
ammonium chloride are equal to 0.2359 per cent. of nitrogen, 
and 3.6881 grammes to 0.2315 of nitrogen. In case we assume 


that the whole amount of nitrogen found is present in the form | 


of nitrogenous or albuminous substances, we may, by multi- 
plying the percentage of nitrogen found by 6.25, ascertain the 
amount of those compounds. The average of nitrogen found 
is 0.2337 6.25=1.460 of albuminous substances. This as- 
sumption is, however, not exactly supported by facts, for the 
beet juice contains, besides the albuminous substances, two 
other nitrogenous compounds quite distinctly differing from the 
former, namely, asparagin®™ and betain, organic bases for which 


* Asparagin was discovered in beet juice as early as 1850 by Dubrunfaut. Betain, a 
new organic base, was first noticed by Scheibler in 1869. He found that the juice of 
beet roots, during the month of July, contained one-fourth per cent., while, in the ‘month 
of October, but one-tenth per cent. was present. Scheibler has since proved the identity 
of the oxyneurin of Siebreich and anhydrous betain, which can therefore be made 
directly by treating trimethylamin with monochloracetic acid. Betain has the formula 
C> H! NO”. i 


Sa ae an ce ae Be ae ee 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. ; o1 


due allowance of nitrogen has to be made, which very natu- 
rally reduces more or less the amount of albuminous substance 
previously calculated. The albuminous substances generally 
vary in a good sugar-beet juice from 1.3 to 1.4 and the amount 
in the juice from beets raised upon the college farm cannot 
exceed that. It was deemed important to ascertain how much 
of these substances can be removed from the beet juice by 
means of an ordinary defecation or clarification in the course 
of the beet-sugar manufacture. In making these tests, it seemed 
necessary to treat the juice from two different varieties of sugar 
beets, yet raised upon the same field and under identical con- 
ditions. 

Two hundred grammes of the juice from the Electoral sugar 
beet (October 16th) were heated quickly yet carefully in a glass 
flask to 80° C., when two grammes of caustic magnesia (free 
from lime) were added with thorough stirring after the removal 
of the glass from the source of heat applied. The mixture was 
then heated again, without unnecessary delay, until the steam 
formed at the bottom began to force its way through the solid 
curdy scum upon the surface of the liquid. After having kept up 
the temperature to from 95° to 98° C. for about ten to fifteen 
minutes, the mixture was placed upon a weighed filter, and the 
solid residue left upon the filter after the filtration subsequently 
washed with 200 C. C. of distilled water at ordinary tempera- 
ture before drying. The residue, after desiccation in the air- 
bath at 100° C., weighed 4776 grammes, which is equal to 
2.388 per cent. An analysis of 2.588 grammes with caustic 
soda and lime produced 0.6172 grammes of platin-ammonium 
chloride, which being equal to 0.0387 per cent. of nitrogen, 
shows that but 0.2346 per cent. of albuminous substances have 
been precipitated by heat and caustic magnesia.* 

Two hundred grammes from the juice of the Vilmorin beet 
(October 18th) were treated with two grammes of caustic lime 
in the same way as in the preceding test with caustic magnesia. 
The caustic lime being to a much larger degree soluble in a 
solution of sugar than the magnesia, only 3.849 grammes of 
dry precipitate were obtained. 1.9250 grammes of that residue 
produced 0.5060 grammes of platin-ammonium chloride, which 


* See Contribution on the Manufacture and Refining of Sugar, by C. A. Goessmann, 
Syracuse, 1864; also, Chemical News, by W. Crookes, London, 1864. 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


is equal to 0.1923 per cent. of albuminous substances. Com- 
paring the results of these tests, we notice that in the case of 
caustic magnesia nearly one-fifth more of nitrogenous sub- 
stances was rendered insoluble than in the case of caustic lime, 
while in both cases but a small fraction (one-fifth to one-sixth) 
of these compounds is rendered insoluble. 


6. Determination of the ash constituents of the beet juice. 


The beet juice produced by the press contains more saline 


compounds than the press-cakes lett behind, while the ashes of 
the latter contain more carbonie acid than those of the former. 
In both cases, the carbonic acid originated from the destruction 
of organic substances. How much the mode of abstracting the 
juice from the sugar beets affects the quantity and quality of 
the saline constituents of the beet juice, I have already suffi- 
ciently pointed out and illustrated by analytical statements in 
my previous report. The various kinds of fertilizers applied 
are also known, as stated before, to affect the relative propor- 


tion of the various saline constituents of the press juice to | 


some limited extent, and in a manner previously explained, yet 
the total amount absorbed, even in the case of the Stassfurt 
galines, varies but little, provided the soil is not overcharged 
with organic and particularly with nitrogenous organic plant- 
food. A good sugar beet contains always at least three times 
as much potash as soda, and often even a larger proportion, but 
excessive applications of common salt as a manure are known 
to increase the relative amount of soda. The following imor- 
ganic constituents are usually found in the juice of the sugar 
beet, viz.: potassa, soda, lime, magnesia, iron, phosphoric, sul- 
phuric and silicic acids and chlorine. Of these, the alkahes 
are of main importance so far as the sugar question is con- 
cerned, for they exert a specific influence on the results of our 
ordinary modes of manufacture. Their great solubility, and 
their peculiar indifference towards the absorbing property of 
boneblack carry them largely as an obnoxious feature through 
all the operations down to the molasses. Only the determina- 
‘tion of the potassa and soda is for this reason a quantitative 
one, whilst the remaining saline compounds are stated collect- 
ively as percentages of the ash constituents. 

Five hundred grammes of Vilmorin (October 18th) beet 


Re 


1872 ] SENATE—No. 100. ) 53 


juice were carefully evaporated and gradually charred, until 
no vapors arose, and the compact, hard, carbonaceous mass 
was subsequently kept at a low red heat until it formed a 
very friable mass. The latter, after cooling, was finally ground, 
and for some time digested at ordinary temperature with 
distilled water to prevent as much as possible a mutual de- 
composition of the ash constituents. After the mass had 
been digested for some time, it was placed upon a suitable 
filter and subsequently washed with cold water, making the 
entire amount of the solution about 500 C. C. This solution, 
after its evaporation to dryness, and a re-solution, etc., left 0.928 
grammes of alkaline compounds or 0.185 per cent. A direct ex- 
amination proved that it contained 0.762 per cent. of potassa and 
0.012 per cent. of soda. Against this mode of proceeding, I 
am aware may be said that its results are not strictly exact, as 
traces of alkalies will be left behind in the carbonaceous mass, but 
it appeared to me that the risk of a trifling loss was less serious 
than that caused by excessive heating to destroy the carbon. 

One hundred grammes of Imperial beet juice (November 
20th) were carefully evaporated and charred. The carbona- 
ceous mass was then mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid 
and heated in a platinum dish to oxidize the carbon. This 
operation was repeated until no carbon could be noticed, and 
the residue moistened again with sulphuric acid was brought to- 
a dull red heat, and subsequently weighed. It amounted to 
1.273 grammes or 1.237 per cent. Making the customary 
allowances for sulphuric acid (one-tenth of the weight of the 
saline residue) we find the entire ash constituents of the juice 
equal to 1.145 per cent. The amount of salines in the beet 
juice is, of course, much larger on account of the presence of 
the organic acids than the ash percentage represents. 

I stated before that the amount, and particularly the kind of 
saline constituents in the beet juice is of great importance to 
the beet-sugar manufacture, for their amount even under favor- 
able conditions is considerable, and they interfere more or less 
directly and indirectly with an advantageous separation of the 
sugar in well-developed crystals, and not unfrequently increase 
the amount of molasses at the expense of the sugar. The 
manufacturer feels thus obliged to direct his attention very care- 
fully during the entire process of manufacture towards this 


54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


point. He finds it for his interest to begin operations with a 
sugar-beet root having a small percentage of saline compounds, 
and supplies himself with water which contains but a small 
amount of mineral matter.* He removes the alkalies by wash- 
ing from the caustic lime before using it for defecation, and 
strives also to remove every cause which might bring about 
such changes as will render the juice acid or induce the forma- 
tion of acids, for they favor the introduction of otherwise in- 
soluble compounds into the sugar solution, such as sulphate, 
phosphate and carbonate of lime, etc. Finally, he avoids the 
use of any organic or inorganic substances for the clarification 
of the sugar solutions which in consequence of their own com- 
position are liable to increase the amount of soluble salines 
present. The means by which these compounds may be 
removed are costly, and, in regard to the alkalies in particular, 
very inefficient. Although'the frequently cited statement that 
1 per cent. of ash constituents will render from 4.5 to 5 per 
cent. of a good sugar uncrystallizable is not true in its general 
application, yet sufficient is known to justify the assertion that 
their presence is highly objectionable. Some salines, as caus- 
tic potassa and soda, carbonate of potassa, acetate of potassa, 
and a few other combinations of the latter base with organie 
acids, are known to prevent directly more or less sugar from 
-erystallizing, whilst the others, collecting in the molasses to a 
considerable proportion, increase its bulk and thus indirectly 
cause the retention of more or less sugar in a form of low 
value. Beet molasses contains about 45 to 50 per cent. of 
sugar and from 9 to 10 per cent. of ash constituents, the latter 
representing in all probability more than twice their weight of 
salines in the original solution, where the bases are combined 
- with several organic as well as mineral acids. 


Ill. ON THE SEPARATION OF THE SUGAR. 


The juice of the sugar beet for the manufacture of sugar is 
secured in various ways. The roots, after being freed from 
leaves, are washed and their crowns cut off as far as the leaf- 


* Stammer states that, in case of the press mode being used, every 100 pounds of beet- 
roots require 62 pounds of water; in case the maceration and diffusion modes are to be 
applied, from 180 to 200 pounds of water are needed usually for every 100 pounds of 
‘beets, provided white sugar is to be made. 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. ‘ 5d 


marks extend. They are subsequently changed by means of ~ 
suitable apparatus either into pulp, and in that state subjected 
to the action of a powerful press, or centrifugal apparatus, or 
both operations successively, or they are cut into suitable slices 
and macerated or subjected to a process of diffusion. Hach 
mode of operation quite naturally affects to some extent the 
quantity, the kind, and the relative proportion of the constitu- 
ents which accompany the sugar in the resulting juice. None 
of these modes produces a solution directly fit for the separation 
of the sugar by its mere evaporation and subsequent crystalliza- 
tion. Any of these juices in their original state soon turn slimy 
and their sugar will rapidly become uncrystallizable and thus be 
entirely lost to the manufacturer. All have, therefore, without 
delay, to undergo a similar process of purification before an 
advantageous separation of its sugar can be expected. It may 
be of interest to state here somewhat more in detail the main 
organic and inorganic constituents of the beet juice. They are 
cane sugar, pectose, fat. gum, protein substances, asparagin, 
betain, oxalic acid, citric acid and extractive matter (a collect- 
ive name for organic substances but little known), besides 
potassa, soda, rubidium,” lime, magnesia, iron, manganese, phos- 
phoric acid, sulphuric acid, chlorine and silicic acid. As the 
various constituents of the beet juice obtained by pursuing any 
of the previously mentioned modes of separation are either 
identical or at least of a similar character and as they’ mainly 
differ in regard to their relative quantities, the same general 
mode of manufacture with but slight modifications, is practised 
for the final separation of the sugar. Instead of inserting here 
a chapter treating on this point more in detail, I prefer to con- 
fine myself for the present to the task before me, and to 
describe the way by which I ascertained the amount of sugar 
which could be considered as available for commercial purposes. 
In the course adopted, I adhered as much as possible to the 
modes and-the means which intelligent beet-sugar manufact- 
urers apply, and modified my plan merely to suit the peculiar 
circumstances under which I was obliged to work. 


* Lefebvre states that one hectare (2.5 acres), which produces on the average 40,000 
kilos (88,000 pounds) of sugar beets, and furnishes at the same time 128 kilos (281.6 
pounds) of crude potash, contains for every kilo of the latter 1.75 grammes of rubidium 
chloride, or 288 grammes per hectare, or 91.5 grammes per acre. (Compt. rendus, T. 
liv., page 430, 1862.) . 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


I took fifty pounds of Electoral beet juice (October 18th), in 
a suitable copper kettle and heated it quickly but carefully to 
80° C. to produce the coagulation of the albuminous substances. 
I then removed the vessel from the source of heat and stirred 
into the liquid one-half of one per cent. of caustic lime, which 
had been changed into milk of lime. The heat was then 
applied again and the:liquid rapidly raised to its boiling point, 
and as soon as the steam produced at the bottom of the vessel 
began to force its way through the compact mass of scum 
covering the surface, the heat was discontinued and the clear 
liquid was separated from the scum, after ten to fifteen minutes 
standing, by means of a siphon. The scum itself was subse- 
quently placed upon a filter consisting of cloth and the filtrate 
passed through a thin layer of coarse boneblack to render the 
juice clear. The previous treatment of the juice of the sugar 
beet, which is called the process of defecation, aims at the fol- 
lowing alteration of its constituents. The heating of the juice 
at 80° C causes the coagulation of the albuminous substances 
which protects them somewhat against the disintegrating reac- 
tion of the caustic lime, and particularly of the caustic potassa 
and soda, which result from the action of the caustic lime upon 
the organic and inorganic compounds of these alkalies in the 
beet juice. The excess of caustic lime renders, at a higher 
temperature, the oxalic acid, the citric acid, and the phosphoric 
acid largely insoluble, and causes thus their partial removal in 
common with gum, fat, pectose, and extractive substances in 
the form of a precipitate. The asparagin is changed into 
asparaginic acid and ammonia, which continually escape, with 
that amount of the latter which results from the constant 
decomposition of a portion of nitrogenous substance which 
remained in solution. The organic base, betain, is liberated 
from its combination with one of the organic acids, and, being 
very soluble, accompanies the larger proportion of the com- 
pounds of the asparaginic acid and the alkalies through the 
various operations connected with the crystallization of the 
sugar into the molasses. The sugar forms a definite soluble 
combination with lime and by its presence keeps also a large 
amount of otherwise insoluble lime compounds in solution.” 

* A well defecated juice contains about twice as much caustic lime in solution as lime 
water does. 


e 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 57 


There are various rules regarding the amount of caustic lime 
required to accomplish the desired result of an economical 
separation of the sugar from its accompanying substances, but 
they all aim at an excess of caustic lime in the process of 
defecation. The excess favors the formation of insoluble basic 
lime compounds, the subsequent disintegration of soluble albu- 
minous substances, and particularly it shortens the entire proc- 
ess of defecation, a result most desirable for the production of 
a copious precipitation, which would be more or less interfered 
with in case the liberated alkalies were permitted to continue 
their disintegrating influence upon the scum for any length of 
time. A successful defecation, considering everything else 
equally favorable, aids in an unusual degree the entire subse- 
quent process. To remove the foreign substances from the 
beet juice rather by precipitation than by disintegration ought 
to be the aim of the beet-sugar manufacturer, yet those who 
claim superior results (Jelinske) it seems remove but fifty 
per cent. of soluble non-saccharine constituents of the juice. 
No other process connected with the beet-sugar manufacture 
has been more frequently discussed than that of defecating the 
juice, and there prevails a greater diversity of opinion among 
‘manufacturers on that point, with the exception probably of 
the most efficient and at the same time the most economical 
means of securing the juice from the roots, than on any other 
point connected with the business. 

The defecated juice, obtained as above described, was of a 
light yellow color, transparent and of astrong alkaline reaction. 
To secure the full effect of the lime in solution, I concentrated 
the juice in an open copper vessel by means of a steam bath 
to 30° Brix, and treated it at 50° C. with carefully washed 
carbonic acid gas until the precipitate of carbonate of lime. 
settled readily to the bottom.* The clear solution was ‘heated 
to 95° to 100° C. and subsequently passed through a boneblack 
filter, which was kept by means of steam at 95° C. I used one 
pound of boneblack for every pound of sugar in the juice. 
The solution thus obtained was carefully evaporated to crystal- 
lization and the sugar collected at three different times. It 


* From 0.08 to 0.09 per cent. of caustic lime is frequently left in solution to be removed 
by boneblack afterwards. From ten to twenty pounds of boneblack are used for every 
100 pounds of beet-roots. 


8 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


amounted to somewhat more than eight per cent. with separa- 
tion still going on slowly. The operation was several times 
repeated with the juice of the Electoral, and of the best Impe- 
rial beet, and the sugar resulting was firm in grain and of good 
color. Experiments ona smaller scale yielded from a juice which 
contained 13.19 per cent. of sugar, 9.4 per cent. in a crystallized 
form, which has been valued by experienced sugar refiners at from 
8.5 to 9 cents per pound for refining purposes. Being obliged to 
work without a vacuum pan, &c., and obtaining as stated eight 
per cent. of a good sugar worth at least eight cents per pound, I 
feel quite entitled to say that the sugar beets raised upon the 
college farm, particularly the Vilmorin and the Electoral, though 
not of the highest order, are well qualified for the economical 
manufacture of beet sugar. With proper care in selecting 
good seeds and a fit soil, it is quite apparent that the sugar 
beet promises with us as good results as in Hurope. Our long 
and moderately warm fall season may even give us a decided 
advantage over many localities in Hurope, a question which 
good native sugar ‘beets are most likely soon to decide. 

Our method of planting the sugar beet did not promise more 
than 18,000 plants per acre, which according to our actual test 
produced roots equal to about one and one-fourth pounds each. 
In case the implements on hand would have allowed to carry 
out the proposed arrangement (the rows but twenty inches 
apart and the individual plants eight inches from each other in 
the rows), from 28,000 to 28,500 plants might have been raised, 
which at the same average weight of the roots would amount 
to 32,000 or 34,000 pounds per acre. At this rate of produc- 
tion, it is quite safe to say that from 1,900 to 2,000 pounds of 
sugar would be its produce per acre. These figures, which are 
as will be conceded well supported by actual tests here and 
elsewhere, oblige me to alter the valuation of the produce per 
acre from that of my first report. For obvious reasons, I 
adopt here again rather the lowest rates than the higher ones, 
although the field on which the experiments were made was by 
no means equal in fertility to the alluvial soil of the Connecticut. 


Sugar, 1,900 pounds at eight cents per pound, . . $152.00 ° 
Molasses for feeding purposes, . ; : : «1, 2 See 


- 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. 59 


Press-cakes, $17.40, crowns, $4.00, . : ‘ . $21.40 
Leaves, as manure or fodder, . ‘ : , Jick 2200 


$189.06 


-To this amount should be added the profit on fodder con- 
verted into milk, beef and manure. 

Making allowance for exceptionally good results, which are in 
Germany, for instance, 2,270 pounds of sugar per acre, $29.60 
would have to be added to the above sum. Adding one cent to 
the value of each pound of sugar, which considering our pres- 
ent market prices seems to be warranted, would be $15.20 
more, making the entire yield $222.86 per acre. There are, 
‘also, incidental profits arising in the manufacture of sugar, 
which benefit particularly the agricultural interest, which were 
not enumerated in my former report. Two sources of ad- 
ditional profit deserve particular attention here. The process 
of defecation requires the application to the juice of from one 
to several per cent. of caustic lime. The scum resulting from 
this operation contains a large percentage of phosphoric acid, 
magnesia, nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous organic constitu- 
ents of the beet juice, a considerable quantity of caustic and 
carbonate of lime, and these are in such a state that they 
may serve, after some composting, as an efficient fertilizer. 
In its original condition, it consists of about 60 per cent. of 
water, 22 per cent of organic substances, and J8 per cent. of 
inorganic substances, and has been counted in this state equal 
to its own weight of stable manure. This mass is frequently 
pressed to save sugar, and varies of course somewhat in its 
composition. One acre of beet-roots causes the production of 
about 750 pounds of pressed scum of the following composition : 


Caustic and carbonate of lime,. ! ; . 204.80 pounds 
Potassa and soda, . ‘ 2 i ’ ainayS Mars oss 
Magnesia, d : y i : : 3 PTA 20W) eet 
Phosphoric acid, . : ; : tA DA2Oy ay fs 


Sulphuric acid, : ; : : : ! DOs ups 
‘Nitrogen, : : : , ‘ . id al BD...» 68 
’ Organic substances, . ‘ ot pete ‘ + 300.00. ,,,.$ 
Water, . ; A ; ‘ : : 2D FO: vs 6 


750.00 pounds. 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


The refuse matter (spodium), resulting from the clarification 
and decolorization of the sugar solution, is also worth mention- 
ing in this connection, as an important source of an excellent 
material for the, manufacture of super-phosphate. The peculiar 
benefits which the agricultural interests of a country derive, 
directly or indirectly, from the introduction of the beet-sugar 
industry, under judicious management, have never been se- 
riously questioned. J express but the prevailing opinion of 
Kuropean agriculturists, when I again assert, that wherever the 
promotion of rational principles in agricultural pursuits is a 
desirable object, or where a declining productiveness of the soil 
calls for efficient assistance, there it will be found of inestimable 
service to study the ways and means by which the true relation” 
of the various farm crops to the sugar beet have been ascer- 
tained, and the beet-sugar manufacture rendered a lucrative 
agricultural and industrial business. 

The great interest which of late has been manifested through- 
out the entire country in regard to the introduction of the beet- 
sugar manufacture, is a sufficient proof that its importance 
begins to be realized. The question has reached in the minds 
of many already a state which leaves no further choice for argu- 
ments than the laboratory, the field and the factory. We have, 
in many respects, an easier task and less discouraging prospects, 
when contemplating the introduction of the beet-sugar manufact- 
ure, than those who began this enterprise years ago in Hurope. 
They had first to find out how to raise a good sugar beet, and 
how to separate in an economical way the sugar, whilst we may, 
simply, for the present, follow their teachings, ascertain the 
results upon our soil, and modify their methods to suit our 
circumstances. They were not less confronted by the same 
difficulties in their time, which are held up to us as great ob- 
stacles in the way of success, namely; an uncertain degree of 
protection for a struggling home industry and too expensive 
labor by hand to compete with the colonial sugar produce of the 
West and Hast Indies. Their times were indeed hard and their 
chances* frequently doubtful; yet in looking closer at their 

* From 1836 to 1846, about 2,000 pounds of beet roots were required to produce 100. 
pounds of sugar (=5 per cent.); from 1846 to 1856, about 1,500 pounds of beet roots to 
produce 100 pounds of sugar (63 per cent.); from 1856 to 1868, about 1,250 pounds of 


beet roots for 100 pounds of sugar (=8 per cent.). The government tax is thirty times 
higher in Germany and France on the beet root than in 1840. 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 61 


struggle, we cannot help noticing that the very circumstances 
which seemed at times to render success impossible, have con- 
tributed largely to a final good result. A firm belief in the 
advantages offered by a rational mode of cultivation and by 
skilled labor over mere empirical routine, carried them success- 
fully to the end. How well they succeeded may be inferred from 
the following two facts: first, most of the sugar refineries which 
in former years were engaged in refining sugar from the sugar 
cane of the tropics, are now refining home-made beet sugar: 
secondly, the introduction of numerous mechanical contrivances 
has reduced expensive hand labor in the field and in the fac- 
tory to a condition which compares very favorably with the rela- 
tive amounts of machine and hand labor employed in similar 
industrial operations. Nothing remains for us to do but to enter 
upon a close investigation of the merits of the question. A 
study of our resources with reference to the important changes 
which have taken place in the management of the beet-sugar 
industry within later years cannot but demonstrate that the 
prospects are promising. The chief argument used against. the 
introduction of the beet-sugar manufacture as a home industry, 
rests to-day solely on the expensive field-work which is required 
to till and to manure the soil properly to cultivate the beet root 
according to the best rules, and to deliver them at the mill. 
Although duly recognizing the great weight of this point, for with 
the farmer rests the success of the enterprise.in the end, I believe 
that its influence as an obstacle is frequently overrated and 
based on somewhat obsolete assumptions. The government tax 
of from $40 to $50 per acre of sugar beets, in Germany and 
France, as well as our higher prices of sugar, will go far towards 
covering our more expensive labor.* The interests of the Louis- 
jana sugar planters and the sugar-beet cultivators of more north- 
ern sections of the country are the same, as far as a proper pro- 
tection of their industry is concerned ; and the public opinion, in 
view of the requirements of the government, is apparently pre- 
pared to accord to them, for some time, at least, this advantage. 
Great improvements in agricultural implements, and in modes 
of securing the juice, have reduced labor by hand to a consider- 
able extent. A short enumeration of the most conspicuous 


* The average price of the best quality of loaf sugar (crushed) from sugar beets, was, 
in Germany, during the years 1868 and 1869, but $11 per 100 pounds. 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Feb. 


instances may place this statement in its proper light. Various 
seeding machines, improvements more or less on Garrett’s 
famous seed-drill, are used in planting the seed in four or more 
rows at once, and at any desired distances from twelve to twenty 
inches apart. According to the size of the machine, one or 
two men with one or two horses or oxen, may seed from eight 
to sixteen acres per day ; the same implement can also be modi- 
fied, by replacing the seed boxes with suitable knives to be used 
as cultivators, to clean the space between the rows of plants and 
to cover the roots. Ploughs with two knives are used to break 
up the soil on both sides of the rows of beets, to loosen the 
latter in such a manner, without lacerating them, that children 
may do the harvesting of the roots. In fact, the whole work in 
the field, after the soil is once properly broken up, calls for no 
extraordinary labor. A good deal of the work can be done by 
boys. Machines do the washing, the grinding or cutting, and 
general handling of the roots to the centrifugal apparatus. The 
task of handling the pulp of beet roots for the press requires, 
comparatively speaking, a large supply of hands to do the busi- 
ness connected with that process, but Roberts’ diffusion method 
dispenses with a large number of the hands formerly required 
in the press-room—nearly one-half. 

A report concerning the influence of Roberts’ method on the’ 
financial results of an establishment which formerly used the 
press mode for obtaining the beet juice may illustrate the pre- 
vious statement, and at the same time give some clearer idea 
about the importance of the labor question, as far as its relative 
bearing on the financial success of the entire manufacturing 
operation is concerned. 200,000 pounds of beet roots needed per 
day (twenty-four hours’ actual work) in the press-room, eighteen 
men, fifty-two girls and twenty-eight boys to perform the hand- 
ling of the pulp and cakes, whilst after the introduction of the 
diffusion mode of Roberts, but twenty-six men and ten boys 
attended to the separation of the juice. The saving of one-half 
the expenses in that department during a campaign of one hun_ 
dred and fifty days amounted to much, yet in summing up the 
entire gain due to a change of operation, it is of some interest 
to notice that but one-sixth of the extra earnings of the manu- 
facturer was caused by saving in the expenses of labor. I call 
attention to this instance to show that an extra cost of hand 


-1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 63 


labor does not affect after all the chances of success to such a 
degree as is frequently asserted. The margin for profits is larger 
here than in many other branches of business. The real success 
of the beet-sugar industry, in its present high state of develop- 
ment, depends, in my opinion, with us far more on an intelligent 
and close attention to the details of its various operations in the 
field and in the factory than on any other requirement.* 


* My particular thanks are due to Messrs. John E. King and John B. Minor, students 
of the College, for valuable assistance rendered during my investigations. 


stg nigusas Fr Tish 
re AROELs jaar 2 toe | vi ota 
wh , er 


e : ef pas 
¥. ne > a8 
t ofa, 
t & fey +} 
" 
oe fhEiw 
* 4 ‘ 
‘ ' i 
A 4 : 4 
a 
. . 
re ’ : 
= mrt "he rere 
7 rt . : rg 
La che hak a 
* t “Hh 
5 A 
iF ae en 
Se ee eee da Ne iti. aS dice a 
» 
- 
ms 
iy 
‘ 
" 
4 
; / 
{ x 
‘ 
x 
* 
ed 
i Ode 
i \ 
= Tp i = 
Lo 
f 
k 
: Ge 4, y 


REPORT OF JOHN C. DILLON, 


Farm SuPERINTENDENT. 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


REPORT. 


To the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


GENTLEMEN :—TI have the honor to submit for your considera- 
tion my report of the farm operations during the past year. The 
following crops have been raised, viz. :— 


Acres, Roods. Perches. 


Potatoes, . 3 - 15 
Oats, 6 1 - 
Sugar beets, 4 2 33 
Trial wheat, : - pe 36 
Vegetable garden, . 1 2 31 
Carn. % 10 2 30 
Fodder corn, . 1 - 28 
Turnips, . ati - ~ 
Small fruits, - 2 30 
Strawberries, . - 1 18 
Hungarian grass, 11 - 3 


The land planted with potatoes is a gravelly hill, from which 
the students, under the direction of Professor Stockbridge, have 
grubbed up a host of large stumps. The main object of cul- 
tivating this land was to subdue the brush and to fit it for the 
planting of an arboretum. It was planted with potatoes of 
several kinds, chiefly Early Rose and Bresee’s Prolific. Part 
was manured in the hill with a mixture of ashes, plaster and 
salt, and part, with about three cwt. to the acre, of different 
superphosphates. No difference in the crop was perceptible ; 
though the vines, where the superphosphates were used, looked 
much darker and more luxuriant. The crop was light,—one 
hundred and twenty-five bushels of large, and seventy-five 


————E—s OU 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. 67 


bushels of small potatoes. On two rows, where no fertilizer 
was used, the crop was a total failure. 

Another portion of this hill—two acres, two roods, twenty 
perches—was sown, April 17th, with six bushels Excelsior oats 


and twenty-five red clover seed. About three cwt. to the acre 


of superphosphate was sown with the grain and harrowed in. 
The piece yielded fifty-six bushels of very handsome oats, and 
there is a clover root which promises a good crop of fodder, and 
also a valuable amount of fertilizing matter to turn in next 
August. The rest of the oats were grown on land planted 
with potatoes last year. Two quarter-acre patches, sown with 
White Schonen and Excelsior oats obtained from the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, yielded respectively: Schonen eight, 
Excelsior ten, bushels. Half an acre of Surprise oats yielded 
twenty-six bushels, and three-quarters of an acre sown with 
Exceisior oats, raised on the college farm last year, yielded 
forty-three bushels. 

The beets were grown on land which yielded a fine crop of 


_¢ornin 1870. The piece was twice ploughed to a depth of 


eight inches and then worked with Holbrook’s Horse Hoe, drawn 
by a span of horses, harrowed, bushed and planted, the 11th of 
May, with sugar beets. Five cwts. per acre of different super- 
phosphates were sown and harrowed in previous to planting. 
The piece was cultivated three times: first with French’s cul- 
tivator; next with Perry’s scarifier, with scuffle attachment; 
and lastly, with the same instrument arranged as a subsoil 
loosener. The yield was fifty-nine tons of beets, which sell 
readily at ten dollars per ton, but at the present price of fodder 
are worth more than that for feeding to the stock. The beets were 
topped in the field, and, after filling the root cellar, about twenty 
tons were stored in pits in the field. Two pits were also filled 
with leaves, which were salted and sandwiched with chopped 
straw, as is often done in Europe, for use as fodder in the 


| spring. 


Another piece of the corn ground was sown by Professor 
Stockbridge with several samples of rye and wheat for experi- 
ments. The vegetable garden was twice ploughed, graded and 
dressed with one hundred and twenty-seven ox-cart loads of 
barn manure, ploughed again, harrowed and handed over to 
Professor Stockbridge for cultivation by students as class work. 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Good crops were realized of a variety of v-getables, and after 
these were removed, about twenty cords to the acre was spread 
on a portion of the land and ploughed in before the ground froze 
up. 

The corn was planted on the slope in the rear of the boarding- 
house. The land was in grass, and about one-quarter of it 
received an abundant dressing of barn manure (thirty-five loads 
of thirty bushels each to the acre) in the fall, which was ploughed 
in in the spring. The other portion received an equal dressing 
of like manure, spread on the land after it was ploughed, and 
harrowed in with the Nishwitz, and afterwards with the Shares’ 
harrow. There was no perceptible difference in the yield of 
the two pieces. Two cwt. to the acre of different superphos- 
phates was applied in the hill, a portion of each fertilizer being 
retained by Professor Goessmann for analysis. 

The fodder-corn was planted in drills, four feet apart, made 
a luxuriant growth and was of great benefit in helping out the 
pasture during the dry weather of July and August. About 
fifteen acres below the beet-field was seeded down in 1870, with 
oats, clover and grass seed, but owing to the severe drought the 
erass seeding was more or less a failure on the greater portion 
sown. From the 5th to the 11th of June, we ploughed this 
piece eight inches deep with Holbrook’s swivel plough. We 
then set off two acres of the lightest of the land for turnips, 
and on the remainder we scattered two tons of superphosphates 
and harrowed it in, and then sowed four bushels of millet and 
Hungarian grass, eighty pounds red clover, two bushels herds- 
grass, two bushels redtop and two bushels of orchard grass. 
From this piece we harvested eight tons of Hungarian hay, and — 
there appears to be a good stand of grass and clover. 

The turnip ground was harrowed June 25th, bushed, marked 
out in rows, thirty inches apart, and planted, June 26th, with 
Skirving’s purple-top ruta-baga, Carter’s Imperial Swede and 
sweet German turnips. Superphosphates of five different brands 
were sown along the drills at the rate of four cwt. to the acre. 
The sced was sown with Holbrook’s seed drill, and about half 
a pound of seed to the acre was used. The crop was twice cul- 
tivated, and the plants thinned to eight inches apartintherows. 
About the middle of August, the field became infested with lice 
(Aphis brassica), which spread rapidly, and, especially under 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 69 


shelter of the woods, inflicted severe injury on the crop. Where 
unmolested by this pest the turnips were excellent, yielding at 
the rate of twenty-four tons to the acre. The total yield of the 
piece was, however, only twenty-one tons. 

A swamp, lying east of the brook and south of the road from 
the College to the « epot, was thoroughly drained under the direc- 
tion of Professor Stockbridge, in 1869. It yielded a good crop 
of corn in 1870, and last spring was ploughed and sown, the 
15th of June, with millet and Hungarian grass. Both kinds 
did equally well, and the piece altogether yielded seven tons of 
good fodder. In order more thoroughly to subdue the sedge 
and skunk-cabbage, with which the land was infested, no grass 
seed was sown with the millet, but the land was again ploughed 
after the hay was off, and, the first of September, was seeded 
down with thirty pounds of clover, three pecks of herdsgrass, 
a bushel of redtop and a bushel of orchard grass. Before sow- 
ing the grass seed, we drew and spread on about thirty loads to 
the acre of compost from the yards. 

About two-thirds of an acre south of the new barn received 
a heavy dressing of manure and was planted with raspberries 
(Mammoth Cluster), blackberries (Kittatinny), and several 
kinds of currants and gooseberries. ‘The vines were carefully 
tended and made a good growth. Before frost set in, the canes 
were trimmed to four or six in a hill, shortened to four feet and 
tied up to chestnut stakes. They also received a liberal mulch- 
ing of strawy manure. 

About a third of an acre near the farmhouse was also liber- 
ally manured and planted with a variety of strawberries— 
Wilson’s, Jucunda, Dr. Nicaise, Boyden’s No. 30, Agriculturist, 
Lennig’s White and President Wilder. Except the Wilder, they 
have been kept in stools, and all have been well cultivated and 
have made good growth. They have also been mulched and 
can scarcely fail to yield a good crop next summer. 

One hundred and thirty-three acres have been mown, some 
once and some twice, and produced one hundred and twenty- 
five tons of hay of variable quality, the grass having been fully 
a third less than the average. By cutting early, we got the hay 
in the best possible condition, and, on the swale alongside the 
brook, we were cutting a second crop at the time when it has 
been customary to cut the first. Five hundred loads of compost 


T0 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


from the yards and lanes where the cattle have been yarded 
were spread on fourteen acres. About eight acres of this were 
ploughed after haying and reseeded to grass. Four acres near 
the botanic museum were also ploughed, manured with a ton 
of superphosphate and reseeded. 

About seven acres of land west of the corn were also 
ploughed after haying, and five acres,of it sown with rye. Some 
two acres below this were also ploughed, but as it was evidently 
too wet for rye, it is proposed to put in a few rods of drains in 
the spring, and sow oats and clover. Besides assisting in the 
cultivation of the crops, harvesting and farm work generally, the 
students, under the direction of Professor Stockbridge, have 
planted, tended and harvested the vegetables in ‘the kitchen- 
garden, straightened the course of the brook before the dor- 
mitories and graded the ragged-looking hillocks on its banks, 
They have also dug up and overturned a multitude of un- 
sightly and useless trees with which the farm was studded, dug 
and laid drains, and done much other work towards beautifying 
and permanently improving the farm. 

The vaults have been cleaned from time to time, and their 
contents, well mixed with loam, have been deposited in a large 
heap, which it is hoped will save the necessity of buying special 
fertilizers for use in the hill. 

An abundance of sand and loam has been provided to receive 
the contents of the slop-pails, and also to supply the place of 
that removed from the yards and cellars. 

Properly mixed and composted, this will furnish a still larger 
amount of material for top-dressing and reseeding next fall. A 
supply of dry earth is provided in a cellar of the College, and a 
portion is daily scattered in each vault, retaining for manurial 
purposes the gases which would otherwise escape to poison the 
atmosphere. Dry earth has also been stored in the new sheds 
to be used as an absorbent and deodorizer for the poultry houses 
and hog-pens. 

Besides the regular farm work, the teams have done a very 
large amount of work in expressing and trucking for the dor- 
mitories, the plant-house, the laboratory and the horticultural 
department ; in cultivating the nursery, orchards and vineyard ; 
in making and repairing roads; in conducting the water of the _ 
reservoir to the laboratory and boarding-houses; in filling in 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. | 71 


and wharfing for the new barns and yards, and in hauling two 
hundred perches of stone from Pelham for the foundation for the 
new sheds, and for completing the walls at the west end of the 
main barn. 7 


INCOME AND EXPENSES. 


Below, I submit an account of receipts and expenditures. 
I regret that the expenses exceed the income, but I do not see 
how it could be otherwise. . 

Prices have declined so much during the last year, that cows, 
which were properly valued at seventy-five dollars each in Janu- 
ary, 1871, are now barely worth forty dollars. 

Yearlings are worth exactly as much as they were valued at 
a year ago, and oxen, which have grown from 3,200 to 3,600 
pounds, have to be sold at a loss of thirty dollars on their cost in 
April. 

Nor is this the only reason. The college farm is neither 
better nor worse than the average of farms in the Common- 
wealth. 

By cultivating the best spots, especially with tobacco, which 
we do not raise, and leaving the rest to take care of itself, and 
by incessant industry and frugality, a succession of owners have 
contrived to support themselves and their families. 

By the removal of the brush-grown fences, the hideousness of 
the neglected spots has become glaringly apparent, and the 
weeds, which were formerly suffered to ripen and spread their 
seeds in abundance, must now be kept down at a considerable 
outlay of money and labor. 

Gnarled and worthless apple-trees and boulders that have 
been clipped around for generations, must be removed ; bog- 
holes and gullies offer intolerable impediments to the profitable 
use of the cultivator, the mowing machine and the reaper, and 
must be drained and filled up ; the roads must be put and kept in 
irreproachable condition and repair ; the stock, a great proportion 
of which.is young animals, must be brought to a high stand- 
ard of excellence, and be kept groomed, fed and tended with 
the utmost regularity and completeness; scrupulous attention 
must be paid to the saving and application of manures, and, in 
short, every nerve must be strained to improve the condition of 
the farm, and also to leave as little occasion as possible for 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


censure to the crowds of visitors, who, from morning till night, 
are strolling about the premises and examining our proceedings 
with a critical eye. 

Add that much of this work must be done with boys oe 
of whom are unaccustomed to labor) in the intervals of their 
studies in the class-room, and it can scarcely be wondered at 
that we should have failed to improve the farm, to render it 
available as a means of instruction, and to make it pay in the 
face of a falling market at one and the same time. 

While conscious of an honest desire and a diligent effort to 
improve the farm and promote the prosperity and usefulness of 
the College, I fully realize that no business can be satisfactory 
unless it is profitable. I therefore feel it necessary to say that 
the money expended has been judiciously and economically ap- 
plied, and as an investment is paying and will pay a baniiebeap 
interest. 

Even next year the income from the farm will be greatly 
increased while the expense may be correspondingly lessened. 

With much deference, I submit a few suggestions as to the 
condition, resources and requirements of the farm for 1872. 

Much of the mowing land is run out, and all is more or less 
infested with ox-eye daisy, yellow dock, Canada thistle and wild 
carrot; while, if a furrow is turned, or even a sod removed, 
the exposed surface is speedily covered with wild turnip, sorrel 
and rag-weed, the seeds of which were probably deposited 
before any of the present generation were born. By top- 
dressing, and cutting early and often, it is hoped that the grasses 
will be enabled to crowd the weeds (except the docks, which 
must be pulled) out of the mowing, and, by constant stirring 
of the soil, successive crops of weed seeds may be germinated 
and destroyed. Both these processes need manure, and there- 
fore particular attention should be directed towards economizing 
and adding to the resources of the farm in this direction. 
Where land is too far run out to be recovered by top-dressing, 
or where there is no manure available, an approved,method is 
to plough and sow with oats, harrowing in as much as can be 

afforded of good superphosphate. This not only ensures a good 
crop of grain and straw, but it also greatly increases the chance 
of a good clover crop; and thus it gives the farmer two remu- 


— 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 73 


nerative crops, and two years to prepare for planting the land, 
which he will then find in fine condition for his purpose. 
The value of superphosphate for corn has already been re- 


ferred to; it is also useful as furnishing easily digested food to 


young plants, which, as they grow older, become abundantly 


able to forage for themselves. It is also of peculiar efficacy in 


stimulating the growth of turnips, and in pushing them out of 
reach of the fly. 

For these purposes, therefore, I would recommend a modcrate 
appropriation for fertilizers. 

A liberal allowance should also ,be made to buy grain; but 
this as well as the fertilizers will be reimbursed by the produce 
of sales of stock and crops. I confidently expect that after next 
harvest no appropriations will be needed for this end. 

It is obviously impossible to employ the students to advantage 
as teamsters, and it is therefore desirable to keep four good men 
to work with the teams, and two or three extra hands can be 
employed to advantage in haying. In case works outside the 
business of farming are undertaken, suitable appropriations 
would have to be made. Draining is much needed, and the 
ground affords singular inducements and facilities for com- 
mencing and carrying out a comprehensive and systematic plan 
of drainage. This would, however, be expensive, and could not 
be undertaken without your express instructions; but it is in 
contemplation to put in a few rods of drains in different places 
where they appear to be urgently necessary, and, I believe, there 
is an unexpended appropriation of $100 to buy tiles for this 
purpose. 

I have sold the sheep, with the full approval of the executive 
committee. I believe that 1 am in no way responsible for their 
condition, and I have accounted for their price. But the College 
has now a fine sheep barn and wants some sheep to keep in it. 
I submit the question of breed, number and quality to your 
wisdom and liberality. 

A horse-power, with a suitable machine for threshing and 
cleaning grain and cutting feed, &c., should be provided before 
next fali; or, what would be better still, a small steam-engine 
to run the machines, and also furnished with suitable apparatus 
for steaming and cooking food for stock. 

An improved cultivator, such as is used in Europe, for the 

10 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — Feb. 


cultivation of four to eight rows of root crops at one passage, 
would be a valuable addition to the implements on the farm, 
and, in connection with the growing interest in sugar-beet cult- 
ure, would seem to be demanded by the farming interest. 

I confidently expect that the receipts from sales of stock and 
farm produce will be more than twice what they were last year, 
and they might be more largely increased if it were proper 
or prudent to sacrifice the reputation of the College for the sake 
of a temporary gain. It is believed, however, that by culling 
out and selling to the butcher all inferior animals, a reputation 
will be gained for those which are kept, of far more value to 
the institution than the mere advance in price which might be 
obtained by misrepresentation. 

Strawberries, raspberries and blackberries, properly tended 
and marketed, yield more cash profit than many times their 
extent in corn and potatoes, and it is proposed to develop this 
source of income as rapidly as possible. The vegetable garden 
is now in such a condition that it should yield a considerable 
income from the sale of vegetables. 


Farm BUILDINGS. 


In the Seventh Annual Report was given a description of the 
new barn which was erected in 1869. A severe gale in March, 
1870, destroyed the L which was designed for cattle sheds and 
a sheep barn; standing on the west side of the yard, it was 
also very useful as a screen from the cold winds of winter. 
The want of this structure was very much felt during the last 
year, and additional accommodations were greatly needed for 
swine, poultry, horses and vehicles. Accordingly, at the request 
of the executive committee, | prepared a sketch of a building, 
which, after some modifications, was approved and adopted. by 
the trustees. 

Working plans.and specifications were then prepared by Mr. 
Wn. F. Pratt, of Northampton, and a contract for its erection 
made with Mr. L. N. Granger, of North Hadley, who has per- 
formed his work in a very satisfactory manner. 

The accompanying plans of the barn and L, were prepared 
by Mr. F. C. Eldred, of the junior class. 

Entering at the north-east door adjoining the barn, visitors 
pass along a floored walk, five feet wide, running north and 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. 15 


south. On the right or west side of the walk, are six pens for 
swine, each nine and a half by ten feet, communicating by 
swinging doors, which the swine readily learn to open, with 
yards at the back, each ten by ten feet. These pens have plank 


. floors and are furnished with approved feeding troughs, and 


are made so as to lessen as much as possible the danger of sows 
overlying their young. On the other side of the walk are three 
loose boxes, each twelve by twelve feet, for the accommodation 
of colts, sick animals, or cows about to calve. 

A room, twelve by twenty-four feet, is fitted up with a sink, 
with a very perfect arrangement for supplying and controlling 
water, a portable boiler capable of holding thirty gallons, a 
sloping plank floor to carry off blood and slops, and a hoisting 
apparatus. This room is used to cook and keep food for hogs 
in, and it is also intended to serve as a slaughter-house. Ad- 
joining this isa small granary, seven by twelve feet. At the 
end of the walk referred to, is a commodious poultry house, 
twenty by twenty-six feet, divided into three compartments for 
the acccommodation of different breeds of fowls. This hennery 
is lighted by four large windows on the south, and two on the 
west. About one-half of each of the three divisions is floored 
with planed and matched boards, and is swept and resanded 
every morning. The remaining half is filled with gravel, and a 
few bushels of chaff and hay-seed, removed and replaced every 
week, furnishes the fowls an opportunity to indulge their instinct 
for scratching, and conduces greatly to their health and comfort. 
In each house is a box, two by six feet, and eighteen inches 
deep, containing coal ashes, sand and sawdust for the fowls to 
wallow in. An inclined plank, with slats nailed on it at inter- 
vals, serves as a ladder from the floor to a shelf above the door. 
Highteen inches above this shelf, are the roosting-poles, two 
inches square ; and the droppings which fall on the shelf are 
removed daily. Nesting-boxes are provided on shelves under 
the windows in the partition ; these boxes are detached for con- 
venience of cleaning. A constant supply of oats is kept in a 
hopper in each house, and a little corn, wheat and barley is 
daily mixed with the chaff to stimulate and reward industry. 
Twice a week we give a mess of scalded meal, in which sulphur 
has been mixed, and bones and scraps of fresh meat are occa- 
sionally pounded up, and eagerly eaten by the fowls. Running 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


GROUND PLAN OF BARNS. SCALE, THIRTY FEET PER INCH. 


) 
INN 


:: Ee 


—— 
2 13 ; a 4 | } 
) jo hl 4 


EXPLANATIONS. og 
— — Doors. 5 Bull pens. 16 Stairs. | 
—..— Windows. ' 6 Loose boxes. 17 Privy. - 4 
P. Passage way. 7 Hog pens. 18 Sheep rack. 
B. Barn. 8 Slaughter room. 19 Water cocks. — | 
L. Ell. 9 Grain room. 20 Grain bins. - 
Y. Yard. 10 Hen house. = 21 Passage to pasture. | 
T. Trough. 11 Sheep pen. 22 Earth for fowls. ~ 4 
1 Calf pen. 12 Tool room. -23 Screen for roots. a 
2 Root room. 13 Carriage house. 24 Hog yards. os 
3 Cow stanchions. 14 Horse stalls. 25 Ventilators. oh 
4 Cattle stalls. 15 Shed. F r | 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. TT 


PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR OF BARNS. SCALE, THIRTY FEET PER INCH. 


a di 


{ } 


18 


EXPLANATIONS. 
—..— Windows. 4 Shoots for hay. 10 Gravel boxes. 
— — Doors. 5 Grain bins. 11 Traps for hay. 
P. Passage ways. 6 Stairs. 12 Office. 
1 Bays for hay. 7 Trap for hay. 13 Breeding boxes. 
2 Platform scale. 8 Slaughter room, 14 Ventilators. 


3 Trap for roots. 9 Pigeon room. 15 Chimneys. 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


water is supplied by pipes from the reservoir on the hill. Win- 
‘ dows in the partition between the hen-houses and the walk 
enable visitors to observe the proceedings of the poultry without 
alarming them by intruding on their premises. 

Adjoining the hennery is the sheep barn, twenty-six by thirty- 
six feet. A raised plank platform, eight feet wide, runs along 
two sides, and on this are the feed-rack for thirty sheep anda 
trough supplied with running water. The remainder of the 


sheep barn consists of an unfloored area into which the drop-. 


_ pings are daily swept and covered with litter. A shelf, six’by 
fourteen feet, with roosting-poles over it, serves as a dormitory 
_ for'turkeys, which, like sheep, thrive best if permitted to go in 


and out in all weathers. A floored passage-way, six feet wide, 


runs the whole length of the sheep barn, for convenience in 
feeding and for the accommodation of visitors. At the end of 
this passage, is a door leading into the tool-house, which is fitted 
up with lockers so that each workman can have and be respon- 
sible for his own tools. Next, is a covered driveway, twelve feet 
wide, for the cattle to pass to and from the pastures. In the 
winter this serves as a shed for the storage of carts and wagons. 

Kast of the driveway is a carriage-house, ten by twenty-six 
feet ; and communicating with this is a four-stall stable, sixteen 
by twenty-six feet. An open shed, eighteen by twenty-six feet, 
facing the east, for carts and wagons, completes the range of 
offices on the ground floor. : 

On the second floor are lofts for hay and straw, furnished 
with scuttles at convenient points through which fodder and 
litter are dropped into the passages below. A pigeon-loft, con- 
structed like the henhouse, with a view to the health and com- 
fort of its inhabitants and the convenience of those who desire 
to see the birds undisturbed, and to study their character and 


habits. The east end-of this floor is fitted up for the farm 


superintendent’s office. 

The barnyard, one hundred by seventy-five feet, is thus shel- 
tered on three sides by the buildings, the remaining or east 
side being enclosed by a board fence five feet high. 

Water from the reservoir on the hill is conveyed by iron pipes 
to the circular drinking trough in the yard, and to the sheep 


barn, the hennery and the swill-room. The overflow from 


the troughs, and also the eaves’ water from the north and east 


Co) ag tot he 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 79. 


roofs, are collected in a six-inch pipe and discharged on the west: 
of the building at a point where it is proposed to make a small 
pond for water-fowl. The work about the barns, the milking, 
cutting roots and fodder, cooking, feeding, cleaning, sweeping, 
training of bulls, colts, &c., the castration of calves, pigs and 
lambs, &c., are all performed by students; and, in this con- 
nection, it is equally a pleasure and a study to acknowledge 
that in addition to faithful, intelligent, efficient assistance, I am 
indebted to my “ hired help”’ for much valuable and interesting 
information with regard to soils, plants, insects and other sub- 
jects with which we are daily concerned. In the summer we 
commence work at five, and in the winter at six o’clock, A.M., 
and the barn is all cleaned up and ready for the inspection of 
visitors before the college exercises commence. The cattle are 
again let out, the stables cleaned and the cattle put up again, 
milked and fed between four and six o’clock, P.M., in the winter, 
and between five and seven o’clock, P.M., inthe summer. I divide 
the work up as much as possible ; still there are many applicants 
for each task, and it is not by any means the most agreeable 
part of my duty to decide between two boys equally worthy and 
both needing all they can earn to enable them to pay their way 
and continue their course. 


Stock. 


With the exception of one row of grade cows, which all 
slunk their calves, the cattle have been thrifty and prosperous. 
There have been no losses, and, except one case of temporary 
lameness, no sickness among the herd. The abortions were 
probably the result of confinement in stanchions, on a platform 
inconyeniently short, as none of the other cattle in the barn 
suffered from this cause, though all were fed and in other 
respects treated precisely in the same manner. As the cows 
which aborted were suffered to mix freely with the other cows 
in the yard, lam confirmed in my opinion that there is not, 
necessarily, any strong disposition in cows to abort from sym- 
pathy. The platform referred to was four feet six inches long; 
I have had it lengthened eight inches, and the cows which 
aborted last year show no signs of a recurrence of the disorder. 
The stock of thoroughbred cattle has been increased by births, 
as follows: Shorthorns, five bulls, two heifers; Ayrshires, two 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


bulls, two heifers; Jerseys, one bull, one heifer; Devons, one 
bull, one heifer. The College has also received a number of 
gifts of stock, viz.: from Augustus Whitman, Esq., Shorthorn 
bull “ Adonis” ; from William Birnie, Esq , Ayrshire bull * Ab- 
erdeen”’; from H. M. Clark, Esq., Swiss bull ** Belmont” ; from 
W. W. Chenery, Esq., Dutch (by some called Holstein) bull 
“Fourth Highland Chief”; from William Knowlton, Esq., 
Brittany bull “ Upton” and heifer “ Pauline,” and from O. B. 
Hadwen, Hsq., Jersey bull ‘‘ Grand Duke.” I have also pur- 
chased two Ayrshire cows, viz.: “Tulip” (4) and “ Beauty ” 
(3), imported in 1855, by Luke Sweetser, Esq. ‘ Beauty ” 
is now nearly eighteen years old, but still hale and hearty. 
On New Year’s day (1872) she presented the College with a 
heifer calf, by “ Colfax’? (127), a perfect beauty, for which 
Mr. Sweetser has offered one hundred dollars. 

I have sold three Shorthorn calves (two bulls and a heifer) 
for one hundred and forty-five dollars; I have, also, sold a 
Shorthorn heifer, absolutely worthless for milk, to the butcher. 
Believing that the capacity to yield an abundant supply of good 
milk is a prime requisite in a cow for New England, and that 
this property is by no means incompatible with a superior apti- 
tude to lay on flesh when dry, or, indeed, with any of the valu- 
able properties for which the different breeds are prized, we 
intend to dispose of all those cows which do not come up to 
a high standard in this respect. In this way it is hoped the cows 
of the Agricultural College will become celebrated for individual 
excellence, as well as purity of descent. 

The Shorthorn, Devon, Ayrshire and Jersey bulls are all 
trained to the yoke and are used in place of oxen. This tends 
to keep them docile, and also evidently increases their sexual 
vigor and ardor and very much prolongs their usefulness. It is 
also believed that in a succession of generations the effect for 
good of using only mature animals will be apparent. The 


younger bulls are also trained to the yoke and exercised in pro- - 


portion to their age and strength. 

The influence for good of the bulls kept by the College can- 
not fail to be very great on the cattle of this section. The grade 
bull has to a great extent disappeared. The necessity of keep- 
ing the college herds isolated on account of the foot-and-mouth 
disease, gave the “scrubs ” a temporary opportunity to reassert 


SF PE TET 


1872.) SENATE—No. 100. 81 


themselves; but, since the yards of the College have been 
opened, the public have shown themselves fully sensible of the 
superior merits of the pure-bred males. 

Chiefly for want of accommodation, the stock of swine have 
been mainly of one kind—Chester White. The original stock 
was obtained from Dr. Cutter, in 1870, and we have now a sur- 
plus of first-class animals of this valuable breed. With in- 
creased accommodations, it is proposed to keep specimens of 
other breeds—probably the Essex, and perhaps the Berkshire. 

For want of suitable premises, no attempts have heretofore 
been made to keep poultry in a systematic manner, but now 
that convenient houses have been provided, first-class fowls 
have been procured of the Game as most nearly representing 
the original stock, and the Cochin China as specimens of the 
large Asiatics. It is proposed to add Polands or Houdans as 
representatives of the crested, non-sitting breeds. 

Bronze turkeys, Rouen and Aylesbury ducks, and some six 
kinds of fancy pigeons enliven the yards and offer opportunities 
for practical illustration of the principles of breeding, the cost of 
keeping, the relative profit and the care of different kinds of fowls. 

The teams consist of six horses and a yoke of oxen. The 
latter are being fattened for the butcher, it being intended in 
the future to make the bulls do the work of oxen. Two pairs 
are already in use. 

The College also owns a beautiful yearling filly of no par- 
ticular breed, but an excellent representative of the New 
England horse of all work, and a three-year old jack. 

This latter animal grows finely, attracts very general attention 
_ by his picturesque appearance, and often enlivens the neighbor- 
hood by his melodious voice. He is fairly broken to harness, 
is thoroughly gentle and free from vice, and, as Mr. Rarey says, 
“ will not offer resistance to any demand which he fully compre- 
hends, if made in a way consistent with the laws of his nature.” 
At the same time all the abuse in the world cannot make him 
do what he does not want to do. 

The following is a list of the thoroughbred animals belonging 
to the College :— 


SHorTHORNS.—Males—Mountain Lad (8,673), Adonis, Sweet- 
briar, Ingleside, Belted Will, Yarico’s Lad. Females—Y oung 
11 


82 : AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


Acacia, Yarico 57th, Peachbud 8th, Arabella 10th, Autumn Rose, 
Aurora 4th, Barre Belle, Emma 3d, Kate Hunnibee, Peachbud. 

Ayrsuires.—Males—Oolfax (127), Colfax 2d, Aberdeen, Lord 
Ronald. emales—Beauty (8), Tulip 4th (799), Juna (507), Lulie 
(1,500), Rosa (1,780), Beauty (870), Alice Brand, Beauty 10th. 

JursEys.—Males—Enterprise, Grand Duke. emales—Lucy, 
’ Rosy, Hattie, Lady Essex. 

Drvons.—Male—General Lyon (232). emales—Gem 3d (502), 
Winona 2d (742), Pixie, Enid. 

Brirtanres.—Male—Upton. Female—Pauline. 

Swiss.—Male—Belmont. 

Durca or Houstem.—Male—4th Highland Chief. 


1872. ] SENATE—No. 100. 83 


CATALOGUE 


OF 


TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 
1871. 


Hoard of Crustecs. 


MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. 
His EXcELLENCY, WILLIAM CLAFLIN, 
Cot. WILLIAM S. CLARK, President of College. 
Hon. JOSEPH WHITH, LL.D., Secretary of Board of Education. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 


MEMBERS BY ELECTION. 


low. MARSHALL P..WIHLDER, + # i.) 64). 4a . . BOSTON. 

Men CuanRLES G. DAVIS; « « a).wawie. . . . PLYMOUTH. 
Peron AN DURFERB, » . . salle Ww viet sli. . Fant River: 
|\HENRY COLT, Esq.,. . . > TRA ss. PErrskinny. 
Rey. CHARLES C. SEWALL, 1 21RD A 2e.14 430i . Mepretep. 
Pee PAT HROP, BsQ., .\)s « 3) wwe. . . . Sours Hapiey. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq... 2 ss kh @ 4d 3)\.« CHICOPEE. 
Hom. AGLEN W. DODGE, . . oo. eee wiasaes. Hammon. 
Mon. GEORGE MARSTON, . « ot) e7% vel le . . New BEDFORD. 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN,. ... . . . « . GREENFIELD. 
Seon HENRY L. WHITING, . 4.9% © Wi.) 44. . CAMBRIDGE. 
fon. WALDO LEINGCOEN,. « Sree sw ao aoe as. WORCESTER. 
poe FP. HILLS, BsQ., ). i «ja hibat .& “Biwi. . AMEERST. 
Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM,. ........ .. .. . GROTON. 


Gxecntibe und Building Committee. 


PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK, Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, HENRY COLT, Esq., 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq. 


Secretary. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, or Boston. 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


Auditor, 
HENRY COLT, Esq., or PITTSFIELD. 


Crevsurer. 
Dr. NATHAN DURFEBH, or Fart RIver. 


Assistant Creasurer, 
GEORGE MONTAGUE, Esq., or AMHERST. 


Bours of Oberseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Gxamining Committee of Oberseers. 
Pror. LOUIS AGASSIZ, FARWELL F. FAY, Esq., 
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esq., NEWTON 8S. HUBBARD, Esq., 
JOHN JOHNSON, JR., Esq. 


Members of Faculty. 
WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pu. D., 
President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 
HON. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., 
Professor of Modern Languages. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 
Capt. HENRY E. ALVORD, U.S. A., C. E., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


HENRY W. PARKER, M. A., 


Professor of Mental, Moral and Social Science. 


SELIM H. PEABODY, M. A., 


Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. 


' JOHN K. RICHARDSON, M. A., 


Instructor in Mathematics. 


ROBERT M. WOODS, M. A., 


Instructor in Rhetoric and EHlocution. 


HENRY JAMES CLARK, B. A., B.S., 


Professor of Veterinary Science. 


Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, M. A., 


Lecturer on Dairy Farming. 


Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL.D., 


Lecturer on Civil Polity. 


SAMUEL J. PARKER, M. D., 
Lecturer on Fruit Culture. 


* 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 85 


ProF. EDWARD HITCHCOCK, M. D., 


Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy and Hygiene. 


Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, 


Lecturer on Pomology and Floriculture. 


A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D. (StaTE ENTOMOLOGIST), 


Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. 


ProF. EBENEZER §S. SNELL, LL.D., 
Lecturer on Physics. 


GEORGE B. LORING, M. D., 


Lecturer on Stock Farming. 


Pror. RICHARD H. MATHER, M. A., 


Lecturer on Sculpture and German Literature. 


GEORGE B. EMERSON, LL.D., 


Lecturer on Arboriculture. 
ALONZO BRADLEY, Esq., 


Lecturer on the Honey Bee. 


MARQUIS F. DICKINSON, JR. EsqQ., 


Lecturer on Rural Law. 


Pror. WILLIAM R. WARE, B. S., 


Lecturer on Architecture. 


Pror. GEORGE S. CHENEY, 


Teacher of Vocal Music. 


WILLARD C. WARE, B. S., GARDENER. 


JOHN C. DILLON, Farm SUPERINTENDENT. 


86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 


Graduates of 1871. 


Allen, Gideon Hammond, 
Bassett, Andrew Lewis, . 
Birnie, William Perkins, 
Bowker, William Henry, 
Caswell, Lilley Brewer, 
Cowles, Homer Lucian, . 
Ellsworth, Emory Alexander, 
Fisher, Jabez Franklin, 
Fuller, George Elwyn, . 
Hawley, Frank Warren, 
Herrick, Frederick St. Clair, 
Leonard, George, . 

Lyman, Robert Worthington, 
Morse, James Henry, 
Nichols, Lewis Abel, 
Norcross, Arthur Dickinson, 
Page, Joel Bardwell, 
Richmond, Samuel Howard, 
Smead, Edwin, 

Sparrow, Lewis Addison, 
Strickland, George Porter, . 
Thompson, Edgar Eliab, 
Tucker, George Homer, 
Ware, Willard Carroll, 
Wheeler, William, ‘ 
Whitney, Frank Le Prelet, . 


Total, . 


Marion. 
Amherst. 
Springfield. 
Phillipston. 
Fitchburg. 
Hadley. 
Barre. 
Fitchburg. 
Greenfield. 
Hadley. 
Lawrence. 
New Bedford. 
Easthampton. 
Salem. | 
Danvers. 
Monson. 
Conway. 
Taunton. 
Greenfield. 
Medway. 
Amesbury. 
Hopkinton. 
Spring Creek, Pa. 
Salem. 
Concord. 
Boston. 


27. 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 


Senior Class. 


Bell, Burleigh Cook, . ; : : : ; 
Brett, William Franklin, 

Clark, John Wesley, 

Cowles, Frank Colton, . 

Cutter, John Clarence, . 

Dyer, Edward Norris, . 
Easterbrook, Isaac Henry, . 
Fiske, Edward Ransom, _. ss 
Flagg, Charles Otis, 

Grover, Richard Baxter, 

Holmes, Lemuel Le Baron, . 
Kimball, Francis Elliot, 
Livermore, Russell Wolcott, 
Mackie, George, 

Maynard, Samuel Taylor, 

Morey, Herbert Ellis, . 
Peabody, William Russell, . 
Salisbury, Frank Battelle, 

Shaw, Elliot Dwight, 

Snow, George Henry, . 

Somers, Frederick Maxwell, 
Thompson, Samuel Clarence, . 
Wells, Henry, ; é ; ° 


Whitney, William Channing, 
Total, . : : : 2 


Winchester. 


87 


North Bridgewater. 


North Hadley. 
Amherst. 
Warren. 
Shrewsbury. 
Boston. 
Amherst. 
Westminster. 
Amherst. 
Mattapoisett. 
Dudley. 
Lebanon, Conn. 
New Bedford. 
Northborough. 
Malden. 
Boston. 
Sherborn. 
Chicopee. 
Leominster. 
Greenfield. 
Southborough. 
Stockbridge. 
Harvard. 


24. 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Clark, William Jared, . 
Copp, Belton Allyn, 

Eldred, Frederick Cornelius, 
Frisbie, George Benedict, 
Furness, George Abbott, 
Johns, Frederick Durfee, 
Lathrop, Joseph Dwight, 
Leland, Walter Sherman, 
Lyman, Asahel Hubert, 
Mills, George Westgate, 
Minor, John Bacon, .. 
Penhallow, David Pearce, 
Renshaw, James Budden, 
Simpson, Henry Bell, 
Tucker, Charles Edward, 
Warner, Seth Smith, 

Webb, James Henry, 
Wellington, Charles, 

Wood, Frank Warren, . 


Total, . y : 


Sunior Class. 


° 


[Feb. 


Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Groton, Conn. 
Sandwich. 

New York City. 
Tarrytown, N. Y. 
St. Charles, Mo. 
Northampton. 
Sherborn. 
Westhampton. 
Medford. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Portsmouth, N. H. 
Richmond. 


. - Hudson, N. Y. 


Boston. 

Florence. 

New Haven, Conn. 
Ambkerst. 

Grafton. 


19. 


Boe ee A 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 
Sophomore Class. 
Adams, Frank Edgar, . : P é 


Alexander, Edward Percival, 

Barstow, William Hale, 

Benedict, John Mitchell, 

Chandler, Edward Phelps, ; 
Curtis, Wolfred Fletcher, . : = ° 
Dickinson, Asa Williams, 

Doubleday, Henry Mather, . 

Doubleday, William Horace, 

French, John Leavitt, . : . wit ‘A 
Gillett, Edward, . - A ° ° 
Hobbs, John Alden, 

Johns, Arthur Clifford, . 

Libby, Edgar Howard, . 

Lyman, Henry, . ; ‘ 

Lyman, William, . 

Millard, David Knox, 

Montague, Arthur Huntington, . 

Moody, George Frederick, . 

Ould, Remus, j ‘ d . ; P 
Rowland, Clarence Warner, 

Smith, James Metcalf, . 


Strain, William, . : : : é : 
Woodman, Edward Eastman, 
Zeller, Bruce Scott, . ; . . 


Zeller, Harrie McKeen, 


Total, . ‘ ‘ 
12 


89 


Hadley. 
Greenville, Ill. 
Haverhill, N. H. 
Bethel, Conn. 
Westborough. 
Westminster. 
Amherst. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 

6 ce 
Northampton, N.H. 
Southwick. 
Northampton, N.H. 
St. Charles, Mo. 
Ashland. 
Middlefield, Conn.. 

6c 6c 
Northampton. 
Granby. 
Springfield. 
Baltimore, Md. 
West Newton.. 


Westfield. 
Southwick. 
Danvers. — 
Hagerstown, Md.. 

a 66. 
26. 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Greshman Class, 


Andrede,George Christ, . . . . .  «. NewYork City. 
Ashton, John, ! ; a ie ‘ b : . Newton Centre. 
Barri, John Atherton, . ‘ : 4 f ; -. Cambridgeport. 
Bragg, Everett Burt, . : F : : : . Amherst. 

Bunker, Madison, . : ; : : : : - New Bedford. 
Callender, Thomas Russell, . : : A : . Northfield. 
Campbell, Fred. George, . : : : H - Westminster, Vt. 
Carruth, Herbert Schaw, . ; é : é -. Boston. 

Clay, Jabez William, . ; : : ; E . Westminster, Vt. 
Dix, James Quincy, ; : : : : : - Boston. 

Dodge, George Rufus, . : : 5 2 : - Hamilton. 

Ellis, Granville Alden, . : ‘ ; \ . New Bedford. 
Frothingham, Thomas Goddard, : ; : . Boston. 

Gibbs, Charles Finney, ‘ : : , : . Thetford, Vt. 
Hague, Henry, . scot Age 5 ; : . Phenix, R. 1. 
Harwood, Peter Mirick, : ; : ; : . Barre. 

Hatch, George Stanley, 5 : : : } - Medford. 

Holmes, Harry Hawley, » : : : ! . Greenwich, N. Y. 
Jackson, Henry Stranahan, . : : : é . Orange, N. J. 
Judkins, Arthur Munroe, . : : : 4 . Winchester. 
Knapp, Walter Haydn, . ; 5 ‘ i , . Newton Centre. 
Lee, Lauren Kellogg, . : : : 4 : - Shrewsbury. 
Merrill, James Cushing, , j : : : . St. Albans, Vt. 
Merrill, Nathaniel Pinkham, og ee, ONG oe 

Otis, Harry Preston, . ‘ : ; 5 - Northampton. 
Parker, Francis Greenwood, ’ ‘ : ; . Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Platt, William Davenport, . : : ; ; . Baltimore, Md. 
Player, Harry Heyward, . : : d ; . Nashville, Tenn. 
Reed, Fremont Sumner, . : 5 : 2 . South Weymouth. | 
Snow, Laban, : E : : i . . Harwich. 
Southwick, Andre lantiola, : : . Br ek . Mendon. 4 
Stearns, Richard Sprague, . : : : é . Salem. 

Taylor, RalphiIves, . . é ? : . Great Barrington. 
Thomas, John Louis, . : : ; 5 : - Boston. 


Vaill, William Henry, . eae : 5 : . Pelham. 

Weeks, Herman Franklin, . 2 : “ : - Babylon, N. Y. 
Winchester, John Frost, . : : : : - Peabody. 

Youchi, Geamon, . ¢ 3 A ‘ : 5 . Kagoshima, Japan. 


Total, . ‘ : : : 7 : : = 38. 


1872.] SENATE—No. 
: Select Class, 

Ariail, Smith, . 3 : : 4 

Barber, Strong Hayden, ‘ 

Bardwell, Daniel Packer, . . 


Blankinship, Edwin Augustus, 
Brown, Clarence Eaton, : 
Carter, Samuel Marshall, . ; ; - 


Clark, Lysander Lyman, : 

Clark, William Avery, . : 3 : 
Cooke, Charles Montague, . 3 . ‘ 
Codina, Gabriel, . ‘ ‘ ; 4 ‘ 


Cowles, Elliott Addison, .. ‘ ° 
Duncan, George Adams, ; , 
Eaton, Harry Ahpeetcha, . , = 

Ely, William Isaac, ~ ‘ : : - 
Fisk, Charles Abbott, . ; ; ‘ : 
King, John Ezra, . ‘ : 

Lyman, Arthur Webster, 

Lyons, William Scrugham, . 

Mildeberger, Victor, 

Mitchell, Edward, 

Naito, Saitaro, . : 2 : ‘ é 
Newman, Charles Vitallis, . : : 7 
Nomura, Ichiskay, ‘ ; , ; 5 
Post, Henry Watross, . 

Sanderson, Robert Wilson, . F : ‘ 
Sanger, Herbert Claflin, . : 

Smith, Frank Stockbridge, . 

Towne, Frank Augustus, 

Watkiss, Janes Edwin, : : : 
Wright, Augustus Hunt, . : : , 
- Yamao, Tenataro, 

Zeller, William Melville, 


Total, . 


Sununarp. 
Graduates of 1871, . ; : 4 
, Seniors, . ‘ , é 
Juniors, 
Sophomores, 
Freshmen, ; : ° : ° 
Select, : : : . 


Total, . 


100. 91 


Stockbridge. 
Windsor, Conn. 
Shelburne. 
Marion. 
Northampton. 
Berlin. 
Easthampton. 
Springfield. 
Honolulu, HawaiianI. 
. Barcelona, Spain. — 


“ . Kellogg, Iowa. 


. Keene, N. H. 

. Norfolk, Va. 

Freehold, N. J. 

Springfield. 

Miller’s Place, N. Y. 

Southampton. 

New York City. 
6c 6é 66 

. Chicago, Il. 

. Chiyoshiu, Japan. 

. St. Louis, Mo. 
Kagoshima, Japan. 
Brattleboro, Vt. 
Amherst. 

. Sherborn. 

. Springfield. 
Keene, N. H. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Boston. 

Yeddo, Japan. 
Hagerstown, Md. 


. - 382. 


eye 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 
% 


ie) 
Ww 


\ 


RO ee a 


COURSE OF STUDY AND INSTRUCTION. 


FRESHMAN YEAR. 


First. Term.—Recitations in Human Anatomy and Physiology ; Chemical 
Physics; and Commercial Arithmetic and Book-keeping. Lectures on Agri- 
culture : first, its importance as an Art, and its relations to other pursuits ; 
secondly, as a Profession, and the education it requires; and thirdly, of Soils, 
their origin, varieties and composition. Lectures on the properties of Matter 
and the nature and effect of the forces, Heat, Light, and Electricity. Lect- 
ures on the Laws of Health. Instruction in Elocution ; and in Penmanship 
and Orthography, for such as are deficient in these branches. Military Drill ; 
Infantry Tactics ; School of the Soldier. 

Second Term.—Recitations in Chemistry ; and Algebra; Lectures on Agri- 
culture; Improvement of Soils by chemical and mechanical means; Drainage ; 
Irrigation; Tillage ; Implements for, and methods of stirring and pulverizing 
the soil and subsoil. Lectures on the Chemistry of the Non-metallic Elements ; 
the principles of Chemical Philosophy ; the most important Metals, and their 
uses in the Arts. Instruction in Elocution; Vocal Music ; and English Com- 
position. Military Drill; Infantry Tactics; School of the Company, and 
Manual of Arms. 

Third Term.—Recitations in Algebra and Geometry ; and French. Lect- 
ures on Agriculture ; Sterility of Soils, its causes and remedies; Rotation of 
Crops. Lectures on Organic Chemistry ; Instruction in the Laboratory in 
Analytical Chemistry. Instruction in Elocution, and Reading. Military 
Drill; Infantry Tactics ; Schools of the Company and Battalion. 


SopHOMORE’ YEAR. 


First Term.—Recitations in French, with written exercises; Zodlogy; 
Geometry and Conic Sections. Lectures on Agriculture ; Mineral Fertil- 
izers: Organic Fertilizers ; Animal Manure, its origin, varieties, value, and 
treatment; Waste of Fertilizers. Absorbents of liquid Manures : Composts ; = 
Application of Fertilizers. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry ; Instructions — 
in the Laboratory in Practical Chemistry. Exercises in Declamation; and 
French Translation. Military Drill: Infantry Tactics; Manual of the Bay- 
onet, and instruction in duty as Skirmishers. e 

Second Term.—Recitations in French; Logarithms, Plane and Spherical — 
Trigonometry, and Measurement of Lines, Surfaces and Volumes. Lectures = 
on Agriculture; Economy in the treatment and use of Soils, Manures, Crops, 
Teams, Laborers, Live Stock, Implements, Fences and Buildings. Lectures 


1872.] SENATE—No. 100. 98 


on Quantitative Analysis, and Practice in the Chemical Laboratory. Exer- 
cises in Declamation; and Vocal Music. Military Drill: Infantry Tactics ; 
Bayonet Exercise. 

Third Term.—Recitations in History ; and Surveying, with Practical Land 
Surveying, Plotting and Geometrical Drawing. Lectures on Agriculture ; 
Farm Management; Selection of Lands. Division into mowing, arable, past- 
ure and woodland; Roads; Fences; Buildings; System to be adopied ; 
Plans for each year; Cultivation and use of the various crops; Sources of 
profit in General Farming ; Special Farming. Exercises in Reading; and 
Practice in Writing Sentences on the Blackboard. Military Drill: Infantry 
Tactics; Skirmish and Battalion Drill; Guard Duty; and Forms of Parade 
and Review. 


JUNIOR YEAR. 


| First Term.—Recitations in German; Mechanics of Solids and Liquids; 

| and Physical Geography. Lectures on Agriculture; Market Gardening, 
including Small Fruits. Lectures on Useful and Injurious Insects. Instruc- 
tion in Practical Levelling, and Topographical Drawing. Exercises in Read- 
ing Shakespeare. Military Drill; Artillery Tactics; School of the Piece. 

Second Term.— Recitations in Mechanics of Air and Steam; Light; 
Heat; Electricity; German; and Structural Botany. Lectures on the 
Construction and Management of Plant-houses, and the Cultivation of Plants 
under Glass. Lectures on Mechanics and Statical Electricity. Instruction 

in Free-hand Drawing ; Perspective; and Shades and Shadows. Exercises 
in Agricultural Discussion ; and Vocal Music. Military Drill: Artillery and 
Cavalry Tactics; Manual of the Sabre; School of the Trooper Dismounted ; 
Instruction in Heavy Artillery Tactics and Gunnery. 

Third Term.—Recitations in Astronomy; Systematic Botany; and Ger- 
man. Lectures on Milch Cows and Dairy Farming. Lectures on Stock 
Farming, and the Breeding of Domestic Animals. Lectures on Physics; and 
Comparative Anatomy. Exercises in Debate. Military Drill: Artillery 
Tactics; School of the Section; Infantry Tactics; Battalion Drill. 


SENIOR YEAR. 


* First Term.—Recitations in Mental Science; Rhetoric ; and Civil Engin- 
eering. Lectures on English Literature. Lectures on the Cultivation of 
Fruits and Flowers. Instruction in Mechanical and Architectural Drawing ; 
___ and in preparing Working Plans and Specifications. Exercises in Original 
Declamation. Military Drill: Cavalry, Artillery and Infantry Tactics; 
_ Duty as Drill Masters and Officers in Infantry and Artillery Drill; Theoret- 
ical Instruction in Cavalry Tactics, and the organization and uses of Cavalry. 
Second Term. — Recitations in Moral Science; Political Science and 
Economy ; and English Literature. Lectures on Rural Law, including the 
Rights and Obligations of Landholders. Lectures on Arboriculture; the 
planting and care of Trees for the production of Fuel, Timber, Fruit, or for 
other purposes. Lectures on Military History; Military Law and Courts 
Martial. Exercises in Original Declamation. Military Drill: Cavalry Tac- 
tics; Sabre Exercise. 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Third Term.—Recitations in Landscape Gardening; Geology and General 
Reviews. Lectures on Diseases of Domestic Animals. Lectures on Archi- 
tecture. Lectures on Mineralogy and Geology; Meteorology and Civil 
Polity. Exercises in Original Declamation. Military Drill: Target Prac- 
tice; Sword Play ; and General Drill. 


Practice in the various operations of the Farm and Garden ‘through the 
course. 


SELECT COURSE. 


Those who do not intend to pursue the full course, may select from the 
studies of the first, second or third terms of any year in the curriculum, such 
instruction as they choose, provided they are qualified for it. 


CALENDAR FOR 1872. 


The second term of the collegiate year begins January 11, and continues 
till April 10. 

The third term begins April 18, and continues till July 19. 

The first term begins August 29, and continues till the Wednesday before 
Thanksgiving. 

There is an Examination of candidates for admission to the Cotte at the 
Botanic Museum, at 9 A.M., Tuesday, July 16, and also on Thursday, 
August 29. 

The annual Public Examination and the Prize Declamations take place 
Monday, July 15. 

The exercises of Class Day and the Address before the Literary Societies 
take place on Tuesday, July 16. The exercises of Graduation Day, July 19. 


ADMISSION. 


———_—______— 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, in writing, 
upon the following subjects: English Grammar, Geography, Arithmetic, and 
the History of the United States. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also im the 
studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. nity 


ee 


oh. 


j 
~ 


1872: SENATE—No. 100. 95 


No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of age, and 
every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character from his 
late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt payment of term 
bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance at the beginning of 
each term; and bills for board, fuel, and washing at the end of every term. 

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum 
at 9 o’clock A. M., on Tuesday, July 16, and on Thurday, August 29; but 
candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. 

Further information may be obtained’ from President hk S. Clark, 
Amherst, Mass. 


EXPENSES. 
SUs00R,,.4,, ; : : hers : : . $18 00 per term. 
-Room-rent, . : : : s ‘ : : : 5 GO..." 
Incidental expenses, A : : : : : ; 1a) hace 
Board, . - ; ° 3 A ? : : ; 3 50 per week. 
Washing, , : 50 per dozen. 
Expenses of Clediiat Pihoktory to students of Practi- 
cal Chemistry, . ‘ : : 5 00 per term. 
_ Public and private damages, a vale of chemical 
apparatus injured or destroyed, . ; : : . at cost. 
Annual expenses, including books, ; : 2 . $250 00 to $3800 00 
REMARKS. 


The full course of study occupies four years, and those who complete it 
receive the degree of Bachelor of Science. 

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the graduates 
to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to translate 
French and German with facility. The scientific course is extensive and 
thorough, and as practical as possible. Every student has an opportunity of 
becoming a good chemist, a skilful veterinarian, and a civil engineer. At 
the same time every science is taught with constant reference to its applica- 
tion to agriculture and the wants of the farmer. 

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every branch of 
farming and gardening which is practiced in Massachusetts, and is both theo- 
retical and practical. 

Each topic is discussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the 
plant-house or the field, where every student is obliged to labor. The 
amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per week, in order 
that it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do additional 


© 96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


work, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars. All labor 
is paid at the rate of ten to twenty cents per hour, according to its value. 
There is no provision for indigent students, beyond the opportunity to do 
such work as may offer about the college and farm buildings, or in the field, 
and it is hardly possible to earn more than from $50 to $100 per annum, be- 
sides performing other duties. So far as is consistent with circumstances, 
students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor as they may, for 
special reasons, desire to engage in. 

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures with the 
regular classes; but persons properly qualified, and desiring special instruc- 
tion in chemistry, civil engineering, veterinary science, agriculture or horti- 
culture, may make private arrangements with the officers having charge of 
these departments. 

An expenditure of from $10 to $50 is necessary to provide furniture, 
which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second-hand. 

On Sundays, students are expected to attend the chapel service and Bible- 
class, which are conducted by the professor of moral science. While the 
Bible is made the basis of all religious instruction, everything of a denomina- 
tional character is as far as practicable avoided. . 

Students may, upon the written request of their parents or guardians, be 
excused from these exercises to attend services in one of the churches of the 
town. 


REGULATIONS. 


1. Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the purpose of 
absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any known 
regulation of the College. 

2. The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for each 
exercise of the College by the officer in charge, unless a monitor be employed, 
and students who do not answer to their names shall be marked absent; pro- 
vided that any student coming in after his name has been called shall be 
marked tardy. Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence. 

Students attending exercises in the Botanic Museum will be allowed ten 
minutes between the ringing of the bell and roll-call. . 

3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by the officer 
in charge of the same; but permission to be absent from several exercises 
must be obtained from the general excusing officer, or from the president. In 
such cases a certificate of excuse will be furnished by the excusing officer, 


which shall state the precise time for which the permission of absence 


is granted, and shall be a satisfactory reason for absence from all exercises 
occurring within the time specified. 


All excuses must be promptly rendered, and officers will not be expectedto _ 
receive them, unless offered within one week from the occurrence of the 


absences, provided there has been an opportunity for presenting them. 


in jeg 
oe 


a 


“~ A 


ments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be seen by the president 
in reference to his conduct. When the number of such absences becomes 

‘a eight, the president shall inform the parent or guardian of the student of the 
_ fact; and when ten such delinquencies are justly recorded against any stu- 
~ dent, his connection with the College shall cease. 

At the end of each term the faculty may, at their discretion, cancel a part 

_ or all of the unexcused absences recorded against any student. 

5. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse from the 
regular examinations; to give up any study without permission from the 
president ; or to remove from one room to another without authority from the 

officer in charge of the dormitory buildings. 


at 


‘= 


fifty, he will not be allowed to remain longer a member of College, except by 
special vote of the faculty. , 

, 7. Students are required to abstain from everything injurious to the 
buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects to be gen- 
tlemen. 


The library of the College contains about one thousand volumes. Among 
them are several valuable sets of cyclopedias, magazines and newspapers, 
reports of Agricultural Societies and State Boards of Agriculture, and many 
standard works on Agriculture and Horticulture. There are also many 
excellent works of reference in Chemistry, Botany, Surveying and Drawing. 


a Smad Git 
nA bi a 


. ©. 
A 


3 
~ 2 
> 
je 
r4 


individuals. 
The State Cabinet of Specimens, illustrating the Geology and Natural 


is of much value for purposes of instruction. 

_ The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than fifteen thousand species of 
named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The 
Botanic Museum is supplied with many interesting and useful specimens of 
woods, seeds, and fruit models. There is, also, a very extensive set of 
_ diagrams, illustrating structural and systematic Botany. 

About one thousand species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the 
_ Durfee Plant-house, which affords much pleasure and information to the 
_ students of both colleges. 

_ The very extensive, and in many respects unsurpassed, collections in Geol- 
_ ogy, Mineralogy, Natural History and Ethnology, belonging to Amherst 
College, are accessible to members of the Agricultural College. 

_ The Chemical, Engineering and Military departments of the Weaiealbal 
¥ College are well furnished. 

“a _ ‘The Armory contains two brass pieces of artillery, fifty sabres, and one 
“a h un hte and fifty breech-loading rifles. 


13 


¢, 


MOS Soe ae 


ee 
conte a ‘Z 
ays wae 7S PAN 


iy Pa Wienever the aggregate number of ercniaa absences in all depart- 


6. The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be carefully — 
kept, and whenever the average rank of a student for any term falls below — 


BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. 


The larger part of the books have been presented to the Institution by private 


History of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to the College, and ay 


» : ’ - Se 


98 AGRICULTURAL oLLnem “ . 3 " 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 


JANUARY Ist, 1872. 


REAL Estate. 


College Farm:and Quarry, ; é : ; é 5 - $37,500 00 
South College, f . : ; : ‘ : - 386,000 00 
North College, - ; . ‘ 5 p : A . 986,000 00 
College Hall, . é : j . . 5 ; ; - 80,000 00 
Sbuth Boarding-House, . 2 ¢-.) 0 a 8,000 00 
North Boarding-House, . ; auenhars 5 5 ot ae 8,000 00 
Durfee Plant-House, ; ; : A é : : - 12,000 00 
Botanic Museum, . , ; : : ; : » caiune 5,000 00 
South Barn, «ok ke et ee 
Farm House, . : ; : 4,000 00 
Four Dwellings and ayaa) purokiaséd with en estate, . - 10,000 00 


Total Real Estate, . : ; ‘ i ‘ - $201,000 00 


FARM STATEMENT. 


Value of Live Stock, : ; : ; é 4 - $9,255 00 
of Vehicles and benienene: ; ; A ‘ ; 2,771 00 
of Produce on hand, . : ° ‘ : : ; 3,613 00 


ee ee 


$15,639 00 


Total credits of Farm, including property inventoried, Jan. 1, 
1871, credit for labor performed in grading, &c., and oe ae 
from sales of live stock and produce, . . . - $11,116 46 


Total debits of Farm, including property inventoried, Jan. 1, 
1871, and all expenditures for live stock, labor, implements, . a 
repairs, seeds, fertilizers, &c., ce ee) oS SS 


SENATE—No. 100. 99 


FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE, 


In CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER. 


\ 


The total amount received from the sale of 360,000 acres of 

land given to Massachusetts, for the endowment of one or 

more colleges for the promotion of education in agriculture 

and the mechanic arts,is_ . : Fi ‘ . $236,307 40 
Of this amount, in accordance with the ‘Act of Congress, was 

expended fora farm, . ; : o\ eae : : « 29,718 Ae 


The sum of $208,464.65 which was received for ;%, of the land scrip was 
constituted, in 1863, a perpetual fund for the promotion of education in agri- 
culture and the mechanic arts. In 1871, this fund was increased by the legis- 
lature to $350,000. 


The investments of this fund, made by the State Treasurer, are as follows: 


United States bonds, 5-20’s, interest 6 per cent. gold, . - $50,500 00 


i : ceew-408, “§ § | pre - 80,000 00 

_ Massachusetts bonds, 5percent.gold, . . «. . « 24,000 00 
& “> 6 per cent, currency, —. ‘ ; ; 3,000 00 

City of Salem bonds, 6 ‘* a oo ies : - 55,000 00 
City of Lynn bonds, 6 “ és eo cao, 1 OE 
Town of Milford bonds, 6 ch : 2 ? - 14,200 00 
Town of Plymouth note,6 “ a Bai phen Mie 6,724 65 


Brighton note, 6} percent, .- . + «+ + 410,000 00 
West Roxbury note, 7 per cent., bi ts : - — 80,000 00 
County of Hampden note, ok per cent., «ey e's (a Se OOO 
Cashin Treasury, .  . ML Pea eh Ae 1,575 35 


Total Fund, . ; 3 - . ° ° ‘ - $350,000 00 


Annual Income of Fund at 6 per cent., . A 3 ? - $21,000 00 


Two-thirds of this is by law paid to the treasurer of the College, and one- 
_ third to the treasurer of the Institute of Technology. 


100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. 


Income of College from Fund, . : A ; : 4 - $14,000 00 
By the conditions of the gift, none of the income of the fund 

derived from the sale of land scrip can be used for the erec- 

tion or repair of buildings. . 
The Hills Fund of $10,000 for the maintenance of the Botanic 

Garden is in charge of the College treasurer, and at present 

yields an income of Sabihink 2 Be ae «ee 500 00 


Total Income from Funds, . ‘ ! ¢ : - $14,500 00 


To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent, amount- 
ing to $72 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the 
products of the farm and garden. 


AOL 


‘Loppny ‘LIOO AYNAH 


‘sxaqonoa aadoad oy} Aq poruvduroooe puv pozeys Ap}0ed109 Way} puy pus ‘sjuNoOsdN S,JoINS¥oLy, 94} POUIUIBXE OABY J 


> 
ae ‘wadnsvaLy, “AAAAAG NVHLYN 
s ‘poqqyiuaqns Aynzy00dsoxy 
5 4 
Se 2 & T06'9L8 GB T06'9L$ 
Meeeecoe or | CC BRT TURP COURLC, 
AZ &¢ 918 : : : : * “uowyiedop [eotweyy 
eS Oh EL! : : ; * “uemjsedep yeanyynonsofy 
00 000°8 ; : ; ‘ * “OL8T Jo ssoupeyqopul 6I SSL TT |° : * — ‘S[[Iq w189 wos sydroooy 
00 000‘F : , : : : * “unoooe SuIpring TZ 986'€ |° * ‘eaqnseery, 9}e}G WOT, oMIODUT ‘OT “AON & 
ks See >. >’ pred snore ful pur Sion 00 000.0 |*° *° * * ‘aonvridoidde oye4¢ ‘83 cs 
3 OT Ge0'L : : e : ‘gunodor preog s}uepnig 6F 920°E . * ‘JeInsesry, oye}G WOT; OMIODUT ‘9g ounr 
a 28 toL'g : : : : ‘gourjeq—junoooe Wire 7 BO. Lee Gye le * ‘Jelnseety, 9}v4G WO’ OMMODUT ‘og 
ae Maat Sc > SOLNIRS 00 00¢ "8 8 “pun SFT JO omoouy ‘08 
: TS ZL9‘OI# | ° : ; : * ‘sasuodxo juosuyu0g Ag T6 gece |° : : ‘puvy uo sourjeq yseg oF |‘T ‘uee 
- “TASTE "TLS. 


‘dainspasy, ‘AALUAG NVHLVN YM junoIID Ut ADATION TVAALTNOIUDY SLLASNHOVSSV] ‘aq Io 


102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Cs i ed 


The following persons have manifested their interest in the College, during 
the year, by donations, namely : — 

William Knowlton, Esq., of Upton, the Brittany bull, Upton, and the 
heifer, Pauline, from the importation of Hon. C. L. Flint; also, $50, for the 
purchase of books for the library of the Edward Everett Literary Society. 

Henry M. Clark, Esq., of Belmont, the Swiss bull, Belmont, from stock 
imported by him. 

Winthrop W. Chenery, Esq., of Belmont, the Dutch or Holstein bull, 4th 
Highland Chief, from stock imported by him from Holland. 

Hon. Albert Fearing, of Boston, $100, for the purchase of books for the 
Edward Everett tenon Society. 

Rev. Charles C. Sewall, of Medfield, eight volumes of Massaclinsets 
- Agricultural Repository. 

Col. Eliphalet Stone, of Dedham, $20 for books, and two photographs of 
glaciers in Greenland. 

Hon. Marshail P. Wilder, of Boston, two hundred President Wilder straw- 
berry plants. 

* Hon. Richard Goodman, of Lenox, $50, for a student. 

Hon. C. L. Flint, of Boston, one hundred copies of Report of Maskdeliegans 
Board of “Agriculture. 

Hon. William B. Washburn, of Greenfield, six volumes Report on the 
Paris Exposition, and other public documents ; also, twenty-five copies United 
‘States Report on Agriculture, for students. 

Hon. Henry Lane, of Cornwall, Vt., seed of the American Improved sugar 
beet, which he advises to raise for fodder. 

Professor Asa Gray, of Cambridge, valuable plants. 

Rey. G. P. Claflin, of Sierra Leone, seeds. 

Leverett Saltonstall, Esq., of Newton, three volumes Agassiz’s Contributions 
to Natural History. | 

Messrs. G. and C. Merriam, of Springfield, Webster’s Unabridged Dic- 
tionary, superbly bound. 

R. Cummings, Esq., of Newport, Vt., one copy of “Vermont Farmer for 
1872. 

Alonzo Bradley, Esq., of Lee, a hive of bees. 

Augustus Whitman, Esq., of Fitchburg, the Shorthorn bull, Adonis. 

William Birnie, Esq., of Springfield, the Ayrshire bull, Aberdeen. 

O. B. Hadwen, Esq., of Worcester, the Jersey bull, Grand Duke. 


Z a m Horace Capron, of Washington, D. C., ten copies each of United 
; States Bi-monthly and Annual Agricultural oper 

William Saunders, Esq., of Washington, D. C., sixty-seven species of rare 
_ plants and box of fruit. 

Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., sixty varieties of apples 

and pears, to illustrate lectures on Fruit Culture. 

Pleasant Valley Wine Co., of Hammondsport, N. Y., one case of wine and 
twelve boxes of grapes. 

Samuel J. Parker, M. D., of Ithaca, N. Y., one box of apples, pears, erapes, 
and nuts, to illustrate his feet es on Fruit Salus: also, several samples of 
cans for preserving fruit. 

. The following newspapers were sent gratis, during 1871, by the publishers, 
a viz.: American Agriculturist, Amherst Record, Boston Cultivator, California 
Farmer, Hearth and Home, Massachusetts Ploughman, New England Farmer, 
New England Homestead, Prairie Farmer, Rural New Yorker, and the 
Vermont Farmer ; also, Publications of Peabody Academy of Sciences, Essex 
Institute, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Smithsonian Institution, Bow- 
doin Scientific Review, and Torrey Botanical Club. 


“A 


Agricultural Societies have paid the tuition and expenses of students of 
their own selection as follows : — 


Berkshire, : . ; 3 ‘ F : ; : ; . $54 00 


Essex, . ; : ; ; ; : ‘ : ’ : . 100 00 
Franklin, : ; : ; : : g f : f oO Oe 
Hampshire, . 4 ‘ ; ; . ge ee 
Fe Hampshire, F Sakti a; Hampen, : : : ; . 54 00 
Hingham, . ; : - : ; . 150 00 
Housatonic, . : : : ; . 54 00 
Mass. Society for Biaation of Agriculiae : : . 216 00 
Middlesex South, . : 7 : : i : . 04 00 
Norfolk, . : : ; : : . ; ‘ . 54 00 
Plymouth, ‘ ; , ; : : : ; ; : . 108 00 
Worcester, . ; ; } : ; > : : ¥ . 54 00 
c North, . : : : ‘ : ; . \ 54 00 

“sy South-East, . ; 3 ; fo ee ‘ : . aie 

e West, . : 4 : : : : : , . 54 00 


A. L. Bassett, B. S., of Amherst, a collection of one hundred and thirty- 
three species of native woods, viz. : — 


Abies alba. Acer rubrum. 
“« pbalsamifera. “ saccharinum. 
“ Canadensis. “¢  spicatum. 
a) - nigra. fEsculus glabra. 
Acer dasycarpum. “ — Hippocastanum. 


““  Pennsylvanicum. Alnus ineana. 
iy. 


of ee ee ee] 
Pane on 


SENATE—No. 100. 103 


104 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Alnus serrulata. 
Amelanchier Canadensis. 


“3 Canadensis, var. Botry- 


apium. 

Ampelopsis quinquefolia. 
Andromeda ligustrina. 
Azalea nudiflora. 

“¢ viscosa. 
Benzoin odoriferum. 
Berberis vulgaris. 
Betula alba. 

“ excelsa. 

lenta. 

.“  papyrifera. 
Carpinus Americana. 
Carya alba. 

“<  amara. 
Cassandra calyculata. 
Castanea vesca. 
Ceanothus Americanus. 
Celastrus scandens. 
Cephalanthus occidentalis. 
Clethra alnifolia. 
Comptonia asplenifolia. 
Cornus alternifolia. 

“florida. 

«sericea. 

“6  stolonifera. 
Corylus Americana. 

‘rostrata. 
Cratzgus coccinea. 

i tomentosa. 
Cydonia vulgaris. 
Direa palustris. 

Fagus ferruginea. 
Fraxinus acuminata. 

‘¢ pubescens. 

“¢  sambucifolia. 
Gaylussacia frondosa. 

$ resinosa. 
Hamamelis Virginica. 
Ilex glabra. 

“ levigata. 

“*  opaca. 

“  verticillata. 
Juglans cinerea. 
Juniperus communis. 

sg Virginiana. 


Kalmia augustifolia. 

“¢ glauca. 

“latifolia. 

Larix Americana. 
Ledum latifolium. 
Liriodendron Tulipifera. 
Lonicera ciliata. 

[ cerulea. 

sf parviflora. 
Magnolia acuminata. 
Morus alba. 

Myrica cerifera. 

1 Gale: 
Nemopanthus Canadensis. 
Nyssa multiflora. 

Ostrya Virginica. 
Pinus rigida. 

‘6 ~ Strobus. 
Platanus occidentalis. 
Populus alba. 

“© _balsamifera. 

‘¢ s candicans. 

e” dilitata, 

“ — grandidentata. 

“ ~s monilifera. 

‘6 - tremuloides. 
Prunus Americana. 

‘maritima. 

“¢  Pennsylvanica. 

“ -serotina. 

“  Virginiana. 
Pyrus Americana. 

“ arbutifolia. 
“Malus. 
Quercus alba. — 

- bicolor. 

2 ilicifolia. 

- obtusifolia. 

es Prinus. 

‘¢ - Prinus, var. monticola. 

“¢ ~—s rubra, var. tinctoria. 
Rhamnus alnifolius. 

Ke catharticus. 
Rhododendron Lapponicum. 
Rhodora Canadensis. 
Rhus copallina. 

“ glabra. 
‘¢ 'Toxicodendron. 


--1872.] SENATE—No. 100. - 105 


Rhus typhina. 

_«  venenata. 
Robinia Pseudacacia. 
Sambucus Canadensis. 

“ pubens. 
Sassafras officinale. 
Spireea salicifolia. 

“ tomentosa. 
Staphylea trifolia. 


Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis. 


Tilia Americana. 
Ulmus Americana. 
“ fulva. 


14 


Vaccinium corymbosum. 


g Pennsylvanicum. 

ef stamineum. 

" uliginosum. 

a vacillans. 

me Vitis-ideea. 
Viburnum acerifolium. 

- dentatum. 

se lantanoides. 

¢ Lentago. 

oe nudum. 

ee Opulus. 


Xanthoxylum Americanum. 


SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS = 


Bs, a 
af For the Year 1871, . ars 


Tm ,- a 
‘Taken at AMHERST, MABS., = ie 


’ By Professor E. 8. SNELL, LL. D. a 


on 
4a) 
‘ Ke 
as 
ie “ 
x 
fee : 


_ Latitude 42° 22/ 17/7. Longitude 72° 34/ 30/7. Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet. ie x 


rc ae 
~ 

. wget 

2% 
st 
A 1 j oa 
A¥ 
‘SA 
7 J 

k > 
be 
ioe 
r 
‘ _ ti NS 
4 i 
de 

Z , 

7) be 

P “ - 

X 

M hy 
Vr 4 


» 


9026 | G988z | szroe ot. | Sem 2) grep 629 


a ee ¢6- 
62 | or || ett" | ezor | ozz |] stz'ez | goes | eze0g P ‘ OF tL | 99 Ae salle Oet 809% FS O- 
@£ | 6 | OOF || eer | reo" | 2eR |] 299°6% | 9FOGs | OsTOg ral €1 6 99 || oF 0€ 209° GORE OL ; {UIaAON 
2 | e€ | oor |] ose | ert" | #9" || geez | cogez | Fez'oe cr #2 Te | o€ oF - 6809 | / 96°09 FS * + {1aq070Q 
#2 | 0s | 66 || eee | tert | seer 008°6% | Zzr6% | 9GT0g 6L cz ct | FP 6% - wet || F829 ove + *Gequraydeg 
r 4 E 
08 | €€ | OOT || 89g | Gee | Fee" || GoZ6z | EzEEe | OZT'OE 9 OF SI | 98 &h - ESF'9 48°89 070g "  *  4snsny 
$92 | ce | 86 €or | GGs" | ez: | Ch9'6S «| FEES «| OFG'GS «(|| 2 ¥E ie GP Tg = €2g'¢ sr'6o9 oFs | yes }* * < ‘émme 
#2 | S€ | 86 ZOF | 22%" | 169° || 6z9'G% | GIZ6s |} 906762 9 c ol. ab OF = G2¢'9 8€ ¢9 : S19) 268] ¢ 42 oS eump, 
2 | ST | 96 FOS | 80" | oFZ" | 699'6% | FST'6e | 62008 91 0g Ol | zg - cIs'€ SLE, O1F | Sz [°° tl hE 
«9 «-| «OG | OOT || FIZ | 2G0" | OTF || Tec'6s | sse'6z | SE0'0E OL 4 | OL | eF oo 08 egos ||008F O48 |) 8te|° ° ° THdy 
89 | 9T | 96 G2t- | 860° | Gor || Té9°Ge | eOT°6s | SOT O€ ine [eS OF | er 9¢ OT 886 € evor sre |gsc il: * ‘yore 
) «2 -| L | OOT || ttt | E20" | sez || stz6z | 698'sz | Sszoe or ¥ 6 c¢ 6 0-3 206°% goes G'6- | 90g |°  * ‘hawnaqay 
. #2 | 68 | oor || oor" | to | ez" |] ess'ez | ogeree | ser oe al PAL FL | 3g 19 Caras 096'T Zee, 99- | 00g |° * ‘Arenuee 
Pee eee | ee E xe | # Boole mee aa oe = 8 rile) #2 es 
elegy | 8 oe |e g 5 E g Boe jalese aos ae es es: 
= ° 4 5 e y =] = ton ot o oe oc Mm 3 Soc aS i =] =| pate 
: : : 8 B 2 a By a a Om oR Ss : B B 
| = = 50 S = 3 Soy ete - ao = = 
B 5 2 3 2 | o g > |Ba. Belo Ie 
“NOILVYALYS JO SPUONLAG >| p eres eee — = : 9 Boles e& SHINOW 
= ; ‘ “INIOd ONIZAGAA OL aac CO}: Core ki © i) . 
: eee! Ody e | CHONGAY LHOSITH UTLANOUVE|| ANY ANIL JO “LNA aga = {| 3 ae g ay sare 
40 ALIGIWOH || JO auOASsdud Sar ee ea ae ae anil NI . BE 
GAILY 1aa uO TOuod | ‘AaLEWOUVa "SANIM _ |/'S@N0T0 || “MONS ANY NIVU || YLAWOWAGHL 


‘HST YOd SNOILVAUASAO IVOINOTONOSLAW JO XUVINWAS 


peat Te. 


“A93711090 TWYHYNLINOIYSY SLLAISNHOVSSYN 


aS 
x * i 


SSS 


SSS—SSSSS=SSSSSSSSSSSG 


PSENATE......  . Mee NO: 75" 


OF THE 


—— 
SSS SSS SSS = 
— 


SS 
== 


SS! 
BS 


SOR 
WSs 
Pe. 


7, 


SAN UAR ve 87.8. 
BOSTON : 
q WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
No. 19 PROVINCE STREET 
| | 1873. 


ee 
i ah has aoe 
ne Pag! ‘ 


4 


} 
; 
7 


LN Die 


Finances, : 

Society Befslarships, . 
Examination for Admission, 
Education Offered, : 
Accommodations for Students, . 
College Faculty, 

Anniversary Week, 

Address of Governor KEanburn, 
Oration of President Gilman, . 
The Farm and Garden, 
Agricultural Experiments, 

The Botanic Garden, . : 
Changes in Board of Trustees, . 
Conclusion of Report of Corporation, 
Report on Veterinary Department, 
Report on Military Department, 


- Report on Department of Mental, Moral AF Social perce: ; 


Report on Department of Agriculture, 
Report on Department of Languages, 
Report on Department of Physics and Civil Engineering, 


- Report on Department of Chemistry, 


Report on Commercial Fertilizers, by Prof. Pesan inh, ) 
Report of Farm Superintendent Dillon, 

Sugar-beet Machinery, : 

Catalogue of Stock, 

Officers and Students of 1872, 

Schedule of College Exercises, . 


Calendar for 1873, 


Admission, . 

Expenses, 

Remarks on Course of east Baton, 
Regulations,,. 

Library, Apparatus and ineeuias; 
Farnsworth Rhetorical Medals, . 

Financial Statement and Treasurer’s Report, 
Meteorological Observations for 1872, 


1d 


25 


99 
114 
124 
125 
125 — 
126 
126 
127 
128 
128 


129 
133 


ona 


aie, 
‘WES, 


eo utt pia" 


ig gue Wes 2 


Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, January 31, 1873. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


I have the honor to transmit herewith, for the information 
of the General Court, and such disposition as may appear 
expedient, the Tenth Annual Report of the Trustees of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College, with accompanying doc- 
uments. | 


W. B. WASHBURN. 


TAs ae 


oy CSE 


ry 


¢ 
5 
rar % ‘ 


Massachstt Benicar Bolles 


sia Bi. ‘ 


A 7 


isd respectfully, your obedient servant, 


poe a a a Ww. §. CLARK, President. 


>») ae 4 ze / 7 


8 . AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


To His Hxcellency the Governer and the Honorable Council. ‘ 


The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 
respectfully offer the following Report concerning their opera- 
tions during the year 1872, and the present condition and 
prospects of the institution under their charge :-— 


FINANCES. 


As no grant was received from the last legislature, no addi- 
tional buildings have been erected and but few improvements ~ 
attempted since the last annual report. Nevertheless, with 
the money in the treasury at the beginning of the year, the 
income from the endowment fund and the receipts from term- 
bills and sales of farm and garden produce, all debts have 
been cancelled and the current expenses paid, while a small 
balance remains on hand, as appears in the. report of the 
Treasurer, and the financial statement herewith transmitted. 
With the exception of a few special gifts from the Board of 
Trustees, no funds have been donated by individuals for per- 
manent prizes or scholarships, for the aid of indigent students, — 
for the purchase of books or apparatus, for the improvement 
of the farm, for agricultural experiments, for the planting and 
keeping of the botanic garden, for the increase of the plant- 
houses, for the endowment of professorships, or the erection 
of buildings, although these important and most deserving 
objects have been repeatedly and urgently presented to the - 
notice of the wealthy friends of the College. — 


Society SCHOLARSHIPS. 


Some of the agricultural societies have continued the annual j | 
scholarships heretofore maintained by them, but many have ~ 


1873.] * SENATE—No. 75. 9 


failed to make the usual appropriations, notwithstanding 
earnest applications in several cases from worthy young men 
needing such assistance. The failure to keep up this most 
important connection with the College seems to have been the 
result either of indifference to the subject of agricultural edu- 
cation, or of a feeling that as there were students enough in 
attendance no further effort was necessary. The Massachu- 
setts Society for Promoting Agriculture has, however, with 
wise liberality, maintained four scholarships, the recipients 
of which are required to be good students, and to have the, 
intention of becoming farmers or gardeners after graduation. 
It is exceedingly desirable that each agricultural society in the 
Commonwealth should keep itself constantly interested in the 
objects of the College, and select from its own limits, by a 
thorough competitive examination, one or more students, who 
should receive its bounty and be its representatives at the 
State institution for the training of farmers, and who, having 
finished their course with honor, should return home to be 
most useful helpers in the great cause of agricultural improve- 


ment. 


EXAMINATION FOR ADMISSION. 


The real value of the work done by the College must 
depend largely upon the natural ability and thorough prepa- 
ration of the young men who present themselves for education, 
and while the number who can be accommodated in its rooms 
is so limited as at present, a judicious selection of the most 
promising candidates is particularly necessary. There is a 
very natural desire on the part of the excellent officers in 
charge of the several departments of instruction to raise the 


_ standard of attainments for admission to the highest practica- 


ble point. It has, however, been thought by the Trustees that 
the College course should begin at a point attainable by the 
sons of farmers in the common schools of the smaller towns. 
Hence the only examinations required are in arithmetic, geog- 
raphy, English grammar and the history of the United States. 


~The deficiencies exhibited in these simplest elements of 


education are often most astonishing. It not unfrequently 
happens that students from high schools and private schools 
of some reputation are lamentably ignorant even of spelling, 
as well as the first principles of mathematics and language. 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Though every county of Massachusetts, and thirteen other 
States and nationalities, are represented in the College, it is 
not unjust to affirm that not ten per cent. of all applicants for 
admission are as well qualified as they ought to be, consider- 
ing their age and the length of time they have spent in school. 
There certainly seems to be some radical defect in a system of 
education which lays poor foundations. Whether the fault 
lies in the method of teaching, or in the number of subjects 
taught in our modern schools, is, perhaps, not easily deter- 
mined. If the College can aid in securing greater thorough- 
ness in our educational system by insisting upon an accurate 
and available knowledge of the elementary branches as a con- 
dition of admission to its privileges, it will accomplish an 
incidental good of no small moment. 


THE EpucATION OFFERED. 


The course of instruction occupies four years, and is 
arranged so as to combine the largest practicable amount of 
literary and scientific culture and training, with a knowledge 
of the theory and art of agriculture and horticulture. Civil 
engineering, veterinary medicine, chemistry and military tac- 
tics are appropriately prominent branches in the regular 
‘ curriculum, and it.is hoped provision may soon be made for a 
post-graduate course of one or two years for such as desire to 
prepare themselves for the practice of one of these professions. 
It is intended that every graduate of the College shall be 
rendered familiar with the principles and methods of scientific 
and profitable agriculture, with special reference to those 
branches of farming best adapted to Massachusetts. It is, 
however, obviously impossible to impart to students totally 
unacquainted with farming a complete knowledge of all the 
details of this complicated business. The object of the system 
adopted is rather to perfect the education of young farmers — 
by mental culture, by scientific training, and by the study of 
the best models of domestic animals, of farm-implements, and 
of agricultural operations in every department of the art. — 
With a well-trained mind, a sound body and a good character, 
with a knowledge of books and the proper methods of investi- 
gation, and with the general intelligence. acquired by four 
years’ association with his fellow-students from various, sec- 


: 


if ee 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 11 


tions of the country, as well as with thoughtful, earnest and 

skilful teachers, the graduate of the College ought to be pre- 
pared to begin a useful and successful career in agriculture. 

The nieasure of his success must, however, be largely deter- 

mined by his natural ability, the means at his disposal and the 

circumstances which surround him. 


* ACCOMMODATIONS FOR STUDENTS. 


The number of students since the opening of the College 
has been constantly increasing, and has always been larger 
than the dormitory and lecturesrannne could properly accom- 
modate. In 1867, there were 56; in 1868, 85; in 1869, 119; 
meee. 127; in 1871, 166; and m 1872, 171. The most 
imperative want of the institution at the present time is a 
public building, to contain a chapel, library, museum and 
lecture-rooms. ‘This edifice should be constructed of stone, 
from the excellent quarry of gneiss belonging to the corpora- 
tion, and should be furnished with a suitable tower for a bell 
and clock. Whenever this shall be completed, the lower 
story of south college may be converted into dormitory apart- 
ments for sixteen additional students. There is reason, also, 
to think that a new dormitory building would be promptly 
occupied as soon as finished. 


CoLLEGE Facunty. | 


The organization of the faculty of instruction is believed to 
be admirably suited to the accomplishment, in the most eco- 
nomical and efficient manner, of the objects of the College. 
Brief reports upon the several departments by the officers in 
charge, are presented herewith, which, considered in connec- 
tion with the schedule of studies appended to the catalogue, 
will afford an approximate idea of the education attempted. 
The president, with eight resident professors and a few non- 
resident lecturers, can thoroughly teach all the subjects which 
may be profitably introduced into such a definite course of 
study and training as is best adapted to the average attain- 
ments and capacity and prospective wants of our agricultural 
students. The number of hours required for practical exer- 
cises in the various departments renders optional studies im- 


Ma wha 
, ok 


12 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


practicable, even if they were imagined to be in any manner 


advantageous to those who are candidates for a degree. 


ANNIVERSARY WEEK. 


The exercises of graduation week were attended by a large 
number of visitors, among whom were many members of the 
State government, and the Board of Agriculture. The gradu- 
ating class, numbering twenty-four, were addressed by His 
Excellency Governor “Washburn, who spoke eloquently on 
the importance of education, saying that the State could better 
afford to maintain common schools than reform schools, and 
colleges than penitentiaries; that there was special need of 
institutions for the advancement of the industrial arts; and 


that it was the duty of the people to cherish the Agricultural . 


College. In conclusion, he exhorted the young men to show, 
by their deeds in after-life, the high practical value of the 
training they had enjoyed, and reminded them that the suc- 
cess and reputation of the College must be inseparably associ- 
ated with the conduct and career of its graduates. 
The.address before the literary societies was given by Prof. 
D. C. Gilman, then of Yale College, but now president of the 
University of California. His subject was, “The Relations of 
Schools of Science to the Culture of New England.” He 


began by congratulating the people of Amherst on their felici- 


tous solution of the problem of literary and scientific culture. 


Two friendly institutions, one of letters and one of science, — 


here stand side by side, and each helps the other by concen- 
trating in this quiet spot so many facilities for instruction. 
This prosperous College of Agriculture, with its ample wood- 
lands, meadows and gardens, its greenhouses, herbarium and 


collections, its convenient halls, its military skill, its naval 


trophies, its corps of expert instructors, its well-filled ranks 
of students, its treasury steadily replenished by public and 
private bounty, all this the fruit of a single decade, bears 
witness to rapid progress in scientific and industrial education ; 
while the rapid growth of Amherst College at the same time, 
shows that scientific schools have not been encouraged at the 
expense of literary foundations. 


After enumerating some of the characteristics of New Eng- 
land soil, climate and scenery, and referring to the rapid 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 13 


increase of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, in 
population, wealth, manufactures, railroads and educational 
institutions, the orator remarked that certain tendencies to a 
bad civilization were observed with apprehension by many. 
Prominent among these were the growth of large towns and 
manufacturing villages, with a simwilishe us aanline of rural 
communities ; the rapidly increasing preponderance of cor- 
porations ; the decided infusion of foreign elements, destroy- 
ing the homogeneous character of our population; and the 
serious controversies between capitalists and workmen, lead- 


ing to prolonged and disastrous strikes. 


Among the means at our disposal for successful resistance 
to these dangers, industrial education was most important, 


and within the ten years since Abraham Lincoln signed the 


bill granting land to’ agricultural colleges, great Monti had 
been reached in New England. Harvard a Yale have de- 
partments of science, while Amherst, Brown, Dartmouth and 
Wesleyan University at Middletown are giving enlarged atten- 
tion to it. Boston has the Institute of Beenie gy, Worces- 
ter the Free Industrial Institute, while here we have this 
distinctively Agricultural College, of “Massachusetts in name, 
of New England in reality. Nestled in this richest part of 
our Connecticut Valley, open to students from the river’s 
source, central in position, in climate and influence, it is 
destined to be to New England our central school of agricult- 
ure, and a leader among the national institutions. 

In naming some of the beneficial influences to be derived 
from these sources, he said: “The farmer especially needs to 
learn all that he can about the laws of the weather, the theory 
of vegetable growth, the influence of soil and air, the principles 
of stock-breeding, &c., in order to compete with the farmers 
in more favorable regions. On the other hand, our thrifty 
towns and villages, ae their busy workmen and prosperous 
capitalists, lacie a ready market. The better the produce,. 
the quicker it will sell; the more skill in gardening, the more 
savings inthe bank. Every one of these large towns will need, 
also, a public officer, to be known as the city’s civil engineer, 
to survey lands, advise as to drainage and sewerage, the in- 
troduction of water, and the laying out of parks and pleasure- 
grounds. Dynamic engineers will also be wanted, to deal 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jad. 


with force and motion, with the steam-engine, the water-wheel, 
&c. Chemists and metallurgists will have callings of like 
importance, and skilled labor of all kinds will be needed., 
Every large town will require a medical and sanitary adviser, 
and teachers for the lower schools will be called for at all such 
colleges as this is. There will be no lack of work for the 
disciples of the new education, whose advantages are, that it 
adds to human knowledge, insures the ptoduedied power of 
the community, and prevents waste, improves health and 
lengthens life, and brings leisure for social, intellectual and 
moral culture. Its dangers are imaginary and real. Its. 
imaginary dangers are, that in the increase of scientific cult- 
ure, literature will be slighted, materialism will dominate, 
and religion be undermined. Its real dangers are, that too 
short a preparation will be made, and the culture obtained 
will be too narrow ; that too many beginnings will be made, 
and too little brought to perfection. One thing is certain, 
that New England must depend henceforward ‘for her wealth 
and influence on her proficiency in education, her skilled 
labor, and the alacrity with which every newly recognized 
principle of science is communicated to her scholars and arti- 
sans. If she will do in the coming years what she has done 
in the past, she will easily maintain those moral, political and 
religious sentiments which are her chief glory and renown.” 


THe Farm AND GARDEN. 


The general management of the farm and vegetable garden, 
under the present system, devolves upon a committee, con- 
sisting of the president, the professor of agriculture and of 
chemistry, and the farm superintendent. 

During the past year, Professor Stockbridge has had charge 
of the garden, which has been kept in good order, and pro- 
‘duced an abundance of vegetables in great variety. The 
-experimental portion has been devoted to the cultivation 
of Japanese plants, the seeds of more than one hundred 
varieties of which were furnished by former students of the 
College who have returned to their native land. Many of 
these varieties are very singular in appearance, and a few 
promise to be of some alae but the best modes of on 
and utilizing them have still to be learned. 3 


1873. ] . SENATE—No. 75. | 15 


The immediate direction of the active operations on the 
farm, the care of teams and stock, the buying and selling, and 
, the general oversight of employés, whether hired laborers or 
students, excepting the class-work, have been intrusted to 
Mr. John C. Dillon. His annual report, herewith presented, 
contains an interesting statement of his intelligent and faithful 
endeavors, and his accomplished results, which, under all the 
circumstances, must be regarded as quite satisfactory. 


AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 


It is deeply to be regretted that no fund has yet been pro- 
vided, either by the State or by individuals, to defray the 
necessary expense of carrying on through a term of years a 
well-ordered and systematic course of experiments for the 
improvement of agricultural science and practice. Prof. 
S. W. Johnson informs us that in Continental Europe there 
are now in active operation no less than fifty-six government 
establishments maintained for this purpose, and employing 
more than one hundred educated men in making scientific 
investigations for the advancement of agriculture. Some of 
the stations in Prussia are aided to the amount of $2,000 per 
annum, while the one at Rome receives annually $3,000, and 
the one at Munich, $4,500. It is a remarkable fact that since 
the first experiment station was founded in 1852, their num- 
ber has steadily increased, and their necessity been universally 
admitted. As an example of their work it may be stated that 
the station at Rome reported upon the chemical composition 
and value of 287 commercial fertilizers in the year 1870. It 
has also been announced. by a Prussian minister of agriculture 
that the results of experiments upon the feeding of animals, 
obtained at a single station, have been of more direct advan- 
tage to that country than the entire cost of all the stations ~ 
up to that time. 

The trustees of the Bédnetivele Aaa iatdintl College have 
undertaken to carry on three experiment stations in hic 
parts of that State. The tract of land set apart for experi- 
mental purposes near the College contains 35 acres, and 
_ is divided into 264 plots, each consisting of one-eighth of an 
acre. Upon these plots it is proposed to experiment in the 
most exact and thorough manner, through a series of years, 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


upon questions relating to ‘the rotation of crops, modes of 
cultivation, fertilizers, and different varieties of seeds, grains 
and vegetables. ‘fin 

The land, the scientific investigators and the apparatus are 
all ready at Amherst, but the work cannot go forward until at 
least $1,000 per annum has been pledged .to defray unayoida- 
ble expenses. Might nota portion of the money now annually 
devoted to the support of cattle-shows be pr ofitably expended 
for this object? 

Notwithstanding the want of reasonable encouragement, 
Prof. Goessmann, with his usual energy, has labored to achieve 
something in this direction the past year. His investigations — 
upon the sugar-beet as a profitable crop in Massachusetts, 
which were published in the College reports for 1871 and 
1872, have attracted much attention, and been widely dis- 
tributed both in this country and in Canada. The New York 
State Agricultural Society has taken much interest in the sub- . 
ject, and has caused sugar-beets to be raised in many portions 
of the State the past season, which have been sent to Amherst 
for analysis. Another result of the discussion has been the 
translation into English of the agricultural portion of the 
standard German treatise upon beet-sugar manufacture, by 
Walkhoff, for the benefit of the farmers of the Empire State. 
Besides several prosperous establishments in California, an 
extensive beet-sugar factory has been put into successful pet 
ration this winter at Freeport, Illinois. 

The most important experiment in this connection i in prog- 
ress at Amherst the past season has been the growing of seed 
from carefully selected beets of the best sorts, which will be 
tested next year. The most approved labor-saving machinery 
for sowing, cultivating and harvesting the beet-crop was 
imported from Germany last year, at an expense of nearly 
eight hundred dollars, for the purpose of demonstrating the 
lowest cost of raising beets in Massachusetts. Through 
unforeseen delays it did not arrive in season for proper trial, 
but was used enough to show its exceeding value. A descrip- 
tion of the different machines will be found in the report of 
_ the farm superintendent, and a more satisfactory experiment 
is hoped for next year. 

The last legislature, with judicious liberality, enacted a law 


1873.) . SENATE—No. 75. 17 


exempting all property employed in the manufacture of beet- 
»sugar from taxation till the year 1882. 

The able paper of Professor Goessmann on commercial 
fertilizers, accompanying this Report, is the result of much 
study, and full of valuable facts and suggestions. It will be 
strange if the farmers of the Commonwealth, who are so con- 
stantly swindled, either by purchasing manures at exorbitant 
rates or by being prevented from buying what they need 
through fear of being cheated, do not provide some means to 
encourage further investigations, which the professor would 
gladly carry on for their benefit, if the necessary expenses 
were paid. | 

It is an interesting fact that, since the last report, two 
patents for improvements in agricultural machinery have 
been granted to Mr. Clarence E. Brown, who was for four 
years a student at the College. This is a hopeful indica- 
tion of results to be obtained from the education of young 
men in connection with practical affairs, and there can’ be no 
doubt that the liberal endowment of an experiment station 


_ at the College would be of immense advantage in an educa- 


tional point of view. Nothing so stimulates a desire for sci- - 
entific knowledge among students as familiarity with its 
applications in the industrial arts, and a personal acquaint- 
ance with the processes of original investigation. By the 
selection and employment as assistants of the most competent 
young men in the experiments undertaken, a large number of 
trained observers would be developed, whose capacity for use- 
fulness as promoters of agriculture can hardly be overesti- 
mated. 

In order to increase the desire and ability for close and 
accurate observation, a course of instruction has been initiated 
the past year in the use of the compound microscope, under 
the skilful direction of Prof. H. J. Clark. With the income 
of the Hills Fund for the advancement of botanical knowledge, 
six valuable instruments, having a magnifying power of four 
hundred diameters, have been purchased. This number will 
be increased, if necessary, although every student who can 
afford it will be advised to procure one for his own permanent 
possession and assistance in after-life. 

3 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Tur Boranic GARDEN. 


At the recent meeting of the Board of Agriculture in Barre, 
the College was represented by the President, Professors Pea- 
body and Stockbridge, Farm Superintendent Dillon, Gardener 
Ware, and a considerable number of students. The relations 
of botanical science to agriculture were fully discussed in one 
of the evening lectures, and an effort made to awaken an 
interest in this department of the College. As the lecture 
will be printed in the Annual Report of the Secretary of the 
Board, the subject, notwithstanding its exceeding importance, 
will be no further considered in “ths place, than simply to 
state the amount of money required before the planting of the 
garden and arboretum can begin, and suitable instruction be 
given in horticulture. 

To complete the Durfee plant-house according to the origi- 
nal design, and to erect necessary structures fois the propaga- 
tion of plants, the forcing of vegetables, flowers and fruits, 
$25,000 are needed. The general fund for the perpetual main- - 
tenance of the botanic garden, amounting to at least $50,000, 
- ought to be secured and devoted to this specific object before 
any attempt is made to lay out and plant the ground which 
has been selected for this purpose. The men are ready to 
begin the work, the plans are perfected, and the place is pre- 
pared,—only the money is wanting. While such a garden as 
is proposed is attached to almost every university and agri- 
cultural school in Europe, there is not one in America. With 
all our boasted excellence in educational affairs, we are lam- 
entably behind in this respect. Will not some one of the 
numerous wealthy patrons of literature and science who adorn 
our age supply this deficiency, and thus secure for himself the 
gratitude of the people and the honor of an enduring memorial, 
combining the highest beauty with eminent utility? 


Boarp OF TRUSTEES. 

During the year, several important changes have occurred 
in the Bousd of Trustees. 
Paoli Lathrop, Esq., of South FaAdiegiy died: of paralysis, 
February 3, 1872, after several years of wearisome prostra- 
tion and confinement from the active labors of life. He was 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. , 19 


born in Wilbraham, Mass., May 14, 1797, and was therefore 
nearly seventy-five years of age at the time of his decease. His 
first occupation,,after finishing his common-school education, 
was teaching, in which he continued with marked success for ten 
years. Afterward, he was employed as clerk and book-keeper 
in a mercantile house, for a limited period. In 1833, he 
entered upon his business as a farmer in South Hadley, and 
won for himself an excellent reputation as a man of enterprise, 
integrity and sound judgment. He early became interested 
in the breeding of Shorthorn cattle, and, by the introduction 
of superior stock, greatly benefited the agricultural interests 
of the State, and especially of Hampshire County. Mr. La- 
throp was constantly honored by his fellow-citizens with public 
offices of various kinds. He was prominent in the manage- 
ment of town affairs, was three times sent to the legislature, 
was president of the agricultural society at Northampton for 
_ Many years, and its representative on the Board of Agricult- 
ure. When the Agricultural College was chartered, in 1863, 
Mr. Lathrop was naturally selected as the member of the 

corporation from Hampshire County, and discharged the duties 
_ of his trust with remarkable fidelity and efficiency. Even when . 
incapacitated from attending the meetings of the Trustees, 
he lost none of his interest in the affairs of the institution, and 
preferred to retain his connection with it to the last. In his 
decline, he enjoyed the consolations of religion, having united 
with the Congregational church a few years before his death. 

The following resolutions, from the pen of Hon. Marshall 
P. Wilder, were adopted by the Trustees :— : 


*¢ Resolved, That in the death of Paoli Lathrop, Esq., this Board 
recognize the loss of one of its earliest and most devoted members ; 
a gentleman eminent for his high integrity and his unblemished char- 
acter, distinguished alike as a practical farmer and by his untiring 
zeal for the advancement of the cause of agriculture, and for the 
establishment of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

** Resolved, ‘That as an expression of our symp thy with his 
afflicted family, a copy of these resolutions be transmitted to them.” 


Another vacancy was caused by the resignation of Hon. D. 
Waldo Lincoln, who was elected as the member from Wor- 
cester County, when the College was chartered. Mr. Lincoln 


.. UE yp ee 
wy 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


was an earnest laborer in the early efforts to locate and organ- 
ize the institution in the best manner, and was induced to 
vacate his office, after nine years of faithful,service, only on 
account of the requirements of his business engagements. 

In place of Mr. Lathrop, the Board has elected John Cum- 
mings, Esq., of Woburn, a gentleman distinguished not only 
for his business talent, but for his liberality and enthusiasm 
in the promotion of industrial education. Though deeply 
engaged in the manufacture and sale of leather, he is one of 
the largest farmers in the State, owuing seven hundred acres 
in one tract, and producing milk, vegetables and fruit in large 
quantities for the Boston market. As president of the Mid- 
dlesex Agricultural Society, he has begun and nearly com- 
pleted a plan of improvements by which their grounds and 
buildings are rendered remarkably convenient and attractive. 

The s_ ccessor of Mr. Lincoln is William Knowlton, Esq., 
of Upton, a wealthy manufacturer of straw goods, but also 
deeply interested in agriculture. He owns, in Upton and 
vicinity, about two thousand acres of land, and not only 
delights in thoroughbred cattle, but is especially enthusiastic 
. in reclaiming and improving boggy meadows and other waste 
places. He is president of the Worcester South-east Agri- 
cultural Society, and a member of the State Board of Agri- 
culture, and has shown in former years, by frequent gifts, his 
faith and hope in the College. 


CoNCLUSION. 


It is a remarkable fact that, while the higher institutions of 
learning in our country are under the direction of corporations, 
consisting very largely of most judicious and successful busi- 
ness-men, they are almost without exception in want of money, 
not merely for improvements but for current expenses. The 
‘new education, now so fashionable, with its numerous parallel 
courses of optional studies, and its insatiable demand for sci- 
entific books, apparatus, models, laboratories, museums and 
teachers, necessitates such extraordinary expenditures that a 
financial system which would formerly have been regarded as, 
grossly extravagan‘, is now everywhere conside ed me ely an 
evidence of thrift and enterprise. This laudable effort to 
mul.i,ly and improve the means of instruction, and render 


" 
wre i 
* ® 


1873.]  SENATE—No. 75. 2h 


education as thorough and practical as possible, has fortunately 
been appreciated by the public. Wealthy patrons of learning 
have, within a brief period, bestowed many millions of dollars 
upon colleges and technical schools, while state legislatures 
and the national Congress have responded to the numerous 
petitions for aid with astonishing liberality. The cash value 
of intelligence in all the pursuits of men is beginning to be 
understood, and the necessity for applying the highest science 
to the industrial arts is everywhere felt. Hon. Justin S. 
Morrill, while advocating in the Senate of the Unitcd States 
a bill for the further endowment of national colleges, hag 
recently said, “A practical education is more than ever 
required for all classes, one almost as much as another, and 
’ certainly required for the industrial classes of the American 
people, in order to give them the sovereignty of their natural 
faculties, to make them happy and independent personally, to 
bring out their highest moral and productive value to the 
country, to rescue them from littleness in their intercourse 
with this world, and to render immortality even more desira- 
ble in the world to come.” 

Under such enlightened leadership, the Senate passed the 
bill by a two-thirds majority, granting to each State 500,000 
acres of land, to be sold for the benefit of the schools and 
colleges endowed under the Agricultural College Act of 1862. 
If this, or some similar measure be enacted, it will add ulti- 
mately a sufficient sum to the annual income of the College, 
to enable it to go forward upon the plan which has been so 
successfully inaugurated. 

The total expenses of the institution, on its present basis, 
are about $30,000 per annum, exclusive of the farm, which, 
with its complete equipment, should be no burden to the 
generaltreasury. Of this sum, only $18,000 are to be devoted 
to the maintenance of the officers of instruction; which will be 
admitted by all who are familiar with other institutions to be 
a very small allowance. It cannot well be diminished, and 
should be increased whenever practicable. 

The income from the endowment: fund is $15,000, or only 
one-half what is indispensable for the support of the institution. 
The receipts from tuition, with the present limited accommo- 
dation for students, may be estimated at $8,000. While most 


va 
ait. ’ y, Lie 
A ea 


- ft 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


of the agricultural colleges of the country are able to give 
free instruction in consequence of their more ample endow- 
ment funds, it has hitherto been absolutely necessary for 
the Massachusetts College to charge for tuition and room-rent. 
With an earnest desire to favor the sons of farmers, and en- 
courage them to obtain a professional education, the Trustees 
have made the expenses of the students as low as possible, 
and will continue to do so. If, however, the tuition should be 
raised to $150 per annum, which is the ordinary charge in the 
best scientific schools, with $75 additional for students of 
practical chemistry, the result would be to exclude many 
young men desirous of enjoying the privileges of the College, 
who are entirely dependent upon their own efforts for means 
of support. In most of the older colleges charitable founda- 
tions exist, from the income of which all indigent scholars 
receive whatever aid is essential to their continuance in a 
course of education. Until similar provision is made at the 
Agricultural College, it must be difficult to determine what 
plan ought to be adopted. At the present rate of charges, an 
industrious, economical and intelligent student can work his 
way through the four years with $1,000 in money. It would 
seem as if that was as much as a farmer of common pecuniary 
ability could afford to pay for the education of one of his sons. 
Until the income of the College is increased by a large grant 
from Congress, or liberal donations from other sources, the 
annual deficit of $7,000 must be appropriated by the legisla- 
ture, or charged in tuition. As the indigent scholars in our 
colleges usually improve in the best manner their opportuni- 
ties and talents, and become most valuable citizens, the State 
can well afford to deal generously with them. | 
The College, in order to accomplish in a desirable manner 
its mission as a training-school for young farmers and garden- 
ers, and as an experiment station for the advancement of 
agricultural science and practice, should have a cash income of 
not less than $50,000, and additional buildings and apparatus 
costing at least $200,000. This would furnish accommoda- 
*tions for two hundred students, and enable the corporation to 
give free tuition to all who might need it. Notwithstanding 
the great difficulties arising feu the present lack of means, — 
puaned is much cause for seston in the prosperity of the — 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 23 


College during the year past, and abundant reason to hope, 
with the blessing of Providence, for its continued and enlarged 
usefulness in the years to come. 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 


W. S. CLARK, President. 


AMHERST, January 1, 1873. 


ae 


4 ‘it re rae 8 


ae 


ane 
Sepa 


REPORT 


ON THE 


VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 


By Pror. HENRY JAMES CLARK. 


Bt a geen 
' aia) 

¥ a! ae 
+2 ’ 
A >. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


Ty Hirao dey 


President W. S. CLARK. 


Sir :—The instruction in this department began on the first 
term of the present academic year. 

The freshman class have completed a course in elementary 
human anatomy and physiology, the main. object of the in- 
struction being to give the students a sufficiently comprehen- 
sive knowledge of the laws of hygiene, as based upon a gen- 
eral study of the anatomy of the human body and the mode 
of performing its various functions, in order that they may 
intelligently adapt themselves to the daily and hourly varying 
circumstances of their existence ; in short, that they may know 
how to take good care of themselves, and be able to foresee 
and avoid the evils of ill-health on the one hand, and to make 
the most of all that is good in this life or the other. 

As a general fact, the class has taken hold of the subject. 
with avidity, and kept up the interest to the end of the term, 
giving much promise of excellence in the years to come. 

With the juniors, a beginning has been made in comparative 
anatomy and zodlogy ; while the senior class has been busied 
more or less with the study of comparative physiology. 

It will be impossible to make even a moderate advance in 
veterinary pathology, without previously securing a thorough 
knowledge of the principles of healthy physiology among our 
domestic animals. Between two evils, it will be better in the 
main to attempt, as far as possible, to insure a good ground- 
work of comparative physiology, than for want of time to go 
superficially over both fields, and end the course with very 
little that will bear close scrutiny. Instruction in general 
pathology would then secure more attention and interest, and 
produce a better effect, than to dwell in detail upon a few 
special cases without suitable preparation. 


1873.] > SENATE—No. 75.) 27 


«  Lasoratory INSTRUCTION. 


There are two different ways of teaching by the objective 
method, and both of them may be made highly available under 
the proper conditions, and with a sufficiency of apparatus. 
Untrained students should first be led through a general course 
of comparative anatomy and zodlogy, and required to recite, 
and allowed to discuss freely upon the topics assigned for the 
time-being, with abundant illustrative preparations of anatomy 
before them. | 
- Having mastered the general principles of structure and 
relation throughout the length and breadth of the animal 
kingdom, the rawness of total ignorance is supplanted by a 
new habit of thought, and a proneness to make further inquiry 
upon meeting with any object in nature. Here, then, comes 
the time for laboratory practice. Supplied with scalpel and 
magnifier, the student should be required to work out topics 
upon unprepared specimens. If he has acquired the smallest 
grain of interest in the matter previously, patience will enter 
where it could not possibly have existed before. He learns 
the art of seeing and knowing what he looks at; he becomes 
by degrees an observer ; and in doing that, he is also becom- 
ing unconsciously a draughtsman, and when required, as he 
should be, to produce with pencil what he sees, if he wants 
to do it, he will do it instinctively. 

Yet, with all these supposed advantages, a student in the 
regular course of this College cannot become a thoroughly 
trained, self-reliant veterinary practitioner, and, simply for 
the want of time, in the midst of his other equally imperative 
duties, to master all that which, by the habit of usage, makes 
one a skilful and ready worker. At best, he will be able, if a 
farmer, to administer intelligently only to the general welfare 
of his stock, and treat the more common ailments with prob- 
able success. There can therefore be but one course for him 
to pursue after he has graduated. He must enter upon a 
special course of training, devoted solely to the one purpose 
of becoming a veterinary doctor. <A post-graduate course 
seems to be demanded, when we consider the matter in this 
light. Before that can be established in our College, how- 
ever, if the proper authorities see fit to do so, we must first 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


fill up the measure of requirements appertaining to the current 
course already in our hands, and most particularly in reference 
to the laboratory work of the student. 

This second stage of the objective method calls for what 
very few colleges possess, that is, an abundance of duplicate 
specimens ; and no corporation, however well advised of the 
want, can appreciate the necessity for such duplicates so well — 
as the professor who has suffered for the lack of them. At 
this point, we very naturally turn to the formation of a muse- 
um,—a working collection of comparative anatomy. 

_ At the opening of the present year there were very few - 
specimens belonging to this College which could be said to be 
available for the purposes of study. The State collection must 
of course remain ‘untouched, as a representative of its kind, 
and should not be subjected to the clumsy handling of un- 
trained students. As soon as it can be duplicated, it ought 
to cease to be used for lecture-room illustration by the profes- 
sor. At the time referred to, the whole alcoholic collection 
was inspected carefully, and alcohol supplied where needed, 
and the irrecoverably injured specimens were thrown away. 

In the formation of this museum of comparative anatomy, 
the present aim is to dissect out and mount such parts and 
organs of the bodies of animals as are most needed and indis- 
pensable, in the meanwhile relying upon pictured illustrations 
and blackboard diagrams to explain the minor features of any 
topic. | 

The proper display of an anatomical preparation for class 
use, and for reference, requires all the skill of an experienced 
anatomist, and no small degree of patience, for the work is 
slow. And slower still it may seem to an expectant public, 
when it sees the cases filling up by almost imperceptible 
degrees, through the work of one man. There are no trained 
students to do this work, and it will require at least two years’ 
instruction and practice to make one a reliable assistant, even 
in the roughest sort of work. A habit of carefulness comes 
not by nature in an anatomical laboratory ; it grows up to 
usefulness only by thoughtful practice, and not a few mishaps. 
With large yearly appropriations, a collection could be bought — 
in a short time, which would supply our most urgent needs; 
but as we are situated at present, your incumbent must alone 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 29 


hew out his materials to the necessities of the occasion. Al- 
ready, a considerable number of anatomical preparations have 
been made with the utmost care, and an eye to their general 
availability, and preserved in alcohol, within large stone jars. 
At the same time, a collection of diseased parts and organs has 
been initiated, with the view of forming a pathological muse- 
um. This will in time be a more important and rarer source 
of reference than the museum of comparative anatomy, because 
unhealthy specimens are not to be obtained in such relative 
abundance, nor in that variety, which the healthy kinds 
afford. 

The private collection of the instructor is not so accessible 
as we wish it might be, for want of glass jars in which to dis- 
tribute it, but these have been ordered from the manufac- 
turer. ° 

A human skeleton has been bought for $50. There are also 
needed gigantic models of certain delicate, or minute organs, 
such as the eye and ear, for lecture-room purposes. It is 
proposed to purchase these at once, if procurable in this coun- 
try, by means of the present appropriation. Many other 
altogether or nearly as imperative needs have been noted, 
whose estimated expense would far more than consume the 
available funds. They may be purchased from time to time, 
as rapidly as the yearly appropriations seem to warrant, and, 
in all cases, would be a welcome accession to the apparatus 
of instruction. 

Very little of scientific interest has thus far occurred within 
the province of this department. 

There remains yet to be reported upon the autopsy of the 
Devon cow, which died of a wasting disease this summer. 
The microscopic investigations have not been completed, ow- 
ing to the ill-health of your reporter, and, as it is only by 
such a mode of research that the true key to the disease seems 
discoverable, the subject is unavoidably postponed for the 
present. The skeleton of this remarkably fine animal is in 
process of preparation for the museum, and will be very valu- 
able as a typical specimen to illustrate the structure of this 
ancient breed. 


bel PP Orie? 


ON THE 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


By Pror. A. H. MERRILL, 1st LiEut. 1st ARTILLERY, U.S. A. 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


RE RQ dal, 


President W. S. CLARK. 


» 


Sir :—TI have the honor to report that I have been in charge 

of the Military Department since the 20th of April, 1872. 

~ When I joined the College at the above date it was already 
well supplied with the latest model of the breech-loading 
rifle-musket, and all the other arms and munitions necessary 
both for practice and illustration. Some preliminary instruc- 
tion had also been given in the tactics of infantry and 
artillery. During the remainder of the spring term dress-hats, 
and white belts, like those worn at West Point, were pur- 
chased by the students, and they were organized into a 
battalion of four companies, designated “The Massachusetts 
Agricultural Cadets,” with permanent commissioned and non- 
commissioned oflicers. 

It has been the intention throughout to adhere with system 
and persistence to the forms and customs of the regular army. 
It is doubtless impossible to give in our College a knowledge 
in any sense complete of the art of war, which Washington, in 
his last message to Congress, calls “both complex and com- 
plicated.” It is, however, intended that hereafter every 
graduate of the institution shall be able to organize, clothe, 
equip, drill and command a regiment, and to do this so in 
conformity with the uniform system of standing armies as to 
successfully oppose them, or smoothly coalesce with them. 

Besides this practical elementary instruction, it is deemed 
‘most desirable that sufficient time be set aside to give the 
higher classes some general knowledge of field-fortification, 
and the more general principles of out-post and strategy. Such 
‘instruction has already been given in the form of lectures, at 
such hours as could be obtained for the purpose. Additional 
‘time is, however, desirable, because, if at any time our gradu- 


1873. | SENATE—No. 75. 33 


ates should be called upon for active military duty, such knowl- 
edge would very greatly increase their usefulness, on account 
of the scarcity of men qualified to construct the simplest earth- 
works, or perform the simplest duties of staff-officers. In the 
war of the Rebellion the want of men possessing such knowl- 
edge was shown by the rapid promotion given to those having 
very imperfect qualifications, and the utter failure of many 
who undertook to discharge such duties. These facts, and 
their resultants, in time, lives and treasure, so often talked 
about, and in their vital reality so little comprehended, form 
a reason not only for the above request but for any careful 
attention the Commonwealth of Massachusetts may bestow on 
this department of her only State College. 

It may be remarked in this connection that ours is the only 
great nation dependent for its educated defence on a single 
military academy. France has eight, Austria over thirty, and 
Russia over sixty military schools. To counterbalance these 
may be urged the greater intelligence of our citizens, and our 
isolation; but let us recall one single fact—how, only a few 
months ago, pending the Alabama arbitration, we were 
startled, as if by some new thing, by the fact that England, 
with her countless steamships, could place every soldier on 
the British Islands within the fortress of Quebec sooner than 
_ we could march thither a force to invest it. While we may 
hope that similar emergencies are very remote, it cannot be 
the part of wisdom to ignore their possibility. 

The only defect in the equipment of this department of the 
College is the want of a suitable dress-coat. The uniform of 
the battalion, as it now is, would be complete if this was 
added. The dress-hats, belts and gloves, obtained since 
April last, are just those to go with the finest uniform, and 
the trousers now worn need not be changed. In place 
of a coat the cadets have only a loose, ill-shaped flannel 
shirt, which has to be worn inside the trousers, and presents 
anything but a pleasing or military appearance. <A coat 
equal to those worn by any military organization in the 
United States can be obtained for thirty dollars, and one such 
coat would last a cadet during his four-years’ course. All 
the articles of uniform now worn by the cadets have been pur- 
chased and paid for by them, and it is thought that the 

5 


ee hh © 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. -[Jan. 


College might reasonably be asked to appropriate for this 
department something toward the purchase of these dress- 
coats. Students entering the College hereafter, of course, to 
provide themselves, as it would not be, with the four years 
‘before them, any special burden, while for the cadets now in 
_ the battalion, some of whom graduate in a few months, the 
burden would be considerable. The cadets might be willing 
to incur on their own account the expense of a dress-coat in 
preference to wearing the shirt they now have, but in this 
case it may be questioned whether it would not be better for 
the general interests of the College to bear at least a portion 
of this expense for them, so as to make each cadet’s outlay 
proportionate to his remaining time. It is, at all events, 
most earnestly recommended that such steps as are deemed 
most advisable be taken to provide the battalion with a dress- 
coat. It is believed that this will be for the very best inter- 
ests of the College, because the uniform of the cadets is a 
certain index of the military department of the institution. 
It is desirable, also, not only to maintain the present interest 
in this department, but to stimulate the feeling that it is an 
honor to belong to the battalion of Massachusetts Agricultural 
Cadets and to wear its uniform. The importance of this 
stimulus to the individual pride of the cadets will be appreci- 
ated by every one at all conversant with military organizations. — 

Napoleon’s first act, when he was made emperor, was to 
elaborate the dress of his army, which he said had before 
made them look and feel “like mere policemen”; and Wash- 
ington urged again and again, even upon the hungry poverty 
of the Jelenicd! appropriations to beautify the uniform of the 
soldiers. 

A close-fitting, shapely dress-coat is also very desirable to 
assist in habituating the men to the erect, healthy position of 
a soldier. si 

In short, this department will never be what it should be, 
either subjectively or objectively, until this coat, the only ce 
we need, is provided. 

During the term just ended the dormitory-rooms of the 
College have been regularly inspected once a week. ‘These 
inspections have been made in the manner pursued in the — 
military academy at West Point, and cleanliness and order — 


, in 
i 
”* 

} 

“~ 

4 * 

) 


1873. ] SENATE—No. 75. 35 


have been insisted on in the minutest details. These inspec- 
tions are believed to have been as beneficial to the cadets, 
both individually and collectively, as any duty that could 
possibly have been intrusted to the care of this department, 
and their results will speak for themselves to any one who 
may visit the buildings. 

During the past term the senior and junior classes have also 
been instructed, under the care of this department, in topo- 
graphical drawing, and their progress has been excellent. 

In conclusion, I wish to commend the cheerful and gentle- 
manly manner in which the cadets have uniformly discharged 
all military duties, and to thank you for a hearty, consistent 
and efficient support of my department in all particulars. 


eh he Bl 


set | eh 


ah Heid ' fi 
ae On tier 


cs 


. 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT 


OF 


MENTAL, MORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. 


By Pror. H. W. PARKER. 


38 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


REPO hT) 


President W. S. CLARK. 


Sir :—The three successive senior classes that have pursued 
mental science with me have shown a better degree of interest 
in the subject, I think, than might have ban expected of 
those who in this study pass to a field very different from that 
of their previous labor. Of less average age, doubtless, than 
students of the same rank in classical colleges, with three 
years less of preparatory work, with no long-continued literary 
training, in short, without six years of Latin and Greek, 
many of them find it difficult to master the language of intel- 
lectual science, and to enter into its nice distinctions. I have 
endeavored to fix the main points in their minds by repeated 
reviews and rehearsals near the end of the trimester, all rang- 
ing at large being mostly limited to the first two months. 

‘The question of preparing a pamphlet of printed interroga- 
tions has often been in my mind, and is worth considering as 
a means of concentrating attention on the essential points in 
the text-book, and awakening further inquiry. A serious 
objection to this plan is that it is not for the student’s ultimate 
good, though it may facilitate study for the time; he needs to 
find the ie of a subject himself, to find for himself the 
essence of a page or chapter, if only he would. All true 
education is self-education, and must be made such, so far as 
may be. | ; ; 

As a help to senior studies and literary exercises, as wellas — 
in general to counterweigh the linguistic branches omitted — 
from the College course, I offer the suggestion that at least — 
one term of pre-seniority be given to the etymology of the — 
English language, a study at once highly instructive and — 
oll oheeal: if appreciated. 

This year it is already agreed to give the most essential 4 


a 1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 39. 


parts of moral philosophy in a few Sunday discourses, in 
place of taking up the subject by text-book. Pulpit instruc- 
tion, of necessity, goes over much of the ground of practical 
ethics. The senior class should be questioned on the more 
special discourses now proposed, and hereafter, to avoid a 
yearly repetition of these sermons, questions in ethics can be 
given as addenda to recitations in mental science, the idea of 
right being one of the topics in that science. 

Social science, in its large sense, is inchoate, and for that 
very reason, a8 well as for its exceeding importance, demands 
a course of judicious lectures. The more special science of 
exchange is taught in its general principles, which are clear 
and grand; the desideratum is an impartial history of the sub- 
ject, statistical and universal, to be used as a reference-book. 

In respect to the Sunday services, the good attention given 
has been encouraging. The Bible-class exercise Has resolved 
itself into a brief, rapid lecture, for the most part the subjects 
of which during the past year have been chiefly the prophe- 
cies, the parabies and the book of Exodus. 

A goodly number of students have shown perseverance and 
religious principle in maintaining the organization and the 
weekly meetings of their society, called the Christian Union. 
The sittings are reported to be well occupied for the most 
part. Choice additions to the small library of the Union from 
time to time would do much to help forward the society and 
increase its usefulness. There could be no better opportunity 
for Christian generosity. The occasional presence of the 
officers and friends of the College at the devotional meetings 
of the Union would surely be acceptable and helpful. 

In the reading-room of the College, supported by the stu- 
dents generally, the “New York Independent” and the 
“Christian Register” are the only religious papers I have 
noticed. 


oh PP OmyY 


ON THE 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 


By Pror. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE. 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Feb yas 


President W. S. CLARK. 


Sir :—During the past year, the students in agriculture, 
both theoretical and practical, have manifested their usual 
degree of interest, and every required duty has been per- 
formed with cheerfulness and alacrity. Owing to the constant 
pressure of work in harvesting the various crops of the farm 
(all of which was done by the students), our required labor 
during the fall term was not so diversified in character as is 
desirable. Little opportunity was found to permit the several 
classes to engage to any great extent in the general business 


of farm-improvement. The laying out of drains, and the work’ 


of underdraining, could not be engaged in, partly for the 
want of tile. I would therefore suggest that the business of 
the farm be so arranged that, during at least one term in the 
year, students may participate in the labor of improving it, and 
that tile may always be kept on hand, to be laid exclusively 
by them in class-work, for the double purpose of having them 
become familiar with the best methods of performing such 
work, and to hasten the improvement of the estate. | 
The system adopted for keeping the tools used in class-work 
distinct and separate from those used in labor controlled by 
the farm superintendent and gardener, and for the proper care 
and preservation of the same, is working well, and doing all 
it can to teach the student order, care and method respecting 
the implements of the farm; but, in my judgment, it would 
be materially improved if each one could have a set of the 
ordinary hand-tools which are most constantly in use, to be 
exclusively his own, and he alone to be responsible for their 
condition and preservation. To accomplish this, a greater 
number of implements would be needed at the outset; but, 
eventually, it would not materially increase the expense, for 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 43 


they would not be used so much, the method would insure 
greater personal responsibility in their care, and result in less 
need of repair and renewal. | 

Although the farm superintendent has done all in his power 
to obviate the difficulty, yet the want of a team to assist in 
many of the operations of class-work is a serious obstacle to. 
its efficiency, the students being often obliged to perform with 
baskets and barrows work which could be accomplished more 
rapidly and economically with teams. It seems desirable that 
this should be remedied at as early a period as possible. 

Our method of instruction in the theory of agriculture is 
by lectures, which are continued through more than three 
years of the College course, keeping the subject of agriculture 
prominently before the student much the largest portion of 
the time while he is connected with the institution. These 
lectures are conversational in manner, and are intended to 
give a thorough knowledge of the fundamental principles 
which are the basis of all correct, rational practice in-the 
management of soils, and the production of plants and 
animals, and to qualify the student to engage in agriculture, 
or the pursuits related thereto, as a personal vocation, with 
intelligent satisfaction and success, or to judiciously superin- 
tend and direct agricultural operations. The entire course is 
systematically arranged by topics, commencing with “The Im- 
portance of Agriculture as an Occupation, and its Influence 
on Private and Public Welfare and Improvement.” This is 
followed by an exposition of the application and practical 
value to agriculture of scientific knowledge. Our next study 
is the soil, its origin, the causes which produced it, its com- 
position, the offices of its different kinds of matter and their 
influence on each other. Then we consider the effect on the 
soil of cold or frost, of heat, of air, and of water. This is 
followed by an examination of the chemical and physical con- 
dition and changes of soil. This leads to the plant, as a gen- 
eral topic, which is examined from an agricultural rather than 
a botanical standpoint. It is considered with respect to its 
characteristics and composition, its susceptibility to modifica- 
tion and improvement by culture, its organs and their offices, 
how it is influenced by temperature, air, water, soil and food. 
Next we inquire concerning the effect on the soil of producing 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


plants, naturally and artificially ; what in each case are the 


results, and why; followed by an explanation of the various: 


methods of culture and crop-rotation which may be resorted 


to to sustain its producing power. Then follows the subject. 


of manures, which we consider in relation to their influence on 
the soil and plant, their kinds, quality, general and special 
adaptations. Then we examine the advantagés and disadvan- 
tages of different branches of agriculture, as a vocation, gen- 
eral and special farming, selection of a location for each ; 
regard being had to individual taste, soil, climate and markets. 
We divide and arrange the farm, locate and construct its 
buildings, adopt a yearly and a life system or plan, arrange 
the kind and rotation of crops adapted to its varieties of soil, 
and. go through in detail a year of routine management of 
land, crops and stock. Then farm economy and accounts are 
considered, followed by domestic animals, stock-husbandry 
and everything related thereto, market-gardening in all its 
departments, forests and forest-culture, and fruit-culture. To 
avoid some of the real objections which exist to oral teaching, 
constant effort is made to secure on the part of the student 
such a record of the instruction given that 1t may be per- 
manently retained, and at any time be made the basis of 
review and examination. To make this instruction more 
effective and useful, in certain parts of our course, it is ex- 
tremely desirable that large additions be made to our very 
small agricultural cabinet. We need for illustration in the 
lecture-room, when considering the subject of implements of 
tillage and pulverization, a collection of farm-implements of 
the most ancient and modern manufacture,—models which 
shall show the principles of their construction and the various 
steps of progress in the several departments, and embody the 
best ideas of the best farmers and mechanics of modern times. 
It is also very desirable that in the department of labor-say- 
ing machinery for the farm we should be supplied with models 
to enable the teacher to present clearly the object of their 
construction and use, the principles involved, and to direct 
attention to desirable improvements. Though the College 
now possesses specimens of nearly all the improved breeds of 
cattle, which are freely used in the course in stock-husbandry, 


principles of breeding and the improvement of cattle, yet we 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 45 


need a large collection of diagfams, paintings and sketches, 
which can be quickly and easily used by the lecturer to dis- 
play the comparative faults and excellences of different 
breeds and kinds of domestic animals, the various stages of 
change and development from the original type to present 
forms and qualities, and to show minutely the points which 
it is the desire of the breeder to obtain. The use of such 
diagrams would greatly enhance the value of the instruction 
given and more than compensate the cost. 

These suggestions respecting the wants of the agricultural 
department are intended to apply to its present needs and 
somewhat straitened circumstances; but I most sincerely 
hope the day is not far distant when it will have assigned to 
its special use a suite of apartments consisting of a lecture- 
room, suitably furnished with appropriate emblems and dia- 
grams, and, adjoining, cabinet and museum rooms, supplied 
with everything needed to make the instruction of the profes- 
sor of agriculture as interesting and useful as possible. 


. Be hus a ; 


ul As Oe 


a 


Mek EP OR e ae 


ON THE : alt ; 


~e - 


RIMENT OF LANGUAGES. 


By Pror. H. H. GOODELL. | 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_[Jan.’73. 


Drage A i i ge 


President W. S. CLARK. 


Sir :—I have the honor to submit the following Report on 
the department of language :— : 

One of the chief difficulties experienced in this department 
has been the poor preparation of the students presenting them- 
selves for instruction. It has been a constant uphill work 
endeavoring to teach a foreign language to those who were 
ignorant of the structure of their own. Either the standard. 
of admission should be raised, or a longer time devoted to the 
mastering of each language. The object of instructing the 
students in the modern languages being to enable them to read 
scientific works in the German and French, the effort has been 
to secure a fluency of translation and correctness of pronunci- 
ation. Of the three terms set apart for this work with each 
language, the first has been devoted to acquiring the principles 
of the grammar, and the other two to translation and pronun- 
ciation. In the last term, some historic or scientific work, 
having a reference to the general course of study in the Col- 
lege, has been usually read. The same authors are not read 
from year to year, but they are varied with each class. 

The study of English literature has been carried on, partly 
by means of a text-book, and partly by oral instruction. It 
has been prefaced by lectures on the formation of the lan- 
guage,—the evolving of the English out of its different ele- 
ments, with a slight sketch of the literature prior to the time 
of Chaucer,—and has been supplemented by lectures on the 
different characteristics of each period, the manners and cus- 
toms of the times, and their consequent effect upon the litera- 
ture of the nation. 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT 


OF 


PHYSICS AND CIVIL ENGINEERING. 


By Pror. S. H. PEABODY. 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


hy EP a 


President W. S. CLARK. 


Sir :—Pursuant to request, I present the following state- 
ments and suggestions concerning my duties in the Colleges — 


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS. 


During the year, I have taught algebra, geometry and trig- 
onometry, and the work done by the classes under my instruc- 
tion has been for the most part creditable. The substitution 
of algebra for commercial arithmetic and book-keeping, during 
the first term of the freshman year, is a step in the right 
direction. Further progress of the same kind would in my 
opinion add much to the character and usefulness of the Col- 
lege. At present, its mathematical course begins too low and 
ends too low. It seems very desirable that candidates for ad- 
mission to the freshman class should pass a substantial examina- 
tion, not only in the subjects now required, but in algebra, at 
least to quadratic equations and in plane geometry. It would 
then be possible to find a place in the course for analytical 
and descriptive geometry, and possibly for the elements of 
the calculus. The introduction of these topics is urged, not 
for display, nor even for the discipline, which it is now fash- 
ionable to deny them, but because they are implements most 
useful and necessary for performing subsequent work. With- 
out their aid the student of to-day, in any department of me- 
chanics, physics or engineering, labors at an immense disad-— 
vantage, and this the more because he does not even know 
what help they might afford him. 


If these a deliiaaael requirements should in any case delay a 


student in the public school at his own home for another year, 
it is quite possible that such delay would be fully compensated 


by the greater maturity with which he would come to all the 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 51 


studies of his collegiate course, to say nothing of the better 
judgment with which he would meet the temptations of college 
life. 

. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS. 

Instruction has been given in mechanics during the first 
term, in physics during the second term, and in astronomy 
during the third term, this being the work of the junior year. 
Hitherto this department has suffered for the want of suitable 
apparatus, but this deficiency is now in part supplied. The 
appropriation made at the time of my appointment is not yet 
wholly expended. Among the instruments already bought, 
or under contract, may be mentioned a superior air-pump, 
Atwood’s machine, a hydraulic press, illustrations of mechan- 
ical powers and forces, a Holtz electrical machine, an induc- 
tion coil, a Bunsen’s galvanic battery of fifty large cells and 
a variety of suitable accessories. This work has been made 
for the College by Messrs. E. S. Ritchie & Sons, of Boston, 
and is of undoubted superiority. 

The chief difficulty in the way of satisfactory progress in 
this department is the want of time. It is not possible to dis- 


_ cuss the elements of mechanics, of the pressure and equilibrium 


of solids and fluids at rest and in motion, and the strength of 
materials, in one term of thirteen weeks, diversified with sun- 
dry cattle-shows and a regatta. If anything, it is still less 
possible to cover the topics of pneumatics, and of the vibratory 
forces, in the same time. The work can be best compared to 
a brief visit to a vast museum, where one wanders from room 
to room, looking at nothing in particular, and only seeing what 
is to be seen, possibly learning where to look for this or that, 
if he desires more intimate acquaintance. Conscious of this 
state of things, I have not even opened the doors to several 
departments, but have confined myself to a few topics, select- 
ing such as seem to be of most direct practical application, 
and those which could be most readily illustrated. 


DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING. 


Instruction has been given to the sophomores in the theory 
and practice of land-surveying, to the juniors in topographical 
surveying, and to the seniors in the theory of road-building. 
In connection with each of these subjects, constant practice 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.’73. 


has been given in the field, with the proper instruments, each 
student having his share of work under the eye of the instruct- 
or. Much interest has been manifested, and the students have 
done much more than the regular assignments, either upon 
the farm as practice or off the farm for compensation. For 
this extra work, every facility has been given, by the loan of 
instruments, as well as by advice and explanation. It has 
happened that important engineering data, as determined by 
our students, have been verified by the rigid scrutiny of ex- 
perts, who had declared the facts impossible, and the mere 
guess-work of the boys. 

During the year, a Burt’s solar compass has been added to 
our field-instruments, and the seniors have been taught its 
theory and use. Additional field-instruments will be desira- 
ble for the economical working of the present sophomore 
class, who will take the field in the next spring term. It will 
also be desirable to adopt some system by which members of 
the higher classes may be detailed to instruct squads in sur- 
veying, according to the system now practised in the military 
and agricultural departments. 


REPORT ON CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


By Pror. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN. 


ae AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —— [Jan. 


RHP ORT 


President W. S. CLARK. 


Sir :—In compliance with your request, I state subsequently 
in detail the course of studies hitherto pursued in the chemical 
department, with a few suggestions for future requirements. 
The instruction in chemistry begins with.the freshman year, 
and continues until the second term of the sophomore year. 
Three terms are devoted to lectures, with experimental illus- 
trations, and to recitations on these lectures, five hours each - 
week being occupied for that purpose. The practical exer- 
cises begin with the last term in the freshman year, and con- 
tinue for three consecutive terms, engaging each week six to 
eight hours. The first term in the freshman year is devoted 
to an exposition of the various influences of the physical agen- 
cies, as heat, light, magnetism and electricity, on chemical 
phenomena. The chemistry of elementary substances, with 
practical illustrations, occupies the second term. The third 
term is devoted to organic chemistry, with particular reference 
to agricultural and industrial applications. The laboratory 
exercises of the first and second term are occupied with the 
study of the properties of the basic oxides and the acids in 
their isolated condition and in mixtures. The last term is 
turned to account for the examination of important industrial 
products, commercial fertilizers and soils. These examina- 
tions are rendered more instructive by a weekly lecture on 
the chemistry of the soil and of fertilizers, with experimental 
illustrations in quantitative analysis. Towne’s Elementary 
Chemistry, by Bridges, and Roscoe’s Elementary Cheniistry 
(latest edition), are recommended as books of reference in ~ 
theoretical chemistry,—Will’s Analytical Tables in laboratory 
practice. The instructions throughout are given with particu- 
lar reference to the relations of chemistry to agriculture and a 


~ 1873. ] SENATE—No. 75. 55 


the allied branches of industry. Blackboard notes quite fre- 
quently occupy the place of the text-book, and the students 
are expected to copy and pass an examination on them. Those 
who are sufficiently advanced are instructed in quantitative 
analysis. Ido not favor many exercises in quantitative analy- 
sis for the entire class, since the benefits derived from it do 
not compensate for the sacrifice of time for those who pursue 
the regular course of instruction. Whatever might be accom- 
plished in that direction would be at the expense of efficiency 
in qualitative analysis, which is, after all, the first require- 
ment of a good chemist. Opportunity is also offered for pri- 
vate instruction, concerning special branches of industry, to 
those who desire them. 

The running expenses of the laboratory for chemicals is met 
by a charge of $5 per term to every student who engages in 
laboratory work. A stock of apparatus for ordinary labora- 
tory exercises is kept on hand, and the students are furnished 
with whatever they may need at cost, the amount being charged 
to them in their term-bills. This apparatus may be returned 
at any time, and its value will be credited, at liberal rates, to the 
owners. Special analyses and investigations thus far carried 
on have been necessarily planned with reference to the limited 


means and time at my disposal. It would be desirable to 


enter upon some systematic investigation concerning the influ- 
ence of special fertilizers on farm-plants upon suitable fields, 
as well as in pots, provided the necessary amount of assist- 
ance, and of suitable apparatus, could be obtained. I believe 
it to be for the interest of the College to offer inducements te 
graduates who have made themselves noticeable for interest 
and efficiency in chemistry, to remain and assist in the labo- 
ratory and field-work of such experiments. In regard to the 
pecuniary means required to start some systematic series of 
practical investigations, I prefer at present to give no farther 
specifications, yet will endeavor to present my views as soon 
as they shall have been carefully considered. Meanwhile, I 
propose to turn the resources on hand to good account. 


\ 


teh 


vu perks 


je 
he 


REPORT ON COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. 


By Pror CHARLES A. GOESSMANN. 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


RH Peo RTs 


One of the most important features of the present day in 
the management of the farm is the general and extensive use 
of commercial concentrated fertilizers. Their merits are so 
well established that a rational and thorough system of agri- 
culture is thought impracticable without their assistance, par- 
ticularly when it is proposed to apply them in connection with. 
stable-manure. 

It is but thirty years since the eae constituents of 
plants were looked upon as being merely of incidental occur- 
rence, and without any essential bearing upon their develop- 
ment, but these views have been entirely changed in the 
progress of science. Numerous and more exact chemical 
analyses of the ashes of plants, which accumulated during the 
beginning of the present century, began then to engage the 
attention of scientific investigators. In comparing the ash- 
constituents of different plants, they soon noticed that certain 
mineral elements were present in a more or less conspicuous 
proportion in every plant, and the general occurrence of these 
substances led ultimately to the quite natural assumption that 
their presence might be necessary for the performance of some 
physiological process of vegetable life. Actual experiments, 
instituted under well-defined circumstances for the purpose of 
testing this view, proved quite conclusively that a certain kind 
and a certain amount of mineral elements are indispensable 
for the complete development of a plant, and that, in case its 
own ash-constituents are not supplied, the plant may come to 
blooming, yet it will not produce a perfect seed. To Profes- 
sor Justus von Liebig, before all others, belongs the merit of 
pointing out these important relations. It cannot be without 
historical interest, at least, to recall here the fact that even 
the use of guano was urged by him in 1840, on the strength 
of his analytical results, and its virtues explained by reference 
to its constituents, while as yet not one pound. of it had been 
used upon the farms of Europe. 


ee ’ 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 59 


Alexander von Humboldt’s report, in 1814, concerning the 
existence of the guano-beds upon the Chincha Islands, and 
the use of that substance as a fertilizer by the Peruvians, had 
passed by unnoticed. In citing this instance it is unnecessary 
to mention that I am fully aware of the well-authenticated 
statements that the dung of fowls was highly valued many 
centuries ago by the ancient Romans, and that wood-ashes, 
bones, gypsum, lime, marl, &c., were used more or less 
effectively in agricultural industry previous to the period 
referred to above. Yet it will be conceded that their essen- 
tial relations to plant-life, as we understand them at present, 
were then unknown. 

The successful introduction of mineral fertilizers for agri- 
cultural purposes is one of the striking illustrations of the 
influence and the value which exact modes of inquiry, with 
well-defined questions, have over mere experimenting, with- 
out a previous correct appreciation of the agencies and the 
principles involved in the operation. ‘True progress in agri- 


culture can in almost every instance be proved to be the 


result of the application of such rational modes of investiga- 
tion as every branch of natural and physical science has sanc- 
tioned in its own field of inquiry. To begin with an analysis 
has proved to be here, as elsewhere in experimental science, the 
safest and most economical course to secure a desirable foun- 
dation for synthetical attempts. The recent improvements in 
general farm-management do not consist in the introduction of 
any particular new system; since to keep up the fertility of 
the soil by fallow and the rotation of crops, to use irrigation 
and drainage to enrich one portion of the farm lands at the 
expense of another by keeping a certain proportion of meadow- 
lands to secure manure for the grain-lands,* or to fertilize the 


* 2,000 lbs. hay contain (Wolff) :— 


Nitrogen, . = : : 3 3 . ° . ‘ ° 4 é 26.2 pounds. 
Total Ash, Meee ty) ore) oe | a DAR ot en ue a ee Oia, 
Potassa, . s é : F ° : . . ° . Tr 8 as 
Lime, - : d : ; ; : : 3 - y a 13.4017" 

- Magnesia, a i : ° : . . > 4 * ; » Gey wis 
Phosphoric Acid, . : - 2 5 ° a P > A ° 2 Be Os 
Sulphuric Acid, 4 : : : ‘ ; A ars fe 9S tee G8 "| 29 
Silicic Acid, . 6 5 d : : (ae ¥ : ‘ : Stinamaey « 


The relative proportion of phosphoric acid to potassa in the produce of the meadows 
is one of the former to four of the latter; in the case of grain-producing lands, one to 
one in wheat and one to two in Indian corn. 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


surface-soil at the expense of the subsoil, either by subsoiling 
or by cultivating deep-rooting plants—as lupine, esparsette, 
lucerne, beet-roots or red-clover, etc., for feeding purposes, 
and in the interest of fertilization, are all time-honored modes 
of operation of more than one thousand years’ standing. 
What we claim as the real progress is amore efficient, because 
intelligent, use of their best features. The cause of their 
repeated failures in former ages was but a natural consequence © 
of the state of general information, and mainly due to the 
want of suitable means for gaining a clear understanding of 
their respective methods of working. The intelligent farmer 
of the present day has greatly improved his chances by calling 
on the scientific investigators in every department of natural 
science to aid him in his varied and complicated field of labor. 
The best experimental resources of the present day have 
served of late as guides in drawing more correct deductions, 
-and in arriving thus. at more reliable results. To study the 
growth of our farm-plants under simple and well-defined cir- 
cumstances, in the greenhouse and upon the experimental 
field, and to control the results thus obtained carefully in 
their various relations by means of the balance in the chem- 
ical laboratory, have greatly facilitated the discovery of more 
correct interpretations of facts than is possible under more 
complicated circumstances in the usual course of general 
farm operations. Leaving the improvement of farm-imple- 
ments here out of consideration, we may safely assert that the 
main reasons of | etter results in agricultural operations, 
wherever carried on in a rational way, is due to a better 
knowledge regarding the relations of vegetable life to the 
soil, to the air, and to water, and the various reactions of 
these agencies upon each other, with an appreciation of the 
mutual dependency of animals and plants in the business of ~ 
farming. Modern agriculture recognizes as ts basis the 
necessity of a quick restitution to the soil of those substances 
wh ch the crops raised have abstracted. To prove the exist- 
ence of these relations, and. teach how to comply with the 
requirements in each particular case, is the work of scientific 
investigators of the present generation. There is no oppo- 
sition to any particular system of farm-management,—each 

farmer is left to choose an agricultural industry best adapted - 


— 1873.) SENATE—No. 75. 61 


to his natural and personal resources, yet all are restricted by 
one common rule: they have to comply with that unalterable 
relation which exists between demand and supply, since each 
plant, although in its own way, tends to exhaust the soil 
sooner or later. 

The rapid and extensive introduction of the commercial 
mineral fertilizers is the best possible acknowledgment, 
although frequently unconsciously given, on the part of the 
practical farmer, regarding his belief in the usefulness of 
science in agriculture. The use of these concentrated fertil- 
izers has fairly revolutionized this industry. They have 
proved, wherever judiciously applied, a most profitable invest- 
ment. A new era may be dated from the day of their 
introduction, for the farmer finds his field of operations less 
restricted than formerly, and being more at liberty to choose 
his crops with reference to his markets, is able to make his 
avocation more remunerative. Their importance cannot be 
overestimated in regard to the maintenance of the fertility of 
our farm-lands, particularly as long as farmers still allow a 
fair portion of their home fertilizing material to waste, and as 
long as the sewage question of our centres of social life 
remains practically unsolved. Their special character in 
many instances favors specific modes of action, and thus 
renders them indispensable for the production of special crops 
for manufacturing purposes. ™ 

In the paler pages I propose to present, first, a few 
considerations concerning fertilization with reference to the 
commercial fertilizers in general use; and, secondly, a short 
sketch of the recently introduced Stassfurt potash and mag- 
nesia fertilizers. In connection with these topics I shall also 
state the results of an analytical examination of a number of 
commercial fertilizers in use among the farmers of the State. 

Stable-manure is still the main fertilizer in ordinary farm 
operations, yet its peculiar value rests to-day more on its 
beneficial influence on the physical condition of the soil than 
on its effect on its chemical composition. A few analytical 
statements concerning the composition of stable-manure under 
ordinary circumstances may give some idea of its usual chem- 
ical ingredients in various stages of disintegration. 

One thousand pounds contained (Wolff) :— 


* 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 
TWatsl.) | la 2a 

2 |)se2i > 1k | & be! 8.) 6) oo 

S (Fs) ele 15) 3) 2 lig see 

EF 162! 413 18 | a | SS) eo im eee 
When fresh, | 710 | 246 | 44.1 4.5 5.2/1.5 | 6.7 | 1.4 | 9.1 | 1.2 | Saas 


“half decomposed, . | 750 | 192 | 58.0 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 1.9 | 7.0 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 16.8 | 1.9 


“ more decayed, . 720 059.198 5.0 | 1.3] 8.8 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 17.0 | 1.6 


Finding ourselves at present better informed concerning the 


requirements of a complete manure, we know that stable- 


manure, although the most complex of our common fertilizers, 
can only in exceptional cases claim that title. As its composi- 
tion depends mainly on the food consumed and the substance 
used as an absorber of the animal secretions, its commercial 
value varies widely, and its first-cost depends on the price of 
the fodder consumed for its production. Wherever a farmer 
sells a portion of the produce of his industry, without replac- 
ing the ash-constituents of the articles sold, either in the form 
of food bought for his live-stock or its equivalent in the form 
of suitable fertilizers, he cannot prevent his stable-manure, for 
his system of operations, becoming by degrees an inefficient 
fertilizer, for it does not contain all the essential elements in 
such a proportion as his crops for a full repetition require. 
A change in fertilizers is equal to a change in the compo- 
sition “of the soil, particularly of that portion which alone is 
really valuable. The present condition of numerous farms 
in this and other countries is an unmistakable demonstration 
of this fact. The cultivation of meadow-lands, fallow, rota- 
tion of crops, superior mechanical preparation of the soil,— 
in fact, all those modes of treatment which aim at a suitable 
development of the latent natural resources of the soil,—can 
at best only more or less delay the time of its agricultural ex- 
haustion ; they cannot prevent that ultimate result. To rely 
on high farming, as a general rule, in procuring a sufficient 
supply of mineral plant-food from the natural disintegration 
of the soil, has proved to be unsafe. The commercial con- 
centrated fertilizers, however, furnish excellent means to cor- 
rect the composition of stable-manure, obtained under any 
system of agricultural industry, and to make it a complete 
fertilizer for the crops under cultivation. The kind of fertil- 


73;) SENATE—No. 75. 63 


izer which a farmer ought to buy is best learned from the 
article he sells. A few analytical statements bearing on this 
question may convey some idea about the amount and the kind 
of plant-food contained in 1,000 pounds of air-dried substance 
of some prominent articles of farm-produce :— 


\ 


; ; 3/3 

i ee ee ee ed eee 

A B oe B ré Pal (Ye ee Ro ee 
Wheat grain, 20.8}.17.71 5.5] 06] 0.6] 2.2) 8.2] 04] 0.3 
Rye grain, 17,6:;).17.3 | 5.4708 | 90.5) 19 |) S240 Ae OS 
Barley grain, 12 | 21.8) ABP AO OOO TS C2 Om 59 
Oat grain, . 19.2| 26:4) WV AGQY BD ODO) SES ts eet Osa aS 
Corn grain, 16.0| 12.3} 3.38) 0.2) 0.38) 1.8) 55) 0.1} 0.8 
Pease, 35.8;| 24.21. °9:8 1 sO P12 2.9)" 8.8) CS O.2 
Beans, 40.8 | 29.61) 12.00 1O2 L1H) 2:0: 11.6t- Vo OF 
Potatoes, . P ; 3.2.) 9:4 |. 5.6), Ok 0.2) 0.4): 1:8)-O.6 1. 02 
Common beet-roots, . £8) 78.0) oped U4) O47" 0.80.84 Gee 
Turnips, LS 7.5 [8.0 GOS 70:8) O38)  hOP hi O2 
Hay, . : 13.4) 66.6 | TTL ed NEE (Sed. ty Ad | Onde) Oe 
Live calf, . 29:0 | 38.0 | 2.0) "Wo 116-3: 0:5 |} 18.8) 0.01" OF 
“ oxen, ; . | 26:0) 46.6) 1.7) 1:4)-20.8| 0.6) 18.6) 0.0) 0.1 
ace, . oT DOA Glad by Leek eee Maeda O.4| Vian | OL pea 
fr) pis, : ee 20.0 21.6). LS aoe SOL S.8:)- 0:0! "O08 
Wool (washed), . | 94.4) 10.3} 1.9) 0.3) 2.5) 0.6) 0.3] 0.0] 0.3 
Milk,. : ; ; Oe) F201 WT | ES TD 10:2 V2) 1 SO 
Cheese, . . Abe OFA | 2.5) Bee O29) OB ELS 6.04 Oe 
Eggs, ; F er 2b) S480 diol OT eoo Wr Oued, Meas) OlOnk OF 


It must be quite obvious that information of the kind which 
these analyses convey may claim to be a safe guide when the 
question of restoring to the soil what has been abstracted 
comes under consideration. Upon large farms in Europe, it 
is quite customary to keep a book-account of the movements of 
the plant-food abstracted from the soil. The intelligent man- 
ager of a farm cannot fail to consider his prepared plant-food 
on hand as the capital he puts at interest; on its fair return 
depends his pecuniary success. Money judiciously expended 
in commercial fertilizers is known to pay well, and to manure 
liberally pays better than to manure scantily. It is a well- 
known fact, that wherever commercial fertilizers have been | 
freely used as additions to stable-manure, the crops have been 
raised to twice what they were when only stable-manure has 
been depended on. England, and many other countries of 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Europe, furnish the proof of this assertion. The farmer who 
wishes to benefit by the late rational progress in his oceupation, 
ought to make himself somewhat familiar with the teachings 
of the previous analytical tables, and information of a similar 
character, for a disregard of this advice will surely leave him 
behind his more judicious neighbors. I call attention here 
to an observation which has been made quite generally in 
former times, as well as in the present generation, namely, 
that in the cultivation of grain-crops with the exclusive use of 
stable-manure, first, the grain has failed, and then the straw ; 
and, in the case of high manuring, that the yield of grain 
declined and that of the straw increased, until, finally, the 
entire crop failed to be remunerative. Wheat first showed this 
peculiar tendency, and other farm-crops are affected more 
or less in the same manner. This singular fact has found 
its explanation in the influence which the universal practice of 
selling grain has on the soil employed for its production. A 
careful examination of the seeds of all our cereals has shown 
that they contain an immense proportion of phosphoric acid 
in comparison with the straw ; for instance,— 


Wheat grain, . . . . «~~ . 0.82 per cent. phosphoric acid. 
Wheat straw, . ’ 4 : ; Se NQIDS eee ‘ & 
Indian corn, . : J " : . 0.55 « & “ 

rs “ stalks and leaves, f OBS ae “ “ 


In selling the grain, from two-thirds to four-fifths of the 
phosphoric acid abstracted from the soil is lost for the 
next crop, and so year after year. When now we consider 
that this acid is but slowly rendered soluble by natural agen- 
cies, the first result cannot be doubtful. The straw will find 
for some time still its sufficient supply of phosphoric acid, but 
not enough for the formation of the grain. Continual demand, 
without an adequate supply, directly or indirectly, means ex- 
haustion, even in the more favored localities. The general 


condition of most farm-lands regarding their present reduced. . 
store of active phosphoric acid alone accounts for the rapid’ 


and universal indorsement of phosphatic fertilizers,—as bones, 
superphosphates, &c.,—for it is contrary to the teachings of 


recent exact experimental inquiry to ascribe to phosphoric acid. 
a particular virtue over any other of the essential articles of 


i ee 7; 
~ 
. ; 1 


1873. | SENATE—No. 75. 65 


plant-food,—as potassa, lime, magnesia, iron, sulphuric acid, 
carbonic acid, water, and some suitable nitrogen compound, as 
ammonia or nitric acid. Our information concerning the 
requirements for a full development of plants here become 
more concise. It has been proved by experiments, that the 
above named substances are not only essential, but of equal 
importance, which means, that in case one of them is wanting, 
the rest cannot act. The exact position of other elements, as 
sodium, silicium, chlorine, &c., which are frequently found 
in plant-ashes, is still less defined. Their functions, in case 
they have any in the vegetable economy, are still a matter of 
inquiry ; but they are considered at present of secondary conse- 
quence. The observation in practice,—that of two crops which 
require the same essential soil-constituents, and in a similar 
obvious proportion, one fails where the other still yields a sat- 
isfactory return,—does not necessarily contradict the previous | 
statement. A close examination in all instances of this kind will 
show that these plants live either upon a quite different stratum 
of soil, or their roots are by nature more or less better fitted 
to absorb to a larger degree the available plant-food,—they 
either have more numerous fine rootlets, or their roots spread 
over a larger space. The rate of absorption by the roots de- 
pends on the surface they present to the soil. We find it 
therefore quite natural, that conditions of lands exist where 
potatoes fail and beet-roots prosper, and also the reverse, or 
that barley and oats will for years prosper where wheat has 
failed, although in both instances a similar amount of the 
essential articles of mineral plant-food are required. The 
examination of the construction and the extension of the roots 
of our farm-plants has given most valuable suggestions in 
regard to a suitable system of rotation of crops. 
The peculiar agricultural value of any fertilizer depends on 

the conditions of the soil under treatment, and that one of its 
constituents exerts the highest effect, which increases the 


amount of that ingredient which is most wanting in the soil 


for the support of the plant under cultivation. In some in- 

stances, it may be a suitable nitrogen compound; in others, 

phosphoric acid or potassa or lime, etc. The agricultural 

value of a fertilizer and its commercial value are measured by 

quite different standards,—the former is determined by the 
9 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


judicious selection of the farmer, and the latter depends on 
the relation of demand and supply in the general market. 
The amount, and the relative proportion of the active plant- 
food in the soil, control the yield of the crops, provided the 
weather is the same. To secure the highest possible yield, 
under given circumstances, requires manuring to such a de- 
eree, that the plants find, at any given period of their growth, 
the largest amount of each article of plant-food they are capa- 
ble of turning to account in their development. It is a notice- 
able fact, that plants quite frequently require, even of the 
same article of plant-food, a different quantity, in the various 
stages of their growth. It has been noticed, for instance, that 
the grain-crops consume an unusually large proportion of ni- 
trogen during the period of blooming and forming the seed. 
In case the supply is not adequate to the periodical demand 
of the plants, their yield must suffer. It is for this reason in 
particular that a liberal manuring of -farm-lands on rational 
principles pays better than to furnish but a meagre supply. 


The present scientific views regarding the supply of atmos- 


pheric plant-food are not less explicit than those regarding 
the ash-constituents of plants. There is good reason to assume 
that all the carbon and the nitrogen which plants and animals 
contain is of atmospheric origin. Perfect plants may be raised 
from seeds in soil from which, by calcination, every organic 


-and nitrogenous substance has been removed, by adding the 


ash-constituents of the plants to be raised, and by keeping 
the whole moist with rain-water. The nitrogen is supplied 
by the rain-water, in the form of ammonia and nitric acid. 
The atmosphere contains, for ordinary requirements, particu- 
larly for perennial plants, an ample supply of carbonic acid, 
water and ammonia, as appears in the growth of forests * and 
unmanured meadows. Yet, when the duration of the growing 


period becomes an important factor, as in the case of raising 


farm-crops, it is but natural to conclude that an artificial sup- 
ply of atmospheric plant-food deserves the same attention as 
the supply of mineral plant-food, for any excess of the latter 
is of no value as long as a proper complement of the former 
does not render it active. To secure a luxuriant growth re- 


* Hlubeck states the average annual growth of wood in the forests of Austria to be 
1,500 pounds (= 82.33 cubic feet) per Prussian morgen, or 2,700 pounds on one acre. 


a 


a). SENATE—No. 75. 67 


quires, therefore, an artificial supply of atmospheric plant-food, 
and as decaying organic substances are continually producing 
carbonic acid, ammonia and water, the beneficial results aris- 
ing from an incorporation of organic matter in the soil find a 
satisfactory explanation. The roots absorb the carbonic acid, 


water and ammonia from the soil, and this additional supply 


becomes of particular importance when the leaves of the plants 
are but little developed, or where they remain, from natural 
causes, of a small size, and are thus, in both cases, poorly 
qualified to absorb these substances freely from the air. De- 
caying organic matter acts, also, beneficially on the physical 
condition of the soil, and is a source of heat, in consequence 
of its gradual oxidation. Asa liberal source of carbonic acid, 
it aids in the disintegration of the soil. By its highly carbon- 
aceous character, it renders a light soil more retentive of 


moisture, and, if properly incorporated, by its own shrinking, 


heavy soils are made more porous. In spite of all these varied 
beneficial chemical and physical actions of the organic matter 
on the soil, no controlling importance is accorded to its pres- 
ence, for, without its complement of mineral plant-food, its 
influence on the yield of crops can be but slight. The humus 
theory has had its day, and the nitrogen theory has followed 
suit. Experiments have proved that each fertilizing agent 
has its particular limit in promoting growth, and that a large 
accumulation of any one of them in the soil is, if not directly 
hurtful, at least bad economy.* The fact that phosphates 
sometimes, after years of liberal use, fail to produce the valu- 
able results which had at first been noticed, is an illustration 
of the consequences of supplying fertilizers without due regard 
to the demand for them. [rom the foregoing statements, it 
must appear quite conclusive that concentrated commercial 
fertilizers deserve the particular attention of farmers, on ac- 
count of their peculiar fitness to convert stable-manure into a 
complete fertilizer for any crop,-and to produce thus by its 
use the highest possible yield from the lands under cultiva- 
tion. 


* Stockhardt, in experimenting with guano on potatoes, noticed that, in using 163 
pounds of guano per acre, each pound of that fertilizer produced an increase of 25.2 
pounds of potatoes; in using 340 pounds, but 12.2 pounds; in case of 520 pounds, bu 
2.5 pounds; and in case of 695 pounds, but 1.75 pounds’ increase of potatoes were ob- 
tained. Mr. Lawes’ experiments with ammonia compounds, &c., gave similar results. 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Artificial fertilizers, on account of their concentration and - 


solubility, favor also a speedy enriching of the soil. To 
restore farm-lands, which have been reduced in their produc- 
tiveness, to their original fertility, even when possible by 
means of stable-manure, requires some years of high manur- 
ing. The quality of the animal excretions, and the properties 
of the soil to be enriched, have each their specific influence on 
the result. Manure obtained from horses, or high-fed ani- 
mals for instance, disintegrate more rapidly than that of cattle 
kept for ordinary purposes. Heavy and compact soils, being 
very retentive, require a larger amount of plant-food to thor- 
’ oughly fertilize them than those which are less retentive, since 
its distribution is more restricted. Light soils, as sandy loam, 
&c., are well known to respond more quickly to manuring 
than heavy soils, and they are also more readily exhausted. 


A fair loamy soil gives the best returns with cencentrated 


fertilizers, and extremes of soil are, considered from an eco- 
nomical standpoint, unprofitable for high farming. As the 
farmer has to deal more or less with all kinds of soil, and in 
a varying state of productiveness, he finds himself often sur- 
rounded by most serious difficulties, in bringing his fields rap- 
idly to their highest yield, when depending for fertilization on 
the exclusive use of his stable-manure, since the latter requires 
several years for its complete disintegration. A properly man- 
ufactured’ commercial fertilizer may frequently, in a shorter 
time, supply what is wanting to the soil, and its rapid dis- 
tribution turn the latent plant-food at once to account, and 
thus secure, even the first year, remunerative crops. Well 
cultivated lands require, for the increase of their annual yield, 
- but a small quantity of the fertilizing substance, provided the 
latter is in a state fit for immediate assimilation. Thus twelve 
to fifteen pounds of nitrogen and twenty to twenty-four pounds 
of phosphoric acid, ready for action, suffice in many instances 


per acre. Speedy distribution being thus one of the principal 


virtues of commercial fertilizers, it is right that the farmer 
should insist upon having such manures prepared with refer- 
ence to that point. All concentrated fertilizers ought to be 
brought into a state of minute division, by mechanical or 
chemical means, as the circumstances may prescribe. Their 
comparatively high price renders it most desirable that the 


1873.) SENATE—No. 75. 69 


investment, with interest, should be soon returned. Many 
of these artificial fertilizers have of late acquired, also, an 
additional value, on account of their special character, and 
thus special action on the quality of various important crops 
for industrial purposes. They have greatly aided to improve 
those qualities which impart to them a higher value. ‘The im- 
provements in the cultivation of sugar-beets, tobacco, &c., 
are of such an encouraging character, that much valuable 
information may be expected from experiments with other 
crops. Their importance in this direction will increase in the 
same proportion as we shall understand better the exact 
functions of each of the several mineral plant-constituents in - 
regard to the various physiological processes going on in the 
growing plant. To study the peculiar influence of each arti- 
ele of plant-food on the production of vegetable substances, 
such as starch, sugar, oil, &c., has engaged for years the 
particular attention of agricultural chemists. When these 
questions are better understood, there is good reason to as- 
sume that a rotation in special fertilizers will ultimately serve, 
in a large degree, and very efficiently, as a substitute for the 
rotation of crops. 

The recognition of the importance of various mineral sub- 
stances in the economy of plant-life, has produced, as a natural 
result, the trade in fertilizers, and each new requirement of 
the farmer has been speedily supplied. Bone phosphates and 
superphosphates, the latter frequently mixed with nitrogenous 
animal matter or ammonia compounds, have formed hitherto 
the main bulk of commercial fertilizers. Phosphoric acid, 
lime, sulphuric acid and nitrogen have thus for years past 
been duly represented in the market, while potassa and mag- 
nesia have received less attention. The sources of potassa 
for fertilizing purposes formerly consisted mainly of nitre and 
wood-ashes. The former proved too expensive for agricultural 
use, and the latter were not available in sufficient quantity. The 
supply of magnesia was left entirely to the natural resources of 
the soil. The recent discovery of immense mineral deposits, 
containing both potassa and magnesia in a soluble form, has 
given a peculiar interest to extensive and systematic agricul- 
tural experiments, by which their great value has been abun- 
dantly demonstrated. I propose, therefore, to treat of these 


1 i Peal 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


new fertilizers, which are known in commerce by the name of 
Stassfurt salts, somewhat more in detail in another part of this 
Report. 

The great interest which the farmers of the State must feel 
to learn what they are buying, and whether they are getting 
the value of their money, has induced me to make myself 
somewhat familiar with the character of some of these fertil- 
izers which enter our markets. The samples have been taken 
from barrels bought in their respective depots in our vicinity, 
and had their proper brands, and, at the same time, the re- 
quired printed statements concerning their chemical composi- 
tion. As the farmer does not propose to pay for anything but 
phosphoric acid, nitrogen (or ammonia) and potassa, I give 
my analytical results with particular reference to these sub- 
stances. The valuation of these articles has been made in 
conformity with the prices of late recognized by dealers and 
consumers in our section of the country. These prices are 
16.25 cents for each pound of soluble phosphoric acid, 13.2 
cents for every pound of reduced phosphoric acid, six cents for 
every pound of insoluble phosphoric acid, thirty cents for each 


pound of nitrogen and eight cents for each pound of potassa. 


Reduced phosphoric acid is that portion which has apparently 
once been rendered soluble in water, but has become insoluble 
again in consequence of peculiar reactions which sometimes 
occur in the manufactured fertilizer. Its compound with lime 
is soluble in citrate of ammonia, and in asuitable condition for 
speedy absorption under the influence of the carbonic acid of 


the soil. 
iL 
AMMONIATED BONE SUPERPHOSPHATE OF LIME, MANUFACTURED BY 
RUSSELL & Co. ° 


Moisture and volatile matter, . : : : : . 61.54 per cent. 
Non-volatile:mattery . 0 Wh) 0.0) 00 a 
Soluble phosphoric acid, °. ‘ : 2 ics pelea del A » 1055.06 
Reduced ee ih : : ‘ : ; : wt, Dek eae 
Insoluble “ ai KAN aN : 4 tai ie als eet i 
Nitrogen (= 2.5 sini batay f “al ; 2.0 en 
Valuation per ton of 2,000 sae 
211.0 pounds of soluble phosphoric acid, . : ; . $54 24 
428° “ of reduced i * ; Bh oat | : : 5 60 
19D pis of insoluble « fe ‘ d ‘ ‘ 2 95 
404 “ of nitrogen (50.0 lbs. of AREY, fate or; sic) gage 


1873. ] SENATE—No. 75. i 3 


¥k 
W. L. BrRapiey’s XL FERTILIZER. 
Moisture and volatile matter, . : : ; ‘ . 52.11 per cent. 
Non-volatile matter, . 3 ; : : - ; rd F891 ons 
EMERGED AOTIC ACIG, 8 bisa, <a) ye cd aa ioeeeiG4d.. ic 
Reduced % - : : ; ; ‘ : dae ee Pokey 
Insoluble “ Fi ; : - ‘ , : a SOOM 
ememezo ammonia),. «2 2. lint 2A yi 


Valuation per ton of 2,000 pounds. 


129.0 pounds of soluble phosphoric acid, _. : , : . $20 96 
o0.6 «4 of reduced i “ ‘ é : ; ; 7 47 
72.0 “ of insoluble a % ! ; : : 4 4 32 
48.6 “ of nitrogen (646 ammonia), .  . : . . 14 58 

$47 33 
Iii. 
Witson’s AMMONIATED SUPERPHOSPHATE OF LIME. 

Moisture and volatile matter, . . ‘ : : . 50.95 per cent. 

Non-volatile matter, . ; ; : , A : » 49.05 ¢ 

Soluble phosphoric acid, . : : : : : Se hGe@ehy ton 

Reduced “g : . : : 2 : bala NU a ih 

Insoluble “ is : ’ , ; ‘ ot SOS? Fae 

Nitrogen (3.42 i. . ‘ 4 ; : iP DBR ae 

Valuation per ton of 2,000 pounds. 

"133.0 pounds of soluble phosphoric a ; : - : . $21 51 
20.2. “* ‘of reduced se : : : : 3 2 66 
hess) of insoluble MS i : , ; ; vie eee 
66.4 “ of nitrogen (68.4 ammonia), . : : ‘ i £61 60 

$42 09 
IV. 
QUINNIPIAC SOLUBLE NITROGENOUS PHOSPHATE. 

Moisture and volatile matter, . : 4 AE uae . 55.51 per cent 

Non-volatile matter, . , : ‘ : ; ; « 44.49 « 

Soluble phosphoric acid, . ; ; F : : 2 ee ap te 

Reduced “ Beer 8 LN mM, AD CES oak ee 

Insoluble “* e ax Vs . : : ht AE EEE 

Nitrogen (3.14 easistOHitA: ‘ : : ee se ait Veo! eee 

Valuation per ton of 2,000 pounds. 

110.0 pounds of soluble phosphoric — : : : : . $19 87 
49.0 “ of reduced ¢ arid « : ‘ . 6 67 
1. YS of insoluble Ss oe ons Ae . : ‘ 4 76 

fake“ of nitrogen (62.8 ammonia), .- 2. 6 >. . 15 54 

$46 74 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_[Jan. 


V. 
FALr’s FERTILIZER. 
Moisture and volatile matter, . ; ‘ : é . 939.87 per cent. 
Non-volatile matter, . wah as, ‘ : : : ; 60.18.) -«s 
Soluble phosphoric acid, . : ‘ : 5 eae oO. ote 
Reduced nf : , , , ‘ 7 Zee 
Insoluble “ A 4 : ‘ ; : : » £06075" 
Nitrogen (3.23 ammonia), . ; x : ; : 2366) SF 
Valuation per ton of 2,000 pounds. 
30.00 pounds of soluble phosphoric acid; . 3 i ‘ . $4 88 
49.80 “ of reduced e Bh ; teop t) kina 6 57 
8120 “ ofinsoluble  “ “ . Coie 
53.20 “ .of nitrogen (64.6 ammonia), 1). «a 4 oi es 
$32 28 
VI. 
GUANO (GUANAPE ISLANDS). 
Moisture and volatile matter, . : k Ooo EAE iL 54.98 
“Non-volatile matter, 200° 07 3°00 100 2 49163 Sa eaten 
Sand, . , ; : 5 5 . 10.94 12.47 13.10 
Total phosphoric ey Sr ame mem Ne 
Nitrogen (11.78 ammonia), , : ; ; 9.70 
Potassa, : : ; A . : : ; 2.02 
Valuation per ton of 2,000 pounds. 
238.80 pounds of phosphoric acid (at 12.64 cents per a . $30 18 
194.00 “* of nitrogen (235.60 ammonia), . : . 28,20 
40.40 ‘ of potassa, : , Sia gt : ae : 3 23 
$91 61 


I present these analytical results and valuations without any 
farther comment. They tell plainly whether the amount asked 
for these fertilizers in the various sections of the State is a 
reasonable one. The guano, although inferior to the average 
Peruvian guano, is, it appears, still the cheapest ammoniated 
phosphate in our market. There are several important points 
in the fertilizer trade which require the serious attention of 


the farmer. The present condition of that trade leaves the 


farmer too much in the hands of the dealers, and places at 
the same time the honest dealer at a great disadvantage with 


‘ his less scrupulous competitors in the business. To obviate 


this, it appears to be but right that certain provisions for the 
regulation of the trade in commercial fertilizers should be 
made. Every dealer in these articles should be obliged to 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 73 


accompany each package of his manure which enters the market 
with a distinct statement, giving the exact quantity of each ingre- 
dient which imparts a special onimneven value to the fertilizer, 
and fraud in the manufacture should be a criminal offence, with 
a penalty proportionate to the damage done to the agricultural 
community. Allowances should be made, of course, concern- 
ing such alterations as time may cause, or as are unavoidably 
connected with the ordinary modes of manufacture on a large 
scale. In case judicious laws bearing on these questions should 
not be found expedient by those in authority, it would be well 
for the farmers to associate for their own protection, and to 
refuse to buy of any dealer who does not comply with their 


_ just demands. Differences arising between the dealer and the 


consumer could be decided by a chemical analysis. ‘The chem- 
ist charged with the examination should be obliged to carry 
out the analysis according to some well-established mode, and 
to state his results in such a manner that every farmer could 
decide for himself whether he got the value of his money or 


not. The man who believes that he can judge correctly of the 


value of an artificial fertilizer by any casual examination, 
except as to its mechanical conditions, deceives himself. An 
abominable or peculiar odor is not necessarily an attribute of 
fertilizing substances. The pecuniary valuation of the various 
constituents of commercial manures should also be more gen- 
erally decided with reference to their fitness for immediate 
re-action, for a speedy effect is one of their principal recom- 
mendations. Their respective agricultural values, on account 
of their special character, are greatly dependent on the rapidity 
with which they render other latent plant-food in the soil 
active. ‘The price of insoluble phosphoric acid is based on 
the price of bone-meal, and that of ammonia ought to be based 
on that of crude sulphate of ammonia. Hones and sulphate 
of ammonia are largely used in different branches of chemical 
industry. The outside demand controls their prices, and 
farmers cannot complain when they are asked to pay what 
everybody else has to pay. To apply, however, these prices 
indiscriminately to phosphoric acid and to nitrogen in every 
other form, may suit the dealer, yet cannot be considered:a 
fair practice by the farmer. As far as the soluble phosphoric 
acid is concerned, it matters but little from what source it has 
10 


- 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Jan. 


been obtained; yet it is of considerable importance to know 
whether the insoluble phosphoric acid is present in the form — 
of Peruvian guano, steamed bone-dust, fish guano or pou- 
_ drette,—or in the form of coarse-ground bones, South Carolina, 
Baker’s, Jarvis’s or Sombrero phosphate, or refuse boneblack 
from sugar-refineries, or pulverized apatite. The substances 
first named are known to act as quickly, if not more so, than 
stable-manure, while those last named act much slower. The 
substances of the second group above mentioned, ought not to 
be to any extent in their undecomposed state in any artificial 
concentrated phosphatic fertilizer. Their usefulness in their 
. natural condition depends entirely on their minute mechanical 
division, and they ought to be furnished in a finely pulverized 
form, and each at its own commercial value. They should 
then be mixed with stable-manure, or a compost, where a 
steady supply of carbonic acid might prepare them most ad- 
vantageously for future assimilation. As it is quite trouble- 
some to distinguish in any commercial compound fertilizer the 
peculiar source of the insoluble phosphoric acid, the safest 
practice for the farmer is not to buy so-called superphosphates 
which gontain insoluble phosphoric acid beyond a few per 
-cent., unless due allowance is made in the price. | 
In regard to the valuation of nitrogen, a distinction has- 
been made by chemists between actual and potential ammonia, 
meaning by actual ammonia that portion of nitrogen in a fer- 
tilizer which is already present in the soluble form, as some 
nitrate or ammonia compound. The name potential am- 
monia refers to that portion of the nitrogen which will be 
changed sooner or later, under suitable circumstances, into 
ammonia. The value of actual ammonia is, as already stated, 
best estimated from its cost in the form of crude commercial 
sulphate of ammonia. This compound is obtained in gas- — 
works, and in connection with the destructive distillation of 
animal matter, as in the manufacture of boneblack. To esti- 
mate its value from its cost in guano seems to be more objec- 
tionable, as its price in that case depends largely on the value 
we assign to the phosphoric acid present. The valuation of 
nitrogen, in the form of potential ammonia, should be some-. 
what restricted, as in the case of insoluble phosphoric acid. 
From the fact that a classification of substances, which -are 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 75 


considered sources of potential ammonia, must be necessarily 
somewhat arbitrary, it does not follow that we ought to dis-’ 
eard entirely a proper lower value of potential ammonia as 
compared with actual ammonia, or that we ought not to dis- 
criminate between the various nitrogenous materials which 
may be used. Urates, blood, dried meat, steamed bone-meal, 
fish guano and poudrette, form ammonia with much readiness, 
excelling even stable-manure in this respect. On the other 
hand, refuse wool, leather, hair, horn-shavings, &c., are all 
much more slowly decomposed, and therefore require to be 
composted in a suitable mechanical form. ‘These substances 
are, of course, valuable for agricultural purposes; but as a 
considerable period of time is required before their full benefit 
will be enjoyed, théir price ought to be made with reference 
to the loss of interest on the investment. The practice of 
incorporating these substances into artificial fertilizers, with- 
out a previous proper disintegration, exposes the farmer, not 
only to frequent disappointments in regard to his crops, but 
to serious pecuniary losses. 

Having named some things concerning commercial manures, 
about which farmers and agricultural chemists ought to con- 
sult for the general good of agriculture, I take the liberty of 
advising all persons to be cautious in indorsing this or that 
fertilizer. It should be enough for the buyer to certify that 
the dealer furnished him the substances which his bill speci- 
fies. To give him the entire credit of success, or to blame 
him in regard to the results obtained, is, as a general rule, 
unfair; for, as the various articles of plant-food act always in 
the same direction, and as they can only produce an increase 
of yield when they are needed, it is the good judgment of the 
farmer which deserves the credit in case his crops increase 
under his management, and at his own door rests the blame 
of his failures. Moreover, it not unfrequently takes years of 
systematic fertilization to show the beneficial influence of fer- 
tilizers upon exhausted lands. The best phosphates in the 
world will not improve the fertility of lands when potassa is 
wanting, and the richest ammonia compound will be without 
any effect in case a sufficient amount of ammonia is already 
present. The real money value of any fertilizer cannot be 
directly determined by the mere consideration of the results 


Sig” } * a 
* . re," 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan, 


obtained at any particular time, and it is.also evident that the 
condition in which a-manure leaves the soil, after one crop 
has been raised, is a most important factor in deciding upon 
its entire agricultural worth. 


: II. 
THe. STAssFuRT PoTasH AND MAGNESIA FERTILIZERS. 


In a paper read before the Massachusetts Board of Agri- 
culture, in December, 1869, I alluded to the growing impor- 
tance of the Stassfurt manure-salts. Numerous experiments, 
made by qualified parties in Germany, France and England, 
leave at present no doubt about their great value as fertilizers. 
They have, also, of late been introduced into our markets, 
and as they supply a special want among our commercial con- 
centrated fertilizers, and are thus destined to acquire consid- 
erable importance, it seems proper to make the farmers of the 
State more familiar with their character, and with the existing 


experimental results concerning their peculiar adaptation for - 


agricultural purposes. ‘These salts were first discovered at 
Stassfurt, Prussia, in connection with an extensive rock-salt 
deposit. In sinking a shaft to the depth of 1,066 feet, a pe- 
culiar layer of various saline compounds, 158 feet in thickness, 
was penetrated,-which directly overlaid the rock-salt. This 


surface deposit séemed to consist of all the more soluble com- ~ 


pounds, but slightly altered, of the oceanic waters, from which 
the entire deposit originated.* As a source of salt for ordi- 


nary domestic purposes, it was considered unfit, and, conse- 


quently, whatever had to be removed to get at the underlying 
rock-salt was drawn aside as worthless. The celebrated ana- 
lytical chemist, H. Rose, subsequently called attention to this 
refuse mass as a source of potassa compounds. The govern- 
ment soon acted upon his suggestion, and caused, in 1860, 
sales at low rates, offering at the same time premiums to those 
parties who should succeed in inventing some suitable mode 
by which they might be changed into more valuable compounds 
for industrial purposes. ‘The present extensive chemical in- 
dustry at Stassfurt, and in its vicinity, is the outgrowth of 
that movement. The production of potassa amounted, in 


* For details, see my paper “On Stassfurt Potash and Magnesia Salts, &c.,” in 
“ American Chemist,” July, 1871, page 6. 


‘ 
; 
4 
* 
’ 
4 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 77 


1867, to 24,000,000 pounds, and the entire capacity of the 
Stassfurt mines, as far as explored at that time, promised to 
be irom 100 to 120 millions of pounds per annum for 100 
years to come. The influence of this new source of potash 
compounds on the general market of these articles, may be 
inferred from the fact that, in 1863, the entire annual supply 
of potash compounds for industrial purposes consisted of 
8,000,000 pounds of chloride of potassium, 40,400,000 pounds 
of nitrate of potassa, and 65,200,000 pounds of carbonate of 
potassa,*—in all, 113,600,000 pounds. Agriculturists were 
‘among the first to avail themselves of the cheap crude refuse 
salt for fertilizing purposes, yet they met, as a general rule, 
with but little success in their experiments. . A comparison of 
the results of chemical analyses soon established the fact that 
the material used in the various experiments must have differed 
widely in its composition. This difference in composition 
found its explanation in the peculiar arrangement of the vari- 
ous salts in nature. They occurred in successive layers, and 
_ their quality depended entirely on the locality whence they 
had been taken. The following figures convey some idea of 
the variations noticed in the composition of the crude Stass- 
furt manure-salt used in many of the early experiments 
(Heiden) :— 


Cloride of magnesium, from - . - 12.20 to 31.19 per cent. 

* sodium, $s / : : of MDG Hepat» 

“ potassium, “ : : ; «O00. 8 Para ys 
Sulphate of soda, a ; ; ssp LOO) 56 L2E 38 

“« potassa, e - : : FOO FLOM 3 i 

“ lime, Ks ‘ ‘ : PP GOO TORT he 
Carbonate of lime, “ : : Meet Se Ai, 0 Maumee 2s Sea 
Borate of magnesia, “ . space ster I an op ea eS go 


These analytical results render it quite obvious how little 
reliance could be placed on experimental results obtained by 
the use of a substance liable to vary so widely in its constitu- 


* The carbonate of potassa was obtained from the following sources :— 
Hugsia, ... x 4 : : : ws Da ee - 18,200,000 pounds. 
North America, . P : : ° ° : bah ae 13,500,000 =“ 
Hungary, ie? +s : : : z ‘ . - 4 10,300,000 
From refuse material in the beet-sugar manufactories of Europe, 23;200,000 « 


65,200,000 pounds.. 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan, 


ents, as well as in their relative percentage. Farmers, conse- 
quently, discontinued their use, and thereby compelled the 
dealers in these fertilizers to exert themselves to produce a 
more reliable material. The consequence has been, that at 


present there is scarcely a Stassfurt potassa fertilizer in the 


market which is not the result of some process of concentra- 
tion. As a good illustration of what is at present offered for 
sale at Stassfurt for agricultural purposes, we may refer to a 
late price-list of one of the largest manufacturing companies 
of these fertilizers. One of the managers of this company is 


the most successful inventor of new modes of manufacture in ° 


this branch of industry, Dr. Griineberg. The following price- 
list was published January, 1872, and the price is based upon 
a value of seventy-two cents, gold, for one Prussian thaler at 
Stassfurt, the salt being sold in bulk :— | 


Sed| Se. | 28g 
Foo | £3858 2.8 
a © ry cao Me 2a, 
1. Potash fertilizer, ground, containing from 16 
to 22 per cent. of sulphate of potassa, with 
more or less of chloride of sodium, to suit 
the customer, . -| 9.11) $0 36°] $0 65 
. Concentrated potash fertilizer, containing, - | 25,00), iat 0 5.0 


Oo bo 


. Sulphate of potassa and magnesia fertilizer 
(or artificial kainite), containing from 28 ; 
to 30 per cent. of sulphate of potassa, .| 15.18! 0 60 0 4.0 
4, Concentrated sulphate of potassa, equal to 


from 78 to 80 per cent., . 43.44] 3 36 0 7.8 


' 5. Concentrated chloride of potassium (No. 5), 

containing 80 to 85 per cent., . 50.53} 2 64° 0 5.0 
6. Sulphate of potassa and magnesium, with 52 

to 56 per cent. of sulphate of potassa and 


30 to 38 per cent. of sulphate of magnesia, | 28.3 | 2 64 0 7.8 
7. Sulphate of magnesia, equal to 60 per cent. 
of sulphate of magnesia, . 0.0 036 | G00 


. 8. Sulphate of potassa (about 11 per cent. i: with 
a large percentage of magnesia for scatter- | 
ing over stable-manure and compost heaps, 0.8 |: 0 24 0 4,1 


We learn from the foregoing figures that the oxide of po- 
tassium costs less per pound in the lower grades (1, 3, 8) of 
these compounds than in the higher ones (2, 4, 6), and 
also that it costs less in the higher grades of chloride of potas- 
sium than in that of the sulphate of potassa (4, 5). The 
cheapness of the lower grades is considerably reduced by an 


\ 


1873. | SENATE—No. 75. 79 


increase of freights for less valuable articles ;—as soon as the 
freight for one hundred pounds of oxide of potassium exceeds 
about sixty cents, gold, the higher grades become cheaper 


material for use. With us, considering the cost of freight, 


the higher grades are decidedly preferable. . I have made an 
analysis of various samples of Stassfurt fertilizers. The fol- 
lowing statements may convey some idea of what has been 
offered for sale in our own markets during the past few 
years :— } 


1. Concentrated sulphate of potassa, represented to con- 


tain 90 percent. IT found .. ‘ : ; . 87.72 per cent. 
2. Chloride of potassium, represented at 90 per cent. I 
found . j ‘ : : : : ; : SOR O2” ae 
3. Refined sulphate of potassa and magnesia : 
Sulphate of potassa, . : : a . 43.3 yf 
“i of magnesia, : : : ° 2 Oded * 
s of lime, : 3 : ‘ . oS ae 


4. Concentrated sulphate of potassa, equal to 22.87 oxide 
of potassium, . : : : ; : : . 42.0 sd 


5. Calcined (rough ground) sulphate of potassa and magnesia : 


Sulphate of potassa, . : , : : Cr ie 
= of magnesia, : : : : oi) RO see diag 

Basic chloride of magnesium, . : : 460 “* 

Sulphate of lime, ay pte 1 ae ny tee Gite se 

6. Artificial kainite : 

Sulphate of potassa, . : ‘ ; ; oe O 
b of magnesia, ; : a 2 - 18.18 - 
“ of lime,. oat Dene ; 5 : a ee ee 

Chloride of sodium, 


: not determined. 
4 of magnesium, 


7. Calcined native sulphate of magnesia (= kieserite) : 


Sulphuric acid, ., . ; : ; : £ BBLS 09 

Magnesia, . : ; ; . : : ni / npOvgmy 9 98 

Lime, . : ; . : ; ; ; 9s, BD) 55 uF 
8. Native sulphate of magnesia (= kieserite) : 

Sulphuric acid, . ; ; Seeks 2 , ao. i. 

Magnesia, . : ; ; , } : EN 4 Pee 


Lime, . 3 : ; : : : ; eo he 


The unsatisfactory results at first obtained with the crude 


‘ 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  — [Jan. 


salts discouraged, as before stated, their consumption in gen-— 
eral agricultural operations, yet it did not affect the opinion 
of those parties who believed in the fair prospect and great 
importance of an additional abundant and cheap source of 
potash compounds for agricultural purposes. They continued 
experimenting under more defined, and thus more favorable, 
circumstances. The question before scientific investigators 
was not whether a potash fertilizer would be useful for agri- 
cultural purposes, for there was scarcely an ordinary rotation 
of crops on record in which the demand for potassa did not 
exceed that of any other plant-food, phosphoric acid fre- 
quently not excepted,* provided stock-fattening is not a 
prominent feature of the agricultural system adopted. Some 
of the most important commercial farm-crops, as potatoes, 
beet-roots, hops, tobacco, corn, &c., are known to require a 
large quantity of potash; while the most prominent potassa- 
containing rocks, as potassa, feldspar, &c., disintegrate very 
slowly, and thus can furnish the potassa but sparingly. A 
few detailed statements may convey some definite idea regard- 
ing the consumption of potassa by most agricultural Fi ae) 
cee — 


Grain crops abstract per acre, about . ‘ ; ‘ . 28.70 pounds. 
Meadows and pastures, in : ! . OOS se ae 
Most garden vegetables and hoed crepe naee ae + OO! ee 
Clover and other fodder crops, about . : ‘ i SB O.20 ae 
Commercial plants, about . ‘ : ; 5 ‘ .  WOLOG: 5 eae 
Grape-vines, 12 My get ‘ : .; OO: 20 ae 


Cordee asserts that sugar-beets in Austria abstract an- 
nually from the soil 17,300,000 pounds of potassa, in France 
about twice as much, and in the German Confederation 38,- 
900,000 pounds, and that potatoes abstract in Old Prussia, with- 
out counting stems and leaves, 84,000,000 pounds from the 
lands under cultivation with that crop. 

Taking the utmost economy for granted, there is scarcely 
any reason to doubt that in very many instances an application 


* Prof. Birnbaum, in calculating the average consumption of soil constituents of 
fourteen different systems of rotation, allowing the usual complement of live-stock, 
finds that for a medium production every.acre requires an additional annual supply 
of 17.4 pounds of potassa, 6.4 pounds of magnesia, 11.0 pounds of lime, 14.2 pounds of 
phosphoric acid in case stable-manure is the fertilizer. 


a SENATE—No. 75. 81 


of potash fertilizer will be as beneficial as phosphatic fertil- 
izers have proved. Farmers who have been in the habit of 
suffering their liquid manure to waste have particular reason to 
try potash fertilizers upon their lands. Numerous experiments 
manifestly show that the majority of farm-lands, which have 
been for any length of time under cultivation, are in such a 
state of exhaustion that an addition of phosphoric acid and 
potassa produces larger crops than either one of these fertilizers 
alone, and that potassa, phosphoric acid and some suitable 
nitrogen compound will act still better than either two of them 
alone. It is for this reason that those who have no clear idea 
about the specific action of each crop upon the soil usually get 
along better with compeund manures,—as stable-manure, ashes 
and oil-cake,—than with special fertilizers, yet they rarely 

obtain a maximum yield, nor can they expect to engage suc- 
~ cessfully in the production of special. crops of a superior char- 
acter. These compound manures acquire, in fact, a particular 
importance, when we consider their composition with refer- 
ence to the crop to be raised by their aid. The idea that we 
can produce large crops of all kinds of plants by adding a 
_ little of everything, finds no support in the past experience of 
high or special farming. The farmer, who wishes to cultivate 
his lands most profitably, must qualify himself to comply with 
the special demands of his crops. 

The main point in regard to the potash fertilizers, which 
required exact investigation, was to learn, by actual experi- 
ment, in what particular form the Stassfurt potash compounds 
would act best,—whether as chloride or as sulphate,—and 
what peculiar effect those compounds exert which accompany 
the potassa in either of these two forms. The results thus far 
obtained may be summed up as follows: the sulphate of po- 
tassa is wnanimously indorsed as the safest potash compound, 
without regard to the kind of crop, particularly as far ag 
the quality of any product is concerned. According to 
Stéckhardt, it increases the percentage of starch in potatoes. 
Karmrodt and Stohmann found that it increased the sugar in 
the sugar-beet. Schlossing and Nessler noticed that it coun- 
teracted best, in common with nitrate of potassa, the tendency 
of tobacco to char, and thus to smell offensively, thereby ren- 
dering it better adapted for smoking, and increasing thus its 

11 


82 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


commercial value. Upon wet lands alone is its use decidedly 
unprofitable. Even Sir Humphrey Davy noticed this fact. The - 
chloride of potassium has not received such general commen- 
dation, and its use as a fertilizer for potatoes and tobacco has 
been decidedly discouraged, for it acts upon these crops, more 
to increase the quantity than to improve the quality. It is, 
however, highly recommended for meadow and pasture lands, 
for all kinds of forage crops and grain crops, particularly 
when applied in connection with superphosphates. The chlo- 
ride of potassium is also specially suited for use upon wet 
lands, and in case of very retentive, heavy soil. The effi- 
ciency of any potash fertilizer can, of course, show itself only 
when an additional supply is needed; yet even in case of a 
deficiency in the soil, its effect may be greatly influenced by 
the condition of the same. If it is too retentive, the circulation 
of the salt will be limited, and, if not retentive enough, it will 
descend too quickly to the subsoil. 

As long as the matter of absorption was but little under- 
stood, many observations with potash fertilizers could be 
scarcely reconciled with each other, and their merits remained 
doubtful. The peculiar absorptive properties of a good agri- 
cultural soil, which Way and Thompson first noticed, has 
been more studied, and additional facts have been established | 
within later years, which enable us to control better the physi- 
cal condition of the soil regarding the distribution of an article 
of plant-food like potassa, phosphoric acid, &c. We have 
learned that the property of absorbing these substances belongs 
mainly to the fine, clayish silt in the soil, and to a sufficient 
amount of humus well distributed throughout the entire earthy 
material under agricultural treatment. As both these condi- 
_tions of the soil are the natural consequence of a proper culti- 
vation, we find it not surprising that the improved portion of 
the same kind of soil possesses higher absorptive powers than 
the uncultivated one. The phenomenon of absorption appears 
to. be but another name for replacement, since it has been 
noticed that absorption of potassa takes place only when com- 
pounds of soda, lime and magnesia are present, while a corre- | 
sponding amount of the latter is always set free, and passes 
into the subsoil waters. In case these substances are wanting, 
or are only present in a small quantity, or in a form not suit- 


oe - . 


a3) SENATE—No. 75. 83 


able for exchange, the absorption does not occur, and conse- 
quently the action of the fertilizer becomes uncertain. The 
discovery of chemical means to aid in the distribution of phos- 
phoric acid by Liebig, has been of late followed by the recog- 
nition of means to promote the distribution of potassa through- 
out the entire bulk of the soil under: cultivation.. Foremost 


- among these means are chloride of sodium (Frank) and sul- 


phate of magnesia (Pinous). The beneficial effect of common 
salt as a fertilizer is doubtless often the result of this fact. 
Some of these Stassfurt fertilizers deserve particular 
attention on account of a large percentage of sulphate of 
magnesia, and, in some instances, more or less of chloride of 
magnesium. The latter compound is, even in small quanti- 
ties, directly hurtful to vegetation, and no fertilizer should 
contain it to any extent. Calcined potash compounds are 
usually free from it. Magnesia compounds, as a general rule, 
are in their isolated condition objectionable for fertilization, 
yet in presence of potassa or soda compounds they seem to be 
harmless. The sulphate of magnesia has for two reasons 


acquired considerable value in agricultural operations,—it 
_ may be used as an absorber of ammonia and phosphoric acid, 


and aid in the distribution of potassa in the soil. As a means 


_ for the distribution of potassa, it is known to exceed every 


other which has been applied for that. purpose. Fertilizer 
No. 6, consisting of 52-56 per cent. of sulphate of potassa 
and 30-38 per cent. of sulphate of magnesia, enjoys a partic- 
ular reputation on account of its superior fitness to cure clover- 
sick and beet-sick lands, the potassa passing rapidly to. the 
lower strata of soil, and coming thus in direct contact with 
the roots of these plants. The sulphate of magnesia may 
be used like gypsum, and, if scattered over stable-manure, 


.or composted with it, absorbs ammonia, and combines, with 


the soluble phosphoric acid, while, on account of its greater 
solubility, it exceeds gypsum in efficiency. As magnesia is 


one of the most essential articles of plant-food, it is natural 
that a direct incorporation of it in the main fertilizer may 


produce beneficial results. The peculiar saline character of 
these Stassfurt fertilizers renders it advisable to apply them 
with some special precaution. In their isolated state, they 


“Injure the roots with which they come in direct contact, and 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan.73. 


$ 

they are, therefore, best either scattered daily in small quan- 
tities, or composted. These modes of application are un- 
doubtedly most advisable in general farming. In case they 
are to be used for special crops for commercial purposes, they 
ought to be mixed thoroughly with three or four times their 
weight of muck or loam, and then carefully used with refer- 
ence to the object in view. ‘The best time for application is 
late in fall or early in spring, to allow their suitable distribu- * 
tion in the soil. In case of a loose, sandy or gravelly soil, 
where spring manuring pays best on account of a low degree 
of absorption, it is best to incorporate them but a short time 
‘before planting. ‘Their continued systematic use is only to 
be recommended upon well-drained lands. ) 


ry 
be f 
i 


at 


ivi 


Pe 
Fay 
Poe 
yy z 
fib} ie my rh ag 7 
, , im : | 
: . . 5 , ef | 
. SAL Bet - :" | | 
‘ " td, y ; Oe ’ 
Bas rey phe Sahel aA Pe ¢ Ma. 7 
[ | 
. 4 | oe ie ve . . . 
. + Wy ; ‘ : | 
i/-» dae ot ; | 
y ? ‘ r 
Wa é al 7 me 7 ; ‘ 
eA : : | ) 
pel M . on i 
* ao | 3 
wrt 
; | y* 
‘ ' | 
“ 
% | 
L 
, ‘ 
; 
* 
‘ 
r 


W 


REPORT OF JOHN C. DILLON, 


\} 


86 ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


hE Pon Ts 


President W. S. CLARK. 


r " < ai : 
Mee APART? ks 
‘ f "er 
rr... 
Ta 
[ an. 4 
j 


Sir :—I have the honor to submit my Report of farm ope- 


rations during the past year. 


The areas of land devoted to the different crops are as” 


The potatoes 1 were planet’ on land which was well manured 
and produced a good crop of corn last year, and I planted it 
again to subdue a kind of sedge-grass, which had taken com- 
plete possession of the soil. The land was ploughed April 


follows :— 
Acres. Rods. 
Potatoes, 4 0 
Sugar-beets, 4 0 
Corn, : 8 47 
Swedish turnips, { 0. 90 
Above, * 5, ‘ 4 80 
Barley,. 2 80 
Oats, . 11 3 
Millet, i 1 0 
Fodder-corn, A “A 
“oats, 1. 80 
Strawberries, 0 58 
Small fruits, 0 110 
Nursery... 1 120 
Vegetable- -garden, d 1 151 
Young apple, sa and peach orchard, 3 0 
Vineyard, 2 0 
Total area in tillage, 48 19 
Pasture, 126 47 
Old apple- or chards, 3 0 
Mowing, 125 110 
Woods and roads, 80 64 
383 80 


a 


> ol 
> 


1873.] _ SENATE—No. 75. 87 


26th, seven inches deep, and harrowed with the Nishwitz har- 


row. April 29th to May 4th, it was furrowed out five inches 


_ deep and two feet six inches apart, and halves of potatoes, 


planting size, were dropped in the furrows at intervals of eigh- 
teen inches in the rows. The piece was then harrowed length- 
wise the furrow with Thomas’s smoothin g-harrow, which cd 
without disturbing the sets. This ee did not quite fill 


_ up the furrows ; but another passage of the same implement, 


about a week later, left the ground as smooth as a garden-bed, 
and also destroyed a myriad Si weeds which had one to germi- 
nate. The land was harrowed again, just as soon as we could 


_seetherows. The 17th of June, we ran a double mould-board 


plough between the rows, which raised a ridge of earth on 
each ‘side of the plants, and the smoothing-harrow following, 
sifted the thoroughly pulverized soil among the plants, made 
handsome rounded ridges, and left the field in better shape 
than it could possibly have been done by hand. 

The land where the potatoes grew is a sandy loam, in an 
elevated position, and with a considerable slope toward the 
valley,—not by any means the kind of land that would be 
commonly expected to need draining. The presence of stag- 
nant water is, however, indicated by the grasses alluded to, and 
also by the presence of wire-worms in great numbers. These 
larvee seriously diminished the crop, destroying and damaging 
the young plants, and, by perforating the tubers, rendered a 
considerable number of them fit only for fodder. The actual 
yield was five hundred and ten bushels of large potatoes and 
ninety-six bushels of small. Of the large, about four hun- 
dred bushels, all in fact that were not injured by the wire- 
worm, were of first-rate quality. The kinds planted were the 
Orono, the Early Rose, King of the Earlies, Peerless, Brezee’s 
Prolific, and Brigham’s Seedling. Some interesting points of 
difference were observed in the growth and yield of the dif- 
ferent varieties; but the ravages of the wire-worm prevented 
any precise comparison of the respective merits of the several 
kinds. — | 

The machinery for the cultivation of the beet-crop, which 
was ordered from Germany in January last, was delayed by 
adverse winds, and afterwards detained in the custom-house 
for payment of duty. The matter being properly represented, 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —— [Jan. 


n 
> F 


- the machinery was admitted duty free; but, through an acci- 
dent on the railroad, it was still further delayed, and did not. 
reach Amherst till the 21st of May. Getting the machinery 
from the depot, setting it up, ‘studying its construction and | 
experimenting with it on the barn-floor in the midst of press- 

ing spring work, and the final preparation of the land, occu- 

pied some time, and it was not till the 24th of May we were 

able to plant the beet-seed. As I shall have to refer to these 
implements again, I annex drawings and descriptions :— 


Fig. ‘1. Side view. 


SG NTU ULOUSTOU ANN OUT ee 
5 a 


LN an ah ga ay 
(oo le. | 
4 SSS 


Nig Neem ete J epee 
Hobe AT nee > ; 


PALS Y 
 —S 


THE GERMANIA BEET-PLANTER. 


Fig. 2. Rear view. 


== = 
Srey 


Ta eow can Sees | 55 a = a == area = = 
Eee eee a eee 


= 


a i as SS 


——$—== = 


THE BEET-DIGGER. 


me) SENATE—No. 75. 


Fig. 4. 
f 


= 


Fig. 5. 


THE BEET-CULTIVATOR, arranged for ordinary work in destroying weeds. 


Fig. 6. 


THE BEET-CULTIVATOR, with attachment for covering the roots at the last hoeing. 
12 


89 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Tue Bret-Puanrer. (Figs. 1 and 2.) 


The Dibble-machine, or beet-planter, weighs 1,350. pounds, 
is drawn by two horses, and plants eight rows, eighteen inches 
apart, at each passage. 7 

The seed is placed in hoppers, extending along the top of 
the machine. Hence it descends through shuts or apertures, 
which can be enlarged or aircon | at pleasure, into the 
body of the machine. A shaft, furnished with small spoons, 
runs through the body of the machine and is made to revolve 
with greater or less rapidity by an arrangement of cog-wheels, 
connecting the shaft with one of the driving-wheels. At 
each revolution of the shaft each little spoon brings up a seed 
and deposits it in a small hopper, from which it descends 
through a series of funnel-shaped tubes, which telescope into 
each other, into the seed-box in the drill. 

Another series of cog-wheels is set in motion by the other 
driving-wheel and these cause another shaft to revolve, faster 
or slower, according to the arrangement of the wheels. This 
shaft is furnished with eighf wheels, with cams or projec- 
tions on their circumference, which operate the valve-rods 
which open and shut the seed-boxes in the drills, and thus 
this gearing regulates the distance at which the seeds are 
dropped, just as the other regulates the quantity of seed 
deposited in the seed-boxes. The seed-drills are furnished 
with little ploughs which open furrows for the seed, deeper or 
shallower in proportion as they are laden with weights pro- 
vided for the purpose, and, being hung on pivots, thy readily 
adapt themselves to any inequalities on the surface of the 
land. In returning, the inner wheel follows in the track made 
by the outer one in going; and thus the last, and every other 


row of a twenty-acre field, is parallel with the first, and 


each row is equidistant from the next preceding one. Onthe 
College beet-field, the rows were 232 yards long, and the 


time occupied in making one passage was three minutes forty 


seconds ; it was found, however, that, including two turnings, 
the time required to go and return, planting sixteen rows, 
averaged eleven minutes. The rows being eighteen inches 
apart, an acre contained forty-two rows and was planted in 
twenty-eight minutes fifty-two seconds. With land thoroughly 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. ee 


prepared, and with men and horses practised in their work, 
there would be a considerable saving of time, and the machine 
would probably plant twenty-five to thirty acres per day, as 
claimed by the manufacturer. 


Tue Beret-Curtivator. (Figs. 4, 5 and 6.) 


This machine is also drawn by two horses and cultivates 
five rows at each passage. It consists mainly of five sets of 
scufiles or hoes, for use in a frame-work, suspended between 
the hind wheels of the machine. By means of a lever, ter- 
minating in a cog-wheel and playing on a cogged semicircle, 
this adi can ia moved from side to side, or elevated to pass 
over obstructions, or for convenience in going to and return- 
ing from the field. Each set of hoes comprises three different 
forms of implements, adapted to the cultivation of the crop 
at different stages of its growth. The first set consists of a 
broad single scuffle, almost as wide as the distance between 
the rows. This is intended to be used about as soon as the 
rows can be traced, and it is provided with a contrivance 
which bestrides the rows and protects the young plants from 
being covered with earth. The second set of implements 
- consists of two narrower scuffles, which penetrate and stir ‘the 
soil to a greater depth, and are used after the plants have 
grown stronger and there is no longer any danger of cover- 
ing them with earth. The third set of implements are a kind 
of double mould-board ploughs, and are used for the last hoe- 
ing, that is for hilling. The shape and use of these imple- 
ments will be seen by reference to thé diagrams, which illus- 
trate the cultivator rigged for use at different stages of the 
growth of the crop. In using the beet-cultivator the thought 
that a variation from the true course of an inch and a half 
would destroy five rows of beets, is apt to make a beginner a 
little nervous, but practice soon satisfies him that it is easy to 
take care of one row, and that if he steers one share right the 
rest will take care of themselves. 


Tue Bret-Diecer. , 
‘The beet-digger is a strong and powerful machine, also 
drawn by two Bbescs: It consists of two long knives, or 
coulters, fixed in a heavy framework, and so arranged that 


oT". AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


they may be set to run to a greater or less depth, as may be 
desired. These knives run under and lift two rows of beets 
at each passage. As the machine passes along only a slight 
rippling or undulating motion is observed in the rows of 
beet-tops, but the roots are found to be loosened and cleared 
of dirt more perfectly than could be done by hand, and, as no 
roots are broken or left in the ground, a considerable increase 
in the crop is obtained. Like the beet-cultivator, the digger 
is steered by a lever at the hind end of the machine, and can 
be lifted to pass over obstructions, and for convenience of 
travel to and from the field. 
Through the unexpected difficulties in obtaining the ma- 
chinery, the planting was delayed three weeks. beyond the 
proper season, and much time was necessarily consumed in 
experimenting with the implements, and in acquiring practi- 
cal skill to use them to the best advantage. Under these 
circumstances it would be very unfair to give the results of 
this year’s operations as a basis for calculating. the cost of 
raising sugar-beets. I shall, therefore, simply state that the 
beet-crop on the four acres amounted to forty-eight tons, and 
that, from our experience with the machinery, I am led to the 
following conclusions: That these machines are constructed 
to work with mathematical exactness, and, if used at the 
right time and in the proper manner, on land suitably pre- 
pared, they will accomplish a very important saving of labor. 
It is obvious that, for cultivation, the smoother and more level 
the land the better; but this beet-machinery, like the mower 
and reaper, will.do good work on rolling and uneven land. 
The beet-planter, or any part of it, may pass over stones or — 
mounds without interfering with its operation, ample provi- 
sion being made to enable each part to adapt itself to the 
inequalities of the land. But sods, long manure, corn-buts 
or litter of any kind, clog the drill-ploughs and prevent them 
from making furrows for the seed, which is consequently de- 
posited on the surface. The necessity for care in driving 
need scarcely be alluded to.. Every farmer knows the advan- 
tage of having his rows parallel and equidistant, and when, a 
machine cultivates five rows at one passage, cutting within an 
inch and a half of the plants on each side, the importance of 
precision in this-respect is still more apparent. The cultiva- 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 93 


tion must also be attended to at the proper time, since, if the 
weeds attain too vigorous a growth, the shares of the-cultiva-. 
tor will become clogged and slip over the weeds without dis- 
turbing them. Finally, the crop must be kept free from 
weeds till it is harvested, otherwise the root-lifter, which on 
clean land is a model of simplicity and effectiveness, will be- 
come clogged and will not work at all. In short, it requires 
and abundantly rewards careful preparation of the land, 
punctual performance of the various operations of tillage, and 
perseverance in destroying weeds, which would otherwise 
mature and spread their seeds to the detriment of succeeding 
crops. | 

Wishing to test the adaptability of the beet-machinery to 
the cultivation of corn, I prepared five acres of land, planted 
it with corn and cultivated it in the following manner: The 
piece selected for the experiment was in grass, somewhat run 
out and in need of draining, and yielded, in 1871, about a 
ton to the acre of second-class hay. In the spring we carted 
and, spread on manure, from the cellar, at the rate of thirty- 
five ox-cart loads to the acre, ploughed it in six inches deep the 
28th of May, harrowed with the Nishwitz pulverizer, sowed 
on three hundred pounds of superphosphate and harrowed 
with Thomas’s smoothing-harrow. May 31, we planted corn 
with the beet-planter, gauged to plant two or three kernels at 
intervals of twelve to eighteen inches in the rows. On four 
out of five acres we planted the rows three feet apart, but on 
the fifth acre we put three hundred pounds extra of super- 
phosphate and planted in rows eighteen inchés apart. The 
whole of the piece was afterwards harrowed with the smooth- 
ing-harrow, just as the corn was breaking ground, and again 
when the corn was eight inches high. When the corn was a 
foot high it was cultivated with the beet-cultivator, and was 
shortly afterwards thinned out to eighteen inches apart in the 
rows, but no other cultivation was given to the crop. Where 
the rows were three feet apart the corn was thinned to. 
twelve inches apart in the rows, and the land was cultivated 
‘once with French’s cultivator and again with Holbrook’s 
horse-hoe, with hilling-ploughs. The remainder of the corn- 
land was manured and prepared in the same way, marked out 
into rows four feet apart and planted with the Woodward 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


planter, which distributed phosphate at the rate of two hun- 
dred pounds to the acre. Half of the piece was then har- 
rowed with Thomas’s harrow, when the corn was six inches 
high, and the whole twice cultivated with Holbrook’s horse- 
hoe. The portion which was not harrowed had to be hoed by 
hand, as the weeds had attained such size in the rows that 
they could not be covered with the horse-hoe. The total yield - 
of corn was nine hundred and six baskets of sound corn, 
equal to four hundred and eighty bushels of shelled corn, 
and sixty baskets of pig corn. The cost and yield, per 
acre, of the several methods of cultivation are computed as 
follows :— 


2 Cost oF LABOR. YIELD PER ACRE. ~ 

: Preparing. | Cultiv’ting. Harv’sting. Total. Sound corn. Pig corn. Stover. 

1 | $6.00 | $3 15 | $10 00 | $19 15 | 80 bush. | 600 Ibs. | 3 tons, 
O) 600%. 8.23 800] 1723/60 “« |200* |2 * 

3 | 600 | 243 | 800] 16 48 55 « | 975 « QL 

4 


6 00 oD 48 8 00} 19 48) 52 * 400 * 13“ 


Estimating the rent at $6 per acre, charging $110 for eleven 
cords of manure and spreading, and $3 per cwt. for the super- 
phosphate, and allowing half of the cost of the manure for 
the improved condition of the soil, the following would be 
about the way the accounts would stand with the different 
plots :-— 


Plot No. 1.—Planted by beet-machinery, in rows 18 inches apart. 


Dr. To labor, : 5 7 $19 15 
interest on land, ‘ ve ae ; ; Abr Rie ‘ 6 00 
manure, . ; d ‘ f : ; eee » 128.00 

$153 15 

Cr. Byhalfmanure, . : : : : : . $64 00 

3tonsstover, .. : - - 2 oy) ete 
$94 00 


Cost of 80 bushels, $59.15. 
“ 1bushel, —.7318. 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 95 


Plot No. 2.—By beet-machinery, in rows 3 feet apart. 


Dr. To labor, : 2 : 4 ‘ , : ; . ST 23 
interest on and ; ‘ ‘ r bes ! ; 6 00 
manure, . ‘ : : , , , ; Bre wa of eGo 

$142 00 

Cr. Byhalfmanure, . 7 ; : : : . . $59 50 

2 tons stover, . : : ; : ; 20 00 
$79 50 


Cost of 60 bushels, $62.73. 
“ 1 bushel, 1.044. 


Plot No. 3—Planted by Woodward planter, harrowed and twice culti- 


vated. ; 

.Dr. To labor, ; av : ’ : : 5 ; - $16 48 
interest on tard, ‘ 4 : ; ’ : ’ é 6 00 
manure, . ; : : ; : : ° : oe. GO 

: $138 48 

Cr. Byhalfmanure, . ‘ : : ; . - $58 00 

24 tons stover, . ; A ; ; ‘ : 25 00 
$83 00 


Cost of 55 bushels, $55.48. 
“© 1bushel, 1.0048 


Plot No. 4.—Planted by Woodward planter, twice cultivated and once 
hand-hoed. 


Dr. To labor, : : : : : ; : s . $19 48 
interest on aa : : ; i . ; : 6 00 — 
manure, . ’ ; : : s : s F - 116 00 

$141 78 
ememnammrc.” =. Clk we SC 
1? tons of stover, . : BR De ok 8 : 17 50 

$75 50 


Cost of 52 bushels, $65.98. 
“.._ Lhbushel, ._ 1.2632. 


_ Inmaking this calculation, I have adopted the common rule 

of crediting the land with half the value of the manure; but I 
think that, both in feeding land and animals, we are apt to 
undervalue the residuum. Something should also be allowed 
for the benefits of tillage. 

About half an acre ae the woods, which was considered 
too heavily shaded for corn, was ploughed, harrowed with 
the Nishwitz harrow, manured with three hundred pounds of 
superphosphate, harrowed with Thomas’s smoothing-harrow, 


Pes 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


and then thrown into ridges, eighteen inches apart, with the 
beet-cultivator. Ruta-baga seed was then planted on the 
ridges with Holbrook’s seed-sower, and the crop easily, cheap- 
_ly and well cultivated with the beet-hoes. The situation was 
unfavorable, and the crop was attacked by aphides. Never- 
theless, we harvested five tons of roots, at a cost of $24, of 
which sum $18.25 were paid for manure and harvesting. 

We also used the beet-machinery to plant and cultivate an 
acre of fodder-corn, near the south barn. The machine was 
regulated to plant the kernels one to the foot, in rows eighteen 


inches apart. The yield was about all that could stand on — 


the land, the expense of cultivation very little indeed, and the 


evenness, cleanness and luxuriance of the crop, at every stage 


of its growth, was a subject of admiration to all who visited 
the farm. : 

With the machinery ready for use in due season, with better 
preparation of the soil, and with the knowledge and practice 
gainéd by the past season’s experience, it is adi that still 
better results will be obtained next year. 

The rye was chiefly sown on land partially run out, and 
ploughed in September. Portions of it received a dressing 
of superphosphate, sent for trial, which gave no appreciable 
results. A small piece, which had been ploughed the previ- 
- ous spring and fallowed through the summer, yielded, both in 
grain and straw, nearly double the crop of apparently similar 
land ploughed immediately before sowing the rye. The yield 
of the piece was about ninety bushels of grain and five tons 
of straw. 

The barley was sown on land where the sugar-beets grew 
last year, and is estimated at fifty bushels of grain and two 
and a half tons of straw. The grass-seed was sown with the 
barley, and made a luxuriant growth. 

The oats were grown on various plots, and, in the early 
part of the season, promised well; but the unusual warmth 
and moisture produced a too succulent growth, and caused 
the plants to lodge wherever the soil was fertile. This mate- 
rially diminished the yield, and affected the quality of both 
grain and straw. The total yield is estimated at three hundred 
bushels of oats and ten tons of straw. 

The millet and fodder-oats were grown on land on 7 elie 


_ 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 97 


corn was raised last year. Both produced good crops, fully 
‘two tons to the acre; but owing to the very unfavorable 
weather which prevailed at the time they were harvested, the 
cost of curing them was altogether out of proportion to their 
value. 

The strawberries were carefully tended, mulched and kept 
free from weeds; they, nevertheless, suffered severely from 
the bleak severity of the winter. The raspberries and black- 
berries were only set out last year. Considering this, they 
made a good growth, but were also more or less injured by 
the intense cold and absence of snow. ‘This year, they have 
become firmly established, and the canes have more than 
doubled in strength and luxuriance. I have had them cut 
back to four feet high, mulched and tied up to chestnut stakes, 
and I confidently expect a good yield of fruit next year. 

The vegetable-garden was ploughed, manured with thirty- 
five cords of manure, harrowed, a portion of it graded, and 
the whole of it handed over to Professor Stockbridge, who, 
with the assistance of the students, raised luxuriant crops of 
garden vegetables of an almost endless variety. 

The young apple, pear and peach orchards, the vineyard and 
the nursery, have also been kept cultivated. Some one thousand 
pounds of grapes were raised and sold by Mr. Ware, and the 
nursery furnished an abundance of trees for the improvement 
of the estate. The old apple-orchards were trimmed in the 
spring, with evidently beneficial results; but as they have 
been mown for a succession of years, and apples were very 
plentiful, a large proportion of the fruit had to be convérted 
into cider. 

It was feared that the droughts of the last two years, and 
the bleak severity of the winter, would render the hay-crop 
a very light one; but the moist weather of the spring and 
summer was very favorable for the growth of the grasses, 
and, with the aid of suitable machinery, we were enabled to 
harvest a more than average crop of hay in the finest possible 
condition. During a great part of haying, extremely fine 
days and very wet ones alternated with singular regularity. 
When the weather was fine, all hands were kept mowing till 
nine, then one pair of horses were put on tu the tedders, and 
the grass was kept flying till noon. Directly after dinner, 

13 : 


98 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


the tedder was again started, to turn the hay last cut in the 
morning, while the early-mown hay was raked together, both 
with horse and hand rakes, and then we all worked at carting 
as long as we could see. In this way, with twelve men and 
five horses and a yoke of bulls, we frequently cut, made and 
secured, in tip-top order, eighteen tons of hay in one day. 
_ Reckoning eight of the men at $2.50 per day, the two double 
horse-teams at $5 each, and the single horse-team and yoke 
of bulls at $3 each, this would cost only $2 per ton. Allow- 
ing for interest on cost and wear and tear of machinery, and 
extra work done in wet weather, I estimate the average cost 
of securing the hay-crop at $4 per ton. When the weather 
was wet or lowering, we hauled loam to the yard, cleaned 
out the henneries, manufactured compost, trimmed the hay- 
mows, thinned and transplanted beets and turnips, ground 
scythes, oiled and cleaned wagons and machinery and got 
ready for another fine day. After the 1st of August, the 
alternations of rain and sunshine occurred several times each 
day, so that the securing of the rowen, like the millet and 
oats mentioned above, was not pecuniarily very profitable. 
The hay-crop altogether amounted to two hundred and eight 
tons, weighed when put into the barn. 

There was an unexpended appropriation of $100 to pur- 
chase drain-tile, which I have appliéd where it was most 
urgently needed. Half-way between the boarding-house and 
.the highway, there was a marshy swale, with a shallow ditch 


running through it, passing under,the road, and discharging - 


into the brook about twenty rods above the causeway. The 
land on each side this slough is much in need of cultivation, 
and, as a preliminary, I have substituted a covered drain of 
three-inch tile, one hundred rods long and three feet deep, for 
the open ditch. 

Three hundred loads of compost have been taken from the 
-yards and spread on the mowing-lands, and sand and loam 
shave been drawn to the yards to furnish materials for next 
-year’s top-dressing. The manure made by cattle during the 
-summer has been drawn out of the cellar and spread on the 
‘land intended for tillage next year, and the bottom of the cel- 
‘Jar has been covered six to eight inches in depth with loam. 


‘The vaults have been cleaned from time to time, their contents — 


—— ee a 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 99 


composted, and a supply of dry earth provided for daily use in 
arresting the gases, useful to plant, but offensive and injurious 
to animal, life. 

During the months of January, February and March, the 
men and teams were pretty constantly occupied in falling, 
trimming and getting to the mill chestnut and pine timber 
for making trellis-posts for the vineyard, and posts and boards 
for fencing. Considerable team-work has also been done in 
levelling and filling up old gravel-pits and gulleys; in grading 
round the new shed; in laying water-pipes; in hauling bag- 
gage, coal, chemicals, cannon, sand, bricks, mortar and loam ; 
in making and repairing roads, of which there are four 
miles seventeen rods; in aiding the students in setting out 
trees, laying out walks, and in generally improving and beau- 
tifying the estate. 

Srock. 

While striving to increase the productiveness, and perma- 
nently improve the condition of the farm, I have been espe- 
cially mindful of the comfort and welfare of the live-stock. 
In this I have been influenced by two considerations : first, 
my natural love for animals, and my interest in all matters 
bearing on their management, development and improvement ; 
and secondly, by the conviction that in no other way can the 
agricultural department be made so attractive to students, so 
beneficial to the community and so pecuniarily profitable to 
the College, as by breeding and keeping for sale thoroughbred 
animals of pure pedigree and high individual excellence. It 
is, therefore, a matter of rejoicing to me that in this respect 
we have been favored with uninterrupted prosperity. All the 
grade cattle have been sold, and all thoroughbreds which ap- 
peared to fall short of a high standard of practical utility have 
been sold to the butcher, and their place supplied with ani- 
mals whose pedigree and performances are.alike excellent. 

The reputation of the College herd has been extended by 
the award of numerous first and sweepstakes premiums. at 
three county shows, and also at the New England Society’s 
Exhibition at Lowell, whcre we took, with eight animals, one 
sweepstake, two first and one second premium. 

The only loss by death was the Devon cow, Gem 3d. Her 
disease, so far as symptoms were concerned, was a most ob- 


100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


scure one; but a post-mortem examination by Professor Clark 
revealed the fact that her trachea, lungs, liver, pleura and 
whole thoracic cavity were affected by a morbid growth, ap- 
parently of a schirrous nature. The viscera were removed by 
Professor Clark, for microscopic examination, and, after tak- 
ing off her hide, we dissected her carcass, and placed it in 
boxes, which we sank in a deep creek, in order that the water 
might thoroughly macerate the flesh, and facilitate its perfect 
removal from the bones. When this is accomplished, the 
skeleton is to be prepared and set up for the anatomical mu- 
seum of the College. In this connection, I may mention that 
by many cow-doctors the symptoms were referred to hornail, 
and it was only with the greatest difficulty that I prevented 
the most zealous from boring the suffering creature’s horns 
and stuffing them with cayenne pepper, spirits of Rea? 
and other oetane preparations. 

The increase by births has sufficed to supply the place of 
the grades and such thoroughbreds as it was thought best to 
discard, and also to give a slight foretaste of the prokeablancas 
of this branch of farming. During the past year, I have sold 
three young calves and four yearlings, five of them bulls, bred 
on the farm, for $685. These are very far from the prices 
which breeders of established reputation obtain for their stock, 
but certainly four times the price which common, or grade, 
animals would have brought, I am now preparing for publica- 
tion a descriptive catalogue of the stock. This will save much 
time and labor of answering questions by letter, and with it 
the College will be in a favorable position for obtaining and 
pleasing customers, for extending its fame as an agricultural 
institution, and for making the farm pay. . The collection of 
thoroughbred stock is now very excellent, comprising animals 
of seven different breeds of neat cattle. The opportunities 
for studying the properties, and comparing the merits, of the 
different breeds, are invaluable in an educational point of 
view ; and among the visitors from various sections, the de- 
partment is pretty sure to find customers for whatever it has — 
to sell. 

Some interesting Mea have been undertaken, and 
many practical thoughts have been suggested; but hitherto © 
the attention of the farm committee has been directed chiefly - 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 101 


to the task of obta‘ning first-class specimens of the various 
breeds, and of bringing them all to a uniform standard of 
health, constitutional development and vigor. These objects 
being measurably accomplished, the way is prepared for more 
precise and reliable experiments relative to the products of 
the different breeds in proportion to the expense of keeping 
them, and also to the expediency and economy: of different 
methods of breeding, teeding and managing stock. 

The swine have also been prosperous and productive. The 
Improved Chester Whites have, as heretofore, been our main 
dependence. They will fat as early, and make as good pork, 
as any other breed, or, if kept to maturity, will attain a very 
large size. As examples of this double faculty, I may men- 
tion that Marmion, now two years and eight months old, 
weighs nine hundred pounds, and I have lately sold to Dr. 
Wakefield, for the state almshouse at Monson, a young boar, 
a son of Marmion, which, at. twelve weeks old, weighed one 
hundred and twenty-eight pounds. The Improved Chesters 
also possess good forms, mild and contented dispositions, 
hearty appetites, vigorous digestions, robust constitutions, 
extraordinary prolificacy, and the disposition and ability to 
bring up the largest litters handsomely. It has, however, 
been thought proper, for experimental and educational pur- 
poses, to keep several breeds of swine, and I have purchased 
from different breeders a trio of Berkshires, of undoubted 
purity and evident quality; and Winthrop Chenery, Esq., 
_ of Belmont, has presented to the College a fine pair of York- 
shires. 

The poultry department has been a source of much interest 
to students and visitors. The College has now valuable sam- 
ples of the hardy, self-helpful Games, the nearest thorough- 
bred representative of the old barn-yard fowl, or, to go still 
further back, of the wild-fowl of the Indian jungle,—a good — 
layer, a good but not inveterate sitter, and absolutely un- 
equalled either as a mother or a table-fowl; the crested and 
bearded Houdans, and the golden-spangled Polands, whose 
instinct of reproduction is so strong that they cannot stop lay- 
ing long enough to sit; and the large, amiable, white and 
partridge Cochins, which, with true Celestial persistency, will 
lay from December to March, because their ancestors did, but 


102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


in summer seem bent on doing, not only their own sitting, 
but also that of their more mercurial sisters. All the varie- 
ties have multiplied satisfactorily, and it is proposed to sub- 
mit the merits of fowls from the College yards to public com- 
petition at the coming exhibitions. | 

The pigeon-house is stocked with the best procurable speci- 
mens of eight of the most prominent varieties. The beautiful 
Fantails, with snowy plumage, swanlike necks and fan-shaped 
tails, containing thrice the number of feathers which other 
pigeons possess; the pompous Pouters, of different colors, 
who strut about with their heads thrown back, and their crops 
puffed out to the:shape and dimensions of a small football ; 
the Carriers, with th ir wild, restless eyes, powerful wings 
and dashing carriage, with beak one-inch and three-quarters 
long, and wattles properly enough likened to an English wal- 
nut; and the Tumblers, who cannot fly from one roof to an- 
other without turning a somersault, whose beak must not 
exceed five-eighths of an inch, and whose wattle must look 
like a thread drawn across the beak; also the pretty Nuns, 


with black heads, tails and flights, and white bodies and hoods; ~ 


while their ecclesiastical brethren, the Jacobins, with their 
white heads, and tails, affect, by way of contrast, colored robes 
and cowls. ‘These are some of the examples to be seen in the 
College lofts of the results of selective breeding, in perpetuat- 
ing and intensifying accidental variations of structure and plu- 
mage. In pigeon-fancying, the breedev’s skill has been tasked 
to the utmost to produce modifica’ ions of form and color which 
shall contrast as strongly as possible with each other, and in 
different particulars be as far as possible removed from the 
“Columba livia,” or Blue Rock Dove, the original type and 
progenitor of all the varieties of fancy pigeons. So long as a 
systematic breeding is followed, these differences and peculiar- 


ities are not only maintained, but increased; while as soon as. 


the different kinds begin to miscegenate, confusion ensues, the 


peculiarities of form and feather are obliterated, and, in a few 


generations, the progeny appear, and, indeed, are no more 
than common pigeons. 

Pigeons are monogamous, and, when once properly mated, 
will produce pure-bred young, even when kept in communi- 
ties of numerous varieties. The student of natural history is 


" 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 103 


thus enabled to observe the perfect similarity in their habits 
of mating, calling and driving to nest, building, laying, sitting, 
feeding young and other points common to fits species ; ae 
at the same time to study the singular variations in form, 
feather and coloring which have been produced by earnest 
and long-continued attention to the practice of breeding for 
points. As they breed fast, and mature quickly, the effect of. 
thorough-breeding, and also of ¢rossing the breeds, can be 
more quickly and effectively illustrated than with the larger 
and longer-lived animals. I make this explanation because I 
perceive the keeping of pigeons is very generally considered 
puerile and unworthy the attention of serious people, while I 
submit that the faculty-of observing and appreciating those 
slight differences which materially affect the value of stock 
can in no other way be so CROAT pleasantly and thoroughly 
cultivated. 

The teams consist of five horses, all superior animals, and 
two pairs of bulls. The practice of using the large bulls in - 
place of oxen has worked very satisfactorily, and is every way 


' advantageous ; and the young bulls are all trained to the yoke, 
and exercised in proportion to their age and strength. 


The two-year-old filly has grown hen and is a very prom- 
ising animal. 

“i first-rate stallion, with ae of size, bone, symmetry, 
gait, courage and endurance, and with accumulated hereditary 
power to transmit these qualities to his descendants, would be 
a benefit to the community, an ornament to the farm and a 
desirable step toward making the College a complete mirror 
and repository of the highest progress and most valuable pro- 
ductions in every branch of agriculture. © 

The College also needs, as_part of its educational apparatus, 
a small flock of sheep. These should, of course, be of the 
best quality and the finest blood. Such animals are so costly, 
and the danger from dogs is so great, that I have not thought 
it safe to purchase them without your express instructions. 


FarM—BvILpincs. 
At noon, on the 10th of August, the barn at the north end 
of the farm,.known as “ the Crouch barn,” and used for stor- 
ing mowing and reaping machines, sleds, cart-bodies and other 


~ 104 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


large implements, was burnt down. By the strenuous exer- 
tions of professors and students, farm-hands and neighbors, 
aided by a favorable wind, the shed adjoining the barn, and also 
the barn occupied by Mr. Gallond, were saved. It was’ also 
remarkable that at no time would the loss have heen so slightly 
felt, as two of the mowing-machines, a horse-rake and a tedder 
were in use in the field. Still, the property destroyed consid- 
erably exceeded the sum paid for insurance. A horse-power 
and threshing-machine, belonging to Professor Stockbridge, — 
which the College had been accustomed to borrow, were also 
burnt, and the necessity for a new thresher and horse-power 
is severely felt. The property was insured in the People’s 
Fire Insurance Company for $1,500, which was promptly 
paid. 

The new sheds are found to answer perfectly the purposes 
for which they were designed, and, in connection with the 
barn, are all that are at present needed at the south end of 
the farm. 

The old buildings at the north ond of the farm, where the 
teams are kept, are in a somewhat dilapidated condition. I 
have patched them up from time to time, but have not felt 
justified in spending any considerable amount of money in 
repairing them. The loss of the Crouch barn renders some 
provision for housing the tools necessary, while the sum paid 
by the insurance company would be amply sufficient to repair 
the old buildings, and to erect such new ones as are required. 


STUDENTS. 


My intercourse with the students has been extremely cor- 
dial and agreeable. As these gentlemen can only work in 
the intervals of their studies, tley cannot be profitably em- 
ployed to drive the teams, and four men are therefore hired | 
as teamsters. The whole of the work about the barns; the 
milking, cutting roots and fodder; the cooking, cleaning, 
feeding, sweeping and carding; the training of bulls ‘and 
colts; the ringing of bulls and ite attendance on animals dur- 
ing parturition and in sickness,—are all done by students. 
Of their fidelity and efficiency, the appearance of the barns, 
and the docility, thriftiness and general prosperity of the stock, 
are the best evidences. Among my valued assistants, am ~~ 


ae 
4 } 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. | 105 


proud to number members of each of the four classes ; and as 
the successive classes enter the College, it is encouraging to 
observe that the proportion of students who are farmers’ sons, 
trained to farm-work, increases year by year. 

The system of cultivating the field-crops, adopted and de- 
scribed, has almost entirely relieved the students from the 
labor of hand-planting and hoeing. During the spring term, 


much of the class-work, outside of the planting and cultivation 


of the vegetable-garden, was therefore employed in making 
permanent improvements. In the fall term, the students, 
under the direction of Professor Stockbridge, were profitably 
employed in digging potatoes, cutting, stacking and husking 
corn, picking apples and topping and harvesting beets and 
turnips. 
Farm Economy. 

In every department, I have endeavored to practise the 
closest economy consistent with a sincere regard for the pros- 
perity of the College, and especial y of the farm. In my 


former reports, I have referred to the distractions and encum- 


brances which accompany the duties of my office. These will . 
continue to exist so long as the College enjoys its present 
prosperity, and struggles for 4 place among the pioneers of 
improved agriculture. It has, therefore, been my aim to 
establish a branch of farming for which the position of the 
College offers advantages more than sufficient to counterbal- 
ance the inconveniences alluded to,—I mean, of course, the 
breeding and selling of first-rate stock. To this end, I have 
striven diligently to procure a collection of superior animals, 
and to establish for them a reputation, which will enable the 
College to sell their progeny at remunerative prices. In my 
anxiety to accomplish this object, I have doubtless increased 
the expenses of the year, and sacrificed something of the in- 
come which might have been obtained if my efforts had been 
more persistently given to securing the greatest immediate 
pecuniary results. I submit, however, that any advantages 
so gained would have been only temporary and comparative. 
For the reasons referred to, the College cannot compete in 
the production of ordinary crops with farmers who devote 
their whole attention to their business, and are free from the 
distractions incident to the position of the College as a public 
14 


106 © AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —— [Jan. 


educational and experimental institution. In the manner. in- 
dicated, the farm may, with proper diligence and judgment, 
be made, not only self-supporting, but also by degrees a source 
of considerable income to the College, and at the same time a 
means of education to the students, an object of interest to 
visitors, a repository and exchange of agricultural information, 
a valuable theatre for reliable and well-considered experiments, 
and a permanent benefit to the farming community. : 

The following is a list of the thoroughbred stock belonging 
to the College :— 


SHORTHORNS. 
Males—Mountain Lad (8,673), Belted Will, Yarico’s Lad. Females.— 
Autumn Rose, Autumn Lily, Lilian, Yarico 57th, Belladonna, Peachbud 


8th, Wistaria, Aurora 4th, Barre Belle, Emma 3d, Emma 4th and Bella 
Wilfer. 


The pedigrees of all these animals are either recorded, or accepted for 
record, in the Shorthorn Herd-book. 


AYRSHIRES. 


Males—Colfax (127), Lord Ronald, Ronald Roy. Females.—Beauty 
(8), Tulip 4th (799), Juna (507), Lulie (1,500), Rosa (1,780), Beauty (870), 
* Alice Brand, Beauty 10th. 

These animals have all perfect pedigrees, and are either recorded, or 
will be recorded, in due season. 


' JERSEYS. 


Males.—Enterprise, Grand Duke. Females.—Lucy, Rosy, Hattie, Lady — 
Essex, Success. 

The pedigrees of these animals are accepted for record, and will appear 
in the forthcoming volume of the Jersey Herd-book. 


DEVONS. 


Mailes.—General Lyon (232), King Arthur. /emales—Pixie (1,199), 
Enid (9342). 
BRITTANIES. — 
Males.—Upton, Merlin. Female.—Pauline. 


SwIss. 
Male.—Belmont. 


DuTCcH OR HOLSTEIN. 
Male—4th Highland Chief. 


SwINeE. 
12 Chester Whites, 3 Berkshires, 2 Yorkshires. 


1873.) SENATE—No. 75. 107 


POULTRY. 

Games (6 varieties), 70; Cochins (Partridge azid White), 15; Houdans, 
14; Gold-spangled Polands, 5; Sebright Bantams, 3; Bronze Turkeys, 12 ; 
Rouen Ducks, 4; Pigeons, 31, viz.: Carriers, Pouters, Tumblers (Bald- 
pates, Beards, Splashed and Almond), Fantails, Jacobins, German Nuns, 
Archangels. 


yee 
Re RY 


A 2s. 


i 


& UGA bike auiventane hy 
woth. ‘nithatdnde Litage ta | 
he a ae bia aR “i y bites 


1 Si Ba 


OF THE 


EXAMINING COMMITTEE 


OF THE 


BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 


OVERSEERS OF THE COLLEGE. 


110 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


ee 


Your Committee, appointed to visit the Agricultural Col- 
lege, have the honor to report as follows :— 

The Chairman attended the examinations in April and No- 
vember, the other members of the Committee at Commence- 
ment, and were much pleased with the general appearance of 
the College, the efficiency and earnestness of its officers and 
professors, and with the apparent zeal and interest of most 
of the young men who are availing themselves of the great 
advantages there presented them. 

It is truly wonderful that in so short a time this admirable 
institution should have assumed such proportions. Only 
incorporated in 1863, receiving its first class late in 1867, it 
now stands in the front rank of agricultural colleges in this 
country, an object of reasonable pride to the Commonwealth. 

The buildings are substantial and well-arranged, the dor- 
mitories most comfortable, the lecture-rooms and drill-rooms 
large and airy. The new barn, well filled with several varie- 
ties of pure-bred stock, and with the products of the farm, 
presents a tempting place of resort to the students at all 
times. 

The classes in April were examined in botany, moral philos- 

ophy, agricultural chemistry, mathematics, English literature 
‘and practical farming. 
At Commencement (inter alia), in the relation of science 
_ to practice in agriculture, renovation of exhausted soils, rota- 
tion of crops, manures, stock-husbandry, and in agriculture 
as a business pursuit. \ 

In November, in road and railroad constmncuaa zoology, 
use of manures, chemistry and military drill ;—all of which | 
were creditable alike to professors and students, the relations 
between whom seem to be of the most agreeable nature. 


ce 
“er 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 111 


The military exercises, under the careful instruction of 
Lieut. Merrill, U. S. A., were excellent,-and are apparently 
viewed by the students more as a recreation than a task. The | 
College is fortunate in having such an officer detailed by 
government for this department. This officer also inspects all 
the dormitories every week, making the most careful and 
minute examination as to the orderly and cleanly habits of the 
young men. } 

The farm, under the careful and intelligent management of 
Mr. Dillon, is constantly improving, and shows for the last 
year quite satisfactory results, though it has, of course, to con- 
tend with many and quite necessary obstacles to the most 
profitable returns. The necessity of carrying out experiments 
in manures, in rotations, in various machinery and modes of 
cultivation is naturally at times quite unremunerative. The 
labor of the students is, though well paid, not so economical 
as the steady employment of hands skilled in the performance 
of the various farm-work. Some of the experiments with new 
machinery have, however, proved very satisfactory, especially 


the Dibble-machine imported from Germany, which sows 
_ eight rows at a passage, and the Riiben-Hack machine or root- 


cultivator, also a German invention, which cultivates five rows 
at a passage. The experiment of planting and cultivating 
corn with these machines without hand-labor was very suc- 
cessful. 

Hay was in great measure cut and housed the same day, 
and is sweet and well colored. 

When it is considered that labor must be laid out in beauti- 
fying the farm, and in fitting it for its various purposes, of a 
stock-raising and seed-growing farm, a nursery, a botanical 
garden, conservatory, arboretum; apple, pear and peach 
orchard; vineyard, market-garden, experimental station, 
veterinary hospital and a parade-ground ; and all this to be 
performed as economically as possible, and at the same time 
to make the works subserve the two important offices of fur- 
nishing employment and practical instruction to the students, * 
it is quite astonishing that the crops on the farm are so good 
and the stock so well cared for. 3 


* Answers by J. C. Dillon to interrogatories proposed by the Commissioner of Agri- 
culture. 


112 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The conservatory is a beautiful and instructive feature of 
the College. Like all other blessings, however, it generally 
suggests the great advantage of a large increase of glass, this 
_ being now a department which might be made very remunera- 
tive to the College and at the same time of great benefit to 
the students. 

The laboratory, the mathematical and philosophical appa- 
ratus are excellent, and under the competent instruction of the 
learned professors of chemistry and mathematics, render at- 
tractive, as well as comprehensible, the various departments 
which they serve to illustrate. 

This being founded as an Agricultural College, where young 
men may acquire the best knowledge of farming and its kin- - 
dred pursuits, in fact, of all which modern science and experi- 
ment is capable of affording them, your Committee endeav- 
ored, by the most careful attention, to learn whether the Col- 
lege is pursuing such a course as was intended by the Federal 
Government, as well as by the Commonwealth, and they can 
cheerfully and conscientiously bear witness to the truth of the 
affirmative. 

The education which is here received is no more extended 
than ought to be borne away from such a college, and ought 
to fit a young man to carry on profitably and pleasurably to 
himself, as well as with advantage to his neighbors, a farm for 
any purpose; to become an engineer, mechanic, superintend- 
ent, agricultural editor, and to pursue the various paths 
where a man may become useful to the agricultural community. 
He learns more or less of that manliness which is inspired by 
daily exercise as a soldier, as well as to defend his country 
in time of need; an admirable feature of the institution and 
wisely required by the government. 

The statistics of the occupations chosen by the graduates 
show that a large number have adopted agricultural pursuits 
as their permanent occupation. It cannot of course be ex- 
pected that the whole or any certain proportion of the young 
men should adhere to a purpose which may have been serious- 
ly entertained by them on entering this College, of becoming 
farmers. Ag character is developed by education, the tastes 
and feelings are greatly changed, and the paths pursued by 
them must necessarily diverge. If, however, each class turns 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. hie 


out a reasonable number of intelligent, scientific agricul- 
turists, then may the College well be considered as fulfilling 
the intention of its foundation. 

To the energy, zeal and fidelity of the President, with his 
able corps of professors, this pioneer work (as it is in Ameri- 
ca) owes its wonderful advancement. For though agricul- 
tural schools and colleges abound in England and Germany, 
yet they can neither of them, for various reasons, serve as 
exact models for what is required in Massachusetts. — 

Its future in great measure depends on the support which it 
meets from the class of people for whose benefit it was directly 
intended. 

It is now full, but is it never to expand into larger propor- 
tions? 

Let the Massachusetts farmers feel that interest, that pride, 
and give that support to this College which they ought, and 
it will be an honor to the Commonwealth and a blessing to 
her children. 


LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, 
S. B. PHINNEY, 
A. J. BUCKLIN, 


Committee. 


16 


' a 
ay 
iw 


114° AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


CATALOGUE 


TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 


1872. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 


MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. 
His EXCELLENCY WILLIAM B. WASHBURN. 
Cot. WILLIAM 8. CLARK, President of College. 
Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL.D., Secretary of Board of Education. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 


- MEMBERS BY ELECTION. 


Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, . : ‘ ; . BOSTON. 
Hon. CHARLES G. DAVIS, ; : é : . PLYMOUTH. 
Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, . ‘ : , : . FALL RIVER. 
HENRY COLT, Esq., . : : : 3 . PITTSFIELD. 
REv. CHARLES C. SEWALL, ‘ : : : . MEDFIELD. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq., , : : , . CHICOPEE. 
Hon. ALLEN: W. DODGE, .  ...... .. . Hanon. 
Hon. GEORGE MARSTON,. : : : ‘ . NEW BEDFORD. 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, _ adel ae . GREENFIELD. 
Pror. HENRY L. WHITING, . : , ; . CAMBRIDGE. 
HENRY F..HILLS, Esq., ; - ; . AMHERST. 
Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM,. : : 3 : . GROTON. 
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esq., . : : . UPTON. 
JOHN. CUMMINGS, Esq., .. : : ; . WOBURN. 


EXECUTIVE AND BUILDING COMMITTEE. 
PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK. Dr. NATHAN DURFEE. 
Hon. JOSEPH WHITE. HENRY COLT, Esq. 
| PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq. 


SECRETARY. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, or Boston. 


1873.) SENATE—No. 75. 115 


AUDITOR. 
HENRY COLT., EsqQ., or PITTSFIELD. 


TREASURER. 
Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, or FALL RIVER. 


ASSISTANT TREASURER. 
GEORGE MONTAGUE, EsqQ., or AMHERST. 


BOARD OF OVERSEERS. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEEBRS. 
Hon. LEVERETT SALTONSTALL. Magsor S. B. PHINNEY 
A. J. BUCKLIN, Esq. 


MEMBERS OF FACULTY. 
WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pa. D., 
. President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 
Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., 
Professor of Modern Languages. 
CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 
HENRY W. PARKER, M. A., 
Professor of Mental, Moral and Social Science. 
SELIM H. PEABODY, M. A., 
Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. 
HENRY JAMES CLARK, B. A., B.S., 
Professor of Veterinary Science. 
Ist Lizut. A. H. MERRILL, 1st Arrt., U.S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. r 
ROBERT M. WOODS, M. A., — 
Instructor in Rhetoric and Elocution. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, M. A., 
Lecturer on Dairy Farming. 
Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL.D., 
Lecturer on Civil Polity. 
A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D. (STATE ENTOMOLOGIST), 
Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. 


Pror. RICHARD H. MATHER, M. A., 


Lecturer on Sculpture and German Literature. 


116 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ALONZO BRADLEY, Esq., 
Lecturer on the Honey Bee. 


M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, Jr., Eso., 


Lecturer on Rural Law. 


Pror. GEORGE S. CHENEY, 
Teacher of Vocal Music. 


WILLARD C. WARE, B.S., GARDENER. 


ee 


JOHN C. DILLON, Farm SUPERINTENDENT. 


GRADUATES OF 1871. 


Allen, Gideon Hammond, 
Bassett, Andrew Lewis, 
Birnie, William Perkins, . 
Bowker, William Henry, . 
Caswell, Lilley Brewer, 
Cowles, Homer Lucian, 
Ellsworth, Emory Alexander,~ 
Fisher, Jabez Franklin, 
Fuller, James Elwyn, 
Hawley, Frank Warren, . 
Herrick, Frederick St. Clair, 
Leonard, George, 

Lyman, Robert Wickthington, 
Morse, James Henry, 
Nichols, Lewis Abel, 
Norcross, Arthur Dickinson, 
Page, Joel Bardwell, : 
Richmond, Samuel Howard, 
Russell, William Delano, . 
Smead, Edwin, . 

Sparrow, Lewis fabio, . 
Strickland, George Porter, 
Thompson, Edgar Eliab, . 
Tucker, George Homer, . 
Ware, Willard Carroll, 
Wheeler, William, 

Whitney, Frank Le Pr elet, 


Total, 


SENATE—No. 75. 


Farmer, 


Civil Engineer, . 


Farmer, 
Editor, 


Civil Engineer, . 


Farmer, 


Civil Engineer, . 


Merchant, 


Civil Engineer, . 


Farmer, 
Farmer, 
Farmer, 


Civil Engineer, . 
Civil Engineer, . 
Civil Engineer, . 


Farmer, 
Farmer, 
Draughtsman, 
Chemist, 
Gardener, 
Chemist, 


Civil Engineer, . 


Druggist, 


Civil Engineer, . 


Gardener, . 


Civil Engineer, . 


Gardener, 


117 


North Conway, N.H. 
Amherst. 
Springfield. 
Boston. 

Fitchburg. 

Hadley. 

Florence. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Toledo, Ohio. 
Simsbury, Conn. 
North Andover. 
New Bedford. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Salem. 

Boston. 

Monson. 

Conway. 

Fall River. 
Turner’s Falls. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Boston. 

Red Wing, Minn. 
North Bridgewater. 
Corry, Penn. 
Amherst. 
Hardwick. 

Boston. 


27 


<a 
* ae 


118 «= AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. “ia 


GRADUATES OF 1872. 


Bell, Burleigh Cook, 
Brett, William Franklin, . 
Clark, John Wesley, 
Cowles, Frank Colton, 
Cutter, John Clarence, 
Dyer, Edward Norris, 
Easterbrook, Isaac Henry, 
Fiske, Edward Ransom, . 
Flagg, Charles Otis, 
Grover, Richard Baxter, . 
Holmes, Lemuel Le Baron, 
Kimball, Francis Elliot, 


Livermore, Russell Woolcott, . 


Mackie, George, 

Maynard, Samuel Mayion 
Morey, Herbert Ellis, 
Peabody, William Russell, 
Salisbury, Frank Batelle, 
Shaw, Elliot Dwight, 

‘Snow, George Henry, 
Somers, Frederick Maxwell, 


Thompson, Samuel Clarence, . 


Wells, Henry, . 


Whitney, William Shenae: , 


Total, 


Winchester. 
North Bridgewater. 
Geneva, N. Y. 
Amherst. 
Warren. 
Shrewsbury. 
Boston. — 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Monson. 
Mattapoisett. 
Dudley. 
Lebanon, Conn. 
New Bedford. 
Brighton. 
Malden. 

Boston, 
Sherborn. 
Chicopee. 
Leominster. | 
Springfield, O. 
Southborough. 
Stockbridge. 
Boston. 


24. 


SENIOR CLASS. 


Clark, William Jared, ‘ 
Eldred, Frederick Cornelius, . 
Frisbie, George Benedict, 
Furness, George Abbott, . 
Leland, Walter Sherman, : 
Lyman, Asahel Hubert, . f 
Mills, George Westgate, . 
Minor, George Bacon, 
Penhallow, Jacob Pearce, 
Renshaw, James Budden, 
Simpson, Henry Bell, 

Tucker, Charles Edward, 
Warner, Seth Smith, 

Webb, James Henry, 
Wellington, Charles, 

Wood, Frank Warren, 


Total, 


SENATE—No. 75. 


119 


Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Sandwich. 

New York City. 
Tarrytown, N. Y. 
Sherborn. 
Westhampton. 
Medford. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Portsmouth, N, H 
Richmond. 
Hudson, N. Y. 
Boston. 

Florence. 

New Haven, Conn. 
Amherst. 
Grafton. 


16. 


120 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JUNIOR CLASS. 


Adams, Frank Edgar, 
Alexander, Edward Percival, . 
Babbitt, George Henry, 
Benedict, John Mitchell, . 
Blanchard, William Henry, 
Chandler, Edward Phelps, 
*Clark, William Avery, . 
Curtis, Wolfred Fletcher, 
Dickinson, Asa Williams, 
Gillett, Edward, ‘ 
Hitchcock, Daniel Green, 
Hobbs, John Alden, 

Johns, Arthur Clifford, 
Libby, Edward Howard, . 
Lyman, Henry, 

Montague, Arthur Enthoron, 
Moody, George Frederick, 
Ould, Remus, 

Smith, Frank Stoeliridne, 
Smith, James Metcalf, 
Strain, William, 


Woodman, Edward ‘agua, a 


Zeller, Harrie McKeen, 
Zeller, William Melville, 


Total, 


* Deceased. 


Hadley. 
Greenville, Ill. 
Columbus, Ohio. © 
Bethel, Conn. 
Putney, Vt. 
Westborough. 
Springfield. 
Westminster. 
Amherst. 
Southwick. 
Warren. 
Northampton, N. H. 
St. Charles, Mo. 
Ashland. 
Middlefield, Conn. 


. Granby. 


Springfield. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Springfield. 
Westfield. 
Southwick. 
Danvers. 
Hagerstown, Md. | 
Hagerstown, Md. 


24. 


\ 


SOPHOMORE CLASS. 


\ 
Andieae, George Christ, . 
*Ashton, John, 


Barrett, Joseph Francis, . 


Barri, John Atherton, 
Bragg, Everett Burt, 
Brooks, William Penn, 
Bunker, Madison, 
Callender, Thomas Easel: 


Campbell, Frederick George, . 


Carruth, Herbert Schaw,. 
Chase, Edmund Taylor, 
Clark, Xenos Young, 
Clay, Jabez William, 


» Deland, Thomas James, . 


Dodge, George Rufus, 
Ellis, Granville Alden, 


SENATE—No. 75. 


Frothingham, Thomas Goddard, 


Hague, Henry,. : 
Harwood, Peter Mirick, 
Hatch, George Stanley, 
Holmes, Harry Hawley, . 
Jackson, Henry Stranahan, 
Kinsman, Willard Francis, 
Knapp, Walter Haydn, 
Lee, Lauren Kellogg, 
Merrill, James Cushing, . 
Merrill, Nathaniel Pinkham, 
Miles, George Melville, 
Otis, Harry Preston, 


' Parker, Francis Greenwood, 


Peabody, Cecil Hobart, 
Platt, William Davenport, 
Reed, Fremont Sumner, . 


- Rice, Frank Henry, . 


Rotch, Caleb Lamb, 
Snow, Laban, . s 
Southwick, Andre Meh id: 
Stearns, Richard Sprague, 
Thomas, John Louis, 
Vaill, William Henry, 
Weeks, Herman Franklin, 
Winchester, John Frost, . 


Total, 


16 


* Deceased. 


. 
~ 


121 


New York City. 
Newton: Centre. 
Barre. 
Cambridgeport. 
Amherst. 

South Scituate. 
Nantucket. 
Northfield. 

W. Westminster, Vt. 
Boston. 
Deerfield, N. H. 
Amherst. 


. Westminster, Vt. 


Boston. 
Hamilton. 
New Bedford. 
Boston. 
Lonsdale, R. I. 
Barre. 


. Medford. 


Greenwich, N. Y. 
Orange, N. J. 
Ipswich. 
Auburndale. 
Shrewsbury. 

St. Albans, Vt. 
Wilbraham. 
Westminster. 
Northampton. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Amherst. 
Baltimore, Md. 
South Weymouth. 
Barre. 
Chilmark. 
Harwich. 
Mendon. 
Salem. 

Boston. 

Enfield. 
Babylon, N. Y. 
Peabody. 


42, 


122 : AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


FRESHMAN CLASS. 


Bagley, David Appleton, . 
_ Chickering, Darius Otis, . 

- De Pew, Richard Mather, 
Deuel, Charles Frederick, 
Ellis, Edward Story, 
Guild, George William May, . 
Graves, Louis Bertrand, . 
Hawley, Joseph Mather, . 
Jefts, Melvin Willard, 

Judd, Charles Adelbert, 
Kendall, Hiram, 

Ladd, Thomas Henry, 
Lawton, Charles Follen, . 
Leach, Frank Hervey, 
Mann, George Hewins, 
Martin, William Edson, 


McConnel, Charles Washington, . 


McLeod, William Se gee s 
Naito, Saitaro, . : 
Parker, Edward Herbert 
Parker, George Amos, 
Parker, George Lowell, 
Perkins, William Henry, . 
Porter, William Henry, 
Preston, Edward George, 
Robinson, John Albert, 
Rogers, Mulford Thacher, 
Root, Joseph Edward, 
Sanger, Frank Hyde, 

Sears, John Milton, . 

Slade, Denison Rogers, 
Smith, Thomas Edwin, 
Spooner, Frank Adams, 
Taft, Cyrus Appleton, 
Urner, George Peter, 
Wetmore, Howard Graham, 
Williams, John Elgin, 


Total, 


Winchendon, 
Enfield. 
Amherst. 


‘Amherst. 


Watertown. 

New York City.” 
South Ashfield. 
Salem, N. Y. 
Ashby. 


. South’ Hadley Falls. 


Watertown, 


- Watertown. 


New Bedford. ; 
Amherst. 


. Sharon. 


Hadley. 
Lonsdale, R. I. 


. Lonsdale, R. I. 


Chiyoshiu, Japan. 
Reading. 
Gardner. 
Dorchester. 
Watertown. 
Hatfield. 
Elbridge, N. Y. 
Brookline. 
Watertown. 
Barre. 
Watertown. 


. Ashfield. 


Chestnut Hill. 


. Springfield. 


Barre. 
Whitinsville. 
Elizabeth, N. J. 
New York City. 
South Amherst. 


37. 


Clark, Charles Tilden, 


1873.] 


SELECT CLASS. 


Barber, Strong Hayden, . 
Bardwell, Daniel Packer, 
Barstow, William Hale, . : : ‘ ‘ 
Carter, Samuel Marshall, ; ‘ 2 ‘ 
Carter, Walter Edward, . 


Clark, Lysander Lyman, . 


_ Cook, Rufus Lyman, 


Dix, James Quincy, . 
Duncan, James Adams, . 
Eaton, Harry Ahpeetcha, 
Ely, William Isaac, . 
Gibbs, Charles Finney, 
Greene, Frank Brad‘ord,. 
Hadwen, William Ernest, 
Hobbs, Joseph Oliver, 


_ Judkins, Arthur Munroe, 


Lyman, Arthur Webster, . 
Merriam, Joel Hervey, 
Mildeberger, Victor, 

Player, Harry Heyward, . 
Sanger, Herbert Claflin, . 

Swift, Frank Munroe, 

Taylor, Ralph Ives, . 

Towne, Frank Augustus, E 
Wakefield, A. B. Albert Tolman, 
Wright, Augustus Hunt, . 


Zeller, Bruce Scott, . 


. Total, 


SUMMARY. 


Graduates of 1872, 
Seniors, . ; 
Juniors, . 
Sophomores, . 
Freshmen, 

Select, 


Total, . 


SENATE—No. 75. 


123 


Windsor, Conn. 
Shelburne. 
Haverhill, N. H. 
Berlin. 

Boston. 
Sherborn. 
Easthampton. 
Hadley. 

Boston. 

Keene, N. H. 
Norfolk, Virginia. 
Freehold, N. J. 
Thetford, Vt. 
Hadley. 
Worcester. 
Boston. 
Winchester. 
Southampton. 
Westminster. 
New York City. 
Nashville, Tenn. 
Sherborn. 
Yarmouth. 

Great Barrington. 
Keene, N. H. 
Marietta, Ohio. 
Boston. 
Hagerstown, Md. 


28. 


. 


124 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. 


FRESHMAN YEAR. 


First Term.—Chemical Physics, 5 hours each week; Human Anatomy 
Physiology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; English, 2 hours; 
Agriculture, 3 hours ; Declaniitions 1 hour ; Free-hand Drawing, 2 hours ; 
Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 ere! 

Second Term.—Inorganic Chemistry, 4 hours; Human Anatomy, Physi- 
ology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Geometry, 5 ie Agriculture, 4 hours ; 
English, 2 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Free-hand Drawing, 2 He Mili- 

tary Drill, 4 hours. 

Third Term—Organic and Practical Chemistry, 8 hours; Geometry and 
Chute Sections, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Agriculture, 
2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 


SOPHOMORE YEAR. 


First Term.—Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, 8 hours each week ; © 
Analytical Geometry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; 
Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 

Second Term.—Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7 hours; Trigonometry, 
5 hours; French, 4 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; 
Military Drill, 4 hours. 

Third Term.—Zoodlogy, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agriculture, 2 
hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Drawing, 4 hours; Mili- 
tary Drill, 4 hours ; Megane Labor, 6 hours. 


JUNIOR YEAR. 


First Term.—German, 5 hours each week; Mechanics, 5 hours; Entg- 
mology and Zoology, 3 hours; Market-gardening, 2 hours; Levelling and 
Drawing, 5 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 

Second Term.—German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Botany, 4 hours; 
Microscopy, 2 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1 hour; 
Military Drill, 4 hours. - 

Third Term.—German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Botany, 4 hours; 
Topographical Surveying, 4 hee Stock and Dairy ei) 2 hours; 
Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual lesbian. 6 hours. 


= 


SENIOR YEAR. ‘ 
First Term—English Literature, 4 hours each week; Botany, 2 hours; — 


P1873.) ~ SENATE—No. 7%. a 1 


Veterinary Science, 5 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Civil Engineering, 


3 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; ‘Griginal Declamation, 1 hour ey Drill, 
3 hours ; aad) Labor, 6 sae. 

Second Term.—English Literature, 4 hours; Mental ene 4 hours ; 
Arboriculture, 2 hours; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; 
Military Drill, 4 hours. 

Third Term—Roads and Railroads, 5 hours each week; Geology, 3 
hours; Landscape-gardening, 2 hours; Rural Law, 1 hour; Agriculture 


_ and Review, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Veterinary Surgery, 2 


hours. 


CALENDAR FOR 1873. 


The second term of the collegiate year begins January 2, and continues 

till April 2. 
“The third term begins April 17, and continues till July 16. 

The first term begins August 28, and continues till the Wednesday be- 
fore Thanksgiving. 

There is an Examination of candidates for admission to the College, at 
the Botanic Museum, at 9, A.M., Tuesday, July 15, and also on Thursday, 
August 28. 

The annual Public Examination and the Prize Declamations take place 


‘Monday, July 14. 


The exercises of Class Day, and the Address before the Literary Socie- 


- ties, take place on Tuesday, July 15. The exercises of Graduation Day 


occur July 16. 


ADMISSION, 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, in writ- 


_ ing, upon the following subjeets: English Grammar, Geography, Arith- 


metic, and the History of the United States. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also i in the 
studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. 

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of age, 
and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character 
from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt pay- 
ment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance, at 
the beginning of each term, a bills for board, fuel, &c., at the end of 
every term. 

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum 
at 9 o’clock, A.M., on Tuesday, July 15, and on Thursday, August 28; but 
candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. 


126 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — |. [Jan. 


Further information may be obtained from President W. S. Clark, 
Amherst, Mass. 


EXPENSES. 


Tuition ltd PEE EEN EEO NE INE I Be 
Room-rent, . } ; ; ; s j : : 500) 
Incidental expenses, . ? : : : : T OUV Faas 
Board, . 3 50 per week. 
Expenses for Giemiesl ace to Students of Paw 

tical Chemistry, . ; 5 00 
Public and private damages, once plae of bem 

cal apparatus destroyed or injured, -. : : ’ at cost. 
Annual expenses, including books, : ; » 250 00 to 300 00 


REMARKS. 


i 


The regular course of study occupies four years, and those who com- 
plete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science. 

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the graduates to 
write and speak English with’ correctness and effect, and to translate 
German and French with facility. The scientific course is as thorough 


and practical as possible, and every science is taught with constant refer- 


ence to its application to agriculture and the wants of the farmer. 

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every branch 
of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachusetts, and is 
both theoretical and practical. Each topic is discussed thoroughly in the 
lecture-room, and again in the plant-house or the field, where every 
student is obliged to labor. The amount of required work, however, is 
limited to six hours per week, in order that it may not interfere - with 
study. Students are allowed to do additional work; provided they main- 


tain the necessary rank as scholars. All labor is paid at the rate of ten 


to twenty cents per hour, according to its v#tue. There is no provision 
‘for indigent students beyond the opportunity to do such work as may offer 
about the public and farm buildings, or in the field, and it is hardly possible 
to earn more than from $50 to $100 per annum, besides performing other 
duties. So far as is consistent with circumstances, students will be per- 
mitted to select such varieties of labor as they may for special reasons 
desire to engage in. 

_ Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures with 
the regular classes; buf persons properly qualified who desire special 
instruction in chemistry, civil engineering, veterinary science, agriculture 
or horticulture, may make private arrangements with the officers nerine. 
charge of these departments. 


-———. 9 = 


- 


ee na aril aac 


/ 


1873.] SENATE—No. 75. 127 


An expenditure of from $10 to $50 is necessary to provide furniture, 
which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second-hand. 
On Sundays, students are expected to attend the chapel-service and 


_Bible-class, which are conducted by the Professor of Moral Science. 


While the Bible is made the basis of all religious instruction, everything 
of a denominational character is, as far as practicable, avoided. 

Students may, upon the written request of their parents or guardians, 
be excused from these exercises to attend services in one of the churches 
of the town. 


REGULATIONS. 


= 


1, Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the purpose 
of absenting themselves from any required exercise or violating any known 
regulation of the College. ; 

» 2.. The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for 
each exercise of the College by the officer in charge, unless a monitor be 
employed, and students who do not answer to their names shall be marked 
absent; provided that any student coming in after his name has been 
called shall be marked tardy. Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one 
absence. 

3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by the 


_ Officer in charge of the same; but permission to be absent from several 


exercises must be obtained from the general excusing officer, or from the 
President. In such cases a certificate of excuse will be furnished by the 
excusing officer, which shall state the precise time for which the permis- 
sion of absence is granted, and shall be a satisfactory reason for absence 
from all exercises occurring within the time specified. 

All excuses must be promptly rendered, and officers will not be expected 
to receive them unless offered within one week from the occurrence of the 
absence, provided there has been an opportunity for presenting them. 

4, Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all de- 
partments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be informed of the 


fact. When the number of such absences reaches eight, the President 


shall notify the parent or guardian of the student of his delinquency; and . 
when fen such delinquencies are justly recorded against any student, his 
connection with the College may be terminated. 

5. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse from the 


regular examinations, to give up any study without permission from ‘the 


President, ot to remove from one room to another without authority from 
the officer in charge of the dormitory buildings. 

6. The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be care- 
fully kept, ahd whenever the average rank of a student for any term falls 
below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of the College, 
except by a special vote of the faculty. 

7. Students are required to abstain from everything injurious to the 


¢ 


128 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . © [Jan. 


buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects to be gen- 


tlemen. 
8. Students will not be excused from regular duty to engage in boating. 


BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. 


The library of the College contains about 1,000 volumes. Among them 
are several valuable sets of cyclopszedias, magazines and newspapers, 
reports of agricultural societies and state boards of agriculture, and many 
standard works on agriculture and horticulture. There are many useful 
works of reference in chemistry, botany, surveying and drawing. The 
larger part of the books have been presented to the Institution by private 
individuals. 

The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books 
from the excellent library of Amherst College, which contains nearly — 
30,000 volumes. | | 

The State Cabinet of specimens illustrating the Geology and Natural 
History of Massachusetts has been removed from Boston to the College, 
and is of much value for purposes of instruction. 

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than 10,000 species of anetied 
botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The Botanic 
Museum is supplied with many interesting and useful specimens of seeds, 
woods and fruit-models. There is, also, a set of diagrams, illustrating 
structural and systematic botany, including about 3,000 figures. 

About 1,000 species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the Durfee 
Plant-house, which affords much pleasure and information to students of 
both colleges. ; 

The very extensive and, in many respects, unsurpassed collections in 
geology, mineralogy, natural history and ethnology, belonging to Amherst 
College, are accessible to members of the Agricultural College. 

The chemical, engineering and military concn of the Agricultural 
College are well furnished. 

The armory contains two brass pieces of ainanaie fifty sabres and one 
hundred and fifty breech-loading rifles. } 


FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS. 


Since this Report went to press, Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, 
has generously provided a fund. for the purchase of gold and silver medals, 
to be annually awarded, under the direction of the College faculty, tor. 
excellence in Declamation. 


S 1873.) SENATE—No. 75. 129 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 


JANUARY 1, 1873. 


REAL ESTATE, 


College Farm and Quarry, ~. ; ; ; ; : . $37,500 00 
South College, . , 4 f , : : ‘ . . 86,000 00 
ee SE UOOR OD 
i | i tale 2. ohh ‘sik ep VOOR RIOR) 
South Boarding-house,_. ; : . : . 8,000 00 
North Boarding-house, . : : ; 3 ; . ; 8,000 00 
Durfee Plant-house,. , ; F : : , . 12,000 00 
Botanic Museum, . é : ; : : : : ; 5,000 00 
South Barn, . : : : f d ; : : ,,, 14,500, 00 
Farm-house : : 5 ; 4,000 00 
Four + ie sao and aa oie ie the one é : 9,000 00 
Total Real Estate, : : : ; : . $200,000 00 


FARM STATEMENT. 


Value of eee stock, 5 i : 4 : . $10,165 00. 
of Vehicles and Euplewients: : A : 2,351 00 
of Produce on hand, . ; : : : 6,314 


$18,830 00, 


| Total credits of Farm, including property inventoried, Jan. 1, 
:. 1872, credit for labor performed in grading, &c., and re- 
| . ceipts from sales of live-stock and produce, ; ; . $24,647 60 


Total debits of Farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1, 
1872, and all expenditures for live-stock, labor, implements, 
repairs, seeds, fertilizers, &., .-° . i , . $25,463 34 
17 : 


130. | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ({Jan. 


FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE ; 


IN CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER.- 


The total amount received from the sale of 360,000 acres of 
land, given to Massachusetts for the endowment of one or 
more colleges for the promotion of education in agriculture 


and the mechanic arts, was . : ; : . $236,307 40 
Of this.amount, in accordance with the Act of Congress, was 
expended fora farm, . 2 i : : : : . 29,778°40 


The sum of $208,464.65 which was received for ;3, of the land-scrip was 
constituted, in 1863, a perpetual fund for the Aiomtanibe of education in 
agriculture and the mechanic arts. In 1871, this fund was increased by 
the Saale to $350,000. 3 


The investments of this fund, made by the State Treasurer, are as fol- 
lows :— 


United States bonds, 5-20’s, interest 6 per cent., gold, . $50,500 00 
re “ CN Ore OC Mea aia eS) ) « ... 8006100 
Massachusetts bonds, 5 per cent., gold, . ‘ : 3 . 24,000 00 
fs Re 6 per cent., currency, . .. 3 ‘ 3,000 00 
City of Salem bonds, 6 “ Glas . 65,000 00 - 
City of Lynn bonds, 6° “ ne : : : . 25,000 00 
Townof Milfordb’nds,6  “ fs COO Ee nee 
of Plymouth note,6 “ oi oF OS iy ete 
of Brighton note, 64 per cent., 0... . 1. 7 
of West. Roxbury note, 7 per cent., : 4 a BUCO ae 
County of Hampden note, 64 per cent., . t : : . 90,000 00 
Cash in Treasury, . : ; : : : : , 1,575 35 
Total Fund, . ‘ i ‘ t f ; : . $350,000 00 
Annual Income of Fund at 6 per cent.,. — . : : . $21,000 00 , 


Two-thirds of this income are by law paid to the Treasurer of the Col- 
lege, and one-third to the Treasurer of the Institute of Technology. 


-1873.] SENATE—No.-75. 131 


Income of College from Endowment Fund, . : : . $14,000 00 
By the ec opaditions of the gift, none of the income of the fund 
derived from the sale of land-scrip can be used for the 
erection or repair of buildings. 
The Hills Fund of $10,000 for the maintenance of the Botanic 
Garden is in charge of the College Treasurer, and at pres- 
ent yields an income of : 4 : ; ; : d 500 00 


‘Total Income from Funds, . é A ‘ : . $14,500 00 


To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent, 
amounting to $72 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the 
sale of the products of the farm and garden. 


\ 


. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. = [Jan.’73. 


132 


“worn ‘ITOO KUNTH 


*s1dONOA Jedoad oy} AQ poruvdutooov puv poyyys A]J00.1100 Wy puy pus ‘syunoooe g IOINSvOTI, OY} POULUIVXd OAT T 


wainsnaly, “TATIOG NVHIVN 


‘peqqruiqns ATpnyoodsoxy 


eg FCr‘or$ 


96 G22‘ 
re SIg‘2 
8S 79g 

SI 1g0'% 
66 969'6 © 
SP 916 

1¢ 676 F 
00 Tee‘gts 


e ° e ° ‘Qouvleq 
: ” ULICF ” 

» _[oruejoq : 

rT) ILE UtLt04 ” 
*‘qun000B JU8.0UTU0D 4 


; ’ ‘pung S[[TH—sesuodxy 
: g : ee JO pivog 
‘SOLIV[VG OF, 


"“SL8T 


Co PoP OFS 

69 LO¢'T : ° ‘Q0uUBINSUT WOT sJdred0y 
G6 Vel ae ‘‘TeuoeprVy) wo1y sydre0ey 
0¢ 18 ‘quopusquLIodng wae wor sydreoeyy 
60 98S°OT | ° ' ‘squepnyg uLorf sydte00x 
00 068 : ‘sqisodep uo 4s0.10qUT 
JO-EeO Ge: ‘pang JUSUIMOPUT 0409g oULOOUT 
00 00¢ Ale ‘puny STITH Re 
SE S60 01S |e ; 


‘souvleq OF, | ‘T ‘uve 


“CL81 


"m9 


“MOANSDALT, ‘KAAMACG NVALVN YM 7UN0000 U2 ADATIOD 'IVAALINOIIDY SLLASAHOVSSVIV 
=. 


“Iq 


SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 


For the Year 1872, 
TAKEN AT AMHERST MASS., 


By Professor E. S. SNELL, LL.D. 


Latitude 42° 22'17''. Longitude 72° 34' 30’’. Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet. 


[Jan.’73. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


134 


< 


> 


ao 
cs | aS 


*¢) ‘aoTWeINyeG Jo uoTovry 10 AypramyAZ oaryweyoy {your 76z"°0 ‘10deA Jo vinsso1g 10 oo10q : sivod OZ OJ UVP  *soTOUT IZ1"6z “GUIOg Surzoo1,q 0} poonpey ISIoH 1ojoWMIOIeEg 
:siuod 0g 1oJ UvePL “U0 Jed 6 “YsvoqIAION ‘*yuU00 10d pz “Ysvaynog f*4u90 od gT “saMq No {*yue0 Jed Tg “somyIAON ‘spur :sivok Gz 10J UvoTY *AYS JO “yUa0 sed Te ‘ssou 


“Ipno[D :sivek oz toy uvey_ ‘“saqour gg ‘Moug Jo yJdoq ‘soul ELF FP ‘Mou poreyT 10 Uley Jo yunomyY { .1G'9pF ‘Ary UedO oY} UL AoJoWOUNION, : stad GE AO] UVOF|¥—" ALON 


ZL | St | 0OL 
¢. | se | oor 
12 | ¢¢ | oor 
91 | ¢¢ | 0OL 
eg | oF | OO 
#8 | oF | 00r 
gs. | I | 66 
wu. | ce | 86 
9 | SE | 16 
o9 | 02 | 86 
co | 62 | 26 
79 | 6% | OOL 
99 | se | 86 
et ire) iS 
S 5 i 
4 . 
“NOILVUALVS AO 
NOILOVYA 
a0 ALIGNVOH 
GAILV Tat ; 


263° | 060° | 316° [69°66 


180° | 1Z0" | SIZ" || 6L4°62 
O9T* | ¥S0° | OOF || L79°6z 
012° | szr° | 699° || Fen"6% 
or | 122° | eon" || oLL"6z 
oso" | zgz° | ZL6" || zeL-6z 
919° | T9e* | sz6" || g¢orez 
zoe" | 6&2" | 906° || ¢s9'6s 
ote" | TFL" | 86c* || TP9"6z 
alt | ego" | ese" || F69°6z 
60° | 020° | 66I° || 2¢9°6z 
ggo* | Teo" | 922" || Te9°6z 
960° | 120° | 6Iz° || 699°6z 


Ss = = Ss 
oO l=? is) fo) 
r=) 5 7 so 
5 : 5 

“SHHONT NI 

‘TOdVA 

JO ANNSSAWA 

a0 FOUL 


9€0°62 


881°63 
IGL"63 
§81°63 
668°62 
86°62 
T68°6Z 
802°66 
661°63 
606°66 
TL0°6% 
LE0°66 
66°66 


“TANUAIUTAL 


06°06 


T8L°0S 
80°08 
066°08 
VH0'0E 
986°63 
GE6' 66 
£06'6Z 
786°66 
660°08 
S81°0€ 
[82°08 


$9208 


‘TAUNUIXL 


“INIOd DNIZAAAA OL 
ada0Ndaa LHYIGH WHALANWOAVA 


“Ta LANOTV aL 


cL 


oT 
ol 
LT 
GL 
€ 

6 

9T 


"ySBoyVION 


92 


eI 
LT 
GG 
oP 
67 
1 


oD 
me 


‘ysvoyINos 


“HOWL 


IL 


&B 
8I 
6 

cT 
tL 
ae 
&1 
tL 
§ 


+ rs 


*JS9MUINOG 


Tg 


09 
St 
OF 
§& 
$& 
LE 
oF 
8? 
69 
tL 


r= 
R=) 


"JSOMUIION 


GNV GAIL FO *INDD Wad 


“SANIM 


0g 


"AS JO 
‘yu00 Jed uBoyy 


0°99 
0°0% 
id | 


= 
ar) 


‘mous Jo wdeq 


*soyoul ‘osnes 
UI AQOUS po}[ouL 


JO UIVI 


C8LPP 


169°% 


Serr 


6£9° 
LOO 


 086°S 


990° 
0G3°E 
OLl’s 
106% 
018° 
888° 
LOST 


JO Uy 


_—————$—$————————— eee 


TOF | 08-1 Sle j= re iva 


0S°6L | O'8- | SOF |° *° Stequie00q 
S98 | O'OL | OFS {* +: “AoQquueaoN 
Po°SF | 66S | 0769 |° 3=—9* ~— 10.0900 


on'19| seg | o's |* — * Sxoquiaydog 
oo'TL| eg | seg f° * | gensny 
ro'en| eo | ete |° 8 * SAI 
PI'90| 18h | S't6 |° ° * Seung 
Wes| slp | tps |° °° ‘ACW 
go'sh| ores | os [°° INGV 
10°96 | St- | OT |° ° oie 
91'7%| Gz- | cog |°* ‘Axenaqoyy 


Tr'ez|¢% |oapi|: ° ‘érenuer 
= = = 
& 5 
3 5 5 
< ¢ 
B 5 
eee e al SNe 
‘NIV NAdO 
AHL NI 


‘“SGNOTO||*MONS ANY Nival |} TALAMONTAHL 


18I YOU SNOILVAUASAO ‘IVOINOIONOULAN FO AUVINIWAS 


Lowi aed 


is, ted a ss 
Raa soa! burt 
mien ov ene ‘ 
SN a in 
uy, * Se 5 f ‘ 
Et We he bes 


“LIBRARY 
: OF THs 
UNIVERS!) Y of TLLINOIS | 


LSS—. 


= ——— 
= SS==—. 
= 2 SS— 


=> 
— 
BE 
og 
Ee Is 
=] SSS 
a= 
—= 
—— 
—=> 
(cea 
| 
fc 
a) 
=\————| 
—— 
————— 


—— sorte 


=. - = 


he —=. 


=e \S= 


Se 


pig’ 


Mk! 


, 
™m i 


| 


We i 
ihn \ 
i) 
4 \ 
y 1 
i ut 
NV \ 
Ta Vi 
NNN ANN 
WW MI 


SENATE...... | Loh eae Be 


ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


— a = 

Bes 
——— ~s —— oy 
4 wet STS ZEA Se 
SL EROML SE" Sd, 


JANUARY, 1874. 


BOSTON: 


WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
CoRNER MILK AND FEDERAL STREFTS. 


1874. 


Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, January 15, 1874. 


_To the Senate. 


Herewith, for the information and use of the General Court, 
I have the honor to transmit the last Annual Report of the 
Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, with ac- 


companying documents. 


W. B. WASHBURN. 


} : 
jay 
' 
. t 
\ 
ete a 
ss ay nace Ae ti egerh OL i 
i , aa, - c ; f 


Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 


AMHERST, JANUARY 9, 1874. 
To His Excellency WiLL1AM B. WASHBURN. 


S1r :—I have the honor herewith to present to your Excel- 
lency and the Honorable Council the Eleventh Annual Re- 
port of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
z 


W. S. CLARK, President. 


J 7 A Beil 
x a 
} a 
| 4: 
‘ F N ae 
\ : ‘ 
y Aa Yep 
It, Ys 
i ad 
* “Me 
: 
' \ 
i 


: ai Ft & Fs i ais ‘ 8; 
Jinn Wp 
RVGE MR PRAVARY (CERT Oe 
ANURHE RY Tt We pie 
oe ied, OF didsei of Nin aiad 4640, 
(, aR stole oil Honan atime 
| Hello? Lwurllysery h. abioey ions 
_diariae Insiheds qed Piiasqaen 4 
ARSED yeh bat, 


fa 


EN 1) Wie. 


National Endowment, 
Financial Condition, 
Course of Instruction, . 
Veterinary Department, 
Agricultural Department, 
Botanical Department, . 
Anniversary Week, z 
Conclusion, . 2 ; . ‘ 
Observations on the Circulation of Sap, 
Report on Experiments with Sugar-beets, 
Report of Farm Superintendent, . 


Descriptive Catalogue of Thoroughbred Stock, . 


Officers and Students of 1873, . 
Former Students, with Occupations, 
Schedule of College Exercises, 
Calendar for 1874, . 

Terms of Admission, . 


‘Expenses, : ee 


Remarks on Course of Instruction, 
College Regulations, 

Library, Apparatus and Museums, 
Farnsworth Rhetorical Prizes, 

Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, 

Peabody Entomological Prize, 

Hills Botanical Prizes, . : . 
Financial Statement, 

Treasurer’s Report, - 3 . 
Meteorological Observations for 1873, . 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council :— 


The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College re- 
spectfully present the following Report for the year 1873. 

The institution has been blessed with its usual prosperity, 
and under the judicious management of its able and devoted 
officers of instruction has accomplished much good. The 
farm and stock have steadily improved, the students have 
been obedient and faithful in their work, and some agricul- 
tural experiments and scientific investigations have been 
carried on with interesting and important results. The con- 
fidence of the numerous friends of the College in the wisdom 
of its plan of organization and its capacity for eminent useful- 
ness was never greater than at the present time. 


NATIONAL ENDOWMENT. 


Senator J. S. Morrill of Vermont, who will be gratefully 
remembered as the prime mover in the establishment of 
national schools of science and colleges for the promotion 
of education in agriculture and the mechanic arts, introduced a 
bill into the last Congress for their further endowment. This 
was rendered necessary by the defects in the Act of 1862, 
which made the grant to many of the States utterly inadequate 
for the object contemplated. This bill passed the Senate by 
a large majority, but failed at the very close of the session 
through a want of harmony among the friends of education in 
the two houses. It is again pending, and there is reason to 
hope that so just and beneficent a measure in the special 
interest of the industrial classes may be enacted at an early 
day. 

This effort to secure a proper endowment for the national 


| 
1874. ] . SENATE—No. 50. 9 


colleges aroused a most extraordinary and unexpected opposi- 
tion. Many of the leading educators of the country, who 
seem to have hitherto regarded these new institutions with 
silent contempt, became suddenly alarmed at their rising 
importance, and presidents of universities, both old and new, 
appeared at the national capitol, in person or by letter, to 
remonstrate against the proposed action of Congress. Some 
of these gentlemen were among the foremost champions of 
the modern system of education, which substitutes optional 
and scientific studies for required and classical courses, and 
there appears to be no rational explanation of their conduct 
in thus opposing additional aid to national schools of science 
which were already established. One of them even ventured 
to assert that Congress has no right to build up these institu- 
tions for industrial education, because of the injury they would 
do to those previously existing. He, however, is a foreigner, 
and therefore perhaps excusable for not understanding that 
the American people will never give the exclusive right to 
educate their sos to any sect, party or corporation, however 
respectable for its morality, or venerable for its antiquity, or 
arrogait in its assumptions. 

These attempts to convince Congress that the noble enter- 
prise contemplated by the original grant of more than nine 
million acres of public lands for the advancement of industrial 
education among the people was not only a mistake but even 
an act of injustice, had the natural effect of calling out quite 
a general howl of adverse criticism from those numerous edi- 
tors and correspondents of newspapers who seem to delight 
in the Hibernian pastime of a free fight, and to adopt the 
familiar rule on such occasions of hitting whatever head 
is within reach. These hostile articles have generally con- 
tained such internal evidence of ignorance or malice or most 
unjustifiable expectations as to be worthy of no attention, yet 
it is to be regretted that they have evidently operated in a 
very injurious way upon the public welfare. The large ma- 
jority of the people know nothing of the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College except what they read in the newspapers, 
and are, therefore, easily prejudiced against an institution 
which is designed solely for their good, and is in the main 
satisfactory to all disinterested persons who know the facts 

2 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


concerning it. There are hundreds of influential men who, — 
like the lamented Agassiz, were for years after its incorpora- 
tion entirely sceptical in regard to the possible utility of such 
an institution, but who now are ready to unite in his mag- 
nanimous confession that he had been mistaken, and was glad 
to be convinced of the fact, and that the College was a com- 
plete success, and worthy a position among the scientific insti- 
tntions of the world. 

These words of high commendation do not mean that the 
College is perfect in all respects, or is accomplishing all it 
ought to accomplish. They merely affirm that, under all the 
circumstances, with the money it has, and the patronage it 
has, it is doing the best that can be done, and therefore 
deserves the confidence and support of every good citizen. 

It is the earnest desire of the trustees and faculty that the 
College shall especially promote the agricultural interests of ° 
the Commonwealth, but it may be well to remind those who 
demand that every graduate shall be a farmer, that the Act of 
incorporation passed by the legislature of 1863 does not inti- 
mate that the accomplishment of this result is the mission of 
the institution. The language is as follows: “The leading 
object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classi- 
cal studies, and including military tactics, to teach such 
branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the 
mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical 
education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and 
_ professions of life.” , 

It should, therefore, be distinctly understood that, while 
the most effort and the largest expense have been bestowed 
upon the agricultural department, the authorities of the Col- 
lege do not propose to require its graduates to engage in any 
particular business for life. The opportunity for acquiring a 
valuable education is offered to all the young men of the 
country, and if the farmers desire to have their sons trained 
in the best manner to pursue intelligently the profession of 
their fathers, let them patronize the College. If, however,” 
there are others who wish to have their sons enjoy the advan- 
tages of scientific and literary. culture under circumstances 
Picuated to interest them in practical affairs, and to prepare 
them for a life of industry and usefulness, they have equal 


ce an SENATE—No. 50. 11 


rights with the farmers, and shall have equally cordial wel- 
come. _. - 

If there be any failure in the matter of professional agri- 
cultural education, the blame cannot justly be imputed to the 
College, but must rest upon those farmers who fail properly 
to appreciate either the importance and advantages of their 
occupation, or the exceeding value of knowledge and mental 
culture, or else upon those persons who, by their unreason- 
able requirements, or false statements, prejudice the public 
mind to the great detriment of the Commonwealth. 

It is altogether unaccountable how men, who profess to be 
lovers of the truth, friends of education and of humanity, and 
public-spirited citizens, cay allow themselves to exert their 
influence against the interests of an institution founded by the 
government for the people. If it can be improved, let the 
proposed means and method be kindly stated. If its officers 
are not what they should be, let the facts concerning them be 
fairly discussed. If its course of instruction seem too ele- 
mentary or too literary to any, let proper modifications be 
suggested. But let it be remembered that the College has been 
established to continue forever, that the good name of Massa- 
chusetts is inseparably united with it, and that its reputation 
ought to be as dear and sacred to every: citizen of the State 
as that of his most intimate personal friend. Let it be borne 
in mind that the trustees have faithfully and anxiously labored 
to accomplish the difficult task assigned them, with no other 
compensation than the hope of usefulness, and that their 
efforts deserve at least respectful consideration. 


FINANCIAL CONDITION. 


The ordinary expenses of the College upon its present basis, 
which is as simple and economical as is consistent with the 
objects to be achieved, are about $30,000 per annum. The 
permanent cash fund in the State treasury is $233,333.33, 
yielding an annual income of $15,000. The receipts for tuition 
~ and room-rent amount to about $10,000 per annum, and can- 
not be increased to any considerable extent without addi- 
tional buildings. Until, therefore, some further endowment 
be received, either from Congress, from the State, or from 
private’ individuals, there will be necd of an annual appropria- 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


tion from the legislature of at least $5,000. There are also 
many permanent improvements which should be made, while 
some money is required every year for new books and appa- 
ratus, and to defray the necessary expenses of experiments for 
the advancement of science, and especially for the benefit of 
agriculture. 

. The fact that the College is the child of the State appears to 
be an obstacle in the way of securing donations from individ- 
uals, the largest gift during the past year being the sum of 
$1,000, from Hon. William Claflin, for the endowment of 
prizes to be awarded each year to those two members of the 
graduating class who may pass the best oral and written 
examinations in the theory and practice of agriculture. These 
prizes are to be called the “Grinnell Agricultural Prizes,” in 
honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. 

It is to be regretted that the insufficiency of the present 
fund for the maintenance of the College renders it necessary 
to charge so large a sum for tuition, and it is earnestly hoped 
that either by an additional endowment from Congress, or by 
the establishment of free scholarships by individuals, it may 
soon be possible to aid the large number of indigent, but excel- 
lent, students who are now compelled for want of money either 
to forego the advantages of college education altogether, or to 
confine themselves to a special and imperfect course. 

The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture sets _ 
a noble example to the other societies of the Commonwealth 
by maintaining four free scholarships, at an annual expense of 
$300. 

No appropriation having been made by the legislature since 
1871, the indebtedness of the College now amounts to $13,000. 


CouRSE OF INSTRUCTION. 


In the Tenth Annual Report a detailed statement concern- 
ing the education offered at the College and the several de- 
partments of instruction was given. The experience of 
another year suggests no material change in the views there 
expressed, or the general course of study. The officers are 
all desirous of raising the standard of admission as soon as 
circumstances will admit, so that the students under their 
training may be as mature as possible, and advanced in math- 


/ 
1874.) SENATE—No. 50. 13 


-ematics and languages as far as practicable. They would 
then be able to profit more by the excellent opportunities 
afforded for scientific study and investigation, and the results 
of the college course would be more satisfactory. The prog- 
ress made by the large majority of the graduates during 
their four years of study is, in most respects, quite admirable, — 
but, as in all other institutions, varies with their individual 
circumstances. The older and more talented and better pre- 
pared they are upon entrance, the more valuable is the educa- 
tion they acquire, and the greater their usefulness in after-life. 
While it is important that the standard of admission should 
not be so high as to discourage the farmers from attempting 
to educate their sons, there are obvious reasons for raising it 
as much and as soon as the popular appreciation of college 
education will permit. It may be argued, with some reason, 
that the more thorough and complete the attainments required 
for graduation, the larger would be the patronage of the insti- 
tution and the greater its popularity. But the prevalent 
opinion among the people, whether learned or ignorant, 
that manual labor and agricultural pursuits are incompatible 
with much intellectual culture and extensive learning, seems 
to justify the plan temporarily adopted. When the farmer 
shall have discovered that knowledge is not only power but 
also pleasure and wealth, and that only large mental acquire- 
ments can command great influence and respect, it will be 
easy to elevate the standard of the entrance examination to a 
higher and more desirable point. 

The Hon. George 8. Boutwell, in a recent address, has 
stated some important truths respecting agricultural educa- 
tion. He says: “Other things being equal, the practical 
farmer who knows the most will do the best ; but other things 
not being equal, a man who excels in wisdom in administra-. 
tion, may surpass a man of greater learning, or even one of 
greater knowledge of things. But do not allow this sugges- 
tion to lead you to place a lower estimate upon learning, 
whether general or professional ; for culture of every sort gives 
us capacity to appreciate wisdom, and opportunity also for its 
exercise.” And again, “Mere numbers will not give the body 
of American farmers, permanently, either power or position. 
They should be intellectual men, and their calling should be 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


made intellectual. Any calling that is followed by intellect- 
ual men is at once clothed with dignity, respectability and 
power. Ignorance is our common enemy. Farm labor, as 
labor merely, is not attractive. But to intellectual men the 
field of examination, of experiment, of investigation, of test, 
is as large and as inviting as that occupied by Agassiz and his 
associates.” 


VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 


The only change in the faculty during the past year was 
caused by the decease of Prof. Henry James Clark, who had 
just become established in the chair of veterinary science, and 
was zealously occupied in the duties of his office. The pub- 
lic at large can with difficulty appreciate the loss to the Col- 
lege and to the world, resulting from the death of so accom- 
plished a scientist in the very prime of life. The following 
sketch of the main points in his distinguished career may 
not be uninteresting. 

He was born June 22d, 1826, in the town.of Easton, Mass. 
His father was a clergyman, and afterwards resided many 
years in Brooklyn, N. Y., where the son received much of 
his early education. He took the degree of B. A., in 1848, 
at the University of New York City, and the degree of B.S. 
at Harvard University, in 1854. He was appointed assistant 
professor of zodlogy in Harvard University, in 1860; pro- 
fessor of natural history in the Agricultural College of Penn- 
sylvania, in 1867; professor of natural history in Kentucky 
University, in 1869; and professor of veterimary science in 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College, in 1872. In 1856 he 
was elected a fallin of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences, and in 1870, an associate fellow of the same. In 
1857 he became a member of the Boston Society of Natural 
History. In 1865 he was chosen a corresponding member of 
the American Microscopical Society ; in 1866, corresponding 
member of the Essex Institute; and in 1868, correspondent 
of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science. In 1872 
he was honored by an election to the National Academy of 
Sciences, an organization chartered by Congress and limited 
in membership to fifty of the foremost scientists of the 
country. 


a SENATE—No. 50. 15 


In 1863 Professor Clark delivered a course of lectures be- 
fore the Lowell Institute, in Boston, and in 1865 published 
them under the title, “Mind in Nature,” or “The Origin of 
Life, and Mode of Development of Animals.” This was, per- 
haps, his most important work, and at once established his 
reputation throughout the scientific world. It was illustrated 
by more than two hundred microscopical illustrations, which 
were the result of his own original investigations in embryol- 
ogy and zoélogy. He was pronounced by Professor Agassiz 
to be the most skilful and reliable microscopist in the country, 
and the evidence of his ability may be seen in the admirable 
illustrations made by him for Agassiz’s Contributions to the 
Natural History of the United States. He was an indefatiga- 
ble worker, and contributed numerous articles to scientific 
periodicals and the transactions of learned societies. The 
Smithsonian Institution has now in press a work from his pen, 
and another valuable manuscript nearly ready for publication 
will be completed by a distinguished scientific friend. 

Professor Clark married Miss Mary Holbrook, of Boston, 
who was a most devoted wife, and aided him greatly by her 
cheerfulness, economy and industry in bearing the trials inci- 
dent to a limited income and failing health. An interesting 
family of four sons and three daughters still remains to be at 
once her care and comfort. 

The fatal disease, which finally overcame the manly strength 
of a vigorous constitution, was the result of nervous prostra- 
tion caused by overwork. Our lamented friend died July 1st, 
1873, in the forty-cighth year of his age, and will long be 
deeply mourned by those who were familiar with his many 
estimable qualities. 


Prof. Noah Cressy, M. D., of Middletown, Conn., has 
been elected as the successor of Professor Clark, and has 
already entered upon his duties. He has held the position of 
veterinary pathologist of the Connecticut Board of Agricul- 
ture, and has acquired the reputation of being a skilful prac- 
_ titioner of veterinary medicine. He is an enthusiastic stu- 
dent, with a valuable library and a cabinet of choice specimens 
of comparative anatomy, and is ambitious to excel in his 
chosen profession. ‘There is reason, therefore, to expect that 


- ' 
16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


under his intelligent guidance, many young men will acquire 
a far better knowledge of the proper treatment of our do- 
mestic animals, when disabled by injuries or affected by dis- 
ease, than is now possessed by those who ordinarily undertake 
to relieve them. 

An interesting lecture upon the importance of this depart- 
ment of the College and its relations to agriculture was recently 
delivered by Professor Cressy before the Massachusetts Board 
of Agriculture at Fitchburg, and may be found in the Annual 
Report for 1873-4. 


AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The superintendence of the college farm has continued in 
charge of Mr. John C. Dillon, whose report is appended to 
this and shows in detail his operations for the year 1873. It 
is the universal testimony of those who are conversant with 
the facts that the general appearance of the thoroughbred 
stock, the teams, implements, roads, barns and fields has been 
more satisfactory throughout the year than ever before. 

Professor Stockbridge has given the instruction in theoretical 
and practical agriculture with his accustomed success. He 
has also begun a series of experiments upon the feeding of 
crops with special fertilizers in a purely chemical form, which 
have already afforded surprising results, and which will be 
continued for several years, so as to arrive, if possible, at 
some useful facts for the benefit of farmers. 

Professor Goessmann has not only given the instruction in 
chemistry, but, with his usual remarkable industry, has done 
a vast amount of analytical work in determining the composi- 
tion of commercial fertilizers in connection with his office of 
State inspector, the results of which will be found in the An- 
nual Report of the Board of Agriculture for 1873-4. 

Appenrded to this Report will also be noticed his final paper 
‘upon the subject of beet-sugar, giving the results of numerous 
experiments on the college estate, as well as in New York 
and Canada. From his statements it will be seen that beet- 
seed of the best quality has been raised in Amherst from 
roots of the Imperial varicty, grown in 1872 from sced im- 
ported from Saxony. The effects of various fertilizers and 
modes of culture upon the size and quality of the beet are 
also illustrated by the experiments described. 


/ 
1874.] SENATE—No. 50. oom 


Little as the work accomplished in the laborious investiga- 
tions upon the sugar-beet at the College during the three years 
past may be appreciated now, we venture the opinion that it 
will at no distant day be acknowledged as of the utmost im- 
portance and value to the agricultural interests of Massachu- 
setts. 


BoTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 


The Durfee plant-house, the nursery, the vineyard and the 
practical operations in the horticultural department gener- 
ally, have been under the supervision of Prof. S. T. May- 
nard, who has also given-instruction in the use of the micro- 
scope and in fruit-culture. 

A large number of rare and costly plants have been im- 
ported from England at the expense of the Hills fund, and 
several new species, interesting in an economical point of 
view, have been presented by William Saunders, Esq., of the 
Agricultural Department in Washington. 

The specimens in the plant-house represent about one 
thousand species or important varieties, and are in excellent 
condition. One of the most remarkable among them is the 
immense variegated century-plant or Agave Americana, the 
leaves of which measure eight feet in length. This was kept 
for twenty-five years by President Edward Hitchcock, and is 
now thirty-five years o'd. It has grown very rapidly the past 
season, and will doubless reach maturity and blossom within 
a brief period, possibly during the next summer. This spe- 
cles 1s monocarpous, and dies after flowering once. Under 
favorable circumstances, in warm regions, it matures in seven 
years, but as ordinarily treated, it requires from fifty to one 
hundred years. 

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder has presented a collection of plants, » 
and many specimens of fruits carefully named, which have 
been modelled for the botanical museum. Among the plants 
was a fine seedling camellia, which he has raised and named 
“President Clark.” It is a cross of Camellia Floyti on CO. 
Middlemist, and the flowers are of great size, fine crimson 
color, with some variegation of white, especia!ly towards the 
centre, semi-double, and borne upon stout twigs, which are 
furnished with immense dark green and glossy foliage. 

3 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Under the direction of Professor Maynard, the junior class 
has done a large amount of work in preparing the ground for 
planting the Massachusetts garden, which is intended to con- 
tain all the indigenous trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants of 
the State, so far as they can be made to thrive in the locality 
selected. This is on the hill, east of the plant-house, and in- 
cludes the grove south of the vineyard. Under the shade of 
large chestnuts and oaks is a swampy place where a pond can 
be easily formed to receive the aquatic species. Numerous 
roads and walks have been laid out, and much grading done 
in preparing beds. Many stumps and superfluous trees have 
also been removed, and for a very moderate expense the gar- 
den may be made quite attractive and useful. 

A plantation of several hundred Norway spruces, Scotch 
larches, Scotch pinesand Austrian pines has been set on the steep 
side-hill west of the vineyard, which is designed as a shelter 
to the vines, an ornament to the estate, and an experiment to 
determine the adaptation of these species of hardy evergreens 
to cover with useful timber the somewhat barren hills of Mas- 
sachusetts. 

About two acres of land on the summit of the hill, east of 
the plant-house, have been subsoiled to the depth of fifteen 
inches, and will be planted as a pinetum with native and for- 
eign coniferous trees as soon as practicable. 

Several thousand trees and shrubs of various species have 
been set in the nursery the past season, and many, which were 
imported from England several years ago, have been removed 
to other places for the adornment of the estate or for sale. 

The vineyard, of about two acres, has been well kept, and 
the vines, of ten different varieties, are healthy and vigorous. 
They are now all laid upon the ground, with a light covering of 
earth, and will doubtless yield abundant returns another year. — 
Trellises of a very substantial sort have been put up where 
they did not already stand. The posts are of chestnut, eight 
feet long, and six inches square at the large end. The wires 
are of galvanized iron, number fifteen in size, and are placed 
four on each post. | 

The most pressing wants of the horticultural department 
are a cold grapery and an orchard-house. His Excellency 
Governor Washburn has generously given the requisite glass 


/ 


1874.) SENATE—No. 50. 19 


for these structures, but a few hundred dollars are wanted for 
providing the necessary masonry. 

The fund of fifty thousand dollars, which must be secured 
before the work of planting the botanic garden can safely be 
undertaken, has not yet been furnished, notwithstanding the 
worthiness of the object and the often repeated solicitations 
for it. So important a measure for the benefit of the College 
and the advancement of science must sooner or later be ac- 
complished, and it is hoped some wealthy friend will speedily 
establish such a fund, the income of which will supply the 
means to pay indigent students by whom the necessary work 
for keeping the garden in order may be done. 

The students have evinced an unusual interest in botany 
during the past year, and have made larger and more excel- 
lent herbariums than ever before. This was owing to the 
fact that more time has been devoted to the study, and also to 
the stimulus of the Hills prizes of fifteen and ten dollars re- 
spectively for the best and second best collections of plants, 
regard being had to the number and quality of specimens, 
neatness of mounting, correctness of names and arrangement, 
and the catalogue accompanying each. Some of the herba- 
-riums contained more than five hundred species, and one 
reached the very large number, for one season in this locality, 
of five hundred and eighty-seven. The successful competi- 
tors were Edward H. Libby and Edward E. Woodman. 

An extensive series of investigations was carried on during 
the spring upon the circulation of sap in the sugar-maple and 
other species of trees. A summary of the results will be 
found appended to this Report. The presentation of this sub- 
ject before the meeting of the Board of Agriculture at Fitch- 
burg, in December last, elicited from Professor Agassiz the 
extraordinary statement that the production of this one paper 
was an ample return for all that had been expended on the 
College ; while Dr. George B. Emerson, the celebrated author 
of the “Report on the Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts,” 
has fully endorsed the “apparently extravagant commendation 
of our lamented Agassiz,” and added that “ under the feeling 
which it produced in him he would, if he had a hundred thou- 
sand dollars to give, send it all to the College at once.” 

These remarks are here repeated in the hope that the im- 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


portance of providing means for systematic scientific investi- 
gations and experiments for the advancement of knowledge 
and the improvement of agriculture and horticulture, will 
thereby be rendered more apparent to those who have the 
ability to secure them for the College. 


ANNIVERSARY WEEK. 


The exercises of the third anniversary of the College were 
of an interesting and satisfactory character. A large number 
of the overseers and trustees were present and evidently in- 
terested in the proceedings of the week. 

The successful competitors for the Farnsworth Rhetorical 
gold medals were P. M. Harwood, of the sophomore class, 
and C. W. McConnel, of the freshman class; while the silver 
medals were awarded to L. KX. Lee, of the sophomore class, 
and J. HE. Williams, of the freshman class. The prize dec- 
lamations occurred Monday evening, July 14th. 

The public examinations of the several classes before the 
committee of the Board of Agriculture, were held on 
Thursday, the 15th of July. In the evening was the presi- 
dent’s reception, which was attended by His Excellency Goy- 
ernor Washburn, Senator Justin S. Morrill, several members 
of the Executive Council, many of the Board of Agriculture, 
some of the trustees of the College, and the alumni and mem- 
bers of the graduating class and their friends. 

On Wednesday, July 16th, the examination of the graduat- 
ing class in agriculture took place in the presence of the 
Board of Agriculture. After this, the battalion of Massachu- 
setts Agricultural Cadets was reviewed by His Excellency the 
Governor, in the presence of a large crowd of spectators. . 

In the afternoon, the address before the Social Union was 
delivered by Hon. Justin S. Morrill, of Strafford, Vt. His 
subject was “Some of the Opportunities and Perils in the 
Pathway of the Young Men of America.” The address was 
full of excellent suggestions, and listened to by a large and 
intelligent audience gathered in the military hall. 

The literary oration of Senator Morrill was followed by . 
_ brief addresses from four members of the graduating class. - 
Frank W. Wood spoke of “The Object of Agricultural Col- 
leges”; SethS. Warner, on “ Practice with Science”; Charles 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 21 


Wellington, on “The Study of Natural History”; and John B. 
Minor, on “The Influence of the Arabs in Europe,” with the 
valedictory addresses. 

The diplomas were then presented to the graduating class 
by Governor Washburn, who also deiivered a short address, 
complimenting the College, and expressing his gratification 
with what he had seen, especially in the military department, 
which he regarded as of very great importance. 

The exercises of the anniversary were closed by a very 
happy extempore address from Hon. Marshall P. Wilder. 


CeNCLUSION. 

There has been a great deal of discussion during the past 
autumn in regard to the general effect of the College upon 
the students who attend upon its instructions. For the 
information of those desiring to know the facts a catalogue 
has been prepared of the present occupation and residence of 
all past students, whether in the regular or special classes. It 
is quite satisfactory to observe that as many are now engaged 
in agricultura] pursuits as expressed their intention of doing 
so when they came to college, so that the assertion that the 
effect of the education is to turn young men away from agri- 
cultural pursuits is totally false. About seventy out of two 
hundred and thirty-four students are known to be engaged in 
farming or kindred business, and nearly all who have been at 
the College are now engaged in some industrial calling. Thus 
it appears that the institution is truly accomplishing its ap- 
pointed mission in educating young men for the more prac- 
tical pursuits and professions of life. Quite a number of 
those who are now engaged in engineering and other occupa- 
tions have expressed the intention of adopting agriculture as a 
profession, as soon as they have obtained money enough to buy 
and stock a farm. | 

It is perhaps hardly to be expected that farmers, who have 
not themselves enjoyed the advantages of scientific and 
literary training, should fully appreciate the numerous benefits 
. which their sons might derive from a college course. Yet no 
intelligent man doubts the inestimable value of education to 
its possessor, or the increased power and influence which it en- 
ables him to exert in society. As a pecuniary investment 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan. 


merely, a liberal education is the safest and most productive 
which it is possible for a father to make for his son. 

Dr. H. P. Wakefield, president of the Eastern Hampden 
Agricultural Society, in a recent admirable address upon 
* Acriculture from a New England Stand-point,” says :— 


‘¢T want to urge on every farmer to make the effort to be a better 
one. I care not how good you may have been, you have not reached 
perfection. There is room forimprovement. You have toiled with 
your muscles, now put more brains into your work. Physical labor is 
a power, but combine it with brains and you increase it a thousand- 
fold.” | 


Referring to the College, he adds :— 


‘* At this institution are many young men pursuing studies calcu- 
lated to prepare them to compete successfully with other young 
men in the various occupations and professions of life, and at 
the same time gaining practical experience in the laboratory, in 
the lecture-room, in the barn and in the field. I have had occa- 
sion during the past season to know something of this matter, having 
been delegated by the State Board of Agriculture to examine the 
College and the farm. I have seen the students in the recitation- 
room, at work with the microscope; ascertaining the pressure of sap 
in different trees in spring-time; analyzing soils and flowers; on 
parade, and at work in the fields with their teachers, the same as 
other boys in a farming community. 3 

‘“T am the son of a farmer, bred and reared on a farm, and, by 
the exertions of an honored sire, who, feeling the want of an edu- 
cation, determined that his son should have a better chance than 
himself, was enabled to graduate at Amherst, and yet I would to- 
day give the preference to the Agricultural College rather than the 
Classical, believing the former can fit a young man to make his way 
and his mark also, in any profession or pursuit, and at the same 
time establish in him habits of manual labor, and also give him a 
knowledge of a business that a large class of persons, especially 
those who in boyhood have tasted its sweets, wish to engage in, in 
the declining, if not in the earlier, years of life.” 


While almost every individual is inclined to imagine his own 
occupation to be more irksome and unprofitable than others, 
it seems to be the misfortune of agriculture to be lightly 
esteemed by all classes of people. The very fact, that it is so 


1874.) SENATE—No. 50. 23 


safe and so remunerative that the least intelligent and the 
least educated persons subsist comfortably by it, proves its 
superiority to other professions, and there can be no question 
that agriculture offers a most favorable field for intelligent en- 
terprise and business capacity. Professor Stockbridge asserts 
that the farming operations of the United States yield a return 
of at least fifteen per cent. on all the capital engaged in them, 
while Senator Boutwell declares every farm-crop to be exceed- 
ingly profitable, the reason why farmers generally have so 
small an income being simply the smallness of their capital. 
He says, “ Let any farmer state an account with each particular 
crop, and he will find his per cent. of profit so large that he 
would become a millionaire in five years if his aggregate 
business were one-tenth us large as that of the leading mer- 
chants and manufacturers of the country.” 

Before another generation has passed from the earth, both 
education and agriculture will have risen greatly in the estima- 
tion of men. Happy will the boys of to-day be in their 
declining years, if they secure in their youth knowledge and 

culture enough to enable them to keep abreast with the won- 
_ derful progress of the world, and if they then enjoy possession 
of a comfortable homestead with the abundant improvements 
and adornments which are daily becoming more common, and 
with that greatly enhanced value which inevitably accrues to 
landed property with advancing time in all countries of per- 
manent wealth and refinement. 

The officers of the Massachusetts Agricultural College are 
earnestly and hopefully striving to elevate both the farmers and 
the farming of the State, and to increase the productiveness 
of the soil and the attractions of rural life. They believe 
these results will richly benefit all classes of the community, 
and therefore appeal with confidence to their fellow-citizens 
for liberal support, kindly sympathy and just criticism. 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 


W. S. CLARK, President. 


e * 
Peart 
4 \ rey 
; ae Cyr wes 
z zeae 
Mat Tins Sas 
« PCI eS 
i 
. 
> ’ 
s 
« 
| 
. 
é 
i 
~ 
ars 
\ 
be 
: 
i ieee 
=f) 
. cy. 
, 
7 ie! 
he 
. 
ne ; 
J - 
A f 
' f Z 


SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS - 


ON THE 


PSPouULATION., OF SAP. 


By PRESIDENT W. S. CLARK. 


4 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


CIRCULATION OF Sams 


The want of sufficient data for a satisfactory determination 
of the manner in which plants absorb and distribute through 
their various parts the nutrient materials by the assimilation 
of which they grow, led to the following investigations. 
Appreciating the difficulties which oppose researches into the 
structure and functions of living beings, and especially of 
those belonging to the vege able kingdom, we thought best to 
begin our inquiries at points where information was readily ° 
afforded, intending to proceed with them as far as cireum- 
stances would permit. The familiar facts, that sap would 
flow from wounds in the wood of certain trees in spring, that 
the maples yielded a large amount of cane-sugar, and that 
the peculiarities of the season affected the quantity and the 
quality of the flow, seemed to indicate the desirableness and 
propriety of observations upon the amount, pressure and 
composition of the sap which might be obtained from differ-— 
ent species of woody exogens. The amount of labor involved 
in such investigations, even after a statement of the facts, can 
hardly be appreciated except by those who have been engaged 
in similar undertakings. 

The task of making, adjusting and repairing six mercurial 
gauges, used in determining the pressure exerted by the sap of 
different trees, and of recording most of the observations, was 
cheerfully undertaken and most faithfully performed by 
Prof. S. H. Peabody, who also prepared with great skill a 
chart representing upon a uniform scale the pressure exerted 
by the various species during every hour of the season. He 
visited the gauges under a charge several times daily for 
many weeks. All of them were necessarily at considerable 
distance from his residence, and one was reached by a perpen- 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 27 


dicular ladder forty-two feet in height, so that taking obser- 
vations, especially in dark and stormy nights, was far from a 
- pastime. | 

Prof. Levi Stockbridge recorded with great care and inter- 

est the fluctuations of the mercury in the gauge upon the 
sugar-maple during a period of ninety days. 
Prof. C. A. Goessmann took the specific gravity of a large 
number of specimens of sap from many species of trees, and 
from the same trees at different times, and applied chemical 
tests for the determination of sugar and other ingredients. 

Mr. Albert T. Wakefield, of the senior class, devoted much 
time for some weeks to tapping the various trees of the forest, 
collecting specimens of sap for analysis and weighing the 
daily flow from the several trees under observation. As 
these were widely scattered over the college estate, their visi- 
tation necessitated a somewhat extended journey at a season 
when people generally do not walk the fields for pleasure. 

When it is further added, that over sixty species of trees 
and shrubs were tapped, most of them several times, and that 
the extreme points where observations were made were more 
than five miles apart, some conception may be attained of the 
work required for the acquisition of these few facts. 

For a detailed account of the results attained, and a discus- 
sion of the general subject of the circulation of sap in exogen- 
ous plants, the reader is referred to the Report for 1873-74 of 
the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. The following syn- 
opsis must here suffice. 

It was found, in the first place, that the great majority of 
trees and shrubs do not bleed from wounds in the wood at any 
season of the year, and that the few species in our latitude, 
which exhibit this phenomenon at all, do so to any considerable 
extent only when deprived of their foliage. No peculiarity of 
structure or habitat has yet been detected which accounts for 
this extraordinary difference among them. The soft and spongy 
wood of the willow and-elm, which often grow in moist 
_ ground, might be deemed specially suited to absorb and pour 
forth water before the expansion of their leaves or flowers in 
the spring; but the wood appears to contain no unusual 
amount of sap at that time. Of more than sixty specics of 
trees and shrubs tested by boring a three-quarter-inch hole, 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


usually to the depth of two inches, into the sap-wood near the 
earth, only those of the following genera showed any ten- 
dency to bleed, viz.: Betula, which includes the birches; 
Acer, the maples; Vitis, the vines; Ostrya, the hornbeam ; 
Juglans, the walnuts. The genus Carya, to which belong the 
hickories, sometimes exudes a very little, and possibly the 
Fagus or beech, and Carpinus, the hop hornbeam, may do the 
same, though no opportunity offered for testing them satisfac- 
torily. On the 19th of March, when the ground was still 
covered with snow, but free from frost, fourteen species of the 
common forest-trees were tapped, and nearly all those which 
were subjected to experiment were tapped on the 21st of April, 
and again on the 30th of the same month. 

It was found that each species of those which flowed had 
its own time of beginning, when it seemed to awake from its 
winter’s repose, that the flow steadily increased in quantity and 
force, as indicated by the weight of sap and the pressure on a 
mercurial gauge, until it reached its maximum, and then gradu- 
ally declined ; and that the composition of the sap of the sey- 
eral species differed remarkably, according to the date of the 
flow, and especially the time of its beginning. This singular 
periodicity, peculiar to every species, demonstrates that the 
absorption of water by the rootlets is not caused by osmose, 
or any other mere physical force, but is the result of the specific 
life which imparts to every plant its distinctive characteristics. 

The sugar-maple begins to flow in October, reaches its 
maximum about the first of April, and ceases about the first 
of May. The black-birch begins to flow the last of March, 
attains its maximum the last of April, and stops about the 
middle of May. The wild summer grape-vine commences 
about the first of May, arrives at its maximum of flow and 
pressure about the 25th of May, and ceases early in June. 
This difference in the season of flowing is of course accon- 
panied by a corresponding variation in the temperature of the 
soil and the atmosphere, and, very naturally also, in the 
chemical condition of the sap. Thus the principal ingredient 
of maple-sap is cane-sugar, that of birch-sap is grape-sugar, 
and that of vine-sap is mucilage or gum. 

These three carbo-hydrates, cane-sugar, grape-sugar and gum, 
are doubtless chiefly formed out of the starch which descended 


/ 
1874. ] SENATE—No. 50. 29 


to the root of the plant and was deposited in its cells, or 
those of the stem, as the result of the previous season’s 
growth. It seems probable that these transformations occur 
in the sap after the period of its spring activity begins, and in 
the following order, viz.: insoluble starch becomes soluble 
gum, gum becomes uncrystallizable grape-sugar, and this, 
‘ under favorable circumstances, becomes cane-sugar. Why, 
then, do we find cane-sugar in the maple and not in the birch, 
and why only gum as the chief ingredient of the sap of the 
vine and of those trees which do not acquire the power of 
active absorption until the development of their buds? Pos- 
sibly because these transformations require time, and the 
maple alone is gorged with sap during the six months inter- 
vening between the fall of the leaf and the beginning of 
- growth in the spring. This affords ample time for chemical 
changes, and seems to have some connection with the fact, 
that the maples are the only indigenous trees from which 
cerystallizable cane-sugar can be profitably extracted. 

For a similar reason, since we find the birches filled with 
sap for several weeks before a bud begins to expand, we may 
reasonably expect the formation of grape-sugar at least, in 
them, and in the north of Europe a sweet syrup is obtained 
by the evaporation of theirsap. The spring sap of the vine at 
the beginning of its motion about the first of May seems to con- 
tain no sugar of any kind, but three weeks later it often acquires 
a sweetish taste, and then we may find a trace of grape-sugar. 
At this period, the beginning of vegetable growth is attended 
by the rapid exhalation of the water of the crude sap and the 
assimilation of its gum in the formation of cellulose, and this 
is precisely the transformation which ordinarily occurs in 
plants at the beginning of the vegetating season. 

In regard to the circumstances which affect the flow of sap 
from the sugar-maple, the following results have been arrived 
at. A careful comparison of the daily weight of sap from 
several trees, with the meteorological observations of the same 
period, conclusively proves that while the general flow 
corresponds with the season, rising to a maximum and 
then declining, yet the daily and hourly flow varies with the 
weather. The most unfavorable weather is that which is 
either steadily and severely cold or uniformly warm and 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


foggy, while the best sap-days are such as are bright and 
warm at mid-day, but preceded: by freezing nights. Such va- 
riations of temperature as affect the flow of maple-sap are most 
likely to occur when the ground is covered with snow, because 
the heat of the sun during the day cannot then accumulate 
to moderate the cooling influence of the night. The most 
probable explanation of the effect of these alternations appears — 
to be that the outer tissues of the tree are partially emptied 
_ of their contents by the contracting influence of cold, the sap 
being driven into the heart-wood of the higher parts of the trunk. 
Meanwhile, absorption goes on as usual underground, and 
thus, when relief is afforded by the expansive influence of the 
heat of the sun, the sap rushes back to the surface and flows 
abundantly. : 

Observations by Biot, in France, on the poplar, and by 
Nevins, in Ireland, on the elm, seem to show that the sap is 
thus forced by freezing weather from the outer wood and 
branches into the hearts of trees. 

To determine whether sap would run from the heart-wood 
of a sugar-tree, a piece of gas-pipe was sharpened and driven 
snugly into a hole six inches deep. From this spout the flow 
was regular and Jong continued, but not quite as abundant as 
usual. This proves that the spring sap usually enters and 
fills the heart-wood as well as the alburnum. 

Another tree was selected, and a piece of bark five inches 
long and three inches high was removed from the outer layer 
of wood, and a piece of sheet-iron driven into the bark 
below to catch the sap, which flowed very profusely but. 
stopped very early. The tree, from the heart of which the 
sap was taken as above described, flowed eleven days longer 
than the similar one from which only a piece of bark was re- 
-moved, but the latter afforded twelve pounds more of the fluid. 

In the case of a tree tapped on the north and south sides 
at the same level, it was found that the north spout yielded. 
daily about twice as much sap as the south spout, and con- 
tinued to flow nearly two weeks longer. The tree was tapped 
March 19th, and yielded seventy pounds of sap, containing two 
and a half pounds of sugar. | 

In order to discover whether the sweetness of the sap was the 
same in all parts of the tree, a spout was inserted into a healthy 


/ 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 31 


maple, which had never been tapped, at the usual height, 
and fifty feet above this another spout was set into the trunk 
whe e it was about five inches in diameter. A limb thirty- 
five feet from the ground was also cut where it was one inch in 
diameter. In seven hours the lower spout had bled six pounds 
. of sap, the limb, two ounces, and the, upper spout, not a drop. 
Similar experiments on different trees showed that the sap 
flowed most freely within twelve feet of the earth, and that 
the flow diminished rapidly above this height. 

This fact corresponds with the curious results obtained in 
observing the pressure of the sap as indicated by the mer- 
curial gauge, which seem to show that the flow is caused by 
the absorbent power of the roots forcing water into the tree. 
The rapidity of the bleeding or weeping, as the Germans 
say, is modified by the season, the temperature, and the time 
which may have elapsed since a previous flow. 

It appears evident, therefore, inasmuch as most trees will 
not bleed at any time, and as even in the maple the sap 
rarely rises more than twenty feet from the ground during 
the spring flow, that the development of leaf and flower buds 
is not usually affected by any mechanical pressure of the sap 
forced into them from below. Their vitality is stimulated to 
activity by the genial influence of the sun, and their growth 
is, in its beginning, caused by the assimilation of organic sub- 
stances accumulated during the preceding season of vegetation. 

Experiments upon the roots of maples proved that sap 
flowed from both ends of a cut root, and that it all contained 
sugar. 

In regard to the amount of sap yielded by the sugar-maple 
and its percentage of sugar, further observations are needed. 
The largest flow during any one day last spring from a healthy 
shade-tree of this species, measuring six feet and five inches 
in circumference, occurred March 23d, and amounted to ten 
pounds and three ounces from two spouts. A similar tree, 
however, bled from two orifices on the 16th of December, 
1873, sixteen pounds and seven ounces of moderately sweet 
sap, from which excellent sugar was made. On the 7th of 
November sap was gathered from the latter tree, which was 
found to contain only about one-half as much sugar as was 
observed in that which flowed last March. Whether the total 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


amount of sugar obtained from a tree can be much increased by 
multiplying the number of spouts inserted into it, we have 
not determined, though Mr. Parker D. Hubbard, of Sunder- 
land, an experienced sugar-maker, has given the opinion that 
it cannot. His custom is to bore two half-inch holes about 


two inches in depth into ordinary trees, while four spouts and 


two buckets are used in the case. of very large trees. 

Among the interesting facts relating to this subject in 
Emerson’s Report on the Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts, 
are the following: A tree in Bernardston is said to have 
yielded a barrel of sap in twenty-four hours, and another in 
Leverett one hundred and seventy-five gallons in one season. 
The average annual product of sap from the sugar-maple is 
said to be from twelve to twenty-four gallons, and the amount 
of sugar from two to three pounds. Instances are given, 
however, in which the yield from a single tree has exceeded 
thirty pounds in one season. 

Sugar may also be made from the sap of other species of 
maple, which is said to be only half as rich as that of the Acer 
saccharinum. The sugar from the Acer dasycarpum, or silver- 
leaved maple, is very white and well flavored, and is made in 
considerable quantity in some of the Western States. 

Of late years much attention has been given to improved 
methods of collecting and evaporating sap, so that the sugar 
is greatly superior, at least in the older States, to what it was 
formerly. When carefully boiled down in evaporating pans, 
a white insoluble sediment or incrustation is deposited from 


the syrup. This was found on analysis by Professor Goess- 


mann to consist of phosphate of lime and magnesia, which 
was held in solution by the sugar in the crude sap and pre- 
cipitated by boiling. 

The total amount of maple-sugar manufactured annually in 
the United States is less than one per cent. of the sugar product 
of the world, and, according to the census of 1870, amounted to 
28,500,000 pounds, besides 921,000 gallons of syrup. This is 
nearly one-third less than the amount returned in the census 
of 1860. 

There seems to be no good reason for beliéving that the loss 
of the small amount of sugar and mineral matter removed 
from a tree by tapping has any appreciable effect upon its 


~ 


1874. ] SENATE—No. 50. 58. 


growth or vigor, and the escape of the water before the ex- 
pansion of the leaves must be equally innocuous. Dr. Jabez 
Fisher, who has had a large experience in the cultivation of 
the grape, affirms that bleeding in the spring does not exert 
‘the slightest influence upon the vine. In order to determine 
this point he selected fifty Concord vines in his vineyard, and 
pruned one every day from the first of May until the young 
shoots were well grown, and so demonstrated to his satisfac- 
tion that it made no difference when vines were pruned, pro- 
vided it be done before the development of the new growth. 

The birches seem to exceed all other trees in the amount 
of sap which they yield; and the enormous pressure which 
they exert upon the gauge. Four species, the black, the yel- 
low, the paper, and the gray or white birch were tested, and 
the daily flow of sap weighed. They were all tapped, March 
19th, but did not bleed till the 25th, from which time they 
flowed with regularly increasing amounts till they reached the 
maximum of about fifteen pounds per diem from one spout 
for each species. ‘This was the last of April, soon after which 
the leaves began to expand and the flow to diminish. 

The hornbeam did not flow when tapped, April 21st, but on 
the first of May bled about ten pounds of nearly tasteless, 
turbid sap. On the 3d of May it reached its maximum of 
_ twelve pounds and six ounces from one orifice, and slowly 
declined in amount after this date. 

The wild vine afforded eight ounces of nearly tasteless, trans- 
parent sap, May 26th, and this was the largest amount for any 
one day. It bled through the entire month of May a few 
ounces daily. 

It only remains to state in a few words the surprising re- 
sults obtained by the application of mercurial gauges to the 
sugar-maple, the black-birch and the grape-vine. Observa- 
tions were made on one or more guages several times daily, 
and occasionally every hour of the day and night, from the 
1st of April to the 20th of July. 

A gauge was attached to a sugar-maple, March 31st, which 
was three days after the maximum flow of sap for this species, 
so that further observations are required earlier in the season 
to complete the record and determine with certainty the max- 
imum pressure which it exhibits in the spring. Of the record 

5 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


made, the following facts are specially interesting: first the 
mercury was subject to constant and singular .oscillations, 
standing usually in the morning below zero, so that there was 
indicated a powerful suction into the tree, and rising rapidly 
with the sun, until the outward pressure was sufficient to sus- 
tain a column of water many feet in height. Thus at 7 a.m., 
April 21st, there was a suction into the tree sufficient to raise a 
column of water 25.90 feet. As soon as the morning sun be- 
gan to shine on the tree, the mercury suddenly began to rise, 
so that at 9.15 a.m. the pressure outward was enough to sus- 
tain a column of water 18.47 feet high, a change represented 
by more than 44 feet of water. On the morning of April 22d 
the change was still greater, requiring for its representation 
47.42 feet of water. These extraordinary fluctuations were 
not attended by any peculiar state of the weather, and hap- 
pened twelve days before there were any indications of growth 
to be detected in the buds. These observations are believed - 
to be quite new, and as yet inexplicable, but will receive 
further attention another spring. 

The maximum pressure of the sap for the season was ob- 
served at 10 a.m., April 11th, and was equal to sustaining a 
column of water 31.73 feet high. This was an excellent sap- 
day, considering the lateness of the season. There was no- 
ticed a general correspondence between the flow of sap in 
other maples and the pressure on the gauge. 

After April 29th the mercury remained constantly below 
zero, day and night. During the month of May there was a 
uniform suction el to at eight feet of water, and the un- 
accountable feature of this fact is, that though apparently pro- ~ 
duced by exhalation from the expanding leaves, it remained 
the same, day and night, for several weeks. In June the suc- 
tion gradually cone and finally disappeared, the mercury 
standing steadily at zero. 

On the 20th of April two gauges were attached to a laree, 
black birch, one at the aud, and the other thirty feet 
higher. The next morning at six o’clock the lower gauge 
indicated the astonishing pressure of 56.65 feet of water, and 
the upper one, of 26.74 feet. The difference between the 
indications of the two gauges was thus 29.92 feet, while the 
actual distance between them was 30.20 feet, so that it 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 35 


corresponded almost exactly as if they were connected by a 
tube. In order to learn whether the same principle would 
prevail if the upper gauge was moved, it was raised twelve 
feet higher. The same correspondence continued through 
nearly all the observations of the season, notwithstanding the 
gauges were separated by 42.20 feet of close-grained birch- 
wood. 

At 12:30 p.m., April 21st, a hole was bored into the tree on 
the side opposite to the lower gauge, and at the same level. 
Both gauges at once began to show diminished pressure, while 
sap issued freely from the orifice. In fifteen minutes, one 
pound of sap having escaped, it was found that both gauges 
had fallen equal to 19.27 feet of water. Upon closing the 
hole the gauges rose in ten minutes to their previous level, 
showing that the rootlets had re-absorbed in that brief period 
the sap which had escaped from the tree, notwithstanding the 
enormous pressure already existing. 

A stopcock having been inserted into the hole opposite the 
lower gauge, it was found that the communication between it 
and the two gauges was almost instantaneous, which appears 
_ to prove that the tree was entirely filled with sap, exerting 
its pressure in all directions as freely as if standing in a 
cylindrical vessel more than sixty feet in height, as indicated 
by the lower gauge. ‘The sap-pressure continued to increase 
until, on the 11th day of May, it represented a column of 
water 84.77 feet in height, which is believed to be the high- 
est pressure of vegetable sap ever before recorded. 

The buds of the birch now began to expand, the pressure 
of the sap to diminish, and the oscillations of the mercury to 
become more decided and regular than before. The upper 
gauge ceased to vary May 14th, remaining stationary at zero. 
The lower one declined slowly and varied greatly, but did not 
fall below zero until May 18th. On May 27th it also became 
stationary at zero. The suction manifested by the birch was 
_ very little, never exceeding nine feet of water, and continued 
only for a few days. 

To determine, if possible, whether any other force than the 
vital action of the roots was necessary to produce the extraor- 
dinary phenomena described, a gauge was attached to the 
root of a black birch-tree, as follows: The tree stood in 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


moist ground, at the foot of the south slope of a ravine, in 
such a situation that the earth around it was shaded by the 
overhanging bank from the sun. A root was then followed 
from the trunk to the distance of ten feet, where it was care- 
fully cut off one foot below the surface, anda piece removed 
from between the cut and the tree. The end of the root 
thus entirely detached from the tree, and lying in a horizontal 
position at the depth of one foot, in the cold, damp earth, un- 
reached by the sunshine, and for the most part unaffected by 
the temperature of the atmosphere, measured about one inch 
in diameter. To this was ‘carefully adjusted a mercurial 
gauge, April 26th. The pressure at once became evident, 
and rose constantly with very slight fluctuations, until, at noon 
on the 30th of April, it had attained the unequalled height of 
85.80 feet of water. This wonderful result showed that the 
absorbing power of living birch rootlets, without the aid of 
any of the numerous helps imposed upon them by ingenious | 
philosophers, such as exhalation, capillarity, oscillation, dila- 
tation, contraction, etc., etc., was quite sufficient to account 
for the most essential of the curious phenomena connected 
with the circulation of sap. Unfortunately, in an attempt to 
increase the capacity of the gauge, the bark of the root was 
injured, and this most interesting experiment terminated. 
There can be little doubt that future trials, carefully con- 
ducted with suitable apparatus, will achieve even more mar- 
vellous results. 

The original experiment of applying a mercurial gauge to 
the grape-vine, first tried by Rev. Stephen Hales, of England, ~ 
one hundred and fifty years ago, was repeated, May 9th, and a 
pressure of 49.52 feet of water obtained, May 24th. This is 
six and a half feet higher than was observed by Hales. The 
peculiar features of the pressure of the vine-sap are: its late- 
ness in the season; its apparent independence of the weather ; 
its uniform and moderate rise, day and night, to its maxi-. 
mum; its very gradual decline to zero without any marked 
oscillations, and its constant and almost unvarying suction of 
from 4.5 to 6.5 feet of water, manifested from June 20th to 
July 20th, when the observations ceased. 

In conclusion, we may as well admit that life is still a special 
_ force and not to be resolved into any other sort or combination . 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 37 


of attractions or repulsions, whether called electricity, or os- 
mose, or any other name. There is obviously need of much 
‘more investigation and definite knowledge concerning the 
phenomena of vegetable nutrition and development, and it 
may be well to remember that we are everywhere surrounded 
by objects for scientific research, demanding our utmost talent, 
patience and skill, but sure to give ample and profitable re- 
sults.to every intelligent and earnest inquirer. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 

Figure 1 shows the mode of constructing the mercurial 
gauge and attaching it to attree. At A is a stopcock, screwed 
firmly into the sap-wood, to which the glass-tubing is con- 
nected by a metallic coupling. The gauge is securely fastened 
to a scale, which may be inclosed ina box. The tube on the 
right may be lengthened, and mercury added should the pres- 
sure necessitate it. When the mercury stands at the same 
level in both sides of the inverted siphon, as at B, it is said 
to be at zero. In taking observations the difference in the 
number of inches of mercury in the two sides is to be noted, 
and this will indicate the pressure or suction, according as it 
is observed in the right or left side of the bent tube. In re- 
cording, the minus sign is prefixed to indicate suction into 
the tree. 

Plate I. represents the variations of pressure, as indicated 
by the mercurial guuges on the 21st of April, 1873, obser- 
vations having been taken every hour from 12 4.m. to 12 P.M. 
Every vertical line marks an hour, and every horizontal line 
an inch on the column of mercury. Zero represents the 
point where there is neither pressure outward from the tree 
nor suction inward. 

The line A shows the record of the sugar-maple, which at 
midnight exhibited a suction equal to —6 inches, and at 7 a.m. 
had increased’ this to —22.9 inches. As soon as the sun 
warmed the tree the mercury began to rise, and at 9.15 a.m. 
had reached 16.3 inches. Then it declined very gradually, till 
at 12 p.m. it was at -3 inches. The temperature at 7 a.m. 
was 37° F.; at 2:p.m. 50.1° F.; and at 9 p.m. it was 39.5° F. 
_ The line C marks the fluctuations of the mercury in the 
lower gauge of the black birch, which was at the level of the 


oes AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ground, and the line B shows the pressure in the upper gauge, 
which was placed 30.2 feet above the lower one. The re- 
markable fall, indicated as occurring at 12.45, p.M., was caused 
by boring into the tree near the ground for the purpose of 
determining whether the tree was acting simply as a cylinder 
of water filled by a force from beneath, as seemed evident 
from the correspondence between the two gauges. ‘The re- 
duction and restoration of pressure from simply opening-and ~ 
closing the oritice were so rapid and extraordinary as to lead 
to the conclusion that the force operating to produce the pres- 
sure was simply the absorbent power of the roots, and this 
led to the application of a gauge directly to a root, with the 
surprising result already described, 

The drawings for the illustrations were made by Prof. S. 
T. Maynard. 


1 
t 


1 i\ i 


Liye 
BAH 
th Mh 

glk Mh 


] j | 
il 


LS 


| 
SS 


= 


Ss 


——— 


——— 


—— —s_ 
SS 


=) 


——— 


1874.) SENATE—No. 50. 39 


OCS 25 al "eS a a a 

| Sf} 

a A | 8 a 

SS a 2 ee ee 

LS a 
oS 5 i oo 


Se "To ae SN alee fe 
5h Re ae ae 
SS BE a a EP a ee a 


4 oe. 
os eg vd 


erate 7 


eye af ies Sains a a ON 
Y fe De S| f iW 
te ty La tao nti 
‘ * vine nA wt ry ¥ nthe a8 onan 


ay » 4 7 3 
REE mints 8 AE NEL EES RE Le 8! i ‘ eieeciiheats 
. F i ‘ 
ce . by wisidlafepha ga Rs Mibawnoe (0 Wma 
‘ 4 < Baha s Ve 
mat ' ~~) ravine feed 0 
at . . u ; 
1 z z . 
P ~ 7 
tN i 
ha od - - ? n a 
Mag " 


r 
4 s * 
S 7 fi 
a“ t - - ‘ t 
t JM 
: . "i ‘ 
. = a * 
i . fy ns 
< . 4 , 
; ry on 
“ y n 
? 7] ‘ . a 
j i 


~ 44 Emad ie #9 
’ ee hy ‘ : 
~ 5 
t 
~ oi 4 
- ; we 
uy sal as a X 
, , ' 
* 
: } Z a 
a - re re oert oe 
oy a wi 
r : “ 
. ‘ © 
a he savy 
t hy 7 7 * 
A s : t - 
: ¥ m * 
P : 
a F “5 
“J 
rh - I : 
? phn 
* 2 
’ rn ° 
=} “ v i 
- . 
at U “tty i} C 
- . 3 
! : i i 
Te a: Agree we te 
¥ ” sf} ¥ 
" ; r r 4 att ld rd nop sco 
ao ; Pe aembe be i a a: i Bo pk 
» . “ mapchngtairess ee P thet sonal tag! abial eer rita dined beg ie Sic es meaiateabanpesie ticle dias 
. 5 b 3 : ro 
‘ Honoay Adib ahbers phe fees | smth 
y = Rr Ti 5 
” * on “- bie eremre Vtewate re: 
egy * 
me . “ eh Severe ye mre ery 
ne bs) rs 
" ; Aero af ihe ae i 
> ‘ 
- . ! / 
_ x a Te ad 
—s 4 
; dé u ; 
py x 
. ‘ ‘ 
s . 
: 
< re tecbepee WA 3 f 
‘anal chtaioaston 
ble | é ‘ 
: tery! 
+ * weet ee rere 
a * u 
‘ + 
7 Lal 


ibe; O gia 


EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR-BEETS. 


By Pror. C. A. GOESSMANN. 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


REPO Ra: 


In two previous reports* I discussed the rules which guide 
the European sugar-beet cultivator in his industry ; and tried 
to demonstrate by a series of experiments upon the field and 
in the laboratory, that the successful introduction of the beet- 
sugar manufacture depends on the ability of our farmers to pro- ° 
duce in an economical way roots fit for that purpose. 

In the following pages I present a description of some 
farther field experiments carried on, partly upon the College 
farm and partly in the State of New York and the Dominion 
of Canada. The examinations of the roots raised in these 
last-named localities were made at the personal request of the 
Secretaries of the State Agricultural Society of New York 
and the Department of Agriculture and Public Works of 
the Province of Quebec. 


I. 


After having successfully cultivated various kinds of sugar- 
beets from imported seed, during the years 1870 and 1871, it 
seemed desirable to study carefully the changes to which the 
roots of these plants are subject when raised from seed grown 
upon our own soil. To accomplish this end a few square rods of 
land, taken from a previous beet-field, were planted on the 15th 
of May, 1872, with sound roots of the two varieties which 
had succeeded best with us, the Vilmorin and the Electoral. 
The plots used for this purpose were three hundred yards 
apart and the roots placed about two feet from each other. 
Kainite and superphosphate from bone at the rate of 250 
pounds each per acre served as a special manure. The former 
contained twenty-eight per cent. of potassium sulphate and 
the latter, from ten to- eleven per cent. of soluble phosphoric 


* See Eighth and Ninth Annual Reports of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
of the years 1871 and 1872. 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 43 


acid. The seed, which was collected somewhat later than 
ustial, in the earlier part of September, averaged in the 
ease of the Vilmorin variety about eight-tenths of an ounce, 
and in the case of the Electoral about one ounce, for each 
plant. Both kinds of seed were planted during the past sea- 
son; they yielded under proper treatment roots equal to the 
best thus far grown in this locality. Their juice contained in 
some instances as high as 14.3 per cent of cane-sugar. 


EF. 


The seed used in this instance was imported from a reliable 
dealer in Saxony, and consisted of one package, containing 
one hundred pounds. From sixty to eighty pounds of it 
were applied upon the College farm, mainly for the purpose 
of testing the working of the recently imported German im- 
plements for the cultivation of the beet-root. Ten pounds of 
it were sold to the secretary of the New York State Agricul- 
tural,Society, who distributed it among some of its officers, 
with the request to send him at the close of the season a few 
roots of their crops and to state at the same time the circum- 
stances under which they had been raised. The roots received 
at the office of the secretary in Albany were immediately for- 
warded to Amherst and tested by me without delay. The 
results obtained are stated below in connection with that 
noticed upon the College farm. I ascribe to these experi- 
ments a particular importance for two reasons : first, the roots 
were raised in every instance from seed taken out of the same 
package ; and secondly, the cultivation of the same seed had 
been carried on over a quite extensive area. The only cir- 
cumstance to be regretted regarding the New York experi- 
ments consists in the fact that their comparative value is 
somewhat impaired by the adoption of .different modes of 
preparing the soil for the cultivation of the roots of the 
sugar-beet. One party at Albion, N. Y., adhered to the 
rules recommended in my previous reports, the remainder 
followed their own ideas. 


1. On the College Farm.—Four acres of a sandy loam, 
which had been well manured in the spring with stable-man- 
ure to raise a good crop of fodder-beets, were planted on the 


Ad AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


23d of May, 1872, in part with the above-mentioned seed 
from Saxony. The crop looked well, considering the dry 
weather during the month of June. I collected suitable 
samples of the roots at the close of September and obtained 
the following results. Six roots, varying from one to two 
pounds in weight, furnished a juice which measured 11.75° 
(degrees) of Brix’s saccharometer at 50° F., and contained 
7.87 per cent. of cane-sugar in solution, according to a test 
by the polarization apparatus of Dubosq-Soleil. 


2. Ona farm at Sing Sing, Westchester County, V. Y.— 
The soil upon which the roots were raised consisted of a loam, 
two feet in depth, which rested upon a layer of a clayish hard- 
pan, from five to six feet thick. It had served for years for 
the production of grass. Tomatoes had been the preceding 
crop. Five hundred pounds of a phosphatic blood-guano per 
acre were applied before the beet-seed was planted. The 
roots, fourteen in number, which served for my tests, had 
been collected during the latter part of October, 1872. “They 
varied in weight from one to four pounds apiece. I selected — 
those weighing from one to two pounds each for my experi- 
ments. The juice obtained from them measured 11° by 
Brix’s saccharometer at 39° F., and contained 7.8 per cent. of 
cane-sugar. A French (Vilmorin) sugar-beet, raised upon 
the same grounds, produced a juice which measured 12.8° 
Brix at 58° F., and contained 9.53 per cent. of cane-sugar. 


3. On a farm in the town of Washington, Dutchess County, 
NV. Y.—The soil consisted here of a clayish loam, and had 
been ploughed seven inches deep. A liberal amount of rot- 
ten sheep-manure was placed in trenches, which were suhse- 
quently covered by running two furrows together, thus form- 
ing ridges over the trenches. Upon these ridges was planted 
the seed, May 18th, 1872. The roots were harvested on the 6th 
of November. I received six of them, which weighed from 
one to five pounds each; those from one to two pounds in 
weight only were tested. Their juice contained 10.97 per 
cent. of cane-sugar, and measured at 50° F., 14° Brix. 


4. On a farm at South Hartford, Washington County, 
IV. Y.—The soil was a gravelly loam, which had been richly 


1874.] _- SENATE—No. 50. os 


manured with stable compost, and twice ploughed previous to 
the planting of the seed. The roots for my tests were col- 
lected during the middle of November, 1872; they weighed 
from one to five pounds apiece. I selected here, also, for the 
sake of the comparative value of all tests, roots from one to 
two pounds in weight. The juice secured measured 15° Brix 
at 56° F’., and contained 11.7 per cent. of cane-sugar. 


5. .On a farm at Greenwich, Washington County, N. Y.— 
The ground used consisted of a sandy loam, underlaid by a 
fine sand. ‘The seed had been planted upon ridges which cov- 
ered trenches containing a little rotten stable-manure. The 
roots were gathered at the close of November, 1872; those 
sent for examination weighed from one to two and one-half 
pounds each. The juice measured 12° Brix at 62° F., and 
contained 9.5 per cent. of cane-sugar. 


6.. Ona farm at Frankfort, Herkimer County, N. Y.—No 
details regarding the mode of cultivation have been received. 
The roots arrived at Amherst in a frozen condition on the 25th 
of December, 1872. Their weights varied from one pound 
six ounces to four pounds and one-half. The juice measured 
13° Brix at 54° F’., and contained 11 per cent. of cane-sugar. 


7. Ona farm at Albion, Orleans County, N. Y.—The soil 
used consisted of a dark reddish brown, rich, deep, sandy 
loam. Clover had been raised upon the land for two years 
previous to a crop of carrots which preceded the sugar-beets. 
Twenty loads of horse-manure had been applied to it during 
the autumn succeeding the crop of carrots. No farther 
manure was afterwards used, which made the sugar-beet the 
second crop after the application of stable-manure. The seed 
was planted on the 8th of May, 1872, in rows twenty inches 
apart. The roots were harvested, November 13th ; six specimens 
were forwarded for examination. They were of two widely 
different sizes ; three weighed from ten to fourteen pounds, and 
three, but from one pound and a half to two pounds each. I 
resolved to test both large and small beets separately, for the 
purpose of illustrating once more the great difference which 
exists in the value of small and large roots for manufacturing 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


purposes. The juice obtained from those above ten pounds(b) 
measured 14° Brix at 62° F’., and contained but 9.7 per cent. 
of cane-sugar. The juice of the smaller specimens (a) meas- 
ured not less than 18° Brix at 62° F., and showed by the test 
with the polarization apparatus 15.1 per cent. of cane-sugar. 
Their difference regarding the percentage of cane-sugar 
proved thus to be’5.6 per cent. in favor of the roots from one 
to two pounds in weight. 

To render the results of these ampere (1-7) more 
prominent, I state them in a tabular form as follows :— 


Percentage of for- 
eign substances 
in solution. 


Saccharometer Percentage of 
o! Brix. Cane-Sugar. 


LOCALITY OF THE BEET-FIELD, 


1. College Farm, : : 11.75° 7.37 3.38 
2 Soins Sime (Nie es. : : 1407 7.80 3.20 
8. Washington, N. Y., . ; 14.0° 10.97 3.03 
4, South Hartford, N. Y.,. ‘ 15.0° 11.70 3.30 
5. Greenwich, N. Y., : ; 1208 9.50 2.50 
6. Frankfort, N. Y., . ; : 1375° 11.00 2 50 
7. Albion, N. Y.(a@),. : ; 18.0° 15.10 2.90 
7 


. Albion, N. Y.(0), . Saray 14.0° Deh 4.30 


As the manufacture of sugar from the beet-root does not 
depend merely on the percentage of sugar, but in a most im- 
portant degree on the conditions under which it is present, I 
arrange the above-stated results, also, with reference to the 
relative proportion of cane-sugar and of foreign substances 
contained in the juice. The larger the percentage of the lat- 
ter, the greater, as a general rule, are the expenses of their 
separation, and thus of the manufacture of the cane-sugar. A 
good root of the sugar-beet ought to contain in solution not 
more than from eighteen to twenty parts of foreign substances 
for every hundred parts of cane-sugar. 


1874.) SENATE—No. 50. 47 


Cane-Sugar. Foreign Matter. 

College Farm,. : ; : : ; . | 100 parts. | 45.86 parts. 
Sing Sing, : : : ; ; A <h) a | 4) AN OF 34° 
Washington, . : f : f : f 108 27 Gls 
South Hartford, } ; , ‘ : ab ROOK 2S FE bit 
Greenwich, . : : : ; z : 100 ee. ASS aa 

_ Frankfort, : ; : : : STOO TRS 2242 50% 

_ Albion (a), . , : : ; 2 LOO cy 120 
Albion (6), .. : F , : ; eof Os 3 4, 26/28 


Studying these figures with reference to what has pre- 
viously been said about the requirements of a beet-root fit 
for an economical manufacture of beet-sugar, we find that in 
one case only a satisfactory result has been obtained, namely, 
in the case of the smaller-sized roots at Albion, N. Y. Weask 
quite properly here, What has caused these unusual variations 
regarding the saccharine quality of the roots? The seed can- 
not be the cause, for in one instance, at least, a superior 
quality of sugar-beet has been raised. The mechanical eon- 
dition of the soil, judging from the reports received, must 
have been, in the majority of cases, quite favorable for the 
object in view; whilst the various kinds of soil turned to ac- 
count, in most instances, cannot well be considered directly 
injurious to the growth of a good sugar-beet. There remains 
scarcely any other explanation of the many failures, than that 
the modes of manuring the soil have been objectionable. 
This assumption is fully supported by all more recent obser- 
vations regarding the influences which control the quality of 
several special industrial crops, as sugar-beets, tobacco, flax, 
etc. The application of highly nitrogenous fertilizers, or the 
incorporation of but partly decayed organic substances, like 
stable-manure, in the soil during the spring which precedes 
directly the cultivation of the sugar-beet, are known to re-act 
injuriously on the composition of the roots; they increase the 
amount of foreign substances in the juice, prevent a desirable 
development of the sugar, besides placing the latter under 
unfavorable circumstances for separation. 

Season and soil may, for obvious reasons, somewhat modify 
the damaging influence of these manures, yet cannot entirely 
prevent them ; for our season of planting is too short and our 


4§ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


climate too moderate in spring to permit a sufficiently rapid 
disintegration of animal and vegetable matters like stable- 
manure. The best mode of preparing the soil for experi- 
ments like those here under discussion, has been adopted at 
Albion ; it is the same which has been recommended in my 
previous reports. The sugar-beet was there the second crop, 
after a heavy manuring with stable-manure. The soil, being 
a sandy loam, had favored a thorough decomposition of the 
latter ; it contained, in consequence of the slower disintegra- 
tion of the straw, etc., at the beginning of the second year, 
largely the constituents of the latter, the potash in particular, 
ready for assimilation. Potash plants, as a general rule, suc- 
ceed better during the second year after a manuring with 
stable-manure than in the first year of its application. The 
sugar-beet is a potash plant. The beneficial influence of the 
potash as a special fertilizer on the production of a beet-root 
of superior saccharine qualities has been repeatedly estab- 
lished by direct experiment. 

Believing in the correctness of the conclusions just pre- 
sented, [ planned another series of experiments, with the 
view of illustrating, if possible, the peculiar effects of various 
Sertilizers on the quality of the sugar-beet when raised upon 
the same piece of land. The results obtained form the con- 
tents of the succeeding chapter. 


Il. 


A piece of. land upon the College farm, two hundred and 
eighty-seven feet long and one hundred and fifty-seven feet 
wide, running from north to south, and consisting of a brown, 
sandy loam, which had been well manured with stable-manure 
during the two seasons previous, was divided into six plots of 
equal size. These plots ran from east to west across the main 
field, and from two to three feet of space was left between 
adjoining lots. Each lot was separately manured, and all the 
manures were applied at the same time,—about two weeks in 
advance of the planting of the seeds. The various kinds of 
sugar-beets were planted in rows, which ran from north to 
south, passing thus through all the plots treated with different 
fertilizers. 

Plot No. 1 received no fertilizer. 


/ 


1874. ] SENATE—No. 50. © 49 


Plot No. 2 received crude potassium sulphate from Stass- 
furt, Germany, at the rate of three hundred pounds per acre. 
The potash fertilizer contained fifty-four per cent. of potas- 
sium sulphate, or twenty-nine and three-tenths per cent. of 
potassium oxide. 

_ Plot No. 3 was treated with kainite and superphosphate from 

bone-meal, at the rate of three hundred pounds each per acre. 
The former contained twenty-eight per cent. of potassium 
sulphate (equal to fifteen and two-tenths potassium oxide), 
and the latter from ten to eleven per cent. of soluble phos- 
phoric acid. 

Plot No. 4 was manured with a blood-guano containing 
potash, at the rate of twelve hundred pounds per acre. 

Plot No. 5 received at the rate of twelve hundred pounds 
of blood-guano per acre, without potash. 

Plot No. 6, which represented the most northern portion of 
the experimental field, was manured on the 7th of May, 1873, 
with fresh horse-manure, at the rate of fourteen tons per 
acre. 

Four kinds of seed were planted on the 16th of May, 1873. 
They consisted of the two sorts, Vilmorin and Electoral, 
raised during the previous year upon the College farm (see 
page 43); a white sugar-beet received from Freeport, Ili 
nois, and Sutton’s improved English sugar-beet, obtained 
_from Hon. T. L. Harrison, of Albany, N. Y. The early 
planting secured the success of the experiment, as far as a 
healthy growth was concerned. - 

The crop looked well from the beginning to the end of the 
season. I began the examination of the roots on the 6th of 
October, 1873, and carried it on for two successive weeks. 
The roots selected for testing were of a corresponding size, 
and their weight varied from twelve ounces to two pounds 
each. As these experiments were made mainly for the pur- 
pose of studying the influence of fertilizers on the develop- 
ment of cane-sugar within the roots of the sugar-beet, I state 
only the percentage of this substance, found in the roots raised 
from the different varieties of seed with the several fertilizers. 

7 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_[Jan. 


PERCENTAGE OF CANE-SUGAR FOUND IN JUICE OF 
ROOTS RAISED FROM THE FOLLOWING SEEDS. 


KIND OF FERTILIZER. 
Electoral, | Vilmorin, 


Freeport, | Sutton’s, College College 


Illinois. English. 


Farm. Farm. 

Fresh horse-manure, a ee 9.71 9.427) Bo 
Blood-guano without potash, . : 10.99 oF 10.10 10.20 
Blood-guano with potash,  . . 12.55 10.01 13.24 | 10.50 
Kainite and superphopshate, . ; 13.15 10g 12.16 10.50 
Sulphate of potassa, ‘ 14.52 12.42 14.32 12.78 
No manure: second year after stable- 

manure, : ; ‘ : ; 13.49 - 12.78 12.19 


These results have been in some instances repeatedly con- 
firmed. ‘They scarcely need, after what has been said pre- 
viously, any farther interpretation. The influence of fresh 
stable-manure in the first year is too striking to be passed 
over without recognizing its decidedly injurious character. 
Even a light, sandy loam cannot entirely destroy its peculiar 
re-action on the composition of the roots. These experiments 
apparently confirm my assumption regarding the many fail- 
ures noticed in the trials of the previous year (see chapter 
II. of this paper). 


IV. 


The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Public 
Works, at Montreal, Canada, has for several years past di- 
rected his special attention to the cultivation of the sugar-beet 
throughout the Province of Quebec. Seeds have been dis- 
tributed of late, at his suggestion, by the Government. of 
Canada, and the results thus far obtained are considered in 
official circles highly encouraging. I have tested during the 
past two years, at the request of the authorities at Montreal, 
various specimens of ,roots raised in that locality. As the 
results obtained refer to sugar-beets raised in a more northern 
region than thus far reported on, I take the liberty to enter 
them here on record, on account of the general interest they 
may claim. 

The first lot of beet-roots sent on from ‘vkcomtreal arrived, 
November 11th, 1872. They consisted of three samples of 
roots, varying in weight from one pound and a half to six pounds 


—eo 


/ 
1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 51 


and. a half apiece. Two kinds proved to belong to the qual- 
ity of fodder-beets ; they contained from four and three-tenths 
to five and eight-tenths per cent. of cane-sugar. The third 
sample consisted of three roots, which resembled in form a 
large Electoral ; they weighed from four pounds to six pounds 
and a half apiece. The juice of these roots measured 13° 
Brix at 54° F., and contained 9.70 per cent. of cane-sugar. 
Considering the unusual size of the roots, the result was en- 
couraging. The second lot of sugar-beets arrived, October 
24th, 1873,—consisting of four samples from four different 
localities. They were tested without delay, and gave the fol- 
lowing results. 

1. Hehaullon de Montreal. Two roots, one foot long and 
two and a half inches thick, weighed, respectively, two 
pounds and one ounce and two pounds and eight ounces. 
They produced a juice which measured 15.4° Brix at 64° F., 
and contained 11.38 per cent. of cane-sugar. 

2. Liviere du Loup. ‘Three well-shaped, compact roots 
weighed from two pounds to three pounds and four ounces 
each. Their juice measured 14.5° Brix at 63° F., and con- 
tained 10.20 per cent. of cane-sugar. 

3. Ohambly. Three roots, compact, abruptly terminating 
and then branching out, weighed from two pounds to two 
pounds eight ounces apiece. The juice obtained from them 
measured 13.2° Brix at 63° F., and contained 9.02 per cent. 
of cane-sugar. 

4. Maskinonge. ‘Three roots, well shaped and healthy, 
weighed from two to three pounds. The juice obtained from 
them measured at 63° F., 13.4° Brix, and contained 8.83 per 
cent. of cane-sugar. 

In comparing the results obtained in Canada with those’ 
noticed in the State of New York, we find but little difference 
as far as the majority of cases is concerned. A stricter com- 
pliance with well indorsed rules of cultivation will, no doubt, 
_produce a higher and thus a satisfactory quality of sugar- 
beets in both localities. The fact that they may be planted 
during the middle of May and still reach a condition of ripe- 
ness at the close of September, favors their cultivation in the 
more northern sections of this continent. 

As the experiments described in the previous pages termi- 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. ’74. 


nate a series of inquiries carried on upon the College farm for 
the purpose of illustrating by practical operations the proper 
mode of cultivating a good sugar-beet, and of studying at the 
same time the extent of our resources for the beet-sugar man- 
ufacture, it seems but proper, before closing my discussion of 
these questions, to state in a few words the value which I 
ascribe to field experiments, similar to those just finished. 
The very nature of the influences which govern the growth of 
plants and contribute thus to the financial success of any agri- | 
cultural industry, renders it quite obvious that the results 
even of the most carefully conducted field experiments are, ina 
certain sense, frequently of a mere local value. Rules of culti- 
vation, derived from experiments carried on upon a limited 
area, ought to serve for this reason only as a base for cor- 
responding trials in other localities. Their claim for a more 
general consideration increases in the same degree as they are 
found to be applicable with success over a larger area. The 
system of cultivating a sugar-beet fit for the economical man-. 
ufacture of sugar, which has been recommended in my pre- 
vious reports, is indorsed by many leading agriculturists in 
Europe, and has been fully confirmed by series of experiments © 
upon the College farm and elsewhere within the northern 
portion of this continent. It is on these grounds that I desire 
a careful study of my communications regarding the best 
mode of raising a valuable sugar-beet for the manufacture of 
beet-sugar. The successful solution of this problem is worthy 
the attention of all friends of a closer union between the 
agricultural and manufacturing interests of the country. 


REPORT OF JOHN C. DILLON, 


FARM SUPERINTENDENT. 


54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan - 


REPORT. 


President W. S. CLARK. 


Sir :—TI have the honor to submit my annual report of farm 
operations for the year 1873. 

During the months of January, February and March, the 
men ne teams were occupied in felling, trimming and getting 
to the mill chestnut and pine timber - alee trellis-posts 
for the vineyard, post and board fences, and for repairs. . 


Oats anpD Grass-SEED. 

The land which was planted with field and fodder corn, 
sugar-beets and ruta-bagas last year, was ploughed, harrowed . 
and sown with oats and grass-seed, between the 21st of April 
and the 10th of May. Four acres of this, being of a very dry, 
gravelly character, suffered severely from the drought. Of 
the remainder, five acres yielded a fair crop of fodder, which 
was secured in perfect condition ; and three acres, where beets 
were raised last year, yielded ninety-six bushels of very hand- 
some oats. All the oat-crops were materially diminished by 
the severe and protracted drought. 


POTATOES. 


The potatoes were raised on land from which a crop of rye | 
was taken last year. A dressing of stable-manure, six cords 
to the acre, was spread and ploughed in five inches deep, the 
piece was marked out with the beet-planter into rows three 
feet apart, furrowed, planted the 13th of May, with halves of 
potatoes 18 inches apart, covered with Thomas’ smoothing-har- 
row, and the whole of the after-cultivation performed by the 
smoothing-harrow and double mould-board plough, as de- 
scribed in previous reports. The season was unfavorable to 
a large yield, and the crop was somewhat injured by the wire 


/ 
1874.] SENATE—No. 50. pee 


worms. Still, the yield was a very satisfactory one, amount- 
ing to three hundred and twenty-five bushels of marketable 
potatoes, eighty-seven bushels of planting size, and thirty 
bushels of small ones. The kinds planted for the main crop 
were Early Rose, Peerless and Brigham Seedlings. A few 
of the Orono, King of the Earlies, Campbell’s Late Rose and 
Brezee’s Prolific were planted for experiment, and gave 
interesting and satisfactory results; which, however, cannot 
be fairly stated without lentghy and tedious explanation. 
Besides the main crop, one hundred and twenty-five bushels 
of potatoes were raised on headlands, and on about half an 
acre reclaimed from the ravine. The quality of all the po- 
tatoes was excellent. 


SuGAR-BEETS, MILLET AND SWEET-CorRN. 


None of the land planted with corn last year being suitable 
for beet-culture, we carted and spread manure last fall on an 
acre and a half of land, from which potatoes had been 
harvested, at the rate of ten cords to the acre, and ploughed 
it in six inches. In the spring, ploughed again eight inches 
deep, and on the 14th of May harrowed with Nishwitz, and 
afterwards crossed with Thomas” harrow; and planted beets, 
using twelve pounds of seed to the acre. Owing probably to 
the excessive drought, the seed germinated very unevenly, 
aud it soon became evident that it would be impossible to 
obtain a fair crop. We therefore ploughed them in, June 
12th, and the next day sowed the land with millet. This 
produced nearly four tons of dried fodder; and being cut 
early, and secured in fine condition, it is about equal to the 
best hay. 

An acre of land, where beets were raised last year and 
corn the preceding year, was prepared under Dr. Goessmann’s 
direction for his experiments in beet-culture, which I presume 
will be detailed in his report. As Dr. Goessmann only used 
about a fourth of this acre, the remainder was planted by the 
beet-planter with sweet-corn, cultivated almost entirely by the 
beet-machinery, and yielded one hundred and ten bushels of 
ears, and two tons of fodder. I regard this as a very valua- 
ble crop; poultry prefer the grain to any other feed; our 
cattle like the stover much better than that of ordinary field- 


56 . AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


corn, and, from the fact that there is a demand fer the seed 
at two dollars per bushel, I infer they are not singular in 
their preference. : 

Corn. 

The corn was planted on land from a part of which a crop 
of potatoes, and from the rest a crop of rye, both without 
manure, were taken last year. Kight cords of stable-manure, 
mixed with compost from the vaults, were applied per acre, 
and ploughed in five inches deep, from the 5th to the 13th of 
May. The corn was planted in rows eighteen inches apart, 
with the German planter, from the 15th to the 20th of May, 
except about one acre reserved for Prof. Stockbridge’s ex- 
periments, and planted under his direction, in hills, on the 
22d of May. 

Owing to the excessive drought, about an acre and a half - 
failed to come up satisfactorily, and we ploughed it in, and 
planted an acre with sweet-corn for fodder, and half an acre 
with Swedish turnips, both of which yielded very large 
crops. 

The remainder of the corn, five acres and a quarter, was 
carefully cultivated, mostly by horse-power, and made an ex- 
cellent growth, yielding in the whole seven hundred and fifty 
bushels of sound ears, and six barrels of pig corn. 


Hay. 


The grass-crop was fully one-third below the average, 
owing to the early and continued drought; the quality, how- 
ever, was excellent, and it was secured easily, cheaply and in 
the finest possible condition. At the time of harvesting the 
oats and millet, it was feared that the seeding with grass had 
in many places entirely failed; I am glad to report that since 
the fall rains, the prospect of a grass-crop, on newly seeded 
lands, has greatly improved. 


SMALL FRUITS. . 


The strawberries promised well in the early part of the 
season, but were so parched that they only yielded a few 
boxes. The raspberries and currants bore abundantly, 
though the size of the berries was much diminished by the 
dry weather. 


1874.) SENATE—No. 50. 57 


The blackberries (Kittatinny) were winter-killed nearly to 
the ground; and considering their tenderness, and the great 
difficulty in keeping them in bounds, owing to their rank 
growth and tendency to sucker, I am not encouraged to 
advise their extended culture. 


GARDEN VEGETABLES AND SWEDES. 


Manure, at the rate of ten cords to the acre, was spread on 
the vegetable-garden and ploughed in, and a great variety of 
garden vegetables was planted and cultivated by the students, 
under the direction of Prof. Stockbridge. Most of these crops 
were prosperous and productive; but 137 rods of onions, at 
the south end, failed to come up satisfactorily, and I was 
instructed to plough them in, and plant some other crop. 

I accordingly ploughed the land eight inches deep, har- 
rowed, marked with the beet-planter in rows 18 inches apart, 
planted, the 13th of June with Swedish turnips (chiefly Car- 
ter’s improved purple-top), using two pounds of seed to the 
acre, and harvested, November 6th to 11th, thirty-two tons 
six hundred and seventy-eight pounds, or at the rate of a 
trifle more than thirty-eight tons to the acre. 


RECLAIMING AND ImprROVING LAND. 


_ Soon after haying, we ploughed about twelve acres of land. 

lying east of the brook and intersected by the county road, 
and have since sown it with rye. This land is rough, cold, 
springy, weedy and barren, and has never yielded crops 
worth harvesting. At the same time, I know of no land that 
will better repay the cost of improvement, and it is proposed 
to drain, grade and cultivate it, as and when means and 
opportunity permit. 

About four acres of stony and uneven land, near the 
nursery, have been heretofore used as a sheep-pasture. It 
was unsuited to this use for two reasons: first, because there 
is no water in it; and secondly, because it is so secluded, that 
a small flock might be destroyed by dogs, without any one: 
seeing the slaughter. It was therefore determined to bring 
it into condition for mowing, and with this view it has been 
ploughed and summer-fallowed, a hundred and two loads of 

8 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan: 


stone picked off, and the land sown with rye. After harvest- 
ing the rye, and another crop of stones, it is proposed to top- 
dress, and seed down with grass-seed. 

During fine weather in the summer, the cows are kept in 
the yard nights, and, in the winter, are turned out into the 
yard to drink, and remain out a longer or shorter time, ac- 
cording to the weather. This yard is well supplied with 
loam, sand and muck, and is also the receptacle for refuse 
matter generally. It is ploughed frequently in summer, and: 
furnishes, yearly, a large amount of excellent top-dressing.. 
This fall, we carted out four hundred and fifty loads, which we 
spread on twenty-two acres ; and we have carted into the yard, 
two hundred loads of materials, for next year’s supply. The 
vaults have also been kept well supplied with absorbents, and 
have added materially to the manurial resources of the farm. 


Tue HorricuLturaAL DEPARTMENT. 

The nursery, the young orchards and the vineyard have. 
also been supplied with manure, and kept thoroughly culti- 
vated, but do not, at present, yicld any considerable pecu- 
niary return. 


List of Crops cuitivated on the College Farm during the year 18738. 


Crops. Area.* Yield. 

Oats NEEM, OES 5.0.47 74 tons stover. 

“(near Prof. einekbudge’ 9 3.0.00 fhe Senett atk 

* (north of barn), O00 aa 

(tear boakiine-wouse)s . 8.0.00 96 bushels oats, 2 tons Sinan 
Potatoes (main crop), . . 2.0.23 442 bushels. 

«  (@eclaimed land, &ec. y: 3.00 110 bushels. 
Field-corn, : : 5.0.36 750 bushels sound, 6 barrels pig. 
Sugar-beets, . , . 1.00 several loads. . 
Sweet-corn, . ; 3 . 8.00 110 bu. ears, about 2 tons fodder. 
Tarnips, oo he eal OOM aitonts: : 
Mullet, 77 as ! . 1.1.03 3% tons. 
Fodder-corn (near hain . 1.0.00 valuable soiling. 
x (N. W. lot), . 3.0.34 3% tons dried fodder. 
Small fruits, . : ‘ . 1.1.08 270 boxes. 
Nursery, . : pagers U3) 810) : 
Vegetable-garden, . . . 1.8.11 a variety of vegetables. 
Woung orehakd) Cl Ve OP Ae eo 7 | 
Vineyard, . ; : ‘ . 2.0.00 
Carried forward, .  . 86.2:02 


* The area is given in acres, roods and rods. 


- 


1874.) SENATE—No. 50. 59 


Crops. Area. Yield. 
Brought forward, . . 86.2.02 
Arboretum, ; ; , . 3.0.00 


Ploughed and sown with rye, . 16.0.00 


Total area in tillage, ; . 55.2.02 ' 
“ ‘Ssmnowine, . 121.1.07 135 tons hay. 
a Spastures, .. at 2b OF 
* “ woods & roads, 80.1.24 
383.2.00 


Extra Work. 


_. Whenever they could be spared from the regular farm- 
work, the teams have been employed in filling up the old 
lane or gully between the brook and the plant-house, in 
making causeways to the new bridge across the brook, in 
grading for and making new roads from the College to the 
botanical museum and thence to the President’s house, in 
making, altering and repairing bridges and culverts, in clear- 
ing up old hedge-banks, in getting to mill and delivering 
39,000 feet of timber, in aiding the students in setting out 
trees, in hauling baggage, coal, chemicals, cannon, stone, 
sand, bricks, mortar and loam, in obtaining and afterwards 
disposing of subjects for veterinary study and practice, in 
constructing walks, grading and preparing the site of the 
Massachusetts garden, in ploughing and sub-soiling two acres 
for the proposed pinetum, and in other work ordered by the 
proper authorities, and necessary and expedient to the wel- 
fare, progress and prosperity of the several departments of 
the College. 


BUILDINGS. 


The barn and sheds at the south end of the estate are 
ample and convenient for the uses for which they are de- 
signed. 

After drawing out the manure in spring, we cover the cellar 
bottom with loam, and increase the depth of this covering, from 
time to time, during the summer and fall. We also provide 
a supply of sand for bedding the stock in winter. This has 
hitherto been stored in one of the sheds; but, inasmuch as 
the wheeling it to the barn, in stormy and icy weather, is 
difficult and inconvenient, it is proposed to convert the 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


calf-pen, at the east end of the barn, wholly or in part, into a 
storage-room for absorbents, which can be readily dumped 
into it, through a scuttle in the barn floor. 

We have torn down the dilapidated old wagon-sheds at the 
north barns, and moved a comparatively new shed, formerly 
used asa laundry, into their place. This, with a little fixing, 
furnishes a convenient shelter for the wagons, a handy tool- 
room, and adds very much to the Prenies and appearance of . 
the premises. 


STooK. 


The stock has been generally thrifty, prosperous and pro- 
ductive, and its reputation has been enhanced by numerous 
premiums at the New England and other shows, amounting 
to two hundred and two dollars in money, besides medals and 
diplomas. 


Shorthorns. 


The Shorthorns comprise one bull and thirteen Fiat 
The bull “ Belvidere” (11,364), is an excellent representative 
of this aristocratic race. His pedigree is annexed. “ Bel- 
videre ” (11,364), bred by Charles Parsons, Jr., Conway, 
Massachusetts ; owned by Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
Amherst, Massachusetts. “Roan,” calved September 20th, © 
1870; got by “Faleonwood” (6,732), out of “Lady Prin- 
cess,” of Conway, by “Sheridan” (6,179). “Fairy Bell,” 
by “Highflyer” (578). “Tube Rose 7th,” by “Tornado ” 
(1,041). Imp. “Tube Rose 3d,” by imp. “3d Duke 
of Cambridge,” (5,941). “Tube Rose 2d,” by “ Earl of An- 
trim” (10,174). “Tube Rose,” by “South Durham” (5,281). 
“Rose Ann,” by “Bellerophon” (38,119). “Rosette,” by 
* Belvidere” (1,706). “Red Rose,” by “ Waterloo” (2,316). 
“Moss Rose,” by “Baron” (58). “Angelina,” by “Phe- 
nomenon” (491). “Anne Boleyn,” by “ Favorite ” (252). 
“Princess,” by “Favorite” (252). “Bright Eyes,” by 
“Favorite” (252). “Bright Eyes,” by “Hubback” (319). 
“Bright Eyes,” by Snowdon’s bull (612). “Beauty,” by 
Masterman’s bull (422). “Duchess of Athol,” by Harrison’s 
bull (292). “Tripes,” by the Studley bull (628): Bred 
by Mr. Stephenson, Ketton (1,739). 

*Falconwood” (6,732), got by “2d Earl of Carlisle” 


1874.) ~ SENATE—No. 50. 61 


~ (2,804), out of “Lady: Sale 5th,” by “Red Knight (890), 

&ec. (Pure Princess.) 

“Sheridan” (6,179), got by “6th Duke of Thorndale ” 
(4,752), out of “ Bertha,” by “Duke of Thorndale” (2,787). 
“Gloster’s Bloom,” by imp. “Duke of Gloster” (2,763), 
(11,382), &., &e. 

“Highflyer” (578), got by “Duke of Gloster” (11,382), 
dam, imp. “Diana Gwynne,” by “Duke of Lancaster” 
(10,929), &c., &e. 

This pedigree shows an admirable mixture of the Duchess 
and Princess blood, without’ any outcross, except that of 
“Bloom,” by “Sir Leonard” (10,827), through “ Sheridan,” | 
(6,179). 

That this is no ignoble alliance, may be gathered from the 
fact that “ Brenda” and “ Berlinda,” one a year and the other 
two years old, nieces of “Sheridan,” were sold at Mr. Camp- 
bell’s sale, for $2,300 and $2,500; whilst, at the samo sale, 
“ Belvidere’s” cousins, the Princesses and Duchesses, com- 
manded from $1,000 to $30,600. 

In individual merit, “ Belvidere” is worthy of his illustrious 
ancestry. He is a rich light roan, of perfect symmetry, 
admirable quality, and remarkable vigor, united with great 
docility and kindness of temper; and, as he is descended 
from a long line of eminent milkers, his services as a stock 
animal are almost invaluable. 

He has taken several first premiums, including first as a 
yearling at the New England show in 1872, and first at the 
Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, in 1873; and, though 
three out of the five judges at Medford, this year, concurred 
in placing him second in the two-year-old class, the other two 
have published in the “Country Gentleman,” their conviction 
that he was “head and shoulders the. best bull on the 
' ground.” 

The cows are mainly handsome, thrifty animals, tracing 
their lineage through the famous herds of Augustus Whit- 
man, Paoli Lathrop, S. W. Buffum, George Vail and Samuel 
Thorne, in America, and Wetherell of Kirkby Mallory, 
Whitaker of Greenholme, and Bates of Kirkleavington in 
England, to the even more celebrated animals, bred and 
owned by the brothers Colling, and their contemporaries 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jans 


and predecessors, as far back as the middle of the 18th 
century. 

Being all deep, rich milkers, they fully sustain our cherished 
conviction, that cows give milk as horses trot, in all shapes; 
and that under favorable conditions, it is not only possible, 
but reasonable and desirable, to unite an eminent capacity for 
the profitable production of milk and butter, with the most 
admirable symmetry and an unsurpassed tendency to take on 
flesh when dry. 

While we admire the concentrated power which enables the 
high-bred Shorthorn of the présent day to perpetuate, and 
also to stamp upon other races of cattle, his distinguishing 
excellence, we cannot shut our eyes to the evils which have 
resulted from the practice of indiscriminate in-and-in breeding, 
and still more from the temptation, which the system offers to 
unprincipled persons, to raise and sell animals radically defect- 
ive in quality or constitution, and thus to fix and intensify 
faults instead of desirable properties. 

Believing that no pedigree, either in man or beast, can 
atone for the want of individual merit; and also, that what- — 
ever is not good enough to keep, is not good enough to sell 
for breeding purposes, the managers of the College farm 
have yearly slaughtered several thoroughbred animals, and 
this course should be persevered in until every breeding 
animal on the farm is eminent both for the possession of and 
the power to transmit a high degree of excellence, untarnished 
by patent or latent unsoundness or defect. 


Ayrshires. 

The Ayrshires comprise one bull and thirteen females. 

The bull, “ Lord Ronald,” is a very perfect animal, and has 
received first premium at several shows, including the New 
England at Lowell, 1872, where his sire, “Colfax” (127), 
was also awarded 1st premium in the aged class, and sweep- 
stakes medal, as the best Ayrshire bull of any age. 

As the fountain from which many of the College Ayrshires 
derive their descent, and also as a remarkable example of — 
vigor, fertility and usefulness, “Old Beauty” deserves more 
than a passing notice. She was calved in Scotland, in the 
spring of 1854, and has therefore, nearly completed her 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 63 


twentieth year. She was imported in 1855, by Mr. W. 
Watson, of Westchester, New York, and solid by him to Luke 
Sweetser, Esq., of Amherst, who kept her till 1870, and then 
sold her to Mr. Watson, of this town, of whom we purchased 
her in 1871. She has repeatedly given 45 Ibs. of milk a day ; 
and, on pasture alone, has given her live weight of milk in 
20 days, an average of 42 lbs. daily. On the 1st of January, 
1872, she dropped the heifer-calf “ Beauty 11th,” and, the 5th 
of February following, she gave 38 lbs. of milk, yielding 12 
per cent. of cream. The 10th of April, 1873, she dropped a 
bull-calf, by “Colfax” (127), andis now with calf by “ Lord 
Ronald,” and giving eight quarts of milk a day. Her great, 
great, great, grand-daughter, “ Beauty 12th,” a very promis- 
ing animal, has the following pedigree :— 

“Beauty 12th,” bred and owned by Massachusetts Agricul- 
tural College, Amherst, Massachusetts, red and white; calved — 
14th of January, 1873; got by “Colfax” (127). 

Dam “Beauty” (870), got by “Comet” (130). Dam 
“Rosa” (1,780), got by “Zero” (401). Dam“ Susa” (781), 
got by “Archie” (85). Dam “Bell” (251), got by “Os- 
wald” (51). Dam “Beauty 8th,” calved in 1854, im- ° 
ported in 1855, still breeding regularly, and giving now, 
January Ist, 1874, eight months after calving, eight quarts 
of milk daily. 

Ten bulls and thirty-three cows of “Old Beauty’s ” descend- 
ants were recorded in the “ Ayrshire Herd-book,” up to July, 
1871; many thoroughbreds, besides an innumerable host of 
grades, have never been recorded, and many scores have been 
bred since the last volume was issued; her extraordinary 
strength of constitution and fixity of type are evidenced by 
the singular fidelity with which her form, color and milking 
properties are reproduced in her descendants; and her in- 
fluence on the milking-stock of the country must have been 
very great. Her descendants in the College herd trace their 
pedigree, through bulls of repute, from the celebrated herds 
of Messrs. Peters, Stone, Pond, Birnie, Lyman and Hunger- 
ford & Brodie, and possess in a high degree the beauty, con- 
stitution and milking qualities, for which these families of 
Ayrshires are eminent. 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Besides the “Beauty” family, the College have other 
animals, from the importations of Messrs. William Watson 
and A. B. Conger, of New York, and James Logan, of Mon- 
treal; all with perfect pedigree, and fine quality. 

The bull “Colfax” (127) was universally recognized as a 
model animal of the breed; and, with the approbation of the 
executive committee, he was carefully slaughtered, May 6th, 
1873, and his hide and skeleton preserved for the College 
museum. His live weight was 1,655 lbs., and he was esti- 
mated to be worth for beef eighty dollars. His flesh and tal- 
low realized sixty-six dollars, so that his hide and skeleton 
cost fourteen dollars; not an exorbitant price for such yalu- 
able specimens. 

Jerseys. 

The Jerseys consist of one bull and three females. The 
bull “Grand Duke” (408) is a very beautiful animal, bred 
and presented to the College by O. B. Hadwen, Esq., of 
Worcester, Massachusetts. He is by “ Wellington” (279), 
out of imported “Buttercup” (239). “ Wellington’s” 
pedigree is thus recorded in the “American Jpasees Herd- 
book,” volume III., page 13. 

* Wellington” (279), fawn and white ; dropped May ist, 
1869; owned by O. B. Hadwen, Worecster, Massachusetts ; 
bred by George Frost, West Newton, Massachusetts. Sire 
“Master William” (152), imported by George Frost in 1868, 
and sold to Alvin Adams for $600. Dam “Jersey Qneen” 
(395), imported by George Frost, West Newton, Massachu- 
setts, in March, 1868, and sold toG. S. Sharpless of Phila- 
delphia, for $650. 

The heifers, one, two and three years old, are all the prod- 
uce of the cow “Rose” (1,212), by bulls from the herds of 
Charles G. Loring, E. G. Bowditch and James Tappa 
and for their age are very promising. 


Brittanies. | 
These consist of a bull, “Merlin,” bred on the College farm, 
and a cow, “ Pauline,” bred by Mr. Flint, end presented by Mr. 
IXnowlton, of Upton, and are excellent specimens of this beau- 
tiful little breed.. On account of their diminutiveness, they — 
are not likely to become popular among the farmers of the 


/ 
uei4)) SENATE—No. 50. 65 


Connecticut Valley ; but, as dairy-cows for short pastures, or 
as family cows for suburban residents, they have peculiar 
qualifications. 


The Dutch or Holsteins 


are represented by a bull, “Fourth Highland Chief” (14), 
bred and presented by Winthrop W. Chenery, Esq., of Bel- 
mont, Massachusetts; and a heifer calf, “ Midwould 19th,” 
also bred by Mr. Chenery, and purchased for the College last 
summer. 

The properties claimed for these cattle are large size, 
admirable symmetry, an extraordinary capacity for milk, and 
a proportionate aptitude to fatten kindly when dry. As far 
as I have had opportunities of judging, these claims are well 
sustained: 

“Fourth Highland Chief” is now two years and seven 
months old, and weighs 1,875 lbs., in fair working order. 
During the past year, he has been in the yoke nearly every 
day, and has shown unusual strength, quickness and _docility. 
‘His calves from grade cows are eagerly sought after for veal, 
for steers and for raising for cows. 

The heifer “ Midwould 19th,” dropped March 14th, 1873, 
is a very promising animal. She has had good food and care, 
but no forcing, and weighed, December Ist, 580 Ibs. 


The Devons and Swiss. 


In my report of last year I referred to the case of “Gem 
3d” (502), a valuable Devon cow, who was slaughtered after 
a lingering illness ; and whose viscera were found to be loaded 
with tuberculous deposit. Her daughter “Enid” (9341), 
and her son “Arthur,” have since given evidence of being 
affected, and have therefore been slaughtered, and portions of 
their organs showing the insidious character of the disease, 
have pees preserved for the use of the Pkoloear and students 
of veterinary science. 

This reduced the Devons to three, viz. : the seven-year-old 
bull “General Lyon” (232), and the cow “Pixie” (1,199), 
and her heifer calf “ Peri.” These were in no way related to 
“Gem,” were perfectly healthy, and excellent specimens of 
the breed; but, by a vote of the executive committee, I was 

9 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


directed to dispose of the remaining Devons and the Swiss, 
and I accordingly sold the Devon cow and calf to Mr. E. 
O’Rourke of New Brighton, Pennsylvania, and had the Swiss 
and Devon bulls slaughtered. | 
The keeping of many breeds of animals adds materially to 
the expenses of the farm, as well as to the anxiety and care 
of the superintendent; at the same time, the opportunity of 
comparing and contrasting the merits and defects of the vari- 
ous breeds was so evidently esteemed, both by students and 
visitors, that it seems undesirable to dispense with a breed of 
_ fixed character and recognized value, except as a measure of 
necessary economy. ! 
SWINE. 


The College has now thirty-three swine, comprising repre- 
sentatives of three different breeds. 


The Chester Whites 


were obtained of the late Dr. Calvin Cutter, of Warren, a 
breeder of acknowledged skill and character, and for change 
of blood recourse has been had to the pens of Charles 
Parsons, of Conway, Mass., and a acuetee Guilbert, of Gwyn- 
edd, Penn. 

The Chester Whites possess good fous: contented disposi- 
tions, hearty appetites, vigorous digestions, robust constitu- | 
tions, extraordinary prolificacy and the temper and ability to 
bring up the largest litters handsomely. 

They will fatten as early as any other breed, or, if kept to 
maturity, they will attain to a very large size, and we can 
scarcely conceive of any more profitable or generally satisfac- 
tory breed for the farmers of this section. : 

The boar Marmion, referred to in my last report, was 
slaughtered March 11th, 1873, being then two years and eleven 
months old. He weighed alive 1,020 pounds, and yielded 500 
pounds of lard and 180 pounds of lean meat. He was per- 
fectly active and healthy, and, a few days before he was 
killed, walked cheerfully some fifty rods to be photographed 
by Mr. Lovell. An excellent portrait was obtained, which, 
together with his hide and skeleton, will furnish an interest- 
ing and valuable addition to the College museum of veteriaey 
science. 


74] SENATE—No. 50. 67 


The Berkshires 

are from the pens of Messrs. Hartshorn & Sons, of Boston, 
Tyler, of West Haven, and Chase, of Florence, and are excel- 
lent specimens of this very valuable breed. They do not 
grow to the size of the Chester Whites, but are somewhat firmer 
in bone, and, having been cultivated as a separate breed for a 
longer period, their distinctive properties are more marked 
and fixed. Their hair is fine and their ground-color black. 
The fashionable markings are four white feet, white throats, 
white tip of tail and white stripe in the face. It is claimed, 
and we think with justice, that the Berkshires give a greater 
proportion of lean to fat than any other breed. 


The Essex 
are from the pens of Mr. Fairlee, of New Jersey, and Mr. 
Chase, of Florence. They are black, almost destitute of hair, 
very fine boned, quick to mature, and furnish an excellent 
quality of meat, with a very small proportion of offal. 


SHEEP. 

In my last report, I referred to our need of a flock of 
sheep, and my hesitation to purchase suitable animals on 
account of the danger to which they would be subject from 
dogs, and I regret to say that this risk has in no way been 
lessened. 

Nevertheless, the necessity of a flock to illustrate this 
important branch of farm economy was so apparent, and the 
lack of it so evidently a surprise and disappointment to the 
farmers who visited the College that, with the approbation of 
the President, I have purchased five fine Cotswold ewes from 
the imported flocks of Messrs. D. I*. Appleton, of Ipswich, 
Mass., and R. W. Cameron, of Clifton, Staten Island, N. Y., 
and the latter gentleman has presented to the College a Cots- 
wold buck of extraordinary size and quality. 


PouLTRY. 
The poultry-houses are well supplied with first-rate speci- 
mens of Games, the nearest thoroughbred representatives of 
the original fowl. The Houdans and Gold-spangled Polands 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


represent the crested, non-sitting breeds; and the White and 
Partridge Cochins, the large Asiatics. 


The Games. 


For elegance of form, beauty of plumage, hardihood, cour- 
age and gallantry the Game-cock is unrivalled. The hen is a 
good layer, a good but not inveterate sitter, and a brave, careful 
and industrious mother. In this latter capacity she is often 
employed by the breeders of larg» fowls for exhibition. As 
table-poultry the Games. are in’erior to none, either as regards 
the flavor of their flesh or the proportion of meat to the bone. 
The Black-breasted Red and Duckwing Gray are the most gor- 
geous in color, and have the most clearly defined markings, 
and they are unsurpassed for elegance and courage. 


The Houdans and Golden Polands. 


These are very beautiful varieties of fowl. They seldom 
manifest a disposition to sit till they are three years old, but 
’ devote their energies to the produc‘ion of eggs with a perse- 
verance which has earned for them the title of everlasting 
_ layers. The Houdans are crested and bearded, color black, 
splashed or mottled with white. The Gold-spangled Polands 
have large crests but no beards; their eolor is a rich yellow 
ground, each feather ending with a large black half-moon or 
spangle. 


The Cochins. 


These are fine large fowls, often attaining the weight of 
twenty to twenty-five pounds the pair. In our experience, 
the production of eggs in winter depends less on the breed 
selected than on the conditions under which fowls are kept. 
Still, the fact that the ancestors of the so-cailed Asiatics were 
accustomed, at no distant day, to enjoy their midsummer in 
December is not without its weight in seconding the efforts of 
the poultry-keeper, and certainly the Brahmas and Cochins 
have an enviable reputation as winter layers. Their other 
valuable properties are rapid growth, large size, peaceable 


dispositions, hardiness, the ability to bear confinement and -— | 


excellence as sitters and mothers. 


/ 


1874,). SENATE—No. 50. 69 


Pigeons. — 

In the pigeon-loft are fine specimens of ten distinct breeds, 
besides as many sub-varieties. The beautiful Fantails, with 
swan-like carriage; the Pouters, whose peculiarity consists 
mainly in the size to which they can inflate their crops; 
the Carriers, with their flat heads and long, strong beaks, and 
the Tumblers, w.th head and beak aptly likened to an oat stuck 
in a cherry; the Jacobins, with colored body and cowl and 
white head and tail, and the Nuns with white bodies and 
hoods and colored heads and tails; the Turbets, with white 
breasts, and the Archangels with copper-colored ones; the 
trumpeters, with their singular musical coo, resembling the 
pouring of water from a bottle, and the beautiful starling 
Quakers, with their spangled breasts and white wing-bars 
instead of black, as in the Columba livia and most of its 
varieties. Their striking modifications of form, color, arrange- 
ment of feathers, action and voice admirably illustrate the 
plasticity of species, on which Darwin bases his ingenious 
hypothesis ; though a more careful study shows the far higher 
wisdom of the lamented Agassiz, confirms our belief in an om- 
niscient and omnipresent Creator, and saves us the humiliating 
necessity of confessing our descent from the monad via the ape. 

The fowls and pigeons have been healthy and, considering 
the unavoidable lack of privacy to which they have been sub- 
ject, productive and profitable. They have been entered at 
several exhibitions, including the Massachusetts and the New 
England Agricultural, and have received their full share of 
first and other premiums. They have also been objects of 
much interest to students and visitors, and besides serving to 
illustrate and corroborate settled doctrines with regard to 
animal physiology they have suggested ideas which, if con- 
firmed by further experience, will be of great practical value 
to the farmer and stock-breeder. 

_ Additional accommodations for keeping, breeding and 
experimenting have been supplied, so that the inconveniences 
_ alluded to are in a great measure remedied, and it is hoped 
that next year the poultry will make a still more ample return 
in money and instruction for the capital, labor and thought 
expended on them. 


° 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The Bronze Turkeys 


have bred and thriven satisfactorily, and, besides adding to 
the attractions of the farm, have made a good return for their 
feed and care.. | 
The Rouen Ducks tai 
have been prolific in eggs, but, for want of suitable accommo- 
dations, have failed to raise their young. With better Pror 
visions we hope for greater success next year. 


Tue TEeAams 


consist of six excellent farm-horses and five bulls. The 

practice of using the bulls in the place of oxen has continued 

to work satisfactorily, and it is now proposed to try the 

experiment of using them single in ne farm-wagon and tip 

cart. : 
HorsE—BREEDING. 

In my last report, I alluded to the expediency i he Col- 
rw owning a good stallion. After consultation with the 
president and such of the trustees as were specially interested 
in horse-raising, I made arrangements with Mr. Chenery, of 
Belmont, for the loan, with the option of purchase, of a 
Thoroughbred stallion colt of good size, fine figure, perfect 
temper and admirable trotting action, all of which properties 
he inherited from a long line of illustrious ancestry. Unfor- 
tunately his price was considered higher than, under present 
circumstances, the College could afford to pay, and he was 
returned to Mr. Chenery. None the less do I hear the piled 
tion from visitors, “ Where’s your stock-horse ?” ee 


STUDENTS. 


Keeping constantly in mind that one of the chief uses of the 
farm is to interest and instruct the students in the science and — 
practice of agriculture, I have diligently striven to enlist the 
sympathy and, as far as practicable, the assistance of these 
gentlemen in the various operations of the farm. I have been 
exceedingly gratified and encouraged to believe that my efforts 
have been appreciated. While the barn has been a favorite 
resort for the students in their leisure hours there have been 
no instances of malicious or wanton injury.to property, but, 


> aa SENATE—No. 50. 71 


on the contrary, many proofs of a manly and generous inter- 
est in the welfare of the stock, and in the success of every 
branch of farm economy. 

The amount of work performed by students has been lim- 
ited solely by my ability to furnish employment; indeed, for 
any work which could be conveniently performed during the» 
intervals of study I have had an embarrassing surplus of zeal- 
ous, faithful and efficient candidates. 

As I have stated in previous reports, the students cannot, 
on account of their scholastic engagements, be profitably em- 
ployed to drive the teams; and therefore four men are hired 
for this duty ; but the whole of the work about the barns, the 
milking, cutting roots and fodder, the cooking of food, feed- 
ing, cleaning, carding, sweeping, the training of bulls and 
colts and the attendance on animals during parturition and in 
sickness have, as heretofore, all been done by students. 

The work last described has mostly occupied the time 
before and after the regular college exercises. In addition 
to this, the classes, under the direction of Prof. Stockbridge, 
have done a very large amount of work in planting, cultivat- 
ing and harvesting the crops; in clearing the pastures of 
brush and bogs, preparatory to further improvement ; in put- 
ting up two hundred rods of post and board fence; in grub- 
bing up useless and unsightly trees; in extensive alterations 
and improvements in the horticultural department, and in 
otherwise adding to the value and beauty of the estate. 

They have also manifested their interest in the College by 
buying, digging and bringing home a large number of shrubs 
and trees from the nursery and from the woods and fields of 
the neighborhood. These they have set out in groves and 
avenues on the farm; and as evidence of their skill and care 
in transplanting, and their perseverance in tending and water- 
ing, it should be mentioned that, in spite of the unprecedented 
drought, not two per cent. of the whole number have died. 


SUMMARY. 


- In concluding my report, I submit the following review of 
the year’s operations :— | 
- By the aid of improved machinery, large crops have been 
raised and secured with the least possible expense of labor. 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Important experiments have been carried on in the cultiva- 
tion of land, the application of manures, and the growth of 
plants, and these, when completed and verified, com be duly 
reported. 

The stock has been generally healthy and prosperous, and 
though, on account of hereditary imperfection, several animals 
have been sacrificed at a mere fraction of their estimated value, 
the loss thus sustained is, at least in a measure, atoned for by 
the opportunities which these cases afforded to the students 
for study and observation, and by the increased character and 
value of the animals which are left. 

By this course, and by successful competition with breeders 
of established character, the reputation of the College flocks 
and herds has been enhanced, and the foundation of a success- 
ful career in stock-farming has been added to and strength- 
ened. 

The faculty and students have been enabled to study the 
characteristics and familiarize themselves with the history of 
animals of the various breeds, and material progress has been 
made in preparing the way for reliable and valuable experi- 
ments in stock-husbandry. 

Valuable contributions have been made to the veterinary 
museum of the College of portraits, hides and skeletons of 
eminent representative animals ; and the carcasses of animals, 
belonging to the neighboring farmers, which have died of ob- 
scure diseases, have been obtained for examination by the 
veterinary professor and the students. 

The improvement of the furm has been diligently and steadily 
pursued, and important steps have been taken in the process 
of beautifying the estate, and fitting it for the numerous offices 
in the collection and diffusion of pisligcce which it now is, 
or hereafter will be, required to fulfill. 

Visitors from all parts of the State and nation, besides many 
foreigners of distinction, have been welcomed and assisted in 
examining the farm; and I am greatly encouraged by the 
fact that several gentlemen who have been prominent in their 
opposition to the College, have confessed, after a thorough 
examination, that they had been misinformed and misled, and 
have expressed their unbounded satisfaction with the course 
pursued here, and their determination, henceforth, to do all 


a ses 


BTA) SENATE—No. 50. 73 


in their power to promote and sustain the prosperity and rep- 
utation of the College. 
_ I forward herewith a detailed statement of my receipts and 

expenditures. Doubtless, a larger return might lItave been 
obtained if present pecuniary profit were the only or supreme 
aim of the management, but it is submitted that in every de- 
partment of the farm the strictest economy has been practised, 
consistent with a proper ambition to do well and thoroughly 
whatever was undertaken, and, so far as possible, to make 
the various operations a means of furnishing practical instruc- 
tion and employment to the students. 

The following is a list of the thoroughbred stock belonging 

- to the College :— 


SHORTHORNS. 

Bull.Belvidere (11,364). Cows.—Yarico 57th, Belladonna, Peachbud 
8th, Aurora 4th, Emma 3d, Autumn Lily, Wistaria, Lilian, Bella Wilfer, 
Yucatan, Estella, Isabelle and Mabel. 

The pedigrees of all these animals are recorded in the Shorthorn Herd- 
book. 

AYRSHIRES. 

Bull.—Lord Ronald. Cows—Beauty (8), Tulip 4th (779), Hattie 
- Logan, Lulie (1,500), Rosa (1,780), Beauty (870), Emily 4th, Beauty 11th, 
Beauty 12th, Leilah, Little Em’ly, Beauty 13th, Beauty 14th. 

These animals have all perfect pedigrees, and are either recorded or 
will be recorded in the next volume of the Ayrshire Herd-book. 


JERSEYS. 


Bull.—Grand Duke (408). Cows.—Hattie (977), Lady Essex (1,059), 
Success (1,254). 
All recorded in American Jersey. Herd-book. 


BRITTANIES. 
Bull.—Merlin. Cow.—Pauline. 


DuTCcH OR HOLSTEIN. 


Bull.—4th Highland Chief (14). Cow.—Midwould (19). 
Recorded in Holstein Herd-book. 


SHEEP. 
1 Cotswold Ram. 5 Cotswold Ewes. 


SwINE. 
27 Chester Whites, 3 Berkshires, 3 Essex. 
10 


- 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 74. 


POULTRY. 


Games (4 varieties), 30; Cochins (Partridge and White), 20; Houdans, 
6; Gold-spangled Polands, 10; Bronze Turkeys, 14; Rouen Ducks, 2; 
Pigeons, 50, viz. : Carriers, Pouters, Tumblers (Baldpates, Beards, Splashed 
and Almond), Fantails, Jacobins, Nuns, Archangels, Turbits, Trumpeters, 
Quakers, Blue Rocks. 


MADAGASCAR RABBITS. 
Buck.—Steerforth. _Does.—Rosa Dartle, Peggotty. 


CATA T OG ee 


OF 


(jeustees, (Joerseers, Faculty antl Students 


L830, 38 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 


MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS. 


His EXcELLENcy WILLIAM B. WASHBURN. 

Cot. WILLIAM S. CLARK, President of College. 

Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL.D., Secretary of Board of Education. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 


MEMBERS BY ELECTION. 


Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, . : d ‘ . BOSTON. 
Hon. CHARLES G. DAVIS, . : : . .'2 PLYMOU TE: 
Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, . .. : : : . FAL RIVER. 
HENRY COLT, Esq., -. : ; : . : -, PITTSFIELD. | 
RrEvy. CHARLES C. SEWALL, . ; a Wee . MEDFIELD. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq., . . *.  .« CHICOPEE. 
Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE, . Symes : ; . HAMILTON. 
Hon. GEORGE MARSTON, . F : : : . NEw BEDFORD, 
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, : : : . GREENFIELD. 
Pror. HENRY L. WHITING, —. ‘ ‘ . CAMBRIDGE. 
HENRY F. HILLS, Esq., : 2 ; ‘ . AMHERST. 
Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM,. ; : ; : . GROTON. 
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esq., . 2 d d . UPTON. 
JOHN CUMMINGS, Esq., . ; : : : WOBURN. 


EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK. Dr. NATHAN DURFEE. 


Hon. JOSEPH WHITE. HENRY COLT, Esq. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq. 


SECRETARY. 
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, or Boston. 


AUDITOR. 
HENRY COLT, EsqQ., or PITTSFIELD. . 


TREASURER. } 
Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, or FALL RIVER. 


a 


Pia. SENATE—No. 50. 77 


ASSISTANT TREASURER. 
GEORGE MONTAGUE, EsqQ., or AMHERST. 


BOARD OF OVERSEERS. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS. 
Dr. H. P. WAKEFIELD. Hon. E. H. KELLOGG. 
Capt. J. B. MOORE. 


_MEMBERS OF FACULTY. 
WILLIAM 8S. CLARK, Px. D., 


President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 


Professor of Agriculture. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A.; 
Professor of Modern Languages. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


HENRY W. PARKER, M.<A., 
Professor of Mental, Moral and Social Science. 


SELIM H. PEABODY, M.A., 
Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. 


NOAH CRESSY, M. D., 


Professor of Veterinary Science. 


First Lizut. A. H. MERRILL, First Art.,:U:S.A., 


Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


A. S§. PACKARD, Jr., M.D. (STATE ENTOMOLOGIST), 


Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects. 


M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, JR., Esq., 


Lecturer on Rural Law. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S., 


Gardener and Assistant Professor of Horticulture. 


JOHN C. DILLON, FarM SUPERINTENDENT. 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


GRADUATES OF 1873.* 


Eldred, Frederick Cornelius, 
Leland, Walter Sherman, . 
Lyman, Asahel Hubert, 
Mills, George Westgate, 
Minor, John Bacon, . 
Penhallow, David Pearce, 
Renshaw, James Budden, . 
Simpson, Henry Bell, j 
Wakefield, A. B., Albert Tolman, 
Warner, Seth Smith, . ; 
Webb, James Henry, 
Wellington, Charles, . 
Wood, Frank Warren, 

Total, 


SENIOR CLASS. 


Alexander, Edward Percival, 
Babbitt, George Henry,,. 
Chandler, Edward Phelps, 
Curtis, Wolfred Fletcher, . 
Dickinson, Asa Williams, . 
Hitchcock, Daniel Green, . 
Hobbs, John Alden, . 

Libby, Edgar Howard, 

Phelps, Henry Lyman, 

Strain, William, ; ; : 
Woodman, Edward Eastman, . 
Zeller, Harrie McKeen, 


Total, 


JUNIOR CLASS. 


Andreae, George Christ, 
Barrett, Joseph Francis, 
Barri, John Atherton, 


. Sandwich. 


Sherborn. 
Westhampton. 
Medford. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Portsmouth, N. H. 
Richmond. 
Hudson, N. Y. 
Peoria, Ill. 
Florence. 

New Haven, Conn. 
Amherst. 

Grafton. 

Tee 


Greenville, Ill. 
Columbus, Ohio. 
Westborough. 
Westminster. 
Amherst. 
Warren. 

No. Hampton, N. H. 
Ashland. 
Southampton. 
Southwick. — 
Danvers. 
Hagerstown, Md. 


12. 


New York City. 
Barre. ~ 
Cambridgeport. 


* The annual report being made to the legislature in January necessarily includes parts of 
two academic years, and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been con- 


nected with the College during any portion of the year 1873. 


1874.] 


Bragg, Everett Burt, . 
Brooks, William Penn, 
Callender, Thomas Russell, 
Campbell, Frederick George, 
Chase, Edmund Taylor, 
Clark, Xenos Young, 

Clay, Jabez William, 
Dodge, George Rufus, 
Hague, Henry, . 
Harwood, Peter Mirick, 
Holmes, Harry Hawley, 
Jackson, Henry Stranahan, 
Kinsman, Willard Francis, 
Knapp, Walter Haydn, 
Lee, Lauren Kellogg, 
Merrill, James Cushing, 
Miles, George Melville, 
Otis, Harry Preston, . 
Parker, Francis Greenwood, 
Peabody, Cecil Hobart, 
Platt, William Davenport, 
Rice, Frank Henry, : 
Southwick, Andre Arnold, 
Winchester, John Frost, 

Total, 


SENATE—No. 50. 


19 


Amherst. 

South Scituate. 
Northfield. 

W. Westminster, Vt. 
Deerfield, N. H. 
Amherst, 
Westminster, Vt. 
Hamilton. 
Lonsdale, R. I. 
Barre. 
Greenwich, N. Y. 
Orange, N. J. 
Ipswich. 

Boston. 
Shrewsbury. 

St. Albans, Vt. 
Westminster. 
Northampton. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Amherst. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Barre. 

Mendon. 
Peabody. 

2h 


SOBHOMORE CLASS. 


Bagley, David Appleton, 
Chickering, Darius Otis, 

De Pew, Richard Mather, . 
Deuel, Charles Frederick, . 
Ellis, Edward Story, . 

Graves, Louis Bertrand, 

Guild, George William May, 
Hawley, Joseph Mather, 

Judd, Charles Adelbert, 
Kendall, Hiram, 

Ladd, Thomas Henry, 

Lawton, Charles Follen, 

Leach, Frank Hervey, : 
Mann, George Hewins, 

Martin, William Edson, ; 
McConnel, Charles Washington, 
McLeod, William Alexander, 
Naito, Saitaro, ; 

Sia Edward Herbert, 


Winchendon. 
Enfield. 

Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Sandwich. 

South Ashfield. 
New York City. 
Salem, N. Y. 
South Hadley Falls. 
Watertown. 
Watertown. 

New Bedford. 
Amherst. 

Sharon. 

Hadley. 
Lonsdale, R. I. 
Lonsdale, R. I. 
Chiyoshiu, Japan. 
Reading. 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Parker, George Lowell, 
Porter, William Henry, 
Rogers, Mulford Thacher, 
Root, Joseph Edward, 
Sears, John Milton, . 
Slade, Denison Rogers, 
Taft, Cyrus Appleton, 
Tucker, Fred. Herman, 
Urner, George Peter, 
Vaill, William Henry, 
Wetmore, Howard Graham, 
Williams, John Elgin, 
Total, 


FRESHMAN 


Ball, Gilman Kimball, 
Benson, David Henry, 
Clark, Atherton, 
Dickinson, Walter Maen, 
Goodrich, Wilbur Francis, 

~ Gunn, William Bradford, . 
Hibbard, Joseph Robinson, 
Howe, Waldo Vernon, 
Mills, James Kellogg, Jr., 
Moore, Frank Lester, 

Nye, George Everett, 
Paige, Harrie Cruse, . 
Palmer, Frank Waldo, 
Parker, Henry Fitch, 
Pixley, Martin Shaw, 
Porto, Raymundo, 

Smith, Frank Leland, 
Southmayd, John Edwards, 


Southworth, Charles Heyward, 


Urner, Frank Gordon, 
Wilson, Alvin Robert, 
Wayesugi, Tall Katuyoshi, 
Wyman, Joseph, 

Total, . 


[Jan. 


Dorchester. 
Hatfield. 
Watertown, 
Barre. 

Ashfield. 
Chestnut Hill. 
Whitinsville. 
Hardwick. 
Elizabeth, N. J. 
Enfield. 

New York City. 
South Amherst. 
ol. 


Holyoke. 
Bridgewater. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 

East Cambridge. 
Sunderland. 
Chester, Vt. 
Framingham. 
Springfield. 
Framingham. 
Sandwich. 
Tarrytown, N. Y. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 

West Hawley. 


. -Para, Brazil. 


Springfield, N. Y. 
Middletown, Conn, 


. Springfield. 
. - Elizabeth, N. J. 


South Hadley. 
Tokeio, Japan. 
Arlington. 

23. 


ier), SENATE—No. 50. 


SELECT CLASS. 


Barstow, William Hale, 
Benedict, John Mitchell, 
Blanchard, William wen 
Bond, Henry, 
Bunker, Madison, 
Carter, Walter Edward, 
Dix, James Quincy, . 
Frothingham, Thomas Ge diard, 
Gibbs, Charles Finney, 
Gillett, Edward, 
Jefts, Melvin Willard, 
Lyman, Henry, . . 
Mallory, West Allen, 
Mildeberger, Victor, . 
Montague, Arthur entineton, 
Mosc; George Frederick, 
Nakashima, Masanogio, 
Parker, George Amos, 
Perkins, William Henry, . 
Player, Harry Heyward, 
Potter, William Stiles, 
Preston, Edward George, . 
Reed, Fremont Sumner, 
Robinson, John Albert, 
Sanger, Frank Hyde, 
Spooner, Frank Adams, 
Smith, Frank Stockbridge, 
Smith, Thomas Edwin, 
Swift, Frank Munroe, 
West, Frank Howard, 
Zeller, William Melville, . 
- Total, 


RESIDENT 


Minor, B.S., John Bacon, . 
Wellington, B.S., Charles, 
Total, ; f 

i 


81 


Haverhill, N. H. 
Bethel, Conn. 
Putney, Vt. 

Ware. 

Nantucket. 
Boston. 

Boston. 

Boston. 

Thetford, Vt. 
Southwick. 
Ashby. 
Middlefield, Conn. 
Ogdensburg, Wis. 
New York City. 
South Hadley. 
Springfield. 
Chiyoshiu, Japan. 
Gardner. 


. Watertown. 


Nashville, Tenn. 
Lafayette, Ind. 
Elbridge, N. Y. 
South Weymouth, 
Brookline. 
Watertown. 
Barre. 
Springfield. 
Chesterfield. 
Yarmouth. 
Haverhill. 
Hagerstown, Md. 
31. 


GRADUATES. 


Hartford, Conn. 
Amherst. 
2. 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


SUMMARY. 

Graduates of 1878, ; j : , ; 13 
Resident graduates, . ; : ‘ . : : 2 
Seniors, . : ; : ; ; t , ; . 12 
Juniors, . ; ; : 27 
SOphomores) sj) : ; ; : ‘ : 31 
Freshmen, . : : : é : : ; 23 
Select, . : A ‘ ‘ ; : , : : 31 

Total, . : F : : : : ; aaa Be 


Catalogue of Past, Regular and Special Students of the College, with their 
present Occupations and Residences, so far as known. 


Adams, Frank E., Mechanic, Hadley. 
Alexander, Edward P., Clerk, office St. Louis & S. E. R. R. Co., St. Lowe Mo. 
Allen, B. S., Gideon H., Farmer, North Conway, N. H. 
Ames, William C. Pioemer, Conway. 
Andreae, George C., Clerk, New York City. 
Annable, Robert W., Civil Engineer, Portsmouth, N. H. 
* Ariail, Smith, Farmer, Stockbridge. 
Ashton, John, Student (deceased), Newton Centre. 
Avery, Frank A., Student, Commercial College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
Babbitt, George H., Cadet, Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. 
Baker, Fred. W.., Baker & Hamilton, Hardware, San Francisco, Cal. . 
Bancroft, John F., Farmer, Tyngsborough. 
Barber, Strong H, Farmer, Windsor, Ct. 
Bardwell, Daniel P., Farmer, Shelburne. 
Barker, Jr., Charles A., Farmer, Charlestown. 
Barreto, Fines Elen Bahia, Brazil. 
Barrows, Fletcher K., Dealer in Coal, Brattleboro’, Vt. 
Barrows, William, J cele Amherst. 
Bassett, B.S., Andrew L., Civil Engineer, Erie & Oil City R. R. 
Bayley, Jonathan, Mechanic, Northampton. 
Bell, B. S., Burleigh C., Druggist, Vallejo, Cal. 
Bell, George H., Farmer, Amherst. 
Birnie, B. S., Wallin P., Civil Engineer, Springfield. 
Blankenship, Edwin A., Shoe Manufactory, North Bridgewater. 
Bliss, Albert N., Po enet Des Moines, Iowa. 
Blood, Alonzo H., Principal High School, Walpole. 
Blunt, Charles E., Concord, N. H. 
Bowker, B.S., William H., Manufacturer of Fertilizers, Boston. 
Brainard, John W., Farmer, Palmer. 


an SENATE—No. 50. 83 


Brett, B. S., William F., Brigham & Brett, Dealers in Clothing, Fall River. 
Breck, Webster, Book- eee Newtonville. 

Briggs, Louis W., Planter, Plaquemine, La. 

Brown, Clarence E., Machinist, Florence. 

Bullard, M. D., William E., Physician, New York City. 

Capen, M. D., Thomas A., Physician, Fall River. 

Carruth, Herbert S., Clerk, Carruth & Sweetser, Boston. 

Carter, Herbert M., Book-keeper, Boston. 

Carter, Samuel M., Dairy Farmer, West Berlin. 

Casey, Michael F., Druggist, L. M. Shute, New York City. 

Caswell, B.S., Lilley B., Civil Engineer, Athol. 

Cary, William H., Civil iectermiees (deceased Jan 7, 1873). 
Chapman, Edward B., Merchant, New York City. 

Chase, Edmund T.., Far mer, Deerfield Centre, N. H. ; 

Childs, William F., Clerk, Canadian Bank of Commerce, Montreal, Can. 
Clark, Charles T., Clerk in Store, Sherborn. 

Clark, B. S., John W., Foreman, Nonantum Hill Nursery, Brighton. 
Clark, Lysander L., Farmer, Easthampton. 

Clark, Wallis O., Cadet, West Point, N. Y. 

Clark, William A., Student (deceased), Springfield. 

Clark, William J., Clerk, Sheet Metal Co., Salem, Ohio. 

Cleland, William F., Clerk in Store, Natick. 

Codina, Gabriel, Barcelona, Spain. 

Colby, Daniel J., Printer, Newburyport. 

Cole, Daniel P., Clerk, Morgan Envelope Co., Springfield. 

-Cook, Charles M., Merchant, Honolulu, H. I. 

Cook, Rufus L., Druggist, Hadley. ; 

Copp, Belton A., Clerk, Vermilye & Co., New York City 

Cowles, Elliot A., Farmer, Kellogg, Iowa. s 
Cowles, B.S., Frank C., Farmer, Amherst. 

Cowles, B.S., Homer L., Farmer, Hadley. 

Cowles, Walter D., Farmer, Amherst. 

Crocker, Jr., Loring, Clerk, Bray & Hayes, Boston. 

Cutter, B.S., John C., Medical Student, Hanover, N. H 

Damon, Edward, Merchant, Honolulu, H. I. 

Dean, Charles T., Columbus, Ga. 

Deland, Thomas J., Student (deceased Nov. 7, 1873), Boston. 

De Pew; Richard M., Clerk, Talcot & Post, Hartford, Ct. 

Dickinson, Asa W., Farmer, Amherst. 

Dix, James Q., Farmer, Boston. 

Doubleday, H. M., Chemist, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Doubleday, William H., Book-keeper, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Duncan, George A., Agent Boswell’s. Reflected Heater, Hartford, Ct. 
Dyer, B.S., Edward N., Teacher of High School, North Weymouth. 
Eastman, George H., Teacher, Storm Lake, Iowa. 

- Easterbrook, [Isaac H., Book-keeper, Hingham Centre. 

Eaton, Harry Ahpeetcha, Student, Santee Agency, Neb. 

Eldred, Fred. C., North British and Mercantile Insurance Co., New York: 
Ellis, Granville A., Clerk, Hayden, Gardenier & Co., Boston. 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Ellsworth, B.S., Emory A., Civil Engineer, Davis & Ellsworth, Holyoke, 
Ely, William J., Farmer, Freehold, N. J. 

Fisher, B.S., Jabez F., Lovell & Co., Engineers’ Supplies, Fitchburg. 
Fisk, Charles A., Clerk, Wason Car Manufacturing Co., Springfield. 
Fisk, B.S., Edward R., Salesman, Folwell & Brs., Philadelphia, Penn.. 
Flagg, B.S., Charles O., Farmer, Westminster. 

Flower, Archibald D., Clerk, Ashfield. 

French, John L, 

Frisbie, George D., Clerk, Burdick, Frisbie & Co., New York City. 
Frothingham, T. G., Book-keeper, Boston. 

Fuller, B.S., George E., Civil Engineer, Toledo, Ohio. 

Furness, George A., Clerk, Liv., London & Globe Ins. Co., New York City. 
Garrett, William E., Clerk, West Newton. 

Garrigues, 8. S., Ph. D., State Inspector of Salt, East Saginaw, Mich. 
Gibbs, Charles, Florist and Nurseryman, H. P. Closson, Thetford, Vt. 
Gillett, Edward, Trout-raising and Farming, Southwick. 

Graves, George G., Book-keeper, Amherst. 

Green, Frank B., Farmer, Amherst. 

Green, William H., House and Sign Painter, Maywood, Ill. 

Grover, B.S., Richard B., Book-keeper, Amherst. 

Gunn, Charles B., Civil Engineer, Denison, Texas. 

Hall, Frederick A. (deceased), Amherst. 

Hall, Lemuel W., Dealer in Meats, Lowell. 

Hardy, Edward E., Agent Norwich Worsted Co., Norwich, Ct. 
Harrington, Frank W., Mechanic, North Amherst. 

Hatch, Geor ge S., Student, Boston. 

Hawley, B.S., Frank W., Lumber Business, Springfield. 

Healey, George C., Farmer, Hampton Falls, N.H. 

Herrick, BsS., Fred. St. C., Farmer, Methuen. 

Heyl, B.S., Jacob, Sugar Refiner, Philadelphia, Penn. 

Hobbs, John A., Civil Engineer, North Hampton, N. H. 

Holmes, B.S., L. LeB., Law Student, New Bedford. 

Howe, Edward G., Farmer, Lansing. Ill. 

Howland, Charles M., Dry Goods, Worcester. 

Hubbard, Frank, Dentist, San Francisco, Cal. 

Jefts, Melvin W., Farmer, Ashby. 

Johns, Arthur C., Wholesale Grocer, St. Louis, Mo. 

Johns, Fred. D., Medical Student, St. Louis, Mo. 

Judd, Charles A., Farmer, South Hadley Falls. 

Judkins, Arthur M., Salesman, New England Carpet Co., Boston. 
Kelleher, David W., Clerk, Steamboat (deceased). 

Kimball, B.S., Francis E., Foreman, Cinn. Transfer Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
King, Albert, Groceries and Grain, Taunton. 

King, John E.; Mech. Engineer, New York City. 

Kingman, W. H., Hotel-keeper, Westfield, N. J. 

Kinsman, W. F., Civil Engineer, Charlestown. 

Lathrop, Joseph D., Farmer, Northampton. . 

Leach, Frank H., Printing Office, Amherst. 

Leland, B.S., Walter S., Law Student, Sherborn. . 


1874.) SENATE —No. 50. 85 


Leonard, B.S., George, Law Student, New Bedford. 

Lester, Frank H., Clerk, Preston, Keen & Co., Chicago, Ill. 
Livermore, B.S., R. W., Law Student, Yale Collere, New Haven, Ct. 
Lockey, J. M., Insurance Agent, Leominster. 

Luther, Gardner C., Farmer, Rehoboth. 

Lyman, Arthur W., Farmer, Southampton. 

Lyman, B.S., Asahel H., Medical Student, Manistee, Wis. 

Lyman, B.S., Robert W., Civil Engineer, Northampton. 

Lyman, William, Farmer, Middlefield, Conn. 

Lyon, William S., Wool-grower, Anaheim, Cal. 

Mackie, B.S., George, Medical Student, New Bedford. 

Mallory, West. A., Farmer, Ogdensburg, Wis. 

Maynard, B.S., Samuel T., Gardener, Mass. Ag. Coll., Amherst. 
Merrill, James C., Civil Engineer, St. Albans, Vt. 

Merrill, Nathaniel P., Farmer, Wilbraham. 

_ Merriam, Joel H., Clerk, Westminster. 

Millard, David K., Draughtsman, Northampton. 

Miller, Henry L., Dealer in Meats, Greenfield. 

Mills, B.S., George W., Student of Pharmacy, Medford. 

Mines, William W., Medical Student, Montreal, Canada. 

Minor, B.S., John B., Student of Chemistry, Mass. Ag. Coll., Amherst. 
Moody, George F., Bell-hanger, Springfield. 

Morey, B.S., Herbert E., Clerk, Morey & Smith, Boston. 

Morris, Frederick W., Bookseller, Springfield. 

Morse, B.S., James H., Civil Engineer, Salem. 

Nakashima, Masanojio, Agricultural Department, Japan. 

Nash, Arthur H., Farmer, Hadley. 

Nash, Edwin D., Brakeman, Vt. Central R. R., White River Junction, Vt. 
Nomura, Ichiskay, Agricultural Department, Japan. 

Norcross, B.S., Arthur D., Manufacturer of Straw Goods, Monson. 
Nichols, B.S., Lewis A., Civil Engineer, Danvers. 

Ober, Frederick A., Naturalist, St. Lucie, Brerara Co., Florida. 
Ould, Remus, Farmer, Baltimore, Md. 

Page, B.S., Joel B., Farmer, Conway. 

Parker, Francis G., Civil Engineer, Ariquipa, Peru. 

Peabody, B.S., William R., Clerk, R. R. Office, Lincoln, Neb. 
Penhallow, B.S., David P., Transitman, P. & D. R. R., Portsmouth, N. H. 
Penhallow, Charles L., Farmer, York, Maine. 

Perkins, William H., Clerk, Watertown. 

Phelps, John, Teacher, Milo, Ill. 

Player, Harry H., Business, Chicago, Tl. 

Post, Henry W., Medical Student, Burlington, Vt. 

Preston, Edward G., Farmer, Elbridge, N. Y. i 
Rankin, Austin A., Farmer, Pelham. 

Reed, Fremont S., Boot and Shoe Manufacturer, South Weymouth. 
Renshaw, B.S., James B., Farmer, Richmond. 

Richmond, B. S., S. H., Surveyor and Draughtsman, Fall River. 
Rotch, Caleb L., Theological Student, Boston University. 
Rowland, Clarence W., Farmer, Newton. 


86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Russell, B.S., William D., Chemist, Turner’s Falls. 

Salisbury, B.S., Frank B., Farmer, Sherborn. 

Sanderson, Charles F. (deceased), Petersham. 

Sanderson, Robert W., Clerk, Richards & Thayer, Holyoke. 

Sanger, Frank H., Clerk, Watertown. 

Sanger, Herbert C., Clerk, G. F. & W. H. Ordway, Boston. 

Shaw, B.S., Elliot D., Dealer in Grain, &c., Chicopee. 

Simpson, B.S., Henry B., Farmer, Centerville, Maryland. 

Slade, Denison R., Classical Student, Chestnut Hill. 

Slattery, William, Lawyer, Holyoke. 

Smead, B.S., Edwin, Farmer, Baltimore, Md. 

Smith, James M., Union Steam and Water Heating Apparatus, Westfield. 
Smith, Joseph B., Brick Manufacturer, Newburyport. 

Smith, William H., Smith & Co., Stafford Springs, Ct. 

Smith, William O., Sheriff, Koloa, H. 1. 

Snow, B.S., G. H., Farm Superintendent, North Andover. 

Snow, Laban, Clerk, Harwich Port. 

Somers, B.S., F. M., Editor ‘‘ Leavenworth Times,” Leavenworth, Kansas. 
Southwick, A. L., Farmer, Auburn. 

Sparrow, B.S., Lewis A., Manufacturer of Fertilizers, Boston. 

Spooner, Frank A., Insurance Office, Foster & Cole, Boston. 

Stearns, Richard S., Law Student, Boston University. 

Strain, Jr., William, Merchant, Southwick. | 
Strickland, B.S., George P., Machinist, South Newmarket, N. H. 

Swazey, Walter W., Dentist, Springfield. 

Swift, Frank M., Clerk, H. C. Thacher & Co., Boston. 

Swift, George A., Farmer, Charlestown. 

Taylor, Ralph I., Clerk, Wholesale Grocery, Oswego, N. Y. 

Thomas, George H., Farmer, Lebanon, Ct. © 

Thomas, John L., Clerk, M. S. Underwood, State Liquor Com., Boston. 
Thompson, B.S., E. E., Druggist, Whipple & Co., North Bridgewater. 
Thompson, B.S., 8. C., Civil Engineer, Boston Water Works, Natick. 
Towne, Frank A., Druggist, Culmer, Iowa. 

Tucker, Charles E., J. Tucker & Co., Boston. 

Tucker, B.S., George H., Civil Engineer, City Engineer, Corry, Penn. 
Tucker, Wilson M., Farmer, Monson. 

Vaill, William H., Mechanic, Worcester. 

Vose, Edwin F., Medical Student, Marion. 

Wakefield, A. B, B.S., A. T., Teacher, Univ. of E. Tenn., Knoxville, Tenn. 
Ware, B. S., Willard C., Farmer, Hamilton. 

Warner, B.S., Seth S., Civil Engineer, Florence. 

Warriner, Alfred A., Farmer, Warren. 

Watkis, James E., Farmer, Kinderhook, N. Y. 

Webb, B.S., Jas. H., Student, Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Ct. 
Weeks, Herman F., Student (deceased), Babylon, N. Y. 

Wellington, B.S., Chas., Student of Chemistry, Mass. Ag. Coll., Amherst. 
Wells, B.S., Henry, C. E., N. Y. Cent. & Huds. R. R. R., Rochester N. Y. 
Wheeler, Chas. A., Railroad Contractor, Milwaukee, Wis. 

Wheeler, B.S., William, Agricultural Engineer, Boston. 


iC SENATE—No. 50. 87 


Whitney, B.S., William C., Architect, with Carl Fehmer, Boston. 
Whitney, B.S., F. Le P., Farmer and Florist, Hingham Centre. 

Wills, John W., Clerk, Bray & Hayes, Boston. 

Wood, B.S., Frank W., Civil Engineer, Rochester, N.Y. 

Woolson, George C., Assist. Editor “ Hearth and Home,” New York City, 
Wright, Augustus H., Superintendent Lumber-yard, Geo. Curtis, Boston. 
Yamao, Tenetaro, Agricultural Department, Japan. 

Youchi, Geamon, Agricultural Department, Japan. 

Zeller, Bruce S., Farmer, Hagerstown, Md. 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. 


FRESHMAN YEAR. 


First Term.—Chemical Physics, 5 hours each week; Human Anatomy, 
Physiology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; English, 2 hours; 
Agriculture, 3 hours ; Declamation, 1 hour; Free-hand Drawing, 2 oa 
Military Drill, 4 hme Manual Labor, 6 haves: 

Second Term “Shewetnae Chemistry, 4 hours; Human Anatomy, Phys- 
iology and Hygiene, 8 hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; 
English, 2 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Free-hand Drawing, 2 hours; Mili- 
tary Drill, 4 hours. 

Third Term.—Organic and Practical Chemistry, 8 hours; Geometry, 
4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2 hours; Mili- 
_ tary Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 


‘SOPHOMORE YEAR. 


First Term.—Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, 8 hours each 
week; Analytical Geometry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Agriculture, 2 
hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 
hours. . 

Second Term.—Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7 hours; Trigonome- 
try, 5 hours; French, 4 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; Declamation, 1 
hour; Military Drill, 4 hours. 

Tq hard Term.—Zovlogy, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agriculture, 2 
hours ; English, 3 hours ; Deal ae nen, 1 hour; Drawing, 4 hours; Mili- 
tary Drill, 4 hours ; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 


JUNIOR YEAR. 
First Term.—German, 5 hours each week; Mechanics, 5 hours; En- 


tomology and Zodlogy, 3 hours; Market-gardening, 2 hours; Levelling 


and Drawing, 5 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 
Second Term.—German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Botany, 4 hours; 
Microscopy, 2 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1 hour; 
Military Drill, 4 hours. 
Third Term.—German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Botany, 4 hours; 
Topographical Surveying, 4 hours; Stock and Dairy Farming, 2 hours; 
Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 


SENIOR YEAR. 


First Term.—English Literature, 4 hours each week; Botany, 2 hours; 
Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Roads and Rail- 


——— 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 89 


roads, 5 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; Original Declamation, 1 hour; Mili- 
tary Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours. 

Second Term.—English Literature, 4 hours; Mental Science, 4 hours ; 
Arboriculture, 2 hours; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; 
Military Drill, 4 hours. 

Third Term.—Veterinary Science, 5 hours; Geology, 3 hours; Land- 
scape Gardening, 2 hours; Rural Law, 1 hour; Agricultural Review, 4 
hours; Military Drill, 4 hours. 


\ 


» 


CALENDAR FOR. 1874. 


The second term of the collegiate year begins January ist, and con- 
tinues till April Ist. 

The third term begins April 16th, and continues till July 15th. 

The first term begins August 27th, and continues till the Wednesday 
before Thanksgiving. 

There is an examination of candidates for admission to the College, at 
the Botanic Museum, at 9 a. M., Tuesday, July 14th, and also on Thursday, 
August 27th. 

The annual public examination and the Farnsworth Prize Declama- 
tions take place Monday, July 13th. 

The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell Prize 
for excellence in Agriculture, and the Address before the Literary Societies | 
take place on Tuesday, July 14th. The exercises of Graduation Day occur 
July 15th. 

There will be a reunion of the Pioneer Class of 1871, on Tuesday, 
July 14th, 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, in 
writing, upon the following subjects: English Grammar, Geography, 
Arithmetic, Algebra, through simple equations, and the History of the 
United States. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above and also in the 
studies gone over by the class to which they may desire admission. 

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of age, 
and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good character, 
from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for the prompt pay- 
ment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be paid in advance at 
the beginning of each term, and bills for board, fuel, &c., at the end of 
every term. ; 

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic 
Museum, at 9 o’clock, a. M., on Tuesday, July 14th, and on Thursday, 

12 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


August 27th; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any 
other time in the year. 

Further information may be obtained from President W. S. Clark, Am- 
herst, Mass. 


EXPENSES. 


Tuition, 2.07 ee nae oa Sey | Mpa eee are OE __-per term. 
Room-rent,  . : orn ike ; ‘ F 5 00 to 10°C0" = . 
Board, ; , 3 50 per week, 
Expenses of Ghenieat haborary t6 Stinants 
of Practical Chemistry, — . ‘ yO, 00 per term, 
Public and private damages, imolehne Ale ? 
of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured, at cost. 
Annual expenses, including books, . : - 300 00 to 350 00. 
REMARKS. 


The regular course of study occupies four years, and those who com- 
plete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science. 

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the graduates 
to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to translate 
German and French with facility. The scientific course is as thorough 
and practical as possible, and every science is taught with constant refer- 
ence to its application to agriculture and the wants of the farmer. 

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every branch 
of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachusetts, and is 
both theoretical and practical. Each topic is discussed thoroughly in the 
lecture-room, and again in the plant-house or field, where every student 
is obliged to labor. The amount of required work, however, is limited to 
six hours per week, in order that it may not interfere with study. Stu- 
dents are allowed to do additional. work, provided they maintain the nec- | 
essary rank as scholars. All labor is paid at the rate of ten to twenty 
cents per hour, according to its value. There is no provision for indigent 
students beyond the opportunity to do such work as may offer about the 
public and farm buildings, or in the field, and it is hardly possible to 
earn more than from $50 to $100 per annum, besides performing other 
duties. So far as is consistent with circumstances, students will be per- 
mitted to select such varieties of labor as they may for special reasons 
desire to engage in. 

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures with 
the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire special in- 
struction in chemistry, civil engineering, veterinary science, agriculture 


1874.] --« SENATE—No. 50. 91 


or horticulture may make private arrangements with the officers having 
charge of these departments. 

An expenditure of from $10 to $50 is necessary to provide furniture, 
‘which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or second-hand. 

On Sundays, students are expected to attend the chapel service and 
Bible class which are conducted by the Professor of Moral Science. 
While the Bible is made the basis of all religious instruction, everything 
of a denominational character is as far as practicable avoided. 

Students may, upon the written request of their parents or guardians, 
be excused from these exercises to attend services in one of the churches 
of the town. 


REGULATIONS. 


1. Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the purpose 
of absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating auy 
known regulation of the College. 

2. The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the bell for 
each exercise of the College by the officer in charge, unless a monitor be 
employed, and students who do not answer to their names shall be 
marked absent; provided that any student coming in after his name has 
been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardinesses shall be reckoned 
as one absence. 

3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by the 
officer in charge of the same; but permission to be absent from several 
exercises must be obtained from the general excusing officer or from the 
president. In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of 
excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is permitted, 
and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence from all exercises 
occurring within the time specified. 

4, Absence without permission obtained beforehand will not be ex- 
cused by any member of the faculty except on the presentation of a 
satisfactory excuse written upon the prescribed blank form. Excuses 
must be rendered to the officer in charge of the exercise from which the 
student was absent; except that when the absence may include two or 
more days, the excuse may be rendered to the president, whose approval 
shall be deemed sufficient for all absences specified within. 

Excuses must be rendered promptly ; no officer will be expected to re- 
ceive an excuse after one week has elapsed from the end of the absence, 
if there has been an opportunity for presentation. 

Excuses deemed satisfactory will be returned to the student with the 
indorsement of the approving officer. Excuses deemed insufficient will 
be retained and referred to the faculty for their decision. 

_ §. For every absence for which no excuse may be offered, or if offered 

shall be deemed insufficient by the faculty, the absentee shall be charged 
with a fine of one dollar upon the treasurer’s accounts, and no student 
may enter upon the duties of a term, or receive an honorable discharge, 


t 


92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. fia. 


certificate of attendance or diploma until all fines previously incurred are 
paid. 

6. Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all de- 
partments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be informed of the 
fact. When the number of such absences reaches eight, the parent or 
guardian of the student shall be notified of his delinquency; and when 
ten such delinquencies are justly recorded against any student his con- 
nection with the College may be terminated. 

7. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse from 
the regular examinations, to give up any study without permission from 


the president, or to remove from one room to another without authority — 


from the officer in charge of the dormitory buildings. 

8. The record of Teena scholarship and attendance will be care- 
fully kept, and whenever the average rank of a student for any term falls 
below fifty he will not be allowed to remain a member of the igs 
except by a special vote of the faculty. 

Admission to the College and promotion from class to class as wells as 
to graduation are granted only by vote of the faculty. 

9. Students are required to abstain from everything injurious to the 
buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects to be 
gentlemen. 

10. Students will not be excused from regular duty to engage in boat- 


ing. 
BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL HISTORY. 


The library of the College contains about 1,500 volumes. Among 
them are several valuable sets of cyclopedias, magazines and news- 
papers, reports of agricultural societies and State boards of agriculture 
and many standard works on agriculture and horticulture. There are 
many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany, surveying and 
drawing. The larger part of the books have been presented to the insti- 
tution by private individuals. 

The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books from 


the excellent library of Amherst College, which contains nearly 30,000 — 


volumes. 

The State cabinet of specimens illustrating the geology and natural 
history of Massachusetts has been removed from Boston to the College, 
and is of much value for purposes. of instruction. 

The Knowlton herbarium contains more than 10,000 species of named 
botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates. The botanic 


museum is supplied with many interesting and useful specimens of seeds, ° 


woods and fruit models. There is also a set of diagrams illustrating 
structural and systematic botany, including about 3,000 figures. 

About 1,000 species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the Durfee 
plant-house, affording much pleasure and information to students of both 
Colleges. | ; 


gi SENATE—No, 50. a: 


The very extensive, and in many respects, unsurpassed collections in 
geology, mineralogy, natural history and ethnology, belonging to Am- 
herst College, are accessible to members of the Agricultural College. 
The chemical, engineering and military departments of the Agricul- 
tural College, are well furnished. 

The armory contains two brass pieces of artillery, fifty sabres and one 
hundred and fifty breech-loading rifles. 


FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS. 


Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided a fund 
of $1,500, the income of which is to be used for the purchase of gold and 
silver medals, to be annually awarded under the direction of the College 
faculty for excellence in Declamation. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin, of Boston, has given the sum of $1,000 to estab- 
lish a fund for the endowment of a first prize of $50 and a second prize 
of $20, to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George 
B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to 
those two members of the graduating class who may pass the best oral 
and written examination in Theoretical and Practical Agriculture. 


PEABODY ENTOMOLOGICAL PRIZE. 


Prof. S. H. Peabody offers a prize of $20 for the best collection of insects 
made during the collegiate year ending July 15th, 1874. The collection 
must contain not less than 250 specimens, neatly mounted and error 
named, and found on the College estate. 


HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES. 


For the best herbarium, collected by a member of the class of 1875, a 
prize of $15 is offered, and for the second best a prize of $10; also a prize 
of $5 for the best collection of woods. 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 


JANUARY 1, 1874. we 


REAL ESTATE. 


College Farm and ae ; ; ; : t 5 . $37,500 00 
South College, . ; : ‘ ; ; ; , . 86,000 00 
- North College, . : , : : : : 5 canis . 86,000 00 
College Hall, . ; ; : ; 4 Q : , . 80,000 00 
South Boarding-house, . : : : 2 : ‘ . 8,000 00 
North Boarding-house, . ; ; : ‘ ‘ : ‘ 8,000 00 
Durfee Plant-house, . : : ¢ : i i ; . 12,000 00 
Botanic Museum, . , ; : , j ; , ; 5,000 00 
South Barn, . : j : A : : is . 14,500 00 
Farm-house, . 4 ; 4,000 00 
Four Dwellings and Bees pur Mati hh Hee Satie: ; : 9,000 00 
Total Real Estate, . § : . __ « $200,000 00 


FARM STATEMENT. 


Value of Live-stock, : : : : : : . $10,650 00 
Vehicles and TplseHe : : : ‘ ‘ 2,634 00 

Produce on hand, . ; ; : ; é ‘ 5,246 00 

$18,530 00 


Total credits of Farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1, 
1873, credit for labor performed in grading, &c., and re- 
ceipts from sales of live-stock and produce, ; : . $24,649 65 


Total debits of Farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1, - 
1873, and all expenditures for live-stock, labor, implements, ! 
repairs, seeds, fertilizers, &c., . biel ale 5 : . $24,517 86 


1874.] SENATE—No. 50. 95 


FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE, 


IN CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER. 


The total amount received from the sale of 360,000 acres of 
land, given to Massachusetts for the endowment of one or 
more colleges for the promotion of education in agriculture 


and the Ee hanic arts, was . : : . $236,307 40 
Of this amount, in accordance with the thet of amar ess, was 
expended forafarm, . : ; A : ; : . 29,778 40 


The sum of $208,464.65, which was received for ;% of the land-scrip was 
constituted, in 1863, a perpetual fund for the promotion of education in 
agriculture and the mechanic arts. In 1871, this fund was increased by 
the legislature to $350,000. 


The investments of this fund, made by the State treasurer, are as fol- 
lows :— 


United States bonds, . 5-20’s, interest 6 per cent., gold, . $50,500 00 


s ae . 10-40’s, mene a < . 30,000 00 
Massachusetts ‘“ oper cent.,cold, . : : . 24,000 00 
ee eee < 5% currency, .°. : : 3,000 00 

City of Salem “ Ee ae is ; : . 90,000 00 
Seolynn- “ G2" ee : ; . 25,000 00 
Town of Milford pi aie. on.« ne ; : . 14,200 00 
“ Plymouth note, 6 “ - , ; : 6,724 65 
Peerichtion * -6).“  . ; ‘ : . 10,000 00 

“ West Roxbury note, 7 per et, ; : : . 80,000 00 
County of Hampden Cot yt. 3 ' » 60,000 00 
Cash in Treasury, . ; ‘ ; ; : : ; : L57S' 35 
Total Fund, . ; ; 5 ; ; : . $350,000 00 
Annual Income of Fund at 6 per cent., . ; d 2 - $21,000 00 


Two-thirds of this income is by law paid to the treasurer of the Col- 
lege, and one-third to the treasurer of the Institute of Technology. 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Income of College from Endowment Fund, . ; a . $14,000 00 
By the conditions of the gift, none of the income of the fund 

derived from the sale of land-scrip can be used for the 

erection or repair of buildings. 
The Hills Fund of $10,000, for the maintenance of the Botanic 

Garden, is in charge of the College treasurer, and at pres- 

ent yields an income of : . or taris : : ; 500 00 


Total Income from Funds, 5 : : ; ‘ . $14,500 00 
To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent, 


amounting to $100 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the 
sale of the products of the farm and garden. 


i 


SENATE—No. 50. 


‘“oppny ‘LTOO AUNGDH . 


*saoqonoa Jadoid oy} Aq poturdurooov pur poyeys A[J091100 W9q} PUY PU sJUNOVON S.oMsvOL] OY} PoUlUIeXS BAVY J 


‘wainspesT, “TAAHAd NVHLVN 
‘peqqiarqns AT[nNyoodsayy 


86 86c Irs 86 86eIt$ 

a PN SAG OE, 

90 ¢L8°S j ; . * ‘eourleg ‘TE ‘00 

9L IZg : : ‘JuNODDB 4Soa.1oqUT 

G¢ Src | °°  — * “Qunoooe WIR T | 60 OSes ‘atquded sig wo. 

CL VLE : *  “qunoooe [vorueyog | 6¢ O8¢ : ; ' “TouopIVy Wo 

6L GIS'G ; * “qunoooe [Iq We, | | 69 LOOT ; * “Quopuszuttodng weg WLOAJ 

06 ¢9F'9 : : sunooow qU9.SUTYUOD - TE G6S'6 phn ar aie ; ‘sqmepnyg woay sydra007y 

EL GéL ; } : ‘pun SIH sesuodxy 16 G86 FT | * ‘‘puny quouLMopu o7vqg 

68 186 F : ‘ } * ‘syuepnyg Jo prrog 00 00g ’ : ' ‘puny Ss[[I{ euoouy 

68 OFS6TS | ° ; : : : ‘sone yeg OL 86 G1g'ss | ° ; ; ‘souvleg OJ, 
| "8281 


a “MOANS DIA T, Mciome: tel § NVHLVN YRM JUNOID UL ANATION TWHOLTOOMOY SLLASOHOVSSV]T 


sdien ee 
"S281 


“aq 


13 


SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 


For the Year 1873, 
TAKEN AT AMHERST, MASS., 


By Professor EH. S. SNELL, LL.D., of Amherst College. 


Latitude 42° 22'17'’. Longitude 72° 34’ 30’’. Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet. 


74. 


[Jan. ’ 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


100 


ze | ¢% | oor 
92 | 68 | oor 
1 | ¢¢ } 26 
2. | 83. | 96 
| $e | 66 
91°} 98 | 66 
co, | sz | 86 
e9 | Ie | 66 
79 | o% | 96 
0 | Te | 16 
69 | ce | g6 
on. 1 TF | ¢6 
12 | €8 | OOL 
B “" : 
“"NOILVUA.LVS JO 
NOLLOVUA 
x0 XLIGIWAH 
TAILVIAY 


“SHHONT NJ 
‘TOdVA 
JO ATASSATd 
YO AOUOA 


STL°6S 


61862 
LE9°63 
PPL 6S 
61°63 
L6L°6Z 
9G1°62 


V69 66 
GGL6G 
LE9°6Z 
669 °66 
879°66 
T81°63 


"UBT 


609°86 


L¥6°8Z 
60S°8Z 
16°62 
018°62 
G2s"6z 
Z6P6z 
182°62 
R6L"62 
G82"62 
Gh9'8z 
9£0°6Z 
G82"6G 


WwW 


me 


“UNUM 


98P°0E 


9€7°0E 
TLS°08 
66608 
SLI0E 
LL0°08 
160°08 
6LL0& 
ScL08 
186°6Z 
1ze'08 
SL1°08 
L88°0€ 


‘WINUIIXV JL 


“INIOd DONIZAAYA OL 


Ga0NGaAY LHOIGTH WALAWOUVA 


‘SZ8T YOU SNOLLVAUASIO IVOIDNOIONOALAW AO AUVIN 


WALAWOUVA 


hai eo eer | -09 6F 
1% ¥ 9 6P ¥9 
91 cI IT | 8¢ vs 
ST 8% cl | oF 68 
¢ & 83 | SP 
1Z G tL | OF TS 
7 6G 12 | 9F 9F 
9 gg 02 | TP 8% 
tI Ze Bi=| Pr 6F 
& IT 6 Lg 1g 
€1 0G IL | 9¢ 5 
8 ial 8 OL SP 
& 61 9 ZS 9¢ 
= = ele & 
*TOMOT 8 
aNV FAIL AO “INGO dod fag 
“SCNIM ‘SaNoTD 


G°L9 LE6TY 19°SP | 0°CS-| F'S6 


0°6L 808° €6'63 | OL 
GL 609°E 89°62 | S°9 


LSE"9 66°67 | OL 


Gon ¢e°09 | a9 


897° LO°L9 | L'6P | 2°98 


- 1Z6'S Of'TL | L°9¢ | 7°26 
- Z69'T 8°29 | 9°0S | 0°06 
~ 016'g 8c'F¢S | 068 | 0°28 
= SELL Sz'eh | see | 7°99 
09 OLI'S F9'0S | SL | SEF 
O'LT PLLT 00°FZ | ¢'Z- | O'S 
O'S e10°¢ 9¢°0Z | 0'SZ-| SBF 
ees Sie Se et 
Boe ee Bell eee 
eo ones - B 5 
One ear sy & = = 

-h = n = B is} 

n ic) = = 2 

= > ao 

Z |? =o ‘alv Nado 

: es AHL NI 

MONS ANY Nivu || VALAWONUAHL 


‘"avak 


‘1equ100eq, 
. {LAQUIBAO NT 
19.0109 
‘1equteydeg 
Qnsny 

> ‘syne. 

* Sune 

: ‘Ken 

* qndy 
*Goleyy 
‘Aren1g 9,7 


‘Krenwe 


‘SHINOW 


a 


WOS 


Tin Qe 
ry ry 


Poy a ae 


& 
3 
= 


Ad 


(= Flin. 


0 00 
3 0112 111895550