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Massachusetts Agricultural 


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JANUARY, i388. 


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CATALOGUE 


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MASSACHUSETTS AGRIGULTURAL COLLEGE 


JANUARY, 1885. 


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Commontuealth of Massachusetts. 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, 
Boston, Jan. 20, 1885. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives : 

I herewith transmit to you in writing the twenty-second 
annual report and catalogue of the Massachusetts Agricul- 
tural College, and respectfully invite your consideration of 


the same. 
GEO. D. ROBINSON, 


Governor. 


Ocho 


Commontoealth of Massachusetts. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 18, 1885. 


To His Excellency Gro. D. ROBINSON: 


Str, —I have the honor herewith to present to your Ex- 
cellency and the Honorable Council the Twenty-second 
Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agri- 


cultural College. 
I am, sir, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


JAMES C. GREENOUGH, 
President. 


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CONTENTS. 


actical Agriculture, . .— 


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PAGE 


ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council : 


The last year has been, in many ways, a successful year to 
the college. The standard of scholarship has been raised, 
the course of study has been extended, buildings and 
grounds have been improved, new buildings have been 
erected, an excellent class of young men has been in 
attendance, and good health, good cheer and a determina- 
tion to accomplish good results, have characterized those in 
charge of the practical work of the several departments, the 
students and the faculty. 


BUILDINGS. 


The appropriation of $6,000, made by the last legislature 
for the repair and improvement of North College and 
‘¢ other buildings of the college,” was very timely, and, under 
the direction of the building committee of the trustees, O. | 
B. Hadwen, Esq., of Worcester, J. H. Demond, Esq., of 
Northampton, President Greenough, and Hon. Daniel 
Needham of Groton, the money has been carefully ex- 
pended. Throughout the first three stories, with the 
exception of two rooms previously repaired,—one occu- 
pied by the Christian Union, the other by one of the literary 
societies of the college, —the entire wood-work has been 
' removed, and new wood-work substituted. This, well 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


finished and covered with oil and shellac, has a very neat 
and cheerful appearance. In the fourth story, the rooms 
were most thoroughly repaired and painted, with the excep- 
tion of three rooms previously fitted up. New floors have 
been put down throughout the building wherever needed. 
Twelve new windows have been added, thus securing ample 
light to all the rooms in the first three stories. The ‘onaal 
treatment of the roof rendered it impracticable to add win- 
dows to the inner rooms of the upper story ; but the posi- 
tion of these rooms makes additional light less needful than 
for those in the lower stories. ‘Two rooms on the first floor 
of this building have been arranged for the present as library 
rooms. The roof of the boarding-hall has been shingled 
and the rear annex covered with tin. The dining-room has 
been reconstructed, and other improvements have been 
made in the building and in the drainage. We have also 
provided a much needed barn for the botanic department. 
The appropriation made to complete the house to be occu- 
pied by the president has been expended for that purpose, 
and the house is now occupied by him. 

The library and chapel building, for the erection of which — 
twenty-five thousand dollars was appropriated, is im a fair 
way to be completed on or before the first of July next. 
The walls are for the most part finished, and the roof is being 
put on. To make provision for what is required in this 
building, and to build of stone or brick according to the act 
making the appropriation, and still to keep within the limits — 
of the appropriation, we have found a difficult task. After 
several meetings of the building committee, the architect 
and contractors, a contract for the erection of the build-— 
ing was made with John Beston of Amherst, a builder of 
large experience and excellent reputation. Stephen C. 
Earle, of Worcester, is the architect. While we expect to 
be able to put up the main part of the building and complete 
it, within the appropriation, we find ourselves obliged to 
omit most of the tower. With our present means we shall 
be compelled to finish the tower with a roof’ after it reaches 
a sufficient height to form an entrance. The group of col- — 
lege buildings, as well as this building, requires this tower. 
No one visiting the grounds will be satisfied with this library 


\ 


1885.] - HOUSE—No. 17. iB 


and chapel building in the imperfect state in which we are 
now obliged to leave it. The design of the architect should 
be carried out, that we may have a place for the college bell 
and for the collegé clock. The evident determination of one 
of the classes now in college to provide an excellent clock, 
if the tower is now built, and the fact that the building can 
now be perfected at less expense than hereafter, are impor- 
tant arguments for finishing the building as designed. We 
could not make the building smaller and have it suffice for 
the purposes intended ; hence our effort to keep within the 
appropriation and secure the rooms needed, though unable 
to perfect the building. An appropriation will be needed at 
an early day to furnish this building, and to do what is need- 
ful to perfect the building according to its plan. As soon 
as it is furnished with shelving and cases, our library and 
our more valuable geological and other specimens will be 
transferred to:it. This building is of granite, from the Pel- 
ham quarry, belonging to the college. On the sixth of last 
November the corner-stone was laid. His Excellency Gov. 
Robinson, ex-officio President of the Board of Trustees, 
being unable to fulfil his intention to be present, Hon. J. S. 
Grinnell, of Greenfield, presided. The reasons for erecting» 
the building were briefly outlined by President Greenough. 
He referred to the action of the alumni at their annual meet- 
ing in 1883, when measures were taken to provide a better 
library for the college, —to the request of the Board of 
Control for the use of the present chapel-room for a labora- 
tory for the Massachusetts Experiment Station, — and to the 
evident needs of the college for all that is to be secured in 
the building. 

Herbert Myrick, of Springfield, of the class of ’82, spoke 
in behalf of the library committee of the alumni. Ex-Pres- 
ident Stockbridge spoke of the progress and the aims of the 
college. Arthur A. Brigham, of the class of ’78, and S. C. 
Damon, of the class of ’82, also made pertinent addresses 
respecting the value and the prospects of the college. O. 
B. Hadwen, Esq., of Worcester, gave a detailed account of 
the plan of the building. Hon. C. L. Flint, of Boston, fora 
time president of the college, outlined its early history. 
The closing exercises were the singing of an original hymn 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


by the audience, led by the college choir, prayer by the Rev. 
Samuel Snelling, rector of Grace Church in Amherst, the 
putting of the corner-stone in place by the presidents of the 
several classes now in college, and the benediction by the 
rector. 


THE FARM. 


John W. Clark, Farm Superintendent and Instructor in 
Agriculture, resigned April 1, to accept a position in a 
neighboring State. We cherish an esteem for him as a man, 
and shall remember his efforts to promote the welfare of the 
college. Since April 1, the President has been acting super- 
intendent. Mr. David A. Wright has the farm in his imme- 
diate charge, and to his faithful work and direction the 
successful management of the farm is largely due. The work 
on the farm has been done in good season, and well done. 
In addition to the usual work for the season, the fitting and 
seeding of the thirty acres of pasture land has been com- 
pleted. This land is our best pasturage —25 acres have 
been seeded to mowing, and now promise a large yield of 
grass for another year. Most of the land to be planted next 
year is ploughed and some of it is manured. 

The approximate list of crops harvested is as allan 
70 tons of hay, 740 bushels of shelled corn, 142 bushels of 
wheat and oats, 35 tons of beets, 500 bushels of carrots, 
1,500 bushels of turnips, and 300 bushels of potatoes. 

The results of good farming are two: increase of profitable 
crops, and improvement of the soil. The land of the col- 
lege farm should be rendered more productive. Unless the 
New England farmer tills thoroughly and keeps his land in a 
highly productive condition, he cannot successfully compete, 
at present prices for labor, with the new lands ofthe West. To 
bring the tillage and mowing of the college farm to a high 
state of fertility will require large expense if done in one 
year, but it may be gradually accomplished by rotation of 
crops, and by saving carefully and applying skilfully fertil- 
izing material. | 

So far as the farm is used for instruction it cannot be 
expected to yield pecuniary profit. 3 


1885.] +. -HOUSE— No. “17. - 13 


COURSE OF STUDY. 


The general plan and object of the course of study were 
fully explained in our report of last year. From the four 
years’ course at this college, Greek is excluded. Provision 
is made for the teaching of Latin one year. Thus a larger 
proportion of the four years than can be given in the regular 
course of the older colleges, is given to the study of the 
English language, the modern languages, and the natural 
sciences. In this college, as in the older colleges, the upper 
classes give due attention to those studies that lead one to a 
knowledge of himself and of his relations to his fellow-men 
and to God. Mental philosophy, political economy, history, 
civil polity, with special reference to our own government, and 
moral philosophy, are now an important part of the course. 
The act in accordance with which the college was founded, 
requires the ‘‘ support and maintenance” of a ‘college 
where the leading object shall be, without excluding scien- 
tific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to 
teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture 
and the mechanic arts in such manner as the legislatures of 
the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote 
the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in 
the several pursuits and professions of life.” Hence,in this 
college the sciences are to be taught in their relations to 
agriculture and in their applications to the mechanic arts. 
Military tactics, in accordance with the act founding the 
college, are also taught by a military officer, who is a gradu- 
ate of West Point, and who, for the purpose of teaching, is 
detailed from the army of the United States. While the 
course thus tends to develop physical, intellectual and moral 
manhood, it has special relations to agriculture, furnishing 
special opportunities to those who wish to engage in horti- 
culture, or in other departments of field work. There is 
no other institution in New England furnishing equal oppor- 
tunities for practical instruction in the several departments of 
field and hot-house work. 

A plain, substantial, but inexpensive building is needed 
for the agricultural department. This should be conveniently 
arranged for purposes of instruction, and with ample means 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - [Jan. 


of illustrating what is taught. There should be gathered 
under its roof a museum of agricultural implements and of 
agricultural products. Some of the graduates of the college 
are now making collections for such a museum. 

While, as custodians of property belonging to the State, 
we feel bound to keep the buildings of the college in good 
condition as far’as our funds will permit; and while we are 
aware that the new buildings and the improvements in other 
buildings must contribute to the efficiency of the college, we 
recognize clearly that buildings are but one means of suc- 
cess, and that a more important means are the appliances for 
teaching put into the buildings. Hence when the new build- 
ing is completed and the class-rooms are permanently 
assigned to the several departments, we propose to provide 
additional means of instruction. There should be a con- 
siderable outlay for additional apparatus in the Department 
of Physics. The practical work of the college requires 
much objective teaching. Such teaching is impossible with- 
out suitable apparatus. Long ago there should have been at 
this college an agricultural library, superior to any other 
within the limits of the State. The value of such a library ~ 
to the students of the college and to all who wish to investi- 
gate agricultural and related scientific subjects is evident, and 
we confidently expect that when our new library building is 
finished the donations of books and of money for the pur- 
chase of books will be largely increased. 


ATTENDANCE. 


Though there has been during the year a decided advance 
in the scholarship required to maintain one’s standing in the 
several classes, the number of students in attendance at the 
College has not diminished. If one considers the intellect-— 
ual power, the habits of study, and the character of the 
students now in the College, he must have no little satisfac- 
tion in its condition. When the present attendance is in- 
creased from 30 to 40 per cent. we shall have as many 
students-as our present arrangements will justify. A greater 
number cannot be well accommodated, and if they could, a 
large increase of teaching force would be required, owing 
to the division of classes. Both economy and thorough in- 


{ 


1885.] HOUSE —No. 17. 15 


struction require that our numbers shall not exceed the 
limits indicated. At the beginning of the present college 
year thirty were admitted to the Freshman class. Twenty- 
six of these received scholarships, in accordance with the 
resolve passed by the legislature of 1883. The members of 
the Senate of our State have shown commendable faithful- 
ness in giving notice in their several districts and in arrang- 
ing for examination of candidates. The State College meets 
the wants of those who desire a more thorough scientific and 
practical training than can be obtained at most of our higher 
institutions. Such students are usually obliged to make 
their own way in the world, and are compelled to practice 
rigid economy. The expenses of the course though very 
moderate as compared with many other colleges, are beyond 
the means of a large proportion of those in whose interest 
the college was Saiatilighed. Whatever can be reasonably 
done to i ieaisiish the expenses of the course, the Trustees 
are disposed to do. Arrangements are made to employ 
students at such times as will not interfere with their studies, 
so far as circumstances will allow. With the co-operation ot 
Mr. Wright, the farmer, and his wife, some of the students 
have formed a club and furnished themselves with good 
board for about $2.50 per week. I believe the State of 
Massachusetts, that in the past has done so much by direct 
gifts to other colleges and private institutions within the 
State to extend their usefulness, will not be slow to open 
the way to that increasing class of workingmen’s sons who 
desire to avail themselves of the advantages of the State 
College, but who have not the means so to do. 


IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF THE COLLEGE. 


1. In the earlier part of this report we have noticed the 
condition of the Library and Chapel Building, and the 
course pursued by the Building Committee in its erection. 
An appropriation is now needed to put in heating apparatus, 
to furnish the library and reading-room, to provide cases for 
the State collections now in the care of the College, and 
to do what additional’ work may be necessary to complete 
the building according to its design. 

2. The chemical laboratory building has been in almost 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. » 6 fea. 


constant use for many years, both in term time and vacation. 
The floor of the laboratory is worn out, and other floors and 
walls require extensive repairs. The building in its interior 
needs a thorough renovating, and changes should be made 
that will better secure light and ventilation. It should be 
rendered more serviceable to the classes in chemistry. The 
appropriation for the erection of the Library and Chapel 
Building was made last year with the understanding that a 
part of the chemical laboratory building would be surren- 
dered to the Experiment Station for its exclusive use as a 
laboratory. To make the changes needed, and to fit up this 
laboratory, it has been estimated that $2,000 will be suffi- 
cient, but there are reasonable doubts whether this amount 
will prove sufficient. 


GIFTS. | : 

At the time of the laying of the corner-stone of the 
Library and Chapel Building a letter was read by Prof. 
Goodell, received from J. C. Cutter of the Class of 72, now 
Professor of Physiology, and Comparative Anatomy, Impe- 
rial College of Agriculture, Sapporo, Japan, announcing 
a gift of one hundred dollars in gold, to be expended in the | 
purchase of recent scientific works for our library. C. 5S. 
Plumb, Assistant ‘Director in the Experiment Station of 
New York, of the Class of 782, has sent us gifts of agricul- 
tural products for our museum. Books have been received 
from George Tolman, Esq., of Boston. We wish to ex- 
press our thanks to the above named gentlemen, and to 
others who have aided us by gifts. 


1885.] HOUSE — No. 17. 17 


DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL AGRI- 
CULTURE. 


President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. 

Sir : — The following report on the course of instruction 
in Practical Agriculture for the year 1884 is respectfully sub- 
mitted : 

Twenty-two of the Freshmen of last year, twenty of the 
present Sophomores and all of the Juniors and Seniors have 
taken the course in agriculture. The general plan of instruc- 
tion in this department, as given in outline in my report of 
last year, has been followed in the class-room, so that all of 
the classes in agriculture are now in their regular place in 
the course. 

From the interest manifested by the students in the sev- 
eral topics presented, the course of instruction for the year 
has been, on the whole, satisfactory, notwithstanding the 
serious disadvantages arising from the want of suitable facili- 
ties for illustration. 

During the past term the senior class have had a course of 
lectures on biology in its relations to agriculture, illustrated 
by work and experiments with culture apparatus and _ the. 
microscope, performed by the students themselves, which 
has not only served to train them in exact methods of inves- 
tigation, but enabled them to make actual demonstrations of 
the practical applications of the principles taught. : 

The rapid development of biological science within the 
past few years, and the many direct applications of the latest 
discoveries in almost every department of practical agricul- 
ture seem to indicate that the course of instruction may be 
profitably extended in this direction. 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


It has been said that, ‘‘ there is perhaps no department of 
science which so nearly concerns the wealth and well-being of 
the community,” and it is safe to add that it is of paramount 
importance to the farmer from the fact that a large propor- 
tion of the problems of pecuniary interest, in the applications 
of science to practical agriculture, can only be solved by 
lines of inquiry in this newly developed science. 

Satisfactory class work in this department can only be 
made with the aid of microscopes and other apparatus of the 
most perfect construction, and especially adapted to the pur- 
pose, and these are of course expensive. 

An expenditure of from one thousand to fifteen hundred 
dollars can profitably be made, both in the interest of the 
students and the college, in providing the necessary appara- 
tus for class instruction in this department. 

In my report of last year, a suitable class-room, a rales 
room and an agricultural museum, were mentioned as among 
the most pressing wants of the department, and my experi- 
ence in teaching the past year prompts me to give still greater 
emphasis to. hace defects in the means of instruction. 

The present class-room for agriculture is the one not 
occupied at the time for other purposes, and I have given 
lectures in six different rooms within the year, without any 
opportunity for the use of diagrams or other essential means 
of illustration, as they would interfere with the legitimate use 
of the rooms by the department to which they were assigned. 

If the Massachusetts Agricultural College is to occupy a 
leading position among the industrial colleges of the country, 
provision must be made to place agriculture on an equal 
footing, at least, with other rimentes in facilities for in- 
struction and means of illustration. 


MANLY MILES. 


1885.] HOUSE —No. 17. cong 


BOTANIC DEPARTMENT. 


President J. C. GREENOUGH. 


Sir : —I have the honor to submit the following report as 
to the condition of the Botanic Department. The instruction 
in the class-room and the field in this department has been 
given in accordance with the college curriculum. The change 
in the course of study, bringing the subjects of botany and 
horticulture into the summer and fall, is a step in the right 
direction, making the work much more interesting and easier 
for both student and teacher. 

The students have shown unusual interest in their work, 
which has been especially manifest in the very fine herbaria 
completed at the close of the fall term. 

The work of instruction has been somewhat impeded by 
the efforts to have all the recitations in the rooms in the 
main college buildings. This is undoubtedly desirable for 
‘the economy of the students’ time; but the best’ results in 
teaching the natural sciences can only be obtained where the 
recitation rooms are closely connected with cabinets and 
specimens for illustrations. 

The crops during the season have been very abundant and 
of very fine quality, so much so that the prices received for 
them, in many cases, have been below the cost of production. 

The trees in the peach and pear orchard received, during 
the winter of 1884, a severe ‘‘heading in,” and are very 
much improved in form. The peach trees thus treated, 
many of them indicated signs of ‘‘ yellows,” but the effect 
of this pruning, and the application of an abundance of bone 
and potash, has apparently restored them to complete health. 
About five hundred young peach trees were planted in May 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


[Jan. 


on the slope east of the chestnut grove, and have made a 


very satisfactory growth. 


Notwithstanding the very low prices of all garden pro- 
duce, the income from the sales of the department is much 


larger than for the year of 1883. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 


Dr. 
To cash sales as follows: 
Received from sales of flowers, 

a4 44 34 plants, & 

66 (74 (44 trees, p 

ts 3 oo frat ae : 
* . “vegetables, 

i * ‘sundries, 


Total cash sales, 
To bills due at date, 
“‘ increase in produce on hand, 
fi i hay and grain, ‘ 
“ bills paid incurred previous to Fen. oF 1484, 


Total income, 


| Or. 


By cash paid out by treasurer, . : : 
on y if department, . 
“ bills due Jan. 1, 1884, 
“« « unpaid to date, 


Balance, . ‘ ‘ ‘ 


. $1,188 24 
90 00 

«() LOG 08 
579. 97 


» $7,804 73 


28 84 


350 65— 


250 00 


S. T. MAYNARD. 


$535 42 
1,077 28 


_ 2,569 05. 


615 71 
1,113 08 
1,098 99 


$7,009 48 


1,958 21 


ae 


- $8,967 69 


8,434 22 


eee eee 


$533 47 


1885. ] HOUSE — No. 17. 21 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. 


Sm :—The course of instruction given during the past 
year, in the chemical department, has been in the main the 
same as the preceding year, with the exception that organic 
chemistry, with reference to its application in industry and 
agriculture, will be taught hereafter in the second senior 
term. 

The Senior, Junior and Sophomore classes have taken 
part in the exercises. The Sophomore class has received 
instruction during two terms in the chemistry of non-metallic 
and metallic elements, with practical illustration of the best 
modes for their recognition. The Junior class has been 
engaged with practical chemical work in the laboratory, for 
two terms in succession. During the first term they have 
studied the characteristics of the common metallic elements, 
by ways of the blowpipe, and humid analysis. The second 
term has been occupied with learning the properties of the 
most important mineral acids and their principal combina- 
tions with metallic oxides. 

The Senior class has devoted one term of laboratory work 
to the examination of prominent products of various branches 
of chemical industry, and of refuse material employed for 
manurial purposes, besides analyzing commercial fertilizers, 
soils and important minerals. | 

The composition and application of commercial fertilizers 
and of manurial matter in general, has been treated in this 
connection by a series of special lectures. 

Aside from the regular class duties, considerable attention 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


has been given to chemical work in the laboratory, by ad- 
vanced students and post-graduates. 

The general mode of instruction in the chemical depart- 
ment consists of lectures with experimental illustrations, 
followed by recitations. The students are obliged to write 
out the principal points of the lectures, and are marked on 
both recitations and notes. The laboratory work is accom- 
panied by a suitable series of discourses on the best modes 
of analysis, and their proper application. A record of the 
practical work carried on has to be presented to the teacher — 
atistated times. , 

The entire course in theoretical and practical chemistry 
has been arranged to meet the aim of the College, 7. e., to 
prepare young men for a successful employment in the vari- 
ous chemical industries, and in agriculture in particular. : 

During the last term of the past year Professor H. E. 
Stockbridge has entered with much success upon his duties 
as Assistant Professor in Chemistry. The instruction, du- 
ring \the first term of the Sophomore year, above referred 
to, has been given by him. 


I am, very respectfully, yours, 


C. A. GOESSMANN. 
Amuerst, Dec. 24, 1884. 


wa 


1885.] HOUSE — No. 17. 93 


ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 


President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. 


Sire : — [ have the honor to submit the following report : — 

In this department the endeavor has been to present the 
subjects under consideration, in as clear and practical a 
manner as possible, and to attempt to cover only as much 
ground as could be profitably covered in the limited time at 
our disposal. 

My idea has been that instruction in anatomy and physi- 
ology appropriate for a College course should embrace a 
thoroughly practical discussion of these subjects, carried on 
by means of lectures, recitations, frequent illustrations, and 
‘practical exercises. 

The course, therefore, so far as possible, has been made 
to conform to this idea. Instruction has been given, chiefly 
by lectures, in Descriptive Anatomy, so far as is necessary 
for an intelligent understanding of physiology. This sub- 
ject has been taught by means of a text-book and lectures. 
In addition to the above, considerable time has been devoted 


' to. the study of Histology, or Microscopic Anatomy; and 


an effort was made, when considered practicable, to touch 
upon Physiological Chemistry. The study of the minute 
structure and composition of the various tissues and organs 
of the human body has often been neglected in College 
courses. Teaching is not only simplified, but is rendered 
far more interesting, by the frequent use of illustrations. 
_For these reasons, skeletons, clastic models, fresh specimens, 
diagrams and charts, and microscopic sections, have been in 
constant use. 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


The average scholarship, and the interest manifested by 
the class, were very satisfactory. 

The most urgent need of the department at present, is a 
set of standard works, for reference on the various subjects 
taught. This want has been met in part by the generous — 
gift of Prof. John C. Cutter, of the Imperial College of 
Agriculture, Sapporo, Japan. 

During the past term anthropometric observations were 
made, by Prof. Manly Miles and myself, upon over fifty 
students of the college, and as a result, nearly three thou- 
sand measurements were recorded. These statistics were 
taken partly with a view to their bearing upon the much- 
' disputed question of Bilateral Asymmetry of Function. It 
was hoped that these statistics would be ready for publica- 
tion in the present College report, but from unavoidable 
causes it was impossible to prepare them in time. 


FREDERICK TUCKERMAN. 


a HOUSE — No. 17. 25 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. 


Str:—TI have the honor to submit the following brief 
report of the department of mathematics and physics. 

The instruction in this department was placed in my 
charge at the beginning of the present college year. I 
found a manifest interest in college duties existing among 
the students, and thus far the work in every respect has 
progressed quite satisfactorily. But the success and rapid 
progress of the higher classes are largely due to the careful 
preparation and efficient labor of my predecessor, Profes- 
sor Bassett. The method of instruction is similar to that 
adopted by higher institutions of learning; viz., the text- 
book, supplemented by lectures. All fundamental princi- 
ples are demonstrated before the class. This method saves 
much time, and affords the student a better opportunity for 
comprehending the matter under discussion, and learning 
the manipulation of difficult formule. 

Much inconvenience, however, is felt in not having suit- 
able apparatus to insure complete success. Mechanics, 
electricity and civil engineering are well supplied; but 
apparatus for illustrating the principles of sound, heat and 
light are wholly deficient. It seems proper to call the 
attention of the honorable Board of Trustees to this matter, 
and to recommend that, as soon as they deem it advisable, 
sufficient means be appropriated to make the lecture-room 
more convenient, and place the physical cabinet in a suita- 
ble and more respectable condition. As mathematics occu- 
pies a prominent place in the curriculum, a higher standard 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


for admission must be apparent to all. One, or perhaps 
two, books of geometry cannot be of detriment to the stu- 
dent, but will, on the contrary, result in a more advanced 
college course. | 

It is earnestly hoped that the several recommendations 
herein contained will meet the favorable consideration of the 
honorable Board. _ 


Respectfully submitted. | 
, C. D. WARNER. 


1885.] HOUSE — No. 17. 27 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


JAMES C, GREENOUGH, 
President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


Sm :— During the present year the work in this depart- 
ment has followed the plan Jaid down in the last annual 
report, with but slight changes. The discipline of the corps 
has been transferred somewhat more than formerly to the 
first class officers, and thus far with encouraging results. 
The system adopted of placing certain divisions of the 
dormitories under the control of the officers, and of holding 
them responsible for their good order and quiet during 
study hours, is likely to develop satisfactorily. At no time 
since my coming has the interest been greater, or the result 
of the instruction more apparent. It seems proper that I 
should again urge that some plan be adopted which. will 
enable the corps to go into camp at Framingham for two 
_weeks, yearly, after the close of the summer term. There 
are no facilities here for giving practical instruction to the 
cadets in the duties of sentinels and general camp work. 
It is fundamental for the educated soldier, and none who 
appreciate the wisdom of having a full supply of capable 
company and field officers in case of need, could dissent 
from such legislation as will incorporate this suggestion into 
the State militia laws. Hereto is appended the theoretical 
and practical course of the military department, with the 
names and grades of those holding official positions in the 
present battalion organization. 


I have the honor to be, your respectful servant, 


VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, 
First Ineutenant 2d U. 8. Artillery. 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. -[Jan. 


THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL COURSE 
OF INSTRUCTION. 


THEORY. 


Fall term, Freshman year. One hour per week for the 
term. Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s). School of 
the Soldier. School of the Company. Skirmish drill. 

Fall term, Sophomore year. One hour per week for the 
term. Recitations in U. S. Artillery tactics. School of the 
Soldier (dismounted), sabre exercise, manual of the piece 
and mechanical manceuvres, bayonet exercise (infantry tac- 
tics). Ammunition, equipment of carriages. Modified ser- 
vice of 8-inch mortars. 

Fall term, Junior year. Recitations in infantry tactics 
(Upton’s). One hour per week for the term. School of the 
battalion. Ceremonies. Company and field service. 


MILITARY SCIENCE. 


This instruction is given to seniors, extending through the 
entire college year, two hours per week. 

It will include, in the form of lectures and recitations from 
selected text-books, the following subjects: Ordnance and 
gunnery ; constitutional and military law and history; cam- 
paigns and battles; systems of warfare, present and past; 
an elementary course in strategy and engineering. It will 
be modified by such additions and changes as shall seem de- 
sirable. Essays are required from each senior on military 
subjects, when they have become sufficiently instructed to 
prepare them advantageously. These papers will be read in 
the recitation room for general note and criticism, or before 
the entire college. One set, all upon the same subject, are 


1885.] HOUSE — No. 17. 29 


written for prizes, —the award being made by a board of 
-army officers. The successful competitors read their produc- 
tions at the graduating exercises. 


PRACTICE. 


All students, unless disqualified physically, are required to 
attend prescribed military exercises, those who pursue spe- 
cial or partial courses at the college not being exempt so long 
_-as they remain at the institution. By the commencement of 
their second term, students are required to provide them- 
selves with a full uniform, comprising coat, blouse, trousers, 
ap, white gloves, etc., all of which costs about $30. Cor- 
rectness of deportment and discipline are required of all, the 
routine of the West Point Academy being followed as closely 
as circumstances will permit. To insure a proper sanitary 
condition of the college, the commandant makes careful in- 
spections of all rooms and college buildings each Saturday 
morning, during which all students in full uniform are re- 
quired to be in their rooms, for the proper police of which 
they are held to a strict accountability. 

At the beginning of each term, issues of such equipments 
as they will require are made to all students. They will be 
charged for all injury, loss, and for any neglect in the care 
of the same. 

For practical instr uction, the following public property is 
in the hands of the college authorities : — 


One platoon of light Napoleons (dismounted). 

One six-pounder with limber and equipments. 

Seventy-five sabres and belts. 

One hundred breech-loading rifles (latest model). 

Several accurate target rifles. 

Two 8-inch siege mortars, with complete equipments. 

For practice firing, the United States furnishes blank car- 
tridges for all guns, and ball cartridges for rifle practice, 
which is encouraged by the department. 


Drills, amounting to rather less than four hours per week, 
are as follows : — 


Infantry : schools of the soldier, company, and battalion ; 


30 +‘ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


manual of arms and sword ; bayonet exercise, skirmish drill, 
target practice ; ceremonies, marches, field service. : 
Artillery : schools of the soldier, detachment, and battery 
(dismounted). Mortar drill, sabre exercise, pointing, and 
field service. ; 


BATTALION ORGANIZATION. 


For instruction in infantry tactics and discipline, the ca- 
dets are organized into a battalion of two or more’ companies 
under the commandant. The officers, commissioned and non- 
commissioned, are selected from those cadets who are best 
instructed and most soldier-like in the discharge of their 
duties. Asa rule, the commissioned officers are taken from 
the seniors, the sergeants from the juniors, and the corporals 
from the sophomores. All seniors are detailed to act as com- 
missioned officers. 


Commissioned Staff. 


Grorce H. Barser, First Lieutenant and Adjutant. Cuarius S. 
Puetps, First Lieutenant and Quartermaster. 


Non-commissioned Staff. 


GrorceE W. WHEELER, Sergeant-Major. Davip F. CARPENTER, 
Quartermaster Sergeant. 


Color Guard. 


Sergeants, — Kinespury Sansorn, National Colors. Ricnarp F. 

| Duncan, State Colors. 

Privates, —C. 8. Hows, F. B. Carpenter, W. H. CALDWELL, 
W. M. Batt, S. H. Lone, F. C. ALLEN. 


Captains. 


1. Jort E. Gotptuwair, Co. A. 2. Epwin W. Aten, Co. B. 
| 3. Epwarp R. Frint, Co. C. : 


Lieutenants. 


1, Hezexian Howert, Co. A. 2. CHartes W. Browne, Co. B. 
3. L. J: p—E ALMEIDA, Co. C. 


First Sergeants. 


i, (CHARLES W. Crapp, Co. A. 2. WinrieLp Ayre, Co. B. 
3. JOHN K. Barker, Co. C. . . 


1885.] HOUSE —No. 17. 31 


Sergeants. . 
1. Kinespury Sansporn, Co. B. 2. RicHarp F. Duncan, Co. C. 
3. Grorce S. Strong, Co. A. 4, R. B. Mackintosu, Co. B. 
5. Cuas. F. W. Fett, Co. C. 6. Witiiam H. Arxins; Co. A. 
Corporals. 
1. Hersert J. Waits, Co. A. 2. James M. Marsu, Co. B. 
3. JOHN J. SHAUGHNESSY, Co.C. 4. Frep. H. Fowter, Co. A. 
5. Ricuarp H. Bonp, Co. B. 6. C. W. Fisuerpicx, Co. C. 
7. Frank S. Crarxe, Co. A. 8. Jer. C. OsterRHOUuT, Co. B. 
9. Epwarp W. Barrett, Co.C. 10. JoserH S. Martin, Co. A. 
11. Avucusro L. pz Atmerpa,Co.B. 12. H. N. W. Riveovt, Co. C. 


e oad 


ng 


CATALOGU E 


OF 


TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 
1884, 


CALENDAR FOR 1885. 


January 7, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 27, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 
April 6, Tuesday, summer term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
Baccalaureate sermon. 
June 21, Sunday, Np : 
Address before the Christian Union. 
{ Grinnell Prize Examination of senior class 
June 22, Monday, in Agriculture. | 
[ Farnsworth Prize Speake 
( Meeting of the Alumni. 
Military Exercises. 
June 23, Tuesday, + Commencement Exercises. 
Alumni Dinner. 
( President’s Reception. 
June 24, Wednesday, Examination for admission. 
September 8, Tuesday, Examination for admission. 
September 9, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
December 18, Friday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1886. 


January 6, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 26, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


iain aan eel 


——.- 


TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND 
STUDENTS. 


Board of Trustees. 
MEMBERS EX- OFFICIIS. 
His Excertency GEO. D. ROBINSON, Governor of the Common- 
wealth. 
JAMES C. GREENOUGH, President of the College. 
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education. 
JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 


MEMBERS BY ELECTION. 


MARSHALL P. WILDER, } ; . Boston. 
CHARLES G. DAVIS, ‘ ; ‘ .  PLymMourta. 
HENRY COLT, . ‘ . : : «.  PErrsrrenp: 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, , : : . CHICOPEE. 
HENRY L. WHITING, ; ‘ ; . CAMBRIDGE. 
DANIEL NEEDHAM,. j , ; . GROTON. 
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, . P : . Upton. 
JOHN CUMMINGS, . ; : : .  Wosurn. 
JAMES S. GRINNELL, : ; : . GREENFIELD. 
BENJAMIN P. WARE, : : b .  MarBLEHEAD. 
O. B. HADWEN,. F : : : . WORCESTER. 
GEORGE NOYES, ; : : ; .  Bosron. 

J. H. DEMOND, . wey : , . NORTHAMPTON. 
EDWARD C. CHOATE, . : : . SOUTHBOROUGH. 


Executive Committee. 


JAMES C. GREENOUGH, JOHN E. RUSSELL, 

O. B. HADWEN, | J. H. DEMOND, 

BENJAMIN P. WARE, GEORGE NOYES. 
Secretary. 


CHARLES L. FLINT or Bosron. 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | Jan. 


Auditor. 
HENRY COLT or Prrrsrietp. ss” 


—_—_—_—_—_——. 


Treasurer. 
O. B. HADWEN oF WokrcsstTeER. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Sih ae ; - Hampden:. 
DANIEL E. DAMON, ; ; E - Plymouth. 
ATKINSON C. VARNUM, . : ; - Lowell. 
JONATHAN BUDDINGTON, . , : - Leyden. | 
S. B. BIRD, . : : M : ; .  Framingham:. 
J. HENRY GODDARD, . F ; wo. 7 Seine 


Members of Faculty. 


JAMES C. GREENOUGH, A.M., 
President. 


College Pastor and Professor of Mental and Moral Science,. Provisionat — 
Instructor of History and Political Economy. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Honorary Professor of Agriculture. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, A.M., 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu..D.,. 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S:, 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture.. 


MANLY MILES, M. D., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


1885.] HOUSE —No. 17. 37 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B.S., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


HORACE E. STOCKBRIDGE, Pu. D., 
Assistant Professor of Chemistry. 


Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Veterinary Science. 


FIRST LIEUT. VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, Second Artillery, 


a... A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


JOHN F. WINCHESTER, D.V.S., 
Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice. 


ROBERT W. LYMAN, Esq., 
Lecturer on Rural Law. 


FREDERICK TUCKERMAN, M.D., 
Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology. 


Graduates of 1884.* 


Herms, Charles (Boston Univ.), . Louisville, Ky. 
Holland, Harry Dickinson (Boston 


Univ.), : ; . Amherst. 
Jones, Elisha Adams i nosten Univ. ), Rockville. 
Smith, Llewellyn, . ; : . Amherst. 


Total, : é : : F : ; : : ~4 


Senior Class. 


Allen, Edwin West, : , . Amherst. 

Almeida, Luciano José de, ‘ . Bananal, So Paulo, Brazil. 
Barber, George Holcomb, : . Glastonbury, Conn. 
Brooks, Paul Cuff Phelps, ; . Boston. 

Browne, Charles William, ‘ . Salem. 

Cutter, Charles Sumner, . 3 . Arlington. 

Flint, Edward Rawson, . : . Boston. 


Goldthwait, Joel Ernest, . , . Marblehead. 
Howell, Hezekiah, . : ‘ . Blooming Grove, N. Y. 
* The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two 


academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been 
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1884. 


38 AGRICULTURAL 


Leary, Lewis Calvert, 
Phelps, Charles Shepard, . 
Putnam, George Herbert, 
Taylor, Isaac Newton, Jr., 
Tekirian, Benoni, 

Total, : : 


COLLEGE. [Jan. 


. Amherst. 

. Florence. 

. Millbury. 

. Northampton. 

. Yozgad, Turkey. 


: ; 2 ee 


Junior Class. 


Atkins, William Holland, 
Ayres, Winfield, : 
Barker, John King, . 
Carpenter, David Frederic, 
Clapp, Charles Wellington, 
Copeland, Alfred Bigelo, . 
Dunean, Richard Francis, 
Eaton, William Alfred, 
Felt, Charles Frederic Wilson, 
Fowler, John Henry, - 
Kinney, Arno Lewis, 


Mackintosh, Richards Bryant, . 


Sanborn, Kingsbury, 

Smith, Walter Storm, 

_ Stone, George Edward, 

Stone, George Sawyer, 

Wheeler, George Waterbury, 
Total, . : 


. Westfield. 


Oakham. 


. Three Rivers. 

. Millington. 

- Montague. 

. Springfield. 

. Williamstown. 

. Piermont-on-Hudson, N. Y. 
. Northborough. 

. Westfield. 

. Lowell. — 

. Dedham. 

. Lawrence. . 
- syracuse, N. Y¥.” 
. Spencer. 

. Otter River. 

. Deposit, N. Y. 


LOSES 


7 —$<—<—$<<—<—$—————— 


Sophomore Class. 


Allen, Frederick Cunningham, 
Almeida, Augusto Luis de, 
Ateshian, Osgan Hagope, 
Avery, David Ebenezer, . 
Ball, William Monroe, 
Barrett, Edward William, 
Bond, Richard Henry, 
Breen, Timothy Richard, 
Brown, Frederick Willard, 
Brown, Herbert Lewis, 
Caldwell, William Hutson, 
Carpenter, Frank Berton, 
Chapin, Clinton Gerdine, 
Chase, William Edward, . 


. West Newton. 

. Bananal, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 
. Sivas, Turkey. 

. Plymouth. 

. Amherst. 

. Milford. 

. Brookline.» 

. Ware. 

. West Medford. 

. Peabody. a 
. Peterboro, N. H. 

. Leyden. 

. Chicopee. 

. Warwick. 


1885.] 6) | HOUSE! No. ‘47. 


Clarke, Frank Scripture, . 
Cushman, Ralph Henry, 
Daniels, Joseph Francis, . 
Davis, Fred Augustus, 
Fisherdick, Cyrus Webster, 
Fowler, Fred Homer, : 
Hathaway, Bradford Oakman, . 
Howe, Clinton Samuel, 

Long, Stephen Henry, 

Marsh, James Morrill, 
Marshall, Charles Leander, 
Martin, Joseph, second, 
Meehan; Thomas Francis Benedict, 
Merchant, Charles Eddy, 
Merritt, Walter Heston, 
Nourse, Silas Johnson, 
Osterhout, Jeremiah Clark, 
Paine, Ansel Wass, 

Rice, Thomas, second, ‘ 
Rideout, Henry Norman Waymouth, 
Robinson, George Prescott, 


Shaughnessy, John Joseph, 


Stone, Fremont Ernest, 
Tolman, William Nichols, 
Torelly, Firmino da Silva, 
Tucker, Frederick Deming, 
White, Herbert Judson, . é 
Total, : A - 


. Lowell. 

- Bernardston. 
_ Somerville. 

. Lynn: 

. Palmer. 

. North Hadley. 
. New Bedford. 
. Marlboro. 

. East Shelburne. 
. Lynn. 

. Lowell. 

. Marblehead. 

. Boston. 


. East Weymouth. 


. Amherst. 
. Bolton. 
. Lowell. 


. Boston. 


. Shrewsbury. 


Quincy. 


. Northampton. 
. Stow. 

. Heath. 

. Concord. 

. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 
. Monson. 

. Wakefield. 


Freshman Class. 


Ayre, Warren, 

Belden, Edward Henry, 
Cooley, Fred Smith, 

Cutler, George Washington, 
Dickinson, Edwin Harris, 


Dole, Edward Johnson, 


Field, Samuel Hall, 

Foster, Francis Homer, 
Hayward, Albert Irving, 
Hinsdale, Rufus Chester, 
Johnson, Irving Halsey, 
Kinney, Lorenzo Foster, . ‘ 
Knapp, Edward Everett, . . 


. Lawrence. 
. North Hatfield. 


. Sunderland. 
. Waltham. 
. North Amherst. 


. Chicopee. 


- North Hatfield. 
. Andover. 

. Ashby. 

. Greenfield. 

. Newburyport. 

. Worcester. 

. East Cambridge. 


AGRICULTURAL 


40 COLLEGE. [Jan. 
Loomis, Herbert Russell, . North Amherst. 
Newman, George Edward, . Newbury. 
Noyes, Frank Frederick, . ; . South Hingham. 
Parker, James Southworth, . Great Barrington. 
Richardson, Evan Fussell, . East Medway. 
Rogers, Howard Perry, . Allston, Boston. 
Shepardson, William Martin, . Warwick. 
Shimer, Boyer Luther, . Redington, Pa. 
Smith, Willis Philip, . Mechanieville, N. Y. 
Watson, Charles Herbert, . Groton. 
White, Henry Kirke, . Whately. 
Worthington, Alvan Fisher, . Dedham. 
Total, » 25 
Resident Graduates. 

Fairfield, B.S., Frank Hamilton (Bos- 

ton Univ.), . A - Boston. 
Groeger, D.Jur., Gustavus (Univ. of 

Vienna), . . Amherst. 
Hills, B.S., Joseph Tawiete (Bos- 

ton Univ.), °. j : : . Boston. 
Jaqueth, Isaac Samuel, . Amherst. 
Kingman, B.S., Morris Bird, . . Amherst. 
Lindsey, B.S. WF oKeph sig (Bos: 

ton Univ.), ; . Marblehead. 
Preston, B.S., Charles Henry (Bos: 

ton Univ.), . Danvers. 
Smith, B.S., LAewalty n, . Amherst. 
Stone, B.S., Winthrop Ellsworth, . Amherst. | 
Wheeler, B. S. Homer Jay (Boston : 

Univ.), “ : - Bolton. 

Summary. 
Resident Graduates,  . : ee : ; ; 10 
Graduates of 1884, : : d ; ; ‘ : 4 
Senior Class, : ./ 145 
Junior Class, . ‘ ‘ : : ; : ‘ 17 
Sophomore Class, . : : : : : 41 
Freshman Class, . , ; : , ; 5 ; 25 
‘Lotal.- -<. ; - . ; : F ‘ ; 111 


1885.] HOUSE—No. 17. ee: 3 | 


Le 


Graduates. 


Allen, Francis S., 82, American Veterinary College, New York 
City, house surgeon. 

Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Winfield, Cowley Co., Kansas, Wells, Fargo 
& Co.’s Express agent. 

Aplin, George T., 82, East Putney, Vt., farmer. 

Bagley, David A., ’76. 

Bagley, Sydney C., ’83, 35 Lynde Street, Boston, no business. 

Baker, David E.,’78, Newton Lower Falls, physician and surgeon. 

Barrett, Joseph F., ’75, 84 Broad Street, New York City, Bowker 
Fertilizer Co., travelling salesman. 

Barri, John A.,’75, Water Street and Fairfield Avenue, Bridgeport, 
Conn., Chittenden, Barri & Sanderson, National Fertilizer Co. 

Bassett, Andrew L., ’71, New York City, Vermont C. R. R. & 
Steamship Co., clerk. 

Beach, Charles E., ’82, care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., farmer. 

Bell, Burleigh C., ’72, 16th and Howard Streets, San Francisco, 
Cal., druggist and chemist. 

Bellamy, John, ’76, 659 Washington Street, Boston, Nichols, Bel- 
lamy & Co., hardWare and cutlery. 

Benedict, John M., ’74, Commercial Block, 77 Bank eure Water- 
bury, Conn., Pre viciar. 

Benson, David H., ’77, North Weymouth, Bradley Fertilizer Co., 
analytical and consulting chemist and superintendent of chemi- 
cal works. 

Bingham, Eugene P., 82, 352 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, manufac- 
turing chemist. 

Birnie, William P., ’71, Springfield, Birnie Paper Co. 

Bishop, Edgar A., ’83, Diamond Hill, R. 1., farmer. 

Bishop, William H., ’82, Tongaloo, Miss., Tongaloo University, 
superintendent of farming department. 

Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt., farm laborer. 

Boutwell, Willie L., ’78, Leverett, farmer. 

Bowker, William H., ’71, 43 Chatham Street, Boston, president 
Bowker Fertilizer Co. 

Bowman, Charles A., ’81, 7 Exchangé Place, Boston, office of 
Aspinwall & Lincoln, civil engineer. 

Boynton, Charles E., ’81, Groveland, student. 

Bragg, Everett B., ’75, Glidden & Curtis, Tremont Bank Building, 
Boston, chemist. 

Braune, Domingos H., ’83, Nova Friburgo, Province of Rio de 
Janeiro, Brazil, planter. 


*, 
\ . : 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Brett, William F., ’72, Brockton, R. H. White & Co., 518 Wash- 
ington Street, Boston, clerk. 

Brewer, Charles, ’77, 30 Court Street, Utica, N. Y., florist. 

Brigham, Arthur A., ’78, Marlborough, farmer. 

Brodt, Harry S., 82, Rawlins, Wyoming Territory, care Central 
Association of ery oming, surveyor. 

Brooks, William P., ’75, Japan Agricultural Coles. Sapporo, 
Japan, professor of agriculture. 

Bunker. Madison, ’75, Newton, veterinary surgeon. 

Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Everett, florist. 

Campbell, Frederick G., ’75, West Westminster, Vt., farmer. 

Carr, Walter F., ’81, University of Minnesota, Minneupetme Minn., 
assistant professor of civil engineering and physics. 

Caswell, Lilley B., ’71, Athol, civil engineer and farmer. 

Chandler, Edward P., ’74, Fort Maginnis, Montana, Chandler, 
Chamberlain & Co., wool growers. 

Chandler, Everett S., 82, 20 Orchard Street, North Cambridge, 
law office of Sumner Albee, 30 Court Street, Boston, student. 

Chapin, Henry E., ’81, Raleigh, N. C., ‘‘ North Carolina Farmer,” 
assistant editor. 

Chickering, Darius O., ’76, Enfield, farmer. ¢ 

Choate, Edward C., ’78, Southborough, farmer. 

Clark, Atherton, ’77, 131 Tremont Street, Boston, clerk. — 

Clark, John W., ’72, Hadley, farmer. 

Clark, Xenos Y., ’75 (’78), P. O. Box 166, Amherst, scientist. 

*Clay, Jabez W., ’75. . 

Coburn, Charles F., ’78, Lowell, teller Five Cents Savings Bank 
and editor ‘‘ Daily Citizen.” | 

Cooper, James W., Jr., ’82, East Bridgewater, drug clerk. 

Cowles, Frank C.,’72, city engineer’s office, Worcester, civil en- 
gineer. ; 

Cowles, Homer L., ’71, Amherst, farmer. 

+Curtis, Wolfred F., ’74. 

Cutter, John A., ’82, 213 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York 
City, student at Albany Medical College. 

Cutter, John C., ’72, Imperial College of Agriculture, Sapporo, 
Japan, consulting physician Sapporo Ken Hospital and pro- 
fessor of physiology and comparative anatomy. 

Damon, Samuel C., ’82, Lancaster, farmer. 

Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, druggist. 

Dickinson, Richard S., ’79, Columbus, Nebraska, farmer. 

Dodge, George R., ’75, Brighton, Bowker Fertilizer Co., superin- 
tendent. | . 


* Died Oct. 1, 1880, of pneumonia, at New York City. 
+ Died Nov. 8, 1878, of inflammation of the brain, at Westminster. 


1885.] HOUSE — No. 17. 43 


Dyer, Edward N., ’72, Kohala, S. I., pastor Native Church. 

Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Diamond Hill, R. I., farmer. 

Eldred, Frederick C., ’73, 128 Chambers Street, New York City, 
New York manager of Montpelier Carriage Co. 

Ellsworth, Emory A.,’71, 164 High Street, Holyoke, architect and 
mechanical and civil engineer. 

Fairfield, Frank H., ’81, 30 Kilby Street, Boston, Standard Fertil- 
izer Co., chemist. 

Fisher, Jabez F., ’71, Fitchburg, freight cashier Fitchburg Rail- 
road Co. 

Fiske, Edward R., ’72, 625 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
Folwell Bro. & Co., merchant. 

Flagg, Charles O., ’72, Diamond Hill, R. I., farmer. 

Flint, Charles L., Jr., 81, 29 Newbury Street, Boston, Sawyer’s 
Commercial College, student. 

*Floyd, Charles W., 782. 

Foot, Sanford D., ’78, 101 Chambers Street, New York City, 
Kearney Foot & Co., file manufacturers. 

Fowler, Alvan L., ’80, address Westfield, cattle raiser, California. 

Fuller, George E., ’71 

Gladwin, Frederic E., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, assayer. 

Goodale, David, ’82, Marlborough, farmer. 

Green, Samuel B., ’79, Mountainville, Orange Co., N. Y., superin- 
tendent horticultural department, Houghton, Farm. 

Grover, Richard B.,’72, Newburyport, Belleville Church, acting 
‘pastor. 

Guild, George W. M.,’76, 17 and 19 Cornhill, Boston, wire business. 

Hague, Henry, ’75, South Worcester, St. Matthews, rector. 

Hall, Josiah N., 78, Sterling, Weld Co., Col., physi sician. 

Harwood, Peter M., ’75, Barre, farmer. 

Hashiguchi, Boonzo, ’81, department of commerce and agriculture, 
Tokio, Japan, president Government Sugar Beet Co. 

fHawley, Frank W., ’71. 

Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., C. A. Mather & Co., banker. 

Herms, Charles, ’84, 1223 Third Avenue, Louisville, Ky., stock- 
breeder. 

{Herrick, Frederick St. C., ’71. 

Hevia, Alfred A., ’83, Guatemala, Central America, New York Life 
Insurance Co., Apartado 77, sub-agent Central American Re- 
publics. 

Hibbard, Joseph R., ’77, Stoughton, Wis., farmer. 

Hillman, Charles D., ’82, Fresno City, Cal., nurseryman. 


* Died Oct. 10, 1833, of consumption, at Dorchester. 
+ Died Oct. 28, 1883, of congestive apoplexy, at Belchertown. 
{ Died Jan. 19, 1884, at Lawrence. 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Hills, Joseph L., 81, New Brunswick, N. J., State Agricultural 
Experiment Station of New Jersey, assistant chemist. 

Hitchcock, Daniel G., ’74, Warren, American Express Co., agent. 

Hobbs, John A., ’74, Bloomington, Neb., farmer. 

Holland, Harry D., ’84, Amherst, S. Holland & Son, clerk. 

Holman, Samuel M., Jr., 83, Attleborough, farmer. 

Holmes, Lemuel Le B., ’72, Mattapoisett, lawyer. 

Howard, Joseph H., ’82, Springfield Gas-Light Co., Springfield, 
meter inspector. 

Howe, Charles S., ’78, 549 East Middlebury Street, Akron, Ohio, 
Buchtel College, professor of mathematics. 

Howe, Elmer D., ’81, Marlborough, farmer. 

Howe, George D., ’82, North Hadley, C. D. Dickinson & Son, 
manufacturers, clerk. | 

Howe, Waldo V., ’77, Newburyport, no business. 

Hubbard, Henry F., ’78, 94 Front Street, New York City, with 

_ John H. Catherwood & Co. 

Hunt, John F., ’78, Sunderland, market gardener. 

Jones, Elisha A., 84, Rockville, no business. 

Kendall, Hiram, ’76, Providence, R. I., Kendall Manufacturing Co., 
superintendent and chemist. 

Kimball, Francis E.,’72, 15 Union Street, Worcester, E. W. Vaill, 
book-keeper. : 

Kingman, Morris B., ’82, Amherst, resident graduate, Agricultural 
College. 

Kinney, Burton A., ’82, Portland, Me., Signal Corps, United States 
Army. 

Knapp, Walter H., ’75, Wellesley Hills, florist. 

Koch, Henry G. Hi; 78, Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Street, New 
York City, H. C. F. Koch & Son. 

Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, Care William Dadmun, Watertown, no 
business. 

Lee, Lauren K., oe Valley Springs, Dak., dealer in flaxseed. 

Lee, Willian G., ’80, 131 Tremont Street, Boston, clerk. 

Leland, Walter S., ’73, Concord, officer, State Prison. 

Leonard, George, ’71, Springfield, lawyer. 

Libby, Edgar H., ’74, Greenfield, publisher, ‘‘American Garden. 

Lindsey, Joseph B., ’83, Pawtucket, R. I., L. B. Darling Fertilizer 
Co., chemical agent. 

Livermore, Russell W., ’72, Pates, Robeson Co., North Carolina, 
merchant. 

Lovell, Charles O., ’78, Northampton, Photographer. 

Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Manistee, Mich., druggist. 

Lyman, Charles E., ’78, Middlefield, Conn., farmer. 


1885.) HOUSE —No. 17. A5 


-*Lyman, Henry, ’74. 


Lyman, Robert W., ’71, Belchertown, lawyer and lecturer, Mas- 
sachusetts Agricultural College. 

Mackie, George, ’72, Attleborough, Physician. 

Macleod, William A., ’76, 60 Devonshire Street, Boston, patent 

lawyer. 

Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, superintendent of Cotton Duck 
Mills. , 

Martin, Willliam E., ’76, Excelsior, Minn., postmaster. 

May, Frederick G.,’82, Conway, Orange Co., Fla., orange grower. 


_ Maynard, Samuel T., ’72, Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural 


College, professor of Botany and Horticulture. 

Mc Connel, Charles W.,’76, 59 North Pearl Street, Albany N. Y., 
dentist. 

McQueen, Charles M., ’80, First National Bank Building, Dear- 
born and Monroe Streets, Chicago, Ill., Standard Book Co., 
publisher. 

Miles, George M., ’75, Miles City, Montana, Miles & Strevell, 
jobbers of hardware and dealers in live stock. 

Mills, George W., ’73, Medford, physician. 

Minor, John B., ’73, New Britain, Conn., Russell & Erwin Manu- 

- facturing Co., clerk. 

Minott, Charles W., ’83, Three Rivers, Ruggles & Minott, nursery- 
men. : 

Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, farmer. 

Morey, Herbert E., ’72, 49 Haverhill Street, Boston, Morey, 
Smith & Co., merchant. . 

{Morse, James H., ’71. 

Morse, William A., ’82, Thompson’s Island, Boston Harbor, 
farmer. 


_ Myrick, Herbert, ’82, Springfield, assistant editor ‘‘ New England 


Homestead.” 


_ Myrick, Lockwood, ’78, Williams, Clark & Co., New York City, 


chemical agent. _ 

Nichols, Lewis A..’71, Danvers, Boston City Water Works, civil 
engineer. 

Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, postmaster. 

Nourse, David O., ’83, Berlin, Conn., superintendent Berlin Orch- 
ard of Connecticut Valley Orchard Company. 

Nye, George E., 77, 70 Exchange Building, Union Stock Yards, 
Chicago, Ill., G. F. Swift & Co., book-keeper. 

Osgood, Frederick H., (M.R.C.V.S.), ’78, 238 Pine Street, Spring- 
field, veterinary surgeon. 


* Died Jan. 8, 1879. of pneumonia, at Middlefield, Conn. 
¢ Died June 21, 1883, of Bright’s disease, at Salem. 


‘ 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Otis, Harry P., ’75, Leeds, Helen Emery Wheel Company, 
superintendent. 

Page, Joel B., ’71, Conway, farmer. 

Paige, James B., ’82, Prescott, F. B. nee & Son, Mellen Valley 
Fruit Farm. 

Parker, George A., ’76, Halifax, Old Colony Railroad, landscape 
gardener. . : 

Parker, George L., ’76, Dorchester. florist. 

Parker, Henry F., ’77, 5 Beekman Street, Temple Court, Nair 
York City, mechanical engineer. 

Parker, William C., ’80, Wakefield, farmer. 

Peabody, William R., °72, Atchison, Kansas, Atchison, Topeka & 
Santa Fé Fairoadl, general agent. 

Penhallow, David P., ’78, Montreal, Canada, McGill University, 
professor of Gotany and vegetable physiology. 

Perkins, Dana E., ’82, care C. M. Winchell, U. S. Survey Boat, 
Tennessee, Mississippi River Commission. 

Peters, Austin, ’81, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, © 
London, England, studént. 

Phelps, Charles H., ’76, South Framingham, florist. 

Phelps, Henry L., 74, Scuthampton, farmer. 

Plumb, Charles S., 82, Geneva, N. Y., New York Agricultural 
Experiment Siadon; assistant director. 

Porter, William H., ’76, Watertown, S. R. Payson’s Farm, fore- 
man. | 

Porto, Raymundo M. da S., ’77, Para, Brazil, planter. 

* Potter, William S., ’76, Lafayette, Ind., Rice & Potter, lawyer. 

Preston, Charles H., ’83, with Milk Tnspecken 1151 Washington 
Street, Boston, iy wdistl 

Rawson, Edward B., ’81, Lincoln, Loudoun Co., Va., farmer. 

Renshaw, James B., ’73, Spokane Falls, Washington Territory, - 
clergyman. 

Rice, Frank H., ’75, Hawthorne, Ner.: county recorder. 

Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, Altoona, Gmnee Co., ‘Fila. magistrate 
and orange grower. 

Ripley, George A., 80, 887 Main Street, Worcester, no business. 

Root, Joseph E., 76, 72 Pearl Street, Hartford, Conn., physician 

and surgeon. 

Rudolph, Charles, ’79, Mitchell, Dak., lawyer. 

Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Montague Paper Co. 

Salisbury, Frank B., ’72, Kimberley Diamond Fields, South 
Africa, trader. 

Sears, John M., ’76, Ashfield, farmer. 

Shaw, Elliot D., ’72, Holyoke, florist. 


1885.] HOUSE—No. 17. | 47 


Sherman, Walter A., ’79, 182 Central Street, Lowell, veterinary 
surgeon. 

Shiverick, Asa F., ’82, Wood’s Holl, Pacific Guano Co., chemist. 

- Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., farmer. 

Smead, Edwin, ’71, Watkinson Orphan Asylum, Hartford, Conn., 
instructor in farming and gardening. 

Smith, Frank S., ’74, Hampden, no business. 

Smith, George P., ’79, Sunderland, farmer. 

Smith, Hiram F. M., ’81, 58 Green Street, Cambridgeport, Har- 
vard Medical School, student. 

Smith, Llewellyn, ’84, Amherst, Resident Graduate Massachusetts 
Agricultural College. 

Smith, Thomas E., ’76, West Chesterfield, manufacturer. 

Snow, George H., ’72, Leominster, farmer. 

Somers, Frederick M., ’72, 49 Broadway, New York City, Watson 
& Gibson, brokers. 

*Southmayd, John E., ’77. 

Southwick, Andre A., ’75, care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., 
superintendent ‘* Vine Hill and Ridge Farms.” 

Spalding. Abel W., ’81, 907 North Main Street, St. Louis, Mo., 
Ripley & Kimball; clerk. 

Sparrow, Lewis A., ’71, 19 South Market Street, Boston, Judson 
& Sparrow, dealers and manufacturers of fertilizers. 

-Spofford, Amos L., ’78, West Newbury, farmer. 

Stockbridge, Horace E., ’78, Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, assistant professor of chemistry. | 

Stone, Almon H., ’80, Phillipston, farmer. 

Stone, Winthrop E., ’82, Amherst, State Agricultural Experiment 
Station, assistant chemist. 

Strickland, George P., ’71. 

Swan, Roscoe W., ’79, 32 Pleasant Street, Worcester, physician. 

Taft, Cyrus A., 76, Whitinsville, draughtsman. 

Taft, Levi R., ’82, Columbia, Mo., Missouri ‘Acricultural College, 
professor of horticulture. 

Taylor, Alfred H., ’82, Burnett, Neb., dealer in live stock. 

Taylor, Frederick P., ’81, Athens, East Tenn., farmer. 

Thompson, Edgar E., ’71, East Weymouth, teacher. 

Thompson, Samuel C., ’72, corner 146th Street and 3d Avenue, 
New York City, Department of Public Works, civil engineer. 

Thurston, Wilbur H., ’82, Mountainville, Orange Co., N. Y., 
Experiment Department, Houghton Farm. 

Tucker, George H., ’71, Fargo, Dak., civil engineer. 

Tuckerman, Frederick, ’78, Amherst, ere and lecturer, Ag- 
ricultural College. 

* Died December 11, 1878, of consumption, at Minneapolis, Minn. 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Urner, George P., ’76, Melville, Gallatin Co., Montana, sheep 
raiser. 

Wakefield, Albert T.,’73, 301 Main Street, Peoria, Ill., physician. 

Waldron, Hiram E. Ba "79, North Rochester, farmer. 

Ware, Willard C., ’71, 255 Middle Street, Portland, Me., Boston 
& Portland Clothing Co., manager. 

Warner, Clarence D., ’81, Amberst, Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, professor of mathematics and physics. 

Warner, Seth S., ’73, 48 Chatham Street, Boston, Bowker Ferti- 
lizer Compace travelling salesman. 

Washburn, John. H., ’78, Mansfield, Conn., Storrs Agticdeaen 
School, professor of general and agricultural chemistry. 

Webb, James H., ’73, 69 Church Street, New Haven, Conn., 
Alling & Webb, attorneys and counsellors at law. 

Wellington, Charles, ’73, Gottingen, Germany, student. 

Wells, Henry, ’72, London, England, business. 

Wetmore, Howard G.,’76, 41 West Ninth Street, New York City, 
physician. 

Wheeler, Homer J., ’83, Amherst, State Agricultural Experiment 
Station, assistant chemist. 

Wheeler, William, ’71, 70 Kilby Street, Boston, civil engineer. 

Whitney, Frank Le P., ’71, Roxbury, Boston, dealer in shoes. 

Whitney, William C., ’72, Minneapolis, Minn., architect. 

Whittaker, Arthur, ’81, Needham, farmer. 

Wilcox, Henry H., ’81, Nawiliwili, S. I., sugar planter. 

Wilder, John E., 82, 179 Lake Street, Chicago, Il., with Wilder 

. & Hale, dealers in leather. 
Williams, James S., ’82, North Glastonbury, Conn., farmer. 
Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, editor ‘‘ Amherst Record.” 
Winchester, John F.,’75, Lawrence, veterinary surgeon and lec- 
turer, Tee Sigeseg ski eC College. 

Windsor, Joseph L., 782, St. Paul, Minn., Office North Pacific 
Railroad Co., ie secretaay to local treasurer. 

Wood, Frank W., ’73. 

Woodbury, uatag P., ’78, Kansas City, Mo., news and telegraph 

editor of ‘‘ Kansas City Daily Times.” 

Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Danvers, E. & C. Woodman, florists. 

Wyman, Joseph, ’77, Cambridgeport, book-keeper at 52 to 60 
Blackstone Street, Boston. 

Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Baltimore & Ohio 
Telegraph Co., manager of commercial office. : 


/ 


1885.] HOUSE—No. 17. 49 


COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. 


Freshman Year. 


Fall Term. 


ALGEBRA. — Wells’s University Algrebra. 

Botany. — Structural Botany and the study of the functions of vegeta- 
ble organisms. 

_Frencu. — Principles and applications of grammar, pronunciation, oral 
and written exercises in translating from French into English 
and from English into French. Keetel’s French Grammar. 
Readings from French authors. 

History. — Ancient Greece and Rome, with reference to modern insti- 
tutions. Modes of life and institutions of the Middle Ages, with 
reference to the evolution of our political and other institutions. 


Winter Term. 


PLANE GEOMETRY AND THEORY OF EQUATIONS. — Wentworth’s Geom 
etry. 

Microscopy. — The study and the use of the Microscope. The Micros- 
cope, by Carpenter. 

FREE-HAND DRAWING. — White’s Series. Object Drawing and Origi- 
nal work. 

FRENCH. — Translations, oral and written, from French into English. 

History. — Beginnings of Modern History. Period of the Protestant 
Revolution. Thirty Years’ War. Development of the nationali- . 
ties of Western Europe. Progress of civil freedom. 


Summer Term. 


SoLip GEOMETRY. — Wentworth’s Geometry. 

Botany. — Analysis. Systems of classification. Practical exercises in 
classification and in collecting and arranging herbaria. Bessey’s 
Botany. Gray’s Manual. | 

FRENCH. — Translation of some scientific or historic work, as Puydt 
Les Plantes de Sewe. 

AGRICULTURE. — History of Domestic Animals. Characteristics and 
development of different breeds, illustrated by stereopticon views 
of typical forms. 


Freshmen who do not study ‘“ History” and “ Agriculture,” elect 
French. 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Sophomore Year. 


Fall Term. 


CoNnIC SECTIONS AND PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. — Griffin’s Conic Sections. 
Wells’s Trigonometry. 

Botany. — Systematic Botany. Special study of useful and common 
plants. Bessey’s Botany. How Plants Grow, by Johnson 
CHEMISTRY. — Elementary Inorganic Chemistry. Instruction given by 
lectures and text-book, and all important facts experimentally 
demonstrated. Introduction to the Study of Chemistry. Nomen- 
clature. Symbols. Atomic Weights. Water and its constituents. 
Air and its constituents. Quantivolence. Radicals, Stoichiome- 
try. Acids. Bases. Salts. Consecutive consideration of the 

non-metallic elements. 

GERMAN. —Sheldon’s Grammar. Boisen’s Reader. Oral and written 
exercises. 

AGRICULTURE. — Stock breeding ; laws of heredity; causes of variation ; 
in-and-in breeding and cross-breeding; form of animals as an 
index of qualities; selection and care of animals; feeding for 
meat production; the dairy and its work. ; 


Winter Term. 


SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY AND MENSURATION. — Measurement of lines 
angles, surfaces, solids and volumes. Wells’s Trigonometry. 
Todhunter’s Mensuration. seas 

CHEMISTRY. — Metals of the alkalies. Metals of the alkaline earths. 

‘ Metals of each succeeding group considered distinctively. Each 
element and subject is first treated from a theoretical standpoint, 
and then the agricultural and technical significance of the facts - 
learned are considered. . 

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.— Descriptive Anatomy by means of skele- 
tons, clastic models, fresh specimens, dissection, diagrams and 
charts. Lectures and discussion of topics. Microscopic anatomy. 
Chemical analysis. 

MEcHANICAL DRAWING. — White’s Series. Use of instruments. Build- — 
ing plans, specifications, etc. . 

GERMAN. — Eichendorff. Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts. Oral and 
written exercises. ; . 

AGRICULTURE. — History of Agriculture, with particular reference to the 
development of systems and rules of practice. Pioneer farming, 
its methods and results. Mixed husbandry, — general principles 
and their special applications; cereals, forage crops, pastures and 
meadows. Drainage, general principles; different kinds of drains ; 
laying out and construction of drains; improved methods of lay-_ 
ing tiles. 2 


a HOUSE —No. 17. 51 


Summer Term. 


CrviL ENGINEERING. — Practical work with instruments in measuring 
heights and distances. Plane and topographical surveying, level- 
ling, construction of railroad curves, embankments and excava- 
tions, drainage, etc. 

ZooLoGcy. — Introductory lessons by means of specimens. Systems of 
classification. The analytic study of typical forms of animal life. 

GERMAN.— Rau. Die Grundlage der Modernen Chemie. Oral and 
written exercises. 

HORTICULTURE. — Cultivation and propagation of fruits. Lectures, with 
oral and written abstracts. 


Sophomores who do not study “ Agriculture” and “ Horticulture,” elect 
German. 


Junior Year. 
Fall Term. 


MECHANICS. — Lectures. Oral and written abstracts. Dana’s Mechanics. 

ENGLIsH LITERATURE. — Lectures on the early history of the English 
Nation and formation of the language. Study of the early 
literature. 

. GEOLOGY. — Instruction given by lectures, by text-book, and by constant 
field work in the study of rocks -and geological formations, with 
particular reference to the recognition of the characteristics of 
the different periods of geological history, and the application of 
the facts gained, to agriculture, as related to the formation, com- 
position and characteristics of soils. 

LATIN. 

HortTICcULTURE. — Market gardening and floriculture. Entomology, 
with special reference to injurious and beneficial insects. Pack- 
ard’s Guide to Study of Insects. 


Winter Term. 


PHysICS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. — Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics, 
new edition. Loomis’s Analytical Geometry. 

ENGLISH LITERATURE. — Study of Shakespeare. Lectures on the his- 
toric epochs in connection with the text-book. Original theses. 

CnEmistrY.— Instruction in the laboratory, with recitations. Blow- 
pipe analysis, with the determination of the characteristics of the 
more common metals and minerals. Determination of unknown 
substances. Humid analysis. Determination of characteristics 
of all the commonly occurring elements. Determination of 
bases and acids in known compounds. 

LATIN. 


AGRICULTURE. — Soils; farm implements; manures; rotation of crops. 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Summer Term. 


PHYSICS AND DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS. 


CHEMISTRY. — Determination of qualitative composition of unknown 
substances. Analysis of fertilizers, of soils, and of agricultural 
and technical raw products. 

CHEMICAL GEOLOGY. — Instruction by lectures. Formation of rocks, 

geological stages or periods with the characteristic formations of 

each period, and the phenomena accompanying each change. 

Chemical composition of the rocks forming the earth’s crust, 

with a review of the minerals constituting these rocks. Chem- 

ical changes by which the rocks have been converted into an 
arable soil. The chemical characteristics of the resulting soil as 
related to the production of plants. 

LATIN. . . 

HortTICULTURE.— Forestry and landscape gardening. Methods of 
propagation and cultivation of forest trees. Study of trees and 
plants most desirable for land decoration, with principles and 
rules of arrangement. Lectures, with oral and written abstracts. 
Hough’s Elements of Forestry. 

Juniors who do not study “ Agriculture” and “ Horticulture,” elect 

Latin. 


Senior Year. 


Fall Term. 


PHYSICS AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS.— Loomis’s Differential and Inte- 
gral Calculus. 
CHEMISTRY. — Analysis of prominent products of chemical industry. 
Special lectures upon the same. on 

MENTAL SCIENCE. — Outline by inductive teaching, and by lectures. 
Study of topics aided by Porter, Cousin, Hamilton, ete. Oral 
recitations by topics and written abstracts. History of philos- 
ophy. Lectures. 


Winter Term. 


CHEMISTRY. — Organic chemistry with reference to applications in agri- 
culture and other industries. 

PoLiticaL Economy. — Treatment of the subject by lectures, discus- 
sions and abstracts. Laughlin’s Mill’s Political Economy. Perry’s 
Political Economy. ; 

BroLtocy.— The study of forms of life, their structure and functions. 
Laboratory practice and experiments. Biology in:its relations to 
agriculture. 

ASTRONOMY 


1885.) HOUSE —No. 17. 53 


Summer Term. 


ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Morat SCIENCE. — Outline of principles by inductive teaching and by 
lectures. Discussions. Recitations by topics and by abstracts. 
Philosophic Basis of Theism, by Harris. Hopkin’s Law of 
Love. | 

History OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY. — Lectures. 

VETERINARY SCIENCE. — Lectures. 

Rurat Law. — Lectures. 

CONSTITUTIONAL HisTory.— Origin and development of the English 
Constitution. Colonial governments. Government of the United 
States. History of political parties. Development of popular 
governments in Europe during the present century. 

METEOROLOGY. 

The studies of the Senior Year are in good degree class electives. 


In all studies, students are to be trained to-accurate and ready 
oral and written expression, and to use drawing as language. 


Military tactics and military drill, as ordered, throughout the 


course. Weekly exercises in compositions and declamations 
throughout the course. The instruction in agriculture and horti- 
culture is both theoretical and practical. Instruction in the field 
and manual training is given whenever such instruction and train- 
ing will conduce to the progress of the student. Students are 
allowed to work for wages during such leisure hours as are at their 
command. A limited amount of work has been found to be bene- 
ficial, but work that withdraws the energy of the student from his 
studies is unprofitable to him. Students sometimes earn from fifty 
to one hundred dollars per annum. ‘Those who complete the course 
receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed 
by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of the cor- 
poration. } 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become 
members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its 
diplomas in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming en- 
titled to all the privileges of the alumni. 


4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. _ 


ADMISSION, 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- 
mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, 
the History of the United States, and the Metric System. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire 
admission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of 
age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of good 
character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are requested 
to furnish the Examining Committee with their standing in the 
schools they have last attended. The previous rank of the candi- 
date will be considered in admitting him. 


EXPENSES. 

Tuition in advance. 
Fall term, ) 4 : ; ‘ $30 00 
Spring term, . ; 25 00 
Summer term, . . 25 00 $80 00 $80 00 
Room-rent, in advance, $5. 00 ‘to $10. 00 

per term, 5 15 00 30 00 

*Board, $3.50 to $5. 00 per Paa : ; 133 00 190 00 
Washing, 30 to 50 cents per week, . : 3 11 40 19 00 
Fuel, $5.00 to $15.00 per year, : : 5 00 15 00 

Expense per year, . 4 $244 40 $334 00 


To the above must be added thirty dollars to obtain a military suit, 
which is to be obtained during the first term of attendance at college, 
and is to be used in drill exercises during the four years’ course. Those 
who use the laboratory for practical chemistry will be charged ten 
dollars per term. Some expense will also be incurred for lights and 
for text-books. Students whose homes are within the State of Massachu- 
setts can, in most cases, obtain a scholarship by applying to the sen- 
ator of the district in which they live. The outlay of money can be 
further reduced by work during leisure hours on the farm or in the 
botanic department. The opportunities for such work are more abun- 
dant during the Fall and Winter terms. 


* Several students, during most of fhe) year, have formed a club and furnished 
themselves with board for about two dollars and fifty cents per week. 


1885.] HOUSE —No. 17. 55 


SIZE OF ROOMS. 


For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given: In the south dormitory the 
main corner rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoining 
bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are fourteen by 


fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the north 


dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the 
annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are 
thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bed- 
rooms eight by eight feet. 


THE ROBINSON SCHOLARSHIP. 


The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the 
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the 
Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy. 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free 
scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the 
State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the 
representative from the district to which the applicant belongs. 
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each 
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications 
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination 
would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, 
of vigorous constitution, and should enter college with the inten- 
tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some 
pursuit connected with agriculture. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years, 
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa- 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ——‘[Jan. 


chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to enable 
the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said institution, 
‘the theoretical and practical education required by its charter and the 
law of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually for the term of four years, eighty free scholar- 
ships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com- 
monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by 
the president of the college, at such time and place, as the senator then 
in office from each district shall designate ; and the said scholarships shall 
be assigned equally to each senatorial district; but if there shall be less 
than two successful applicants for scholarships from any senatorial dis- 
trict, such scholarships may be distributed by the president of the college 
equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible, but no applicant 
shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an examination in © 
accordance with the rules to be established as herein before provided. 


In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission 
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar- 
ship. 


PRIZES. 


FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided 
a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, the income of which is to be used 
as prizes, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the Col- 
lege Faculty, for excellence in declamation. 


7 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- — 
sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of forty dollars, and 
a second prize of twenty-five dollars, to be called the Grinnell 
Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New 
York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members 
of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written — 
examination in theoretical and practical agriculture. 


Hitu’s Boranicat Prizes. 


For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1885, a prize of fifteen dollars is-offered, and, for the second best, 
a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- 
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection 
of dried plants from the College Farm. 


+, 

4 
a 
3 
v 
$ 


1885. ] HOUSE — No. 17. 57 


BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL 
HISTORY. 


The Library of the College contains at present about three 
thousand volumes. The income of the fund raised by the alumni 
and others is devoted to its increase, and additions are made from 
time to time, as the needs of the several departments require. 


The State Cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and 
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to 
the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. It 
has recently received valuable additions of several thousand speci- 
mens of minerals, fossils, shells, insects and birds’ eggs and nests. 


The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand 
species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number 
of duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many 
interesting and useful specimens of seeds, woods and fruit-models. 
There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and system- 
atic botany, including about three thousand figures. 


About Fifteen Hundred Species and Varieties of Plants are 
cultivated in the Durfee Plant House, affording the student an 
invaluable opportunity of studying the most important types of 
the vegetable kingdom in their scientific and economic relations. 


The Class in Microscopy has the use of Tolles’s best com- 
pound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-eighth 
of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces. 


POST-GRADUATE COURSE. 


Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi- 
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy, 


from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies 
under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry, or other 


members of the Faculty in their respective departments. 


PHYSICAL CULTURE. 


* 


The military exercises in the open air, or in a spacious hall 
provided for the purpose, tend to promote health, erect form, and 
prompt, effective and graceful movement. 


Co el ae oe bs 
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58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


= ey. 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Chapel exercises every morning at a quarter after eight o’clock. 
On Sundays the students attend morning service in the chapel, 
unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made to attend 
church elsewhere. On Sabbath afternoons, or immediately follow- 
ing the morning service, there is opportunity for every student to 
study the Bible in a Bible class. 

The Young Men’s Christian Association holds weekly meetings. 
The Sabbath evening services in churches about one mile distant, 
and meetings conducted by the students, furnish additional oppor- 
_tunities for religious culture. 


CONDUCT. 


Students are expected to co-operate with their instructors and 
with each other in promoting the welfare of the college, in order 
that every student may receive the best possible results of the 
course of study and training. Whenever it is evident that it is not 
for the good of a student to remain in the college, or that the wel- 
fare of the college requires that he should not remain, he will be 
dismissed. 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London & Northern R.R., connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany R.R., and at Miller’s Falls 
with the Fitchburg R.R. <A stage route of seven miles connects 
Amherst at Northampton with the Connecticut River R.R., and 
with the New Haven & Northampton R.R. The college buildings 
are on a healthful site commanding one of the finest views in New 
England. The large farm of three hundred and eighty-three acres, 
with its varied surface and native forests, gives the student the free- 
dom and the quiet of a country home. The surrounding country 
is very helpful to the student of natural science. ‘The location of 
the buildings prevents the student from the interruptions to study, 
incident on residence in a town or city, and helps to secure all the 
moral as well as the intellectual advantages of a college in the 
country, 


1885. 


HOUSE — No. 17. 


59 


Statement of the Cash Receipts and Expenses of the Mass. Agri- 
cultural College for the Year ending Jan. 1, 1885. 


Cash in the hands of the treasurer, Jan., 1884, 
as «s ¢ a? -DUEsar, $f Py 

Botanic account, - . 

Farm account, 

Term bill account, . 

Expense account, 

Boarding-house account, 

Laboratory account, 

Farnsworth Prize account, 

Mary Robinson Fund account, 

Grinnell Prize account, . 

Hills Fund account, 

Whiting Street Fund account, 

Totten Prize account, 

Salary account, 

Plant house, construction account, 

Drill hall, construction account, 

President’s house, construction account, 

Repairs of North College, etc., account, 

State treasurer, scholarships appropriation, . 


“ 66 


income of endowment fund, 
Fe ° appropriation for president’s 
house and repairs, 


Interest account,— received on deposits in 
the bank, ; : : ; 


Cash on hand, Jan., 1885 


RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS. 
$3 45 - 
318 48 2 
6,948 97 $7,804 73 
4,019 64 5,383 94 
4,536 58 1,171 67 

206 66 6,512 32 
3,949 77 5,587 72 
397 89 499 79 
50 00 70 00 
70 00 84 00 
75 00 | 80 00 
592 00 | = 498 15 
20 00 aa 
a 25 00 
5 9,044 98 
6 89 434 61 
ze 589 41 
2 9,224 20 
2 6,758 24 
10,000 00 = 
11,821 85 2 
11,062 75 | ~ 
39 93 . 
2 406 10 


-—_— 


Se need 


$54,119 86 | $54,119 86 


O. B. Hapwen, T'reas. 


AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 1, 1885. 


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PUBLIC DOCUMENT. Na oe 


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TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL RBPORT 
TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 


CATALOGUE. 


JANUARY, 1886. 


BOSTON : 
- WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE. 
1886. 


Commontoerlth of Massachusetts. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 15, 1886. 


_ To His Excellency Gro. D. ROBINSON. 


Sir :—Herewith I have the honor to present to your 
Excellency and the Honorable Council the Twenty-third 
Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College. 


I am, sir, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


JAMES C. GREENOUGH, 


President Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


iy 


rae. 


/* 


CONTENTS. 


REPORT OF TRUSTEES, 


Introductory, 

Objects of the College, 
Buildings, 

College Farm, 

Scholarships, : 
Immediate Needs of the Bete ce: 
Concluding Remarks, 


Department of Practical Agriculture, © 
Botanical Department, | 

Chemical Department, 

Mathematical Department, . : 
Department of Anatomy and Physiol 
Military Department, 

Treasurer’s Report, 


CATALOGUE AND CIRCULAR, 


Faculty and Undergraduates, 
Course of Study, etc., : 
Catalogue of Graduates and Employments, 


ANNUAL REPORT 


Or THE 


ah S tees 


OF 


“MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council: 


In the history of the college, the year that has closed must 
be regarded as a year of progress. The laboratory building 
has been remodelled and repaired, a very cheerful and con- 
venient dormitory has been planned and will soon be 
finished, and in a separate wing rooms long needed for 
instruction are being provided; the new chapel and library 
building is nearly ready for use; over a thousand volumes 
have been added to the library; a considerable addition has 
been made to the scientific apparatus; the productiveness 
of the farm has been increased ; the Durfee Plant House has 
been repaired and painted inside and out, and furnished with 
new heating apparatus,— and, more than all these, the college 
has effectively aided a good number of students in fitting 
themselves for the duties of life. 


OBJECTS OF THE COLLEGE. 


The need of colleges better adapted to the education of 
those who are to engage in the more active pursuits of life, 
the need of technical training for those who are to engage in 
agriculture, and the need of men of military training, led to 
the founding by the United States, with the co-operation of 
the legislatures of the several States, of this and other similar 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 
colleges. The objects for which the United States made the 
appropriation for founding and maintaining this college are, 
as stated’ in the original bill, ‘‘ The endowment, support and 
maintenance of at least one college where the leading object 
shall be, without excluding scientific and classical studies, 
and including military tactics, to teach such branches of 
learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, 
in such manner as the legislatures of the states may respect- 
ively prescribe, in order to promote. the liberal and practical 
education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and 
professions of life.” In accordance with this act, a four- 


years’ course of study was arranged at the time the college. 


was founded, which from time to time has been somewhat 
modified as the facilities for instruction have been furnished 
and as the several departments of science have advanced. 

The general purpose of the institution is in good degree 
indicated by its name. It is acollege. It is an agricul- 
tural college. As a college, its purpose is the physical, 
intellectual and moral development of its students. The 
subjects” included in the course are some of the means to 
be used in securing this end. These subjects are nal 
divided into two groups. 


The first group Gaehiieg those subjects that are adapted to 


give a knowledge of external nature. 
In the second group are included those subjects that are 
adapted to give a knowledge of man. | 
The first group includes rin ely and geology, and other 
subjects pertaining to the inorganic kingdom; physics, per- 
taining to the motion of masses. of matter; chemistry, 
pertaining to the molecular changes of matter; botany and 


kindred subjects, pertaining to the vegetable world ; zodlogy 


and kindred subjects, pertaining to the animal world. 
In the second group are included the studies of language, 
mental and moral philosophy, history, political economy, 
civil government and kindred studies. 


A third group would seem to be needed, to make any 
complete course of study ; viz., those studies that pertain to” 


a knowledge of God. But the subjects pertaining to nature 
and to man, if properly taught, lead to a knowledge, of God. 


In securing the development of the student as a man, it is" 


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1886. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 9 


needful that in the college course he gain sufficient knowl- 
edge and discipline to enable him, after leaving college, to 
advance successfully in any one of the departments named. 
Whatever a course of study includes, its value depends upon 
its adaptation to develop the powers of the student, and its 
service as a basis of future progress. Progressive manhood 
should be the object of every college. 

| The distinctive feature of this college is that it is an agri- 
cultural college. Hence, so far as:is practicable, the 
sciences here taught are taught in their relations to agricult- 


ure. The great variety of employments included under the 


term agriculture, and the rapid advances made in the useful 
application of the sciences, must render the course both 
broad and practical. Any attempt to confine the work of 
the college within narrow technical limits, is contrary to the 
spirit and intent of the founders, is not in accord with the 
vast interests it subserves, and is unworthy of those to-day 
engaged in one of the most honorable and useful employ- 
ments. There are two classes of persons making demands 
upon our higher institutions of learning, and especially, I 
may say, upon an agricultural college. 

Those of one class demand that these institutions shall 
develop the student’s powers without reference to any future 
employment. They demand the culture of the man. 

Those of the other class demand practical business results 
from an education, and judge of the value of a course by the 
business skill gained in some one employment, and the 
pecuniary returns it enables one to secure. The demand 
of each class is reasonable. Knowledge and mental power 
are of paramount importance, independent of their business 
applications ; and yet the daily needs of our physical and 
social life require that we use our knowledge for practical 
ends. While the agricultural college aims to secure the 
education of its students in the highest and best sense of the 
term, it also furnishes opportunities to prepare for a useful 
employment. It does not aim to give mere theoretical 


knowledge. It aims to teach the sciences in their practical 


application to at least one employment, and that the funda- 
mental employment of our own and of every other people. 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. date: 


BUILDINGS. 


The old chapel building has been changed in its interior 
construction, and renovated, so that it now contains a lecture- 
room, a room for drawing, the mathematical recitation-room, 
the philosophical apparatus room, the chemical lecture-room, 
the chemical laboratory and various work-rooms. The 


appropriation of $2,000, made by the legislature of last year, — 


was not sufficient to do all that should be done, but the 
improvements made will greatly aid our scientific work. 

The brick building, partly on the site of the old south 
dormitory building, is roofed, plastered, and nearly ready 
for the finish. This building is composed of two wings, 
joined so as to form a right angle. The dormitory wing, 
more than 151 feet in length, fronts toward the south, giving 
a south room for a study-room to every student who shall 
occupy the building. The bedrooms in the rear of the study- 
- rooms are of good size, and arranged for ample light and 


ventilation. ‘The building will acegengodie forty-eight 


students when all the rooms are finished. m 


The lecture-room wing fronts the east, and has in its base | 


ment the steam-heating apparatus, the work-room and the 
agriculturalimplement room. All of the first floor is devoted 
to the work of the agricultural department. Here are one 
lecture-room, two smaller rooms, and a large room for an 
agricultural museum. In the second story are two rooms 
for the department of language and literature, and for other 
departments. A third room in this story will make an 
admirable room for our collections in natural history, and 
may also be used for lectures on mineralogy and geology. 
The new chapel and library building, which has been 
‘delayed because of the erection of the tower, is nearly finished, 


cand will soon be furnished. All the baildness should be 


-connected with each other and with the walk on 1 West Pleas- 
-ant Street by concrete walks ; for this purpose an appropria- 
ition of $1,000 will be required. The college grounds shouid 
‘be provided with additional hydrants connected with the 
wwater supply of the town of Amherst. Hose and other 
imecessary apparatus should be at hand to protect the build- 


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Miz: 


1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. ll 


ings against loss by fire. An appropriation of $1,000 will 
be required for this purpose. ; 


COLLEGE FARM. 


The real estate connected with the college may be consid- 
ered under three heads :— 

1. That occupied by the Massachusetts Experiment 
Station, for an account of which we would refer to the annual 
report of Dr. Goessmann, Director of the Station. 

2. That part under the direction of the professor of bot- 
any and horticulture, for an account of which we refer to 
the accompanying annual report of Prof. S. T. Maynard. 

3. That part lying west of the county road, or the farm 
proper. This is now estimated by the professor of agricult- 
ure to contain about 233 acres. Some seventy-five or eighty 
acres of this are now used as mowing and tillage. A large 
proportion of the land now enclosed as pasture has in former 
years been cultivated. In fact, whenever the department of 
practical agriculture shall adopt a system of rotation of crops, 
for which the improvements made on the farm during the 
last two years is a good preparation, the land now enclosed 
as pasture will be available, as well as that now used as 
mowing and tillage. The lowland in the pasture west of the 
college buildings was cleared, ditched and put in condition 
for plowing some years ago, under President Stockbridge. In 
the autumn of 1883 it was plowed, and in the spring of 
1884 it was so seeded that during that season it yielded 


excellent pasturage. By the maintenance of a system of 


farming adapted to instruct the students as well as to improve 
the farm, this lowland, without much expense, can be made 
very productive land. 

Credit is due to Mr. Wright, the farmer, for so managing 
the farm during the past two years as to double the quantity 
of hay produced; while the yield of corn the past year is 
estimated, from measurement in the ear, at upwards of 
twelve hundred bushels of shelled corn. It is a gratifying 
fact that the balance sheet at the close’ of this year is in 
favor of the farm. There is great need of a good corn- 
house for the farm, and of more shed room for the storage 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —— [Jan. 


of farm implements. The barn needs considerable repair- 
ing. Important changes should be made in it, and the 
buildings connected with it, that they may be more servicea- 
ble for instruction, and may better secure economy of labor. 
It is estimated that not less than twelve hundred dollars will 
be required for this purpose. 

From the time the college was opened, the farm has been 
used as a means of instruction whenever the professor of 
agriculture wished so to use it. The present executive 
committee of the trustees and the president are disposed to 
aid the professor of agriculture in rendering the farm a 
more effective means of instruction. The area of the farm, 
diminished by the separation of the parts above named, 
makes its care by the professor of agriculture less onerous 
than in former years, while it may be made equally valuable 
for educational purposes. In fact, the history of the college 
furnishes abundant evidence that a much smaller farm would 
have been far more profitable in many ways. We herewith 
submit the financial statement for the year ending Dec. 31, 
1885 : — ; 


DR. CR. 
Cash paid out by Treasurer, . $3,759 70 - 
Cash received from sales, . ; : ~ $4,152 85 
Bills payable, . : : ; : 250 12 - 
Bills receivable, : : - 337 99 
Increase in value of stock, Bs - _, 20008 
of tools and implements, ; = in 100 00 
of crops on hand, oe - 1,065 00 
Balanee, . ‘ ‘ : p f : 1,846 02 mer 


me ee ee eee = 


$0,859 84 | $5,855 84 


From the above it will be seen that the cash balance in 
favor of the farm is $393.15. Add to this the balance of 
bills in favor of the college, which are, for the most part, 


as good as cash within thirty days, and the balance in favor 


of the farm is $481.02, while the total balance in favor of 
the farm is $1,846.02. 


1886.]. PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 13. 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 


Of those who were examined to enter the college last 
September, twenty-nine were entitled to State scholarships. 
Twenty-five of these are enrolled in our classes. These 
students constitute the greater part of the Freshman class. 
As the examination papers written in the several senatorial 
districts are now mailed to the college, and there examined, 
the candidates for scholarships are now admitted on a uni- 
form basis. ‘The ability and earnestness of those who have 
received scholarships is gratifying. The plan by which 
scholarships are made available for every section of the 
State puts the college in close relations to the people of the 
State. Under this plan a far larger number of those young 
men for whom the college was intended can avail themselves 


of its benefits. The distribution of scholarships also tends 


to diffuse information concerning the college, and is leading 
to a better appreciation of its work. 


IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF THE ‘COLLEGE. 


I. The re-enactment of the resolves of 1883, providing 
for an annual payment ‘to enable the trustees to provide 
for the students of said institution the theoretical and prac- 
tical education required by its charter and the law of the 
United States relating thereto,” and also providing free 
scholarships. 

II. An appropriation of one thousand dollars, to connect 
the college buildings by suitable walks, and to connect 
said buildings by walks with the walk on the Amherst 
highway. 

Iii. An appropriation of twelve hundred dollars, to im- 
prove the farm buildings, and put them in good repair. 

IV. An appropriation of one thousand dollars, to make 
the changes and improvements in the Drill Hall advised by 


_ Lieut. Sage. 


CONCLUDING REMARKS. 


The earnestness and the success of the students in the 
several departments during the year have been worthy of 
much commendation. With the admirable rooms soon to 
be completed for the students, and the increased facilities 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. *  [Jan. — 


for instruction now furnished, the college, we believe, will 
deserve in larger degree the growing patronage which it 
enjoys. The faculty of the college has suffered but little 
change. Prof. Horace E. Stockbridge, Ph. D., resigned 
in April to accept an important position in the Imperial 
College of Agriculture, Japan. His place has been filled 
by the appointment of Charles Wellington, Ph. D., of the 


Class of ’73. The detail of Victor H. Bridgman, First 


Lieutenant, Second Artillery, having expired, Geo. E. Sage, 
First Lieutenant, Fifth Artillery, has been detailed from the 
U.S. A. by the Secretary of War, as Professor of Military 
Science and Tactics. 


j 1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 15 


DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL AGRI- 
CULTURE. 


President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. 

Str :—The following report on the course of instruction 
in agriculture for the year 1885 is respectfully submitted. 
Twelve of the Freshman class of last year, thirteen of the 
present Sophomore class, sixteen of the present Junior class 
and all of the Seniors have taken the course in agriculture. 

The general plan of class-room instruction presented in 
outline in former reports has been followed this year with 
greater satisfaction, as nearly all of the students of the sev- 
eral classes were in their proper place in the course, so that. 
the systematic relations and interdependence of its subdivi- 

_ sions were more readily recognized. 

Throughout the entire course practical considerations and 
principles have been the leading subjects of discussion, and 
theories have only received a share of attention when they 
had a direct bearing upon the economies of farm practice. 

The uniform attention of the students to the lectures in 
the several departments of the course, and the interest they 

_ have taken in the various topics presented, have been all that 
could be wished, notwithstanding the eae defects in the 
means of illustration. 

During the past term, for the first time in the history of 
the Eile, the department of agriculture has hada class- 
room under its exclusive control; and although these tempo- 
rary quarters have been crowded and inconvenient, the great 
advantages of this arrangement over former conditions have 
been manifest in all class exercises. The agricultural class- 
_ room and museum provided for in the new building will 
furnish better facilities for illustrating the several topics 


7 
- 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [J ant 


embraced in the course, which will materially increase the 
efficiency and influence of the department. 

‘In my report of last year, attention was called to the great 
importance of biology, in its latest developments, as a sub- 
division of agricultural science; and I afterwards made an 
estimate of the apparatus needed in this deparneag as a 
basis for legislative appropriations. 7 

This estimate was intended to provide the necessary appa- 
ratus for the illustration of the class-room instruction in agri- 
culture, and to furnish facilities for practical laboratory work 
in biology by a class of from twelve to fifteen students. A 
part of this apparatus has already been purchased and used 
during the past term, and experience shows that the original 
amount asked for is absolutely required to provide suitable 
appliances for biological work by: the students now in the 
course in agriculture. 

If all of bike students in the college take the abaiiihtaen 
course, including biology in its relations to agriculture, sev- 
eral hundred dollars more than my original estimate will be 
needed to provide them all with facilities for work in the 
biological laboratory. 

Instruction in biology has been : given by lectures, in which 
the general principles of the science are discussed, especial 
prominence being given to subdivisions of the subject that 
have a direct relation to agricultural problems of practical 
interest ; and the oral instruction is supplemented by labora- 
tory practice, in which the student is required to make orig- 
inal investigations that serve to verify and fix in his mind 
the leading facts of the science. During the past term the 
senior class has been making good use of the new apparatus 
belonging to the department, in the study of microscopic 
organisms of particular interest to the farmer in the curing 
and management of dairy products, including the various 
processes of fermentation and putrefaction, and the specific 
forms which have been proved to be the causes of some of 
the most fatal diseases of plants and animals. 

They have thus been made familiar with the general 
appearance and behavior of these minute organisms ; and, by | 
making drawings and measurements of the forms under 
observation, and cultivating them in appropriate media, 


» ee Re , Fi 
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1886. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 17 


under known conditions, they are enabled to trace the life 
history and specific function of particular species, and deter- 
mine their distinguishing characteristics which might other- 
Wise escape attention. Original researches have already 
been begun by some of the students under my advice and 
supervision, which give promise of valuable results, in rela- 
tion to the cause of epidemic abortion in cows: and work of 
this kind may be profitably extended to include the entire 
range of communicable diseases. 

The training of students in the exact methods of investi- 
gation required in such studies, is not only of great value to 
them as an educational factor, but it gives them broader 
views of the rapidly extending relations of science to agri- 
culture ; and the experience gained in observing the influence 
of a change of conditions upon the vital activity of these 
lowest forms of life, is the best possible preparation for the 
intelligent consideration of the means of controlling or pre- 
venting the ravages of all communicable diseases. 

The interest of the students in this work, the past term, 
is manifested in the requests made by almost every member 
of the class that they may be allowed to continue their lab- 
oratory work in biology as a special study, during the remain- 
der of their college course. A number of special students 
have likewise made application for the practical course in 
biology during the next term. 

From the great practical importance of the department of 
biological science, relating to the causes of communicable 
diseases, which has been developed within the past few years 
and is now attracting prominent attention, as a means of 
‘solving some of the most difficult problems of sanitary 

: science, to say nothing of the relations of biology to other 
branches of rural economy,—it seems desirable that provision 
should be made for the prosecution of biological studies in a 
well-arranged laboratory, where the apparatus now belong- 
ing to the department can be used to the best advantage. A 
room in the new building should be assigned for this exclu- 

_ sive purpose, as satisfactory work in this direction cannot be 
_ carried on in a room used for other purposes ; and it must be 

in immediate connection with the agricultural department, if 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_[Jan. 


the students are to realize the greatest profit from their work 
under my supervision. 

Among the means of illustration and instruction in an 
agricultural college, the farm should occupy a prominent and 
commanding position, and its management should be in har- 
mony with the principles taught in the class-room. In its 
present condition and equipment, the farm must fail to serve 


its legitimate purpose as a part of the educational facilities 


of the college; and, in justice to my own department of 
instruction, it must be said that the professor of agriculture 
has not been consulted in regard to any detail of farm man- 
agement, either directly or indirectly, for the past two years. 

Of the 383 acres embraced in the college domain, it is 
estimated that about 150 acres is occupied by the horticult- 


ural and experimental departments, and by the college build- 


ings and adjacent grounds and roads, leaving approximately 
about 233 acres in charge of the farm department. | 

The land available for cultivation on the, farm is only 75 
acres, or less than one-third of the area of the farm proper ; 
and nearly one-half of this is in small and irregular plots, of 
from two to nine acres of the area properly imchiatd in the 
college grounds. 

The best land on the farm is now practieally a barren 
waste, which can only be made productive by thorough 
drainage; and this forms part of an enclosure of about 100 
acres, which is used as a cattle range, some parts of which 
are in grass, that may be converted into a good dag with 
a moderate expenditure of labor. 

The south part of this enclosure, lying directly west of the 


college buildings, should be reclaimed by thorough drainage | 


and brought under cultivation, as a matter of economy in 
providing a variety of work for the students, and distributing 
it throughout the season. 


In the improvement of this tract, the students will have 


the opportunity for acquiring practical experience in laying 
tiles; and the subsequent management would serve to show 
that their labor in such permanent improvements is not 
unproductive. 

The fences on the enclosed part of the farm should be 


a a ee 


1886.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 19 
reconstructed and arranged so that the different fields may 
be made conveniently Hveksible. 

- ‘The barn should be repaired and rearranged to provide 
better quarters for the live stock of different kinds, and to 
economize the expenditure of labor in its care and manage- 
ment. : 

The equipment of implements for the fields and farm build- 

ings should include the latest and most complete apparatus 
for economizing labor in all departments of the work. 
_ Several breeds of cattle, sheep and swine of the very best 
quality should be kept on the farm, so that the students may 
become familiar with the characteristics of the leading types, 
and their adaptation to particular purposes. 

The farmers of the State would likewise be directly bene- 
fited by such a collection of pure-bred stock, as they could 
then conveniently make a comparison of the qualities of the 
different breeds under favorable conditions ; and the college 
farm would become a centre for the distribution of choice 
breeding stock to different parts of the State. 


MANLY MILES. 


i 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


BOTANIC DEPARTMENT. 


President J. C. GREENOUGH. 


Sir:—The following report upon the condition of the 


Botanic Department is respectfully submitted : — 

The class-room work of instruction has been carried out the 
past year according to the college curriculum. { 
- The field exercises have been much reduced in number 
and time, on account of the limited time the students have 
for such work, after attending the regular recitations and the 


military exercises, the want of proper equipment of tools, — 


and the fact that the time of the instructor has been too 
much taken up in looking after the details of the trade de- 
partment and the assigned class-room work. 

In order to make the department more efficient, an assist- 


oa Ft 
a) OF 


ant is needed who can take entire charge of the details of © 


the work in the greenhouses, orchard, nursery and gardens. 

The question whether a State institution should conduct 
business as a means of support is often discussed, and under 
the present circumstances is a difficult one to settle. 


In an industrial institution, such as this was intended to 


be, all the branches of agriculture and horticulture must 
be practical; and what is done in this line, aside from ex- 
perimental and illustrative work, should be done with a view 
of a profit over and above the cost of production. While 


the transaction of business seems a necessity, it is found here, © 


as in all other State institutions, that the conditions are such 


as led one of the ex-governors of Massachusetts to say that _ ; 


he could do more with seventy-five cents of his own money 
than he could with one dollar belonging to the State. 

The amount of business done can be reduced very much, 
if. a plan can be adopted to keep the land now under culti- 
vation in a condition required to interest and instruct both 


Bs |) he als 

i “4 
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in ! 


-1886.} PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 21 


students and the public; and it would be a welcome relief 
to those obliged to carry on the work under such disadvan- 
tageous circumstances. | 

I would suggest that some of the above land be devoted 
to experiments in forestry,-and that the original plan be 
carried out of making an arboretum on some of. the land 
south-east from the president’s house. Many very desirable 
trees and shrubs are already growing in our nursery, and 
others can be obtained by exchange and otherwise at a very: 

small expense. . 

The crops the past season have generally been abundant, 
but owing to low prices the income from sales has.been much | 
less than last year. 

The orchards, vineyard and small-fruit plantations are in 
a much improved condition, and a permanent income may 
now be expected from them without a great expense. 

The stock of trees in the nursery is much increased in ~ 
value, especially in the line of fruit trees, of which we can 
offer a fine stock. | 

The plants in the large greenhouses have now regained 
much of their former size and beauty, and require more time 
and labor to keep in good condition. The propagating pits 
are well stocked with bedding plants for spring trade and 
decoration, and with carnations and violets for cut flowers. 

The old furnaces in the large houses have been replaced 
by two new ones, which are working well, and give more 
heat with a greater economy of fuel. 

‘All the woodwork of both the greenhouses and propagat- 
ing pits has received a thorough coat of paint, and is much 
improved in appearance. 

An experimental ‘plat in which to test the new varieties 
of fruits, and to furnish specimens of native grasses and 
other forage plants, has been laid out north-east of the 
new stable. In these plats have been planted over 40 new 
varieties of grapes; 15 new varieties of raspberries and 
blackberries ; 6 new varieties of plums; 10 new varieties of 
cherries; 8 new varieties of apples; 60 new and standard 
varieties of strawberries; 10 new and standard varieties of 

peaches ; also, 60 varieties of grasses and forage plants for 
illustration, and to supply herbarium specimens for students. 


29 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


All the above have been provided with a large sheet-iron 
label, painted white, with the name distinctly printed upon 
each, as have also most of the trees and shrubs in the im- 
mediate vicinity of the plant-house and Botanic Museum. 

It is‘ hoped .that another season we may provide similar 
labels for all the specimen trees upon the college grounds, 


so that visitors as well as students may be instructed and 


entertained. 
The financial condition of the department is eapriee by the 
following statement : — : 


STATEMENT. 
Dr. 
To cash received for trees, plants, fruit, vegetables, ete., $4,124 89 
To cash collected by bursar for the above, : : . 499 21 
| $4,624 10 
To the above should be added the following credits: — 

To grading, seeding, etc., about the new stable, : : 15 00 
To preparing and planting experimental plats, : oats 65 00 
To trees, plants, etc., for experimental plats, : » Se 
To preparing labels for trees, plants, etc., : . ~ -. For00 

To estimated cost of extra labor above that ences oy 

carry on the business, including care of specimen plants 

in the plant-house, decorating the grounds, taking care 

of walks and roads, and mowing the lawns about : 
the plant-house and Botanic Museum, etc., : : ~ 600 00° 
To increased value of nursery stock, oo te ae aon 
To increased value of orchards, ete., ‘ : 5 Ni 250 00 
To outstanding bills due, : : : 4 : : 365 64 
Total income, : 4 : Bo 8 ee a $6,269 74 
Cr. eee 

By bills paid by bursar, : #5,276 06 

By bills paid by Botanic Department, ; * 245 77 
Total expense, Ay : 3 : ; : : 5,021 83 


Balance in favor ot Botanic Department, . : pv47 91 


S, T. MAYNARD. 


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1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 23 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


President JAMES C, GREENOUGH. | 

Str : — Instruction has been given in the chemical depart- 
ment during the past year to four classes, as follows : — 

The Sophomore class has finished its first term in ele- 
mentary chemistry, having studied chemical phenomena in 
general, and the properties and behavior of the metalloids. 
Next term it will study the chemistry of metals. 

The Juniors have taken their second term in elementary 
chemistry, —?. e., the chemistry of metals, — and a term in 
chemical geology or the study of the formation of arable 
soils, and next term enter the laboratory for practical work 


in chemical analysis. 


The Senior class has had three terms of laboratory prac-. 
tice, having been required first to study the properties of the 
commonly occurring elements, both in the dry and humid 


'way, and then to ascertain the qualitative composition of un- 


known substances, beginning with those of simple character 
and taking up gradually more complex mixtures, and finally 
analyzing substances of general and special interest in 
agricultural economy. In this connection the class have 
received lectures and have been examined upon the occur- 
rence and composition of the fertilizing materials of our mar- 
kets, and also upon the best methods in quantitative analy- 
sis. Next term this class will study organic chemistry, 
especially in relation to agricultural pursuits. It is suggested 
that during their last term in college the Seniors receive in- 
struction in the domain of agricultural chemical industries, 
—i. e.,in the modes of manufacture of sugars, starch, oils, 
oil-cake, milling products, etc., — and also toa farther extent 
than is elsewhere possible in the course, in that of fertiliz- 
ers; such being eminently fitted to bring strikingly before 


24 «AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [dan 


the student, at the moment of his leaving the more theoretical 
studies and entering into agricultural practice, the true bear- 
ing of the chemistry studied during the course upon a large 
series of important industries with which his future business 
will stand in intimate relation. 

The graduates of last summer received instruction during 
the previous winter term in organic chemistry. 

A number of resident Grade ttes have studied quantitative 
analysis. 

Instruction in the branches of mineralogy and geology 
having been placed for the time being, until further provi- 
sion tall have been made for it, in the charge of this de 
partment, advantage is to be taken of the interval which 
exists in the regular chemical course, between the second 
terms of the Sophomore and Junior years. In those terms the 
elements of mineralugy will be considered; then the spe- 
cial character of minerals of importance in agriculture, the 
building of rocks, the general structure of the earth, the dis- 
integration and breaking down of the rock masses in the 
- formation of various soils, the significance of the presence 
or absence of various mineral substances in a soil, will be 
considered in order, and foundation will thus be made for a 
tone treatment of the doctrine of fertilization. 

The assistantship, established in this department Pe in 
1884, became vacant last spring through the resignation of 
Prof. H. E. Stockbridge, who scented a call Foie Japan. 
Engagement was made with Prof. C. Wellington, who en- 
tered upon duty at the beginning of the past term. 

Of the fifty-five hundred dollars appropriated at the last 


session of the General Court for the purchase of scientific 
apparatus, fifteen hundred were apportioned to this depart- 


ment. Of this amount about one-third has actually been 


disbursed in the purchase of gas apparatus from the Massa- 


chusetts Experiment Station, and the remainder will soon be 
expended for much-needed apparatus and fixtures. 


Very respectfully, 


C. A. GOESSMANN. — 


-* anes iy aA = 1A es 1 Seth ’ 


 1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 25 


< 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


President J. C. GREENOUGH. 
Sir: — During the past year many improvements have 
been made in this department. The lecture-room, that has 
been heretofore a source of inconvenience, is now converted 
into a suitable and convenient apartment. The physical 
‘ cabinet has received additional room; new cases have been 
furnished, and heating facilities increased. A small work- 
room, with a compartment for electric batteries, has also been 
suitably fitted up. 
_ The money appropriated by the last legislature will, when 
expended, furnish apparatus sufficient for illustrating the 
laws and phenomena in the department of physics. We 
shall be furnished with new and valuable instruments, for 
use in mechanics and civil engineering. Arrangements 
have already been made for purchasing the necessary appa- 
ratus. But it should be borne in mind that new applications 
_ of principles are constantly being discovered, and new in- 
_ struments are continually devised and invented for illustra- 
_ tion; so that it becomes necessary from time to time to fur- 
_ nish supplementary apparatus. | 

Hence, a small sum of money should be expended yearly, 
in order that the college may keep abreast of the scientific 
progress of the age. The method of instruction has been, 
in the main, similar to that of the preceding year. The 
_ endeavor has always been to use the latest and most im- 
proved text-books, and to present each subject under dis- 
cussion in as clear and practical a manner as possible. It 


“” 


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( ‘d er tt + en dle le 
pp vs a | ae sito iar ag? 
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26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan » 


seems proper to urge again the advisability of raising the 
standard for admission. The student should bave completed 
algebra, or thoroughly mastered two or three books of — 
geometry, before entering college. This preparation would 
better enable him to seize and comprehend at once the more 
difficult subjects that at first present themselves. 


Respectfully submitted, 
C. D. WARNER. 


———————— 


5 i 


af 


1886.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. ' 27 


J 


ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 


President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. 

Str:—I have the honor to submit the following re- 
port : — | 

During the past year the work of this department has been 
conducted mainly upon the plan outlined in the last annual 
report. 

Instruction has been given to the Sophomore class in 
human anatomy (descriptive and microscopic) and physiol- 
ogy, five hours each week during the second term. In 
addition to the regular course, a special one during this 
term was given to the Senior class, three hours each week. 

The department is now fairly well equipped with books 
for reference and consultation. During the year several of 
the more recent standard works on human anatomy, histol- 
ogy, physiology (including physiological chemistry and 
physiological physics) and comparative zoology were added 
to the library. 

We are sadly deficient in apparatus, and in chemical and 
physical appliances necessary for purposes of illustration and 
practical work. A complete set of diagrams or charts, illus- 
trating the anatomy of the human body, are very much 
needed, as are also a set of carefully mounted microscopic 


sections, without which it is impossible to teach animal his- 


tology intelligently. Very few, if any, of the alcoholic 
specimens belonging to the college are available for study in 
the lecture-room. These wants are at present supplied from 
the private collections of the instructor. 

It is intended that the instruction in this department shall 
form a suitable basis for the subsequent instruction in com- 
parative zoology and veterinary science. 


F. TUCKERMAN. 


28. +AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


JAMES C. GREENOUGH, 
President of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society. 

Sir: —I have the honor to submit to you the following 
report, which will necessarily be brief, as I have been con- 
nected with the college only two months. 

I am fortunate in succeeding an ofticer of the marked 
ability displayed by Lieut. Eioman in the administration — 
of the affairs of the corps, which I find in a most satisfactory — 
condition. 

Since taking charge of this department, I have occupied ~ 
myself with such drills and exercises as would give me a. 
more intimate acquaintance with the individuals of the corps, 
with the view of observing the effect of the military exer- 
cises upon them. There can be no doubt in the mind of any 
close observer that every member of this corps has been | 
vastly improved by his military training. They are strong, 
sturdy, well set-up young men, who in after life will find 
themselves well repaid for the short time spent in uniform. 

As yet, I have had no opportunity of meeting the two 
higher classes, as their course of study had been marked 
out before I arrived; but I hope that the course of instruc- 
tion for the winter term will be so arranged that the Seniors 
will have at least two hours each week to devote to the study 
of the following subjects: Ordnance and gunnery, constitu- 
ticnal and military law, campaigns and battles, and an element- 
ary course in strategy and engineering. The government 
expects that the graduates of this college will be able, in time 
of public need, to take positions as company and field 


(pana 


\ 


1886.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. | 29 


officers in State regiments that may suddenly be called into 


the field; and, in order to fit them for these positions, the 
above studies are absolutely necessary. 

In eases of emergency, it is the officers that are required 
by the State; and if none are found already fitted to take 
command, they must be educated in the field with the loss of 
life, time and money, of which our late civil war furnishes 
a conspicuous example. 

I desire also to call your attention to the necessity of heat- 
ing the drill hall. Under ordinary circumstances, the exer- 
cise given by the drill is sufficient to keep the cadets warm ; 
but the most of the drills that occur in winter are of such 
a character (bayonet and sabre) that it is impossible to keep 
comfortably warm. 

The drill hall can be ceiled with matched spruce lumber, 


for five hundred dollars, which would greatly improve the 


appearance and increase the usefulness of the building 
Then, if properly heated, it would be all that is required for 
the purpose. | 3 

In this connection I would urge the importance of adding 
to the drill hall a gymnasium, which I believe is an impor- 
tant feature in college education. Great interest is taken in 
this matter by the students, who show a disposition to raise 


‘money for this purpose themselves; but I think it better to 


refer it to you, hoping you will give your approval and assist- 
ance in forwarding the undertaking. The frame of the 
building is well suited to the requirements of a gymnasium, 
and the necessary apparatus could be so arranged as not to 


interfere with the military exercises in any way. 


The records of this office show that a continuous effort has 
been made to put the corps in camp at Framingham with the 
Massachusetts State militia. It is highly desirable that a 


- . certain amount of military instruction should be given in 


camp, and if it is found impracticable to do this, I would 
recommend that a sufficient amount of camp and garrison 
equipage be drawn from the Quartermaster-General of the 
U.S. Army to encamp the corps on the college grounds, 
for at least two weeks either in June or September. An 
insight into the life of a soldier could be given, and'such 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan _ 


camp duties taught as would not interfere with the regular 
college course. This knowledge would be invaluable to the 
cadet should he ever be called into active service. 


THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL COURSE OF 
INSTRUCTION. 


THEORY. 


Fall term, Freshman year. One hour per week for the 
term. Recitations in Upton’s Infantry Tactics. School.of 
the soldier. School of the company. Skirmish drill. 


Fali term, Sophomore year. One hour per week, half 
term. Recitations in U. S. Artillery tactics. School of the 
soldier. Sabre exercise. Manual of the piece. 


PRACTICE. 


_ All students (unless physically disqualified, and furnished 
with a surgeon’s certificate to that effect) will be required | 
to attend all military duties and exercises, those pursuing a 
speciai or partial course not being exempt so long as they 
remain at the college. By the commencement of the second . 
term students are required to provide themselves with a full 
uniform, comprising coat, blouse, trousers, cap, white 
gloves, etc., all of which costs about. thirty dollars. All 
students are expected to conduct themselves in a quiet, — 
orderly, and gentlemanly manner. The routine of duty as: 
practised at the Military Academy will be followed as closely 
as possible. To insure a proper sanitary condition of the 
college buildings, each Saturday the commandant makes a 
careful inspection of all rooms and college buildings, during — 
which time all students in full uniform are required to be in 
their rooms, for the proper police of which they are held 
strictly accountable. At the beginning of each term, issues 
of such equipments as they will require are made to all 
students. They will be charged for all injury, loss, and any — 
neglect of the same. j 

For practical instruction, the following public pnaerie is 
in the hands of the college authorities : — | 
One platoon light Napoleons (light: twelve). 


1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 31 


Seventy-five sabres and belts. 

One hundred breech-loading rifles, calibre forty-five. 
Several accurate target rifles. 

Two eight-inch siege mortars, with complete equipments. 
For practice firing, the United States furnishes blank car- 


tridges for all guns, and ball cartridges for rifle practice, 


which is encouraged by the department. 
Drills, amounting to about four hours a week, are as 


. follows :— 


Infantry : school of the soldier, company and battalion ; 
manual of arms and sword ; bayonet exercise, skirmish drill, 
target practice ; ceremonies. 

Raiilery - school of the soldier; detachment and batter y 
and sabre exercise ; battalion organization. 

For instruction in infantry tactics, the cadets are organ- 
ized in a battalion of two or more companies under the com- 
mandant. The commissioned officers of the corps are 
selected from those cadets who show the greatest aptitude. 
for military duty and ability to impart the knowledge to 
others. All officers are in turn placed in command of the 
battalion, and are at all times liable to be called upon to per- 
form staff and field duties. The commissioned officers are 
chosen from the Senior class, the sergeants from the Junior 


class, and the corporals from the Junior and Sophomore 


classes. 


Commissioned Staff. 


Ricwarp F. Doncan, First Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
Davip F. Carpenter, First Lieutenant and Quartermaster. 


Non-commissioned Staff. 


JAMES M. Marsn, Sergeant Major. 
JosEPH S. Martin, Quartermaster Sergeant. 


Captains. 
Winrietp Ayers, Co. A. R.B. Macinrosu, Co. B. 
GEORGE S.’ Stone, Co. C. 


Lieutenants. 


Witiiam H. Arxins, Co. A. Cuarres W. Crarp, Co. B. 
Cuartes F. W. Fett, Co. C. 


‘ 


5 Atal : 
i) 
vd 


33 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 


First Sergeants. 


. \ 
Herpert J. WuitE, Co. A. Kinessury Sansorn, Co. B. 
Epwarp W. Barrett, Co. C. 


Sergeants. 
J.C. OsrerHovrT, Co. A. T. F. B. Mernan, Co. B. 
Frank S. Crarge, Co. A. | A. L. Atmerpa, Co. C. 
C. W. FisHerpick, Co. B. H. N. W. Riveotrt, Co. C. 
Corporals. . 
Ek. F. Ricuarpson, Co. B. F. A. Davis, Co. A. 
C. L. MarsHatt, Co. B. A. F. Worruineton, Co. A. 
F.C. ALLEN, Co. C.  G. W. Curier, Co. C. 


Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 


GEO. E. SAGE, 
First Lieutenant 5th Artillery. 


a 
7 


1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 33 


Statement of Cash Receipts and Expenses of the Muss. Agricultural 
College for the Year ending Jan. 1, 1886. 


eee 


RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS. 
Cash in hands of treasurer, Jan. iM 1885, ; $239 99 - 
Cash in hands of bursar, ce “ 2 166 11 = 
Botanic account, 4,373 38 | $5,275 06 
Farm account, . 4.152 85 Of 00) Oe 
Term bill account, 3,970 FS .| £052" 18 
Expense account, 206 00 6,038 48 
Boarding-house account, . Lilt. 43 2.312 76 
Laboratory account, 416 16 470 27 
Mary Robinson Fund account, 32 00 60 00 
Farnsworth Prize account, 50 00 50 00 
Grinnell Prize account, 30 00 65 00 
Hills Fund account, . : 630 00 432 48 
Whiting Street. Fund account, 40 00 - 
Salary account, - 12,998 30 
Insurance account, 500 00 ~369 99 
President’s House account, - 480 07 
Repairs of North College, ete., account, . — 104 59 
State treasurer, scholarships appropriation, . 10,000 00 - 
State treasurer, income of endowment fund, . 10,265: 53 _ 
Interest account,— received on deposits in 
bank, : : 280 68 - 
Cash on hand, Jan. 1, 1886, - 2396 00 


$36,024 88 | $36,524 88 


Insurance Account. 


RECKIPTS. PAYMENTS. 

Received insurance on building, minerals, etc., | $17,513 00 ~ 
Paid to bursar, Mass. Agricultural College, . - $500 00 
Balance on hand, Jan. 1, 1886, ; ; : - 17,013 00 
$17,513 00 | $17,513 00 


AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 1, 1886. 


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FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 


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36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


CALENDAR FOR 1886. 


January 6, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a. mM. 
March 26, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 A.M. 
April 6, Tuesday, summer term begins, at 8.15 a M. 
une Son saamee ome Sermon. | 
Address before the Christian Union. 
-( Grinnell Prize Examination of Senior Class 

June 21, Sond ere 

| Military Exercises. 

| Farnsworth Prize Speaking. 

[ Meeting of the Alumni. 3 
Tene 22, Te Commencement Exercises. 

| Alumni Dinner. 

| President’s Reception. 
June 23, Wednesday, Examination for admission, at 9 A. M. 
September 7, Tuesday, Examination for admission, at 9 A.M. 
‘September 8, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 A.M. 


December 17, Friday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a. m. 


1887. 
January 5, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


March 25, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1886. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 37 


TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND 
STUDENTS. 


Board of Trustees. 
MEMBERS EX-OFFICIIS. 
His Exceittency GEO. D. ROBINSON, Governor of the Cummon- * 
— wealth. 
JAMES C. GREENOUGH, President of the College. 
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education. 
JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of Board of Agriculture. 


MEMBERS BY ELECTION. 


MARSHALL P. WILDER, . : : . Boston. 
CHARLES G. DAVIS, : : : . PLYMOUTH. 
HENRY COLT, . : : : i ,o) PE STISEIELD. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, : “ ; -- CHICOPEE. 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, Cire é .  Groron. 
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, . é . % oe rON: 
JAMES S. GRINNELL, i : . GREENFIELD. 
BENJAMIN P. WARE, . . : , .  MarBLEHEAD. 
GEORGE NOYES, : : : : . Boston. 
J. HOWE DEMOND,. : : : . NORTHAMPTON. 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER, . : ; . Boston. 
ARTHUR A. BRIGHAM, . E ; . MARLBOROUGH. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, . : : . HAMPDEN. 
BHOMAS PP: ROOT,. . ‘ : , . BARRE. 


Executive Committee. 


JAMES C. GREENOUGH, JOHN E. RUSSELL, 
' O.B. HADWEN, J. HOWE DEMOND, 

4 BENJAMIN P. WARE, GEORGE NOYES. 

7 Secretary. 

os GEORGE NOYES or Boston. | 


/ 


38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. | 


Auditor. 
HENRY COLT or PrrtsFievp. 


Treasurer. 
O. B. HADWEN or WorcESTER. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, : ; : . Hampden. 
DANIEL E. DAMON, . aT ‘ . Plymouth. 
ATKINSON C. VARNUM. . ; .) tse Torwrelte 
JONATHAN BUDDINGTON, . ; . . Leyden. 

5S. 8. BIRD, “ : : : : . Framingham. 
J. HENRY GODDARD, . . : i . Barre. 


Members of Faculty. 
JAMES C. GREENOUGH, M.4A., 
President. 


College Pastor and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, Provisional 
Instructor in History and Political Economy. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Honorary Professor of Agriculture. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pa. D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


MANLY MILES, M.D., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


1886. ] 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 39 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B.S., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Pu. D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Veterinary Science. 


FIRST LIEUTENANT GEORGE E. SAGE, Fifth Artillery, 


oS. Ae 


Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


FREDERICK TUCKERMAN, M.D., 
Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology. 


JOHN M. CLARKE, M.A., 
Lecturer on Geology and Zoology. 


FREDERICK E. RICE, D.V.S. 
Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice. 


Graduates of 1885.* 


Allen, Edwin West (Boston Univ.), . 


Almeida, Luciano José de (Boston Univ. ),. 
Barber, George Holcomb (Boston Univ.),. 
Browne, Charles William (Boston Univ.),. 
Goldthwait, Joel Ernest (Boston Univ.), . 


Howell, Hezekiah (Boston Univ.), 
Leary, Lewis Calvert (Boston Univ.), 


Phelps, Charles Shepard (Boston Univ.), . 


Taylor, Isaac Newton, Jr. (Boston Univ.), 
Tekirian, Benoni (Boston Univ.), 


Carruth, Herbert Schaw (75), 
Total, F : f 


Amherst. 

Bananal, Sdo Paulo, Brazil. 
Glastonbury, Conn. 

Salem. 

Marblehead. 

Blooming Grove, N. Y. 
Amherst. 

Florence. 

Northampton. 

Yozgad, Turkey. 


Boston. 
At? hal 


* The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two 
academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been 
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1885. 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


Atkins, William Holland, 
‘Ayres, Winfield, 
Barker, John King, 


Carpenter, David Frederic, . 
Clapp, Charles Wellington, . 


Duncan, Richard Francis, 
Eaton, William Alfred, 


Felt, Charles Frederic Wilson, 
Mackintosh, Richards Bryant, 


Sanborn, Kingsbury, 
Stone, George Edward, 
Stone, George Sawyer, 


Wheeler, George a 


Total, 


Ateshian, Osgan Hagope, 
Ball, William Monroe, 
Barrett, Edward William, 


Brown, Frederick Willard, . 
Caldwell, William Hutson, . 


Carpenter, Frank Berton, 
Chapin, Clinton Gerdine, ° 
Chase, William Edward, 
Clarke, Frank Scripture, 
Davis, Fred Augustus, 
Fisherdick, Cyrus Webster, 
Fowler, Fred Homer, . 


Hathaway, Bradford Oakman, 


Howe, Clinton Samuel, 
Kinney, Arno Lewis, 
Long, Stephen Henry,. 
Marsh, James Morrill, 


Marshall, Charles Leander, . 


Martin, Joseph, 


Meehan, Thomas Francis Benedicn 


Osterhout, Jeremiah Clark,. 
Paine, Ansel Wass, 
Rice, Thomas, second, . 


Rideout, Henry Norman Wiaymoule : 


Shaughnessy, John Joseph, 
Tolman, William Nichols, 


Torelly, Firmino da Silva, . 


White, Herbert Judson, 
Total, ! A 


Senior Class. 


Junior Class. 
Allen, Frederick Cunningham, 
Almeida, Augusto Luis de, . 


Westfield. 

Oakham. 

Three Rivers. 

Millington. 

Montague. 

Williamstown. 

Piermont-on-Hudson, N. Y. 

Northborough. 

Dedham, 

Lawrence. 

Spencer. 

Otter River. 

Deposit, N. Y. 
: : ; 13 


West Newton. 
Bananal, $40 Paulo, Brazil. 
Sivas, Turkey. 
Amherst. 
Milford. 
West Medford. 
Peterborough, N. H. 
Leyden. 
Chicopee. 
Warwick. 
Lowell. 
Lynn. 
Monson. 
North Hadley. 
New Bedford. 
Marlborough. 
Lowell. 
East Shelburne. 
Lynn. 
Lowell. ° 
Marblehead. 
Boston. 
Lowell. 
Boston. 
Shrewsbury. 
Quincy. 
Stow . 
Concord. 
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 
Wakefield. 

30 


at 


1886.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. AL 


Sophomore Class. 


Ayre, Warren, 

Belden, Edward Beary Y> 
Cooley, Fred Smith, 

Cutler, George Washington, 
Dickinson, Edwin Harris, 
Dole, Edward Johnson, 
Field, Samuel Hall, 
Foster, Francis Homer, 
Hayward, Albert Irving, 
Hinsdale, Rufus Chester, 
Johnson, Irving Halsey, 
Kinney, Lorenzo Foster, 
Knapp, Edward Everett, 
Loomis, Herbert Russell, 
Newman, George Edward, . 
Noyes, Frank Frederick, 
Parker, James Southworth, 
Richardson, Evan Fussell, 
Rogers, Howard Perry, 


Shepardson, William Martin, 


Shimer, Boyer Luther, 

Watson, Charles Herbert, 

White, Henry Kirke, 

Worthington, Alvan Fisher, 
Total, 


& 


Lawrence. 
North Hatfield. 
Sunderland. 
Waltham. 
North Amherst. 
Chicopee. 
North Hatfield. 
Andover. 
Ashby. 
Greenfield. 
Newburyport. 
Worcester. 

East Cambridge. 
North Amherst. 
Newbury. 

South Hingham. 
Great Barrington. 
East Medway. 
Allston, Boston. 
Warwick. 
Redington, Pa. 
Groton, 
Whately. 
Dedham. 


Freshman Class. 


‘Adams, George Albert, 
Alger, George Ward, 
Alger, Isaac, Jr. . 

Blair, James Roswell, . 
Bliss, Clinton Edwin, 
Bliss, Herbert Charles, 
Brooks, Frederick Kimball, 
Colcord, Wallace Rodman,. 
Copeland, Arthur Davis, 


Crocker, Charles Stoughton, 


- Davis, Franklin Ware, 

_ Hartwell, Burt Laws, 

Holt, Jonathan Edward, 
Hubbard, Dwight Lauson, . 
_ Huse, Frederick Robinson, . 
_ Hutchings, James Tyler, 

a Kellogg, William Adams, 


— Lumbard, Joseph Edward, . 


Winchendon. 
West Bridgewater. 
Attleborough. 
Warren. 
Attleborough. 
Attleborough. 
Haverhill. 
Dover. 
Campello. 
Sunderland. 
Tamworth, N. H. 
Littleton. 
Andover. 
Amherst. 
Winchester. 
Amherst. 

North Amherst. 
Boston. 


42 


Miles, Arthur Lincoln, 
Mishima, Yataro, 
Moore, Robert Bostwick, 
Okami, Yoshiji, ; 
Parsons, Wilfred Atherton, 
Sellew, Robert Pease, . 
Smith, James Robert, . 
Sprague, William Arnold, 
_Taylor, Fred Leon, 
Waite, Herbert Harold, 
Wells, Charles Otis, 
Wentworth, Elihu Francis, . 
White, Louis Allis, 
Whitney, Charles Albion, 
Total, : 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Rutland. 

Tokio, Japan. 
Framingham. 
Tokio, Japan. 
Southampton. 


. East Longmeadow. 
. Walpole. 


Chepachet, R. I. 
North Amherst. 
Belchertown. 
Hatfield. 
Canton. 
Whately. 
Upton. 


Resident Graduates. 


Allen, B.S., Edwin West Sage a 

Jaqueth, Isaac Samuel, ; 

Kingman, B.S., Morris Bird, : 

Lindsey, B.S., Joseph Bridgeo Boston 
Univ.), 

Nourse, B.S., moa Oliver (Bosion ame ), 


Phelps, B.S., Charles Shepard (Boston 
Univ.), : 

Preston, B.S., Cnaries Henry (Boston 
Uniy.), . : : : 


Smith, B.S., Eievenen, rl 
Stone, B.S., Winthrop i 
Wheeler, George Waterbury, 


Wheeler, B.S., Homer Jay cig Univ.) 


Total, 


Summary. 


Resident Graduates, 
Graduates of 1885, 
Senior Class, 
Junior Class, 
Sophomore Class, 
Freshman Class, . 


Total, 


Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 


Marblehead. 
Bolton. 


Florence. 


Danvers. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Deposit, N. Y. 
Bolton. 


32 


11 


date | 


1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 43 


COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING. 


Freshman Year. 


Fall Term. 


ALGEBRA. — Wells’ University Algebra. 

Botany. — Structural Botany and the study of the functions of vegeta- 
ble organisms. 

FRENCH. — Principles and applications of grammar, pronunciation, oral 
and written exercises in translating from French into English 
and from English into French. Whitney’s French Grammar. 
Readings from French authors. 

History. — Ancient Greece and Rome, with reference to modern insti- 
tutions. Modes of life and institutions of the Middle Ages 
with reference to the evolution of our political and other institu- 
tions. 

Winter Term. 

PLANE GEOMETRY AND THEORY OF EQUATIONS. — Wentworth’s Geom- 
etry. 

FREE-HAND DrRaAwiInc. — White's Series. Object Drawing and Origi- 
nal work. 

FRENCH. — Translations, oral and written, from French into English. 

History. — Beginnings of Modern History. Period of the Protestant 
Revolution. Thirty Years’ War. Development of the nationali- 
ties of Western Europe. Progress of civil freedom. 

ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. — General classification of animals.  In- 
sects injurious to vegetation. Orton’s Zoology. Packard’s Guide 
to Study of Insects. 


Summer Term. 


SOLID GEOMETRY AND Conic SECTIONS. — Wentworth’s Geometry. 

Botany. Analysis. Systems of classification. Practical exercises in 
classification and in collecting and arranging herbaria. Bessey’s 
Botany. Gray’s Manual. ° 

FrRENCH.— Translation of some scientific or historic work, as Puydt 
Les Plantes de Serre. 

AGRICULTURE. — History of Domestic Animals Characteristics and 
development of different breeds, illustrated by stock of the col- 
lege farm and by stereopticon views of photo-portraits of typi- 
cal forms. Class work on the farm during the term as directed. 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan. 


Sophomore Year. 


Fall Term. 

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. — Gritlin’s Conic Sections. Wells’s Trigonome- 
CEN. 

Botany. — Systematic Botany. Special study of useful and common 
plants. Bessey’s Botany. How Plants Grow, by Johnson. 
CHEMISTRY. — Elementary Inorganic Chemistry. Instruction given by 
lectures and text-book, and all important facts experimentally 
demonstrated. Introduction to the Study of. Chemistry. Nomen- 
clature. Symbols. Atomic Weights. Water and its constituents. 
Air and its constituents. Quantivalence. Radicals. Stoichiome- 
try. Acids. Bases. Salts. Consecutive consideration of the 

non-metallic elements. 

GERMAN. — Whitney’s Grammar. Boisen’s Reader. Oral and written 
eXeTLCises. 

AGRICULTURE. — Stock breeding ; laws of heredity ; causes of variation ; 
in-and-in breeding and cross-vreeding; form of animals as an 
index of qualities; selection and care of animals; feeding for 
meat production; the dairy and its work. Class work on the 
farm during the term as directed. 


Winter Term 


MENSURATION AND ASTRONOMY. — Measurement of lines, angles, sur- 
faces, solids and volumes. Wells’s Trigonometry. 

CHEMISTRY. — Metals of the alkalies. Metals of the alkaline earths. 
Metals of each succeeding group considered distinctively. Each 
element and subject is first treated from a theoretical standpoint, 
and then the agricultural and technical significance of the facts — 
learned are considered. 

MECHANICAL Drawine. — White's Series. Use of instruments. Build- 
ing plans, specifications, ete. 

GERMAN. — Eichendorff. Aus dem Leben eines Tavigeumentee Oral 
and written exercises. 

AGRICULTURE. — History of Agriculture, with particular reference to 
the development of systems and rules of practice. Pioneer farm- 
ing, its methods and results. Mixed husbandry, — general prin- — 
ciples and their special applications; cereals, forage crops, past- 
ures and meadows. Drainage, general principles; different 
kinds of drains; laying out and ghana tneuee of drains ; ; towed 
methods of laying tile drains. 


Summer Term. 
Civit ENGINEERING AND ROAD MAKING. — Practical work with instru- 


ments in measuring heights and distances. Planeandtopograph- — 


ical surveying, levelling, construction of railroad curves, em- 
bankments and excavations, drainage, etc Davies’ Surveying. 


1886.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 45 


GERMAN.— Rau. Die Grundlage der Modernen Chemie. Oral and 
written exercises. ; 

Horticutture. — Cultivation and propagation of fruits. Lectures, 
with oral and written abstracts. 

MINERALOGY. — Elements. Crystallography. Minerals of general in- 
terest and of special agricultural importance. Demonstration of 
functions of minerals in connection with soils. Practical work. 


Junior Year. 


Fall Term. 


MECHANICS. — Lectures. Oral and written abstracts. Dana’s Mechan- 
ics. 7 , 

IH{ORTICULTURE. — Market gardening and floriculture. 

GEOLOGY. — Structural and chemical. History of the formation of the 
earth’s crust. Formation of rocks from minerals. Classification 
of rocks according to their practical significance. Weathering 
and breaking down of rocks. Formation of agricultural soils. 
Varieties of soils. Characteristics. and value of the same. 

_ Demonstrations and practical work. 

RHETORIC. 

Winter Term. 

Puysics. — Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics, new edition. 

CHEMISTRY. — Instruction in the laboratory, with recitations. Blow- 
pipe analysis, with the determination of the characteristics of the 
more common metals and minerals. Determination of unknown 
substances. Humid analysis. Determination of characteristics. 
of all the commonly occurring elements. Determination of 
bases and acids in known compounds, 

AGRICULTURE. — Soils; farm implements; manures; rotation of crops ; 
methods of agricultural improvement. 

VETERINARY SCIENCE. — Lectures. 


Summer Term. 


CHEMISTRY. — Determination of qualitative composition of unknown 
substances. Analysis of fertilizers, of soils, and of agricultural 

- and technical raw products. 

HORTICULTURE. — Forestry and landscape gardening. Methods of prop- 
agation and cultivation of forest trees. Study of trees and plants 
most desirable for land decoration, with principles and rules of 
arrangement. Lectures, with oral and written abstracts. 
Hough’s Elements of Forestry. 

_ ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. 

METEOROLOGY. 

_ANATOMY AND PuysioLocy. — Descriptive anatomy by means of skele- 

tons, clastic models, fresh specimens, dissection, diagrams and 

charts. Lectures and discussion of topics. Microscopic anatomy. 

Chemical analysis. 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Senior Year. 
Fall Term. 


CHEMISTRY. — Analysis of prominent products of chemical industry. 
Special lectures upon the same. 

MENTAL SCIENCE. — Outline by inductive teaching, and by lectures. 
Study of topics aided by Porter, Cousin, Hamilton, ete. Oral 
recitations by topics and written abstracts. History of philoso- 
phy. Lectures. : 

BroLoey. — Its relations to agriculture. Laws of growth and develop- 
ment; relations of living organisms to farm practice; communi- 
cable diseases of plants and animals, illustrated by laboratory 
practice and experiments. 


Winter Term. 


CHEMISTRY. — Organic chemistry with reference to applications i in apt: 
culture and other industries. 

PoLiticaL Lconomy. — Treatment of the subject by lectures, discus- 
sions and abstracts. Laughlin’s Mill’s Political Economy. 
Perry's, Newcomb’s. 

PRINCIPLES OF LAW. — Lectures. 

ENGLISH LITERATURE. — Lectures on the early history of the English 
nation, and formation of the language. Study of the early litera- 
ture. : 

Summer Term. 

MoRAL SCIENCE. — Outline of principles by inductive teaching and by 
lectures. Discussions. Recitations by topics and by abstracts. 
Philosophie Basis of Theism, by Harris. Hopkins’ Law of Love. 

CONSTITUTIONAL History. — Origin and development of the English 
Constitution. Colonial governments. Government of the United 
States. History of political parties. Development of popular 
governments in Europe during the present century. 

ENGLISH LITERATURE. — Study of Shakespeare. Lectures on the his- 
toric epochs in connection with the text-book. 

AGRICULTURE. — Principles of farm economy ; systems of farm practice ; 
buildings, plans and construction ; applications of sanitary prin- 
ciples; farm machinery. Review and discussion of the relations 
of the several topics of the course. 


In all studies, students are to be trained to accurate and ready oral 
and written expression, and to use drawing as language. Military 
tactics and military drill, as ordered, throughout the course. Weekly 

- exercises in compositions and declamations throughout the course. ‘The 
instruction in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practi- — 
eal. Instruction in the field and manual training is given whenever ~ 
such instruction and training will conduce to the progress of the stu- 
dent. Students are allowed to work for wages during such leisure — 
hours as are at their command. A limited amount of work has been 
found to be beneficial, but work that withdraws the energy of the stu- — 
dent from his studies is unprofitable to him. Students sometimes earn 
from fifty to one hundred dollars per annum. 


Aa 
ie 


> 


1886.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. Oe ane 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English 
Grammar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra to quadratic equa- 
tions, the History of the United States, and the Metric 
System. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire 
admission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is. fifteen years 
of age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of 
good character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are 

requested to furnish the Examining Committee with their stand- 
_ ing in the schools they have last attended. The previous rank 
_ of the candidate will be considered in admitting him. 


GRADUATION. 


Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor 
of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massa- 
chusetts, who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, 
become members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, re- 
ceive its diplomas in addition to that of the college, thereby 
becoming entitled to all the privileges of the alumni. 


POST-GRADUATE COURSES. 


Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may pursue their 
Studies under Professor Goessmann in chemistry, under Professor 
‘Tuckerman in histology and anatomy, and under other members 
of the Faculty in their several departments. 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


EXPENSES. 
Tuition in advance. 
Fall term, i : : 4 : 4 $30 00 
Spring term, . : , ; : : 25 00 
Summer term, é : A 25 00 $80 00 $80 00 
Room-rent, in advance, 8 00 to $10.00 ae 
per term, ; ; 15 00 30 00 
*Board, $3.50 to $5. 00 per woul ean 133 00. 190 00 
Washing, 30 to 50 cents per week, : 11 40 19 00 
Fuel, $5.00 to $15.00 per year, se Saray 5 00 15 00 
Expense per year, . : ‘ : . »« $244 40 $3834 00 


To the above must be added thirty dollars to obtain a military 
suit, which is to be obtained during the first term of attendance 
at college, and is to be used in drill exercises during the four- 
years’ course. Those who use the laboratory for practical chem- 
istry will be charged ten dollars per term. Some expense will 
also be incurred for lights and for text-books. Students whose 
homes are within the State of Massachusetts, can in most cases 
obtain a scholarship by applying to the senator of the district in 
which they live. The outlay of money can be further reduced by 
work during leisure hours on the farm or in the botanic depart- 
ment. The opportunities for such work are more abundant during 
the Fall and Summer terms. 


f SIZE OF ROOMS. 


For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given. In the new south dormitory, 
_ the study-rooms are about fifteen by fourteen -feet, with a recess 
seven feet four inches by three feet, and the bedrooms are eleven 
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. In the north dormitory 
the corner rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the annexed 
bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are thirteen 
feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bedrooms 
eight by eight feet. 


THE ROBINSON SCHOLARSHIP. 


The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the : 
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the ~ 


Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy. 4 | 


* Several students, during most of the year, have formed a club and furnished f 
themselves with board for about two dollars and fifty cents per week. . 


Nee 


" : 
f 


1886.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 49 


\ 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free 
scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the 
State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the 
representative from the district to which the applicant belongs. 
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each 
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications 
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination 
would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, 
of vigorous constitution, and should enter college with the inten- 
tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some 
pursuit connected with agriculture. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years, 
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to 
enable the trustees of said college to provide, for the students of said 
institution, the theoretical and practical education required by _ its 


charter and the law of the United States relating thereto. 


Resolved, That annually for the term of four years, eighty free scholar- 
ships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 


College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com- 


monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by 
the president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then 
in office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships 


_ shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district; but if there shall 


be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any sena- 
torial district, such scholarships may be distributed by the president of 
the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but 


_ no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an ex- 


amination in accordance with the rules to be established as herein 
before provided. 


In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission 


_ to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar- 
ae Ship. 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


LIBRARY. 


The library now numbers forty-four hundred volumes. It has 
for the first time been made available to the general student, 
having been classified and catalogued according to the Dewey 
‘system. It is especially valuable as a library of reference, and 
every effort will be made to make it complete in the departments 
of agriculture, horticulture and botany. : 


APPARATUS AND COLLECTIONS. 


The Class in Microscopy has the use of Tolles’s best com- 
pound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-eighth 
of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces. Valu- 
able apparatus has recently been purchased, for the use of the 
class in biology. 

The State Cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and 
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston 
to the college, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. 
This collection has from time to time received valuable additions. 

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand 
species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of 
duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many interest- 
ing and useful specimens of seeds, woods and fruit-models. There 
is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic 
botany, including about three thousand figures. 

About Fifteen Hundred Species and Varieties of Plants are 
cultivated in the Durfee Plant-house, affording the student an 
invaluable opportunity of studying the most important types of 
the vegetable kingdom in their scientific and economic relations. 
Upon the grounds of the botanic department are cultivated a 
great variety of trees, shrubs and plants. 


PRIZES. 
FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided 
a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, the income of which is to be 
used as prizes, to be annually awarded, under the direction of 
the College Faculty, for excellence in declamation. 


1886.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. BL 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one 
thousand dollars for the endowment of a first prize and a second 
prize, to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of 
George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. ‘These prizes are to be 
paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class who 
may pass the best oral and written examination in theoretical 
and practical agriculture. 


Hitts BotTanicaL PRIZES. 


For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1886, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best 
a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- 
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection: 
of dried plants from the college farm. 


THe CLARK PRIZE. 


A prize of twenty-five dollars is offered to that member of the 
Sophomore class who passes the best examination in human 
anatomy and physiology. This prize is named in memory of 
Henry James Clark, the eminent biologist, who was the first 
professor of natural history at the college. 


The prizes in June, 1885, were awarded as follows : — 

Farnsworth Prizes. —1.'To Herbert Judson White; 2. To 
Osgan Hagope Ateshian, of the class of 1887. 1. To Warren 
Ayre; 2. To Francis Homer Foster, of the class of 1888. 

Grinnell Prizes. —1. To Benoni Tekirian; 2. To Charles 
Shepard Phelps, of the class of 1885. 

Hills Prize to Hezekiah Howell, of the class of 1885. 

Military Prizes. —1. To Joel Ernest Goldthwait; 2. To Isaac 
Newton Taylor, Jr , of the class of 1885, 


PHYSICAL CULTURE. 


The military exercises in the open air, or in a spacious hall 
provided for the purpose, tend to promote health, erect form, and 
_ prompt, effective and graceful movement. 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Chapel exercises every morning at a quarter after eight o’clock. 
On Sundays the students attend morning service in the chapel, 
unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made to attend 
church elsewhere. On Sabbath afternoons, or immediately follow- 
ing the morning service, there is opportunity for every student to 
study the Bible in a Bible Class. 

The Young Men’s Christian Association biolde weekly meetings. 
The Sabbath evening services in churches about one mile distant, 
and meetings conducted by the students, furnish additional oppor- 
tunities for religious culture. | 


CONDUCT. 


Students are expected to co-operate with their instructors and 
with each other in promoting the welfare of the college, in order 
that every student may receive the best possible results of the 
course of study and training. Whenever it is evident that it is not 
for the good of a student to remain in the college, or that the wel- 
fare of the college requires that he should not remain, he will be 
dismissed. 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London & Northern R.R., connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany R.R., and at Miller’s Falls 
with the Fitchburg R.R. <A stage route of seven miles connects 
Amherst at Northampton with the Connecticut River R.R., and 
with the New Haven & Northampton R.R. The college buildings 
are on a healthful site commanding one of the finest views in New 
England. The large farm of three hundred and eighty-three acres, 
with its varied surface and native forests, gives the student the free- 
dom and the quiet of a country home.’ The surrounding country 
is very helpful to the student of natural science. The location of 
the buildings prevents the student from the interruptions to study, 
incident on residence in a town or city, and helps to secure all the ~ 
moral as well as the intellectual advantages of a college in the 
country. 


a. ih 


»- 


1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 53 
COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES — 1885. 


BACCALAUREATE SERMON, by the PRESIDENT, Sunday Morning, 
June 21. 


ADDRESS BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN UNION, by Pror. A. P. 
Prasopy, D D., Preacher to Harvard University, Sunday Evening, 
June 21. 


GRADUATING EXERCISES, TursDAY MorninG, JUNE 23. 


PROGRAMME. 
Music. 
ISAAC NEWTON TAYLOR, ; j . NORTHAMPTON. 
| A Plea for Science in Agriculture. 
EDWIN WEST ALLEN, : : : . AMHERST. 
Success. | 
CHARLES SHEPARD PHELPS, . : . FLORENCE. 


The Progress of Science. 


- *LUCIANO JOSE DE ALMEIDA, BANANAL, SAo PauLo, BRAZIL. 


The Commercial Relations of Brazil and the United States. 
BENONI TEKIRIAN, . . . .  . Yoz@ap, TURKEY. 
The Eastern Problem. 


*CHARLES WILLIAM BROWNE, ._. SALEM. 
The Theory of Rotation. 
Music. 
LEWIS CALVERT LEARY,. . .  . AMHERST. 
The Scientific Method in Agriculture. 


*HEZEKIAH HOWELL, : : ; . BLooMING GROVE, N. Y. 
The Science of Forestry. 


JOEL ERNEST GOLDTHWAIT,. ; . MARBLEHEAD. 
The Power of Ideas. 


GEORGE HOLCOMB BARBER, . : . GLASTONBURY, CT. 
Law in Nature. 


Music. 


_ CONFERRING OF DEGREES by His Excellency, GzorGE D. Ros- 


INSON. 
Music. 


PRAYER. 


* Excused. 
. 


54. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


GRADUATES. 


Allen, Edwin W., ’85, Amherst, resident graduate, Agricultural 
College. | 

Allen, Francis S., ’82, 1385 West Forty-first Street, New York 
City, medical student. 

Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Winfield, Cowley Co., Kansas, insurance 
agent. 

Almeida, Luciano José de, ’85, Tres Barras, Province de: Sao 
Paulo, Brazil, planter. 

Aplin, George T., ’82, East Putney, Vt., farmer. 

Bagley, David A , ’76. 

Bagley, Sydney C., ’83, 85 Lynde Street, Boston, clunanae. 

Baker, David E., ’78, Newton Lower Falls, physician and surgeon. 

Barber, George HL, 85, College of physicians and surgeons, New 
York City, student. 

Barrett, Joseph F.,’75, 21 Beaver Street, New York City, Bow- 
ker Fertilizer Co., travelling salesman. 

Barri, John A.,’75, Water Street and Fairfield Avenue, Bridge- 
port, Conn., Chittenden, Barri & Sanderson, National Fer- 
tilizer Co. ; 7 

Bassett, Andrew L., ’71, Pier 836 East River, New York City, Bas- 
sett & Co., iets Co. 

' Beach, Ghuries Hs, 182, Care of Beach & a Hartford, Conn., 

farmer. 


Bell, Burleigh C., ’72, 16th and Howard Streets, San Francisco, — q 


Cal., druggist and chemist. 
Bellamy, John, ’76, 657 Washington Street, Boston, Nichols, Bel- 
lamy & Co., hardware and cutlery. | 
Benedict, John M., ’74, 77 Bank Street, Waterbury, Conn., phy- — 
sician. a 
‘Benson, David H.,’77, North Weymouth, Bradley Fertilizer Co., 
analytical and consulting chemist and superintendent of chemi- . 
cal works. 
Bingham, Eugene P., ’82, 13 Foster’s Wharf, Boston, bleacher — 
and manufacturer. | _* ia 


a rh, 
oe 


/ : 


_ 1886.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31: 55 


- Birnie, William P., ’71, Springfield, Birnie Paper Co. 


Bishop, Edgar A., ’83, Talladega, Ala., Talladega University, 
superintendent of farming department. 

Bishop, William H., ’82, Tongaloo, Miss., Tongaloo University, 
superintendent of farming department. 


- Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt., farm laborer. 


Boutwell, Willie L., ’78, Leverett, farmer. 
Bowker, William H., ’71, 48 Chatham Street, Boston, president 
_ Bowker Fertilizer Co. 

Bowman, Charles A., ’81, 7 Exchange Place, Boston, office of 
Aspinwal! & Lincoln, civil engineer. 

Boynton, Charles E., ’81, Haverhill, merchant. 

Bragg, Everett B., ’75, Glidden & Curtis, Tremont Bank Building, 
Boston, chemist. 

Braune, Domingos H., ’83, Nova Friburgo, Province of Rio de 
Janeiro, Brazil, planter. | 
Brett, William F., ’72, Brockton, R. H. White & Co., 518 Wash- 

ington Street, Boston, clerk. 
Brewer, Charles, ’77, P. O. Box 883, Syracuse, N. Y., florist. 
Brigham, Arthur A., ’78, Marlborough, farmer. 


_ Brodt, Harry S., ’82, Rawlins, Wyoming Territory, clerk. 


Brooks, William P., ’75, Imperial College of Agriculture, Sapporo, 
Japan, professor of agriculture. 

Browne, Charles W., ’85, Salem, farmer. 

Bunker, Madison, ’*75, Newton, veterinary surgeon. 

Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Wellesley Hills, florist. 

Campbell, Frederick G.,’75, Westminster West, Vt., farmer. 

Carr, Walter F., ’81, 8327 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn., 
Spalding & Carr, landscape architects and civil engineers. 

Carruth, Herbert S., ’75 (’85), 340 Washington Street, Boston, 
W. B. Clarke & Carruth, booksellers and importers. 

Caswell, Lilley B., ’71, Athol, civil engineer and farmer. 

Chandler, Edward P., ’74, Fort Maginnis, Montana, Chandler, 

- Chamberlain & Co., wool growers. 
Chandler, Everett S., 82, Beatrice, Gage Co., Nebraska, lawyer. 


- Chapin, Henry E., 81, American Cultivator, Boston, associate 


+ 


editor. 
Chickering, Darius O., ’76, Enfield, farmer. 
Choate, Edward C., ’78, 153 Brattle Street, Cambridge. 


_ Clark, Atherton, ’77, 131 Tremont Street, Boston, clerk. 


Clark, John W., ’72, North Hadley, farmer. 
Clark, Xenos Y., ’75 (’78), Pomona, Los Angeles Co., Cal., 
scientist. 


\ 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


-* Clay, Jabez W., ’75. 

Coburn, Charles F., ’78, Lowell, teller Five Cents Savings Bank 
and editor ‘‘ Daily Citizen.” 

Cooper, James W., Jr., ’82, East Weymouth, drag clerk. 

Cowles, Frank C., ’72, city engineer’s office, Worcester, civil 
engineer. 

Cowles, Homer L., ’71, Amherst, farmer. 

+ Curtis, Wolfred F., 74. 

Cutter, John A., ’82, 213 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York 
City, indent at Albany Medical College. 

Cutter, John C., ’72, Imperial College of Agriculture, Sapporo, 
Japan, consulting physician Sapporo Ken Hospital and profes- 
sor of physiology and comparative anatomy. 

Damon, Samuel C., ’82, Lancaster, farmer. 

Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, druggist. 

Dickinson, Richard S., ’79, Columbus, Neb., farmer. 

Dodge, George R., ’75, Brighton, Bowker Fertilizer Co., superin- 
tendent. ; 

Dyer, Edward N., 72, Kohala, Hawaiian Islands, government 
superiaeondent of schools. 

Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Arnold Mills, R. 13 mee 

Eldred, Frederick C., ’73, 128 Chambers Anaet, New York City, 
New York manager of Montpelier Carriage Co. — 

Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, 164 High Street, Holyoke, architect’ and 
mechanical and al engineer. 

Fairfield, Frank H., ’81, South Duxbury, Standard Fertilizer Co., 
chemist. 

Fisher, Jabez F., ’71, Fitchburg, freight cashier, Fitchburg Rail- 
road Co. 

Fiske, Edward. R., ’72, 625 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Penn., 
Follwell Bro. & Co., merchant. 

Flage, Charles O., ’72, Abbott Run, R. I., farmer. 

Flint, Charles L., Jr., ’81, 7 Exchange Place, mes Dole & 
Flint, biotens 

{ Floyd, Charles W., ’82. 

Foot, Sandford D., ’78, 101 Chambers Street, New York City, 
Kearney, aaa! & Co., file manufacturers. 

Fowler, Alvan L.,-’80, address Westfield, patie raiser, California. 

Fuller, George E., ’71. 

Gladwin, Frederic E., ’80, 38 California Street, San Francisco, 
Cal., assayer. : pf 


* Died Oct. 1, 1880, of pneumonia, at New York City. 
+ Died Nov. 8, 1878, of inflammation of the brain, at Westminster. 
{Died Oct. 10, 1883, of consumption, at Dorchester, 


1886. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 57 


Goldthwait, Joel E., ’85, Marblehead, Harvard Medical School, 
student. 


Goodale, David, ’82, Marlborough, farmer. 


_ Green, Samuel B., ’79, Newton Highlands, W. C. Strong’s hot- 


a 
™ 
~ 
oS 
- 
eas 
‘ L 


houses, superintendent. 

Grover, Richard B., ’72, Old South Church, Boston, associate 
pastor. 

Guild, George W. M.,. ’76, 46 Chauncy Street, Boston. 

Hague, Henry, ’75, South Worcester, St. Matthew’s, rector. 

Hall, Josiah N., ’78, Sterling, Weld Co., Col., physician. ~ 

Harwood, Peter M., ’75, Barre, farmer. 

Hashiguchi, Boonzo, ’81, department of commerce and agriculture, 
Tokio, Japan, president Government Sugar Beet Co. 

* Hawley, Frank W., ’71. 

Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., C. A. Mather & Co., 
banker. 

Herms, Charles, ’84, O Bannon Station, Jefferson Co., Ky., stock- 
breeder. 

+ Herrick, Frederick St. C., ’71. 

Hevia, Alfred A., ’83, 21 Cortlandt Street, New York City, Wash- 
ington Life Insurance Co., agent. 

Hibbard, Joseph R., ’77, Stoughton, Wis., farmer. 

Hillman, Charles D., ’82, Fresno City, Cal., nursery man. 

Hills, Joseph L., ’81, Beaufort, South Carolina, Phosphate Mining 
Co., limited, chemist. 

Hitchcock, Daniel G., ’74, Warren, no business. 

Hobbs, John A., ’74, Bloomington, Neb., farmer. 

Holland, Harry D., ’84, Amherst, S. Holland & Son, clerk. 

Holman, Samuel M., Jr., ’83, Attleborough, manufacturer. 

Holmes, Lemuel Le B., ’72, Mattapoisett, lawyer. 


. Howard, Joseph H., ’82, Minnisela, Butte Co., Dak., cattle raiser. 
Howe, Charles S., ’78, Akron, Ohio, Buchtel College, professor of 


mathematics. 
Howe, Elmer D., ’81, Marlborough, farmer. 
Howe, George D., ’82, North Hadley, clerk. 
Howe, Waldo V., ’77, Newburyport, no business. 


_ Howell, Hezekiah, ’85, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y., farmer. 


Hubbard, Henry F., ’78, 94 Front Street, New York City, with 
John H. Catherwood & Co. 

Hunt, John F., ’78, Sunderland, market gardener. 

Jones, Elisha A., 84, Logan, Pa., superintendent of ‘* Woodfield 
Farm.” 


* Died Oct. 28, 1883, of congestive apoplexy, at Belchertown. 
t Died Jan. 19, 1884, at Lawrence. 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 


Kendall, Hiram, ’76, Providence, R. I., Kendall Manufacturing 
Co., superintendent and chemist. 

Kimball, Francis E., ’72, 15 Union Street, Worcester, E. isk 
Vaill, book- Resren 

Kingman, Morris B., 82, resident graduate, Agricultural College. 

Kinney, Burton A., 182, Portland, Me., Signal Corps, United States 
Army. 

Knapp, Walter H., ’75, Newtonville, florist. 

Koch, Henry G. H., ’78, Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Street, New 
York City, H. C. F. Koch & Son. 

Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, care William Dadmun, Watertown, no 
business. : 

Leary, Lewis C.,’85, Cambridge, Harvard Divinity School, student. 

Lee, Lauren K.,’75, Valley Springs, Dak., dealer in grain and 
flaxseed. as 

Lee, William G., ’80, Holyoke, office city engineer, draughtsman. 

Leland, Walter S., ’73, Concord, State Prison, officer. 

Leonard, George, ’71, Springfield, lawyer. 

Libby, Edgar H., ’74, Greenfield, publisher, ‘‘ American Garden.” 

Lindsey, Joseph B., ’83, Pawtucket, R.I., L. B. Darling, Fertil- 
izer Co., sce cal agent. 

Livermore, Russell W., ’72, Pates, Robeson Co., North Carolina, 
merchant. 

Lovell, Charles O., ’78, Northampton, photographer. 

Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Manistee, Mich., druggist. 

Lyman, Charles E., ’78, Middlefield, Conn., farmer. 

*Lyman, Henry, ’74. 

Lyman, Robert W., ’71, Belchertown, lawyer. 

Mackie, George, ’72, Attleborough, physician. 

Macleod, William A., ’76, 60 Devonshire Street, Boston, lawyer. 

Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Cotton Duck Mills, superintendent. 

Martin, William E., ’76, Excelsior, Minn., Martin & Sigafoos, 
grocers. | 

May, Frederick G., ’82, Orlando, Orange Co., Fla., contractor and 
orange grower. 

Maynard, Samuel T., ’72, Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, professor of botany and horticulture. 

McConnel, Charles W., ’76, 170 Tremont Street, Boston, dentist. 

McQueen, Charles M., ’80, 92 Commercial Bank Building, poe 
Ill., president Progressive Publishing Co. 

Miles, George M.,’75, Miles City, Montana, Miles & Seranaly 
jobbers of hardware and dealers in live stock. 


* Died Jan. 8, 1879, of pneumonia, at Middlefield, Conn. 


1886.) ~ PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 59 


"Mills, George W., ’73, Medford, physician. 
Minor, John B., ’73, New Britain, Conn., Minor, Nichols & Co., 
box Peaintacturers. 
Minott, Charles W., ’83, Three Rivers, Ruggles & Minott, nursery- 
men. 
Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, farmer. 
Morey, Herbert E., ’72, 49 Haverhill Street, Boston, Morey, Smith 
& Co., merchant. 
'  * Morse, James H., ’71. 
Morse, William A., ’82, Thompson’s Island, Boston Harbor, assist- 
ant superintendent. 
Myrick, Herbert, ’82, Springfield, agricultural editor, ‘‘ New Eng- 
land Homestead.” 
Myrick, Lockwood, ’78, Cotton Exchange Building, Hanover 
Square, New York City, Williams, Clark & Co., chemical agent. 
Nichols, Lewis A., ’71, Danvers, Boston City Water Works, civil 
engineer. | 
Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, postmaster. 
Nourse, David O., ’83, Bolton, farmer. 
Nye, George E., ’77, 70 Exchange Building, Union Stock Yards, 
Chicago, Ill., G. F. Swift & Co., book-keeper. 
7 Osgood, Frederick H. (M. R. C: V. S.), ’78, 238 Pine Street, 
| Springfield, veterinary surgeon. 
Otis, Harry P.,’75, Leeds, Northampton Emery Wheel Company, 
superintendent. 
Page, Joel B., 71, Conway, farmer. 
Paige, James B., ’82, Prescott, F. B. Paige & Son, “* Mellen Valley 
Fruit Farm.” 
Parker, George A., ’76, Halifax, Old Colony Railroad, landscape 
gardener. 
Parker, George L., ’76, Dorchester, florist. 
Parker, Henry F.,’77, 5 Beekman Street, New York City, mechan- 
g ical engineer. | 
Parker, William C., ’80, 28 School Street, Boston, real estate, insur- 
ance, mortgages. 
Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kansas, Atchison, Topeka & 
Santa Fé Muitroad, general agent. 
Penhallow, David P., ’73, Montreal, Canada, McGill University, 
professor of botany and vegetable physiology. 
' Perkins, Dana E., ’82, care C. M. Winchell, U. S. Survey Boat, 
Tennessee, Mississippi River Commission. 


* Died June 21, 1883, of Bright’s disease, at Salem. 


\ 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan. 


Peters, Austin, ’81 (M. R. C. V.S.), Room 28, Adams Building, 

, Court Street, Boston, vee to Massachusetts Society for 
Promoting Agriculture. 

Phelps, Charles H., ’76, 42 Elizabeth Street, New York City, chair 
manufacturer. 

Phelps, Charles S., '865, Amherst, resident graduate, Agricultural 
College. , 

Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Southampton, farmer. 

Plumb, Charles S., ’82, Geneva, N. Y., New York Agricultural 
Experiment Station, assistant director. . 

Porter, William H., ’76, 36 Bromfield Street, Boston, Harris, 
Rogers & Co., publishers. 

Porto, Raymundo M. da S., ’77, Para, Brazil, planter. 

Potter, William S., ’76, Lafayette, Ind., Rice & Potter, lawyer. 

Preston, Charles H.,.’83, 161 Tremont Street, Boston, with Dr. 
B. F. Davenport, State analyst, chemist. 

Rawson, ‘Edward B., ’81, Lincoln, Loudoun Co., farmer. 

Renshaw, James B., ’73, Plainview, Minn., clergyman. 

Rice, Frank H., ’75, Hawthorne, Nev., county recorder. 

Richmond, Samuel H.,’71, Higley, Orange Co., Fla., civil engi- 
neer and surveyor. | 

Ripley, George A., ’80, 1 Wyman Street, Worcester, farmer. 

Root, Joseph E., ’76, 72 Pearl Street, Hartford, Conn., physician 
and surgeon. 

Rudolph, Charles, ’79, Mitchell, Dak., lawyer. 

Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Waite: Montague Paper Co. 

Salisbury, Frank B., ’72, Kimberley Diamond Pies South Africa, 
trader. 

Sears, John M., ’76, Ashfield, farmer. 

Shaw, Elliot D., ’72, Holyoke, florist. 

Sherman, Walter A., ’79, 182 Central Street, Lowell, veteriieaey 
surgeon. 

Shiverick, Asa F., 82, Wood’s Holl, Pacific Guage Co., chemist. 

Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Stafford C. H., Va., farmer. 

Smead, Edwin B., ’71, Hartford, Conn., Watkinson Juvenile 
Asylum, superintendent of farm schools. 

Smith, Frank S.,’74, Albany Woolen Mills, Albany, Wis., manu- 
facturer. 

Smith, George P., ’79, Sunderland, farmer. 

Smith, Hiram F. M.,’81,68 Sumner Street, Worcester, ihysinlait 


Smith, Llewellyn, ’84, Amherst, State Agricultural Experiment 


Station, assistant chemist. 
Smith, Thomas E., ’76, West Chesterfield, iahataehanens 
Snow, George H., ’72, Leominster, farmer. 


7 


1886.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Nb. 31. 61 


Somers, Frederick M., ’72, 47 Exchange Place, New York City, 
journalist. 


* Southmayd, John E., ’77. 


Southwick, Andre A.,’75, care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., 
superintendent ‘* Vine Hill and Ridge Farms.” 

Spalding, Abel W., °81, 327 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis, 
Minn., Spalding & Carr, landscape architects and civil engi- 
neers. 

Sparrow, Lewis A., ’71, 19 South Market Street, Boston, Judson 
& Sparrow, dealers and manufacturers of fertilizers. 

Spofford, Amos L., ’78, West Newbury, farmer. 

Stockbridge, Horace E.,’78, Imperial College of Agriculture, 
Sapporo, Japan, professor of chemistry and geology. 

Stone, Almon H.,’80, North Tarrytown, N.Y., Storrs Military In- 
stitution, teacher. 


Stone, Winthrop E., ’82, Amherst, State Agricultural Experiment 


Station, assistant chemist. 


- Strickland, George P., ’71. 


Swan, Roscoe W.,’79, 32 Pleasant Street, Worcester, physician. 
Taft, Cyrus A., ’76, Whitinsville, draughtsman and machinist. 


‘Taft, Levi R., ’82, Columbia, Mo., Missouri Agricultural College, 


professor of horticulture. 
Taylor, Alfred H., ’82, Burnett, Neb., dealer in live stock. 
Taylor, Frederick P., ’81, Athens, Coke Co., East Tennessee, 
farmer. 
Taylor, Isaac N., Jr., 85, Haddonfield, N. J., teacher. 
Tekirian, Benoni, ’85, Worcester, merchant. 
Thompson, Edgar E., ’71, East Weymouth, teacher. 


_ Thompson, Samuel C., ’72, 62 East 127th Street, New York City, 


Department of Public Works, civil engineer. 

Thurston, Wilbur H., ’82, Stouts P. 0., Rome, O., superintendent 
** Pusculum Farm.” 

Tucker, George H., ’71, Minto, Dak., civil engineer. 

Tuckerman, Frederick, ’78, Ambherst, physician and _ lecturer, 
Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

Urner, George P., ’76, Melville, Gallatin Co., Montana, sheep 
raiser. 

Wakefield, Albert T., ’73, 301 Main Street, Peoria, Ill., physician. 

Waldron, Hiram E. B., ’79, North Rochester, farmer. 

Ware, Willard C.,’71, 255 Middle Street, Portland, Me., Boston 
-& Portland Clothing Co., manager. 

Warner, Clarence D.,’81, Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, professor of mathematics and physics. 


* Died Dec. 11, 1878, of consumption, at Minneapolis, Minn. 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. ’86. 


Warner, Seth S., ’73, Northampton, Bowker Fertilizer Co., agent. 


Washburn, John H., ’78, Mansfield, Conn., Storrs Agricultural 


School, professor of chemistry. 


Webb, James H., ’73, 69 Church Street, New Haven, Conn.,_ 


Alling & Webb, attorneys and counsellors at law. 

Wellington, Charles, 773, Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, associate professor of chemistry. 

Wells, Henry, ’72, 48 Farringdon Street, London, E. C., England, 
care Lawrence Bros., business. | 

Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, 41 West Ninth Street, New York City, 
physician. 

Wheeler, Homer J., 83, Amherst, State Agricultural Experiment 
Station, assistant chemist. 

Wheeler, William, ’71, Concord, civil engineer. 

Whitney, Frank Le P., ’72, 2179 Washington Street, Jamaica 
Plain, Boston, boot and shoe business. 


Whitney, William C., 2, Tribune Building, Minneapolis, Minn. 


architect. 
Whittaker, Arthur, ’81, Needham, farmer. 
Wilcox, Henry H., ’81, Nawiliwili, S. I., sugar planter. 


Wilder, John E,, ’82, 179 Lake Street, Chicago, Ill, with Wilder — 


& Hale, dealers in leather. 

Williams, James S., ’82, North Glastonbury, Conn., fare 

Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, editor ‘‘ Amherst Record.” 

Winchester, John F., 75, Lawrence, veterinary surgeon. 

Windsor, Joseph L., ’82, 2020 State Street, Chicago, Ill., private 
secretary, office Chicago Cable Co. 

Wood, Frank W., ’73. 

Woodbury, Rufus P., ’78, Kansas City, Mo., news and telegraph 
editor of ‘‘ Kansas City Daily Times.” 

Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Danvers, E. & C. Woodman, florists. 

Wyman, Joseph, ’78, 126 Washington Avenue, alee book- 
. keeper at 52 Blackstone Street, Boston. 

Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Baltimore & Ohio 
Telegraph Co., manager of commercial office. 


. 


* 


‘ 


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_ PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 31. 


PWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 
18 Post Orricr SQuare. 
1887. 


——- Gommontocalth of Massachusetts. 


/ 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 10, 1887. 


To His Excellency OLIVER AmMEs. 


Sir: —I have the honor herewith to present to your 
Excellency and the Honorable Council the Twenty-fourth 
Anuual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College. 


I am, sir, very respectfully, 


Your obedient servant, 


HENRY H. GOODELL, 


President. 


CONTENTS. 


Report of Trustees, . 
Faculty and Students, 
Course of Study, 
Improvements, . 
Harm... 
Herd, 
Gifts, 
William S. elerk: 


Report of Treasurer, 

Military Department, F 
Experiments with New Varieties of Fruits, a 
Relations of Farm to College, 

_ Injurious and Beneficial Insects, 


Catalogue, 
_ Course of Study, 
_ Equipment, 


Inventories, 
g Agricultural, 
Horticultural, . 
oN atural History, 
_ Mathematical, 
“Chemical, . 
fa ilitary, 


PAGE 


7-19 


ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To His Hxcellency the Governor and the Honorable Council. 


The year just elapsed has been one fruitful of change in 
the administration of the college. Hon. William Knowlton, 
a devoted friend, who had served on its board of trustees . 
for fourteen years, died July 18, 1886, and Hon. Marshall 
P. Wilder, identified with its interests from its very birth, 

died December 16, 1886. The importance of their services 
~demands more than a passing notice. 

In the death of Mr. Knowlton the trustees lost one of 
their most efficient members and the college a generous 
friend. His purse and his hand were ever open, and though 
debarred by sickne$s in the last years of his life from active 
participation in duty, yet he never failed to respond to the 
calls made upon him. Again and again, in the earlier days 
of the college, he endorsed the notes of its treasurer, and 
lent his name to keep its credit good. There was hardly a 

year that was not marked by his benefactions. Now it was 
fifty dollars for the purchase of new books, now an addition 
to the herd of the college, now two thousand dollars to se- 
cure the Denslow collection of botanical specimens, now it 
was a hundred dollars for the relief of some indigent stu- 
dent, and now the presenting of a new engine for the cut- 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


ting of roots and fodder, or furnishing the means for the 
erection of a propagating house. In short, wherever a want 
made itself felt, there he was to be found with ready hand, 
seeking to supply it. His last act of generosity was adding 
two thousand dollars to the permanent library fund of the 
college. | 

Marshall P. Wilder, whose long life, crowned with years, 
has but just drawn to a close, was peculiarly identified with 
the college. It is to him that Massachusetts owes its system 
of agricultural education. The love for the cultivation of 
the soil, born amid the breezy hills of New Hampshire, 
never deserted him, and we find him throughout his long 
career turning with eagerness from the engrossing pursuits 
of business to the ‘ delightful occupation of Eden.” He 
was one of the early apostles of agriculture and horticul- 
ture, and to his earnest efforts are due the establishment of 
some of the most flourishing societies. His voice was the 
first to be lifted up in favor of agricultural education, and 
in an address, delivered in 1849, before the Norfolk Agri- 
cultural Society, he strongly advocated the establishment of 
an institution where scientific and practical agriculture should 
_ be taught. The interest awakened by this address was so 
great that the following year (1850) a bill was prepared pro- 
viding for the establishment of an agricultural college and 
an experimental farm. This bill passed the Senate without 
a dissenting vote, but was rejected in the House. The next 
step was the creation of a Board of Commissioners, whose 
duty should be to report, at the next session of the Legis- 
lature, upon the expediency of establishing agricultural 
schools or colleges. This commission, which consisted of 
Marshall P. Wilder, Edward Hitchcock and others, made 
its report in 1851. Nothing further was done towards 
organizing a college of agriculture till 1856. In that year 
several of the gentlemen who had been most active in the 
project for planting a college, now associated together for 
the establishment of a school, and obtained an act of incor- 
poration, under the title of the Massachusetts School of 
Agriculture. Of the persons named in this act, the name 
of Mr. Wilder heads the list. In 1860 its charter was 
transferred to several enterprising citizens of Springfield, — 


1887.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 9 


who determined to raise $75,000 for the opening of the 
school in that city, relying upon the Legislature for further 
endowment. The project would probably have succeeded 
had not the call to arms absorbed public attention. In 1562, 
the bill submitted by Hon. Justin S. Morrill four years pre- 
vious, donating public lands for the endowment of a college 
in each State, to teach such branches of learning as are re- 
| lated to agriculture and the mechanic arts, was finally 
_ enacted; and when, in 1863, the Legislature of Massachu- 
setts were deliberating upon the acceptance of this congres- 
| sional grant, again the name of Mr. Wilder appears, heading 
the list of a committee appointed by the Board of Agricul- 
ture, to present a series of resolutions upon the subject. It 
was but natural that one who had taken so active a part in 
the initiatory steps for establishing a college should be placed 
on its board of trustees when it was fairly organized, and 
once more we find Mr. Wilder’s name placed first in the 
Act of Incorporation. From that time to the day of his 
death he never ceased his active connection with the college, 
attending the meetings of the trustees whenever permitted 
_ by the infirmities of old age, and showing his interest by the 
substantial gifts made from time to time. He presented the 
Horticultural Department with thirteen hundred specimens 
of flowering plants and shrubs, transplanted from his own 
greenhouse and grounds to those of the college. The nur- 
sery he stocked with standard pears and ornamental trees, 
and in the last year of his life he crowned his numerous gifts 
_ by sending to the library complete sets of the ‘* Memoirs of 
the Boston Society of Natural History,” the ‘* London Gard- 
ener’s Chronicle,” and thirty-seven consecutive years of the 
‘** Transactions of the American Pomological Society.” But 
it is not alone as a benefactor that he will be missed. His 
thorough business training and sound judgment, his broad 
views and yet cautious conservatism, made him one of the 
most excellent of advisers, and his voice, always raised on 
_ the side of moderation, was listened to with respect. The 
places on the Board of Trustees made vacant by the decease 
_ of these two members, have been filled by the appointment 
_ of Hon. Joseph A. Harwood of Littleton, and Elijah, W. 
Wood, Esq., of Newton. The places made vacant, by rea- 


a ss Se Se 


' 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


son of expiration of term of service of Judge Charles G. 
Davis and Benjamin P. Ware, have been filled by the ap- 
pointment of Francis H. Appleton of Peabody and William 
Wheeler of Concord. 


FACULTY AND STUDENTS. 


The retirement of James C. Greenough, for the past 
three years president of the college,.and of Manly Miles, 
Professor of Agriculture, was followed by the election of 
Henry H. Goodell, in the place of the former, and Henry 
EK. Alvord as Professor of Agriculture.’ The latter, long 
and favorably known by his management of the Houghton 
Farm, brings to his chair a thorough acquaintance with the 
details of his subject and an expert knowledge of the dairy © 
and its products. Rev. Charles S. Walker, Ph. D., has been 
elected College Pastor and Professor of Mental Science and 
Political Economy. Broad in his views and liberal in his 
doctrines, he has taught with great acceptance the branches 
included in his department. A graduate of Yale University, 
and taking a special post-graduate course in mental philoso- 
phy and history, he further supplemented his studies in those. 
branches, and in political economy, by an extended course 
at Amherst College, receiving from that institution the de- 
gree of Ph. D. in 1885. A new department in the domain 
of Natural History has been created, and the chair has been 
admirably filled by the election of Charles H. Fernald, Ph.D. 
He assumed his duties at the beginning of the academic 
year, coming from the Maine Agricultural College at Orono, 
where for many years he had been a successful teacher of © 
the Natural Sciences. A student under the lamented Agas- — 
siz, he has won especial distinction in the field of the micro- q 
lepidoptera, and his name is quoted as authority, both in ~ 

\ this country and abroad. The other departments have re-— 
mained unchanged. Professors Goessmann, Maynard, War- ~ 
ner and Wellington have continued to perform with fidelity — 
and ability the duties devolving upon them. An instructive — 
course of lectures has been given to the Senior class by 
Professor Goessmann, on the applications of chemistry to 
the manufacturing industries; and the weekly exercises in 
elocution have been carefully looked after by James Wa 


Sat eter Bets . E 


4 Ee a 2 < 
RI a eG a ee 


1887. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 11 


Lane, M.A. The work of the year has been most effi- 
ciently done, and the college is indeed fortunate in having 
secured so able a corps of instructors, on so small a pittance 

as it is able to offer. The salaries paid are from one-fifth to 
a third smaller than are paid in other institutions of learn- 
ing, while the amount of instruction demanded, particularly 
in practical science, is much greater than in any ordinary 
classical college. An addition to the corps of teachers is 
strongly recommended, to diminish the pressure of work, 
now laid upon individual professors, — work which in no wise 
belongs to their departments. 

The number of students reported on the catalogue is 
larger than at any time save one since the year 1874, and 
it is significant of the increased appreciation of the benefits 
of an agricultural education that a greater number have ap- 
plied for information about the college than ever before. 
During the months of July, August, September and Octo- 
ber, over 300 letters of inquiry having been received, ninety 
of these being from poor boys, asking whether they could 
pay their way by work. Of the possible eighty students 
admissible under the Free Scholarship Resolve, 67 entered 
their names as candidates for examination, 53 presented 
themselves, and 41 were accepted, 5 deciding to enter the 
next class. Unquestionably the entire number of scholar- 

ships would have been taken, could an assurance have been 
given of steady work at remunerative pay. The establish- 
ment of a Labor Fund, out of which indigent students, 
struggling for an education, could be paid for work done, 
would be one of the noblest of charities and be of incalcu- 
lable benefit to the college. It would help those who need 
help most. It would not sacrifice their feelings of self-re- 
spect, for they would be giving an honest equivalent for 
money received. It would give to the masses a chance to 
secure a thorough, practical education by their own individ- 
ual exertions. It would fill up the ranks of the college with 
the very best of material, — material drawn from those 
seeking for an education and willing to work for it. And 
j lastly, in the present financial condition of the college, it 
would enable the Agricultural and Horticultural Depart- 
ments to inaugurate and maintain experimental work, possi- 


s 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. > [dam 


ble under no other condition. To the consideration of your 
Excellency and your honorable council I most earnestly com- 
mend this suggestion. I have called it charity ; but it is not 
charity, — it is education in the broadest and most compre- 
hensive sense; it is the training up of honest, intelligent 
citizens for service in the State; it is the carrying on of 
work, instructive to every one of the forty thousand farmers 
of the Commonwealth. 


COURSE OF STUDY. 


This has been so modified as to carry out more fully the 
intention of the original bill, — to give a thorough, practical 
knowledge of agriculture and horticulture, and at the same 
time liberally educate the man. To this end, the several 
studies of the different departments are so arranged as to 
more perfectly supplement ‘each other and lead to a definite 
result. Agriculture and horticulture now extend over the 
entire course of four years, a portion of every term being — 
set apart for their study. Geology and mineralogy, in their 
application to the constituents of soils and the formation of 
the earth’s crust, are taught in the department of chemistry, 
a general course in geology following in that of natural 
history. The professorship of zoology and veterinary sci- 
ence, after a vacancy of many years, has been once more 
filled ; and grouped under this are human anatomy and phys- 
_jiology, entomology, comparative anatomy of domestic ani- 
mals and veterinary science. The English Department has 
been greatly strengthened and extended. More time is de- 
voted to the study of one’s mother tongue ; weekly exercises 
in composition and declamation are held with each class 
throughout the course ; instruction in rhetoric and English 
literature is given to the junior class, while to the senior 
year is allotted a consideration of the questions of mental 
science, political economy and constitutional government. 
To round out the instruction in the different departments, a 
series of lectures by specialists has been planned, which 
will be given as time and means will allow. g 

As an aid to the instruction of the class-room too much ~ 
value cannot be placed upon the library. It has been in- ~ 
creased 1,100 volumes during the year, but it is as yet only — 


a 
1 ZZ 


1887.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 13 


the nucleus of what it ought to be. The student, grappling 
with the problems presented to him on every hand, demands 
the best aid that books can furnish, and a thousand dollars 
should be expended at once in furnishing the latest scientific 
works in the several departments. 


IMPROVEMENTS. 


The year has been one of substantial progress. The ap- 
propriations made by the Legislatures of 1885 and 1886, for 
the erection and repair of buildings, and for the purchase of 
scientific apparatus, has been entirely expended, and the 
buildings have been completed and occupied since the com- 
mencement of the academic year. The new south dormitory 
and agricultural hall, replacing that destroyed by fire Feb- 


-ruary 4, 1885, and the chapel-library building, are in every 


way convenient and adapted to supply wants long felt. The 
entire apparatus and appliances of the laboratory, worn out 
by daily use for nineteen years, have been replaced, and 
several thousand dollars have been expended in the purchase 
of models and apparatus in the departments of physics and 
natural history. A corn-crib, with a capacity of 2,800 
bushels, has been built at the north-west corner of the barn. 
An ice-house for use, in connection with the dairy, of a ca- 


pacity of 100 tons, has been annexed to the farm-house, 


and the entire lower floor of the barn, occupied by the herd, 
has been repaired in the most thorough manner. In connec- 
tion with the latter, the floor and drops have been relaid, 
the stalls rearranged to add room for fifteen more animals, 
— five box-stalls built,— feeding-boxes renewed in different 
patterns, and various styles of stanchions and ties introduced, 
for illustration and comparison. There are five patterns of 
stanchions and five different chain and other ties. Two 
stalls have also been fitted with the Stewart ‘< self-cleaning ” 
floor for trial. 

Protection against fire has been secured by the laying of 


600 feet of 4-inch iron main, connecting with the Amherst 


water works,— placing two additional hydrants at suitable 
points and purchasing a hose cart and 750 feet of hose. An 


_ efficient fire brigade of the students has been organized and 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


placed under the direction of the regular army officer sta- 
tioned at the college. 


THE FARM. 


During the season of 1886 crops were cultivated on 36 | 


acres of land, thus divided: corn 23, oats 6, rye 5, pota- 
toes and fodder-corn, each 1. The resulting crops were: 
1,320 bushels of (shelled) corn; 40 tons of corn-stover ; 
240 bushels of oats; 70 bushels of rye; 12 tons of straw ; 
275 bushels of potatoes, and about 8 tons of fodder-corn, 
fed green. All of this area has been seeded to grass, and 
without a covering crop —except one and a half acres — 
seeded with winter wheat. Nearly all of these 36 acres 
have been top-dressed. Grass was cut from 41 acres the 


past season, the product being 90 tons of. well-cured hay © 


and 15 tons of rowen. None of this sod land has been 
broken, and more than half of it has received a dressing of 
wood-ashes. Much work of land improvement has been 
accomplished in the west lot and swamp, heretofore used as 
rough pasture. Fifteen (15) acres have been well cleared, 
plowed and seeded with rye, for pasturage. Twenty (20) 
acres of the lowest land has been cleared of trees, bushes 
and stumps, and converted from nearly a waste tract into 
fair pasturage. In the same general tract, thirty (30) acres 
have been plowed and fenced, about 160 rods of substantial 
rail fencing having been built. This area it is intended next 
season to devote to the principal hoed crops. Incidental to 
this fencing, 30 cords of good wood have been secured. A 
system of drainage for the western portion of the farm has 
been adopted, and the work well begun by laying the main 
drain 1,500 feet in length, the tile changing from five inches 
at the head to seven inches at the outlet, and three principal 
branches of 4-inch tile, aggregating 1,200 feet. It is pro- 
posed to gradually complete the work, by laying the later- 
als, section by section, as practical work for successive 
classes of students. About 100 rods of old lines of tile, 
contributing to the same general system, but which have 
been useless for some years, have been repaired and put in 
running order. There have also been over 1,200 feet of tile, 


and tile and stone drains, laid where needed in the lots east — 


CO a a a a 


1887.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 15 


of the new chapel. A main sewer, 400 feet long, of 6-inch 
tile, has also been constructed for the farm-house and dairy- 
room, doing away with a cesspool, which had become offen- 
sive and dangerous. The entire work of clearing the swamp — 
and laying the tile has been superintended and carried out 
in the most efficient manner by Mr. David Wright, for 
many years connected with the college. 

The live stock, for the details of which see Inventory of 
the Agricultural Department, consists of the following 
animals : — 


; 
, 

; 
_ 


Four horses, . : ; : ; : : : : 7 $900 00 
Forty-four cattle, viz. 

16 a : : ‘ : : $650 00 

6 Guernseys and ani, : ? : 635 00 

5 Holstein-Friesians, . F ‘ f 1,200 00 

2 Jerseys; . Pb ; . . 700 00 

15 Grades, : ; : ; ' . 390 60 
——-———- $3,575 00 
15 Southdowns, : : : ; ; 165 00 
15 swine: 3 Berkshires, 12 Pietra t ‘ ; E 210 00 
Total value, . ; : : ; ‘ i : - $4,850 00 

GIFTS 


To the Massachusetts Agricultural College during the Year 1886. 


From Lawson VALENTINE, Esq., of Houghton Farm, Mountain- 
ville, N. Y.,—Jersey Bull, ‘‘ Edithson,” No. 8948, A. J. 
C. C., 4 years old. 

Herbert Merriam, Esq., of Cherrybrook Farm, Weston, 
Mass., — Guernsey Bull, ‘‘ Cherry Boy,” No. 1252, A. G. 
C. C., 1 year old. 

Francis Suaw, Esq., of Muster Hill Farm, New Braintree, 
Mass., — Guernsey Heifer, ‘‘ Lornette,” No. 3043, A. G. 
C. C., 1 year old. 

Hon. Wm. A. Russert, of Lake View Farm, North Andover, 
Mass., — Holstein-Friesian Bull, ‘‘ Pledge’s Empire,” No. 
3458, H. F. H. B., 1 year old. 

Mr. Cuas. S. Piums (M.A. C.,’82), of the New York Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, Geneva, — Collection of Oats, 
whole plants, 70 named varieties. 

. Henry E. Atvorp, of Amherst, — Collection of Indian Corn, 
64 premium ears from the Prairie Farmer Corn Show, 
Chicago, November, 1886. 


7 
/ 


ide AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan. 


From Hovucuton Farm, Orange Co., New York, — Collection of 
typical Soils, kiln-dried, with history of same. 

ALEX’R ARCHIBALD, Delhi, N. Y., — Butter-worker, Rotary 
Table and Lever. 

JAMES Macxinuay, Bryn Mawr, Pa.,— Thayer Refrigerator, 
Milk-can. 

E. C. Newron, Batavia, Ill.,— Pair of Newton’s Improved 
Animal Ties. 

H. M. Rossrys, Newington, Conn.,— Pair of Robbins’ Im 
proved Cattle Ties. 

S. J. Apams, Willett, N. Y., — Pair of the Adams’ Improved 
Swing Stanchion. 

O.H. Rosertson, Forestville, Conn., — Pair of Patent Swing 
Cow Stanchions. 

Epwin Prescorr, Boston, Mass.,— Pair of Prescott and 
Mann’s Cattle Stanchions. 

Brooks & Parsons, Addison, N. Y.,— Pair of Smith’s Self- 
adjusting Swing Stanchions. 

Wm. Spear, Lynn, Mass.,— Pair of Spear’s Eureka Com- 
bined Curry-comb and Card. 

Hiram Kenpaty (M. A. C., 76), Providenea! R. I., — Rhe- 
torical prizes for year 1887. 

J. M. THorsurn & Sons, of New York, —A collection of 60 
varieties of grass seeds for experimental purposes. 

H. D. Hivpreru, Esq., of Dedham, — Transactions of Nor- 
folk Agricultural Society, 1849-75. 

Hersert §S. CarrutH, Esq., of Boston, — 21 vols. on his- 
tory and political economy. 

Tuos. B. Wats, Esq., of lowa City, Ia. a vols. Holstein- 
Friesian Herd Book. 

JAS. BuckINGHAM, Esq., of Zanesv ille, O.,— 83 vols. Ameri- 
can Devon Record. : 

Hon. Epwarp Buryett, of Southborough,—9 vols. Herd 
Reg. of Amer. Jersey Cattle Club. . 

C. M. Winstow. Esq., of Brandon, Vt.,—5 vols. Ayrshire — 
Herd Book. | 

Epwarp Norron, Esq., of Farmington, Ct.,—3 vols. 
Herd Book of Amer. Guernsey Cattle Club. 

EDWARD GRIDLEY, Esq., of Wassaic, N. Y., — 7 vols. on | 
Ensilage. q 

Mass. Soc. ror Promotine AGRICULTURE, —26 copies Des | 
Cars’ Tree Pruning, for the Senior class, and 7 vols. mis- | 
cellaneous subjects. a 


1887. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. ‘at @ 


From Hersert Myrick, Esq., of Springfield, — 25 vols. on mis- 
cellaneous subjects. 

Prof. Gro. H. Cook, of Trenton, N. J., —5 vols. Geology of 
New Jersey. 

Asa W. Dickinson, Esq., of Jersey City, N. J.,—5 vols. 
miscellaneous subjects. 

Joun L. Hayes, Esq., of Boston, —8 vols. Bulletin of Nat. 
Assoc. of Wool Manufacturers. 

Hon. Marsuarty P. Wiper, of Dorchester, — Trans. Amer. 
Pomolog. Soc., 1848-86 ; Gardener’s Chronicle, 1841-86 ; 
Memoirs Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866-86. 

H. Heaton, Esq., of Amherst, —Gardener’s Monthly and 
Horticulturist for 1886. 

PuILanpDER W1Lu1aMs, Esq., of Taunton, — Poultry Monthly 
for 1886. 

W. Stearns, of Amherst, — Trans. Rhode Island Soc. for 
Encouragement of Domestic Interests, 1855-74. 

Bens. P. Ware, Esq., of Marblehead, —18 vols. Trans. 
Essex Agr. Soc. 

Rey. S. Snetxinec, of Amherst, —2 vols. Personal Memoirs 
of Gen. Grant. 

Mrs. W.S. Crark, of Amherst, — 60 vols. miscellaneous sub- 
jects. 

Dr. Frep’k Tuckerman, of Amherst, —6 vols. miscellane- 
ous subjects. 

A. C. Hammonp, Esq., of Warsaw, Ill., —18 vols. Trans. 
Ill. Hort. Soc. 

Pus.isHers, Massachusetts Ploughman for 1886. 


It is fitting that in this review of the year a tribute should 
be paid to the memory of him whose guiding hand shaped 
the course of the college in the first eventful years of its ex- 
istence, and whose troubled life came to an end March 9, 
1886. To Colonel William S. Clark, more than to any other 
one man, the college owes its present state of efficiency. 
He was practically its first president, for Judge French 
did little more than take the initiatory steps, and President 
Chadbourne had hardly assumed the reins of government 
when the state of his health compelled his resignation, and it 
was left for Colonel Clark to organize and establish the new 
college. How well he succeeded in this may be judged from 
the fact that, with slight variations, the course remains 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


unchanged to this day, and has been the model copied by 
sister institutions, both in this country and abroad. For 
twelve years he stood at the helm, and maintained his course 
despite the opposition he encountered. His nervous energy 
and strong will carried him triumphant over every obstacle, 
and it was during his administration that the college reached 
its highest point of prosperity. Resolved on having the 
best, he quickly gathered about him a corps of instructors 
that made the college famous. His own experiments on the 
flow of sap and the expansive force exerted by the growing 
cell attracted such wide-spread attention that the State Po- 
mological Society of Michigan solicited permission to publish 
an edition of several thousand copies of his report for free 
distribution ; and Professor Agassiz was led to remark, that 
if the college had done nothing else, this alone was sufficient 
to compensate the State for all its outlay. His energy was 
unbounded, and never flagged. He was always. restlessly 
planning some new project to interest the public. At his 
solicitation the country meeting of the State Board of Agri- 
culture met in the town of Amherst. On his invitation a 
national exhibition of agricultural implements took place on 
the college grounds, attracting farmers from all parts of the 
country. With his co-operation, the New England Agricul- 
tural Society held there a three days’ trial of plows. He 
visited nearly every agricultural society in the Common- — 
wealth, explaining in detail the plan and scope of the college ; 
and it was during his administration that no less than fifteen 
of these societies maintained scholarships at the college. 
Successful as an executive officer, he was still more so as a 
teacher. Bringing to the lecture-room those stores of infor- 


mation drawn from his own experience and that personal 


magnetism which made him so delightful a companion, he 
did not fail to stimulate and awaken the interest of all with 
whom he was brought in contact. There was no dragging 
in his department. He demanded the same alertness and 
quickness of his pupils that he experienced in himself, and 
the interest, once awakened, was never allowed to lessen. 
An enthusiastic lover of nature, he had the rare gift of 
awakening the same enthusiasm in others; and the work he 
laid down is taken up by those who received their first 


1887.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 19 


lessons from him. Youthful in his feelings as any boy, he 
participated in all the pleasures of the students, and made 
them feel that he was one of them. Yet amid all this play- 
fulness, he never failed to inculcate those principles of man- 
hood lying at the foundation of true citizenship. But his 
ardent temperament and over-sanguine nature led him to ex- 
tremes. He could not brook delay, and his desire to gather 
about him a great university made him lose sight of the 
necessity of a slow and steady growth. He could not 
wait; and the foundation on which he built was not broad 
enough for the edifice with which he would fain have 
crowned it. 

I have the honor, in addition to the catalogue and custom- 
ary report of the military department, to append papers by 
Professors Maynard, Alvord and Fernald on the following 
subjects: Hxperiments with New Varieties of Fruits; 
Relations of the Farm to the College; On Some Injurious 
and Beneficial Insects. 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 


HENRY H. GOODELL, President. 


AMHERST, January, 1887. 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __ [Jan. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


Statement of O.B. HADWEN, Treasurer from Jan. 1 to March 16, 1886. 


| Recerven. | PAID. 
Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1886, _ . ; A . | $19,409 00 | . - 
Term Bill account, . : ; é , 675 27 $263 07 
Botanical account, . : ee ; ; 244 57 405 95 
Farm account, . ; ’ : : : ; Dal a2 286 90 
Expense account, . 5 ; . : . 12 18 807 82 
Laboratory account,. - . : : : , 17 47 281 45 
Salary account, : 4 . : = PAU Ses ~ 3,237 50 
Library Fund account, 4 : : F ; yal we a) - 
State Scholarship account, 5 ; : : 2,500 00 - 
Hills Fund account, . Me creer : ‘ : 286 36 15 20 
Grinnell Fund account, . ; : : : 10) 00 - 
Whiting Street Fund account, ae : 20. 00 - 
Mary Robinson Fund account, . ; ; ; 28 64 - 
Interest account, ; : 5 ; : 86 12 - 
Extra Instruction account, - 29 00 
Insurance account, . : : - 2,000 00 
Cash paid Frank E. Paige, tr easurer, : - 16,021 47 
treasurer,by bur sar, -. 156 16 
f. ie Library Fund, 5 -— 3,212 91 
¢ ie Oct. 28, 1836, . : _ 20 68 
Credit by overcharge, . ; ; - 1 65 


$26,739 76 | $26,739 76 


Statement of FRANK E. Patan, Treasurer from March 16, 1886, to 


Jan. LASS: 
| RECEIVED. | PAID. 
| 

Cash of O. B. Hadwen, treasurer, . : . | $16,198 381 - 
Term Bill account, . 3 ; : 5 : -3,077 56 | $1,874 44 
Botanical account, . : 5 : : ‘ 4.166 80 4,632 21 
Farm account, . ; ‘ : 4 3 - | > LoseezZ2 3,655 93 
Expense account, . : 3 } : py 89 11 4,985 88 
Laboratory account, . 5 . : ; ‘ 712 34 319 93 
Salary account, . ; f : . ° ‘ - 13,128 06 
Trustee Expense account, 5 : 5 : - 350 00 — 
Library Fund account, . 4 5 : ; 4,022 99 4,022 99 
Endowment Fund account, . 5 : : 13,031 36 - 

. State Scholarship account, ; . 5 ; 7,500 00 - 
Hills Fund account, . , ; ; ; : 831.12 240 00 
Grinnell Fund account, . s A , : 30 00 40 00 
Whiting Street Fund account, . ‘ ; ; 20 00 - 
Mary Robinson Fund account, ; ; ‘ 33 38° 42 00 | 
Extra Instruction account, 5 ; i 5 - 408 00 | 
Insurance account, . , 4 : : 5 = 13,211 86.8 
Grading account, . : ; : 5 : 493 80 | - 566 90 
Advertising account, : 4 : F ; 26 96 339 46. 
Farm Improvement account, . : : : 215 00 ie 00 
Interest account, . : 3 : : 25 00 4 
Cash on hand Jan. i, 1887, 5 . ; : ~ 3 079 29 


$51,611 95 | $51,611 95 


- 


1887. ] 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


Cash and Bills receivable Dec. 31, 1886. 


Term Bill account, 

Laboratory account, 

Farm account, . F , : F - 
Botanical account, 


Cash on hand belonging to recall F sida Ge Messy, 


Total, . . . : 


mh 


$616 OO 
207.99 
220 49 
397 92 
319 98 


$1,762 38 


Nore. — The remainder of cash on hand, as shown by former account, belongs to 
Insurance account, Hills Fund account, Whiting Street account and Mary Robinson 


account. 


Bills Payable Dec. 31, 1886. 


Expense account, . : d : F 
Farm account, 

Term Bill account, 

Trustee Expense account, 

Extra Instruction account, 

Salary account, . : ‘ : ‘ 
Reading Room appropriation, 
Botanical account, 


total, . P 


Value of Real Estate. 


LAND. 
College farm, 
Pelham quarry, . 


BUILDINGS. 
Laboratory, . - . 
Botanic museum, . 
_ Botanic barn, . . 
- Durfee plant house and Basie 
Small plant house and fixtures, . 
North college, 
Boarding-house, . : : : 
South dormitory, . : ; A P 
Graves house and barn, 
Farm house and barn,. : : P 
Farm barns and sheds, , ‘ ‘ ‘ 
Stone chapel, 
Drill hall, 
- President’s house, 
Four dwelling-houses and siied Duirchaead 
with farm, : ‘ 7 ; ‘ 


Cost. 
$37,00U 00 
000 00 


Cost. 
$10,360 00 
0,180 00 
1,500 00 
12,000 00 
800 00 
86,000 00 
8,000 00 
37,000 00 
8,000 00 
4,000 00 
14,500 00 
31,000 00 
6,500 00 
11,500 00 


10,000 00 


$377 45 
241 04 
64 00 
250 98 
48 00 
776 81 
100 00 
263 92 


ee ere 


$2,122 20 


$37,500 00 


$196,340 00 


—— 


$233,840 U0 


P23 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Inventory of Personal Property Dec. 31, 1886. 


Farm, .. , ‘ : : A : : : : ; $8,200 00 
Laboratory, . : : : : 5 : ; : , 1,414 33 
Boarding-house, . a as ; ‘ 5 5 ; isi 400 00 
Fire apparatus, . ; : : : : ; 5 ; 500 00 
Library, a” ; ; 5 ; : ; : 5,000 00 
Natural History eolleéticn: 2 . ; ; 5 5 ; 2,351 12 
Botanical department, ; : ; ; ; ; : 9,897 75 
Mathematical department, . ‘ : : : : 5 3,287 26 
$31,050 46 
Summary Statemenis. 
ASSETS. 
Total value real estate, per inventory, - $233,840 V0 
Total value personal property. per inven- 
tory, . F : 31,050 46 
Total cash on Hawa al bills recalls, per | 
inventory, . : ; : : f ; 1,762 38 
—— $266,652 84 
LIABILITIES. : 
Bills payable, as per inventory, . . : $2,122 20 
—-—— 2,122 20 
Balance, . ; F y 3 ; tS, . $264,530 64 


va 


This is to certify that I have ‘examined the payments of FRANK E. 


PaIGE, Treasurer of Massachusetts Agricultural College, and find them 


properly entered and accompanied by proper vouchers. 


HENRY COLT, Auditor. 
JANUARY 6, 1887. 


' 
‘ 
4 


—— eS Se eS 


1887.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 


Funds for Maintenance of College. 


Technical Educational Fund, United States grant, 
Amount of, . > ; » $219,000 00 

Technical Educational Fund, State grant, . $141,575 35 

These funds are in hands of State Treasurer. By law, 2 
of the income is paid to the Treasurer of College, 4 to 
Institute of Technology. Amount received in 1886, 

State Scholarship Fund, $10,000. This sum was appro- 
priated by the Legislature, 1886, and is paid in quar- 
terly instalments to College Treasurer, . ; 

Hills Fund of $10,000, in hands of College Tecuetitors 
This was given by L. M. and H. F, Hills, of Amherst. 
By the conditions of the gift the income is to be used for 
maintenance of a Botanic Garden. Income, 1886, 

Unexpended balance, Dec. 31, 1886, $845.14. 

Grinnell Prize Fund of $1,000, in hands of College Treas- 
urer. Gift of Ex-Gov. William Claflin; was called 
Grinnell Fund in honor of George B. Grinnell. The 
income is appropriated for two prizes to be given for 
the best examination in eee by graduating class. 
Income, 1886, , 

Mary Robinson Fund of $1, 000, in nadie bf Chie ive! 
urer; given without conditions. Income has been appro- 
priated to scholarships to ohm and needy students. 
Income, 1886, . 

Unexpended balance of income, Deo 31, 1886, $293, 02. 

Whiting Street Fund of $1,000. A bequest without con- 
ditions. Income, 1886, 

Unexpended balance of income, 1886, $260. 

Library Fund, for use of College Library. Amount, 
$3,822.99. Deposited in Amherst Savings Bank. 


Total income, ; : d 4 : 


23 


$13,031 36 


10,000 00 


617 48 


40 00 


62 02 


40 00 


$23,790 85 


To this should be added amount of tuition, room rent, receipts from 
sale of Farm and Botanic Garden; amount of same can be learned 
from statement of Treasurer. Tuition and room rent, under head of 


Term Bill. 


FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer. 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Jan. 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 17, 1886. 


To the President Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


S1r :—I have the honor to submit the fullowing report of 
the military department for the year ending Dec. 17, 
1886 : — 

With the increased number of cadets made by the last 
Freshman class, the interest felt in this department is much 
greater. The larger the companies can be made, the more 
pride the officers seem to take in them, and for that reason I 
have divided the battalion into two companies only, eath 
company being large enough to make two for battalion 
drill. 

_. The Senior class is required to do all the drilling, and 

during the fall term has been occupied in tonthies the | 
recruit drill to the Freshman class. The work has so far 
advanced that the Freshmen are now ready to be assigned to 
companies, and take part in company and battalion drill. 
The Junior and Sophomore classes have been occupied in 
mortar and light battery drill. The mortar drill was inter- 
esting from the fact that much of the time was spent in 
target practice, which, although not entirely satisfactory in 
regard to accuracy, served to explain the principles and 
capabilities of the piece. With better ammunition, no doubt 
good results could be obtained. 

The work in the Drill Hall begins about the first of the 
winter term, and consists of bayonet and sabre exercises, — 
parades, reviews, guard-mount, and out-post duty, and such — 
other exercises as will give the cadet an insight into the 
duties of officers and soldiers in service. 


* | ae 


oo eae 


1887.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 25 


While the corps was in Boston attending the Bay State 
Fair, the Senior class made a visit to Forts Warren and In- 
dependence, in the harbor. A thorough inspection was 
made of Fort Independence, both as to its construction and 
armament. The drill of the large sea-coast pieces was ex- 
plained, and the ammunition examined, as well as all the 
implements and material used in a large work. 

Through the courtesy of the Depot Quartermaster, Major 
Robinson, the steamer was detained at Fort Warren until 
the class had made a short visit to this most interesting 
work. 

October 24, 1886, Colonel Roger Jones, of the Inspector- 
General department, U. S. A., visited the college for the 
purpose of making an inspection of the military department. 
No parade or military exercises could be shown him, as the 
visit was made‘on Saturday ; but the buildings, armory and 
recitation rooms were examined, and the inspection of the 
battalion will take place next June, at which time Colonel 
Jones informs me he will again visit the college. 

This inspection is made in conformity with an order from 
the War Department, so that the authorities at Washington 
may understand the work done by regular officers stationed 
at colleges. 

‘The order issued in this department compelling cadets to 
make good all absences from military duties has had a most 
beneficial effect. I have had occasion to order but two extra 
drills since that time, and I find that cadets now are 
never absent withcut urgent reason. When all are present,. 
the drill can be made much more satisfactory, and more 
interest is felt by all concerned. 

During the fall term a fire brigade was formed, and de- 
tailed instructions issued in orders for the government of 
the cadets in case of fire. Fire plugs have been placed at 
convenient points, and one or two streams of water can be 
turned upon any building in a very short time. Drills of 
the fire brigade will take place frequently, until all are 
familiar with these duties. 

In this connection I would recommend that fire ladders 
and buckets be supplied, as well as hand grenades and fire 
extinguishers. A new target butt has been built near the 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


site of the old one, which greatly facilitates the work of 
target practice. Ammunition in sufficient quantity is always 
on hand, and practice takes place regularly on Saturdays. 
The weekly inspection of rooms has continued through the 
year, and with beneficial results, the rooms presenting an 
appearance of order and comfort, showing that the cadets 
have acquired those habits of neatness so necessary, not only 
in military, but in business life. 

The sabre belts on hand, the property of the State of 
Massachusetts, are worn out and unfit for use. The Ad- 
jutant-General of the State was addressed on the subject, but 
was unable to furnish new material. He recommended that 
application be made to the Legislature for an appropriation 
of one hundred and fifty dollars, to be expended for the 
purpose. 

In regard to the Drill Hall, I can only repeat my sugges- 
tions of last year. There are a number of cadets now in 
college that are unable physically to undergo any great 
amount of fatigue, and have been excused by proper medical 
authority from taking part in the drills during the winter 
months. If the Drill Hall was ceiled and properly heated, 
a gymnasium would be added that would give all the cadets 
a comfortable and proper place for athletic exercises. 


THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL COURSE OF 
INSTRUCTION. 


THEORY. 
Winter term, Freshman year. One hour per week for the 
term. Recitations in Upton’s Infantry Tactics. School of 
the Soldier. School of the Company. Skirmish Drill. 
Winter term, Sophomore year. One hour per week, half 
the term. Recitations in U. S. Artillery Tactics. School 
of the Soldier. Sabre Exercise. Manual of the Piece. 
Senior Class. One hour per week, fall, winter and 
spring terms. Recitation in Field Fortifications. Organiza- 
tion of Armies and Ceremonies. 


| PRACTICE. 
_ All students (unless physically disqualified and furnished 
with a surgeon’s certificate to that effect) will be required 


| F 
i 
hs 


1887.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 27 


to attend all military duties and exercises. Those pursuing 
a special or partial course not being exempt as long as they 
remain at the college. 

As soon as possible after entering the college, students 
will be required to provide themselves with a full uniform, 
comprising coat, blouse, trousers, cap, white gloves, etc., 
costing about thirty dollars. All students are required to 
conduct themselves in a quiet, orderly and soldierly manner. 
Obedience to superior officers and orders must be prompt 
and willing at all times. 

To insure a proper sanitary condition of the college build- 
ings, each Saturday the Commandant makes a thorough 
inspection of all rooms and buildings. During this time, the 
students, in full uniform, are required to be in their rooms, 
for the proper police of which they are held strictly 
accountable. At the beginning of each term issues of such 
equipments as they require will be made to the students. 
Receipts will be taken for each article issued, and cadets 
will be held responsible for any loss or injury to said 
articles. 

For practical instruction the following public property is 
in the hands of the college authorities : — 

One platoon Napoleons (light twelve). 

Seventy-five sabres and belts. 

One hundred breech-loading rifles, calibre forty-five. 

Several accurate target rifles. 

Two eight-inch siege mortars, with complete equipments. 

For practice firing the United States furnishes blank 
cartridges for all guns, and ball cartridges for rifle practice. 

Drills, amounting to about four each week, are as 
follows : — 

Infantry: school of the soldier, company and battalion ; 
manual of arms; sabre and bayonet exercise ; skirmish drill ; 
target practice and ceremonies. 

For instruction in infantry tactics the cadets are organized 
Into a battalion of two or more companies under the Com- 
mandant. The commissioned officers of the corps are 
selected from those cadets of the Senior class who show the 
greatest aptitude for military duty and ability to impart this 
knowledge to others. All Seniors in turn are placed in 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


command of the companies and battalion, and are liable to 
be called upon at any time to perform field and staff duties. 


Commissioned Staff. 


J.M. Marsu, First Lieutenant and Adjutant. 
H. N. W. RipeEout, First Lieutenant and Quartermaster. 


Non-Commissioned Staff. 


. L. Sommer, Sergeant Major. 
. H. DICKINSON, Quartermaster ean 


comes) 


A Company. 
W. BARRETT, Captain. 
C. OSTERHOUT, First Lieutenant. 
L. MARSHALL, Second Lieutenant. 
W. Cutter, First Sergeant. 
I. HAYWARD, Second Sergeant. 
F, NoYEs, Corporal. 


Me DOS bs 


B Company. 
. F. B. MEEHAN, Captain. 
.L. DE ALMEIDA, First Lieutenant. 
. F. RICHARDSON, Second Lieutenant, 
.E. NEwMAN, First Sergeant. 
. H. FOSTER, Second Sergeant. 
H, FIELD, Corporal. 


mma On > 


\ 


Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 


GEO. E. SAGE, 
First Lieutenant, 5th Artillery. 


1887. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 29 


HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 


_ For several years past much attention has been given to 
the production of new varieties of fruits in all parts of the 
country. This may be in a measure accounted for by the 
fact that none of the standard varieties of any kind of fruits 
combine all the desirable qualities. Until within a few 
years, dependence was placed largely upon the discovery of 
chance seedlings, and with the larger fruits much is to be 
hoped from these local discoveries. The results would un- 
doubtedly be more within our control could we but wait to 
test the varieties grown from carefully selected seed, or those 
resulting from the careful hybridization of our best varieties. 
Progress would also be greater, but we Americans are too 
much in a hurry —are living too fast — to wait and watch 
so long for such apparently small results; and for this reason 
few varieties of either pears or apples superior to the older, 
standard kinds have been added to the list, for many years. 

With the smaller fruits, or those requiring only from two 
to five years to produce fruit, the number of varieties of 
promise or of real merit has been, with many kinds, quite 
large. | 

Many of our nurserymen, in their efforts to obtain and 
propagate for dissemination these new varieties, prove a 
blessing to the community when they send out a really good 
thing; but as is more often the case, —and even the best 
judges frequently make mistakes, — the result from sending 
out varieties that prove worthless is ten or even hundreds of 
times greater loss in time, money and disappointed hope. 

Having obtained many of the new varieties as soon as 


_ they were given to the public, and made comparative tests, 


we give our conclusions in regard to them, based in most 


_— 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


cases upon a trial up to fruiting, but in some, more or less 
modified by the results of the same variety in other local- 
ities. Our experiments, in many cases, only extend over a 
few years; and it must be borne in mind that many con- 
ditions — such as proper or improper soil (which can only be 
determined after many years’ trial), the peculiarities of the 
seasons during the term of trial, etc., etc. — must affect the 
results materially. We think it is safe to say that, under 
ordinary circumstances, the value of a new variety of apples 
cannot be determined in less than twenty years; the pear 
and cherry, not less than fifteen years; the peach, plum and 
quince, not less than ten years; the grape, blackberry and 
currant, not less than eight years; and the strawberry, not 
less than five years. 

Varieties largely advertised and of unusual promise some- 
times become well known in less time. 


THe APPLE. 


We have yet to learn of a variety that we feel’ satisfied 
will take the place of the old standard market and home 
sorts for New England. We mention a few which have 
desirable qualities, and in some localities and upon a more 
extended trial may prove valuable. 

Yellow Transparent. — Nearly all reports agree that this 
apple, of Russian origin, is earlier, of larger size and better — 
quality than the Early Harvest. In vigor of growth of tree 
we find it satisfactory ; but it has, as yet, borne no fruit on 
the college grounds. 

Alexander. — This variety, also of Ruasiag origin, is 
almost everywhere gaining favor, on account of its large 
size, good quality and productiveness. It ripensa little later 
than the Gravenstein, but is hardly equal to it in quality. 

Haas or Fall Queen.—A variety originating near St. 
Louis, Mo., of brilliant color, large size, very productive 
and of fair quality. The tree is upright, of very vigorous 
growth, coming into bearing quite young, and when well 
known will probably be a very salable variety. 

Red Russet. — This, although not a new variety, is at- 
tracting considerable attention as a late-keeping winter fruit. 
The tree is vigorous and upright like the Baldwin, produc- 


1887. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 31 


tive of fruit of medium to large size, resembling the Baldwin 
in form and color, but more or less covered with patches of 
russet. In quality it is better than the Roxbury Russet, 
but, like that variety, is liable to wilt if kept in a dry cellar. 
Its long-keeping qualities, and being a more showy fruit 
than the latter, makes it a very promising variety. 

The value of a variety of fruit of any kind depends upon 
its beauty and the appreciation it meets with the public, and 
the real value of this variety for market purposes is yet to. 
be determined. 

Pewaukee.— This variety has developed no qualities 
which will entitle it to a place in advance of the older 
varieties, ripening at the same time. 

Many other varieties are being tested, but none have 
been grown long enough for us to determine their value. 


PEARS. 


Less progress, perhaps, has been made with the pear than 
the apple, as with the latter fruit a good very early or a 
good late-keeping winter pear is still what the fruit-grower 
is looking for. 

Among the varieties that have been tested are the Presi- 
dent Clark, Francis Dana, Student and Crumbs of Comfort. 
Seedlings raised by the late Francis Dana, Esq., were sent 
to us for testing by Col. Eliphalet Stone of Dedham, Mass. 
While all of them have some good qualities, none combine 
enough of the good, and have too few superior qualities to 
recommend them. 

Lawson. —It is claimed for this variety that it is ‘* the 
largest early pear and the handsomest of all pears,” but no 
claim is made of superior quality by the introducers. 

It has been planted in the college experimental plats 
beside a variety received many years ago from Kentucky, 
under the name of Early Harvest. In habit of growth, 
color of shoots and foliage no difference can be distinguished ; 
_andif the fruit proves of no better quality than the Early 
Harvest (which may prove only the old French varicty 
Jargonelle), its planting will only result in loss, for in quality 
it is one of the poorest. 


| 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Dana’s Hovey. — As a winter pear of fine quality we find 
nothing better. Its small size, however, is a great objec- 
tion. 

Frederick Clapp. — This is a variety of good quality and 
of some promise, but its time of ripening 6a prevent its 
becoming a very profitable variety. 

Fagin or Oriental Pears. — These and their hybrids, — 
viz., Keiffer, Leconte, etc., —so far as they have been tested, 
have proved of little value in New England. Their vigor 
of growth and large healthy foliage may be an improving 
element in hybridizing with our best native kinds. 


PEACHES. 


The crops of this fruit in the past few years have been so 
irregular in this section of the country that but little head- 
way has been made in testing new varieties. 

Of the twenty or more new varieties tested, we feel satis- 
fied that there are a few that will prove valuable. 

As to hardiness, our experience goes to show that the 
white-fleshed varieties are more hardy than those with yellow 
flesh, and possess a richer flavor; but as most of them are 
clingstones, they are not as desirable for canning purposes. 
The Alexander, Amsden, Waterloo and Harly Canada are 
too nearly alike to be classed as distinct varieties. They 
are hardy, productive, early, of good quality and profitable 
when well grown. Mountain Lose is of good quality, of 
larger size, a little Jater and productive. Wager and Pratt, 
both claimed to be certain to reproduce true from seed, have 
made good growth of well-ripened wood, but have produced 
no fruit. 

Of the yellow-fleshed varieties nothing has proved better 

than the Harly and Late Crawfvrd. 


Eaperiments. 


The great difficulty in growing peaches in New Bowland 
has been the destruction of the buds by our cold winters. 


We have found no difficulty in keeping most of. the trees of } 


our orchards in a healthy condition, although some have 


died from winter killing, and a few, perhaps, from the disease ~ 


known as the yellows; but we have restored trees that were — . 


1887. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 33 


badly diseased to perfect health, and continue to plant trees 
in the places where old ones have died out. 

To prevent the destruction of the buds by the cold, we 
have instituted a series of experiments, an outline of which 
we will here give, in the hope that it may stimulate others 
to investigation in the same direction. 

First. Loosening the soil about the roots on one side, 
laying the tree flat on the ground, holding it in place with 
soil, and carefully protecting the loosened roots with a bank 
of soil and the tops with pine boughs, corn stover, etc., etc. 
This can be easily accomplished at small expense, and by 
carefully packing the soil with some good compost about 
the roots, the following spring little injury will result to the 
growth of the tree. 

Second. Drawing the top branches together and tying 
them closely. With young trees not over five or six inches 
in diameter this was easily accomplished. With larger trees 
two or three branches near together were tied up. Some of 
these were afterward covered with mats, others had pine 
boughs tied in among the branches, and some were tied up 
before the leaves had dropped, so that the leaves served as a 
protection. 

Third. Having noticed that the buds and branches after 
having been injured by cold lost much of the waxy or glossy 
covering they had while uninjured, it was suggested that 
poisthine might be applied to protect them or prevent the 
removal of this material, if that had any protecting or pre- 
serving quality. To this end some trees were syringed at 
intervals of a week or ten days with lime wash, lime wash 
and paste, a solution of flour paste and a solution of glue. 
To some of these trees plaster was applied after the glue or 
paste solutions, and to others fine sawdust before the solu- 
tions became dry on the branches, so that it adhered firmly 
to them and especially to the bud clusters. 

The above experiments have been made at intervals of 
from one to two weeks since November 15. 

What will be the results no one can predict, but if these 
methods fail, we shall try yet others; and as the spirit of 
progress is inherent in the American fruit-grower, we feel 
confident that sooner or later a cheap and easily applied 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


remedy will be discovered to save our peach crop from de- 
struction by cold. 


THE PiLum. 


As with the peach, the limited cultivation and the un- 
certainty of fruiting makes it difficult to determine what 
are the most desirable and profitable varieties of the plum. 
Consulting the markets, we find that the very early and the 
very late varieties are more profitable than those that ripen 
in mid-season. 

We find of the varieties that have fruited abundantly the 
most desirable kinds for market are the Bradshaw, Wash- 
ington, Yellow Egg aud Coe’s Golden, and perhaps also the 
Victoria or Sharp’s Emperor. 

For home use we would add Imperial Gage and Green 
Gage. 

We find no difficulty in preventing injury to the fruit by 
the plum curculio by jarring the trees three or four times 
per week early in the morning; but a simpler and cheaper 
method is to plant the trees in the poultry yard. 

Seedlings of the Wild Goose plum have not proved of 
much value in New England. 

The Japanese plums, which are of large size and fine qual- 
ity, are of great promise, and if they prove hardy and free 
from disease will be a great addition to our list of fruits. 


APRICOTS. 

This delicious fruit has been so uncertain in New England 
in the past, that, except under the most favorable conditions, 
few attempts are now made to cultivate it. 

The recent introduction of Russian varieties, on account 
of their greater hardiness, may enable us to cultivate it with 
success. The best varieties, according to Prof. J. L. Budd 
and Mr. Chas. Gibbs, are the Alexis, Alexander, J. L. Budd 
and Nicholas. 

QUINCES. 

Notwithstanding the persistent advertising of new varie-— 
ties by parties interested in their sale, we are unable to see 
much improvement over the old standard Orange Quince. 
The Champion, the Rea and probably the Meech are later 


1887.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 35 


in ripening than the orange, do not color up as fully, nor 
are they of any better quality than the latter when well 
grown. The trees may begin bearing a little younger, 
which is perhaps a slight advantage. 


GRAPES. 

Of the many new varieties of grapes, two white kinds 
stand out very prominently for public favor, — the Niagara 
and E’mpire State. | 

The first, while only of medium quality, is vigorous, hardy 
and wonderfully productive. Its principal fault is its late 
ripening, not being any earlier than the Concord. The 
Empire State ripens a little before the Concord, and from its 
origin —7. ¢., the Clinton and Hartford Prolific—it is hoped 
that it may also prove to be a late-keeping variety. 

The place that a white grape will take in our markets is a 
little uncertain. The indications now are either a black 
grape with an abundance of bloom, a red or pink grape with 
little bloom, or a white grape will meet with more favor, 
other qualities being equal, than those of less distinct color. 

Upon some forty other new varieties tested we do not 
wish to pass judgment until another season’s trial. 


BLACKBERRIES. 


Of the perfectly hardy kinds (if any can be said to always 
withstand our severe winters), the Snyder, Wachusett and - 
the Agawam have borne good crops for several years. Of 
these the Agawam is the earliest and of the best quality, 
while it is firm enough for ordinary shipping. We would 
give it the first place among the thoroughly tested varieties. 
The Wilson Junior, Karly Harvest and Early Cluster have 
proved tender, and can only be successfully grown by pro- 
tecting during the winter. 


BLACK-CcAP RASPBERRIES. 
_ As grown in our experimental plots, the Souhegan, 
Doolittle and Tyler are very nearly alike in time of ripening, 
quality and productiveness. The Centennial, although a 
little later than the above, is very vigorous, producing abun- 
dant crops-of large shining blackberries of fine quality. 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The Springfield is not very unlike the old Davison Thornless, 
but is more vigorous, and is very early and productive and 
of good quality ; a good variety for those who are sensitive 
to the slight scratches necessary in gathering other kinds. 
The Cannan was sent to us when first introduced, but the 
plants were in so poor condition that only one out of the six 
lived ; we are therefore unable to make a satisfactory report 
upon its merits. Shaffer’s Colossal is indeed colossal in 
vigor of plant, size of fruit and productiveness. In quality, 
it is very much like the red raspberries; but it is feared 
that its color, a reddish purple, will prevent its ready sale. 


Rep RASPBERRIES. 


Much advance seems to have been made in the new varie- 
ties. The Marlboro, on account of its large size, earliness, 
vigor and productiveness, promises to be a valuable market 
variety, although its quality is much inferior to the Cuthbert. 
The Hansel is early, productive, of medium size and good 
quality ; but the plant is rather weak in growth and has 
developed, the past season, a tendency to mildew badly. 
The fancocas is similar to the latter in size, quality and time 
of ripening, but is of stronger growth, and has been, thus 
far, entirely free from mildew. Both produce a large 
number of suckers, while the Marlboro produces compara- 
tively few. 

CURRANTS. 


As grown in our fields, the new varieties have not shown 
the superior vigor and productiveness claimed for them by 
the originators. It is generally the case that a new variety, 
purchased at a high price, is given the best possible place in 
the garden and receives the best of care; while the old varie- 
ties, with which it is to be compared, are still allowed to 
remain in the usual grass-bound row, with no extra care. 
Under these circumstances, it is no wonder that the ‘‘ pet” 
shows wonderful improvements over the older sorts. While 
there is room for advance in the qualities and productive- 
ness of this fruit, we know that great improvement can be 
made by good cultivation of the older varieties, without the 
expense of purchasing high-priced new kinds. 


1887.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 37 


THE STRAWBERRY. 


The very early berry of large size, good quality, vigorous 
growth and good shipping qualities has not been, as yet, 
found, unless it may be among the many candidates of 1886. 
We are inclined to think that the May Hing will take the 
place of the Crescent as a general market fruit. It is as 
early, of better quality and fair size, and nearly or quite as 
productive. 

The Jewell and Belmont need another year’s trial, at least, 
to establish their merits for general cultivation. 

The former, while vigorous in growth of foliage, produces 
but few runners ; an advantage, perhaps, when grown in hills 
or stools, but a serious objection for the ordinary method of 
matted rows. 

Early varieties have generally proved the most profitable, 
and there has developed in most of our markets a demand 


for very large berries of good quality, while small berries 


hardly pay the cost of picking. 
Mee Sots MAYNARD. 


33 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


RELATIONS OF THE FARM TO THE COLLEGE, 
AND ITS AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


Object lessons have become one of the leading features of — 
successful methods in modern education. In almost every 
department of instruction, appliances and apparatus are 
deemed essential, often requiring large expenditures; and 
the progressive spirit of an institution of learning is largely 
indicated by the completeness of its equipment in aid of 
class-room work. 

In any school of agriculture, where theory and practice 
must go hand-in-hand, it is evident that the matter of pro- 
viding facilities for teaching, with objects for illustration 
and instruction, is-of the very first importance. 

The Agricultural College, like other colleges, arranges its 
work of instruction in distinct divisions, and has especially 
prominent its several departments of technical science. All 
admit the need of having these properly equipped with aids 
to teaching ; and, by common consent, they are supplied, by - 
liberal outlay, with cabinets and collections, maps and mod-_ 
els, instruments and apparatus, besides special books of 
reference. Be)! 

‘¢ Without excluding other scientific and classical studies,” 
the Agricultural College has, for its main object and special 
purpose, to provide a comprehensive and practical education, 
which shall be a proper training and preparation for the 
business of farming. It is a technical school of agriculture. 
It is no undue discrimination, therefore, to regard its depart- 
ment of agriculture as its central feature. This should be 
the focus for all the work of the various scientific depart- 
ments. Here must be taught the practice of the art and the 
application of the sciences. Hence, pre-eminently, the ag- 
ricultural department of the college should be liberally 
maintained and completely equipped for object-teaching. 


h 


1887. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31.. 39 


First, in the means of instruction for the agricultural de- 
partment, is the college farm, with its lands and_ buildings, 
its stock and tools, its crop and daily operations throughout 
the farming year. And, second, such collections of speci- 
men implements, soils, manures and farm products, with 


models, illustrations and charts, as can be provided by peri- 


odic allowances of money and the work of diligent teachers. 

The relation of the farm to the college is thus clearly indi- 
cated. Its primary function and its only use, if necessary, 
is to serve as the laboratory and demonstratory material for 
the instructor, to be managed — or mismanaged—as may 
best suit the purpose of example and illustration. The col- 
lege farm should, therefore, be under the immediate control 
of the Professor of Agriculture, and conducted to assist and 
supplement the work of the class-room, as absolutely as the 
plant-house and herbarium by the Professor of Botany. 

The one thing above all others which should not be re- 
quired of the college farm, is to be ‘‘ self-supporting,” or 
conducted for the purpose of yielding an annual profit. The 
chemical department has its expensive laboratory and fittings, 
réquiring a large current outlay for supplies; the physical 
lecture-room has costly apparatus; the departments of nat- 
ural history and botany have their museums, collections and 
appliances; and hundreds or thousands of dollars may well 
be invested in high-priced manikins and clastic models of do- 
mestic animals and plants. But whoever heard of a demand 
upon the laboratories of a college to heat and light the prem- 
ises, of requiring the telegraph and telephone apparatus to 
yield a handsome dividend, or of expecting the Auzoux mod- 
els to give milk and bear fruit? Yet this would be just as 
logical as insisting that the farm must show an annual profit. 

This theory of the main duty and purpose of the college 
farm by no meansjinvolves wasteful methods to any extent, 
or extravagant expenditure. Undoubtedly it should, as a 
whole, be an example of good husbandry and progressive 


farming. It is well to conduct some one or more divisions 


of the farm, with distinct and accurate accounts, like a dairy 
herd, or a flock of sheep, a field crop, an orchard, or nur- 
sery, so as to demonstrate the profit of farming as a business, 
when well managed. On the contrary, the different kinds 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


of live stock kept may properly include animals which daily 
demonstrate that they are unprofitable; the very fact of the 

variety maintained will tend to pecuniary loss, while the 

most undesirable stock may be of highest value by the les- 

sons it can teach. The variety of crops and the methods of 
cultivation may well include some known to be unproduc- 

tive; negative results are often the most striking and in- 

structive. But where a college farm, in all its parts, shows a 

yearly profit, it may safely be regarded as failing to properly 

perform its function as an accessory to the educational facil- 

ities of the institution. 

The word ‘‘ agriculture ” has been used above in its broadest 
sense, including horticulture. Where, as in Massachusetts, 
forestry, flowers, fruits and market-gardening have been 
assigned to a separate department, wisely and well, the 
same principles will apply to the horticulture of the college, 
as to its agriculture. This division existing at Amherst, it 
is only proper for me to refer, in detail, to the college de- 
partment of agriculture, as thus limited. 

The entire area of the college estate is 383 acres. Of this, 
forty-eight acres have been leased to the Experiment Station, 
and ninety acres, all east of the main highway, are set apart 
for the horticultural department and for forest growth. The 
college buildings, with lawns, drives, parade-ground and 
ravine, occupy twenty-five acres. There remain 220 acres 
for the farm proper. Of this, forty acres are in wood, which 
it will be undesirable to clear at present, and five acres are 
occupied by buildings, roads and yards. The available land 
for farming operations is thus reduced to 175 acres. Just 
about half of this is now in grass, a large part of it being 
seeded during the past year. The remaining ninety acres, 
which has been known as the West swamp lot and used as 
an undivided pasture, is the land on which.a system of drain- 
ing and improvement has been inaugurated, and it may now 
be considered in three nearly equal portions. One has been 
drained, plowed, fenced, and will be cultivated in corn and 
other crops during the season of 1887; another has been 
cleared, plowed and seeded as improved pasture; and the 
third, although cleared of bushes and stumps, is still rough, 
natural pasturage. The improvements begun contemplate 


\ 
5 


-1887.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 41 


the gradual reclaiming of nearly all of this western section 
of the farm, bringing it into arable condition and dividing it 
into suitable fields for tillage and pasture. This will make it 
possible to leave the small lots around the college buildings per- 
manently in grass, to which they are best adapted, cultivating 
them only at long intervals, when they may need re-seeding. 

If the theory above presented, as to the relations of the 
farm to the college, is correct, the general management of 
the farm can be easily made to conform thereto. The pres- 
ent condition of the fields is suited to this purpose. There 
is a fair variety of soil, light and heavy, dry and wet, old 
sod and new grass, tillage on old and newly reclaimed lands, 
and fields in several stages of improvement, as already de- 
scribed. The system adopted will provide this diversity of 
condition and treatment for some years to come. It will 
also tend to a gradual improvement in the condition, pro- 
duction and value of the entire area. 

For purposes of instruction, a greater variety of field crops 
should be grown than has been done in late years. Although 
they may not all be profitable, there should be the small 
grains adapted to this climate, — potatoes, roots and different © 
fodder crops, — all sufficient in area to serve as illustrations 
of the nature and growth of the plants themselves and the 
operations necessary to their cultivation. Special crops, 
like broom-corn, tobacco, beans and hops, are usually to be 
found near enough to the college to be seen by the classes 
during the growing season. 

The recent additions and repairs at the farm buildings 
will do much towards putting them in a condition more cred- 
itable to the State and better adapted to efficient and eco- 
nomical management. But the funds available will by no 
means accomplish all that ought to be done. It should be 
remembered that the main farm buildings were erected in 
1869, and the sheds two years later, and very little has since 
been expended upon them for repairs. As ordinary matters 
of prudence, the barn should be re-shingled the present year 
and all the buildings should be repainted. Several detached 
buildings, on different parts of the farm, which were for- 
merly available for stabling and storage, have been assigned 
to the horticultural department and Experiment Station. 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __ [Jan. 


This fact, and the natural growth of the farm operations, 
equipment and products, combine to render the capacity of 
the sheds, built fifteen years ago, quite insufficient for pres- 
ent purposes. A number of the better farm implements 
have to be housed in the basement of one of the college 
buildings, an inappropriate and very inconvenient make- 
‘shift. To furnish needed accommodations, the sheds adjoin- 
Ing the barn should be entirely rearranged and repaired, 
including the building of a new horse-stable. Power should 
be furnished for cutting and grinding, and better provisions 
made for heating water and warming a few apartments in 
the sheds. Whether ensilage-feeding is in general economi- 
cal and beneficial or not, there should be one or more good 
silos connected with the barn to fully illustrate the system 
and test its merits. The need of these improvements is 
manifest, and their cost, thoroughly done, will be more than 
can probably be taken for this purpose from the regular in- 
come of the institution. 

The present equipment of the farm, in tools and ma- 
chinery, does not properly illustrate the great advance made 
in farm mechanics during recent years; but it is hoped that 
enterprising manufacturers and agents will recognize the ad- 
vantage of having their new and improved implements put 
to a practical test, and kept permanently on exhibition at the 
college. Contributions of this kind, already begun, will 
prove at once a benefit to the college and a cheap and effec- 
tive means of advertising for the makers and donors. This 
department should be made so complete that no student 
should be able to find in New England, at the time he grad- 
uates, any farm implement or machine of real value, with 
the practical working of which he is unfamiliar, — unless it 
be something of very recent origin. 

The additions to the live stock of the farm, by recent gifts 
and by purchases made or in progress, will bring this impor- 
tant division into excellent condition for study, and leave 
- little to be desired beyond the steady improvement which 


: 
| 


should result from careful management, judicious breeding 4 


and the occasional infusion of fresh blood. 


In the work of instruction in the agricultural department — 
it is the desire and intention of the officer in charge to con- | 


1887. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 43 


stantly use the college farm, its soil, buildings, implements, 
stock, crops and operations, for purposes of observation, 
illustration and practical demonstration. The students will 
be advised, from the time they enter college, to become 
familiar with the farm and everything connected with it, and 
to interest themselves in its current affairs. As far as prac- 
ticable, every one will be led to assume the relation of ad- 
viser and assistant in its management, and, first in one line 
of work and then in another, to follow out all the details, 
with a full discussion of the whys and wherefores. The 
principles of business as applied to farming will be kept con- 
Stantly in view. It is proposed to make, every autumn after 
_the crops have been harvested, a complete inventory and 
appraisement of the college farm property ; this will be done 
by the students, and then, by classes, all will be required to 
follow the expenditures and receipts through the ensuing year 
or more, with a complete journal of the farming operations 
and all matters which should be recorded. The practical 
lessons will not be impaired by the fact of things frequently 
done, or left undone, because of the special purposes of 
this farm, —the reasons for the same being fully explained. 

During the past term a new corn-crib was built. The 
students assisted in preparing the plans, estimating the stor- 
age capacity, making the bill of timber, procuring the mate- 
rials, supervising the construction and determining the cost. 
New animals in the various classes of pure-bred live stock 
will have to be entered in the appropriate herd-books and 
registers the present winter. This work will be divided 
among the students, who, under proper supervision, will be 
required to tabulate the pedigree, conduct the correspond- 
ence, perfect the papers and secure the registration in every 
ease. The work of each will be reported and explained to 
the rest of his class, and be subject to their inquiry and crit- 
-icism. In the course of the coming season another section 
of land will be thoroughly drained. Students will be ex- 
pected to make the surveys, locate the drains, map the work 
and assist in opening the ditches and laying the tiles. 

The foregoing are merely examples of the way in which 
the farm can be practically used for supplementing the work 
of the lecture-room. This cannot be done unless the prop- 


A4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


erty is completely equipped in'all its departments, liberally 
maintained and conducted with much greater diversity of 
operations than is consistent with farm economy in these 
days of division of labor and specialties in nearly every in- 
dustrial pursuit. 

At this industrial institution, however, Massachusetts does 
not attempt to pursue the business of farming for direct and 
immediate profit. That is not the purpose of the college in 
whole or in part, or of the State in maintaining it. It is 
rather to liberally provide here the facilities for thoroughly 
and broadly training some of her sons to apply, in active 
life, those principles which underlie progressive and profit- 
able farming. 


HENRY E. ALVORD. 


ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Since my connection with the college, numerous requests 
have been made for information about the habits of some of 
our injurious insects, and the best means of checking their 
ravages. In order to give the information as wide a circula- 
tion in the State as possible, I have prepared the following 
account of some of those to which my attention has been 
most frequently called. 


THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE. 
Crioceris Asparagi, Linn. 

This insect, which has been known in Europe for more 
than a hundred years, first made its appearance in this 
country in the vicinity of New 
York in 1858, and in a very 
short time spread to the aspara- 
cus fields of Long Island, where 
it was estimated to have caused 
a loss of $50,000 in one county 
in a single year. It has now 

distributed itself very generally 

iste uO Sea ibiree through New Jersey, portions 

also the eggs and larve enlarged. ae New York, Connecticut and 

Massachusetts, and in time will, undoubtedly, spread over 
ithe entire country wherever asparagus is raised. 


ss — a 


— 
' 
, 


1887.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 45 


These beetles hibernate, in the mature state, in sheltered 
places under the bark of trees, in crevices of fence rails, 
under the clapboards of buildings, or in any place where they 
can find protection. As soon as the first shoots of asparagus 
appear in spring, the beetles awake from their winter sleep 
and commence to feed on the tender tips of the plants. 
The sexes soon pair, and the females deposit their eggs at 
first on the surface of the shoots, but after the plants are 
grown they deposit them on the leaves near the end of the 
delicate branches. 

The eggs (fig. 1) are oval in outline, about one-sixteenth 
of an inch long, nearly black in color, and attached to the 
plant by one end; and they are usually in rows of from two 
to seven. In from seven to ten days the eggs hatch, and the 
larve feed and reach their growth in from ten to fourteen 
days, when they are about one-fourth of an inch long, of a 
dull ash gray color, with the head and legs black and shin- 
ing, and there are two black spots on the upper side of the 
segment following the head. When fully grown they 
descend to the ground, where they spin their slight cocoons 
under the leaves or other rubbish, and transform to pupe, 
in which stage they remain about ten days, when the perfect 
beetles emerge, and after pairing the females lay their eggs 
for a second generation. The round of life is so short that 
there is time for two, if not three, generations each year. 
The perfect beetle is one-fourth of an inch long. The head, 
antennz, legs and underside of the body are of a greenish 
black color; the prothorax, reddish with a dark spot on each 
side of the middle; and the wing-covers are bluish black, 
broadly edged with reddish yellow, with three lemon yellow 
spots on each, —one on the base, the second a little before the 
middle and the third beyond the middle. The second and 
third spots are nearly square, with one side touching the 
yellow edge of the wing-cover. 

The remedies suggested by European entomologists, where 
this insect has been known so many years, are to pick them 
off by hand, or shake them off into a pan of water, when 
they may be killed by crushing them or by putting them into 
boiling water. This method can be useful only where small 
quantities of asparagus are raised. Dr. Fitch, who investi- 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


gated their habits in 1863, recommended that fowls be turned 
into the asparagus field and allowed to range over it, that 
they might destroy these insects of which they are so fond. 
Mr. A. 5S. Fuller states in the ‘* American Entomologist” 
that for sixteen years he used freshly slaked lime, dusting it 
over the plants in the morning while the dew was on; and 
this application was so effectual in keeping the asparagus 
beetle in check that about one application every alternate 
season was sufficient. Many gardeners are in the habit of 
cutting down all the young seedlings in the spring when the 
beetles are emerging from their winter quarters, thus forc- 
ing them to lay their eggs only on the new shoots. As these 
are cut for market nearly every day, the eggs do not have 
time to hatch, and therefore no second generation will appear, 
except a few-that may feed on stray plants outside of the 


field in waste places, and these should always be destroyed. 


It has been recommended to cut down all the seed stems as 
soon as the asparagus season is over, and to repeat the 
process once or twice during the season. Mr. H. H. Sar- 
gent states in the ‘‘ Gardener’s Monthly ” that the earliest, 
largest and best asparagus in his neighborhood was grown 
by hte method of treatment, and that it te been continued 
for five successive years. 


THE BUFFALO CARPET BEETLE. 
Anthrenus scrophularie, Linn. 

This insect has been doing much damage in some parts of 
the State, and frequent inquiries have been made concerning 
its history and habits, as well as the best means of holding 
it in check. It was first described by Linneus in 1758, in 
the tenth edition of his ‘‘ Systema Nature,” and he gave it 
the above specific name because the insect was known to 
feed in Europe on the blossoms of plants belonging to the 


genus Scrophularia. Noerdlinger, in his ‘‘ Die Kleinen. 


Feinde der Landwirthschaft,” published in 1855, calls it the 
Common Flower Beetle, and says it is especially common on 
fruit trees and roses, and also that it is common in houses, 
where it is destructive to furs, clothes, animal collections, and 


even leather and dried plants. Herbst, in his work on the 


beetles, published in 1779, says: ‘* This beetle is every- 


1387. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 47 


where common in rooms, on buds, and especially common on 
tulips. It destroys collections of insects and plants. The 
larvee live in houses and destroy all kinds of collections of 
natural objects, as clothes, furs, leather and victuals.” 

Although, as shown above, this insect has been known in 
Europe for more than a hundred years, it was not reported 
in this country until 1850, when Dr. LeConte found a variety 
of it on flowers in California. Dr. LeConte suggested that 
it might have been imported into California from Southern 
Europe during the Spanish occupation of that country. 
Professor Lintner says the name ‘* buffalo bug” was given 
to it on the Pacific coast, probably because of the fancied 
resemblance of the larva to the buffalo. 

In the Eastern States they are reported to have been first 
discovered in 1872 in Buffalo, N. Y., and very soon after in 
Massachusetts. Dr. Hagen learned upon inquiry that many 
of the infested carpets in and around Boston came from one 
large carpet store in that city, and it is, therefore, very 
probable that they were brought from Europe in imported 
carpets. It has often been stated that they were first intro- 
duced in 1876 in carpets brought from Europe to the Cen- 
tennial Exposition in Philadelphia; but this is a mistake. 
It has frequently been reported that this insect does not 
confine itself to woollen fabrics, but also attacks cotton and 
silk. This, I think, must be a mistake, for those which I 
have been breeding during the past year have refused to eat 
cotton or silk, and when supplied with mixed goods they 
ate out the fibres of wool, leaving the cotton and silk intact. 
Others have had a similar experience with them. This part 
of the subject, however, should receive further investigation. 

Figure 2 represents the several stages of this carpet beetle, 
very much enlarged, the hair lines at the side indicating the 
true length. The mature larva represented at a is nearly 
one-fourth of an inch long and clothed with coarse brown 
hairs, which are arranged somewhat in tufts on the head and 
along the side, while at the posterior end they are extended 
into a tail-like appendage. In September and October the 
larva transforms into a pupa, c, which, however, is retained 
within the skin of the larva till the transformations are com- 
pleted, and the perfect beetle emerges through a rent along 


/ 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


the middle of the back, as shown at 6. The perfect beetle, 
d, is ovate and moderately convex. The head is black, with 
a few orange-red scales around the eyes and above the 
mouth. The antenne are black, eleven-jointed, terminated 
by a broadly oval three-jointed club, which is as long as all 
the preceding joints united. The thorax is black, with the 
sides and base more or less covered with orange scales. 
The wing-covers are black, but the suture is broadly red, 
with three equidistant, lateral projections of the same color, 
the first two of which join sinuous, white, imperfectly defined 
bands ; the posterior is obscurely connected with a red spot 
at the end of the wing-cover, and there is usually a small 
white spot at the base. The under side of the body is black, 


Fig. 2.— The Buffalo Carpet Beetle. 


more or less covered with red and white scales. Length, 
from one-seventh to one-eleventh of an inch. The cali 
are subject to considerable variation. The red band along 
the middle of the back is sometimes replaced by white, and 
the first two bands of white on the wing-covers are run 
together, forming one broad white band. 

These insects attack the exposed edges of the carpets, and 
wherever they can make their way ‘and aniiieadll especially 
along the cracks of the floor, they often divide the carpet 
as neatly as it can be done with a pair of scissors. They 
are, undoubtedly, very difficult insects to exterminate, for 
the ordinary applications of camphor, pepper, tobacco, tur- 
pentine, carbolic acid, etc., produce no effect on them. 
Benzine or kerosene: oil used freely in all the cracks and 
crevices of the floor will destroy them in all their stages if 
brought in contact with them, and the odor of benzine, if 


| 


1887. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 49 


sufficiently strong, will kill the larve and perfect beetles. 
Tarred paper under the carpets, ‘napthaline, gasoline and 
bisulphide of carbon have all been recommended, but their 
disagreeable odor and the explosive properties of the last 
two render them undesirable. When furniture is infested, 
it should be removed to an out-building, where there is no 
fire, «nd thoroughly treated with benzine or gasoline. The 
furaiture should not be returned to the house till the liquid 
has entirely evaporated and -there is no odor. One of the 
best remedies for infested carpets is to spread a wet cloth 
along the edge or over any part where the pests are supposed 
to be at work, and run a hot flatiron over it, so that the hot 
steam penetrating through the carpet may destroy them. 
This work must be very thoroughly and carefully done to 
insure success. When woollen garments are put away for 
the summer, they should be packed in tight boxes with 
paper pasted over every crack where one of these ninute 
insects could possibly gain an entrance. If there is any 
danger that these garments are infested before packing them 
away, they should first be treated with benzine. 


THE PITCHY CARPET BEETLE. 
Allagenus piceus, Oliv. 

Several persons have sent me larve of this beetle, which 
they found feeding on their carpets. The full-grown larva is 
rather more than a quarter of an inch long, of a brownish 
color, ringed with whitish between the segments, largest 
near the anterior end and gradually tapering towards the 
posterior, which is provided with a loose pencil of long, 
diverging hairs. The whole surface of the body is covered 
with short, coarse brown hairs, which are so arranged as to 


‘give a smooth and somewhat glossy appearance to the larva. 


The perfect beetle is from one-fifth to one-seventh of an inch 
long, more elongated than the buffalo carpet beetle, and 
varies in color from a light pitchy brown to dark brown, 
without spots or markings. 

Specimens of this larva were sent to me two years ago 
Jast June, from which the perfect beetles did not emerge till 
the following spring, and therefore there can be but one 

eneration in a year, at least in the Northern States. It 


50 ; AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


his been suggested that this insect is destructive to silk and 
cotton; but this needs verification, and I would be glad to 
have living specimens forwarded to me for further investi- 
gation. 
THE TWO-SPOTTED LADY-BIRD. 
Adalia bipunctata, Linn. 

Among the insects sent me as carpet beetles, none are 
been received more frequently than this species, which seems 
to be exceedingly common throughout the Connecticut val- 
ley. The eggs are bright orange in color, and are laid in 
small clusters on the leaves of plants infested with plant 
lice, upon which the larve and perfect beetles feed. The 
mature larva is about three-eighths of an inch long, of a dull, 
bluish black color, with ill-defined orange spots on the seg- 
ments, which are somewhat roughened by tubercles. The 
perfect beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long and nearly 
hemispherical in form. The wing-covers are red, with a 
black spot on the middle of each. The thorax is white, with 
a black stripe on each side of the middle, and these are 
joined by a prolongation obliquely backward from the mid- 
dle of each. The head is black, with a white spot on each 
side in front of the eye, and the under side of the body is 
black. 

These beetles came into the houses in such numbers, in 
some places, as to cause alarm lest they were veritable car- 
pet beetles. I have not yet investigated their habits enough 
to make sure whether they destroy the larve of carpet 
beetles, but it would seem rather a difficult task, if not im- 
possible, for them to grapple with and destroy such hairy 
larvee. Those which I have bred were fed on plant lice, and 


the number which one of these larve will devour in a day © 


is perfectly astonishing. The amount of good these little 
pigmy friends do in destroying the lice on our various 
plants is beyond all calculation. Nor do they confine them- 
selves to plant lice, for they feed on the eggs of other 
insects. The perfect beetle of this species hone often been 
found in Maine, feeding on the eggs of the Colorado 
potato beetle. : 
CHARLES H. FERNALD. 


_? 


1887. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 51 


CALENDAR FOR 1887. 


January 5, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 25, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 
April 5, Tuesday, summer term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
Baccalaureate Sermon. 

Address before the Christian Union. 


( Grinnell Prize Examination of the Senior 


June 19, Sunday, } 


Tena, iis Class in Agriculture. 
| Military Exercises. 
| Kendall Prize Speaking. 
( Meeting of the Alumni. 
Military Exercises. 
Commemorative Exercises appropriate to the 
June 21, Tuesday,{ 25th Anniversary of the Congressional 
Endowment of Agricultural Colleges. 
Dinner of Alumni and Guests. 
| President’s Reception. 
June. 22, Wednesday, Commencement Exercises. 
June 23, Thursday, Examinations for admission, at 9 a.m., Botanic 
Museum. 
September 6, Tuesday, Examination for admission, at 9 a.m. 
September 7, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


December 16, Friday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1888. 
January 4, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


March 25, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


/ 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


THE CORPORATION. 


Term expires 


HENRY COLT, or Prrtsrietp, . ; ; , | -eaee 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, or Curcopes, . : Ie - 1890 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, or Groton, . i : . 1889 
JAMES S. GRINNELL, oF GREENFIELD, . : i eae 
GEORGE NOYES, or Bosron, . ; ; 5 . 1888 
J. HOWE DEMOND, or Nortuampron, . : soe 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER, or Boston, ; . 1890 
ARTHUR A. BRIGHAM, or MarteorovucH, . . 1890 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, or Hampepen, . s . 1889 
THOMAS P. ROOT, or Barre, . : : ; ee yes 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD, or Lirtteton, . : > sedis. 
ELIJAH W. WOOD, or Newron, .  .  .  «. 1888 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON, or Peazsopy, . ale sige 
WILLIAM WHEELER, or Concorp, . : ie eee eee 


Members Ex-Officiis. 
His Excettency GOVERNOR OLIVER AMES, President of 
the Corporation. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. , 
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. 
- JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


Committee on Finance and Buildings. 
JAMES 8S. GRINNELL, HENRY COLT, 
J. HOWE DEMOND, GEORGE NOYES, 
! DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty. 
THOMAS P. ROOT, WILLIAM H. BOWKER, 
ARTHUR A. BRIGHAM, HENRY H. GOODELL, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments. 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, JOSEPH A. HARWOOD, 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, ELIJAH W. WOOD, 

JOHN E. RUSSELL, Chairman. 


1887.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 53 


JAMES S. GRINNELL, oF GREENFIELD, 
Vice-President of the Corporation. 


GEORGE NOYES, or Bosron, Secretary. 
FRANK E. PAIGE, or Amuerst, T'reasurer. 


HENRY COLT, or Pittsrietp, Auditor. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


SAMUEL B. BIRD, . . ; d . OF FRAMINGHAM. 
JOEL H. GODDARD, ’ : ‘ . OF Barre. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, : , . OF HAMPDEN. 
DANIEL E. DAMON, : ‘ P . OF PLYMOUTH. 
ATKINSON C. VARNUM, : : . OF LOWELL. 
Bean ts WHITING, . : ; . OF West TISBURY. 


The Faculty. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., President. 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Ph. D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. Sc., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B. Sc., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Ph. D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


—~O4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


! 
HENRY E. ALVORD, C. E., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph. D., 
Professor of Zoology and Lecturer on Veterinary Science. 


Rev. CHARLES S. WALKER, Ph. D., College Pastor. 
Professor of Mental and Political Svience. 


GEORGE E. SAGE, Isr Lr. dru Art., U.S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


FREDERICK TUCKERMAN, M.D., 
Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology. 


JOHN M. TYLER, M. A., 
Lecturer on Zoology. 


ROBERT W. LYMAN, LL.B., 
Lecturer on Farm Law. 


\ JOHN W. LANE, M.A., 
Instructor in Elocution. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., Zibrarian. 


Graduates of 1886.* 
Ateshian, Osean Hagope (Boston Univ.),. Sivas, Turkey. 


Atkins, William Holland, . : : . Westfield. 

Ayres, Winfield (Boston Univ.), . : . Oakham. 

Oarpenter, David Frederic, oo Mae oa 

Clapp, Charles Wellington, 5 . Montague. 

Duncan, Richard Francis (Boston ue ),- Williamstown. 

Eaton, William Alfred, : Piermont-on-Hudson, N.Y. 


Felt, Chas. Frederic Wilson (Boston Univ. ), Northborough. 
Mackintosh,Richards Bryant(Boston Univ.), Dedham. 


Sanborn, Kingsbury (Boston Univ.), . Lawrence. 
Stone, George Sawyer (Boston Univ.), . Otter River. 
Woolson, George Clark ae a 7 . . Passaic, N. J. 
Total, ; 4 ; 5 : : ; : elie 


* The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two 
academic years; and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been 
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1886. 


1887.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


Ball, William Monroe, 
Barrett, Edward William, 


Brown, Frederick Willard, 
Caldwell, William Hutson, . 


Carpenter, Frank Berton, 
Chase, William Edward, 
Clarke, Frank Scripture, 
Davis, Fred Augustus, 


Fisherdick, Cyrus Webster, 


Flint, Edward Rawson, 
Fowler, Fred Homer, . 
Howe, Clinton Samuel, 
Kinney, Arno Lewis, . 
Marsh, James Morrill, 
Marshall, Charles Leander, 
Martin, Joseph, 


Meehan, Thomas Francis Boseilict, 


Osterhout, J. Clark, 
Rice, Thomas, 2d, 
Richardson, Evan Fussell, 


Rideout, Henry Norman Waymouth, . 


Tolman, William Nichols, 


Torelly, Firmino da Silva, . 


Watson, Charles Herbert, 
White, Herbert Judson, 
Total, 


Belden, Edward Henry, 
Bliss, Herbert Charles, 


Brooks, Frederick Kimball, 


Cooley, Fred Smith, 


Cutler, George Washington, 


Dickinson, Edwin Harris, 
Dole, Edward Johnson, 
Field, Samuel Hall, 
Foster, Francis Homer, 
Hayward, Albert Irving, 
Holt, Jonathan Edward, 
Kinney, Lorenzo Foster, 
Knapp, Edward Everett, 
Loomis, Herbert Russell, 
Mishima, Yataro, 

Moore, Robert Bostwick, 
Newman, George Edward, 


Senior Class. 
Allen, Frederick Cunningham, 
Almeida, Augusto Luis de, . 


Junior Class. 


55 


West Newton. 
Bananal, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 
Amherst. 
Milford. 
West Medford. 
Peterborough, N. H. 
Leyden. 
Warwick. 
Lowell. 
Lynn. 
Monson. 
Boston. 
North Hadley. 
Marlborough. 
Lowell. 
Lynn. 
Lowell. 
Marblehead. 
Boston. 
Lowell. 
Shrewsbury. 
East Medway. 
Quincy. 
Concord. 
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 
Groton. 
Wakefield. 
27 


North Hatfield. 
Attleborough. 
Haverhill. 
Sunderland. 
Waltham. 
North Amherst. 
Chicopee. 
North Hatfield. 
Andover. 
Ashby. 
Andover. 
Worcester. 
East Cambridge. 
North Amherst. 
Tokio, Japan. 
Framingham. - 
Newbury. 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Noyes, Frank Frederick,  . ‘ ; . South Hingham. 
Parsons, Wilfred Atherton, . ; ; . Southampton, 
_Shepardson, William Martin, : . . Warwick. 
Shimer, Boyer Luther, . : : . . Redington, Pa. 
White, Henry Kirke, . : : ; . Whately. 
Worthington, Alvan Fisher, . Dedham. 
Total, _ 3 ‘ } ; ‘ . ‘ ; J “ao 


Sophomore Class. 


Adams, George Albert, ; ‘ ‘ . Winchendon. 
Alger, George Ward, . : : . West Bridgewater. 
Alger, Isaac, Jr., . ; : : ; . Attleborough. 
Blair, James Roswell, . : : ; . Warren. 
Bliss, Clinton Edwin,: . ; : ; . Attleborough. 
Colcord, Wallace Rodman, . , ; . Dover. 
Copeland, Arthur Davis, : : ; . Campello. 
Crocker, Charles Stoughton, . ‘ . Sunderland. 
Davis, Franklin Ware, . ; : ; . Tamworth, N. H. 
Hartwell, Burt Laws, . : ; ‘ . Littleton. 
Hubbard, Dwight Lauson, . ‘ : . Amherst. 
Huse, Frederick Robinson, . : ; . Winchester. 
Hutchings, James Tyler, : ; : . Ambherst. 
Kellogg, William Adams, . . North Amherst. 
Miles, Arthur Lincoln, . : ; . Rutland. 
Okami, Yoshiji, ; ; : : : . Tokio, Japan. 
Sellew, Robert Pease, . ; : : . East Longmeadow. 
Smith, James Robert, . : : . Walpole. 
Sprague, William Arnold, . . . ©. Chepachet, RB. 1. 
Wentworth, Elihu Francis, . ‘ 5 . Canton. 
White, Louis Allis;..< < 4.8 . +5. 0Witatetes 
Whitney, Charles Albion, ; : ; . Upton. 

Total... ‘ ‘ : : ‘ ; j , : : 22 


Freshman Class. 


Barry, David, . j : é ; : . Southwick. 

Braman, Samuel Noyes, ~—_. SMpbieaE: . Wayland. 

Castro, Arthur de Moraes e Juiz de Fora, Minas, 
? : Brazil. 

Dickinson, Dwight Ward, ' ‘ ‘ . Ambherst. 

Felton, Truman Paige; ..- . + 1.6%. «..,.Berlim 

Frost, William Lawrence, . ; ; . Boston. 

Fuller, Edward Abijah, . : A ‘ . North Andover. 

Goddard, George Andrews, . ; . ©. Turner’s Falls. 

Gregory, Edgar, . ‘ ey, f . Marblehead. 

Haskins, Henry Darwin, : : : . North Amherst. 

Herrero, José Maria, . é : : . Jovellanos, Cuba. 

Hogan, Frederick William, . , : . Greenville, N. Y. 

Jones, Charles Howland, ote : . Downer’s Groye, Il. 


Loring, John Samuel, . : : . . Shrewsbury. 


1887. ] 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 57 
McCloud, Albert Carpenter, . Amherst. 
Maynard, John Bowen, Northampton. 
Mossman, Fred Way, Westminster. 
North, Mark Newell, Boston. 
Nourse, Arthur Merriam, Westborough. 
Pearson, George Gowing, Reading. 
Plumb, Frank Herbert, . Westfield. 
Russell, Fred Newton, . Sunderland. 
Russell, Henry Lincoln, Sunderland. 
Simonds, George Bradley, Ashby. 


Smith, Frederic Jason, 


North Hadley. 


Stillings, Levi Chamberlain, . Medford. 
Stowe, Arthur Nelson, Hudson. 
Stratton, Eddie Nathan, Marlborough. 
Taft, Walter Edward, Dedham. 
Taylor, Fred Leon, Amherst. 
Thayer, Bernard, Randolph. 
West, John Sherman, , Belchertown. 
Whitcomb, Nahum Harwood, Littleton. 
Williams, Arthur Sanderson, Sunderland. 
Williams, Frank Oliver, Sunderland. 
Gloucester. 


Woodbury, Herbert Elwell, . 
Total, . 4 


» 36 


Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station. 


Allen, B. Sc., Edwin West (Boston Univ.), . 
Crandall, B. Se., Charles Spencer (Michigan 
State Agricultural College), 


Fellows, B. A., George Stevens (Amherst 


Amherst. 


Lansing, Mich, 


College), é 4 Agricultural College, Md. 
Green, B.Sc.,Samuel Bowilbar (Boston Univ), Amherst. 
Jaqueth; Isaac Samuel, Amherst. 
Kingman, B. Sce., Morris Bird, Amherst. 
Nourse, B.Sc., David Oliver (Boston Univ.), Bolton. 


Phelps, B.Sc., Charles Shepard (Boston Univ.), Florence. 


Smith, B. Sc., Llewellyn, Amherst. 
Stone, B. Se., Winthrop Ellsworth, Amherst, 
Wheeler, B. Sc., Homer Jay ye ane Bolton. 
Total, A : : ° : : : 11 
Summary. 
Resident Graduates, . , q ; ; : é , : ae 
Graduates of 1886, . , : d : A , : ; ‘a ne 
Senior Class, : ; ; : : ; , : . , Pay 
Junior Class, : , : 4 : : : : . : «ae 
Sophomore Class, : ; d : - . : ; ; Nee 
Freshman Class, : 5 : “ 2 : ; : 3 ear 6 


: | h,Lotal, : : ‘ ‘ : : : ; ; : Me 9! 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


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60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


TEXT BOOKS. 


BarnarD — ‘* Talks about the Weather.” 

Packarp — ‘* Manual of Book keeping.” 

Morton — “Soil of the Farm.” 

Grecory — “ Fertilizers.” 

Mixes — *‘ Stock-breeding.”’ 

Gray — ‘* Manual of Botany.” 

Bessey — “ Botany for High Schools and Colleges.” 

FULLER — ‘‘ Practical Forestry.” __ 

Maynarp — ‘“ Practical Fruit Grower.” 

Scorr — ‘* Rural Homes.” 

Avery — *‘ Elements of Chemistry.” 

Wits — ‘** Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis.’ 

WHEELER — ‘* Medical Chemistry.” 

Dana — “* Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” 

Brusa — ** Determinative Mineralogy and Blow-pipe.” 

Guyor — “‘ Physical Geography.” 

We ts — “ University Algebra.” 

WENTWORTH — ** Geometry.” 

WELLS — ‘¢ Trigonometry.” 

W arRnER — ‘* Mensuration.” 

Davies — ** Surveying.” 

Dana — ** Mechanics.” 

ATKINSON-Ganot — * Physics.” 

Loomis — ‘‘ Meteorology.” 

Harkness — *‘ Latin Grammar and New Reader.” 

Wuitnry — “ French Grammar.” 

Grnune — * Practical Elements of Rhetoric.” 

Kertitoce — *‘ English Literature.” 

Porter — ‘‘ Elements of Intellectual Science.” 

Waker — ‘ Political Economy.” 

Macy — ‘* Our Government.” 3 

Wuirre — ‘‘ Progressive Art Studies.” Elementary and Instru-_ 
mental. 


To give not only a practical, but a liberal education is the aim — 
in each department, and the several courses have been so arranged 


\ 


- 1887.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 61 


as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition and 
‘declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction in 
agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. <A 
certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the lessons 
of the recitation-room are practically enforced in the garden and 
field. Students are allowed to work for wages during such leisure 
hours as are at their disposal. Under the act by which the 
college was founded, instruction in military tactics is made impera- 
tive, and each student, unless physically debarred, is required to 
attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the direction of a 
regular army officer stationed at the college. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- 
mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra, to quadratic equations, the 
Metric System and the History of the United States. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire 
admission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of 
age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of good 
character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are requested 
to furnish the Examining Committee with their standing in the 
schools they have last attended. The previons rank of the candi- 
date will be considered in admitting him. The regular examinations 
for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at nine o’clock 
A.M., on Thursday, June 23, and on Tuesday, September 6; but 
candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time in 
the year. 


DEGREES. 


Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor 
of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massa- 
chusetts, who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become 
members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its 
diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming en- 
titled to all the privileges of its alumni. 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


EXPENSES. 

Tuition in advance. 
Fall term, . : 5 ; : ; ‘ $30 00 
Winter term, . , ; : ; po  2o 
Summer term, . ; 5 25 00 $80 00 $80 00 
Room-rent, in a as $5. 00 to $16.00 

per term, . : 5 15 00 48 00 
Board, $2.50 to $5.00 nee nai ee is 95 00 190 00 
Fuel, $5.00 to $15.00 per year, . ; : 5 00 15 00 
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, . : 11 40 22 80 
Military suit, . ; 5 ; ; ; 30 00 30 00 

Expense per year, _. ; ; : $236 40 $385 80 


Board in clubs has been two dollars and fifty cents per week; at 
the college boarding-house, three dollars and fifty cents; in private 
families, four to five dollars. The military suit must be obtained 
immediately upon entrance at college, and used in the drill exercises 
prescribed. For the use of the laboratory in practical chemistry 
there will be a charge of ten dollars per term used. Some expense 
will also be incurred for lights and for text-books. Students whose 
homes are within the State of Massachusetts, can in most cases 
obtain a scholarship by applying to the senator of the district in 
which they live. The outlay of money can be further reduced by 
work during leisure hours on the farm or in the botanic department. 
Applications should be made to the professors in charge of said 
departments. The opportunities for work are more abundant during 
the Fall and Summer terms. 


SIZE OF ROOMS. 


For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given. In the new south dormitory, 
the study-rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess : 
seven feet four inches by three feet, and the bedrooms are eleven 
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. This building is heated : 
by steam. In the north dormitory, the corner rooms are fourteen 
by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The 
inside rooms are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a — 
half, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove is fur- 
nished with each room. 


1887. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 63 


THE ROBINSON SCHOLARSHIP. ' 


The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the 
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the 
faculty to such student requiring aid as they may deem most worthy. 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free 
scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the 
State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the 
representative from the district to which the applicant belongs. 
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each 
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications 
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination 
would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, 
of vigorous constitution, and should enter college with the inten- 
tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some 
pursuit connected with agriculture. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years, 
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to 
enable the trustees of said college to provide, for the students of said 
institution, the theoretical and practical education required by its 
charter and the law of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually for the term of four years, eighty free scholar- 
ships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com- 
monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by 
the president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then 
in office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships 
shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district; but if there shall 
be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any sena- 
torial district, such scholarships may be distributed by the president of 
the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but 
no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [ Jan. 


examination in accordance with the rules to be established as herein 
before provided. 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following Resolve, making — 
perpetual the scholarships established : — 


Resolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty- 
Six of the Resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three, be 
given and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter. 


In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission to 
the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar- 
ship. . 


EQUIPMENT. 


AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


For the equipment of this department, see the Inventory of the 
Farm, Implements, Stock, etc. 


BoTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Botanic Museum. — This contains the Knowlton Herbarium, 
consisting of over ten thousand species of plants from nearly all 
parts of the world ; a collection of models of nearly all of the lead- 
ing varieties of apples and pears; a large collection of specimens 
of wood, cut so as to show their individual structure ; numerous 
models of tropical and other fruits; specimens of abnormal and 
peculiar forms of stems, fruits, vegetables, etc. ; many interesting 
specimens of unnatural growths of trees and plants, natural grafts, 
etc. ; together with many specimens and models, prepared for illus- 
trating the growth and structure of plants, and including a model 
of the ‘‘ Giant Squash,” which raised by its expansive force the | 
enormous weight of 5,000 pounds. 

The Botanic Recitation Room in the same building i is provided 
with three thousand diagrams and charts illustrating structural and 
systematic botany; also nine compound microscopes of R. B. 
Tolles’ make, with objectives, ranging from four inch to one- 
eight inch focal length. In the study of structural botany, the 
students become familiar with the use of the compound microscope, 
and see the objects studied, for themselves, special attention being 
given to the practical study of the structure and growth of the 
common plants, cultivated in the greenhouse, garden or on the farm. 

Conservatories. — The Durfee Conservatory, the gift of the Hon. 
Nathan Durfee, and the adjoining propagating house, the gift of 
the Hon. William Knowlton, contain a large collection of plants 
especially adapted to illustrate the principles of structural, system- 


/ 


1887. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 65 


atic and economic botany, together with all the leading plants used 
for house culture, cut flowers and out-door ornamentation. Here 
instruction is given in methods of propagation, cultivation, training, 
varieties, etc., by actual practice, each student being expected to 
do all the different kinds of work in this department. These houses 
are open at all times to the public and students, who may watch 
the progress of growth and methods of cultivation. 

Fruits. — The orchards, of ten to fifteen acres, contain all the 
standard varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, etc., 
in hearing condition. Several acres of small fruits are also grown 
for the markets. The vineyard, of one and one-half acres, contains 
from thirty to forty varieties of fully tested kinds of grapes. New 
varieties of all the above fruits are planted in experimental plats, 
- where their merits are fully tested. All varieties of fruits, together 
with the ornamental trees, shrubs and plants, are distinctly labelled, 
so that students and visitors may readily study their characteris- 
tics. Methods of planting, training, pruning, cultivation, study of 
varieties, gathering and packing of fruits, etc., etc., are taught by 
field exercises ; the students doing a large part of the work in this 
department. 

Nursery. — This contains more than 25,000 trees, shrubs and 
vines in various stages of growth, where the various methods of 
propagating by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, pruning and 
training of young trees are practically taught to the students. 

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are grown 
in this department for market, furnishing ample illustration of the 
treatment of all market-garden crops, special attention being given 
to the selection of varieties and the growth of seed. The income 
from the sales of trees, plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables aids 
materially in the support of the department, and furnishes illustra- 
tions of the methods of business, with which all students are ex- 
pected to become familiar. 

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 
grown in the nursery, and plantations have been made upon the 
college grounds and on private property in the vicinity, in various 
_ stages of growth, affording good examples of this most important 
subject. A large grove in all stages of growth is connected with 
this department, where the methods of pruning forest trees and the 
management and preservation of forests can be illustrated. 


Naturat History DeparTMENT. 
The department of zodlogy is well supplied with microscopes and 
accessories necessary for the study of the lower forms of life and 
‘the tissue of the higher animals. The State collection of specimens 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


illustrating the natural history of Massachusetts has been put on 
exhibition in the new cabinet, and is valuable for purposes of 
instruction. To this has recently been added a collection of 
skeletons, models and stuffed animals, purchased from Prof. H. 
A. Ward, and a fine collection of corals presented by the Museum 
of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge. | 


MATHEMATICAL ; DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 
mechanics and physics. For civil engineering there is an Eckhold’s 


Omnimeter, a solar compass, an engineer’s transit, a surveyor’s _ 


transit, two common compasses, two levels, a sextant, four chains, 
three levelling rods, and such other incidental apparatus as is 
necessary for practical field work. For mechanics there is a full 
set of mechanical powers, and a good collection of apparatus for 
illustration in hydrostatics, hydrodynamics and pneumatics. For 
physics the apparatus is amply sufficient for illustrating the gen- 
eral principles of sound, heat, light and electricity. ~ Adjacent to 
a commodious lecture-room is a battery-room and the physical 
cabinet, to which latter has been lately added much valuable 
apparatus. | 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


wy 


This department has charge of instruction in general, agricultural, 
and analytical chemistry, and, at present, of that in mineralogy 
and chemical geology. For demonstration and practical work in 
these subjects the department is equipped as follows : — 

For general chemistry the lecture-room contains a series of thirty 
wall charts illustrative of chemical processes on the large scale, a 
series of seven wall charts showing the composition of food mate- 
rials, and a collection of apparatus for demonstration on the lecture 
table. For agricultural chemistry there is on hand a good typical 
collection of raw and manufactured materials, illustrating fertiliza- 
tion of crops and the manufacture of fertilizers; a partial collec- 
tion of grains and other articles of foods, and of their proximate 


constituents. For analytical chemistry there is a laboratory for be- 


ginners, in a capacious room, well lighted and ventilated, and fur- 
nished with fifty-two working tables, each table being provided 
with sets of reagents, wet and dry, a fume chamber, water, gas, 
drawer and locker, the whole arranged on an improved plan;:a 
laboratory for advanced students, with eight tables, and provided 
with gas, water, fume chambers, drying baths, furnaces, two Becker 
analytical balances and incidental apparatus. Both laboratories 
are supplied with collections of natural and artificial products used 


i i Pore. a 


1887.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 67 


in analytical practice. For instruction in mineralogy use is made 
of the larger chemical laboratory. A small collection of cabinet 
specimens, and a collection of rough specimens for work in deter- 
minative mineralogy, serve for practical study. For instruction in 
chemical geology, the laboratory possesses a collection of typical 
cabinet specimens. 


LIBRARY. 


This now numbers fifty-five hundred volumes, having been in- 
creased during the year, by gift and purchase, eleven hundred 
volumes. It has been moved into the new library building, and is 
made available to the general student for reference or investigation. 
It is especially valuable as a library of reference, and no pains 
will be spared to make it complete in the departments of agricul- 
ture, horticulture and botany and the natural sciences. It is open 
a portion of each day for consultation, and an hour every evening 
for the drawing of books. 


PRIZES. 
RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


The prizes heretofore offered by Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., will 
this year be given by Hiram Kendall of the class of 1876. These 
prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are open t» 
competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the Sopho- 
more and Freshman classes. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one 
thousand dollars for the endowment of a first prize and a second 
prize, to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of 
George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be 
paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class. who 
may pass the best oral and written examination in theoretical 
and practical agriculture. 


Hituts BotTanicaL PrRiZEs. 


‘For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1887, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a 
prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- 
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection 
of dried plants from the college farm. 


\ 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __‘[Jan. 


Tue CuarKk Prize. 


A prize of thirty dollars is offered annually for excellence in 
human anatomy and physiology, as exhibited in a written exami- 
nation, and will be awarded to the writer judged worthy of such 
distinction. The prize is named in memory of the late Henry 
James Clark, the eminent biologist, who was the first professor of 
natural history at the college. | 


The prizes in June, 1886, were awarded as follows : — 
Farnsworth Prizes.—1. To Albert Irving Hayward; 2. To 
Boyer Luther Shimer, of the class of 1888. 1. To Burt Laws 

Hartwell; 2. To William Adams Kellogg, of the class of 1889. 
Grinnell Prizes. — To George Sawyer Stone; 2. To Charles 
Wellington Clapp, of the class of 1886. | 
fills Prizes. — No first prize awarded; 2. To Charles Welling- 
ton Clapp, of the class of 1886. - 
Clark Prize. — To Yataro Mishima, of the class of 1888. 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8.15 
A.M., and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 
A.M., unless by request of their parents arrangements are made 
to attend divine service elsewhere. Further opportunities for 
moral and religious culture are afforded by a Bible class taught at 
the close of the Sunday morning service, and by religious meetings 
held on Sunday afternoon and during the week under the auspices 
of the Young Men’s Christian Union. 


\ 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s 
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is confidently expected 
that within two or three months the Central Massachusetts Rail- 
road will have been completed to Amherst, and a through line se- 
cured to Boston and towns in its vicinity. A stage route of seven 
miles connects Amherst at Northampton with the Connecticut 
River Railroad and with the New Haven & Northampton Railroad. © 
The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one of 
the finest views in New England. ‘The large farm of three hundred 
and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native forests, 
gives the student the freedom and the quiet of a country home. 


¥ 


(1887. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


69 


INVENTORY OF STATE PROPERTY 


AT THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 


DECEMBER 31, 1886. 


FARM INVENTORY, DEC. 31, 1886. 


LIVE STocK — Horses. 


1 pair roan mares, 4 and 5 years old, 
1 roan horse, 5 years, 
1 gray horse, 9 years, 


Four (4) horses, — total, . 
Cattle — Ayrshires. 


1 bull, “ Lord Clifton,” registered, 43 years old, 
1 cow, “ Jessie Armour,” registered, 8 years, . 


1 cow, “ Myrca,” registered, 8 years, ; wit 
1 heifer, eligible to registry, 2 years, 

1 heifer, fs a &s ; : 
1 heifer calf, eligible to registry, 9 months old, 
1 heifer calf, a - 8 months, 

1 heifer calf, “ a 6 months, 

| heifer calf, - a 1 month, 


Ayrshires (pure, but not recordable). 
1 cow, ‘ Inniata,” 4 years old, . 
1 cow, “ Star,” 4 years old, 
1 cow, “ Mary,” 4 years old, . 
1 cow, “ Lily,” 4 years old, 
3 heifers, 2 years old, at $25, 


16 Ayrshires in all, — total, 


Guernseys. 
1 bull, “ Cherry Boy,” No. 1252, A. G.C. C., 14 years old, 


1 cow, “ Fanny,” No. 410, A. G. C. C., imported, 8 years old, . 


1 heifer, “ Lornette,” No. 3043, A.G.C.C., 14 years old, 


$500 OO 
200 00 
200 00 


—_— — 


~900 00 


$75 O00 
75 00 
100 00 
50 00 
40 00 
25 00 
25 00 
20 00 
15 00 


$40 
40 
40 
30 
7d 


CO 
00 
(0 
00 
00 


eee 


$350 00 


$150 00 
200 00 
200 CO 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


1 bull calf, out of imported “ Fanny,” No. 410, 
Guernsey grades: 1 cow, “ Little Fan,” 2 years old, 
1 heifer, cross-bred, 10 months old, 


6 Guernseys and grades, — total, 


Holstein-Friesians. 


[ Jan. 


895 00 
40 00. 
20 00 


$635 00 


1 bull, “ Pledge’s Empire,” No. 3158, H. F.H.B., 1 year old, $200 00 

1 heifer, ““Emelia Artis,” No. 4439, H. F. H. B., imported, 
2 years old, : 5 250° 00 

1 heifer, “ Cornelia acne Ne 4449, H. F. H. B. impairs 
2 years old, : 250 00 

1 heifer, ‘ Beth Hoorn,” No. 4449, HL F. H. B. ; imported 2 
years old, ‘ 250 00 

1 heifer, ‘* Beth Arnold, uy No. 4468, H. Fr. H. B., impoured 2 
years old, 250 00 
5 Holstein-Friesians, — total, . $1,200 00 

Jerseys. 
1 bull, “‘ Edithson,” No. 3948, A. J.C. C., 4 years old, $500 00 
1 heifer, registered, 1 year old, : : . 200 00 
2 Jerseys, — total, $700 00 
Grade Catile. . 
2 cows, Durham grades, 9 years old, at $40, $80 00 
2 heifers, Durham grades, 2 years old, at $20,. 40 06 
3 heifer ealves, Durham grades, 10 months old, at $10, . 30 00 
8 steers, various ages, at $30, 240 00 
15 grades, — total, $390 00 
Sheep — Southdowns (recorded). 
1 ram, “‘ Comanche,” 2 years old, : B25 | 00 
14 ewes, from 1 to 5 years old, at $10, 140 *00 
15 sheep, $165 00 
Swine. : 

1 Berkshire boar, recorded, 1 year old, ; $40 00 
2 Berkshire sows, recorded, 1 year old, at $25, : 50 00 
1 small Yorkshire boar, recorded, 3 years old, — 20 00 
3 small Yorkshire sows, recorded, 1 to 3 years old, at $20, 60 00 
8 small Yorkshire pigs, 4 months old, at $5, 40 00 
15 swine in ail, — total, A aa "ddl $210 00 


1887. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 7A 


SuMMARY OF LIVE STOCK. 

4 horses, . 
44 cattle, viz.: 

16 Re hives, ; 

6 Guernseys and gr ae . 

5 Holstein-Friesians, 

2 Jerseys, . 

15 grades, 


15 sheep, 
15 swine, . 


Total for Live Stock, . 


TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. 


Vehicles. 
_ 1 2-horse farm wagon (fair), . < : 
1 2-horse farm wagon, No. 2 (fair),. 

1 1-horse lumber wagon (fair), 

1 1-horse spring wagon (poor), 

1 2-horse dump-cart (1 axle only), iron bibs (fair), 


1 2-horse dump-cart (1 axle only), wood hubs (fair), 


1 ox-cart (good), 

1 1-horse dump-cart fod), 

1 2-horse bob sled (fair), . 

1 2-horse bob sled, No. 2 (fair), 

1 1-horse traverse sleigh (fair), 

1 1-horse cutter, — vehicles, $300, — (old), 


Harness. 
1 set 2-horse wagon harness, complete (new), 
1 set 2-horse wagon harness, complete (worn), 
1 set single harness (old), ‘ 
1 set cart harness, — 1-horse dump-cart, — (old), : 
_1 lot parts of harness, halters, etc. (old),. 


Machinery. 
1 Kemp’s manure spreader and truck (good), 
1 Eureka mower, 2-horse (new), : 
1 New-model Buckeye mower, 2-horse (f ur), 
1 Bullard hay tedder (new), 
1 N. KE. tiger horse hay-rake Ges): 
1 Champion horse hay-rake (good), 
1 Acme pulverizing harrow, No. 6 (new), 
1 Thomas smoothing harrow (new), 
1 wheel harrow (old), 
1 wood-slat roller (worn), 


1 barn grapple horse hay-fork, ropes ane pulleys (gacdy, 


$900 00 © 


$650 00 
635 00 


 1:200' 00 


700 00 
390 00 
—_——-_ 3,575 00 
: 165 00 
210 00 


- $4,850 00 


° 15 00 
. 20 00 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


1 Syracuse steel plow, 2-horse (good), . ; 

1 Whittemore breaking plow, heavy (old), _ 

1 Wiard 2-horse plow, “ D” (new), ‘ ; 

1 Hill-side plow, iron beam (fair), . : 

1 double-mould board plow (old), . 5 : “is ge 

1 2-horse wooden scraper (fair), : ; 

1 hay-cutter, hand or power (fair), . ; 

1 lever hay-cutter, B. & T., No. 2 ies 

1 root-cutter (fair), } ‘ 

1 corn-sheller, B. & T., R. ‘HL . re 2 & ood), . 

1 corn-sheller, power (old), ‘ ‘ 

2 1-horse cultivators (fair), 

1 1-horse cultivator (old), 

1 wine-press, hand (fair), 

1 stationary engine, boiler, shafting, ete. G occu aeaa 
100 feet garden hose, in four lengths (good), . 

1 Fairbanks’ platform scale, half ton (fair), . : 

2 steam-feed boxes, large and small (fair), 

2 grind-stones and fixtures (old and worn), 

1 wheel-barrow and sides (fair), . 

1 hand grain-fan (old), ; - 

3 barn ladders, 25, 22 and 12 feet Gena), . 

1 lightning hay-knife (good), f 3 : 

1 common hay-knife (good), 

1 bag-holder (good), 

1 sliding ox-yoke, extra heavy (goo), | 

9 ox-yokes and 20 bows, assorted sizes and eonditions, . 

2 grain cradles (fair), 

3 grass scythes and snathes (fic), ; 
6 briar scythes and snathes (old), 

6 bush hooks and cutters (old), 

2 drag hay-rakes, wood (worn), 

10 hand hay-forks (good), 
1 long-handled, 4-tined fork (good), 
6 short-handled, 4-tined forks (fair), 
2 spading forks (old), : 
6 spades (old), . : 

10 shovels, various (old), | 

6 hand hay-rakes, wood (good), 

2 iron hand-rakes (old), 

6 hand-hoes (fair), 

4 potato hooks (good), : 

6 pickaxes and handles (good), 

3 mattocks (old), 

6 axes and handles (good), 

2 crow-bars (good), . 

3 log-chains (good), . 

1 cross-cut saw (fair), 

10 corn-knives (fair), 


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1887.) 


2 pairs ice-tongs (good), 

4 barn brooms (worn), 

2 dry measures, peck and half Bushell Geary 
Baskets, pails and small articles in barn and stable, 
Milk-room fittings, entire (old and poor), 


Total Tools and Implements, 


FARM PRODUCE (harvested crops). 


100 tons of hay, at $12 per ton, 
5 tons of straw, at $10 per ton, 
20 tons of stalks, at $6 per ton, 
1,320 bushels of corn, at 50 cents per bushel, 
67 bushels of oats, at 45 cents per bushel, 
40 bushels of rye, at 50 cents per bushel, 
100 bushels of potatoes, at 50 cents per bushel, 


Total Farm Produce, . 


SUMMARY OF INVENTORY. 
Live stock, as per list, 
Manure, — in barn cellar, — petisted: 
Tools, implements and machines, 
Produce on hand, 


Aggregate, | 


HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


Knowlton Herbarium (10,000 specimens), 
Miscellaneous collections, 

Diagrams, charts, etc. (2,500), . 

U. S. standard weights and measures, 
Models of fruits and vegetables (550), 
Collection of different woods (530), 
Bottles of seeds (423), 

Microscopes (9), 

Accessories and slides, 

Tools and teams, 
Plants in Durfee Plant Pecae : 
Plants in propagating house, 


Orchard and Vineyard. 
Peach trees (1,000), 
Apple trees (200), 
Pear trees (250), 
Cherry trees (50), 
Quince trees (100), 
Vineyard, 14 acres, 
Raspberry and blackberry, Iya acres, 
Currants, $ acre, , 
Strawberries, 1 acre, . 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


——S 


—— 


73 


$1 00 
1 00 
1 00 

11 00 

10 00 


. $1,050 00 


. $1,200 00 


50 00 
120 00 
660 00 

30 00 

20 00 

50 00 


. $2,130 00 


. $4,850 00 


170 00 
1,050 00 
2,130 00 


—_—_— 


- $8,200 00 


. $2,500 00 


110 00 
335 00 
100 00 
234 00 
185 00 
35 00 
405 00 
266 50 
482 75 
1,500 00 
250 00 


500 00 


750 00 


—. 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Nursery Stock. 
Apples (10,000), 
Pears (3,000), 
Plums (800), 
Peaches (17,000), 
Cherries (200), . 
Crab-apples (450), 
Currants (3,000), 
Evergreens (5,000), . 
Grapevines (200), 
Raspberries (5,000), . 
Blackberries (5,000), 
Miscellaneous shrubs (700), 
Garden products on hand, 


Total, . 


ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 


32 mounted specimens of mammals (Mass. State Collection). 
260 mounted specimens of birds (Mass. State Collection). 


(Jan. 


3 

- 765 00 
| 

AA 

ie 

iy 


479 50 


a ee ee: 


. $9,897 75 


65 specimens of reptiles and amphibians (Mass. State Collection). 


92 alcoholic specimens of fish (Mass. State Collection). 


A collection of insects and other invertebrates (Mass. State Collection). 


2 models of the eye and 2 of the ear. 
2 manikins. 


12 mounted skeletons of domestic and other animals, . . 


15 Zentmeyer’s microscopes, 

46 objectives, 

3 dissecting microscopes, tables, cases, ete, 
Spectroscopic apparatus, scale, lamps, stands, Cle, 
Microtomes, section cutters, etc., 
Microscopic accessories, 

Bacillus slides and case, 

Balance, weights, etc., 

Battery, standard shennininelene ete., 
Photographic apparatus, 

Glass-ware and other apparatus, 
Carpenter’s tools, 


MECHANICS AND PHYSICS. 


Set of mechanical apparatus, 
Whirling table and Tee 
Hero’s fountain, ‘ 
Marriott’s Law Cpatainy 


$266 00 
576 00 
699 50 

50 25 
99 55 
68 75 
325 30 
17 50 
43 40 
21 55 
30 00 
121 75 
26 57 


$9,351 12 


$15 00 
40 00 
12 00 

5 00 


1887.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. . 75 


Vacuo fountain, y 5 : é 3 $3 00 
Pendulum, . : ; : ; ; ‘ 3 00 
Electro magnet, ; : : ; 4 00 
ummeneiceyden jars, =. 6 00 
Induction coil, . ; ; ! 75 00 
Holtz machine, . : 15 00 
Friction machine, 5 00 
Electric bell, 5 00 
Joint discharger, : : ; ; : 2 00 
Universal discharger, ; ; 6 00 
Double helix, 8 00 
Goldleaf electroscope, 5 00 
Fulminating panes (3), 2 00 
Morse’s telegraph apparatus, 2 00 
Magnets (3), : : : : ; 2 00 
Atwood’s machine, . 40. 00 
Spouting-fluid apparatus,. . ; 30 00 
Air pumps, ; : ; : : ; 175 00 
Pair Magdeburg PenhGnhetes; : 4 00 
Condensing pump, . : : 3. 00 
Hydraulic press, é : ; ; ; 25 00 
Magic lantern, . : ; : 30 00 
Inclined plane, . : : 4 00 
Pair scales, ; . 4 00 
Receivers (3), . : ; : 6 00 
Lifting and force pump, . ; : 5 00 
Gyroscope, , / : ! 8 00 
Compound lever, : ; ; 3 00 
Inertia apparatus, 3 00 


Plateau’s apparatus, . 
Upward-pressure apparatus, 
Pyrometer, 
Thermo multiplier, 
Parabolic reflectors (3), 
Equilibrium tubes, 
Tilustration of buoyancy, . 
Condensing syringe, . 
Massons’ apparatus, . 
Electric pen, 

Globes (2), 

Bunsen cells (40), 


— este DO HD CO ON Oe 
—) 
=) 


— 
>) 
—) 
=) 


Crowfoot battery, 00 
Wollaston.battery, 00 
Prude Homme cells (4), 

Electrophorus, 00 


Guinea and feather tube, . 
s Bell telephones (A ae 
Thermo-electric revolving apie 
Centrifugal force apparatus, 


nd bo 
| 
So 
Oo 


, 


76 7 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Set of lenses (7), 
Mirror, concave, 

*§ convex, . ; 

“multiplying, . 
Anorthoscope, 
Reflection and refraction apparatns, 
Spectroscope, 
Diagram of solar spectrum, 
Prisms (4), 
Convection apparatus, 
Hero’s steam-engine, 
Syren (2 dials), : Sedittg « 
Chlodni clang figures, ee 
Double bellows and set of organ pipes, 
Violin bow, : 
Singing-flame gas- ora ner, 
Reflection of sound apparatus, . 
Thermophone, 
Stationary engine, etc., 
Platinum and silver chain, 
Electro-magnetic engine, . 
Electric pump, . 
Faraday’s rotating needle, 
Barlow’s wheel, 
Electrolysis apparatus, 
Quadrant electrometer, 
Gamut of 8 bells, 
Spiral tube, 
Electric cannon, 
Orrery, 
Gates monte ecnen pump, 
Balance for vacuo, 
Leslie’s apparatus for freezing, 
Mercury vacuo gage, 
Water hammer, 
Wind-mill and 2 sets vanes, 
Appold’s centrifugal pump, 
Montgolfiers hydraulic ram, 
Hydro-static bellows, ‘ 

. paradox, 

Force pump, 
Lifting pump, 
Diving bell, 
Cartesian figures, 
Barker’s mill, 
Nicholson’s hydrometer, 
Contraction apparatus, 
Set of (2) mills, 
Artificial fountain, 


52 50 


1887. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 77 


Lead weight apparatus, . ; , $4 50 
Transmission fiuid apparatus, . , : ; ; 20 00 
Model Persian wheel, : . ; 36 75 
Overshot, undershot and breast Reels: 45 00 
Will’s vowel tube, . 3 : 10 50 
Plates for vibration (6), . ; : 2 25 
Organ pipe, with glass side, _. , 15 00 
Wire gauge (French and ie , : 15 75 
Spherometer, . ; ; ; : 21 00 
Wheatstone’s Meinnretory 9 00 
_ Self-moving wheel, . ; 9 00 
Incidental apparatus, 230 04 
Civil Engineering. 

2 plain compasses, . ; ; : 36 00 
1 engineer’s transit, . ; 125 00 
1 surveyor’s transit, . ; 75 00 
1 solar compass, ; : ' , : ; 175 00 
1 Eckhold’s omnimeter, . ; ; ; ; 250 00 
1 Wye level, . : : ' . 80 00 
1 common level, é : 50 00 
ihe Y: rod, ; , 3 00 
1 Boston rod, . , : 5 00 
8sightrods,_ . : 4 00 
3 Chains, 100 feet, .. : : ; : ; 25 00 
1 chain, 66 feet, . ; 8 00 
42 tally pins, . : : , 2 00 
1 sextant, . : : ' : f , 15 00 
1 pole, : ; ; ; ; 1 50 
Staff for omnimeter, . : : 9 00 
Portable sliding station staff, . : ; 13 00 
Total, . : : ’ . $3,287 26 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Collections : — 
Charts: Industrial (30), . ' . $15 00 
rood (7), . : 7 00 
Collections: Fertilizers (40), . ; 10 00 
* Food (100), . : 25 00 
Industrial (700), . : . 350 00 
———_ $407 00 
Chemicals, : : ; 69 63 . 
Apparatus : — 
Gas machine, . : . $565 00 
Gasometer, ; : : ; 18 00 
Polariscope,__. ; 10 00 


oo 


Carried forward, ; ; ’ . $1,069 63 


} 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.’87. 


Brought forward,. .. *y A : ' : . $1,069 63 
Spectroscope, . . $15 00 
Balance, analytical, . ; , 40 00 
3 43 : 60 00 
ce simple, : ; ; : 2 00 
Air pump, simple, . ; ; f 2 00 
Goyiometer, simple, . ; 2 15 
Air bath, . : ; 2 00 
Beakers, crucibles, retorts, etc., urea? . PIONS 

-_—— —— 344 70 

$1,414 33 


State Geological Collection. | 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


75 sabres. | 3 pairs chevrons. 

12 swords (officers’). | 93 belts and plates. 
6 sashes (silk). | 2 fencing masks. 

10 “ (worsted). | 1 hub model. 

137 dress hats. 18 plumes. 

6 snare drums, stock and belts. 2 gunner’s haversacks. 
1 bass drum and harness. 2 hand-spikes. 
3 swords (1st sergeants’). Lanyards. ' 
Boe (color sergeants’). 1 prolonge. 
1 Winchester rifle. 1 sponge, with rammer. 
1 Remington rifle. 2 pendulum hausses. 
1 flint-lock gun. 2 sponge buckets. 
1 50-calibre rifle. Priming wires. 
1 army revolver. 2 tube pouches and belts. 
2 color collars. Thumb-stalls. 
2 flags. | 1 worm and staff. 
1 camp-kettle. . ' 1 artillery sabre. 
1 coffee-kettle. 20 knapsacks. 


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PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. dE. 


TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT’ | 
‘N TE ak ae 
ae ~LIN‘ 7 


MASSACHUSETTS 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JANUARY, 1888. 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE. 
1888. 


Commontoealth of Massachusetts. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 12, 1888. 


To His Excellency OLIVER AMES. 

Sir :—I have the honor herewith to present to your 
Excellency and the Honorable Council the Twenty-fifth 
Annual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College. 


I am, sir, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


HENRY H. GOODELL. 


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CONTENTS. 


Report of Trustees, . 

Extra Instruction, 

The Library, 

Labor Fund, 

Wants of the College, : 
Report of Agricultural Department, 
ise of Land to Experiment Station, 


GL Bi S, 


ort of Treasurer, : 
port, of Chemical Department, 


ogue of Faculty and Students, 
‘se of Study, 

Jule of Term Exercises, 
irements for Admission, 


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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Councit. 


The year 1887 has been one of exceptional prosperity to 
the college. No changes have occurred in the faculty, and 
the work has progressed steadily and successfully to its 
close. Notwithstanding the severe drought and storm with 
which the State was visited, and the consequent diminishing 
of the crops, the hay has been far above the average, as will 
be seen by reference to the report of the professor of agri- 
culture. 

In the matter of instruction, experiment has been made of 
inviting gentlemen not connected with the college to lecture 
on special topics to those pupils fitted by previous study to 
profitably listen to them, the lecture being followed by a 
general discussion in which the students themselves partici- 
pated. The greater part of these lectures have been deliv- 
ered before the senior and junior classes, while a few have 
been open to the whole college. The value of this instruc- 
tion has been very apparent. Though the material was the 
same as that used in ordinary instruction, yet the presenta- 
tion of it in a different light by different individuals, — by 
men who had made it a careful study, — renewed the in- 
terest of the student and awakened inquiry. The accom- 


\ 


oy AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


panying list will present an idea of the topics discussed 
and the gentlemen taking part : — 


Prof. Bensamin K. Emerson of Amherst College, — Two lectures 
on the Nebular Hypothesis. 

Mr. Henry T. Fernaxp of Johns Hopkins University, — Two lec- 
tures on the Origin of Life. 

Prof. Joun M. Tyrer of Amherst, — Ten lectures on Evolution. 

Mr. Joun M. Smiru of Sunderland, —— Feeding Stock. 

Hon. Tuomas P. Roor of Barre, — Cheese-making. 

Mr. C. M. Wiystow of Brandon, Vt., — Ayrshire Cattle. 

Mr. E. F. Bowprrcu of South Framingham, — Guernsey Cattle ; 
Raising of early Lambs for Market. 

Mr. Freprrick L. Hovueuron of Putney, Vt., _. Holstein Epes 
Cattle. 

Hon. Epwarp Burnerr of Southborough, — Jersey Cattle. 

Hon. Witt1am R. Sesstons of Hampden, — Dairy Shorthorns. 

Mr. Oscar Exy of Holyoke, — Milk Production. 

Col. Henry W. Witson of Boston, — Three lectures on Irrigation. 

JOSEPH E. Ponp, Esq., of North Attleborough, => Homey and the 
Care of Bees. 

Mr. W. W. Rawson of Arlington, — Market Gardening. 

Dr. Austin Perers of Boston, — Abortion in Cows; Castration of 
Domestic Animals. 

Mr. Witit1am H. Bowker of Boston, Bis in Agricul- 
ture. ~ 

Dr. WitiraAm H. Dati of Washington, D.C.,— Alaska and its 
Resources. 


An additional instructor is greatly needed in the depart- 
ment of English. It is impossible, with the present small 
corps of teachers, to do justice to the study of our mother 
tongue. A knowledge of English composition, — the power 
of adequately expressing thought in words, — lies at the very 
base of all education. The student, coming as he does from 
the common or high school, has had little or no practice of 
this kind before entering college, and whatever he learns 
must be learned there. But with our present force and the 
pressure of other duties this work is necessarily divided up 
among four instructors, upon whom this falls as an additional 
burden. There arises from this a lack of unity, and the best 


1888.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 9 


results are not obtained. The whole department ought to 
be in the hands of one man, holding at first, perhaps, daily, 
and later on, weekly exercises. And there ought, above all, 
to be a well-defined and progressive course, commencing 
with simple description and business details in the freshman 
year, and leading up to the higher forms of essay and origi- 
nal declamation. 


THE LIBRARY. 


In its relations to education this goes hand in hand with 
the instruction of the recitation-room, and is its strongest 
support. It touches pupil and teacher alike, and is the 
fountain-head from which each department draws its inspira- 
tion. The student should be taught to look up difficult 
points for himself, and to use the library as a valuable auxil- 
lary in the study of his text-books. But this can only be 
done effectively when the latest and best works are to be 
found on its shelves. Feed a student with trash, and mental 
deformity ensues. ‘‘ Gyf to ye foke ye beste and moche of 
it and they will stumak no thing else” is as true now as 
when penned well nigh two hundred and fifty years ago. 
The growth of the library has been something phenomenal. 
In four years it has nearly trebled in size, numbering now 
6,485 volumes distributed as follows : — 


Philosophy, : 4 , 63 | The Fine Arts, . ‘demaie 37 

Theology, . 158 | Literature, . , : 285 

Sociology, . : : 782 | History, Travel, etc., . : 610 

Philology and Miscellany, 100 | —— 
The Natural Sciences, Se: Gas: | Geotaly : |i: : { . 6,485 
Sethe Useful Arts, . . 2,810 | 


As might be expected, the departments of horticulture 
(including botany) and agriculture are best supplied, — the 
former numbering 1,080 volumes, the latter 1,493. These 
_ numbers, however, are not as large as would at first appear ; 
many of the works being in sets of fifteen or twenty volumes. 
Agriculture, for example, with its 1,493 volumes, numbers 
_ but 470 distinct titles. The libraries of history, literature, 
Zoology, chemistry and geology are particularly deficient, 
_ and require additions as soon as practicable. 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


LABOR FUND. 


The establishment of a fund, out of the income of which, 
students requiring aid can receive compensation for work, 
has been urged in successive reports, and I cannot but again 
call the attention of your Excellency and Honorable Council 
to the great advantages to be derived from it. It is no new 
idea. It has been tried in other states, as well as our own, 
with the most gratifying results. In 1877, in response to 
the appeal of the Trustees, the Legislature granted an appro- 
priation of $2,500 for this purpose. No sooner was the fact 
known, than applicants appeared from every part of the 
Commonwealth, and the result was the presence of the 
largest number of students, with one exception, in the his- 
tory of the college, — young men who came to get an educa- 
tion, and who came to work for it. 

In a recent address of one of our great educators I find 
this sentence: ‘‘ The State ought to furnish an avenue by 
which any youth within its borders may find his way to the 
best education which the advancement of human knowledge 
can give, and which the progress of human civilization can 
apply towards its farther development.” How can this best 
be accomplished? How can the large and deserving class of 
those in moderate circumstances be assisted to receive such 
education? Certainly not by gift outright. ‘‘ Every thing,” 
said Bacon, ‘‘is worth just what it costs in labor;” and to 
nothing can this be applied with more truth than to the edu- 


cation won at the expense of downright, hard, unremitting - 


toil. The cry for help is constantly going up from the hill- 
towns on account of diminishing population, and we are as- 
sured that the time is not far distant when the State must 
step in to their relief. ‘‘ But during the last decade the de- 
population of the agricultural towns has been arrested, and 
the number showing lessening population during that of 
1860-70 has been reduced from one hundred and eighty- 
three to one hundred and thirty-six.” * On the other hand, 
we find the numbers of tenant farmers increasing and the 
foreign element predominating. To assist, then, this reac- 


* Walker, ‘“ Progress of New England Agriculture during the last Thirty Years.” 


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qd 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 1B 


tionary wave, and at the same time stem the tide of foreign 
occupation, the farmers’ sons must be educated, and shown 
that there 7s profit in the little farms dotting the hill-sides of 
our State, and that it is for their advantage to remain in the 

homes their fathers have occupied before them. But the 
payment of $150 or $200 by the average farmer, leaving out 
of the question the loss of their son’s help for several years, 
would be a very serious consideration ; and help in the way 
suggested, from the income of a labor fund, where one-half 
or all the expenses could be paid for, in honest werk by the 
student, would frequently turn the scale in favor of educa- 
tion. Such a fund would open up an opportunity for educa- 
tion from which the youth in the hill-towns are now debarred. 
As it has been tersely expressed, ‘‘ Those living in large 
towns and cities have a high school education offered them 
without price at their very doors; while the youth in the 
small hill-towns have only the common school, which, by 
reason of the poverty of the town and the limited number of 

scholars in each school, are, to say the least, not of the best. 
This class of young men form the best possible material for 
manhood and citizenship, and the State cannot afford to have 
them deprived of educational facilities.” 

During the year just elapsed there has been paid out in 
the agricultural and horticultural departments of the college 
$1,540.10 for student labor, sixty different individuals hay- 
ing been thus helped; and yet we have had to turn away 
young men burning to acquire an education, willing to earn 
it by the labor of their hands, simply because there was not 
the means to pay for it. Will not the great State of Massa- 

_ chusetts, either by annual appropriation or by direct estab- 
| lishment of a labor fund, make such provision that no son of 

one of its citizens need ever again apply in vain at the doors 
of its State College? 


THE WANTS OF THE COLLEGE. 


These may be briefly enumerated under four heads : — 

1. Help to those in moderate circumstances by the establish- : 
ment of a labor fund. 

2. Increased facilities for instruction in the military and 

chemical departments. 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


3. Insurance of the various buildings belonging to the 
college. ‘ 
4. Repair and alterations of several of the State buildings. 

The first point has already been elaborated, and we pass 
to the second. The military equipments furnished by the 
State under Act of the Legislature of 1868 are completely 
worn out. The belts furnished at that time were not new 
ones, but relics of the war, and twenty years’ of continuous 
use have rendered them unserviceable. A small appropria- 
tion of $225 will suffice to replace them. The legislative 
appropriation in 1885, of $5,500 for the purchase of appara- 
tus, was shared by the departments of agriculture, chem- 
istry and physics. The recitation-rooms of two of these 
departments required no special outlay, the one being new 
and the other having been recently refitted. But it was not 
so in the chemical. The old laboratory, with its worn-out 
tables and appliances, was just as when originally built, 
nearly twenty years before, and was almost wholly useless. 
It was a matter of necessity then to fit it over at once, pro- 
viding it with new work tables, gas jets, water tubing, fume 
eee Te etc., —all apparatus absolutely indispemmeae for 
practical work. But this left nothing to be applied to the 
purchase of apparatus requisite for instruction and demon- 
stration. It is for this latter purpose that an appropriation 
of $1,500 is asked. A reference to the report of the chemi- 
cal department, which will be found in the papers accom-. 
panying, will explain more in detail those points to whieh 
allusion has been briefly made. 

The question of insurance is one calling for careful con- 
sideration. The insurance on seventeen buildings, and the 
furniture, apparatus, collections, tools, hay and grain and 
animals contained therein, expires this year, and it will re- 
quire the sum of $1,200 to re-insure them for a period of five 
years. Common prudence demands that this should be done 
at once, but it is too large an amount to be assumed by the 
college and can only be done by appropriation of the Legis- 
lature. 3 

Last we come to the subject of repair and alteration, and 
this item is one involving a large expenditure. The State — 
owns twenty-one buildings, aggregating in value $196,340. 


Pe 1688. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 13 


Some of these were purchased with the farm in 1863, others 
have been erected since. To keep them in a reasonable 
state of repair requires a yearly outlay, and from time to time 
extraordinary expenses will inevitably arise. The buildings 
requiring immediate attention are the boarding-house, the 
dwelling-houses occupied by Professors Walker and May- 
nard, the old laboratory building, North college, the drill- 
hall, the propagating house and the large green-house. To 
put these in a proper state of repair not less than $4,700 
must be expended. A still larger amount will be required 
for the barn and sheds adjoining. The necessary details and 
explanations will be found in the report on the farm, which 
I now have the honor to submit : — 


THE FARM. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT AND COLLEGE FARM, 
AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 31, 1887. 
President H. H. GOODELL. 


Dear Sir: — In presenting a report of the operations aud con- 
dition of the college farm for the year now closing, statements 
and recommendations are necessarily included which formed part 
of a special report made to you about six months ago. 

In general management of the farm, the plan pursued has been 
that outlined by me in the last annual report of this college (pp. 40, 
41,42). The area which may be regarded as the farm proper has 
this year been occupied as follows : Eighty acres in mowing, which 
produced about 150 tons of hay; 16 acres of corn; 5 acres of oats ; 
3 acres of wheat and forage crops, for illustration, and 2 acres of 
potatoes and roots; the remainder in pasturage, in three poorly 
fenced fields. Most of the crops have been far below average 
production, and, with the exception of the hay, there have been no 
satisfactory returns for the labor expended. This partly resulted 
from raising the crops mainly on the lot at the west end of the 
farm in process of reclamation, but more from the exceptional 
Climatic conditions. The rainfall during the last growing season 
has not been equaled in Amherst for fifty years. And the rain 
came at such intervals and in such quantities as to at least double 
the labor in the fields ordinarily necessary for any given result. 
All the manure made on the farm, together with some procured in 
the village in exchange for hay, — in all over a thousand loads, — 
has been applied to the grass lands. Seventy acres have been well 
top-dressed during the year, and cannot fail to show the results on 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


future crops. About two hundred dollars’ worth of commercial 
fertilizers, principally phosphates and potash, were applied to the 
new field; eight acres of this are already in good condition for 
seeding, while the rest requires much additional labor in perma- 
nent improvements. 

The change in the live stock has been effected so that, instead 
of a herd of Ayreshires, grades and common stock simply for 
milk-production, there are now illustrative herds of five breeds, 
thus enumerated: 19 Ayrshires, 5 Guernseys, 8 Holstein-Fries- 
ians, 7 Jerseys and 6 Shorthorns, —a total of 45 head, or one 
more than a year ago. Of the present number, 10 are males, some 
of these being forsale. The cattle floor of the barn, as rearranged, 
has accommodations for more than now carried, but natural increase 
will crowd the buildings within a year. 

The horses have been increased to six by the recent generous 
cift of Mr. Lawson Valentine (‘‘ a Christmas present to my native 
State’) of two pure-bred Percherons. These consist of a three- 
year-old stallion and an imported mare, five years old. They are 
given with the understanding that they are to be used both to im- 
prove the stock of the State and to illustrate the principles and 
practice of breeding horses for draft and general purposes. Tem- 
porary accommodations have been provided for these valuable 
animals, but the need of more and better stabling for horses is 
thus emphasized, and it is recommended that measures be taken at 
once to supply this want. 

The Southdown sheep and the small Yorkshire swine have in- 
creased satisfactorily and proved remunerative. The number kept 
could be profitably increased if room in the buildings permitted. 

This line of operations for the present year has involved con- 
siderable outlay upon which there is yet no return, and it seems 
desirable to now consider well and determine whether the course 
indicated shall become the fixed policy of the college farm man- 
agement. To that end I recommend the submission, to the Board 
of Trustees for adoption, alteration or rejection, of these definite 
propositions : — 

ist. That the primary purpose of the college farm is an efficient 
adjunct to the Agricultural Department of instruction of the col- 
lege. 

2d. That, in general, the farm be conducted as a stock-farm , 
that the present holding be regarded as indicating the nature and 
variety of domestic animals to be kept, dairy cattle to predominate ; 
that most of the natural increase be retained until the farm is 
stocked to its full capacity ; that surplus live-stock and stock pro- | 
ducts be depended on for the chief income from the farm. 


-1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 15 


3d. That the general policy of managing the farming land shall 
be to hold most of the area in grass and increase the product of 
hay and other forage, conforming to the scheme of a stock-farm, 
while at the same time cultivating, in limited area, a variety of 
crops for illustration and instruction. 

4th. That a definite system of land improvement be adopted 
and gradually pursued, the first work to be the reclamation of 
seventy acres or more at the western extremity of the farm. 

doth. That so far as means and opportunities permit there be 
undertaken, in connection with the soil, crops and live-stock of the 
farm, experiments to test the practical value, on a farm basis, of 
the principles and recommendations resulting from the work of the 
agricultural experiment stations in this and other states, together 
with such original investigations as may be suggested by the 
special facilities afforded at the college and on the farm. 

Attention is especially asked to the fact that these propositions 
singly involve expenditures in excess of any probable farm income, 
and, as a whole, an amount exceeding the current resources of the 
college available for this purpose. 

The largest expenses will attend the transition period, which 
must cover two or three years. This period has already been 
entered, and the heavy balance against the farm during the present 
year is thus partly accounted for. The fact should not be forgot- 
ten, however, that credit is due for an increase of $2,400 in the 
annual farm inventory, and there should be a further credit of 
$2,000 or more for what is known in England as ‘‘ unexhausted 
improvement” made during the year. More explicit explanations 
can be made under the five heads above proposed. 

The jirst involves more or less labor and materials for the special 
purpose of instruction, without hope or intention of any other return. 

For example: several bulls are kept, where farm economy alone 
would require but one; wheat and barley are grown, although 
neither is a really profitable crop, ordinarily, in this section; and 
manures, made or bought, may be applied in excess, to note their 
action and results. 

The second involves a continuously large labor bill for keeping 
stables and animals in a presentable and attractive condition. 
The changes made in the character of the stock has increased, for 
the time, the proportion of non-productive animals. Prospect- 
ively, surplus pure-bred stock will be a source of considerable 

_ income, but the present policy will result in very limited sales for 
several years to come. 

The third and fourth parts of the general plan involve special 
_ expenditures for labor, manures, etc., largely in excess of any 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


possible returns at present, but with a knowledge of serving well 
the purpose of instruction and having a reasonable certainty of 
future profits. All such land improvement necessitates invest- 
ment, but there is no doubt that, within a few years, acres which 
have until recently been a useless swamp may be made the most 
productive on the farm. 

The jifth proposition recognizes a legitimate field of usefulness 
in connection with instruction and the relations of the college to 
the public, for which this institution is peculiarly fitted and which 
is not within the scope of the experiment stations. But the 
expenses involved would require special provision. 

To meet the extraordinary expenses incident to the proposed 
plan for the college farm, or that portion which seems to be imme- 
diately practicable, it is assumed that it will be necessary to appeal 
to the State Legislature for special aid, and the items of need 
should be specified. The most important relate to the repairs and 
additions required by the farm buildings and the land improve- 
ment already proposed. The buildings are old and out of repair, 
they have become inadequate for present wants of the farm, and 
will yearly be more so in its natural development. Following are 
estimates for the purposes named : — oe 


For re-roofing the main barn, repairs of cellar, for silo, ete., $1,500 00 
moving, renovating and enlarging sheds and horse-stables, 3,000 00 


new fencing for farm-yards, for bull-pens, paddocks, etc., 600 00 
repairs to dairy-room, fittings and plumbing, . i . - 400 00 
painting all the farm buildings, : 600 00 
power and machinery in farm uilings ridin tie 
ting, etc., : 4 : ; 800 00 
500 rade of Sone at pl. 50 per i, 750 00 
500 rods of tile draining, labor and materials, at $9 : a folk 1,000 00 
extra labor for other farm improvement, 5h Aad >, 1,000, 00 
new wagons and improved tools and implements, . 850 00 
Total, . : ; : . $10,500 00 


With such special provisions for the special needs of the transi- 
tion period, I believe the college farm can be gradually brought to 
a condition creditable alike to the institution and to the State. 
This does not contemplate the support of what is sometimes called 
‘‘a model farm,” but simply making this property serve what I 
conceive to be its: main aim and object. 


Very ihesiacisiaiy! your obedient servant, 


\ 


HENRY E. ALVORD, 
Professor of Agriculture in charge of the Farm. 


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1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 17 


THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 


In accordance with the vote of the Trustees, for the pur- 
pose of defining more clearly the position and location of 
the Experiment Station on the college grounds, the accom- 
panying lease was executed, comformable to the survey 
already made. The educational influence of the numerous 
scientific investigations and experiments carried on in such 
close proximity to the college cannot fail to be most benefi- 
cial to pupil and instructor alike. To the former it teaches 
the worth of careful, patient observation and tests repeated 
again and again to ensure perfect accuracy, while to the 
latter it opens up fresh fields of study and investigation and 
is a constant stimulus to keep pace with the discoveries 
made in the wide domain of nature. 


LEASE. 
Tuis INDENTURE made the sixth day of July, A.D. 1887, — 
Witnesseth, That the Massachusetts Agricultural College, a cor- 

poration duly established by law at Amherst, Mass., does hereby 

lease, demise and let unto the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, a corporation duly established by law at said 

Amherst, the following described tracts of land, situated in said 

Amherst. Bounded and described as follows, viz. : — 

First tract situated on east side of highway leading from North 
Amherst’ to Amherst Centre. Beginning at the northwest corner 
of said lot, on the highway aforesaid, thence north 76° 57! east 
656 feet, thence north 75° 44' east 282.5 feet, thence north 75° 36/ 
east 221 feet, thence south 6° 3/ west 1,200 feet, thence south 
11° 47' east 237 feet, thence south 73° 13’ west 150 feet, thence 
south 77° 5’ west 486.5 feet, thence north 35° 5' west 633.5 feet, 
thence north 12° 8’ west 780 feet, to point began at, containing 
30.92 acres. | 

Second tract situated on west side of said highway. Bounded 
and described as follows, viz. : — 

Beginning at the southeast corner of the premises, thence run- 
ning on said highway north 12° 8! west 775 feet, thence north 
78° 45’ west 194.5 feet, thence south 13° 13' west 16.58 feet, 
thence south 74° 8’ west 571 feet, thence south 4° 56! east 1,000 
feet, thence south 48° 28! east. 

Thence south 80° 18' east 36.5 feet, thence north 50° 41’ east 
347.3 feet, thence north 64° 15’ east 300 feet, thence north 63° 15/ 
east 200.7 feet, to point of beginning, containing 17.72 acres. 


Tee AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


Being same premises delineated on plan hereto annexed. 

To hold for the term of ninety-nine years from date lereof, pay- 
ing therefor the nominal rent of five dollars. Provided, however, 
said lessee shall cease to use the premises for the purposes of an 
Experiment Station at any time during said term, then this lease 
shall be void and the premises above described shall revert at 
once to lessors. ; | 

And the said lessees hereby agree to pay all taxes, duties and 
assessments and assume all liabilities of whatever kind or descrip- 
tion that may be levied thereon during said term, and to quit 
and deliver up said premises at the end of said term. In witness 
whereof the parties have hereunto interchangeably set their hands 
and seals the day and date above written. 

The said Massachusetts Agricultural College has caused its cor- 
porate seal to be hereto affixed, and these presents to be signed, 
acknowledged and delivered in its name and behalf by James S. 
Grinnell, duly authorized therefor. 

(Signed) 
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
By James 8. GRINNELL. 


And the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station has 
caused its corporate seal to be hereto affixed, and these presents 
to be signed, acknowledged and delivered in its name and behalf 
by James P. Lynde, duly authorized therefor. 

(Signed) 
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 
By James P. LynpDeE. 


The above lease has been duly signed and recorded at the 
county seat. 


GIFTS. 


The college has been generously remembered during the 
past year, as the appended list of donors will testify, and its 
position as a factor in the education of the people is more 
and more widely recognized. 


Gifts to the Massachusetts Agricultural College during the Year 1587. 


From the estate of Henry Gassretr, of Boston, — $1,000 for the 
establishment of a Scholarship. 
Exvizur Smita, Esq., of Lee, — $1,215 in aid of a Permanent 
Library Fund. 


1888.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 19 


From Lawson VALENTINE, Esq., of Houghton Farm, Mountainville, 
N. Y.,—Percheron-Norman stallion, ‘‘ Haut-Ton,” 3 
years old; Percheron-Norman mare, ‘‘ Maie,” 5 years 
old (imported). 

Hiram Kenpartt (M. A. C., ’76), Providence, R. I.,— 
Rhetorical prizes for year 1888. 

Mr. Joseru L. Hirrs (M. A. C.,’81), — Collection of fossils 
of South Carolina phosphates. 

Mrs. SaraH Fioyp, of Boston, — Collection of minerals. 

Mr. A..A. Souruwick (M. A. C., ’75), — Fossil plant from 
Taunton. ; 

Mr. C. M. Winstow, of Brandon, Vt., — Bull calf, Ayrshire. 

Mr. Cuarztes Mann, of Methuen, — One grade Jersey heifer 


ealf. 
Natronat Live Srock Journar, Chicago, [ll.,— Horse por- 
traits. 


Tuos. B. Waters, Jr., Iowa City, la., — Cattle portraits. 

Messrs. Smirus, PowELL & Lamps, Syracuse, N. Y., — Cattle 
portraits. 

F. C. Stevens, Esq., of Attica, N. Y.,— Cattle portraits. 

F. G. Bascoox, of Hornellsville, N. Y.,— Cattle portraits. 

Messrs. Merrett & Firirip, of Bay City, Mich., — Cattle 
portraits. 

J. D. W. Frencn, Esq., of North Andover, — Cattle por- 
traits. 

Onto Lanp Tire Company,—Samples of Improved Drain 
Tile. 

Onto AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 
wheats. 

W. I. Scorr, Bridgewater, N. Y., — Horse hay-forks. 

Ricwarp GoopMan, Esq., of Lenox,—9 vols. Shorthorn 
Herd Books and 30 miscellaneous volumes. 

Miss H. Aucusta Barnes, of Dorchester, —8 vols. Florist 
and Fruitist. 

Rev. Catviy Srepsins, of Worcester, —12 vols. Report of 
Board of Education of Massachusetts. 

S. D. Hitiman, of Minneapolis, — 12 vols. Transactions of 
Minnesota Horticultural Society. 

JOsEPH E. Ponp, Jr., Esq., of North Attleborough, — 7 
miscellaneous vols. on Bees ; 40 vols. best Bee journals ; 
also model Bee-hive, with full equipments for illustra- 
tion. 

SamuEL B. Green (M. A. C., 79), of Amherst, — 60 vols. 
Littell’s Living Age. 


\ 


Collection of 


——— ee: 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


From Mr. Epwarp Norton, of Farmington, Ct.,—1 vol. Herd 

Register of American Guernsey Cattle Club. 

Dr. Austin Peters, (M. ALC, °81), of Boston, — Report on 
epizootic abortion in cows. | 

Prof. Davin P. Pennattow (M. A. C., ’73), of Montreal, 
Can., — Mechanism of movement in Cucurbita. 

Mr. L. Worverron, of Grimsby, Can., —9 vols. Report of 
Fruit Growers’ Association of Province of Ontario. 

Mr. Cuaritres A. Wetmore, of San Francisco, Cal., — The 
Ampelography of California. 

Mr. J. Suutt, of Ilien, N. Y., —10 vols. New York State 
Dairyman’s Association. 
Dr. J. C. Brown, of Haddington, Scotland, — 16 vols. on 
Forestry. } 
Rev. R. B. Grover (M. A. C., ’72), of Boston, — 7 vols. 
Rawlinson’s Ancient History. 

Wittiam H. Catpwett (M. A. C., 787), of Amherst, — 
Magner’s Art of Taming and Educating the Horse. 

Mr. JEREMIAH CiarK, of Lowell, — Benner’s Prophecies of 
Ups and Downs in Prices. : 

Mr. Tuos. B. Watezs, Jr., of Iowa City, Ia.,—5 vols. 
Holstein-Friesian Herd Book. 

Prof. Henry E. Atvorp, of Amherst, — 12 vols. Herd Reg- 
ister American Jersey Cattle Club and 8 miscellaneous 


_ volumes. 

Mr. C. M. Winstow, of Brandon, Vt., — Vol. VI. Ayrshire — 
Record. 

Hon. Witr1am Wuirtine, of Holyoke, —— 18 vols. government 
publications. 


Mr. S. L. Boarpman, of Augusta, Me., —8 vols. Transac- 
tions of the Maine State Pomological Society. 
Hon. Cuas. A. Denny, of Leicester, — 8 vols. for the Young 
Men’s Christian Association. 
Mr. H. Heaton, of Amherst, — Gardener’s Monthly and 
Horticulturist for 1887. 
Dr. Frepx. Tuckerman (M. A. C., ’78), of Amherst, — 3 
vols. on miscellaneous subjects. 
Hon. Joun E. Russerxt, of Leicester, —16 vols. miscel- — 
laneous subjects. | 
Mr. W. H. Morris, of Indianapolis, Ind., — Swine Breeder’s 
Journal, 1887. 
Mr. J. D. W. Frencu, of North Andover, —Complete set 
New England Farmer; 38 vols. Cottage Gardener; 7 
vols. miscellaneous. 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 21 


From Prof. Cuas. S. Prump (M. A. C., 82), of Knoxville, Tenn., 
— 3 vols. miscellaneous. | 
Mr. H. C. Apams, of Madison, Wis.,—12 vols. Transac- 
tions of Wisconsin State Pomological Society. 
Prof. Cuas. H. Fernautp, of Amherst, — 2 vols., the Tor- 
tricidze, and Butterflies of Maine. 
Mr. Moopy Harrineton, of Amherst, —11 vols. State pub- 
lications. 
Mr. A. L. pe Atmerpa (M. A. C., 87), of Tres Barras, 
Brazil, — 1 vol. Agassiz’s Journey to Brazil. | 
Mr. F. pa S. Toretry (M.A. C.,’87), of Rio Grande do Sul, 
. Brazil,— 2 vols. Greeley’s Thirty Years’ of Arctic Service. 
Mr. C. M. Hosss, of Bridgeport, Ind.,— 7 vols. Transac- 
tions Indiana Horticultural Society. 
Mr. H. Axtey, of Wenham, — Bee-keeper’s Handy Book. 
Dr. J. C. Currer (M. A. C., ’72), of Warren, —2 vols. 
Physiology and Anatomy. 
Prof. F. A. Guiry, of Agricultural College, Miss., — First 
Lectures in Agriculture. 
Mr. Artuur A. Bricuam (M. A. C., ’78), of Marlborough, 
— 12 vols. Proceedings of National Grange. 
Mr. Epear H. Lipsy (M. A. C., 74), of New York city, — 
Complete set American Garden. 


Also the following Papers and Periodicals from the PuBLisHERs :— 


The Massachusetts Ploughman. 
The Farmer’s Review. 

The American Cultivator. 

The American Veterinary, Review. 
The American Garden. 

The Colorado Farmer. 

The Poultry Monthly. 


I have the honor, in addition to the catalogue and cus- 
tomary report of the military department, to append papers 
by Professors Alvord and Fernald on the following subjects : 
‘¢ Differences in Dairy Products ;” ‘* The Orthoptera of New 
England.” 


Respectfully submitted, 
By order of the Trustees, 
HENRY H. GOODELL, 


President. 
AMHERST, January, 1888. 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


[ Jan. 


FRANK E. Paicr, Treasurer Massachusetts Agricultural College for the 


Year 1887. 


Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1887, 
Term Bill account, 

Botanical account, 

Farm account, 

Expense account, 

Laboratory account, . 

Salary account, . 

Trustee Expense account 
Library Fund account, 
Endowment Fund account, 
State Scholarship Fund account, 
Hills Fund account, 
- Grinnell Prize Fund account, 
Whiting Street Fund account, 
Mary Robinson Fund account, . 


Gassett Scholarship Fund account, . 


Insurance account, 

Farnsworth Prize account, 
Reading Room account, 

Extra Instruction account, 
Advertising account, 
North College Insurance account, 
Cash on hand Dee. 31, 1887, 


RECEIVED. | PAID. 


$3,579 29 | es 
5,294 62 | $2,464 68 
4,723 55 |. 5,178 07 
8,086 89 | 5,569 83 
240 07 | 4,811 35 
800 95 582 77 
ore ae 
A, ARS ue 
1,113:88. 1bieaee 
9,835 03 a3 
10,000 00 ui 
601 56] 1,443 40 
40 00 30 00 
48 16 260 00 
60 44 80 00 
1,020 00 | 1,000 00 
17 00 858 35 
e 32 03 
é 100 00 
# 424 09 
‘ 187 50 
257 00 126 25 
We 2,018 63 


$40,718 44 $40,718 44 


CasSH BALANCE AS SHOWN BY THE TREASURER’S STATEMENT, 
BELONGS TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS. 


Insurance, i 
North College insurance, 
Hills Fund, : 

Gassett Scholarship Medea 
Whiting Street Fund, 

Mary Robinson ani é 
General Funds of College, . 


Total, 


$1,091 80 
130 75 

3 30 

20 00 


$2,018 63° 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 23 


CASH AND BILLs RECEIVABLE Dec. 31, 1887. 


Term Bill; .  . ; ; , $590 46 
Laboratory, . NT ; ; 213 03 
Farm, . ‘ : ; : 165 00 
Botanical, . : ; 413 88 
Cash on hand Bateriecin 2 to Parieval Finds, 521 16 
| ; Pee Bestreeene 

Total, . ; ; , ; ; : $1,903 53 


BILLS PAYABLE Dec. 31, 1887. 


Expense account, . : : : ; 4 é : ! $57 18 
Farm account, ; f : : j . 160 00 
Term Dil. *. : , . ; ; 21 60 
Extra Instruction Beéotiit: : ; i ; 18 00 
Botanical account, : ; ; ; s ; ; 48 00 
Laboratory account, . , ; 85 31 
Adveitising account, . : 31 50 

etek >. , ; . $421 59 


VALUE OF REAL ESTATE. 


Land. Cost. 
College Farm, ; : $37,000 00 
Pelham quarry, . ; : , 500 00 
_ — $37,500 00 
Buildings. Come 

Laboratory, . : 2 : ‘ ; ‘ $10,560 00 
Botanic museum, . ; b ; A ; 5,180 00 
Botanic barn, ; : , 1,500 00 
Durfee plant-house aid eta es, ; ; 12,000 00 
Small plant-house and fixtures, . : 800 00 
North college, . a ' ' ; 36,000 00 
Boarding-house, . ; : 8,000 00 
South dormitory, . ; 37,000 00 
Graves house and barn, : : ; ; 8,000 00 
Farm-house, . ; : ‘ ? : ; 4,000 00 
Farm barns and sheds, 7 on : 14,500 00 
Stone chapel, ; , , 31,000 00 
Drill-hall,_. : ; ; : , ; 6,500 00 
President’s house, 11,500 00 
Four dwelling-houses and shia Drone 

with farm, : 7 ‘ . , ‘ 10,000 00 

—— 196,340 00 


$233,840 00 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


[ Jan. 


INVENTORY OF PERSONAL PROPERTY, DEC. 31, 1887. 


Farm, : 

Laboratory, . 

Boarding-house, 

Fire apparatus, 

Library, ; 

Natural History eollecnan 
Botanical department, 
Physics, ; " ; 


SUMMARY STATEMENT. 


Assets. 

Total value real estate, per inventory, $233,840 00 
Total value personal property, per inven- 

tOry, ..- 34,321 48 
Total cash .on fwd aid mane recelvanee: per 

inventory, . 1,903 53 

Liabilities. 

Bills payable, as per inventory, . $421 59 


FUNDS FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE. 


Technical Educational Fund, United States Grant, 
Amount of, $219,000 00 

Technical Educational Pina: sia Grant, 141 ,57oCa0 

These funds are in the hands of the State Tr easurer. By 
law 2 of the income is paid to the Treasurer of the Col- 
lege, 4 to Institute of Technology. Amount received 
1887, : ; 

State Scholanaliie Mind. $10, 000. This sum was appro- 
priated by the Legislature, 1886, and is paid in quar- 
terly payments to College Treasurer, 

Hills Fund of $10,000 in hands of College Treasanen 
This was given by L. M. and H. F. Hills of Amherst. 
By conditions of the gift the income is to be used for 
maintenance of a Botanic Garden. Income, 1887, . 

Unexpended balance Dec. 31, 1887, $3.30. 

Grinnell Prize Fund of $1,000, in hands of College Treas- 
urer. Gift of Ex-Gov. William Claflin; was called 
Grinnell Fund in honor of his friend. The income is 
appropriated for two prizes to be given for the best 
examinations in agriculture by graduating class. In- 
come, 1887, : 


$10,600 00 
1,382 75 
400 00 
500 00 
5,000 00 
2,586 15 
9,936 55 
3,416 06 


$34,321 48 


$270,065 O1 


421 59 


$269,643 42 


$9,835 03 


10,000 00 


601 56 


40 00 


(1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 25 


Mary Robinson Fund of $1,000 in hands of College Treas- 
urer; given without conditions. The income has been 
appropriated to scholarships to worthy and needy stu- 
dents. Income, 1887, 5 : : : ‘ $60 44 
Unexpended balance, Dec. 31, 1887, $203. 46. 
Whiting Street Fund of $1,000. A bequest without con- 
ditions. To this sum is added $260 by vote of the 
Trustees in January, 1887, it being the interest accrued 
| on the bequest. Amount of fund, Dec. 31, 1887, $1,260. 
_ Unexpended balance of income, $48.16. Income, 1887, . 48 16 
Library Fund, for use of library, $4,936.87. Deposited in | 
Amherst Savings Bank. 
Gassett Scholarship Fund of $1,000. Given by the Hon. 
Henry Gassett as a scholarship fund. Unexpended 


balance, Dec. 31,1887,  . : : j , , . 20 00 
Income, 1887, $20 00. 
Total income, : : ; F ~ : : . $20,605 19 


To this, should be added amount of tuition, room rent, receipts from 
sales of farm and botanic garden; amount of same can be learned 
from statement of Treasurer. Tuition and room rent, under head of 


Term Bill. 
FRANK E. PAIGE, Zreasurer. 


PITTSFIELD, Mass., Jan. 10, 1888. 
This is to certify that I have examined the payments of Frank E. Parag, 
Treasurer of Massachusetts Agricultural College, and find them properly entered 


and accompanied by the proper vouchers. 
HENRY COLT, Auditor. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - [Jan. 


REPORT OF CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


President H. H. GOODELL. 

Sir : —Of the work performed at the college, that portion 
is allotted to the chemical department which is primarily des- 
ignated «‘Agricultural Chemistry.” This in its narrower sig- 
nification embraces the study of only a few of the elements 
of matter, such as experience has shown to be indispensable 
to the development of living forms, whether vegetable or ani- 
mal. The study of these includes a review of what is known 
as to their occurrence in the original earth’s crust, and the 
surrounding atmosphere ; their existence in the soil, formed 
chiefly from the breaking down of rocks; their functions in 
plant and animal organisms, and finally their return to in- 
organic nature. , 

This involves a discussion of the cheapest methods of pro- 
viding those elements and their compounds for the nutrition 
of plants and animals, or in other words, the chemistry of the 
economical production of crops and herds. F 

The study of chemistry in its application to agriculture — 
does not, of necessity, imply a presentation of the science in 
a general way. It would, however, be almost entirely use- 
less to give such instruction to persons having had no 
previous chemical discipline. As, therefore, our students 
come to the college before taking this general study, a course 
in the underlying physical and chemical laws is first taken — 
up. After this, follows study in the chemistry of common ~ 
life, and then the special course as above indicated. a 

Modern instruction in the domain of natural science de- P 
pends in great measure for its efficiency upon object-teach- — 
ing. That which is stated by the teacher must be explained — 
and emphasized by reference to nature herself. Much can 


Be: 


1888. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 27 


be learned by simple observation; far more, very often, by 
studying an experiment or an artificial demonstration. That 
which is exhibited by nature, only at rare times and in re- 
mote localities, may thus be forced to the attention of the 
student under circumstances best suited to produce lasting 
effect. | 

Instruction in chemistry, as a branch of natural science, is 
of little value to any student unless imparted with aid of 
ample demonstration and experiment. That which might be 
given without such aid could not be said to belong to modern 
methods, and indeed could not be a teaching of science in its 
present advancement. The student who has watched the 
progress of a completed practical operation, whether carried 


out as demonstration of the truth of a theory or as explana- 


tion of a process of manufacture or analysis, carries away 
from the exercise more enduring, more effective, knowledge 
than he who has simply listened to the best possible verbal 
description. 

During the last twenty years both the knowledge of nature 
and methods of teaching have greatly improved. Now a 
clearer and more extensive understanding of chemistry is 
demanded, and should be imparted; this necessitates, how- 
ever, improved aids in teaching. An equipment quite suf- 
ficient to meet the needs of twenty years ago would be 


_ altogether inadequate now. Satisfactory work can be ac- 


complished only in a lecture-room and laboratory well sup- 
plied with properly selected apparatus. 

The present provisions of this department are in this 
important respect far from what they should be. At the 
opening of the college, twenty years ago, the important 
question being to start at once, the needs for teaching were 
supplied in the simplest and quickest manner. A part of 
the old chapel building was fitted up, with the least possible 
outlay, for chemical instruction. Inexpensive laboratory- 
tables and a very limited supply of the usual apparatus were 
provided. These tables had by last year become so dilapi- 
dated and inconvenient that they were replaced by new ones, 
fitted up with the appliances of a modern laboratory. This 
improvement has been most thoroughly appreciated,and has 
added materially to the usefulness of the instruction given. 


28 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


The remainder of the outfit of the department is still in a 
much depleted condition. 

As the omiginal apparatus has long been used without 
being replenished, it has become largely worn out and use- 
less. Apparatus for use in teaching special methods in 
analysis is not only wanted, but is absolutely necessary, in 
order to bring the department up to a proper state of ef- 
ficiency. <A collection of chemical preparations and natural 
specimens for class illustration has gradually been made. It 
consists of such material as could be most cheaply obtained, 
and it illustrates many subjects quite fully, but important 
additions are necessary for daily use. Already the space 
provided for exhibition of this material has become too 
small. Cases and bottles are needed for holding it. 

It is earnestly recommended that $1,500 be appropriated 
for supplying the needs indicated. 


$550 for lecture apparatus. 

$150 for apparatus for special methods in analysis. — 
$300 for re-agents and re-agent bottles. 

$150 for collection specimens. 

$350 for collection cases and bottles. 


These amounts are regarded as the lowest practicable with 
good work. An expenditure of $2,000 or $2,500 would 
yield direct return, for that amount could be immediately 
invested in apparatus of everyday requirement. 


Most respectfully, 
CHARLES WELLINGTON, 


Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


1888.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 29 


REPORT OF MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 31, 1887 

H. H. GooveE 1, President Mass. Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 
Sir :—In submitting my annual report, I deem it im- 
portant at this time to enter more fully into the details of 
the department than usual, owing to the fact that there 
seems to be in some quarters a misunderstanding as to the 
work and the bearing it has upon the future of the graduates. 
The cadets represent all classes of the community, and are 
not, as many believe, drawn entirely from the farming class. 
Their ages vary between fifteen and twenty-four, and they 
differ as much in stature as they do in age. I found that it 
was of great importance that they should be uniformed as 
soon as possible, and with this in view the requirements 
published in the annual catalogue were changed so as to re- 
quire the cadet to provide himself with a uniform as soon 
after entering as possible. It was found necessary to make 
this change, as the preliminary exercises are taught much 
more rapidly and with greater comfort to the Freshmen in 
uniform than in citizen’s dress. The drill of the Freshman 
class for the first two months of the course is confined to the 
setting-up drill, or, in other words, to correcting any physi- 
cal defects that may detract from the appearance or in any 
way retard the growth or development of the student. In 
no case is a musket put in the hands of a student until he 
has been taught thoroughly how to carry himself and present 
that appearance that marks the well set-up man. As soon 
as arms are issued to the recruits, they are taught in squads 
of four men each how to handle the piece, great care being 
taken to see that the person is not deranged or the correct 


-soldierly bearing disturbed. To this end the cadet is never 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


kept in one position long enough to fatigue him, and if at. 


any time he is found not strong enough for this work the 
musket is taken away from him and not restored until such 
time as he can bear it without fatigue. The remark is some- 
times made that the musket is the cause of making young 
men carry one shoulder lower than the other, thereby in- 
juring the appearance and preventing a proper development. 
I have found many young men with this defect before they 
attempted to bear arms, but I know of no case where mili- 


tary training has had that effect upon cadets. The cadet — 


rifle used at the college weighs about eight pounds, and can 
be carried with perfect ease by any young man who has re- 
ceived the preliminary training that follows his entrance 
into college. As soon as the cadet becomes familiar with 
the piece, the marching drill follows, and there is probably 
more difficulty found at this time than at any other period 
in the instruction of the beginner. The shuffling gait, the 
scrubbing of the heels on the ground, turning in the toes, 
carrying the head inclined too far to the front, are defects to 
be corrected, and, when once pointed out to the man, soon 
disappear. Young men take great interest in any exercise 
that is sure to improve their personal appearance, especially 
if in uniform, as it is in that dress that a correct physical 
bearing attracts the most attention. As soon as the Fresh- 
man class has learned to march and bear arms, the organ- 
ization of the companies and the battalion follows, and 
thereafter the classes are mingled and class distinction dis- 
appears. During the time occupied in fitting the Freshmen 
to take their places in the company and battalion, the Sopho- 
mores are engaged in standing gun drill. It is in this drill, 
that the strength of the men and their alertness are brought 
into play. The piece weighs about twelve hundred pounds, 
and but a few seconds are allowed to change it from one 
position to another. Every muscle in their bodies is brought 
into action, and at the same time they are called upon to 
exercise their intelligence in order that the drill may be 
executed with the precision and celerity required. 


I know of no more healthful and beneficial exercise to build ; 
up a man physically than the mechanical manceuvers of a 
light battery ; and the ease with which these heavy pieces are 


ene 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 31 


handled, after the gun detachments are properly trained, 
attracts the greatest interest at the commencement.exercises. 
‘The Junior class during the fall term is engaged in skirmish 
drill and target practice. Both these drills tend to develop 
the individual qualities of the cadets and teaches them self 
reliance and independence. Target practice which has here- 
tofore been voluntary, and took place after the Saturday 
-morning inspection, I thought of so much importance that I 
have made it part of the regular drill, and detailed the 
Junior class for that work, requiring them to spend that 
hour at the target. The importance of this exercise cannot 
be over-estimated, and the improvement satisfies me that the 
change will prove beneficial to all. It educates the eye, 
steadies the muscles and gives that perfect reliance on the 
rifle that made the sharpshooters so important during the 
last war. In fact every army in the world is devoting a 
large part of its time to target practice, and the general and 
state governments encourage the militia to perfect them- 
selves in this most important part of a soldier’s education. On 
the skirmish line, which closely resembles the line of battle 
of the future, the cadet is taught to believe that to indi- 
vidual effort and self-reliance is to be attributed the success 
of his party, and this feeling of independence and reliance on 
the arm he’ has in his hands is fostered throughout his 
military training. Every graduate is fitted to take the 
position of an officer in any State military organization, and 
fill the position with honor to himself and the State. In 
order that they may have that practice that is necessary to 
fit them for these positions, I require the Seniors to hold 
themselves in readiness at all times to take command of the 
companies or battalion, and drill in any of the prescribed 
exercises. In fact, every drill that takes place is com- 
manded by a cadet, and when they leave the college they 
are trained officers, whose knowledge will be invaluable in 
time of need. During all the autumn exercises, the cadets 
are drilled by classes, and the officers and non-commis- 
sioned officers are changed each week from one class to 
another, thereby giving each of them an opportunity to 
become familiar with all the drills. The commandant is 
present at all drills, but merely acts as supervisor, requiring 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


the upper-class men to do all the drilling. About the first 
of December the companies are formed for permanent or- 
ganization and are thereafter known as such a captain’s 
company, the captain being held responsible for the drill 
and discipline of the company as well as the appearance of 
his men. He is required to see that not only are the pri- 
vates of his company well instructed, but that the officers 
are capable of drilling the company in all the prescribed 
drills, and that the non-commissioned officers are conver- 
sant with all their duties. All exercises take place on the 
parade-ground whenever the weather will permit, but about 


the first of December the battalion is far enough advanced | 


to begin the bayonet and sabre exercises. The same rules 
govern the instruction in these drills as in all others, that is 
dividing up the companies into squads of four men each and 
assigning an upper-class man as instructor. This continues 
until the cadets are far enough advanced to be drilled in larger 
bodies, when the captains take charge and perfect the drill. 
As an athletic exercise the bayonet and sabre drill is unequaled. 
It trains the cadets to defend themselves with a military 

‘weapon and at the same time develops the body, physically, 
- ina most satisfactory manner. About ninety per cent. of 
the cadets live in the two large dormitories provided by the 
college, and I would suggest that an effort be made by the 
college authorities to have all the students live in these 
buildings. They are admirably equipped for the purpose 
and are directly under the supervision of the officer in 
charge of this department, who makes frequent inspections 
of all parts of the buildings. Every room occupied by a 
cadet is thoroughly inspected every Saturday morning im- 
mediately after chapel exercises. The cadets appear in full 
uniform, and cleanliness and order is impressed upon them 
by carefully examining their surroundings. I consider these 
weekly inspections a very important part of the military exer- 


cises, and the effect upon the cadets and their rooms satis-— 


fies me that it would be well to bring all under this influence. 

The above is a brief statement of the practical work done 
by the cadets under arms. The work is continuous during 
the college year, and the improvement, physically, is every 
day apparent to a close observer. The first year of military 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 33 


training usually banishes any physical defect that the cadet 
may have brought in with him, and the round-shouldered, 
narrow-chested man soon develops into a figure that prom- 
ises longer life and greater usefulness, both to himself and 
the State, than could have been hoped for under any other 
physical training. 

The theoretical training of the two lower classes is con- 
fined to artillery and infantry tactics. All movements of 
the company and battalion are explained on the blackboard, 
and each cadet is made to understand so thoroughly that he 
is able to teach the drill to the incoming classes. In fact, 
the instructor keeps constantly in view the idea that the 
cadets are fitting themselves as teachers, and they must not 


_ only know the tactics but be able to teach them to others. 


Up to the present college year, Field Fortifications and Art 
and Science of War were used as text-books by the Senior 
class, but I felt that some course should be adopted that 
would give the students a more intimate acquaintance with 
the actual requirements of an officer in service. With 
the approval of the president of the college, I therefore 
adopted Hamilton’s Elementary Principles connected with 
the Art and Science of War, and have found it to be all that 
could be desired as a text-book for this purpose. The 
student is made acquainted with the manner of accounting 
for government property, for which all commanding officers 
are responsible; the manner of making out the numerous 
papers that pertain to companies and regiments ; the ration- 
ing and clothing of troops; military ceremonies, marches, 
guards and parades; the construction of field and permanent 
fortifications ; the manufacturing and use of explosives; and, 
in fact, everything that would aid him in organizing and 
fitting a company or regiment to take the field for active 
service. The commissioned officers are made from the mem- 
bers of the Senior class, and the rule I adopted when I first 
took charge of the battalion, of placing the entire instruc- 
tion in their hands, is continued with gratifying results. 
The feeling of responsibility that accompanies the command- 
ing of troops is felt by them to a certain extent, and their 
interest in the matter is increased as they see the marks of 
improvement in their own work. 


340 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


The necessity of some kind of physical training in all 
institutions of learning is acknowledged by all, and the 
gymnasium is probably the best form of giving this instruc- 
tion that can be found for the general purpose for which it 
is required. But in comparing the results of military train- 
ing with that of the gymnasium I am led to believe that a 
greater number of students are benefited by military train- 
ing than by the work done in the gymnasium, as far as I 
have seen it. Those students who enter the college with 
well-developed. figures, and are fond of athletic exercises, 
take advantage of the gymnasium and perfect themselves — 
in this direction, in order that they may represent their 
college on the athletic field. But a large number of 
the students have little desire to compete in these sports, 
knowing their inferiority, physically, to their more favored 
companions, and feeling that it would be impossible to 
make athletes of themselves, they spend as little time as 
possible over the matter. It is with this class that the 
military instructor is most interested. From the day that 
the student reports to the college for duty, he is brought 
directly under the eye of the officer in charge, and his 
defects, physically, if he has any, are constantly kept be- 
fore him, and must in the end, yield to this kind of treat- 
ment. He cannot escape from this duty, and the only way 
out of it, is to correct the defects that are pointed out to him, 
and when he presents the properly set-up figure he ceases to 
receive that attention that was probably very unpleasant to 
him at first. The uniform that he wears is a constant incen- 
tive to him to correct these faults, and the desire to appear 
well is in itself sufficient to keep him watchful in this regard. 
It iseof great importance that the student should present a 
well set-up and well-developed figure, and frequently this 
has great weight in deciding a man’s occupation in life. All 
other things being equal, a man with a well-developed figure 
will be preferred to him who is less fortunate in this respect ; 
and without.a strong physical development, no man can hope 
to succeed in many of the positions of life that are worth 
struggling for. But the military education of the cadet 
does not stop with his physical development. The army 
regulations require that officers should be courteous and 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 35 


polite to each other, and so conduct themselves as to be an 
example of what is proper to those whom they command. 
These principles apply to all the students of the college 
whenever they appear in uniform, and have great weight in 
forming their characters. 

It is the policy of the government to educate a certain 
number of young men of the country as officers, capable of 
commanding companies or regiments of militia in case of 
necessity, and I think there is no doubt of the wisdom 
of this movement in view of our experience during the last 
war. ‘There is no trouble in recruiting soldiers whenever 
they are required, but the difficulty of finding officers capable 
of organizing and commanding these men is the greatest the 
government has to contend with. The officers educated at 
the National Academy at West Point are not a numerous 
body, and when volunteers are called into the field, if 
officers are not found to command them, then they must be 
educated in the face of the enemy, which in our last war was 
found to be very expensive, and prolonged the war unneces- 
sarily. It is to be hoped that such a contingency will not 
happen again; but it is always the unexpected that happens, 
and I firmly believe that it is sound policy to make some 
preparation for it at this time. And finally, I believe that 
the instruction given in this department benefits the student 
in whatever walk of life he may choose, and his usefulness is 
greatly increased. He is better fitted to take his place among 
men for the reason that he knows what obedience means, 
and while obeying, he knows how to command. He is an 
,available factor for the government when in need, and his 
knowledge, patriotism and loyalty is a guarantee that means 
a great deal to the State. 

I have the honor to submit the following as the battalion 
organization : 


Commissioned Staff. 


First Lieutenant and Adjutant —B. LUTHER SHIMER. 
First Lieutenant and Quartermaster — E. H. D1cKINson. 


Non-Commissioned Staff. 


Sergeant Major —C. E. Buss. 
Quartermaster Sergeant — F. R. Huse. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ (Jan. 


Company A. 
Captain —G. E. NEWMAN. 
First Lieutenant — 8. H. FIeEvp. 
Second Lieutenant —R. B. Moore. 
First Sergeant — B. L. HARTWELL. 
Duty Sergeant —H. E. Woopgury. 
Corporal —W. A. KELLOGG. 


Company B. 
Captain — T. Rice. 
First Lieutenant — ¥. F. NOYES. 
Second Lieutenant — F. H. Foster. 
First Sergeant — A. M. NOURSE. 
Duty Sergeant— D. L. HUBBARD. 
Corporal — C. 8. CROCKER. 


Company C. 
Captain — A. I. HAYWARD. 
First Lieutenant — E. E. KNAPP. 
Second Lieutenant — L. F. KINNEY. 
First Sergeant — J. R. BLAIR. 
Duty Sergeant —¥. W. Davis. 
Corporal — C. A. WHITNEY. 


Respectfully submitted, 


GEO. E. SAGE, 
First Lieutenant 5th Artillery. 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 37 


CALENDAR FOR 1888-89. 


1888. 


January 4,"Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 23, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 
April 3, Tuesday, spring term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
Baccalaureate Sermon. 

Address before the Christian Union. 


ex Prize Examination of the Senior 


June 17, Sunday, : 


Class in Agriculture. 
egg onday, Military Exercises. 
| Kendall Prize Speaking. 
Commencement Exercises. 
| Dinner. 
Rapa. eencay, 9 Meeting of Trustees. 
x = Reception. 
June 20, Wednesday, Examinations for admission, at 9 A.M., 
Botanic Museum. 
September 4, Tuesday, Examinations for admission, at 9 a.mM., 
Botanic Museum. 
September 5, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


December 14, Friday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1889. 


January 2, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


March 22, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


THE CORPORATION. 


Term expires. 


DANIEL NEEDHAM, or Groton, . : é . sag 
JAMES DRAPER, or WorcEsTER, . : :  wLS8o 
*HENRY S. HYDE, or Srrinertetp, . 1890 
PHINEAS STEDMAN, or Cutcoren, Re . 1890 
JAMES 8S. GRINNELL, or GreenrieLp, . i > aoe 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD, or Lirrtzeron, . . % Leak 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER, or Boston, : : . , Leg2 
ARTHUR A. BRIGHAM, or MariporoucH, . >? soa 
THOMAS P. ROOT, or Barre, ' : : », L89e 
J. HOWE DEMOND, or Nortuampton, . ; . 898 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON, or Prapopy, . : . 1894 
WILLIAM WHEELER, or Concorp, : : . 1894 
ELIJAH W. WOOD, or Newron, . : . 1895 


GEORGE A. MARDEN, or Lowet1, re 


Members Ex-Officio. 


His Excrertency Governor OLIVER AMES, President of the 
Corporation. 

HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. 

_ JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. 

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


JAMES 8S. GRINNELL, or GREENFIELD, 
Vice-President of the Corporation. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, or Hamppen, Secretary. 
FRANK E. PAIGE, or Amuerst, T'reaswrer. 


HENRY COLT, or Pirrsrireitp, Auditor. 
* Vice Henry Colt, of Pittsfield, deceased Jan. 16, 1888. 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 39 


Committee on Finance and Buildings. * 
JAMES S. GRINNELL, HENRY COLT, 


J. HOWE DEMOND, GEORGE A. MARDEN, 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty. * 


. WILLIAM H. BOWKER, WILLIAM WHEELER, 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON, JOSEPH A. HARWOOD, 
THOMAS P. ROOT, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments. * 


PHINEAS STEDMAN, ELIJAH W. WOOD, 
ARTHUR A. BRIGHAM, JAMES DRAPER, 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. - 


VELOROUS TAFT, : : é . OF UPTON. 
DANIEL E. DAMON, . ; ; . OF PLYMOUTH. 
ATKINSON C. VARNUM, . : . OF LOWELL. 
HENRY L. WHITING,. é : . OF West TIsBury. 
SAMUEL B. BIRD, : d ; . OF FRAMINGHAM. 
JOEL H. GODDARD, . d 4 . OF BARRE. 


The Faculty. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., President. 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Ph. D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


* The President of the College is ex-officio a member of each of the above com- 
mittees. 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan, 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. Sc., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B. Sc., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Ph. D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


HENRY E. ALVORD, C. E., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph. D., 
Professor of Zoology and Lecturer on Veterinary Science. 


Rev. CHARLES S. WALKER, Ph. D., College Pastor. 
Professor of Mental and Political Science. 


GEORGE E. SAGE, ist Lt. 5TH Art., U.S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


ROBERT W. LYMAN, LL. B., 
Lecturer on Farm Law. 


JOHN W. LANE, M. A., 
Instructor in Elocution. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A., Librarian. 


Graduates of 1887. * 


Almeida, Augusto Luis de (Boston Univ.),. Tres Barras, Bananal de 
Sao Paulo, Brazil. 

Barrett, Edward William (Boston Univ.), . Milford. 

Caldwell, William Hutson (Boston Uniy.),. Peterborough, N. H. 


Carpenter, Frank Berton, . . Leyden. 
Chase, William Edward (Boston Univ. ), ». Warwick. 
Davis, Fred Augustus, . Lynn. 
Fisherdick, Cyrus Webster (Rosin oe. ‘5 . Palmer. 

Flint, Edward Rawson (Boston Univ. x . Boston. 
Fowler, Fred Homer, . , . North Hadley. 
Howe, Clinton Samuel, : . Marlborough. 


* The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two 
academic years; and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been 
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1887. 


1888.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. rt 


Marsh, James Morrill (Boston Uniy.), : ya, 
Marshall, Charles Leander (Boston Univ.), Lowell. 
Meehan, Thomas Francis Benedict (Boston 


a) ae , . Boston. 
Osterhout, J. Clark (Gatien Da). . Lowell. 
Richardson, Evan Fussell (Boston Uniy.), . Millis. 
Rideout, Henry Norman Waymouth, . . Quincy. 
Tolman, William Nichols, . ; Concord. 


Torelly, Firmino da Silva (Boston Unis ) ’ Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 
Watson, Charles Herbert (Boston Univ.), Groton. 
Total, . ; : : : . ; ; ; ; . 39 


Senior Class. 


Belden, Edward Henry, , : : . North Hatfield. 
Bliss, Herbert Charles, , , . Attleborough. 
Brooks, Frederick Kimball, . : . Haverhill. 
Cooley, Fred Smith,- . : . : . Sunderland. 
Cutler, George Washington, - . Waltham. 
Dickinson, Edwin Harris, . ; : . North Amherst. 
Dole, Edward Johnson, ; ; : . Chicopee. 
Fieid, Samuel Hall, i : : ’ . North Hatfield. 
Foster, Francis Homer, 3 i : . Andover. 
Hayward, Albert Irving, . } . Ashby. 
Holt, Jonathan Edward, : ‘ , . Andover 
Kinney, Lorenzo Foster, : ; , : wienscsees: 
Knapp, Edward Everett, . : 2 . Glenwood. 
Mishima, Yataro, . : ‘ : . Tokio, Japan. 
Moore, Robert Bostwick, . ‘ : . Framingham. 
Newman, George Edward, . . Newbury. 
Noyes, Frank Frederick, . : . South Hingham. 
Parsons, Wilfred Atherton, . ; . Southampton. 
Rice, Thomas, 2d, . oo) a Shrewsbury. 
Shepardson, William hain, ; . Warwick. 
Shimer, Boyer Luther, . : ; : . Redington, Pa. 
Total, . ; ' F : ; : ; ‘ . 21 


Junior Class. 


Adams, George Albert, : ; . Winchendon. 
Alger, Isaac, Jr., . ; , ; : , Attleborough. 
Blair, James Roswell, . 4 ; ; . Warren. 

Bliss, Clinton Edwin, . . Attleborough. 
Coleord, Wallace Rodman, . : ; . Dover. 
Copeland, Arthur Davis, : . Campello. 
Crocker, Charles Stoughton, : . Sunderland. 
Davis, Franklin Ware, . ; . Tamworth, N. H. 
Hartwell, Burt Laws, . d : . Littleton. 


Hubbard, Dwight Lauson, . . ; . Ambherst. 


42 AGRICULTURAL 


Huse, Frederick Robinson, 
Hutchings, James Tyler, 
Kellogg, William Adams, 
Miles, Arthur Lincoln, . 
North, Mark Newell, 
Okami, Yoshiji, 
Sellew, Robert Pease, 
Whitney, Charles Albion, 
Total, . 


COLLEGE. (Jan, 


Winchester. 

Amherst. 

North Amherst. 

Rutland. 

Somerville. 

Tokio, Japan. 

East Longmeadow. 

Upton. 
, , 18 


Sophomore Class. 


Alger, George Ward, 
Barry, David, 

Braman, Samuel Noyes, 
Castro,-Arthur de Moraes e,. 
Coburn, Oscar Benneti, 
Dickinson, Dwight Ward, 
Felton, Truman Page, 
Frost, William Lawrence, 
Fuller, Edward Abijah, 
Goddard, George Andrew, 
Gregory, Edgar, 

Hallet, Charles Warren, 
Haskins, Henry Darwin, 
Herrero, José Maria, 

. Jones, Charles Howland, 
Loring, John Samuel, 


McCloud, Albert Carpenter, . 


Maynard, John Bowen, 
Mossman, Fred Way, 
Nourse, Arthur Merriam, 
Pearson, George Gowing, 
Plumb, Frank Herbert, 
Russell, Fred Newton, . 
Russell, Henry Lincoln, 
Simonds, George Bradley, 
Smith, Frederic Jason, . 
Stillings, Levi Chamberlain, 
Stowe, Arthur Nelson, . 
Stratton, Eddie Nathan, 
Taft, Walter Edward, 
Taylor, Fred Leon, 
Thayer, Bernard, 
West, John Sherman, 
Whitcomb, Nahum oad: 
Williams, Arthur Sanderson, 
Williams, Frank Oliver; 
Woodbury, Herbert Elwell, . 
Total, . 


West Bridgewater. 
Southwick. 
Wayland. 
Juiz de Fora, Minas, Brazil. 
Weston. 
Amherst. 
Berlin. 
Boston. 
North Andover. 
Turner’s Falls. 
Marblehead. 
Yarmouthport. 
North Amherst. 
Jovellanos, Cuba. 
Downer’s Grove, Ill. 
Shrewsbury. 
Amherst. 
Northampton. 
Westminster. 
Westborough. 
Reading. 
Westfield. 
Sunderland. 
Sunderland. 
Ashby. 
North Hadley. 
Medford. 
Hudson. 
Marlborough. 
Dedham. 
Amherst. 
Randolph. 
Belchertown. 
Littleton. 
Sunderland. 
Sunderland. 
Gloucester. 

sy bab 


l 


1888. ] 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 43 


Freshman Class. 


Arnold, Frank Luman, . 
Belden, Allan Montgomery... 
Bush, Edward, 

Brown, Walter Augustus, 
Carpenter, Malcolm Austin, . 
Davenport, Alfred Mortimer, 
DuBois, Cornelius McIlvaine, 
Eames, Aldice Gould, 

Felt, Ephraim Porter, 

Field, Henry John, 

Gay, Willard Weston, 
Horner, Louis Frederic, 
Hull, Henry Banks, 

Hull, John Byron, 

Hurley, Michael Edward, 
Johnson, Charles Henry, 
Legate, Howard Newion, 
Paige, Waiter Cary, 

Palmer, Herbert Walter, 
Phillips, John Edward Stanton, 
Pond, William Hollis, 
Richards, George Erwin, 
Ruggles, Murray, 
Russell, Edward Elias, . 
Sanderson, Harry Tilson, 
Sawyer, Arthur Henry, 
Shores, Harvey Tow], 
Tuttle, Henry Fessenden, 


Belchertown. 

East Whately. 
Boston. 

Feeding Hills. 
Leyden. 

Mé. Auburn. 

Keene Valley, N. Y. 
North Wilmington. 
Northborough. 
Leverett. 
Georgetown. 
Newton Highlands. 
Westport, Conn. 
Stockbridge. 
Amherst. 

Prescott. 
Sunderland. 
Arsherst. 

Littleton. 
Brooklyn, Conn. 


. . North Attleborough. 


Foxborough. 
Milton. 

Petersham. 
Leicester. 

Sterling. 

West Bridgewater. 
Westport, Conn. 


Wood, Augustus Roswell, . : : . Central Village. 
Peorou, . ; ; F d ; ; ; ‘ ; soe 


Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station. 
Allen, B. Se., Edwin West (Boston Univ.),. Amherst. 
Caldwell, B. Sc., William Hutson, . Peterborough, N. H. 
Carpenter, B. Sc., Frank Berton, . Leyden. 
Flint, B.Se., Edward Rawson (Boston wns); Boston. 
Green, B. Se., Samuel Bowdlear (Boston 
Dviy.), ¢ . ‘ ‘ ; : . Amherst. 
Phelps, B. Sc., Charles Shepard i 
i a Florence. 
Turnbull, Ernest ee diay. of New 


Brunswick), St. John, N. B. 


_ Wheeler, B. Sc., Homer Stage (Boston Univ.) Bolton. 


Total, : ; ; ; , oe 


Resident Graduates, 


Graduates of 1887, 
Senior Class alecake 9. /eeiy co 0s 


yo amiom Miles nibogh > ie, b 


Sophomore Gasp). 9 2s. 


. Shy A ‘ hy : ry 
Freshman Class, .. mele tt 
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45 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


| 1888.) 


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+. 


1888.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


SCHEDULE OF TERM EXERCISES. 


8.15 A.M. Chapel. 
8.80 A.M. Inspection of rooms, Sat. 
10.30 a.m. Church, Sun. 
2.00 P.M. Rhetoricals, W. 
415 Pm. Drill, M., W., F. 
CLASS EXERCISES. 
Senior. 
8.30 A.M. Comparative Anatomy. 
9.30 am. Chemistry, M., T., W., Th. 
10.30 a.m. Chemistry, M., T., W., Th.; Military Science, F. 
11.30 a.m. Mental Science. 
145 p.m. Live Stock, M., T., Th., F. 
2.00 p.m. Composition, W. 
' Junior. 
8.30 A.M. Mechanics, M., T.,W.; Farm Implements, Th., F. 
9.30 A.M. Rhetoric. . 
10.30 A.M. Zodlogy (Lab.) M., T., W., Th. 
11.30 a.m. Zodlogy (Lab.) M., T., W., Th. 
1.45pm. Market Gardening, M., T., Th., F. 
2.45 p.M. Market Gardening, T., Th. 
Sophomore. 
8.30 A.M. French. 
9.30 aM. Botany. 
10.30 a.m. Soils. 
11.30 a.m. Trigonometry, M., T., W., Th.; Military, F. (half term). 
ieee, Geolocy, M., T., Th., F. 
2.00 P.M. Composition, W. 
: Freshman. 
8.30 A.M. Chemistry. 
9.30 a.M. Climatology, M., T.; Latin, W., Th., F. 
10.30 a.m. Algebra. 
11.30 a.m. Botany. 
1.45 p.m. Declamation, F. 
2.00 p.m. Composition, W. 


FALL TERM. 


GENERAL EXERCISES. 


47 


8.15 A.M. 


8.30 A.M. 


10.30 A.M. 
2.00 P.M. 
4.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
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11.30 A.M. 


1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.15 A.M. 
8.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
2.00 P.M. 
4.15 P.M. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


WINTER TERM. 


GENERAL EXERCISES. 
Chapel. 
Inspection of rooms, Sat. 
Church, Sun. 
Rhetoricals, W. 
Drill, M., W., F. 


CLASS EXERCISES. 
Senior. 
Chemistry, M., T., W. 
Dairy Farming, M., T., W.; ; Meteorology, Th., F. 
Veterinary S Seicnee T., W., “Th, F.; Military Scipice M. 
Political Economy. 
Debate, W. 


Junior. 


English Literature. 


Chemistry (Lab.). 

Chemistry (Lab.). 

Agriculture, M., T.; Zoology, W., Th., F. 
Physics, M., T., Th., F. 

Composition, W. 


Sophomore. 


Human Anatomy and Physiology. 

French. 

Mixed Farming, M., T.; Mechanical Drawing, W., Th., F. _ 
Mechanical Drawing, Th., F.; Mensuration, M., T., W. 
Botany (Lab.), M., T., Th., F. 

Composition, W. 


Freshman. 


Free-hand Drawing, M., T., W. 

Free-hand Drawing, M., T., W. ie ie Tha Es 
Algebra and Geometry. 

Latin, T., W., Th., F.; Military, M. (half term). 
Meials, M., T., Th., F. 

Composition, W.. 


SPRING TERM. 


GENERAL EXERCISES. 
Chapel. 
Inspection of rooms, Sat. 
Church, Sun. 
Rhetoricals, W. 
Drill, M., W., F. 


1888.) 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30°A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 49 


CLASS EXERCISES. 
Senior. 
Agricultural Review, M., T., W. 
Geology, W., Th., F.; Military Science, M. 
Constitutional History. 
Chemical Industries, M., T., W. 
Composition, W. 


Junior. 
English Literature, M., T., W., Th. ; Special Crops, F. 
Chemistry (Lab.). 
Physics (first six weeks) ; Entomology (last four weeks). 


_Entomology. 


Forestry, etc., M., T., Th., F. 
Forestry, etc., T., Th. 
Composition, W. 


Sophomore. 
Horticulture, M., T., W., Th. 


-Horticulture, M., T., W., Th. 


French. 

Fertilizers. 

Surveying, M., T., Th., F. 
Surveying, M., T., Th. 
Composition, W. 


Freshman. 
Geometry, M., T., W.; Mineralogy, Th., F. 
Latin. 
Agriculture. 
Botany. 


Mineralogy, M., T. 
Composition, W. 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 


TEXT BOOKS. 


Barnarp — §‘ Talks about the Weather.” 
Packarp — ‘‘ Manual of Book-keeping.” 
Morton — ‘* Soil of the Farm.” 
GreGory — * Fertilizers.” 
Mires — ‘* Stock-breeding.” 
Gray — ** Manual of Botany.” 
Bessey — *‘ Botany for High Schools and Colleges.” 
FuLLEerR — ‘° Practical Forestry.” 
Maynarp — ‘‘ Practical Fruit-Grower.”’ 
Scorr — ** Rural Homes.” 
Avery — ‘‘ Elements of Chemistry.” 
Wiis — ‘** Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 
| WHEELER — ‘‘ Medical Chemistry.” | 
Dana — ** Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” 
Brusu — ‘** Determinative Mineralogy and Blow-pipe.” 
Guyor — ‘* Physical Geography.” 
We tis — ‘‘ University Algebra.” 
WENTWorTH — ‘‘ Geometry.” 
Wetis— ‘* Trigonometry.” 
Warner — ‘‘ Mensuration.” | 
Davies — ‘‘ Surveying.” 
Dana — ** Mechanics.” 
ATKINSON—Ganor — ‘* Physics.” 
Loomis — ‘* Meteorology.” 
Harkness — * Latin Grammar and New Reader.” 
Wuitney — ‘* French Grammar.” 
Genune — ‘‘ Practical Elements of Rhetoric.” 
KELLOGG — ‘* English Literature.”’ 
Porter — ‘‘ Elements of Intellectual Science.” 
WALKER — ‘‘ Political Economy.” 
Macy — ‘‘ Our Government.” 
- Wuirr — ‘‘ Progressive Art Studies.” Elementary and Instru- 
mental. 


To vive not only a practical, but a liberal education is the aim 
in each department; and the several courses have been so arranged 
as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition 


aie 


-1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 51 


and declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction 
in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. 
A certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the 
lessons of the recitation-room are practically enforced in the 
garden and field. Students are allowed to work for wages during 
such leisure hours as are at their disposal. Under the act by 
which the college was founded, instruction in military tactics is 
made imperative; and each student, unless physically debarred, 
is required to attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the 
direction of a regular army officer stationed at the college. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- 
mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra to quadratic equations, the 
Metric System, and the History of the United States. 

- Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire ad- 
mission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of 
age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of good 
character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are re- 
quested to furnish the Examining Committee with their standing 
in the schools they have last attended. ‘The previous rank of the 
candidate will be considered in admitting him. The regular ex- 
aminations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at nine 
o'clock A.m., on Wednesday, June 20, and on Tuesday, September 


4; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time 
in the year. 


DEGREES. 


- Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor 
of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massa- 
chusetts, who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, be- 
come members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive 
its diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming 
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_[Jan. 


EXPENSES. 
Tuition in advance — 
Fall term, . ; é rey Cr e ; $30 00 
Winter term, . ; 4 é { 5 25 00 . 
‘Summer term, . ; . : ; : 25 00 $80 00 $80 00 
Room rent, in advance, $5.00 to $16.00 per 
term, ; : ; : ; d : 15 00 48 00 
Board, $2.50 to $5.00 per week, : : 95 00 190 00 
Fuel, $5.00 to $15.00 per year, . : : . 5 00 15 00 
_ Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, . : 11 40 22 80 
Military suit, . ! ee yt ; ; Wit 1770 
Expense per year, . : i : $224 15 $373 55 


Board in clubs has been two dollars and fifty cents per week ; at 


the college boarding-house, three dollars and fifty cents ; in private. 


families, four to five dollars. The military suit must be obtained 


immediately upon entrance at college, and used in the drill exer- - 


cises prescribed. For the use of the laboratory in practical chem- 


istry there will be a charge of ten dollars per term used. Some ~ 


expense will also be incurred for lights and for text-books. 
Students whose homes are within the State of Massachusetts can 
in most cases obtain a scholarship by applying to the senator of 
the district in which they live. The outlay of money can be 
further reduced by work during leisure hours on the farm or in the 
botanic department. Applications should be made to the profes- 
sors in charge of said departments. The opportunities for work 
are more abundant during the fall and summer terms. 


SIZE OF ROOMS. 


For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 


following measurements are given: In the new south dormitory, 
the study-rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess 
seven feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven 
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. This building is heated 
by steam. In the north dormitory, the corner rooms are fourteen 
by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The 
inside rooms are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a 
half, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal-stove is 
furnished with each room. : 


k 
3 
4 


Jy > 
> 


1888.} PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 53 


, 
SCHOLARSHIPS. 


ESTABLISHED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS. 


Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Miss 
Mary Robinson of Medfield. 


Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton. 


Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Henry 
Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth. 


The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to 
worthy students requiring aid. 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free schol- 
arship for each of the congressional districts of the State. Appli- 
cations for such scholarships should be made to the representative 
from the district to which. the applicant belongs. The selection 
for these scholarships will be determined as each member of Con- 
gress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent in from 
the same district, a competitive examination would seem to be 
desirable. Applicarits should be good scholars, of vigorous con- 
stitution, and should enter college with the intention of remaining 
through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit connected 
with agriculture. 2 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, ‘That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four 
years, from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to 
enable the trustees of said colleye to provide, for the students of said 
institution, the theoretical and practical education required by its charter 
and the law of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free schol- 
arships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com- 


bd AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __ [Jan. 


monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by 
the president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then 
in office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships 
shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, if there shall 
be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any sena- 
torial district, such scholarships may be distrikuted by the president of 
the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but 


no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an 


examination in accordance with the rules to be established as hereinbe- 
fore provided. 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following Resolve, making 
perpetual the scholarships established : — 


Resolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty- 
six of the Resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be 
given and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter. 


In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission 
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar- 


ship. Blank forms of application will be furnished by the presi- 
dent. ; Rhy 


EQUIPMENT. 


AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


Zz 


For the equipment of this department, see the Farm Report, 
page, 13. 
BoTaNIcAL DEPARTMENT. 


Botanic Museum.—This contains the Knowlton Herbarium, 
consisting of over ten thousand species of plants from nearly all 


parts of the world; a collection of models of nearly all of the 


leading varieties of apples and pears; a large collection of speci- 
mens of wood, cut so as to show their individual structure; nu- 
merous models of tropical and other fruits ; specimens of abnormal 
and peculiar forms of stems, fruits, vegetables, etc. ; many inter- 
esting specimens of, unnatural growths of trees and plants, natural 
grafts, etc.; together with many specimens and models, prepared 


for illustrating the growth and structure of plants, and including . 
a model of the ‘‘ giant squash,” which raised by its expansive 


force the enormous weight of five thousand pounds. 
The Botanic Recitation-Room, in the same building, is provided 
with three thousand diagrams and charts illustrating structural 


—-1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 55 


and systematic botany ; also nine compound microscopes of R. B. 
Tolles’ make, with objectives, ranging from four inch to one-eighth 
inch focal length. In the study of structural botany, the students 
become familiar with the use of the compound microscope, and 
see the objects studied for themselves, special attention being 
given to the practical study of the structure and growth of the 
common plants, cultivated in the greenhouse, garden, or on the 
farm. 

Conservatories. —The Durfee Conservatory, the gift of the 
Hon. Nathan Durfee, and the adjoining propagating house, the 
gift of the Hon. William Knowlton, contain a large collection of 
plants especially adapted to illustrate the principles of structural, 
systematic, and economic botany, together with all the leading 
plants used for house culture, cut flowers, and out-door ornamenta- 

tion. Here instruction is given in methods of propagation, culti- 

-yation, training, varieties, etc., by actual practice, each student 
being expected to do all the different kinds of work in this 
department. ‘These houses are open at all times to the public and 
students, who may watch the progress of growth and methods of 
cultivation. 

Fruits. —The orchards, of ten to fifteen acres, contain all the 
standard varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, etc., 
in bearing condition. Several acres of small fruits are also grown 
for the markets. The vineyard, of one and one-half acres, con- 
tains from thirty to forty varieties of fully tested kinds of grapes. 
New varieties of all the above fruits are planted in experimental 
plats, where their merits are fully tested. All varieties of fruits, 
together with the ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants, are dis- 
tinctly labelled, so that students and visitors may readily study 
their characteristics. Methods of planting, training, pruning, cul- 
tivation, study of varieties, gathering and packing of fruits, etc., 
are taught by field exercises, the students doing a large part of the 
work in this department. 

Nursery. — This contains more than twenty-five thousand trees, 
shrubs, and vines in various stages of growth, where the various 
methods of propagating by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, 
pruning, and training of young trees are practically taught to the 
students. 

Garden. All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are 
grown in this department for market, furnishing ample illustration 
of the treatment of all market-garden crops, special attention being 
given to the selection of varieties and the growth of seed. The 
income from the sales of trees, plants, flowers, fruits, and vege- 
tables aids materially in the support of the department, and 


/ 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


furnishes illustrations of the methods of business, with which all 
students are expected to become familiar. 

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 
grown in the nursery; and plantations have been made upon the 
college grounds and on private property in the vicinity, in various 
stages of growth, affording good examples of this most important 
subject. A large grove in all stages of growth is connected with 
this department, where the methods of pruning forest trees and 
the management and preservation of forests can be illustrated. 


Natura History DEPARTMENT. 
The department of zoology is well supplied with microscopes 
and accessories necessary for the study of the lower forms of life 
and the tissue of the higher animals. The State collection of 


specimens illustrating the natural history of Massachusetts has 


been put on exhibition in the new cabinet, and is valuable for pur- 
poses of instruction. To this has recently been added a collection 
of skeletons, models, and stuffed animals, purchased from Prof. 
H. A. Ward, and a fine collection of corals presented by the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge. 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 


mechanics, and physics. For civil engineering there is an Eek- 
hold’s omnimeter, a solar compass, an engineer’s transit, a sur- 
veyor’s transit, two common compasses, two levels, a sextant, four 
chains, three levelling rods, and such other incidental apparatus 
as is necessary for practical field work. For mechanics there is a 
full set of mechanical powers, and a good collection of apparatus 
for illustration in hydrostatics, hydro-dynamics, and pneumatics. 
For physics, the apparatus is amply sufficient for illustrating the 
general principles of sound, heat, light, and electricity. Adjacent 
to a commodious lecture-room are a battery-room and the physical 
cabinet, to which latter has been lately added much valuable appa- 
ratus. 
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


This department has charge of instruction in general, agricult- 


ural, and analytical chemistry, and, at present, of that in mineral-’ 
ogy and chemical geology. For demonstration and practical work 


in these subjects, the department is equipped as follows : — 
For general chemistry, the lecture-room contains a series of 
thirty wall charts, illustrative of chemical processes on the large 


scale, a series of seven wall charts showing the composition of 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 57 


food materials, and a collection of apparatus for demonstration on 
the lecture table. For agricultural chemistry there is on hand a 
good typical collection of raw and manufactured materials, illus- 
trating fertilization of crops and the manufacture of fertilizers, a 
partial collection of grains and other articles of foods, and of their 
proximate constituents. For analytical chemistry there is a labo- 
ratory for beginners, in a capacious room, well lighted and venti- 
lated, and furnished with fifty-two working tables, each table being 
provided with sets of reagents, wet and dry, a fume chamber, 
water, gas, drawer, and locker, the whole arranged on an improved 
plan; a laboratory for advanced students, with eight tables, and 
provided with gas, water, fume chambers, drying baths, furnaces, 
two Becker analytical balances, and incidental apparatus. Both 
laboratories are supplied with collections of natural and artificial 
products used in analytical practice. For instruction in mineral- 
ogy, use is made of the larger chemical laboratory. A small 
collection of cabinet specimens, and a collection of rough speci- 
mens for work in determinative mineralogy serve for practical 
study. For instruction in chemical geology, the laboratory pos- 
sesses a collection of typical cabinet specimens. 


TYBRARY. . 


This now numbers sixty-four hundred and eighty-five volumes, 
having been increased during the year, by gift and purchase, nine 
hundred and eighty-five volumes. It has been moved into the new 
library building, and is made available to the general student for 
reference or investigation. It is especially valuable as a library 
of reference, and no pains will be spared to make it complete in 
the departments of agriculture, horticulture, and botany, and the 
natural sciences. It is open a portion of each day for consulta- 
tion, and an hour every evening for the drawing of books. 


PRIZES. 


RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


The prizes heretofore offered by Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., 
will this year be given by Hiram Kendall of the class of 1876. 
These prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are 
open to competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the 
Sophomore and Freshman classes. 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- 
sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize and a second prize, 
to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of Geo. B. 
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be paid in 
cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass 
the best oral and written examination in theoretical and practical 
agriculture. 

| Hirrs Boranicat Prizes. 


For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1887, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best 
a prize of ten dollars; also, a prize of five dollars for the best col- 
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection 
of dried plants from the college farm. 


Tue CLARK PRIZE. 


A prize of thirty dollars is offered annually for excellence in 
human anatomy and physiology. as exhibited in a written exami- 
nation, and will be awarded to the writer judged worthy of such 
distinction. The prize is named in memory of the late Henry 
James Clark, the eminent biologist, who was the first professor of 
natural history at the college. 


The prizes in June, 1887, were awarded as follows : — 

Kendall Rhetorical Prizes. —1. Arthur M. Nourse of West- 
borough, class of 1890; 2. Herbert E. Woodbury of Gloucester, 
class of 1890. 1. Levi C. Stillings of Medford, class of 1891; 
2. Nahum H. Whitcomb of Littleton, class of 1891. 

Grinnell Agricultural Prizes.—1. William H. Caldwell of 
Peterborough, N. H., class of 1887; 2. Charles L. Marshall of 
Lowell, class of 1887. 

Hills Botanical Prizes. —1. Charles L. Marshall of Lowell, 
elass of 1887; Fred H. Fowler of North Hadley, class of 1887. 

Clark Prize. — David Barry of Southwick, class of 1890. 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 
Students are required to attend prayers every week day at 8.15 
A.M., and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.50 
A.M., unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made 


1888. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 59 


to attend divine service elsewhere. Further opportunities for 
moral and religious culture are afforded by a Bible class taught at 
the close of the Sunday morning service, and by religious meetings 
held on Sunday afternoon and during the week, under the auspices 
of the Young Men’s Christian Union. 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston and Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s 
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central 
Massachusetts Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the Con- 
necticut River Railroad and with the New Haven and Northamp- 
ton Railroad. 

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one 
of the finest views in New England. The large farm of three 
hundred and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native 
forests, gives the student the freedom and the quiet of a country 
home. 


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NDIX. 


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62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


DIFFERENCES IN DAIRY PRODUCTS. 
By HENRY E. ALVORD. 


Milk is a fluid, and has been so regarded from time immemorial. 
It has been bought and sold by liquid measure. And in referring 
to the use of milk it is ordinarily spoken of as a fluid. We say 
commonly that we drink milk, and rarely speak of eating it. Yet 
milk is food rather than drink. It is the perfect food provided by 
Nature for the young of the most important grand division of the 
animal kingdom. And we know it is largely consumed as food by 
human beings of all ages. It is, then, as a food that milk, and 
chiefly the milk of the cow, is so conspicuous in commerce and in 
domestic economy. But our first idea of human food is a solid 
substance ; and although some food appears in a liquid form, it is 
valued for the solid matter it contains. Milk is no exception. It 
is a fluid because largely composed of water; but all its other 
constituent parts are solids, and they are what give milk its food 
value. Some of these constituents, the curd or caseine, the 
sugar and the salts or mineral matter, are dissolved in water ; 
other parts, the fats, are in semi-solid particles, held in suspen- 
sion in the fluid, causing the opaque appearance. So milk is at 
once a solution and an emulsion. (By ‘‘ emulsion,” a word itself 
meaning milk-like, we intend to describe a physical mixture of 
different substances like oil and water, which do not form a 
chemical union.) To thoroughly understand milk, its composi- 
tion and value, it must, therefore, be examined chemically and 
physically. | 

Chemical examination reveals the fact that milk varies greatly 
in its composition, or, rather, in the relative quantity of its parts. 
By carefully evaporating the water we secure all the other parts, 
and these collectively are called the ‘‘ total solids” of the milk. 
The fat may then be easily separated from the rest and its quan- 
tity determined, the remainder being what are known as ‘‘ the 
solids not fat.” These, in turn, are usually separated into case-_ 
ine, sugar and salt, or ash. The notable differences in milk are 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 63 


in the proportion of fat to other solids, and of the total solids to 
the water. The range of total solids is from below 11 per cent. to 
above 20 per cent. It is unusual, however, to find pure milk 
from a healthy cow with much less than 12 per cent. solids, and 
over 16 per cent. is also uncommon. ‘The highest record found 
for a single cow is 23.43 per cent., and the lowest, 10.55 per 
cent., the former a Jersey and the latter a Holstein; and the 
highest for a herd, for any length of time, is 15.45 per cent., for a 
herd of registered Jerseys in the State of New Jersey, tested for 
one full year, and the lowest, 11.77 per cent., for forty-five 
Dutch cattle at Proskau, for over two years, as reported by Dr. 
Schmoeger in the ‘‘ Milch Zeitung,” for 1881. The range of fat 
is even greater, proportionally, being from 2 per cent., or even 
less, to 12 per cent. But 3 per cent. is as low as allowable for 
pure milk from a well-kept tow, and anything over 6 per cent., 
maintained for any length of time, is very rare. The fats of milk 
being included in the solids and the most variable portion, we 
naturally find most fat with the most solids, and the lowest fat 
with the lowest total solids, and vice versa. The highest and 
lowest records of fat which I have seen for single cows are 12.53 
and 2.70 per cent., being the same animals previously referred to 
as showing the extreme for total solids. Both were examined at 
the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. The highest and 
the lowest for a herd, 5.53 and 2.82 per cent., respectively, for 
Jerseys and Holsteins. 

Physical examination, chiefly with a microscope, shows the 
condition in which the fat is held in the serum or fluid, and dem- 
onstrates great differences, in this particular, in the milk of differ- 
ent cows. The fat is found in globular form, myriads of these 
minute globules floating at will, in the otherwise colorless fluid, 
and giving to milk a physical character and quality quite distinct 
from its chemical quality. The main differences in these fat 
globules are in their average size and their uniformity of size as 
seen in different milks. It requires from 1,500 to 10,000 of these 
fat globules, placed side by side, to cover an inch in length; from 
6,000 to 7,000 is a fair average. Sometimes, but not often, elob- 
ules are found as large as 1-1000th of an inch in diameter, and in 
most milk there are those so minute as to be called granules, to 
distinguish them, and which are 1-25000th of an inch, or less, in 
diameter. Dr. Sturtevant, as the result of thousands of examina- 
tions, reported the average size of the fat globule in Jersey milk 
as 1-5252d of an inch, and in Ayrshire milk 1-7080th of an 
inch; the average size for Dutch or Holstein milk was still smaller. 
The larger the fat globules in any milk, the easier and quicker they 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


separate from the fluid, and the more difficult it is to remix the 
parts; that is, the cream and the skim-milk. I quote from Dr. 
Sturtevant on this subject of the differences in milk as regards its 
physical character: ‘‘ The globule of the milk of the Jersey breed 
is larger than that of other breeds examined, and there are fewer 
granules ; as a result, the cream rises with considerable rapidity, 
and so completely as to leave a very blue skim-milk, which does 
not readily remix with the cream. ‘The milk of the Ayrshire breed 
furnishes a globule intermediate in size between the Jersey and 
the Dutch, and a predominant feature is the presence of numer- 
ous granules, or extremely small globules, which give a white 
rather than a blue appearance to the skim-milk. Of the three 
breeds we are considering, the Dutch or American-Holstein pre- 
sents the smallest globule to its milk. The globules are more 
uniform in their size than in the Ayrshire milk, and there are fewer 
granules. The cream, on account of the uniformity of size of the 
globules, rises completely, making the skim-milk appear blue, and 
on account of their small size, the cream can be readily mixed with 
the skim-milk by shaking.” Prof. Arnold adds, on this point: 
‘¢ The milk of Devons closely resembles that of Jerseys; the milk 
of native cows is usually similar to that of Ayrshires, and the milk 
of Shorthorn cows somewhat resembles that of the Dutch, but the 
globules are larger and not so uniform in size and quality.” 
Investigations in another direction have determined what may 
be called either physiological or hygienic differences in milk. ‘The 
character of the solids, and particularly of the fats and caseine, 
appears to differ as regards digestibility. It is believed by some 
that the caseine is more or less in a solid form, instead of all dis- 
solved, and that this solid portion varies greatly in different milks. 
This variation makes one milk much more wholesome, or easier of 
digestion, than another, which becomes a matter of importance in 
the case of infants and invalids. Furthermore, milk differs in the 
matter of color. Some cows, as a part of their animal economy, 
have the power of secreting, in various parts of the body, an 
orange-colored pigment. This coloring matter has a special affi- 
nity for the fatty tissues, and appears in the fats of the milk. In 
this respect, as stated, cows differ greatly, and the matter of color 
seems to have no relation whatever to the quantity or other quali- 
ties of milk. Itis certain that color is in no respect an indica- 
tion of the quantity of fat in a milk, or of the butter that milk 
will produce. Erroneous views on this point have led to undue 
value being placed on high-colored milk and cows producing such. 
Repeated trials have shown that cows whose bodies and milk 
are destitute of this often-prized quality yield milk richer in the 


1888.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 65 


quantity and quality of butter produced from it than other cows 
specially selected for their high development of this peculiar at- 


_ tribute of color. 


Although the variations in milk, as described, appear more or 
less among cows of the same breed, and more decidedly among 
animals of mixed blood, it has been well established that the con- 
trast is most marked between pure-bred cows of the several recog- 
nized dairy breeds of cattle. ‘The differences in the milk from 
these breeds is so positive as to be regarded as characteristic of 
the breeds themselves. Thus, high medical authority pronounces 
the Ayrshire milk to have special hygienic properties which adapt 
it, above all others, to the use of infants and invalids. The pre- 
dominating feature of Guernsey milk is the deep orange color 
which becomes imparted to the butter. The cattle of Holland and 
Holstein are noted for yielding enormous quantities of milk, very 
low in fat and other solids, but of such physical character as to 
make it the best of all to transport long distances and maintain an 
even quality for retail city delivery. And the Channel Island 
cattle —the Guernseys and Jerseys — give the highest per cent. 
of fat and total solids, together with high color. The differences 
which are to be found in milk and the products of milk are, then. 
mainly a difference of breeds. 'The study of the characteristics of 
the milk of different breeds of cattle has, therefore, a direct prac- 
tical bearing, and becomes of interest to all consumers who are 
discriminating buyers, and to all producers whose business sense 
leads them to take every advantage of a discriminating market. 
Heretofore there has been difficulty in pursuing this study because 
of the lack of sufficient data. In the old records, of which there 
is a great mass, we have widely varying results from the examina- 
tion of milk, cheese and butter; but they are valueless as bearing 
on the question of breed, because rarely, if ever, do such records 
give any history of the origin of the substances examined. Facts 
of a more complete and satisfactory character have been accumu- 
lating of late years, however, and while it is not unlikely that 
further data will cause some modification of existing averages, 
and the deductions to be made from them, we have now enough 
to at least make a very interesting subject for study and to lead to 
some well-defined conclusions. 

My attention has been attracted, for two or three years, by the 
discussions of human foods, and the different ways of comparing 
them. - I have been specially interested in noting the high position 
occupied by dairy products as economical articles of food. And 
this paper was suggested by, and is mainly based upon, certain 
tables, with their explanations, which are to be found in the pro- 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ceedings of recent meetings of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science. Those relating to the differences of 
milk — or rather the variation in the food value of different milks, 
and comparing dairy products in this respect with other articles of 
food — were presented in the Economic Section of the Association, 
and the one on variations in butter was presented in the Chemical 
Section, and also contributed to the last meeting of the Society for 
Promoting Agricultural Science, and published in its proceedings 
for 1887. With such endorsement, we may rely upon the accuracy 
and value of these data, and may deduct some important facts from 
their consideration. | 

The tables to which attention is first invited were prepared 
two years ago, in connection with a discussion of ‘‘ the food ques- 
tion,” to illustrate the ‘‘ Relative Values of Human Foods,” upon 
the basis of their chemical composition. They have been amplified 
and rearranged within the past year, separating the long list of 
dairy products from the other foods, and giving a new title suited 
to my present use of them. (Table illustrating the Differences in 
Dairy Products, and comparing the latter with various other stand- 
ard foods.) The figures, as presented to the American Associa- 
tion, remain unchanged, and they represent a very large number 
of authentic analyses. In relation to every article named, the 
composition on which its value is based is the average of all 
analyses of like articles of undoubted history which could be 
found recoided, upon reliable authority, up to the first of July, 
1B Sih ois 

There are different ways of comparing human foods, upon the 
score of economy. If one attempts to consider at once their 
digestibility, chemical composition and usual cost, besides other 
conditions which should not be ignored, —nervine properties, for 
example, —the problem becomes very complex. It is hard to 
define the average human stomach, and we are so much in the dark 
on the questions of actual digestion and assimilation of different 
forms of food that it is safer to drop that factor than to include it. 
At all events it is better to approach the subject by stages; and 
in this instance we consider, in combination, the chemical knowl- 
edge of foods and their market prices. The basis of comparison 
is all important. The necessity is apparent of separating foods 
into two grand divisions, animal and vegetable, and of selecting a 
basis for each. It is needless to here fully explain the manner in — 
which these tables were prepared. For the details, reference is 
made to the original form of publication. (Vol. xxxiv, Amer. 
Assoc. Advancement of Science, 1885, page 504.) The state- 
ment is sufficient, now, that pure lard, at 12 cents per pound, and 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 67 


average ox-beef, flesh free from the bone, at 16 cents per pound, 
taken as the basis, gives the average cost of the nutrients in 
animal foods as 72 cents per pound for protein, 12 cents for fats, 
and 7 cents for carbo-hydrates. This assumes the proper ratio 
between fats and carbo-hydrates to be 1.75 to 1; so that to com- 
bine these two, the quantity or per cent. of fat in any analyses is 
multiplied by 1.75 and added to the carbo-hydrates. For vege- 
table foods, the potato, at 60 cents per bushel, or 1 cent a pound, 
is the basis, and the value of vegetable protein thus fixed at 10 
cents per pound, and of carbo-hydrates at 4 cents per pound. 

Based upon these values, the following tables have been com- 
piled. They give the chief nutrients, the computed value, and the 
average price, approximately, of 100 pounds of about thirty differ- 
ent dairy products, and, for comparison, an equal number of other 
common articles of food, one-third animal and the rest vegetable. 
A column is added at the right of each table, indicating by the — 
signs plus (-++-) and minus (—), whether the usual selling price, as 
stated, is more or less than the computed food value. 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Table Illustrating the Differences in Dairy Products, and Com- 
paring the Latter with various other Standard Food Products. 


MILK FROM VARIOUS DIFFERENT -ound Pounds Averag “pri 
Duanns oF Cows, wm | browm | ,cu™e,,] Computed | tankst | Greater or 
BR AM a We pa dae in 100 100 pounds.|, tice Per Less than 
BUTTER, CHEESE, ETC pounds. pounds. 100 pounds.| Value. 
Cow’s milk, chemists’ stand- | 
ard? : 5 : : 4.00 | 10.62 | $3 62} $3 25| —a 
Cow’s milk, enya all 
analyses, . ; a Bile) 1123 ee op 24 279 | —b 
Milk of Galloway cow, : 5.36 8.86 4 45 325 | —a 
of Bengalicow, . : 5.19 | 10.07 4 44 - _ 
of Devon cow, . ‘ ANS) e A2:56 4 O2 325 | —a 
of Jersey cow, . : 3.98 | 13.88 3 82 350 | —e 
of Guernsey cow, j 3.97 | 13.63 3 81 350 | —e 
of Brittanycow,  . aay L089 3 76 ~ 
of Danish cow, . Z 5:90) lif), 69 3 56 eS = 
of Ayrshire cow, ; 3.76 | 11.65 3 04 325| —a 
of Shorthorn cow, OMA? 1183 DB 52 325| —a 
of Kerry cow, 3.40 | 10.96 | 3 21 - - 
of Dexter (Irish) cow, 3.39 | 11.05 3 20 ~ - 
of Holstein cow, ouke) O67 2 95 3825] +a 
of Hollander cow, 3.03 | 10.65 2 93 3825) +a 
of Fribourg cow, 2.84 | 11.68 2 86 300; +d 
of Dutch cow, 218 \° Vie 2 80 300; +d 
Goats’ milk, 3.80 | 12.98 3 65 — = 
Sheeps’ milk, . 7.12 | 14.67 6 15 - - 
Skim-milk (cow’s) 3.06 6.15 2 63 177) —e 
Buttermilk, . : 5 3.78 5.89 3 13 177 | —e 
Condensed milk, . ‘ . | 16.07°| 60.06 | 15° 77") 2000 tiie 
Cream, average, . 3.70 | 48.51 6 06; 12 50) + 
Butter, average of all, 0.86 | 146.15 | 10 67 |) 25 00] + 
Butter, Jersey, 5 : tO) | 1522s Tyra 30 00 -|- 
Butter, Ayrshire, ‘ » |) D400) 151.81 | 11 42 ee re 
Buiter, Holstein,. | 2.65 | 148.55 | 11 82] 25 00) + 
Cheese, full cream average, | 27.16 | 55.78 | 23 46 | 15 00] — 
Cheese, pure Jersey milk, . 28.18 | 64.81; 24 48} 15 00} — 
Cheese, half-skim, . | 27.62 | 38.92)) 22.61.) ate ee 
Cheese, skim-milk, . . | 82.65 | 21.50 | 25 OL) eae 
Cheese, whey, . ; : 890) 00.91)) ties _ - 


NoTre.—a, at rate of 7 cents per quart; 6, 6 cents per quart; c, 8 cents per 
quart; d, 64 cents per quart; e, 4 cents per quart. 


1888. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 69 


Table Illustrating the Differences in Dairy Products, and Comparing 
the Latter with various other Standard Food Products. 


Pounds 


STANDARD ARTICLES OF st a bedegea ee nex ‘Market pee 

HumAN Foop. oande. kis 100 100 pounds. hoo noe ae. than 
Beef, without bone, — av’ge, 21.39 9.08 | $16.32 | $16.32 | — 
Veal, medium fat, 18.88 13.89 14.57 15.00 | + 
Mutton, fat, . : 5 ; 14.80 63.73 15.12 15.00 | — 
Pork, fat, : : , ‘ 14.54 65.35 15.04 13.00 | — 
Fow1, domestic, . : 3 18.49 17.54 14.54 16.00 | + 
Hens’ eggs, . . : ; 12.55 21.74 10.56 10.65 | +f 
Salmon, |. ; : : 13.10 12.67 10.32 30.00 | = 
Mackerel, . : : ‘ 23.42 Téa) 17.69 10.00 | — 
Codfish, dried, . f 17.90 2.25 13.05 8.00 | — 
Oysters, : ’ 4.95 3.27 3.97 | 10.00 | + 
Fine wheat flour, ‘ ; 8.91 76.12 3.94 3.00 | — 
Coarse wheat flour, : : 11.27 75.79 4.16 2.50 | — 
Oat meal, . i ‘ i 15.50 74.37 4.52 3.00 | — 
Corn meal, : . 12.17 78.02 4.55 1.50 | — 
Fine wheat bread, : ; 6.82 53.69 2.83 4.00 | + 
Coarse wheat bread, ; 2 6.23 51.32 2.67 3.00 | + 
Potatoes, . ; . . es] 20.84 1.01 100 | — 
Rice, . ; : : 1.81 76.61 3.24 6.00) + 
Beans, . 1 4 , ; 23.56 52.10 4,44 400} — 
Pease, ; . , , ; 22.63 56.25 4.51 5.00 | + 
Cabbage, . : , ; 2.95 9.24 0.66 1.00; + 
Onions, : ; : : 1.68 10.99 0.61 2.00 | -- 
Tomatoes, . : : : 1.25 4.66 0.31 2.00} + 
Sugar, fromcane,. : 0.35 | 96.73 3.90 6.00 | + 
Honey, ‘ 2 ; ; hag 81.43 3.39 25.00 | + 
Apples, : , f 39 13.74 0.59 1.50) + 
Dried apples, . ; 1.06 | 55.97 2.35 - so 
Peaches,,, . ; : 5 0.65 12.57 0.57 - + 
Strawberries, . ; ; 1.07 8.48 0.45 - ote 
Grapes, : NS a i 0.74 - - 
Banana, yellow, hard,. ‘ 1.41 | 380.85 1.23 - -}- 
Banana, Paley Tipe, : . ; 4.82 | . 20.96 1.32 - + 


Norte. —f, 16 cents per dozen. 


Certain general explanations and remarks should be made in 
regard to these tables before referring to any special points of 
interest. In each table the first column gives the name of the 
article of food to which the figures on the same line apply. The 
remaining columns in the two tables are duplicates in their head- 
ings and objects. The column headed ‘‘ Protein” gives in pounds 
and hundreths of a pound the average quantity found in one hun- 
dred pounds of the article named. By ‘‘ protein” is meant that 
class of compounds, the most importantof all the ingredients of food, 
whose four elements are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and especially 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


nitrogen (with, perhaps, a little sulphur or phosphorus). Under 
the head of protein are, therefore, included what are variously 
called albuminoids, gelatinoids, nitrogenous parts, and proteids ; 
the most familiar example of which is the albumen, or ‘‘ white” 
of eggs. The next column, headed ‘‘ Carbo-hydrates,” gives 
likewise the quantity of this class of nutrients in one hundred 
pounds, expressed in pounds and decimals. These substances 
include sugar, starch, dextrin, digestible woody fibre, etc., which, 
as well as fats, are composed of the three elements, carbon, 
oxygen and hydrogen. It should be especially noted that in these 
tables, to save a column and simplify their appearance, special 
columns ‘for fat have been omitted, and the fats have been in- 
cluded in the columns of carbo-hydrates, being first reduced to an 
equivalent on the ratio previously stated. This accounts for the 
apparent anomaly of the figures in this column, in some cases, — 
butter, for example, — indicating more than one hundred pounds 
of carbo-hydrates in a hundred pounds of the article named (! ). 
The explanation is as given,—that the fat, having the higher 
nutritive value, has been multipled by 1.75 before adding to the 
carbo-hydrates proper. The reason undoubtedly was, that the 
nutritive parts of food are commonly, if not correctly, classed as 
flesh-forming and heat-producing, or life-sustaining. Fats and 
carbo-hydrates both belong to the latter class, and hence are 
expressed in combination. In these tables, therefore, the protein 
columns represent flesh-forming parts of the food, and the carbo- 
hydrates columns, heat-producing. (It is a recognized fact that 


this last classification is defective in several particulars, but espe-. 


cially because the protein of food may be changed in the body 
into fats and carbo-hydrates, and serve, as do the latter, for fuel 
in sustaining animal heat and life.) These two columns are based 
upon fixed facts, determined by chemical research, and not liable 
to change, although slight modifications may result from adding 
new analyses, and the articles may, in the course of time, while 
maintaining the same name, acquire new characteristics. ‘The 
next column, headed ‘‘ Value,” is based upon those before, with 
the rates assigned for protein and carbo-hydrates, per pound, in 
animal and vegetable substances, and thus gives the actual value of 
the nutrients in one hundred pounds each of the foods named, com- 
puted upon their chemical composition. If exceptions are taken 
to the assumed prices of the basic articles, it is manifest that by 
a simple calculation, based upon existing market rates, the columns 
of food values may be easily reconstructed to suit any given lo- 


cality. As the figures stand, however, they are relatively correct, — 
and serve our purpose better, in comparing different foods, than / 


: 
} 
fh 


1888. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 71 


do those of the previous columns. The columns headed ‘‘ Average 
Market Price” are simply for illustration, and will vary more or 
less with time and place. The purpose of the signs in the right- 
hand columns have already been explained. 

It may be noticed that the tables do not include the mineral 
constituents of food, which are usually denominated the ash. No 
diet is complete without some mineral ingredients, and in milk for 
babes these are an important factor. But sooner or later after we 
begin to crawl, — and sooner rather than later, — we all, it is said, 
*¢ eat our peck of dirt,” so that this omission may be regarded as 
unimportant, and, perhaps, be thus accounted for. 

For the single object of showing the differences in dairy pro- 
ducts, and hence, for this occasion, we should have found it more 
satisfactory to place the fats in a separate column, and also have 
a column of total solids. But I thought it best to use the tables as 
originally published, rather than change any figures. 

At this point, attention is especially invited to the demonstra- 
tion given by these tables of the cheapness, when compared with 
their nutritive value, of nearly all dairy products (butter excepted). 
Skim-milk, buttermilk and cheese, at their usual retail prices, are 
cheaper, as nutritious food, than any other article on the list, and 
are approached in this respect only by fresh mackerel and dried 
codfish. Butter is an exception, and, while it unquestionably 
serves special purposes in the human diet, if must, upon the basis 
of its chemical composition, be regarded as a delicacy or luxury, 
and not as a food. It ordinarily costs two or three times its real 
food value, and often more. Of the more solid foods not specially 
perishable, nothing begins to compare, in cheapness, with cheese. 
What shall be said of the domestic economy of America, where 
more butter and less cheese are consumed, per capita, than in any 
other nation in our zone? And what of the wisdom of the law- 
makers, in some of our States and great cities, who, to escape the 
difficulties of regulating the milk traffic, utterly ignore the vital 
question of cheap and wholesome food for the poor, and, sanc- 
tioned even by boards of health, absolutely prohibit the sale of 
skimmed-milk, and actually authorize the destruction of all that 
can be found! 

Now, let the consideration be confined to that part of the first 
table which relates to milk. Great differences are here shown in 
the composition, and hence the value, of the average milk of cows of 
different breeds. It is worthy of notice that the milks which, as 
- shown in the column for carbo-hydrates, have the most fat, are, as 

a rule, also the richest in protein, or curd. This table indicates 

at once the breeds of cattle whose milk we should buy, if con- 


—————L——— ae rl UO 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


sumers, and which we should keep, to be the producers of milk of 
high quality. The milk of the chemists’ standard, ‘‘ average cow’s 
milk’? (as determined by very many analyses), and of all the 
breeds enumerated, except four, usually sells for less than its 
computed value. Four breeds, all of the same general class of 
stock, yield milk so low in its nutrients that it is, on the average, 
not worth the prices at which it usually sells. This difference in 
value would be still more marked, if the same selling price was 
assigned to all milk, but special allowance is made in the table for 
higher prices for milk of exceptional richness, and low prices for . 
that of poorest quality. 

Manifestly, we do not buy milk, and we are foolish if we produce 
it, for the water it contains. The greater the proportion of water, 
the poorer, less valuable the milk. It is the solid portion, and 
that only, which gives milk its food value, and I firmly believe the 
time is near at hand when its commercial value will be fixed by the 
total solids. Indeed, a system of grading milk according to its 
solids, and selling it at different prices, fixed by its quality, has 
already been inaugurated by at least one enterprising milk-dealer 
in Philadelphia. To illustrate: compare the milk of one of the 
breeds of high quality, and one of those of a low standard, with 
the general average. We will take the fourth from the top, the 
Jersey, and the fourth from the bottom, the Holstein, as being - 
familiar breeds, and expand the figures of the table, to give the 
full average analyses : — 


A 


KIND OF MILK. Water. | Solids. ca Fat. “Sugar. Ash. ee 
Maximum, Jersey, . | 85.18 | 14.82} 3.98) 5.06] 5.03] .75| $3 82 


Mean, Average of all, . | 87.31| 12.69| 3.41) 3.66] 4.92| .70| 3 24 


Minimum, Holstein, . | 87.92} 12.08; 3.15) 3.30) 4.90] .73] 2 95 


A graphic illustration is more satisfactory than the mere figures. 
Three sets of glass jars, six in each, can be prepared so as to show 
respectively the component parts of one gallon of each of the three 
grades of milk represented by the figures in the table just above, 
and thus strikingly exhibit the difference in composition of these 
representative samples of milk. 

The question may be asked: Is not this theoretical? Not at. 
all! Excepting the single item of the relative nutritive value of 
fats and carbo-hydrates, everything about these tables is fact, — 


————— ee eC TU —“—~; ; 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 73 


simply the condensed record on innumerable facts, determined by 
many careful men, working through a long term of years. 

Is this not all scientific work? Yes, it is, mainly, the work of 
scientific men. But if the word ‘‘ science,” which to some is so 
repugnant, is, as it ought to be, interpreted as meaning simply the 
truth, or, as Davy so well defined it, as ‘‘ common-sense, refined 
and classified,” there seems no reason why these records should not 
be accepted by the most ‘‘ practical” man. While I have the most 
profound regard for science and scientific methods, I measure the 
value of both solely by their practical results. And I believe that 
the statements thus far made herein, accord perfectly with practi- 
cal experience. They are fully substantiated by the facts devel- 
oped in the dairy farming of this country, at the present time, and 
by its allied industry and commerce. 

So far recorded facts. But now, when we come to a discussion 
of.the lessons they teach, and seek for examples in practice, we 
necessarily reopen ‘‘ the battle of breeds.” Only facts which can 
easily be authenticated will be given, and comparisons will be fairly 
made, but it will be impossible to occupy strictly neutral ground. 
The question is, Which cattle produce the best milk, — the best to 
sell, and the best to buy? I will not attempt to further argue that 
the best milk is the most profitable, for seller as well as for buyer. 
We will take the most familiar rival dairy breeds, —the Holstein- 
Friesians (as now called) and the Jerseys. According to the 
chemists, the average milk of Holstein cows has but 12.08 per cent. 
of solids, including 3.30 per cent. of fat. This would barely escape 
the lowest legal standards that are justifiable. It will readily be 
understood that the probability is, that more of the milk of cows 
of known breeding has been from animals above the average qual- 
ity, rather than below. Do practical results sustain the testimony 
of chemistry? Within two years, I have personally known of two 
herds of highly-bred Holstein-Friesian cattle, many of them im- 
ported, and valued as better than the average of their breed, 
owned in two different States, by men of absolute integrity, and 
yet both these owners have suffered the penalty of the law, because 
the milk sold from their herds, and which they insisted was pure 
milk from their fine cows, fell below the local standard in their re- 


spective States. The case of Uriah Borten, of Rancocas, N. J., 


the facts of which have been given to the public, is another of a 
similar nature. I know of the case of a substantial dairy farmer, 
who made his whole living from his farm, and who sold off a prof- 
itable dairy herd of mixed blood, and replaced them with Holsteins, 
in which he invested all his savings. He did well in the sales of 
cattle, became a large importer, and one of the most highly esteemed 


‘ 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


expert judges of the ‘‘ blacks and whites” in his section of the 
country. Lately he surprised his neighbors by selling out his pure- 
bred cattle, stocking his farm with grade Jerseys, and resuming 
his old dairy business. Upon being asked to explain, he stated that 
he was unwilling to continue selling to other people, as fine dairy 
stock, animals which in his own practice had proved to be unprofit- 
able; that he had lost, by keeping Holsteins as his dairy herd, 
about as much as he had made trading in them, and resolved to 
return to stock that could be kept at a profit. Another case, with 
the details of which I am familiar, is this: A man, whose name 
you would all recognize, owns a large farm near one of our princi- 
pal cities, well adapted for milk production. He had a stock of 
Jerseys and grade Jerseys, and mixed-bloods, or ‘‘ natives,” and 
bought a good milk route, on which he disposed of their products. 
The demand soon exceeded his supply, and, upon the advice of 
friends, he purchased Holstein-Friesians to increase his herd. 
Fancying the fine, large animals newly acquired, and having ample 
means, he sold off all but three or four of his Jersey cows, and, 
with this exception, stocked up entirely with Holsteins, buying at 
high prices from several of the most celebrated breeders in 
America. Almost immediately his milk route began to run down, 
and he had nearly lost his whole trade before he became satisfied 
of his mistake, and began to sell Holsteins and buy Jerseys. 
Now I see his name, every few weeks, as the buyer of registered 
Jerseys, from the most noted deep-milking families. I was lately 
told by the farmer of this gentleman, that the latter had become 
fully convinced as to which breed of cows gave the best milk, and 
were the ones best adapted to a profitable milk-selling business: 
Our table gives, for average Holstein milk, total solids, 12.08, and 
fats, 3.30. Not long ago I saw the record of the analyses of 
twelve samples of milk, from five exceptionally fine Holstein 
cows, —none better anywhere, —and one or more being at the 
time of examination specially fed to produce rich milk for a butter 
trial. The work was done by an eminent chemist, and the average 
result was, total solids, 10.93, and fats, 2.84. Analyses of the 
milk of a herd of Holsteins near Philadelphia, given by the own- 
ers, in 1884, averaged for total solids, for April, 11.33; May, 
11.59; June, 11.64,— all on liberal rations of substantial and 
good milk-producing food. At the State Experiment Station in 
Wisconsin, examinations of Holstein milk gave total solids, 11.28, 
and fat, 2.88. For three consecutive years, at the Royal Dairy 
Show in London, the milk of the Holsteins exhibited has been 
tested and found to average, total solids, 11.80, and of this 2.97 
per cent. was fat. Such milk cannot be sold under the laws of 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 75 


the State of New York, outside the county in which it is pro- 
duced. 

Let us see if milk of a better quality cannot be found. The 
chemists’ average for Jersey milk, according to our table, is for 
total solids, 14.82, and for fats, 5.06. As before remarked, this 
may be a little high, and for the reasons stated. But I have in 
my possession the record of more than a year, of weekly tests 
made of the milk sent to Philadelphia daily, for sale, from a 
herd of registered Jersey cows, owned by Mr. H. Lippincott, of 
Cinnaminson, N.J. The dealer who receives this milk, on some 
day in every week, according to his fancy, samples the milk 
and has the total solids chemically determined. The record for 
the herd for a year just closed, shows a range from 138.13 one 
week in June, to 16.16 in January, and an average for the year of 
14.76 per cent. total solids. This comes pretty well up to our 
standard (only 6-100ths of 1 per cent. short), and the record 
would undoubtedly have been higher, but for the fact that a full 
half of the herd were heifers with their first calves. In passing, 
it may be well to notice that this record shows what always proves 
true, that the lowest per cent. of solids in a year is at the flush of 
June pasturage, and during the heat and flies of July and August, 
and the best milk is from good winter feed. Mr. Lippincott’s 
monthly averages were as follows: June, 14.10; July, 13.83; 
August, 14.03; December, 15.21; January, 15.46; February, 
15.19. There is a still better record for a whole year. The 
dealer who handles Mr. Lippincott’s milk also has the product of 
Mr. John P. Hutchinson’s herd of registered Jerseys, at George- 
town, N. J., and has made similar tests of that milk. Although 
the details are not given, this dealer, Mr. George Abbott, Jr., of 
Philadelphia, informs me by letter that for the entire year of 1886, 
the milk from Mr. Hutchinson’s herd averaged 15.45 per cent. 
solids. This is more than one-half per cent. above the standard of 
the table. He adds, as further examples, the following averages 
of solids, for the year 1886, in the milk of certain herds handled 
by him, and says, ‘‘ These are first-class representative herds of 
the breeds named, and the averages are for the entire year”: 
Registered Jerseys, 14.37, 14.49, 14.77, 14.80, and 14.93; regis- 
tered Guernseys, 14.61, 14.68, and 15.14 per cent. The average 
of the ten herds examined by Mr. Abbott is 14.80, which is a 
practical endorsement of the table, or the average as fixed by 
science. 

During a long period of close observation at the New York 
Agricultural Experiment Station, where the milk from several un- 
registered Jersey cows was tested daily, the total solids averaged 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


14.45, ranging from 13.70 to 15.90. During the trial a great 
variety of food was used, sometimes being intentionally poor. 
Unfortunately, the percentage of fat, as distinct from the other 
solids, was not taken; but one may always be certain that where 
the total solids run above 13+ per cent. the milk is rich in fats, 
for instances of ‘‘ solids not fat,” above 10 per cent., are very 
rare. While at Houghton Farm, I had the milk of Jersey cows 
not regularly but repeatedly examined. The solids ranged from 
13.72 to 15.96 per cent., and the fat was never found below 4.30 
in the milk of the herd, while it sometimes reached 6.61 per cent., 
and averaged 4.93 per cent. _So much for the quality of the aver- 
age milk of good business herds of dairy cows. 

The impression prevails in some places, that while the milk of 
Jerseys is of high quality, it is always in small quantity per cow. 
This is rather outside the bounds of my present subject, but I will 
venture to briefly notice this point. The criticism is not sustained 
by the facts. The habit of an even and long continued flow of 
milk, which is one of the most valuable characteristics of this 
breed, and of great importance to the producer of milk for sale, 
results in much larger annual records of milk product in good dairy 
herds of Jerseys than they are generally credited with. One year 
while I was at Houghton Farm a herd of fifteen; including two 
aged cows and three undeveloped heifers, produced an average of 
5,844 pounds 3 ounces, or 2,718} quarts per head. It is very well 
known that dairy herds, kept for the quantity of milk produced, 
but with little regard to quality, and maintained by frequent 
culling and purchases of fresh cows, are considered as doing well 
to average 2,800 quarts per cow, or 6,000 pounds. Herds capable 
of an annual yield of 3,500 quarts, or 7,500 pounds a year, to 
every cow fed for the year, and which in quality reaches the New 
York standard, are exceedingly rare. Yet Jersey herds, main- 
tained by their own increase, are by no means uncommon, which * 
average over 6,000 pounds of milk a year, and that of the highest 
quality. Mr. A. B. Smith, of Eagle, Mich., in the year 18385, 
had a herd of six pure Jersey cows and three high-grade Jerseys, 
which averaged 7,100 pounds of milk each. The large herd of 
registered Jerseys, at Deerfoot Farm, Massachusetts, where the 
daily record of every cow has been kept for fifteen years, shows a 
total average of about 1,500 quarts or 5,400 pounds per head for 
this long period. Single cows in this herd averaged 2,933, 2,941, 
and 3,371 quarts a year, for seven successive years, being from 
6,200 to 7,250 pounds. ‘The Echo Farm at Litchfield, Conn., 
have published a list of the names and numbers of a dozen of 
their registered Jerseys, several of them ten or twelve years old, 


1888.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 17 


with their yearly milk yield, which averages for the lot 8,385 
pounds or 3,900 quarts. Messrs. Miller & Sibley of Franklin, 
Penn., have taken pains to purchase and to breed Jersey cows 
of large milking habits, and, as showing their success, they pub- 
lish the records of twelve cows which averaged for a year 8,700 
pounds or over 4,000 quarts of milk each. One heifer with first 
ealf gave 10,101 pounds in twelve months, before three years 
old; another young cow gave 10,329 pounds on ordinary feed ; 
and an older one, 16,153 pounds, or an average of 20 quarts 
a day for the whole year. That this last yield was milk of good 
quality is sufficiently proven by its making over 927 pounds of 
butter, or a pound of butter to every 8 quarts of milk. These 
facts show that there is no trouble in getting Jersey cows whose 
product is large in quantity as well as high in quality. 

A letter recently received by me from Mr. Edward Austen, of 
Filston Farm, Glencoe, Md, is appropriate in this place. I 
requested this gentleman to send me the annual yield of his cows, 
and what he knew of its quality. Mr. Austen is a man of accu- 
rate, systematic habits, who, after some years in business life, now 
owns and manages in person a dairy farm in Maryland, producing 
milk for sale in the city of Baltimore. He once said to me that 
he found the only safe milk business was making the best milk, 
and he would not keep a cow in his herd that did not prove profit- 
able as a dairy animal. But his letter tells the story: ‘* Twenty 
cows in my herd of A. J.C. C. Jerseys, being all the cows I had 
that had dropped more than one calf, yielded 119,495 pounds 14 
ounces of milk in twelve months, being an average of 5,9742 pounds 
for each cow, and every one of these cows bore a calf during the 
year. The milk of every cow was weighed separately, morning 
and night, every day except Sunday, when the yield was assumed 
to be the same as that of the previous day. Calves were allowed 
to suck their dams for three days and no estimate made of the 
milk so used. Eight of these cows were imported and the others 
home-bred. The lowest record for the year was that of an im- 
ported cow, over twelve years old, 4,181 pounds 6 ounces; and 
the highest was a home-bred cow, 8,383 pounds. I have only 
made two butter tests for seven days, among these cows. One 
gave 16 pounds 12 ounces, and the other over 14 pounds of butter, 
both on a trifle more than the regular dairy rations. I made quite 
a number of tests of one to three days, on the regular feed, and 
was quite satisfied that there was only one cow in the twenty that 
would not make over 10 pounds of butter per week on their reg- 
ular daily food, and that a majority of them would go over 11 
pounds. I have no other means of ascertaining the quality of 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


the milk produced except the cream glass, which, used daily, 
showed from 19 to 31 per cent. of cream, — whatever that may 
prove. If we had an Agricultural Experiment Station in this 
State, I would know the per cent. of fat and total solids. I have 
always, since my boyhood, been a lover of cows, and began 
with Devons, — then tried Ayrshires, and finally Jerseys. For all 
dairy purposes I shall stand by the latter. The Guernseys stand 
high in my estimation, but I have reason to think that they are 
not such persistent milkers as the Jerseys. You did not ask my 
opinion of Jersey cows, or the respective merits of the various 
breeds, but I throw this in.” 

Good cheese is made from whole milk, or that from which no 
part of the cream has been taken. In old times little else was 
thought of. Now so many inferior kinds are made that the des- 
ignation ‘‘ full-cream cheese” is given to the standard product of 
first quality. The differences in this class of dairy products, to 
which I shall briefly refer, are not those incident to the processes 
which result in ‘‘skims” and ‘filled’ cheese (lard or oil sub- 
stituted for fat removed in cream) but relate to the variations 
occurring in the quantity and quality of full-cream cheese made 
from an equal weight of whole milk from different breeds 
of cows. 

One would not at first think that milk of extreme richness of 
fat or cream, and specially adapted to butter-making, would be 
desirable for cheese. But in well-made cheese, avery large share 
of the total solids of the milk are secured in the product, — nearly 
all the caseine and the fat, although most of the sugar escapes 
in the whey. Consequently, that which is richest in total solids 
will make the most cheese per hundred-weight of milk; and the 
- general statement is true, that milk best suited to butter is most 
profitable for cheese. The data regarding cheese made from the 
milk of pure-bred cows of different breeds is meagre, but the 
principle stated is borne out by experience with Jersey milk. 
The general average in good cheese-making districts is ten pounds. 
of cheese to every hundred-weight of milk; with milk from pure 
Jerseys, in large number, on the common factory plan, it has been 
found that the same weight of milk will give over twelve pounds 
of cheese, a gain of more than 25 per cent. in quantity of product. 
At several public exhibitions in Canada during recent years, and 
also at the Ontario Experiment Farm, the milk from selected cows 
of different breeds has been tested in various ways, and among 
the rest with reference to the available curd or cheese-making 
qualities. (The animals being few in number, I do not regard 
these results as alone settling any points of comparison, but they 


, 
b 
| 
- 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 79 


may serve in corroboration of other statements made.) The de- 
tails have been widely published, so it is sufficient, for present pur- 
poses, to state the general results. The order of merit as cheese- 
makers indicated was as follows: 1st trial, Jerseys, Shorthorns, 
Ayrshires, Guernseys, Devons, Galloways, Holsteins, Polled 
Aberdeens; 2d trial, Jerseys, Ayrshires, Shorthorns, Holsteins ; 
3d trial, Jerseys, Ayrshires, Devons. In the second trial, the 
Ayrshires led on quantity of curd without fat, but with curd and 
fat took second place. With this exception, the Jerseys stood 
first in quantity of curd as well as of fat. In regard to quantity 
of caseine alone, in the milk of different breeds, the table previ- 
ously referred to shows their relation with approximate accuracy, 
in the column headed ‘‘ Protein.” 

The same table gives the differences in chemical composition 
and computed value, between average full-cream cheese, the same 
made from pure Jersey milk, half-skim cheese, and that made from 
skim-milk and from whey. ‘There is very little light here as to 
the merits of different breeds of cattle as respects the quality of 
cheese made from their milk, although the surprising fact is shown 
that Jersey-made cheese is so much richer in both caseine (pro- 
teids) and fat, that it is worth a cent more a pound than the aver- 
age full-cream cheese of America, as an article of nutritious 
food. Upon this point, Prof. Arnold says in his American Dairy- 
ing: ‘* The business of the Jersey cow is emphatically that of 
butter-making. Her milk, however, is rich in cream matter, and, 
contrary to the general belief, is capable of making as fine cheese 
as it does butter. It is a new feature, worthy of note in the uses 
of this breed of cattle, that their milk can, without the waste of 
its buttery matter, be converted into a strictly fancy cheese, as 
rich as English Stilton. Analyses of cheese from pure Jersey 
milk, made at Cornell University, have shown over 40 per 
cent. fat.” 

The table upon which we have been depending gives so little in 
regard to differences in cheese, that I append another, with con- 
siderably more data in this connection : — 


80 ' AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE: (Jan. 


Table of Analyses of Different Kinds of Cheese. 


Protein or 
DESCRIPTION OF CHEESE—100 PounDs. pila ge a Curd. ae 
Ibs. Ibs. “ai Ibs. 

‘1. Average of 83 samples Full- 

cream Cheese, 30.75 30.43 27.16 4.13 
2. Average of 21 do., N. Y. State | 

Dairy Commissioner's Report,,| , 27,82 | 28.61 38.10 | 4.39 
3. Full-cream, premium at N.Y. 

State Fair. (Flint’s Dairy . 

Farming ; of pure Jersey milk),} 38.46 31.86 25.87 8.81 
4. Full-cream, ea at N.Y. 

State Fair, 28.37 31.28 30.52 3.83 
5. Full-cream, premium at N.Y. 

State Fair, ae 28.62 29.90 37.66 3.82 
6. Full-cream, premium ‘at N.Y. 

State Fair, : 33.75 28.95 33.70 3.60 
7. Full-cream, premium at N. Y. 

State Fair, ; 28.11 41.03 28.18 2.68 
8. English average, by ‘Sir Lyon 

Playfair, . ; 38.78 25.30 31.02 4.90 
9. English Cheddar, two. years old, 

Prof. J ohnston, : 36.04 30.40 28.98 | 4.58 
10. English Double Gloucester, one 

year old, Prof. Johnston, 30.81 21.97 37.96 | 4.25 
11. English N orth Wilts, one year | 

old, Prof. Johnston, : 36.34 28.09 31.12 4.41 
12. Half-skim, average of 8 Eng- 

lish samples, h 46.82 20.54 27.62 3.05 
13. Half-skim, N. Y. State, : 38.25 19.98 38.48 3.24 
14. Skim-milk, average of 9 Eng- 

lish samples, ‘ 48.02 8.41 32.65 4.12 


15. Skim-milk, English, one year old, 43.82 5.98 45.04 5.18 
16. Whey Cheese, average 6 samples, 23.07 16.26 8.88 4.76 


One product of the dairy only remains to be considered. This 
is butter,—the culmination of the dairyman’s art. This great 
delicacy consists of the natural fat of the milk, with some water, 
and should contain nothing else, except as we choose to flavor it 
with salt. The perfection of butter-making is to secure these 
fats, separated from the serum or fluid of the milk, and gathered 
in a mass, with as little chemical and physical change as possible. 
So it may be said that we get the butter from the milk, rather than 
‘‘make” it. Unfortunately, perfection has not been reached in 
this art, and there is always present in butter, mingled with the 
fats and mainly dissolved in the water, more or less of the protein 
or curd and of the sugar of milk. It is these constituents which 
play the mischief with butter, by starting the chemical changes 
leading to rancidity and decomposition, and which we conse- 
quently endeavor to reduce to the minimum. 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 81 


While, therefore, in nearly all other food products, the presence 
of protein (because of its high nutrient quality) adds to the value 
of the article, —if we place butter at all in the list of foods, 
that which has the highest nutrient value is the poorest in those 
qualities which go to make fine butter. We buy butter for its fat, 
and the more fat and the less water and protein, the better it is, as 
butter. In our table comparing foods, there are averages given of 
butter of different kinds, and, for the reasons stated, the best 
butter is designated by the highest figures in the column of carbo- 
hydrates, and not in the ‘‘ Value” column. 

Examining butter in detail, it is found to be composed of very 
complex fats, the chemist naming eight or ten, which number he 
divides about equally into insoluble fatty acids and volatile fatty 
acids ; also, in their combination with glycerine, into solid fats 
and fluid fats. It is not my purpose, however, to go into these 
details, but to call attention to the differences in butter, as it 
usually exists. Among the many writings upon the composition 
of butter none has seemed to me so ingenious and painstaking in 
method, or practical in conclusion, as the work of Dr. S. M. 
Babcock, chemist of the New York Agricultural Experiment 
Station at Geneva. At the annual fat stock and dairy shows in 
Chicago, in 1885 and 1886, and at the Bay State Agricultural 
Society’s fair at Boston, in October, 1886, I was able to secure 
for this gentleman samples of the premium butters of known 
origin, — the certificate of the maker, as to the method and breed 
of the cows giving the milk, accompanying every exhibit. Upon 
these Dr. Babcock pursued his investigations, and he personally 
obtained another set of samples of butter, with the history of each, 
at the New York Dairy and Cattle Show, May, 1887. Based 
upon his examinations of this last lot, Dr. Babcock prepared his 
report upon ‘‘ Variations in the Composition of American Butters,” 
which I have already mentioned, and to some parts of which I 
now wish to refer. The butters upon which he worked, and 
which gave the results presented in his tables (see Proceedings of 
Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, eighth meeting, 
New York City, August, 1887, page 17), were twenty-six in 
number, seven being from Jersey cows, seven from pure Holstein- 
Friesians, two from pure Guernseys, one from Ayrshire, and nine 
of premium butter from mixed milk, no special breed predomi- 
nating. 

These samples were examined to determine the variation liable 
to occur in the best grades of American butters, and especially to 
note how far these variations might be attributed to breed and to 
the individuality of the cow. (Some of the samples representing 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


each breed were from the milk of a single registered cow.) The 
general determinations were noted as a matter of some interest, 
but attention was mainly devoted to the composition of the butter 
fats. The following are the average extreme figures for these 
prize butters, and probably fairly represent the aver nee composition 
of first-class butter in this country : — 


Water. Fat. | Ash. Curd. 
Highest, . th lk 13.16 87.87 4.23 | 1.02 
Average, . ; ; ; ; 10.82 86.44 2.14 | 0.60 
Lowest, . : 4 : 9.26 83.19 0.96 | 0.34 


It may be noted that these butters averaged better than those in 
the food table, the average here being about equal to the Ayrshire — 
butter in that table, and the poorest here being rather better than 
the poorest there. (It should also be stated that none of the 
milk and butter of these and other recent examinations by Dr. 
Babcock are included in the averages of the food tables previously 
noticed. ) 

The further examinations comprised determinations of the rela- 
tive quantity of volatile fatty acids ; of insoluble acids, by what is 
called the ‘‘ Iodine Number”; of the melting point; and atest de- 
vised by Dr. Babcock of the viscosity of soap solutions made from 
butter. The technology of the chemical processes it is hardly 
desirable to describe here, but they are necessarily referred to by 
their peculiar names in the following abstract from Dr. Babcock’s 
table and his deductions from it : — 


Comparisons of Butters from Different Breeds of Cows. 


BREED. Iodine Melting Viscosity 
Number. Point. Number. 
Per cent. 

Jersey, 31.2 34.0 74 
Guernsey, 31.5 33.3 at 
Ayrshire, . 37.8 33.5 66 
Holstein, . 40.0 33.4 237 
All others, 35.6 33.8 93 
Average of aan | 35.6 Bat 127 


The volatile fatty acids are not included in the table, because it 
was found that while the individual variations within all the breeds 


, 
r 
4 


(1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 83 


was very great, the influence of breed did not appear in this 
particular. 

The insoluble fatty acids were found quite constant in amount, 
but very variable in composition. The ‘‘ Iodine Number” indi- 
cates the relative proportion of oleic acid and the absolute quantity 
of this soft fat in the total fats of the butter. ‘* The influence of 
breed upon this factor is very great; one of the most marked 
characteristics of Holstein butter, when compared with that of the 
Jersey or other breeds, being shown in its high per cent. of olein. 
This renders butter less firm in warm weather, although it does 
not materially lower the true melting point.” (The quotations 
are from Dr. Babcock’s article. He preferred to compare Holstein 
and Jersey butter because they showed the greatest contrast, and 


also because, having several samples of each, equal in number, 


the averages were deemed more reliable than those of the other 
breeds of which he had only one or two samples.) 

The melting point is expressed in degrees of the Centigrade 
thermometer, and the record illustrates the observed fact that it 
requires a higher degree of temperature to melt Jersey butter 
than the average. 

From a test not shown by the above abstract from his table, Dr. 
Babcock determined ‘‘ that the proportion of palmitic and other 
fatty acids of less molecular weight than oleic and stearic, is con- 
siderably greater in Jersey than in Holstein butter.” 

The viscosity test indicated breed peculiarities very clearly, as 
well, in the composition of butter from single cows not shown by 
other methods. This is a very clever method of testing, and espe- 
cially applicable to the detection of adulterants in butter; it is 
fully explained in the Report of the N. Y. Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station for 1886. In this instance, the pure Holstein but- 
ters had an average viscosity of 237, ranging from 112 to 461; 
the pure Jersey butters averaged 74, and ranged from 50 to 103. 
These numbers are relative only, but representative of a marked 
contrast. Dr. Babcock says, ‘‘ The other conclusions in regard 
to the differences which exist between Jersey and Holstein butters 
are confirmed by the viscosities of their soap solutions,” (i. e., by 
his viscosity test) . 

Although these fine analytical tests may not be well understood 
by these brief technical references, it seemed proper to adhere 
closely to the conclusions of the original report, before stating the 
practical deductions. Now, as to tlie latter: ‘‘ The influence of 
breed of the cow upon the composition of the butter fat is no less 
marked than it is upon the composition of the milk, and, contrary 
to general acceptation (this statement is based upon other investi- 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE [ Jan. 


gations), that does not appear to be materially affected by the char- 
acter of the food.” (Dr. Babcock.) Among the effects of breed 
thus noted, are those differences in butter which relate to its firm- 
ness, resistance to heat, texture or ‘‘ grain,” flavor and general 
high quality, by reason of a larger proportion of the more delicate 
fats. In all these particulars, butter from pure Jersey milk ex- 
cels, while that from other breeds follows in the order given in the 
last table. 

In conclusion, it is hoped that facts of a reliable character have 
been herein presented in sufficient number and with such reasonable 
distinctness as to show the great differences which occur in dairy 
products, — milk, cheese and butter, —the influence of breeds of 
cattle in causing these differences, and the consequent practical 
value of a study of this subject when selecting stock for the profit- 
able conduct of any branch of dairying. 


THE 


ae H. FERNALD, AM, Pa.D: 


~ 


eT. = 


THE 


ORTHOPTERA OF NEW ENGLAND. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The insects belonging to the order Orthoptera are almost with- 
out exception injurious to our cultivated crops, our forest and 
shade trees, or become a nuisance in our houses, and therefore 
demand the careful attention of the student of agriculture and the 
practical farmer. 

It has been our aim'to present the subject in as simple a manner 
as possible, and as free from difficult terms as is consistent with 
scientific accuracy, so that any intelligent farmer may be able to 
determine any orthopterous insects he may find destroying his crops, 
and learn what means have been suggested for their destruction or 
for holding them in check. To give completeness to the work, all 


the New England species are here described, the greater part of 


them having already been found within the limits of the State of 
Massachusetts. 

In the preparation of this work I have made free use of the 
writings of others, especially the works of Stal, Saussure and 
Scudder. In fact, any work on the North American Orthoptera 
must be based more or less on the writings of Mr. Scudder, our 
highest authority on this order, whether recent or fossil, and to 
this gentleman I am indebted more than I can well express for 
personal assistance in this work. All errors and erroneous con- 


clusions must be laid to my charge, and not to any advice from 


him. Iam also under obligations to Profs. A. S. Packard and C. 
V. Riley for illustrations, as well as to Mrs. Tenney for illustra- 
tions from Tenney’s Natural History. 


CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER. 


If we omit the Earwigs (Lorficulidew), as has been urged by Dr. 
Packard and some others, the Orthoptera form quite a compact 
and natural order, which may be briefly defined as follows. The 
fore wings are somewhat thickened (not as much as in the beetles), 


and are not used in flight, but as wing covers. The hind wings 


are thin and membranous, and are the true organs of flight. 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


They are folded up lengthwise like a fan, and concealed beneath 
the wing covers when at rest. A few of the species have the 
wings or wing covers, one or both, much shortened or entirely 
wanting. ‘The mouth has jaws which move laterally against each 
other, and they are used for biting or chewing. 

The Orthoptera have an incomplete transformation from the egg 
to the adult state; that is, they have no period of inactivity, but 
closely resemble the adult from the time they leave the egg, except 
in size and the absence of wings and wing covers. 

This order is represented in New England by the following 
families : — 7 


GRYLLIDA, . 3 : which include the Crickets. 


LOCUSTIDA, . ‘ : which include the Katydids. 
ACRIDIDA, . cai tl which include the Grasshoppers. 
PHASMIDA, . : : which include the Walking-sticks. 
BLATTIDA, . ; | which include the Cockroaches. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 


To enable one to determine the species of the Orthoptera, it is 
necessary to gain some acquaintance with the external parts and 
their names. For this purpose we have introduced a brief descrip- 
tion of the anatomy of a grasshopper, with illustrations, which will 
serve for the whole order. 

An insect may be divided into three parts: head, thorax and 
abdomen. The thorax may be subdivided into prothorax, meso- 
thorax and metathorax. See Fig. 1. The head bears a pair of 
jointed antenne, two large compound eyes, three ocelli or simple 
eyes (sometimes wanting) and the mouth parts. Fig. 1. The 
mouth parts consist of an upper lip or /abrum, a broad flap which 
closes over the mouth in front, a pair of jaws or mandibles, one on 
each side, which move laterally, and by means of which they chew 
their food. Behind the mandibles are a pair of smaller jaws, called 
the mazille, which also move laterally, and to these are attached 
a pair of small jointed appendages, called the mazillary palpi. 
The maxillze are accessory jaws, used to hold and arrange the food 
while it is being ground by the mandibles... Behind the maxillz 
is the lower lip or labiwm, which forms the lower side of the mouth, 
and attached to this are a pair of jointed appendages, called the 
labial palpi. See Fig. 2, where the mouth parts are shown sepa- 
rated from each other. , 

The prothorax has the fore legs attached to its under side, and 
the part between the base of these legs is the prosternwm, which is 
sometimes a smooth piece extending from one leg to the other, and 


Ay 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 


a 


Pro€horax 


Yemur--\ - 


Bemur 


rie. 1. 


Metathorax Mesokhorax 


sometimes it has a prominent spine arising from the middle. In 
some families more than one spine arises from the prosternum. 
The top and sides of the prothorax are covered by one continuous 
saddle-shaped piece, called the pronotum. The ridge along the 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


middle of the pronotum is called the median carina. The form 
and structure of this piece are of great importance in classifica- 
tion. 

The mesothorax, or middle thorax, has ‘ie second pair of legs 
attached to its under side, and the first pair of wings, or fore wings, 


oe Ke Made 
XSUS 
eae ZX 3 A 


Tabla 
Eko 


j oA 


Fie. 2. 


attached to its upper side. These fore wings are of a denser text- 
ure than the hind wings, and are often called wing covers, elytra 
or tegmina. 

The metathorax has the hind legs attached to its under side, and 


the hind wings, or true organs of flight, attached to its upper side. — 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. o1 


These wings fold lengthwise like a fan, and are concealed beneath 
the fore wings when the insect is at rest. 

The abdomen consists of a series of rings, or segments, more 
or less movable on each other, and has the external organs of re- 
production at the end. On each side of the first segment is a large 
auditory sac, and near it a spiracle, and there is a row of similar 
spiracles along each side of the abdomen, as shown in Fig. 1. 
These spiracles are holes which allow the air to pass into the 
respiratory system within the body. A cross section of the abdo- 
men is shown in Fig. 2, A. 

The legs are attached to the body by three pieces, called trochan- 
ter, trochantin and coxa. Each leg consists of three parts: the 
femur, the tibia and the tarsus, but the tarsus has several joints, 
the last one ending with a pair of diverging claws. There is some- 
times a small cushion, or pad, between these claws, called the 
pulvillus. See Fig. 2. 

In the female, Fig. 2, B, the abdomen tapers somewhat towards 
the end, to which are appended the two pairs of stout, somewhat 
curved spines, called valves, which form the ovipositor. Fig. 2,B, 
r,7r'. The anus is situated above the larger and upper pair, the 
external opening of the oviduct being between the lower pair of 
spines, and bounded beneath by a triangular, acute flap, which 
serves as an egg guide. Fig. 2, B, e-g, and Fig. 3. At the time 
of egg-laying, the abdomen may be lengthened to nearly twice its 
usual proportions. ‘The ovipositor varies considerably from the 
above description, in some families. 

The end of the male abdomen is usually blunt and more or less 
turned up, the space above being more or less covered with the 
supra-anal plate, Fig. 1, s, upon which rest the marginal apophyses, 
Figs. 1 and 2, f, which arise from the middle of the hinder edge of 
the last dorsal segment. On each side of the supra-anal plate is a 
more or less flattened and pointed appendage; these are the anal 
cerci. Figs. 1 and 2. In some families they are developed into 
long, tapering, jointed appendages. 


INTERNAL ANATOMY. 


The internal anatomy of a grasshopper (Melanoplus femur- 
rutrum) is shown in part in Fig. 3, where the csophagus arises 
from the mouth m, and curves backward into the crop, which is 
very large, and occupies a central position in the thorax. It is in 
the crop that the ‘‘ molasses,” thrown out by the insect when cap- 
tured, is produced, and which consists of partially digested food. 
The stomach is much smaller in diameter than the crop, and lies 


92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


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below the middle line in the forward half of the abdomen. From 
the forward end of the stomach arise six large appendages, called 
gastric coeca ; and from the hinder end, where the stomach connects 
with the tlewm, arise a large number of fine tubes, much convoluted, 


and wound around the intestine. These are called the urinary 


— 


1888.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 93 


tubes, Fig. 3, w., and are supposed to correspond to the kidneys 
of higher animals. The ileum is much smaller than the stomach, 
and has numerous longitudinal ridges on its surface. The next 
division of the digestive system is the colon, which is smaller than 
the ileum, has a smooth surface, is somewhat twisted, and ends in 
the much enlarged rectum, which ends in the anus, at the extremity 
of the abdomen. The rectum has six large rectal glands on the 
outside, the nature of which is unknown. ‘Thesalivary glands are 
shown in Fig. 3, sal., extending from beneath the gastric cceca 
forward to the mouth, where they empty their secretions. 

The ovaries, Fig. 3, ov., form a large mass before the eggs are 
laid, and crowd the intestine somewhat out of place. The heart, 
Figs. 3 and 4, consists of along tube lying along the abdomen 
just beneath the upper side, and has six enlarged places along its 
course, probably where valves are situated within. The blood 
flows through this tubular heart toward the head, and flows back 
again among the viscera, bathing the surface of all the organs of 
the body. 

All insects breathe by means of a complicated system of air 
tubes distributed throughout the body, the air entering through 
the spiracles or breathing holes which are arranged in a row along 
each side of the body. From these spiracles air tubes pass in, a 
short distance, connecting with tubes on each side which extend 
through the abdomen into the thorax. Fig. 4, S. 

Branches extend from these tubes to a similar pair near the 
back, Fig. 4, D, and another pair along the under side, Fig. 4, V. 
The tubes send out numerous branches which divide and sub- 
divide, the ultimate ends of which are closed. ‘The blood, as it 
flows from the head, bathes these tubes (called trachew), and is 
purified, as in the human lungs. In addition to the above system 
of air tubes, those species which take long flights have a series of 
air sacs connected with the air tubes. See Fig. 4, 1-7, and I, 
eb, TEL. 

The nervous system consists of a series of nerve centers 
(ganglia), which are double, though quite fully fused together. 
These are connected by two cords, which are united in some parts 


~ of the body, but distinct in others. 


The first ganglion, Figs. 3, sp., and 5, is situated near the 
central part of the head, and sends nerves to the ocelli, antennz 
and eyes; and the nervous cord which connects this ganglion with 
the second separates, allowing the cesophagus to pass through the 
opening. ‘The second ganglion sends nerves to the mouth parts, 
the third to the fore legs, the fourth to the middle legs and fore 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. alae 


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wings, the fifth to the hind legs and hind wings, and the remain- — 
ing ganglia send nerves to the various parts of the abdomen. 
The sense of sight is undoubtedly well developed in those 


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1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No..'31. 95, 
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Orthoptera which have eyes. Thesense of feeling probably exists 
over the surface of the body to aslight degree, but to a very great 
degree in the palpi and antenne. 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The sense of hearing is possessed by nearly if not all the 
Orthoptera. The ears or auditory sacs in grasshoppers are situ- 
ated on the sides of the first segment of the abdomen. Fig. 1. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES. 


The New England Orthoptera may be separated into families by 
means of the following table, in which each figure on the right 
leads to the same one on the left : — 


Hind legs longest; hind femora thickened; (jumpers) . : . 4. 
Legs of nearly equal length; hind femora not thickened (runners), 2. 
Abdomen with a forceps-like appendage at the end, FORFICULIDZ. 
Abdomen without a forceps at the end . : fj t . Mh eee 

f§ Body oval and flattened . ; : : ; : - BLATTIp2. 
on Body long and slender 3 : : : , ‘ . PHASMIDZ. 

4. { Antenne shorter than the body d : ‘ ; - ACRIDIDZ. 
Antenne longer than the body . " ; : 1 ee 
Wing covers flat above, but bent abruptly down at thie sides, GRYLLIDZ. 
Wing covers sloping down on the sides . : : . LOCUSTIDZ. 


Famitry GRYLLIDA. 
Crickets. 


Body somewhat cylindrical. Head large and free. Antennz 
long, slender, tapering and many jointed. Eyes elliptical, and 
ocellipresent. Labrum nearly circular, and maxillary palpi with the 
last joint enlarged at the end (except in Nemobius). Wing covers 
in the male with a stridulating organ. Wings folded lengthwise, 
their pointed ends sometimes extending beyond the wing covers. 
Wings and wing covers often shortened, or wholly wanting. Or- 
gans of hearing, when present, situated on the fore tibiz. Tarsi 
three-jointed, without pads between the claws. ‘They stridulate or 
make their chirping noise by rubbing the wing covers together. 


The Genera of the Gryllidz may be separated by the following 
table : — 


Fore tibie broad . : : ; ‘ , : é 3 : 2. 
Fore tibiz slender . ; . 4 4 : : : 3. 
Length more than one-third of an ich ‘ - , Gryllotalpa. 
Length less than one-third of an inch . ; : 4 Tridactylus. 
Hind thighs slender : ‘ : : ‘ : : . Acanthus. 
Hind thighs stout . : ; d . 4. 
f Last joint of maxillary palpi nea fiié same lena as the 
one preceding . . P .  Gryllus. 


’ | Last joint of maxillary palpi Enid as lene, as the one pre- 
L ceding , y : : ‘ : : ! ‘ . Nemobius. — 


1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 97 


Genus Tripactytus. Olivier (1789). 


Body somewhat depressed, the surface punctured and glassy. 
Head and pronotum convex and slightly depressed. Antenne in- 
serted beneath the eyes, and in a very lateral position. Eyes oval, 
very distant from each other, and slightly projecting. Ocelli 
placed in a line between the eyes, the two lateral ones against the 
eyes, and the third (sometimes obsolete) between them. Second 
joint of labial palpi and third joint of maxillary palpi not dilated. 

Elytra horny and opaque, not reaching to the end of the abdo- 
men. Wings much longer, and folded lengthwise like a fan. In 
the colder latitudes the wings are sometimes imperfect. Anterior 
tibiz dilated, and armed at the end with four slightly curved 
spurs ; the inside of the tibia with a groove in which the tarsus 
may be lodged. Middle tibisze with their edges ciliated, and their 
four apical spurs very short. Fore and middle tarsi with the first 
joint much shorter than the third, and the second joint very short. 
End of hind tibize with four spurs finely hooked at the end. Hind 
edges of these tibiz often dentate. There are four pairs of mova- 
ble paddle-shaped organs near the outer end. Upper cerci (anal 
appendages) composed of two joints, the lower ones entire and 
blunt. 


TRIDACTYLUS TERMINALIS. Scudder. 


Length, from one-third to one-fourth of an inch. 

Head and thorax pitchy black, sometimes with reddish-brown 
spots. Hind femora with two broad transverse white bands, and 
a white spot near the end. ‘The wings reach to the end of the 
abdomen. — Cambridge, Mass., Harris Collection. 


Genus Gryttoratpa. Latreille (1807). 


Mole-Crickets. 


Posterior margin of the sternum of the eighth abdominal seg- 
ment, in the males, entire. Fore tibize broad and flattened, with 
four spurs at the end, the upper two movable, the lower two 
immovable. Hind femora shorter than the prothorax. First joint 
of hind tarsi unarmed or obscurely spined at the tip. The fore 
legs, being very stout and strong, are admirably adapted for dig- 
ging. Wing covers seldom reach beyond the middle of the abdo- 
men. Anal cerci longer than pronotum. 


4 


98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


GRYLLOTALPA BOREALIS. Burmeister. 
The Common Mole-Cricket. (Fig. 6.) 


Length, one inch and one-fourth. 

Color, dark cinnamon brown, and covered 
with very fine short hairs. Wing covers less 
than half the length of the abdomen, the 
wings, when folded, extending only about an 
eighth of an inch beyond them. 

_ ‘Sides of ponds, burrowing in moist earth.” 
This species occurs very generally east of the 
Rocky Mountains. 


GRYLLOTALPA COLUMBIA. Scudder. 


This species does not differ in any respect 
from G. borealis, as stated by Mr. Scudder, 
Fig. 6. save in the larger size, and comparatively 
Gry "lotalpe greater breadth of the wing covers, which 
cover rather more than half of the abdomen, and in the much. 
greater length of the wings, which extend considerably beyond 
the extremity of the abdomen. 
This species has been taken in Massachusetts, Maryland and 
Washington, D. C. | 
The mole-crickets have often done great damage in Europe, 
where they burrow under the turf in moist gardens and meadows, 
and feed on the tender roots of many kinds of plants. ‘They are 
also said to feed on other insects and worms, so that they: are 
undoubtedly omnivorous in their habits. 


Genus Grytius. Linneus (1758). 
Crickets. 

Stout-bodied insects. Head large and globose; eyes large and 
rounded ; three ocelli present, the middle one between the anten- 
ne, and elongated transversely. Antennz as long or longer than 
the body, and gradually tapering towards the end. Last joint of 
maxillary palpi but little, if any, longer than the one before it. 
Pronotum of the same width as the head. 

Feet, stout, and slightly lengthened. Femora compressed; hind 
femora much enlarged, even to the end. Fore tibize with a large 
oval drum on the outside, and a smaller, round drum on the oppo- 
site side (auditory sacs). Hind tibiz with a double row of 
from four to seven spines. Tarsi slender and elongated; a 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 99 
groove along the middle of the upper side of hind tarsi, witha 
row of short spines along each side of it. Anal cerci tapering, 
jointed, nearly as long as the abdomen, and present in both sexes. 
Ovipositor often longer than the abdomen. 

Wing covers usually well developed, flattened above and strongly 
bent down at the sides. In the females they are generally reticu- 
lated in the dorsal field by more or less regular, lozenge-shaped 
spaces. Wing covers of the males provided with a well-devel- 
oped stridulating organ, with two to six quite transverse undulated 
or arched veins. ‘‘ Mirror” rounded behind, and divided by a 
broken or arcuate vein. The wings vary much in length, and are 
sometimes wanting. 

The New England species may be separated as follows : — 


Ovipositor as long as the body . 2 : : abbreviatus. 
Ovipositor as long as the femur and half ie tibia ; . luctuosus. 


GRYLLUS ABBREVIATUS. Serville. 


Black ; elytra fusco-testaceous ; veins testaceous; wings want- 
ing; Ovipositor as long as the body. 


GRYLLUS LUCTUOSUS. Serville. 
The Common Black Cricket. 


Black or brownish ; elytra fusco-testaceous or black; wings ex- 
tending to the end of the abdomen, or wanting. Ovipositor as 
long as the femur and half of the tibia. 

Saussure considers G. pennsylvanicus, Burm., a wingless variety 
of this species; and he also considers niger, Har., and neglectus, 
Scudd , varieties of the same species. 

The species are so variable that it is exceedingly difficult to sep- 
arate them; and it is necessary to have a long series for exami- 
nation. 

Packard states that crickets lay in the fall three hundred eggs 
glued together in a common mass. In July the larve appear, and 
by the last of August the grass is alive with them. They are 

| quite omnivorous in their habits, feeding on grass, garden vegeta- 
bles and fruit, to which they do much injury. 


Genus Nemosius. Serville (1839). 


The insects which belong to this genus are rather small, their 


bodies and legs covered more or less with hairs. Head orbicular, 


and scarcely wider than the pronotum; front of head obliquely 
flattened. Ocelli present, but the one in the middle of the face is 


100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


often obliterated. Last joint of maxillary palpi twice as long as 
the one before it, and enlarged at the outer end, which is obliquely 
truncate. 

Pronotum square, somewhat narrowed in front, the forward and 
hinder edges parallel. 

Elytra with but few veins; wings present or absent in variations 
of the same species. | 

Feet nearly as stout as in Gryllus. Anterior tibize with a small 
oval drum (auditory sac) on the outside, near the upper end. 
Hind femora short and stout. Hind tibise somewhat compressed, 
and armed with spines, and elongated, movable, pubescent spurs. 
Three or four pairs of spines inserted near the middle line of the 
tibize. All the tarsi elongated, but the hind tarsi without a longi- 
tudinal groove above, and the first joint with two spurs at the end, 
the inner one twice as long as the outer, and reaching nearly to the 
claws. Anal cerci of medium length, and very hairy. 


NEMOBIUS FASCIATUS. De Geer. 


The Striped Cricket. 


Brown, with the head fuscous, and with four dull, yellowish- 
brown lines on the vertex. Palpi reddish brown, lighter at the 
end. <A dull, yellowish-brown, longitudinal stripe, more or less 
distinct, on each side of pronotum. LElytra pale brown, a little 
shorter than the abdomen, with the humeral bands pale, and the 
lateral ones fuscous. 

Legs dark brownish yellow; hind femora as long as the tibize 
and two-thirds of the tarsi. Hind tibize with four pairs of spines 
before the terminal spines. 

Ovipositor as long as the femur; valves crenulated on the upper 
side near the end. 

Saussure makes three varieties under this species, as follows : — 


a. Elytra but little shorter than the abdomen, wings long 


and caudate : } ; : ; 3 , N. fasciatus. 
b. Wings wanting; elytra covering about half of the 

abdomen . . ; é , ‘ 4 N. viitatus. 
c. Smaller than the last, otherwise the same . ; N. exiguus. 


Very common in the fall, in company with the larger species. 


Genus CEcantuus. Serville (1831). 
Body very slender, smooth or slightly pubescent, and, when > 
alive, of a whitish or greenish-white color. 
Head elongated and directed forward; the vertex horizontally 
flattened ; eyes ovoid, slightly projecting ; ocelli wanting. 


1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 101 


Palpi filiform, slightly elongated, the last joint not dilated. 

Antenne very long and tapering. Pronotum elongated, very 
narrow, contracted in front, with the hinder border nearly straight. 

Wing covers large, reaching beyond the end of the abdomen. 
Wings often prolonged. Legs slender, and moderately long. 
Tibize all longer than the femora, those of the first two pairs with- 
out spurs at the end; the first pair somewhat dilated above the 
middle, where they are provided with a little ‘‘ drum” or auditory 
sac on each side. Hind femora slightly swollen; tibize more or 
less spiny; tarsi with a pair of unequal spurs at the end of the 
first joint. 

Abdomen comparatively slim, armed at the end with a pair of 
tapering, jointed, and hairy cerci, which are of about the same 
length as the abdomen. 


CECANTHUS NIvEus. Serville. 
Tree Cricket. (Fig. 7, male; Fig. 8, female.) 


Length, about three-fourths of an inch to the ends of the closed 
wings. Color, pale whitish green, often changing to a lighter or 
darker brown, frequently with brownish stripes 
on the head. ‘Two short black lines, one beyond 
the other, on the under side of the base of the 
antenne. 

These insects arrive at maturity in the autumn, 
when the singing or shrilling of the males may 
be heard. After pairing, the female forces her 
ovipositor into the tender canes or branches of 
the raspberry, grape, plum, peach and other 


Hig: 7. 
CEcanthus niveus. Tig ? 3 
= trees, depositing her eggs in a series, as shown in 


Fig. 9. The canes are weakened in this way, and break down 
easily. The eggs hatch in the early part of the next summer, and 


the young feed at first on plant 
lice, and later in the season on 
the ripe fruits. 

The infested canes may be cut 


Fig. 8. 
Ccanthus niveus. 
off and burned late in the fall or Female, side view. 


early in the spring; and the mature insects may be killed in the 
fall by jarring the bushes on which they collect, causing them to 
fall to the ground, where they may be crushed under the feet. 


102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Famity LOCUSTIDZ. 
Katydids. 


Head placed perpendicularly; antennz 
longer than the body, slim, tapering and 
many jointed. Hyes hemispherical, ellipti- 
cal or ovoid; ocelli nearly always wanting ; 
labrum circular. 

Wings and wing covers generally well 
developed, though sometimes shortened or 
wholly wanting. The chirping or stridula- 
ting organs consist of a transparent mem- 
brane, in a more or less rounded, thick ring, 
situated in the anal field of the wing covers 
of the male. The stridulation is made by 
rubbing the bases of the wing covers to- 
gether. Near the upper end of the fore 
tibize there is an oval cavity covered with 


Fig. 9. 
Eggs of Gicanthus. 
a. Irregular row of punc- claws. 


jointed, without pulvilli or pads between the 


phe same laid open. The New England Genera may be sepa- 
C Tees ofttesame, Yated by means of the following table : — 

( Wingless, or with rudimentary wings and wing covers t : 2. 

valk Winged . - : ; : : . : ‘ ‘ : ; 3. 
Wingless; pronotum not covering the whole top of the 

2. } thorax) 6.4 ; .  Ceuthophilus. 

Pronotum covering Pate Hie top of the ‘ieee : .  TLhyreonotus. 

Wing covers expanded in the middle . : ‘ : : : 4, 

Wing covers not expanded in the middle. é é : : 6. 

Wing covers much broader in the middle, concave . Oyrtophyllus. 

Wing covers somewhat broadened in the middle, not concave . 5. 

5. Ovipositor very small . : : : : : . Microcentrum. 

Ovipositor of medium size . : ; ‘ . Amblycorypha. 

6. Vertex of the head with a conical proieeein forward. Conocephalus. 

Vertex of the head without a conical projection . : 3 ‘ (fe 

7. Ovipositor straight, or nearly so; insect small . : Aiphidium. 

Ovipositor curved; insect large .. . ; ; é Scudderia. 


Genus Ceurnopuitus. Scudder (1862). 


‘Head rather large, oval; antennz long, slender, cylindrical . 


first joint as broad as long, larger and stouter than the rest, which 
are about equal in thickness, gradually tapering to the extremity ; 


second, quite short; third, longest; the remainder unequal. Eyes 


sub-pyriform, sub-globose, crowded against the first swollen joint 


a membrane (auditory sac). Tarsi four- 


\ 
\ 


1888.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 103 


of antenne. Maxillary palpi long and slender; first two joints 
equal; third fully equal in length to first and second together ; 
fourth, three-fourths as long as the third; fifth, nearly as long as 
third and fourth together, somewhat curved, swollen towards 
extremity, split on the under side almost its entire length. Sides 


of the thoracic nota broad, mostly concealing the epimera; wings 


wanting ; legs rather long; cox carinated externally, the third 
pair but slightly, the first pair having the carina elevated into a 
sharp, the second into a dull, point at the middle ; first two pairs 
of femora mostly wanting spines; hind femora thick and heavy, 
turned inward at the base, channelled beneath. Ovipositor gener- 
ally rather long, nearly straight, but a little concave above, rounded 
off somewhat abruptly at the extremity to the sharp upturned 
point.” 
CEUTHOPHILUS MACULATUS. Harris. 
The Spotted, Wingless Grasshopper. 


Length, when mature, nearly three-fourths of an inch ; entirely 
without wings and wing covers. Pale yellowish brown, somewhat 
darker above, and covered with light-colored spots. Hind femora 
marked on the outside with short, parallel, oblique lines. Hind 


. tibize in the mature male curved at the base. 


Everywhere common under stones, old logs, ete. 


CEUTHOPHILUS BREVIPES. Scudder. 


*©A species very closely allied to the preceding, but of a smaller 
size, and differing from it in its markings and proportions. It 
is of a pale, dull, brown color, very profusely spotted with dirty 
white spots, not so large or so frequently confluent as in C. macu- 
latus, except near the extremity of the hind femora, where they, 
nearly form an annulation. The mottling of the pronotum is 
somewhat different than in C. maculatus; the hind legs are pro- 
portionably shorter, as is also the ovipositor, the spines of whose 
inner valves are duller. 

*¢ Length scarcely more than half an inch ; average length of hind 
femora, .44 inch; average length of ovipositor, .25 inch.” 
—Scudder. 


Genus CyrrtopHyLius. Burmeister (1838). 


Antenne very long and slim, eyes small, globular and promi- 
nent, vertex with a small spine projecting forward between the’ 
antenne. Pronotum truncate in front, rounded behind, with two 
transverse grooves. Prosternum with two spines; fore coxe with 
one spine on the outside. Middle tibize spinose on the outer and 
inner sides. Wing covers much wider in the middle, concave, 
obtuse and rounded at the end. 


104 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


CYRTOPHYLLUS CONCAVUs. Harris. 


Broad-winged IKatydid. (Fig. 10.) 


Length about one inch and a half 
to the end of closed wing covers ; 
body, one inch. Color of body,., 
pale green, wings and wing covers 
somewhat darker green. The 
wing covers curve around the body 
so that their edges touch above 
and beneath, enclosing the body. 
Wing covers with a prominent vein 
running through the middle, and 
on each side of this the veins form 
a network, so that the wing cover 
strongly resembles a leaf. 

Their eggs are of a dark slate- 

color, about one-eighth of an inch 

Fig 10. in length, and one third as wide. 

Cynon ny lns iat They are laid in two rows along a 

twig, the eggs overlapping each other a little. They hatch the 

next spring, and the young feed on the tender leaves of almost: 
any plant. 


These insects have never been reported as injurious, but, where 
abundant, their noise may become an intolerable nuisance. I 
cannot imagine what ingenious person first discovered that their 
song resembled the words ‘‘katy did,” instead of some other 
words ; for many persons besides myself fail, upon hearing ina 
for the first time, to recognize them by their sound. 


Genus AmpiycorypHaA. Stal (1873). 


Vertex smooth, without spines or projections of any kind, but. 
with a slight groove along the middle, between the antenne ; eyes 
elliptical ; pronotum rounded behind, narrower in front. Proster- 
num without spines. Fore cox with a spine on the outside. 
Wing covers as long or but little longer than the hinds femora. 
Hind tibize with a row of spines on each edge behind, and a row, 
more remote, on the opposite side. Wings longer than the wing 
covers. 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


Wing covers extending beyond the end of the hind femora, oblongifolia. 
Wing covers reaching only to the end of the hindfemora . rotundifolia. 


1888. PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 105 


AMBLYCORYPHA OBLONGIFOLIA. De Geer. 


Oblong Leaf-winged Katydid. 


Length, one inch and three-fourths to the end of the wing 
covers, the wings extending one-fourth of an inch beyond. 

Wings and wing covers, grass green; body, dull clay yellow, 
tinged with green in places. 


AMBLYCORYPHA ROTUNDIFOLIA. Scudder. 


Round-winged Katydid. 


Length, one inch and one-fourth to the end of the wing covers, 
the wings extending about one-eighth of an inch beyond. Color, 
grass green, sometimes tinged more or less with clay yellow. 


Genus Microcentrum. Scudder (1862). 


‘¢ Head oval, broader and stouter than in Amblycorypha; tuber- 
le of the vertex somewhat prominent, scarcely broader than first 
joint of antenne, slightly furrowed; eyes broadly oval, very 
prominent; first joint of antenne as broad as long; second, one- 
third as large, but also stout ; remainder long and slender, cylindri- 
cal. Prothorax flat or very slightly concave, posterior quite couvex ; 
the sides nearly parallel, the length but little surpassing the 
breadth ; lateral carinz quite sharp; lobes of the side straight in 
front, well rounded and curving forward behind, rounded beneath, 
«deeper than broad; wing covers with the triangular superior sur- 
face extending backward farther than in Amblycorypha, and the 
wing covers themselves not regularly rounded as there, but with 
the inner border straighter till near the tip, the outer border 
sloped off towards the tip, and the tip itself more pointed; legs 
slender, much shorter than in Amblycorypha, especially the hind 
legs ; ovipositor very short, strongly curved, and bluntly pointed. 

‘¢ This genus differs from Amblycorypha, to which it is most 
nearly allied, especially by the cut of the wing covers and the short- 
ness of the hind legs and ovipositor.” — Scudder. 


MiIcROCENTRUM LAURIFOLIUM. Linneus. 


Length of wing covers, one inch and three-fourths; of hind 
femora, nine-tenths of an inch. Wings and wing covers, grass 
green; body, yellowish green, lighter beneath. Front of protho- 
rax with a very small central tooth. 

Scudder described this species under the name of Microcentrum 
afiliatum, but Stal pronounces it identical with the Linnean 


106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Jan. 


species, after a comparison with the type. Is it distinct from M. 
retinervis, Burm. ? 


Genus Scupprrta. Stal (1873). 


Top of the head, between the antennz, compressed into a short, 
blunt spine, which curves upward sharply. Eyes nearly hemi- 
spherical. Pronotum slightly narrowed in front, rounded behind, 
deeply notched on the side behind, the sides of the notch forming 
a right angle. Fore coxe with a sharp spine on the outside. 
Ovipositor large, curving upward. Supra-anal plate of the male 
sending out a stout spine, which curves down, and is widened and 
notched at the end. Sub-anal plate sends out a much longer 
spine, notched at the end, and curving upward. 


SCUDDERIA CURVICAUDA. De Geer. 


Narrow-winged Katydid. 


Length of body, about one inch; from the face to the end of 
the wing covers, an inch and a half; the wings extending about 
one-fourth of an inch farther. Body and wings, grass: green ; 
face and under side of the body, sometimes lighter, and sometimes 
tinged with dull yellow. It feeds principally on oak leaves. 

The male does not make as loud a ‘‘ shrill” as the broad-winged 
katydid, and the sound he makes at night and in cloudy weather 
is different from the one he makes in the sunshine. 


Genus ConocePHALus. Thunberg (1815). 


Face, very oblique; vertex, prolonged forwards into a cone. 
Eyes, elliptical; pronotum, truncate in front, rounded behind, 
narrowed in front, obtusely notched on the side behind. Pro- 
sternum, with two long, slim spines. Fore coxze with a spine on 
the outside. | 


CoNOCEPHALUS ENSIGER. Harris. 


Cone-headed Katydid. 


Length of body, one inch; to the end of the wing covers, two 
inches and one-fourth; length of ovipositor, one inch. Color, 
pale green, lighter in the face and beneath. A small tooth is situ- | 
ated on the under side of the conical part of the head, between the 
antennze ; and a U-shaped black mark on the under side of the 
cone near the end. 


ao 


| 
j 
; 
‘2 


-1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 107 


CoONOCEPHALUS ROBUSTUS. Scudder. 


‘¢ Hither pea-green or dirty brown; tubercle of the vertex tipped 
with black, not extending, or but very faintly and narrowly, 
down the sides ; lateral carinze of prothorax, pale yellowish; wing 
covers dotted with irregularly distributed black dots, most con- 
spicuous in the brownish individuals. In form, as in coloration, 
this species is much like C. ensiger. The shape of the conical 
projection of the vertex is the same, or a little stouter; it is a 
larger species, much broader and stouter than it, the wings 
broader, and, when compared with the hind femora, a little longer 
than they are in C. ensiger; the spines upon the under side of the 
hind femora are larger than there, being noticed easily with the 
unassisted eye; the ovipositor of the female is much shorter than 
in C. ensiger ; and, finally, the insect is much broader across the 
mesothorax, with a heavier sonorous apparatus in the male; wing 
covers fully as long as the wings, in the male; slightly longer 
than the wings, in the female. ‘The only difference between this 
species and C. ensiger in coloration is the usual lacking of the 
spots on therwing covers in the latter, and in the same the pres- 
ence of a broad black band on either side of the tubercle of the 
vertex, which exists in the former but seldom, and then it is very 
narrow. 

‘¢ Male, length of wings, 1.7 inch; breadth in middle, .32 inch; 
of hind femora, .9 inch. Female, length of wing covers, 1.9 
inch; extent of wing covers beyond wings, .1 inch; breadth of 
wing covers in middle, .22 inch; length of hind femora, 1 inch; 
of ovipositor, 1 inch.” — Scudder. 


Genus Xipuipium. Serville (1831). 


Face, rounded, somewhat oblique; a blunt projection between 
the antennz, somewhat excavated on the sides, for the reception of 
the protuberance on the inner side of the first joint of the anten- 
ne. Eyes, hemispherical; pronotum truncate in front, rounded 
behind, lateral edges rounded, slightly excavated on the side, be- 
hind. Prosternum, with two spines; front coxa, with a spine on 
the outside. Anterior tibis armed beneath with a row of six 
spines on each side. 

This genus includes those small and medium-sized green grass- 
hoppers, with long, tapering antennze, which are so common dur- 
ing the summer in grass fields. 

The species may be separated by the following table : — 


108 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


{ Wing covers abruptly narrowed in the middle ooh ane 
Wing covers not narrowed in the middle ; ; : morte 
_ { Wings a little longer than the wing covers . : . fasciatum. 
Wings a little shorter than the wing covers . : brevipenne. 
Brown stripe on the pronotum, bordered with black, glaberrimum. 
Brown stripe not bordered with black . : : ‘ o> Bite 

ie eae covers as long as the wings . , , 4 . vulgare. 
Wing covers a little shorter than the wings . ; concinnum. 


XIPHIDIUM FASCIATUM. De Geer. 


The Slender Meadow Grasshopper. 


Length of body, about half an inch; to the end of wing covers, 
about four-fifths of aninch. Wings a little longer than the wing 
covers. Upper side of abdomen, brown. A brown stripe extends 
from the projection between the antenne, back across the middle 
of the pronotum, being widest behind. Legs, sprinkled with 
brown. Ovipositor, as long as the abdomen. 


XIPHIDIUM BREVIPENNE. Scudder. 


‘¢ Size of X. fasciatum, with which it agrees in coloration 
throughout, except that the wings are a little darker. The dorsal 
band is a little broader, and the ovipositor is reddish brown 
throughout, while in X. fasciatum it is green at the base; wings, 
.08 inch shorter than the wing covers ; both shorter than the body ; 
ovipositor nearly equalling the hind femora in length. In these 
respects it differs very much from X. fasciatum. 

‘¢ Length of body, .d inch; of wing covers, .33 inch; of hind 
femora, .48 inch; of ovipositor, .4 inch.” 


XIPHIDIUM VULGARE. Harris. 


The Common Meadow Grasshopper. 


Length of body, three-fourths of an inch; to the end of the 
wing covers, about one inch. Wing covers abruptly narrowed in 
the middle; green, faintly tinged with brown. The males have 
two black dashes, one behind the other, on each wing, on the out- 
side of the transparent spot. Body green, or greenish brown, 
with a dorsal brown stripe extending from the tubercle of the ver- 
tex across the prothorax, being widest behind. Ovipositor gradu- 
ally curved, and pointed at the end; about three-tenths of an inch 
in length. 


1888. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 109 


XIPHIDIUM COoNCINNUM. Scudder. 


“¢ Male, brownish green ;- a dark reddish-brown dorsal streak 
upon the head and prothorax, becoming faint towards the hind 
border of the prothorax, and narrowing anteriorly to the width of 
the tubercle of the vertex, passing over this down the front to the 
labrum, expanding broadly in the middle of the face; legs brown- 
ish green, tarsi dark brown, spines of tibize tipped with black ; 
abdominal appendages reddish brcwn; wing covers pellucid, veins 
grass green, except the heavy transverse vein of the sonorous 
apparatus, which is brown; wings pale brownish green, extending 
a little beyond wing covers; female having the same markings as 
the male, except that all the nervures of the wing covers are 
brown, and the wings are more dusky and are shorter than the 
wing covers; ovipositor reddish brown, a little curved, and very 
pointed ; a much slenderer and more graceful form than X vuil- 
gare. 

‘¢ Length of body, .7 inch; of wing covers, .84 inch; of wings 
beyond wing covers, .08 inch; of hind femora, .6 inch; of ovipos- 
itor, .32 inch.” 


XIPHIDIUM GLABERRIMUM. Burmeister. 


‘¢’The dorsal band here is bordered with black, as is also the 
outer edge of the sonorous apparatus of the male; antenne very 
long ; ovipositor slightly expanded in the middle.” — Scudder. 


Genus THyrEeonotus. Serville. 


Face rounded, slightly oblique. Eyes small and nearly globose. 
Vertex with a blunt projection between the antennae, somewhat 
excavated on the sides, and grooved above. Basal joint of the 
antenne flattened. Pronotum truncate in front, more or less 
rounded behind, and extending back over the first joint of the 
abdomen, concealing the rudimentary wings and wing covers ; 
flattened above and bent sharply’ down on the sides, forming an 
abrupt, curved edge on each side of the back. Prosternum with 
two short spines; fore coxa with a long sharp spine on the out- 
side. 7 

The fore and middle tibiz have two rows of six spines each on 
the inside, and a row of three or four equidistant spines along the 
outside. Hind femora and tibie very long, and of equal length. 
Ovipositor as long as the body, and straight. 


110 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


THYREONOTUS DORSALIS. Burmeister. 


Length of body, nearly one inch ; of ovipositor, one inch. Color, 
yellowish brown, more or less mottled, darker above. 


THYREONOTUS PACHYMERUS. Burmeister. 


‘¢ Among other distinctions between these two species, it may 
be seen that this species has the pronotum well rounded behind, 
while the hind margin of the other is nearly square; and the ovi- 
positor is longer in 7’. dorsalis than in T’. pachymerus, as are also 
the hind legs.” — Scudder. 


Famity ACRIDIDA. 
Grasshoppers. 


Anterior and middle legs equal, or nearly equal, in length, much 
shorter than the posterior pair; posterior legs elongate, fitted 
for leaping; the femora enlarged near the base. The tarsi three- 
jointed ; the first joint, which is usually the longest of the three, 
and much longer than the second, has the under side marked by 
two cross-impressions, which give it the appearance, when seen on 
this side, of being composed of three pieces; the terminal or 
third joint is furnished with two strong claws. Wing covers and 
' wings, when in repose, rest partly horizontal on the back of the 
abdomen, and partly deflexed against the sides. The antennz 
are shorter than the body, seldom exceeding half its length, and 
composed of from six to twenty-four joints; they are, either fili- 
form, flattened, or ensiform, rarely clavate. Most of the species 
possess wings, but in a few these organs are wanting. 

This family contains a much larger number of species than 
either of the other families of the Orthoptera, and includes those 
which have proved the most destructive to our cultivated crops. 
The entire life-history of but few of our species has been carefully 
studied; yet, in a general way, they are so nearly alike that the 
history of one will answer for that of all. 

When the female is ready to deposit her eggs, she digs a hole in 
the ground, with the valves of her ovipositor, as deep as the length 
of her abdomen will permit, afd at this time she is able to lengthen 
the abdomen to nearly twice its ordinary length. She then deposits 
her eggs in this hole, one at a time, placing them in regular order, 
so as to form an elongated oval mass. During the process a glairy 
fluid is deposited about the mass, which hardens and binds them 
together somewhat in the form of a bean. The hole is then filled 


1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 111 


with dirt mixed with this fluid, which forms a mass nearly im- 
pervious to water, after it hardens. See Fig. 11. The number 
of eggs deposited 
by the different 
species varies con- 
siderably,some 
laying only twenty- 
five or thirty in one 
mass, but deposit- 
ing several masses, 
while others, as the 
red-winged grass- 
hopper (Hippiscus 
tuberculatus ), de- 
posit all, to the 


number of 125 or Fig. 11. 
130, in one mass. Grasshoppers laying eggs. 
Th e diff erent a, a, a, female in different positions. 
: 6, egg pod. 
species vary also c, separate eggs. 


in the selection of d, e, earth removed to expose the pods. 


places for depositing their eggs; some species may frequently 
be seen, in the fall, digging holes and laying their eggs in the 
hard gravel of a well-travelled road. 

The young grasshoppers are very large eaters ; and, in the proc- 
ess of growth, they molt or shed their skins from three to five 
times. At the second or third molt, rudimentary wing covers ap- 
pear, and the insect is called a pupa; but previous to this time it 
is called a larva. At the last molt the wings and wing covers 
appear fully developed, and then the insect is called an imago, 
— perfect or mature insect. See Fig. 12. 


re. 12; 


Grasshopper molting its skin. @ to e, showing the successive stages. 


112 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


A pupa may be distinguished from a short-winged imago, by 
having the wing covers twisted around so that the faces and mar- 
gins are the reverse of what they are in the perfect insect. 

Warm, dry weather is favorable to the increase of grasshoppers, 
and it is in excessively dry seasons that they are most injurious. 
Dampness is undoubtedly the most efficient natural agent for keep- 
ing them in check. Although they may hatch in great numbers, 
yet, if a rainy season follow soon after, they will to a large extent 
be destroyed. Extreme changes during the winter appear to de- 
stroy the vitality of the eggs. 

Grasshoppers are preyed upon in their various stages by quite a 
number of.different species of insects, and especially by a reddish- 
colored mite, which adheres to them in large numbers, and, by 
sucking their blood, weakens and finally destroys them. Very 
many of our native birds feed on them, and domestic fowls are 
great aids in their destruction. It is doubtful if any artificial 
remedies can be used profitably, except when a great invasion is 
threatened, as sometimes occurs; and then it may prove safe and 
profitable to sprinkle the crops, ahead of the invading pe: with 
Paris green or other poisonous insecticides. 

The sub-families represented in New England may be separated 
by the following table : — 


Pronotum extending back to the tip of the abdomen . Tettigine. 
Pronotum not extending back to the tip of the abdomen : eames 
Prosternum with a prominent spine : ; Acridine. 
Prosternum not spined, or with sibs an atta fiber : ai ftee 
Face very oblique. 5 : : . Lruxaline. 
Face not oblique, or but sittin SK) : i . Gdipodine. 


Synopsis of the Acridine. 


Wings abortive or wanting : ; : : 5 .  Pezotettix. 
Wings well developed : ‘ : a : enter 
9 Median carina of the pronotum aC wat secrete : Acridium. 
’ (Median carina of the pronotum not prominent : 5 3. 
[ Hind femora not reaching the end of the wing covers . Melanoplus. 

3. 4 Hind femora reaching or surpassing the end of the wing covers, 
ft Paroxya. 


Genus Prezotrrrtrx. Burmeister (1840). 


Body medium size; female narrow posteriorly. Head large; 
face perpendicular, or nearly so; vertex between the eyes narrow, 
in front of these, short, somewhat deflexed, concave, no foveole ; 
frontal costa, lateral caring, and cheek carine, distinct ; frontal 
costa generally convex above the ocellus; eyes sub-ovate or sub- — 
globose; antennz cylindrical, reaching the tip of the pronotum ; 


1888. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 113 


joints somewhat distinct. Pronotum sub-cylindrical; disk sub- 
convex ; median carina generally obliterated on the anterior lobes, 
more or less distinct on the posterior lobe, sub-truncate in front, 
truncate or rounded behind, sometimes obtusely angled, but in the 
latter instances the posterior lateral margin ascends from the lateral 
angle to the apex without any entering angle at the humerus ; 
the three transverse impressions distinct, cutting the median 
carina; the intermediate one sub-bisinuate ; posterior lobe punct- 
ured. Prosternal spine rather short, obtuse ; pectus broad as the 
head. LElytra and wings wanting or abbreviated. Four anterior 
legs short ; in the male the middle femora much swollen ; posterior 
femora moderately dilated at the base. Extremity of the male 
abdomen somewhat swollen and turned up ; cerci generally slender. 
The species may be separated by the following table : — 


Without wings or wing covers : - : P : glacialis. 
Wing covers present : 3 ‘ : a ae 
Wing covers more than half the lene of the aed son borealis. 


2. 
Wing covers not more than half the length of the abdomen, manca. 


PEZOTETTIX GLACIALIS. Scudder. 


The Wingless Mountain Grasshopper. 


Head not large; vertex furrowed; frontal costa with a deep 
furrow and depression at the ocellus ; eyes not prominent, not 
elongate, docked anteriorly, and very slightly above. Pronotum 
a little widest posteriorly; anterior and posterior margins trun- 
cate ; lateral carinze almost obliterated, obtusely rounded ; median 
very slight. Prosternal spine rather short and blunt, compressed 
laterally. With neither wings nor elytra. Color, female: ver- 
tex, disk of the pronotum, and abdomen, olivaceous green; a 
broad black band behind the eye, crossing the sides of the prono- 
tum to the tip, extending upon the abdomen in the form of trans- 
verse streaks ; pronotum below this, greenish yellow, with a medial 
black spot. Vertex and pectus, greenish yellow; prosternum, 
dusky. Front and sides of the head yellowish green, with a 
greenish stripe down the middle of the frontal ridge. Furrow and 
interior carina of the under side of the hind femora, coral red; re- 
mainder yellowish green, with two broad bands of dark green 
across the outside ; apex, black; tibise, green. 

Male differs as follows: mesonotum and metanotum, bright 
green ; whole dorsal surface black, with a dorsal row of yellowish 
green spots, and a triangular spot of the same color between the 
middle and posterior cox ; a lateral row of greenish-yellow spots 
on the first eight abdominal segments. 


114 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - [Jan. 


oe about three-fourths of an inch. 

. Scudder states that this species frequents the branches of 
the hed birch trees among the White Mountains of New Hamp- 
shire. It has also been taken on Speckled Mountain in Maine, 
and on Graylock in Massachusetts. 


PEZOTETTIX MANCA. Smith. 


Top of the head, disk of pronotum, and elytra, brown. Sides of 
the pronotum smooth and shining in front of the last transverse 
impression; behind it thickly punctate; a broad black band ex- 
tending from the eyes over the upper half of the pronotum, and 
continued upon the other thoracic segments and along the side of 
the abdomen, inclosing on the thorax an oblique whitish spot, 
which extends from the base of the elytra to the posterior coxe. 
Hind femora brown, yellow below, banded with black above; 
tibize, bright red. 

Length, about three-fourths of an inch; length of elytra, from 
one-sixth to one-seventh of an inch; posterior femora, about four- 
tenths of an inch. 


PEZOTETTIX BOREALIS. Scudder. 


Dark brown, darkest above; a broad black band behind the 
eye, extending over the upper portion of the sides of pronotum to 
the hind border; front, dark yellowish brown; mouth parts, dirty 
yellowish; legs, yellowish brown; hind femora streaked with 
black, with the tip black; hind tibiz reddish, with a faint, paler 
annulation near the base, the spines tipped with black; wing- 
covers, dirty, yellowish brown, spotted irregularly with darker 
brown ; wings colorless, a little dusky on-costal border. 

Length of body, about two-thirds of an inch; of wing covers, 
nearly half an inch; of hind femora, nearly half an inch, 

This northern species has been taken on Speckled Mountain in 
Maine, and on the White Mountains, New Hampshire. It is 
thought by some to be identical with P. frigida of Northern 
Europe. | 

Genus Acripium. Burmeister (1838). 


Prosternum armed with a prominent, blunt spine ; median carina 
of the pronotum somewhat prominent; wings and wing covers 
well developed, as long or longer than the abdomen; abdomen of 
the male not swollen at the tip; eyes, elongate, oval. 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


f Wing covers longer than the abdomen é j “ : alutaceum. 


Wing covers about as long as the abdomen Seana . rubiginosum. 


1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 115 


ACRIDIUM ALUTACEUM. Harris. 


Leather-colored Grasshopper. 


Dirty brownish yellow, a paler yellow stripe on the top of the 
head and thorax ; a slightly elevated, longitudinal line on the top 
of the thorax ; wing covers semi-transparent, with irregular brown- 
ish spots ; wings transparent, uncolored, netted with dirty yellow ; 
abdomen, with transverse rows of minute blackish dots; hind 
femora, whitish within and without, the white portion bounded by 
a row of minute distinct black dots, and crossed, herring-bone 
fashion, by numerous brown lines ; hind tibize reddish, with yellow- 
ish-white spines, which are tipped with black. 

Length to the end of abdomen, one and three-fourths inches. 


ACRIDIUM RUBIGINOSUM. Harris. 


Light rust red, somewhat uniform. Wing covers opaque, rather 
paler on the overlapping position, without spots, or sprinkled over 
with dim, small, dusky spots. Wings transparent, slightly red- 
dish towards the tip; veins blackish; posterior femora reddish ; 
the flat disk whitish, with a row of black dots above and below; 
apex with a Junate black spot on the side. Spines of the tibize 
whitish, tipped with black. 

Length of female about one inch and a half,—male much 
smaller. | 

Genus Metanopius. Stal (1873). 


Eyes nearly equal in the sexes, never broader than the length of 
the cheek ; no distinct lateral carinz ; mesosternum and metaster- 
num together longer than wide; upper margin of the hind femora 
smooth ; first joint of hind tarsi of the same length as the last 
joint, and a little stouter; pulvilli between the claws, large; last 
joint of the abdomen of the male much swollen. 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


1. Wing covers shorter than the abdomen, or of the same length . 2 
Wing covers much longer than the abdomen : 5 
Median carina distinct on the front lobe of the neoabbain ‘ : 3. 
Median carina indistinct or wanting on front lobe of the pronotum, 4 
With a yellow stripe along the sides. : : : JSemoratus. 
With no yellow stripe along the sides . : : - punctulatus. 

‘ Wing covers as long as the abdomen . : ; : . collinus. 
Wing covers much shorter than the abdomen ‘ ‘ ; rectus. 
Anal cerci pointed at the tip : : : : - femur-rubrum. 


Anal cerci broadly rounded at the tip . J 4 : . atlanis. 


116 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


MELANOPLUS FEMORATUS. Burmeister. 


The Yellow-striped Grasshopper. (Fig. 13.) 


Dull or olive green, with a yellowish line on each side, extend- 
ing from the front of the head to the tips of the wing covers ; hind 
tibize and tarsi blood red, 
the spines tipped with 
black ; wings transparent, 
faintly tinged with pale 
_ green, and netted with 
wa _ greenish-brown lines. Ab- 

Fig. 13. domen of the male very 

Melanoplus femoratus. obtuse, curving upward at 

the end; anal cerci expanded at the base; female with the upper 
valves of the ovipositor tapering, finely pointed. 

Length to tip of the abdomen, from one to one and one-fourth 


inches. 
MELANOPLUS PUNCTULATUS. Uhler. 


‘* Antenne dark colored; eyes prominent; no lateral stripe. 
Wing covers spotted irregularly with dusky blotches; posterior 
lobe of pronotum rather coarsely punctate ; hind tibize parti-col- 
ored. Male with the basal half of the anal cerci equal. Female 
' with the upper valves of the ovipositor scarcely tapering, for) | 
pointed.” — Scudder. 

Length, one inch. This species is very rare, but has been taken 
in Maine and Massachusetts. 


MELANOPLUS COLLINUS. Scudder. 


‘¢ Transverse furrows of anterior lobe of pronotum, distinct; 
upper half of divergent lobes but little darker than the lower half ; 
wing covers as long as the abdomen. Male with the anal cerci 
forked at the tip. Female, stout.”— Scudder. 


MELANOPLUS RECTUS. Scudder. 


‘¢ Transverse furrows of anterior lobe of pronotum indistinct ; 
upper half of divergent lobes strikingly darker than the pale lower 
half; wing covers much shorter than the abdomen. Male with 
the anal cerci equal or nearly equal throughout ; long, slender, and 
nearly straight. Female rather slender.”— Scudder. 

This species is quite rare. It has been taken in Massachusetts, 
in the valleys of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and at 


Norway, Maine. 


1888. | PUBLIG DOCUMENT — No. 31. {17 


MELANOPLUS FEMUR-RUBRUM. De Geer. 


The Red-leqged Grasshopper. 


Dull olive-green, with a black spot extending from the eyes 
along the side of the pronotum; an oblique yellow line on each 
side of the body, beneath the wings; a row of dusky brown spots 
along the middle of the wing covers ; hind tibie and tarsi red, with 
black spines. Marginal apophyses of the last dorsal segment in 
the male, stout and parallel, reaching half-way over the supra-anal 
plate. Anal cerci tapering, pointed at the tip, and not half as - 
broad on the apical as on the basal half. Apex of the last ab- 
- dominal segment entire. Median carina of the pronotum of the 
female generally distinct on the anterior lobe; prosternal spine 
nearly cylindrical, scarcely tapering, except at the extreme tip, 
which is generally bluntly rounded. 

Length, about one inch. 

The eggs are deposited in the ground in the fall, and hatch the 
following May or June; but the insects do not reach maturity 
until July or August. 

This is one of the most common grasshoppers in New England, 
and at times becomes so abundant as to destroy not only garden 
and field crops, but even attack shrubs and small trees. Prof. 
S. I. Smith states that he has seen small hackmatack trees, in 
Maine, almost covered with them, and entirely stripped of their 
leaves. When they are so abundant, they rise in the air and are 
carried long distances by the wind, when it is blowing strongly. 


MELANOPLUS ATLANIS. Riley. 


Length, about one inch. 

This species strongly resembles M. femur-rubrum, but may be 
distinguished by the following characters given by Mr. Scudder :— 

Male, with the marginal apophyses of the last dorsal segment 
slender, divergent, reaching scarcely one-third way over the 
supra-anal plate ; anal cerci broad, equal, broadly rounded at tip, 
scarcely twice as long as broad; apex of last abdominal segment 
notched. Female, with the median carina of the pronotum gener- 
ally indistinct or wholly wanting on the anterior lobe; prosternal 
spine tapering, generally bluntly pointed at tip. 

This is a common species throughout New England. 


Genus Paroxya. Scudder (1876). 


Body straight, sub-cylindrical. Head moderately large; eyes 
large, prominent, separated from each other above by fully (male) 


118 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jam 


or very much more than (female) the width of the basal joint of 
antenne ; antennz long, equal, of similar length in both sexes. 
Pronotum simple, smooth (the posterior lobe punctulate) ; the 
median carina slight, equal; the anterior scarcely longer than the 
posterior lobe, the hind border of latter obtusely and bluntly 
angled ; lower border of deflected lobes very obtusely angled in 
the middle; tubercle of prosternum prominent, sub-cylindrical, 
bluntly pointed, at the base laterally compressed, at least in the 
male. Wings and wing covers about reaching the tip of the abdo- 
men, slender. Hind femora reaching (male) or surpassing (fe- 
male) the tip of the wing covers, moderately stout, but tapering 


_ very regularly, unarmed above. Edges of inferior valve of ovi- 


positor smooth; anal cerci of male having the general structure 
of those of Melanoplus. 


PAROXYA ATLANTICA. Scudder. 


Dull, olivaceous, excepting the top of the head, thorax and 
wing covers, which vary from light to dark brown. Head oliva- 
ceous, yellow on face and sides, in the female more or less infus- 
cated ; above the antennze brownish, fuscous, more or less tinged 
with chestnut color; behind the eye a broad, straight, horizontal 
black band, edged more or less distinctly, above and below, with 
yellowish ; antenne not half so long as the body, in the male; 
pale yellow at base, at least in male; beyond, testaceous, deepen- 
ing into fuscous toward the tip. Upper surface of pronotum of 
the color of the top of the head, the upper half of the deflected 
lobes with a very broad black band, in continuation of that on the 
head, anteriorly edged more or less distinctly, both above and 
below, with yellowish, and fading out before, or abruptly terminat- 
ing at, the posterior lobe. Wing covers nearly uniform brownish 
fuscous, with a faint line of small fleckings down the middle, in 
the female. Legs of the color of the body, the middle and hind 
femora generally more or less infuscated on their outer face ; hind 
tibize glaucous, with black or blackish spines. 

Length, one inch. 


Synopsis of the Truxaline. 


Prosternum obtusely tuberculated . : Baer : 2. 
Prosternum not tuberculated . : 3 ‘ : - 3. 

9 _f sat somewhat enlarged towards the ase : . Opomala. 
' U Antenne not enlarged towards the base Q . Stetheophyma. 
Posterior margin of the pronotum truncate . : . Chloéaltis. 


Posterior margin of the pronotum rounded or angular Stenobothrus. 


1888.] _ PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 119 


Genus Opomata. Serville (1831). 


_ Head pyramidal; face very oblique. Antenne reaching the 
apex of the pronotum, more or less enlarged near the base; the 
joints prismatic. Eyes somewhat’ prominent, oblique, placed 
near the front and close to the antenne. Pronotum usually 
tricarinate, sometimes sub-cylindrical, and the carine  sub- 
obliterated ; sides straight, parallel or nearly so, truncate in front, 
truncate or obtusely rounded behind ; transverse impressions gen- 
erally indistinct. Wing covers straight, lanceolate, sometimes 
reaching to the tip of the abdomen, sometimes abbreviated. Pros- 
ternum with a short, blunt protuberance. Anterior and middle 
legs short; posterior generally long and slender. 


OPOMALA BRACHYPTERA. Scudder. 


Brown, dotted faintly above with black. A faint, dark stripe 
extending from the lower border of each eye along the side of the 
pronotum. Hind femora with a row of black dots on the upper 
edge; terminal lobe dark. Spines tipped with black. The female 
is more uniformly brown than the male, with numerous minute 
dusky dots; wings and wing covers shorter than the male. 

Length, a little more than an inch. 


Genus Cuioiattis. Harris (1841). 


Eyes rather short, somewhat acuminate at the apex, placed near 
the vertex, oblique, and rather distant from each other. Back of 
the pronotum and head in one plane, horizontal. Head produced 
in front between the antennze, in the form of a short, blunt pyra- 
mid. Antenne ‘short, filiform, sub-depressed, and joints sub- 
distinct. Face oblique and straight. Pronotum short, compressed 
at the sides, which are flat, straight and parallel, or very nearly so ; 
tricarinate, the three carinz distinct but not elevated; transverse 
incisions slight; truncate in front, and truncate or sub-truncate 
behind. Wing covers abbreviated, shorter than the abdomen, ex- 
cept in Ch. punctulata, when they are about equal to it in length ; 
ovate-lanceolate. Prosternum unarmed, but slightly swollen. 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


1. Female, green, or pale brown; male, green above . v,.. Minidis. 
‘Brown, without any green ; : , ‘ 5h ee 
2. { Wing covers about as long as the abenen ; .  punctulata. 
Wing covers shorter than theabdomen . ? ‘ conspersa. 


120 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [gam 


CHLOEALTIS ViIRIDIS. Scudder. 


Wing covers shorter than the body, a little longer than the 
wings. Top of head and prothorax, green; sides of head and 
prothorax, dirty brown, with a horizontal black band behind the 
eye, extending over the prothorax ; front of head, yellowish brown ; 
fore and hind legs, reddish brown; mesothoracie legs, green; 
spines of tibize tipped with black ; wing covers above, green ;. upon 
the sides, brown; body beneath, yellowish. The female varies 
from olivaceous green to dark brown, with a dark band behind the 
eye, as in the male ; upon the top of the head a dark band extends 
from either side of the vertex, curving inwards and then outwards 
to midway between the median and lateral carine; hind tibie, 
reddish brown. 

Length, about three-fourths of an inch. 


CHLOEALTIS PUNCTULATA. Scudder. 


Wings and wing covers extending to tip of abdomen. Vertex 
edged with reddish brown; a narrow, reddish-brown band extends 
along the lateral carinz of pronotum to the eye, edged below 
with black; it extends also slightly upon the base of the wing 
covers ; abdomen, sternum, fore legs and mouth parts (except the 
black mandibles), reddish brown ; hind tibize, yellowish brown, the 
_ spines tipped with black; all the tarsi darker; wing covers green, 
with scattered, small, brownish spots. 

Length of body, about one inch. 


CHLOEALTIS CONSPERSA. Harris. 


The Sprinkled Grasshopper. 


Light reddish brown, sprinkled with black spots; a black line 
running behind each eye, on the head, and extending on each side 
of the thorax on the elevated lateral line; wing covers oblong- 
oval, pale yellowish brown, with many small, darker brown spots ; 
wings about one-seventh of an inch long, transparent, with dusky 
lines at the tip; hind tibize pale red, the spines at the end, black. 

Length, nearly nine-tenths of an inch. 


Genus Srenopoturus. Fischer (1853). 


Body medium size or small, elongate. Face more or less sloped 
obliquely backward and under toward the breast; vertex in front 
of the eyes, somewhat prominent, horizontal; eyes sub-rotund 
or sub-angulate. The antennz generally exceed the head and 
pronotum in length, and are sub-compressed or sub-cylindrical. — 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No: 31. 121 


Pronotum with a more or less flattened disk, the sides somewhat 
compressed, the front margin truncate, the hind margin obtuse 
~ angled or obtusely rounded ; the three carinz usually distinct, but 
not elevated; the median straight, entire; the lateral straight or 
curved inward at or in advance of the middle. Wings and wing 
covers sometimes abbreviated, sometimes as long or longer than the 
abdomen, generally narrow. Prosternum unarmed, narrow. 
The species may be separated as follows : — 


Wing covers unspotted ; : : ; , 4 .  curtipennis. 
Wing covers spotted . : ; . ; 5 ; . maculipennis. 


STENOBOTHRUS' CURTIPENNIS. Harris. 


The Short-winged Grasshopper. 


Olive gray above, variegated with dark gray and black; legs 
and body beneath, yellow; a broad black line extending from 
behind each eye on the sides of the thorax; wing covers, in the 
male, as long as the abdomen; in the female, covering two-thirds 
of the abdomen; wings rather shorter than the wing covers, trans- 
parent, faintly tinged with yellow; spines on hind tibize tipped 
with black. Length, about seven-eighths of an inch. 


STENOBOTHRUS MACULIPENNIS. Scudder. 


The Spotted-winged Grasshopper. (Fig. 14.) 


Head and top of pronotum, green (in some individuals, brown) ; 
a broad, reddish-brown band extending from the eyes to the 
hinder side of the pronotum, limited 
above by the lateral carine, which 
are white. Sides of the pronotum 
below the band, brownish or dull 
yellowish. Wing covers extending 
beyond the end of the abdomen, 
green, with a row of square, black 
spots along the middle, and a few 


. Fig. 14. 
irregularly scattered, smaller black Eicuobutheds macultpennts. 
spots. Length, three-fourths of an . stile aired 

- » Pupa. 

inch. c. Larva. 


This is a very variable species, and contains several well- 
marked varieties. 


Genus SrerHeopHyMA. Fischer (1854). 


Head large; face somewhat oblique ; eyes sub-depressed ; an- 
tenne filiform, of medium length. Pronotum flattened above, 


122 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


, tricarinate; the median carina somewhat acute, and the lateral 
rather obtuse, sub-parallel, or slightly divergent posteriorly ; the 
three transverse furrows undulate, the posterior only cutting the 
median carina; .the sides marked more or less with impressed 
lines. Prosternum with an obtuse tubercle. Wings and wing 
covers perfect in both sexes, or slightly abbreviated in the female. 


STETHEOPHYMA LINEATA. Scudder. 


Dark brown. <A narrow, curved, dark line extends from the 
upper border of the eyes to the lateral carine of the pronotum, 
and is the upper limit of a broad, brownish-yellow band extending 
from the eye to the lateral carine, whence it continues backward 
along the carinz ; below this, upon the upper border of the side, 
extends another broad black band from the eye to the hind edge 
of the pronotum; median carina, black. Costal edge of wing 
covers dark, with a yellow streak beneath extending from the base 
to the costal border at about two-thirds the distance to the apex ; 
beneath this is a band, narrow and black at the base, broadening 
till it occupies the whole width of the wing covers, becoming 
brown toward the tip, while the inner border is yellowish brown. 
Wings dusky, the internal half with a yellowish tinge. Legs 
dark brown; hind femora black on the outer and inner surfaces, 
_ reddish brown above, coral red below, with a white spot near the 
apex; tip black. Hind tibize yellow, with black spines; the base 
and tips black, and a dusky annulation below the knee. Length, 
from one inch to one and one-fourth. 

Mr. Scudder has described two other species, — gracilis and pla- 
typtera; but they are thought to be varieties of lineata. 


Synopsis of the CGfdipodine. 


Median carina of the pronotum with a single notch . : 5 2. 


Median carina of the pronotum with two notches ; : : ve 
[ Mesosternal lobes of the female twice as distant as the meta-. 
' sternal lobes . ; 3. 
1 Mesosternal lobes of the female tot more aie tae Gas 
ta metasternal lobes . , : 2 : : : , a 
Wings brightly colored : : ‘ caren : : Ange 
Wings transparent, faintly colored ‘ F : : ; ‘ 4, 
f Pronotum wrinkled z : ; Encoptolophus. 
’ \ Head and pronotum smooth or siamulated ; : .  Chortophaga. 
5. Median carina of the pronotum even throughout : Camnula. 
Median carina of the pronotumirregular : . ; 6. 
{ Median carina of pronotum nearly obsolete on hind 19bb, Hippiscus. 
Median carina of pronotum high and arched on hind lobe, Dissosteira. 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 123 


The two inner longitudinal veins of the we covers run sepa- 


.| rately to the inner border : : 8. 

The two inner longitudinal veins of the wing covers mite Bacoee 

[ reaching the inner border q 2 é . Psinidia. 
Veins of the hind part of the hind wings thickened : Circotettix. 


Veins of the hind part of the hind wings not thickened, Trimerotropis. 


Genus Arputia. Stal (1873). 


Body compressed; pronotum granulated; median carina either 
notched or entire. Wing covers of one color, but sprinkled with 
minute black dots; wings margined externally with black. 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


Pronotum right angled behind . : : : : ; sulphurea. 
Pronotum acute angled behind . : ' : : ‘ xanthoptera. 


ARPHIA SULPHUREA. Fabricius. 


Dusky brown, varying from an ashen to adark hue. Wing 
covers paler than the head and thorax, more or less distinctly 
spotted with brown. Wings deep yellow at the base and on the 
basal half of the front margin, bounded externally by a dusky 
brown band beyond the middle, which curves and is prolonged on 
the hind margin, but does not reach the anal angle; a sub-mar- 
ginal ray of the dark, extending two-thirds the distance to the 
base, separates the yellow of the margin from that of the disk ; 
apex translucent, dusky. Posterior femora black inside, with two 
white bands; posterior tibiz dusky, with a pale ring near the 
base ; middle sometimes bluish. Length, a little over an inch. 


ARPHIA XANTHOPTERA. Burmeister. 


Thorax generally, though not always, darker than in the former 
species ; sometimes with two yellow dots on the middle of the sides 
of the pronotum, one above the other, and the front and hind mar- 
gins dotted with olive ; but these markings are not uniform. The 
dark ray of the wings near the front margin, not more than half 
as long as in the former species, extending but one-third the 
distance to the base; this is remarkably uniform. Posterior 
femora generally with two oblique dull yellowish bands on the 
exterior face, and also a paler and more distinct ring near the 
apex. 

Length, from one to one and one-fourth inches. 


Genus CHorTopHaGa. Saussure (1884). 


Body compressed, somewhat slim, punctate or fine wrinkled, 
green, sub-glabrous, slightly pubescent. Legs remote, with scat- 


124 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


tered hairs on their surface. Antenne rather short, and slightly 
flattened. Pronotum acute angled behind. Wing covers narrow ; 
costal half, green ; the sutural half, brownish. 


CHORTOPHAGA VIRIDIFASCIATA. De Geer. 
The Goat-Headed Grasshopper. (Fig. 15.) 


This exceed- 
ingly variable in- 
sect has received 
numerous names, 
but all the differ- 
ent shades of va- 


Fig. 15. 
Chortophaga viridifasciata. riation may be 
a. Larva. reduced to two 
6. Mature insect. forms, which are 


known by the names virginiana, Fabricius, the green form; 
and infuscata, Harris, the brown form. 

The form VirGINIANA is described as follows : — 

Green ; wing covers with a broad green stripe on the outer. mar- 
gin, extending from the base beyond the middle, and including 
two small dusky spots on the edge, the remainder dusky, but 
semi-transparent at the end; wings transparent, very pale green- 
-ish yellow next to the body, with a large dusky cloud near the 
middle of the hind margin, and a black line on the front margin ; 
antennz, fore and middle legs reddish; hind femora green, with 
two black spots in the furrow beneath. Length, about one inch. 


Form Inruscata. Harris. 

Dusky brown; wing covers faintly spotted with brown; wings 
transparent, pale greenish yellow next tothe body, with a large 
dusky cloud near the middle of the hind margin, and a black line 
on the front margin; hind femora pale, with two large black spots 
on the inside; hind tibie brown, with darker spines, and a broad 
whitish ring below the knees. } fasth 


Genus Encorrotornus. Scudder (1875). 


Head but little swollen above, front vertical above, roundly 
sloping below, a little constricted above the antenne; eyes sepa- 
rated by about their own width, moderately large, somewhat ellip- 
tical; antenne rather short and flattened; top of the pronotum 
nearly fiat, the median carina abrupt, but not greatly elevated, cut 
into halves by a distinct though slight notch ; lateral carine dis- 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 125 


tinct but broken, very slightly curved; hind margin of pronotum 
forming a right angle ; wing covers reaching but little beyond the 
end of the abdomen. 


ENCOPTOLOPHUS SORDIDUS. Burmeister. 
The Clouded Grasshopper. (Fig. 16.) 


Dusky brown; wing covers pale, clouded, and spotted with 
brown; wings transparent, 
dusky at tip, with a dark 
brown line on the front 
margin; hind tibiz brown, 
with darker spines, and a 


broad whitish ring below Fig. 16. 
the knees. Length, about — Encoptolophus sordidus. 
one inch. 


Genus CamnuLa. Stal (1873). 


Head compressed ; antennz medium, a little stouter in the male ; 
hind femora with an acute margin slightly crested; eyes small, 
rather prominent, rounded kidney-shaped. Pronotum nearly level 
above with median and lateral carine. 


CAMNULA PELLUCIDA. Scudder. 


Ash brown; face reddish brown; antennz yellowish at base, 
dark brown toward tip; a triangular black spot behind the eye, 
the apex touching it ; a quad- 
rate transverse black spot on 
the anterior upper portion of 
the sides of the pronotum ; 
pronotum above sometimes 
with a dark band down the 
middle ; wing covers with the 
basal half dark brown, with 
small yellowish spots and 
transverse streaks, especially 
on front border; apical half 
clear, with dark brown round- 
ed spots prevalent along the 


Fig, 17. 
Camnula pellucida. 


middle, decreasing in size toward the tip; when closed, the upper 
surface is dark brown, with a rather broad yellowish line along 
each angle on the upper surface; wings pellucid, with black nerv- 
ules ; legs dark brown, the hind femora yellowish or reddish brown, 
with two or three rather broad, diagonal, dark brown streaks, dark 


126 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


brown at the apex; hind tibize yellowish brown, reddish toward 
the tip, with a very narrow, generally faint, annulation of dark 
brown at the base; spines tipped with black. Length of body, 
three-fourths of an inch. 


Genus Hipriscus. Saussure (1861). 


Large, or medium-sized, glabrous. Top of the head with a 
small central ridge. Pronotum with a granular surface, truncate 
in front, acute angled behind, compressed centrally on the sides, 
and above on each side of median carina; this last with one notch ; 
lateral caring prominent only in the middle. Wing covers extend- 
ing considerably beyond the end of the abdomen. 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


Base of the wings, pale yellowish . : ‘ i . . rugosus. 
Base of the wings, red : : c : : : . tuberculatus. 


Hipriscus rucosus. Scudder. 


Head and thorax, dark brown; two yellowish bands run from 
behind the eye backwards and inwards, nearly or quite meeting 
one another a little in advance of the middle of the pronotum, 
where they diverge and strike the hinder edge of the pronotum at 
the outer angles; there are two yellowish spots, one below the 
other, on the sides of the pronotum; wing covers marked with 
large dark blotches, generally occupying the larger portion of the 
wing; the tip of the wing cover pellucid, nearly free from spots ; 
wings with the basal color, pale yellowish, and the apical portion 
dusky. Length of body, from one inch to one and one-fourth. 


HIpPriscus TUBERCULATUS. Palisot de Beauvois. 


The Red-winged Grasshopper. 


Antenne of female rather short and stout; pronotum granu- 
lated, scarcely spotted, plain above; median carina of uniform 
height throughout. Wing covers spotted with brown; base of 
wings red, costa and outer margin fuscous. 

This species has been generally called phoenicopterus ; but Saus- 
sure has shown that they are distinct species. 


Genus Dissosrerra. Scudder (1876). 


Head prominent, vertex elevated and tumid; antenne of the 
male not thickened before, nor tapering at, the tip; posterior lobe 
of the pronotum somewhat enlarged, median carina much elevated, 


1588. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 127 


deeply notched near the middle, the posterior lobe much arched. 
Insects of large size. 
Saussure unites the genus Spharagemon, Scudder, established 


in 1875, with Dissosteira, and adopts the latter name because of 


the gender of the former ! 
The species may be separated as follows : — 


Base of the-wings black . : F ‘ : ; carolina. 
Base of the wings light yellow . : , : d 5 wen 
Apex of the wings with dusky spots at the tip : . marmorata. 
Apex of the wings without dusky spots at the tip. : FO 
3. ase pale, sparingly punctured . ; 2 ‘Dollz. 
Body deeply punctured, and irrorate with lace . cequalis. 


DISSOSTEIRA CAROLINA. Linneus. 


Pale yellowish brown, with small dusky spots; wings black, 
with a broad yellow hind margin, which is covered with dusky 
spots at the tip. Length, from one to one and one-half inches. 


DISSOSTEIRA AQUALIS. Say. 


Ashy gray, mottled with dusky brown and white; wing covers 
semi-transparent at tip, with numerous dusky spots, so run together 
as to form three tranverse bands ; basal half of wings light yellow, 
transparent, with dusky veins and a few spots at the tip, and an 
intermediate broad black band, which reaches the inner angle of 
wing, curving and growing narrower on the hind margin; hind 
tibize coral red, spines tipped with black, and a wide white annul- 
ation below the knees. Length, one and one-fourth inches. 


DISSOSTEIRA BOLLII. Scudder. 


Brownish fuscous; the face with a grayish cinereous (in the male) 
or yellowish cinereous (in the female) tinge, distinctly punctate, 
the pits dusky or blackish; antennz brownish yellow on the basal 
half, infuscated beyond, the whole more or less annulate with 
dusky yellow and blackish in the male. Wing covers flecked 
throughout with minute blackish spots. Wings light greenish yel- 
low at the base, with a broad median arcuate band, blackish in 
color, sending out a broad short shoot toward the base next the 
upper border. Beyond, the wing is at first hyaline, with broad 
blackish, fuliginous veins, while the extreme tip is black, as the 
median band. Hind femora dull brownish; the basal two-fifths of 
the hind tibiz blackish, with a broad whitish annulus beyond, 
coral red. Crest of pronotum very high, that of the posterior lobe 


128 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


independently arched, much more elevated in front than behind. 
Length of body, about one and one-fourth inches. 

Mr. Scudder has described a species under the name of D. baltea- 
tum ; but Saussure considers it only a variety of the above species. 


DISSOSTEIRA MARMORATA. Harris. 
The Marbled Grasshopper. 


Ash-colored, variegated with pale yellow and black ; thorax sud- 
denly narrowed before the middle, the slightly raised longitudinal 
line on the top cut through in the middle by a transverse fissure ; 
wing covers marbled with large whitish and black spots, and semi- 
transparent at the end; wings light yellow on the half next the 
body, transparent near the end, with two black spots on the tip, 
and a broad intermediate black band, which, narrowed and curv- 
ing inwards on the hind margin, nearly reaches the inner angle; 
hind femora pale yellow, black at the extremity, and nearly sur- 
rounded by two broad black bands; hind tibize coral red, with a 
black ring below the knee, and followed by a white ring, black at 
the lower extremity also, with tips of the spines black. In some 
individuals, an additional black ring below the white one on the 
tibie. Length, from three-fourths to one inch. 


Genus Psrnrp1a. Stal (1873). 


Antenne.of the male elongated, somewhat stout and flattened ; 
pronotum with a granulated or tuberculated surface, rounded in 
front, acute angled behind; median carina with two notches, 
lateral carinee distinct on the posterior lobe. 


PSINIDIA FENISTRALIS. Serville. 
The Long-horned Grasshopper. 


Ash-colored, variegated with gray and dark brown; antennz 
nearly as long as the body, and with flattened joints; thorax very 
much compressed laterally before the middle; wing covers and 
wings long and narrow; the former variegated with dusky spots, 
and semi-transparent at the tip; wings next to the body ver- 
million red, yellow, sometimes pale, sometimes deep and almost 
orange-colored, at other times uncolored and semi-transparent ; 
with a broad black band across the middle, which is narrowed and 
prolonged on the hinder margin, and extends quite to the inner 
angle ; beyond the band, the wings are transparent, with the tips 
black or covered with blackish spots; hind tibize whitish, with a 


; 
; 


1888.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 129 


black ring at each end, a broad one of the same color just above 
the middle, and the spines tipped with black. Length, three- 
fourths of aninch. The wings of this species are very variable 
in color at the base. 


Genus TRimerorroris. Stal (1873). 


Body slightly wrinkled, and covered with fine hairs; pronotum 
slightly angled in front and acutely angled behind, and slightly 
wrinkled ; median carina broken by two wide notches ; wing covers 
long and narrow. 


TRIMEROTROPIS MARITIMA. Harris. 

Ash gray; face variegated with white; wing covers sprinkled 
with minute brownish spots, and semi-transparent at tip; wings 
transparent, faintly tinged with yellow next the body, uncolored 
at tip, with a series of irregular blackish spots forming a curved 
_ band across the middle; hind tibiz and feet pale yellow, with the 
extreme points of the spines black. Length, from three-fourths 
to one and one-fourth inches. 


Genus Crrcotettrx. Scudder (1876). 


Body pubescent and punctured. Eyes somewhat prominent, 
separated above by a space about equal to their width; antennz 
but little longer than the head and prothorax combined; pronotum 
with the front lobe slightly narrower than the head ; median carina 
on the anterior portion of the front lobe, obsolete on the posterior 
portion, and inconspicuous on the hind lobe ; front margin scarcely 
angulated, hind margin rectangular; lateral carine distinct on 
posterior lobe, but not prominent; surface slightly wrinkled. 
Wings and wing covers much longer than the body. 


CIRCOTETTIX VERRUCULATUS. Kirby. 


Ash-colored, mottled with black and oray ; wing covers semi- 
transparent beyond the middle, with numerous blackish spots 
which run together at the base, and form a band across the 
middle ; wings broad, light yellow on the basal half, the remainder 
dusky but.transparent, with black net-work, and deep black at tip, 
and an intermediate, irregular band, formed by a contiguous series 
of black spots, reaching only to the hind margin, but not contin- 
ued toward the inner angle; hind tibiz pale yellow, with a black 
ring below the knees, a broader one at the extremity, and a black- 
ish spot behind the upper part of the tibia. Length, nearly one 
inch. . 


130 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


Synopsis of the Tettigine. 


Pronotum arched roundly . : : ; : Batrachidea. 

’ UPronotum nearly or quite horizontal. d : ; : 2. 
> J Antenne with thirteen or fourteen joints. : . Tettix. 
“ Antenne with twenty-two joints . : , : Tettigidea. 


Genus Tetrix. Fischer (1853). 


Head generally small; eyes globular, somewhat prominent; 
antenne composed.of thirteen or fourteen joints, filiform; prono- 
tum extending back over the abdomen to or beyond its extremity ; 
the lower anterior angle of the sides angulated and bent inward; 
the lateral carinzee somewhat prominent, convergent near the front 
border. Wing covers short, in the form of oval scales. Wings 
well developed, usually as long or longer than the abdomen, and 
slightly curving upward at the end. Pronotum without any spine 
or tubercle. Species small. 7 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


Length about half aninch . ; : : : ; ‘ 2. 

’ (Length about one-fifth of an inch : : : triangularis. 
9 Length to tip of wings, .55 to .60 of an inch granulatus. 
Length to tip of wings half an inch or less . , ; : 3. 
Pronotum advanced to the eyes . : ; , cucullatus. 

' (Pronotum not advanced to the eyes. ‘ : 3 ornatus. 


TETTIX GRANULATUS. Kirby. 


Cinereous, obscurely clouded with black, the whole body granu- 
lated with very minute, elevated, whitish points. Pronotum longer 
than the abdomen, tricarinate. Tibize reddish, ob- 
scurely banded with white. Body black, sprinkled 
with numberless very minute elevated points or gran- 
ules. Pronotum cinereous, clouded obscurely with 
black ; the middle carina straight, and the lateral ones 
curved at the base. The rudiments of wing covers 
cinereous, ridged, with excavated punctures; nerves of 
the wings black, those of the costal area white. The 


Fig. 18. 
: oiere : P Tettix 
fore anterior tibiz: reddish, obscurely annulated with granniatus. 


white. Length, nearly half an inch. 


TETTIX ORNATUS. Say. 


Smaller than 7. granulatus; vertex but little in advance of the 
eyes, and front border nearly straight, instead of angulated. Pro- 
notum shorter than in the preceding; wings smaller. Both this 
and the preceding species have almost every conceivable variation 


1888.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 131 


of ornamentation; but, as has been remarked, color and ornamen- 
tation have but little value in separating the species of Tettix. 


TETTIX CUCULLATUS. Scudder. 


Vertex at the front border smaller than across the middle of the 
prominent eyes. Testaceous-fuscous, granulose. Pronotum dilated 
in front, advanced upon the head. to the eyes. Length, nearly 
half an inch. 

It differs from 7. granulatus, which it most resembles, in having 
the vertex very narrow, slightly less than the diameter of the 
much-inflated eyes, the front cut off square, and slightly hollowed, 
not projecting outward so far as the eyes. The pronotum is 
broader and more compact over the thorax, more suddenly sloped 
off behind, and extending backward nearly twice the length of the 
- abdomen, the wings overreaching slightly. The punctures on the 
wing covers not so deep. 


TETTIX TRIANGULARIS. Scudder. 


Allied to 7’. ornutus, and agreeing with it in ornamentation, in 
the character of the vertex and prominence of the eyes, but dif- 
fering in the length of the pronotum and wings. As in both of 
the preceding species, the pronotum and wings are of equal length, 
but in this species the pronotum is scarcely longer than the body, 
and is not produced backward into such a slender point, the sides 
being straighter. Length, three times the breadth ; length of pro- 
notum, .17 of an inch. 


Genus Trerticipea. Scudder (1862). 


More robust and clumsy than Teftiz, head larger, more swollen 
upon the top, and less sloping down the front; antennze consisting 
of twenty-two joints, which are cylindrical and not flattened. The 
lower anterior angle of the sides of the pronotum, which is angu- 
lated and bent inwards in Tettix, is here rounded and straighter ; 
the lateral carinz are not so prominent as there, or so strongly 
bent inwards in advance of the broader portion; the front border 
is thrust forward at an angle partially concealing the head. 
Wing covers considerably longer and narrower than in Teétix. 
This genus further differs from Tettix, in having a small circular 
space, without facets, set off from the upper, inner border of the 
eye. 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


Pronotum extending beyond the end of the abdomen. . lateralis. 
Pronotum not extending beyond the end of the abdomen . polymorpha. 


132 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan. 


TETTIGIDEA LATERALIS. Say. 


Pale brownish-testaceous, with a lateral, broad fuscous line. 
Pronotum shorter than the wings. Antenne reddish brown, 
blackish at tip. Pronotum flattened, with small longitudinal lines 
or wrinkles, and a more obvious, continuous, elevated central line 
extending the whole length. Wings brown on the anterior margin 
toward the tip, and extending at least one-twentieth of an inch 
beyond the pronotum ; sides with a dilated blackish-brown line or 
vitta, beginning at the eye, and including the abdomen above, and 
each side. Legs brown, more or less annulated with pale; under 
side of abdomen pale yellowish or testaceous. Length, to tips of 
wings, nearly half an inch. | 


TETTIGIDEA POLYMORPHA. Burmeister. 


Dark brown; sides blackish; pronotum clay-colored or pale 
brown, and about as long as the body. Wing covers with a small 
white spot at the tips; wings much shorter than the pronotum. 
Male with the face and edges of the lateral margins of the pro- 
notum yellow. This species is much shorter and thicker than 
T. lateralis. 

Length, two-fifths of an inch. 


Genus BatracuipEa. Serville (1839). 


Head larger than in Tettix; eyes more distant; front less 
sloping; antennze with twelve joints; median carina very high 
and arched; lateral carinz indicated only in front. 

The species may be separated as follows : — 


Pronotum reaching to the end of the abdomen : : . cristata. 
Pronotum not reaching to the end of the abdomen . 3 - carinata. 


BATRACHIDEA CRISTATA. Harris. 


Vertex projecting beyond the eyes, front border well rounded, a 
little angulated, the median carina sharp, prominent, sloping down- 
wards posteriorly, the front deeply notched immediately in front 
of the eyes; eyes rather prominent, scarcely more than half as 
broad as the vertex ; the pronotum with sides neither swollen nor 
hollowed, of the length of the body; the median carina high, 
regularly arched; the lateral border with two shallow grooves, 
one anterior, the other posterior, overlapping one another in the 
middle; the whole pronotum is minutely scabrous, and there is 
generally a dark quadrate or triangular spot on either side, above 
the terminal half of the wing covers; wings reaching the tip of 
the pronotum. Length of pronotum, one-third of an inch. 3 


1888.1 PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 133 


BATRACHIDEA CARINATA. Scudder. 


The head much as in B. cristata, with the eyes slightly larger 
and more prominent; the median carina of the pronotum sharp, 
regularly arched, the pronotum extending backward quite a dis- 
tance behind the tip of the abdomen, a little upturned towards the 
tip, with slightly longer wings; the lateral grooves are narrower 
and less distinct than in B. cristata, and the upper surface is 
more coarsely scabrous than in that species; markings the same 
as in B. cristata. Length of body, one-third of an inch; of 
pronotum, .43 of an inch. 


Famity PHASMIDA. 
The Walking-sticks. 
But a single member of this family is known to occur in New 
England, and it has been placed in the genus Diapheromera. 


Genus DraPHEROMERA. Gray (1835). 


‘Body long, slender and cylindrical. Head oval and slightly 
inclined. Antenne long, slender, and composed of numerous 
joints, and are inserted in front of the eyes. Palpi short, cylin- 
drical. Legs simple, the anterior pair similar to the others. 
Tarsi five-jointed. Elytra very short, or wanting. 


DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA. Say. 
The Common Walking-stick. (Fig. 19.) 


Length of body, from two and one-half 
to three inches. Color, green or greenish 
brown, but varying much, becoming quite 
brown towards the end of the season. 

Head of the male with three brown 
stripes, the female with only two, one on 
each side, extending backward from the 
base of the antenn. 

Fore and middle femora armed with a 
short acute spine on the under side, near 
the outer end. Elytra entirely wanting. 

This insect feeds on the foliage of oak, 
hickory, locust, and has been known to 
attack the peach and rose bushes. 

The eggs, which are black, and oval in 
outline, are dropped loosely on the ground 
in the fall, and do not hatch till the suc- 
ceeding year, and sometimes not till the 
second year. They change but little ex- 


: ° é : Fig. 19. 
cept in size and color during their early —_ pjapheromera femorata. 


life, and molt but twice. 


134 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [Jan. 


Faminy BLATTIDZ. 
Cockroaches. 


Body usually depressed and oval. Pronotum shield-like. Legs 
adapted for running only. Wing covers usually leathery, opaque, 
overlapping (if well developed) when at rest. Head bent down, 
face sloping backwards. Eyes large; ocelli rudimentary, usually 
two. Antenne long and slender. 


Synopsis of the Genera. 
; Sub-anal Styles wanting in the males; last joint of the 


1. 4 abdomen of the female not divided beneath , ‘ Blatta. 
| Sub-anal styles’ present in the males; last joint of the 

l abdomen of the female divided . : ; : . é 2. 

9. 3 Supra-anal plate fissured , ; ‘ ; ‘ Periplaneta. 

Supra-anal plate not fissured . 5 e é ; Platamodes. 


Genus Bratra. Linneus (1758). 


The insects placed in this genus have a pad (pulvillus) between 
the claws of the feet; the seventh sternum of the abdomen entire 
in both sexes ; and the sub-anal styles rudimentary in the males. 


BLATLA GERMANICA. Fabricius. 
Water Bug. Croton Bug. (Fig. 20.) 


Length, about half an inch. Color, 
dull yellowish, with a yellowish-brown 
head and yellowish antennz. Pro- 
notum with a reddish-brown longi- 
tudinal band on each side. Wing 
covers and wings somewhat longer 
than the abdomen. 

The eggs, thirty-six in number, are 

laid in two rows in a capsule which 

Biatta cs " Maleand the female carries around attached to 

oo the end of her abdomen; and, when the 
young hatch, she assists them in escaping from the capsule. The 
young molt or shed their skins six times before they reach 
maturity, which takes from four to five months. They do not 
avoid the light as much as the other species of this family, but 
still are nocturnal to a certain degree. 

This species is common in houses in and about ‘all the large 
cities in New England, where it is called the ‘‘croton bug.” It 
feeds on almost everything, but prefers wheat bread to all other 
articles of diet. It sometimes injures libraries by gnawing the 


1888.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 135 


bindings of books bvend in cloth. The use of Ryrethrum powder 
on the shelves is the best remedy. It has been recommended to 
mix a teaspoonful of powdered arsenic with a tablespoonful of 
mashed potato, and scatter about their lurking-places ; but, when 
poison is used, the greatest caution is necessary to prevent acci- 
dents. 

Borax is also said to be useful in destroying the croton bug. 


BLATTA? FLAVOCINCTA. Scudder. 


‘¢ Prothoracic shield rather dark brown, slightly paler along the 
median line, bordered throughout with a pale yellowish band, 
forming only a very narrow edge posteriorly; broader in front, 
and quite broad at the sides, covering all the deflexed border; the 
edge at the sides and front is slightly raised ; wing covers scarcely 
reaching the tip of the abdomen, reddish brown, with the anterior 
half of the outer margin paler, with a yellowish tinge ; wings not 
half the length of the wing covers; abdomen above very dark 
brown ; below, dark brown, the terminal segment being darkest ; 
- legs yellowish brown, with spines as in LG? lithophila; head reddish 
brown ; sides below antennee yellowish ; eyes black; antennee dark 
brown, paler toward tip; third joint rather larger than the two 
succeeding joints, and equal in size to the second. Length of 
body, fifty-six hundredths of an inch.” 

Mr. Scudder placed this species and germanica under the genus 
Ecropia, and it may not be properly placed here. He also 
described a species under Ecrosra as /ithophila (a manuscript name 
of Harris) ; but he informs me that it is very likely to be the larv: 
of Platamodes pennsylvanica. 


Genus PreripLaneta. Burmeister (1838). 


Last abdominal sternum of the female divided; sub-anal styles 
of the male well developed. Antenne slim and tapering, longer 
than the body. Legs long and very spiny. 


| Wing covers and wings extending beyond the end of the 


abdomen in both sexes : : / f ; : . americana. 
| Wing covers and wings not reaching to the end of the 


abdomen in the males, rudimentary in the females. . orientalis. 


'PERIPLANETA AMERICANA. Fabricius. 


Length, one inch and one-fourth. Color, reddish brown, with 
paler indistinct bands on the pronotum. Wings and wing covers 
well developed in both sexes, and extending beyond the end of 
the abdomen. Legs much lighter in color than the body. 


136 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


PERIPLANETA ORIENTALIS. Linneus. 


Length, about four-fifths of an inch. Color, dark brown. Pro- 
-notum not banded ; legs of a lighter color than the body. Wings 
and wing covers of thé male well developed, 
reaching nearly to the end of the abdomen. 
Wings wanting in the female, and wing covers 
very small, not more than one-fifth of an inch 
long. 

- The female lays sixteen eggs in two rows ina 
large horny capsule, which she carries with her 
for seven or eight days, when she drops it in a 
warm and sheltered place. When the young 
hatch, they discharge a fluid which softens the 
cement along the edge of the capsule, and ena- 
bles them to escape without assistance. The 
young larve are white at first, differing from — 
pemanen ‘Mentalis, the adult only in size, color and the absence of 
wings. They run about with great activity, feeding upon any 
starchy food they can find. 

This species is nocturnal in its habits, and flees at the first 
appearance of light. It is a great pest, for it devours almost any- 
thing that comes in its way, as flour, bread, meat, cheese, woolen 
_ clothes, and even old leather. Various methods have been sug- 
gested for their destruction, but one of the best is to use a small 
wooden box, having a circular hole at the top, with a glass rim, out 
of which they cannot escape. It should be baited at night, and 
the contents thrown into hot water in the morning. 


Genus PLratamopeEs. Scudder (1862). 


‘¢ A genus more closely allied to Periplaneta than to any other, 
but readily distinguishable from it by its much narrower and more 
elongated body, —the sides being sub-parallel to one another 
throughout their whole extent, while in Periplaneta the abdomen 
is much swollen. ‘The wings and wing covers extend beyond the 
abdomen, the latter being well rounded at the tip. The supra-anal 
plate is regularly rounded, but lacks altogether the fissuration seen 
in Periplaneta; but at the same time it is not squarely docked, as 
in Stylopyga. The anal cerci are somewhat shorter and not so 
flattened as in Periplaneta, while the anal styles are very short, and 
turned abruptly downwards. In Periplaneta the sub-genital plate 
does not extend so far backward as the supra-anal. In Platamodes 
it extends backward farther. A further distinction between the 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 137 


two genera may be seen at the mner borders of the eyes, which 
in Platamodes are nearly parallel, while in Periplaneta they 
approach one another anteriorly. I have only seen males.” 


PLATAMODES UNICOLOR. Scudder. 


‘¢ Wings and wing covers, uniform pale, shining reddish brown ; 
head and prothoracic shield nearly the same, but slightly darker, 
particularly in the middle of the latter; abdomen a little darker 
above, especially on the borders; cerci dark brown; legs, 
especially the tibize, darker than the body; eyes black; antennze 
and palpi brown; antennze reaching backward to tip of wing 
covers. Length of body, .25 inch; length to tip of wings, .35.” 


Famity FORFICULIDZ. Stephens (1829). 
Harwigs. (Fig. 22.) 


Dr. Packard has followed Leach and some others in separating 
the earwigs from the Orthoptera, and has 
established the Order Dermatoptera for their 


reception. _ 
We have but a single species in New ; 
England, common also in Europe, and Fig. 22. 


placed in the genus Lasta. newie: eortealt, 


Genus Lapra. Leach (1817). 


Body small and convex; head moderately large ; antennz com- 
posed of from ten to fifteen joints. Pronotum somewhat smaller 
than the head; wing covers always present, though the wings are 
sometimes wanting. Abdomen somewhat widened in the middle, 
the last segment much larger than the others, and armed with a 
pair of forceps separated at the base in the males, but not separated 
in the females. Legs comparatively short; the first joint of the 
tarsi as long as the other two, and the second is the shortest. 


LABIA MINOR. Linneus. 
The Little Eurwig. 


Length of body, including forceps, one-fourth of an inch. Head 
and sides of abdomen nearly black. Mouth parts, antenne, 
thorax, wing covers, exposed portion of the wings, and the middle 
of the upper side of the abdomen, yellowish brown; the last seg- 
ment of the abdomen and the forceps reddish brown. Legs and 


138 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [ Jan. 


last two joints of antennze honey yellow. Entire surface of the 
body covered with fine, short hairs. 

This species remains concealed during the day, but flies about 
at night, and is sometimes attracted into houses by the light. It 
was taken in this way at Amherst, Mass., at 8 p. m., Aug. 25, 
1887. It is probably not abundant enough to do any considerable 
damage, but in Kurope they are at times very injurious to flowers 
and fruits; and they are caught in traps, consisting of hollow 
tubes closed at one end, which are set up in the gardens, and in 
which they conceal themselves. The hollow stems of the sun- 
flowers are used for this purpose, as the earwigs are fond of the 
remains of the sweet pith. © 

Curtis states that the female earwig lays her cluster of little . 
oval, opaque, yellowish eggs under a fallen leaf or other sheltered 
place, then nestles upon them as a hen does on her eggs, and then 
probably protects and feeds her young. 

The term earwigs, which has been applied to these insects in 
Europe, and very generally in this country, has sometimes been 
incorrectly given to one of the Myriopods. ; 


1888. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 139 


DEFINITION OF TERMS. 


Antenne. Two jointed, thread-like appendages on the front of the head. 

~ Carina (plural Carine). A keel or ridge. 

Cerci. The small appendages issuing from the sides of the last abdom- 
inal segment. 

Cinereous. An ash-gray color. . 

Clavate. Waving a thickened, club-like extremity. 

Costa. It is usuaily applied to the median carina of the face; but is 
also applied to the front margin of the wings and elytra. 

Dentaie. Furnished with a tooth. 

Disk. The middle surface. 

Dorsum. ‘The upper surface or back of the thorax, abdomen, etc. 

Dorsal. Pertaining to the upper surface. 

Elongate. Signifies that the part is longer than it is wide. 

Elytra. The wing covers. The anterior or upper wings. 

Femora. The thighs. 

Filiform. Slender, or thread-like. 

Foveola. A cavity or cellular depression. 

Fulvous. Tawny, or light yellowish brown. 

Fuscous. Dark brown, or sooty color. 

Ganglion (plural Ganglia). A nervous mass or enlargement. 

Glabrous. Smooth or polished. 

Hyaline. Transparent, with a greenish tinge. 

Laterul lobes of the pronotum. The deflexed portions that cover the 
sides of the thorax. 

Medial or Median. Occupying the middle. 

Mesonotum. ‘The upper or dorsal surface of the mesothorax. 

Mesosternum. ‘The under surface of the mesothorax. 

Mesothorax. The middle part of the thorax, to which the wing covers 
and middle pair of legs are attached. 

Metanotum. ‘The upper or dorsal surface of the metathorax. 

Metasternum. ‘The under surface of the metathorax. 

Metathoraz. The posterior part of the thorax, to which the wings and 
hind pair of legs are attached. 

Nerves. The larger ribs or veins of the wings and wing covers, extend- 
ing from the base toward the apex. 

Nervules. The smaller connecting veins of the wings and wing covers. 

Ocelli (singular Ocellus). ‘The three simple or little eyes. 

Pectus. The breast or under surface of the thorax. 

Pronotum. The shield which covers the front part of the thorax. 


140 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. dan, 


Prosternum. The under surface of the prothorax. 

Prothorax. The anterior division of the thorax, to which the head is 
joined. | 

Pulvilli (singular Pulvilius). The little pads between the claws. 

Punctate or Punctured. Containing numerous small, point-like depres- 
sions or punctures. 

Reticulated. Furnished with veining or markings like net-work. 

Scabrous. Covered with small, slight elevations. | 

Spurs. ‘The strong spines at the apex of the tibiz. 

Sulcus. A linear groove or channel. 

Suture. A seam or impressed line; generally used in reference to 
the junction of two pieces or plates. 

Tarsus (piural Tarsi). ‘The jointed foot. 

Tibia (plural Tibie). The part of the leg between the thigh and the 
foot. 

Tricarinate. Having three keels or caring. 

Tuberculate. Covered with tubercles. 

Unarmed. Without a spine; unspined. 

Vertex. The front portion of the upper surface of the head, between 
and in front of the eyes. 


1888. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 


A LIST OF THE NEW ENGLAND ORTHOPTERA, 
With the Principal Synonyms. 


GRYLLIDZ. 


Tridactylus terminalis, Uhler, Mss. 
(Scudder. ) 
Gryllotalpa borealis, Burmeister. 
Gr. brevipennis, Serville. 
Gryllotalpa columbia, Scudder. 
G. longipennis, Scudd. 
Gryllus abbreviatus, Serv. 
Gr. angustus, Scudd. 


Gryllus luctuosus, Serv. 
Gr. pennsylvanicus, Burm. 
Gr. neglectus, Scudd. 
Gr. niger, Harris. 
Nemobius fasciatus, De Geer. 
N. vittatus, Harr. 
Gcanthus niveus, Serv. 
CE. fasciatus, Fitch. 


LOCUSTIDZ. 


Ceuthophilus maculatus, Harr. 
Phal. lapidicola, Burm. 

Ceuthophilus brevipes, Scudd. 

Cyrtophylius concavus, Harr. 
Platy. perspicillatum, Serv. 

Amblycorypha oblongifolia, De 

. Geer. 

Ambiycorypha rotundifolia, Scudd. 

Microcentrum laurifolium, Linneus. 
Micro. affiliatum, Scudd. 

Scudderia curvicauda, De Geer. 
Gryl. myrtifolius, Drury. 
Phan. angustifolia, Harr. 


Conocephalus ensiger, Harr. 
Conocephalus robustus, Scudd. 
Xiphidium fasciatum, De Geer. 
Orch. gracile, Harr. 
Xiphidium brevipenne, Scudd. 
Xiphidium vulgare, Harr. 
Xiphidium concinnum, Scudd. 
Atiphidium glaberrimum, Burm. 
Thyreonotus dorsalis, Burm. 


141 


Thyreonotus pachymerus, Burm. 


ACRIDIDZ. 


Pezotettix glacialis, Seudd. 
Pezotettix manca, Smith. 
Pezotettix borealis, Scudd. 
Acridium alutaceuwm, Harr. 
Acridium rubiginosum, Harr. 
Melanoplus femoratus, Burm. 

C. bivittatus, Uhl. 

L. leucostoma, Kirby. 

A. flavivittatum, Harr. 


Melanoplus punctulatus, Scudd. 
Melanoplus collinus, Scudd. 
Melanoplus rectus, Scudd. 
Melanoplus femur-rubrum, De 

Geer. 
Melanoplus atianis, Riley. 

M. atlantis, Seudd. 

Paroxya atlantica, Scudd. 
Opomala brachyptera, Scudd. 


142 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Chloéallts viridis, Scudd. 
Chioéallis punctulata, Scudd. 
Chloéalits conspersa, Harr. 
Stenobothrus curtipennis, Harr. 

Sten. longipennis, Scudd. 
Stenobothrus maculipennis, Scudd. 

Sten. zequalis, Scudd. 

Sten. bilineatus, Scudd. 
Stetheophyma lineata, Scudd. 
Arphia sulphurea, Fab. 

Arphia zanthoptera, Burm. 
Chortophaga viridifasciata, De 
Geer. , 

T. infuseata, Harr. 

T. radiata, Harr. 
Encoptolophus sordidus, Burm. 

(EH. nebulosa, Harr. 
Camnula pellucida, Scudd. 

(. atrax, Scudd. 

Hippiscus rugosus, Scudd. 
Hippiscus tuberculatus, Pal. de 
Beau. 
(Ed. obliterata, Burm. 
(Ed. phoeenicoptera, Thos. 


[ Jan. 


Dissosteira carolina, Linn. 
Dissosteira equalis, Say. 
Dissosteira boll, Seudd. 
Dissostetra marmorata, Harr. 
Psinidia fenistralis, Serv. 

(EH. eucerata, Harr. 
Trimerotropis maritima, Harr. 
Circotetiix verruculatus, Kirby. 

Loe. latipennis, Harr. 
Tettix granulatus, Kirby. 

T. ornata, Harr. 

Tettix ornatus, Say. 

T. arenosa, Burm. 

T. dorsalis, Harr. 

T. quadrimaculata, Harr. 

T. bilineata, Harr. 

T. sordida, Harr. 

Tettix cucullatus, Seudd. 
Tettix triangularis, Scudd. 
Tettigidea lateralis, Say. 
Tettigidea polymorpha, Burn. 

T. parvipennis, Harr. 
Batrachidea cristata, Harr. 
Batrachidea carinata, Seudd. 


PHASMIDZE. 


Diapheromera femorata, Say. 


BLATTIDZ. 


Blatta germanica, Fab. 
Blatta 2? flavocincta, Scudd. 
Periplaneta americana, Fab. 


Pertplaneta orientalis, Linn. 
_ Platamodes wnicolor, Seudd. 


FORFICULIDZ. 


Labia minor, Linn. 
L. minuta, Scudd. 


ai] 
es 
A 


1888. ] 


INDEX OF FAMILIES AND GENERA. 


Acridide, 
Acridium, 

- Amblycorypha, 
Arphia, . 
Batrachidea, . 
Blatta, 
Blattide, 
Camnula, 
Ceuthophilus, 
Chloéaltis, 
Chortophaga, 
Circotettix, 
Conocephalus, 
Cyrtophyllus, 
Diapheromera, 
Dissosteira, 
Encoptolophus, 
Forficulide, 
Gryllide, 
Gryllotalpa, 
Gryllus, 
Hippiscus, 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


Page 


Labia, 
Locustide, 
Melanoplus, 


Microcentrum, 


Nemobius, 
(Eeanthus, 
Opomala, 
Paroxya, 
Periplaneta, 
Pezotettix, 
Phasmide, 


- Platamodes, 


Psinidia, 
Scudderia, 
Stenobothrus, 
Stetheophyma, 
Tettigidea, 
Tettix, 
Thyreonotus, 
Tridactylus, 
Trimerotropis, 
Xiphidium, 


143 


144 


abbreviatus, 
requalis, 
affiliatum, 
alutaceum, 
americana, 


angustifolia, . 


angustus, 
arenosa, 
atlanis, 
atlantica, 
atlantis, 
atrax, 
bilineata, 
bilineatus, 
bivittatus, 
bollii, 
borealis, 


brachyptera, . 


brevipenne, 
brevipennis, 
brevipes, 
carinata, 
carolina, 
collinus, 
columbia, 
concavus, 
concinnum, 
conspersa, 
cristata, 
cucullatus, 
curtipennis, 
curvicauda, 
dorsalis, 
dorsatus, 
ensiger, 
-eucerata, 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


INDEX OF 


Page 


43, 


14, 


26, 


15 
58 
57 
31 
51 
57 
57 
58 
33 
34 
57 


58 


58 
58 
57 
43 
30 
35 
24 
57 
19 
49 
43 
32 
14 
20 
25 
36 
48 
47 
37 
22 
58 
57 
22 
58 


SPECIES. 


fasciatum, 
fasciatus, 
femorata, 
femoratus, 
femur-rubrum, 
fenistralis, 
flavivittatum, 
flavocincta, 
germanica, 
glaberrimum, 
glacialis, 
gracile, 
granulatus, 
infuscata, 
lapidicola, 
lateralis, 
latipennis, 
laurifolium, 
leucostoma, 
lineata, 
longipennis, 
luctuosus, 
maculatus, 
maculipennis, 
manca, 
maritima, 
marmorata, 
minor, 
minuta, . 
myrtifolius, 
nebulosa, 
neglectus, % 
niger, 

niveus, 
obliterata, 
oblongifolia, 


[ Jan. 


Page 


16, 


40, 


57, 


46 


1888. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


Page 
orientalis, : : : : 52 
ornata, . : f ie ; 58 
ornatus, ' : ; , 46 
pachymerus, . 4 ‘ , 26 | 
parvipennis, . ; : : 58 
pellucida, , ; ‘ a 41 
pennsylvanicus, . , : 57 
perspicillatum, : f : 57 
pheenicoptera, : ‘ : 58 | 
polymorpha, . : ; : 48 | 
punctulata, . ‘ F : 36 
punctulatus, . : : : 32 
quadrimaculata, . ‘ ; 58 
radiata, , : : : 58 
rectus, . ; : ’ 4 32 


robustus, : é : : 23 


rotundifolia, 
rubiginosum, 
rugosus, 
sordida, 
sordidus, 
sulphurea, 
terminalis, 
triangularis, . 
tuberculatus, 
unicolor, 
verruculatus, 
viridifasciata, 
viridis, 
vittatus, 
vulgare, 
xanthoptera, . 


145 


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PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 31. 


TS 


~TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 


JANUARY, 1889. 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE. 
1889. 


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Commontoealth of Massachusetts. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 10, 1889. 
To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


I have the honor herewith to transmit to your honorable 
body the Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Trustees of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


I am, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


HENRY H. GOODELL. 


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CONTENTS. 


Report of Trustees, . 

Notice of Henry Colt, 

Repairs and Alterations, 

The College Herd, 

Faculty and Students, 

Library, 

Experiment Department, : ‘ 
Increase of Maintenance Fund of College, 
Occupations of Graduates, 

Gifts, 


Report of Treasurer, 
Report of Chemical Be eicinait 
Report of Military Department, 


Calendar, f 
Catalogue of Faculty and pendenta, 
Course of Study, 

Schedule of Term Exercises, 
Requirements for Admission, 
Expenses, 

Scholarships, 

Equipment, 


Tuberculosis, 
Construction of Roads, 


ES 


AAR MOW 


eens i ee 
epi iaticai wstahanmalinemlainiae eX sti: Soe 


inti " 


sas Une 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


It is peculiarly fitting that in our record of the year just 
elapsed we should for a moment linger over the memory of 
one whose long and intimate connection with the college will 
always give him a prominent place in its history. Almost 
the only survivor of the original Board of Trustees, Mr. Colt 
lived to see the college he had been so largely instrumental 
in founding, solidly established, and entering upon a career 
of usefulness and prosperity. He gave to it his thought, 
his time, his strength ungrudgingly, and added his name to 
the list of its benefactors by subscribing five hundred dollars 
to the permanent fund of its library., The very last labor 
he ever performed was for it, and amid the weakness and 
languor of approaching death, he audited for the last time 
its accounts, but a few short hours before his Master called 
him. Of the estimation in which he was held, I may be 
permitted to speak in the words of his long-time friend and 
associate, Hon. Daniel Needham. 

‘« The death of Henry Colt of Pittsfield, one of the original 
trustees of the Agricultural College, has occurred since the 
last annual report, and mention of this early and devoted 
friend of the institution is not out of place. 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


‘From the first organization of the Board of Trustees to 
his death, Mr. Colt did constant and valuable work in 
developing the college, and in disabusing the public mind of 
prejudice with regard to its purpose and object. From the 
first organization of the Board he served as auditor, and in 
that responsible capacity gave the college the benefit of his 
great natural tact, increased tenfold by his ripe experience 
and careful observation in matters of practical finance. 

‘‘ His long and varied business pursuits had made him a 
man sought not only by the unanimous expressions of his 
own townsmen, but by large business corporations, notably 
by the Boston and Albany Railroad, as a director and 
trusted counsellor. 

‘¢ His work and influence for the college must always come 
to mind when the great hindrances encountered in its early 
history are recalled ; and his name will be reverenced by the 
friends of the institution, as one of those who Governor 
Robinson said ‘ were the heroes of many fights.’ 

‘¢ Resolutions commemorating his valuable services were 
adopted by the trustees at their next meeting following his 
death.” 


ALTERATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. 


The expenditure of the appropriations passed by the last 
Legislature for the improvement of the farm and the repair 
and alteration of college buildings, has been carefully looked 
after by the farm committee of the trustees. Drop scaffolds 
have been erected in the barn, largely increasing its storage 
capacity ; the whole roof has been reshingled, and the cellar 
floor, after underdraining, has been concreted over with 
Portland cement. The drill hall has been sheathed up to 
the peak, furnished with a hot-water system of heating, and 


repainted. The laboratory, the boarding-house, and the . 


two cottages occupied by members of the faculty, have in 
like manner been thoroughly renovated and repaired. Fire 
escapes have been placed in the six halls of the dormitories. 
A new furnace has been placed in the smaller of the two 
greenhouses, and both the latter have been painted and put 
in a serviceable condition. On the farm proper, the work 


of reclaiming the swamp and wood land on the western . 


one i ae 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 9 


slope has been steadily carried forward. The stumps have 
been dragged out by their roots, piled up and burned; the 
land cleared and ploughed, and about eighty acres of what 
we are persuaded will eventually prove the best land on the 
farm, added to our mowing. The old irregular line of 
worm-eaten fence, running its zigzag course around the col- 
lege grounds, has been torn down, the balk ploughed up and 
seeded, and a neat wire fence strung entirely round the 
south, west and north, to the county road. For the pas- 
turage of the mares and their foals a field has been set 
apart, securely fenced in with rails. The increase to our 
grass lands by the reclaiming of what had been before 
swamp, covered over with alder, makes practicable the 
keeping of a larger amount of stock, and the increasing of 
our dairy products. 

The operations of the farm have been carried on this year 
under peculiar difficulties, and no’crops have proved a suc- 
cess except hay and potatoes. What the wet weather has 
spared, the early frosts have harvested. The meteorological 
records show that out of the one hundred and twenty-two 
days making up the months of June, July, August and Sep- 
tember, sixty-four days, or a little over one-half, were rainy 
or cloudy. The mean temperature of July was lower than 
it had been for the same month for fourteen years. The 
rainfall in September was 10.70 inches, being only sur- 
passed in recent times in September, 1882. The first kill- 
ing frost, occurring September 6, two weeks earlier than 
the average, did immense damage throughout the State. 
The crop of corn was poor and below the average, yielding 
not much over one thousand baskets. The squashes were 
destroyed by the frost, and the grapes failed to ripen from 
lack of sunshine, four or five thousand pounds being aban- 
doned as unfit for marketing. Only two acres were planted 
to potatoes, but five hundred bushels were harvested. The 
grass crop was enormous, two hundred and twelve tons 
being cut from a little over eighty acres, and about fifty 
tons of rowen,—an average of three tons and a fraction to 
the acre; and that, from fields which in 1868 produced 
barely one hundred tons of hay. 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


THE COLLEGE HERD. 


In pursuance of the policy of keeping only pure-bred stock 
on the college farm, the herd has been considerably dimin- 
ished by sale of the grades and such young animals as could 
be spared. It now numbers forty-six head, distributed as 
follows : — | 


Jerseys, . ; i 6 and 1 grade. 

Guernseys, : : : ; 7 and 1 grade. 

Shorthorns, : .  8and 2 grades. 
Holstein-Friesians, . d : ; 9, 

Ayrshires, . . : hit 12. 


Three animals are especially worthy of mention : — 

First. The Jersey bull Edithson, whose record on both 
sides is the very best. Sired by Ramapo, who won the 
double gold medal in the New York fair of 1885, and him- 
self the son of Eurotas, whose record of seven hundred and 
seventy-eight pounds of butter in eleven months surprised 
the farming world. The dam of Edithson— Lass Edith, of 
half Althea blood — was from a no less distinguished milk- 
ing strain, her dam having a record of seventeen pounds 
and eight ounces of atten in seven days after her ——_ 
calf. } 

Second. The Holstein bull, Pledge’s Empire, whose dam 
— Pledge, 1506— has, during the months of July and 
August last, given the largest milk record in the world, of 
3,6013 pounds of milk in thirty-six consecutive days, or an 
average of one hundred pounds daily. The largest yield in 
a single day was on the 31st of July, when she gave one 
hundred and ten and one-half pounds. And this was on 
ordinary feed, running in a pasture day and night, with a 
daily ration of grain. 

Third. 'The Guernsey cow Fanny, who has a record of 
sixteen and one-fourth pounds of butter in seven days, on 
ordinary pasture feed with two quarts of corn meal per day. 

The swine are of the small Yorkshire breed, and number 
thirty-one ; six boars and twenty-five sows. 

The sheep are Southdowns, and number twenty-three ; 
three rams and twenty ewes. 


-1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. a 


THE COLLEGE. 


The college has prospered during the year. At no time 
has there been a larger attendance of students since it reached 
its high-water mark in 1873, with the single exception of the 
year 1879, when a class of eighty-eight entered. The chair 
of agriculture, made vacant by the resignation of Henry E. 
Alvord, April 1, 1888, was temporarily filled, to the great 
acceptance of his classes, by Levi Stockbridge. The college 
was indeed fortunate in again listening to the teachings of 
one whose best years had been spent in its service. In 
June, William P. Brooks, a graduate of the college, and 
holding a similar position under the Japanese government, 
was elected to fill the vacancy, and entered upon his duties 
in January, 1889. Mr. Brooks was graduated in 1875, and, 
after a post-graduate course in chemistry and botany, was 
called to Japan to share in the organization of the new Im- 
perial College of Agriculture about to be established by 
President Clark. Professor of agriculture, then professor of 
agriculture and botany, and acting president for three years, 
he filled every position with distinction and success. It is 
surely fitting that our first graduate to fill the agricultural 
chair in any college, should return in his riper years to give 
the benefits of his experience to his Alma Mater. 

Since our last report, the library has increased by gift and 
purchase over eighteen hundred volumes, numbering at the 
present time 8,285 volumes. The growing interest, mani- 
fested by the students in the use of its books, is very grati- 
fying, the number taken out during the past year being 
2,099, or an average of fourteen to each man in college A 
subject catalogue of the mass of essays now buried in the 
various State reports has been carefully prepared, and placed 
at the librarian’s desk foruse. The library still requires large 
additions to make it what it should be, —‘¢he agricultural 
library of the State; a library of information for the 
student ; a library of material for the teacher; a library of 
reference for the investigator. The enlightened Egyptian 
understood its true import, when, thirty-two hundred years 
ago, he carved over the entrance to his great collection of 
books this inscription, — ‘* The healing of the Soul.” 


12. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


THE EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. 


It is proper that, in making this first report of a new de- 
partment of the college, its organization and history should 
be outlined and made a matter of permanent record. The 
full text of the Act passed by Congress, Feb. 25, 1887, 
under which the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College was established, is as fol- 
lows : — ? 


[Pustic No. 112.] 


An Act to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges 
established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved July 2, 
1862, and of the acts supplementary thereto. 


‘ SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 
of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, in order 
to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States 
useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture, 
and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the 
principles and applications of agricultural science, there shall be estab- 
lished, under direction of the college or colleges, or agricultural depart- 
ments of colleges, in each state or territory established, or which may 
hereafter be established; in accordance with the provisions of an act 
approved July 2, 1862, entitled, “An Act donating public lands to the 
several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit 
of agriculture and the mechanic arts,” or any of the supplements to said 
act, a department to be known and designated as an “ agricultural 
experiment station:” provided, that in any state or territory in which 
two such colleges have been or may be so established, the appropriation 
hereinafter made to such state or territory shall be equally divided 
between such colleges, unless the legislature of such state or territory 
shall otherwise direct. 

Sect. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experiment sta- 
tions to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physi- 
ology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are severally 
subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical composition of. 
useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative ad- 
vantages of rotative cropping, as pursued under a varying series of 
crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation ; the analysis 
of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, natural or 
artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on 
crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage 
plants; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food 
for domestic animals; the scientific and economic questions involved in 
the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or 
experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United 


1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 81. 13 


States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to 
the varying conditions and needs of the respective states or territories. 

Sect. 3. That, in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniformity of 
methods and results in the work of said stations, it shall be the duty of 
the United States commissioner of agriculture to furnish forms, as far 
as practicable, for the tabulation of the results of investigation or 
experiments ; to indicate, from time to time, such lines of inquiry as to 
him shall seem most important; and, in general, to furnish such advice 
and assistance as will best promote the purposes of this act. It shall be 
the duty of each of said stations, annually, on or before the first day of 
February, to make to the governor of the state or territory in which it is 
located, a full and detailed report of its operations, including a state- 
ment of receipts and expenditures, a eopy of which report shall be sent 
to each of said stations, to the said commissioner of agriculture, and to 
the secretary of the treasury of the United States. 

Sect. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be published at 
said stations at least once in three months, one copy of which shall be 
sent to each newspaper in the states or territories in which they are 
respectively located, and to such individuals actually engaged in farm- 
ing as may request the same, and as far as the means of the station will 
permit. Such bulletins or reports, and the annual reports of said sta- 
tions, shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States free of 
charge for postage, under such regulations as the postmaster-general 
may from time to time prescribe. 

Sect. 5. That, for the purpose of paying the necessary expenses of 
conducting investigations and experiments, and printing and distributing 
the results as hereinbefore prescribed, the sum of $15,000 per annum is 
hereby appropriated to each state, to be specially provided for by Con- 
gress in the appropriations from year to year, and to each territory 
entitled under the provisions of section eight of this act, out of any 
money in the treasury proceeding from the sales of public lands, to be 
paid in equal quarterly payments on the first day of January, April, 
July and October in each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly ap- 
pointed by the governing boards of said colleges to receive the same, 
the first payment to be made on the first day of October, 1887: pro- 
vided, however, that out of the first annual appropriation so received 
by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be expended in 
the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building or buildings necessary 
for carrying on the work of such station; and thereafter an amount not 
exceeding five per centum of such annual appropriation may be so 
expended. 

Sect. 6. That, whenever it shall appear to the secretary of the 
treasury, from the annual statement of receipts and expenditures of 
any of said stations, that a portion of the preceding annual appropria- 
tion remains unexpended, such amount shall be deducted from the next 
Succeeding annual appropriation to such station, in order that the 
amount of money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the 
amount actually and necessarily required for its maintenance and sup- 
port. 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


SEcT. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair or 
modify the legal relation existing between any of the said colleges and 
the government of the states or territories in which they are respectively 
located. 

Secr. 8. That, in states having colleges entitled under this section to 
the benefits of this act, and having also agricultural experiment stations 
established by law separate from said colleges, such states shall be 
authorized to apply such benefits to experiments at stations so estab- 
lished by such states; and in case any state shall have established, 
under the provisions of said act of July 2 aforesaid, an agricultural 
department or experimental station in connection with any university, 
college, or institution not distinctively an agricultural college or school, 
and such state shall have established or shall hereafter establish a sepa- 
rate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected there- 
with an experimental farm or station, the legislature of such state may 


apply in whole or in part the appropriation by this act made, to such — 


separate agricultural college or school; and no legislature shall, by con- 
tract, express or implied, disable eae from so lie! 

Sect. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act are mae 
subject to the legislative assent of the several states and territories to 
the purposes of said grants: provided, that payments of such install- 
ments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any 
state before the adjournment of the regular session of its legislature 
meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent 
of the governor thereof duly certified to the secretary of the treasury. 

Sect. 10. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as binding 
the United States to continue any payments from the treasury to any or 
all the states or institutions mentioned in this act; but Congress may at 
any time amend, suspend or repeal any or all of the provisions of this 
act. 


The General Court, chapter 212 of the Acts and Resolves 
of 1887, accepted this grant for the State of Massachusetts 
in the following terms : 


An Act to accept an annual appropriation of money by the Congress of the United . 


States for the support of Agricultural Experiments within the Commonwealth. 


Be it enacted, etc., as follows : — 


SecTION 1. The Commonwealth of Maccaclamete hereby assents to 
and accepts a grant of moneys to be annually made by the United States, 
as set forth and defined in an act of congress, entitled an “ Act to estab- 
lish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges 
established in the several states, under the provisions of an act approved 
July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and of the acts supple- 
mentary thereto,” — said act, designated Public No. 112, being passed at 
the second session of the forty-ninth congress, and approved March 


second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven,— and upon the terms and 


conditions contained and set forth in said act of congress. 


<< os * = 7 ee 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 81. 15 


Sect. 2. The governor of the Commonwealth is hereby authorized 
and instructed to give due notice thereof to the government of the 
United States. [Approved April 20, 1887. 


_ Ata regularly called meeting of the trustees of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College, held at the office of the Secre- 
tary of the Board of Agriculture, Boston, March 2, 1888, 
it was voted to establish another department, to be styled 
‘¢The Experiment Department of the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College,” * and a committee consisting of the com- 
mittee on farm and horticultural departments, together with 
such other trustees as were members of the Board of Control 
of the State Experiment Station, was appointed, with full 
executive powers. 

Ata meeting of this committee, held in Amherst, March 
10, 1888, the organization of the station was completed, 
and the following officers appointed : — 


HENRY H. GOODELL, ‘ : ; . DIRECTOR. 
WILLIAM P. BROOKS, . : ‘ .  AGRICULTURIST. 
SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, . : : . HORTICULTURIST. 
CHARLES H. FERNALD, . ‘ ‘ . ENTOMOLOGIST. 
CLARENCE D. WARNER, : . _. METEOROLOGIST. 
FRANK E. PAIGE, . ; : ; . TREASURER. 

J. HOWE DEMOND, . \ ; ; . AUDITOR. 


Recognizing the fact that the equipment and facilities of 
the State Agricultural Experiment Station enabled it to 
make, more economically and effectively, such chemical in- 
vestigations as might from time to time arise, than could be 
done at the college, without a large outlay for apparatus and 
other necessary appliances, the committee entered into an 
agreement with the Board of Control of the State Experi- 
ment Station, in consideration of the payment of $5,000 
annually, to perform the chemical work demanded; the re- 
sults of all investigations, paid for by any surplus of money 
not required for chemical purposes, to be published in the 
bulletins of the Hatch Experiment Station, as also in those 
of the State, if desired. 


* This name was subsequently changed to the ‘‘ Hatch Experiment Station of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College,” to prevent confusion with the State Agricultural 
Experiment Station already located on the college grounds. 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Owing to the failure of Congress to appropriate the sums 
of money called for in the Act approved March 2, 1887, it 
was April of the following year before the station could 
engage in any original work, and but three months then re- 
mained before the close of the fiscal year. The work, there- 
fore, has been largely that of preparation and equipment. 
In the horticultural department a new greenhouse has been 
erected, in which, side by side, the comparative merits of 
hot water and steam for heating purposes are to be tested. 
The walls have been built in sections, to test the value of 
different materials and different methods of construction. 
Investigations of the adaptability of new varieties of fruit to 
this latitude continue to be carried on, as also the effects of 
different kinds of fertilizers. In the entomological depart- 
ment breeding-cages have been constructed, and the life his- 
tories of noxious and beneficial insects carefully studied. 
The economic value of these investigations cannot be too 
highly appreciated. Damage to the amount of sixty millions 
of dollars, it is estimated, is annually done to our crops by 
insects ; and the only effectual way in which sure results can 
be reached for combating their inroads, is by studying them 
through all their transformations up to the perfect insect. 
For this purpose a small greenhouse is imperatively de- 
manded, at an outlay of say fifteen hundred dollars, in which 
the plants can be grown on which their enemies feed, and 
the life history of the insect studied, at the same time that 
trial is made of different remedies for destroying it. The 
funds of the station will not admit of the erection of such 
building, and the field of work must be in consequence 
greatly restricted. Experiment has been made of different 
insecticides, and the most economical and best methods of 
application. In the meteorological department a full set of 
self-recording instruments has been purchased and placed in 
position, and an accurate record of all meteorological phe- 
nomena will be kept. The amount of rainfall and snow, 
the pressure and temperature ‘of the atmosphere, the 
quantity and intensity of sunlight, and the direction, force — 
and velocity of the wind, will be carefully observed. Dur- 
ing the year three bulletins have been issued, and sent free 
to any person interested or engaged in farming pursuits, 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. Le 
desiring to receive them. The subjects especially reported 
upon have been the best methods of protecting fruit buds 
from the extreme cold of our New England climate; the 
different kinds of fruit best adapted to our State; the effect 
of different fertilizing elements upon the time of maturing of 
crops; the results obtained from the use of various insecti- 
cides ; illustrated descriptions of the beetle attacking corn, 
the jumping sumach beetle, the bud moth, the grape-vine 
leaf-hopper ; and a discussion of bovine tuberculosis in its 
relations to public health. 

I transmit herewith the financial statement of the Station 
for the year ending June 30, 1888. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


FRANK E. PAiGE, Treasurer Hatch Experiment Station of Massachu- 
selis Agricultural College, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1888. 


Cash received of United States Treasurer, $15,000 00 
Cash paid, salaries, : : : ; . $1,454 59 
ee fom labor,.... : : i ; . 1,148. 67 
re “« freight and expressage, , : : 74 35 
. “ postage and stationery, - . : «too So 
- Se oprintine, : : : : : 51 78 
: ore library, : : : : ‘ . 2,881 66 
& “ scientific instruments, . : 4 « 86h aL 
“ “chemical apparatus, . : : . 1,040 18 
* « furniture, ; : - 1,268 52 
> “ general fittings, - 221 24 
3 “« buildings, . 8,000 00 
Ne “travelling, - 164 79 
oe “ incidental expenses, . 1,082 74 
e “* supplies, 665 52 

— $15,000 00 


I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do 
hereby certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch 
Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1888; that I have found the same well kept 
and correctly classified as above, and that the receipts for the time 
named are shown to be $15,000.00, and the corresponding disbursements — 
$15,000.00; all of the proper vouchers are on file and have been by me 
examined and found correct, there being no balance to be accounted for 
in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1888. 


[Signed] J. Howe Demonp, Audiior, 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


INCREASE OF THE MAINTENANCE FUND OF THE COLLEGE. 


The question of the future support of the college is one 
that has caused its friends anxious consideration. The time 
has come when the State must say what its policy will be, — 
whether the college shall advance and accomplish the work 
for which it was designed, or whether it shall retrograde. 
There can be no halting place in the life of an educational 
institution. It must either go forward, keeping abreast of 
the increasing requirements of the age, leading the way and 
stimulating the life and thought of the whole State, or just 
as surely it must go backwards and sink into insignificance. 
A larger endowment fund is an absolute necessity to support 
the fresh and multiplied requirements. in all departments. 
The late census shows that agriculture as an industry 
- exhibits growth and is not declining in this State. But the 
conditions have changed, and it must adapt itself to them. 
The Commissioner of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 
in a recent article, says: ‘* Massachusetts cannot and ought 
not to attempt to compete with the West in the great 
staples; but she is developing her agriculture along lines 
most appropriate to her condition. The tendency is toward 
those crops that will bring the quickest substantial returns, 
such as dairy products, small fruits and market-garden 
products.” To show how to develop along these lines is the 
mission of the college. But changed conditions involve 
fresh outlay and increasing expense to meet the fresh de- 
mands for instruction, and for this the funds of the college 
are totally inadequate. What might have been sufficient 
twenty years ago is so no longer. 

The original endowment of the agricultural colleges was 
very unequal. While Michigan, for example, received two 
hundred and forty thousand acres of the public lands, Mis- 
sour! received three hundred and thirty thousand ; Massachu- 
setts, three hundred and sixty thousand; Ohio, six hundred 
and thirty thousand ; Pennsylvania, seven hundred and eighty 
thousand; New York, nine hundred and ninety thousand. 
So many millions of land scrip being thrown suddenly on 
the market overstocked it, and but few of the colleges 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 19 


realized.anything like what they should have done. Harpies 
and land sharks bought it up at a merely nominal figure, and 
reaped enormous profits from its subsequent sale. So dis- 
tinctly has the inadequateness of the original endowment 
been recognized, that almost every State has supplemented 
it by appropriations. The University of Illinois has re- 
ceived $250,000 from the State, and $499,550 in benefac- 
tions; the Ohio State University, $205,593 from the State, 
and $323,000 in benefactions; Pennsylvania State College 
has received from the State $305,000; Cornell University, 
which realized $6,000,000 from the sale of its land scrip, 
has received nothing from the State, but her benefactions 
run up into the millions. Most of these State appropriations 
have been for buildings and improvements, but, in addition to 
that, many have met the deficiencies in current expenses by 
yearly concessions. Missouri, for.example, appropriates 
$60,000 biennially for the current expenses of her State 
University. Michigan has given her college, since its foun- 
dation, for current expenses, over $362,000, and that in 
addition to $337,000 for special purposes. The University 
of Illinois annually exceeds its income by about $25,000, 
which is made up by the State. Other examples might be 
brought forward, but these are sufficient to show how uni- 
versal is the recognition of the inadequacy of the endowment. 
Again, it will be noticed that, while other colleges have re- 
ceived benefactions in a number of instances amounting to 
more than the State has appropriated, this college has 
received almost none. The State of Massachusetts has been 
generous in its treatment of the college, appropriating more 
than four hundred thousand dollars for the erection of build- 
ings and the supply of educational facilities ; but the perma- 
nent fund from which its income is derived is far too small 
for the demands made uponit. From the sale of the land 
scrip $219,000 was realized, and this sum, in 1871, the State 
raised to $360,575.35. Two-thirds only of the income de- 
rived from this source accrues to the benefit of the college, 
the remaining third, by law, being paid to the Institute of 
Technology. This fund was a year ago invested in the 
following manner : — | 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


TECHNICAL EDUCATION — COMMONWEALTH GRANT. 


: Mel be: Rate per 

Name of Security. | Due. Principal. och 
Taunton Coupon, : : . | duly 1, 1896, $15,000 00 4 
Concord Note, . : : . | Nov. 22, 1888, . 5,000 00 | 33 
Concord Note, . : , sp | INOW 22 RG Soly: 5,000 00 34 
Concord Note, . ; : «| Oct Te MGOs. o 45,000 00 4 
Holbrook Note, . ; Baroda Was) 3 0 lag es (0) Oe 2,000 00 4 
Holbrook Note, . : : a) fl sed a ESO Des a 55 2,000 00 4 
Holbrook Note, . 3 : 2 | iamne Tes Oaks” 2,500 00 4 
Truro Note,. A eee : . | Dee. 9, 1890, . 1,000 00 33 
West Newbury Note, . : . | Nov. 14, 1888, . 600 00 33 
West Newbury Note, . . | Nov. 14, 1889, . 600 00 34 
West Newbury Note, . ; . | Nov. 14, 1890, . 600 00 33 
West Newbury Note, . , . | Nov. ala SOIL, 600 00 3F 
West Newbury Note, . , . | Nove de 1392. 600 00 33 
West Newbury Note, . . 2 Now. 14718935. 600 00 33 
West Newbury Note, . . | Nov. 14, 1894, . 600 00 33 
Weymouth Note, : : | April 28, 1390, 5,000 00 34 

Motaluli. ‘ ‘ : Nidan, 1888.2: 87,200 00 - 
Cash uninvested, . ‘ 4 jah Miomntlallegs 5.0: 4 HAL Sie ioe 3 


TECHNICAL EDUCATION FUND — UNITED STATES GRANT. 


Name of Security. Due. Principal. pesky 
Boston & Albany Railroad Reg., | April 1, 1902, . | $210,000 00 5 
Boston & Albany Railroad Coup., » April 1, 1902, . 9,000 00 9) 
Totals. } 5 : . | Jan. 1, 1888, . | $219,000 00 


Of the above sums, the United States endowment nets five 
per cent., the State from three to four. After deducting 
the one-third paid to the Institute of Technology, the income 
from this source amounts to a little over ten thousand dol- 
lars. Add to this, ten thousand dollars granted by the 
State to compensate for loss of tuition, and the rental of 
rooms, and you have the income of the college, amounting in 
all to between twenty-one and twenty-two thousand dollars. 

What, now, are the expenses? After deducting the amount 
paid for salaries, including those of the janitor and foreman, 
there is a balance of between six and seven thousand dollars 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 21 


left for these three purposes: First, the general expense ac- 
count of the college (a large and increasing account) ; second, 
for the carrying on of a farm of three hundred and eighty-six 
acres, part of it in wood land, not yet cleared, part in 
swamp land in process of reclamation; and carrying a herd 
of five breeds of cattle for illustration, and not simply one 
for profit; and, third, a horticultural department, with two 
large greenhouses and nurseries containing thousands of 
young fruit trees, — and farm and nurseries and greenhouses, 
be it understood, placed here by the State as appliances for 
education and for educational purposes alone, and no more 
to be expected to pay a cent into the treasury of the college 
than an Atwood machine, in the department of physics, 
illustrating the relations of time and space in falling bodies. 
‘* Education,” said the lamented Jackson, ‘‘is costly, but 
ignorance is certain ruin to a State.” , 

Having thus briefly outlined the financial condition of the 
college, it remains now to speak of its needs and how they 
can be supplied. We ask for a yearly addition to its income 
of ten thousand dollars for these specific purposes: to es- 
tablish a veterinary chair, and to provide instruction in the 
English branches; to increase the salary account; to estab- 
lish a labor fund; and to provide for the increase in the gen- 
eral expense account. Of the importance of a veterinary 
chair no one can for a moment doubt, who stops to consider 
the number of domestic animals in this State, their money 
value and the value of their products. From the last census 
returns we find that the horses, sheep, swine and cattle num- 
ber 489,762, at avaluation of a little over $17,000,000, and 
that their products are estimated at a little over $18,500,000, 
in round numbers, the whole aggregating $36,000,000. If 
we add to this consideration that of the intimate relations 
of animal disease to public health, the subject becomes one 
of paramount importance, and comes home to every man, 
woman and child in the Commonwealth. 

An increase of salaries has been in previous reports fre- 
quently urged. The compensation offered to your teachers 
is at the present time less than what is paid to the principals 
of many of your high schools. It is from a fifth to a third 
less than in other institutions of learning, while the amount 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


of instruction demanded, particularly in practical science, is 
greater than in any ordinary classical college. The Hon. 
Justin 5. Morrill, in an address delivered this year be- 
fore the House of Representatives in Vermont, speaking on 
this very point, says: ‘* The wide demand for instructors of 
marked ability is now so great that much higher salaries 
must be paid in order to secure and retain those of the 
highest standing.” 

The establishment of a labor fund has been for years the 
hope of the college.. In these days, when there is so great a 
demand on the part of the public for manual training in our 
schools, what better place for the illustration of its value 
than the agricultural college? The plant is already there — 
the land, the laboratories, the tools, the instructors, the 
young men. All that is needed is the funds for carrying it 
on. Labor performed by students is far from being the 
cheapest ; for, in the first place, they lack the strength and 
experience of older men; and, in the second place, interfer- 
ence with other college duties prevents that employment of 
consecutive hours of labor which produces the best results. © 
In this connection, it may be worth while to quote the re- 
~ marks of a director of one of the French schools of agriculture. 
‘‘ Tt is difficult,” he says, ‘+ for the director to obtain any profit 
from the farm schools as such, because the work done by the 
apprentices is so frequently defective. They break the im- 
plements, they lame the animals, they do so much damage 
that their labor costs more than that of paid workmen. The 
State ought, therefore, in justice, to augment its subvention 
for the maintenance of its apprentices.” Other States have 
found it to their advantage to adopt this policy. Michigan 
has for a number of years granted five thousand dollars 
annually for this purpose; Arkansas, four thousand dollars ; 
and Missouri, in the last session of its legislature, followed in 
the same direction. Massachusetts, too, made trial of it in 
the year 1877, and with the result of the largest number of 
students in attendance, with a single exception, that there has 
ever been in the history of the college. The class of stu- 
dents desiring to avail themselves of its benefits are pre- 
cisely those who can least afford to pay for them, and yet 
they form the very best material. They appreciate the ad- 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. _ 23 


vantages offered them, and are eager to work for them. 
There is no stronger proof of the need of such help than the 
fact that, in a single year, out of three hundred letters of in- 
quiry, ninety, or nearly one-third, were from those whose 
first question was, ‘‘ Can I pay my way by work?” ‘** How 
much of my expenses can I earn ?” 

Again, this money expended by the State will not be lost, 
but will return fourfold, in the permanent improvement of 
its property, in the results of experiments undertaken in the 
interest of the forty thousand farmers of the Commonwealth, 
and in the education of a class of citizens who can acquire 
an educatiqn in no other way. Throw wide the doors of 
your college that was founded by the people and for the 
people! Give to their sons an opportunity to earn for them- 
selves the education they are longing for! Cultivate that 
spirit of manly independence and self-reliance which results 
from an education won by honest labor, and you will train 
up a class of citizens for the service of the State that will be 
its strength and its support. 

An increase to the credit of the general expense account 
cannot very much longer be delayed. New buildings have 
from time to time been erected, with new appliances for in- 
struction, each one of which has been a source of increased 
expenditure, while there has been no corresponding addition 
to the funds for their support. On the contrary, the same 
endowment fund which in 1869 and 1870 was invested at six 
per cent., brings to-day but three or four, a shrinkage of 
nearly one-half. In other words, the running expenses have 
increased in an inverse ratio to the diminution of the income. 
The single item of fuel has risen nearly sixfold in the last 
dozen years, from about two hundred dollars to a round 
_ twelve hundred dollars now. Every increase in the number 
of buildings means an increase in janitor’s work, and in the 
thousand and one little items of expenditure that are con- 
stantly required in their care. To facilitate the use of the 
library and make it available ‘to the student, it is necessary 
to open it in the evening, requiring an increased expendi- 
ture for lighting. The use of gas in the laboratory for 
chemical work has in like manner doubled. In short, in 
whatever department you look, you will find a healthy 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


growth, accompanied by a healthy increase of expenditure. 
A college is in a truly healthy condition, only when its 
wants exceed its income. No institution for the higher 
education can support itself from its fees alone. It must 
depend largely on aid from the State or on private benefac- 
tions. The trustees of the college have for many years paid 
their own expenses, to lighten the tax on the college treasury. 
Can this be paralleled in any other State institution, and is 
it just to the men who are freely giving their time and 
strength to a consideration of the needs of an institution. 
they have been appointed to preside over? 

The questions are often asked, Is the college fulfilling its 
mission? Is it accomplishing the work for which it was 
intended? Let the following figures speak for themselves : 
Seven hundred and forty-five students, exclusive of the one 
hundred and forty-eight reported in the catalogue this year, 
have received their collegiate education in the college. Of 
these, two hundred and eighty-seven are graduates, four 
hundred and fifty-eight non-graduates. Of the graduates, 
nine have died. Of the remaining two hundred and seventy- 
eight, we find one hundred and twenty-three engaged in 
agriculture or allied pursuits, distributed as follows : — 


Far mers, 

Fruit growers and ane RE doen 

Florists and paced ee 

Planters, 

Poultry and stock raisers, 

Veterinary doctors, 

Editors of agricultural Sp gen 

Manufacturers of fertilizers, 

Chemists to fertilizer companies, . 

Holding positions in agricultural sulteoesn or apriecinaee 
experiment stations, . : : , . ‘ - eee 


i 
[o>] 


OoOrPNN OK OD 


The remaining one hundred and fifty-five are distributed 
as follows : — 


Civil and mechanical engineers; . : . 14 
Editors, . i ; : A ; : ? i ; batiheg 
Doctors, . é : ’ i , . : : | . he 
Clergymen, . . ; ; : : : ; ; aye 
Students, ‘ ; : ; ; : 5 ; ‘ Bhp 


Teachers, ‘ , t . : : x : mes 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 25 


Lawyers, ; ; : : } si V80 
Business, , : : 2 . : : : : . 66 
Druggists, . ; ; ee 
Miscellaneous, : . : ; Aw, 
Address and occupation unknown, : ; ‘ ; re 


Of the 28 connected with agricultural colleges and experi- 
ment stations, there are four professors of agriculture, two 
professors of horticulture, one director of experiment station, 
three acting or assistant directors, five horticulturists, one 
agriculturist, two chemists, and the remainder holding posi- 
tions as assistant, chemists, agriculturists and horticulturists. 
Of the 458 non-graduates, a large proportion came to the 
college for the specific purpose of taking a partial course in 
agriculture, and are now engaged in agricultural pursuits. 


GIFTS. 


From Trustees and Jonn C. Hammonp of Northampton,—Set of agri- 
cultural implements of Japan. 

HiraAM KENDALL (M. A. C., 76), Providence, R. I.,— Rhetorical 
prizes for year 1889. 

ALUMNI, — Portrait of President Clark for reading-room. 

Rev. E. D. G. Prime, New York City,— Notes Genealogical of 
Prime Family. 

Estate of MarsHaLt P. WILDER, Jamaica Plain,— Country 
Gentleman, 6 volumes; Proceedings Boston Society Natural 
History, 6 volumes. 

Mr. JosepH E. Root, Medina, O.,— Gleanings in Bee Culture, 
1888. 

Mrs. Gro. E. Sace, Amherst,— 40 volumes Littell’s Living Age. 

SAMUEL B. GREEN (M. A. C., °79), Amherst, —19 volumes 
Littell’s Living Age. 

President Wm. F. WARREN, Boston, — Analytical Concordance to 
Bible. 

Prof. CHas. H. FERNALD, Amherst,—4 volumes, miscellaneous 
subjects. 

JOSEPH E. Ponp, Esq., Attleboro’, —6 volumes Bee Journals, 1888. 

Dr. Austin Peters (M. A. C., ’81), Boston, — Value of Veteri- 
nary Science. 

Dr. Noau Cressy, Hartford, Ct.,— Natural Histery of Tuber- 
culosis. 

Dr. DANIEL Draper, New York City,— Report of New York 
Meteorological Observatory, 1888. 

Hon. CHAuNCcEY M. DrEprew, New York City,— Oration at Re- 
union of Army of Potomac. 

Prof. E. D. Porter, St. Anthony Park, Minn.,— Report of Minne- 
sota State Agricultural Society. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


From Hon. WM. WHITING, Holyoke,— 18 volumes Government Publica- 
tions. 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, — 3 volumes. 

Dr. ROBERT WARRINGTON, London, England,— Chemical Actions 
of Some Micro-organisms. 

Roya. Society of Canada, — Proceedings for year 1887. 

Hon. J. K. Brown, Albany, N. Y.,— Report of State Dairy Com- 
missioner for 1887. 

Dr. FRANK §S. BriiLuines, Lincoln, Nebraska,— Tuberculosis in 
Cattle. 

Prof. H. E. STOCKBRIDGE (M. A. C., °78), Amherst, — Rocks and 
Soils, ete. 

Prof. Davip P. PENHALLOW (M. A. C., 73), Montreal, Canada, — 
Report Montreal Horticultural Society, and Botany of Canada. 

Dr. JoHN Macown, Montreal, Canada,— Catalogue of Canadian 
Plants, Parts 3, 4. 

President J. H. SrrLyr, Amherst,— Criticism of Development 
Hypothesis. 

Dr. G. BROWN GooDE, Washington, D. C.,— Monographs on 
Beginnings of Natural History of America and of American 
Science. 

Prof. G. W. and ELIZABETH T. PECKHAM, Milwaukee, Wis., — 
Monographs on Spiders of North America. : 

Hon. JosepH B. WALKER, Concord, N. H.,—3 essays: Oats; 
Irrigation; Forests of New Hampshire. 

Ropert W. Lyman, Esq. (M. A. C.,’71), Belchertown,— 6 vol- 
umes Standard Natural History. 

Wo. H. Barstow, Crete, Nebraska,--8 volumes Agriculture of 

-- Nebraska, 1 volume Fish Commissioner’s Report. 


I have the honor, in addition to the catalogue and cus- 
tomary reports, to append papers, by Professors Fernald 
and Warner, on subjects of vital importance to the farmers 
of the Commonwealth, — ‘*‘ Bovine Tuberculosis” and ‘* The 
Construction of Roads.” 


Respectfully submitted, by order of the Trustees, 
HENRY H. GOODELL, — 


President. 
AMHERST, January, 1889. 


1889.] 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


27 


FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer Massachusetts Agricultural College, for the 
Year ending Dec. 31, 1888. 


Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1888, . 
Term bill account, 

Botanical account, . 

Farm account, 

Expense account, . 

Laboratory account, 

Salary account, ; 

Library Fund account, . 
Endowment Fund account, : 
State Scholarship Fund account, . 
Hills Fund account, ; : 
Grinnell Prize Fund account, 
Whiting Street Fund account, 
Mary Robinson Fund account, . 
Gassett Scholarship Fund account, 
Insurance account, : ‘ 
Extra instruction account, 
Advertising account, 
Reading-room account, : : 
North a insurance account, 
Cash on hand Dee. 31, 1888, . 


RECEIVED. 


$2,018 63 
5,588 92 
4,048 80 
3,479 96 

472, 99 
557 34 


346 87 
11,442 00 
10,000 00 

717 O01 

40 00 
aw ® 
60 44 
42 94 


$38,837 05 


| 
| 
| 


PAID. 


$2,774 14 
4,504 87 
6,140 26 
5,112 31 

348 55 

12,762 46 

346 87 


580 62 
40 00 


80 00 


1,049 74 
273 25 
76 50 
86 95 
130 75 
4,584 78 


$38,837 05 


CasH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY TREASURER’S STATEMENT, BELONGS 
TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS. 


Insurance, : ‘ 
Hills Fund, . : : 
Gassett Scholarship Fund, 
Whiting Street Fund, . 
Mary Robinson Fund, . 
General fund of college, 


$40 06 
139 69 
62 94 
119 31 
183 90 
3,988 88 


$4,534 78 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


CASH AND BILLS RECEIVABLE DEc. 31, 1888. 


Term bills, 

Laboratory, . 

Farm, 

Botanical, 

Cash on hand Peedi to eee fonds 


BILts PAYABLE DEC. 31, 1888. 
General expense account, 
Insurance account, 
Term bill account, 
Botanical account, 


VALUE OF REAL ESTATE. 


Land. Cost. 
College farm, $37,000 00 
Pelham quarry, 500 00 
Buildings. Cost. 

Laboratory, . $10,360 00 
Botanic museum, 5,180 00 
Botanic barn, 1,500 00 
Durfee plant-house anal ee : 12,000 00 
Small plant-house and fixtures, 800 00 
North College, 36,000 00 
Boarding-house, 8,000 00 
South dormitory, . 37,000 00 
Graves house and barn, 8,000 00 
Farm house, . ‘ 4,000 00 
Farm barns and sheds, . 14,500 00 
Stone chapel, 31,000 00 
Drill hall, 6,500 00 
President’s house, . 11,500 00 
Four dwelling-houses and aed pat 

with farm,. 10,000 00. 

INVENTORY OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

Farm, 
Laboratory, . 


Boarding-house, 

Fire apparatus, 

Library, . 

Natural history Poileenan! 
Botanical department, . 
Department of Physics, 


[ Jan. 


$1,013 19 
213 49 
165 38 
242 35 

3,988 88 


$5,623 29 
$116 72 
10 12 


106 23 
108 61 


$341 68 


$37,500 00 


196,340 00 


$233,840 00. 


$11,000 00 
1,301 75 
400 00 
500 00 
7,000 00 
3,479 05 
9,805 45° 
3,416 03 


$36,902 28 


~ 
< 
= 


1889. PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


SUMMARY STATEMENT. 


Assets. 
Total value real estate, per inventory, . $233,840 00 
Total value personal property, per inven- 
tory, . . ; : 36,902 28 
Total cash on anil ad: bills ieoaivatie! per 
inventory, . ° : : : : ‘ 5,623 29 
Liabilities. 


Bills payable, as per inventory, . 


FuNDS FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE. 


Technical Educational Fund, United States 
Grant, amountof, . : . $219,000 00 

Technical Educational F aids State Grant, . 141,575 35 

These funds are in the hands of the State Treasurer. By 
law two-thirds of the income is paid to the treasurer 
of the college, one-third to Institute of ene 
Amount received, 1888 : 

State Scholarship Fund, $10,000. This sum was appro- 
priated by the Legislature, 1886, and is paid in quarterly 
payments to the college treasurer, . 

Hills Fund of $10,000, in hands of college eee 
This was given by L. M. and H.F. Hills of Amherst. 
By conditions of the gift the income is to be used for 
maintenance of a botanic garden. Income, 1888, 

Unexpended balance, Dec. 31, 1888, $139.69. 

Grinnell Prize Fund of $1,000, in hands of college treas- 
urer. Gift of Ex-Gov. William Claflin; was called 
Grinnell Fund in honor of his friend. The income is 


appropriated for two prizes, to be given for the best © 


examination in agriculture - graduating class. In- 
come, 1888, 

Mary Robinson Fund of $1, 000, in ee of alee 
urer, given without conditions. The income has been 
appropriated to scholarships, to worthy and needy stu- 
dents. Income, 1888, 3 : 

Unexpended balance, Dec. 31, 1888, $183. 90. 

Whiting Street Fund of $1,000. A bequest without con- 
ditions. To this sum is added $260 by vote of the 
trustees in January, 1887, it being the interest accrued 
on the bequest. Amount of fund, Dec. 31, 1888, $1,260. 
Unexpended balance of income, $119.31. Income, 1888, 


Amount carried forward, .  . : : , ° 


29 


$276,365 57 


" 341 68 
$276,023 89 


$11,442 00 


10,000 00 


717 O1 


40 00 


60 44 


71 15 
$22,330 60 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Amount brought forward, . ‘ : : - $22,330 60 


Library Fund, for use of library, $5,283.74. | Dee in 
Amherst Savings Bank. 

Gassett Scholarship Fund: the sum of $1,000 was given 
by the Hon. Henry Gassett as a scholarship fund. Un- 


expended balance, Dec. 31, 1888, $62.94. Income, 1888, 42 94 
Total income, 2 : ; : $22,373 54 


To this sum should be adged nour of tuition, room rent, receipts 
from sales of farm and botanic gardens; amount of same can be 
learned from statement of treasurer. Tuition and room rent under 
head of term bill , 


FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer. 


This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of F. EH. Paige, 
Treasurer, as displayed from Jan. 1, 1888, to Jan. 1, 1889, and find the same correct and 
properly vouched for. The balance in the treasury, $4,534.78, is shown to be on hand in 
bank. 

HENRY S8. HYDE, Auditor. 

JAN. 5, 1889. 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 31 


REPORT OF CHEMICAL DHPARTMENT. 


President H. H. GOODELL. 

Sir :— Changes in two directions have been inaugurated 
in this department during the past twelve months. The 
one pertains to the sequence of chemical studies with ref- 
erence to those of other departments; the second consists 
in the extensive improvement of teaching appliances. 

The revised course of study adopted by the Board of 
Trustees, last year, advances the commencement of the 
course in chemistry from the beginning of the sophomore to 
the beginning of the freshman year. Thus the course now ex- 
tends over the freshman, sophomore and senior years, instead 
of the sophomore, junior and senior years, as before. This 
change was entered upon at the beginning of the past term, 
and requires that the present freshmen and sophomores pur- 
sue the same studies during four consecutive terms; that is, 
to the end of the fall term of next year. 

The sum of fifteen hundred dollars, appropriated by the 
State Legislature at its last session for additions to the 
equipment of the chemical department, has been nearly all 
expended in the purchase of apparatus, chemicals, collection 
specimens and appliances of various kinds, of which there 
has long been urgent need. By these means the teaching 
capacity has been greatly augmented, and the instruction 
rendered more valuable. 

Aside from these changes, instruction has been given to 
the various classes as heretofore. In recognition of the 
error of attempting education in specialties before funda- 
mental training in general principles, two terms are devoted 
to general chemistry, and of this time a large part of one 
term is occupied with chemical physics and the general prop- 
erties of matter. It is, however, the constant aim to mag- 
nify the practical side of the different studies, and to lead 
the student directly from the understanding of a theory or 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


general law to the observation of every-day practical 
phenomena in agricultural or other industrial life. 

After the discussion of the nature of chemical laws, the 
classification of elements and compounds, in connection with 
extended observation of the properties of the most com- 
monly occurring, is studied. The third and fourth terms are 
occupied in practical study of the natural compounds of the 
earth’s crust. Attention is concentrated upon the rock- 
forming minerals, and especially those containing elements of 
agricultural value. The history of these elements is traced 
from the original crystallized rocks through the many 
chemical and physical changes, until the resultant agricultural 
soils are reached. Having thus gained a knowledge of the 
origin and composition of the primitive soils, the after-study 
of tillage is rendered at once more interesting and far more 
valuable. 

Three terms are now spent in chemical analysis ; and in 
the laboratory the powers of observation are sharpened, care 
and accuracy in manipulation as well as in modes of study are 
cultivated, and intimate knowledge of the more prominent 
minerals and ores, soils, fertilizers and special compounds is 
gained. Accompanying this practical work are given 
lectures, intended to direct the course of study and to sup- 
plement. the work of the laboratory. During the last of 
these three terms the chemistry of fertilizers is studied. 
The subject embraces the general principles of supplying 
plant food, description of the sources of the same, and of 
crude and manufactured fertilizers. The second senior term 
is occupied with the chemistry of carbon compounds, and 
_particularly of those of industrial importance as fuels, foods, 
alcohols, alcoholic liquors, starch, sugars, gums, nitrogenous 
bodies, etc. The chemistry of the animal body is then pur- 
sued ; and during the last term, under the title «‘ Agricultural 
Chemical Industries,” the modes of manufacture of sugar, 
starch, oils, oil-cake, milling products, etc., are described 
and illustrated. 


Most respectfully, 
CHARLES WELLINGTON, 


Associate Professor of Chemisiry. 


. 


- ; 


1889. |] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 33 


REPORT OF MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 31, 1888. 

H. H. GOODELL, President Mass. Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 

Sir:—In submitting my annual report, I take great 
pleasure in announcing that the alterations so often recom- 
mended by this department as necessary in the drill hall 
have at last been completed. A Gurney hot-water heater of 
the largest capacity has been placed in an adjoining room, 
and eight tiers of one and one-half inch pipe have been run 
around the hall and fastened to the masonry foundation. 
The contractors guarantee to keep the temperature at fifty, 
when the thermometer stands at zero outside. The hall has 
been ceiled with dressed spruce, which has been treated 
with oil varnish, bringing out the grain of the wood, and 
giving to the whole hall an appearance of finish and comfort 
most satisfactory, when compared with that of last winter. 

As soon as these alterations were completed, the cadets 
determined to raise money enough among themselves and 
their friends to start a gymnasium that would temporarily 
answer their purpose, until such time as the State author- 
ities see fit to furnish a gymnasium of a capacity sufficient to 
meet the wants of the college. Two hundred dollars were 
raised, and, while we could expend a larger amount advan- 
tageously, we feel as though we had secured an addition to 
the college that will be of immense advantage, and afford 
great pleasure and profit to every member of the corps. As 
there are no rooms on the college grounds where the students 
can meet together socially, I have long felt that something 
of this kind should be provided; and if during the winter 
the cadets are influenced to remain on the grounds, instead 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


of visiting the town during recreation hours, the scheme will 
have accomplished a work that should commend itself to 
every friend of the college. Before leaving this. subject, I 
would earnestly recommend that an appropriation of one 
thousand dollars be asked for, in order to furnish bath- 
rooms and water-closets in the drill hall, which will then 
be in my opinion one of the best-equipped halls for the 
purpose in the country. 

Drills have been somewhat delayed this fall, owing to the 
inclement weather and the breaking down of one of the gun 
carriages, which was sent to the arsenal at Troy and a new 
one received in its place. The unusually large freshman 
class has kept the seniors very busy teaching the prelimi- 
nary drills, that are so necessary in making the cadet present 
the appearance that marks the well-drilled soldier. As 
these are all conducted by the upper classmen, it gives them 
that practice that will make them so valuable in case their 
services are ever needed in time of war. It is the teacher of 
recruits that is in demand when armies are to be made out of 
citizens, and these young men will retain this knowledge 
as long as they do anything else they learn at this time of 
“life. 

Among the freshmen I found quite a number that were, in 
my opinion, too small to bear arms during the preliminary 
drills. I therefore sent them to the drill hall, to work in 
the gymnasium under the supervision of proper instructors, 
until such time as they were strong enough to carry a 
musket. Target practice has been ordered as often as the 
weather would permit, and the progress of the upper classes 
has been very satisfactory. I have devoted considerable 
time to firing from the prone position, in order that the 
cadets might be prepared to fire at long distances, if the 
opportunity ever offered. The interest in target practice 
has steadily increased ever since the junior class was 
regularly detailed for that purpose. If more ammunition 
could be obtained, I think it could be expended with great 
profit to the individual cadet and also to the country, as the 
modern foot soldier, if not a marksman, is of little use in 
the field. | 

The purchase of seventy-five new sabre belts has been of 


1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 35 


great advantage in teaching sabre drill, for the cadets are 
not only more easily taught, but the heavy cavalry sabre can 
now be worn with ease and comfort by all who are under in- 
struction. 

The wisdom of making drills compulsory is well illustrated 
in the thorough discipline that pervades the battalion, and in 
fact all the departments of the college, as far as I am able to 
judge. The importance of discipline in a school of this 
kind cannot be overestimated; and, with the co-operation 
of the president and faculty, its enforcement has, in the 
military department, been so quietly applied as to produce 
no friction, and cause no discomfort to anyone in the depart- 
ment. As was anticipated, there is less desire to avoid 
military drill under these strict orders than under the same 
orders only partially enforced. Those who can bring a 
surgeon’s certificate of disability are excused from drill. All 
others are required to attend those prescribed, and this re- 
sults in preparing them for the positions that only men 
educated in military schools are able to fill. 

The present senior class entered the college the year I 
took charge of the military department, and has for four 
years been practising under the rules then adopted. I con- 
fidently believe they have been benefited by their course, 
even though they may never be called upon to exercise their 
knowledge of military science. They are well grounded in 
all the various drills taught, are competent instructors, good 
disciplinarians, and are capable of organizing a company and 
placing it in the field ready for service. 

During the fall term, the battalion has given two exhibi- 
tion drills, one at Belchertown and the other at Springfield, 
the latter before the Governor of the State and a large 
assemblage of citizens. The confidence acquired and the 
efforts made by the cadets to present a creditable appearance 
have been a great advantage. Though the weather was 
severe, the manceuvres being executed in a furious snow- 
storm, they elicited a hearty and generous applause. 

I desire to renew my recommendation in regard to cadets 
occupying rooms in the college dormitories. They are as 
comfortable as any in the neighborhood, and as reasonable 
in price. If the students are required to occupy them, they 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - [Jan. 


will be brought under the inspections that are made every 
Saturday of all the dormitory rooms. In the freshman year 
I think this influence of great importance in forming those 
habits of neatness and order, that are so important in what- 
ever position in life they may be called upon to occupy. 

The reduction in the price of the uniform, from thirty-four 
dollars to seventeen and one-half dollars, has been of great 
benefit to those students who have a fixed amount of money 
to expend in their education, and must leave college when 
this is gone. The battalion always drills in blouses. The 
dress coat was only worn during the commencement exer- 
cises, and for that reason could the more easily be dispensed 
with, without detriment to the efficiency of the command. 


THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 


Theory. 


Winter term, freshman year. One hour per week for 
the term. Recitations in Upton’s Infantry Tactics ; School 
of the Soldier ; School of the Company ; Skirmish Drill. 

_ Winter term, sophomore year. One hour per week, half 

the term. Recitations in United States Artillery Tactics ; 
School of the Soldier; Sabre Exercise; Manual of the 
Piece. — 

Senior class. One hour per week, fall, winter and spring 
terms. Recitation in Hamilton’s Elementary Principles con- 
nected with the Art of War. | 


Practice. 


All students (unless physically disqualified, and furnished 
with a surgeon’s certificate to that effect) will be required to 
attend the prescribed military duties and exercises, those 
pursuing a special or partial course not being exempt as long 
as they remain at the college. 

As soon as possible after entering the college, students 
will be required to provide themselves with a uniform, com- 
prising blouse, trousers, cap, white gloves, etc., costing 
about seventeen and one-half dollars. | 

All students are required to conduct themselves in a quiet, 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 37 


orderly and soldierly manner. Obedience to superior officers 
and orders must be prompt and willing at all times. 

To insure a proper sanitary condition of the college build- 
ings, each Saturday the commandant makes a thorough 
inspection of all rooms and buildings. During this time, the 
students, in uniform, are required to be in their rooms, for 
the proper police of which they are held strictly accountable. 
At the beginning of each term, issues of such equipments as 
they require will be made to the students. Receipts will be 
taken for each article issued, and cadets will be held respon- 
sible for any loss or injury to said articles. 

For practical instruction, the following public property is 
in the hands of the college authorities : — 

One platoon Napoleons (light twelve) ; seventy-five sabres 
and belts; one hundred breech-loading rifles, calibre forty- 
five; several accurate target rifles; two eight-inch siege 
- mortars, with complete equipments. For practice firing, the 
United States furnishes blank cartridges for all guns, and 
ball cartridges for rifle practice. 

Drills, amounting to three each week, are as follows : — 

Infantry ; school of the soldier; company and battalion ; 
manual of arms ; sabre and bayonet exercise ; skirmish drill ; 
target practice and ceremonies. 

For instruction in infantry tactics, the cadets are organized 
into a battalion of two or more companies, under the com- 
mandant. The commissioned officers of the corps are selected 
from those cadets of the senior class who show the greatest 
aptitude for military duty, and ability to impart this know]l- 
edge to others. All seniors in turn are placed in command 
of the companies and battalions, and are liable to be called 
upon at any time to perform field and staff duties. 

I have the honor to submit the following as the battalion 
organization :— 

Commissioned Staff. 


First Lieutenant and Adjutant, : : : H. E 
First Lieutenant and sub-Adjutant, : ; A. L. MILEs. 
First Lieutenant and Quartermaster, C. A 


Non-commissioned Staff. 


Sergeant-Major, . ; - : ; : - A. N. STOWE. 
Quartermaster- Sergeant, J.S8 


38 AGRICULTURAL. COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Captain, . 

First Lieutenant, 
Second Lieutenant, 
First Sergeant, 
Sergeant, 
Corporal, 


Captain, . 

First Lieutenant, 
Second Lieutenant, 
First Sergeant, 
Sergeant, 
Corporal, 


Captain, . 

First Lieutenant, 
Second Lieutenant, 
First Sergeant, 
Sergeant, 

Corporal, 


Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 


Company A. 


Company B. 


Company C. 


a 
en) 
5 
4 
Ss 
es] 
e 
2 
mM 


L. HARTWELL. 


. COPELAND. 


A. M 
W. A. KELLOGG. 
A. D 
H. L 


G. B. Srvonpbs. 


GEORGE E. SAGE, 


First Lieutenant Fifth Artillery. 


‘ ri 
Te a 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 39 


CALENDAR FOR 1889-90. 


1889. 


January 2, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 22, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 
April 2, Tuesday, spring term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


June 16, Sunday, 
Address before the Christian Union. 


PEERS Sermon. 
June 17, Monday, Kendall Prize Speaking. 
Grinnell Prize Examination of the Senior 
Class in Agriculture. 
June 18, Tuesday, Military Exercises. 
Meeting of the Alumni. 


[ President’s Reception. 


Commencement Exercises. 
June 19, Wednesday, 
Meeting of Trustees. 


June 20, Thursday, examinations for admission, at 9 a.m., 
Botanic Museum. 

September 3, Tuesday, examinations for admission, at 9 a.m., 
Botanic Museum. . 

September 4, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

December 20, Friday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. ( 


1890. 


January 8, Thursday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


March 21, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


THE CORPORATION. 


Term expires. 


HENRY S. HYDE-or Sprinerietp, . : ; . 1890 
PHINEAS STEDMAN or Cuaicopss, . «Wee pea tare 
JAMES S. GRINNELL oF GREENFIELD, . ‘ . obSSF 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD or Lirrtetron, . : Boe 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER or Boston, 5 : . 1892 
ARTHUR A. BRIGHAM or Martsorovuen, : . “1892 
THOMAS P. ROOT or Barre Ptarns, : : . 1898 
J. HOWE DEMOND of Norrmampton, : ; . 1893 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON of LynnFIELD, . . 4892 
WILLIAM WHEELER or Concorp, . i ; . 1894 
ELIJAH W. WOOD or Wesr Newton, : . 1898 
GEORGE A. MARDEN or Lower, . : / 1895 
DANIEL NEEDHAM or Groron, : E . 1896 


~ JAMES DRAPER or WokrcEsTER, : : : . 1896 


Members Ex-Officio. 


His Excettency Governor OLIVER AMES, President of the 
Corporation. | 
HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. 
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


JAMES S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, 
Vice-President of the Corporation. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS or Hamppen, Secretary. 
FRANK E. PAIGE or Amuers7z, Treasurer. 


HENRY S. HYDE or Sprinerietp, Auditor. 


mee 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 4] 


Committee on Finance and Buildings.* 


JAMES S. GRINNELL, HENRY S. HYDE, 
J. HOWE DEMOND, DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty.* 


THOMAS P. ROOT, FRANCIS H. APPLETON, 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER, WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments.* 


PHINEAS STEDMAN, ELIJAH W. WOOD, 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD, JAMES DRAPER, 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Committee on Experiment Department.* 


DANIEL NEEDHAM, ELIJAH W. WOOD, 
WILLIAM WHEELER, JAMES DRAPER, 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


SAMUEL B. BIRD, : ; : . OF FRAMINGHAM. 
GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, : . OF LUNENBURG. 
VELOROUS TAFT, : : : . OF UPTON. 
GEORGE S. TAYLOR, : ; . OF CHICOPEE FALLS. 
ATKINSON C. VARNUM, . : . OF LOWELL. 
NATHANIEL S. SHALER,. : . OF CAMBRIDGE. 


The Faculty. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., President, 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


* The President of the College is ex-officio a member of each of the above com- 
mnittees. 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B-Sc., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B.Sc., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Ph.D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph.D., 
Professor of Zodlogy and Lecturer on Veterinary Science. 


Rev. CHARLES S. WALKER, Ph.D., 
Professor of Mental and Political Science. 


WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B.Sce., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


GEORGE E. SAGE, Ist Lr. 5TH Art., U. S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


FRANK E. PAIGE, 
Lecturer on Farm Law. 


JOHN W. LANE, M.A., 
Instructor in Hlocution. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., 
Enibrarian. 


Graduates of 1888.* 


Belden, Edward Henry, ; : . North Hatfield. 
Bliss, Herbert Charles (Boston me . Attleborough. 


* The annual report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two 


Ce ee a ee ee a Gee te 


academic years, and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been 


connected with the college during any portion of the year 1888. 


-1889.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 43 


7’ 
i 
*. 
4 


Brooks, Frederick Kimball, . 


Cooley, Fred Smith, 
Dickinson, Edwin Harris, 
Field, Samuel Hall, 


Foster, Francis Homer (Boston Bary : 
Hayward, Albert Irving (Boston Univ.), 
Holt, Jonathan Edward (Boston Univ.), 
Kinney, Lorenzo Foster (Boston Univ.), 
Knapp, Edward Everett (Boston Univ.), 
Mishima, Yataro (Boston Univ.), 
Moore, Robert Bostwick (Boston Univ.), 


Newman, George Edward, 


Noyes, Frank Frederick (Boston Univ. > 


Parsons, Wilfred Atherton, 
Rice, Thomas, 2d, . 


Shepardson, William Martin (Boston tae ), 
Shimer, a Luther ane Uniy.), 


Total, 


Blair, James Roswell, 
Bliss, Clinton Edwin, 
Copeland, Arthur Davis, 


Crocker, Charles Stoughton, 


Davis, Franklin Ware, . 
Hartwell, Burt Laws, 
Hubbard, Dwight Lauson, 
Huse, Frederick Robinson, 
Hutchings, James Tyler, 
Kellogg, William Adams, 
Miles, Arthur Lincoln, . 
North, Mark Newell, 
Okami, Yoshiji, 
Sellew, Robert Pease, . 
Whitney, Charles Albion, 
Total, . : 


Alger, George Ward, 
Barry, David, 
Braman, Samuel Noyes, 


Castro, Arthur de Moraes e, . 


Dickinson, Dwight Ward, 
Felton, Truman Page, 
Goddard, George Andrew, 
Gregory, Edgar, 


Senior Class. 


Junior Class. 


Haverhill. 
Sunderland. 
North Amherst. 
North Hatfield. 
Andover. 
Ashby. 
Andover. 
Worcester. 
Glenwood. 
Tokio, Japan. 
Framingham. 
Newbury. 
Hingham. 
Southampton. 
Shrewsbury. 
Warwick. 
Redington, Pa. 

; , ; 19 


Warren. 

Attleborough. 

Campello. 

Sunderland. 

Tamworth, N. H. 

Littleton. 

Amherst. 

Winchester. 

Amherst. 

North Amherst. 

Rutland. 

Somerville. 

Tokio, Japan. 

East Longmeadow. 

Upton. 
: 15 


West Bridgewater. 
Southwick. 

Wayland. 

Juiz de Fora, Minas, Brazil. 
Amherst. 

Berlin. 

Turner’s Falls. 
Marblehead. 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Jan. 


Haskins, Henry Darwin, ; ‘ ; . North Amherst. 
Herrero, José Maria, . : : : . Jovellanos, Cuba. 
Jones, Charles Howland, §. : ; . Downer’s Groye, Ill. 
Loring, John Samuel, . : : : . Shrewsbury. 
McCloud, Albert Carpenter, . ; .-. Ambherst. 
Mossman, Fred Way, . R ‘ , . Westminster. 
Nourse, Arthur Merriam, . ; j . Westborough. 
Plumb, Frank Herbert, ‘ ‘ : . Westfield. 
Russell, Fred Newton, . : : : . Sunderland. 
Russell, Henry Lincoln, ‘ ‘ ; . Sunderland. 
Simonds, George Bradley, . : » ot Ashby; 
Smith, Frederic Jason, . : . North Hadley. 
Stillings, Levi Chamberlain, : : - Medford. 
Stowe, Arthur Nelson, . : 4 : . Hudson. 
Stratton, Eddie Nathan, ‘ : ; . Marlborough. 
Taft, Walter Edward, . : : 4 . Dedham. 
Taylor, Fred ‘Leon, : {4h 7.) Gia b pe cA 
West, John Sherman, . ; ji . Belchertown. 
Whitcomb, Nahum Teaon s j . Littleton. 
*Williams, Arthur Sanderson, . ; . Sunderland. * 
Williams, Frank Oliver, : : . . Sunderland. 
Woodbury, Herbert Elwell, . eS . Gloucester. 

Totaly oe uA eS ES eo 


Sophomore Class. 


Arnold, Frank Luman, . ¢ ‘ ‘ . Belchertown. 

Belden, Allan Montgomery, . : : . East Whately. 

Bush, Edward, . : . Boston. 

Brown, Walter tycrers . Feeding Hills. 

Carpenter, Malcolm Austin, , : . Leyden. 

Davenport, Alfred Mortimer, _. ' . Mt. Auburn. ‘ 
Du Bois, Cornelius McIlvaine, . ; . Keene Valley, N. Y. | 
Eames, Aldice Gould, . ; é ; . North Wilmington. . a 
Felt, Ephraim Porter, . ; : A . Northborough. 

Field, Henry John, : 3 j : . Leverett. 

Gay, Willard Weston, . : : : . Georgetown. 

Horner, Louis Frederick, . : ‘ . Newton Highlands. 

Hull, John Byron, ; : : . Stockbridge. 

Hurley, Michael Edward, . : : . Amherst. 

Johnson, Charles Henry, . : : . Prescott. 

Legate, Howard Newton, . ; . Sunderland. 

Paige, Walter Cary, . ; : : . Ambherst. 

Palmer, Herbert Walter, . : j . Littleton. 

Phillips, John Edward Stanton, . P . Brooklyn, Ct. 

Pond, William Hollis, . 5 : : . North Attleborough. 
Richards, George Erwin, .. : . Foxborough. 


* Died of typhoid fever, at Sunderland, Sept. 8, 1888. 


1889. ] 


Ruggles, Murray, . 
Russell, Edward Elias, 
Sanderson, Harry Tilson, 
Sawyer, Arthur Henry, 
Shores, Harvey Towle, 
Tuttle, Harry Fessenden, 
Total, . ‘ 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 45 


Milton. 
Petersham. 
Leicester. 
Sterling. 
West Bridgewater. 
Jamaica Plain. 

27 


Freshman Class. 


Baldus, Francis Gustave, 
Bardin, James Edgar, 
Boynton, Walter Ira, 
Chamberlain, Pierce Annesley, 
Clark, Edward Thornton, 
Condit, Charles de Hart, 
Crane, Henry Everett, . 
Davidson, Royal Page, . 
Deuel, James Edward, . 
Eaton, Henry Newell, . 
Emerson, Henry Bennett, 
Faneuf, Arthur Gelis, 
Farrar, Frederick Allen, 
Field, Judson Leon, 
Fletcher, William, 

Fowle, Samuel Osie, . 
Goldthwait, Jr., William J Bias. 
Gorham, Rrodotick pecley, . 
Graham, Charles Sumner, 
Haley, George Williams, 
Hoar, Thomas, 

Holland, Edward Ber fis am, 
Howard, Henry Merton, 
Howe, Elbridge Lewis, 
Hubbard, Cyrus Moses, 
Hull, Henry Banks, : 
Lage, Oscar Vidal Barboza, . 


Lindsey, Ernest, . 
Lyman, Richard Pope, . 
McDonald, Frederick John, . 
Magill, Claude Albion, 
Nauss, Charles Strum, . 
Page, Harry Savage, 

Rogers, Elliot, 

Saville, James Richardson, 


. Sedgwick, Benjamin, 


Smith, Robert Hyde, 
Stockbridge, Francis a 


; Stone, Harlan Fisk, 


Belchertown. 
Dalton. 
North Amherst. 
Northfield. 
Granby. 
Troy Hills, N. Y. 
Weymouth. 
Highland Park, Il. 
Amherst. 
South Sudbury. 
Gloucester. 
Amherst. 
Ware. 
Leverett. 
Chelmsford. 
Wellesley. 
Marblehead. 
Westport, Ct. 
Holden. 
Stonington, Ct. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Franklin. 
New Haven, Ct. 
Sunderland. 
Hempstead, L. I. 
Juiz de Fora, Minos- 
Geraes, Brazil. 
Marblehead. 
Boston. 
Montreal, Canada. 
Amherst. 
Gloucester. 
So. Orange, N. J. 
Allston. 
Rockport. 
Cornwall Hollow, Ct. 
Amherst. 
Northfield. 
Amherst. 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Taylor, George Everett, ; Roa 
Thomson, Henry Martin, 
Tyng, Charles, 
Tae, George MoAlpine, 
Weed, Wallace Dana, . 
West, Homer Cady, . 
Willard, George Bartlett, 
Williams, Milton Hubbard, . 
Wood, Augustus Roswell, 
Total, . i 


Shelburne. 
Monterey. 
Victoria, Texas. 
Victoria, Texas. 
Marblehead. 
Belchertown. 
Waltham. 
Sunderland. 
Central Village. 
5 : ‘ 48 


Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station. 


Allen, B.S., Edwin West (Boston Univ.), 

Caldwell, B.S., William Hutson, 

Carpenter, B.S., Frank Berton, 

Flint, B.S., Edward Rawson (Boston a). 

Green, B.S., Samuel Bowdlear (Boston 
Univ.), : : - : 

Kinney, BS., Weeazn Foster (Boston 
Univ.), : 

Knapp, B.S., Bega Byerett (eosion 
Univ.), 


Moore, BS., Robert iRosarice. (Boston 


Univ.), ; : 
Parsons, B.S., Wilfred i dhewton: : 
Shepardson, B.S., William Martin (Boston 
Univ.), : ; : : : : 
Total, . : : : 


Summary. 
Resident graduates, ena tania 
Graduates of 1888, 
Senior class, . ; 
Junior class, . : : ; 3 
Sophomore class, . : : : 
Freshman class, ‘ ‘ : 2 


Total, ; : é : - 


Amherst. 
Peterborough, N. H. 
Leyden. 

Boston. 

Amherst. 

Worcester. 


Glenwood. 


Framingham. 
Southampton. 


Warwick. 
10 


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° . 15 
° . 80 
. 27 

. 48 

: : 149 


47 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


1889.] 


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1889. ] 


8.15 A.M. 
8.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
2.00 P.M. 
4.15 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 AM. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.45 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 a.m. 
11.30 a.m. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


SCHEDULE OF TERM EXERCISES. 


FALL TERM. 


GENERAL EXERCISES. 
Chapel. 


Inspection of rooms, Sat. 
Church, Sun. | 
Rhetoricals, W. 
Drill, M., W., F. 


CLass EXERCISES. 


Senior. 
Comparative Anatomy. 
Chemistry, M., T., W., Th. 
Chemistry, M., T., W., Th.; Military Science, F. 
Mental Science. 
Live Stock, M., T., Th., F. 
Composition, W. 


Junior. 


Mechanics, M., T., W.; Farm Implements, Th., F. 


Rhetoric. 
Zoology (Lab.) M., T., W., Th. 
Zodlugy (Lab ) M., T., W. Th. 
Market Gardening, M., T., Th., F. 
Market Gardening, T., Th. 


Sophomore. 
French. 


Botany. 
Soils. 


Trigonometry, M., T., W., Th.; Military, F. (half term). 


Geolosy, M., T., Th., F. 
Composition, W. 


Freshman. 
Chemistry. 
Climatology, M., T.; Latin, W., Th., F. 
Algebra. 
Botany. 


Declamation, F. 
Composition, W. 


49 


50 


8.15 A.M. 
8.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
2.00 P.M. 
4.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


~ 8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 AM. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.15 A.M. 
8.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
2.00 PM. 
4.15 P.M. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 


WINTER TERM. 


GENERAL EXERCISES. 
Chapel. 


Inspection of rooms, Sat. 
Church, Sun. 
Rhetoricals, W. 

Drill, M., W., F. 


CLASS EXERCISES. 


Senior. 
Chemistry, M., T., W. 
Dairy Farming, M., T., W.; Meteorology, Th., F. 
Veterinary Science, T., W., Th., F.; Military Science, M. 
Political Economy. 
Debate, W. 
Junior. 
English Literature. 
Chemistry (Lab.). 
Chemistry (Lab.). 
Agriculture, M., T.; Zoology, W., Th., F. 
Physics, M., T., Th., F. 
Composition, W. 


Sophomore. 


Human Anatomy and Foyle eee 

French. 

Mixed Farming, M., T.; Mechanical Drawing, W., Th., F. 
Mechanical Drawing, Th., F.; Mensuration, M., T., W. 
Botany (Lab.), M., T., Th., F. 

Composition, W. 


Freshman. 
Free-hand Drawing, M., T, W. 
Free-hand Drawing, M. T., W.; Agriculture, Th., F. 
Algebra and Geometry. 
Latin, T., W., Th., F.; Military, M. (half term). 
Metals, M., T., Th., F. 
Composition, W. 


SPRING TERM. 


GENERAL EXERCISES. 
Chapel. 


Inspection of rooms, Sat. 
Church, Sun. 
Rhetoricals, W. 

Drill, M., W., F. 


0 


1889. ] 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
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11.30 A.M 


1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 
2.45 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
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1.45 P.M. 
2.00 P.M. 


8.30 A.M. 
9.30 A.M. 
10.30 A.M. 
11.30 A.M. 
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2.00 P.M. 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 51 


CLASS EXERCISES. 


Senior. 


Agricultural Review, M., T., W. . 
Geology, W., Th., F.; Military Science, M. 
Constitutional History. 

Chemical Industries, M., T., W. 
Composition, W. 


Junior. 
English Literature, M., T., W., Th.; Special Crops, F. 
Chemistry (Lab.). 
Physics (first six weeks) ; Entomology (last four weeks). 
Entomology. 
Horestry, etc., M., T., Th., F. 
Composition, W. 
Forestry, etc., T., Th. 


Sophomore 


Horticulture, M , T., W., Th. 
Horticulture, M., T., W., Th. 
French. 

Fertilizers. 

Surveying, M., T., Th., F. 
Surveying, M., T., Th. 
Composition, W. 


Freshman. 
Geometry, M., T., W.; Mineralogy, Th., F. 
Latin. 
Agriculture. 
Botany. 


Mineralogy, M., T. 
Composition, W. 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


TEXT BOOKS. 


Barnarp — * Talks about the Weather.” 

Packarp — ‘‘ Manual of Bookkeeping.” 

Morton — ‘ Soil of the Farm.” 

GreGoryY — ‘ Fertilizers.” 

Mires — ‘‘ Stock Breeding.” 

Armssy — ‘* Manual of Cattle Feeding.” 

Gray — ‘*‘ Manual of Botany.” 

Brssry — ‘‘ Botany for High Schools and Colleges.” 

FULLER — ‘‘ Practical Forestry.” 

Maynarp — * Practical Fruit Grower.” 

Scorr — ‘* Rural Homes.” 

Avery — ‘* Elements of Chemistry.” 

Wits — ‘‘ Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 

WHEELER — ‘‘ Medical Chemistry.” 

Bioxam — ‘‘ Chemistry.” 

Dana — ‘‘ Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” 
- Brus — ‘“ Determinative Mineralogy and Blow-pipe.” 

Guyot — ‘* Physical Geography.” 

WEnNTWorTH — ‘‘ Algebra.” 

WENTWorRTH — ‘‘ Geometry.” 

WELLs — ‘* Trigonometry.” 

W ARNER — ‘* Mensuration.” 

Davies — ‘‘ Surveying.” 

Dana — ** Mechanics.” 

ATKINsON-GanoTt — ‘‘ Physics.” 

Loomis — ‘* Meteorology.” 

Harkness — ‘‘ Latin Grammar and New Reader.” 

Wuitney — ‘‘ French Grammar.” 

GrEnune — ‘‘ Practical Elements of Rhetoric.” 

KrL_Ltoce —‘‘ English Literature.” 

Porter — ‘*‘ Elements of Intellectual Science.” 

WaLker — “ Political Economy.” — 

Wuirtr — “ Progressive Art Studies.” Elementary and Instru- 
mental. 


To give not only a practical but a liberal education is the aim in 
each department; and the several courses have been so arranged 
as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 53 


and declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction 
in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. 
A certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the les- 
sons of the recitation room are practically enforced in the garden 
and field. Students are allowed to work for wages during such 
leisure hours as are at their disposal. Under the Act by which 
the college was founded, instruction in military tactics is made 
imperative; and each student, unless physically debarred, is 
required to attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the 
direction of a regular army officer stationed at the college.* 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the freshman class are examined, 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- 
mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra to quadratic equations, the 
Metric System, and the History of the United States. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire 
admission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years 
of age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of 
good character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are 
requested to furnish the examining committee with their stand- 
ing in the schools they have last attended. The previous rank of 
the candidate will be considered in admitting him. The regular 
examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at 
nine o’clock a.m., on Thursday, June 20, and on Tuesday, Sep- 
tember 3; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any 
other time in the year. 


DEGREES. 


Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor 
of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massa- 
chusetts, who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, 
become members of Boston University, and upon graduation 
receive its diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby 
becoming entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. 


* Certificates of disability must be procured from Dr. D. B. N. Fish of Amherst. 


54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. {Jan. 


EXPENSES. 
Tuition in advance — | 
Fall term, . : ; : : : : $30 00 
Winter term, . ‘ , ; : : 25 00 
Summer term, . 4 25 00 $8000 $80 00 
Room rent, in aiamnhy go 00 to us 00 per 
term, : : 15 00 48 00 
Board, $2.50 to 85. 00 oe EA ; : 95 00 190 00 
Fuel, $5.00 to $15.00 per year, . ‘ : 5 00 15 00 
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, . : 11 40 22 80 
Matar SUG ea ee ae 17 75 = 17:75 
Expense per year, .- . ; : $224 15 $373 55 


Board in clubs has been two dollars and fifty cents per week; in 
private families, four to five dollars. The military suit must be 
obtained immediately upon entrance at college, and used in the 
drill exercises prescribed. For the use of the laboratory in practi- 
cal chemistry there will be a charge of ten dollars per term used. 
Some expense will also be incurred for lights and for text books. 
Students whose homes are within the State of Massachusetts can 
in most cases obtain a scholarship by applying to the senator of 
the district in which they live. The outlay of money can be 
further reduced by work during leisure hours on the farm or in 
the botanic department. Applications should be made to the pro- 
fessors in charge of said departments. ‘The opportunities for work 
are more abundant during the fall and summer terms. 


ROOMS. 


On and after Sept. 3, 1889, all students, except those living 
with parents or guardians, will be required to occupy rooms in the 
college dormitories. 

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given: In the new south dormitory, 
the study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess 
seven feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven 
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. This building is heated 
by steam. In the north dormitory, the corner rooms are fourteen ~ 
by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The 
inside rooms are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a 
half, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove is fur- 
nished with each room. 


1889.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 55 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 


ESTABLISHED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS. 


Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield. 

Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton. 

Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Henry 
Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth. 


The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to 
worthy students requiring aid. 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free schol- 
arship for each of the congressional districts of the State. Appli- 
cations for such scholarships should be made to the representative 
from the district to which the applicant belongs. The selection 
for these scholarships will be determined as each member of Con- 
gress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent in from 
the same district, a competitive examination would seem to be 
desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous con- 
stitution, and should enter college with the intention of remaining 
through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit connected 
with agriculture. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four 
years, from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to 
enable the trustees of said college to provide, for the students of said 
institution, the theoretical and practical education required by its charter 
and the law of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free schol- 
arships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com- 
monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by 
the president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then 
in office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district But, if there shall 
be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any sena- 
torial district, such scholarships may be distributed by the president of 
the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but 
no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an 
examination in accordance with the rules to be established as hereinbe- 
fore provided. 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following Resolve, making 
perpetual the scholarships established : — 


Resolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty- 
six of the Resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be 
given and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter. 


In accordance with these resolves, anyone desiring admission 
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar- 
‘ship. Blank forms of application will be furnished by the presi- 
dent. 


EQUIPMENT. 


BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT. 


Botanic Museum. — This contains the Knowlton herbarium, 
- consisting of over ten thousand species of plants from nearly all 
parts of the world; a collection of models of nearly all of the 
leading varieties of apples and pears; a large collection of speci- 
mens of wood, cut so as to show their individual structure ; 
numerous models of tropical and other fruits ; specimens of abnor- 
mal and peculiar forms of stems, fruits, vegetables, etc. ; many 
interesting specimens of unnatural growths of trees and plants, 
natural grafts, etc.; together with many specimens and models, 
prepared for illustrating the growth and structure of plants, and 
including a model of the ‘‘ giant squash,” which raised by its 
expansive force the enormous weight of five thousand pounds. 
The botanic lecture room, in the same building, is provided 
with diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrat- 
ing structural and systematic botany; also fourteen compound 
microscopes of R. B. Tolles and other manufacturers, with objec- 
tives, ranging from four inch to one-fifteenth inch focal length. 
In the study of structural botany, the students become familiar 
with the use of the compound microscope, and see the objects 
studied for themselves, special attention being given to the prac- 
tical study of the structure and growth of the common plants, cul- 


_ re 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 57 


tivated in the greenhouse, garden, or on the farm. This work is 
done in the botanical laboratory connected with the lecture room. 

Conservatories. — The Durfee conservatory, the gift of the 
Hon. Nathan Durfee, contains a large collection of plants espe- 
cially adapted to ilustrate the principles of structural, systematic 
and economic botany, together with all the leading plants used for 
house culture, cut flowers, and out-door ornamentation. Here in- 
struction is given in methods of propagation, cultivation, training, 
varieties, etc , by actual practice, each student being expected to 
do all the different kinds of work in this department. These 
houses are open at all times to the public and students, who may 
watch the progress of growth and methods of cultivation. 

Two new propagating houses have been built the last season, 
one heated with steam and the other with hot water, combining 
many illustrations in the way of methods of building, which, 
together with the other greenhouses, afford an abundant oppor- 
tunity for the study of greenhouse building and heating. 

Fruits. —'The orchards, of ten to fifteen acres, contain all the 
standard varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, etc., 
in bearing condition. Several acres of small fruits are also grown 
for the markets. The vineyard, of one and one-half acres, con- 
tains from thirty to forty varieties of fully tested kinds of grapes. 
New varieties of all the above fruits are planted in experimental 
plats, where their merits are fully tested. All varieties of fruits, 
together with the ornamental trees, shrubs and plants, are dis- 
tinctly labelled, so that students and visitors may readily study 
their characteristics. Methods of planting, training, pruning, 
cultivation, study of varieties, gathering and packing of fruits, 
etc., are taught by field exercises, the students doing a large 
part of the work in this department. 

Nursery. — This contains more than twenty-five thousand trees, 
shrubs and vines in various stages of growth, where the various 
methods of propagating by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, 
pruning and training of young trees, are practically taught to the 
students. 

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are 
grown in this department for market, furnishing ample illustration 
of the treatment of all market-garden crops, special attention 
being given to the selection of varieties and the growth of seed. 
The income from the sales of trees, plants, flowers, fruits and 
vegetables, aids materially in the support of the department, and 
furnishes illustrations of the methods of business, with which all 
students are expected to become familiar. 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 
grown in the nursery; and plantations have been made upon the 
college grounds and upon private property in the vicinity, in 
various stages of growth, affording good examples of this most 
important subject. A large grove in all stages of growth is con- 
nected with this department, where the methods of pruning forest 
trees and the management and preservation of forests can be 
illustrated. 


NaturauL History DEPARTMENT. 


The department of zodlogy is well supplied with microscopes 
and accessories necessary for the study of the lower forms of life 
and the tissue of the higher animals. The State collection of 
specimens illustrating the natural history of Massachusetts has 
been put on exhibition in the new cabinet, and is valuable for 
purposes of instruction. To this has recently been added a col- 
lection of skeletons, models and stuffed animals, purchased from 
Prof. H. A. Ward, and a fine collection of corals presented by the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge. 


& . 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 
mechanics and physics. For civil engineering there is an Eck- 
hold’s omnimeter, a solar compass, an engineer’s transit, a sur- 
veyor’s transit, two common compasses, two levels, a sextant, 
four chains, three levelling rods, and such other incidental appa- 
ratus as is necessary for practical field work. For mechanics 
there is a full set of mechanical powers, and a good collection of 
apparatus for illustration in hydrostatics, hydro-dynamics and 
pneumatics. For physics the apparatus is amply sufficient for 
illustrating the general principles of sound, heat, light and elec- 
tricity. Adjacent to the commodious lecture room are a battery 
room and the physical cabinet, to which latter has been lately 
added much valuable apparatus. 


CuEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


This department has charge of instruction in general, agricul- 
tural and analytical chemistry, and, at present, of that in miner- 
alogy and chemical geology. For demonstration and practical 
work in these subjects, the department is equipped as follows : — 

For general chemistry, the lecture room contains a series of 
thirty wall charts, illustrative of chemical processes on the large 


: 
, 
JJ 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. . 59 


scale; a series of seven wall charts, showing the composition of 
food materials ; and a collection of apparatus for demonstration on 
the lecture table. For agricultural chemistry there is on hand a 
good typical collection of raw and manufactured materials, illus- 
trating fertilization of crops and the manufacture of fertilizers; a 
partial collection of grains and other articles of foods, and of their 
proximate constituents. For analytical chemistry there is a labora- 
tory for beginners, in a capacious room, well lighted and venti- 
lated, and furnished with fifty-two working tables, each table being 
provided with sets of reagents, wet and dry, a fume chamber, 
water, gas, drawer and locker, the whole arranged on an improved 
plan; a laboratory for advanced students, with eight tables, and 
provided with gas, water, fume chambers, drying baths, furnaces, 
two Becker analytical balances, and incidental apparatus. Both 
laboratories are supplied with collections of natural and artificial 
products used in analytical practice. For instruction in miner- 
alogy, use is made of the larger chemical laboratory. A small 
collection of cabinet specimens, and a collection of rough speci- 
mens for work in determinative mineralogy, serve for practical 
study. For instruction in chemical geology, the laboratory pos- 
sesses a collection of typical cabinet specimens. 


LIBRARY. 


This now numbers eighty-two hundred and eighty-five volumes, 
having been increased during the year, by gift and purchase, 
eighteen hundred volumes. It is placed in the lower hall of the 
new chapel-library building, and is made available to the general 
_ student for reference or investigation. It is especially valuable 
as a library of reference, and no pains will be spared to make it 
complete in the departments of agriculture, horticulture and bot- 
any, and the natural sciences. It is open a portion of each day 
for consultation, and an hour every evening for the drawing of 
books. 


PRIZES. 


RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


The prizes heretofore offered by Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., 
will this year be given by Hiram Kendall, of the class of 1876. 
These prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are 
open to competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the 
sophomore and freshman classes. 


60 é AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one 
thousand dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to 
be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of Geo. B. 
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These two prizes are to be paid in 
cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass 
the best oral and written examination in theoretical and practical 
agriculture. 


Hitts BoTanicaAL PRIZES. 


For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1889 a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best 
a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- 
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection 
of dried plants from the college farm. 

The prizes in June, 1888, were awarded as follows : — 


Kendall Rhetorical Prizes. — Fred W. Mossman (1890), ce 
David Barry (1890), 2d; George E. Richards (1891), lst; Harry 
T. Sanderson (1891), 2d. 


Grinnell Agricultural Prizes. — Robert B. Moore (1888), 1st; 
Yataro Mishima (1888), 2d. 

Hills Botanical Prizes. — William M. Shepardson (1888), Ist; 
Lorenzo F. Kinney (1888), 2d. 


Best Collection of Plants from College Farm.— Lorenzo F. 
Kinney (1888). 


Collection of Native Woods. — Lorenzo F. Kinney (1888). 


Clark Prize.—Charles S. Crocker (1889) ; Willard W. Gay 
(1891). 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8.15 
A.M., and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 
A.M., unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made 
to attend divine service elsewhere. Further opportunities for 
moral and religious culture are afforded by a Bible class taught at 
the close of the Sunday morning service, and by religious meet- — 
ings held on Sunday afternoon and during the week, under the 
auspices of the Young Men’s Christian Union. 


1889.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 61 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston and Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s 
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central 
Massachusetts Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the 
Connecticut River Railroad and with the New Haven and North- 
ampton Railroad. 

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one 
of the finest views in New England. The large farm of three 
hundred and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native 
forests, gives the student the freedom and the quiet of a country 
home. 


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64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


TUBERCULOSIS. 


By CHARLES H. FERNALD. 


This disease has been known by various names, as consumption, 
pulmonary consumption, tuberculous consumption, consumption of 
the bowels, phthisis, pulmonary phthisis, tuberculous phthisis, pul- 
monary ulceration, pining, wasting of the lungs, pearl disease, 
perlsucht, nymphomania, satyriasis, knots, kernels, grapes, angle- 
berries, human tuberculosis, bovine tuberculosis, tubercle, miliary 
tubercle, tubercular disease and tuberculosis. 

The last name is more widely used at the present time than any 
of the others, and it is adopted in this paper for a general term ; but 
I make use of the name human tuberculosis for the disease in man, 
~ and bovine tuberculosis for the disease in other animals. 

Tuberculosis has been observed to attack nearly every organ in 
the body, but the lungs and lymphatic glands appear to be particu- 
larly subject to it. 

The tubercles in the lungs at first are small, semi-transparent, 
grayish or colorless grains, varying from one-sixteenth to one-half 
an inch in diameter. These gradually increase in size and become 
yellowish or opaque. Several unite and form larger masses of a 
pale yellow color and of a cheesy consistency, which finally soften 
and liquefy. These masses, often as large as a grape and some- 
times even much larger, are more or less globular, and may fill the 
entire diseased portion of the lung, and exhibit a series of hemi- 
spherical elevations over the surface. 

The lining membranes of the thorax and abdomen, and also the 
membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, are subject to tuber- 
cular growths which appear like the pile on velvet, or wart-like 
growths over the surface. 

Not unfrequently joints become diseased, and, when opened, dis- 
charge a pale yellow granular matter. I recently examined a cow 
that had died with tuberculosis, and, besides the characteristic 
tubercles in the lungs, the caul was so thoroughly affected as to be 


« 


NS eee ee a 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 65 


one mass of putrefaction. The same animal had the fetlock joint 
on one hind leg badly affected with tuberculous matter, and there 
were also a few tubercles in the liver. 


ANIMALS ATTACKED BY TUBERCULOSIS. 


Man. — Tuberculosis is very prevalent in the human family, and 
was estimated by Dr. Robert Koch of Berlin to be the cause of one- 
seventh of all the deaths of the human race, while fully one-third 
of those who die in middle age are carried off by the same disease. 

_Dr. Edward Hitchcock of Amherst College informs me that there 
were 38,049 deaths reported in the State of Massachusetts for the 
year 1885, and 5,955 of these were reported as caused by consump- 
tion. This is a larger proportion than that given by Dr. Koch, but 
it is probably only an average percentage for people living under 
the weakening influences of our modern civilization. 

Travellers tell us that consumption is entirely unknown among 
many of the savage tribes. This may be due to their life in the 
open air and freedom from the conventionalities of dress, or to 
the fact that the disease has never been carried to them so as to 
gain a foothold. 

Ox. — The bovine race shows a strong tendency to tuberculosis, 
especially in confinement, but far less when at large. 

Swine. — These animals are without doubt very susceptible to 
the disease, notwithstanding the opinion so frequently expressed to 
the contrary. The number of cases on record, and the circum- 
stances surrounding them, place the matter beyond all doubt. 

Horse. — This animal appears to possess an almost absolute 
immunity from tuberculosis, and many believe that it never has the 
disease ; but there are several cases on record*® Gerlach states that 
he had known of four cases. Tuberculosis in the horse was 
reported by Gotti in the ‘‘ Journal of Anatomy” of Pisa for 1872, 
and also by Bruckmuller and others. Some doubt, however, has 
been expressed about these cases, and many think they were only 
cases of chronic glanders. 

Dr. J. McFadyean reported two cases in the ‘‘ Journal of Com- 
parative Pathology and Therapeutics” for March, 1888, in which 
the lungs, spleen and other organs contained a large number of 
tubercles characteristic of this disease, and stained sections of the 
diseased organs revealed enormous numbers of the bacilli of tuber- 
culosis. This, of course, settles the question, and we can no 
longer doubt that the horse may have this disease. 

Sheep. — The existence of tuberculosis in sheep is not yet well 
established. The descriptions thus far published by observers are 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


of such a nature as to leave doubt whether they really had cases 
of tuberculosis, or some other disease. Villemin, Roll and others 
did not succeed in producing the disease in sheep by inoculation, 
while Colin and Zurn state that the majority of their experiments 
in this direction failed, though they succeeded in a very few cases. 

Goat. — Tuberculosis has been found in this animal in a few 
instances. ; 

Hens.— Dr. Ribbert of Bonn states that tuberculosis sometimes 
attacks hens, and may even become epidemic in a flock. He found 
the bacilli of tuberculosis in abundance in the walls of the intes- 
tines, and also in the spleen and liver. 

Mr. Sutton of the London Zodlogical:Garden, who made an 
examination of more than a thousand birds of various species, 
informs us that those most commonly affected by this disease are 
the granivorous birds, and those which feed on fruit. ‘Those most 
liable to the disease are the hen, peacock, grouse, guinea-fowl, 
pigeon and partridge. 

Rabbits and guinea-pigs are very susceptible to the disease, 
probably nearly as much so as the bovine race. Other animals in 
which tuberculosis has been found are cats, dogs, mice, rats; also 
caged lions, monkeys, kangaroos, deer and gazelles in a zoological 
garden, and a rhinoceros in Barnum’s Museum. According to 
Satterthwaite, frogs are subject to miliary tuberculosis; but this 
seems almost incredible. 


r History oF TUBERCULOSIS. 


This disease, under one name or another, has been known from 
the earliest times. According to ancient authors on medicine, — as 
Hippocrates, 400 B,C., Aristotle, 330 B.C., Galen, 180 A.D., 
and others, — it consisted of abscesses or ulcers in the lungs. The 
term ‘‘ tubercle,” as meaning a solid node, is first met with in 
the works of those who paid especial attention to the anatomy of 
the human body. Silvius, in 1695, first advanced the idea that 
phthisis sometimes resulted from larger or smaller nodes, which 
finally led to abscesses and the formation of cavities in the lungs. 
Manget, in 1700, stated that, in the dissection of a person who 
had died of phthisis, he discovered small nodes of the size of a 
millet seed in the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys. These small 
bodies are now called miliary tubercles, wherever found. He 
also described the cheesy structure of these nodes, but supposed 
them to be minute lymphatic glands. Other writers of that date 
held similar views. 

Stark, in 1785, gave a very complete description of the miliary 
tubercles ; and Reid, in the same year, advanced the idea that they 


af 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 67 


were not enlarged lymphatic glands, but independent formations 
in the substance of the lungs. He denied that there were any 
lymphatic glands in the substance (parenchyma) of the lungs; 
but his contemporaries did not agree with him, but held to the 
opinion that the tubercles in the lungs were glands, — viz., scrof- 
ulz, that owed their existence to the influence of a so-called 
scrofulous acid that had been secreted by pre-existing lymphatic 
glands in the lungs. Baillie, in 1794, opposed the idea that 
scrofulous nodes were of the same character as tuberculosis, and 
claimed that the large nodes in the lungs were caused by the union 
of two or more of the smaller ones (miliary tubercles). 

At the beginning of the present century, Bayle gave an exact 
description of the miliary tubercles and all the phases of their 
development, as well as the part they play in forming larger 
tubercles. He also recognized the relation existing between the 
tubercles in the different organs of the body, and considered 
tuberculosis to be a general disease, whose origin was a tubercu- 
lous tendency. Laennec adopted the same view in his work on 
the diseases of the heart and lungs, published in 1818. He de- 
scribed the development of tuberculosis very clearly and accu- 
rately, but classed every cheesy deposit, wherever found, as 
tuberculous, making cheesy degeneration the principal character- 
istic of tuberculosis, — a theory which was accepted by many of 
his contemporaries. 

Virchow has done much towards bringing order out of this chaos 
of ideas. He proved that cheesy deposits were not characteristic 
of tuberculosis alone, but that they might occur in all possible 
formations of an inflammatory nature, under certain conditions of 
nutrition. He thus separated from the genuine tuberculous forma- 
tions all those cheesy deposits that appear under certain inflamma- 
tory conditions, as. the scrofulous tumors of the lymphatic glands, 
in caseous pneumonia or even in tumors of different kinds. 

Virchow believed in the infectious property of tuberculosis. He 
claimed that the infectious element was dispersed over the organ- 
_ism either by means of the blood-vessels, or by the extension of 

the disease by the development of new tubercles in the immediate 
vicinity of older ones, the latter infecting the tissues in their im- 
mediate vicinity. 

In 1857, Buhl advanced a new theory of tuberculosis, which had 
many of the most competent observers among its advocates. Ac- 
cording to this theory, tuberculosis is a specific infectious disease, 
caused by a particular poison called ‘‘ tubercular virus,” which is 
formed in cheesy matter of every description. If this virus be 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


absorbed into the blood, it can generate miliary tubercles in all 
predisposed organs. 

Previous to this time, various experiments had been made by 
introducing tuberculous matter into the lower animals, for the pur- 
pose of determining whether they could be infected with the dis- 
ease; and these experiments proved so successful, that, in 1864, 
Villemin expressed the belief that tuberculosis is a specific 
infectious disease, independent of other internal and external 
circumstances, and can only be caused by the introduction of 
tuberculous matter into the body; and that it can be transferred 
from animal to animal, or from man to animal, by vaccination. It 
is seldom that so startling an assertion has given greater impulse 
to scientific labors in the field of experimental pathology than this 
doctrine of Villemin. ‘The most prominent men of science exerted 
their utmost powers to prove or disprove the new doctrine. The 
experiments made with tuberculous matter for the purpose of 
infecting other animals were by inoculation, inhalation or by 
feeding. 

Innumerable experiments of almost every form and variety were 
made by inoculation. ‘Tuberculous material from men and the 
lower animals was introduced under the skin, into the abdom- 
inal cavity, the larger blood-vessels, the anterior chamber of the 
_ eye, and even into the lungs themselves. 

Toussaint concluded from the experiments which he made that 
no. disease is more infectious than tuberculosis, and that: all the 
fluids of the body — the blood, nasal secretion, saliva, the juices of 
the tissues, the urine, and even the lymph from the vesicles of the 
inoculated variola (vaccine matter) — are able to convey the infec- 
tious material of tuberculosis. These experiments were made upon 
cows, calves, goats, swine, rabbits and dogs, and almost invariably 
led to the development of miliary tuberculosis.. 

Ziirn, in 1871, observed micrococci in the blood of a cow that 
had died of tuberculosis, and Chauveau made similar observations 
in the following year; and the opinion prevailed to some extent 
that the micrococcus was the real cause of this disease. 

On the 24th of March, 1882, Dr. Koch read a paper before the 
Physiological Society of Berlin, which was as remarkable as it was 
unexpected. It was his aim to determine the precise character of 
the contagious matter which previous experiments had proved to 
be capable of indefinite transfer and reproduction. He examined 
the diseased organs of man and the lower animals microscopically, 
and found the tubercles infested with a minute rod-like parasite, 
which he called Bacillus tuberculosis. These rods vary from one 


_-. 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 69 


seven-thousandth to one ten-thousandth of an inch in length, and 
their diameter is about one-tenth as much. Within these rod-like 
plants more or less globular spores are formed, which, under 
favorable circumstances, after the disintegration of the parent 
plant, will develop into new plants. 

Koch first discovered this parasite by staining the thinnest pos- 
sible slices of the diseased tissues with methylene blue in alcohol, 
followed by a solution of vesuvin. By this method the tissues are 
slightly colored with brown, while the bacillus stands out clearly 
of abright blue color. This method of staining has been improved 
upon by Ehrlich, Baumgarten and others. These bacilli were 
separated and cultivated on specially prepared blood serum for 
more than six months in some cases, and then these purified 
bacilli were inoculated into healthy animals of various species, 
and in every case there was a multiplication of the parasite and a 
reproduction of the original disease. Since that time the greatest 
activity has prevailed in experimentation; and, with new and 
improved methods, the conclusions of Koch have been tested and 
verified again and again, till the facts are now placed beyond all 
doubt. 


DISTRIBUTION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 


Tuberculosis occurs in cattle wherever they are kept in domes- 
tication, but seems to be most prevalent where consumption is 
most common in the human family. It is almost unknown in Ice- 
land, and is very rare in Polar countries generally, but increases as 
we approach warm climates. It appears to be very common in 
Italy and Algeria; and, according to Fleming, it is becoming 
more common in England. I am not able to give any estimate of 
the prevalence of this disease among the herds of Massachusetts, 
but my attention has been called to it so frequently during the 
past two years, that I am inclined to believe that the disease is 
more common than is generally supposed. On two occasions I 
visited one of our large city meat markets, and examined the lungs 
still attached to the livers offered for sale, and the superficial 
examination which I was able to make, led me to conclude that 
nearly half of them showed traces of the disease. 

It seems, from all we can learn, that a cold climate is less 
favorable to the development and propagation of tuberculosis than 
a warm or tropical one. Veith states that the disease does not 
occur in animals living in a wild condition, nor even in those which 
are in a semi-savage state. Spinola confirms this statement, and 
adds that the affection is unknown in the Russian steppes, and is 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


rare in elevated regions. According to Zippelius, tuberculosis is 
most frequently developed in deep and narrow valleys, or in 
densely populated localities. The disease causes the greatest 
ravages in damp and dark dwellings, with imperfect ventilation and 
drainage. 


Is Human TuBERCULOSIS CONTAGIOUS? 


A careful research into the literature of the subject shows that 
nearly all the celebrated medical writers from the earliest times 
believed in the contagiousness of human tuberculosis, among whom 
may be named Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen, Morton, Valsalva, 
Morgagni, Riverius, and many others equally noted in the annals 
of medicine. 

About a hundred years ago, however, a reaction set in against 
this almost universal belief, in central and northern Europe, and 
also in America; while the old opinion still prevailed in Italy and 
other parts of Southern Europe. Within a comparatively short 
time, however, the leading physicians of Europe and America have 
been changing back to the old opinion; and so many observations 
on this point have been published in the medical journals during 
the last few years, that we are forced to accept the view that the 
disease is really contagious. ‘The word contagious is used in this 
_ paper in its widest sense, as synonymous with communicable, 
transmissible, or ‘‘ catching.” I must leave further discussion of 
this question, and also whether the disease is hereditary, to the 
medical profession ; but the following cases are of so great interest 
in this connection that I venture to give them. 

Eisenberg of Warsaw reports a case where tuberculous infec- 
tion followed the Jewish custom of circumcision, and the appli- 
cation of the lips to the wound to stop the bleeding. In this 
case the contagious matter was transferred from the lips of the 
operator to the wound. Several other similar cases are on record. 

Tascherning reports, in the ‘‘ Progress of Medicine” for 1885, 
the case of a young woman who wounded her finger with the 
broken edge of a vessel containing sputa (the substance raised 
from the lungs in coughing) rich in bacilli from a consumptive 
patient. In a short time there was a swelling as large as a pea 
beneath the skin. Several months later the trouble had increased 
to such an extent that the finger was useless, and at the same time 
the lymphatic glands were more or less swollen. The finger was 
amputated, and in various places within the tissues were found 
numerous miliary tubercles which contained the characteristic 
Bacillus tuberculosis. 


1889] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 71 


Demet, Paraskeva and Zallonis, in Syra, Greece, had succeeded 
to their satisfaction in producing tuberculosis in rabbits, by inocu- 
lating them with sputa and blood from a man sick with consumption ; 
but they felt that the demonstration would be more complete and 
convincing if they could operate on man himself. They therefore 
selected a patient who was suffering from gangrene in a toe, and 
whose death was inevitable, because of his persistent refusal to 
allow the diseased member to be amputated. An examination 
showed that the lungs of the man were perfectly sound and healthy, 
and that he had not the least tendency to tuberculosis. A quantity 
of sputa from a consumptive patient was injected into the upper 
part of the left thigh. In three weeks an examination of his lungs 
gave evidence that they were becoming diseased, and at the death 
of the man, in thirty-eight days, seventeen tubercles were found in 
the upper lobe of the right lung, and two in the left lung. 

Dr. E. J. Kempf gives an account, in the ‘‘ London Medical 
Record,” July 15, 1884, of an outbreak of consumption in a con- 
vent in the village of Ferdinand. ‘The inmates had been entirely 
free from consumption up to 1880, but lived a very secluded life, 
taking very little exercise. The convent was situated on high, dry 
ground, and was well drained and ventilated. In fact, the hygienic 
conditions were all that could be desired. In the autumn of 1880, 
Dr. Kempf was called to attend one of the inmates, a girl cighteen 
years of age, on account of a cough, pain in the chest, and a feel- 
ing of general indisposition. The girl came from a family which 
could not be called healthy, and from which a brother of the 
patient had previously died with consumption. An examination 
of the girl showed difficult breathing, hacking cough, loss of 
appetite, sleepless nights, weary limbs, a daily fever, and difficulty 
in the apices of both lungs as if from tubercular deposits. The 
patient was not isolated, but slept in the general dormitory with 
the other inmates. In a short time one after another began to 
show similar symptoms; and, in four months after the first one 
was seized by the disease, there were nine cases of consumption 
in the convent, some of them among those who were formerly 
thought to be exceptionally healthy. Four of the inmates died 
of the disease, and the others were lingering along with the 
chronic form. The director of the convent then took energetic 
measures to isolate the sick and send away the ailing, and the 
epidemic was stopped. 


Is Bovine T'uBERCcULOsIS CONTAGIOUS? 


Veterinary surgeons have for a long time insisted that bovine 
tuberculosis is contagious, and the veterinary journals are 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


teeming with cases pointing unmistakably to its contagious char- 
acter. 

The experiments of Villemin, Cohnheim, Toussaint, Koch, and 
others, leave no possible doubt of the contagiousness of the dis- 
ease. Dr. Koch inoculated the tuberculous matter from. diseased 
animals into healthy ones, and reproduced the disease in every 
case. : | 
To prove that it was the parasite itself that caused the disease, 
and not some virus in which it was imbedded in the diseased tis- 
sue, Koch cultivated his bacilli artificially for a long time, and 
through many successive generations, by a very ingenious and 
novel method. Before this time bacteria had been cultivated on 
slices of potato, beet, etc., or in liquid substances, as beef tea. It 
is a well-known fact, as stated by Tyndall, that there are many 
species of bacteria, differing from one another in the effects which 
they produce in the medium in which they are cultivated. Like 
other plants, they ‘‘exhaust the soil,” as it were. It is also 
known that bacteria are so universally distributed that the exam- 
ination of any natural medium attacked by them is almost sure to 
yield evidence of the presence of more than one species, the vari- 
ous species being grouped together in inextricable confusion. On 
this sccount, it has been extremely difficult to determine what ef- 
fects are due to one species of bacterium and what to another. 
It has often been impossible to determine, in such a mixture of 
forms, one species from another. 

Dr. Koch cultivated the bacillus of tuberculosis on a thin layer 
of blood serum, spread on a glass microscope slide. This blood 


serum was prepared by allowing fresh blood to remain in a vessel 


until it had clotted, and the clot had separated from the serum. 
This serum was then put into test-tubes and closed with a plug of 
cotton, to exclude all germs floating in the air. It was then ex- 
posed to a temperature of 136.4° F. one hour daily, for a period 
of six days. This method insured the destruction of all living 
germs in the serum, without coagulating the albumen. Finally 
the blood serum was subjected to a temperature of 149° F. for 
several hours, which gave a solid, transparent jelly, upon which 
Koch made his cultures. This was protected from every possible 
source of contamination, and kept at the proper degree of temper- 
ature and moisture. It was then inoculated by dipping the point 
of a needle into the diseased tissue of the lung, and drawing it 
across the surface of the blood serum, making a long, shallow 
streak. The bacilli which adhered to the point of the needle 
were in this way dropped at intervals along the streak, but in such ~ 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 73 


a way that the subsequent growth of each one could be seen under 
the microscope. 

When these grew and multiplied, the point of the needle was 
touched to them, and the adhering bacilli were transferred to an- 
other layer of blood serum for a new generation. Each bacillus 
grew and multiplied at the point where it left the needle, produc- 
ing around it a little spherical nest of its own kind. 

By this method Koch and his assistants were able to obtain gen- 
eration after generation, without the intervention of disease. At 
the end of the process, which sometimes embraced successive cul- 
tivations continued for six months or more, the purified bacilli 
were introduced into the circulation of healthy animals of different 
species, and in every instance was followed by the reproduction of 
the disease ; while other animals, kept under precisely the same 
conditions, except that they did not receive the tubercle bacilli, 
‘remained perfectly healthy. 

Koch has shown, in his experiments, that this parasite requires 
for its development a temperature between 86° and 104° F., and a 
period of two weeks, so that it is only within the animal organism 
that suitable conditions occur ; yet, as has been shown by numerous 
observers, these plants or their spores retain their vitality, outside 
of a body, for a long time. 

Galtier made a series of experiments on the resisting power of 
this parasite, and demonstrated that it retained its activity after 
being subjected to temperatures ranging from 18° below freezing 
up to 108° F.; that it also resisted the action of water and the 
desiccating process, as well as strong pickle, — so that the use of 
corned or salted beef from animals affected by tuberculosis is 
dangerous. | 

Lydtin states very positively that the virus may be taken into 
the lungs through the inspired air, or into the digestive system 
with the food or water, or in copulation. If this statement be 
true, —and there appears to be abundant proof of it, —a single 
infected animal brought into a herd of cattle may communicate the 
disease to every animal in the herd. Infection by the generative 
organs has been doubted ; but Zippelius and others state, however, 
that they have observed instances in ‘which the infection could not 
have occurred by any other means. Bollinger produced tubercu- 
losis in pigs, by feeding them for a long time on milk from tuber- 
culous cows. 

A large percentage of the animals suffering with tuberculosis 
are most seriously affected in the lungs, and it seems probable 
' that these were infected by the bacilli which gained access with the 
inspired air. 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


In the winter of 1885-86 an outbreak of tuberculosis occurred in 
the herd of fifty-one animals on the State College farm at Orono, 
Maine. There had béen an occasional case in the herd for eight 
or ten years previous to that time, but it was not then known to 
be tuberculosis. Late in the autumn of 1885 a cow was attacked 
with a husky cough, which increased in severity; and, becoming 
much emaciated, she was killed about the last of January, when 
her lungs were found to be badly diseased. About the same time 
three others were ‘‘ affected with a slight husky cough, and, by the 
end of February, most of the animals in the herd commenced 
coughing almost simultaneously.” In fact, the disease had become 
epidemic in the herd, and an examination made by Drs. Michener 
and Bailey revealed the fact that nearly all the animals in the herd 
were more or less affected with tuberculosis. By order of the 
cattle commissioners the entire herd was then slaughtered and 
buried. 

Such epidemics are apparently uncommon, and it is impossible 
to say what caused the sudden and general outbreak at that time. 
The feeding, as reported by Dr. Michener, was judicious in every 
sense, and the hay and grain of the best quality. The history of 
this outbreak, from the time when the disease first appeared until 
the animals were slaughtered, proves conclusively that tuberculosis 
is both contagious and hereditary. The animals were watered 
from a tub into which the water was pumped from a cistern in the 
cellar of the barn, and any discharges from the lungs of an infected 
animal could very easily have fallen into the water, and been taken 
up by the others drinking from the tub. It is quite certain, how- 
ever, that many of these animals received the disease by inheri- 
tance, while others probably inhaled it. It is a noteworthy fact 
that four horses were kept in the barn with some of the worst 
cases, and did not take the disease, which simply indicates that 
the horse is much less susceptible to it than the bovine race. 


Is Human Tuperccyiosis CoMMUNICABLE TO LOWER ANIMALS? 


The experiments of Villemin, Chauveau, Klebs, Orth, Koch and 
others, prove beyond all doubt that if the sputa of consumptive 
persons be injected into the tissues of our domestic animals, it is 
sure to induce tuberculosis in them; and if they be confined in an 
atmosphere more or less saturated with such sputa in water, they 
may also take the disease ; or, if fed on the diseased tissues of the 
lungs, the same result follows. 

Dr. E. G. Janeway reports a case, in the ‘* Archives of Medi- 
cine,” of a consumptive young man who allowed his pet dog to 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. (65) 


sleep with him nights, nestling in his arms. The dog became 
affected with a cough, and died. Another dog shared the same 
fate; and a third began to cough, when its owner died, and the 
dog subsequently recovered. 

Several cases are on record of cats and hens eating the sputa of 
consumptive patients, and thus taking the disease. 

Dr. E. De Renzi found that the blood of tuberculous patients, 
injected into the tissues of rabbits, would produce the disease, 
though not as certainly as the sputa. ‘This seems to indicate that 
the bacilli are in the blood, but not so numerous as in the sputa. 

Koch made experiments on guinea-pigs with tuberculous sputa 
which had been kept dry for two weeks, for four weeks, and for 
eight weeks; and in each ease it was found to have retained its 
full virulence, and induced the disease as certainly as fresh sputa. 
It is therefore safe to assume that the sputa of consumptive per- 
sons, even when dried on linen, or distributed in the dust of a 
room, or in a barn, may prove a source of infection to both man 
and beast. 


Is Bovine TUBERCULOSIS COMMUNICABLE TO Man? 


From the nature of the case, we cannot expect direct experi- 
ments to be made on man with tuberculous matter from other 
animals; but so many cases are on record which seem to prove 
that human beings are frequently infected with tuberculosis 
through the milk or flesh of cows, that it seems like madness to 
disregard them. It is more than probable, that, when children 
are fed with milk from tuberculous cows, serious intestinal dis- 
turbances or even tubercular meningitis may occur. 

Dr. Anderson of Seeland reported a case of a calf which 
received tuberculosis from the milk of a cow with the disease in 
the udder. The wife of the owner, who had previously been con- 
sidered healthy, soon developed a cough, with the other symptoms 
of the disease. Her child, born before the appearance of the dis- 
ease, was fed with milk from a tuberculous cow, and died with the 
disease within six months. Dr. Anderson believed that both the 
mother and child contracted the disease from the cow’s milk. 

Dr. Bang, in a paper before the Medical Congress at Copen- 
hagen, in 1884, said that the danger of transmission of tuberculosis 
from the lower animals to man lies chiefly in the use of milk from 
diseased cows, because it is largely used in an uncooked condition. 
In one case which he examined, he estimated that the bacilli of 
tuberculosis were so abundant, that, in drinking a glass of such 
milk, a person would introduce into his system millions of these 
disease-producing germs. 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Dr. Nocard read a paper on the ‘‘ Danger of Tuberculous Meat 
and Milk,” before the Medical Congress held in Paris in July, 
1888, in which he said, that, ‘‘ so far as milk is concerned, every- 
body agrees. The milk is not virulent except when the. mammary 
gland is tuberculous ; but the diagnosis of this localization is diffi- 
cult, and often impossible, and one must treat all tuberculous cows 
as if the gland was always invaded.” 7 

Professor Walley stated, at. a recent meeting of the British 
Medical Association, that, if there was no direct evidence of the 
transmission of tuberculosis from animals to man, there was a 
vast amount of indirect evidence. He said he had not the slightest 
hesitation in saying that it was communicable from animals to man, 
and back again from man to animals, in every possible shape and 
form. He also expressed the opinion that it might be transmitted 
from tuberculous hens, through their eggs. 


Are Human AND Bovine TUBERCULOSIS IDENTICAL ? 


The numerous experiments which have been performed thus far 
prove that when lower animals are inoculated with the tuberculous 
products of man, the results are precisely the same as when the 
products of other animals are used, and stained sections of the 
diseased parts exhibit the same bacilli in each case. 

_ Dr. Bizzozzera read a paper before the International Congress 

held in Turin, in which he gave it as his opinion that human and 
bovine tuberculosis are identical, because they have the closest 
anatomical affinity; and Dr. Johne states that nearly all the 
authorities admit the identity in construction of the tubercles in 
man and the lower animals. 


Is Bovine Tusercutosis HEREDITARY ? 


From the earliest times many have believed that bovine tuber- 
culosis is hereditary, while others have strongly doubted it. It 
has been repeatedly observed that calves and pigs born of tuber- 
culous parents became affected sooner or later with the disease ; 
and many cases have been reported of persons suffering heavy 
losses because of employing tuberculous animals for breeding pur- 
poses, and finally getting rid of the scourge by disposing of all 
their infected animals, and obtaining others which were free from 
all suspicion of taint. 

In the outbreak of tuberculosis in the herd on the State College 
farm in Maine, already referred to, there were calves slaughtered 
which were scarcely a month old, but which were plainly affected 
with the disease. 


1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 77 


Zippelius, in 1876, published a remarkable case, proving the 
transmission of the disease by the male. He states that a stock- 
breeder, whose herd had shown no signs of tuberculosis for more 
than twelve years, purchased a bull that proved to be affected 
with this disease, and was therefore killed; and all the animals 
sired by this bull had to be slaughtered when they reached adult 
age, because of tuberculosis which developed in them at that 
period. , 

The writings of Chauveau, Esser, Semmer and many others, give 
numerous cases illustrating the heredity of this disease. 

Dr. Jobne of the Dresden Veterinary School found an eight- 
months foetus, taken from a tuberculous cow, to be affected with the 
disease. The placenta and uterus showed no visible signs of the 
disease, but in the lower lobe of the right lung a tubercle as large 
as a pea was detected, containing the characteristics of the disease. 
The bronchial glands and also the liver were affected, and micro- 
scopical examinations revealed the tuberculous bacilli. This case 
puts the question of inheritance beyond all doubt. 

It is a notable fact that tuberculous cows are very liable to 
abortion ; and it is quite probable that, in such cases, the foetus is 
attacked and killed by the disease, and the abortion is the conse- 
quence. 

An opinion prevails very generally, that animals descending from 
tuberculous parents inherit a special predisposition to the disease. 
A similar opinion is entertained by many of the medical profes- 
sion ; but the celebrated Professor Cohnheim, in his work on tuber- 
culosis, published in Berlin in 1880, denies that man is ever born 
with a predisposition to tuberculosis, any more than to other con- 
tagious diseases, such as syphilis, small-pox, or yellowfever. He 
claims that the ‘‘ hectic state” is one of the symptoms of the indi- 
vidual already diseased, and not thatof one who ‘‘ may be.” The 
hereditary transmission of tuberculosis is nothing more than 
the infection of the ovum or fetus through the medium of one 
or both of the parents. The germs of the disease (spores of 
Bacillus tuberculosis) may be received into the ovum from the 
mother, or through the spermatozoids from the father; and these 
germs may cause the disease in the young, or it may fail to appear 
till the second generation. It seems to require some peculiar 
physical condition, not well understood, to cause these germs, 
which may have lain dormant through an entire generation, to 
germinate finally and produce the disease. 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


WHAT ARE THE SyMPTOMS OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS ? 


Itis exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, in many instances, 
to recognize bovine tuberculosis in its earliest stages, especially 
when the disease is located in other organs than the lungs. When, 
however, the lungs are diseased, or the malady is somewhat 
advanced, it is not so difficult a matter. The safest way for our 
farmers is to accept the contagious and hereditary character of the 
disease, and weed out froma herd every suspected animal ; bearing 
in mind that the owner himself and his family are in the greatest 
danger of becoming contaminated with this terrible disease. 

The best series of symptoms that I have anywhere seen are 
given in the ‘* Swiss Archives of Veterinary Medicine,” published 
in Zurich, which, translated into as simple language as is consistent 
with accuracy, are as follows : — 

Tuberculous animals very often have a short, interrupted and 
dry cough, which is most apparent in the morning, at the time of 
feeding, and sometimes after active exertion. At the commence- 
ment of the disease the animals are often in good condition, and, 
with good care and feeding, they may even gain during the earlier 
stages of the disease. Asit progresses, however, the animals grow 
poor ; the hair becomes dull, erect and matted, losing its healthy 
appearance; the skin becomes tender, and appears very pale over 
the udder and other parts not covered with hair. The eyes are 
dull and sunken in their orbits, because of the wasting away. of the 
fatty cushions upon which they rest. The cough grows more 
frequent, but is seldom accompanied by any nasal discharge. The 
animal becomes more and more emaciated, notwithstanding the fact 
that the appetite may be good, and the food of the best quality 
and supplied in abundance. As these changes go on, the quantity 
of milk diminishes in milch cows, and the animal has a general un- 
healthy appearance. 

There is sometimes an unusual sensitiveness and flinching ex- 
hibited when the sides of the chest or the breast are pressed, and 
this sensitiveness is sometimes present from the very commence- 
ment of the disease ; and, in the more advanced stages, the animal 
tries to avoid the pressure, or indicates the suffering it causes by 
groans. The disease may nevertheless be present without these 
symptoms. 

Nymphomania is also occasionally observed in tuberculous cows. 
In this case they exhibit all the symptoms of being in heat, as 
inquietude, indocility, etc. ; but, as nymphomania sometimes occurs 
in other diseases, it cannot be regarded as positive evidence of the 
presence of tuberculosis. 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 79 


When the lungs are diseased with tuberculosis, the movements of 
the ribs and wings of the nostrils are normal, unless the disease is 
in a very advanced stage; but, if the animal is forced to move 
quickly, the breathing becomes laborious or disturbed. In cases 
where the disease is not so advanced, the difficult breathing is 
scarcely noticed during repose; but, if the lining of the thorax 
(pleura) is affected, itis more apparent, and may be so pronounced 
as to assume the abdominal character. When this occurs there is 
more than ordinary sensitiveness exhibited on pressure, especially 
above and behind the shoulders, along the back and in the costal 
region. 

I would add that when the tubercles are on the membranes of 
the brain, the animal is liable to have a stiff neck or carry its head 
to one side. When the disease is located in the liver, spleen, 
mesenteries or other organs, the animal will give more or less 
evidence of suffering in these organs, or may flinch and give other 
evidences of pain when the parts over the affected organ are 
pressed. The presence of nymphomania undoubtedly indicates a 
diseased condition of one or both of the ovaries, and this might be 
sufficient to destroy the ova and cause sterility. When the disease 
attacks the udder, it frequently causes a very diffuse painless swell- 
ing of a portion of the organ, most frequently one of the posterior 
quarters, and a considerable swelling may occur in a few days. 
It is a remarkable fact, that the udder swollen with this disease 
may yield the usual quantity of apparently healthy milk, which is 
not the case when the swelling has a different origin. 


Is Bovine TUBERCULOSIS CURABLE? 


From the nature of the disease, it does not seem possible to 
destroy the bacilli in the body, so that the malady may not make 
its appearance again under favoring conditions; and when we 
recall the extreme danger there is to the whole herd, and to man 
also, from a single infected animal, it seems neither wise nor pru- 
dent to retain an animal which is suspected of being contaminated 
in any way with this disease. ‘This same idea is expressed by Dr. 
Law, in his most excellent ‘‘ Farmers’ Veterinary Adviser.” 


Wuat Measures SHOULD BE TAKEN TO AVOID THE CONTAGION ? 


Itis believed that if living bacilli of tuberculosis be received 
into the body, by whatever means or from whatever source, they 
will be liable to cause the disease, especially in those organs which 
contain stagnant or nearly stagnant fluids, such as mucus, lymph, 
etc. The bacillus which causes tuberculosis is a plant, and within 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


it are developed seeds (spores) ; and any consideration of it must 
recognize this fact. These spores require suitable conditions for 
germination and growth, such as a suitable ‘‘ soil,” moisture 
and temperature, as surely as corn or the seeds of other plants. 
Koch found in his experiments that these spores would develop in 
a temperature ranging between 86° and 104° F., and this condi- 
tion is furnished within the bodies of warm-blooded animals. The 
time required for these plants to germinate — the period of incu- 
bation, as it is called—dis not very accurately established ; but, 
according to the experiments of Koch, it is probably about two 
weeks. It is therefore necessary for the germs to remain fixed in 
the nutritive material for a protracted period, in order to germinate 
and produce the well-known results. 

The bacilli, as has already been stated, may gain entrance into 
the body through the inhaled air, with the food and drink, or with 
the genital organs ; and in the case of man it may be inoculated 
into the body with vaccine matter, if this, by any chance, be 
taken from an, infected animal. This fact suggests that the 
utmost care should be used in selecting vaccine matter. : 

Tuberculosis can be successfully combated only by destroying — 
the means of infection; and, as Dr. Johne says, we must look 
upon the sputa of consumptive persons, as well as substances pol- 
luted by the same, and animals having the disease, as the centers 
of infection. 

The Council of Hygiene of the Department of the Seine pub- 
lished the following rules for preventing the propagation of tu- 
berculosis, in the ‘* Medical Gazette” of Paris, Feb. 27, 1886 : — 

‘¢ The most active agent in the transmission of tuberculosis is 
the sputum, which should therefore never be deposited on the floor 
or on the linen, where it may be converted into a dangerous ele- 
ment. 

‘¢The patients in question must be instructed to expectorate 
into vessels containing sawdust, the contents of which must be 
daily thrown into the fire, and the vessels themselves washed in 
boiling water at least once a day. 

‘¢ The furnished apartment of a consumptive patient, especially 
in case of death, must be thoroughly disinfected, together with all 
bedding ; and the clothing of such a patient must not be used 
until it has been subjected to the action of steam. 

‘¢ Since sheep are far less subject to tuberculosis than cattle, it 
would be far safer to recommend the rare flesh of that animal for 
sickly children and adult invalids, than rare beef.” 

Dr. Johne gives the following very sensible recommendations, 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 81 


which may prove useful to farmers and stock-breeders, in stamp- 
ing out this disease in their herds : — 

*¢ All tuberculous animals, or those with tuberculous tendencies, 
must be unconditionally excluded from breeding. 

*¢ All animals diseased with tuberculosis must be separated from 
healthy ones, and immediately slaughtered. Suspected ones 
should be treated in the same manner. 

‘¢ Stables in which such animals have been. kept must be thor- 
oughly cleansed and disinfected. 

*¢ Everything tending to cause a predisposition to disease must 
be carefully avoided, and great care given to ventilation, diet, 
exercise and exposure.” 

There ought to be a careful and critical supervision, at the pub- 
lic expense, of all slaughter houses and of the meat offered for 
sale in our markets, and also frequent examinations of the herds 
kept for supplying the public with milk, butter and cheese ; but, as 
this will not probably be secured immediately, it is a wise precau- 
tion adopted in many families to boil all the milk and to cook 
thoroughly all the meat used. Even then we shall have to take 
our chances on the butter and cheese used, since it is impracticable 
to, boil the milk before the manufacture of these products. 

It has been shown that boiling or roasting in the ordinary way 
is not sufficient to destroy the germs in the center of large pieces 
of meat, and that the bacilli will not be destroyed unless the heat 
is sufficient to change the color of the animal juices. It has also 
been shown that a temperature of 185° F. is sufficient to destroy 
the virulence of tuberculous milk, and that this temperature will 
not change its taste. 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


ROADS. 


By CLARENCE D. WARNER. 


In taking up a subject of so great importance to all and scarcely 
appreciated by the few, it seems proper to state at the first that 
we do not propose to discuss road-making in all its details, for 
space would not permit such a lengthy discussion ; but shall pre- 
sent simply some of the more important facts for consideration. 
It has been said that ‘‘ the roads of a country are the accurate and 
certain tests of the degree of its civilization.” However true this 
may be, one thing is sure, — the intelligence displayed in the con- 
struction and maintenance of our public thoroughfares is of no 
great credit to us as a nation. Of all civilized countries, America 
can lay claim to the poorest roads. 

‘¢ Roads are the veins and arteries of the body politic.” The 
ancient Romans comprehended the idea, and constructed costly 
highways, over which in war their legions might thunder, and in 
time of peace the agricultural products and commercial supplies 
could be easily transported to a ready market. Two thousand 
years have bereft Rome of her former glory. ‘The sacred fire of 
Vesta long since went out. Palace and mausoleum are like the 
dust they vainly intended to commemorate ; but so well constructed 
were these Roman roads, that even to this day they may be traced 
for miles as perfect as when first made. 

Throughout the German empire are roads well suited for rapid 
transportation of agricultural products, or the massing of troops. 

The military roads over the Alps are stupendous works of 
engineering. Large sums of money have been expended in the 
construction of tunnels, embankments and huge walls of masonry. 
The mountain passes, through which the French and Austrian 
armies marched with so much difficulty, can now be travelled with 
ease and rapidity. Good roads are necessary for the development 
of the resources of a country. The poems of Sir Walter Scott — 
did much to temper the political feeling between the Scotch and 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 83 


English ; but one has said that ‘‘ the great military roads which 
Marshal Wade opened through the Scottish Highlands, have done 
more for the civilization of the Highlands than the preceding 
efforts of all the British monarchs.” 

Estates have greatly increased in value and annual returns; 
former wastes are now producing large crops of wheat ; neat farm- 
houses and herds of cattle are seen where was once a desert, and 
the habits and morals of the people have greatly changed for the 
better. 

Oberlin, Protestant pastor to the people in Steinthal, a wild, 
mountainous district in Alsace, wishing to promote the education, 
general prosperity and spiritual condition of his rude flock, began 
by -bettering their physical condition. He introduced better 
methods of cultivating the soil, and various branches of manu- 
facture, and prevailed upon his people to open aroad of communi- 
cation between their secluded valley and the outside world. This 
district had suffered terrib'y during the thirty years’ war, and the 
scanty population which remained were sunk in poverty and 
ignorance ; but, when means of communication brought them in 
contact with the civilizing influence of the outside world, a wonder- 
fully moral and intellectual development ensued. 

One of the late governors of Japan advised his council to con- 
struct good roads, for the purpose of promoting agriculture and 
the general advancement of the people in the more secluded parts 
of the empire. The Shah of Persia lately issued an edict com- 
manding his subjects to go in for railroads, good highways, canals 
and internal improvements generally. Some of the finest roads in 
the world are said to traverse almost every partof China. Hence, 
the railroad has as yet found but little favor among the Celestials. 

When missionaries first visited England, monasteries sprang up 
in different parts of the island, and the pious monks employed 
their time in promoting agriculture, reclaiming land, building 
bridges and constructing roads. Jn Ireland, the face of the coun- 
try in some places has been completely renovated by the building 
of roads. 

Among the charitable guilds of the middle ages was a class of 
men who, dressed in white, went about building and repairing roads 
and bridges. 

Thomas Aquinas taught that ‘‘indulgences could be given in 
consideration of any act performed for the glory of God and the 
good of the Church, such as building churches and bridges, per- 
forming pilgrimages and giving alms.” 

In 1319, John XVII granted forty days’ indulgence to those 
who should aid in building a bridge across the Elbe at Dresden. 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


So, in the fifteenth century, the papal legates offered special indul- 
gence to those who would annually contribute a small sum toward 
building bridges and chapels. 

Good roads and bridges could not have been more important 
then than now; of this there is abundant evidence. 
_ Some of our richest mines are comparatively valueless, because 
the roads are either entirely wanting, or so poor that the cost of 
transportation would exceed the value of the metal. In the West 
are extensive coal fields, mountains of gold and silver ore, and 
thousands of acres of the richest farm lands, awaiting the road 
maker, the miner and the farmer. Many luxuriant crops of per- 
ishable fruits and vegetables decay on the ground, where there is 
no facility for rapid transportation. Until within a few years, the 
wild cattle of the pampas were slaughtered for their hides and 
horns ; and in Spain, thousands of sheep were killed annually for 
the fleece only; but this waste has been largely stopped by the 
construction of highways, and the best of all roads, — the railroad. 

Good roads affect the farmer directly and indirectly. Directly, 
as roads carry his produce to market, and bring to him in return 
commodities for home consumption, at a cost which decreases in 
proportion as the road becomes better. Indirectly, cities and 
towns maintaining a system of good roads not only increase per- 
sonal comfort, but add to the growth of the population and wealth 
of the community. 

Dense population and manufacturing industry always make a 
good market for farm products, and by roads alone these cities 
and towns may extend themselves indefinitely. We do not wish, 
however, to convey the idea that, should every country town con- 
. struct costly roads, there would be an immediate influx of popula- 
tion and a corresponding increase of wealth ; for many other things 
must be considered. Nor would we advise the construction of a 
costly road between two smaller towns which have little inter- 
course ; and to leave unimproved the main thoroughfares leading 
from cities to the interior regions, from which thousands draw the 
strength and comfort of life, would also be a waste of economy. 

Some of the advantages thus to be attained have been well 
summed up in a report of a committee of the House of Commons : — 

‘¢ By the improvement of our roads, every branch of our agricul- 
tural, commercial and manufacturing industries would be materially 
benefited. Every article brought to market would be diminished 
in price ; and the number of horses would be so much reduced, that, 
by these and other retrenchments, the expense of five millions 
(pounds sterling) would be annually saved to the public. The 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 85 


expense of repairing roads and the wear and tear of carriages. 
and horses would be essentially diminished; and thousands of 
acres, the produce of which is now wasted in feeding unnecessary 
horses, would be devoted to the production of food for men. In 
short, the public and private advantages which would result from 
effecting that great object, the improvement of our highways and 
turnpike roads, are incalculable.” * 

The roads of New England are far from being satisfactory as 
to their location, direction and construction. Almost all the roads 
marked out by the early settlers pass through places that offer the 
greatest hindrance to economy of traffic, rapidity and safety of 
carriage. 

Before the Christian era, cities were built upon the summits of 
high hills, for safety in time of war. In the middle ages, lords 
usually erected their castles on high, rocky elevations, that over- 
looked the surrounding country, as a safeguard against a surprise 
of the enemy. So, too, did our ancestors, coming into a country 
of trackless forests, inhabited by wild beasts and bands of roving, 
hostile savages, erect their cabins and strongholds on elevated 
positions, as a means of protection. For this reason many of the 
hill towns were settled before the fertile meadows of the Connecticut 
valley were brought under cultivation. At first there were only 
foot paths, which led from cabin to cabin; afterwards these were 
used for pack horses ; and in due time carriages came into use, and 
carriage-ways naturally followed the beaten tracks. Thus, in proc- 
ess of time, a system of roads ran over the most hilly part of the 
country. To try to remedy this evil would not only incur great 
expense, but stout opposition would be met with among the owners 
of property ; for new roads, surveyed and constructed according to 
best-known principles, would often cause a road to pass through a 
farm in a winding line, thus dividing the farm and destroying the 
squareness of the fields. Again, in many cases farm buildings 
would be shut off from the main thoroughfare, which alone would 
depreciate the value of property. 

The location of a road is of no secondary importance. In this, 
several conditions should govern the engineer; for example, the 
amount of traffic and its general character, the welfare of the 
community, and the natural features of the country through which 
the road must pass. So far as possible, the shortest and most 
direct line should be taken; but in no case should a short and 
steep road be preferred to a winding one with easy ascents and 
descents. The latter always should be kept within the smallest 


* Gillespie’s Roads and Railroads, page 20. 


86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


practicable limits. The engineer should aim to avoid unnecessary 
labor and cost in the construction of the road, such as embank- 
ments, excavations and bridges. It is almost always better to 
pass around a pond or marsh land than to build an expensive 
causeway. ‘The road should have the best exposure to the free 
action of the wind and sun, by which rain falling upon it is 
speedily evaporated, and its surface maintained dry. High fences, 
hedges and trees by the sides of roads, impede the wind and 
sun. 

After the road has been located, its longitudinal slope should 
next be determined. A perfectly level road is the most desirable, 
but this can seldom be completely attained. If a road be not 
level, much strength of the horse is expended in lifting the load 
up the ascent. Inclinations in a road are always injurious; if a 
rough road, the effect is even more marked. If the inclination be 
long, the power of the horse to overcome the resistance of the 
load decreases as he ascends. Hence it is better to make the first 
part of the ascent steeper, and the last part a smaller angle of 
laclination; for at the foot of a hill the animal is in a better con- 
dition to overcome the steeper part, and as its strength becomes 
exhausted, the road assumes a gentler slope. Undulatory roads are 
a mistake; the idea that the animal, after being exhausted climb- 
ing up a hill, becomes rested going down the other side, is erro- 
neous, and, to some extent, absurd. In no case does the animal 
make up for his exhausted condition except when the descent is 
such that the resistance caused by friction equals the force of 


gravity of the load. Where, however, undulations in the surface — 


of the road are unavoidable, we should endeavor to make them as 
slight as possible, the limit being the ‘‘ angle of repose,” or an 
inclination at which a carriage once set in motion would continue 
to descend by the action of gravity alone. If the inclination be 
greater than the limiting angle of resistance, the carriage would 
have its motion accelerated, and the load would press upon the 
horse, causing him to do work in holding the load down the 
descent, and the increased speed would often imperil the traveller. 
This angle of repose varies with the smoothness and hardness of 
the road, and also the friction of the axles of the carriage. On the 
very best of broken stone roads, 1 in 35, or 151 feet to the mile, is 
considered about the right inclination. In the State of New York 
several turnpike companies are limited to 1 in 11. The maximum 
slope established by the French government engineers is 1 in 20. 
The great Holyhead road in North Wales has | in 30 for its max- 
imum. In only two places does the slope differ from the above ; 


a : 
a ae 


1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 87 


one of these has 1 in 22 and the other 1 in 17. Three notable 
roads cross the Alps; viz., the Simplon, Splugen and St. Gottard 
roads. These three roads are great engineering achievements, and 
are carried across a great number of bridges, over numerous gal- 
leries cut out of the natural rock or built of solid masonry, and 
through great tunnels ; and nowhere is the slope greater than 1 in 
13. But nearly all of our roads are built in the quickest, easiest 
and cheapest way, and the grade usually corresponds to the natu- 
ral slope of the country through which they pass. We have 
stated that a perfectly level road is the most desirable, but several 
reasons call for a modification of the statement. In a perfectly 
level country, like many of the Western States, the roads during 
the rainy season become almost impassable, because the water 
standing on the road surface converts the whole into a thick, ad- 
hesive mud. And, while sufficient drainage is requisite for a good 
road, it seems proper not only to furnish side-drains and cvoss- 
drains, if necessary, but to give the road itself a gentle longitu- 
dinal slope, say 1 in 130. A series of undulations approximating 
the above gradient might be of some advantage. In brief, we 
would say, all things considered, never make the longitudinal 
slope greater than 1 in 35 nor less than 1 in 130. 

The proper width for a road depends upon its importance and 
the amount of travel upon it. Roads much frequented between 
large towns, and especially main thoroughfares leading to thickly 
populated cities, should, therefore, be much wider than highways 
in small country places. Nearly all the public roads of New 
England are laid out three rods wide between fences; but only a 
part of this is used for travelling upon. 

No road should be, wider than is necessary for convenience and 
safety of traffic; for there is not only a waste of land, but labor 
and money must be expended in building and keeping the road 
in repair. The Roman military roads were 12 feet wide when 
straight and 16 when crooked. The high-roads crossing the Alps, 
mentioned above, are from 25 to 30 feet wide. The public roads 
in France are divided into four classes, varying from 16 feet to 26 
feet in width. In the British Isles the width of roads is pre- 
scribed by law, and varies from 20 feet to 60 feet. 

Our highways are very often too narrow. In places where 
safety of travel demands a moderately broad road, there exists, 
instead, one barely wide enough for the passage of a carriage, and 
that with danger to the occupant. A few such places may be, 
found in the several roads crossing the Holyoke range. In no 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


case should the road be too narrow for the passing of two vehicles ; 
this can be accomplished on a road 163 feet in width, but it is far 
better to increase this to 20 feet. Very few of our country roads 
have a properly shaped. bed. The surface of the road is usually 
below that of the adjacent land. ‘This should be strictly avoided, 
especially in a low, flat country; for such a road would form a 
watercourse into which the water of the adjacent fields would be 
drained, thus forming a yielding, muddy surface. The first requi- 
site of a good road is to have its bed thoroughly drained. The 
surface should be considerably higher than that of the bordering 
land, and good ditches at the side provided. The form of the 
cross section (Fig. 1) should be rounding, in order that the rain 
falling upon its surface may be readily drained off. The form 
usually adopted is that of a flat ellipse (Fig. 2); but the segment 
of a circle is better, while two tangents jointed by a segment 
is considered superior to either the ellipse or segment. 


Pla 2 


A road thus formed is more uniform in inclination, and escapes 
many of the evils incident to the curved profile. The degree of 
inclination of the planes will depend upon the surface of the road. 
On a rough and narrow road the inclination should be greater, and 
lessen with the increase of smoothness. The transverse profile of 
a hill-side road should be a single plane inclining inwards toward 
the face of the hill, and a ditch made along the side of the hill to 
receive the surface water, or the overflow of springs. This water 
should be conducted under the road at proper intervals. Much 
damage is often done by allowing drainage water to cross the road 
on the surface. . 

We mentioned above that thorough drainage is one of the first 
requisites of a good road. All attempts at improvement are use- 
less until the water is got rid of. Not only is the surface injured, 
but the substratum or foundation of the road is weakened by per- 
colation or capillary attraction of the water. Sometimes side 
ditches are not sufficient, and cross drains are deemed necessary 
to keep the road-bed dry. ‘Their depth should be about two feet 
below the road covering, with an inclination of about 2 in 100, 
from the axis of the road to the side drains. Their distance apart 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 89 


will depend upon the nature of the soil and kind of road-covering 
used ; from 20 to 30 feet apart is considered a suitable distance 
for very wet ground, but in some cases the distance is increased 
to 300 feet. Small drains, however, placed close together, are 
much more efficient than larger ones far apart. Cross sections of 
several kinds of drains are seen below. 6, 7,8 and 9 are made 
of brick, 4 and 5 of stone, and 3 of fascines, or bundles of poles. 


\: : Y 
RN 


Fhe 9, AFTER GILMORE 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


The method of construction is readily understood by the profiles, 
and needs no explanation. Ordinary tiles may be used, but the 
expense is somewhat greater. Brick, stone, or tiles, used to form 
drains, should be first covered with hay or straw to prevent earth 
from entering the drain. ‘The trench is then filled up. Fig. 10 
shows a plan of the side and transverse drains. 


FIG.tO. AFTER CLARK 


Catch-waters are usually placed at intervals on a long stretch of | 


continuously descending road. Their province is as the name 
implies, —to collect the surface water which runs down the road, 
and turn it into the side ditches. While catch-waters are useful in 
this respect, they are often a source of inconvenience to the traveller, 
especially when they are not properly constructed. They may 
slope toward one side ditch only, as in the case of a road running 
_ along a steep side hill, or incline each way from the centre toward 
both. In the latter case the shape should be that of a broad letter 
V, with the angle pointing toward the ascent. 

Great care should be exercised in making a catch-water. If the 
latter be at right angles to the length of the road, and steep, much 
strength of the animal is lost in pulling heavy loads up the ascent. 
Moreover, violent shocks are experienced by those persons making 
the descent at a rapid pace. 


Catch-waters should be so located that both forward wheels will: 


enter them at the same time, and never steeper than is absolutely 
necessary. The V-shaped catch-water is the best. 
Roads are classified according to their coverings, as follows : — 


1. Earth Roads. 

2. Gravel Roads. 

8. Roads of Wood. 

4, Paved Roads. 

5. Broken Stone Roads. 


The first two named are those roads farmers have mostly to deal 
with. Paved, broken stone and wood roads, are not very numer- 
ous in farming districts. 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 91 


Earty Roaps. 


Earth roads possess very many defects. They are usually made 
in a turnpike form without proper foundation, and almost always 
are full of ruts; this is especially the case where the soil is of a 
clayey nature. Where the soil is very sandy, a covering of six 
inches of clay will produce a good road; and sand may be added 
to adhesive clay soils with equal benefit. In both cases the 
materials pack under the action of traffic in the dry season, 
and do not produce adhesive mud in rainy weather. The ruts and 
hollows should be filled up as fast as they are formed on the sur- 
face; but the material used should be coarse sand or gravel, free 
from vegetable mould. Cobble-stones and large fragments of 
rocks should never be placed in ruts; they form hard, unyielding 
places in the road, and are sure to increase rather than obviate 
the difficulty. 

The plough and scraper should never be used in repairing a 
road ; the plough breaks up the solid foundation that heavy traffic 
has formed, and which is most essential to a good road. 

When a road has once become firm and thoroughly compact, 
it should never be disturbed when repaired. Material used for 
repairing should be brought in carts or wheelbarrows ; by so doing, 
a better selection of material can be made, and what is not suit- 
able rejected. The wheel scraper so commonly used at the present 
time does a large quantity of work, but generally poor in quality. 
Such a scraper, drawn by four horses and handled by one man 
besides the driver, is capable of repairing in a way a long stretch 
of road; but the material is always taken from the roadside, and 
consists largely of vegetable mould, sod or turf, and washings 
from the road, which assist in forming a good surface, but very 
soon decay and form the softest mud. 

A heavy 6X12 timber, six feet long, shod with steel and 
attached to a neap obliquely, and drawn over the road, is very 
useful in filling up the ruts and freeing the surface from small 
stones. Care should be taken to keep the ruts and hollows filled 
up; for, when a depression is once formed, the wheels of heavy 
vehicles act like sledge-hammers, and at each stroke the ruts become 
deeper. ‘The destructive effect of heavy wagons decreases as the 
width of the tire increases; this is especially so on compressible 
roads, such as earth, sand, gravel and so forth; but on a hard and 
unyielding surface, such as a paved or broken stone road, the 
resistance is independent of the width of the felloe. Much dis- 
cussion has been given to this subject, and New York State has 


92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


regulated the toll on turnpikes according to the breadth of the tire. 
The larger the wheel, the less friction and the greater leverage to 
overcome obstacles. Springs on heavy wagons would not only 
aid the draught, but would lessen the shock of passing over 
obstacles, and thus largely reduce the wear and tear of road surface. 


GRAVEL Roaps. 


What has already been said concerning earth roads applies to 
some extent to gravel roads; viz., good drainage and a solid 
foundation. The material for the surface must be selected with 
care. Gravel from the coast or river banks is usually too clean ; 
that is, composed largely of round, smooth pebbles, which do not 
easily form a solid surface until they are broken by traffic into 
angular pieces. Gravel dug from pits contains too much earthy 
material, and should be screened if the best results are desired. 
Sieves should be provided, so that all pebbles an inch and a half in 
diameter can be rejected, as also material one-half inch in diame- 
ter and less. ‘ é 

When the road-bed is properly prepared, a coating of three 
inches of the material should be applied and allowed to become 
solid by traffic, after which a second coating and still a third may 
_ be applied.. Heavy rollers are sometimes used to hasten the con- 
solidation. If the material can be applied in rainy weather, so 
much the better; water will help to form the whole into a solid 
mass. Itis better to put the smaller material at the bottom and 
the larger on top; for, otherwise, travel and frost would in time 
force the smaller pebbles to the bottom and the larger ones to the 
surface. 


Woop Roaps. 


Wood roads embrace corduroy roads, charcoal roads, plank 
roads, and roads paved with blocks of wood. Corduroy roads 
are less expensive than the others. They are built where the 
ground is moist and yielding, and timber plenty. Logs are laid 
side by side. Where one layer is not sufficient, the logs are laid 
at right angles to each other, one layer above the other. Such 
a road is a great hindrance to speed, safety and comfort, in 
travel. 

In some of the Western States, where timber is plenty, charcoal 
roads have been made through swampy forests. Logs from six 
inches to two feet in diameter, and from twelve to twenty-four — 
feet long, are cut and piled up lengthwise along the road about 
six feet high, being nine feet on the bottom and two on top, and 


1889.] - PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 93 


then covered with straw and earth, or simply with sods, and burned 
in the manner of coalpits. The covering is taken from the sides 
of the road, and the ditches thus formed will afford good drain- 
age. After the timber is converted into charcoal, the earth is 
removed to the sides of the ditch and the coal drawn each way, 
leaving a gentle slope from the centre to the sides. Such a road, 
though expensive, is very desirable, and always presents a smooth, 
hard surface. 

Plank roads are little used in New England. They were first 
constructed in Canada in 1836, and gave so much satisfaction that 
now nearly 1,000 miles have been built in the Dominion, and about 
5,000 miles are registered in New York State, and States to the 
west andsouth. So far as possible, in order to secure the best 
results, a plank road should be level; for on such a road a horse 
can very conveniently draw three tons; but if the road has a steep 
grade, the animal can only draw on a level what it is able to lift up 
the ascent. Hence the necessity of a level surface. After the 
location of the road has been determined, the bed should be pre- 
pared the proper width, and thoroughly drained by ditches at the 
sides and cross drains if necessary; and then sleepers 12 X 4 and 
16 feet long, firmly bedded, on the flat side, in the earth three or 
four feet apart. The earth should be filled about and between the 
sleepers, and rammed down until the plank will rest alike on both 
earth and sleepers. Sometimes a heavy roller is used to consoli- 
date the earth. No air spaces should be left between the earth 
and planks, otherwise they would soon be rotted. The planks 
should not be longer than 8 feet, 4 inches thick, and may be 
chestnut, hemlock, spruce, pine or oak. The last makes the 
most permanent road, for it resists more strongly wear and decay. 
If the planks are longer than 8 feet, they are more liable to warp 
and thus make the road rough. One can see a good ‘illustration 
of this on almost any country bridge. Again, if the planks are 
too wide, they will warp longitudinally. They should be square 
edged, and not less than six or more than twelve inches wide. 
They should be laid at right angles to the direction of the road. 
Long and careful experiments have proven conclusively that 
planks thus laid, for roads or bridges, resist better the wear and 
tear and give greater satisfaction in every respect than when laid 
lengthwise, or obliquely to the axis of the road; for planks laid 
lengthwise afford no footing, and loaded horses slip upon them in 
wet weather. Again, ruts are soon worn, and the planks are liable 
to be displaced. If the planks are laid obliquely, as in the case of 
many of our bridges, the edges are not worn down so quickly ; but 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


when a loaded vehicle comes upon a plank thus laid, the pressure 
being on one end, the plank, having no weight on the other end to 
keep it down, will spring up, and the action continued will in time 
injure and break up the road. 

All things considered, as we have already stated, planks laid at 
right angles to the direction of the road are preferred. It is not 
necessary to spike the planks if the road is properly built and 
thoroughly drained. In Canada, however, the law requires them 
to be fastened at both ends. But aloaded vehicle, coming equally 
upon both ends of a transverse plank, tends to hold it in place. 
One has suggested to spike every fifth plank and draw the rest 
tightly against these. After the planks are properly laid, a coat- 
ing of hot coal-tar and then an inch of coarse sand or fine gravel 
should be applied. The tar and gravel penetrate into the grain of 
the wood, and thus combine to form a means of protection from 
the rain, and wear of the wheels. 

Wooden pavement has been successfully employed in Russia 
for several years, and has now been introduced into England, 
France and the United States. It is far superior to stone pave- 
ment as regards both the comfort of passengers and residents, 
arising from the evenness of the surface and absence of noise. 
Many different kinds have been tried, the object being to prevent 
irregular settlement of the blocks, and to remove slipperiness of its 
surface. 

The gauge of a horse’s hoof is the measure of the proper maxi- 
mum width of a block. The normal dimensions in current prac- 
tice in England are: width, 3 inches; depth, 6 inches; length, 9 
inches. ‘These are in the ratios of 1, 2 and 3. 

In preparing the foundation an excavation should be made at 
the proper depth; the latter depends on the length of the block, 
usually from 9 to 12 inches below the top surface of the new 
pavement. A thin layer of sand is spread over the bottom, and 


7 


upon ibis a close floor of inch boards is laid lengthwise of the 
stree.. ‘ioe two ends and middle part of the boards should rest 
upek ol ic:s Laid transversely. The whole is then given a coating 


of hot eool-tar. Upon the floor the blocks are laid, usually at 
righi angles to the axis of the road, and with close joints, the rows 
being from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch apart, — 
in France and England the former, in our country the latter. 
These transverse courses are separated from each other by placing — 
battens of common pine or spruce three-fourths by one inch at 
the base of the block, and securing both block and batten by nail- 
ing them to the floor. The whole surface is then given a coating 


1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31 95 


of hot coal-tar and sand to the depth of an inch. But one has 
said, according to the best experience of wood paving, it should 
consist of plane rectangular blocks, solidly set upon a foundation 
of cement, with water-tight joints. A wooden pavement so con- 
structed as to fulfil these conditions gives satisfaction on the five 
points of convenience, cleanliness, maintenance, safety and dura- 
bility. The cities of London, Paris and Chicago afford the. best 
and most exhaustive available experience of wood pavements. 
What is true of wood is also true of stone pavements. ‘Uhe latter 
will not be treated of in this article. 


BROKEN STONE ROaApDs. 


Broken stone roads are employed very extensively in England 
and on the Continent, but as yet are but little used in America. 
They are divided into Macadam roads and Telford roads; but, in 
fact, all the most perfect modern constructions are imperfect and 
incomplete imitations of the ancient Roman roads. 

Macadam roads were first brought into notice by a gentleman 
named Macadam. They were first made entirely of broken stone, 
without any rough pavement for their foundation. 

In forming a macadam road, if the ground be very hard and 
dry, it is only necessary to bring the surface to a true level, and 
then apply the road metal; but should the ground be wet or clayey, 
it must first be thoroughly drained by side and cross drains, 
as before mentioned, and an excavation made of the required 
width and depth. If the soil consists largely of clay, it is better 
to put on a coating of several inches of coarse sand or gravel well 
rolled before applying the road metal. Sometimes a close floor of 
inch boards, instead of sand, serves very well the same purpose. 
After the excavation is made and properly shaped and drained, 
broken stone or macadam is laid upon the prepared surface, two 
or three successive layers, as the case may require, three inches 
thick and rolled successively ; and then a coating of coarse sand 
one inch in thickness is spread over the top and rolled into it, 
with plenty of water. Sometimes the gravel and water are added 
as the second layer of road metal is laid, and all rolled well to- 
gether. The above order is usually followed in England; but in 
our country the roller is usually dispensed with, and each layer of 
road metal is allowed to become consolidated by the traffic before 
the next is applied. Some consider it better for the future solid- 
ity of the road to dispense with the coating of sand, if possible. 
Both French and American engineers consider from six to ten 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


inches of road metal a proper maximum depth. No large stones 
should be used. The proper size is one and one-half inches in 
cubical shape, or two inches in the longest diagonal. These are 
broken by hand or by a stone crusher. The former method is 
largely adopted on the Continent, and whole families are employed 
breaking stones for the great roads crossing the Alps. The Blake 
stone crusher is used in this country, and the working capacity of 
the machine varies from three to seven cubic yards of broken 
stone per hour, according to the size required. Fig. 11 repre- 


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FIG. 11. MACADAM ROAD, 


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FIG.13. FRENCH ROADS. 
AFTER CLARK. 


sents a cross section of a macadam road; Figs. 12, 13 and 14, 
those of old French roads, present French and ae roads,: 
respectively. 


t 
1889. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. | 


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e-O. Colaed IO. 4---9.10-.-% -- 9-10 -¥- SOY 


FIG 14. BELGIAN ROADS. 
AFTER CLARK. 


TELFORD ROoOapbs. 


These roads were named after Thomas Telford, who first con- 
structed them in England. ‘The characteristic difference between 
Telford and Macadam roads is the sub-pavement used in the 
former and which is wanting in the latter. Upon a level bed pre- 
pared for the road material, a layer of stone is set up by hand. 
At the middle of the road stones seven inches in depth are used, 
and decrease gradually to three inches at the sides. They are to 
be set on their broadest edges and lengthwise across the road, and 
the breadth of the upper edge is not to exceed four inches in any 
case. Upon the pavement a coating of six inches of road metal 
is placed, and the whole is covered with a binding of an inch and 


JE eS I 


fi yy Yj 
Pa? JG) RUB BEE STONE FOUNDATION. 


a half in depth, of good clean gravel. The material used for 
broken stone roads should be hard and tough. The most useful 


98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


are the basaltic and trap rocks, sienitic granites and some kinds 
of lime stone; but flint or quartz rocks, gneiss, mica-slate and 
sandstone should never be used. Fig. 15 shows a cross section 
of the Telford road. Fig. 16 shows rubble-stone foundation 
without Telford pavement. 


MANAGEMENT OF ROADS. 


A few words about the management of town roads will con- 
clude this paper. The condition of every country road varies 
from year to year, according to the knowledge and experience of 
those who have them in charge. The present method existing in 
many places, of raising a specified sum of money for roads, and 
allowing an inexperienced and incompetent person to expend the 
same, is erroneous. ‘The highway surveyor is usually elected with- 
out the first thought as to his fitness for the position. Often the 
care of all the roads of a township is given to the lowest bidder, 
and the money is expended before half the year has expired ; con- 
sequently, the roads are neglected the remainder of the time, to the 
inconvenience and discomfort of the public. Again, a large part 
of the money is often spent where it will affect most the friends 
and supporters of the man in charge, and the more remote parts are 
left to themselves. Political machines run town affairs as well as 
those of a great nation. When an overseer has learned something 
in his term of office the past year, another takes his place, and 
begins his experience in repairing roads at the expense of their 
condition. Every intelligent and candid mind will readily admit 
that civil service reform should be recognized in town affairs as 
well as in those of a State or nation, and the best men chosen for 
the place, whether it be framing the laws of a State or repairing the 
roads of a town; both require men of suitable ability, knowledge 
and experience, and when the place has found the right man, he 
should be retained. It cannot be improper at this time to offer a 
few suggestions relating to a method of management which, if 
carried out, we think would be a great improvement over the old 
method, the latter being too well understood to call for an 
explanation. 

Not less than three road commissioners should be appointed in 
each town, the latter being divided into districts. Every three dis- 
tricts should be entitled to one commissioner, and the voters of 
said districts should be allowed to choose and elect their repre- 
sentatives. The commissioners should be men whose knowledge, 
skill and experience would duly warrant them the position, and 


1889. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 99 


upon them the responsibility of the condition of the roads should 
rest. Their respective duties should be to travel over every mile 
of road in the town, make a careful memorandum of their condition, 
estimate the probable cost of repairs on every section, and the 
advisability of such repairs, and report the same at the regular 
town meeting. The money raised for road purposes should be 
divided among the districts, each receiving a portion based upon 
the number of miles of road in that district, and the extent of 
repairs necessary to be made as reported by thecommissioners. The 
work of repairing and caring for sections should be let out to 
different individuals on contracts, under the supervision of the 
board of overseers. Should several persons apply for the same 
section, it may be given to the lowest bidder; but no person hav- 
ing the care of a section should be entitled to pay until his work 
is approved and accepted by the board. No one person should be 
allowed to contract for over five miles of road. Let as many men 
as possible have a chance of acquiring skill and experience and 
earning money by repairing roads. When ten or fifteen miles of. 
road are given into the care of one individual, repairs are often 
delayed, and the public suffer inconvenience and even danger from 
the delinquency. Again, if roads are looked after often and care- 
fully, slight repairs might be made with very little cost, which, if 
left alone, would result in great expense. No work by the day 
should be given, and no tax payer allowed to work out his tax on 
the road. Working on roads has been regarded as a half holiday ; 
long stories are told, and much time is spent inidleness. Let each 
be assessed for his tax, to be paid in money. The indolent will 
then be obliged to contribute his share, and the burden will not fall 
upon the few. The old system is wrong ; and good roads, conven- 
ience and comfort, economy of carriage, and increased happiness 
of a country life, demand a change. 


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PUBLIC DOCUMENT. Now dl. 


ee 


TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JANUARY, 1890. 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE. 
1890. 


Commontuealth of Massachusetts. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 8, 1890. 
To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


I have the honor herewith to transmit to your honorable 
body the Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Trustees. of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


I am, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


HENRY H. GOODELL. - 


CONTENTS. 


Report of Trustees, . Z 
Notice of Charles Louis Flint, 
Farm Report, 

The Administration, . 
Equipment, 

Labor Fund, 

Experiment Department, . 
Gifts, 


Report of Treasurer, : 
Report of Military Department, 


Calendar, . : ; 3 ‘ 
Catalogue of Faculty and Students, at dues 
Course of Study, 

Requirements for Admission, 

Expenses, . 

Scholarships, 

Equipment, 


On the Use of Commercial Fertilizers, 


“Iya | 


oath 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


Since making our last report to your honorable body, 
there has passed away one who, from his long connection 

with the college and his intimate relations to the agriculture 
of the State, deserves more than a passing notice. 

As secretary of the Board of Agriculture, trustee and 
president of the Agricultural College, and author of various 
standard works on agricultural topics, the name of Charles 
Louis Flint* will long be remembered and revered. When, 
in 1852, a State Board of Agriculture was created, he was 
appointed its first secretary, and for nearly thirty years held 
that important office, issuing annual reports which have 
served as models in other States, and for which there is still 
a constant demand. When, in 1863, the Board of Trustees 
of the Agricultural College was formally organized, he was 
elected its secretary, and continued thereafter for twenty-two 
years to perform his duties. When, in 1879, William S. 
Clark resigned the presidency of the college, Mr. Flint 
reluctantly consented to assume its responsibilities, and for 
a year, during perhaps the most stormy period of its exist- 
ence, guided it in safety through the troubled waters. He 
believed in the college most thoroughly, and emphasized his 


* Died Feb. 26, 1889, at Hillman, Ga. 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


convictions by both precept and example, sending to it his two 
sons foreducation. Through all the vicissitudes of its earlier 
years he was its firm friend, and to him it is deeply indebted 
for advice and services. He gave it his best efforts, and he 
' gave them cheerfully. A lecturer at the college, without 
compensation, he presented the individual members of its 
first classes with copies of each of his works on ‘‘ Milch 
Cows” and ‘ Forage Plants;” a president, without pay, he 
gave his services without a murmur, asking for no reward 
save that arising from the consciousness of having performed 
his duty ; and in almost the last years of his life he gave a 
substantial token of his interest, subscribing a thousand dol- 
lars to the permanent library fund of the college. 


Farm REporRT. 


Under the careful supervision of the professor of agricult- 
ure, the work of alteration and improvement of the buildings: 
and farm has steadily gone on, and the various sums appro- 
priated by the General Court for that purpose have been. 
entirely expended. The manner in which this has been done, 
and the general operations of the past year, together with. 
the condition of the college herd, is clearly set forth in the 
report of Professor Brooks, which I herewith submit : — 


On assuming charge of the agricultural department in the col-. 
lege last January, I found preparations for the next season’s. 
crops already measurably advanced, as of course they should be 
on every well-managed farm by that season; and, on looking over 
the ground, I did not consider many changes feasible nor indeed 
desirable. The best possible under the circumstances had been 
done. About twenty-five acres of land, in two lots respectively of 
eight and seventeen acres, in the old pasture, had been broken up 
in the fall, and already partially manured for field and fodder 
corn, and potatoes. No winter grain had been sown, and there 
was no stubble land not sown to grass. ‘The necessity of pastu- 
rage for our large herd of cattle and flock of sheep, and the unde- 
sirability of breaking up any land in front of the college buildings, 
closely restricted me in the selection of additional land for cultiva- 
tion. Under these conditions, then, our work was begun. 

Our crops were few in number; viz., corn, potatoes, fodder 
corn, beets and hay. 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 9 


Corn. — About fifteen acres of the roughest and in many 
_respects the poorest part of the old pasture west of the ravine 
was selected for this crop. As stated, this had been ploughed the 
preceding fall, but quite imperfectly, on account of the stumps 
and boggy places. Indeed, near the stream was a large area 
hardly half of which could be planted. The actual area under 
cultivation could not have been over twelve acres, and was prob- 
ably less. The greater part of this received barnyard manure at 
the rate of about five cords per acre, spread as drawn, and mostly 
on the snow. The land was thoroughly worked in the spring with 
disc harrows, and about one-third of it (the smoothest) planted in 
drills three and one-half feet apart, with an old corn planter; the 
balance was planted by hand, in drills about three feet apart each 
way. The variety was an eight-rowed yellow flint corn. Very 
little hand-hoeing was done. Most of the land was low and natu- 
rally wet, and the season—as is well known—vwas rainy. Yet 
the crop was fair in amount, and of excellent quality. It 
amounted to about five hundred bushels of shelled grain and about 
twenty-five tons of stover. 

Potatoes. —Two acres of the highest and driest portion of the 
old pasture lot where we had our corn was taken for potatoes. 
The soil is a fine alluvial sand, and very light. It was prepared 
in the same manner as the corn land; but, in addition to the barn- 
yard manure, a part of the potatoes received a light sprinkling of 
wood ashes in the row. The growth was good until the tubers 
were about half grown, when the tops blighted. There was but 
little actual rot; but the yield was not half what it should have 
been, amounting to only two hundred bushels of merchantable 
tubers and about fifty bushels of small ones. 

Fodder Corn. — About eight acres in the south-eastern corner 
of the old pasture was taken for this crop. Much of the land was 
cold, heavy and wet. It had been ploughed well the previous 
autumn, and received barnyard manure at the rate of about nine 
cords to the acre. This was spread on during the winter and 
spring, and thoroughly worked in with a disc harrow. A favor- 
able time enabled us to prepare the field well, and the seed was 
very satisfactorily planted, in drills three feet apart, with an 
‘*¢ Eclipse Corn Planter.” ‘The variety was an eight-rowed yellow 
flint, such as is commonly cultivated for field corn in this vicinity. 
I believe that experience has demonstrated the superiority of 
thinly planted, well-manured fodder over the crowded and imma- 
ture article commonly grown. ‘The bulk is less, but the percent- 
age of nutriment is far greater ; and, on equal areas, at least equal 
food value is produced. ‘The stalks in our rows averaged about 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


two and one-half to the foot; and, on all parts of the field dry 
enough for the crop, they averaged fully eight feet high, and - 
every one bore a good large ear. ‘The crop on about three-fourths 
of the field was good; on the other fourth it was drowned out. 
This field was seeded to grass in August, and a fine catch was 
secured. 

The corn was allowed to stand until the ears were glazed. It 
was then cut up, and most of it allowed to wilt slightly before it 
was hauled and put into the silos. We used a ‘‘ Lion Fodder 
Cutter,” run by a six and one-half horse-power engine, and got in 
the entire crop in four days. ‘The silage is estimated at eighty 
tons. The fodder was cut into three-eighths to one-half inch 
lengths, and kept level without much treading except around the 
edges. It was covered first with about a foot of cut straw, then a 
layer of tarred building paper, then planks, and on the planks 
about one foot of sand was placed. These silos have not yet been 
opened, as we are still feeding beets. P 

Oats. —— Eight acres of mowing, west of the dormitories, drill 
hall and barn, were broken up for this crop. The field was 
ploughed and harrowed in the ordinary way, and received no 
manure. Seed of two varieties — Black Tartarian and Early Race 
Horse —was procured and sown (by hand) broadcast, at the rate 
of two and one-half bushels per acre. The crop made a fine 
growth; but the season was so unfavorable that it rusted, and was 
nearly a total failure. Less than one hundred bushels of very 
poor oats, and eight tons of straw, were secured. 

Beets. — Two acres next east of the oats were selected for this 
crop. The land was grass, which of course made preparation for 
such a crop as beets difficult. Such land would not have been 
taken had anything cultivated last year been available; but there 
was absolutely nothing. We first ploughed, and then spread barn 
cellar manure over one-half of the piece, and manure from our 
sheep pen on the other. These manures were applied at the rate 
of about ten cords per acre, and thoroughly fined and worked in 
with harrows. ‘The seed was sown with a Matthews seed sower, 
and by great care was got in so that we had a full and perfect 
stand. Up to about the middle of August the growth was un- 
usually fine; then the leaves became somewhat affected with 
blight, and the growth of the roots was checked. They partially 
recovered later, but the roots were doubtless considerably smaller 
because of this attack. Our crop amounted to about fifty-five 
tons of good solid roots. . 

Hay. — But a very small portion of our grass land was top- 
dressed in preparation for this year’s crop, and about thirty acres 


1890.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 1 


of it, a part of the old pasture, is newly seeded, and the catch, on 
account of the excess of water, was poor in spots. The total area 
gone over was ninety-five acres; and the crop amounted to about 
two hundred and seventy-five tons, which was secured in fair con- 
dition, though later than usual. 

Farm Stock. — We have acquired by purchase ae the year 
a fine Southdown ram, and a work horse required to make good 
during the busy season the place of one of our team mares which 
foaled in June. We have also received presents of two very fine 
_ Jersey bulls, one a calf, the other a two-year-old, which will be 
found mentioned among the gifts to the college. Besides the 
ordinary percentage of increase in neat cattle, sheep and pigs, we 
have this year had two fine Percheron colts, — one pure bred, the 
other three-quarters blood ; and these are now fine blocky animals. 

Our live stock at present consists of the following animals : — 

Horses. —QOne Percheron stallion, one Percheron mare, two 
half-blood Percheron mares, three geldings and two colts. 

Cattle. — Ayrshires, four males, nine females; Shorthorns, 
three males, seven females; Holstein-Friesians, six males, eight 
females; Jerseys, five males, eight females; Guernseys, three 
males, five females. 

Southdown Sheep.— Four rams, six wethers and twenty-five 
ewes. 

Small Yorkshire Swine. — Five boars, thirteen sows and twenty- 
three pigs. 

With very few exceptions, all our cattle are registered or 
eligible to registry. Most of the bulls of all breeds of cattle, 
nearly all the rams and the boars, are young, and there is a 
fair prospect of selling them at prices not high but tolerably 
remunerative. All our animals, with few exceptions, are in a 
very thrifty condition, and I consider the prospects for the com- 
ing year good. 

Equipment. — By the wise generosity of the State, we have 
been enabled during the year to make several important additions 
in this department, which, however, is still far from what it should 
be. The additions are: two Concord wagons, a Dederick’s Per- 
petual Hay Press, a Lion Fodder Cutter, a Scientific Farm Mill, a 
National Reversible Sulky Plough, an Eclipse Corn Planter and a 
Missouri Grain Drill, besides the engine already mentioned. 


PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. 
The force of the farm and my own energies have during the 
past year been largely employed in carrying out much-needed 
_ permanent improvements, which in one branch are now measur- 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


ably complete. While, naturally, there is still much to be done 
on the farm, the buildings have been put into very fair order. 


Building Improvements and Repairs. 


These affected the dairy room, the barn sheds, main barn, barn- 
yard, farm-house, and the water works; and upon all these it has 
been my aim to have the work done in the most substantial: and 
thorough manner. 

Dairy Room. — This had been in such a condition for the last 
year or so that it had been impossible to use it. The Cooley 
creamer had been kept in the old engine room. The sills, floor 
timbers and flooring of the room were rotten, the plastering broken 
and stained, and the water supply so arranged that to keep from 
freezing in severe weather it was necessary to allow the water to 
run. The building has been resilled, the old floor taken out and 
one of cement put in its place, the walls and ceilings have been 
repaired, and both wood work and plastering have received two 
coats of paint. Water has been taken into the house cellar, and 
from thence supplies both the dairy room and house kitchen. 
Sewer connections also have been established, so that waste water 
from the dairy is carried away more directly than formerly. The 
room is now an excellent one for the purposes for which it is 
- required. 

Barn Sheds. —These were sadly out of repair, far more so, — 
indeed, than was suspected before the work began; but a primary 
object in view in beginning the work was to admit the sunshine 
into the barnyard, which was almost completely shaded the greater 
part of our short winter days. To do this it was necessary to 
move the south shed. This structure was one hundred and 
twenty-eight feet in length, and it contained on the first floor in 
the east end a shed for teams of callers, and besides this four 
horse stalls, a small carriage house, a small tool room, a sheep 
- pen and three hen houses; moreover, a driveway from the barn- 
yard passed through it. This building has been cut in two just 
west of this driveway, the east end measuring fifty-six feet in 
length. This end has been moved around and joined to the main 
barn, in place of the small engine room which stood there, that in 
turn having been moved and united with the part of the shed just 
mentioned on its southern end. In this old engine room we now 
have the open shed accommodation formerly afforded by the main. 
shed, while this shed now includes a commodious engine room, 
six horse stalls, a harness room and three box stalls, — one for 
the stallion and two for colts. The engine room is bricked up on 
all sides, with a view to safety from fire and for warmth, and the 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 13 


floor is solidly cemented. Door and window casings and doors 
are sheathed with galvanized iron. The engine, a Bookwalter six 
and one half horse-power vertical boiler, is solidly set on stone 
foundation. The horse stalls are fitted up with iron stable fix- 
tures, with provisions for feeding both hay and grain from the 
floor above, and the loose boxes are similarly fitted and provided. 
On the floor above, conveniently located for feeding, a rat-proof 
grain room has been built, and provided with bins of about two 
hundred bushels capacity. This second floor also provides large 
storage room for hay. The remainder of the one hundred and 
twenty-eight foot shed which stood south of the barnyard was 
seventy-two feet long; and it was moved directly west as it stood, 
until its east end was flush with the east side of the shed which 
stands west of the karnyard. The lay of the land was such that 
the construction of a basement under the shed moved promised to 
be easy; and, as room for storage of vehicles and machinery was 
much needed, it was decided to provide it in this way. This 
basement is seventy-two by twenty-six feet, and eight feet high. 
It opens by five pairs of folding doors nearly the full length on 
the south side, and the floor which is on the same grade as the 
carriage yard south of it is solidly cemented. On the first floor of 
the shed proper we have a large tool room, a repair shop, a sheep 
pen, and one large, loose box, which will be warmed by hot-water 
pipes for hospital purposes. The second floor is to be used for 
hay. In both parts of the shed moved a large part of the sills 
and floor timbers were found rotten, and these were taken out and 
new ones put in their places. 

West Shed. — It was not anticipated that the work on this would 
cost much; but all the floor timbers, floors and sills required 
replacing, and the work was expensive. ‘This shed included six 
pig pens, three loose boxes and a swill room. Besides these, the 
whole of one end was used as a passage to and from the yard for 
the cows and other cattle. The passage was put under this end 
instead of through it; and in its place, by encroaching slightly on 
the swill room, a good loose box was secured. Under the swill 
room we excavated a cellar for vegetables and heating apparatus, 
~as it is believed that it will pay to slightly warm the piggery in the 
severest winter weather. Moreover, we want to be able to warm 
a few box stalls. Besides this, the west wall of the piggery was 
sheathed up on the inside, a layer each of building paper and 
matched boards being used. This has always been exceedingly 
cold in winter, but must now even without artificial heat prove 
very much warmer. The old partitions, floors and troughs of the 
pig pens were replaced with new, the swill room floor relaid, and 
this room supplied with a sink. 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


The general result of our changes in these sheds may be thus — 
Summed up: a gain of five loose boxes, three horse stalls, a 
harness room, a repair shop, a grain room, the entire basement 
and small cellar; a further gain of one-fourth in the size of the 
sheep pen, a tool room double the size of the old one, and a much 
' larger engine room; and all at the expense simply of two drive- 
ways through the sheds (now one better provided for and the 
other unneeded), three hen houses, and a small carriage room. 
In connection with this work, water has been brought into the 
new sheep pen, the new cellar and the swill room ; and’a new waste 
pipe from the water trough in the yard, and for these new points 
of supply, has been laid and connected with one. of the lines of 
tiles in our new drainage system presently to be described. — 
Around the yard a new fence has been built. Further, all the 
barn sheds have been reshingled, and both main barn, sheds and 
yard fence, as well as the farm-house, have been painted. 

Silos. —In the east end of the barn proper two capacious silos 
have been substantially constructed. These occupy the space 
formerly used for roots and sand storage, but extend down one 
story further, viz., to the cellar bottom. They reach from this to 
the level of the main floor of the barn, which makes them about 
eighteen feet deep, and each measures nine by fourteen feet inside. 
The lower walls are of stone and cement, but above are of timber 
and boards. They are substantially and very strongly built, the 
inner lining wall being composed of two layers of inch boards, | 
matched and breaking joints, with a layer of building paper 
between. Provision is made, by the use of a temporary crib 
placed above the permanent walls when filling, for securing silos, 
which shall be full even after settling. Movable floor timbers and 
planks are readily put in place as the silage settles, and we are 
thus enabled to use the space above each silo. Above one of the 
silos a room for heavy barn machinery has been built, while the 
space above the other affords standing room for machinery, such. 
as hay press and thresher when in use. The silage may be taken 
out through a door between each silo and the cattle floor. 

To compensate for the space taken out of the root cellar, the 
remnant of the latter was deepened by taking out the old floor, — 
which was on a level with the cattle floor, thus allowing the root 
cellar to extend down to the floor of the main cellar, about nine 
feet deeper than formerly. Drainage is perfect, and the roots are 
keeping well in this cellar this winter. 

We have also relaid a large portion of the retaining wall on the 
south side of the west driveway to the main barn floor, and all of 
the foundation wall under the end of the shed just opposite. 


1890. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 15 


Land Improvement. 


The chief work of this year has been in underdraining that part 
of the lower slope west of the college buildings and barn most 
imperatively requiring it, and a part of the old pasture below, 
though this has not been the only work. ‘The brush and trees have 
been cut, and the greater part of the stumps gotten out, of about 
three acres more of the old pasture lying to the north of that 
previously cleared, and a large quantity of the stumps got out last 
year have been repiled and burned. We have also put in about 
sixty rods of open ditch, straightened and deepened the brook for 
about the same distance, and built eighty rods of rail fence for 
temporary purposes. ‘These operations need no particular descrip- 
tion, but a brief account of our drainage operations may be of 
interest. x. 

Underdrainage. — Previous to the operations of this year, con- 
siderable work of a makeshift character had been performed on 
the fields which we undertook to drain, and one line of three to 
six inch tiles had been put in, with a view to service as a main in 
systematic work. It was, however, found to be too small for the 
work which would be required of it; and, although we used it in 
so far as possible, we finally put in independent lines as outlets 
for most of our newdrains. ‘There were about thirty-four hundred 
feet of drains, varying in size from three to seven inches, already 
in operation before we began work; but these were-wholly inade- 
quate to lay the land dry. 

From August to December we put in tiles as follows : — 


10 inch tiles, . : : : ; ; 1,300 feet. 
8 inch tiles, . ; : : , : 800 feet. 
4-8 inch tiles, . ; ; : : : 4,500 feet. 
2 inch tiles, . , : ’ ‘ . 21,300 feet. 


This makes a total of 27,900 feet, which equals 1,691 rods, or 
five miles and ninety-one rods of ditch dug and filled. When it is 
further stated that the average depth is fully three and one-half 
feet, and that the greater portion has been dug through a solid 
clayey soil requiring considerable picking, the amount of work will 
be in a measure appreciated. 

The drains affect and drain thoroughly the greater part of a 
tract about fifteen hundred feet long and nine hundred feet wide, 
or thirty-one acres in all. The part most thoroughly drained con- 
tains laterals distant from thirty to forty feet from each other, and 
parallel. These laterals are in four systems, each with its inde- 
pendent main. 3 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


One system embraces the lower slope of the old fields. Here 
the laterals run obliquely up the hill, and are thirty feet apart. 
There are 8,614 feet of tile, thorough-draining about six and one- 
fourth acres, which up to this time has much of it been so boggy 
horses always mired there. Then next below this is a second sys- 
tem, taking in about four acres of the springiest part of the old 
pasture. The lines here run diagonally up the slope, and are 
forty feet apart. They aggregate 5,740 feet. Still further west 
is another system, in about five acres of the more nearly level part 
of the old pasture lot. Here the drains are forty feet apart, and 
ageregate 6,426 feet. In each of these three systems the laterals 
discharge into a main, the general direction of which is north and 
south. The fourth system embraces the south-eastern corner of 
the old pasture, a portion upon which the fodder corn this year 
amounted to nothing. This tract is one and one-half acres in 
extent, and contains twenty-one hundred feet of. tiles, in lines 
thirty feet apart. 

In this work we have used round tiles without collars, and have 
covered the joints with strips of tarred paper in the usual manner. 
Junctions between laterals and mains have been made by the use 
of Y branch tiles made for the purpose. These make a very 
secure joint, not likely to get out of order. 

Very much of the ditching for this work has been done by the 
students working under the provision of the ‘‘ Labor Fund,” but 
for which our operations must have been far less extensive. 

Besides the tile drain of which I have spoken, an open ditch 
has been put in at the foot of the slope. just above the road lead- 
ing to the pasture at the north side of the farm. The laterals of 
the first system described cross this one foot below the level of its 
bottom, and may be expected to do most of the work; but the 
open ditch will, it is believed, prove useful in arresting surface | 
water in times of great abundance. 

The water which falls into this ditch is conducted to a silt well, 
from which, after depositing its sediment, the overflow is taken 
away through an eight-inch line of: tiles. It is anticipated that 
this arrangement will prevent the overflow of the comparatively 
flat land below. 

For valuable engineering assistance in this work I am greatly 
indebted to Mr. F. S. Cooley, a graduate of 1888; and for wise 
practical oversight and advice I am further much indebted to sig 
David Wright, the farm foreman. 


Wn. P. Brooks, 


Professor of Agriculture. 
AMHERST, Jan. 1, 1890. 4 


i 


1890. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. Ly 


Tur ADMINISTRATION. 


Several changes have occurred in the personnel of the 
faculty during the past year. The detail of Lieut. George 
E. Sage having expired, he was recalled to his regiment at 
the close of the collegiate year, and First Lieut. Lester W. 
Cornish of the Fifth U. S. Cavalry has been detailed in his 
place. He reported for duty September 3. ‘The recom- 
mendations made in his report, especially those respecting the 
lighting of the college buildings and their better ventilation, 
are respectfully referred to your consideration. 

The English department has been greatly strengthened by 
the appointment of Mr. George F. Mills, a teacher of long 
experience and brilliant reputation, who has been for a num- 
ber of years principal of one of the most flourishing schools 
in the State. 

The veterinary chair has not yet been permanently filled, 
but provision has been made for the ensuing year by the 
appointment of two lecturers, both graduates of the college. 
Dr. Austin Peters, of the class of ’81, will lecture on the 
hygiene and care of stock, and certain of the germ diseases 
to which he has paid particular attention. Dr. Peters is a 
graduate of the American Veterinary College of New York, 
and also of the Royal Veterinary College of London, Eng- 
land. He has been for several years veterinarian to the 
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. Dr. 
James B. Paige, of the class of 782, will lecture on the 
anatomy and physiology of the domestic animals, and the 
general subject of diseases and their prevention. He re- 
ceived his education at the Veterinary College in Montreal, 
Canada, and has been since graduation a successful practi- 
tioner in the city of Northampton. 


EQUIPMENT. 


There is greatly needed in the veterinary department a 
set of clastic models for use in the class room. The college 
has no facilities for dissection, but every student ought’ to 
have the opportunity of examining carefully the different 
organs of the body in position. In no other way can he 
become familiar with their location and use. As the student 


ae AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan: 


of human anatomy and physiology turns to the skeleton and 
manikin, studying each part separately and in relation to 
the other parts of the body, so the student of comparative 
anatomy should have the facilities for becoming familiar with 
the structure of.the domestic animals. Models of the horse, 
of the cow in labor, of the leg and hoof, of the different 
organs of the body, are to be obtained abroad and are used 
in all the foreign veterinary schools; but, as the demand is 
limited, the price is correspondingly high. Can the State 
more judiciously expend a few thousand dollars than in 
supplying these aids to instruction in the class room, and in 
increasing the facilities of the library? In these days of 
specialized work, there is a constant and growing demand 
for the latest publications in every department, and the 
teacher can no more afford to be without them than the car- 
penter can his chisel or his saw. The very best are needed 
on all the live topics of the day. The profession of agricult- 
ure is broad, and touches every art and every science; and 
nothing short of the very best should be furnished to the 
Inquiring student. The library now numbers 9,160 volumes. 


‘During the last year there have been taken out for consulta- 


tion and use 2,504, an average of eighteen to each student ; 
and these not the ordinary run of books drawn from libraries 
(for the college library contains hardly fifty volumes of 
fiction), but sound, healthy books of instruction. 


THe Lapor Funp. 


This has been administered with the greatest care, and 
only those entitled to receive its benefits have been placed 
upon its list. Since its establishment, by act of the last 
Legislature, fifty-eight students have received aid under its 
provisions. In no way can the State better assist its deserv- 
ing young men to acquire an education than by giving them 
this opportunity to earn it by their own labor. 


- EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. 

The general policy of the station has been to farnial 
information on such subjects as were uppermost in the minds 
of the public, and to take up the investigations of such 
questions as were of practical importance. The quarterly 


2 r z 
ae eae — ee 


-1890.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 19 


bulletins are therefore an index of the general correspondence 
earried on through the year in this State. In conformity to 
this policy, experiment has been made of the different 
methods of heating green-houses, soil tests have been under- 
taken, and information disseminated on such insects as were 
at the time most injurious in their depredations. That this 


has met the requirements of the State would seem to be 


indicated by the steady and increasing demand for our bul- 
letins. The edition of sixty-five hundred in January, 1889, 
has been increased with successive issues, till that of January, 
1890, numbered ten thousand. Four regular bulletins have 
been sent out over the State ; and a special one from the ento- 
mological division, of twenty-three thousand copies, local in 
its character, to every tax-payer in the towns of Medford, 
Everett, Stoneham, Winchester, Malden and Somerville. 
A dangerous insect pest, of foreign origin, more feared 
abroad than the potato beetle here, suddenly made its 
appearance in West Medford, and threatened spreading over 
the entire State. To give information respecting the appear- 
ance and habits of this moth, the danger of permitting it to 
get a foothold, and the best remedies to be used in combat- 
ing it, a bulletin was sent to each tax payer in the infested 
district and the towns immediately adjoining.* In view of 
the fact that this moth is wonderfully prolific, the female 
laying from four hundred to five hundred eggs; that its 
appetite is almost omniverous, the list of its food plants 
ranging from cabbage, strawberry and corn up to the cherry, 
quince, apple, elm, maple and oak; and that it has now 
‘¢multiplied to such an extent as to cause the entire de- 
struction of the fruit crop, and also to defoliate the shade 
trees in the infested region,” — it would seem judicious for 
the State authorities to take some effective means for stamp- 
ing it out, and preventing its further spread. 

Additions to the equipment of the various departments 
have been made during the year, and these, together with 
an outline of the work undertaken; will be briefly sum- 
marized in the several reports. 

* It is with pleasure that we record here our indebtedness to the Secretary of 
the Board of Agriculture. But for his generous assistance, we should have been 


unable to meet the additional expense involved in the publishing of so large an 
edition of an extra bulletin. 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Division oF AGRICULTURE. 


A barn has been completed for special work in questions 
affecting the dairy interests, and for all general work involved 
in the handling of crops under experiment, and the mixing, 
weighing and measuring of fertilizers. It consists of a 
main structure, 43 by 37 feet, containing: a cellar for roots, 
22 by 27 feet; a silo, 8 by 12 by 20 feet; hay scales of six 
thousand pounds capacity; an office and record room; 
separate rooms for grain, seed and fertilizers; an L 21 by 
36 feet, with stalls for feeding experiments; an L 19 by 12 
feet, for dairy and heating purposes. 

The investigations of the year have been : — 

1. Soil tests with fertilizers, upon the grounds of the 
station and in ten of the leading agricultural counties of the 
State. 

2. Conditions affecting the value of the calf’s stomach for 
rennet. 

5. Use of different styles of hay caps. 

4. Use of water in varying amounts upon grass of differ- 
ent degrees of dryness. 

5. Fertilizers (variously compounded and applied) com- 
pared with stable manure for grass, — influence upon both 
quantity and quality of product. 

6. Test of Colcord’s ‘* Silo Governor.” 

7. Preservation of corn stover in the silo. 

8. Comparison of varieties of corn for ensilage, — 
‘¢ Sweet Fodder,” ‘‘ Amber Cream Sweet,” and ‘‘ Sanford’s 
White Flint.” ‘ : 

9. Test as to adaptation to our soil and climate of Japan- 
ese seeds. (Bulletin No. 7.) 

10. Variety tests: sorghum, seven varieties; corn, two 
varieties ; upland rice, one variety ; oats, two varieties. 


Division OF HORTICULTURE. 

But little addition has been made in equipment, except in 
the way of adding all the new and promising varieties of 
both large and small fruits that could be easily obtained. 
Experiment through the year has been made in the following 
directions : — 

1. Protection of peach buds from injury by cold. 


1890. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 21 


2. Comparative value of different materials in the con- 
struction of green-house walls. (Bulletin No. 4.) 

3. Comparative value of steam and hot water for heating 
green-houses. (Bulletins Nos. 4 and 6.) 

4. Evaporated sulphur for the destruction of red spiders, 
mildews of the rose, lettuce and chrysanthemum, and rust on 
violets and carnations. (Bulletin No. 4.) 

5. Testing new varieties of fruits, vegetables and flowers. 
_ (Bulletins Nos. 4, 6 and 7.) 

6. The comparative value of Eastern and Western grown 
seed sweet corn for New England growers. (Bulletin No. 7.) 

7. The effect of girdling vines upon the amount of sugar, 
acid and water in the grape. (Bulletin No. 7.) , 

8. Use of insecticides and fungicides upon the potato. 
(Bulletin No. 7.) 

9. Remedies for the black wart upon the plum. (Bul- 
letin No. 4.) 


Division OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY. 
Investigations have been carried on through the year of 
the fungous diseases of plants, and report nas been made on 
the ae subjects : — 
1. The Black-spot of rose leaves. (Bulletin No. 6.) 
2. The black-knot of the plum. (Bulletin No. 6.) 
3. The potato blight and rot. (Bulletin No. 6.) 


Division oF ENTOMOLOGY. 

An insectary has been added, for the breeding of all in- 
sects discovered on all useful plants, and for experiment 
with various insecticides. It is a story and a half building, 
28 by 20 feet, with a green-house attached, 18 by 22 feet, 
divided into a hot andacold house. On the first floor of the 
main building are an office, a laboratory and an insecticide 
room ; on the floor above, two store rooms; and in the base- 
ment, a pupa room and the hot-water heating apparatus. 

The policy of the department has been to learn the life his- 
tory and means of combating those insects which have been 
most common and troublesome in the State, as indicated by 
correspondence. Report has therefore been made exclu- 
sively on those respecting which inquiry has been made, 
namely : — 


99 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


1. The buffalo carpet beetle. (Bulletin No. 5.) 

2. The pitchy carpet beetle. (Bulletin No. 5.) 

3. The larder or bacon beetle. (Bulletin No. 5.) 

4, Clothes moths. (Bulletin No. 5.) 

5. Ants. (Bulletin No. 5.) 

6. The gypsy moth. (Special Bulletin, and No. 7.) — 
7. Tuberculosis in the domestic animals. (Bulletin 


No. 3.) 
Division OF METEOROLOGY. 


The observatory is equipped with the following instruments : 
- Draper’s self-recording barometer, Draper’s self-recording 
anemometer, Draper’s self-recording anemoscope, Draper's 
self-recording force of wind, Draper’s self-recording sun ther- 
mometer, Draper’s self-recording wet and dry thermometer, 
Draper’s self-recording thermograph, Draper’s self-recording 
rain gauge, two sets of common thermometers, maximum and 
minimum thermometers, hygrometers, ozometer, and a few 
other instruments of minor importance. 

The work ‘in this department comprises thus far investi- 
gations in atmospheric pressure; temperature at different 
_heights; precipitation and relative humidity at different ele- 
vations ; direction, velocity and pressure of wind ; percentage 
of cloudiness; various systems of clouds, their movement 
and direction; amount of sunshine and temperature in sun. 
There is kept a full record of heavy and light dews, hard 
and light frosts, halos, corone, storms, and all natural phe- 
nomena. In short, a full and careful history of each day is | 
written down and placed in the observatory for future ref- 
erence, in order that data may be collected for determining 
the general character of climate, and the periodic recurrences 
of certain natural phenomena in the vicinity of the station. 
In addition to this, monthly bulletins are issued, recording 
for each day the meteorological phenomena observed. In 
the recent division of the country into districts, to promote 
the efficiency of the United States Signal Service in making 
local weather predictions, this station has been selected to 
co-operate in the work of the New England division, and 
furnish data to Lieut. John P. Finley, the officer in charge. 

The atmospheric conditions, as shown by the accompanying 
graphic charts of temperature, rainfall and sunlight, have 


23 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


mae | 
rm) 
re 
[o.@) 
bnay 


The 


continued low temperature, the excessive moisture, and the 


been very unfavorable for securing the best results. 


lack of sunshine, have had their effect on the ripening of 


and necessitated, in several instances, the postpone- 


ment of lines of investigation to a more favorable season. 


crops, 


"NOILVIIdGIOGUG JO INQOWV ONIMOHS ‘LUVHO 


“TESTING 
INV TNUNBNBBOBN000 


CHART SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF CLOUDINESS. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


TREASURER’S | REPORT. 


FRANK E. Paice, Treasurer Hatch Experiment Station of Massachu- 
setts Agricultural College, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. 


Cash received of United States Treasurer, . . $15,000 00 

Cash received from sale of produce, . : : 8 60 
—-—— $15,008 60 

Incidental expenses, . : : . $2,848 02 

Labor, . : : ; 5 : . 8,273 43 

Travelling expenses, . : : 218 86 

Supplies, . j ; ; : : 957 45 

Scientific instruments, . : 3 : : 946 41 

Salaries, ; : : : ; : 3 . 4,156 68 

General fittings, . AOI 6E 

Printings: : : : 5 ; ; ~ LL 2o1 SS 

Library, : : : : : - 602 61 

Postage and stationery, : : ; : 74 12 

Freight and express, . init : 89 48 

Chemical apparatus, . : ; : ‘ 182 28.75 
——-——-_ $15,008 60. 


I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do 


hereby certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch 
Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, and have found the same well kept 
and correctly classified as above; and that the receipts for the time 
named are shown to be $15,008.60, and the corresponding disbursements 
$15,008.60; all of the proper vouchers are on file and have been by me 
examined and found correct, there being no balance to be accounted for 
in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. 


[Signed] J. Howe DEmonp, Auditor. 


AMHERST, Dec. 31, 1889. 


I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of 
account of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College. 
FRANK E. PAIGE, J7reasurer. 


AMHERST, Jan. 4, 1890. 


I hereby certify that Frank E. Paige is the treasurer of the Massachu- 
setts Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature. _ 


Henry H. GOODELL, 
[Seal] _ President Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


1890.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 27 
GIFTS. f 
From Joun E. Wiriiams (M. A. C.,’76) of Amherst, — Studer’s 
Birds, 2 volumes miscellaneous. 

Col. Henry L. Russety of Milton, — Jersey bull calf, out 
of imported Miss Park No. 5, and sired by Wonder in 
the Island of Jersey. 

JOHN R. Brewer, Esq., of Hingham, —Jersey bull Dom 
Pedro Torment, 21308, sired by the celebrated prize- 
taker Snappitt, 13395. 

THe Bowker FeErtitizErR Company of Boston, — Samples 
of fertilizers, and materials used in their manufacture. 

Tue WiLuiAMs Bros. MANUFACTURING Company of Naubuc, 
Conn., — Mowing-machine knife grinder. 

Wm. A. Macreop (M. A. C., ’76) of Boston, — Lifting 
machine. 

Miss Mary B. Merriam of Greenwood, — Case of wools. 

Estate of Henry Cott of Pittsfield, — Five hundred dollars 
for permanent library fund. 

Wm. H. Bowker (M. A. C., 71) of Boston, —One hun- 
dred and fifty dollars for permanent library fund. 
MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR PromMoTING AGRICULTURE, of 
Boston, — Two hundred dollars in aid of insectary. 
J.D. W. Frencu, Esq., of Boston, — 5 volumes ‘‘ American 
Farmer,” 7 volumes ‘‘ Gardener’s Monthly,” 7 miscel- 

laneous volumes. 

Dr. Dantret Draper of New York City, — 9 volumes annual 
reports of New York Meteorological Observatory. 

City oF Boston, — 17 volumes reports of Record Commis- 
sioners of city of Boston. 

Hrram Kenpatyt (M. A. C.,’76) of Providence, R. I., — 
Rhetorical prizes for year 1890. 

Col. Henry W. Witson of South Boston, —4 volumes 
Suffolk Deeds. 

A Frienp, — Package of pamphlets on vivisection. 

Mrs. Wm. S. Crarxk of Newton, — The following Japanese 
articles and implements: ‘Three farmev’s hats (differ- 
ent kinds); one straw rain coat; one pair mittens; 
one rain hat; one plough; one wood saw; one bamboo 
rake; one hoe; one pair snow shoes; one set straw 
horse shoes; one pair scissors; smoking stand and 
furniture, candlesticks, etc.; one suit armor; samples 
of nails; carpenter’s saw. Aino articles: One weay- 
ing kit; two garments made from bast fibres of elm 
and other barks; straw matting ; one Aino apron; two 
pairs leggings ; one moustache lifter. 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _— [Jan. 


From A. I. Roor of Medina, Ohio, — Volume 16 of ‘* Gleanings 

in Bee Culture.” 

President Henry E. Atvorp of Agricultural College, 
Maryland, — 3 volumes miscellaneous subjects. 

Dr. E. L. Srurrevanr of South Framingham, — ‘ Bibli- . 
ography of Agriculture,’ in manuscript. 

Dr. E. F. Brusn of Mount Vernon, N. Y.,— ‘** Bovine 
Tuberculosis.” 

W. E. Stone (M. A. C., 82) of Lafayette, Ind., — Mis- 
cellaneous papers. 

Wm. J. Stewart of Boston, — Second, third and _fourth 

_ Annual Proceedings of Society of American Florists. 

Dr. W. Maxwett of Cambridge, — ‘‘ Constitution of the 
Legumes.” i 

E. L. Bass of Randolph, Vt.,—-19 volumes: reports of 
Vermont Dairyman’s Association. 

Miss Exranor A. Ormerop of Spring Grove, England, — 
4 volumes on insects. 

Hon. Joun E. Russert of Leicester, — 12 volumes of 
‘*Farmer’s Magazine,” 1852-57. 

Prof. Cuas. H. Fernatp of Amherst, —2 volumes mis- 
cellaneous subjects. 3 

Dr. A. G. Youne of Augusta, Me., — Annual reports of 
Maine State Board of Health, 1885-88. 

Dr. Freperick Tuckerman (M. A. C., ’78) of Amherst, — 

- General index of reports of agriculture of Massachu- 
_ setts. 

Dr. J. A. Lintner of Albany, N. Y.,—Fourth and fifth 
reports of injurious insects of New York, 2 volumes 

~ miscellaneous. 

J. E. Ponp, Esq., of North tte POO —6 volumes 
bee journals. 

C. M. Wiystow, Esq., of Brandon, Vt., — Seventh volume 
of ‘‘ Ayrshire Record.” 7 . 

Wm. P. Brooxs (M. A. C., ’75) of Amherst, —‘‘ Aino 
Studies.” 

Hon. Cuas. WHITEHEAD of ouaee England, — First and 
second annual reports of ‘‘ Agricultural Adviser.” 

Hon. Witt1am Wuitine of Holyoke,—6 volumes govern- 
ment publications. 

Hon. Ropney Watracz of Fitchburg, — 9 —_—,, govern- 
ment publications. 

Cuas. S. Prump (M. A. C., ’82) of Knoxville, Tenn., — 
2 volumes miscellaneous. 


< ae 
quia 


1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 29 


From Dr. C. T. Srockwett of Springfield, —‘‘ Evolution of 
: Immortality.” . 

Wm. A. Torman (M. A. C., ’87) of Concord, — ** Manual 
of Military Courtesy and Guard Duty.” 

Cuas. Turrity, Esq., of San Francisco, Cal., — 4 volumes 
annual reports of State Viticultural Commission. 

Prof. M. Witckens of Vienna, Austria, —2 volumes on 
‘¢Care of Domestic Animals.” 

S. M. Cotcorp of Dover, — ‘‘ System of preserving Green 
Forage.” | 

Prof. W. H. We cu of Baltimore, Peet — ** External 
Sources of Infection.” 

Sir J. B. Lawes of Rothamsted, England, —5 pamphlets 
miscellaneous. 

H. S. Carruru (M. A. C.,’72) of Ashmont, — ‘‘ History — 
of the United States during the First Administration 
of Jefferson.” 

E. B. Witper of Dorchester, —‘** Memorials of Marshall 
P. Wilder.” 

J. S. Wesr (M. A. C., 90) of Belchertown, — ‘‘ College 
Students at Northfield.” 

James Vick of Rochester, N. Y.,— ‘‘ Vick’s Monthly | 
Magazine,” 1889. | 

Also the following papers and periodicals from the publishers: 
‘“‘The Massachusetts Ploughman,” ‘‘ The American Cultivator,” 
‘“*The New England Farmer,” ‘‘The-American Veterinary Re- 
view,” ‘‘ The American Garden,” ‘‘ The Poultry Monthly,” ‘‘ The 
Mirror and Farmer,” ‘‘ The American Grange Bulletin,” ‘‘ The 
Farm and Home,” ‘¢ The Berkshire Courier,” ‘*‘ The Home Farm,” 
‘The Ohio Practical Farmer,” ‘‘ The Orange Judd Farmer,” 
**The New England Homestead.” 


I have the honor, in addition to the catalogue and custo- 
mary reports, to append a paper translated by Professor 
Charles Wellington, on a subject of great interest to every 
farmer, — ‘‘ On the Use of Commercial Fertilizers.” 

Respectfully submitted, by order of the trustees. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, 


President. 
AMHERST, January, 1890. 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


[J an. 


FRANK E Paice, Treasurer of Massachusetts Agricultural College, for 
the Year ending Dec. 31, 1889. 


Cash on hand, 

Term bill account, 
Botanical account, 

Farm account, 

Expense account, . 
Laboratory account, 
Salary account, i 
Trustee expense account, 
Library Fund account, . 
Endowment Fund aecount, 


State Scholarship Fund account, 


Hills Fund account, 

Grinnell Prize Fund account, 
Whiting Street Fund account, 
Mary Robinson Fund account, 
Labor Fund account, 
Insectary building account, 
Insurance account, 

Reading room account, . 
Extra instruction account, 
Advertising account, 


Gassett Scholarship Fund account, 


Cash on hand Dec. 31, 1889, . 


Received. 


$4,534 78 


5,346 40 - 


3,693 81 
3,875 16 
212 33 
068 68 


768 16 
11,008 31 
15,000 00 

608 80 

40 00 
ol 15 
61 20 
9,000 00 


42 94 


$50,811 72 


Paid. 


$9,965 22 
4,379 84 
8,083 00 
7,982 32 

447 98 
13,549 96 
474 36 
768 16 


663 36 
40 00 
30 00 
80 00 

2,016 05 
1,200 00 
28 87 

103 65 

(ok bt 

299 05 


6,468 79 


$00,811 72 


CASH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY TREASURER’S STATEMENT, BELONGS 
TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS. 


Hills Fund, 

Insurance, 

Gassett Bakolamhin unth 
Whiting Street Fund, 
Mary Robinson moat : 
Labor Fund, . 

General fund of college, 


$35 13 
12-19 
105 88 
140 46 
165 10 
2,483 95 
2,477 08 


86, 468 79 


1890.} PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 31 


CASH AND BILLs RECEIVABLE Dec. 31, 1889. 


Term bills, . f ’ j ‘ ; : 2 : : $1,348 61 
Laboratory, . é : : : : 345 75 
Botanical, . : : ; ; : ‘ ‘ ; : 154 90 
Farm, . 4 : ; . 506 58 
Cash on hand ee to Ease Gane ; 3,477 08 
$5,832 92 
BiLtts PAYABLE Dec. 31, 1889. 
Term bill account, : , 3 : : ; : ‘ $24 00 
Farm account, . : ; : : ; : ; : 1,119 98 
Botanical account, ; : : : ‘ : , , AVS 
Expense, . : : ; : P ‘ i ; ‘ 91 14 
$1,452 27 
VALUE OF REAL ESTATE. 
Land. Cost: 
College farm, ; : : ; F ; $37,000 00 
Pelham quarry, . ; 500 00 
$37,500 00 
Buildings. Cost. 
Laboratory, . : ; ; / : ‘ $10,360 00 
Botanic museum, . , : ‘ : ; 5,180 00 
Botanic barn, : : ; ; 1,500 00 
Durfee plant-house ea etarsé. ; 12,000 00 
Small plant-house and fixtures, . , 3 800 .00 
North college, . : ; ; 2 , 36,000 00 
Boarding-house, . : : ‘ : ; 8,000 00 
South dormitory, . ; ; , : : 37,000 00 
Graves house and barn, ‘ : ‘ . 8,000 00 
Farm-house, : : : , 2 : 4,000 00 
Farm barns and sheds, : : . ; 14,500 00 
Stone chapel, ; ; 4 ; ; ’ 31,000 00 
Meri! fiall,-- . 0: ‘ : : ; j 6,500 00 
President’s house, : 11,500 00 
Four dwelling-houses and a Sead 
with farm, F 5 ; k P : 10,000 00 
eet 196,340 00 
$233,840 00 
INVENTORY OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 
y Farm, . : : : ; : : , : : : $16,077 00 
_ Laboratory, . : : j : : : F ; : 1 Wh eo Wf 
Library, 2 ’ ‘ ‘ . . f 8,000 00 
Natural history pallaction. ‘ 3,257 04 
; Physics, : : : : , 3,616 03 
; Ret a TLRS SPAREN INNES) OS 400 00 
Fire apparatus, . : ; ; : : ; 500 00 
Botanical department, . Mas Ke : , : 9,452 65 


$42,416 49 


32 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


SUMMARY STATEMENT. 


Assets. 

Total value real estate, per inventory, . $233,840 00 
_ Total value personal property, per inven- | 

COPY, ns 42,416 49 
Total cash on hand and pills rescrrable, | 

per inventory, . : : : : ; 5,832 92 

Total, 
Liabilities. 


Bills payable, as per inventory, . 


FUNDS FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE. 


Technical Educational Fund, United States 
Grant, amountof, . : . $219,000 00 

Technical Educational Rand: State Grant, 141,51 5-385 

These funds are in the hands of the State Tr easurer. By 
law two-thirds of the income is paid to the treasurer 
of the college, one-third to Institute of Binge 
Amount received, 1889, 

State Scholarship Fund, $10,000. This sum was appro- 
priated by the Legislature, 1886, and is paid in Ra = 
payments to the college treasurer, ; 

- Hills Fund of $10,000, in hands of college treasurer. “This 
was given by L. M. and H. F. Hills of Amherst. By 
conditions of the gift, the income is to be used for main- 
tenance of a botanic garden. Income, 1889, . 

Unexpended balance, Dec. 31, 1889, $85.13. 

Annual State appropriation of $10,000. This sum was 
appropriated by Legislature of 1889, for four years, for 
the endowment of additional chairs and general expense. 
Five thousand dollars of the sum was appropriated as 
Labor Fund, to provide for the paying of labor per- 
formed by needy and worthy students, 

Grinnell Prize Fund of $1,000, in hands of college ne 
urer. Gift of Ex-Gov. William Claflin; was called 
Grinnell Fund in honor of his friend. The income is 
appropriated for two prizes, to be given for the best 
examination in paar) . graduating class. In- 
come, 1889, 

Mary Robinson Fund of $1, 000, in hone of plies € eas- 
urer, given without conditions. The income has been 
appropriated to scholarships, to worthy and needy stu- 
dents. Income, 1889, : : 3 ; 


Amount carried forward, 


[Jan. 


$282,089 41 


1,452 27 


$280,637 14 


$11,008 31. 


10,000 00 


608 80 


10,000 00 


40 00 


61 20 


$31,718 31 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 33 


Amount brought forward, . . 3 Stk, Seb Ligh kev oh: 

Unexpended balance, Dee. 31, 1889, 8165. 10. 
Whiting Street Fund of $1,006, a bequest without con- 

ditions. To this sum is added $260 by vote of the 

trustees in January, 1887, it being the interest accrued 

on the bequest. Amount of fund, Dec. 31, 1889, $1,260. 

Unexpended balance of income, $140.46. Income, 1889, ol 15 
Library Fund, for use of library, $6,051.80. oo in 

Amherst Savings Bank. 
Gassett Scholarship Fund: the sum of $1,000 was given 

by the Hon. Henry Gassett as a scholarship fund. Un- 

expended balance, Dec. 31, 1889, $105.88. Income, 

1889, . Z : : : : : : ‘ , 42 94 


otal, —. ‘ : : : : 4 . ; : $31,812 40 


To this sum should be added amount of tuition, room rent, receipts 
from sales of farm and botanic gardens; amount of same can be learned 
from statement of treasurer. Tuition and room rent under head of term 


bill. 
FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer. 


The committee of finance and buildings, having examined the statements of the 
Treasurer, as herein set forth, approve the same, and recommend the acceptance of 
the same by the Board. 

’ For the Committee, 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 

JAN. 7, 1890. 


This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of F. E. Paige, 
Treasarer, as displayed from Jan. 1, 1889, to Jan. 1, 1890, and find the same correct 
and properly vouched for. The balance in the treasury, being $6,468.79, is shown 
to be on hand in bank. 

CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor. 

AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 15, 1890. 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


REPORT OF MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 31, 1889. 
H. H. GOODELL, President Mass. Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 


Sir :—TI have the honor to submit the following report. 
I reported for duty Sept. 3, 1889, and have had charge of 
the military department since that time. 

There have been weekly recitations of the senior class in 
‘*Wheeler’s Art and Science of War,” which I considered 
better fitted for the short time (one year) allowed for this 
study than the former text-book, ‘‘ Hamilton’s Art of War,” 
which is more suitable for a book of reference. A course 
of lectures has also been given, on the subject of ‘‘ Field 
Fortifications.” 

Weekly recitations during one-half of the term have been 
held with the sophomore class in artillery tactics, these 
being supplemented by two. lectures on the ammunition used 
by the United States in the artillery service. 

There have been three drills weekly during the whole 
term, at which the attendance of the cadets has been excel- 
lent, all absences having been satisfactorily explained. Dur- 
ing the first half of the term the freshman class was instructed 
in the preliminary exercises and in the manual of arms, the 
sophomore class in artillery drill, and the junior class in tar- 
get practice. The instructors for the different drills were 
taken from the senior class. As soon as the freshmen had 
_been properly instructed, the battalion was organized under 
the officers selected by my predecessor, Lieutenant Sage. 

The hattalion consists of three companies and a drum 


corps, with the necessary officers and non-commissioned ~ 


Bak 
0s a ee a 


1890. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. : 35 


officers, a list of these being annexed to this report. When 
the weather permits, the tri-weekly drills take place in the 
open air; otherwise in the drill hall, which is large and well 
heated. ‘The interest exhibited by the cadets in the drill has 
been excellent, and the discipline has been good; but better 
results could be obtained, I feel confident, if the dress coat 
could be included in the uniform of the corps. The bat- 
talion would certainly present a more military appearance if 
all wore the dress coat, instead of only the officers and non- 
commissioned officers, as at present. The privates in the 
short fatigue jackets have the appearance of boys at a pre- 
paratory school, instead of young men at college; and this 
appearance has its effect on the minds of the cadets, caus- 
ing them to consider the drill hour more as a time for recre- 
ation than as a regular course of instruction pertaining to the 
college. With the dress coats the cadets would look, feel 
and act more like men. The cost of these coats would be 
fifteen dollars; but, with proper care, a cadet who purchased 
anew one when he entered college could dispose of it on 
graduating for at least half of its original cost, thereby in- 
creasing his average yearly expense by not more than two 
dollars. If I am not mistaken, the majority of the cadets 
would like to have the dress coat reinstated as a part of the 
uniform, and I would earnestly recommend that this se 
might be adopted. 

The fire department is in good order, but I would recom- 
mend that another ladder, tipped with strong hooks, to be 
used for scaling the steep roofs of the buildings, be added to 
the apparatus now on hand. ‘The present method of light- 
ing the cadet rooms I regard as very dangerous to the safety 
of the buildings so occupied. Kerosene lamps are used, 
the oil for which is kept in closets in the various rooms. 
Through leaking and careless handling, which under the 
circumstances it is impossible to prevent, the floors of these 
closets have been rendered especially liable to fire. I would 
recommend that the buildings be lighted by electricity, the 
cost of which to the cadets would be moderate, and more 
so if a plant could be established on the college grounds 
and owned by the State, while the benefits derived from the 
expenditure would be proportionately great. 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


The facilities for bathing are exceedingly poor, there being 
only two bath-tubs for the use of all the cadets. Nothing is 
more conducive to good health than cleanliness, and this can- 
not be obtained without proper facilities. I would most 
urgently recommend that at least two more bath-tubs and 
two shower baths be at once supplied for the use of the 
cadets. I would also recommend that the partitions separat- 
ing the small bedrooms in the north dormitory be removed, 
in order to admit more light and air. 

The range for target practice is a very short one, and much 
better results could be obtained in this very important branch 
of the military department if a longer and better one was 
available. Nothing is more essential to a soldier than a 
thorough knowledge of the weapon with which he is armed, 
and his capability to use it as a means of offence and defence. 
This knowledge can only be obtained by actual practice with 
it; and, with the rifle in present use, a range of at least five 
hundred yards in length is almost a necessity. With the 
‘present allowance of ammunition, fifty rounds per man per 
year, considerable practice can be had and good results 
obtained, with a good range to work on. 

I would also recommend that the cadets be put into camp 
for a few days, in order that they may learn something of 
the actual life of a soldier in the field. The knowledge 
would be of great benefit to them and to those under them, 
if they were ever called upon to command troops in the field. 
Experience is a good teacher ; and they would learn more in 
a short time spent in camp, of the practical needs of a soldier 
and how to supply them, of their duties when in the field 
and how to properly perform them, than by a long course of 
theoretical instruction on the subject. 


Respectfully submitted, 
LESTER W. CORNISH, 


First Lieutenant Fifth Cavairy, 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 37 


BATTALION ORGANIZATION. 


Commandant of Cadets, First Lieut. Lester W. CornisH, Fifth U.S. 


Cavalry. 
Cadet Adjutant STOWE. Cadet Quartermaster WEST. 
Cadet Sergeant Major BELDEN. Cadet Quartermaster Sergeant Gay. 
Company A. Company B. 
Cadet Captain Barry. Cadet Captain RUSSELL. 


Cadet First Lieutenant WILLIAMS. Cadet First Lieutenant SmmonpDs. 
Cadet Second Lieutenant McCLoup. Cadet Second Lieutenant MOSssSMAN. 


Cadet First Sergeant RUGGLEs. Cadet First Sergeant CARPENTER. 
Cadet Sergeant Brown. Cadet Sergeant LEGATE. 
Cadet Corporal MAGILL. Cadet Corporal WILLARD. 


Company C. 
Cadet Captain FELTON. 
Cadet First Lieutenant HERRERO. 
Cadet Second Lieutenant TAYLOR. 
Cadet First Sergeant TUTTLE. 
Cadet Sergeant PAIGE. 
Cadet Corporal FIELD. 


Chief Musician, and Cadet First Sergeant Drum Corps, HorNER, 
Fire Marshal, Cadet First Lieutenant, GREGORY. 


38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 


CALENDAR FOR 1890-91. 


1890. 


January 8, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

March 27, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 

April 8, Tuesday, spring term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
ae Sermon. — 

June 15, Sunday, 

. Address before the Christian Union. 

June 16, Monday, Kendall Prize Speaking. 

( Grinnell Prize Examination of the Senior 
Class in Agriculture. 
June 17, Tuesday, 4 Military Exercises. 
Meeting of the Alumni. 
baycr Reception. ° 
J a ae Exercises. 
June 18, Wednesday, 
Meeting of Trustees. 

June 19, Thursday, examinations for pase at 9 A.M., 
Botanic Museum; at the Commonwealth Building, Boston ; 
and at the Sedgwick Institute, Great Barrington.* 

September 2, Tuesday, examinations for admission, at 9 A.m., 
Botanic Museum. 

September 3, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

December 19, Friday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 

| 1891, 
January 6, Tuesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


March 27, Friday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


* See page 49. 


/ 


1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


THE CORPORATION. 


JAMES 8S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD or Litt etTon, 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER or Boston, 

J. D. W. FRENCH orf Bosroy, . 

THOMAS P. ROOT or Barre Prains, 

J. HOWE DEMOND or NorrtHampton, 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON oF LynnFIcErp, . 
WILLIAM WHEELER or Concorp, . 

ELIJAH W. WOOD or West Newton, ‘ 
CHARLES A. GLEASON or New BratntTr—EE, . 
DANIEL NEEDHAM or Groton, 

JAMES DRAPER or WokcESTER, 

HENRY S. HYDE or SprineFizE.p, 

MERRITT I. WHEELER or Great ee canoe 


Members Ex Officio. 


39 


Term expires 
1891 
1891 
1892 
1892 
1893 
1893 
1894 
1894 
1895 
1895 
1896 
1896 
1897 
1897 


His Excettency Governor JOHN Q. A. BRACKETT, Presi- 


dent of the Corporation. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. 


JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


JAMES S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, 
Vice-President of the Corporation. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS or Hamppen, Secretary. 


FRANK E. PAIGE or Amuerst, Treasurer. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON or New Braintree, Auditor. 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Committee on Finance and Buildings.* 


JAMES 8S. GRINNELL. HENRY S. HYDE. 
J. HOWE DEMOND. CHARLES A. GLEASON. 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty.* | 
THOMAS P. ROOT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON. ; 


WILLIAM H. BOWKER. J. D. W. FRENCH. 
* WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments.* 


ELIJAH W. WOOD. JAMES DRAPER. 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD. MERRITT I. WHEELER. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Committee on Experiment Department.* 


DANIEL NEEDHAM. ELIJAH W. WOOD. 
WILLIAM WHEELER. JAMES DRAPER. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. . 
SAMUEL B. BIRD, ae OF FRAMINGHAM. 


GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, ‘Chairman, OF LUNENBURG. 
VELOROUS TAFT, : i 3 oF Upton. 
GEORGE 8S. TAYLOR, . : ; . OF CHICOPEE FALLS. 
ATKINSON C; VARNUM, . 3 . OF LOWELL. 
NATHANIEL S. SHALER, . : . OF CAMBRIDGE. 


The Faculty. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., President, 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


* The president of the college is ex officio a member of each of the above 
committees. . 


4 


ma) 


1890. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. Al 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pbh.D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


Samy T. MAYNARD, B.Se., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B.Sc., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Ph.D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph.D., 
Professor of Zoology and Lecturer on Veterinary Science. 


Rev. CHARLES S. WALKER, Ph.D., 
Professor of Mental and Political Science. 


WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B.Sc., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


LESTER W. CORNISH, ist Lizur. 5Tra Cavatry, U. S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


GEORGE F. MILLS, M.A., 
Instructor in English. 


FRANK E: PAIGE, 
Lecturer on Farm Law. 


AUoLiIN PETERS, D.V.S., M.R.C.V.S., 
Lecturer on Hygiene and Care of Stock. 


JAMES B. PAIGE, V.S., 
’ Lecturer on Diseases of Domestic Animals. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., 
Librarian. . 


Graduates of 1889.* 


Blair, James Roswell (Boston Univ.),. . Warren. 
Copeland, Arthur Davis (Boston Univ.), . Campello. 
Crocker, Charles Stoughton (Boston Univ.), Sunderland. 


* The annual report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two 
academic years, and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been 
_ connected with the college during any portion of the year 1889. 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Davis, Franklin Ware (Boston Univ.), 
Hartwell, Burt Laws (Boston Univ ), 
Hubbard, Dwight Lauson (Boston Univ.), 
Hutchings, James Tyler (Boston Univ.), 
Kellogg, William Adams (Boston eee 
Miles, Arthur Lincoln, 

North, Mark Newell (Boston We 
Nourse, Arthur Merriam, 

Sellew, Robert Pease (Boston Bhar a 
Whitney, Charles Albion (Boston Univ.), 


Woodbury, Herbert Elwell (Boston Univ.),. 


Total, 


Senior Class. 


Barry, David, 

Bliss, Clinton Edwin, 
Castro, Arthur de Moraes e,. 
Dickinson, Dwight Ward, 
Felton, Truman Page, 
Goddard, George Andrew, 
Gregory, Edgar, 

Haskins, Henry Darwin, 
Herrero, José Maria, 

Jones, Charles Howland, 
Loring, John Samuel, 
McCloud, Albert Carpenter, . 
Mossman, Fred Way, 


Russell, Henry Lincoln, ; é 5 3 


Simonds, George Bradley, 
Smith, Frederic Jason, . 
Stowe, Arthur Nelson, . 
Taft, Walter Edward, 
Taylor, Fred Leon, 
West, John Sherman, 
Williams, Frank Oliver, 
Total, 


Junior Class. 


Arnold, Frank Luman,. 4 : 
Belden, Allan Montgomery, . : : 
Brown, Walter Augustus, 

Carpenter, Malcolm Austin, . 

Eames, Aldice Gould, ‘ 
Felt, Ephraim Porter, . é ; F 
Field, Henry John, : F ‘ ; 
Gay, Willard Weston, 

Horner, Louis Frederic, 


/ 


[Jan ° 


Tamworth, N. H. 
Littleton. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
North Amherst. 
Rutland. 
Somerville. 
Westborough. 
East Longmeadow. 
Upton. 
Gloucester. 

14 


Southwick. 

Attleborough. 

Juiz de Fora, Minas, Br azil. 
Amherst. 

Berlin. 

Turner’s Falls. 
Marblehead. 

North Amherst. 
Jovellanos, Cuba. 
Downer’s Grove, II]. 


. Shrewsbury. 


Amherst. 
Westminster. 
Sunderland. 
Ashby. 
North Hadley. 
Hudson. 
Dedham. 
Amherst. 
Belchertown. 
Sunderland. 
21 


Belchertown. 

East Whately. 
Feeding Hills. 
Leyden. 

North Wilmington. 
Northborough. 
Leverett. _ 
Georgetown. 
Newton Highlands. 


Stale A i lie eal 5 Miles 


Hull, John Byron, 
Johnson, Charles Henry, 
Lage, Oscar Vidal Barboza, . 


Legate, Howard Newton, 
Paige, Walter Cary, 

Phillips, John Edward Simton, 
Ruggles, Murray, . 

Sawyer, Arthur Henry, 


+ 


_ Shores, Harvey Towle, 


Tuttle, Harry Fessenden, 
Total, ; 


1890.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 43 


Stockbridge. 
Prescott. 
Juiz de Fora, Minas, 

Geraes, Brazil. 
Sunderland. 
Amherst. 
Brooklyn, Conn. 
Milton. 
Sterling. 
West Bridgewater. 
Jamaica Plain. 

19 


Sophomore Class. 


Baldus, Francis Gustave, 
Bardin, James Edgar, 
Boynton, Walter Ira, 
Chamberlain, Pierce Annesley, 
Clark, Edward Thornton, 
Condit, Charles De Hart, 
Crane, Henry Everett, 
Davidson, Royal Page, 


- Deuet, James Edward, . 


Eaton, Henry Newell, 
Emerson, Henry Bennett, 
Farrar, Frederick Allen, 
Field, Judson Leon, 
Fletcher, William, 

Fowle, Samuel Osie, 
Goldthwait, Jr., William J sb thins 
Graham, Charles Sumner, 
Hoar, Thomas, 

Holland, Edward Dib 
Howard, Henry Merton, 
Hubbard, Cyrus Moses, 
Lindsey, Ernest, 

Lyman, Richard Pope, 
McDonald, Frederick John, 


Magill, Claude Albion, 
Nauss, Charles Strum, 
Page, Harry Savage, 
Plumb, Frank Herbert, 
Rogers, Elliot, 


_ Sedgwick, Benjamin, . 


Smith, Robert Hyde, 
Stockbridge, Francis Granger, 


4 Stone, Harlan Fisk, 


Belchertown. 

Dalton. 

North Amherst. 

Northfield. 

Granby. 

Troy Hills, N. J. 

Weymouth. 

Highland Park, Ill. 

Amherst. 

South Sudbury. 

Gloucester. 

Ware. 

Leverett. 

Chelmsford. 

Wellesley. 

Marblehead. 

Holden. 

Amherst; 

Amherst. 

Franklin. 

Sunderland. 

Marblehead. 

Boston. 

Glenaladale, Lot 36, Prince 
Edward’s Island. 

Amherst. 

Gloucester. 

South Orange, N. J. 

Westfield. 

Allston. 

Cornwall Hollow, Conn. 

Amherst. 

Northfield. 

Amherst. 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Taylor, George Everett, . 4 . Shelburne. 
Thomson, Henry Martin, . : : . Monterey. 
Tyng, Charles, ; ; : . Victoria, Texas. 


Tyng, George Aieathine. : : : . Victoria, Texas. 
West, Homer Cady, . : : ; . Belchertown. 


Willard, George Bartlett, . : : . Waltham. 

Williams, Milton Hubbard, . 4 : . Sunderland. 

Wood, Augustus Roswell, . : ; . Central Village. 
Total, . é : : , s : 3 é s 41 


Freshman Class. 


Barrus, Sheridan Ezra, . : , ° . Goshen. 
Bartlett, Fred Goff, ; ; : ; . Hadley. 
Beals, Alfred Tennyson, . : : . Greenfield 
Clark, Henry Disbrow, . : . Plainfield. 


Curley, George Frederick, . : : . Upton. | 
Davis, Herbert Chester, i ‘ ‘ . Ambherst. 


Faneuf, Arthur Gelis, . : ; : . Amherst. 
Goodrich, Charles Augustus, : : . Hartford, Conn. 
Green, Carlton Dewitt, . , ; . . Belchertown. 
Gregory, James Howard, . 5 : . Marblehead. 
Harlow, Francis Turner, ; 5 y . Marshfield. 
Harlow, Harry James, . d 2 : . Shrewsbury. 
Harvey, David Pierce, . ; : ; . Townsend Harbor, 
Haskell, Ernest Albert, : : g . Ambherst. 
Hawkes, Ernest Alfred, . : . Williamsburg. 
Henderson, Frank Howard, . : : . Lynn. | 
Higgins, Nelson Francis, . ; : . Westhampton. 
Hoyt, Franklin Sherman, . : ; . Newton, Conn. 
Kellogg, John Hawkes, : . : . Hartford, Conn. 
Knight, Jewell Bennett, : ‘ : . Belchertown. 
Lane, William Arthur,. : 4 ‘ . Rockport. 
Lehnert, Eugene Hugo, : ; E . Clinton. 
Melendy, Alphonso Edward, ; . se | Sterline: 
Munro, David, ; ; ; ; : . Clinton. 
Parker, Charles Henry, : : ; . Holden. 
Pember, Walter Stephen, . : ‘ . Walpole. 
Perry, John Richards, . 5 : : . Boston. 
Poole, Jerome, . ‘ ; : . Rockport. 
Ranney, William Hong: . . South Ashfield. 
Smith, Cotton Atwood, . : ‘ . North Hadley. 
Smith, Fred Andrew, . : : : Ha Basar 
Smith, Luther Williams, . cae . Ashfield. 
Soule, George Wingate, : : . West Dedham. 
Staples, Henry Franklin, . : : . Leominster. 
Tinoco, Luiz Antonio Ferreira, . : . Campos, Rio Janeiro, 
Brazil. 


Walker, Edward Joseph, . : : . West Berlin. 


1890.] 


Marblehead. 


PUBLIC: DOCUMENT— No. 31. 
Weed, Wallace Dana, 
Wells, Louie Ensign, . : ‘ : - 


Woodbrey, Gilpin Brooks, 
Yamamura, Kohachi, 
Total, 


Cooley, B.Sc., Fred Smith, 

Crocker, B.Sc., Charles Stoughton (enetos 
Univ.), 

Flint, B.Sc., Maward Resan (Boston Unie y, 

Hartwell, B.Sc., Burt Laws (Boston Univ.), 


Kinney, BSc. Lorenzo Foster (Boston 
Univ ), 

Knapp, B.Sc., Baward vrerott (Boston 
Univ.), : 

Moore, BSc., oper. epeeck (Boson 
Univ.), 


Nourse, B.Sc., etic Merriam, 
Parsons, B.Sc , Wilfred Atherton, 
Shepardson, B.Sc , William Martin (eosin 


Univ.), ; : 
Woodbury, B.Sc., Her eae well, : 
Hotal,: é ° ; : ° 
Summary. 
Resident graduates, 


Graduates of 1889, 
Senior class, 
Junior class, 
Sophomore class, . 
Freshman class, 


Total, 


Palmer. 
Brighton. 


Yehimeken, Japan. 


Sunderland. 
Sunderland. 
Amherst. 
Littleton. 


Worcester. 


Glenwood. 


Framingham. 
Westborough. 
Southampton. 


Warwick. 
Gloucester. -~ 


40) 


11 


45 


‘Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


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48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


TEXT BOOKS. 


Packarp — ** Manual of Book-keeping.” 

Morron — ‘‘ Soil of the Farm.” 

Greoory — * Fertilizers.” 

Mires — ‘* Stock Breeding.” 

Armsspy — ‘* Manual of Cattle Feeding.” 

Gray — *‘ Manual of Botany.” 

Bessey — ‘‘ Botany for High Schools and Colleges.” 

FULLER — ‘‘ Practical Forestry.” 

Maynarp — * Practical Fruit Grower.” 

Scorr — ** Rural Homes.” 

Avery — ‘ Elements of Chemistry.” 

Wiis — *‘ Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 

WHEELER — ‘‘ Medical Chemistry.” 

Bioxam — ‘‘ Chemistry.” 

Dana — ‘‘ Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” 

Brusy — ** Determinative MineriGe and Blow- Pi 

Guyot — ‘‘ Physical Geogr sana 

Wentwortu — “ Algebra.” 

WENTWorRTH — ‘‘ Geometry.” 

‘We tts — “ Trigonometry.” 

Warner — ‘“‘ Mensuration.” 

Davies — ‘* Surveying.” 

Dana — ** Mechanics.” 

ATKINSON Ganot — ‘‘ Physics.” 

Loomis — ‘* Meteorology.” 

Comstock — ‘‘ Elementary Latin Book.”’ 

Wuitney — *‘ French Grammar.” 

GENuNG — ‘‘ Practical Elements of Rhetoric.” 

Keiioce — ** English Literature.” 

Porter — ‘‘ Elements of Intellectual Science.” 

WALKER — ‘ Political Economy.” 

Wuitr — ‘‘ Progressive Art Studies.” Elementary and Instru- 
mental. 


had 


To give not only a practical but a liberal education, is the aim 
in each department; and the several courses have been so arranged 
as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition 
and declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction — 
_ in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. 


we 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. AQ 


A certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the 
lessons of the recitation room are practically enforced in the garden 
and field. Students are allowed to work for wages during such 
leisure hours as are at their disposal. Under the Act by which 
the college was founded, instruction in military tactics is made 
imperative; and each student, unless physically debarred,* is 
required to attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the 
direction of a regular army officer stationed at the college. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the freshman class are examined, 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English 
grammar, geography, arithmetic, algebra to quadratic equations, 
the metric system, and the history of the United States. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire 
admission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of 
age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of good 
character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are re- 
quested to furnish the examining committee with their standing 
in the schools they have last attended. The previous rank of the 
candidate will be considered in admitting him. The regular exam- 
inations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at nine 
o’clock Aa.m., on Thursday, June 19, and on Tuesday, September 
2; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other 
time in the year. For the accommodation of those living in the 
eastern part of the State, examinations will also be held at nine 
o clock a.m.,on Thursday, June 19, at the oftice of the Secretary of 
the Board of Agriculture, in the Commonwealth Building, Boston ; 
and, for the accommodation of those in the western part of the 
State, at the same date and time, at the Sedgwick Institute, Great 
Barrington, by James Bird. 


DEGREES. 

Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor 
of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massa- 
chusetts, who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become 
members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive its 
diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming 
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. 


’ * Certificates of disability must be procured from Dr. D. B. N. Fish of Amherst. 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


EXPENSES. 
_ Tuition, in advance : — . ; 
Fall term, . : ; ‘ : ‘ $30 00 * 
Winter term, . : : : ; 5 25 00 


Summerterm, . : 


. A : ; 25 00 $80 00 $80 00 
Room rent, in advance, $5.00 to $16.00 per 


term, at's : ; : ; : 15 00 A8 00 
Board, $2.50 to $5.00 per week, : , 95 00 190 00 
Fuel, $5.00 to $15.00 per year, . , : 5 00. 15 00 
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, . : : 11 40 -. 22 80 
Military suit, . : : ; : : . SENT pads 17 75 

Expenses per year, . ; ; i $224 15 $373 55 


Board in clubs has been two dollars and fifty cents per week ; in 
private families, four to five dollars. The military suit must be 
obtained immediately upon entrance at college, and used in the 
drill exercises prescribed. For the use of the laboratory in prac- 
tical chemistry there will be a charge of ten dollars per term used. 
Some expense will also be incurred for lights and for text books. 
Students whose homes are within the State of Massachusetts can 
in most cases obtain a scholarship by applying to the senator of 
the district in which they live. The outlay of money can be fur- 
_ ther’ reduced by work during leisure hours on the farm or in the 
botanic department. Application should be made to the professors 
in charge of said departments. The opportunities for work are 
more abundant during the fall and summer terms. — 


ROOMS. 


All students, except those living with parents or guardians, will 


be required to occupy rooms in the college dormitories. 
For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 


following measurements are given: In the new south dormitory, the — 


study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess seven 
feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven feet 
two inches by eight feet five inches. This building is heated by 
steam. In the north dormitory, the corner rooms are fourteen by 
fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. ‘The 
inside rooms are thirteen feet and one-half by fourteen feet and 
one-half, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove is 
furnished with each room. Mr. Thomas Canavan has the general 
superintendence of the dormitories, and all correspondence rela- 
tive to the engaging of rooms should be with him. 


— 


~1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 51 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 
~~ ESTABLISHED BY PrivaTE INDIVIDUALS. 


Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield. 

Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton. ; 
Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Henry Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth. 


The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to 
worthy students requiring aid. 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free 


scholarship for each of the congressional districts of the State. 


Applications for such scholarships should be made to the repre- 
sentative from the district to which the applicant belongs. The 
selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member 
of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent 
in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem 
to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous 
constitution, and should enter college with the intention of remain- 
ing through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit connected 
with agriculture. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four 
years, from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to 
enable the trustees of said college to provide, for the students of said 
institution, the theoretical and practical education required by its charter 
and the law of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free schol- 
arships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com- 
monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by 
the president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then 
in office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships 
shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, if there shall 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any sena- 
torial district, such scholarships may be distributed by the president of 
the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but 
no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an 
examination in accordance with the rules to be established as hereinbe- 
fore provided. 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following Resolve, making 
perpetual the scholarships established : — 


Resolved, 'That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty- 
six of the Resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be 
given and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter. 


In: accordance with these resolves, anyone desiring admission to 
the college can apply to the senator of his district for a schol- 
arship. ‘Blank forms of application will be furnished by the 
president. 


EQUIPMENT. 


BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Botanic Museum.—This contains the Knowlton herbarium, 
consisting of over ten thousand species of plants from nearly all 
‘parts of the world; a collection of models of nearly all of the 
leading varieties of apples and pears; a large collection of speci- 
mens of wood, cut so as to show their individual structure; nu- 
merous models of tropical and other fruits ; specimens of abnormal 
and peculiar forms of stems, fruits, vegetables, etc.; many inter- 
esting specimens of unnatural growths of trees and plants, natural 
grafts, etc.; together with many specimens and models, prepared 
for illustrating the growth and structure of plants, and including 
a model of the ‘‘ giant squash,” which raised by its expansive 
force the enormous weight of five thousand pounds. 

The botanic lecture room, in the same building, is provided with 
diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrating 
structural and systematic botany; also fourteen compound micro- 
scopes of R. B. Tolles and other manufacturers, with objectives, 
ranging from four inch to one-fifteenth inch focal length. In the 
study of structural botany, the students become familiar with the 
use of the compound microscope, and see the objects studied for 
themselves ;. special attention being given to the practical study of 
the structure and growth of the common plants, cultivated in the 
green-house, garden, or on the farm. ‘This work is done in the 
botanical laboratory connected with the lecture room. 


— 


1890.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 53 


Conservatories. —'The Durfee conservatory, the gift of the Hon. 
Nathan Durfee, contains a large collection of plants especially 
adapted to illustrate the principles of structural, systematic and 
economic botany, together with all the leading plants used for 
house culture, cut flowers, and out-door ornamentation. Here 
instruction is given in méthods of propagation, cultivation, train- 
ing, varieties, etc., by actual practice, each student being expected 
to do all the different kinds of work in this department. ‘These 
houses are open at all times to the public and the students, who 
may watch the progress of growths and methods of cultivation. 

Two new propagating houses have been built the last season, 
one heated with steam and the other with hot waters; combining 
many illustrations in the way of methods of building, which, 
together with the other green-houses, afford an abundant oppor- 
tunity for the study of green-house building and heating. 

Fruits. —The orchards, of ten to fifteen acres, contain all the 
standard varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, etc., 
in bearing condition. Several acres of small fruits are also grown 
for the markets. The vineyard, of one and one-half acres, con- 
tains from thirty to forty varieties of fully tested kinds of grapes. 
New varieties of all the above fruits are planted in experimental 
plats, where their merits are fully tested. All varieties of fruits, 
together with the ornamental trees, shrubs and plants, are dis- 
tinctly labelled, so that students and visitors may readily study 
their characteristics. Methods of planting, training, pruning, 
cultivation, study of varieties, gathering and packing of fruits, 
etc., are taught by field exercises, the students doing a large part 


of the work in this department. 


Nursery. — This contains more than twenty-five thousand trees, - 
shrubs and vines in various stages of growth, where the various 
methods of propagating by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, 
pruning and training of young trees, are practically taught to the 
students. 

Garden.— All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are 
grown in this department for market, furnishing ample illustra- 
tion of the treatment of all market-garden crops, special attention 
being given to the selection of varieties and the growth of seed. 
The income from the sales of trees, plants, flowers, fruits and 
vegetables, aids materially in the support of the department, and 
furnishes illustrations of the methods of business, with which all 
students are expected to become familiar. 

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 
grown in the nursery; and plantations have been made upon the 
college grounds and upon private property in the vicinity, in 


54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Jan. 


various stages of growth, affording good examples of this most 
important subject. A large grove in all stages of growth is 
connected with this department, where the methods of pruning 
forest trees and the management and preservation of forests can 
be illustrated. 


NaturAL History DEPARTMENT. 


The department of zoology is well supplied with microscopes 
and accessories necessary for the study of the lower forms of life 
and the tissue of the higher animals. The State collection of 
specimens illustrating the natural history of Massachusetts has 
been put on exhibition in the new cabinet, and is valuable for 
purposes of instruction. To this has recently been added a 
collection of skeletons, models and stuffed animals, purchased 
from Prof. H. A. Ward, and a fine collection of corals presented 
by the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge. 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. | 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 
mechanics and physics. For civil engineering there is an Eckhold’s 
omnimeter, a solar compass, an engineer’s transit, a surveyor’s 
transit, two common compasses, two levels, a sextant, four chains, 
-three levelling rods, and such other incidental apparatus as is nec- 
essary for practical field work. For mechanics there is a full set 
of mechanical powers, and a good collection of apparatus for illus- 
tration in hydrostatics, hydro-dynamics and pneumatics. For 
physics ‘the apparatus is amply sufficient for illustrating the gen- 


eral principles of sound, heat, light and electricity. Adjacent to- 


the commodious lecture room are a battery room and the physical 
cabinet, to which latter has been lately added much valuable 
apparatus. 

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


This department has charge of instruction in general, agricult- 
ural and analytical chemistry, and, at present, of that in miner- 
alogy and chemical geology. For demonstration and practical 
work in these subjects, the department is equipped as follows : — 


For general chemistry, the lecture room contains a series of — 


thirty wall charts, illustrative of chemical processes on the large 
scale; a series of seven wall charts, showing the composition of 
food materials ; and a collection of apparatus for demonstration on 
the lecture table. For agricultural chemistry there is on hand a 
good typical collection of raw and manufactured materials, illus- 
trating fertilization of crops and the manufacture of fertilizers ; 


a partial collection of grains and other articles of foods, and of 


4 
; 
F. 


1890.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. D5 


their proximate constituents. For analytical chemistry there is a 
laboratory for beginners, in a capacious room, well lighted and 
ventilated, and furnished with fifty-two working tables, each table 
being provided with sets of reagents, wet and dry, a fume chamber, 
water, gas, drawer and locker, the whole arranged on an improved 
plan; a laboratory for advanced students, with eight tables, and 
provided with gas, water, fume chambers, drying baths, furnaces, 
two Becker analytical balances, and incidental apparatus. Both 
laboratories are supplied with collections of natural and artificial 
products used in analytical practice. For instruction in mineralogy, 
use is made of the larger chemical laboratory. A small collection 
of cabinet specimens, and a collection of rough specimens for work 
in determinative mineralogy, serve for practical study. For in- 
struction in chemical geology, the laboratory possesses a collection 
of typical cabinet specimens. 


LIBRARY. 


This now numbers ninety-one hundred and sixty volumes, having 
been increased during the year, by gift and purchase, eight hun- 
dred and seventy-five volumes. It is placed in the lower hall of 
the new chapel-library building, and is made available to the gen- 
eral student for reference or investigation. It is especially valu- 
able as a library of reference, and no pains will be spared to make it 
complete in the departments of agriculture, horticulture and botany, 
and the natural sciences. It is open a portion of each day for 
consultation, and an hour every evening for the drawing of books. 


PRIZES. 


RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


The prizes heretofore offered by Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., 
will this year be given by Hiram Kendall, of the class of 1876. 
These prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are 
open to competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the 
sophomore and freshman classes. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- 
sand dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to be 
called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grin- 
nell, Esq , of New York. These two prizes are to be paid in cash 
to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the 
best oral and written examination in theoretical and practical 
agriculture. 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan.’90. 


Hitxis: BoTranicAaL PRrRIzEs. 


For the best’ herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1890 a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a 
prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col- 
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection 
of dried plants from the college farm. 

The prizes in June, 1889, were awarded as follows : — 

Kendall Rhetorical Prizes.— Aldice G. Eames (1891), Ist; 
Walter A. Brown (1891), 2d; Harlan F. Stone (1892), Ist; 
Claude A. Magill (1892), 2d. 

Grinnell Agricultural Prizes. — Burt L. Hartwell (1889), 1st; 
Charles A. Whitney (1889), 2d. 

fills Botanical Prize. — William A. Kellogg (1889). 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 
8.15 a.m. and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 
A.M., unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made 
to attend divine service elsewhere. Further opportunities for 
moral and religious culture are afforded by a Bible class taught at 
the close of the Sunday morning service, and by religious meetings 
~ held on Sunday afternoon and during the week, under the auspices 
of the Young Men’s Christian Union. 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s 
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central Mas- 
sachusetts Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the Connec- 
ticut River Railroad and with the New Haven & Northampton 
Railroad. 

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one 
of the finest views in New England. The large farm of three 
hundred and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native 
forests, gives the student the freedom and quiet of a country 
home. 


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58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


} 


ON THE MOST PROFITABLE USE OF COMMER- 
CIAL MANURES.* 


By PrRor. PAUL WAGNER, DIRECTOR OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
STATION, DARMSTADT, GERMANY. 


In 1879, just ten years ago, there was published by Professor 
Maercker a discussion bearing the above title. This discussion 
was of great value. It presented the experience which prominent 
agriculturists, particularly farmers of the Province of Saxony, 
had collected concerning the application of commercial manures, 


and which Maercker’s skilful hand and practised eye admirably 


incorporated in a summarized statement of the doctrines of manur- 
ing, conformable to the knowledge of the times, and the then 
existing needs of agriculture. 

The aim of this paper is to’ present, in the briefest possible out- 
line, the present situation, in several chapters, of manuring, and 
then to attempt to give proper place and value to the experience 
of the past decade in the science of manuring. This latter will 
at the same time be presented in somewhat changed and enlarged 
proportions. 

I at once present this question: Under what conditions is it pos- 
sible to essentially increase the return from the soil by the applica- 
tion of artificial fertilizers? The answer is, Wherever hungry 
plants grow, wherever the earth produces plants which hunger for 
nitrogen, phosphoric acid or potash, there the application of com- 
mercial manures should be made. 

The cause for small returns is not always a lack of plant food. 
Often the plant suffers from thirst; from insufficient porosity of 
the soil, whereby the root development is checked; from caking 


of the soil, which works harmfully ; from impenetrability of the 
soil, by which stagnant water with all its attendant evils is en- 


* Translated by Prof. Charles Wellington, in answer to the demand for informa- 
tion on the subject. . . 


\ 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 59 


tailed; from deficiency of lime, of humus, etc.; jn short, there 
are very many physical and chemical relations of soil or unfayor- 
able conditions of weather which prevent the plant from a healthy 
development, and which diminish the crop. 

In such cases, generally, the plant has no need of a large 
addition of food; it does not hunger. The small quantities of 
nutriment present in the soil suffice to produce the crops possible 
under so unfavorable circumstances. Here the establishment of 
better conditions must be made by irrigation or draining, deep 
culture, better ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, marling, mucking, 
ete. The plants will then attain a development requiring, for the 
production of the harvest then possible, a greater food supply 
than the unenriched soil can yield. 

Deep, well-tilled, humus loam, under good atmospheric condi- 
tions, offers, therefore, relatively the best pledge for a sure effect 
‘from commercial manures; and every means which improves the 
quality of soil advances the success of the same. lLuxuriant plant 
growth and intensive soil culture are synonymous with intensive 
conversion of plant food into crops. The demand for, and con- 
sumption of, plant food, must therefore always be greatest where 
the greatest yield is produced or producible. In a given case, the 
more favorable the conditions, aside from those relative to nitro- 
gen, phosphoric acid and potash, the faster will be the consump- 
tion of, and the quicker the hunger for, those substances, and just 
so much earlier can an addition of plant food, beyond that barely 
necessary to appease hunger, be made to the crops; that is, the 
crops can, as it were, be fattened. 

In intensive cattle feeding, something more is sought to be ac- 
complished than the satisfying of the mere needs of the animals. 
Were it simply a question of appeasing hunger, food could often 
be saved. But a further end is sought; namely, an intensive con- 
version of fodder constituents into animal matter within the animal 
organism ; namely, a production of milk, muscle, fat, which shall 
be considerably greater than that actually demanded by the ani- 
mals, and which can only be accomplished by increasing the appe- 
tite, by the use of specially palatable and easily digestible food. 

But the same order holds in crop production. When feasible, 
plants should be cultivated which possess prominent productive 
powers, — as it were, great fattening capacity; and these plants 
_ should be stimulated to more intensive assimilation and work of 
transmutation than correspond to their normal necessities, by being 
supplied with easily soluble manures. As already stated, the best 
possible results are to be reached only on better grades of soil, and 
under relatively favorable conditions. Still, it would be a grave 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


mistake to assume that artificial manures can be used advan- 
tageously only on the better grades of soil. This would be abso- 
lutely incorrect; for large, and, under favorable circumstances, 
larger results are secured from the application of artificial manures 
on poor and even neglected and exhausted soils. In such cases, 
the application of fertilizing materials must be made with greater 
precaution and intelligence; for it demands far greater attention 
to special conditions, and entails greater risk than with better 
soils. Saltpetre manuring, for example, on soils of low grade, 
requires more precaution than on medium soils. After the appli- 
cation of saltpetre, the danger of loss of nitrogen has to be taken 
into account, in extremely permeable soils subject to repeated rain 
washings, and in heavy soils that are liable to cake and harden. 
Moreover, a very light soil often permits the plants to thirst in 
midsummer, and thus renders them incapable of elaboration of 
large quantities of nitrogen. For this reason, on such soils arti- © 
ficial manures are more frequently applied with winter crops, 
while in spring crops the chief feeding period is advanced as much 
as possible. 

Unfavorable physical conditions of soil diminish the guarantee 
of a satisfactory effect from commercial manures; and yet, in the 
use of these, it is possible to check the interference of the former 
with plant development. Intensive nutrition of the plant in its 
earlier stages effects a deeper,root growth, whereby evil results of 
drought are prevented; it likewise effects an early shading of the 
ground, which opposes surface hardening; also, a more vigorous 
development of the plant, thereby diminishing danger from surface 
and subterranean enemies, which in unfavorable weather threaten, 
in the form of fungous diseases, etc., and which, as is well known, 
are much greater in soils of poor quality than in those of better. 

Although it is true that a soil well found as to culture and 
plant food better ensures effect from’ artificial manures than a | 
neglected and exhausted one, it is, on the other hand, important 
to emphasize the fact that a cautious and rational application of 
commercial manures to an exhausted soil can often bring about 
very valuable returns. As is generally known, an application 
of barnyard manure on such soils has very little effect at first. 
Only after a series of years, and after repeated and heavy appli- 
cations of manure, can the former fruitfulness of the soil be 
recovered. But, with the aid of artificial manures, we are in a ~ 
position to bring this soil to high productive power at once, and 
to retain it there until the barnyard manure yields generous results, 
and has brought back a richness lost by previous irrational 
exhaustive management. | 


Me 7 


> 


1890.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 61 


By these brief hints it will be seen that artificial manures are 
applicable not only to rich. but also to poor soils; and they can 


render the observant farmer, be his soil what it may, a most wel- 


come service. 

I will summarize as follows : — 

1. Commercial manures place the farmer who cultivates inten- 
sively in a position to bring his crops, even of those varieties 
which need most plant food or are most productive, to their highest 
development, increasing the yield to a degree that is not possible 
by mere barnyard manuring; and furthermore, they place him in 


a position to return very exhaustive crops to their former fields, 


after relatively short intervals, and that without perceptible 
diminution of yield or exhaustion of the soil. 

2. Commercial manures place the cautious and circumspect 
farmer in a position to increase, temporarily or permanently, the | 
development of crops on every soil, even on the poorer; and to so 
adjust the nutrition of the same to the peculiar relations of soil, 
climate and weather, as to secure full advantage from the favor- 
able conditions, diminishing, and, as far as possible, removing, 
the unfavorable. 

3. Commercial fertilizers enable the farmer who cultivates 
extensively to make the most of his wide acres for the storing of 
atmospheric nitrogen. Phosphates and potash salts give to 
lupine, clover, vetches, pease, serradella, etc., the power to with- 
draw from the atmosphere great quantities of nitrogen, thus enrich- 
ing husbandry with the most valuable of all fertilizers. They also 
enable them to increase the food capital, and to gradually trans- 
form the extensive production into an intensive one, thereby © 
increasing both the value of the land and the revenue. 

The inquiry now is pertinent, What are the plant foods, and in 
what quantities shall we apply them in a given case, in order to 
obtain the highest possible net profit? The answering of this 
query is fraught with difficulties. It is easy in a particular case 
to say whether or not commercial fertilizers would produce an 
increased yield. The crops often tell whether or not they are 
suffering from hunger. Their pale color betrays a lack of nitrogen ; 
or a red-brown shade in the green of the leaves indicates that the 
slowness of their development, in spite of rain and sunshine, is a 
result of insufficient nourishment. A single trial, even, shows 
whether the soil is really receptive of manures; and, to the 
farmer’s experienced eye, there is no particular cEeorly in deter- 
mining approximately the extent of this. 

But the questions, Which foods are superfluous; which, on the 
contrary, are necessary ; and how much of each is demanded in a 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


given case to reach the highest possible net gain? are not so easy 
to answer. I will attempt in a single example to state the case 
clearly, and to show the difficulty in question. Assume that we 
are able to raise the yield of a certain wheat field to the extent of 
2,000 pounds of grain. With what have we to fertilize the field? 
In 2,000 pounds of wheat, grain and straw, there are, in round 
numbers, 20 pounds of phosphoric acid, 30 pounds of potash, and 
60 pounds of nitrogen. Shall we produce the increased yield, if 
we add these quantities of the respective substances to the soil? 
No; for with greater production of surface substance, more roots 
are formed, and these also need food. Furthermore, the fact 
must be borne in mind that the soil will not yield up to the plants 
immediately the entire amount of food which it has received. It 
retains sometimes more, sometimes less, for succeeding crops. 
Consequently, we must bring into the soil considerably more than 
the above. 

Let us now assume that the following amounts have been added 
to the soil: 120 pounds of phosphoric acid, 80 pounds of potash, 
and 100 pounds of nitrogen. Can we now reckon on an increased 
yield of 2,000 pounds of grain and about 3,000 pounds of straw? 
Yes. But is this manuring a rational one? No, at least not 
unconditionally. And why not? Because we have wasted per- 
haps the one or the other of these food materials. Our task is to 
_ increase the yield by 2,000 pounds at the least possible expense ; 
for the gross yield is to us nothing, the net profit everything. - 
In view of this, we must ask, Is the soil really lacking in each of 
these food constituents, and to the amount assumed? Is it not 
possible that 60 pounds of phosphoric acid, instead of 120, would 
have sufficed, since perhaps the soil still contains residues of this 
material from previous manuring? Is it not possible that we 
could have omitted the potash application altogether, because the 
soil, being naturally so rich in potash, has perhaps actually no 
need of application of potash salts? Or, again, if indeed 120 
pounds of phosphoric acid and 80 pounds of potash were really 
necessary to produce the increase, is it not possible that we could 
have economized in the costly nitrogen manuring? Is it not pos- 
sible that the soil is chiefly exhausted only of phosphoric acid and 
potash, and that, in consequence of intensive barnyard or green 
manuring, or of the value of the humus or of rich nitrogenous 
remains, such as pea, vetch, clover or lupine roots, etc., it con- 
tains an excess of nitrogen? 

All this is’ quite possible. We have practised great extrava- 
gance, and could have compounded a much cheaper manure and 
still have obtained the full increase. To manure rationally, we 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 63 


must question not only the needs of the plant, but also the 
manurial conditions and food supply of the soil. We must know 
both the quantities of food constituents which the crop needs and 
also the amount of the various kinds of available food in the soil, | 
to be able to judge whether the additional need of the crop in one 
or the other constituent cannot be supplied either entirely or partly 
from residues now in the soil. 

By what means can we learn whether the soil contains a surplus 
of phosphoric acid or nitrogen or potash, or of any two of these? 
Can we learn by means of a chemical investigation of the soil? 
No; this has been tried repeatedly, but with no satisfactory 
result. The quantities of food constituents which are dissolved 
by chemical reagents do not always correspond to those quantities 
which the plant roots are able to appropriate from the soil. There- 
fore, conclusions respecting the fruitfulness of the soil, arrived at 
from study of the results of chemical -analysis, are often entirely 
incorrect. Very often it has appeared that soils which, according 
to the results of chemical analysis, are rich in phosphoric acid, are, 
so far as the plants are concerned, very poor in this constituent. 
Soils whose total content of phosphoric acid is relatively slight, 
are not always, by any means, in need of phosphate manuring. 

Elements of plant food appear in great variety of combinations, 


and in many different degrees of solubility. Chemical analysis is 


not in a position to apply a solvent to soils, corresponding to the 
decomposing agencies of the natural field and to the dissolving 
power of the roots. Such a solvent is not yet discovered. Safe 
conclusions concerning the needs of a soil, as to manuring, can be 
drawn from the results of chemical analysis only when these 
show exceptionally high or low amounts present. As a rule, 


therefore, we must seek other means for solution of the question 


before us. Such we have in the fertilizer experiment; and this 
brings us to a theme which might easily lead to tedious and pro- 
longed discussions, but I shall endeavor to be brief. I will show 
in a few words that the fertilizer experiment, at least as it is 
commonly carried out, fails to accomplish the purpose. 

Take, again, the above example, and let us assume that by the 
fertilizer experiment it can be proved whether potash or phosphoric 
acid or nitrogen, or any two of these materials, can be spared 
either half or entirely from the manure, without thereby diminish- 
ing the yield which would have been obtained by applying the 
entire manure. We make the following trials : — 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


MANURIAL INGREDIENTS APPLIED IN 
POUNDS PER ACRE. 
NUMBER OF EXPERIMENT. ania’ 
eae Potash. Nitrogen. 
18 ~ — ~ 
a 54 36 «AA 
35 _ 36 44 
4, - - 44 
5, d4 36 ~ 
6, o4 - - 
ds o4 a 44 
8, DY, 36 44 
o 2d 18 44 
10, OT ats : 44 
ine 54 36 22. 


Here are trials each of which should be made at least twice, 
which results in twenty-two trials. The amount of labor involved 
is great. Even if we brave the work and expense, will the result 
correspond to the trouble? Let us consider. Assume that the 
experiments have been carefully carried out, and are successful ; 
that the weather has caused no failures; that there were no ine- 
qualities in character of soil; that birds have consumed the same 
amount from each plot; that the damage from insects, mice and 
fungoid diseases, loss of seed in cutting, transporting, threshing, 
etc., has fallen alike on all plots, so that the figures obtained can 
be accepted as sufficiently accurate. How far, now, do the results 
bring us? To what extent do they enable us to arrange a manure 
for our soils? Let us assume to have found, with or without 
phosphoric acid, an equal increase. We most certainly infer that, 
in the present case, it would have been rational not to fertilize this 
wheat field with phosphoric acid. But what further conclusion 
therefrom? That, in future, we do not need to manure this or 
similar fields with phosphoric acid? No, at least not without 
further study; for the phosphoric acid surplus shown by these 
experiments consisted perhaps simply of a quickly consumed 
residual from the last manuring, but. not of an annually formed 
quantity of soluble phosphoric acid, coming from a reserve in the 
soil. 

Thus our twenty-two carefully executed experiments would have 
told us, at autumn, how we should have manured that particular 
soil in the spring. We do not know whether we should manure 
with phosphoric acid, and with how much we should manure the 
crops succeeding the wheat, which would very possibly demand 
from the soil quite different proportions of phosphoric acid, ete. 


1890.] _ PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 65 


This is indeed poor success. We may well counsel against such 
slightly profitable experiments, or indeed save ourselves even this 
effort ; for the -farmer, in spite of much advice to the contrary, 
never makes such experiments, and for this he cannot be blamed. 
I endorse his views, when he considers that a thorough and reliable 
experiment costs more than the value of the results, and that a 
superficial experiment and careless interpretation of results leads 
to very serious errors. 

I am of the firm belief, that, in this entire subject, study has 
not been carried on in quite the right direction, and that funda- 
mental reform must be aimed at, in order to render possible a 
well-planned and rational application of artificial manures. At 
present, there is much to be desired. General rules are adhered 
to. Guessing and trying in every direction is the practice. Con- 
cerning the actual need of potash in the soil, we are ignorant; 
and we quiet our curiosity by applying here and there a little 
potash, without once knowing whether its application is in the 
right place, is sufficient, or indeed even necessary. We manure 
with superphosphate and Thomas slag according to the most 
general rules, but cannot possibly determine whether too much or 
too little is applied. We do not know how long a phosphorie acid 
application lasts, nor how much remains for the second and third 
crop after manuring. We do not know whether different phos- 
phates become gradually more or less soluble in different soils, 
nor in what degrees. In short, we grope in the dark. The farmer 
can give himself no satisfactory account of his actions in these 
matters. It is therefore impossible for him to protect himself 
from profitless investment, or to get full advantage from oppor- 
tunities offered. I will indicate the direction from which I hope 
for a change for the better, and present the following state- 
ments : — 

The belief in the necessity of accurately measuring the quan- 
tities of phosphoric acid and potash required by each cultivated 
plant is incorrect and irrational. The intelligent farmer, practising 
intensive cultivation, long ago discovered the correct method of 
procedure. He places in the soil a surplus of phosphoric acid and 
potash ; and this I hold to be entirely right. Nitrogen should be 
measured out to the plant as accurately as possible, but not 
phosphoric acid and potash. How much phosphoric acid is needed 
in a particular case, —?7. e., for a particular plant on a particular 
soil, —in order to produce the-greatest possible yield, cannot be 
closely calculated. The one soil is rich in potash, the other poor ; 
the one rich in phosphoric acid, the other poor. The one crop 
needs much easily soluble potash or phosphoric acid, the other 


‘ 


2a ake AGRICULTURAL ‘COLLEGE. ~ [ Jan. 


little. The one soil yields the phosphoric acid, applied in easily 
soluble form, directly; the other renders it less soluble, and 
demands a relatively heavier manuring to produce an equal result. 
The one soil has never or very rarely received phosphates, the 
other large quantities almost yearly; and it is possible that the 
latter possesses a store cqual to the demand for several years. 

How can the farmer find his way through all these difficulties ? 
He cannot. Nothing remains but to apply an excess of both food 
constituents ; and in this there is indeed no danger, for potash 
and phosphoric acid are substances which the soil binds up and 
preserves for later crops, in case the one immediately following 
demands them only partially or not at all. ; 7 

With nitrogen it is quite different. Nitrogen is not bound by 
the soil; it remains freely movable. The residual from a crop 
would be in danger, during the winter months, of being washed 
into the subsoil, and lost. 

But, aside from all the difficulties, at present insurmountable, 
which prevent an exact measurement of phosphoric acid and pot- 
ash, this is not the correct procedure ; and, further, it is under 
all circumstances rational to apply a surplus of these food con- 
stituents. In support of this, I adduce the following : — 

Assume that, of the phosphoric acid in the soil, not more than 
one-half pound per acre can be assimilated. This, then, might 
suffice, if the plant development progressed uniformly, and the 
weather was favorable during the entire period of vegetation. 
But continuously favorable weather we never have. — 

Now let the plants thirst for weeks at a time. No phosphoric 
acid is assimilated, nothing is elaborated. If rain comes and then 
warm weather, the plants must, if a maximum harvest is to be 
had, retrieve what has been lost, and within the next week elabo- 
rate as much as they should have done in two or three weeks’ 
time. For this two or three fold daily production they require a 
two or three fold quantity of phosphoric acid; and this they can 
get only when there is in store a corresponding surplus, a supply 
from which, during a few days, the plants can draw more than 
under normal circumstances is necessary. 

A sure maximum harvest, under actual circumstances, is only 
obtained when the plant is in position to take full advantage of 
particularly favorable weather, such as is presented only during 
very limited periods of time. The storage of phosphoric acid in 
the soil must therefore be sufficiently large to meet not only the 
normal demand of the plant, but also an occasional abnormal re- 


quirement. Consider the enormous amount of plant material often — 


produced on’ a rich field, in a few days of warm, moist weather, 


1890. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 67 


and the large quantities of phosphoric acid which within a short 
space must be assimilated and incorporated. 

What we have found to be true of phosphoric acid must also be 
true of potash; for this does not remain in freely removable con- 
dition, like the saltpetre nitrogen. It is absorbed, and only given 
up by the soil in small quantities. Therefore, I say, a sufficient 
excess of phosphoric acid and potash must be present in the soil, 
—a supply sufficient to satisfy the demand not only on days of 
normal production, but also on days of the most vigorous growth. 

But if now we accept the demand for storing a surplus of phos- 
phorie acid and potash m the soil as one of general importance, 
then the question relative to our fertilizer experiment takes a much 
more simple form, and its requirements are more easily fulfilled. 

If a field be manured simply with the usual amount of phos- 
phoric acid, leaving a small area, say fifty square yards, without 
application, it can be determined without difficulty whether the 
phosphoric acid acts, or not. Any effect should be detected by 
the eye, and, roughly, the amount. This is especially plain in the 
straw crops at a very early period, before and during the stem 
formation, and not, as has erroneously been supposed, at the seed 
setting. If the phosphoric acid acts, then surely the manuring 
Was necessary, and a sufficient surplus was not previously on 
hand. | 

With the next crop, the manuring is to be repeated; and again 
a small piece, of course in a different position from the first, is to 
be left free from manure. Observation is again made as to any 
effect, and its degree. In case af an apparent effect, especially 
of a very marked one, the phosphate manuring is continued per- 
haps through a series of years, and eventually increased. From 
year to year, then, the soil becomes richer in this food constituent ; 
for, of every 200 pounds of soluble phosphoric acid brought into 
the soil, the next succeeding crop uses, as a rule, not more than 
20, 40 or 60 pounds, 140 to 180 pounds remaining in the soil, for 
the use of the succeeding cultures. Thus, from year to year, the 
point is neared from which the phosphoric acid manuring can be 
diminished without danger of starving the plants. In the execu- 
tion of the experiments just indicated, which I will more minutely 
describe in another place, there is no difficulty in following the 
changes in the fertilized condition of the soil, or in drawing prac- 
tical results from observations made. 

The question, With how much phosphoric acid and potash shall 
we fertilize our domestic plants, in order to reach:an increased 
yield of greatest net profit? would accordingly be answered as 
follows. By means of an easily performed experiment, whose 


‘ 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


results can be determined even by ocular observation, we deter- 
mine whether, in the soil to be fertilized, there is a deficiency or 
' surplus of phosphoric acid and potash. If a deficiency is shown, 
we apply the food constituents named, in quantities within the 
limits of ordinary practice. During the first years, in case the 
soil has shown itself to be very much in need of manure, heavy 
applications (60 to 70 pounds of soluble, or 125 to 145 pounds 
Thomas, phosphoric acid per acre) are made, in order to ensure a 
sufficient surplus. With the phosphate manuring in particular, 
one should not be too economical. Phosphoric acid is now at a 
very low price, and the Thomas slag offers a most advantageous 
means by which to supply the soil with this ingredient. In vine- 
yards, orchards, and every field on which deep culture is practised, 
the lower soil layers should be furnished richly with Thomas slag. 
After having applied phosphoric acid abundantly during a series 
of years, light manuring may take the place of the heavy (25 to © 
35 pounds soluble, or 50 to 70 pounds Thomas, phosphoric acid 
per acre). The after-effect of earlier manurings is now obtained, 
and by experiment we determine whether phosphoric acid applica- 
tion cannot often be entirely omitted. When, for example, Mr. 
F. Heine of Emersleben* reckons that during a period of sixteen 
years he has incorporated into his farm an average per acre of not 
less than 57 pounds of phosphoric acid a year more than he has 
removed, it is not surprising that further phosphoric acid manur- 
ing should effect nothing in his soil already so strongly enriched, 
and that he could rely for several years on this collected supply. 

The necessary surplus of phosphoric acid must not be permitted 
to become a superfluity. This is also to be said concerning 
potash ; but naturally rich potash soils are far more abundant than’ 
those rich in phosphoric acid, and with the potash supply of the 
soil more caution is necessary. Potash is indeed absorbed by the 
pulverized soil, but it becomes soluble again more easily than 
phosphoric acid; and many domestic plants are very sensitive to 
strong potash manuring. More attention is therefore to be given 
to potash manuring than to that of phosphoric acid, and care 
must be taken to avoid a too great surplus of potash salts in the 
soil. 

The rule which the farmer must follow in supplying his crops 
with these important foods is clear in principle and very simple ; 
namely, to enrich the soil with the food constituents under considera-_ 
tion, until they are present in sufficient surplus, — that is, till a fur- 
ther enrichment is without effect; and to hold the soil in this degree 
of food surplus. 


* Deutche Landwirtschaftliche Presse, 1886, No. 33. 


1890. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 69 


Having reached this fundamental law for phosphoric acid and 
potash manuring, we turn to the subject of nitrogen manuring, 
and first ask, Must we manure all domestic plants with nitrogen? 
To this question we say, No. Pease, vetches, clover, lupines, 
lucerne and similar plants make far less demands on the nitrogen 
content of the soil than oats, barley, wheat, rye, buckwheat, 
beets, carrots, potatoes, tobacco, flax, rape, grass, spurrey, white 
mustard, etc. ; so that only in exceptional cases can it be rational 
to manure the first-named plants with nitrogen salts. They pos- 
sess a peculiar power to avail themselves of atmospheric nitrogen, 
while the latter lack this ability, and must therefore draw the 
entire amount of nitrogen necessary for their development from 
the soil. 

I have carried out, in connection with this question, very many 
experiments in the most diverse directions, and will here adduce a 


_ few examples from my results. 


Manurings of 18, 31 and 45 pounds of nitrogen per acre were 
given various crops. Barley, rye, oats, wheat, buckwheat, car- 
rots, potatoes, beets, flax, rape, grass and spurrey furnished con- 
siderably increased yields, and the latter stood in exact relation to 
the increased manuring; while with pease, red clover, lupines, 
vetches and lucerne, no increase of yield was obtained. Let the 
following figures serve as illustration. For more convenient read- 
ing, I have placed the yield obtained with barley, without nitrogen 
manuring, at 100, and have reckoned the other yields to corre- 


_ spond : — 


18. Bale Ae 45. 

YIELD. YDHLD: | YIELD. 
NITROGEN APPLIED : : : 
None. oe 3 : & : > 
IN POUNDS PER ACRE. 3 | = 3 = EB = 
Q x 2 SS 2Q C4 
jo) oO (o} iS) oO [@) 
Barley, . . .| 100| 161. 167 || 220| 218 || 272] 268 
Spurrey, . . .|- 114| 176| 172 || 214] 215 || 254] 258 
Wheat, . f ; 138 212 id 270 266 316 ood 
Flax, : , iit} 205 203 245 247 291 291 
Pease, : . .| 935 | 938 = 961 = 883 = 
Lucerne, . ; aly LOVE) 983 — || 1,000 ~ 994 ~ 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Here can be seen with what regularity and exactness the yields 
of barley, spurrey, wheat and flax increased in relation to the in- 
creased manurings; while with pease and lucerne absolutely no 
increase of yield was obtained by nitrogen manuring. From the 
figures it is seen at once that the pease and lucerne must have had 
access to a much richer source of nitrogen than the other plants. 
While the yield of barley, spurrey, wheat and flax only reached 
100 to 145 on unfertilized soil, and could be brought up to about 
300 only after corresponding manuring, pease and lucerne gave 
on the same soil, unfertilized, a yield of 950; and these plants 
obtained their nitrogen from so abundant a source that saltpetre 
manuring made no impression whatever on them. Similar results 
are reported by Hellriegel and E. v. Wolff. Still more striking 
are the data which I obtained from sterile sand taken from below 
the subsoil. The sand was placed in vegetation pots, furnished 
with all material necessary for plant nourishment excepting nitro- 
gen, and planted with barley, rape, vetches, lucerne and pease. 
Barley and rape developed, on this almost nitrogen-free soil, so 
scantily that they furnished only from 23 to 39 grains of vegetable 
matter; while, under the same circumstances, vetches, lucerne 
and pease vegetated luxuriantly, and the latter yielded not less 
than 1,389 grains of vegetable substance. If we represent by 100 
the nitrogen contained in the barley and rape substance yielded, 
then the nitrogen of the pea substance harvested under like cir- 
cumstances is represented by the enormous amount, 8,700. 

Five years ago I proved and stated that lucerne, pease, lupine, 
clover and similar plants possess power of nitrogen assimilation 
specifically different from that of the straw crops, potatoes, beets, 
flax, rape, etc. The first-named plants, as I said, draw from 
nitrogen sources which, for the straw crops, potatoes and similar 
plants, are inaccessible, and in such large measure that, under 
normal circumstances of culture, a manuring with nitrogen salts is 
unnecessary. : 

We can therefore divide the agricultural plants into two groups ; 
namely, nitrogen collectors and nitrogen eaters, as Schultz of 
Lupitz first proposed to name them; or, as I would suggest, into 
nitrogen increasers and nitrogen consumers. The nitrogen in- 
creasers (pease, vetches, lupines, clovers, etc.) are plants which 
increase the nitrogen content of the soil, and therefore the circu- 
lating nitrogen capital of the establishment; since they supply 
their chief need of this element from the atmosphere, and demand 
nitrogen food through the soil only during the first of their growth. 
The nitrogen consumers (straw crops, hoed crops, etc.) are, on the 
contrary, plants which consume the nitrogen capital of the estab- 


1890. } PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. vi 


lishment and of the soil; for they can appropriate what amounts 
to nothing from the ‘atmospheri¢ supply, and must absorb all 
nitrogen contained in their harvest products in the form of nitrogen 
salts. The great significance which the nitrogen increasers have 
upon the economy of the soil, and the magnificent service which 
they are able to render the farmer, I shall consider farther on. 
We have to discuss at present the nitrogen manuring of these 
plants. In referring to what has already been said, I must again 
call special attention to the fact that the nitrogen increasers attain 
the ability to supply their demand of nitrogen from the air only upon 
reaching a certain degree of development, and that it is very difficult 
Sor them before this period to dispense with the nitrogen of the soil. 
If, now, the soil contains nitrogen enough to feed these plants till 
they have attained this ability, an application of nitrogen is super- 
fluous and absolutely irrational; but, if not enough is present to 
quickly accomplish such a development, then a small manuring 
with Chili saltpetre or ammonia salts on the pease, vetches, clover, 
etc., is necessary, and can be made highly remunerative. 

In every single case the practical farmer must determine, if 
necessary by experiment, whether the soil is so poor, so extremely 
exhausted, that even the nitrogen increasers must be given a 
nitrogen manuring. I believe that the application of nitrogen 
salts for these plants can be rational only in rare cases; and it is 
not difficult to determine such, for mere observation shows whether 
the plants require nitrogen, or not. If one attempts, for instance, 
to grow vetches or pease on a completely sterile sand, devoid of 
nitrogen, the need of this element appears gradually but plainly in 
the diminutive form of the plant, and in the pale, sickly color of 
the leaves. ‘These signs vanish quickly if the plants are fed with 
saltpetre. The pale color becomes green, new and healthy shoots 
appear, and.a vigorous growth sets in. If, on the contrary, the 
plants are not manured, are allowed to hunger, the process of 
vegetation remains for several weeks in this inert condition; the 
evidences of starvation increase, till finally the atmospheric supply 
of nitrogen becomes accessible, and the plants vegetate as luxuri- 
antly as if they had been manured with saltpetre. Although it is 
indeed possible for pease, vetches, clover, etc., to attain the 
capacity, after continued starvation, to draw nitrogen from the 
air entirely, without the co-operation of soil nitrogen, it is never- 
theless in the highest degree dangerous to expose them to this 
starvation cure, for in this way many individual plants are sacri- 
ficed. They are destroyed by pests, being too weak to replace 
losses caused by them; they dry up for lack of deep roots; they 
are attacked by fungous diseases, because their juices stagnate ; or 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


they starve out completely. Therefore, in such cases, and only 
such, the farmer should feed the starving plants a small: quantity 
of nitrogen, either in form of Chili saltpetre or ammonia salts ; 
but only a little, as much nitrogen salt would be an extravagance. 
A small application of perhaps 45 to 67 pounds of Chili saltpetre 
per acre can in such case be effective and remunerative; for it is 
simply necessary to assist the plants over that critical period, and 
to bring them as quickly as possible to a state of development in 
which they have the ability to draw nitrogen from the atmosphere. 

Concerning nitrogen manuring proper, therefore, we have to 
discuss the question only with reference to the so-called nitrogen 
consumers; and I now ask, With how much nitrogen shall we 
manure, in order to attain an increased yield guving the greatest 
possible net gain? 

Here the answer is essentially different from that in the case of 
phosphoric acid and potash manuring. I state it thus: Soluble 
nitrogen is not to be offered to the plants in surplus, but is to be 
measured out to them as nearly as possible in needed quantities. 
If we assume that vegetation is governed by plant foods, then 
nitrogen is the real dictator in the matter of growth, with all 
plants requiring nitrogenous manure, — that is, all nitrogen con- 
sumers. The nourishment of these plants, the application of food 
in proper quantity,—indeed, the entire art of manuring, is 
dependent on a rational and exact application of nitrogen. The 
farmer applies all other plant foods in surplus, but nitrogen: he 
deals out to the plants as he gives rations to his animals; and in 
this way regulates their productive activity, and gives them the 
power to realize the full benefit of circumstances favorable to 
vegetation, such as qualities of soil, climate, weather, be they 
continuous or intermittent. 

I now revert to thé instance adduced on page 60, which we 
will here still further consider. We had assumed the task of rais- 
ing the yield of a wheat field by 2,000 pounds of grain, and had 
observed that this required the crop to consume about 20 pounds 
phosphoric acid, 30 pounds potash, 60 pounds nitrogen, more than 
was before necessary for the production of superficial substance 
(straw and grain). Further reflection led us to the conclusion ~ 
that an exact calculation of the phosphoric acid and potash neces- 
sary in this case would be impossible and irrelevant. We under- 
stand, moreover, that it is simply necessary to supply the soil 
with an appropriate surplus of these foods, and that this presents 
“no great difficulty. The supply of the nitrogen, then, is the prob- 
lem presented, and one requiring a different solution from that in 
the cases of potash and phosphoric acid. 


1890.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 73 


In this case we can and must calculate closely. We can, since 
we know that the entire nitrogen brought into the soil in the form 
of saltpetre and ammonia salts is at the disposition of the plants ; 
for the nitrogen in saltpetre (and also ammonia, after transforma- 
tion to nitric acid) is not bound by the soil, but is as freely mova- 
ble as the water of the soil. 

On the other hand, we must figure aeels with the nitrogen, 
and not apply it in surplus, because, first, nitrogen is costly, and 
with it we cannot be extravagant; secondly, any nitrogen residue 
remaining in the soil during the winter months becomes lost; 
thirdly, a too ample supply of easily soluble nitrogen causes both 
an abnormal development of the crop, and also, under certain 
circumstances, a harvest of inferior quality. 

But the difficulty in reckoning the nitrogen necessary for a 
definite increase of yield is not great. We can for the present 
assume, so far as investigations now indicate, that, of every 3 
pounds of saltpetre nitrogen brought into the soil, an average of 
2 pounds enters into the composition of the crops. Consequently, 
if we are to obtain an increased yield, containing 2 pounds of 
nitrogen, we need simply to bring into the soil once and one-half 


“this amount; i.e., 3 pounds of soluble nitrogen. Jn the case under 


consideration, therefore, 60 pounds of nitrogen being necessary to 


produce 2,000 pounds of wheat grain plus 3,000 pounds of wheat 


straw, it is evident that 90 pounds nitrogen are to be brought into 
the soil, in order to obtain the desired increase. 

An approximate reckoning of the nitrogen necessary in every 
case offers consequently no difficulty. Let us assume, on the one 
hand, that of the 15.5 pounds nitrogen in every 100 pounds Chili 
saltpetre, about 10 pounds serve in the production of the harvest. 
On. the other hand, we know. how much nitrogen is necessary to 
form every 100 pounds grain or beets or potatoes, with corre- 
sponding straw and tops. We can now reckon what increased 
yield we can obtain by the application of every 100 pounds Chili 
saltpetre, and thereby obtain data for determining the quantity of 
nitrogen to be applied, and also for judging of the result of the 
manuring. JI have made use of tables published by Lierke, in 
computing in this manner for several crops, and give here the 
results of these computations. They show the following increased 
yields to be produced by applications in» each instance of 100 
pounds Chili saltpetre : — 


Wheat, : ; . 9800 pounds grain and 500 pounds straw. 
Rye, . . c - 330 oe Ge 850 66 6 
Barley, ; sar 0 - ts 600 « ‘ 


Ps <.. 350.“ “ 560) abe 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


Corn, . ; : . 420 pounds grain and 580 pounds straw. 
Buckwheat. . ‘ / 420 i 3 640 s + 
Potatoes, . ! 5 22000 ‘“ tubers and 300 “© leaves, 
Sugar beets, : . 4,500 “roots and 900 4 a 
Fodder beets, : » 3,900 “a “ 1,000 mi . 
Carrots, ! : ees 4 00) zy ts 560 ch 
Chickory, . : . 3,400 5 a 410 i“ 
Meadow hay, °. . 645 er ita. 
Corn fodder, . 5,300 “ green fodder. 
Rape, 4: alate od Ope ie a ec 600 pounds straw. 
Hops, . : 70 “« heads and 320 pounds leaves 
and vines. 
Tobacco, 4 paar euaihl bolt) “ leaves and 150 pounds stems. 
Poppy, : : BAsebedliG) “seed and 500 “« straw. 


I also place here a second representation, which shows, in 
pounds per acre, the approximate limits within which it is cus- 
tomary to apply nitrogen in barnyard manuring : — 


CORRESPONDING TO— 


Ae Chili Saltpetre. ee 

‘Straw crops, . ‘ 13 to 53 89 to 356 67 to 267 
Potatoes, ? : : ‘ 22 to 45 143 to 294 _* 
Sugar beets, carrots and . 

hickory, i. : 22 to 53 143 to 356 _* 
Fodder beets,. . +. . 22 to 67 || 148 to 445 a 
Rape, turnips, poppy and | 

mustard, } , ’ 22 to 67 143 to 445 111 to 356 
Tobacco, . ; Puaante: 13 to 27 89 to 178 67 fo 134 


These extreme quantities, in connection with the previous table, 
will serve the agriculturist as approximations from which to reckon 
an actual case of nitrogen application. In my paper on nitrogen 
manuring,t I explained at length how to make these calculations, 
and here will simply adduce a practical example. Let us assume 
that we are to increase the yield of a wheat field by application of 


* Not reckoned, because the ammonia salt manuring, for the potatoes and beets, 
proved to be far less effective than the saltpetre manuring. 

+ “The Increase in the Produce of the Soil through the Rational Use of Nitrog- 
enous Manure.” ‘Translated by G.G. Henderson. Published in 1888, by Whitaker © 
& Co., London. 


1 es 
"+ 


ne Le oe 


Se ee 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 75 


Chili saltpetre ; other conditions are favorable, the soil is rich in 
potash, and phosphoric acid is provided. How much Chili salt- 
petre must be applied? The above representation shows it to be 
customary to apply from 89 to 356 pounds Chili saltpetre per acre. 
These are wide limits. From the previous table we observe that 
an application of 100 pounds Chili saltpetre indicates an increased 
yield of 350 pounds grain; therefore 356 pounds saltpetre allows 
us to caiculate a yield of 1,246 pounds of grain. In order to 
arrive at a result, we ask how much the field would produce with- 
out manure. This, of course, we cannot know exactly; but 
previous experience, knowledge of the condition of the soil and of 
the kind and quality of the foregoing crop, permit us to make an 
approximation. Assume that the crop would be 2,000 pounds of 
grain per acre, how much can we increase this production? 
Here, again, it is impossible to know exactly ; but, after consider- 
ing the quality of the soil, the climate, the best harvests which 
neighbors and others have reached by an intensive nitrogenous 
manuring, a certain amount may be stated, which can probably be 
produced. By application of 320 pounds saltpetre, we could cal- 
culate upon a yield increase of 1,120 pounds, 7. e., of a harvest of 
3,120 pounds of grain; but now, should it be feared, in view of 
local conditions or previous experience, that this amount cannot. 
be reached, we settle on 2,800 pounds, 7. e., an increased yield of 
800 pounds of grain, and therefore on an application of 240 
pounds Chili saltpetre. 

Now, for determining the success of the experiment, two or 
three carefully measured plots are left without nitrogen applica- 
tion. The yield from these must be separately harvested and 
weighed, and from a comparison it may be seen whether or not. 
the nitrogen application has produeed the effect expected. If the 
result has fallen short of that,—if, perhaps, instead of 800 
pounds increase only 640 pounds have resulted, — we must search 
for a cause. Perhaps there was a deficiency in potash, phosphoric 
acid, lime, water or warmth, which prevented the full efficiency of 
the nitrogen; or perhaps the nitrogen applied could not be fully 
absorbed and assimilated, because of the influence of a heavy 
Spring snow storm, for example, which washed the saltpetre into 
the subsoil. Perhaps the number of plants was too small, either 


_ because of meagre seeding or destruction by late frosts; or there 


may have been too many plants,—too much seed sown, and, 
because of crowding, their development was abnormal. The stand, 
becoming weak, suffered from deficiency of light, and lodged. 
Such questions must be raised and decision reached among these 
possibilities. 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan, 


Should the cause be found by aid of further experiment, perhaps 
then must be considered how to neutralize it, in order to secure 
the legitimate effect of saltpetre application. If it proves to be 
beyond control, we consider whether less nitrogen may not bring 
greater profit. If those 240 pounds of Chili saltpetre fail of their 
full effect because of*too dry soil, and if experience can give no 
hope for more moisture in following years, then it is highly probable 
that a smaller nitrogen application would be more profitable; and 
it is merely a matter of calculation to ascertain whether it is more 
advantageous to get full effect of a smaller manuring,-or partial 
effect of a full manuring. It is not invariably true that the lesser 
application, although completely taken up, will furnish the highest 
net profit. Relatively, this would make the larger harvest. But 
avery important factor here is the absolute amount of gross return. 


Let us assume that a saltpetre application of 440 pounds, which . 


costs about $10, gives an increased yield worth $25; and an appli- 
cation of 880 pounds, costing about $20, returns an increased 
yield not of $50, but of $40. Then the relative return from the 
smaller application is indeed greater, but less advantageous, for 
its net return amounts to $25 less $10, t.e., $15; whereas the 
heavier application furnishes a net profit of $40, less $20, lus 
$20. 

I believe now I have sufficiently explained the chief considera- 
tions suggested, in the application of artificial manures. These 
may be summarized as follows : — 

First. Artificial manures (phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrog- 
enous fertilizers) can effect an increase of yield when all other 
factors are either temporarily or permanently favorable. 

Second. Phosphoric acid and potash are to be stored in the 
soil until a surplus is present; that is, until an excess beyond the 
demands of the most exhaustive crops is supplied. 

Third. 'The nitrogen increasers (lupines, pease, clover, vetches, 
lucerne, etc.) need, under normal circumstances of cultivation, no 
fertilizing with nitrogen salts. Only on exceptionally poor soils can 
it be profitable to apply these, and in such cases the application 
should be small, and made during the first period of growth. This 
is for the purpose of bringing the plants, quickly and without dis- 
turbance, to that stage of development beyond which soil nitrogen 
is not needed, as the entire amount can be drawn from the air. 


Fourth. The nitrogen consumers (straw, hoed and oil crops, 


flax, hemp, tobacco, etc.) require nitrogen manuring; but the 
nitrogen must not be applied in surplus, only in quantities which 
careful computation indicates necessary for a required increased 
yield of the crop in question. 


/ 


| 
4 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. figs 


We may now consider a few of the more special questions ; and 


first of all, those connected with 


PuospHortc Actp MANURING. 


Our cultivated crops must be given a surplus of phosphoric acid 5. 
7.e., enough to produce, under any circumstances, the largest pos- 
sible harvest. As has been said, this surplus must not be too 
great; it must not amount to a superfluity. If, year in and year 
out, considerably larger quantities of phosphoric acid are put into 
the field than the harvests remove, then a limit is gradually reached, 
beyond which a regular repetition of the same manuring would be 
irrational. Whenasuflicient surplus of phosphoric acid is obtained, 
it should be held, but not increased. This is important especially 
in manuring with easily soluble phosphates. Such phosphates, 
after application to the soil in surplus, become, from year to year, 
less soluble ; whereas surplus Thomas slag or bone meal becomes 
more soluble. It is therefore not necessary to be so cautious in 
applying the latter. They are cheaper, and gradually become more 
soluble; while dissolved phosphates are dearer, and gradually 
become less soluble. 

An excessive surplus of phosphoric acid is not only an extrava- 
gance, but it is of disadvantage to the crop. The evil effects of 
heavy phosphoric-acid manuring are indeed not yet proved with 
absolute certainty ; but the probability is great, that under many 
circumstances they are actual. An explanation of this it is not 
difficult to find. It is the same as that which I have given of the 
hastening effect of phosphoric acid in ripening. 

Every farmer experienced in phosphate manuring knows that 
strong applications of phosphoric acid hasten the ripening process 
in cultivated plants, which are not supplied with a surplus quantity 
of nitrogen. The plants become yellow at an early stage, and 
ripen faster than those manured with surplus nitrogen. The cause 
of this phenomenon has been sought in a quickening effect, which 
phosphoric acid is supposed to exert on all the living functions of 
plants. Phosphoric acid is said to make the plants more vivacious. 
This, however, is not quite pertinent. A plant manured with a 
surplus of phosphoric acid does not, in my opinion, live faster, 
but dies faster. As is generally known, the so-called ripening 
process of a plant consists in a cessation of activity in the manu- 
facture of vegetable material, at the same time the elaborated prod- 
ucts scattered through leaves and stems are transferred to surface 
or (as in beets, potatoes, etc.) subterranean deposits,—the so- 
called fruits. This transferring process is disturbed and prolonged 
when the ripening plant is induced, by continued applications of 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


highly nitrogenous food, to continue its productive activity. If 
nitrogen is lacking, this process is hastened. But when a plant is 
manured with much phosphoric acid, and in consequence of this 
has formed much plant material and consumed a correspondingly 
large amount of nitrogen, it is very apparent that the nitrogen 
supply of the soil is exhausted correspondingly early, and nitro- 
gen starvation sets in much sooner than when phosphoric acid is 
not applied. Then the plant.stops production, and allows the 
ripening process to be completed undisturbed. This is presumably 
the explanation of the so-called injurious effect of phosphoric acid, 
which is claimed to be observed in cases of diminished, instead of 
increased, yield, after heavy applications of phosphate. In such 
cases the very rapid development of the plant causes great con- 


sumption of water and nitrogen; consequently hunger and thirst 


appear early, and operate injuriously. If more nitrogen should 
be applied, either at first or promptly after the rapid growth, the 
injurious effect of the phosphoric acid would not be apparent. 

It is often stated that ‘‘ heavy applications of phosphoric acid 
readily produce injury on poor, sandy soil.” But it should be 
observed how this effect of the phosphoric acid is brought about. 
Primarily, the phosphoric acid acts by no means injuriously. 
Plants manured with superphosphate appear at first more vigor- 
ously developed than those unmanured. Not till later does this 
‘‘ condition disappear.” Then the plants cease to develop, and 
their leaves become yellow. Hot and dry weather is usual at this 
time, and the plants die. They ‘“‘ripen too early.” The phos- 
phoric acid has ‘‘ burned” them, as is frequently said. This 
‘¢ burning” by phosphoric acid is nothing else than the conse- 
quence of early nitrogen starvation, with heat and drought. The 
small amount of nitrogen supplied by a sandy soil is quickly 
consumed by those plants requiring much phosphoric acid, and 
consequently much nitrogen. The plants then starve, and the 
effect of heat, drought and other unfavorable circumstances on a 
starving plant is of course far more hurtful than on a well-fed 
one. Here, then, is the explanation why a crop heavily manured 
with phosphoric acid finally yields, in spite of an early, luxuriant 
development, a lighter harvest than another which has not been 
so manured. It should be remembered that these ‘‘ evil effects of 
phosphoric acid” can be avoided by application of nitrogen, either 


at the beginning, or at any time before the critical period is passed. ~ 


Nitrogen salts, or more gradually acting compounds, as barnyard 
manure, green manure, ground meat, fish, dried blood, etc., may 
serve in such cases. 


Loss of interest on invested capital, danger of lessening the 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. ¢2 


solubility of phosphoric acid applied, and a possibility of an inju- 
rious effect, are not the only considerations which warn us from 
excessive phosphoric-acid manuring. We may well ask, here, 
whether a heavy surplus of phosphoric acid may not cause the 
plants to take up considerably more phosphoric acid than they 
need in the elaboration of vegetable substance; that is, to con- 
sume phosphoric acid as a luxury. Comprehensive experiments 
which I have carried out, have led me to the following results. 
So soon as the plant lacks nitrogen or other food, a luxurious con- 
sumption of phosphoric acid can take place. The plant then contin- 
ually absorbs phosphoric acid from the soil, which it cannot assimi- 
late because of the lack of nitrogen. But, if nitrogen is not lack- 
ing, then the danger of absorption of unassimilable phosphoric acid 
is not a present one. Aside from any such reasons, the agricult- 
urist must never allow his crops to lack food. Only under this 
condition can the highest yields be produced. This condition ful- 
filled, a luxurious consumption of phosphoric acid is impossible. 
It is further to be noticed that the variations in content of phos- 
phoric acid of the crop are found chiefly in the straw, not at all or 
only to a small extent in the grain itself. In my experiments,* 
for example, while the amount of phosphoric acid in rye straw 
was raised from 15 to 41 per cent., that in the rye grain was only 
raised from .92 to 1.06 per cent. In practice, this is important ; 
for the grain alone is sold, while the straw and fodder remain 
largely on the farm. Therefore, if the field has produced a straw 
or fodder richer in phosphoric acid than would have corresponded 
to an economical consumption, this excess is not lost to the farm, 
but is transferred to the barnyard manure, and goes back to the 
soil. | 

On this account, also, it appears to me wise to furnish fodder 
crops especially with a not too meagre surplus of phosphoric acid. 
These plants need much phosphoric acid for their development ; 
and if too much is given them, and more than they need is taken 
up, then the barnyard manure is simply enriched thereby, and 
from the luxurious consumption no injury to the farm, other than 
the loss of interest, ensues. 

This consideration brings us immediately to the following gen- 
eral question, Which domestic plants are to be manured with a 
large surplus, and which with a small surplus, of phosphoric acid ? 
Investigations concerning this subject have unfortunately led to 
no conclusions. When one considers, for example, that rape 


* “The Manurial Value and Rational Application of Thomas Slag, in Compari- 
_ son to Superphosphate, Bone Meal, Peruvian Guano and Ground Coprolite.” 
Darmstadt, 1883. 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


must assimilate 53 pounds and barley only 22 pounds of phos- 
phoric acid per acre, to furnish an average harvest, we are forced 
to think that rape should be given at least twice as much phos- 
phoric acid as barley. But that is not the case. The necessary 
amount of manure cannot always be inferred from the necessary 
amount of food. ‘The necessary amount of food for a plant, as 
determined by chemical analysis of the crop, is often essentially 
different from the amount of manure which the same needs, as 
determined by the fertilizer experiment. The same soil from 
which one domestic plant can take only 20 pounds of phosphoric 
acid, yields without difficulty 60 pounds to another. We must 
therefore determine the amount of manure to be given, not simply 
by the need of a crop for plant food, but with reference to the 
manurial need of the plant; that is, its demans for easily soluble 
materials. 

As I have stated, the investigations on this highly important 
question have not yet led to conclusions; but I hope soon to 
report, in this connection, very interesting data. At present I 
simply advise agriculturists to apply phosphoric acid chiefly to the 
fodder crops, and by no means to allow the meadows, clover, 
lupine, esparcet and vetch, to lack phosphoric acid. Moreover, 
those crops which it is important to hasten in the ripening process, 
é. g., sugar beets, potatoes, large fruits and grapes, should be 
_ furnished a large surplus of phosphoric acid; and especially 
when, because of a cold soil, a slow ripening is feared. But, on 
the other hand, where the species of plant or condition of soil 
(dryness, warmth, deficiency of humus) hastens the ripening, 


then great caution is necessary, lest the surplus amount to an © 


injurious excess. 

Another question here arises ; namely, In view of present ruling 
prices, of special aims in culture and of special qualities of soil, 
which phosphate is it most advantageous to use? ‘The principal 
commercial phosphates are superphosphate, including all dis- 
solved phosphates (Peruvian guano, dissolved bone, etc.), ground 
Thomas slag and bone meal. These have very different market 
prices. Phosphoric acid costs per pound, in superphosphates, 
from 6 to 7 cents; in bone meal, from 4 to 4.5 cents; in Thomas 
slag, from 2 to 2.5 cents. What is the explanation of this differ- 


ence in price? Has the phosphoric acid a different value in the ~ 


feeding of plants, according to whether it comes from superphos- 
phates, Thomas slag or bone meal? No. It makes no difference 
with the planf whether phosphoric acid comes to it from guano, 


bone meal, ground phosphorite, superphosphate, ground coprolite, . 


Thomas slag or any other manure. 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 81 


Here, however, is the explanation. Phosphoric acid cannot be 
taken from every manure with equal rapidity; and the manurial 
value of a phosphate, as well as the market price of its phosphoric 
acid, is determined relatively by the rapidity with which the plant 
can draw from it the phosphoric acid. It is important for the 
agriculturist to get return from his outlay as quickly as possible. 
Therefore it is important that phosphoric acid applied to the soil 
should become dissolved, enter into the roots, and in the form of 
vegetable substance be returned at the first possible moment. A 
manure whose phosphoric acid comes back in the first crop, is of 
course much more valuable than one which returns the last por- 
tions only after six, eight or ten years. ‘Therefore the rapidity of 
the effect is all-important, if we would determine the manurial 
worth of ground Thomas slag, relatively to that of superphosphate 
and bone meal. We must ascertain how rapidly the phosphates 
are decomposed and taken up by the plants. But how do we 
accomplish this? By what method can we determine the solubility 
of Thomas slag phosphoric acid? Here is apparently no difficulty. 
A large number of chemical solvents are at our disposal. We can 
treat the ground Thomas slag with dilute acetic acid, citric acid, 
ammonia citrate, etc., and prove whether it is more or less easily 
and quickly dissolved than other phosphates. In fact, it has been 
found that all such solvents decompose Thomas slag more quickly 
and completely than, for instance, the undissolved coprolite meal. 
But this by no means suffices for reckoning the manurial value of 
Thomas slag phosphoric acid. Remarkable as it is that Thomas 
slag is dissolved with relative ease in acetic acid, and probable as 
it appears that the manurial value of its phosphoric acid would be 
great, this is nevertheless not yet determined. In the soil there 
is no acetic acid, no ammonia citrate. There we have to do with 
the combined effect of several solvent powers which proceed from 
humic acid, soil water, various soil salts and the acids, of the plant 
roots. How these co-operating agents behave toward Thomas 
slag, bone meal, superphosphates, etc., must first be determined, 
in order to reach a definite and reliable statement as to the manurial 
value of Thomas slag. This testing can only be accomplished by 
fertilizer experiments. 

Exact and reliable fertilizer experiments are unusually difficult 
of execution. Experiments in the open field, on half or quarter 
acre plots, are very tiresome and unremunerative. The measur- 
ing and staking out.of plots, the uniform division of the manure, 
the harvesting of separate small crops, with careful taking of all 
weights, is troublesome and expensive work; and, further, the 
lack of uniformity of soil, unfavorable weather, crop enemies 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


above and below the surface, accidents from all sorts of animals, 
are factors which, in co-operation, render the results to a high 
degree uncertain and useless. By field experiments one can be 
led into the greatest errors, unless results are checked, carefully, 
by numerous repetitions with similarly fertilized plots. In view 
of this, I have, during a long series of years, elaborated a method 
by which fertilizer experiments may be carried out, on a small 
scale, in great number and in an exact and reliable manner. 
More than a thousand such experiments are annually conducted in 
Darmstadt. As my method is generally known, both in principle 
and detail, no further description will here be given.* We now 
pass to a consideration of some interesting results furnished by 
these experiments. A very large number of experiments,f which 
were carried out with three different domestic crops — wheat, 
barley and flax —and two different kinds of soil, with a view to 
ascertain the effects of commercial phosphates, yielded the follow- 
ing results. In order to produce the increased yield, which every 
pound of phosphoric acid in superphosphate produces, in the crop 
following the manuring, there are necessary: 2 pounds phos- 
phoric acid, in form of ground Thomas slag; or 10 pounds phos- 
phoric acid, in form of steamed bone meal; or 10 pounds phosphorie 
acid, in form of ground coprolite. 

This result is very important, for it shows with what surprising 
rapidity the Thomas slag becomes effective, in comparison with 
bone meal; and we may well be allowed to draw the following 
conclusions : — | 

1. Different series of experiments have shown that two pounds | 
of phosphoric acid in Thomas slag produce, in the first year after 
application, the same as one pound of soluble phosphoric acid. It 
is, therefore, more advantageous to apply the Thomas slag; for 
two pounds of phosphoric acid in this cost only 4. 4 cents, yi | 
one pound of soluble acid costs from 6 to 7 cents. 

2. Two pounds of Thomas slag phosphoric acid produced the 
same increased yield in the first crop following the application as 
ten pounds of bone meal phosphoric acid. The bone meal, there- 
fore, must be considered, in comparison with Thomas slag, a much 
dearer manure. 

These are very important results, practically, but they are ‘not } 
sufficient. We do not yet know What manurial value the Thomas 
slag and the bone meal have, in comparison to superphosphates. — 
It would be a great mistake to reckon the relative value of super- 

* Information concerning my method is to be found in an essay entitled, ‘‘ The 


Manurial Value and Rational Application of Thomas Slag,” etc. Darmstadt, 1888. 
' + Minuter details in my paper above mentioned. 


1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 83 


phosphate, bone meal and Thomas slag from the yields of the first 

crops raised after manuring. These yields only show the rapidity 
with which the different phosphates become effective. Their com- 
plete manurial value, or their relative market value, can only be 
determined after ascertaining the effects of each phosphate on the 
succeeding crops, as long, indeed, as any effect can be noticed. I 
have, therefore, by further experiments, also determined the after 
effect which the different phosphates are capable of exerting, during 
the second year after the manuring, on spring rye, turnips and 
mustard. It was indeed to be foreseen, with considerable cer- 
tainty, that the after effect of the Thomas slag would be greater 
than that of the superphosphates ; for on the one hand 100 pounds 
of soluble phosphoric acid, and on the other 200 pounds of Thomas 
slag phosphoric acid, were applied. In our experiments, 60 pounds 
of phosphoric acid are taken up from each manure; there then 
remain in the soil, of the 100 pounds soluble phosphoric acid, only 
40 pounds, but of the 200 pounds Thomas slag phosphoric acid, 
140 pounds; and it is not otherwise possible, than that the 140 
pounds of Thomas slag phosphoric acid should effect very much 
more than the 40 pounds of phosphoric acid in the superphosphate. 
_ This assumption was in fact proved by my further experiments. 

In my above-mentioned paper, on the manurial value of Thomas 
slag, relative to superphosphate, etc., I have given the results of 
a comprehensive series of experiments. From these I draw the 
following conclusions : — 

.1. Two pounds of Thomas slag phosphoric acid (applied in the 
forin of ground Thomas slag, containing 18 per cent. phosphoric 
acil and 80 per cent. fine powder) produced, the first year after 
manuring, the same increase of yield as 1 pound of soluble phos- 
phoric acid. 

2. ‘The after effect of the 2 pounds of Thomas slag phosphoric 
acil in the second year after manuring, was twice that of the 1 
pound of soluble phosphoric acid. If, now, we allow the increased 
yield produced by 1 pound of soluble phosphoric acid to be indi- 
cated by 100, then 2 pounds of Thomas slag phosphoric acid 
effected in the first year, after manuring, a yield increase of 100. 
In the first and second years after manuring, the increase was 120. 
On the other hand, 2 pounds of bone meal phosphoric acid pro- 
duced, in the first year after manuring, an increase of 10, and in 
the first and second years after manuring, an increase of 22. 

These results show that, at present quoted prices, it is much 
more profitable to use ground Thomas slag as a manure than bone 
meal. Bone meal becomes effective very slowly, while even the 
coarse meal (the residue from sifting) of the Thomas slag acts 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


’ more quickly. The results of my experiments, which have been 
subjected to rigid scrutiny, as well as the favorable experience of 
agriculturists generally, induce me to recommend very highly the 
use of ground Thomas slag. It should, however, be procured 
from a reliable source, the percentage of phosphoric acid and of 
fine meal should be guaranteed, and a sample of the material 
received, examined for phosphoric acid and fine meal at the proper 
experiment station. These ingredients vary greatly in commercial 
wares. If the Thomas slag has less fine meal than corresponds to 
the normal of 80 per cent., it acts more slowly, and has therefore 
less value. Apparently also the phosphoric acid in a meal richer 
in this material, and consequently containing less lime, becomes 
active more quickly than the corresponding quantity in a meal 
with more lime and less phosphoric acid. My experiments in this 
connection are not yet concluded. I shall, however, soon report 
more definitely upon it. : 

Ground Thomas slag may be applied to all crops, so far as 
present experience indicates. A distinction is to be made, how- 
ever, in its action in different places.. Much better effect is 
noticed on clover and meadows, for example, than on sugar beets 
and spring grain crops. As the yearly quantity of slag obtainable 
can only cover a small part of the demand for phosphoric acid, 
and as we must now, as formerly, supply our principal need from 
~the superphosphate factories, I will here indicate the most profit- 
able disposition of these two phosphoric acid manures. I believe 
the quantity of ground Thomas slag yearly offered, should be 
applied primarily on moor and meadow soils, of not too dry char- 
acter, and then respectively on the heavy sand soils, all lighter 
loam and sand soils, and finally on the fields for foddér crops, 
clover and lucerne, winter crops, etc. This use would soon con- 
sume the three to four million hundred-weight of ground slag 
annually offered by the German manure market, and this amount 
would not cover the special cases named. For what remains, and 
for beets, potatoes, spring grain crops, the lime and heavy clay 
soils, superphosphate should be taken. Wherever the soil con- 
ditions favor the decomposition of phosphates (in moors, meadows, 
moist and humus fields), or where it is wished to store a supply of 
phosphoric acid for several years (fodder fields, vineyards, 
orchards), or where finally cultivated crops are to be raised which 
are distinguished by relatively long vegetative periods (winter 
crops, perennial fodder crops), there the phosphates which become 
soluble with difficulty, and which become active more slowly, are 
to be applied. The dissolved phosphates, 7. e., those acting more 
quickly, are on the other hand to be chosen under opposite cir- 


1890.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 85 


cumstances. As a matter of course, prices and freight expenses 
must be brought into the calculation. If a choice must be made 
among the commercial phosphates offered, it should be remem- 
bered, for example, that the ground slag is considerably dearer 


for those places remote from the grinding mills. In such cases, 


superphosphates, especially the double superphosphate, which 
costs the least in transportation, may be applied more profitably 
than the Thomas slag. 


MANURING witH PoTAsH SALTs. 


Unfortunately, the very important subject of potash manuring 
is at present but little investigated. Which domestic plants are 
most in need of potash; how heavy applications can be made with- 
out injury; in which cases it is better to apply potassium chloride, 
and in which potassium sulphate; what the chief and what the 
secondary actions of the criide salts, kainite and carnallite, are, — 
of all this we know nearly nothing as yet. What little we do 
know, can be expressed in few words. I will present the follow- 
ing brief statements. Rich potash soils, that is, those not needing 
potash salts, are not so rare as those not needing phosphoric acid ; 
and it can in general be assumed that the lighter soils are more 


destitute of potash than the heavier ones. The soils first to be 


supplied with potash are the moors. They are generally so devoid 
of potash, that, without heavy kainite manuring or its equivalent, 
no satisfactory yields are to be obtained from them. 

Whether it is better to apply the crude salts (kainite and carnal- 
lite), or whether the pure and concentrated salts (potassium 
chloride and potassa sulphate), must be decided in the first place 
by the price at which the pound of potash is to be had in the dif- 
ferent materials. Potash in local salt deposits is much cheaper in 
the crude than in the concentrated forms. As, however, the latter 
contain three or four times as much as the former, the freight on 
the raw salts amounts to three or four times that on the concen- 
trated. Consequently, beyond a certain distance, the potash of 
purified salts is much cheaper than that of the crude salts. 

In deciding this question, moreover, it must be remembered 
that the common salt (sodium chloride) of the crude preparations 
has a binding effect on the soil, and increases its power to retain 
water. It is this effect of crude salts which improves the char- 
acter of light soils, but which, on the other hand, deteriorates 
heavy.soils already possessed of too much binding quality. It is 
not advisable, therefore, to manure heavy soils with kainite or 
carnallite. 

Again, it must not be forgotten that plants appear to be sensi- 


86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


tive —some in a greater degree, some less —to concentrated 
solutions of chlorides. It is best, therefore, in the application of 
raw salts containing much chlorine, to spread them in autumn, or 
as early as possible in the spring. They will then exist in suf- 
ficiently dilute solutions in the soil before they come in contact 
with the growing plants. Whether it is true that potash salts, 
containing chlorine, have an unfavorable effect on the quality 
of many crops, is yet doubtful. It is only proved in the case 
of tobacco, which it is better to manure with potassa sulphate, or 
still better with potassa phosphate, than with kainite. As has 
already been said, if the soil needs potash, it should be given 
enough so that a surplus will always be present. But it must be 
remembered that plants are much more sensitive to an excess of 
potash salts than to an excess of phosphoric acid. 

Potash salts also must be applied with more caution than phos- 
phates. Manurings of 620 pounds kainite, or 135 to 180 pounds 
potassium chloride, or corresponding quantities of other salts, are 


to be regarded as very strong applications. Concentrated solu- 


tions in the soil appear to be specially detrimental to beets and 
potatoes ; on account of which, it is customary to apply potash, in 
such cases, to the preceding crop. 

Potash salts have an unusual importance in the manuring of the 


nitrogen increasers; e. g., varieties of clover, pease, vetches, 


_ esparcet, etc., as well as of meadows. The general practice, in 
manuring meadows, is bad. Not enough plant food is applied, 
and the manuring is not done rationally. The spreading of liquid 
manure, on such fields, is in many cases irrational. Economical 


considerations may often seem to compel this practice. It may 


not be known how otherwise to dispose of this material; but it 
must be remembered that the nitrogen of liquid manure renders 
poor service in meadows. On corn, fodder beets, rape, winter 
grain and in orchards, this nitrogen accomplishes very much more. 
Meadows have no particular need of nitrogen manuring. They 
are in this respect independent. If simply a potash and phos- 
phoric acid manure be applied to a meadow, its vegetation accom- 
modates itself to this condition of things. Vetch varieties, clover 
and similar plants, then grow luxuriantly ; they need no nitrogen 
manuring, for they take from soil and air enough to supply their 


entire need. A ‘‘ grass meadow” is converted by potash and | 


phosphoric acid manuring into a vetch and clover meadow. A 
meadow suffering neither from superfluity nor lack of water, 
manured with Thomas slag (during the first years about 700 
pounds per acre, afterward less) and kainite (450 to 560 pounds. 
per acre), often produces astonishing yields and an improved. 


~ 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. bei 


quality of fodder. Improved grasses and clover plants increase 
after such amanuring. In general, it is of the greatest impor- 
tance to manure clover, pease, vetches, lucerne and all nitrogen 
increasers, with much potash and phosphoric acid. 

As proof of the luxuriance with which the nitrogen increasers 
grow even upon soils with little nitrogen, when supplied with an 
abundance of potash and phosphoric acid, I cite here from my 
experiments the following example. On plots containing very 
little nitrogen, vetches and pease were sown, in August, during 
three successive years. In late autumn, the green growth was 
turned under, and then crops of spring rye grown. ‘These 
ploughed-in crops grew with extraordinary luxuriance, under 
eareful cultivation, and with rich phosphoric acid and potash 
application. They furnished, in three successive years, about 
178 pounds atmospheric nitrogen per acre in their surface growth, 
and thereby increased the rye harvest, in round figures, 2,940 
pounds of grain and 6,680 pounds of straw per acre. 

This experiment shows with what luxuriance pease and vetches 
can grow without nitrogen manuring, on soils poor in nitrogen 
(but well supplied with phosphoric acid and potash), even when 
the nitrogen collected is continually removed from the soil in 
the chief crop. The power of these plants for collecting nitro- 
gen is extremely great; and, the sooner they can be satisfied with 
phosphoric acid and potash, just so much more quickly and vigor- 
ously do they take up atmospheric nitrogen. It is impossible to 
emphasize sufficiently the importance of amply furnishing these 
plants with phosphoric acid and potash, and sometimes even with 


‘lime. It must be apparent that the potash manuring of nitrogen 


increasers is far more profitable than that of nitrogen consumers. 
With the former, potash and phosphoric acid, alone, produce an 
increased yield; while, for the latter, nitrogen in addition must be 
bought and applied, and the profitableness of phosphoric acid and 
potash manuring thereby diminished. 

Since the year 1887 I have begun a number of larger experi- 
ments concerning the different questions in potash manuring, and 
hope shortly to communicate important results in this connection. 


MANURING WITH NITROGEN. 


We have already considered the method for determining the 
proper amount of nitrogen for application in any particular case, 
and have here to consider simply the selection of manures, and 
the best methods of applying them. Unquestionably, the atmos- 
phere furnishes the cheapest nitrogen manure. It is a free gift. 


_ The farmer has it for the mere asking; and, as we have seen, an 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. “[Jan. 


entire series of cultivated crops are capable of drawing from this 
ever-flowing source, with as much ease as from the nitrogen com- 
pounds of a richly fertilized soil. We possess in these plants a 
means by which we can increase the circulating nitrogen capital of 
the farm. With them we can replace the deficit caused yearly by 
the exportation of nitrogenous products; by the losses incidental 
to the collection and preservation of animal excrements, by the 
evaporation of soil nitrogen into the air, and by filtration through 
the subsoil. 

Schultz of Lupitz deserves high recognition for having attracted 
general attention to the importance of utilizing atmospheric nitro- 
gen, and of manuring the soil with nitrogen-collecting plants. 
He and Neuhaus of Selchow have shown, at once, the practicability 
of this process, and, in a most convincing manner, the great finan- 
cial advantages which accrue to the farmer who, whenever possible, 
feeds his plants with nitrogen from the air, and fertilizes his soil 
with atmospheric nitrogen. : 

I will briefly indicate the methods by which atria ptsen nitrogen 
may thus be rendered useful : — 

1. Cultivate nitrogen- -collecting plants as the ies crop, and 
turn under the entire harvest material as manure for the growth of 
the year following. This method causes the loss of an entire 
year’s harvest, and is therefore applied only on fights dry, sandy 
son 

‘Let clover and other leguminous varieties compose the chief 
crop vie be harvested, of which the stubble and roots remain as 
' manure for the succeeding crop. 

3. Sow lupines, serradella and clover varieties, with the chief 
growth, consisting of some straw crop; and, after harvest of the 
grain, plough under the growing plants, either in late autumn or 
in early spring. 

4. Sow vetches, etc., in the rolled stubble of the harvested 
chief growth, and plough under in late autumn or early spring. 

5. Sow Italian clover in the rolled stubble of the chief growth. 
In May, a fodder crop having been cut, the piece is ploughed, and 
then the stubble and roots remain as manure for potatoes, fedder 
beets, ruta-bagas, etc. 

Method No. 3 is particularly recommended, and is chiefly appli- 
cable to rye culture, on soils of medium quality (loamy sand and 
sandy loam). 

Mr. Neuhaus of Selchow, who has had valuable experience in 
this process of culture, sows with machine in April or beginning 
of May, from 35 to 55 pounds per acre, of good serradella seed. 
This is sown in the straw crop (rye, oats or barley) when about six | 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 89 


inches high. If not machine-sown, the seed must be covered by 
harrowing. In order to have the ground well covered, and to suc- 
ceed with at least one of the so-called intermediate crops, there 
are still thrown on to this, 90 pounds of lupine seed, about the time 
when the rye is in flower, in case of a heavy stand; but, if this is 
thin, then later. The lupine seed lying on the surface must of 
course have rain, in order to sprout. In case of heavy drought, 
this sprouting is not satisfactory. But Mr. Neuhaus states that 
he has had poor-success not oftener than once in six or seven 
years. In view of the slight cost of the seed, and of such possi- 
ble great advantage, this is indeed no great risk. At the time of 
the grain harvest, the plants of the last sowing will have so far 
developed as not to be injured by the cutting, if the stubble is 
left somewhat long. If the autumn is exceptionally dry, they 
develop very luxuriantly, and in favorable years furnish a crop 
which, according to Mr. Neuhaus, corresponds (including the root 
mass) to not less than 125 pounds of nitrogen per acre; that is, 
as much nitrogen as is contained in 25,000 pounds of barnyard 
manure. In addition to this, experiments have shown me that. 
nitrogen in green plant material acts much more quickly than that 
contained in barnyard manure. 

As far as possible, therefore, the agriculturist must fully’ utilize 
the. atmospheric source of nitrogen, and, by rich applications of 
phosphoric acid and potash, put the crops in position to take the 
largest possible amount of nitrogen from the air. Plenty of 
water; plenty of phosphoric acid, potash and lime, — these are 
the demands made by the nitrogen-collecting plants on the soil. 
The nitrogen they provide themselves; and yet, for intensive 
farming, — for an intensive culture of roots, grain and oil crops, 
tobacco, potatoes, etc., the nitrogen possible from the air is not 
sufficient. 

Commercial nitrogenous manures must come in here, to aid in 
reaching the highest possible net profit. Of these, Chili saltpetre 
and ammonia sulphate are by far the most important, for they 
appear in the market in much the greater quantities. Peruvian 
guano, with a high percentage of nitrogen, has become very scarce ; 
and dried blood, ground horn, fish and meat, wool refuse and 
ground leather, appear in the market in relatively insignificant 
quantities. | 

Nevertheless, the question as to the manurial value of the 
latter, that is, of organic nitrogen manures, is important enough 
to demand careful and exact investigation. I therefore arranged, 
in the summer of 1887, an interesting series of experiments 
intended to show : — 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


(a) How quickly the nitrogen of these manures becomes active. 

(6) How much nitrogen, in form of ground bone, dried blood, 
wool waste, etc., must be applied in the primary and after-manur- 
ings, in order to ssid the same yearly effect which is bain with 
100 pounds of Chili saltpetre. 

(c) How much of the nitrogen brought into the soil, in these 
manures, is really available for plant feeding, and how much, on 
the other hand, becomes lost (as free nitoeey by chemical 
decomposition. : 

These questions it was intended to solve by using marled and 
unmarled soils; and I hope to obtain, in the course of a few 
years, practical, valuable results. Experiments already made 
elsewhere, have, unfortunately, not furnished sufficient data for the 
determination of the relative value of the manures in question. 
They have in every instance been executed during only one year. 
The after effects of the organic nitrogen manures have thus been 
left out of consideration ; and, moreover, the results exhibit impor- 
tant contradictions. The only definite statements that can now be 
made are these: Dried blood and ground horn decompose more 
quickly than ground fish, ground meal or bone meal. The decom- 
position of wool waste and ground leather proceeds very slowly. 
It is impossible, at present, to make definite numerical statements. 
The prices which it is customary to pay for the slowly decompos- 
ing nitrogen manures, are proved to be too high in comparison 
with that of saltpetre and ammonia. ‘Toward the close of 1889 I 
shall probably be able to communicate more in detail concerning 
my work in this connection. 

The relative value of nitrogen in ammonia and saltpetre is also 
as yet undetermined. In comparative field experiments, it has 


been found that the increase of yield, after manuring with ammo- | 


nia sulphate, is sometimes higher and sometimes considerably less 
than that obtained after the corresponding manuring with saltpetre. 
In a majority of cases the ammonia manuring with sugar beets and 
potatoes has shown such poor results, in comparison with saltpetre 
manuring, that it is rejected as too unsafe for these crops. Chili 
saltpetre alone is recommended as a nitrogen manure for them, 
while with straw crops a still more unfavorable record has been 
obtained from ammonia salts. 

No satisfactory conclusions have yet been reached from the 
field experiments, for the variations in results have been unusually 
great. If we represent the increased yield obtained with saltpetre 
nitrogen by 100, the corresponding results from ammonia manur- 
ing would give 83, 100, 115, 144, and then again 46, 47 and 43. 


These are examples of what has been obtained with grains. A 


: 
a 
: 
‘ 
4 
a 


1890. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. ot 


cause for such differences has not been discovered ; and, indeed, it 
is not known whether the differences are reliable, or really due to 
difference in action of saltpetre nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. 

I have during the last two years carried on, and to some extent 
completed, quite comprehensive experiments on the effect of ammo- 
nia manuring in relation to saltpetre manuring. I have attempted 
to determine the magnitude of the difference between the effects 
of the nitrogen salts in question, and to explain the causes of the 
different effects. ‘The following brief notes are taken from the 
results of my work : — 

1. Experiments with grass, oats, rye, buckwheat and turnips, 
on loam soil containing a small percentage of lime carbonate, 
show, for the most part, no considerable difference between the 
action of ammonia and saltpetre, when the manuring was done in 
the spring and immediately before sowing. To what extent the 
lime carbonate exerted an influence on the effectiveness of the 
ammonia, or whether it exerted an influence at all, I do not know. 
I am still to test this. In several series of experiments the effect 
of the ammonia nitrogen was precisely equivalent to that of salt- 
petre. In several cases the ammonia nitrogen effected somewhat 
. more than the saltpetre, while in others the ammonia effect was 
from 10 to 15 per cent. less than that of saltpetre. The causes of 
these differences have not yet been determined. 

2. On a soil consisting of equal weights of loam and acid 
(mossy) turf, the effect of the ammonia manure was very late and 
slight, in comparison with that of the saltpetre manure. On the 
same soil, mixed with lime marl, the ammonia effect was from 
beginning to end precisely that of the saltpetre. 

3. It has been supposed that the sulphuric acid, combined with 
the ammonia, acts disadvantageously on the plants, and to this 
the average lesser effect of the ammonia nitrogen is due. This is 
not the case, at least under all circumstances. Even exceptionally 
heavy applications, if not less than 267 pounds nitrogen per acre, 
furnished the same yield of oats and wheat, when in form of 
ammonia sulphate, as when in form of ammonia carbonate or 
nitrate. 

4. On calcareous loam, very heavy manurings of ammonia 
nitrogen acted with equal rapidity to corresponding applications of 
saltpetre nitrogen. Under the condition of heavy and continuous 
rains, shortly after seed sowing, when the saltpetre was washed 
through the soil, and, for the time being, removed from the plant 
roots, the ammonia nitrogen produced quicker effect than the Chili 
saltpetre. 

®. It has often been emphasized that ammonia, as such, before 


92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


being transformed to nitric acid, can work injuriously on the 
plants. This may be, and it is possible that the sensitiveness of 
plants to ammonia is very variable. It is possible that the unsat- 
isfactory experience thus far had in ammonia manuring, especially 
with roots and jotatoes, is due to a particular sensitiveness of 
these very plants to ammonia. It is, however, singular that actual 
cases of damage (manifested by yellow color and scanty develop- 
ment of the plants) do not appear regularly after very heavy 
ammonia manuring, but occur only rarely, and as exceptions. It 
is this irregularity in the appearance of an adverse effect, either 
slight or considerable, of ammonia manuring, which has induced 
me to advise caution in the application of ammonia sulphate, and 
to point out the slight value of average statements calculated from 
the results of field experiments. 

6. Itis remarkable that I obtained, repeatedly, after applica- 
tion of ammonia salts, considerably smaller yields than after 
saltpetre manuring. ‘This the following experiment shows : — 

Oats were manured with ammonia sulphate, carbonate and 
nitrate, and a mean of 20.3 ounces of harvest was obtained, the 
results mutually agreeing. The corresponding saltpetre manuring 
yielded 21.1 ounces. With no manure, a harvest of 9.4 ounces . 
was obtained. ) | 

A crop of turnips (harvested early) followed the oats in the 
same year. The same nitrogen compounds were applied on the 
corresponding plots, as in the case of the oats. The ammonia 
salts furnished an average of 3.5 ounces of material; the Chili 
saltpetre, on the contrary, 4.8 ounces in excess of the unmanured. 
Saltpetre nitrogen thus produced a third more than the ammonia 
nitrogen. The cause of this result could have been that the soil 
conditions were unfavorable for the action of the ammonia, or 
that the ammonia had yielded less to the turnips than to the oats. 
In order to settle this question, plots were laid out in the follow- 
ing year, sown with oats, and the respective nitrogen manures 
applied. It was then clear that the ammonia salts produced less — 
than the saltpetre, even with the oats. The yield with.saltpetre 
was 20 per cent. more than that with the ammonia salts. 

It is here apparent that the kind of crop did not cause the 
slighter effect of the ammonia, but changes in the soil conditions 
must have brought about the superior effect of the Chili saltpetre 
with the second or third crop. 

The character of these changes must still be investigated. I 
will here call attention to one point; namely, that the soda of the 
saltpetre exerts a certain influence on the physical character of 
the soil. In reacting with the lime carbonate of the soil, soda 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 93 


carbonate is formed, which, by superficial attraction, is bound to 
the soil. This holds the soil particles more firmly together, and 
increases their water-retaining power. It was long ago discovered 
that saltpetre manuring tends to increase the crusting of soils, and 
at the same time their water-retaining power. No explanation 
has ever been given. It has simply been spoken of as an effect of 
saltpetre, with no further question as to a cause. 

Now we know that this is due to the soda, and also that a second- 
ary’and similar effect of the saltpetre must appear, whenever it is 
applied in quantities so large that the plants can no longer con- 
sume the soda. Investigations in this direction are certainly to 
be recommended. ‘They are apparently destined to throw much 
light on many cases in which applications of saltpetre result more 
favorably than those of ammonia. The same behavior is noticeable 
with kainite. Kainite consists of one-third sodium chloride; and, 
in consequence of this sodium content, it acts very favorably on 
light soils. It occasions the soil particles to adhere more, and 
increases their water-retaining power. In England, also, the 
superior effect of saltpetre over ammonia, in repeated heavy 
manurings, has been determined. At first, even for several 
successive years, the ammonia effected more than the saltpetre. 
Then this relation was reversed, and in the succeeding years the 
saltpetre produced, regularly and often considerably, more than 
the ammonia. In this entire question nothing is clearly under- 
stood. We do not yet know the factors which occasion the trans- 
formation of ammonia into nitric acid, which favor or which 
hinder. So long as we are ignorant of this, and investigations 
present such totally contradictory results, no conclusions can be 
drawn. Until the fundamental questions concerning the applica- 


_ tion of ammonia and its action in the soil are answered, we must | 


defer any further explanation of the difference in action between 
saltpetre and ammonia manures. Nothing permanent and useful, 
at least, can be built on the present swaying foundation. Clear 
and definite knowledge as to transformation of ammonia in the 
soil is wanted. At present, I can only offer, as reliable, the state- 
ment that ammonia manuring effects very little in acid turf or 
humus soils, unless the same are previously treated with marl or 
lime. 

We may now consider the application of Chili saltpetre. This 
salt contains nitrogen in a form which allows immediate absorp- 
tion and assimilation. It is not subject to the absorbing powers 
of the soil, but remains perfectly free, and therefore becomes 
quickly effective. A plant lacking nitrogen, watered with a solu- 
tion of saltpetre, shows, three days afterwards, the effect of the 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


nitrogen applied. Its leaves become dark green, —a sign of 
luxuriant growth. Chili saltpetre presents to us, therefore, as 
does no other nitrogen manure, a means with which to influence 
quickly the development of plants: By sowing saltpetre on a 
young crop, which has perhaps suffered from frost or insect 
attacks, the plants are induced to sturdy and luxuriant growth. 
Even at a later period of vegetation, if necessary, we can give 
them nitrogen food in this immediately assimilable form. 
Although we possess in Chili saltpetre a manure freely movable in 
the soil, immediately effective for the plant, and which is absorbed 
with great avidity, precaution in its use must be observed, other- - 
wise the best effect possible is not secured. But whatever may 
be true here, is of equal importance in the case of ammonia. 
Under normal circumstances, ammonia is converted with more or 
less rapidity into nitric acid (7. e., the form of nitrogen in salt- 
petre), and then has all its properties. 

Failures in manuring with nitrogen salts sometimes occur. We 
will seek a brief explanation of these failures, and means for 
their prevention. In the first place, the nitrogen is often not suf- 
ficiently absorbed by the plant. This can be the case when salt- 
petre is not applied at the right time. Winter grain may be 
manured in the autumn, in many cases successfully, but in many 
others not. It must be remembered that young plants require 
- relatively little nitrogen for a sufficient development before the 
winter rest begins. A well-cultivated soil furnishes quite enough 
for this. In the experiments of Heine of .Emersleben, the highest 
yields were furnished by those wheat fields which received no 
nitrogen manuring in autumn, and all their saltpetre in May. It 
is certainly incorrect to furnish the plant its entire supply of 
nitrogen in the fall. Only sufficient should then be given for 
absorption and assimilation before the commencement of the 
winter rest. A surplus is unnecessary, and it may become entirely 
lost during the winéer months, by filtration through the subsoil. 

Ammonia, also, as my experiments have shown, is in danger of 
draining into the lower layers of the field. Although at first it 
_ may be combined with the finer soil particles, it is, nevertheless, 
converted into nitric acid, and this follows the course of the rain 
water, which, during the winter months, is forced through the 
ground. Only on very deep and retentive soils should a large 
application of nitrogen salts be risked in the fall. This danger 
of loss of nitrogen by percolation attends not only autumn 
applications but those made at any time. Saltpetre nitrogen in 
the soil is in condition of perfect freedom. It follows, conse- 
quently, the course of the percolating waters. Therefore, the 


1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 81. 95 


danger of loss of nitrogen by drainage increases with (a) the 
length of time between the application of the manure and 
the absorption of the nitrogen by the crop; (0) the quantity of 
manure applied; (c) the percolation in the soil; (d) the rainfall 
immediately after application. 

If now the saltpetre is applied by sowing in the field after the 
plants have appeared, so that they quickly absorb it, the danger 
of percolation is only slight, or none at all. Fear is often enter- 
tained, that, if saltpetre is applied in this manner, the nitrogen 
will be supplied to the plants too late. On this account it is 
recommended to do away with such an application entirely, for 
crops which must be ripened as early as possible, — as, for exam- 
ple, sugar beets and potatoes; and to make use of it only as an 
after-manuring on the straw crops. 

This rule is probably applicable in many cases; but the deeper 
we investigate the domain covered by the question in hand, the 
nearer we come to the conclusion that any rule must often be 
modified to suit a particular case. It is frequently desired to supply 
a crop with nitrogen at the earliest possible moment, and with the 
least possible waste. This cannot always be accomplished by 
manuring with saltpetre at the time of seeding. It cannot be 
done, for example, with spring grains, sugar beets, potatoes, car- 
rots, turnips, flax, etc. 

After the seed is sown, about eight days elapse with turnips and 
flax, ten to twelve with straw crops, two to three weeks with car- 
rots and beets, and three to four weeks with potatoes, before the 
plants show themselves ; and from that time again, four to eight 
days pass before the young plants are capable of assimilating 
saltpetre nitrogen. If now, during these periods, there is a great 
fall of rain, and the water-retaining power of the soil is slight, 
the saltpetre is washed into the lower soil strata, and in conse- 
quence is removed from the plant roots. Sometimes it only 
becomes effective two weeks later than the ammonia salt, which is, 
as it were, held fast in the soil. This I have very often observed, 
and that, moreover, a part may entirely escape absorption by the 
plant roots. This danger is very considerable in cases of slowly ger- 
minating seeds. Saltpetre applied, in my experiments with carrots, 
the day before the sowing, effected very little ; but a marked effect 
was produced when it was sown on the plot after the first carrot 
plants appeared. When a heavy saltpetre manuring is given, the 
entire quantity can be absorbed only gradually ; but, until it is all 
absorbed, the residue in the soil is exposed to loss through drain- 
ages In view of these conditions, it is doubtful if the application 
of Chili saltpetre, especially the entire quantity necessary for the 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan, 


crop, immediately before the sowing of spring crops, is, under all 
circumstances, the most rational. 

Between the two extremes of applying all of the nitrogen before 
seeding, and all after the plants appear, there is indeed a series 
of intermediate procedures. The saltpetre can be sprinkled over 
the soil immediately after seeding, or one or two weeks later ; 
or a part can be sown with the seed, and the other part sooner or 
later afterwards. ‘The latter way is advisable especially when 
large amounts of nitrogen, not so quickly assimilable by the plants, 
are to be given. The opinion is often heard, that nitrogen pro- 
motes leaf formation, that it ingreases the amount of straw and 
tends to cause the plants to lodge, while phosphoric acid acts in an 
opposite direction. This, as is shown in my paper above cited, can- 
not be quite correct. A specific effect of nitrogen in an abnormal 
leaf development, exists just as little as does one of phosphoric 
acid in.an abnormal development of the grain. 

If after saltpetre manuring the straw yield is increased out of 
proportion to the grain, the explanation is simply that the salt- 
. petre hastened the first development of the plant, established 
healthy and strong stalks, but was not present in sufficient quantity 
to support, in like manner, the later development of the seed 
heads. During the first stages the plant was supplied with the 
richest food, but afterwards the need for nitrogen was not met; 
and, in consequence, much straw and little grain was yielded. It 
must be remembered that saltpetre is very rapidly taken up by — 
plants, very rapidly assimilated, and occasions, not a gradual, 
steady development, but a tendency to quick and luxuriant growth. 
If a normal development of straw is to be had, a one-sided devel- 
opment avoided, the nitrogen feeding of plants must be so regu- 
lated as to correspond, as nearly as possible, to the conditions in 
an old, humus-rich, strong soil. It should be remembered that 
the important period of nourishment comes at the stage of devel- 
opment just after the setting of the stalks. 

The greatest possible yield of grain with the least possible ree 
ber of stalks is the aim in an economical nitrogen feeding of 
straw crops. ‘The stem setting of the grain crops is confined to 
a definite period in their process of development. When this is 
ended, there is no longer an increase in the number of stems. A 
nitrogen manure, now assimilated, only develops and strengthens 
the stems, and feeds the entire plant; while if supplied during or 
before the stem setting, it increases the number of stalks. From 
this we can draw the following rule: Soluble nitrogen should be 
given to the straw crops, before the close of the stem-seéting 
period, only in the quantity necessary to produce the requisite 


1890. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. at 


number of stems. After this period, so much is to be given as is 
necessary for the most healthy development possible of stem and 
grain. 

I know well that the rule is more easily made than followed, and 
that the weather can readily neutralize the farmer’s most intelli- 
gent efforts. But we must be clear in theory. How far it may 
be practicable to answer the theoretical conditions, is quite another 
question. Let us apply the rule in a few examples. If a soil is 
in good cultivation, rich in nitrogen from residues of pease or 
clover, then it will not generally be advisable to assist the stem 
setting of the plants either by an addition of saltpetre or ammonia 
salts, or, if at all, by a very slight one. ‘The soil will furnish 
enough nitrogen for an adequate stem formation, and an appli- 
cation should only be made after the completion of the stem 
setting. Then a much heavier quantity can be given, and with- 
out the danger of lodging, which would have attended an earlier 
application. 

Heine of Emersleben * had the following experience in manuring 
winter wheat. With much hesitation he determined to apply, to 


his winter wheat, no nitrogen in the fall and none before the first 


of May. But the success of this procedure was greater than that 
of those in which applications were made in autumn, February, 
March, or even April. In this connection Heine says: ‘* The 
question, At what time shall saltpetre be sown? is answered by 
my results in a manner which completely overturns the opinions 
hitherto held. ‘The opinion that Chili saltpetre must be sown over 
the winter wheat as soon as possible in spring, is by no means 
confirmed. On the contrary, the Chili saltpetre applied at the 
beginning of May, even when the plants were very far developed, 


 inereased the yield of grain.” 


As a matter of course, this does not imply that an application 
in May is, everywhere and in all cases, the best for winter wheat. 
Such a pedantic prescription would by no means answer the 
principles laid down. Another example, in which it would be 
necessary to proceed in an entirely different manner, is the follow- 
ing. Assume that we have a soil much exhausted of nitrogen, 
and have calculated that a manuring of 1,000 pounds Chili salt- 
petre is necessary to obtain a maximum yield of wheat. If, now, 
we should apply the thousand pounds saltpetre in May, the result 
would be a miserable failure. The plants would, up to this 
period, suffer starvation, and the stem setting would be very 


autumn or early spring, the result would be equally poor. The 


* Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Presse. 1886. No. 33. 


small. On the other hand, if the entire quantity were sown in 


98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


larger part of the easily soluble nitrogen would accomplish the 
stem setting in such a manner as to induce early lodging. A 
proper division of the nitrogen manure —an application of 200 
pounds in the fall, 400 pounds in March and 400 pounds in 
May — would be the correct procedure. 

Not unfrequently such a case as the following appears. The 
soil being poor in nitrogen, by an application of saltpetre the 
maximum yield is attempted, but not secured. The large quan- 
tity of saltpetre has caused the crop to lodge. But lodging is 
only produced by the growth of too great a number of stems, 
forced on by too early nourishment of the plant. If the heavy - 
manuring comes after the stem setting, then the stems will not 
stand so close; they will have plenty of light, they will develop 
more healthily, stand upright and furnish full heads. _ A necessary 
condition here is, a soil well enriched with phosphoric acid, and of 
course sufficient potash. The later the nitrogen is given, just so 
much more quickly must it be assimilated ; and, in order to do its 
work, the plant must be able to take up large quantities of phos- 
phoric acid in a very short space of time. 

_A further study of many questions, very important in the . 
application of nitrogen manures, would lead us away from our 
present purpose. I must refer to my often-quoted paper, and 
also to future publications in which I hope to give many practical 
results of my investigations. I emphasize once more, that the 
greatest importance must be placed on the rational nitrogen 
manuring of plants. ‘This is the central point in the entire doc- 
trine of manuring. 

Nitrogen holds, in plant life and in the economy of field culture, 
an entirely different position from potash, phosphoric acid, lime, or 
any other plant food. Nitrogen is indeed an organic constituent 
of plant substance, while phosphoric acid, potash, lime, etc., are 
only agents in the formative processes of organic substance, and 
only in this capacity necessary. Nitrogen, in the burning plant 
material, flies away; while phosphoric acid, potash, lime, mag- 
nesia, etc., remain behind as ash constituents. But the nitregen 
also comes and goes by slower processes. It wanders from the 
air into the soil, and from the soil into the air. Again, it passes 
from the atmosphere into the plant, and from the plant, when it 
decays, into the atmosphere. It is continually passing from the 
free condition into the chemically combined, and as cone 
again becoming free. 

The three most important and difficult tasks in manuring are 


to catch the nitrogen, to hold it, and then to obtain from it the : 3 


greatest possible service. It is, in the mean time, the important 


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IC DOCUMENT—No. 31. —_—_99 


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~ PUBLIC DOCUMENT. Noe od. 


TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT 


MASSACHUSETTS 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JANUARY, 1891. 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE. 
1891. 


Commontocalth of AMtMassachusetts. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 8, 1891. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


I have the honor to transmit herewith to your honorable 
body the Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the Trustees of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

e 
I am, very respectfully, 


Your obedient servant, 


B HENRY H. GOODELL. 


— 


= 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
Report of Trustees, . ; : : : . 5 : ; ‘ 7-37 
Report of Educational Department, ; ‘ 2 ‘ ‘ ; 8-15 
Labor Fund, .. Bi kg | 6k ee ees eis) Comoe 
Report of English ot : : ; i ; : : 9-11 
Report on Agricultural Museums, . : me : ; : es 12-15 
Report on Farm, : é ; : : : ; : : . 16-25 
Report on Experiment Department, : , ‘ : F . 26-35 
I a 8 86,87 
Report of Treasurer, : ; : ; ; : : a, Mat eee k 
Report of Veterinary Department, . : : : : : . 42-44 
Report of Military Department, : ‘ : : : ; . 45-48 
Calendar, . ; ; . : ; : . , 49 
Catalogue of Paculty and ee his, AS ‘ é ° ; . 50-57 
Course of Study, . ; : : ‘ : 7 : ; = 58,59 
Requirements for Admission, . : ; ; : : : ‘ 61 
Expenses, . P , 3 ; ‘ ; A ; : 2 ae 62 
Scholarships, . .. . . Bh hel ee ; : ; . . 63 


Equipment, ° d . ° : ° ° ca te Nes - 64-68 


= 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


@ 
To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


The year just brought to a close, though marked by few radical 
changes, is on the whole one in which the growth has been steady 
and healthful. The maximum number of applications permissible 
under the free scholarship act of 1883 was reached, and of the 
eighty candidates presenting themselves for examination sixty-two 
were admitted. The different sections of the State were better 
represented than ever before, though there are still a few in which 
the college does not seem to be known. Analyzing the attend- 
ance of the year we find that ninety-three per cent. were residents 
of the State, while of the remaining seven per cent. one-third 
were foreigners attracted hither by the advantages of the course. 
A comparison by counties shows the following distribution : 
Bristol, 1; Berkshire, 8; Essex, 9; Franklin, 16; Hampden, 7; 
Hampshire, 42; Middlesex, 20; Norfolk, 9; Plymouth, 7; 
Suffolk, 6; Worcester, 26. The three counties unrepresented, 
Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket, all border on our sea-coast, 
and the pursuits of their inhabitants are other than agricultural. 
That the college has steadily grown in the favor of the people, 
the following table of attendance during the past few years 
is proof : — 


eS WDD} ABBR Pk ek oo 48 
er.) 121, } Weeee Oe el 1 
re ee 2 130 Tne he vy yw ws a AFB 
eee ig. 189 


, 


Nothing is more needed to strengthen and build up the college 
than a fuller knowledge of its work and aims by every citizen of 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


the State ; and it is not too much to say that the attendance has 
increased in a direct ratio to the efforts which have been put 
forth to make it better known. Its good work is already widely 
recognized, and its graduates are sought for positions of trust in 
other colleges. About one-sixth are now engaged in advancing 
the cause of agriculture in this and similar institutions in other 
States, or in the various experiment stations of the country. Of 
the remaining five-sixths a little more than one-half are engaged 
directly or indirectly in agricultural pursuits as farmers, horticult- 
urists, stock-raisers, veterinarians and the like. 


It is now two years since the act passed by the Legislature of 


1888 creating a labor fund went into effect, and we can speak with . 


some degree of confidence of the good resulting from it. The 
increased attendance at the college is largely due to its provisions. 
During ‘the past year eighty-nine students have enjoyed its 
benefits, and sums have been earned ranging from forty-four 
cents to one hundred and fifty-one dollars. Of the present fresh- 
man class more than one-half are dependent in a greater or less 
degree upon their own exertions, and could not have entered 
college but for this opportunity of paying a part of their expenses 
by their labor. 


DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 


The accessions to our permanent corps of instructors have added 
materially to the strength and usefulness of the college and filled 
a long-felt want. Two working biological laboratories, well sup- 
plied with microscopes and the necessary appliances, have been 
opened during the year, under the charge respectively of Profes- 
sors Fernald and Maynard, and have greatly increased the scope 
and efficiency of the chairs of zodlogy and botany. In the one 
has been studied the structure of animal tissue and the lower 
forms of life; in the other, vegetable tissue and plant disease. In 
no other way can the student acquire so accurate and comprehen- 
sive a knowledge of the morphology and pathology of animal and 
vegetable life as by thus investigating for himself, under the 
direction of a practical instructor. When the departments of 
agriculture and veterinary science have their laboratories, where 
the student can practically carry out the teachings of the lecture 


1891.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 9 


room, the college will then be tolerably well equipped to offer 
adequate instruction in these different departments. The veter- 
inary chair has been acceptably filled by the appointment of Dr. 
James B. Paige, a graduate of the college in 1882. ‘The course as 
now laid down covers the entire senior year, and embraces a con- 
sideration of the following topics: the hygiene and care of 
stock, the anatomy and physiology of the domestic animals, their 
more common diseases, and the different forms of lameness. The 
aim has been to make this course as thoroughly practical as 
possible, and to give instruction on such points as daily fall within 
the experience of every farmer. By reference to the report of 
Dr. Paige, inserted later on, a more detailed account of the ground 
covered can be obtained. Large additions to the equipment of 
this department have been ordered, including a clastic model of 
the Arab horse, the uterus of the mare, the jaws and foot of the 
horse, and a series illustrative of comparative anatomy. This 
Series is especially valuable, for it has been made to show the 
operations of the functions of life throughout the entire animal 
series from man to zodphite, and makes readily appreciable the 
differences presented in the structure and use of the various 
organs of digestion, respiration, circulation, etc. 

The object and aims of the English department, recently organ- 
ized, are so admirably set forth by the professor in charge, George 
F. Mills, that I take pleasure in presenting his entire report for 


your consideration. 


President H. H. GoopELt. 

Sir :—In the preparation, at your request, of a statement of 
exercises proposed for the English department in the Agricultural 
College, regard has been paid to the distinction that should be 
made between literature and language. While the importance of 
the study of English literature in a liberal course of training 
cannot be overlooked, and while, in any comprehensive study of 
English, its literature must have a prominent place, it is to the 
study of the language that our attention is to be chiefly given. 
For it is by language, spoken or written, that thought is expressed, 
and thus the results of experience and study and research are 
communicated to others. 

* That the ability to use correct, forcible English will be of great 
practical value to every graduate of the college will hardly be 


10 » AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. © [ Jan. 


denied. How often do we hear from the lips of those now in 
places of responsibility the unavailing lament, *‘ If I only had the 
ability to express myself!” More and more, too, the foremost 
positions in influence and honor are being given to those who, 
while having their powers of observation well trained and their 
minds well disciplined, have also the ability to express their 
thoughts so clearly and forcibly that they command the confidence 
and respect of all whom they reach. The practical man needs 
this ability in the common intercourse of every-day life. The 
scientific man needs it that he may give to the world the results 
of his investigations. ‘The purely professional man needs it that 
he may the more easily reach the ear and mind and heart of those 
to whom he appeals. Whether, then, the graduate of the Agri- 
cultural College be teacher, editor or lawyer, chemist, director of 
experiment station or civil engineer, manager of a political cam- 
paign in the farmer’s interests, holder of a seat in the councils of 
the nation or the centre of influence in the less conspicuous but 
hardly less responsible councils of an agricultural community, 
the ability to use correct, effective English will be to him an 
increasing source of influence and power. 

How, now, is this ability to be secured? We answer, in the 
same way in which the ability to do other things is secured, viz., 
by patient, persistent work. The simple desire, unaccompanied 
by effort, to secure it will not secure it. Reading excellent trea- 
tises on the subject, or listening to the enthusiastic exhortations 
of the professor of English, will not secure it. The student must 
apply himself to the task diligently, faithfully, intelligently. If 
he wish to have power as a speaker, he must practise speaking ; 
if he wish power as a writer, he must practise writing. 

The object, then, being to secure power of expression by voice 
and pen, the following exercises are proposed : — 

(a) Declamation, with suggestions as to voice culture, gesticu- 

: lation and general style of delivery. 

(6) Extemporaneous speaking on Onhes of the time in presence 

of the class. 

(c) Debate, also before the class, on questions suggested by 

current events. 

(d) Written exercises, in which particular attention is given 

to spelling, capitalization and grammatical constructions. 

(e) The study of the history of the English language, and of 

the derivation of words. 

(f) Essays. 

(g) Orations. 

(h) The critical study in the class of master-pieces of standard : 

authors. 


1891. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 11 


As a help to the cultivation of the power of expression by 
voice and pen, the principles of rhetoric are to be studied in 
connection with exercises in rhetorical analysis. 

That these exercises may be of practical value to our students, 
it is evident that time must be given to their preparation. While 
the French and the German student is expected to devote at least 
one hour each day to the study of his own language, the student 
of English has been too often limited to the meagre equipment 
given by afew months’ study of English grammar and by occa- 
sional exercises in English composition. I respectfully suggest, 
therefore, that in the course of study at the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College more time, in the class-room and oué of it, be 
allowed our students for the study of English. 


Very respectfully, 


GrorGE F. MILLs. 


It is perhaps a little premature to clearly define the use that will 
be made of the national grant under the provisions of the new 
Morrill Act, but, in general, it may be stated that the purpose is to 
develop along the lines already established, strengthening and 
enlarging the facilities for instruction, and so increasing the corps 
of teachers that special attention ‘can be paid to advanced work, 
leading on to a post-graduate course and degree of Master of 
Science. This would necessitate the dividing the chairs of 
chemistry, English, botany, mathematics and physics, and agri- 
culture, and the appointing of five additional professors to fill 
the new chairs thus created. To carry out this plan still more 
completely it is recommended that the studies of senior year and 
perhaps of a part of junior year be to a large extent elective. It 
would be advisable also to establish short courses in agriculture, 
horticulture and the related branches, for those unable to spend 
four years at the college. The repeated inquiries for such courses 
and the success attending their introduction in other States would 
Seem to indicate that there is an actual demand forthem. If now, 
following the example of European governments, the State would 
establish two or three fellowships, to which the post-graduate 
courses would lead, and which would permit the recipients to 
travel abroad and study the most improved methods, it would not 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


only furnish an immense stimulus in the right direction, but would 
be returned to the State tenfold in the improved character of its 
teaching. 

The most pressing need of the college at the present time, in 
connection with its educational department, is a building to be used 
as an economic museum, with laboratories and recitation rooms 
annexed, which shall illustrate the departments of agriculture, 
veterinary science, entomology and geology. Aside from its great 
value as an aid to instruction in the class-room, it would serve as 
an object lesson to every visitor coming to the college. <A carefully 
digested report, based upon a comparison of the best museums 
abroad and in this country, has been prepared by Prof. Charles 
H. Fernald, and is herewith submitted. 


Agricultural Museums. 


An agricultural museum, properly arranged and equipped, is 
undoubtedly one of the most important educational appliances 
connected with an agricultural college. It should not comprise a 
heterogeneous collection of curiosities, without order or scientific 
arrangement, but should store, preserve and exhibit such speci- 
mens, implements, machines, models, preparations, charts, dia- 
grams, etc., as are used in the class-rooms, where studies related 
to agriculture are taught. 

All these objects should be exhibited in ae a manner as to 
give a full history of their origin, development and use. 

It is highly important to have all the collections massed together 
in one building, and so connected that the student or visitor 
cannot separate them, but that they shall combine to form a unit 
bearing on agriculture. A museum of this kind will tend to 
educate towards agricultural pursuits rather than away from them, 
as a museum of one special group of objects might do; and it will 
prove more economical in the end, since the cost of erecting and 
maintaining one large building is less than that of several smaller 
ones covering the same ground; and it will prevent the necessity 
of duplicating very many costly specimens and pieces of ap- 
paratus. 

Although a museum of this kind will require a long time for its 
development, yet, if the teachers in the college work towards this — 
end, a few years will yield more gratifying results than could 
possibly be obtained by dividing their energies among three or 
four smaller museums. 


1891.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 13 


The agricultural lecture room should be on the ground floor, 
some part of which should be covered with cement so that, when 
necessary, animals may be led into the room to illustrate the 
instruction. There should also be suitable tracks on which to 
move heavy implements into the room, and steam power to run 
such machinery as may be necessary for illustration, either in the 
lecture or exhibition rooms. In connection with this department 
a conservatory would be very useful, in which to raise certain 
plants to be used in the lectures. 

The lecture room for the veterinary department should also be on 
the ground floor, so that animals may be led in and used for 
illustration before the classes. 

The zoological laboratory may be on any floor where it is con- 
venient, but must be on the north side of the building, as that 
affords the best light for microscopic and other work necessary 
to be done. 

It is extremely important that the working laboratories and 
lecture rooms should be adjacent to the rooms containing the 
specimens and apparatus illustrating the different departments of 
instruction ; and that the convenience and utility of the lecture 
rooms and laboratories be considered before everything else, since 
the instruction to be given at the college should take precedence 
over the exhibition rooms, which, with their contents, are only 
facilities to aid in the instruction. | 

It is important that the exhibition rooms be so well lighted and 
arranged that every specimen may be seen from all points, and 
that each label give not only the name, but, when practicable, a 
brief history of the object. The museum in Brussels is a model 
in this respect. The objects that should be viewed on all sides, 
like prehistoric remains, are in small cases with glass tops, 
bottoms and sides. ‘The floor on one side is lower than the case, 
so that the visitor may look up and see the under side of the 
object, while on the other side it is so much higher that he can 
look down upon the specimen. 

Architects sometimes make the mistake of sacrificing the in- 
terior accommodations to the external appearance of the building, 
as was the case with the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. 
The National Museum, however, is constructed on a totally 
different plan, affording an opportunity to display the specimens 
properly in a good light. 

The American Museum of Natural History in New York is one 
of the best lighted buildings for exhibition purposes. The 
windows are large and on both sides of the hall, while the cases, 
which extend from the walls between them towards the centre of 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


the room, are of glass, with glass shelves, so that there is the 
least possible obstruction to the light. 

The British Museum is a badly arranged and poorly lighted 
building, but the new Natural History Museum at South Kensing- 
ton is a marvel of perfection. In this the maximum amount of 
light and of exhibition space seem to have been secured. 

The old Agricultural Museum in Berlin was a very poorly con- 
structed building for exhibition purposes. It was insufficiently 
lighted, and many of the specimens were on high shelves where it 
was impossible to examine them, — a very common fault in many 
museums. ‘The new Agricultural Museum in that city is a decided 
improvement over the old one, but the interior arrangements were 
sacrificed in many cases for architectural effect. 

The Vienna Museum is probably the most elegant and expensive 
in the world. The arrangements for light and exhibition space 
are very good; but it is difficult to say whether the visitor would 
spend more time in the study of the specimens on exhibition than 
in admiring the architectural beauties of the building. 

Other European and American museums offer many points 
worthy of imitation and many others to be carefully avoided. 

An agricultural museum for the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College should contain a complete collection of ploughs, from the 
most primitive to the most modern, with wall maps or diagrams 
illustrating the quality of work done by each, which is of as much 
importance as the exhibit of the ploughs themselves, although it only 
supplements the exhibition. These illustrations should be made 
in colors representing nature as closely as possible. A careful 
study of such a collection will teach one what the plough was, what 
it is now, and the possibilities of improvement in the future. 

A similar exhibit should be made of each and every agricultural 
implement or machine, and also of all dairying apparatus. It 
will, doubtless, be impossible to secure all the implements, but 
they can be represented by models or diagrams. 

There should also be a series of the different kinds of tile used 
in underdraining, together with all the implements used in the 
work, and diagrams illustrating whatever cannot be shown by the 
apparatus ; in fact, the entire history of surface and under drainage 
should be represented. 

A series of models and diagrams of farm buildings of all kinds, 
from the earliest and most primitive to the latest and most con- 
venient, should be on exhibition. This collection should be as 
extensive as possible, especially of modern buildings. 

It is very important to exhibit in the collection samples of all 


1891. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 15 


the different grains, as well as seeds of the various species of 
forage plants, both native and introduced, and also seeds of all 
the weeds that are more or less injurious to farmers, and these 
should be accompanied by the plants themselves, or by good 
colored illustrations, with such brief facts about them as may be 
given on the labels. A similar collection of fruits, tubers, etc., 
represented by models or colored illustrations, should be on exhibi- 
tion; and, in fact, every product of the farm, orchard and garden 
should. be represented in the clearest possible manner, with its 
name and a brief history. 

_ The museum should contain samples of all the commercial and 
other fertilizers used in the State, together with the analysis of 
each; and also a series of soils and geological diagrams so ar- 
ranged as to exhibit the geology of the farm. 

The collection should contain mounted specimens and skeletons 
of all the different species of domestic animals; and the different 
varieties of these should be represented by illustrations or photo- 
graphs. Wild mammals, both native and introduced, and wild 
birds with their nests and eggs should be on exhibition, with 
illustrations of the work done by each, whether beneficial or 
injurious. 

The fishes of Massachusetts should be represented by as com- 
plete a collection as possible of mounted and alcoholic specimens, 
and by illustrations of the methods of fish culture. 

The insects of all orders found in Massachusetts should be 
exhibited in every stage of their existence, as far as possible, with 
specimens of the benefits or injuries of each, together with illus- 
trations of methods of destroying or holding in check those that 
are injurious. The various kinds of hives and all other apparatus 
used in successful bee culture should be fully represented. 

The various diseases to which our domestic animals are subject 
should be shown by a series of preparations of diseased bones and 
tissues, or by illustrations. . 

As the botanical museum has already been established at this 
institution it may not be deemed wise to make any changes; 
therefore the department of botany and horticulture has been 
omitted; but the departments of agriculture, zodlogy, and veter- 
inary science should combine their museums, and have their lecture 
rooms and laboratories in the same building. 


Respectfully submitted, 


CHARLES H. FERNALD. 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


THE Farm. 


The work of permanent improvement has gone steadily on and 
the farm has never been in a finer condition than at the present 
time. Twenty-six acres have been underdrained and nine cleared 
of stumps; portable corn-cribs have been constructed where most 
needed, and several hundred lengths of movable fence for the 
keeping of stock within bounds have been built. The returns 
from the sale of stock and produce have been about fifteen 
hundred dollars greater than last year. The acreage of the 
principal crops was divided as follows: hay, eighty; corn, 
twenty-two; rye, five; oats, five; potatoes, four. The yields 
have for the most part been good. An interesting comparison in 
the farm report gives the actual cost of each crop and the net 
return. To the college herd of pure-bred stock have been added 
twenty grades for the purpose of saving the purchase of manure, 
of consuming the roots, hay, etc., raised on the farm, and of 
increasing the receipts from the creamery. A large share of the 
work has been performed by students; and of the great good 
arising from the Labor Fund, which has alone made this possible, 
the professor in charge speaks in no doubtful terms. ‘‘ The 
permanent improvement of the farm and the practical instruction 
of the students, as well as the furnishing of needed assistance to 
deserving men, who in increased usefulness will a hundred times 
' return the cost of their education, are thus among the fruits of 
this wise appropriation on the part of the State.” For fuller 
details see the farm report herewith appended : — 


Farm Leport. 


The management of the farm during the past year has been 
along the general lines indicated in my last report. The work of 
improvement has been as vigorously prosecuted as our means and 
forces would permit; and, though much remains to be done, the 
changes already effected have been such as to very materially 
increase the productive capacity of the farm. ‘The good results 
are in part evident in the increased returns of the present as 


1891. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 17 


compared with last year. The chief items of receipts in round 
numbers are : — 


Milk and cream, ‘ : - : ; ; : . $1,291 00 
Breeding bulls, . : y : ‘ ; : ‘ ; 560 00 
Pigs,. ‘ : ‘ , ‘ ‘ - : : ; 251 00 
Beef, : F 4 ; : : : : , : 118 00 
Pork, . : : 5 ’ : ; F 4 : 112 00 
Sheep, lambs, wool and mutton, . ‘ Fe 3 : 282 00 
Hay, . : : : : ; : ‘ : 4 ; 432 00 
Squashes, . ; : : : ; : f : ; 130 00 
Potatoes, . ; f A : ‘ F “ A . 375 00 

Total from stock and crops, . : ‘ ‘ ‘ . $3,551 00 
Similar sales for last year aggregated, . : ; . $2,100 00 


It is confidently anticipated that each year in the immediate 
future will witness equal or greater increase in receipts from 
sales, and that, too, while fully maintaining or even increasing the 
usefulness of the farm as an educational adjunct to the college. 

The crops of the year were as follows: Hay, 80 acres; corn, 
22 acres; rye, 5 acres; oats, 5 acres; potatoes, 4 acres; man- 
golds, 2 acres; squashes, 1 acre; carrots, 4} acre; Swedes, } 
acre; and English turnips, 2} acres. The yield was in every 
instance fairly satisfactory, and in some cases unusually good. 


Hay. — A considerable portion of the acreage in this crop is new 
land, imperfectly drained and seeded, but our total crop at the 
first mowing was 175 tons, secured in perfect condition. The dry 
weather of July caused the rowen to be very light on most fields, 
and only 25 tons were cut. The total of both crops was thus 200 
tons, or an average of two and one-half tons per acre. 


Corn. — The acreage in this crop may be divided as follows: 
Silage corn, 9 acres; field corn, 12 acres; pop-corn, 1 acre. 


Silage Corn.— The land used for this crop, with the exception 
of about two acres last year also in silage corn which was then 
drowned out, had been used for pasture for several years. Last 
fall a large portion of the lot, including all of the two acres above 
mentioned, was tile drained. It was all ploughed late in the spring, 
manured at the rate of twelve cords to the acre of cellar manure, 
broad-casted and harrowed in, and planted in drills three and one- 
half feet apart with an Eclipse corn planter. The variety on most 
of the field was the common eight-rowed yellow flint; the germi- 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


nation was imperfect, and the field hardly averaged one stalk to 
the foot of row. Growth was good, the plants suckered freely 
and every stalk bore one or more large ears of grain. It was 
allowed to stand until glazed, when it was cut, immediately carted 
and filled into the silo, first being cut into lengths of about one- 
half inch. The silos were covered and weighted as last year. 

Not all our crop was required to fill our silos; when both were 
full there remained one and one-half acres of corn standing. 
This was stooked and, later, husked, and though not the best part 
of the field it yielded 120 bushels of shelled corn and five tons of 
stover. This sufficiently indicates the quality of our crop. A 
financial statement follows : — 


Total cost of production (harvesting and cutting into silo, 


but not manureincluded), . 5 : ‘ , $280 00 
Produce: 120 bushels shelled corn, at 75 cones $90 00 
‘ 5 tons stover, at $6, f ’ : 30 00 
80 tons silo, at $4, . : - > » 320808 

———— $440 00 


The silage is valued at the customary rate, viz., one-third the 
price of good hay; but our crop contained so much grain that I 
am confident it is worth more. If not, then the crop has been 
ensiled at a great loss; for, crediting the field with a yield of 
grain and stover.equal to the acre and a half husked (certainly 
not an over-estimate of its product), and adopting the same basis 
of valuation as above for grain and stover, the total crop of the 
field if husked would have been worth $720 imstead of $440 as 
above ; or at the rate of $80 per acre for the whole field, instead 
of $42.67 per acre, as above, for the part ensiled. This field in 
silage corn was seeded to grass in August, and the seed made a 
fine catch. 

The silage made last year may be mentioned in this connection. 
It came out in perfect condition, there being practically no waste, 
even at the top.. It was fed to all our stock with the exception of 
horses, and was readily eaten by all and produced very satisfactory 
results. To milch cows we fed it at the rate of twenty-five to 
_ thirty pounds per day in connection with hay and about six pounds 
of a mixture of bran and cotton seed meal in equal parts by 
weight. We are now feeding a similar ration, the only difference 
being the substitution of corn stover for about one-third of the 
hay, and its net daily cost (obtained by deducting 80 per cent. of 
its fertilizer value from the market price) is about nine cents per 
cow. Nineteen new milch cows are giving us an average return 


for cream of 40 cents each per day. In the light of our experience, 


| 


1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 19 


I regard the silo as an important means of storing fodder and 
increasing the amount of stock which a farm can carry. 


Field Corn. — The land in this crop comes under two classes, 
viz., two and one-half acres of good corn land and nine and one- 
half acres of old pasture land, imperfectly drained and cleared 
and in process of improvement. The first (two and one-half 
acres), in mangolds last year, was ploughed in late fall, and received 
during winter a dressing of about eight cords of cellar manure, 
spread as drawn. This was ploughed in in spring, and eight- 
rowed yellow flint corn was planted in drills as described for 
silage corn. The yield and financial standing is shown below : — 


225 bushels shelled corn, at 75 cents, : . $168 75 
10 tons stover, at,$6, : . : t ‘ 60 00 
See ER EOOR Th 
Cost of labor, . : : : , . . $78 00 
Manure, 20 cords, at $4, . F Sn we ; 80 00 
———._ 158 00 
Balance in favor of crop, ; ‘ F ; - $70 75 


As the land was manured last year the crop of this year is 
charged with the full value of the manure used. 

The nine and one-half acres of partly cleared pasture was in 
corn last year. It was ploughed in spring, planted with Pride of 
the North Dent corn in drills and fertilized in the drill with a 
mixture of dried and ground fish and potash in the proportion of 
two of the former to one of the latter, and at the rate of two 
hundred and fifty pounds per acre. This field suffered now from 
flood, now from drought, as the soil is clayey, and fully one acre 
was ruined by a neighbor’s cows. The product and financial 
standing are as follows : — 


300 bushels shelled corn, at 75 cents, ; . $225 00 
12 tons stover, at.$5, ‘ ; : : : 60 00 
————._ $285 00 
,Cost of labor, F : : $214 70 
Fertilizer used (two-thirds cost), . : : 26 56 
— 241 26 
Balance in favor of crop, ‘ _ 3 : : . $43 74 


This field was seeded to grass in August and now looks well. It 
is much improved in condition as compared with last spring, and 
a considerable credit is due on this ground. 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Pop-corn. — One acre in this crop, ploughed and manured at the 
rate of eight cords cellar manure, harrowed in after ploughing this. 
spring, gave a good yield, as below : — 


‘125 bushels ears, at $1.25, . ‘ , f . $156 25 
2 tons stover, at $5, < A i PAP ae 10 00 
— $166 25 
Cost of labor, . : ! ; : $43 00 
8 cords manure (one-half value), . aie 16 00 
— 59 00 
Balance in favor of crop, . ; , : é . $107 25 


Rye. — Five acres, following oats, both crops without manure or 
fertilizer, sown with Missouri grain drill at the rate of two 
bushels per acre the last of September, 1889, yielded as follows : — 


90 bushels grain, at 75 cents, . : : . $67 50 
10 tons straw, at $12, : ; ; pre tia (70) '0) 
———— $187 50 
Cost of labor and seed, . i i ; Aric : 47 00 
Balance in favor of crop, .. : 5 : 5 - $140 50 


Oats. — Five acres (planted last year for the first time after 
clearing, one-half in corn and one-half in potatoes, with a light 
. dressing of manure) were sown April 19 with the Missouri drill 
without manure. The crop suffered severely from rust in the 
early stages of its growth; later it in part recovered, but the yield 
was small, as follows : — 


125 bushels grain (light), at 50 cents, 3 - $62 50 
7 tons straw, at $8, ‘ : ; : : 56 00 
———— $118 50 
Cost of labor and seed, . ; z , ‘ "5 ; 61 70 
Balance in favor of crop, Bie t sets ‘ . $56 80 


Potatoes. — Four acres, two on good medium loam and two on 
newly cleared stump pasture, rather mucky in parts, were planted 
in this crop. One and one-half acres of the best land received an 
application of 800 pounds Stockbridge potato manure, and here 
the crop was most satisfactory. Planted April 26, we sold August 
1, 100 barrels of fine potatoes from this part of the field. These 
netted us $225, and on this acre and a half we raised 200 bushels 
of English turnips at an insignificant outlay for labor. The 


balance of this field (one-half acre) received an application of 200 — 


1891. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 21 


pounds muriate of potash, spread broadcast on the ploughed 
surface. The crop was later than on the Stockbridge fertilizer, 
but was in the end nearly as good. The standing of these two 
acres is as follows : — 


350 bushels merchantable and 75 bushels small 


potatoes sold for, . ; : : . $283 04 
200 bushels English turnips, at 20 cents, . : 40 00 
$323 04 
Labor, : : : ; , ‘ : - $113 00 
Seed, . ‘ : i : 14 00 
Stockbridge fertilizer (800 lbs. ‘a ' . : 15 00 
Muriate of potash (200 lbs.), . , : : 4 00 
146 00 
Balance in favorof crops, . 2 c ‘ : - $177 04 


From the other two acres we had to get out a large number of 
stumps before it could be ploughed at all, and then the work was 
done but imperfectly. <A light dressing of manure was harrowed 
in. The planting was a little late, but the growth and yield were 
fair though there was considerable rot. We harvested 175 
bushels of sound tubers, but of these lost about 35 bushels by rot. 
The standing of this field was as follows : — 


Potatoes sold, . ; ‘ ‘ - USIE 1S 
Labor (not including election of amnpsy. $62 50 
Manure (one-half amount used), : ‘ 20 00 
Seed, ‘ ; : ; : 5 2 8 40 

—— 90 90 

Balance in favor of crop, . g : d ‘ ; $0 23 


The condition of this field has been greatly improved. Next 
year it should produce a full crop. 


- Mangolds. —'Two acres, following oats sown last year without 
manure, were planted. The land was ploughed last fall, manured 
as described for field corn during winter, and ploughed and 
harrowed as usual in early spring. The seed was sown May 10. 
‘The field proved a little cold and very weedy though kept clean 
last year. The results were as follows : — 


25 tons beets, at $4, . . ? , ; : : . $100 00 
Labor, ? : : - $106 00 
Manure (ue hal? ae 16 He : , : 32 00 

138 00 

Balance against the crop, ? ‘ : ; F - $38 00 


To offset this apparent loss, the improvement in the condition 
of the field is doubtless an important and sufficient item. 


29 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Tamms 


Squashes.— One acre of medium loam, last year in potatoes 
and corn, was planted with this crop, which received about two 
shovelfuls of manure in each hill. The crop was very satis- 


factory ; the results as shown below : — 


Sales of squashes, 8,700 lbs., . : ‘ : ; . $119 60 


Labor, including expenses of selling, , -. $32 00 
Manure, . : : : : ‘ ‘ ; 6 00 
--— 38 00 
Balance in favor of crop, . : ; , : . . $81 60 


Carrots. — One-half acre, following oats as described under 
field corn, was planted to this crop. ‘The land was manured as for 
field corn during winter. ‘The first planting came up poorly and 
the young plants were largely destroyed by a bronze beetle while 
very small. The land was remanured and ploughed and a second 


planting made June 10. 


Crop, 225 bushels, at 30 cents, . : 4 2 : «OT bO 
Labor, A : : : : . $86 50 
Manure (one- halt valent : : : : 14 00 

—-— 50 50 

Balance in favor of crop, . : é : ; . $17 00 


Swedes. — One-half acre, following oats as above, manured as 
for corn in winter, ploughed, manured and ploughed again, was 
planted June 12. The growth of the tops was remarkable, but 
by a mistake of the man sowing them the rows stood too close, 
about 22 instead of 30 inches apart, and the crop was much 


smaller than it should have been. 


Turnips harvested, 8 tons, at $4, . 3 : : - $32 00 


Labor, : LORE Ny : : F $19 25 
Manure (one- half wanes Ue : 3 : : 14 00 
— 33. 25 
Balance against the crop, : : ‘ : ; z $1 25 


The improved condition of the land will much more than offset 


this apparent loss. 


English Turnips.— About one acre of newly broken up and 
rough pasture, prepared and manured lightly with barnyard manure 
broadcasted and harrowed in for sweet fodder corn, the seed of 


: 
J 
5 
7 
’ 
BS: 


-1891.]° PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 23 


which failed, was later sown to turnips and yielded about 200 
bushels. A considerable portion of this crop was sold at thirty 
cents per bushel. 


Farm Stock. — No purchases of pure-bred stock have been made 
this year, but we have been fortunate enough to receive presents 
of a fine Ayrshire bull calf and a pair of Tamworth pigs, which 
will be.found mentioned among the gifts to the college. The chief 
transactions in pure-bred stock have been the sale of bulls, small 
Yorkshire pigs and a portion of the increase of our flock of 
Southdowns, with the usual amount of culling out inferior animals 
here and there. Our stock has maintained a high average of 
health, the breeding increase has been in the main satisfactory, 
and the average quality has, I believe, been raised in all directions 
by the process of weeding above alluded to. 

In particular I would call attention to our Southdown sheep, 
which are, I believe, among the very best of their breed. The 
average clip of wool last spring for twenty-eight animals was 
seven pounds, eight and one-half ounces each, and the gross 
returns for the past year for breeding stock, mutton and wool (our 
numbers having been kept good and the quality of the flock 
improved by weeding out the poorer ewes and keeping in their 
place the best of our ewe lambs) have amounted to $282, — about 
$12 to each breeding animal kept. 

Our Percheron stallion is becoming yearly more appreciated. 
Wherever shown he is admired, and he will doubtless soon begin to 
bring in a considerable return for the expense of keeping. <A pure- 
bred colt from him of our breeding, at eighteen months, weighs 
- 1,000 pounds; another, at six months, 500 pounds; and a three- 
fourths blood colt, at seventeen months, the same as the first. 
The stallion has been kept steadily at work the entire season, and 
is truly a remarkably strong animal. In many places he easily 
does the work of a pair of average horses. He readily draws 
according to road, loads of two to three tons. 

Upon my recommendation twenty new milch cows were pur 
chased in October, with a view to the consumption upon the farm 
of a larger share of its products of hay, roots, etc., and the 
increase of the receipts through the sale of cream to the local 
creamery. ‘The animals were carefully selected, and during the 
month of November averaged about ten spaces of cream per cow 
daily, worth at the price received for October forty cents per 
animal. Besides this, we have the skimmed milk (about thirty 
pounds per day), worth, for feeding, not less than eight cents, 
making the gross daily return per cow forty-eight cents. The 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


gross cost of feed (already described under silage) has varied 
from eighteen to twenty-three cents; the net cost has been from 
about nine to fourteen cents per day,—at present it is nine 
cents, — leaving a net return to pay for interest on investment, 
labor, etc., of about thirty-nine cents per day for each cow. Of 
course it is not expected that this rate of product will continue 
throughout the year, but accurate records will be kept, and it is 
confidently anticipated that we shall be able to make a good 
showing for these cows. And further, and more important, we 
shall consume a large amount of material which could not easily 
be marketed, and make such a quantity of manure as to be largely 
independent of purchased materials for the maintenance or increase 
of the fertility of our soil. 
Our stock at present consists of the following animals : — 


Horses. — Percherons: one stallion, one mare and two stallion 
colts; two half-blood Percheron mares, one three-fourths blood 
Percheron mare colt, and three geldings. 


Cattle. — Ayrshires: two males, seven females. Shorthorns: 
seven females. Guernseys: one male, one female. Jerseys : two 


males, fivefemales. Holstein-Friesians: three males, nine females. 


Grades: twenty-eight cows and heifers. 


Southdown Sheep. —One ram, twenty breeding ewes, two ram 
lambs, six ewe lambs and three wethers. 

Swine. — Small Yorkshire: one boar, eight breeding sows, four 
fat hogs and twenty-nine pigs. Tamworth: one boar and one 
sow. 


Permanent Improvements. 


The work of the year in this direction has been mainly directed 
towards the bringing up of the level land which lies west of the 
college buildings. About nine acres have been cleared of stumps, 
the extraction of which has involved a large expense, but the in- 
creased products of the next few years may confidently be ex- 
pected to return this outlay. Fully $200 has been spent on this 
work. 

Drainage operations have this year been vigorously prosecuted. 
Tiles sufficient for the drainage of about forty acres have been 
purchased, and the work upon about half of this area has been 
nearly completed. The chief field of operations has been the old 


pasture land which lies on the flat west of the Hatch barn. — 


a 


a aes BNE ow me — 


Se ee eS ee ee ee 


Se 


esol. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 25 


This land, though badly cut up by soft swales running through it 
in various directions, and very cold and wet in portions, was yet of 
such a character as to be susceptible of comparatively easy drain- 
age. The swales are narrow and the land between in many places 
was naturally quite well drained, so that, by the putting in of a - 
relatively small number of drains, the whole field of about twenty- 
five acres could be fitted for cultivation. This work has been 
nearly completed, and, as last year, has been largely executed by 
students working under the provisions of the Labor Fund. ‘The 
permanent improvement of the farm and the practical instruction 
of the students, as well as the furnishing of needed assistance to 
deserving men who, in increased usefulness, will a hundred times 
return the cost of their education, are thus among the fruits of 
this wise appropriation on the part of the State. 

Besides these improvements, we have made a number of others 
of subordinate importance. We have put up forty-eight rods of 
substantial board fence and built four hundred twelve-foot lengths 
of portable board fence, which we find very useful in controlling 
our stock, as we have no permanent pasture land. We have built 
eighty rods of farm road, and graded and improved the grounds in 
the vicinity of the farm house. We have expended a considerable 
amount in the effort to clear our mowings of dock, daisies and 
wild carrot. 

We have put up substantial and durable portable corn cribs, 
with a capacity of one thousand four hundred baskets of corn on 
the ear, and have converted the old corn barn, in which grain did 
not cure satisfactorily, into a granary, thus supplying a long-felt 
need, as we gain the capacity to store about two thousand bushels 
of grain. 

In conclusion, I desire to express my hearty appreciation of the 
value of the services of the farm superintendent, Mr. F. 8. Cooley, 
to whose efficiency as an executive and business manager such 
measure of success as we have attained has been largely due; and 
permit me further to add, that the cordial support which I have 
invariably received from superior officers of administration has 
been to me a source of the sincerest gratification. 


Wm. P. Brooks, 
Professor of Agriculture. 


AMHERST, Dec. 30, 1890. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


THE EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. 

This has been conducted along the same general lines as in 
previous years, new work being taken up as occasion seemed to 
demand. Four regular bulletins have been issued, as required by 
law, and a special one in May, ‘‘On the most profitable use of 
commercial fertilizers,” being a translation of a monograph by 
Prof. Paul Wagner, Director of the Agricultural Experiment 
Station at Darmstadt, Germany. ‘The increasing demand for our 
publications now requires an edition of eleven thousand, and the 
time must soon come when it will be found impossible to supply 
requests from outside of the State. 

The work of the different departments during the year can be 


beet summarized as follows : — 


The Agricultural. 


Report has been made on several varieties of Japanese crops, 
wiz., four varieties of beans dnd three of millet. Of. the latter, 
two, the Setaria Italica (Jap. Mochi Awa) and the Setaria Italica 
(Jap. Awa), seem especially promising for seed production and 
fodder, yielding respectively at the rate of twenty-eight and fifty- 
five bushels per acre and two and one-half and two tons of straw. 

A careful tabulation of soil tests with different fertilizers in ten 
localities of the State was made in Bulletin No. 9, and the grand 
average increase to hard corn and stover per acre, taking all 
experiments into account, was as follows : — 


For potash, : . hard corn, 6.51 bushels; stover, 643.3 pounds. 
phosphoric acid, Fe) ee soso Oy tae ane on 211 ts 


nitrogen, . : aL aia elety Ee Ks 6c. 28a is 


The same soil tests have been repeated this year on a larger 
scale with corn for grain and for the silo, and with potatoes. An 
investigation requiring much time, respecting the ‘* Conditions 
affecting the strength of the calf’s stomach for rennet,” has been 
concluded and repott made in the January Bulletin for 1891. At 
the request of various dairymen a series of analyses are being 
made of samples of milk from each of forty cows in various 
periods of lactation, and including five pure breeds and a great 


KS9t. | * PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 27 


variety of grades, with a view to the study of their results in their 
bearing upon the question as to what is a proper legal standard for 
milk solidsin this State. Experiments are likewise in progress to 
determine the influence of different elements and combinations of 
elements of plant food on.the proportion of the different species 
of grass and other plants in a mixed sod. 


The Entomological. 


So great a demand arose for information respecting the gypsy 
moth, that, though a special bulletin on the subject, in an edition 
numbering 23,000 copies, had been issued in November, 1889, it 
was found necessary to reprint it as a part of Bulletin No. 7, and 
distribute it through our regular channels in all parts of the State. 

Efforts during the year have been directed as follows : — 

1. The completion of the life history of the bud moth 
(Tmetocera ocellaria), and the best methods for its destruction. 
This small insect has, in various parts of the State, done con- 
siderable damage to our fruit trees, and the final results of the 
investigation, which has covered a number of years, will be 
reported in Bulletin No. 12. | 

2. The insects affecting the cranberry vines have been care- 
fully studied, but no definite conclusions having been reached, the 
various experiments made with different insecticides will be 
continued through the coming season. 

3. Particular attention has been paid to the breeding of 
injurious insects, sent in by different individuals throughout the 
State, for the purpose of determining their life histories, and thus 
learning the period at which they are most vulnerable. 

4. <A series of experiments have been made with Paris green to 
ascertain the maximum percentage that could be used on fruit 
trees without injury to the foliage, in wet as well as in dry 
weather; also the minimum percentage that will successfully 
destroy the common injurious insects at different stages of their 
growth. These experiments have led to such unexpected and 
unsatisfactory results that final report will be withheld until they 
can be repeated under different conditions. ‘Trees under shelter, 
under varying conditions of moisture, will be sprayed with 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


preparations of Paris green to ascertain the effect of different 
proportions upon the foliage. 

5. <A biological collection has been started, consisting of a 
series of inflated larvae, to aid in the determination of such insects 
as may be sent to the station, and to serve as an object lesson to 
every farmer and fruit grower visiting the insectary. Already 
the work has considerably progressed, and a number of insects 
are represented in all their stages, together with their injurious 
effects upon the foliage of the trees on which they feed. 

The large and increasing correspondence of this department 
testifies to its importance, and shows the keen interest felt by 
those to whom the annual damage to their crops has become a 
problem worthy of their most serious consideration. 

In the line of disseminating useful knowledge among the 
people, an article was published in Bulletin No. 8 by Dr. Harold 
C. Ernst of Boston on ‘‘How far may a cow be tuberculous 
before her milk becomes dangerous as an article of food.” Out 
of one hundred and fourteen samples of milk taken from thirty-six 
different cows, all of them presenting more or less distinct signs 
of tuberculosis of the lungs or elsewhere, but none having marked 
signs of disease of the udder of any kind, seventeen were found 
in which the bacilli of tuberculosis were distinctly present, or the 
actual virus was seen in 10 + per cent. of the samples examined. 
As these seventeen samples of infectious milk came from ten 
different cows, the percentage of detected infectiousness rose to 
27.7 per cent. The milk was shown to be infectious by inocula- 
tion experiments in seven out of fourteen of the cows from which 
the milk came, — that is fifty per cent. These results are to a 
certain extent preliminary, but they show — 

First. That the milk from cows affected with tuberculosis in 
any part of the body may contain the virus of the disease. 

Second. That the virus is present whether there is disease of 
the udder or not. 

Third. That there is no ground for the assertion that there 
must be a lesion of the udder before the milk can contain the 
infection of tuberculosis. 

Fourth. That, on the contrary, the bacilli of tuberculosis are 


present and active in a very large proportion of cases in the milk 


eee PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No: 31.  —— -29 


of cows affected with tuberculosis, but with no discoverable lesion 
of the udder. 


The Horticultural. 


Investigations respecting the most economical way of heating 
green-houses, whether by steam or hot water, have: been continued 
with the same results in favor of hot-water heating as in previous 
experiments, — a higher temperature being secured at a less con- 
sumption of fuel. Report has been made on tests of thirty-eight 
varieties of lettuce, twenty-four varieties of potatoes, ninety-seven 
varieties of strawberries, nineteen varieties of the red raspberry, 
fifteen of the black raspberry, sixteen varieties of blackberries 
and forty-six varieties of tomatoes. Attention is called in the last 
mentioned to the fact that varieties producing most double flowers 
are most irregular in form and imperfect in fruit. The impor- 
tance of this to growers of choice fruit isapparent. By discarding 
plants producing double blossoms, fruit in greater perfection will 
be secured. Seed growers, too, by a more judicious selection of 
plants can save waste and obtain a better strain of seed. Experi- 
ments with the co-operation of Dr. Jabez Fisher of Fitchburg 
have been carried on, in the girdling of grape. vines, with the 
results of an increase of sugar, a gain in size of the berry, and a 
forwarding of the time of ripening by at least ten days. The 
protection of fruit trees from the attacks of mice, rabbits and 
woodchucks by the application of a mixture of lime, cement and 
Paris green has had continued trial with the same favorable 
results as reported in previous Bulletins. Tests have been made 
of the value of varieties of seed of sweet corn grown in New Eng- 
land as compared with the .same varieties raised in the western 
States. The Corey, Crosby and Stowell’s Evergreen were the 
varieties under trial, and a very decided increase of sugar in the 
eastern grown over the western was found. Investigation has 
been made of the cause of peach yellows, and of the yellows as 
affected by special fertilizers, by condition of the soil and by its 
surroundings. Special fertilizers for green-house crops have been 
made the subject of experiment and have been applied to carna- 
tions, lettuce, pansies and potatoes. The results summed up 


Show that of the nitrates, the nitrate of potash gave the best 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


results, but that sulphate of ammonia proved even more efficacious, 
especially in the production of foliage crops. Of the potash salts, 
the sulphates gave better results than the muriates, while bone- 
black had a marked effect in increasing the number of blossoms. 


The Meteorological. 


President H. H. GoopELu, Director. 

Sir :— The work in the meteorological department the past year 
has been a continuation of that begun the year preceding, together 
with additional labor in certain special lines. Particular attention 
has been given to the study of weather prognostics, climatic con- 
ditions and signs of local weather changes. Special study also 
has been made of solar and lunar halos and corone, and their 
appearance, as precursors of coming storms. A series of experi- 
ments has been carried on for some months for the purpose of 
ascertaining the effect of dynamical electricity on the growth and 
development of vegetation, also the effect of incandescent electric 
light on plant development, ‘the results of which will appear later 
in the form of a bulletin. As atmospheric electricity is. considered 
of late a potent factor in the economy of nature, it was thought 
proper to make it a careful study and undertake a series of 
observations in this department of meteorology. Preparations, 
therefore, have been made in this direction by placing an electro- 
graph in the observatory. The following is a general description 
of the instrument. ge 

The electrograph consists of a Thomson’s quadrant electrometer, 
registering apparatus and water-dripping apparatus. A partial 
description of the different parts will be found under their 
appropriate headings. When in proper position, the electrometer 
is enclosed in a glass case, the registering apparatus in a mahogany 
case, and the whole arrangement is mounted on a strong slate 


slab. The instrument was constructed by Elliott Bros. of 


London especially for this observatory, from drawings made by 
Sir William Thomson, and is designed for observations in atmos- 
pheric electricity. 


The Electrometer.—The quadrant electrometer (see Fig. 4) 
has first a white flint glass bell jar, surrounded and supported, 
mouth up, by a metal casing. The outside of the jar is partially 


covered with tin-foil, while the inside contains strong sulphuric — 


acid to the depth of about three inches. The acid serves a three- 
fold purpose: (a) it keeps the air inside quite dry, thereby 


insulating parts required to be so; (0) it holds a charge of 


CU I 


SPRY cbse ceo 


SASVO HLIM ‘HdVYDOULOATS 7! COM 


oj 


Ae) 


wy 


"ASVO LNOHLIM ‘HdVYDONLOATAT 3 'F ‘DI 


\ 


1891. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 31 


electricity, hence acts as an inner coating of the jar; (c) it 
allows the needle to become charged without impeding its move- 
ments. Over the mouth of the jar is the main cover, a circular 
brass plate, screwed down to the metal casing, and secured so 
as to be air-tight and prevent the entrance of moisture. Over a 
large circular hole in the cover stands the ‘‘ lantern” ; the latter is 
of brass and covers the mirror and its suspending arrangements. 
It has a glass window in front and allows the ray of light to fall 
upon the mirror and be reflected back on the scale. It also carries 
the ‘‘ gauge” and three electrodes, which project from the top. 
Four quadrants supported by short glass pillars project downward 
from the main cover. The quadrants are movable in radial slots, 
and can be drawn out or pushed in toward the axis of suspen- 
sion. When the instrument is in adjustment, the quadrants are 
arranged symmetrically about the needle. One of the four is 
capable of adjustment by turning a milled head screw; the moving 
of this quadrant also serves in adjusting the zero of the instru- 
ment. Each pair of opposite quadrants is connected by a fine 
wire, and from one quadrant of each pair rises an electrode, 
which, insulated, passes through the top of the lantern. These 
electrodes serve to connect the two conductors whose difference of 
potentials is to be measured. The third electrode, seen projecting 
through the top of the lantern, is for charging and discharging 
the Leyden jar of the electrometer. 


The Needle (Fig. 2). — The needle consists of a flat piece of sheet 
aluminum shaped like a double canoe paddle, and is fixed horizon- 
tally to a stiff vertical platinum wire which passes through its centre 
upward and downward. A small cross-bar is attached to the upper 
end of this wire, and the whole is carried by a bifilar suspension 
of cocoon fibres. ‘To the lower end of the stiff platinum wire is 
attached a very fine platinum wire carrying a small plummet, 
which dips into the sulphuric acid at the bottom of the jar. By 
this means the needle is brought in contact with the inside coating 
of the jar and is charged. The platinum wire carrying the needle 
has also a small circular mirror attached to it. This mirror is a 
concave mirror of silvered glass, about 15 millimetres in diameter, 
and weighs about one-third of a grain. The concavity of the 
mirror is such that reflected rays of light are brought to a focus 
about one metre distant from the mirror. All the movable parts 
are carefully guarded from external influences ; the platinum wire, 
both above and below the needle, is protected by a metal ‘‘ guard 
tube” through which it passes, and the mirror by a little cylindrical 
hood projecting some distance from the suspension plate. 


/ 


api AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


The whole principle of the instrument depends upon the potential 
of the needle remaining constant throughout the time a series of 
observations is being made. The sensibility of the instrument 
is really proportional to the potential of the needle; therefore, by 
altering the charge of the Leyden jar, we can alter ‘at will the 
sensibility of the electrometer. As this constant and normal 
condition is very essential in making a series of measurements, - 
it is of great importance that some means be devised whereby 
we can know at any time the electrical condition of the needle. 
. The latter is accomplished by the gauge connected with the instru- 
ment. . . 

The Gauge (Fig. 3) is-really a very delicate electrometer. It 
consists of two metallic disks having their planes parallel and 
close to each other. The npper disk G has a square hole imme- 
diately over the centre of the lower disk. The latter is in electrical 
connection with the acid of the jar. A piece of white sheet 
aluminum, shaped like a spade, is carried on a tightly stretched 
platinum wire, as seen in Fig. 3. The blade P covers the square 
hole in the upper disk. The rung of the handle H is a very fine 
black hair, and behind the hair stands a porcelain pillar with two 
black dots upon it. The arrangement is looked at through a 
plano-convex lens a little distance off. When the lower disk is 
charged the blade is attracted and the rung of the handle is raised. 
~ If the handle sinks below the mark, we know the potential of the 
jar is falling. The instrument is in proper condition when the 
hair is midway between the dots. The gauge is controlled by a 
very delicate electrical machine called the ‘* replenisher,” turned 
by the finger. | 


Replenisher.— The replenisher consists of two curved shields, 
one of which is in connection with the acid in the jar and the other 
with the framework of the instrument, and through it the tin-foil - 
outside of the jar. Two metal wings, curving outward and insulated 
from each other by a small bar of ebonite, are made to revolve 
within the shields. During such revolution of the wings, the latter 
are made to come in contact with two springs connected together 
but insulated from the rest of the instrument. The wings come 
in contact with the two springs at the same time, and being thus 
connected and under the influence of the shields, the positive 
electricity of the left-hand shield, say, draws negative electricity 
to the left-hand wing, close to it, and drives the positive to the 
right-hand wing. 

Continuing the revolution still further, the wings clear the 


Lat. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. dl. 33 


springs ; but, though disconnected, each wing retains its charge. 
Further rotation brings the right-hand wing with the positive 
- charge in contact with the left-hand shield, and the charge is sent 
to the jar. The negative electricity on the left-hand wing runs to 
the outer coating of the jar. 

The shields are now neutral, as at first, but by continuing 
the rotation the process is repeated. Every turn increases the 
potential of the jar, and we can augment it as much as we choose. 
By ‘reversing the motion we can likewise diminish the charge. 
The instrument is so extremely sensitive to slight variations of 
potential that a few turns of the replenisher will supply any loss, 
however small. 


Water-dripping Apparatus. — The water-dripping apparatus is 
a strong cylindrical tank of galvanized iron, two feet in diameter 
and eighteen inches in depth. ‘The tank stands on three solid glass 
supports set in feet made of mahogany wood ; the glass supports are 
incased in cylinders of thick glass in which may be placed pumice 
stone soaked in sulphuric acid in order to better the insulation. 
From the tank a pipe projects about five feet and terminates in a 
fine orifice ; the water flowing through the latter breaks into drops 
immediately after leaving the nozzle of the tube. An insulated 
wire connects the vessel with the electrometer placed in-doors. A 
short time from the starting of the stream the can will be found to 
be electrified to the same potential as the air at the point of the 
tube. This potential is imparted through the conductors to the 
electrometer, and a deflection of the needle ensues. 


Registering Apparatus. —The registering apparatus consists of a 
powerful clock with weight, second pendulum, dial and gearing. 
The latter connects with, and turns & cylinder provided with a pair 
of thin brass bars furnished with spring hooks and hinges for hold- 
ing the sensitized photographic paper. The cylinder turns once in 
about thirty hours. Thesensitized paper, or chart, is provided with 
a zero line and a suitable scale division. On one side of the zero 
line the positive potential is recorded, and on the other side the 
negative. In front of the cylinder is a long cylindrical glass lens. 
Near one side of the case covering the cylinder is a gas burner 
with an opaque chimney carrying a round glass window on one 
side. The pencil of light passes through the window, and also a 
vertical slit in the case, falls upon the mirror connected with the 
needle, and is reflected back upon the cylindrical lens, which 
concentrates tire rays ina point. This follows the motion of the 
mirror and thus impresses upon the sensitized paper the curves 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — (Jan. 


which measure the electrical potential of the air. A shutter suit- 
ably geared from the clock intercepts for four minutes, every 
alternate hour, the passage of the light, the gaps marking a time 
scale on the paper. During the same time the quadrants are put 
to earth and thus discharged. The mirror then reverts to the 
zero line and commences a new trace. The readings are reduced 
to absolute measurements by multiplying by the factor of the 
instrument. , : 

This electrograph is like the one at Greenwich observatory. It 
is the latest and most improved of Sir William Thomson’s instru- 
ments, and is most valuable and useful for accurately measuring 
potentials, and extremely so for the observation of atmospheric 
electricity. No instrument is more ingeniously contrived, deli- 
cately arranged and capable of producing continuous photographic 
records than thisone. Few of these electrographs are in operation. 
Some of the observatories of Europe are supplied with an old 
form of the instrument. In the observatories of Montsouris and 
Kew, especially the latter, the instrument has no gauge and no 
replenisher, and each pair of quadrants is connected with thirty 
or more cells, and the needle receives its charge direct from the 
atmosphere. But with the latest improved instrument no such 
battery is required. Its potential is controlled by delicate arrange- 
ments, and the needle is charged through the acids in the jar. 
While parts of this instrument may be found in the different labo- 
ratories of our institutions, it is thought that the electrograph at 
Amherst is the only complete one.of its kind in this country. 

Arrangements were made with the Signal Office at Washington 
for furnishing this observatory with the ‘ official forecasts and 
cold-wave warnings,” but the expense of obtaining the telegrams 
from the office was. so great that it was thought proper to wait 
until funds could be obtained sufficient to place telegraph instru- 
ments in-the observatory, and thus be able to communicate directly 
with the central office at Washington. This can be done at an 
expense of less than two hundred and fifty dollars, for the United 
States government will pay for all telegraph service. It is there- 
fore recommended that money be appropriated for this purpose, in 
order that a complete signal station may be established at the 
college. | 
Respectfully submitted, 


C. D. WARNER. 


1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 35 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE HatcH FuND 
For the year ending June 80, 1890. 


Cash received from the United States, J ; $15,000 00 
Cash paid, salary, . P L : : ‘ . $5,266 58 
library, ; : : ; , ; 305 54 
labor, . 6 ; ? ; : .  38,994,03 
postage, - ; - : : - 53 40 
freight, express,. -. : 2 : 43 15 
printing, : : : : ; : 897 72 
building, : : : ; ; : 366 89 
furniture, . , : ‘ F 4 159 34 
supplies, ; : : 3 , 985 81 
scientific We a anonts. . - ‘ 3 582 41 
general fittings, . : ° : : 728 05 
travelling expenses, . : : : 104 90 
incidental expenses, . d : ‘ 1,512 18 
——_——.__ $15,000 00 


FRANK E. PAIGE, Jreasurer. 


AMHERST, MAss., Jan. 3, 1891. 

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do hereby 
certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch 
Experiment Station of the’ Massachusetts Agricultural College for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1890, and have found the same well kept and 
correctly classified as above; and that the receipts for time named are 
shown to be $15,000.00 and the corresponding disbursements $15,000.00. 
All of the proper vouchers are on file and have been by me examined and 
found correct, there being no balance to be accounted for in the fiscal year 


ending June 30, 1890. 
(Signed) J. H. ee Auditor. 


AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 3, 1891. 
I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of 
account of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agri- 


cultural College. 
FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer. 


AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 8, 1891. 
I hereby certify that Frank E. Paige is the treasurer of the Massachu- 
setts Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature. 
: HENRY H. GOODELL, 
[Seal] President Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


36 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


GIFTS. 


From J. D. W. Frencu, Esq , of Boston, — Ayrshire bull calf. 


J. Monrcomery Sears, Esq., of Boston, — Pair of imported 
Tamworth swine. 

Estate of Erizur Wricurt of Lee, — For permanent library 
fund, one thousand one hundred oe fourteen dollars 
and thirty-one cents. 

Hiram Kenpati (M. A. C., 776) of Providence, R. I., — 
Rhetorical prizes for year 1891. 

Estate of Jutius Rockwe tt of Lenox, — One hundred and 
three volumes miscellaneous subjects. 

Cuas. B. Stuart, Esq., of Lafayette, Ind., — Cattle por- 
traits. 

Wiriram WHEELER (M. A. C., *71) of Concord, — Fifty 
dollars for permanent library fund. 

Ciry oF Bosron, — Five volumes reports of Record Com- 
missioner of city of Boston. 

Amasa Noroross, Esq., of Fitchburg, — Nine volumes 
official records of the War. 

Josrru E. Ponp, Esq., of North Attleborough, — Eight 
volumes bee journals. | 

Mrs. G. H. Catverr of Newport, R. I., —Tw enty-two 
volumes miscellaneous subjects. 

Worcester County Horrcurrurat Society, — Proceed- 
ings of society, 1847-89. 

Essex Institute, Salem,— Twelve volumes vallenne of 

- society. 

Wm. H. Barstow of Crete, Neb.,— Annual Report of 
Nebraska Board of Agriculture. 

W. S. Lyons of Anaheim, Cal., — Report on ‘‘ Forestry.” 


H... S$. Carrnura: (Mi Aw C.,' 575). of Ashmont, — Four _ 


volumes American history. 

Ginn & Co. of Boston,— Four volumes miscellaneous 
subjects. 

Hon. Ropney Wattiace of Fitchburg, — Five volumes 
government publications. 

P. McLean of Brisbane, Aaeeles eng volumes on 
agriculture of Queensland. 


Lieut. Gro. E. Sacre, — Black’s ‘‘ ae of World” and five | ? 


volumes ‘‘ Scientific American.’ 
Miss Ereanor A. Ormerrop of Spring Grove, England, — 
Two volumes on injurious insects. 


Hon. CuHas. Wuireneap of London, England, — Annual 


report on insects and fungi injurious to crops. 


, 


1891. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 37 


From Prof. M. Wirckens of Vienna, Austria, — ‘* Nordameri- 


kanische Landwirthschaft.” 

Roya Society or Canapa,— Two volumes proceedings 
of society. 

Sir Jonn 6b. Lawes of Rothamsted, England, — Three 
pamphlets experimeuts at Rothamsted. : 

JoHN A. Cutrer (M. A. C., ’82) of New York, — Salis- 
bury’s ‘‘ Alimentation and Disease.” 

CuesTter Keiioce of Granby, — Five volumes state docu- 
ments. 

Mrs. M. C. JORDAN of Pittsfield, — Two volumes vivi- 
section. 

JOSEPH Harris of Moreton Farm, N.Y.,—‘‘ Nitrate of Soda.” 

Dr. Epwarp UHircucock of Amherst, — Five volumes 
‘¢ Memorabilia.” 

Dr. Frank Bituines of Chicago, Ill., — ‘* Preventive 
Inoculation.” 

CarPENTER and Morenouse of Amherst, —Twelve vol- 
umes miscellaneous subjects. 

S. Crarrs of Ambherst,— Three volumes miscellaneous 
subjects. 

Cuas. L. Frint (M. A. C., 81) of Boston, — Eleven vol- 
umes agricultural reports. 

D. P. Pennattow (M. A. C.,’73) of Montreal, Canada, — 
Report Montreal Horticultural Society. 

Trustees oF Hopkins AcapEemMy, — History of Hopkins 
Fund, Grammar School and Academy. 

S. C. THompson (M. A. C., ’72) of New York, — Volume 
of ‘*‘ Engineering and Building Record.” 


Also the following papers and periodicals from the publishers : 
‘¢’Phe Massachusetts Ploughman,” ‘‘ The American Cultivator,” 
‘“*The New England Farmer,” ‘‘ The American Veterinary Re- 
View,” ‘* The American Garden,” ‘‘ The Poultry Monthly,” ‘* The 
Mirror and Farmer,” ‘‘ The American Grange Bulletin,” ‘‘ The 
Farm and Home,” ‘‘ The Berkshire Courier,” ‘*‘ The Home Farm,” — 
*¢ The Ohio Practical Farmer,” ‘‘ The Orange Judd Farmer,” ** The ° 
New England Homestead.” 


I have the honor to present herewith the reports of the treasurer, 
the professor of veterinary science and the professor of military 
science and tactics. 


Respectfully submitted, by order of the trustees, 


HENRY H. GOODELL, 


‘--HERsT, Jan. 8, 1891. President. 


38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


FRANK E. Paice, Treasurer of Massachusetts Agricultural College, for 
the Year ending Dec. 31, 1890. 


Received. Paid. 

Cash on hand, . f : ; ; 4 . | $6,468 79 - 

Term bill, : : ; : - BH Nich. 5,753 76 $2,203 19 
Botanical, : ; : 5 : : : 4,133 94 4,583 94 
Farm, ! : ; é 3 : . 5 3,888 28 8,186 28 
Expense, . : ; : , : : : 178 14 7,423 32 
Laboratory, . : : : : ; : 732 21 738 56 
Salary, . 5 i j . : : 4 - 15,891 60 
Labor Fund, . : : : } : 5,000 00 |. 4,704 92 
Library Fund, . : ; ; : : : 424 81 424 81 
Endowment Fund, ~. ; : gi) satis a t 9,921 64 ~ 

State Scholarship Fund, . ; ; 2 ; 15,000 00 - 

Hills Fund, : : ‘ : ; : 666 36 672 80 
Grinnell Prize Fund, af : : : : 45 00 15 00 
Whiting Street Fund, : ; 5 ‘ : 51 15 80 00 
Mary Robinson Fund, . , ‘ ; F 67 64 50 00 
Advertising, . t ‘ : ‘ : - 595-96 
Botanic Special, : : : : ‘ = 1,600 00 
Gassett Scholarship Fund, - : : : 42 94 140 00 
Extra instruction, . ; : : y ; - 1,861 49 
Reading-room, é : ‘ : ~ 114 45 
Cash on hand Dec. 31, 1890, ; ‘ ‘ ‘ - 3,688 34 


$52,374 66 | $52,374 66 


CaSH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE TREASURER’S STATEMENT, 
BELONGS TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS. 


Grinnell Prize Fund, : : : : . 4 A 2 $30 00 
Mary Robinson Fund, ; ‘ : é : : : , 182 74 
Whiting Street Fund, : 5 : : : paws : 112 61 
GaSssebb RUM.) Ts Muu cath tical Cok unladen ee oe 8 82 
Hills Fund, : f : , : ‘ eer he A 4 78 69 
Insurance, A : ‘ ; Fi : ‘ : ‘ - HY a 
Labor Fund, . é : i : : : 4 ; é 2,779 03 
General fund of college, . : : : : - : : 485 26 


——— 


$3,688 34 


we 


1891. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 39 
CASH AND BILLS RECEIVABLE Dec. 31, 1890. 
Farm, $2,874 38 
Term bills, 1,097 72 
Laboratory, 196 03 
Botanical, 221 98 
Cash on hand of general cond: 485 26 
i ed 
$4,875 37 
BILLs PAYABLE Dec. 31, 1890. 
Term bill account, . : ‘ é ; : : , ‘ $27 90 
Botanical account, . : : ; é d : : ‘ 327 53 
Hixpense, . : E ; ; : ‘ F - ; : 281 50 
Farm account, 7 ; ; : : : ‘ : 3,237 25 
Labor Fund, . . : : E ; F : ‘ 108 00 
Laboratory bills, , A : ‘ ‘ ‘ P : ; 33 86 
$4,016 04 
VALUE OF REAL ESTATE. 
Land. Cost. 
College farm, $37,000 00 
Pelham quarry, . 500 00 
$37,500 00. 
Buildings. Cost. 
Laboratory, . $10,360 00 
Botanic museum, 5,180 00 
Botanic barn, 1,500 00 
Durfee plant-house and etn. : 12,000 00 
Small plant-house and fixtures, : j ' 800 00 
North college, . 36,000 00 
Boarding-house, 8,000 00 
South dormitory, 37,000 00 
Graves house and barn, 8,000 00 
Farm-house, 4,000 00 
Farm barns and pidge. 14,500 00 
Stone chapel, 31,000 00 
Drill hall, . 6,500 00 
President’s house, 4 , : ; F 11,500 00 
Four dwelling-houses and shed, purchased 
with farm, 10,000 00 
—-———— 196,340 00 
$233,840 00 
INVENTORY OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 
Farm, $18,665 75 
Laboratory, ; : ‘ ; ‘ ; A : , L169 77 
Boarding-house, : ; : ‘ : J ; 4 § 400 00 
Botanical department, 9,574 55 
Natural history collection, 3,267 04 
Library, ; : : 5 : 5 : A ; ; 9,000 00 
Fire apparatus, : ‘ . 5 ; - é ‘ : 500 00 
Physics, 3,587 26 


$46,164 37 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
SUMMARY STATEMENT. 
. Assets. 

Total value real estate, perinventory, . .  $233,840-00 
Total value personal property, per inventory, . 46,164 37 
Total cash on hand and bills receivable, per 

inventory, ; é F : 2 : : 4,875 37 

Total, 
Liabilities. 


Bills payable, as per inventory, 


FuNDS FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE. 


Technical Educational Fund, United States 
Grant, amount of, ‘ ; . $219,000 00 
Technical Waueusioual Fund, State ALA ; 141,575 35 
By law two-thirds. of the income is paid to the treasurer 
of the college, one-third to Institute of Technology. 
Amount received, 1890, 3 ‘ : i ‘ 
State Scholarship Fund, $10,000. This sum was appro- 
priated by the Legislature, 1886, and is paid in sane, 
payments to the college treasurer, 


Hills Fund of $10,000, in hands of college ape ope. “This 


was given by L. M. and H. F. Hills of Amherst. By con- 
ditions of the gift the income is to be used for maintenance 
of a botanic garden. Income, 1890, 

Unexpended balance, Dec. 31, 1890, $78.69. 

Annual State appropriation of $10,000. This sum was 
appropriated by Legislature of 1889, for four years, for the 
endowment of additional chairs and general expense. 
Five thousand dollars of the sum was appropriated as Labor 
Fund, to provide for the paying of labor performed by 
needy and worthy students, 

Grinnell Prize Fund of $1,000, in hands of voneee treasuren 
Gift of Ex-Gov. William Claflin; was called Grinnell Fund 
in honor of his friend. The income is appropriated for 
two prizes, to be given for the best examination in agri- 
culture by graduating class. Income, 1890, 

Unexpended balance, $30. 

Mary Robinson Fund of $1,000, in hands of college treas- 
urer; given without conditions. The income has been ap- 
propriated to scholarships to va and me students. 
Income, 1890, 

Unexpended balance, ae 31, 1890, 8189. 14. 

Whiting Street Fund of $1,000, a bequest without conditions. 
To this sum is added $260 by vote of the trustees in 
January, 1887, it being the interest accrued on the bequest. 
Amount of fund, Dec. 31, 1888, $1,260. Unexpended bal- 
ance of income, $112.61. Income, 1890, F 


Amount carried forward, 


[ Jan. 


$984,879 74 


4,016 04 


$280,863 70 


$9,921 64 


10,000 00 


666 36 


10,000 00 


45 00 


67 64 


51 15 


$30,751 79 


—s CC 


1891.]. PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 41 


Amount brought forward, . - . : ~) 00,751, 79 
Library Fund, for use of library, $7,715. 50. Dopdcited in 
Amherst Savings Bank. 
Gassett Scholarship Fund; the sum of $1,000 was given by 
the Hon. Henry Gassett as a scholarship fund. Unex- 
pended balance, Dec. 31, 1890, $8.82. Income, 1890,. : 42 94 


Total, : : ‘ : ‘ “ ; ; : ‘ $30,794 73 


To this sum should be added amount of tuition, room rent, receipts from 
sales of farm and botanic gardens; amount of same can be learned from 
statement of treasurer. Tuition and room rent under head of term bill. 


This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of F. E. 
Paige, treasurer of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, from Jan. 1, 
1890, to Jan. 1, 1891, and find the same correct, properly kept and vouched 
for. The balance in the treasury, being three thousand six hundred 
eighty-eight and ;3;4; dollars ($3,688.34), is shown to be in bank. 


C. A. GLEASON, Auditor. 
Jan. 6, 1891. 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 


H. H. GoopE., President Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


In accordance with your request, I submit the following report 
of the Veterinary Department : — 

The more extended course of instruction recently introduced 
into the curriculum of the college in this department is not for 
the purpose of preparing the students to be practitioners of 
veterinary. It is to give them a better knowledge of the science, 
so that they can read standard works upon the subject, discuss 
intelligently points in connection with it, give animals entrusted 
to their charge better care, and, in cases of necessity, treat some 
of their simple ailments. 

Heretofore the instruction in veterinary has been limited to two 
or three lectures a week for one term; but last year, five hours a 
week were devoted to it by the seniors during the winter term of 
ten weeks. The time allotted was, however, so short, that the 
instructors could not give such a course as they would have liked, 
clear and to the point, such as could be retained by the student 
and prove of use after graduation from the college. Only the 
most important subjects, and then without going into detail, 
could be taken up for study, because the students were not 
familiar with the technology of anatomy and medicine, which is 
absolutely necessary if they are to understand disease, or are to 
receive such instruction as will enable them to consult an authorita- 
tive work upon the subject. 

With the time now allowed, namely, five hours a week for three 
terms with the senior class, who in their junior year have become 
familiar with general anatomy by dissections made in the zodlogical 
laboratories under Professor Fernald, I have mapped out the 
following course : — 

The first half of the fall term is given to the study of VETERINARY 
HYGIENE. This subject is taught by lectures, there being no text 
book applicable for the purpose. It includes a study of the relation — 
of hygiene to physiology, chemistry and medicine. Following this 
the subject of warTer is taken up; the quantity required, its 
collection, storage and distribution; the source of supply and 


7 


1891. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 43 


its liability to contamination; the building of wells, their care ; 
the effects of impure water; the spread and cause of disease 
as resulting from the use of a contaminated supply; the methods 
of examination by physical, microscopical and chemical means. 

After a careful consideration of this topic we continue with the 
study of air; its composition and impurities; the natural forces 
that tend to keep it pure; the disease-producing germs found in 
the atmosphere and their relation to the health of our domestic 
animals. In this connection the ventilation of stables is discussed ; 
the quantity of air required, the best methods of supplying it, and 
the mode of detecting impurities. 

STABLE CONSTRUCTION from a sanitary point is next con- 
sidered; the location, aspect, position, the dimensions, the 
construction of walls, windows, ventilators, floors, stalls and 
fittings. The LAws OF HYGIENE as applied to food and feeding are 
the next important points, under which is discussed the classifi- 
cation of foods; the effect of unwholesome food; the effect of 
over and under feeding ; the result of a too liberal supply of rich 
nitrogenous foods, and the effect of not furnishing a variety. 

The feeding of different animals with certain ends in view, such 
as horses for draft or fast work, cattle for growth, fat or milk, is 
noted also; the production of disease by some foods. Attention 
is given to the care of individual animals in and out of the stable ; 
the care of the feet ; the effects of grooming, clipping, clothing, etc. 

The remainder of the fall term is devoted to a course on 
ANATOMY and puHysioLoGy. The anatomy of the horse is the 
subject of special study, but the structural differences of the other 
domestic animals are carefully explained. Small animals are 
dissected for the purposes of demonstration, but they are inade- 
quate to give a correct idea of the anatomy of the horse or the cow, as 
in many respects the important internal organs are very much unlike 
the corresponding ones in the larger animals. A knowledge of the 
gross anatomy is important, for unless the students are acquainted 
with the form, structure, position and functions of the different 
organs in health, they cannot form a correct idea of their condi- 
tion when diseased. 

As a dissecting room, and the time necessary for dissecting, is 
not practicable, the college should provide as soon as possible an 
Auzoux clastic model of the horse. ~ Besides being valuable to the 
veterinary department, it would also bé of great use to the 
students in the study of zodlogy and physiology earlier in the course. 

During the winter term a knowledge of the non-contagious 
diseases of horses, cattle, sheep and swine is obtained by lectures 
and clinics. The pathology of inflammation is thoroughly dis- 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


cussed, since it is the diseased condition found in connection with 
a majority of the non-contagious diseases affecting domestic 
animals. Then follow lectures and demonstrations of diseases of 
the bony, muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory and nervous 
systems, as also diseases of special organs, such as the foot, skin, 
eye, ear, etc. 

The subjects for the spring term are the parasitic and contagious 
diseases of the domestic animals, and obstetrics. Embryology is 
briefly reviewed. ‘The diseases incident to gestation and parturi- 
tion — their causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment — receive 
special attention. When possible the students are given practical 
demonstration of class-room work; sick or diseased animals are 
shown them to impress upon their minds what they have heard by 
lectures. Surgical operations are performed before the class, 
when patients can be obtained. 

In this connection it would be to the advantage of the students 
if a suitable room could be provided in connection with the class- 
room (which should be on the ground floor), so that an animal 
could be taken before the class instead of, as now, taking the 
class out on tbe road in front of the college, or some distance to 
the barn, necessitating a considerable loss of time, beside being 
inconvenient to both instructor and pupil. . 


Respectfully submitted, 


JAS. B. PAIGE, Veterinary Surgeon. 


9 


m 


1891. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 45 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


To the President Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 


Smr : —I have the honor to submit the following report of the 
Military Department for the year ending Dec. 31, 1890 :— 


CourRsE oF Srupy. 


There has been no change in the course of study pursued by the 

ecadets. The instruction of the senior class has been principally 
»by lectures, and that of the sophomore and freshman classes by 

text-books, ‘‘ Upton’s Infantry and Artillery Tactics” being the 
one in use. The new ‘ Drill Regulations of the United States 
Army” will soon be available for this purpose. The class of 1890, 
without exception, received diplomas from the military department. 

The attention in the lecture room has been good, and progress 
has been satisfactory. 

I would recommend that the theoretical instruction in infantry 
tactics be shifted from the freshman to the junior year, on account 
of the duties of officers which will then devolve upon them. 

A prize of twenty dollars was offered for the best essay on the 
trip to the United States Military Academy, taken by the members 


. of the senior class under the supervision of the Commandant of 


Cadets. It was awarded to H. J. Field. A prize of fifteen 
dollars has also been offered by W. H. Bowker, 1871, and John C. 
Cutter, 1872, for the best military essay on the subject, ‘* Military 
Instruction in Agricultural Colleges.” 


PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION. 


Practical instruction has been given to the cadets in target 
practice ; in infantry drill, both by squad, company and battalion ; 
in artillery drill, by means of the light battery; and in sabre 
drill, dismounted. The discipline of the corps has been -good, 
and the attention paid by them during the military exercises has 
been excellent. I especially wish to invite your attention to the 
increased interest shown by the cadet officers, and the faithful 
work performed by them during the present academic year. The 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


cadet officers are held responsible to the Commandant of Cadets 
for the drill, appearance and discipline of their respectiye com- 
panies. ‘The object of this department being to graduate students 
capable of performing the duties of officers in the National Guard, 
it is thought that this end will be better attained by placing upon 
them as much of an officer’s responsibility as possible, and by 


causing them to carry out in practice what they have been taught. 


by theory. 
UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT. 


Since my last report the uniform has been changed to one very 
nearly resembling the infantry uniform of the United States Army, 
viz., blue with white trimmings. It is cheaper, more serviceable 
and much more soldierly in appearance than the one formerly in 
use. The cost of the new uniform for a private is $15.75, including 
blouse, pants and cap, as against $17.50 for the former one. 
Thirty-one new rifles and accoutrements have been added to the 
' equipment of the corps, these rifles being fitted with the Buffington 
sight, the most improved one now in use. ‘These rifles are being 
used in target practice with good results. I recommend that the 
State Legislature be asked to authorize the Adjutant-General to 
turn over to the college all State property of a military character 
now in its possession. 


BUILDINGS. 


The partitions have been removed between the small bed-rooms 
in North College, thus giving increased light and ventilation. 
About one-half the rooms in North College were re-papered and 
whitewashed during the last summer vacation, and it is recom- 
mended that the same repairs be put on the remainder at an early 
date. A new bath-room has been placed in the basement of South 


College, containing two bath tubs and two shower baths, — an ~ 


improvement much needed and one greatly appreciated by the 
eadets. I recommend that the bathing facilities be further 
increased by the addition of another room with the same appliances. 


Electric lights should also be placed in the drill hall, which con- ~ 


tains the gymnastic apparatus, in order to furnish a place for the 
cadets during the long winter evenings, for the physical training 
and exercise so necessary for the good health, more especially of 
those who do not work during theirspare time. I also recommend 
that gratings be placed over, or a railing be placed around, the 
openings in front of the basement windows of South College. 

T enclose herewith a ‘‘ Roster of the Battalion of Cadets,” and 
also an inventory of all the property pertaining to the Military 
Department. | 


— es 


1891. } PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. A7 


‘BATTALION ORGANIZATION. 


Commandant of Cadets, LESTER W. CorRNIsH, First Lieut. ‘Fifth United 
States Cavalry. 

Cadet Major, Murray RUGGLEs. 

Cadet Adjutant, W. A. Brown. 

Cadet Quartermaster, W. W. Gay. 

Cadet Fire Marshal, L. F. Horner. 

Cadet Sergeant Major, H. E. Crane. 

Cadet Quartermaster Sergeant, E. B. HOLLAND. 

Color Guard. — Cadet Color Sergeant, R. H. Smirn; Cadet Color Cor- 
porals, J. L. FIELD, R. P. Lyman, J. E. DEUEL. 

Drum Corps. — Cadet First Sergeant, WILLIAM FLETCHER; Cadet Drum 
Major, W. H. Ranney; Cadet Privates, F. L. ARNOLD, E. G. BaBsitt, H. 
D. CiuarK, L. E. GOESSMANN, E. C. Howarp, C. F. JOHNSON, E. H. 
LEHNERT, J. H. PutNaM, H..C. West, M. H. WILLIAMS. 


Company ‘' A.” Company ‘* B.” 
Cadet Capt., C. A. MAGILL. Cadet Capt., W. C. PAIGE. 
Cadet First Lieut., H. T. SHORES. Cadet First Lieut., H. M. Howarp. 
Cadet Second Lieut., A. H. SAawyeErR. Cadet Second Lieut., E. P. Fer. 
Cadet First Sergt., E. T. CLARK. Cadet First Sergt., F.G. STOCKBRIDGE. 
Cadet Second Sergt., A. T. BEALs. Cadet Second Sergt., W. I. BoyNTon. 
Cadet Corporal, H. B. EMERSON. Cadet Corporal, C. S. GRAHAM. 


Company ‘* C.” Company “ D.” 
Cadet Capt., H. M. LEGATE. Cadet Capt., M. A. CARPENTER. 
Cadet First Lieut., J. B. HULL. Cadet First Lieut., H. J. Frevp. 


Cadet Second Lieut., A. G. Eames. Cadet Second Lieut., C. H. JoHNSsON. 
Cadet First S’gt.,H. M.THompson. Cadet First Sergt., G. B. WILLARD. 
Cadet Second S’gt., ELLIOT RoGERS. Cadet Second Sergt., G. E. Tayior. 
Cadet Corporal, C. M. HUBBARD. Cadet Corporal, F. H. PLums. 


INVENTORY OF STORES IN THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


United States Government Property. —Two light twelve-pound bronze 
guns with implements, 2 eight-inch mortars with implements, 2 gun 
carriages, 2 gun caissons, 2 mortar beds, 127 Springfield rifles, 125 infantry 
accoutrements, sets; 75 cartridges, blank, for field gun; 1,700 cartridges, 
metallic, ball; 150 friction primers, 2 mortar platforms, 650 pasters, black ; 
300 pasters, buff; 20 paper targets, ‘‘A”; 50 paper targets, ‘‘B”’. 


State Property.— One Springfield rifle, calibre 50; 150 tompions, 1 
artillery sabre, 75 cavalry sabres, 75 sabre belts, 75 sabre belt plates, 20 
knapsacks, 6 drums, 2 dress hats, 2 sashes, non-commissioned officers’ ; 
3 plumes. 


College Property. — Two drums, snare; 4 drumsticks, pairs; 1 bass drum, 
stick and strap; 3 fifes, 1 cutlass and scabbard, 1 Winchester rifle, 1 
Spencer rifle, 1 flint-lock rifle, 2 brushes for rifle barrels, 1 revolver, 1 hub 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


model, 4 hammers, small; 1 bench vise, small; 2 shovels, long handles; 1 
camp kettle, large; 1 coffee kettle, 2 dippers, long handles; 22 tin cups, 13 
plumes, 6 sashes, silk; 9 sashes, worsted; 19 swords, officers’; 2 stands, 
battalion colors; 2 flags, markers; 1 flag, garrison; 134 dress hats, 1 sheep- 
skin for sponges, 1 maul, 7 powder barrels, iron; 1 canteen, 1 halliards, 
200 feet; 2 target frames. 


Respectfully submitted, 


LESTER W. CORNISH, 


First Lieutenant, Fifth Cavalry, Professor of Military Science. 


i 
' 
7 


: 
7 


1891.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 49 


CALENDAR FOR 1891-92. 


1891. 

January 6, Tuesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

March 26, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 

April 7, Tuesday, spring term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

( Baccalaureate Sermon. 
June 14, Sunday, Address before the Christian Union, by 
| Rev. John Bascom, D.D., LL.D. 
June 15, Monday, Kendall Prize Speaking. 
( Grinnell Prize Examination of the Senior 
Class in Agriculture. 
June 16, Tuesday, Meeting of the Alumni. © 
Military Exercises. 
| President’s Reception. 
Commencement Exercises. 

ee) anesday, Meeting of Trustees. 

June 18, Thursday, examinations for admission, at 9 a.m., 
Botanic Museum, Amherst; at the Commonwealth Building, 
Boston ; and at the Sedgwick Institute, Great Barrington.* 

September 1, Tuesday, examinations for admission, at 9 a.m., 
Botanic Museum. 

September 2, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

December 18, Friday, fall’ term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1892. 
January 5, Tuesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


March 24, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


* See page 61. 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


THE CORPORATION. 


Term expires 


WILLIAM H. BOWKER or Boston, . : : >. goe 
J. D. W. FRENCH or Bostoy, . °°") 
THOMAS P. ROOT or Barre Purarns, 4 . mae ee) 
J. HOWE DEMOND or NorrHampton, . : i. 1893 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON or LynnFIELp, . : . L694 
WILLIAM WHEELER or Concorp, . : ‘ ,  EOO4 
ELIJAH W. WOOD or West Newron, . : > Leos 
CHARLES A. GLEASON or New BrarntTrREEs, . », ah B9e 
DANIEL NEEDHAM or Groton, . ; : 2) 1896: 
JAMES DRAPER oF Worcester, ; ; Z . 896 
HENRY S. HYDE or SprINGFIELD, . : wp LBOe 
MERRITT I. WHEELER or Great pathniee LSS 
JAMES S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, . ; « £398 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD or LirtLteton,  . : (Ses 


Members Ex Officio. 
His Ee oete ower GoverNoR WILLIAM E. RUSSELL, President 
of the Corporation. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. 
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


JAMES S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, 
Vice-President of the Corporation. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS or Hamppen, Secretary. 
FRANK E. PAIGE or Amuerst, Treasurer. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON or New Braintree, Auditor. 


= 
Se 


1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. d1 


Committee on Finance and Buildings.* 
JAMES S. GRINNELL. HENRY S. HYDE. 
J. HOWE DEMOND. CHARLES A. GLEASON. 
DANIEL. NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty. * 
THOMAS P. ROOT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON. 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER. J. D. W. FRENCH. 

WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments. * 
ELIJAH W. WOOD. JAMES DRAPER. 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD. MERRITT I. WHEELER. 

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Committee on Experiment Department. * 

DANIEL NEEDHAM. ELIJAH W. WOOD. 
WILLIAM WHEELER. JAMES DRAPER. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


SAMUEL B. BIRD, : : oF FRAMINGHAM. 
GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, caine OF LUNENBURG. 
VELOROUS TAFT, + . , ; . oF UPTON. 
GEORGE S. TAYLOR, . : J . OF CHICOPEE FALLs. 
ATKINSON C. VARNUM, . : . OF LOWELL. 
NATHANIEL S. SHALER, . ; . OF CAMBRIDGE. 


The Faculty. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., President, 


Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 
* The president of the college is ex officio a member of each of the above 


committees. 
t+ Died June 23, 1890, at West Upton. 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.Sc., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B.Sc., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Ph.D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph.D., 
Professor of Zoology. 


Rev. CHARLES S. WALKER, PhD., 
Professor of Mental and Political Science. 


WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B.Sc., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


* LESTER W. CORNISH, 1st Lieut. 5ra Cavarry, U. S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


GEORGE F. MILLS, M.A., 
Professor of English. 


JAMES B. PAIGE, V.S., 
Professor of Veterinary Science. 


FRANK E. PAIGE, 
Lecturer on Farm Law. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A., 


Librarian. 


FRED S. COOLEY, B.Sc., 
Farm Superintendent. 


i 


1891.) 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 53 


Graduates of 1890.* 


Barry, David (Boston Univ.), 
Bliss, Clinton Edwin (Boston Univ.), 
Castro, Arthur de Moraes e (Boston Univ. ), 


‘Dickinson, Dwight Ward (Boston Univ.), 


Felton, Truman Page (Boston Univ.), . 
Gregory, Edgar (Boston Univ.), 
Haskins, Henry Darwin (Boston Univ. ), 
Herrero, José Maria (Boston Univ.), 


Jones, Charles Howland (Boston Univ.), 


Loring, John Samuel (Boston Univ.), 
McCloud, Albert Carpenter (Boston Univ. 
Mossman, Frederick Way (Boston Univ.), 


- Russell, Henry Lincoln (Boston Univ.), 


Simonds, George Bradley (Boston Univ.), 
Smith, Frederic Jason (Boston Univ.), 
Stowe, Arthur Nelson, : 
Taft, Walter Edward (Boston Duty. Dein 
Taylor, Fred Leon (Boston Univ.), 
West, John Sherman (Boston Univ.), 
Williams, Frank Oliver (Boston Univ. : 
Total, 5 : ; 


Senior Class. 


Arnold, Frank Luman, 
Brown, Walter Augustus, 
Carpenter, Malcolm Austin, 
Eames, Aldice Gould, 

Felt, Ephraim Porter, 
Field, Henry John, 

Gay, Willard Weston, 
Horner, Louis Frederic, . 
Howard, Henry Merton, . 
Hull, Jr., John Byron, 
Johnson, Charles Henry, 
Lage, Oscar Vidal Barboza, 


Legate, Howard Newton, 


Magill, Claude Albion, 
Paige, Walter Cary, . . : . 
Phillips, John Edward Stanton, : 
Ruggles, Murray, . ; ; ; : : 
Sawyer, Arthur Henry, . ; ; ; 
Shores, Harvey Towle, . 5 5 ; ° 
Tuttle, Harry Fessenden, 4 : . 5 
Total, F ; ; P ;: 3 


Southwick. 
Attleborough. 
Juiz de Fora, Minas,*Brazil. 
Amherst. 
Berlin. 
Marblehead. 
North Amherst. 
Jovellanos, Cuba. 
Downer’s Grove, III. 
Shrewsbury. 
Amherst. 
Westminster. 
Sunderland. 
Ashby. 
North Hadley. 
Hudson. 
Dedham. 
Amherst. 
Belchertown. 
Sunderland. 

20 


Belchertown. 
Feeding Hills. 
Leyden. 
North Wilmington. 
Northborough. — 
Leverett. 
Georgetown. 
Newton Highlands. 
Franklin. 
Stockbridge. 
Prescott. . 
Juiz de Fora, Minas-Geraes, 

Brazil. 
Sunderland. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Brooklyn, Conn, 
Milton. 
Sterling. 
West Bridgewater. 
Jamaica Plain. 

. ° . » 20 


* The annual report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two 
academic years, and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been 
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1890. 


(54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Junior Class. 


Bardin, James Edgar, i 
Boynton, Walter Ira, _ . - 
Clark, Edward Thornton, 
Crane, Henry Everett, 

Deuel, James Edward, 
Emerson, Henry Bennett, 
Field, Judson Leon, 
Fletcher, William, 


Goldthwait, Jr., William J bubsoult 


Graham, Charles Sumner, 
Holland, Edward Bertram, 
Hubbard, Cyrus Moses, . 
Lyman, Richard Pope, 
Macdonald, Frederick John, . 


Nauss, Charles Strum, 
Plumb, Frank Herbert, 
Rogers, Elliot, 
Smith, Robert Hyde, 
Stockbridge, Francis Granger, 
Stone, Harlan Fisk, 
Taylor, George Everett, 
Thomson, Henry Martin, 
Tyng, Charles, 
Tyng, George ‘iepubane, 
West, Homer Cady, 
Willard, George Bartlett, 
Williams, Milton Hubbard, 
Total, 


Dalton. 
North Amherst. 
Granby. 
Weymouth. 
Amherst. 
Gloucester. 
Leverett. 
Chelmsford. 
Marblehead. 
Holden. 
Amherst. 
Sunderland. 
Boston. 


Glenaladale, Lot 36,{Prince 


Edward’s Island. 
Gloucester. 
Westfield. 

Allston. 
Amherst. 
Northfield. 
Amherst. 
Shelburne. 
Monterey. 
Victoria, Texas. 
Victoria, Texas. 
Belchertown. 
Waltham. 
Sunderland, 

27 


Sophomore Class. 


Baker, Joseph, 

Barrus, Sheridan Ezra, 
Bartlett, Fred Goff, 

Beals, Alfred Tennyson, 
Clark, Henry Disbrow, 
Curley, George Frederick, 
Davis, Herbert Chester, 
Faneuf, Arthur Gelis, 
Goodrich, Charles Augustus, : 
Green, Carlton Dewitt, 
Gregory, James Howard, 
Harlow, Francis Turner, 
Harlow, Harry James, 
Harvey, David*Piercte,* 
Hawks, Ernest Alfred, 
Henderson, Frank Howard, 


Dudley. 

Goshen. 

Hadley. - 
Greenfield. 
Plainfield. 
Upton. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Belchertown. 
Marblehead. 
Marshfield. 
Shrewsbury. 
Townsend Harbor. 
Williamsburg. 
Lynn. 


* Died Sept. 26, 1890, of hemorrhagic typhoid fever, at Townsend Harbor. 


1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. ge 


Hoyt, Franklin Sherman, 
Kellogg, John Hawkes, . 
Knight, Jewell Bennett, . 
Lehnert, Eugene Hugo, . 


Melendy, Alphonso Edward, . 


Parker, Charles Henry, . 
Pember, Walter Stephen, 
Perry, John Richards, 
Ranney, William Henry, 
Sedgwick, Benjamin, 
Smith, Cotton Atwood, . 
Smith, Fred Andrew, 
Smith, Luther Williams, 
Soule, George Wingate, . 
Staples, Henry Franklin, 


Tinoco, Luiz Antonio Ferreira, 


Walker, Edward Joseph, 

Wells, Louie Ensign, 

Woodbrey, Gilpin Brooks, 
Total, 


Newtown, Conn. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Belchertown. 
Clinton. 
Sterling. 
Holden. 
Walpole. 
Boston. 
South Ashfield. 
Cornwall Hollow, Conn. 
North Hadley. 
Lynn. 
Ashfield. 
West Dedham. 
Leominster. 
Campos, Rio Janeiro, 
Brazil. 
West Berlin. — 
Palmer. 
Brighton. 
35 


Freshman Class. 


Alderman, Edwin Hammond, 


Allen, Edward Welcome, 
Austin, John, . 
Averell, Fred Gilbert, 
Babbitt, Ellwood Garfield, 
Bacon, Linus Hersey, 
Bacon, Theodore Spalding, 
Barker, Louis Morton, 

- Barton, Charles Henry, . 
Bentley, Irving Watson, 
Blanchard, Samuel Putnam, 
Boardman, Edwin Loring, 
Brown, Charles Leverett, 
Cook, Jay Erastus, 

Curtis, Arthur Clement, 
Cutter, Arthur Hardy, 
Davis, Perley Elijah, 
Dickinson, Eliot Taylor, 
Drowne, George Leonard, 
Duffield, William Charles, ° 
Fowler, Halley Melville, 
Fowler, Henry Justin, 
Gifford, John Edwin, 
Goessmann, Louis Edward, 
Goodell, John Stanton, . 
Greene, Frederic Lowell, 
Greene, Ira Charles, 
Higgins, Charles Herbert, 


. Middlefield. 


Winchester, N. H. 
Belchertown. 
Amherst. 
Dorchester. 
Spencer. 

Natick. 

Hanson. 

Dalton. 
Hartsville. 

ACyer: 

Sheffield. 
Feeding Hills. 
Hadley. 
Littleton Common. 
Pelham, N. H. 
Worcester. 
Amherst. 
Providence, R. I. 
Quincy Point. 
South Gardner. 
North Hadley. 
Brockton. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Shrewsbury. 
Fitchburg. 
Dover. 


56 


Howard, Edwin Carleton, 
Johnson, Charles Frederic, 
Jones, John Horace, 
Keith, Thaddeus Fayette, 
Kirkland, Archie Howard, 
Learned, Henry Bond,* . 
Lewis, Henry Waldo, 
Lounsbury, Charles Pugsley, . 
Manley, Lowell, 
Mann, Henry Judson, 
Maryin, Samuel Barnard, 
Morse, Alvertus Jason, 
Morse, Elisha Wilson, 
Park, Fred Ware, 
Parker, Frank Ingram, . 
Pomeroy, Robert Ferdinand, . 
Putnam, Joseph Harry, . 
Robbins, Dana Watkins, 
Sanderson, William Edwin, 
Sanford, George Otis, 
_ Shepard, Lucius Jerry, . 
Smead, Horace Preston, 
Smith, George Eli, . 
Smith, Ralph Eliot, 
Spaulding, Charles Harrington, 
Starr, Erastus Jones, 
Stockwell, Harry Griggs, 
Streeter, Albert Richmond, 
Sullivan, Maurice John, . 
Thompson, Edmund Francis, 
Toole, Stephen Peter, 
Walker, Claude Frederic, 
Whitcomb, Arthur Myron, 
White, Elias Dewey, 

Total, 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


/ 


Wilbraham. 
Littleton. 
Pelham. 
Fitchburg. 
Norwich. 
Florence. 
Rockland. 
Allston. 
Brockton. 
Maplewood. 
Richford, Vt. 
Belchertown. 
Brockton. 
South Chelmsford. 
Pittsfield. 


South Worthington. 


West Sutton. 
Walpole. 
Hingham. 

W inchendon. 
Oakdale. ° 
Greenfield. 
Sheffield. 
Newton Centre. 
East Lexington. 
Spencer. 
Sutton. 
Cummington. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Amherst, 
Amherst. 
Boxborough. 
South Sherborn. 


[Jan. 


62 


Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station. 


Castro, B. Sc., 
Wmv); 

Cooley, B. Sc., Bred Smith, 

Court, William Boyce (Magill Univ.), 

Crocker, B. Sc., Charles Stoughton Boston 
Univ. ), 

Flint, B.Sc., Hayard Raveena (posian TE ‘i 


Arthur: de Moraes e (Boston 


Haskins, B. Sc., Henry Darwin (Boston 
Univ. ), : : j : ; 5 
Jones, B.Sc., Charles Howland (Boston 
Waive 3 5 : ; : 3 
Knapp, B. Sc., Edward Everett (Boston 
Uniy.), : ; 


* Died Jan. 3, 1891. 


Juiz de Fora, Minas, Brazil. 


Sunderland. 
Montreal, Can. 


Sunderland. 
Littleton. 


North Amherst. 


Downer’s Grove, III. 


Glenwood. 


- 


1891.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


Moore, B.Sc., Robert Bostwick (Boston 
Univ.), 

Ono, B. Agr., a feanpara Agricultural 
College), . : 

Parsons, B. Sc., Wilfrea Minertou: 

Shepardson, B. Sc., William Martin (Boston 
Univ.), : 

Smith, B. Sc., Pireieit fegon (Heston 
Univ.), 

West, B. Sc., John Shahan Bo stoti Univ. ), 

Williams, B.Sc., Frank Oliver (Boston 
Univ.), ; ; 

Woodbury, B. Sc., ae Elwell, 
Total, ; ‘ : 2 


Summary. 
Resident Graduates, é ‘ 
Graduates of 1890, 
Senior class, 
Junior class, 
Sophomore class, 
Freshman class, 


Total, 
Counted twice, 


Total, 


Framingham. 


Ono, Echizen, Japan. 


Southampton. 
Warwick. 


North Hadley. 
Belchertown. 


Sunderland. 
Gloucester. 


16 


57 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


58 


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60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan, 


TEXT BOOKS. 


Woop — ‘‘ The American Botanist and Florist.” 
Gray — ‘‘ Manual.” 

Lone — ‘‘ Ornamental Gardening.” 

Lone — ‘‘ How to Make the Garden Pay.” 

FULLER — “ Practical Forestry.” 

MAYNARD — “‘ Practical Fruit Grower.” 

McALPINE — ‘‘ How to know Grasses by their Leaves.” 
Fisner — ‘‘ Classbook of Elementary Chemistry.” 
Roscor — ‘‘ Lessons in Elementary Chemistry.” 
ROSCOE AND SCHORLEMMER — ‘‘ Treatise on Chemistry.” 
Wiis — ‘‘ Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 
FRESENIUS — ‘‘ Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 
FRESENIUS — ‘‘ Quantitative Chemical Analysis.” 
Dana — ‘“‘ Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” 
Brusu — ‘‘ Manual of Determinative Mineralogy.” 
WENTWORTH — ‘‘ College Algebra.” 

Dana — ‘‘ Mechanics.” 

WENTWORTH — “‘ Plane and Solid Geometry.” — 
CARHART — ‘‘ Surveying.” 

W ARNER — ‘‘ Mensuration.” 

WELLS — ‘“‘ Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.” 
ATKINSON’S GANOT’S PHYSICS. 

Loomis — ‘‘ Meteorology.” 

PORTER — ‘‘ The Elements of Intellectual Science.” 
GENUNG — ‘‘ The Practical Elements of Rhetoric.” 
WALKER — ‘“‘ Political Economy,” abridged edition. 
EMERSON — ‘“‘ Evolution of Expression.” 

Lockwoop — ‘‘ Lessons in English.” 

Comsrock — ‘‘ First Latin Book.” 

Casar —‘‘ The Invasion of Britain.” 


WHITTIER, No. 4; LONGFELLOW, Nos. 33, 34, 35; LOWELL, No. 39 — 
‘« Riverside Literature Series.” 

SPRAGUE — ‘‘ Six Selections from Irving’s Sketch-Book.” 

Hupson — ‘‘ Selections of Prose and Poetry.” Webster, Burke, Addi- 
son, Goldsmith, Shakespeare. 


GENUNG — ‘‘ Handbook of Rhetorical Analysis.” 
WHITNEY— ‘“‘ French Grammar.” 

KELLOGG — ‘‘ English Literature.” 

WuitsE— ‘‘ Progressive Art Studies.” 


To give not only a practical but a liberal education is the aim 
in each department ; and the several courses have been so arranged 
as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition 
and declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction 


in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. 


A certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the 
lessons of the recitation room are practically enforced in the garden 
and field. Students are allowed to work for wages during such 


OO a a, ee 


1891. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 61 


leisure hours as are at their disposal. Under the act by which 
the college was founded instruction in military tactics is made 
imperative; and each student, unless physically debarred,* is 
required to attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the 
direction of a regular army officer stationed at the college. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the freshman class are examined, 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English 
grammar, geography, arithmetic, algebra, to quadratic equations, 
the metric system, and the history of the United States. The 
standard required is sixty-five per cent. on each paper. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire 
admission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years 
of age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of 
good character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are 
requested to furnish the examining committee with their standing 
in the schools they have last attended. The previous rank of 
the candidate will be considered in admitting him. The regular 
examinations for admission are held at the Botanic Museum, at 
nine o'clock a.m., on Thursday, June 18, and on Tuesday, 
September 1; but candidates may be examined and admitted at 
any other time in the year. For the accommodation of those living 
in the eastern part of the State, examinations will also be held at 
nine oclock a.m., on Thursday, June 18, at the office of the 
Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, in the Commonwealth 
Building, Boston; and, for the accommodation of those in the 
western part of the State, at the same date and time, at the 
Sedgwick Institute, Great Barrington, by James Bird. 


DEGREES. 


Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor 
of Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massa- 
chusetts, who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become 
members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive its 
diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming entitled 
to all the privileges of its alumni. 


* Certificates of disability must be procured from Dr. D. B. N. Fish of Amherst. ~ 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


EXPENSES. 
Tuition, in advance : — 
Fall term, ' ‘ rea .. $30 00 
Winter term, . ; : : ; 25 00 
Summer term, E : : 25 00 $80 00 $80 00 
Room rent, in advance, $8. 00 to $16.00 per 
term, . : : : 24 00. 48 00 
Board, $2.50 to $5. 00 per sarees h : ‘ 95 00 190 00 
Fuel, $5.00 to $15.00 per year, : f : 5 00 15 00 
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, : : 11 40 22 80 
Military suit, . : : ‘ : : ; 15 75 15 75 
Expenses per year, ; : 3 ; ; $231 15 $3871 55 


Board in clubs has been two dollars and forty-five cents per 
week ; in private families, four to five dollars. The military suit 
must be obtained immediately upon entrance at college, and used 
in the drill exercises prescribed. For the use of the laboratory in 
practical chemistry there will be a charge of ten dollars per term 
used, and also a charge of four dollars per term for the expenses 
of the zodlogical laboratory. Some expense will also be incurred 
for lights and for text books. Students whose homes are within 
‘the State of Massachusetts can in most cases obtain a scholarship 
by applying to the senator of the district in which they live. 


THE LABOR FUND. 


The object of this fund is to assist those students who are 
dependent either wholly or in part on their own exertions by 
furnishing them work in the several departments of the college. 
The greatest opportunity for such work is found in the agricultural 
and horticultural departments. Application should be made to 
Professors Wm. P. Brooks and Samuel T. Maynard respectively 
in charge of said departments. Students desiring to avail them- 
selves of its benefits must bring a certificate signed by one of the 
selectmen of the town in which they are resident, certifying to the 
fact that they require aid. . 


ROOMS. 


All students, except those living with parents or guardians, will — 
be required to occupy rooms in the college dormitories. 

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given: In the new south dormitory 


J 


1891. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 63 


the study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess 
seven feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven 
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. This building is heated 
by steam. In the north dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen 
by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The 
inside rooms are thirteen feet and one-half by fourteen feet and 
one-half, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove 
is furnished with each room. Aside from this all rooms are 
unfurnished. Mr. Thomas Canavan has the general superintend- 
ence of the dormitories, and all correspondence relative to the 
engaging of rooms should be with him. 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 
ESTABLISHED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS. 


Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield. 

Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton. 

Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Henry Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth. 

The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to 
worthy students requiring aid. | 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free 
scholarship for each of the congressional districts of the State. 
Applications for such scholarships should be made to the repre- 
sentative from the district to which the applicant belongs. The 
selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member 
of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent 
in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem 
to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous 
constitution, and should enter college with the intention of 
remaining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit 
connected with agriculture. | 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Lesolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years, 
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa- 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to enable 
the trustees of said college to provide, for the students of said institution» 
the theoretical and practical education required by its charter and the law 
of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free schol- 
arships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Common- 
wealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by the 
president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then in 
office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships shall be 
assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, if there shall be less than 
two successful applicants for scholarships from any senatorial district, 
such scholarships may be distributed by the president of the college 
equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but no applicant 
shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an examination in 
accordance with the rules to be established as hereinbefore provided. 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following Resolve, making 
perpetual the scholarships established : — 
Fesolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty- 


six of the Resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be given 
and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter. 


In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission 
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a schol- 
arship. Blank forms of application will be furnished by the 
president. . 


EQUIPMENT. 
Z BoTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Botanic Museum.— This contains the Knowlton herbarium, 
consisting of over ten thousand species of flowering plants and 
vascular cryptogams, to which has been added the past season 
several collections of mosses, lichens and fungi; a collection of 
models of nearly all of the leading varieties of apples and pears ; 
a large collection of specimens of wood, cut so as to show their 
individual structure ; numerous models of tropical and other fruits ; 
specimens of abnormal and peculiar forms of stems, fruits, vege- 
tables, etc. ; many interesting specimens of unnatural growths of 
trees and plants, natural grafts, etc. ; together with many specimens 
and models, prepared for illustrating the growth and structure of 
plants, and including a model of the ‘‘ giant,squash,” which raised 
by its expansive force the enormous weight of five thousand 
pounds. | 

The botanic lecture room, in the same building, is provided with 
diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrating 
structural and systematic botany. 


SE a ee 


1891. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 65 


The botanical laboratory adjoining the lecture room has been 
enlarged and improved, and is equipped with compound and 
dissecting microscopes and other apparatus, so that each student 
is enabled to dissect and study all the parts of the plant, and gain 
a knowledge of its structure that he can get in no other way. In 
this work and in general structural botany the common and useful 
plants are used for study. 

Conservatories. —The Durfee conservatory, the gift of the Hon. 
Nathan Durfee, contains a large collection of plants especially 
adapted to illustrate the principles of structural, systematic and 
economic botany, together with all the leading plants used for 
house culture, cut flowers and out-door ornamentation. Here 
instruction is given in methods of propagation, cultivation, train- 
ing, varieties, etc., by actual practice, each student being expected 
to do all the different kinds of work in this department. These 
houses are open at all times to the public and the students, who 
may watch the progress of growths and methods of cultivation. 

Two new propagating houses heated with hot water, one with 
the piping above the benches and the other with the piping below 
them, combine many illustrations in the way of methods of build- 
ing, which, together with the other green-houses, afford an abun- 
dant opportunity for the study of green-house building and 
heating. : 

Fruits. — The orchards, of ten to fifteen acres, contain all the 
standard varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, etc., 
in bearing condition. Several acres of small fruits are also grown 
for the markets. The vineyard, of one and one-half acres, contains 
from thirty to forty varieties of fully tested kinds of grapes. New 
varieties of all the above fruits are planted in experimental plats, 
where their merits are fully tested. All varieties of fruits, together 
with the ornamental trees, shrubs and plants, are distinctly labelled, 
so that students and visitors may readily study their character- 
istics. Methods of planting, training, pruning, cultivation, study 
of varieties, gathering and packing of fruits, etc., are taught by 
field exercises, the students doing a large part of the work in this 
department. 

Nursery. — This contains many thousand trees, shrubs and vines 
in various stages of growth, where the various methods of 
propagating by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, pruning and 
training of young trees, are practically taught to the students. 

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are grown 
in this department for market, furnishing ample illustration of 
the treatment of all market-garden crops, special attention being 
given to the selection of varieties and the growth of seed. The 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


income from the sales of trees, plants, flowers, fruits and vegeta- 
bles aids materially in the support of the department, and furnishes 
illustrations of the methods of business, with which all students 
are expected to become familiar. 

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 
_ grown in the nursery; and plantations have been made upon the 
college grounds and upon private property in the vicinity, in 
various stages of growth, affording good examples of this most 
important subject. A large grove in all stages of growth is 
connected with this department, where the methods of pruning 
forest trees and the management and Ws of forests can 
be illustrated. 

ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 

Zoological Lecture Room. — This room, in south college, is well 
adapted for lecture and recitation purposes, and is supplied with a 
series of zodlogical charts prepared to order, also a set of Leuckart’s 
charts, disarticulated skeletons, and other apparatus for illustrating 
the lectures in the class-room. 

Zoslogical Museum. —This is in immediate connection with the 
lecture room, and contains the Massachusetts State collection, which 
comprises a large number of mounted mammals and birds, together 
with a series of birds’ nests and eggs, a collection of alcoholic 
specimens of fishes, reptiles and amphibians, and a collection of 
shells and other invertebrates. 

There is also on exhibition in the museum a collection of 
skeletons of our domestic and other animals, and mounted speci-- 
mens purchased from Prof. H. A. Ward; a series of glass models 
of jelly fishes, worms, etc., made by Leopold Blaschka in Dresden ; 
a valuable collection of corals and sponges from Nassau, N. P., 
collected and presented by Prof. H. T. Fernald; a fine collection 
of corals, presented by the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy in 
Cambridge; a collection of alcoholic specimens of invertebrates 
from the coast of New England, presented by the National Museum 
at Washington ; a large and rapidly growing collection of insects 
of all orders, and a large series of clastique models of various 
animals, manufactured in the Auzoux laboratory in Paris. The 
museum is now open to the public from 3 to 4 p.m. every day 
except Saturday and Sunday. 

Zoological Laboratory. — A large room in the laboratory build- 
ing has been fitted up for a zodlogical laboratory, with tables, sink, 
gas, etc., and is supplied with a reference library, microscopes, 
chemical and other necessary apparatus for work. This laboratory 
with its equipment is undoubtedly the most valuable appliance for 
instruction in the department of zodlogy. 7 


1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 67 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 
mechanics and physics. For civil engineering there is an Eckhold’s 
omnimeter, a solar compass, an engineer’s transit, a surveyor’s 
transit, two common compasses, two levels, a sextant, four chains, . 
three levelling rods, and such other incidental apparatus as is 
necessary for practical field work. For mechanics there is a full 
set of mechanical powers, and a good collection of apparatus for 
illustration in hydrostatics, hydro-dynamics and pneumatics. For 
physics the apparatus is amply sufficient for illustrating the general 
principles of sound, heat, light and electricity. Adjacent to the 
commodious lecture room are a battery room and the physical 
cabinet, to which latter has been lately added much valuable 
apparatus. 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


This department has charge of instruction in general, agricult- 
ural and analytical chemistry, and, at present, of that in mineral- 
ogy and chemical geology. For demonstration and practical work 
in these subjects the department is equipped as follows : — 

For general chemistry the lecture room contains a series of 
thirty wall charts, illustrative of chemical processes on the large 
scale ; a series of seven wall charts, showing the composition of 
food materials; and a collection of apparatus for demonstration 
on the lecture table. For agricultural chemistry there is on hand 
a good typical collection of raw and manufactured materials, 
illustrating fertilization of crops and the manufacture of fertilizers ; 
a partial collection of grains and other articles of foods, and of 
their proximate constituents. For analytical chemistry there is a: 
laboratory for beginners, in a capacious room, well lighted and 
ventilated, and furnished with fifty-two working tables, each table 
being provided with sets of reagents, wet and dry, a fume chamber, 
water, gas, drawer and locker, the whole arranged on an improved 
plan ; a laboratory for advanced students, with eight tables, and 
provided with gas, water, fume chambers, drying baths, furnaces, 
two Becker analytical balances, and incidental apparatus. Both 
laboratories are supplied with collections of natural and artificial 
products used in analytical practice. For instruction in mineralogy 
use is made of the larger chemical laboratory. A small collection 
of cabinet specimens, and a collection of rough specimens for 
work in determinative mineralogy, serve for practical study. For 
instruction in chemical geology, the laboratory possesses a collec- 
tion of typical cabinet specimens. 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


LIBRARY. 


This now numbers ten thousand volumes, having been increased 
during the year, by gift and purchase, eight hundred and forty 
volumes. It is placed in the lower hall of the new chapel-library 
building, and is made available to the general student for reference 
or investigation. It is especially valuable as a library of reference, 
and no pains will be spared to make it complete in the departments 
of agriculture, horticulture and botany, and the natural sciences. 
It is open a portion of each day for consultation, and an hour 
every evening for the drawing of books. 


PRIZES. 
RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


The prizes heretofore offered by Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., 
will this year be given by Hiram Kendall, of the class of 1876. 
These prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are 
open to competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the 
sophomore and freshman classes. 


Minirary Prize: 


A prize of fifteen dollars for the best essay on some military 
subject is offered this year to the graduating class by William H. 
Bowker, ’71, and John C. Cutter, ’72. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


vr 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- 
sand dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to be 
called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. 
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These two prizes are to be paid in 
cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass 
the best oral and written examination in theoretical and practical 
agriculture. 

Hitts BoranicaL PRIZES. 

For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1891 a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a 
prize.of ten dollars ; also a prize of five dollars for the best collec- 
tion of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection of 
dried plants from the college farm. 

The prizes in 1890 were awarded as follows : — 

Kendall Rhetorical Prizes — Charles Tyng (1892), 1st; George 
E. Taylor (1892), 2d; Walter S. Pember (1893), 1st; David P. 
Harvey (1893), 2d. 


1 a ne 


1891. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 69 


Grinnell Agricultural Prizes — George B. Simonds (1890), Ist; 
John §. Loring (1890), 2d. 

Hills Botanical Prizes — Edgar Gregory (1890), Ist; Truman P. 
Felton (1890), 2d; Collection of Native Woods — Arthur N. 
Stowe (1890). 

West Point Prize— Henry J. Field (1891). 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8.15 
A.M. and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 
A.M., unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made 
to attend divine service elsewhere. Further opportunities for 
moral and religious culture are afforded by a Bible class taught at 
the close of the Sunday morning service, and by religious meetings 
held on Sunday afternoon and during the week, under the auspices 
of the Young Men’s Christian Union. 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s 
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central 
Massachusetts Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the 
Connecticut River Railroad and with the New Haven & Northamp- 
ton Railroad. 

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding 
one of the finest views in New England. The large farm of 
three hundred and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and 
native forests, gives the student the freedom and quiet of a country 
home. 


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PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... AG ae 


TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JANUARY, 1892. 


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Gommontoealth of Massachusetts 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 14, 1892. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


I have the honor to transmit herewith to your honorable 
body the Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Trustees of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


I am, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, 
Acting President. 


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CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
Report of Trustees, . ' d : ; : , ' ; ‘ 7-35 
Labor Fund, . ¥ : : i des ; : : : 8 
Report on Horticultural Department, . : 3 . : 3 8-10 
Report on Farm, : é : : : ; . ; , . 10-22 
Report on Experiment Department : — 
Entomological Division, . é : : ; ; : : 24 
Meteorological Division, . E ; , ; : : : 26 
Agricultural Division, . ; : , : : , : 27 
Horticultural Division, , ' : ae ; ; ; 30 
Report of Treasurer, 7 : : : : : ; . 33 
Gifts, ‘ . : : : ; ; : : ‘ ; . 984, 35 
Report of Treasurer, : P A 3 : ; F - 86-39 
Report of Military Pete d : i F : J . 40, 41 
Report of Department of Mental and Political Science, : . 42-44 
Calendar, . ? 3 3 ; ’ ‘ . , ; 45 
Catalogue of Faculty and Students, . ; ; : : - 46-53 
Course of Study, . : : : ; : ; ; , 2 +. 54; 55 
Requirements for Admission, . ‘ : P : : ; , 57 
Expenses, . 5 Z 4 ; ‘ P ’ ; - ‘ 61 
Scholarships, . ‘ é ; : E : : : ; : 62 


Equipment, : : ; ‘ : ° : : : ; - 63-67 


Appendix : — 
Military Instruction in Educational Institutions, . P : 71 
Tuberculosis, . : P ; é ‘ ‘ ; ‘ : 81 


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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. 


During the past year the college has been very prosperous, 
thongh no great changes have occurred. President Goodell 
has been ill because of overwork, and was granted a leave of 
absence during the fall term, which was spent in Europe. His 
duties were assigned to me during his absence, and it is but 
just to say that the success of the fall term is due to the excellent 
condition in which he left the college, and to the hearty co-opera- 
tion and assistance of the members of the faculty. 

A fine class of forty-three students was admitted in Septem- 
ber, making the whole number now in college larger than at 
any previous time in the history of the institution. This gradual 
growth during several years past is undoubtedly due to several 
causes: first, the able administration of the college; secondly, 
the efficient corps of teachers associated in its management ; 
thirdly, the higher standard of scholarship required for admis- 
sion, and for promotion from one class to another ; fourthly, the 
better and fuller knowledge of the college and its aims and pur- 
poses by the citizens of the Commonwealth; and, lastly, the 
encouragement offered by the provisions of tke labor fund. 

This higher grade of scholarship which the institution now 
maintains will be a source of satisfaction to the graduates of the 
college, since it will prove an excellent recommendation for 
them when seeking situations, and will result in a far better 
preparation for agricultural pursuits. It is not the wish or 
purpose to crowd the dull or slow students out of college, 
provided they are faithful and accomplish all they are able; 
but it is the express purpose to compel the indolent and 
negligent to do good work or to leave. 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


THe Laspor Funp. 


I desire once more to call attention to the good results of this 
most wise provision of the General Court of 1889. Permanent 
improvements have been made on the farm, and work has been 
carried on in the horticultural department that it would not 
have been possible to undertake in any other way. It has given 
the opportunity to every young man of limited means to secure 
an education by his own individual efforts, and the opportunity 
has been eagerly embraced. To this cause perhaps more than 
to any other may be assigned the increased numbers that have 
come to the college during the past three years. It is no 
charity, for it returns to the State twofold for every dollar 
expended, — first in the increased value of its property, and 
second in the education and training up of young men to be 
good and faithful citizens. The fund has been administered 
with great care. Those desiring to enjoy its benefits have been 
required to bring a certificate from some responsible fellow- 
townsman, certifying to the fact that it was necessary for them 
to work in order to gain an education. During the past year 
over $6,600 has been expended for labor thus performed. This 
has been distributed among one hundred and twenty students. 
The average amount earned has been from fifty to sixty dollars, 
while the largest amount earned by any single individual has 
been one hundred and fifty dollars. The labor and maintenance 
fund created by chapter 12 of the Resolves of 1889 expires 
with the present year, and it is asked for a continuance of the 
same, and that the appropriation be made perpetual. 


Report ON THE HoRTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 

The horticultural industry of the State is of the greatest 
importance, and is steadily increasing in amount and value. 
The necessities of this department of the college are pressing, 
and it is asked that $8,000 may be appropriated for the follow- 
ing purposes, to wit: the rebuilding of the Durfee plant house, 


and the erection of a rose house, vegetable house and cold ~ 


grapery in connection therewith, at a cost not to exceed $6,000 ; 


and the building and equipping of a tool house at a cost not — 


to exceed $2,000. The report on this department, by Prof. 
S. T. Maynard, explains more in detail its needs, and the 
permanent improvements it is hoped will be made. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 9 


The horticultural department of the college has had a fairly pros- 
perous year financially. The crops have been abundant and of the 
best quality, but prices have ruled low. 

For the first time in the past ten years the peach orchard has 
borne an abundant crop, and many new varieties have fruited for 
the first time, enabling us to determine something of the comparative 
value of such varieties for this locality. 

The land assigned for orchard purposes has now all been planted, 
in many cases too closely for the best results; and more land is 
needed, if the work of testing all of the promising new varieties be 
continued. 

The ornamental trees and shrubs, planted in many cases for imme- 
diate effect, are in some places becoming too crowded for the best 
permanent growth, and will soon require heroic thinning or re- 
‘arrangement. 

In the botanic museum new cases have been placed for the speci- 
mens of plant growth, fruit models, etc., that have been accumulat- 
ing during the past few years, and soon these collections will be ar- 
ranged and properly labelled. 

During the past season nearly 2,000 species of fungi have been 
added to the collection by purchase, and these will soon be arranged 
in the herbanium for reference and study. 

The enlargement of the botanic laboratory, completed last season, 
has assisted much in the efficiency of the study of structural and 
physiological botany, but more apparatus is needed to complete it. 

The botanic museum, stable, and other buildings connected with 
the department are in sad need of painting to prevent rapid decay. 

In making plans for the greater efliciency of the work of the botanic 
and horticultural department, after a careful investigation by a com- 

mittee of the trustees of the college, it was decided that the urgent 
_ needs of the department are as follows : — 

Rebuilding of the Durfee plant house on an improved plan, and 
replacing the old system of heating with four-inch pipes by the more 
modern system of steam, or hot water under pressure. Also build- 
ing arose house, cold grapery and a vegetable house. This will re- 
quire the expenditure of at least 56,000. 

A tool-house, containing a work-room, carpenter’s shop, a room 
with a forge and anvil, a store room and open sheds, is a necessity, 
as at the present time tools are stored in at least four different 
places, and the work of repairing must be done in the cold or in the 
work-rooms of the greenhouses. Such a building, with its equipment, 

will cost $2,000. 

The draining of the garden land south of the Durfee plant house, 
which is too wet for profitable cultivation except in a very dry sea- 
son, ought to be undertaken at the very earliest opportunity. 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


To put the orchards and fruit plantations, the ornamental trees 
and plants, and the garden land, in proper condition for the best re- 
sults, a large amount of fertilizers and manures is required. 

Lastly, it has been planned to devote the hillside on ‘the south- 
eastern part of the grounds to the growth of all the trees, plants and 
shrubs, indigenous to Massachusetts, under the name of the Massa- 
chusetts Garden. To put the land in proper condition for planting 
will require a considerable outlay of time and money. Aside from 
the beautifying of the State grounds, this will prove of great profit 
and interest to all visiting the college, and of invaluable assistance 
in the study of botany. 


Report OF AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The work in this department has been of the same generah 
character as in the years preceding. Permanent improvements 
have been steadily carried forward. Stumps have been pulled, 
fresh ground broken up and subdued, five thousand feet of tile 
drains laid, and thirty-five acres ploughed and prepared for the 
planting of corn in the spring. In the report of Professor 
Brooks, herewith submitted, I would call attention to an inter- 
esting comparison. of ‘‘Soiling versus Pasturage,” and an 
‘«* Account with Twenty Grade Cows.” 


om Farm REport. 


The past year has been one of general prosperity upon the farm. 
The area under cultivation has been larger than in any recent year, 
and it is believed to have been larger than in any previous year since 
the reduction in the area under farm management by the setting 
apart of grounds for the horticultural and experimental departments. 
This increase in area under hoed crops has been made possible by 
the gradual reclamation of the old pastures, the drainage of con- 
siderable tracts heretofore too wet for profitable cultivation, and the — 
substitution of soiling crops instead of pasturage for the summer 
food of our milch cows. As a result, the aggregate value of the 
farm products has been largely increased. -For this season, the — 
total amounts to $5,525, exclusive of the crops used for soiling, — 
which furnished green fodder for an average of thirty-two cows for — 
five months, and must have been worth about $585. Our crops for — 
last year were worth $4,457, in round numbers, and besides we 
pastured an average of about twenty cows. The products of this — 
year, then, exceed in value those of last season by not less than ~ 


i 


“. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 11 


$1,200. Our sales have also been largely increased. The principal 
items in round numbers are : — 


Milk, cream and fat calves, . 4 ; k : : $2,826 
Beef, . : : : 5 : , : f : : 100 
Hay, . . : é , ; 338 

- Lambs, wool and mutton, . ; ; 7 : 3 ; 225 
Potatoes, . : 1 ; : . ' : ; ; 614 
Pigs and fat hogs, . : : ' : % 300 
Total, . : : : : 2 ; : A : $4,403 


Similar sales for last year aggregated $3,551. The squash crop 
for this year (a large one ) is still for the most part unsold. This 
crop was included in last year’s aggregate of sales, and it is 
expected that the sales of this year will exceed those of last by fully 
$1,000. 

The number of acres in the ordinary crops of the farm was as 
follows: hay, 75; field corn, 14; silage corn, 10; potatoes, 10; 
mangels, 24; Swedes, 4; carrots, $; English turnips, 1; squashes, 
3; and rye, 3. Besides these, we had soiling crops as follows: rye, 
5 acres; clover, 1 acre; oats and vetches, 2 acres; grass, 3 acres ; 
fodder corn, 8 acres; oats and peas, 4 acres; and barley and peas, 
4 acres, —a total of 1464 acres; or, deducting land which produced 
two crops, 1374 acres. Most of our crops have been good and a 
number of them exceptionally so, although I confidently anticipate 
improvement in the future, as the newly reclaimed land which 
comprises more than one-half of our cultivable area is being 

{ gradually brought into better condition by drainage, cultivation and 
manuring. 


Hay. — The early spring months were unusually dry, the rainfall 
amounting to but 1.82 inches in May, while the average for that 
month for the past fifteen years has been 3.41 inches. The effect 
was serious upon our old fields, and our crop was but about two- 
thirds what we usually obtain. It was secured in splendid order, 
the first crop being all cut before July 4, and amounting to 140 
tons. The second crop, also secured in good order, amounted to 

40 tons, making a total of 180 tons, or about two and two-fifths 
_ toms per acre. 


Field Corn. — The fourteen acres in this crop consist for the most 
part of a rather heavy loam. It had been in grass without manure 
for two years, and was full of sorrel. It was ploughed in the early 
_ fall of last year, manured broadcast at the rate of five cords per acre 
_ in spring, and thoroughly prepared for seed by wheel-harrowing. In 

addition to the manure, we used peracre: muriate of potash, 140 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


pounds; dried blood, 70 pounds; bone-meal, 45 pounds; nitrate of - 
soda, 60 pounds; and superphosphate, 85 pounds. ‘Three-fourths 
of the mixed fertilizers were applied broadcast and harrowed in; the 
balance was put in the drill. Sibley’s Pride of the North was the 
variety of corn selected, and both seed and fertilizer were very satis- 
factorily put in with the Eclipse corn planter. The crop was thinned 
to about ten inches in the drills, which were three and one-half feet 
apart. Very little hand work was employed in cultivation. The 
yield and financial standing are shown below : — 


700 bushels shelled corn, at 70 cents, . 2 . $490 00 

30 tons stover, at $7, . : ‘ ; : | 210 Oo 
————- $700 00 

Manure, 70 cords, at $4 (one-half cost), . . $140 00 

Fertilizer (three-fourths cost), . : . . Ose 

Labor, . ; : ; ; : : ; . 27h 06 
— 492 00 
Balance in favor of crop, . ‘ ; ; . : $208 00 


Silage Corn. — This crop occupied ten acres of our best corn land. 
The preceding year it had been occupied by rye, corn; mangels, 
potatoes, Swedes, and carrots. The rye (about one half the whole) 
received no manure, but the balance was all similarly and well 
manured. ‘The corn following corn the year before was best, and 
next in quality ranked the crop after rye, potatoes, mangels, carrots 
and Swedes in the order named, thus indicating the exhausting na- 
ture of the root crops. This was especially marked in the case of 
the Swedes, after which the corn of this year was light, although 
the root crop of the preceding year was abundantly manured and 
was not an unusually heavy one. All this land was ploughed late in 
the fall of last year, manured at the rate of six cords to the acre 
during winter, reploughed this spring, and the fertilizer spread broad- 
cast and harrowed in. We applied per acre, in addition to the 
manure: fish guano, 150 pounds; nitrate of soda, 100 pounds; and 
muriate of potash, 150 pounds. 

The yield and financial standing are as follows : — 


Silage, 140 tons, at $4, . Mair $060 00 
Shelled corn, 30 bushels, at 70 re 5 5 21 00 
Stover, 2 tons, at $7,. ‘ ; 4 é ‘ 14 00 

— $595 00 
One-half manure used, . : : : 4 $120 00 
Fertilizer (three-fourths cost), : Mra 56 25 
Labor, ; ; \ } ; , ; i 251 50 


- 427 75 


Balance in favor of ‘crop, ¢ JP) ets . | Siar ae 


"1892.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 13 


In view of the apparently small profit upon this crop, as compared 
with that upon the considerably poorer crop of field corn, I must 
again express my conviction that the customary valuation of $4.00 
per ton for silage is too low for an article which contains so much 


grain as does that which we produce. 


For substantiation of the correctness of this view I am able to refer 
to the results of careful experiments made at the Wisconsin Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, which showed that the loss of dry matter 
in the curing of fodder corn in the field was a little greater even than 
the loss in the silo. Experiments at the same station have shown 
that for milch cows the feeding value of the dry matter in silage and 
in dry corn fodder is practically equal. In some experiments the 
silage and in others the fodder has shown a slight superiority. 

That part of our field of corn put into the silos (140 tons ), if 
stooked and husked, must have yielded us about 600 bushels of 
shelled grain and 32 tons of well-dried stover, which, at current 
prices, would have been worth $644. I have no doubt we have an 
equal value in the silos, which would make our silage worth $4.60 
per ton, instead of $4.00, as figured. 

The fact that our field furnished -a surplus above the amount 
needed to fill our silos was taken advantage of to determine approxi- 
mately the relative cost of ensiling corn and of harvesting in the 
ordinary way. We cut the fodder for the silo this year into three- 
fourths-inch lengths, using a machine a little too light for our power, 
and were hindered by frequent breakages, which considerably 
increased the cost; and yet the actual cost of cutting in the field, 
hauling, and cutting into the silo, was but 80 cents per ton. Our 
crop averaged about fifteen tons per acre, and the cost of ensiling 
was, therefore, $12 per acre. Such a crop will yield 150 baskets of 
ears and about 4 tons of stover to the acre; and with us the cost 
of cutting and stooking, husking and putting the corn into the crib 
and the stover into the barn amounts to not less than $13 per acre. 
The difference between the two systems, then, is not one of cost of 
handling ; and which is the better means of utilizing the crop must 
depend chiefly upon the relative food value of the product secured 
under these different methods. In the one case we have grain on 
the ear and dry stover; in the other a succulent mixture of grain 
and stalks, which, it is true, has lost something by fermentation. 
It is difficult or impossible to make well-fed stock consume all of 
the dry stover, and there is always considerable waste, while silage is 


eaten up clean by most animals. JI am convinced that the ordinary 


waste of stover more than equals the loss by fermentation in the 
silo; and, when it is further considered that, before stover and 


_ grain can be profitably fed, the former must be cut into short lengths 


‘4 
La! 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


or shredded and the latter shelled and ground, the superior economy 
of ensiling corn over husking and handling in the ordinary way 
must be evident. 

Another advantage incident to the practice of ensilage rather than 
stooking and husking is found in connection with laying down 
the land to grass. When the grass seeds are sown in July or 
August in the standing corn, which is the common practice here, and 
the corn is stooked and husked in the ordinary way, the grass has a 
much poorer chance than when the corn is cut and at once carted 
away for the silo. Where each stook has stood is found a spot where 
the grass is killed. If, as is also not uncommon, it be desired to fol- 
low corn with rye, the prompt clearing of the field for the silo is a 
great advantage. 


Potatoes. — Ten acres of medium loam of alluvial origin just north 
of the ‘‘ ravine” were planted to this crop. The land had been used 
for a pasture for some five or six years. It was ploughed in the fall, 
and prepared for seed by thorough wheel-harrowing in early spring. 
No manure was used; but fertilizers, one-half harrowed in and one- 
half in the drill, were employed at the following rates per acre: fish 
guano, 250 pounds; superphosphate, 85 pounds; bone meal 125 
pounds ; muriate of potash, 165 pounds. | 

We were ready to begin planting April 5, but a heavy snow-fall, 
- amounting to rather over a foot, delayed operations ten days. The 
seed which had been cut suffered seriously by the delay, and fully 
one-fourth of it failed to grow. The crop was from this cause 
lighter than we had expected; but it was of splendid quality. It 
was sold in Boston, and brought from forty to fifty cents per bushel, 
from which freights and commission must be deducted. Financial 
results : — 


Potatoes (net proceeds of sales), . : : % . $570 78 


Three-fourths fertilizers ‘used, , : .. . SLOO zs 
Labor in raising and marketing, . . 201 i138 
: — 398 00 
Balance in favor of crop, . : f d : . | @LTZ578 


Carrots. — This crop occupied one-half acre of good land, but, 
requiring to be replanted, the seed was got in so late that the crop 
was small. It amounted to only 125 bushels of roots, which will 
hardly repay the cost of the labor. The soil received a good 
dressing of manure and a liberal application of mixed fertilizers. 


Swedes. — Area in crop, one-half acre of medium loam. This was 
ploughed in the fall, manured during winter at the rate of seven cords 


a 


az 
et hihi ar ail 


sa - 


-1892.]} PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 15 


per acre. It was reploughed in the spring, the fertilizer spread 
broadcast and thoroughly harrowed in. The seed was planted July 
1, and the crop made a magnificent growth of tops, but the develop- 
ment of the roots was not satisfactory. Many were hollow, and not 
a few rotted. The fertilizers used per acre were as follows: nitrate 
of soda, 150 pounds; muriate of potash, 150 pounds; superphos- 
phate, 100 pounds. Financial standing : — 


Swedish turnips, 12 tons, at $4, . ‘ é ; so the .$48 .00 
One-half manure used, : r : : , $7 00 
Fertilizer (three-fourths cost), ; ‘ 5 00 
Labor, . : F ? 4 : : } 28 00 

——- 40 00 

Balance in favor of crop, ‘ ' . ; ‘ , $8 00 


Beets.—The land selected for this crop, two and one-half acres, was 
similar to that on which the Swedes were grown, and it was similarly 
prepared and received equal amounts of manure and fertilizers. One 
acre of this land was in squashes and one acre in popcorn, the 
balance in potatoes in 1890. The preparation of the soil for plant- 
ing was very thorough, the germination of the seed satisfactory, and 
the conditions for growth throughout the season highly favorable. 
The result was a remarkably fine crop. The yield and financial 
results are shown below : — } 


106 tons beets, at $4, , F q : : : . $424 00 
Manure (one-half value), ; : $06 00 
Fertilizer (three-fourths cost), 2 ; ; 19 00 
Labor, : - ; é _ ; R ; 115 00 

—-—- 170 00 

Balance in favor of crop, . ; ‘ : : . $254 00 


The varieties raised were Lane’s American sugar beet, and Carter’s 
orange globe mangel. 

An experiment was made upon this crop, to test the efficacy of 
common salt as a fertilizer. The land was divided transversely into 
half-acre strips, and coarse salt at the rate of two hundred pounds 
per acre was sown broadcast, soon after the seed was planted, upon 


three of these sections. The beneficial effect of the salt was appar- 


ent throughout the season, but the actual gain in yield was not large. 
It amounted to two and one-half tons per acre, which is sufficient to 
repay the cost of application some five or six times over. The ben- 
efit from the use of salt for this crop would undoubtedly be yet more 
striking in cases where such fertilizers as muriate of potash are not 
employed; for the hydrochloric acid in this must bave a similar 


_ effect in unlocking plant food to that resulting from the action of the 
_ Same acid in the salt. 


ee 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


~ Squashes. — Three acres of warm, medium loam, north of the 
‘‘ravine,” were planted with this crop, about one-fifth with Hubbard 
and the balance with Essex hybrid seed. Upon one acre potatoes 
also were planted, every third row being left out for the squashes. 
The results of this method of planting were on the whole satisfactory. 
If potatoes of an early variety are planted in good season, they finish 
their growth before the squashes require the land. ‘The land in this 
crop received a heavy broadcast application of material from the 
ruins of the Hatch barn, which was destroyed by fire April 5. This 
barn contained a considerable quantity of nitrate of soda, muriate of 
potash and dissolved bone-black; and the mixed remains of these 
and the.ashes from the fire were undoubtedly of considerable value. 
In addition, we used mixed fertilizers in the hill in the following 
quantities per acre: bone meal, 150 pounds; fish guano, 100 pounds : 
muriate of potash, 110 pounds. On the greater part of the field we 
used in each hill a shovelful of coal ashes, the beneficial effect of 
which in preventing the work of the borer was very marked. Where 
the ashes were not employed the percentage of loss of plants was 
much the larger, many hills being entirely destroyed. The yield and 
financial standing of the crop are shown below : — 


25 tons squashes, at $10, . : : ‘ ; . $250 00 
Three-fourths cost of fertilizers used in fille $17 00 
Labor, raising and storing, : : : : 60 75 

—— 77 75 

Balance in favor of crop, . ‘ ‘ . : . $172 25 


Rye. — Three acres of newly broken up old pasture were in this 
crop, which received in spring an application of 150 pounds of 
fish guano, 150 pounds of muriate of potash and 100 pounds of 
nitrate of soda, per acre. The yield was fairly salt oe , and the 
standing of this crop is shown below : — 


60 bushels grain, at 80 cents, . ' , ; $48 O00 
4 tons straw, at $20, . " j A : : 80 00 
——— $128 00 
Three-fourths fertilizer used, . : : : $17 43 
Labor, , : : : : } : ; 27 00 
—— 44 43 
Balance in favor of crop, . ; 0 Se epee ee 


Besides the crops described in detail, we harvested 200 bushels of 
English turnips grown as a second crop after oats and yetches for 
fodder, and had small areas in pop-corn and in garden crops. 


Soiling Crops. — These consisted of five acres of rye, one of clover, 


il 


1892. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. t7 


two of oats and vetches, three of grass, eight of fodder corn, four 
of oats and peas, and four of barley and peas. The oats and 
barley with peas were grown as second crops after rye, and for 
them the land was manured. The rye was treated as already de- 
scribed for the portion harvested for grain. The oats and vetches on 
new and very rough land were grown on barnyard manure in mod- 
erate quantity ; the fodder corn on similar land got an application of 
dried blood, 125 pounds; muriate of potash, 75 pounds ; bone-meal, 
50 pounds; and fish guano, 150 pounds per acre. Neither the clover 
nor the grass received any dressing this year. 

The growth of all these crops was satisfactory, and we produced 


green fodders sufficient for the average number of thirty-two cows for 


five months on nineteen acres of land, much of which is but partially 
subdued. The rye comes first and produces alarge growth, but is on 
the whole the least satisfactory food for cows, being eaten less freely 
than the others. We found that on our land, which is rather low 
and moist, oats are very liable to rust, which seriously lessens their 
value. This was especially true of the late crop which with peas 
proved much inferior to barley and peas which were in fit condition 
to feed until about the 20th of October. For the very latest feeding 
the peas should be left out, as frost kills them before it injures the 
barley. ‘The most satisfactory fodder for the production of milk and 
cream appeared to be clover and corn. One acre of clover produced 
three good crops, aggregating not less than 18 tons, or sufficient to 
supply green food for our thirty-two cows for twelve days. Less 
grain is required when the green food is chiefly clover than when 
corn fodder is the main reliance. | 


Soiling versus Pasturage. —I am able to make an interesting com- 
parison between the results obtained when land is pastured and those 
obtainable under the soiling system. In the season of 1890 about 
thirty acres of land, about four-fifths of it in good grass, the balance 
somewhat covered with stumps, but with much sweet feed between, 
was used for the pasturage of an average of about thirty cows and 
heifers, and the returns in cream amounted to $454.96, and in im- 
provement to young stock possibly to $100, —a total from this land 
of $554.96, and it was stocked to its full capacity. 

During the past year this land has been cleared of stumps, about 
five acres of it have been drained, and the whole brought under the 
plough. With the exception of that produced upon one acre of 
clover and three of grass elsewhere, it has produced green fodder for 
thirty-two cows. The proportion of such fodder coming from this 
land must equal four-fifths of the whole, and I will credit it with 
fourth-fifths the proceeds fram our cows during the time they were 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


on green food. Grain was used both this year and last, in about 
equal proportion to the other food, and, as I do not make any allow- 
ance for this, the apparent credit to the land for each year is greater 
than the truth; but this does not affect the comparison, and the 
value of the manure made this year will go far towards offsetting 
that item, together with the cost of labor in cutting and hauling the 
fodder. The gross receipts from this land this year are as follows :— 


Cream (four-fifths of total), : ; ; $683 52 

Squashes, 25 tons, ; : ? ; , 250 00 

Potatoes, 1,522 bushels, : ; : i 570 78 

Rye and straw, . : ; : 128 00 

Turnips, 200 bushels, . ; ‘ ; : 20 OU 
Total gross receipts for 1891, , : , : « » pL,652, a0 
Total gross receipts for 1890, . : : ; : 504 96 
Excess for 1891 over 1890, : ; A ; : $1,097 34 


Deducting the labor of raising the crops and the cost of the 
fertilizers and manure used in 1891, we have the net proceeds from 
these thirty acres for this year $914.47, against $554.96 for 1890. 
The cost of clearing the land and of drainage is not charged against 
the crops of this year, as this work constitutes a permanent improve- 
ment, the effects of which will be increasingly felt for a number of 
years. The excess in net value of the products of this year as 
compared with last is, however, more than sufficient to repay the full 
cost of clearing the land of stumps. When, then, we further 
consider that the condition of all this land is greatly improved, it 
becomes sufficiently evident that for us soiling is far preferable to 
pasturage for milch cows. } 


Farm Live Stock.— During the past year our horses, sheep and 
swine have maintained a high average of health, and there have 
been no losses except a very few of young pigs and lambs at birth ; 
and the breeding increase of the swine and sheep has been 
satisfactory. From causes which we are unable completely to 
control, our cattle have suffered somewhat from foot-rot, which, 
however, we are generally able to check in its earliest stages. Our 
returns from this part of our stock have been satisfactory. The 
faulty construction of our barn, making it an impossibility to keep 
the air of the cow stable pure, has been the indirect cause of some 
losses among our pure-bred stock. The fine Holstein-Friesian bull, 
Pledge’s Empire, died suddenly from tetanus, the cause of which was 
a mystery. His place at the head of our Holstein-Friesians has been 
taken by Prince of Concord, a bull from one of the best butter 
families of the breed. His dam has a fecord of about thirty pounds 


1892. | PUBLIC. DOCUMENT — No. 31. 19 


of butter in seven days. Throughout the year we have continually 
culled out inferior animals, and the result is a high average of 
excellence throughout our herd. 


Milk Records of Pure-bred Cows. — As evidence of the quality of 
our stock, permit me to report the milk yield of a few of our best 
pure-bred cows. In each case the highest record made within 
twelve months is given: Ayrshires,— Myrca, 8,100 pounds, 14 
ounces; Myrca Clifton, 9,283 pounds, 6’ounces; Amelia Clifton, 
8,614 pounds, 4 ounces; Holstein-Friesians, — Beth Hoorn, 13,206 
pounds, 6 ounces; Cornelia Artis, 11,830 pounds, 10 ounces; 
Cornelia Pledge, 8,555 pounds; Shorthorn, — Dulcibella, 6,851 
pounds, 11 ounces; Guernsey, — Fanny, 6,687 pounds, 6 ounces ; 
Jersey, — Faith of Deerfoot (nine months), 4,869 pounds, 3 ounces. 


Grade Cows. — As further evidence of the quality of our stock 
and the results of our system of feeding, I include the following 
account with the twenty grade cows purchased in October of last 


year. 
Account with Twenty Grade Cows. 
Dr. 
To cost of cows, . ‘ ‘ : i A : . $1,000 00 
To net cost of feed, November, 1890 to May 1891, __. 396 23* 
To net cost of feed, May, 1891, to November, 1891, . 355 25 
Total, : i ; ? , : : ; : $1,751 48 
Profits on investment, . : , ' ; ‘ ; 700 07 
$2,451 55 
CR. 
By 37,628 spaces cream, at 33c, . 3 , ; , $1,411 05 
By 12,480 gallons skim-milk, at 2 cents, . : 3 249 60 
By calves sold from herd, . ; : ; : : 40 90 
By value of cows at close of year, : : 750 00 
$2,451 55 


The individual standing of this lot of cows is more clearly brought 
out by the table below : — 


Average gross cost of feed consumed, : : f $69 30 
Average net cost of feed consumed, . ; : : 37 57 
Average value of product, . ; ; : : ; 83 03 
Average net profit, : : : , : : 45 46 
Average milk yield per year, .. : : 7,019 pounds 2 ounces. 
Average butter yield per year, . : : ‘ 5 3083 pounds. 
Average age of cows, . : ; : : : : 8 years. 
Average weight of cows, . . : : 990 pounds. 


* The net cost of feed is obtained by deducting four-fifths of the fertilizer value from 


7 the gross cost. 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The average butter yield for the cows of the State of New York is 
estimated by Dr. Peter Collier to be below 130 pounds per annum, 
and it is seldom that even a herd of pure-bred animals numbering 
twenty makes an average equaling that of these grades. When it is 
further stated that one of these cows added extremely little to the 
aggregate product on account of foot-rot, it will be seen that the 
performance of these animals has been rather extraordinary. The 
statement of foods used and of their market and fertilizer values is 
given below : — 


Winter Feed of Twenty Cows (November 1 to May 18). 


Fertilizer Value. 


Per Ton. Total. 
18 tons hay, at $12, . é . $216. 00 $6 48 $116 64 
9 tons corn stover, at $6, : ; 54 00 3 19 DSi 
38 tons silage, at $4, : : ’ 152 00 1 64 62 32 
9 tons beets, at $3, . : ; ; 27 00 1 14: 10 26 
6 tons bran, at $20, i ‘ : 120 00 14 58 87 48 
3 tons cotton-seed meal, at $26, . 78 00 26 25 78 75 
2 tons gluten meal at $28, . ; 56 00 19 Osh 38 02 
1 ton corn meal, at $32, . . i 32 00 7 8d 7 85 
1,200 pounds linseed meal (new pro- 
cess), at $27, . : : : : 16 20 22 800m 13 68 
Total cost of feed, . : . $751 20 Total fertilizer $443 71 
value, 


Summer Feed of Twenty Cows (May 18 to Nov. 1, 1891). 


Fertilizer Value. 


y j Per Ton. Total. 
15 tons of rye, at $2.50, —.. : : $37 50 $1 25 $18 75 
12 tons of clover, at $4, . ; 5 48 00 2 48 29 76 
12 tons of vetch and oats, at $3.50, . 42 00 1 54 18 48 
46 tons corn stover, at $2.50, . ; 115 00 125 57 50 
: ate, eanes at $3.50, . » 52 50 154 23 10 
9 tons beets, at $3, . i ; : 27 00 ee 10 26 
10 tons hay, at $12, . : : : 120 00 6 48 64 80 
34 tons bran, at $21, . ; : . 73 50 19 58 51 03 
| 23 tons linseed meal, at $27, . ; 67 50 22 80 57 00 
F1 ton gluten meal, at $28, : : 28 00 19 01 1:2 om 


60 weeks’ pasturing, at 40 cts., . i 24 00 


Total es $349 69 
Total cost of feed, t : . $635 00 value, 


Our stock at present consists of the following animals : — 


Horses. —Percherons: one stallion, one mare, two stallion colts 


and one mare colt; one three-fourths blood Percheron mare colt, two — 


half-blood Percheron mares and three geldings, — total, eleven. 


Pe as a os . 


ieee 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 21 


Cattle. — Ayrshires: one male, ten females; Shorthorns: two 
females; Guernseys: one male; Holstein-Friesians: two males, 
nine females; Jerseys: two males; grades: thirty-four females. 
Total: six bulls, fifty-four cows and heifers. 


. 


Sheep. — Southdowns: one ram, twenty-four breeding ewes, six 
ram lambs and six ewe lambs ; total, thirty-seven. 


Swine. —Small Yorkshires: one boar, two breeding sows and 
thirty-three pigs of all ages ; Tamworths, one boar and one sow. 


Equipment. — The only important additions to our equipment dur- 
ing the year are as follows: Champion self-binding reaper, Keystone 
hay-loader, Buckeye chain-gear mower, Aspinwall potato-planter, 
Yankee swivel-plough, and Yankee disc harrow. All these have 
been acquired by purchase, and have been found to do their work in 
a satisfactory manner. Especially would I commend the hay-loader 
and the potato-planter. 


PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. 


Our work in this direction, as last year, has been chiefly expended 
upon the old pastures on the western side of the farm. It has been 
mainly concentrated upon the northwestern section, which will un- 
doubtedly prove the best land on the farm, as the soil is naturally 
of a very superior character. Here, five acres, from which the wood, 
a heavy growth of pine, was cut several years ago, have been cleared 
of stumps. This required the uninterrupted work of three men 
working with stump-puller and Atlas powder cartridges for more 
than two months. Rather more than seven hundred stumps were 
taken out, and, with the assistance of men and teams, they were 
piled and burned. The land was thoroughly broken up, and, though 
far from smooth, and still containing some roots, its further improve- 
ment will be comparatively easy. A fine crop of fodder corn was 
grown upon it with little labor, and it was seeded to clover for soil- 
ng purposes in August. ‘The seed made a good start, and a large 
amount of the most valuable green fodder may be confidently antici- 
pated from this land next season. 

Besides the work on this lot, a considerable number of scattered 
tumps have been removed from other portions of this land, which 
are being broken up for the second time. Some thirty-five acres of 
it have been ploughed this fall. This portion is now entirely free 
from stumps, and is one of the finest fields to be found in this part 
of the State. Most of it will be planted next year with corn for the 
silo and crib. 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ae. 


We have put in tile drains in various parts of these fields this year 
wherever they seemed to be most required ; but in all cases in accord- 
ance with a system which will eventually underlay this entire tract, 
wherever not naturally well drained, with tiles. The total length of 
such drains put in this year is rather over five thousand feet, or 
nearly a mile. i 

A small amount of new fence has been built; roads have been im- 
proved, and a new silo has been put into the barn between the two 
already there. 

I cannot close without again calling attention to the fact that, but 
for the labor fund, under the provisions of which much of our work 
is performed by students, the work of improvement upon the farm 
must come to a standstill, unless we receive much larger annual ap- 
propriations than at present. This fund is notacharity. The young 
men earn the money they receive, and the State receives a money 
equivalent in the improvement of its property, while the benefit it will 
derive from the lives of increased usefulness made possible through 
the education these young men are enabled to obtain is incalculable. 

In conclusion, it gives me pleasure to testify to the hearty support 
on the part of both superiors and subordinates which my efforts in 
the management of the farm have always received; and especially 
must I commend the work of my superintendent, Mr. F. S. Cooley, 
whose active and intelligent interest and executive management have 
contributed largely to that measure of success which we have been 
able to attain. 
| Wiriram P. Brooks, 

Professor of Agriculture. 


THE EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. 


At no period in the history of the station has its influence 
been more widely felt, or its work more fully appreciated by 
the farmers of the Commonwealth. The divisions, particularly 
of horticulture and entomology, have been overwhelmed with 
correspondence. 

Five bulletins, in editions of eleven thousand, have been 
issued during the year on the following topics: — | 


Directions for the use of fungicides and insecticides. 

Experiments in greenhouse heating, over versus under bench 
piping. 

Special fertilizers for plants under glass. 

Report on varieties of strawberries. 


r 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 23 


Report on varieties of blackberries and raspberries. 
Report on fertilizers for corn. 

Report on strength of rennet. 

Report on hay caps. 

Report on Flandres oats. 

Report on prevention of potato rot. 

Report on fungicides and insecticides on fruits. 

Report on seventeen of the more common injurious insects. 


In addition to the above, a monthly bulletin, in a limited 
edition of three hundred copies, has been issued, covering the 
entire meteorological data for each day. 

The analyses performed for this department by the State 
experiment station during the past three years are herewith 
submitted in tabulated form : — 


1889. 1890. 1891. 
Ash analysis, . : : : : 1 1 2 
Fertilizer analysis, . ; : : At 25 24 
Fodder and ash analysis, . ‘ . ‘ ; rae 191 68 
Fodder analysis, . : ; : : : d 0 24 6 
Milk analysis, . : : ‘ UM Wa 2 
Determination of rennet value, . F ' : 18 18 0 
Determination of sugar, . ; : ; ‘ 20 0 0 
Moisture determination, . ; , : : ay | 106 459 
Moisture and starch determination, . . As 0 0 45 
Fungicides and insecticides, . ni ‘ : 9) 15 10 


The burning, April 5, 1891, of the barn erected for experi- 
ment purposes, together with the loss of valuable data and 
materials, has proved a serious hindrance to the work under- 
taken in the agricultural division. It is now being rebuilt, and - 
will be completed in time for the next season’s operations. 

The specific work of the different divisions during the year 
is briefly summarized in the reports of the several officers, here- 
with submitted : — 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Lhe Entomological Division. 


The life-history of the bud moth (Zimetocera ocellana) has 
been completed and published in Bulletin No. 12, together with 
methods for its destruction. In the same bulletin were also 
published, with illlustrations, the life-histories of spittle insects, 
the squash bug, the pea weevil, the bean weevil, the May beetle, 
the plum curculio, the onion maggot, the cabbage butterfly, — 
the apple-tree tent caterpillar, the forest tent caterpillar, the 
stalk-borer, the pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, the grape- 
vine moth, the codling moth, the cabbage-leaf miner and the 
gartered plume moth. 

The studies on cranberry insects have been continued during 
the summer at the insectary, and also on the bogs of Barnstable 
and Plymouth counties during the months of July and August. 
The work has not been completed, but a preliminary bulletin 
on the subject will soon be issued. Experiments were per- 
formed with Paris green and London purple on cranberry vines, 
to determine how large an amount may be used without injury 
to the vines, and also how small an amount will prove 
destructive to the vine worm, the results of which will appear 
in the preliminary bulletin. 
<A series of experiments was performed with Paris green on 
apple-trees, to ascertain what conditions of weather cause the 
Paris green to affect the foliage the most unfavorably. 

Experiments were made with kerosene emulsion on red 
spiders and plant lice on rose bushes. 

A series of experiments: was made to ascertain the smallest 
proportion of Paris green in water that would kill apple-tree 
tent caterpillars in their different molts, and also what propor- 
tion would prove the most saccessful in destroying them. 

Six Barnard moth traps were kept in the garden and orchard © 
during the season. From these the insects were taken each 
day and determined, in order to ascertain whether the beneficial 
effect of the traps in collecting injurious insects was offset by 
the number of useful insects destroyed. 

The work on the card catalogue of insects and also on the — 
biological collection for the insectary has been continued as 
time and circumstances permitted. 

Much time has been given to the scientific supervision of the 
work of destroying the gypsy moth in the eastern part of the 


im 


Heliotype Printing Co. Boston. 


Drawn by Joseph Bridgham ; 


ee ee oe ae a 


7 a io. ie an Ge at i, ae 


2 pies - 


PXPLANATION OF. PLATE 1. 


GYPSY MOTH, (Ocneria dispar, L.) 


Fig. |.— Female with the wings spread. 
2.— Female with the wings folded. 
3.— Male with the wings spread. 
4.— Male with the wings folded. 
5. — Pupa. 


6. — Caterpillar. 


| Full grown. 
7.— Caterpillar. 


8.—Cluster of eggs on bark. 
9.—Several eggs enlarged. 
10.—One egg greatly enlarged. 


1892.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 25 


State. This insect was accidentally introduced into Medford 
twenty-three years ago, and has spread from that place till it 
has now been found in more than twenty towns and cities. 
The moths emerge from the pupal stage in July, and, after 
mating, the female (plate 1, figs. 1 and 2) lays her eggs (figs. 
9 and 10, enlarged), in a cluster on the bark of trees (fig. 8) 
and in various other places. These egg clusters are covered 
with very fine yellowish hairs from the under side of the abdomen 
of the female, and do not hatch till the following May. As soon 
as the eggs hatch, the young caterpillars feed on the leaves of 
nearly all species of plants, and have proved especially injurious 
to fruit and ornamental trees. They grow rapidly and reach 
maturity in about six weeks, when they vary somewhat in size 
and appearance, as shown in figs. 6 and 7. They then change 
to the pupal stage (fig. 5) and in about two weeks the moths 
emerge. The males (figs. 3 and 4) differ from the females 
both in size and color. 

During the past season several different species of parasites 
have been discovered attacking the gypsy moth, and these have 
been collected and referred to the best authorities for deter- 
mination. Some of them prove to be new to science, while 
others are among the most useful in holding our common native 
insects in check. 

This is undoubtedly one of the most dangerous insect pests 
that has threatened our Commonwealth and country, and every 

possible measure should be adopted for its destruction. For 
two years past the State has made appropriations for the exter- 
mination of this insect, and most vigorous efforts are being 
made in the infested towns to accomplish this purpose. It is 
| highly important that our citizens in all parts of the Common- 
_ wealth should be able to recognize the insect in each of its 
stages, so that, if it should be found in any new localities, it 
may be reported to the gypsy: moth committee in Malden, 
_ Mass. 

_ To aid in recognizing this insect the plate given herewith has 
been prepared, and also twenty-four boxes, each containing a 
cluster of the eggs, three different sizes of the caterpillars 
inflated, a pupa, a male and a female moth with the wings 
‘Spread and one of each with the wings closed, have been put 
on exhibition in the infested towns for the information of the 
eople. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. "an, 


The Meteorological Division. 


The work in the Meteorological department has been a con- 
tinuation of that begun in previous years. The object for which 
the observatory was established has been constantly kept in 
view ; namely, the gathering of useful meteorological data and 
its systematic arrangement, in order to facilitate the study of 
climatic changes and their direct bearing upon agriculture. A 
careful register of all meteorological phenomena and a full and 
minute record of every day since the establishment of the ob- 
servatory have been kept for future reference. The impor- 
tance of such records must be apparent, for all the peculiarities 
of the weather in any locality do not manifest themselves in a 
season. Natural conditions change and corresponding results _ 
follow ; extreme drought, copious rains, heavy snows, high and 
low mean temperatures are periodical, and occur as the result of 
cyclical atmospheric changes. Hence our knowledge of climatic 
and recurring local weather changes is not obtained from obser- 
vations made for a few years, but accurate and reliable deduc- 
tions can only be drawn from data covering at least a period of 
half a century. ! : 

A careful record of the mean rainfall and temperature at 
Amherst has been prepared from the writings of the late Pro- 
fessor Snell of Amherst College, who began work in this direc- 
tion in 1836, so that the observatory is now in possession of an 
unbroken chain of data covering a period of fifty-five years. — 

Bulletins containing a daily and monthly summary of obser- 
vations are issued every month, and at the close of each year a 
summary for the twelve months is prepared; thus the more 
important results are placed in a condensed and useful form. 
The bulletins are sent to meteorological societies and signal 
stations in the various States, also to voluntary observers and ~ 
other individuals who may apply for them. - : 

In addition to the regular routine work of the. observatory, 
a series of experiments with dynamical electricity and its 
influence upon vegetable growth has been undertaken. These 
experiments have been in progress for two years, and further 
observation will be made in this direction. Preparations are — 
now in progress for testing various seeds, submitted to the 
influence of electric currents of different degrees of intensity, 


é 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 27 


before planting, to ascertain whether seeds thus treated 
develop more rapidly in the soil, or whether their vitality is 
partially or wholly destroyed. For the lack of funds, experi- 
ments in this department must necessarily be carried on in 
a small, economical and inexpensive way, and the latter is 
often a detriment to the best results. It is hoped that means 
- will soon be provided whereby more elaborate field experi- 
ments can be made concerning the direct and indirect influ- 
ence of atmospheric electricity upon the growth and develop- 
ment of plants. 

Since the agricultural department assumed charge of the 
‘ weather bureau, the bearty co-operation of voluntary observers 
has been solicited, and daily forecasts and storm warnings 
promised to all those in country places who would display 
flags. That the movement is a wise and important one cannot 
be questioned, for many cases already can he cited where 
valuable crops have been saved from destruction through the 
timely warnings of the signal service; and it is the desire of 
the latter that these official forecasts should reach the remote as 
well as the more accessible agricultural districts. While this 
may not be fully realized, yet a great deal can be done toward 
furthering the work, and important service rendered the farmer 

in helping him to protect his crops. It seems proper that the 
observatory, situated as it is on the college grounds, in a rich 
and fertile agricultural section, should be provided with the 
necessary means for communicating storm and frost warnings 
to the surrounding farmers. 

It was recommended in the last annual report of this depart- 
ment that money be appropriated for flags used for signalling 
and telegraph instruments to be placed in the observatory, that 
_ direct communication might be had with the Weather Bureau 
at Washington. The expense of such equipment has been 
estimated at two hundred and fifty dollars. Arrangements were 
also made with the authorities at the central office to furnish 
this department with the official weather forecasts twice daily, 
and free of charge. 


The Agricultural Division. 


The Japanese millets mentioned in the last annual report, to- 
_ gether with two other species of millet and a number of varie- 
ties of Soja bean, have been under further trial. The millets 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


show remarkable cropping capacity. Panicum dtalicum in half- 
acre plots has yielded in one instance at the rate of seventy- 
two bushels of heavy seed and two and one-sixth tons of straw, 
and in another at the rate of seventy-six bushels of seed and 
two and one-fifth tons of straw per acre. This straw will be 
analyzed, but from its appearance it is judged that it must equal 


corn stover in feeding value. An experiment in feeding will © 


be undertaken this winter. Another millet, Panicum crus galli, 
yielded at the rate of forty-two and a half bushels of seed and 


nearly seven tons of straw to the acre; and another, Panicum 


miliaceum, at the rate of ninety and eight-tenths bushels of seed 


and six and one-half tons of straw. The latter when green was — 


eaten with all the avidity which cattle usually show for green 
corn fodder, and promises to be a valuable crop for soiling or 
for the silo. 

Several of the varieties of Soja bean, Glycine hispida, 
which have been under cultivation, prove well adapted to our 
soil and climate, and on soil of medium quality have yielded in 


different years from about twenty-five to thirty-five bushels to 


the acre. About eight bushels of these beans were ground into 
a fine meal by the local miller last winter, and an experiment 
-In feeding the meal to milch cows would have been undertaken, 


had not the destruction of our barn by fire prevented. This — 


experiment will be undertaken the present winter, upon a 
smaller scale, made necessary by the loss of our stock of seed. — 


White mustard seed at the rate of about sixteen bushels per 


acre has been raised, and was ripe in season for use in’seeding 
for green manuring upon stubble land and in standing corn. 
Careful experiments in the use of this crop as a nitrogen con- 
server and soil improver have been begun. | 

Hemp of two varieties and flax of three have been success- 
fully raised; but the experiment with flax, which occupied 
three-fourths of an acre, has demonstrated the impossibility, at 


present prices, of growing the crop at a profit in this section. 


Black Tartarian oats and early race-horse oats from Japan, 
and a large number of varieties of English and American 


wheats, both winter and spring, have been under trial upon a- 


small scale. The most striking point brought out by these 
trials is the unsuitability of English wheats for this climate. 
They are very late and unusually susceptible to rust. Full 
reports on these crops will be published in future bulletins. 


ee ee ee a 


1892. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 29 


The soil tests with fertilizers for corn in twelve localities of 
the State reported in Bulletin No. 14 confirm in a striking 
manner the conclusions presented in Bulletin No. 9. Both sets 
of experiments indicate the necessity of more potash than is 
usually employed for the growth of this crop, The grand 
average increase in hard corn and stover per acre in 1890, tak- 
ing all experiments into account, was as follows : — 


For potash, hard corn, 11.3 bushels ; : stover, 1,308 pounds. 
For phosphoric acid, hard corn, 4.7 bushels; —_ stover, 389 pounds. 
For nitrogen, hard-corn, 3.6 bushels ; : stover, 162 pounds. 


Similar soil tests have been carried out in five localities this 
“year with oats and potatoes. They show that oats, in particu- 
lar, differ in a marked degree in their requirements from corn, 
being greatly benefited by an application of nitrogen in the 
form of nitrate of soda. 

The soil tests of two years having led to the conclusion that 
potash should be more largely used both with fertilizers and 
manures for corn, experiments have been carried out to test 
the correctness of this conclusion. In two experiments, occu- 
pying one-half an acre each, manure alone, applied at the rate 
of $30 worth per acre, gave at the rate of about 57 and 56 
bushels respectively of corn, and 3,840 and 3,800 pounds of 
stover per acre; while manure and potash, applied at the rate 
of $17.50 worth per acre, gave crops of about 54 and 52 
bushels respectively of corn, and 3,780 and 3,660 pounds of 
stover per acre. ‘The larger application (double ) of manure 
alone gave slightly the larger yields; but the difference was by 
no means sufficient to pay for the larger amount of manure 
used. The difference in cost of manures was $12.50; in crops, 
about three bushels of corn and one hundred pounds of stover. 

An experiment with fertilizers, to test the conclusion alluded 
to above, was carried out upon another half acre. Fertilizers 
containing the average amounts of nitrogen, potash, and phos- 
phoric acid found in six special corn fertilizers in the market, 
and costing $13.66, gave a crop at the rate of about 55 bushels 
of hard corn and 4,100 pounds of stover ; while a fertilizer with 
less nitrogen and phosphoric acid and much more potash, and 
costing $10.70, gave at the rate of 56 bushels of corn and 4,300 
pounds of stover, — a slightly superior crop at considerably less 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


cost. A similar experiment with millet occupied another half 
acre, and this also showed the superiority of the cheaper com- 
bination of fertilizers. 

The two experiments with fertilizers just alluded to were 
designed to serve also as a basis for comparison of millet and 
corn as grain crops. The millet yielded at the rate of about 
seventy-five bushels of seed and two tons of straw per acre; 
the corn fifty-six bushels of grain and a little over two tons of 
stover. The cost of labor was the greater for the millet; but 
until the crops are analyzed it is impossible to make an exact 
comparison. The millet has been ground, and makes an excel- 
lent meal. 

The grand average of the mi analyses of the two samples 
(morning and night) of the milk of all the cows in our herd 
made in December, 1890, was 13.17 per cent. total solids and 
4.11 per cent. fat, thus being a little above the legal standard 
in this State. The milk of the Ayrshires (six cows) averaged 
13.29 per cent. solids and 3.78 per cent. fat;  Holstein- 
Friesians (five cows), 12.10 per cent. solids, 3.26 per cent. 
fat; Shorthorns (four cows), 13.19 per cent. solids, 4.04 per 
cent. fat; Jerseys (three cows), 13.91 per cent. solids, 4.96 
per cent. fat; Guernsey (one cow), 16.36 per cent. solids, 6.79 
per cent. fat; grades (twenty-one cows), 13.23 per cent. 
solids, 4.18 per cent. fat. 


Horticultural Division. 


The work of this division has been carried on according to 
the plans made at the beginning of the year, the results of 
which have been published in full, or in part, in the quarterly 
bulletins. 


In Bulletin No. 11 are given the results of the use of fungi-— 


cides and insecticides combined, for the destruction of insects 
and fungous growths attacking the same kinds of crops. In 
Bulletin No. 13 is given full instruction for the use of fungi- 
cides, and also fungicides and insecticides, when they can be 


successfully and economically combined, based upon the work. 


of this station and the facts established by workers in the same 
line connected with other stations. 
During the past season duplicate experiments have been con- 


ducted by responsible parties in different parts of the State, and, 3 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. d1 


as far as results have been reported, many important facts 
have been obtained. The object of this work has -been two- 


_ fold: first, to increase the certainty of accurate results by 


having the work done by specialists, and in different parts of the 
State ; and second; to extend as much as possible the knowledge 
of the methods of using fungicides and insecticides. 

Among the results obtained the past season from all sources 
are the following : — 

It has been demonstrated beyond question that the apple 
crop can be saved from serious injury by the apple scab, and 
the injury from the larve of the codling moth can be largely 
prevented. . 

That the rotting of the fruit of the peach and plum before 
fully ripe can be largely prevented, but in the use of copper 
salts on the peach foliage very dilute solutions must be made. 

That the pear and plum leaf blight can also be largely 
prevented, and that the plum wart, so destructive to our plum 
trees, can be prevented. . 

That the potato blight, and the rot that soon follows, can be 
largely prevented by using solutions of copper, and that, by 
the use of Paris green in the same mixture, the potato beetles 
are more certainly and economically destroyed than in any 
other way. 

Extensive experiments have been made in protecting peach 
buds from injury by cold; but, as the buds unprotected were 
not injured, no results were obtained the past season.. We 


_have, however, demonstrated that large trees, which have not 


been especially prepared for the purpose, can be laid down 
upon the ground at a very small expense and without injury. 

In the green-houses, the testing of the over-bench piping, as 
compared with the under-bench, resulted somewhat in favor of 
the latter, although the comparison for one season only is not 
sufficient to establish the matter beyond a doubt. 

The results of the comparative tests of the leading varieties 
of fruits have been of much interest. Among the apples, the 
Haas has proved for several years to be a very productive, 
hardy and handsome autumn apple of good quality, and the 
Excelsior peach, although medium in size, is of fine quality, 
and for the past five or six years has proved more hardy than 
any other variety. Among the plums, the Abundance, one of 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


the Japanese varieties, is very fine in quality, of geod size, and 
very productive. 

The one grape that stands out as having especially valuable 
qualities, among the many new kinds, is the ‘+ Winchell” or 
‘‘Green Mountain.” This is a very early, green grape of 
medium size and growth of vine, but of very fine quality, and, 
so far, free from disease. : 

Among the small fruits, the red raspberry known as 
Thompson’s Early Prolific has proved the earliest variety upon 
the grounds. Itis hardy, of vigorous growth and good quality, 
and, if it proves as productive as the Cuthbert or Marlboro, it 
will be one of our most valuable varieties. Of the strawber- 
ries, those taking the highest rank are the ‘‘ Beder Wood” and 
‘¢Parker Earle,” the first a very early, perfect-flowered variety, 
valuable-for home use or market, grown in the matted row or 
in the hill, and the second a late variety, growing naturally in 
hills, yet producing runners enough for its rapid propagation. 

An effort is being made to test al] the new varieties of large 


and small fruits, and such of the vegetables and flowers as may 


be sent to us for trial, but with limited means this is all that it 
has seemed advisable to undertake. The testing of all. varie- 
ties of vegetables and flowers, in a comparative way, is of great 
importance to the people who cannot afford to spend the time 
and money necessary for this work. 

One of the pleasant duties connected with the work of this 
department has been answering the numerous questions sent to 
us upon all horticultural subjects, and receiving reports of the 
interesting results obtained by those who are experimenting in 
a private way. All such questions or reports of results are 
earnestly solicited, and full credit will be given to the parties 
communicating them. 


1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 81. 33 


| TREASURER’S REPORT. 


ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE HATCH FUND. 
For the Year Ending June 30, 1891. 


Cash received from the United States, : ; 3 $15,000 00 
Cash paid, salary, . : 2 ai i $6,885 80 
library, . ; ; : : : 580 02 
labor, ; ‘ : : > : 1,697 00 
freight and express, é ; : oe GF 
printing, ; , : ; ‘ 1,681 45 
incidentals, . ; : ; ‘ 1,980 72 
supplies, : , : ‘ ‘ 1,238 66 
general fittings, . , : : 199 15 
: scientific instruments, . hs : 381 80 
postage, . . . . , . 37 46 © 
furniture, ; , 4 : , 96 05 
travelling expenses, ; : 110 62 
—— $15,000 00 


AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 2, 1892. 

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do hereby 

- certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experi- 
ment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1891, and have found the same well kept and correctly 
classified as above; and that the receipts for time named are shown to be 
$15,000, and the corresponding disbursements $15,000. All of the proper 
vouchers are on file, and have been by me examined and. found correct, 
there being no balance to be accounted for in the fiscal year ending June 


30, 1891. ‘ J. HOWE DeEMOND, Auditor. 
Cash received for insurance on buildings and contents burned 
during the year, belonging to the station, : § ; . $3,470 00 
Cash paid out for rebuilding, ; ; : : ; j 83,624: 63 
$1,845 37 
JAN. 2, 1892. 


_ This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of the cash 
received and paid on money received for insurance on Hatch Agricultural 
building, and find balance of cash on hand of $1,845.37. 

J. HowE DeEmonp, Auditor. 


I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of 
account of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural 
* College. FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer. 


I hereby certify that Frank E. Paige is the treasurer of the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature, | 
[Seal.] Henry H. GOopELt, 
President Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


GIFTs. 


From Sir Joun B. Lawes of England, — Nine volumes publications 
of the Rothamsted Experiment Station. 

Dr. J. H. Gitsert of England, — One volume of ‘‘ Occasional 
Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry.” 

Rosert Warrineton of England, — Twenty-one pamphlets, 
results of investigations at the Rothamsted Experiment 
Station. 

Epe@ar H. Lissy (M. A. C.,’74) of New York City, — Thirty- 
eight volumes and six pamphlets on agricultural and 
horticultural subjects. 

Witt1am = 3B. Court of Montreal, Canada, — Forty-two 
volumes miscellaneous. 

CHARLES SmitH of Amherst, — Six volumes State documents. 

Amasa Norcross, Esq., of Fitchburg, — Six volumes official 
records of the war. 

Ropney Watvace, Esq., of Fitchburg,— Three volumes 
government publications. 

JosEPH E. Ponp, Esq., of North Attleboro =a volumes 
bee journals. . 

Joun W. Crark (M. A. C.,’72) of Columbia, Mo., — Tran- — 
sactions Missouri Horticultural Society. 

JOHN AITKEN, Esq., of Darroch, Falkirk, Scotland, —Two 
monographs on dew and hoar frost. 

Austin Peters (M. A. C., 81) of Boston, — ‘ Etiology of 
Outbreak of, Disease among Hogs.” : 

Hon. Grorce F. Hoar of Worcester, — Three.volumes U. 8S. 
Geological Survey. 

Dr. F. W. Draper of Boston, — Report of State Board of 
Health. 

Miss ELreanor A. Ormerop of Spring Grove, England, — 
Report of observation of injurious insects. 

Prof. H. A. Frivx of Amherst,—‘*‘ An Address Commemo- 
rative of Richard H. Mather.” | 

E. W. Atien (M. A. C., ’85) of Washington, D. C., — Holz- 
gummi, Xylose und Xylonsaure. 

Wm. S. Lyons of Anaheim, Cal.,— Report California State 
Board of Forestry. 3 

Mrs. George A. Brack of Portland, Me., — Land mammals ~ 
of New England. 

Dr. Frank S. Brtxrines of Lincoln, Neb., — Three pamphlets 
on veterinary subjects. 


B 2892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 35 


Hon. CHARLES WuitEHEAD of London, England, — Report of 
intelligence department on injurious insects and fungi. 

Dr. Danret Draper of New York City, — Report of New 

| York Meteorological Observatory, 1891. 

Dr. T. Westey Mitts of Montreal, Canada, — ‘‘Squirrels, 
their Habits and Intelligence.” 

J. H. Tryon of Willoughby, O., — ‘‘ Practical Treatise on 
Grape Culture.” 

Cuas. Turritt, Esq., of San Francisco, Cal.,— Three vol- 
umes Viticultural Commission. 

The Under Secretary for Agriculture of Brisbane, — Annual 
Report Department of Agriculture, 1890-91. 

The Director of Land Records and Agriculture of Madras, 
India, — Agricultural Bulletins, 1891. 

Henry ApAms of Amherst,-——Samples of drugs commonly 
used in veterinary practice. 

Frep H. Fowier (M. A. C. 787) of Waverly, Rhetorical 
prizes for 1892. 


Also the following papers and periodicals from the publish- 
ers: ‘* The Massachusetts Ploughman,” ‘‘ The American Cul- 
tivator,” ‘‘ The New England Farmer,” ‘* The American Veteri- 
nary Review,” ‘‘The American Garden,” ‘‘The Poultry 
Monthly,” ‘*‘ The Mirror and Farmer,” ‘‘ The American Grange 
Bulletin,” ‘*‘The Farm and Home,” ‘‘ The Berkshire Courier,” 
‘*The Home Farm,” ‘‘ The: Ohio Practical Farmer,” ‘* The 
Orange Judd Farmer,” ‘‘ The New England Homestead.” 

A legacy of five thousand dollars has been left the college by 
Mr. T.O.H. P. Burnham of Boston, but we understand that there 
is some doubt of its being received, as the heirs are contesting 
the provisions of the will. It would seem fitting that the col- 
lege be represented by its proper officers before the courts. 

I desire to call your attention to the reports of the professors 
of mental and political science and military science herewith 
submitted ; also to the reports in the experiment department ; 
and toa paper on ‘ Military instruction in Colleges,” by Lieut. 
Lester W. Cornish ; and one on ‘ Tuberculosis,” by Dr. James 
B. Paige. Respectfully submitted, 

CHARLES H. FERNALD, 
* _ Acting President. 


‘ 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


-[Jan. 


FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer of Massachusetis Agricultural College, for 


the Year ending Dec. 31, 1891. 


Received. 
Cash on hand, . : fs , : : $3,688 34 
Term bill, é ‘ ‘ , : ‘ : 5,017 78 
Botanical, : : , , ; : ‘ 4,756 35 
Farm, . : i ‘ : ‘ ; ‘ 5,515 12 
Expense, . j : , , : ; 47 19 
Laboratory, . : ‘ : 649 07 
Salary, ; : : ‘ - ; - 
Library Fund, . : : ‘ : 5 : 371 O1 
Endowment Fund, : : ; ' : 11,281 96 
State Scholarship EF und, ; : : : 15,000 00 
Hills Fund, ‘ tl ‘ A : : 601 56 
. Grinnell Prize Fund, i ‘ ‘ : : 45 00 
Whiting Street Fund, ’ 5 ‘ ; 51 15 
Mary Robinson Fund, f ? : ‘ 3 60 44 
Gassett Fund, ; 4 ; ‘ ; : 42 94 
Extra instruction, @ ‘ , : ae - 
Labor Fund, . , { ; ; : : 5,000 00 
Insurance, ‘ ‘ } ‘ Ps : : - 
Reading-room, ; : ; ; : - 
Advertising, HGH : : - 
Cash on n band Dec. 31, 1891, ‘ ; ; : - 


$52,427 91 


Paid. 
8 


$2,197 95 
5,210 91 
9,197 $7 
0,875 13 

483, 22 

17,816 60 

3871 O1 


$02,427 91 


CASH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE TREASURER’S STATEMENT, BELONGS | 


TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS. 
Grinnell Prize Fund, i : ! : : 
Mary Robinson Fund, : ‘ . . 
Hills Fund, ‘ 
Labor Fund, ‘ P 
Whiting Street Fd, : : : : : ; , 
Gassett Fund, . : : : ; of ar iy : ‘ 
Term Bills, : : j : : : § 
General fund of College, . . : ‘ : : 


$20 00 
188 18 
17 53 
1,148 06 
163 76 
1 76 
124 59 


1,323 Ti 


$2,986 99 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—WNo. 31. 37 


CASH AND BILLS RECEIVABLE DEc. 31, 1891. 


Farm, : : : : : : ' ; - ; ; $3,464 09 
Dot PR eo. 1,320 26 
Botanical, ‘ ‘ ‘ : : ‘ ‘ , é - 359 48 
Laboratory, d : : : : F 336 55 
Cash on hand of Bereta funda; f ‘ F ; : , 13323) 11. 
$6,803 49 
‘ BILLs PAYABLE Dec. 31, 1891. 
Botanical account, . P : ; : : ‘ ‘ : $11 56 
Expense, . : : : : : : - : ; : 468 99 
Farm account, . i : ; ‘ : ; ; 2 ; 4.788 46 
Eabopiund, . . Suan . 4 Se : 302 21 
Term bill account, . , : , ‘ : ; : : 59 70 
$5,630 92 
VALUE OF REAL ESTATE. 
' Land. : Cost. 

College farm, A , , : ; ; ; $37,000 00 

Pelham quarry, . : : . : P 500 00 
$37,500 00 

Buildings. Cost. 

Laboratory, . : eller : : ; » $10,360 00 

Botanic museum,. . : : , j : 5,180 00 

Botanic barn, : ‘ ; ‘ ; 1,500 00 

Durfee plant-house hud Betires, ; : : 12,000 00 

Small plant-house and fixtures, . , : F 800 00 

North college, . ; : . . ; : 36,000 00 

, Boarding-house, . : ; : : ‘ ; 8,000 00 

South dormitory, . 3 * ; , : ; 37,000 00 

Graves house and barn, ‘ : ; : : 8,000 00 

Farm-house, . ‘ : ‘ j P ; _ 4,000 00 

Farm barns and ahha ‘ , A : , 14,500 00 

Stone chapel, A , : ; ; é ; 31,000 00 

Drill hall, . : ; ; ‘ : : ; 6,500 00 

President’s house, : . 11,500 00 

Four dwelling-houses and hed puteaaeds wih 

farm, ? . i F ‘ P : ‘ 10,000 00 
196,340 00 
‘ $233,840 00 

INVENTORY OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

Botanical departiment, : ; ; ; ; , ; ¥ $9,834 32 
Farm, . : ‘ , : . : , ; ; : : 16,464 50 
Laboratory, ; ; ; . : : , : ; ae aris 
Natural history Wola cio, ; : , ‘ ; : ° 3,267 04 
SeLibrary, . 2 ; : ; : ; 5 : : : 9,500 00 
_ Fire apparatus, . ‘ ; : s : , ‘ : : 500 00 
Physics, : ; ; P : a : : ‘ ; ‘ 3,087 26 
Boarding-house, . ; : : ; ‘ ; P . , 400 00 


$44,692 89 


38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


SUMMARY STATEMENT, 


Assets. 

Total value of real estate, per inventory, . $233,840 00 
Total value personal property, per inventory, 44,692 89 
Total cash on hand and bills. receivable, per 

IMVENtOTY, Vs ‘ , : ; : : 6,803 49 

Total, : i ‘ ; 
LInabilities. 

Bills payable as per inventory, : : : 


FUNDS FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE. 


Technical Educational Fund, United States 
Grant, amount of, ‘ ; . $219,000 00 

Technical Eeaponal Fund, State Cant 3 141,575 35 

By law two-thirds of the income is paid to the treasurer of 
the college, one-third to Institute of cee Amount 
received, 1891, : 

State Scholarship Fund, $10, 000. 00. This sum was appropri- 
ated by the Legislature, 1886, and is paid in cpa pay- 
ments to the college treasurer, 

Hills Fund of $10,000 in hands of aes ee “This 
was given by L. M.and H. F. Hills of Amherst. By condi- 
tions of the gift the income is to be used for maintenance 
of abotanic garden. Income, 1891, 

Unexpended balance, Dec. 31, 1891, $17.53. 

Annual State appropriation of $10,000. Thissum was appro- 
priated by Legislature of 1889, for four years, for the en- 
dowment of additional chairs and general expense. Five 
thousand dollars of the sum was appropriated as Labor 
Fund, to provide for the paying of labor performed by 
needy and worthy students, 

Grinnell Prize Fund of $1,000, in hands ot saikeae, treasures 
Gift of Ex-Gov. William Claflin ; was cailed Grinnell Fund 
in honor of his friend. The inaonie is appropriated for 
two prizes to be given for the best examination in agricul- 
ture by graduating class. Income, 1891, 

Unexpended balance, $20.00 

Mary Robinson Fund of $1,000, in hands of college treasur er, 
given without conditions. The income has been appro- 
priated to scholarships, to worthy and needy students. 
Income, 1891, ‘ 

Unexpended balance Dee. 31, 1891, $188, 18. 


Amount carried forward, . 


[Jan. 


$285,336 38 


5,630 92 


$279,705 46 


$11,281 96 


10,000 00 


601 56 


10,000 00 


45 00 


60 44 


$31,988 96 


1892.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 39 


Amount brought forward, . : : : $31,988 96 
Whiting Street Fund of $1,000, a peatieat without eoaaitules 
To this sum is added $260 by vote of the trustees in Janu- 
ary, 1887, it being the interest accrued on the bequest. 
Amount of Fund Dec. 31, 1891, $1,260. Unexpended bal- 

ance of income, $163.76. Income, 1891, _. ; : DtelG 


Library Fund, for use of library, $7,962.03. epested in 


Amherst Savings Bank. 
Gassett Scholarship Fund; the sum of $1,000 was given by 
the Hon. Henry Gassett as a scholarship fund. Unex- 
pended balance, Dec. 31, 1891, $1.76. Income, 1891, . : 42 94 


Total, . ; : - : : : : ‘ z » $32,083 05 


To this sum should be added amount of tuition, room rent, receipts from 
sales of farm and botanic gardens; amount of same can be learned from 
statement of treasurer. Tuition and room rent under head of term bill. 


This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of F. E. 
Paige, treasurer of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, from Jan. 1, 
1890, to Jan. 1, 1892, and find the same correct, properly kept, and vouched 
for. The balance in treasury, being two thousand nine hundred and 


eighty-six and {9% dollars ($2,986.99), is shown to be in bank. 


C. A. GLEASON, Azdiior. 
JAN. 8, 1892. 


40) AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. | 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


AMHERST, MaAss., Dec. 10, 1891. 
To Prof. Chas. H. Fernald, Acting President. 


Sir: —I have the honor to submit the following report in regard 
to matters pertaining to the military department. 


INSTRUCTION. 


Practical instruction in infantry, artillery, and sabre drill has been 
given to all the students not excused on account of physical disabil- 
ity. Target practice at 200 and 300 yards has been held, when the 
weather was suitable, with fair results. Theoretical instruction has 
been given to the senior, sophomore, and freshman classes, both by 
lectures and from text-books, according to the schedule. — 

When the new drill regulations are introduced, the time allowed 
the military department should be increased so that all the students 
can study them at the same time. | 


4 UNIFORM. 


Some trouble is caused on the entrance of each class by the failure 
of a few students to pay promptly for their uniforms. As a remedy 
for this I recommend that each student, when he is admitted to col- 
lege, be required to deposit with the treasurer, the sum of sixteen 
dollars to cover this necessary expense. After he has received his 
uniform, the amount not required to pay for it, can be returned to him. 


BUILDINGS. 


All the rooms in North College are now in good condition. The 
walls and ceilings of the rooms in South College are in very bad 
repair. The outside of the drill hall should be painted as soon as 
possible. I strongly recommend that a new floor be laid and a gal- 


lery be built in the drill hall. Concrete, of which the floor is at pres- — 


ent constructed, is the worst material that could be used for such a 
purpose. Many guns have been injured on account of it; it 1s 


impossible to prevent the dust from arising from it, while the cadets — 


are drilling, in such quantities as to cause much inconvenience ; and 
during the winter, the floor is always cold, making the drill very 


uncomfortable. A new floor of hard pine should be laid at once, for 


wail 


ee eS  — an 


/ 
| 
3 
. 
. 
. 
. 


1892.1] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 41 
use during the winter term, the best material being used in its con- 
struction. 

The cost of putting down such a floor will be $525. A gallery also 
is a much needed improvement. At present, visitors have to stand 
on the floor, incommoding themselves and interfering with the drill, 
as there is no room to spare for their accommodation. A gallery of 
the required dimensions to seat one hundred persons can be con- 
structed at a cost of about $100. 

In regard to the method of lighting the college buildings I can only 
repeat my recommendations of the two previous years. The needs 
of the college grow more and more urgent every year. The best 
method of supplying this need is by the introduction of electricity. 
At present the danger from fire is very great and will continue as 
long as kerosene is used in such quantities and in the present 
manner. 

BATTALION ORGANIZATION. 


Commandant of Cadets :—LrESTER W. CornisH, First Lieut. Fifth United 
States Cavalry. 

Field and Staff:—Major, E. T. CiarKx; Adjutant, H. E. Crane; Quarter- 
master, R. H. SmirH; Fire Marshal, C. S. Granam; Sergeant Major, F. H. 
HENDERSON; Quartermaster Sergeant, F. S. Hoyr. 

Color Guard. —Color Sergeant, C. A. SmirH; Color Corporals, H. J. 
Hartow, H. F. Srapries, and H. C. Davis. 

_ Band. —First Sergeant, E. H. Lennertr; Drum Major, P. E. Davis. 


Company B. 
Capt., W. I. BOYNTON. 
First Lieut., F. G. SrocKBRIDGE. 


Company A. 
Capt., G. B. WILLARD. 
First Lieut., G. E. Tayior. 


_ Second Lieut., J. E. DEUEL. 
First Sergt., A. E. MELENDY. 
Second Sergt., G. F. CurLEy. 


Second Lieut., C. M. HUBBARD. 
First Sergt., L. W. SMITH. 
Second Sergt., F. G. BARTLETT, 


Corporal, F. A. SMIrH. Corporal, E. J. WALKER. 


Company C. 

Capt., E. RoGErs. 

First Lieut., E. B. HOLLAND. 

Second Lieut., R. P. Lyman. 

First Sergt., H. D. CLark. 

Second Sergt , C. A. GoopRIcH. 
Corporal, J. BAKER. 


Company D. 
Capt., H. B. EMErson. 
First Lieut., J. L. FIELD. 
Second Lieut., H. M. THOMSON. 
First Sergt., J. R. PERRY. 
Second Sergt., J. E. BaRrDIN. 
Corporal, KE. A. Hawks. 


Military Prize. — W. H. Bowker, Class of ’71, and JOHN C. CUTTER, Class 
of 72, have again offered a prize of $15.00 for the best military essay by a 
member of the graduating class. 


Respectfully submitted, 


LESTER W. CORNISH, 


First Lieutenant Fifth United States Cavalry, 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL AND POLITI- 
CAL SCIENCE. 


Prof. Cuas. H. FERNALD, Acting President. 


Sir : — I present herewith the following report : — 

To the department of Mental and Political Science have been 
assigned mental science, political economy, constitutional history, 
rhetoric, the compositions of the junior class during the fall term, the 
essays, debates and theses of the senior class, and the Chaplaincy of 
the College. 

Mental Science has for its object of study the mind itself, and the 
brain considered as the instrument of thought. The purpose has — 
been steadfastly adhered to, of making the student familiar with the 
working of his own brain and acquainted with his own faculties of : 
mind and powers of thought, to the end that he may train himself to — 
think clearly, persistently, forcibly, to useful and practical ends. . 
The phenomena of mind are pointed out that they may be carefully 
observed, precisely defined, classified properly, and rationally inter- 
preted. The conditions and laws of thought are clearly set forth, so 
that the student, by fulfiling the conditions and obeying the laws, 
may discover his own mental weaknesses and remedy them, thereby 
training his senses to do better work, making his perceptions quicker 
and clearer, his memory stronger and more trustworthy, his imagina- 
tion more creative, his powers of generalization, of interpretation, of 
deductive and inductive reasoning more energetic and sure of reaching 
independent and truthful results. Especial care is taken to train the 
mind to collect data, to discriminate essentials from unessentials, to 
discover the law in phenomena, and from known laws to derive 
wider applications to particular cases and new problems. These ends 
are made prominent that the agriculturist, or mechanic, may make his ~ 
manual labor and many experiments profitable by knowing how to — 
put thought into his work and to recognize the value of a new idea 
when he finds it. ) 

The study of mental science is pursued the first term of the senior — 
year and so prepares the way for the course in Political Economy ~ 
which follows in the winter term. Care is taken to make plain the 4 


- 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 43 


elements of the science of American economics and to give the 
student such a knowledge of the essential data and of the accepted 
principles and methods of investigation and reasoning as shall enable 
him to understand the living questions of the day, to comprehend 
current discussions, and to arrive at conclusions which shall commend 
themselves to his own best judgment and be such as he shall be able 
to defend against attack. Especial pains are taken to show how the 
farmer, who has produced crops of the best quality, at the lowest 
cost, may exchange them to the best advantage and thus increase his 
own wealth while benefiting all classes of society. 

Constitutional History is taught the last term of the senior year, 
after the class has had the preparatory training in Mental Science 
and Political Economy. Beginning with the town, the student goes 
on to consider the city, the county, the State and the federal govern- 
ment. American political institutions are carefully examined, as 
they are set forth in constitutional and statute law and as they are 
embodied in the customs and habits of the people and of the parties. 
The excellencies and evils of our institutions are disclosed and 
remedies suggested and discussed. The history of our government 
is studied and the origin and evolution of present institutions are 
shown. In all the work the end kept prominently before the mind is 
the practical one of fitting the young man for the duties of the 
citizen. | 

The instruction in Rhetoric has been adapted to the varying neces- 
sities of different classes. The aim has been to teach the man to 
_ think clearly, forcibly and with discernment and good taste, and so 
let the clear, forcible and beautiful thought compel clearness, force 
and beauty in the style. While principles and rules have been taught, 
the necessity of practice has been insisted upon. Daily exercises in 
writing have been required from each student, together with more 
formal essays. Topics have been assigned, which have compelled 
the writers to search far and wide for material; investigating things, 
consulting libraries, questioning men. 

In directing the essays of both classes, the idea of codperation has 
been kept prominently in view. Each man is required to do his best, 
to do original work in the investigation of the topic assigned him, 
and then to give the class, in the best form possible, the results of 
his labor, stimulated all the while by the assurance that he shall have 
_ the valuable results of the labors of all the other members of 
the class. In this way, during the last two years of his college 
course, the student is afforded a view of American and English men 
of letters and statesmen, and participates in a serious discussion of 
_ the practical and social questions of the day in the field of morals, 
economics, education and political life. 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


In the accomplishment of these several ends of the department, 
no one method has been exclusively used, but any and every method 
that has proved itself best adapted to the varying necessities of dif- 
ferent classes and to the requirements of the several individuals of 
each class. The student has never been sacrificed to the subject 
taught, but the endeavor has always been made to so present the sci- 
ence that it may be most thoroughly mastered by the pupil, in the 
shortest possible time, with the greatest ease and interest attainable 
under the circumstances. Text books and lectures, formal and 
informal, have been used. In the discussion of economic and politi- 
cal questions the constant aim of the lecturer has been simply to help 
the student to do his own thinking and to come to his own conclu- 
sions after a fair and full consideration of the facts and principles 
from the best points of view within reach. 

A very important duty has devolved upon the Professor of Mental — 
and Political Science, requiring no small amount of time and strength. 
This is conducting morning prayers and the service on Sunday in the 
Stone Chapel. Guided strictly by the principles enjoined upon him 
by constitutional and statute law,* he has endeavored to avoid all 
sectarianism and to make all his ministrations tend to- develop 1 in his © 
hearers the highest type of Christian manhood. ; 


Respectfully submitted, 
C. S. WALKER. 


* See Constitution of Massachusetts, chapter V., section II., and Statutes, chapter 44, 
section 15. 


1892.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 45 


CALENDAR FOR 1892-93. 


1892. 


January 5, Tuesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


- March 24, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


April 5, Tuesday, spring term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 


June 19, Sunday. 


June 20, Monday. 


June 21, Tuesday. 


\ 


Barrington. 


Museum. 


a _o i 


_ June 22, Wednesday. 


Baccalaureate Sermon. 

Address before the Young Men’s 
Christian Union. 

Prize Speaking. 

Grinnell Prize Examination of the Senior 
Class in Agriculture. — 

Meeting of the Alumni. 

Military Exercises. 

President’s Reception. 


Commencement Exercises. 


Meeting of Trustees. 


_ dune 23, Thursday, examinations for admission, at 9 a.m., Botanic 
Museum, Amherst; at Jacob Sleeper Hall, Boston University, 8 
Somerset street, Boston; and at the Sedgwick Institute, Great 


_ September 6, Tuesday, examinations for admission, at 9 a.m., Botanic 


_ September 7, Wednesday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
_ December 23, Friday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1893. 


January 3, Tuesday, winter term begins, at 8.15. a.m. 
March 23, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan. 


THE CORPORATION. 


Term expires 


THOMAS P. ROOT or Barre Puains, . 5 ; . 1893 
J. HOWE DEMOND of NortHampton, . : ¢ o ) 1eee 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON or LynnFiELp, : : .. beet 
WILLIAM WHEELER or Concorp, : ; 5 . 1894 
ELIJAH W. WOOD or West Newron,’ . s : - -1895 
CHARLES A. GLEASON or New BraIntTREE, ( . 1895 
DANIEL NEEDHAM or Groton, . ; ; : » Leo 
JAMES DRAPER or WorcsEsTER, . 4 : : «| £896 
HENRY S. HYDE or SprRInGFIELD, . : : ee 
MERRITT I. WHEELER or Great Baceieenees ; Aaa be 5 
JAMES S. GRINNELL of GREENFIELD, . : es 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD or Lirtteton, . é . gs 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER or Boston, : z ? . 1899 
J.D. W. FRENCH or Boston, ‘ ‘ * : {.) 26a9 


Members Ex-Officio. 


His ExcELLENcy Governor WILLIAM E. RUSSELL, President of 
the Corporation. 

HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. 

JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. 

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


JAMES S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, 
Vice-President of the Corporation. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS or Hamppen, Secretary. 
GEORGE F. MILLS or Amuerst, Treasurer, pro tem. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON or New Braintrez, Auditor. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. AT 


Committee on Finance and Buildings.* 
JAMES S. GRINNELL. HENRY S. HYDE. 
J. HOWE DEMOND. CHARLES A. GLEASON. 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty. * 
THOMAS P. ROOT. FRANCIS H. APPLETON. 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER. J. Ds W. FRENCH. 

WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments. * 
ELIJAH W. WOOD. JAMES DRAPER. 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD. MERRITT I. WHEELER. 

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Committee on Experiment Department. * 
DANIEL NEEDHAM. ELIJAH W. WOOD. 
WILLIAM WHEELER. JAMES DRAPER. 
WILLIAM R. SESSSIONS, Chairman. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


W. A. KILBOURN, : - . OF SouTH LANCASTER. 
A. C. VARNUM, , , F . OF LOWELL. 
GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, . . OF FITCHBURG. 
ore Mm. HARWOOD, . ) ; . OF BARRE. 
DR. WILLIAM HOLBROOK, . . OF PALMER. 
on. MILLS, . : : : . OF SouTH WILLIAMSTOWN. 


The Faculty. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., President, 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


* The President of the college is ex-officio a member of each of the above committees. 


48 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. Sc., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B. Se., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Ph. D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Ph. D., 
Professor of Zoology. 


Rev. CHARLES §. WALKER, Ph. D., © 
Professor of Mental and Political Science. 


WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B. Sc., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


LESTER W. CORNISH, Isr Lieut. 57H Cavatry, U.S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


GEORGE F. MILLS, M. A., 
Professor of English. 


JAMES B. PAIGE, V. S., 
Professor of Veterinary Science. 


ROBERT W. LYMAN, 
Lecturer on Farm Law. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., 
Tnibrarian. 


FRED S. COOLEY, B. Sc., 
Farm Superintendent. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 49 
Graduates of 1891.* 

Arnold, Frank Luman (Boston Univ.),. =. Belchertown. 

Brown, Walter Augustus (Boston Univ.), Feeding Hills. 

Carpenter, Malcolm Austin (Boston Univ.),. Leyden. 

Eames, Aldice Gould (Boston Univ.), . North Wilmington. 

Felt, Ephraim Porter (Boston Univ.), . Northborough. 

Field, Henry John (Boston Univ.), Leverett. 

Gay, Willard Weston (Boston Uniy.), . Georgetown. 

Horner, Louis Frederic (Boston Univ.), Newton Highlands. 

Howard, Henry Merton (Boston Univ.), Franklin. 

Hull, Jr., John Byron (Boston Univ.), . Stockbridge. 

Johnson, Charles Henry (Boston Univ.), Prescott. 


Lage, Oscar Vidal Barboza (Boston Univ.), 


Legate, Howard Newton (Boston Univ.), 
Magill, Claude Albion (Boston Univ.), 
Paige, Walter Cary, (Boston Univ.), 
Ruggles, Murray (Boston Univ.), . 
Sawyer, Arthur Henry (Boston Univ.), 
Shores, Harvey Towle (Boston Univ.), . 
Total, ‘ . : P : : 


Senior Class. 


Beals, Alfred Tennyson, 

Boynton, Walter Ira, 

Clark, Edward Thornton, 

Crane, Henry Everett, . . aneiat 

Deuel, James Edward, . 

Emerson, Henry Bennett, é 

Field, Judson Leon, ‘ ‘ 

Fletcher, William, . 

Graham, Charles Sumner, 

- Holland, Edward Bertram, 

Hubbard, Cyrus Moses, . 

Knight, Jewell Bennett, 

‘Lyman, Richard Pope, . : 

Plumb, Frank Herbert, . 

Rogers, Elliot, 

Smith, Robert Hyde, 

Stockbridge, Francis Granger, 

Taylor, George Everett, 

Thomson, Henry Martin, ‘ : 2 F 

West, Homer Cady, é ‘ : 

Willard, George Bartlett, ; : . 

Williams, Milton Hubbard, ; 
Total, : ; ; ; , 


Juiz de Fora, Minas-Geraes, 
Brazil. 

Sunderland. 

Amherst. 

Amherst. 

Milton. 

Sterling. 

West Bridgewater. 
- 5 ‘ aoa oF 


Greenfield. — 
North Amherst. 
Granby. 
Weymouth. 
Amherst. 
Gloucester. 
Leverett. 
Chelmsford. 
Holden. 
Amherst. 
Sunderland. 
Belchertown. 
Boston. 
Westfield. 
Allston. 
Amherst. 


Northfield. 


Shelburne. 
Monterey. 
Belchertown. 
Waltham. 
Sunderland. 
22, 


* The annual report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two aca- 
demic years, and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been con- 
nected with the college during any portion of the year 1891. 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Junior Class. 


Baker, Joseph, 
Bardin, James Edgar, 
Bartlett, Fred Goff, 
Clark, Henry Disbrow, . 
Curley, George Frederick, 
Davis, Herbert Chester, . 
Goodrich, Charles Augustus, . 
Harlow, Francis Turner, 
Harlow, Harry James, 
Hawks, Ernest Alfred, 
Henderson, Frank Howard, . 
Howard, Edwin Carleton, 
Hoyt, Franklin Sherman, 
Kellogg, John Hawkes, . 
Lehnert, Eugene Hugo, . 
Melendy, Alphonso Edward, . 
Pember, Walter Stephen, 
Perry, John Richards, 
Ranney, William Henry, 
Sedgwick, Benjamin, 
Smith, Cotton Atwood, 
Smith, Fred Andrew, 
Smith, Luther Williams, 
Staples, Henry Franklin, 
Tinoco, Luiz Antonio Ferreira, 
~ Walker, Edward Joseph, 
Total, i : 


Ya 


Dudley. 
Dalton. 
Hadley. 
Plainfield. 
Upton. 
Amherst, 
Hartford, Conn. 
Marshfield. 
Shrewsbury. 
Williamsburg. 
Lynn. 
Wilbraham. 
Newtown, Conn. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Clinton. 
Sterling. 
Walpole. 
Boston. 
South Ashfield. 
Cornwall Hollow, Conn. 
North Hadley. . 
Lynn. . 
Ashfield. 
Leominster. . 
Campos, Rio Janeiro, Brazil. 
West Berlin. 

‘ 0 as 


Sophomore Class. 


Alderman, Edwin Hammond, 
Austin, John, . 

Averell, Fred Gilbert, 

Bacon, Linus Hersey, 

Bacon, Theodore Spalding, 
Barker, Louis Morton, 
Barton, Charles Henry, . 
Boardman, Edwin Loring, 
Brown, Charles Leverett, 
Cook, Jay Erastus, . 

Curtis, Arthur Clement, . 
Cutter, Arthur Hardy, 
Davis, Perley Elijah, 
Dickinson, Eliot Taylor, 
Duffield, William Charles, 
Fowler, Halley Melville, 
Fowler, Henry Justin, 
Gifford, John Edwin, ., , 


Middlefield. 
Belchertown. 
Amherst. 
Spencer. 
Natick. 
Hanson. 
Dalton. 
Sheffield. 
Feeding Hills. 
Hadley. 
Littleton Common. 
Pelham, N. H. 
Worcester. 
Amherst. 


‘ Quincy Point. 


South Gardner. 
North Hadley. 
Brockton, 


————— ee eS 


1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 


Goessmann, Louis Edward, 
Goodell, John Stanton, . 
Greene, Frederic Lowell, 
Greene, Ira Charles, 
Higgins, Charles Herbert, 
Howard, Samuel Francis, 
Johnson, Charles Frederic, 
Jones, John Horace, 

Keith, Thaddeus Fayette, 
Kirkland, Archie Howard, 
Lewis, Henry Waldo, 


Lounsbury, Charles Pugsley, 


Manley, Lowell, 

Mann, Henry Judson, 
Marvin, Samuel Barnard, 
Merwin, George Henry, . 
Morse, Alvertus Jason, 
Morse, Elisha Wilson, 
Park, Fred Ware, 
Parker, Frank Ingram, . 
Parker, Jacob, 


Pomeroy, Robert Ferdinand, . 


Putnam, Joseph Harry, . 
Robbins, Dana Watkins, 
Sanderson, William Edwin, 
Sanford, George Otis, 
Shepard, Lucius Jerry, 
Smead, Horace Preston, 
Smith, George Eli, . 

Smith, Ralph Eliot, : 


Spaulding, Charles Harrin bon, 


Stockwell, Harry Griggs, 
Streeter, Albert Richmond, 
Sullivan, Maurice John, 
Toole, Stephen Peter, 
Walker, Claude Frederic, 
White, Elias Dewey, 

Total, : : : 


Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Shrewsbury. 
Fitchburg. 
Dover. 
Wilbraham. 
Littleton. 
Pelham. 
Fitchburg. 
Norwich. 
Rockland. 
Allston. 
Brockton. 
Maplewood. 
Richford, Vt. 
Westport, Conn. 
Belchertown. 
Brockton. 
South Chelmsford. 
Pittsfield. 
Plymouth. 


South Worthington. 


West Sutton. 
Walpole. 
Hingham. 
Winchendon. 
Oakdale. 
Greenfield. 
Sheffield. 
Newton Centre. 
East Lexington. 
Sutton. 
Cummington. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 


.- Amherst. 


South Sherborn. 


Freshman Class. 


Bagg, Edward Oren, 
Ballou, Henry Arthur, 
Bemis, Waldo Louis, 
Billings, George Austin, 
Brown, Mendall Howard, 
Brown, William Clay, 


Burgess, Albert Franklin, 


' Clark, Edile Hale, . ; 


Cooley, Robert Allen, . 


West Springfield. 
West Fitchburg. 
Spencer. 

South Deerfield. 
Amherst. 
Peabody. 
Rockland. 
Spencer. 

South Deerfield. 


o5. 


D1 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Crehore, Charles Winfred, 
Davis, Alfred, . 

Dickinson, Charles Morrison, 
Drury, Ralph Willard, . 
Dwyer, Elmer Francis, 


Fairbanks, Herbert Stockwell, 


Foley, Thomas Patrick, . 
Frost, Harold Locke, 
Haskell, Ernest Albert, 


Hemenway, Herbert Daniel, . 
Henderson, Edward Harris, . 


Hubbard, Guy Augustus, 
Jones, Robert Sharp, 
Kuroda, Shiro, 

Lane, Clarence Bronson, 
Marsh, Jasper, 

Mason, Amos Hall, 
Morse, Walter Levi, ; 
Potter, Daniel Charles, 
Read, Henry Blood, 
Root, Wright Asahel, 
Sastré Verand, Salome, . 


Shaw, Frederic Bridgman, 
Smith, Arthur Bell, 
Stevens, Clarence Lindon, 
_Taylor, Effod Earl, 
Tobey, Frederic Clinton, 
Volio, Enrique Tinoco, 
Warren, Frank Lafayette, 
Weed, Percy Loring, 


Wentzell, William Benjamin, 


White, Edward Albert, 

Williams, John Sherman, 

Woodbury, Roger Atwater, 
Total, , ‘ . 


. Cheshire, Conn. 


Chicopee. 

West Roxbury. 
Park Ridge, Ill. 
Athol Centre. 
Lynn. 

Amherst. 
Natick. 
Arlington. 
Amherst. 
Williamsville. 
Malden. 

Ashby. 

Dover. 
Shobara, Japan. 
Killingworth, Conn. 
Danvers Cenire. 
Medfield. 
Middleborough. 
Fairhaven. 
Westford. 
Deerfield. 


Had, Esquipulas, Cundua- 


can, Tabasco, Mexico. 
South Amherst. | 
North Hadley. 
Sheffield. 
North Amherst. 
West Stockbridge. 
San José, Costa Rica. 
Shirley. 
Boston. 


. Amherst. 


Fitchburg. 
Middleborough. 


43, 


Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Station. 


Arnold, B. Sc., Frank Luman (Boston Univ.), 


Cooley, B. Se., Fred Smith, 


Court, William Boyce (Megill iene 
Crocker, B. Sc., Charles Stoughton (Boston 


Univ.), 


Field, B. Sc., Hanne Tone (Boston ‘nie, 
Haskins, B. Sc., Henry Darwin, 


Univ.), 


Johnson, B. Sc., Charles Henry (Boston 


Univ) 359 ; 


Belchertown. 
Sunderland. 
Montreal, Canada. 


Sunderland. 
Leverett. 


North Amherst. 


Prescott. 


1892.] . PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


Jones, B. Se., Charles Howland (Boston 
Univ.), - 

Loring, B. Sc., ola Sarin (Boston Unit.) 

Moore, B. Sc., Robert Bostwick (Boston 
Univ.), 

Ono, B. Agr., Babar Pei icoko Apdegigr 
College), . ‘ 

Parsons, B. Se., Wilfred am herton, . 

Shepardson, B. Se., William Martin Boston 
Univ.), 

Smith, B. Sc., Breaertc Faison Ean Univ.), 

West, B. Sc., John Sherman (Boston Univ.), 

Williams, B. Sc., Frank Oliver (Boston 


iniv.), a a 
Woodbury, B. Sc., Blgstioet Elwell 
Total, ‘ ‘ ‘ . 
Summary. 


Resident Graduates, 
Graduates of 1891, . 
Senior class, 

Junior class, . , : : ; 
Sophomore class, 

Freshman class, . . ; , P 


Total, . ‘ ° ° . e e 
Counted twice, ‘ : : : ; ‘ 


Total, : 4 ’ : ; : ‘ 


Downer’s Grove, Il. 
Shrewsbury. 


Framingham. 


Ono, Echizen, Japan. 


Southampton. 


Warwick. 
North Hadley. 
Belchertown. 


Sunderland. 
Gloucester. 


° . e 


17. 


53 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


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55 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 


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56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


TEXT BOOKS. 


Woop —“ The American Botanist and Florist.” 

Gray — “ Manual.” 

Lone — “ How to Make the Garden Pay.” 

Lone — “ Ornamental Gardening.” 

FULLER — “ Practical Forestry.” 

MAYNARD — “ Practical Fruit Grower.” 

McALPINE — “ How to know Grasses by their Leaves.” 
FISHER — ‘‘ Classbook of Elementary Chemistry.” 
Roscor —“ Lessons in Elementary Chemistry.” 
ROSCOE AND SCHORLEMMER — “ Treatise on Chemistry.” 
WILLs — “ Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 
FRESENIUS — “* Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 
FRESENIUS — “ Quantitative Chemical Analysis.” 
Dana —“ Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” 
BrusH —“ Manual of Determinative Mineralogy.” 
WELLS —* College Algebra.” 

Dana — “ Mechanics.” 

WENTWORTH — “ Plane and Solid Geometry.” 
CARHART — “ Surveying.” 

WARNER —“ Mensuration. ’ 

WELLS —“ Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.” 
ATKINSON’S GANOT’S PHYSICS. 

Loomis — ** Meteorology.” 

PorTER — ‘‘ The Elements of Intellectual Science.” 


GENUNG — “ The Practical Elements of Rhetoric.” 
WALKER — “ Political Economy,” abridged edition. 
EMERSON —“ Evolution of Expression.” 


Lockwoop —“ Lessons in English.” 

Comstock — “ First Latin Book.” 

C#SAR —“ The Invasion of Britain.” 

WHITTIER, No. 4; LONGFELLOW, Nos. 33, 34, 85; LOWELL, No. 39 — 
*“ Riverside Literature Series.” ; 

SPRAGUE — “ Six Selections from Irving’s Sketch-Book.” 

Hupson — “ Selections of Prose and Poetry.” Webster, Burke, Addison, 
Goldsmith, Shakespeare. 

GenuNG — “ Handbook of Rhetorical Analysis.” 

WHITNEY — “ French Grammar.” 

KELLOGG —“ English Literature.” 

W HITE —“ Progressive Art Studies.”’ 


To give not only a practical but a liberal education is the aim in 
each department; and the several courses have been so arranged as 
to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition and 
declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction in 
agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. A 
certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the lessons 


a 
“Tn 


1892. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 5% 
/ 

of the recitation room are practically enforced in the garden and 
field. Students are allowed to work for wages during such leisure 
hours as are at their disposal. Under the act by which the college 
was founded instruction in military tactics is made imperative; and 
each student, unless physically debarred,* is required to attend such 
exercises as are prescribed, under the direction of a regular army 
officer stationed at the college. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the freshman class are examined, 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English grammar, 
geography, arithmetic, algebra, to quadratic equations including 
radicals, the metric system, and the history of the United States. 
The standard required is sixty-five per cent. on each paper. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also in 
the studies gone over by the class to which they desire admission. 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of 
age: EKvery applicant is required to furnish a certificate of good 
character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are requested 
to furnish the examining committee with their standing in the schools 
they have last attended. The previous rank of a candidate will be 
considered in admitting him. The regular examinations for admission 
are held at the Botanic Museum, at nine o’clock a.m., on Thursday, 
June 23, and on Tuesday, September 6; but candidates may be 


- examined and admitted at any other time in the year. For the 


accommodation of those living in the eastern part of the State, exami- 
nations will also be held at nine o’clock a.m., on Thursday, June 23, 


at Jacob Sleeper Hall, Boston University, 8 Somerset Street, Boston ; 


and, for the accommodation of those in the western part of the 
State, at the same date and time, at the Sedgwick Institute, Great 
Barrington, by James Bird. 


ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS USED IN 1891. 


Metric System. 
When and where did the Metric System originate ? 
What is the base of the Metric System? 
Name the principal units and give their equivalents. 
4. Write the tables for Long Measure and Liquid Measure. 


Co bn 


* Certificates of disability must be procured from Dr. D. B. N. Fish of Amherst. 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


5. How many ares in,a floor 1.25 metres long and 8.7 metres 
wide? 

6. How many metres of a carpet nine decimetres wide will cover 
a floor six metres long and five and four-tenths metres wide? and 
what would be the cost of the carpet, at $2.50 a centare? 

7. In 2 miles, 6 furlongs, 39 rods, and 5 yards, how many kilo- 
metres? 

8. What will be the cost of a pile of wood 42.5 metres long, 2 
metres high, 1.9 metres wide, at $2 per stere? 

9. A grocer buys butter at $0.28 per pound, and sells it at $0.60 
per kilogram. Does he gain.or lose, and what per cent. ? 

10. A merchant bought 240 metres of silk at $2, and sold it at 
$1.95 per yard. Did he gain or lose, and how much? 


Grammar and Composition. 


1. Define Etymology ; Syntax. 

2. What is meant by Parts of Speech? Name them. 

3. How many cases are there? Which parts of speech have 
case? Name the regular constructions in which the objective case is 
used. 

4. What is conjugation? Name the modes of the verb. What 
is tense? Name the tenses of the indicative mode. 

5. What is a sentence? How are sentences classified according 
to form? What is a clause? a phase? 

6. Parse the words in italics in the following : 

Stand! the ground’s your own my braves! 
: Will ye give a up to slaves ? 
Will ye look for greener graves? — 
Hope ye mercy still 2 

7. Construct a complex declarative sentence from words in the 

above lines. 


8. Write correctly the following sentences : (a) Tom stared at 


me and I wished I was home. (0) There was a grand baloon 
ascension which landed at west roxbury. (c) Where did you get 
that book from? You hadn’t ought to have it. 

9. Write the title of any six books that you have read since Jan. 
1,1889. 10. Write a composition of at least one hundred words on 
- one of the following subjects: (a) My purpose in entering the 


Massachusetts Agricultural College. (0) The Life of a Farmer. 


(c) Base-ball. 
Arithmetic. 
1. Whatis a prime number? a composite number? Give examples 


of each. 
2. Find the least common multiple of 30, 32, 36, 40, 48. 


: 


i —— 


1892.] ©= PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 59 


3. Write down in the order of their magnitude -8;, 7%, 44, 44- 

4. Divide 32 of 1144-74 by 3 of 74. 

5. Define Proportion and solve the following problem: If a man 
walk 96 miles in 5 days, walking 6 hours a day, in how many days 
will he walk 480 miles, walking 5 hours a day. 

6. Define Simple and Compound interest. Find the interest on 
$2,438.80 from January 3 to May 26 at four per cent. per annum. 

7. Goods which cost $35 are sold for $42: find the profit per cent. 

8. Find the cube root of 2,222. 447,625. 

9. What is the difference between Bank Discount and true 
Discount? Find the Present Value of a bill for $907.20 due two 
years hence at four per cent. 

10. How much will a load of wood 12 feet long, 44 feet wide, 
and 42 inches high cost at $8 per cord? 


Algebra. 
1. What is an algebraic expression ? 


2. Define coefficient, exponent, trinomial, and give the law of signs 
in Multiplication and Division. 


3. Divide a* + 8y’ — 1252? + 30ayz by w+ 2y — dz. 
4. Reduce to its lowest terms: 


e?— 8a+5 ptasrds 8G 
; and i 
2a? — 134+ 21 20?— 7a —15 
5. Solve: 2u-+1 8 2% — 1 


Qe—1 4a®—1 +1 
6. Solve: 3a—2y= 28. 
20 5y — 63. 
7. Find the cube root of : 
et 1 — 6a — 6a? + 15a? + 1dat — 202°. 


8. Divide x—5a:— i. +1 by—av—1. 
9. Find the square root of 75+ 12 v#/ 21. 


10. Solve / 32+-2—=16—A/ a. 


Geography. 


1. Describe the processes by which the water of the sea returns 
to the sources of the rivers. 

2. Account for the difference of temperature, in our latitude, in 
January and July. 

3. Name five prominent peninsulas of North America. 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


4. Name the States in which these lakes are located: Moosehead, 
Okeechobee, Winnepesaukee, Pontchartrain, Itasca. 

5. Draw an outline map of Massachusetts, and locate upon it the 
following: (a) Cities and towns, — Boston, Lowell, Springfield, 
Amherst, Plymouth. (0) Rivers, — Merrimac, Charles, Connecticut. 
(c) Mountains, — Holyoke, Wachusett, Greylock. 

6. . Bound South Dakota. Describe the shortest water route from 
New York to San Francisco. : 

7. In which State and on what river is each of these cities located : 
Memphis? Rochester? Richmond? Vicksburg? St. Paul? Bangor? 

8. On what waters would one sail in making a voyage from 
Liverpool to Venice? 

9. In what country and on or near what water are the following: 
Amsterdam? Lisbon? Naples? Antwerp? Calcutta? Sydney? 
Tokio? Odessa? Marseilles? Hamburg? 

10. Name any six political divisions of Asia. 


United States History. 


1. When, where, and by whom was the first permanent settlement 


made in our country? What permanent settlements were made by — 


the English? by the French? 


2. What three kinds of colonial governments were there? Out- 


_ line each, and name the colonies that were under each. _When did 
the colonies become States? When did the nation begin? 

8. In what year and where did the first Continental Congress 
meet? What important resolution did it adopt? In what year and 
where did the second Continental Congress meet? What important 
State paper did it issue? How long did this Congress continue its 
sessions? — pid 

4. Name three patriot generals and three British generals of the 
Revolutionary War. Write a short account of any battle fought in 
Massachusetts during the Revolutionary War. 

5. How did African slavery originate in the United States, and 
how was it abolished ? 

6. Name five citizens of Massachusetts who rendered distinguished 
services to the government in the Civil War. 

7. Name the State or States in which occurred any battle or bat- 
tles during the Civil War? 


8. What States have been admitted to the Union since the close _ 


of the Civil War. | 
9. Name the presidents who have held office for two terms. In 


which Congressional district do you reside, and who is the Represen- a 


tative in Congress from your district ? 


a 
a 


1892.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 61 


10. What is the latest purchase of territory by the United States? 
Of whom was this purchase made? 


DEGREES. 


_ Those who complete the course receive the degree of Bachelor of 
_ Science, the diploma being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, 
_ who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become 
members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive its 
diploma in addition to that. of the college, thereby becoming entitled 
to all the privileges of its alumni. 


EXPENSES. 
Tuition, in advance : — 
Fall term, . : ; : ‘ $ 30 00 
Winter term, : : ; 4 25 00 
Summer term, . : : : 25 00 ‘ $ 80 00 $ 80 00 
Room rent, in advance, $8 to $16 per term, . ‘ : 24 00 48 00 
Board, $2.50 to $5 per week, ‘ ' é ; 95 00 190 00 
Fuel, $5 to $15, : ' ; : 3 : 5 5 00 15 00 
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, .. : 11 40 22 80 
Military suit, : , ; : ; : 15 75 15 75 
Expenses per year, . : ; : ; 4 $231 15 $3871 55 


Board in clubs has been two dollars and forty-five cents per week ; 
in private families, four to five dollars. The military suit must be 
obtained immediately upon entrance at college, and used in the drill 
exercises prescribed. For the use of the laboratory in practical 
chemistry there will be a charge of ten dollars per term used, and 
also a charge of four dollars per term for the expenses of the 
zoological laboratory. Some expense will also be incurred for lights 
and for text books. Students whose homes are within the State of 
_ Massachusetts can in most cases obtain a scholarship by applying to 
_ the senator of the district in which they live. 


i i he i ee 


THE LABOR FUND. 


The object of this fund is to assist those students who are dependent 
either wholly or in part on their own exertions, by furnishing them 
work in the several departments of the college. The greatest oppor- 
tunity for such work is found in the agricultural and horticultural 
departments. Application should be made to Professors Wm. P. 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Brooks and Samuel T. Maynard respectively in charge of said depart- 
ments. Students desiring to avail themselves of its benefits must 
bring a certificate signed by one of the selectmen of the town in 


which they are resident, certifying to thé fact that they require aid. 


ROOMS. 


All students, except those living with parents or guardians, will be | 


required to occupy rooms in the college dormitories. 

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given: In the new south dormitory the 
study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess seven 
feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven feet two 
‘inches by eight feet five inches. ‘This building is heated by steam. 
In the north dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, 
and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The insidé rooms are 
thirteen feet and one-half by fourteen feet and one-half, and the 
bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove is furnished with each 
room. Aside from this all rooms are unfurnished. Mr. Thomas 
Canavan has the general superintendence of the dormitories, and all 
correspondence relative to the engaging of rooms should be with him. 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 
ESTABLISHED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS. 


Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of Miss 
Mary Robinson of Medfield. 

Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton. 

Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dome edt the bequest of Henry 
Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth. 

The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to 
worthy students requiring aid. | 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free scholar- 
ship for each of the congressional districts of the State. Application 
for such scholarships should be made to the representative from the 


district to which the applicant belongs. The selection for these. 


scholarships will be determined as each member of Congress may pre- 
fer; but, where several applications are sent in from the same dis- 
trict, a competitive examination would seem to be desirable. Appli- 


. 
| 


= fove.| | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 63 
eants should be good scholars, of vigorous constitution, and should 
enter college with the intention of remaining through the course, and 
then engaging in some pursuit connected with agriculture. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legisiature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years, 
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to enable 
the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said institution, 
the theoretical and practical education required by its charter and the law 
of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free scholar- 
ships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Common- 
wealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by the 
president of the college, at such time and place as the senator then in 
office from each district shall designate; and the said scholarships shall 
be assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, if there shall be less 
than two successful applicants for scholarships from any senatorial district, 
such scholarships may be distributed by the president of the college equally 

*among the other districts, as nearly as possible; but no applicant shall 
be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an examination in 
accordance with the rules to be established as hereinbefore provided. 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following Resolve, making 
perpetual the scholarships established : — 


Resolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty-six 
of the Resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be given and 
continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter. 


: In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission to 
the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholarship. 
Blank forms of application will be furnished by the president. 


EQUIPMENT. 


BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Botanic Museum. — This contains the Knowlton Herbarium, con- 
sisting of over ten thousand species of flowering plants and vascular 
_ cryptogams, to which have been added. the past season several col- 
lections of mosses, lichens and fungi; a collection of models of 
nearly all of the leading varieties of apples and pears; a large col- 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


lection of specimens of wood, cut so as to show their individual struc- 
ture ; numerous models of tropical and other fruits; specimens of 
abnormal and peculiar forms of stems; fruits, vegetables, etc. ; 
many interesting specimens of unnatural growths of trees and plants, 
natural grafts, etc. ; together with many specimens and models, pre- 
pared for illustrating the growth and structure of plants, and inclu- 
ding a model of the ‘‘ giant squash,” which raised by its expansive 
force the enormous weight of five thousand pounds. | 

The botanic lecture room, in the same building, is provided with 
diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrating struc- 
tural and systematic botany. 

The botanical laboratory adjoining the lecture room has been en- 
_larged and improved, and is equipped with compound and dissecting 
microscopes and other apparatus, so that each student is enabled to 
dissect and study all the parts of the plant, and gain a knowledge of — 
its structure that he can get in no other way. In this work and in 
general structural botany the common and useful plants are used for 
study. , 

Conservatories. —The Durfee Conservatory, the gift of the Hon. 
Nathan Durfee, contains a large collection of plants especially adapted 
to illustrate the principles of structural, systematic and economic 
botany, together with all the leading plants used for house culture, 
cut flowers and out door ornamentation. Here instruction is given in’ 
methods of propagation, cultivation, training, varieties, etc., by actual 
practice, each student being expected to do all the different kinds of 
work in this department. ‘These houses are open at all times to the 
public and students, who may watch the progress of growths and 
methods of cultivation. 

Two new propagating houses heated with hot water, one with the 
piping above the benches and the other with the piping below them, 
combine many illustrations in the way of methods of building, which, 
together with other green-houses, afford an abundant opportunity for 
the study of green-house building and heating. 

Fruits. —The orchards, of ten to fifteen acres, contain all the — 
standard varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, etc., 
in bearing condition. Several acres of small fruits are also grown 
for the markets. The vineyard, of one and one-half acres, contains — 
from thirty to forty varieties of fully tested kinds of grapes. New — 
varieties of all the above fruits are planted in experimental plats, © 
where their merits are fully tested. All varieties of fruits, together with — 
the ornamental trees, shrubs and plants, are distinctly labelled, so — 
that students and visitors may readily study their characteristics. — 
Methods of planting, training, pruning, cultivation, study of varie- 
ties, gathering and packing of fruits, etc., are taught by field exer-— 
cises, the students doing a large part of the work in this department. 


fog 
ae 


; 


1892.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 65 


Nursery. — This contains many thousand trees, shrubs and vines 
in various stages of growth, where the various methods of propa- 
gating by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, pruning and training 
of young trees are practically taught to the students. 

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are grown 
in this department for market, furnishing ample illustration of the 
treatment of all market-garden crops, special attention being given 
to the selection of varieties and the growth of seed. The income 
from the sales of trees, plants, flowers, fruits aud vegetables aids 
materially in the support of the department, and furnishes illustra- 
tions of the methods of business with which all students are expected 
to become familiar. 

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 
grown in the nursery; and plantations have been made upon the col- 
lege grounds and upon private property in the vicinity, in various 
stages of growth, affording good examples of this most important 
subject. A large grove in all stages of growth is connected with 
this department, where the methods of pruning forest trees and the 
management and preservation of forests can be illustrated. 


ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Zoological Lecture Loom.— This room, in south college, is well 
adapted for lecture and recitation purposes, and is supplied with a 
series of zoological charts prepared to order, also a set of Leuckart’s 
charts, disarticulated skeletons, and other apparatus for illustrating 
the lectures in the class-room. 

Zoological Museum. — This is in immediate connection with the 
lecture room, and contains the Massachusetts State collection, which 
comprises a large number of mounted mammals and birds, together 
with a series of birds’ nests and eggs, a collection of alcoholic speci- 
mens of fishes, reptiles and amphibians, and a collection of shells 
and other invertebrates. 

There is also on exhibition in the museum a collection of skeletons 
of our domestic and other animals, and mounted specimens purchased 
from Prof. H. A. Ward; a series of glass models of jelly fishes, 
worms, etc., made by Leopold Blaschka in Dresden; a valuable 


collection of corals and sponges from Nassau, N. P., collected and 


presented by Prof. H. T. Fernald ; a fine collection of corals, presented 
by the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy in Cambridge ; a collection 
of alcoholic specimens of invertebrates from the coast of New England, 
presented by the National Museum at Washington; a large and 
rapidly growing collection of insects of all orders, and a large series 
of clastique models of various animals, manufactured in the Auzoux 
laboratory in Paris. ‘The museum is now open to the public from 3 
to 4 p.M. every day except Saturday and Sunday. | 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Zoological Laboratory. — A large room in the laboratory building 
has been fitted up for a zoological laboratory, with tables, sink, gas, 
etc., and is supplied with a reference library, microscopes, chemical 
and other necessary apparatus for work. ‘This laboratory with its 
equipment is undoubtedly the most valuable appliance for instruction 
in the department of zoology. 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 
mechanics and physics. For civil engineering there is an Eckhold’s 
omnimeter, a solar compass, an engineer’s transit, a surveyor’s tran- 
sit, two common compasses, two levels, a sextant, four chains, three 
levelling rods, and such other incidental apparatus as is necessary for 
practical field work. For mechanics there is a full set of mechanical 
powers, and a good collection of apparatus for illustration in hydro- 
statics, hydro-dynamics and pneumatics. For physics the apparatus 
is amply sufficient for illustrating the general principles of sound, 
heat, light and electricity. Adjacent to the commodious lecture room 
are a battery room and the physical cabinet, to which latter has been 
lately added much valuable apparatus. 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


This department has charge of instruction in general, agricultural 
and analytical chemistry, and, at present, of that in mineralogy and 
chemical geology. For demonstration and practical work in these 
subjects the department is equipped as follows :— 

For general chemistry the lecture room contains a series of thirty 
wall charts illustrative of chemical processes on the large scale; a 
series of seven wall charts, showing the composition of food 
materials ; and a collection of apparatus, for demonstration on the 
lecture table. For agricultural chemistry there is on hand a good 
typical collection of raw and manufactured materials, illustrating 
fertilization of crops, and the manufacture of fertilizers; a partial 
collection of grains and other articles of foods, and of their proxi- 
mate constituents. For analytical chemistry there is a laboratory for 
beginners, in a capacious room, well lighted and ventilated, and fur- 
nished with fifty-two working tables, each table being provided with 
sets of reagents (wet and dry), a fume chamber, water, gas, drawer 
and locker, the whole arranged on an improved plan; a laboratory 
for advanced students, with eight tables, and provided with gas, 
water, fume chambers, drying baths, furnaces, two Becker analytical 
balances and incidental apparatus. Both laboratories are supplied ~ 
with collections of natural and artificial products used in analytical — 
practice. For instruction in mineralogy use is made of the larger — 


1892.]. PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.-31. 67 


chemical laboratory. A small collection of cabinet specimens, and 
a collection of rough specimens for work in determinative mineralogy, 
serve for practical study. For instruction in chemical geology, the 
laboratory possesses a collection of typical cabinet specimens. 


LIBRARY. 


This now numbers ten thousand five hundred and ninety volumes, 
having been increased during the year, by gift and purchase, five 
hundred and ninety volumes. It is placed in the lower hall of the 
new chapel-library building, and is made available to the general 
student for reference or investigation. It is especially valuable as a 
library of reference, and no pains will be spared to make it complete 
in the departments of agriculture, horticulture and botany, and the 
natural sciences. It is open a portion of each day for consultation, 
and an hour every evening for the drawing of books. 


PRIZES. 
RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


The prizes heretofore offered by Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., will 
this year be given by Fred. H. Fowler of the class of 1887. These 
prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are open to 
competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the sophomore ~ 
and freshman classes. 


MILITARY PRIZE. 


A prize of fifteen dollars for the best essay on some military 
subject is offered this year to the graduating class by William H. 
Bowker, ’71, and John C. Cutter,.’72. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thousand 
dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to be called 
the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, 
Esq., of New York. These two prizes are to be paid in cash to 
those two members of the graduating class who may pass the best 
oral and written examination in theoretical and practical agriculture. 


Hints BotranicaL PRIZEs. 


For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 1892, 
fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a prize of ten dol- 
lars ; also a prize of five dollars for the best collection of woods, and 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.’92. 


a prize of five dollars for the best collection of dried plants from the 
college farm. 

The prizes in 1891 were awarded as follows: 

Kendall Rhetorical Prizes. —John R. Perry [1893], 1st. ; Luther 
W. Smith [1893], 2d.; Frank I. Parker [1894], 1st.; Arthur C. 
Curtis [1894], 2d. 

bee Agricultural Prizes.— Malcom A. ed 2 (1391), 

; Henry M. Howard [1891], 2nd. 

eats Botanical Prizes. — Walter A. Brown [1891], 1st; Louis 
F’. Horner [1891], 2d; Collection of native woods — Ephraim P. Felt 
[1891]. 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8.15 
_ A.M. and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 a.m. 
unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made to attend 
divine services elsewhere. Further opportunities for moral and relig- 
ious culture are afforded by a Bible class taught at the close of the 


Sunday morning service, and by religious meetings held on Sunday | 


afternoon and during the week, under the auspices of the Young 
Men’s Christian Union. 


LOCATION. ; 

Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting at 
Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s Falls 
with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central Massachusetts 
Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the Connecticut River 
Railroad and with the New Haven & Northampton Railroad. 

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one of 
the finest views in New England. The large farm of three hundred 


and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native forests, — 


gives the student the freedom and quiet of a country home. 


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MILITARY INSTRUCTION IN EDUCATIONAL 
INSTITUTIONS. 


Lieut. LESTER W. CORNISH. 


The fact that military instruction is given by officers of the regular 
army in various educational institutions throughout the United States 
may be generally known, yet the extent to which this instruction is 
carried on, and the benefits to be derived from it by the government, 
by the individual States, and by the students themselves, have been 
little considered. 

Many parents, failing to see the benefit to be derived from this 
instruction, think that their sons’ time while at college might be more 
profitably spent, and therefore object to having them take the mili- 
tary course. A little consideration will change this idea, and a short 
account of what is being done may be of general interest. 

On July 2, 1862, Congress passed an act giving to such States as 
would accept the conditions, public lands to the amount of 30,000 
acres for each senator and representative to which the State was 
entitled at that time. ‘The money obtained from the sale of these 
lands was to form a permanent fund, the interest of which was to be, 
in the language of the bill, ‘‘ inviolably appropriated by each State 
which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, - 
support and maintenance of at least one college where the leading 
object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical 
studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of 
learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts.” 

In order to increase the benefits to the colleges organized under 
this act, as well as to insure some practical return to the government 
for its aid, another bill was approved on July 28, 1866, which read 
as follows: ‘‘ That for the purpose of promoting knowledge of mili- 
tary science among the young men of the United States, the Presi- 
dent may, upon the application of an established college or university 
within the limits of the United States, with sufficient capacity to edu- 
cate at one time not less than one hundred and fifty male students, 
detail an. officer of the army to act as president, superintendent, or 
professor of such college or university ; that the number of officers 


72 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


so detailed shall not exceed twenty at any time, and shall be appor- 
tioned throughout the United States as nearly as practicable accord- 
ing to population, and shall be governed by the general rules to be 
prescribed from time to time by the President.” 

As the experiment of detailing officers of the army for this purpose 
proved a success, the number was increased, until at the present 
time seventy-five may by law be detailed on college duty. The issue 
of the necessary ordnance and ordnance stores by the Secretary of 
War having been authorized, the following articles can be obtained 
by each of these colleges, bonds being given for twice their value, 

z: two light field guns with all their equipments, and one cadet 
rifle and set of infantry accoutrements for each cadet that drills. 
In addition to these arms, the following allowance of ammunition for 

‘practice firing is made annually to each of the various institutions, 
viz. : one hundred blank cartridges and three hundred friction primers 
for field guns, and for each cadet actually engaged in target prantlee 
fifty rifle ball cartridges. 

The following rules have been pr esanibed by the President, for the 
government of officers of the army detailed as professors of military 
science and tactics :— 


DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 


The professor of military science and tactics shall reside at or near the 
institution to which assigned, and when in the performance of his military 
_ duties shall appear in proper uniform. Officers so detailed shall, in their 
relations to the institutions, observe the general usages and regulations 
therein established affecting the duties and obligations of other members 
of the faculty. For the benefit of the officer and the military service, he 
may perform other duties at the college in addition to those pertaining to 
military science and tactics, and may receive such compensation therefor 
as may be agreed upon. 


ORGANIZATION AND DISCIPLINE. 


1. All rules and orders relating to the organization and government of 
the military students, — the appointment, promotion, and change of officers, 
and all other orders affecting the military department, except those relating 
to routine duty,—shall be made and promulgated by the professor of 
military science and tactics, after being approved by the president or other 
administrative officer of the institution. 

2. Itis the duty of the professor of military science and tactics to 
enforce proper military discipline at all times when students are under 
military instruction, and, incase of serious breaches of discipline, or mis- 


conduct, to report the same to the proper officers of the institution, accord- _ 


ing to its established methods. Upon occasions of military ceremony, in 
the execution of drills, guard duty, and when students are receiving any 


other practical military instruction, he shall see that they appear in the 


uniform prescribed by the institution. 


; 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 73 


COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 


1. The course of instruction shall be both practical and theoretical, and 
shall be so arranged as to occupy at least one hour per week for theoretical 
instruction, and at least two hours per week for practical instruction. | 

2. The practical course in infantry shall embrace small arm target 
practice and, as far as possible, all the movements prescribed by the drill 
regulations of the United States Army applicable toabattalion, Instruction 
in artillery shall embrace, as far as practicable, such portions of the United 
States drill regulations as pertain to the formations of detachments, manual 
of the piece, mechanical manceuvres, aiming drill, sabre exercise and target 
practice. Instruction should also include the duty of sentinels and, where 
practicable, castrametation. Such instruction shall be given by the pro- 
fessor of military science and tactics personally, or under his immediate 
supervision. 

3 Theoretical instruction shall be by recitations and lectures, personally 
conducted and given by the professor of military science and tactics, and 
shall inelude, as far as practicable, a systematic and progressive course in 
the following subjects: the drill regulations of the United States Army, 
the preparation of the usual reports and returns pertaining to a company, 
the organization and administration of the United States Army, and the 
elementary principles governing in the art of war. 


REPORTS, 

He shall render a quarterly report to the adjutant-general of the army 
of the whole number of undergraduate students in the institution capable 
of performing military duty, the number required by the institution to be 
enrolled as military students, the average attendance at drills, the number 
absent, the number and kind of drills, recitations and lectures, or other 
instruction had during the quarter, and the number reported for discipline. 
On the graduation of every class he shall obtain from the president of the 
college, and report to the adjutant-general of the army, the names of such 
students as have shown special aptitude for military service, and furnish a 
copy thereof to the adjutant-general of the State for his information. The 
names of the three most distinguished students in military science and 
tactics at each college shall, when graduated, be inserted on the United 
States Army Register and published in general orders. 


There are seventy-three officers of the army at the present time on 
college duty, and the valuable results of their work to the national 
government, to the States, and to the students themselves, have been 
but little considered by the majority of the people. 

At the beginning of the great civil war, there were but few schools 
or colleges at the North where military instruction was incorporated 
into the curriculum. In the South, on the contrary, there were many 
such institutions, and in them young men learned the art of control- 
ling others, as well as that of handling firearms and moving troops. 
As a consequence of this, the Confederate army was much better 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


officered than the Union army at the beginning of the great national 
struggle. 

The officers of the volunteer troops from the North labored under 
the greatest difficulty. They had to learn before they could teach 
others, and while, in time, some of these same officers astonished the 
world by their military genius and ability, the cost to the country at 
which this ability was obtained was almost incalculable. 

General Scott claimed that the shortness of the Mexican war was 
due to the military knowledge of, and the efficient work done by, the 
young officers who were graduates of the United States Military 
Academy, and the civil war would have been of much shorter dura- 
tion, and thousands of valuable lives saved, if the supply of men, 
sufficiently instructed in the military profession to fill the places of 
subordinate officers, had been equal to the demand. 

That such a want might not be felt in the future, if this country 
should again be obliged to suffer the horrors of a great war, was the 
idea of those great statesmen who drafted what was known as the 
‘¢ Land Grant College Act.”” Senator Morrill of Vermont, to whose 
untiring energy in supporting it, was due, to a great degree, its final 
success, says: ‘‘ In case of war all the students of these colleges 
would be of great value to the nation. Each one would be able to 
take a body of raw recruits and speedily drill them so as to be ready 
for service, and it will be, in time, an immense reserve force.” 

Let us consider what is now being done in this direction. The 
seventy-three educational institutions at which officers of the army are 
now on college duty, are distributed over the United States as follows : 
Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, 
Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Miss- 
issippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, North 
Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin and 
Wyoming, each have one; Alabama, Maryland, Michigan, Minne- 
sota, North Dakota, Texas and Virginia have two; Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, Missouri, South Carolina and Vermont have three; Ohio and 
Pennsylvania have four; while New York has eight. The report of 
the adjutant-general of the United States Army for 1891 gives a con- ~ 
solidated report from fifty-seven of these colleges from which I have — 
taken the following figures : 

The number of students over fifteen years of age attending these © 
institutions was fifteen thousand seven hundred and seventeen. Of — 
this number, twelve thousand three hundred and one constitute the — 
whole number of male students capable of performing military duty, q 
while seven thousand four hundred and eighty-seven represent the — 
number attending those institutions where military instruction is com- — 
pulsory. The total number that received military instruction during i 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 75 


the last quarter of the scholastic year was seven thousand three hun- 
dred and sixty-six. | 

At quite a number of the institutions from which these figures were 
obtained, the military course is optional, since these colleges do not 
receive the benefit of the land grant act. The fact that these col- 
leges have voluntarily inserted a military department, and applied to 
the Secretary of War for the detail of an officer of the army, shows 
the value that prominent educators attach to this military education. 
From personal correspondence with all the officers on college duty, 
I have heard of but one case where the interest shown by the faculty 
was even indifferent. All the rest consider the military department 
to be a very valuable one, both to the students and to the college. 
The majority of the students are interested in the military work, both 
theoretical and practical. 

The charge has been made, and with some degree of truth, that the 
Americans are, as a rule, devoted to money-getting, and that they 
have little pride in their country’s name and place abroad. By means 
of this military instruction, a closer relationship will be established 
between the young men and their country, the reputation and 
authority of which must be maintained both at home and abroad. 
A stronger feeling of patriotism will be inculcated, and a greater 
love for their country’s good name be implanted in the hearts of the 
young men of this cosmopolitan nation. Our country is large and 
populous; but fortunately for us, we are not surrounded by other 
nations who are continually endeavoring to obtain some portion of 
our territory. 

We have no need of such immense standing armies as European 
nations are obliged to support, and in the support of which they are 
being brought to the verge of bankruptcy. While our regular army 
is small, numbering only twenty-five thousand, it has proved itself to 
be sufficiently large to protect our western frontier, and preserve 
order when called upon to do so; but it could only be used as a 
nucleus for the large army we should need, in order to repel an in- 
vasion by any of the foreign powers. Our main reliance must be on . 
volunteer troops, which, to be rendered effective in the short time 
that would be available, must be officered by men capable of giving 
good instruction. Under our present system of military instruction, 

men can be found in almost every village competent to enlist a com- 
pany, drill it properly, and in a short time fit it to be joined with 
others, formed in the same way, to make effective regiments. The 
old saying, ‘‘ In time of peace prepare for war,” is one which it will 
be well for the American people to keep in mind. 

The individual States depend on their militia to preserve the public 
peace, and insure to every inhabitant, the freedom to exercise all his 


: 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


rights as a citizen. These troops are made more effective by means 


of this military instruction. The best officers are graduates of 


institutions where they have had military instruction, and they serve 
to raise the standard of the whole body. ‘This is the testimony of 
nearly all the adjutant-generals of the different States. The United 
States Corps of Cadets at the United States Military Academy forms. 
a separate and distinct part of the United States Army, liable to be 
called upon for active service in case of necessity, the graduates 
being required to serve the government for four years longer if their 
services are desired. Why could not this same plan be most profit- 
ably instituted in the various States? The majority of the students. 
are from the States where the various colleges are located, and are 
-aided by the State in obtaining their education. Some service might 
well be asked in return for this aid. Let the students in the various 


institutions be organized into separate battalions of the National . 


Guard, and uniformed by the State, — for many of the students are 
poor, and expense of the uniform prevents them from taking the 
military drill when it is not compulsory. Where this is done, require 
after graduation a given amount of service, perhaps not more than 
two years, in the National Guard of the State, giving to such as are 
recommended by the military instructor, commissions as brevet or 
additional second lieutenants, and assign them to duty with the 
militia companies nearest their respective homes. This plan would 
. give the students, after graduation, an insight into the practical work- 
ing of our militia system, and be of much benefit to the State in 
furnishing it with officers having both a techni and practical 
knowledge of military work. | 

Having held commissions as cadets, many students object to enlist- 
ing as privates in the militia after graduation, but if they could 
obtain commissions they would gladly serve the State to the best of 
their ability, and remain in the service longer than the required 
length of time. The chance of obtaining a commission after gradu- 
ation would be an incentive to better work in the line of military 
study, and proportionately better results would be obtained. ‘The 
extra expense to the State would, in my judgment, be amply repaid. 
In several of the States these commissions are now being given with 
good results. | 

The increased efficiency of the militia is not the only benefit that 


the State derives from the military education of its young men. The | 


necessary subordination to military discipline makes of them a law- 


respecting and a law-abiding body of citizens, and the’ advantage of 


any gain in this direction must not be overlooked in view of the 
socialistic tendencies of the present time. Riots and strikes are of 
frequent occurrence, while the evils of socialism and communism are 


! 
a 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 77 


rapidly spreading over this country, as they have already done in 
Europe. There it has required a strong military force to hold these 
elements in check. To meet and control this growing evil will be the 
duty of the young men of the present time. 

Men of combined intellect and education have always been the 
leaders of their parties at all times of political trouble. It is a 
deplorable fact that a spirit of lawlessness often manifests itself 
among our college students. In colleges where there is a military 
department, this spirit is, to a certain degree, kept in check, and if, 
as young men, they are taught that laws and regulations are made to 
be obeyed and respected, when they graduate from college and pass 
out into the world, they will be better citizens of the republic, as well 
as of their respective States ; men whose influence will be thrown on 
the right side of the scales when the necessity for action arises. In 
this eminently practical age, men are apt to cast aside the abstract or 
ideal benefits of the future, for the practical advantages of the 
present. That the benefits of a military education are practical no 
one will deny if he will but consider them. 

What are the benefits that the student gains to pay him for his 
time? Take the drill as a method of physical training. Of late 
years the attention given to this subject has been greatly increased. 
Many of our larger colleges now have gymnasiums, fitted with all the 
appliances for improving the physical condition of the students. A 
competent instructor is in charge, who grades the work according to 
the individual necessities of the students; yet even in these gymna- 
siums a portion of the work is of a military character. I do not 
contend that the military drill will do this important work as well as 
a thorough gymnastic training, but I do claim, that where a specified 
amount of work in a gymnasium, under a competent instructor, is not 
compulsory, the military drill fills a very important place in the college 
course. Close students are apt to neglect proper exercise, and, 
consequently, when they leave college, although the mind may be 
well trained for mental work, the muscles are flaccid, the heart’s 
action is weak, and the lungs are in such a condition that some kind | 
of pulmonary disease is almost a certainty. Under these circum- 
stances, the college graduate is anable to do the work expected of 
him, and his life becomes at least a partial failure. 

As a physical exercise, the new ‘ Drill Regulations” are an 
improvement over the old ‘‘ Tactics.” The ‘setting up exercises,” 
which were but four in number, were designed to straighten the back 
and shoulders, and give an erect carriage. This they did with a 
result that the lungs had plenty of room in which to expand, and the 
heart was given the opportunity for good healthy action. But they 
did not go far enough as a method of physical training. This lack 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


has now been supplied, and, instead of four, there are seventeen 
exercises by which almost every set of muscles in the body is brought 
into action. 

Walking has always been recommended as a good, healthy exercise, 
and this the student obtains in his company and _ battalion drill, and, 
where the military drill is compulsory, every student is | obliged to: 
take a certain amount of it. 

In the agricultural colleges many of the students have to work in 
order to help defray their expenses. Much of.the work so done, 
while it may strengthen some few sets of muscles, does not have a 
tendency to better the physical condition of a growing boy, and for 
these students the military drill has an especial value, not only when 
they are students, but furnishing thent, when they leave college to 
follow an agricultural life, with a body better fitted to endure the 
laborious life of a farmer, than they would otherwise have had. In 
all branches of life the beneficial effects of the military drill are 
acknowledged by all who have taken it. From personal inquiry 
among many of the alumni of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege I have failed to find one who does not think that military drill has 
been of great benefit to him, and through correspondence with all 
the army officers on college duty I find that this is the general feeling. 

But the physical training is not all the advantage that the college 
student obtains from his military drill. As a private, when he first 
. enters college, he is taught by strict military discipline to control 
himself. He sees the necessity for self-control in those who hope to 
lead and command others. When he becomes a senior, and is him- 
self placed in positions of authority, it is impressed upon him still 
more strongly, by actual experience, that if he would successfully 
command the prompt obedience and respect of others, he must first 
set a good example by controlling himself, and thus he learns one of 
the greatest of life’s lessons. 

The desire to hold an office in the cadet battalion, the efforts put. 
forth in order to satisfy this desire, and the gratification experienced, 
when, the end attained, he realizes how much pleasanter it is to be 
in a position to command others than to occupy a subordinate one, 
are but the foundation stones of a lifelong desire to be a leader among 
his fellowmen, wherever his work may lead him. As an officer, he 
has more or less responsibility thrust upon him, and thus early in life 
learns self-reliance. When his college days are ended, and he enters 
the arena of life, where full success only comes to the few who by 
steady, persistent effort obtain it, he, reliant on himself and confident. 
in his ability, chooses his life work, and, undeterred by partial 
failures, and keeping his end steadily in view, works on until success. 9 
finally crowns his efforts. 4 


1892.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 79 


In this practical age every man, no matter what his profession or 
business may be, must commence at the foot of the ladder, gaining 
the top only by stepping from round to round. As a young man 
makes his value more and more evident to his employer, just so fast 
and no faster is he advanced. What better qualifications can a young 
man possess to commend himself to his employer than punctuality, 
promptness, quick obedience to directions given him, courtesy, and 
last, but not least, that straightforwardness of manner, which, —, 
while lacking the boldness of what is commonly called ‘* cheek,” yet 
shows that the possessor is doing his best, — has acted as he thought 
right, and having so done is willing to be judged by the result of his 
work. 

These qualifications are all brought out to the greatest possible 
extent in the character of a successful military student, while all may 
have them inculecated to a certain degree, thus increasing to just such 
an extent their chance of success. The head of one of the largest 
mercantile firms in New York said to me that he would consider an 
employee who had had a good military education as worth a larger 
salary, to do the same kind of work, than one who had not had such 
a training. | 

Young men are sent to college, not only to obtain a technical 
knowledge of the different sciences from a study of books, but a 
broader knowledge of the world and human nature; to bring out and 
increase those traits and characteristics that distinguish true, fully- 
developed manhood from the spurious article, which is weak and 
unable to grasp the opportunity for success when it is presented. 

The military department, which does this work to a great extent, 
should be placed on a par with the other departments, both in regard 
to the time allotted to it, and the interest shown towards it, by the 
other members of the faculty. The professor of military science and 
tactics should be loyally supported by the authorities in matters of 
discipline, and the students be thoroughly impressed with the impor- 
tance of this department. The officers should be carefully chosen 
from those who, not only by their technical knowledge of minor 
tactics, but also by their personal characteristics, have shown their 
ability to assist the head of the department in his important work. 
They should be men who, as officers, will command the respect of 
those under them, and reflect credit on their college. Under these 
circumstances the officer’s commission would be a prize eagerly 
sought after, and, once obtained, too highly valued to be lost 
through poor work. 

In order that the greatest benefit may be derived from the military 
department, both by the college and the students, its scope should be 
extended to the greatest possible degree. Make these agricultural 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [Jan. 


colleges military to such an extent that the students shall be required 
to wear the proper military uniform, and be under military discipline 
whenever they are on the college grounds. When this is done, and 
not till then, will the idea of those statesmen, under whose fostering 
care these agricultural colleges were started, reach its highest devel- 
opment and bear its most perfect fruit. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 81 


TUBERCULOSIS, 


WitH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DISEASE AS SEEN IN CATTLE AND 
OTHER DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 


When we remember that tuberculosis is an infectious disease, and 
that one-seventh of all persons born die of it, that it exists largely 
among our domestic animals, especially the bovine race, and when we 
consider the close relation that exists between the people and their 


cattle, how close the contact, how great the dependence of the human 


race upon the bovine for their products which are used as food, and 
that the germ which produces this terrible disease may be transmitted 
from one person to another or from one animal to another, or from 
animal to person; it seems that no apology is necessary for the 
appearance of a second paper upon the subject in the annual report 
of the college. 

The term tuberculosis has reference to a disease in which we have 
formed, as a result of the pathological processes, in different parts 
and in different organs of the body, little knots, nodules, or tubercles. 
For the same reason the disease is frequently designated pearl 
disease, kernels, or grapes. When the nodules are very small, it is, 
spoken of as miliary tuberculosis, from the resemblance the little 
nodules have to millet seed. When the tubercles are in the lungs 
this disease is designated phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, or pulmonary 
consumption. When in the intestines, or the mesenteric glands, tabes. 
mesenterica is the name applied. If the articulations are affected, 
tuberculosis arthritis or bone disease. When the lymphatic glands 
become inflamed and nodular, the term scrofula is used. If in cows 
the ovaries are the seat of the tuberculous changes, constant rut or 
heat is produced, and such animals are designated nymphomaniacs. 


_ Tuberculous inflammation of the coverings of the brain or spinal cord 


constitutes tuberculous meningitis. As one of the prominent 


symptoms is general unthriftiness and emaciation, the disease is. 


———— hl 


frequently called pining or wasting. All of these tuberculous proc- 
esses, or what is commonly termed consumption of the lungs, 
bowels, ovaries, or joints, are identical, except as regards their 
location. | 

When the disease is present in only one or two places in the body, 
it is said to be local; when it has attacked many of the organs, or is 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


widely spread throughout the whole system, it is spoken of as general 
tuberculosis. 
Er1oLoey. : 

In treating of the etiology of tuberculosis, we have to consider 
the exciting and predisposing causes. ‘The exciting cause is the one 
that actually gives rise to the disease. The predisposing causes are 
the ones which, acting upon the animal, make it susceptible to an 
attack, or to the development of the disease. 

The exciting cause of tuberculosis is a vegetable germ which gets 
into the body, localizes itself, and by its growth, development and 
action on the tissues in which it is located, produces the peculiar 
lesions which we term tubercles. In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch, a 
German bacteriologist, after years of careful study and experiment 
declared that no true tuberculosis could exist unless this germ was 
present. In other diseases where nodules are produced, the lesions | 
are spoken of as tubercular, but all genuine tuberculous processes 
belong to tuberculosis, and are, in all cases, produced by this par- 
ticular germ. However, the two terms ‘‘ tubercular and tuberculous ” 
are used synonymously. 

The germ, the active principle of the tuberculous virus, belongs to 
the class of micro-organisms called bacteria, and to a sub-class called 
bacilli, from the fact that they appear as little rods under the micro- 
scope. They are very small, only about one six-thousandth to one 
ten-thousandth of an inch in length, and only about one-sixth as 
broad as they are long. From the fact that they alone can produce 
tuberculosis, and only this disease, they have been named the tuber- 
cle bacilli. 

The germs can be cultivated outside of the animal body on pre- 
pared blood serum, or on gelatinized meat broth which contains from 
three to five per cent. of glycerine. In order to do this it is neces- 
sary to get tuberculous material from some place where it has not 
been contaminated by other germs, from the air or other sources. 
This material is placed upon the nutrient media, and then placed in 
an incubator, where a constant temperature of 98° F., the normal — 
temperature of the body, can be maintained. If the temperature gets — 
below 86° F., or above 105° F., their growth ceases. After two weeks 
or so, by microscopic examination, small, whitish grains are’ seen 
upon the surface of the nutrient material. These little grains con- — 
tinue to increase in size and finally form a thick, dry, lustreless coat-— 
ing, which, upon higher magnification, is found to be composed — 
almost wholly of tubercle bacilli. If some of this material is intro- — 
duced, under antiseptic precautions, into the abdominal cavity, the 
circulation or into the anterior chamber of the eye of an animal that is” 
susceptible to tuberculosis (the rabbit, Guinea-pig, mouse), in a varia- 


fi 


is 


1892.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 83 
| 

ble time, from a few days to a few weeks, the animal so inoculated 
will be found, upon post mortem examination, to have well-marked 
tubercles in different parts of the body, depending upon the place 
chosen for inoculation and the number of bacilli introduced. In 
_ these tubercles may be found germs with the same characteristics as 
those which grew on the nutrient material, and with which the animal 
was inoculated. If fresh, uncontaminated material which contains 
the micro-organism from the diseased animal be introduced into the 
circulation of a healthy one, it also will show well-marked lesions 
characteristic of the disease. Material for cultivation may also be 
obtained from these experiment animals, which, when planted upon 
suitable media, will grow and produce the peculiar whitish grain-like 
colonies noticed in the original culture. 

As the tubercle bacillus requires a temperature of 86° to 105° F. 
for a considerable length of time for its growth, it cannot multiply 
outside of the animal body under ordinary conditions of nature. 

It is important to bear this in mind, for, unless the germ be 
present, we can have no tuberculosis. Again, as the germ cannot 
multiply except under very favorable conditions, tuberculosis cannot 
spread to any great extent except by presence of a tuberculous 
patient. On the other hand, when the germs do become scattered 
in a locality, it is very difficult to get rid of them. While they do 
not increase in number outside of the body, they are very resistant 
against the forces of nature which readily destroy many micro- 
organisms. 

It has been found that the bacilli in the sputum from a tuberculous 
person may retain their vitality, even after having been dried for 
months. At the same time it requires a temperature near the boiling 
point of water to kill them. Decomposition does not destroy their 
vitality but sets them free from the tissues in which they may be 
situated. Unlike most bacteria, they can withstand the action of the 
acid, gastric juices in the stomach, and still retain their infectious 
qualities. This explains how the disease may develop in the intes- 
tines or the mesenteric glands, when animals are fed with the prod- 
ucts of tuberculous subjects. 

It has generally been supposed that the tubercle bacilli produced 
pores, and that while the germs themselves were destroyed by 
drying, heat and cold, the spores retained their vitality, and that 
when placed under favorable conditions they would germinate, grow 
nd multiply. Our knowledge of the subject at present does not 
varrant our saying for certain that spores are produced by the bacilli. 
‘he process which has been described as sporulation has probably 
een one of vacuolation.* Practically it makes but little difference, 


——_—— 


* Multiplication of air-cells. 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


for we know that the germ can withstand the action of cold, a high 
degree of heat, the process of decomposition and digestion without 
being destroyed. This is accounted for by the fact, which has been 
discovered in staining, that the cell wall or covering of the germis — 
very tough and resistant. These peculiarities of the bacilli, also 
explain why it is so difficult to rid a stable of the infectious principle 
when once the germ becomes scattered about it by tuberculous animals 
or persons. For this reason, when the material, which contains the 
germ of the disease from a consumptive subject, becomes scattered 
about the house in which the person lives, the disease is very likely 
to remain a long time in the locality. The matter in which the micro- ~ 
organisms are held, decomposes, dries, disintegrates into dust, and 
the bacilli are set free; they become mixed with the dust and for a 
long time retain their infectious qualities, and when brought under 
favorable conditions they grow and multiply. These favorable con- — 
ditions may be in the lungs or in the blood of a susceptible animal or 
person. As soon as they become dry and mixed with the dust, they 
may be set in motion by currents of air and produce the disease by 
being breathed into the lungs, or what is rather more unusual, by — 
getting into the circulation through some abrasion of the skin or ~ 
mucous membrane, or being taken into the alimentary tract with the 
food. | a 
That we are dealing with facts, supported by accurate experiments — 
has been proved by Cornet. He ascertained that the tubercle bacilli 
are not scattered all about us, only waiting for favorable conditions 
for development, but that they are only met with in well-defined cir- — 
cumscribed regions, the centre of which is a tuberculous animal or 
person. Itis a well-known fact that the sputa coughed from the — 
lungs contain great numbers of the bacilli. 4 
He further proved that the dust of houses in which consumptive 
persons lived contained the tubercle bacilli. This was done by intro- a j 
ducing small quantities of the dust into the abdominal cavities of 
Guinea-pigs, and in every case where the dust came from houses ~ 
inhabited by consumptive persons tuberculosis followed. The inocu- 
lation with dust from houses not inhabited by consumptives gave no — j 
tuberculosis when introduced into the abdominal cavity of the pig. 
This same investigator, after having proved that the germs were 4 i 
present in the dust of houses inhabited by consumptives, clearly — 
demonstrated how they become scattered. This is by two means; 
expectorating upon the floor, or what is more common and a more 
dangerous procedure, expectorating into the handkerchief, for there : 
the most favorable conditions exist for the drying of the sputa and 
the conversion of it into dust by the repeated use of the cloth. He, 
also found that the bed-clothes on which the handkerchief lies during 


1892. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 85 


the night ready to be taken up during paroxysms of coughing was 
a fruitful place for the deposit of tubercle bacilli. 

The views of Cornet have been supported by the work of others 
who have made a careful study of the subject. They have found 
that in certain sections of a city tuberculosis may be very common 
among the inhabitants, where the sanitary conditions were less favor- 
able to its development, than in some other part of the place where 
little would exist. | 

Just how the bacilli produce the characteristic tubercle of this 
disease is not known. Probably it is something as follows: The 
germs get into the body and are carried along by the fluids or by 
wandering cells, into the cells where tuberculous inflammation follows 
their growth and multiplication. As a result, there is a destruction 
of the original cells of the tissue and the production of lymphoid, 
epithelioid cells, and a peculiar body called a giant cell, in which the 
tubercle bacilli are usually located. The tuberculous nodules are 
devoid of newly formed blood vessels, and the old ones leading to the 
part soon becomes impervious. By the action of the tubercle bacilli 
other changes follow which come under the head of cheesy degener- 
ation and necrosis. The cells in the central part of the nodule lose 
their nuclei and degenerate into a hyaline or granular mass. This 
necrotic portion is surrounded by a zone of epithelioid cells associ- 
ated with giant cells, and these in turn are surrounded by lymphoid 
cells. These small nodules may increase in size by growth around 
the periphery ; but large tumor-like tuberculous masses are produced 
by the coalescence of a number of small tubercles. The whole 
process is one of tuberculous inflammation, and, as described, usually 
produces miliary tubercles, but. may, in certain organs, produce 
diffuse masses of tubercle tissue, which are called infiltrated tubercles, 
to distinguish them from the miliary nodules. 

The cause and development of the disease depends largely upon 
the manner, the number of germs and the condition of the animal’s 
system at the time they gain access to the body. In cattle, and in 
fowls especially, the tubercles tend to become calcareous from the 
deposition of lime in them. 

The exciting cause of the disease in all persons or animals is the 
Same; without the tubercle bacilli there can be no true tuberculosis. 


THE PREDISPOSING CAUSES. 


Species of Animals. — The bovine race, of all our domestic ani- 
mals, is especially liable to this disease, as much or more than mem- 
bers of the human family, and the question as to its identity and 
its transmission from one race to another is practically settled. 


86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


_ Fowls come next in order of susceptibility, and not only do we 
find the disease common in ordinary barnyard fowls, but in pigeons, 
pet house-birds, and other pet animals, like the rabbit and Guinea- 
pig, when kept in domestication. 

Pigs contract the disease readily, but from the fact that they are 
slaughtered early in life the disease rarely reaches great development, 
and frequently the tubercles are so small that they are not noticed 
upon casual examination. , 

Tuberculosis is rarely found in the cat, dog or sheep. It is found 
less frequently in the horse than in other domestic animals. In fact, 
only a few authentic cases have been reported in which the tubercle 
bacilli have been found, in the diseased nodules, in this animal. 


HEREDITARY PREDISPOSITION. 


That there exists in a person or an animal born of tuberculous 
parents a predisposition to acquire the disease more readily than one 
born of perfectly healthy parents, is a fact so familiar that the 
expression ‘* belongs to a consumptive family,” is frequently heard. 
It is the opinion of some that hereditary tuberculosis can be accounted 
_for in this way:— The micro-organisms get into the system during 
the intra-uterine period, and remain dormant in the tissues until some 
change, either chemical or physical, takes place in the body which 
favors their growth. This change may not come about for years, but 
when it does the disease develops. 

Dr. Koch throws some light upon this point in his ‘‘ Etiology of 
Tuberculosis.” He says, ‘‘ No facts exist which justify the supposi- 


tion that intra-uterine or extra-uterine tuberculous bacilli can be ~ 


present in the organism of a child without bringing about visible 
changes in a comparatively short time. But until now tuberculosis 
has been very seldom found in the fcetus or the newly born child, 
and we may, therefore, conclude that the infectious material has 
effect only exceptionally during intra-uterine life. This supposition 
is confirmed by the fact that of my experimental animals, especially 
Guinea-pigs which were pregnant before or after tuberculous infec- 
tion, none have ever borne young which were tuberculous at birth. 
The young coming from mothers tuberculous to a high degree were 
free from tuberculosis, and remained healthy for months. In my 
opinion, hereditary tuberculosis finds its most natural explanation if ~ 
it be supposed that not the infectious germ itself, but certain quali- — 
ties favoring the development of the germ, coming into contact with — 
the body at a later period, therefore, that which we call disposition, _ 
be inherited.” What there is in Koch’s experiments that is appli- — 
cable to the human race seems, also, to apply to the bovine. . 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 87 


If we are to rely upon his work and that of other bacteriologists in 
relation to hereditary and congenital development of tuberculosis, it 
would seem that the germ is seldom found in the foetus, and that it is 
not the bacillus that is transmitted from the parent to the offspring, 
but the condition of the system which favors the growth of the para- 
site within it, and of which we speak as hereditary predisposition or 
tuberculous diathesis. But it matters not how great the predispo- 
sition, tuberculosis will never develope in such an individual unless 
the exciting cause is present. 

That congenital tuberculosis is rare may be inferred from the fact 
that only one or possibly two cases are on record. 

Proximity to Tuberculous Animals a Predisposing Cause. — Every 
animal suffering from disease is a centre of infection for others. 
They may give out from the body living germs which may gain access 
to a healthy animal, and in it give rise to the malady. An animal or 
person having the hereditary predisposition would be the one most 
likely to suffer by coming in contact with the affected. 

After years of careful study of the subject, Dr. Brush says, ‘‘ If 
a community is closely associated with in-bred dairy cattle, tuber- 
culosis prevails.” 

Domestication. — Animals in the wild state are rarely affected, but 
a$,soon as brought under the influence of domestication, in contact 
with the human race, in which the disease is so prevalent, they soon 
become subjects of the disease. In cattle is this especially true, and 
those running at large on our western plains furnish us with a good 
example. Among them it is not often the disease is found, but as 
we come Kast into a thickly populated territory, or go into the cities 
where the cattle are more under the influence of domestication, we 
find a greater number affected. This effect of domestication is not 
alone seen in cattle but also in wild animals, like the lions, monkeys 
and birds. Frequent reports of the deaths of these animals from 
this cause come from our zodlogical gardens. 

Breeds. — No breed is exempt from the disease, but some are 
more susceptible than others. In Jerseys and Guernseys this suscep- 
tibility seems most marked, but perhaps not more so than in some 
strains of Shorthorns which have been bred in a particular line for a 
long time. What applies to the Shorthorns also applies to the Ayr- 
shires. While in the Herefords, Devons and Holsteins the disease is 
by no means rare, it is not as prevalent as in the breeds first named. 
Our hardy native stock, the common grades of New England, are as 
free from it as any. Breeding-in, as practiced by some breeders, 
is a predisposing cause, from the fact that such a course tends to 
weaken the constitution or lower the vitality of the tissues of the 
body, and makes them less able to thwart the attack of the germ or 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


any external influence that might cause disease. Again, breeding in 
and in from affected animals would increase the dangers arising from 
hereditary predisposition. 

Early, late and over-breeding of animals predisposes ,them to an 
attack of tuberculosis because it tends to weaken the constitution so 
that once the germ gains admittance to the body there is not that 
Opposition on the part of the tissues, to the attack of the invader, 
that we see in a rugged, healthy animal. 

Allowing heifers to breed too young prevents their strong, full and 
normal development. Breeding from old cows which produce large 
quantities of milk, and whose bodies in consequence are not strong, 
will give small, weak calves that are particularly liable to contract 
the disease, and, furthermore, the mother on account of her depleted 
condition is predisposed. : 


Physical Conformation or what is commonly termed, the Build of an 


Animal. — Those with disproportionately long legs and narrow chests, 
are predisposed to the disease. ‘The same is seen in human beings. 
Narrow-chested, round-shouldered people who have small lung capacity 
are more subject to this affection than those with full chests and 
square shoulders. Still, what may be considered a faulty conforma- 


tion in cattle may be the evidence of the tuberculous diathesis which’ 


the animal may have inherited. 

Debility is a predisposing cause, whether the result of excessive 
“milking, deficiency of food, food poor in quality, weakness following 
parturition, loss of blood, purgation or previous disease. All of 
these influences acting together cannot cause the disease, but they so 
lessen the vitality of the animal, and produce such changes in the 
body as render it more liable to the invasion and multiplication of 
the parasite. 

Bad sanitary conditions are classed as fruitful predisposing causes 
of tuberculosis. With the great improvement made in the last few 
years in the construction of stables, there has not been a correspond- 
ing improvement in the methods of draining, lighting and ventilating. 
In older stables, built of rough boards, air could easily pass in and out 
of the building, but by the use of matched boards, building paper 
and clapboards, this is prevented and oftentimes we find the front of 
the mangers tightly closed, so that the animals are compelled to stand in 


a small, close space, surrounded by an atmosphere heated by their 


bodies and containing the impurities that come from the bodies, lungs 


and excrement. All of these conditions have a depleting effect upon — 


the system. If tuberculosis gets among animals kept under such 
hygienic circumstances, it usually spreads rapidly, and generally runs 


avery acute course. Whereas, if the same herd-of animals is put_ 


into a stable where there is sufficient light, pure air and good drain- 


3 
, 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 89 


age, the spread of the disease from sick to healthy is greatly lessened, 
and in some animals, only slightly affected, there may be appearances 
of recovery. Too much cannot be said on this point, especially where 
the disease has made its appearance ina herd. Good hygienic sur- 
roundings will more surely prevent the rapid spread of the trouble 
than will the use of quantities of drugs. 

Climate and Locality. — Statistics go to show that, while the dread 
disease exists among nearly all people and all cattle, it is much more 
common in some climates and in particular localities. It is more 
prevalent in tropical than in colder regions, most seen where the climate 
is changeable, where there is a great range and sudden changes in 
temperature. Climatic conditions like our own favor the develop- 
ment of it, while the equable temperature and dry air of Colorado 
prevent its rapid spread. 

In and about our large cities the cattle are more largely affected than 
in the country towns, for the reason that they are closely crowded 
into badly-lighted, poorly-drained, and ill-ventilated stables, where 
they are compelled to remain throughout the whole year, not being 
allowed the advantages of a run in pasture. In such places the 
methods of feeding, forcing the animal to produce a‘ large quantity 
of milk, tend to undermine the health. 

The practice among cattle dealers of the State of exchanging new 
milch cows for farrow ones in the cities, and taking the latter out into 
the country, is fast increasing the number of diseased animals in some 
of our western towns. It is also spreading tuberculosis among the 
healthy herds of the State. The affected animal, poor in flesh, 
from the city is represented by the dealer to be in this emaciated con- 
dition from the process of forcing; she is offered at a low price, and 
the unsuspecting country farmer, in consideration of the price and 
the promise in some cases to repurchase after calving, buys the ani- 
mal and innocently introduces into his herd a contagious and fatal dis- 
ease, which will be difficult to eradicate and which in time will destroy 
his entire herd. 


MEANS OF INFECTION AND PROPAGATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. 


The principal method of infection is by the inhalation of dried 
tubercle bacilli into the lungs. Wherever we find it spreading among 
cattle, the lungs or the bronchial glands are the first organs affected. 
It has been shown that the germs retain their vitality after months of 
drying. and then, by becoming attached to particles of dust, can be 
floated in the air for a considerable time. In this condition they are 
inhaled. To be sure, many may be removed again from the lungs, 
without doing harm, by being mixed with the secretion of the mucous 
membrane, or by the cillia on the epithelium, covering the mucous 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


lining of the bronchial tubes ; but such is not always the case. If in 
the lungs there is a small diseased spot of low vitality, with which 
they may come in contact, they will germinate and produce tubercles. 
These increase in size and number, several coalesce, their walls 
finally break, and the contents of the tubercles are discharged into 
the bronchial tubes, where it is mixed with the mucous secretion. 
From here it finds its way to the throat and is expectorated or 
swallowed. In either case they are finally set free from the body and 
may under favorable conditions infect other animals. 

In Koch’s etiology of this disease we find the following statement 
referring to the source of tubercle bacilli, and means of infection and 
propagation among animals: ‘‘ The animals, as is well known, pro- 
duce no sputum, so that during their life no tuberculous bacilli get 
from them into the outer world by means of the respiratory passages.” 
My own experience has proved differently, and, while they may not 
produce what we term sputa, as applied to the human production, 
consisting of pus and mucous coughed from the lungs to the mouth 
and then expectorated, they do have a discharge from the nostrils 
which in many cases contains the bacilli. This material has the con- 
sistency of mucous, is slightly stringy and steel gray in color, from 
the admixture of particles of dust which are taken in with the 
inspired air. Under the microscope pus cells are rarely found, show- 
ing that the material does not come wholly from broken down tuber- 
cles in the lungs, but is probably mucous from the bronchial tubes. 
Stained cover glass specimens show numerous bacilli. 

During the past few months I have diagnosed several cases of the 
disease in cows by this means, when other pathognomonic symptoms * 
were wanting. Ihave also found that this material coming from the 
nostrils may become spread about the manger, getting upon the 
woodwork, or the feed in the immediate vicinity of the animal. The 
tubercle bacilli are set free by drying and become mixed with the 
dust of the stable, which is frequently set in motion by the moving of 
hay, sweeping, etc. The particles of dust, with the tubercle bacilli 
attached, floating in the air are inhaled into the lungs or they may be 
taken into the alimentary tract with feed to which they may have 
become attached. 

From the fact that in cattle the greater proportion of cases of this 
disease first develops in the lungs or the neighboring lymphatic 
glands, I conclude that it is mainly propagated by the escape of the 
germs with the mucous from the nostrils, and that the principal 
method of infection is by the inhalation of the dry bacilli. 

A second method of infection is by ingestion, — by taking into the 
stomach food or other material which contains the living germs. As 


* Symptoms indicating with certainty the disease which produces it. 


FA 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. of 


already mentioned tubercle bacilli differ from many others in one 
particular,— they are not destroyed by the action of the gastric 
juices in the stomach, and can pass into the intestines, multiply and 
produce the disease if the conditions are suitable. 

It has been found repeatedly that feeding tuberculous products to 
susceptible animals will produce the disease. Human sputa contain- 
ing the germs, fed to fowls will produce tuberculosis. Tuberculous 
meat or milk will give the same results if fed to calves or Guinea- 
pigs. Taking all of the facts into consideration, we may be sure that 
milk or meat containing the bacilli may produce the disease in human 
beings especially in young children. 

The work of Doctors Ernst and Peters for the Massachusetts 
Society for Promoting Agriculture, in relation to tuberculous milk 
and its effect upon animals is very interesting and instructive. 

They have demonstrated 


“ First, And emphatically, that the milk from cows affected with tuber- 
culosis in any part of the body may contain the virus of the disease. 

Second, That the virus is present whether there is disease of the udder 
or not. 

Third, That there is no ground for the assertion that there must be a 
lesion of the udder before the milk can contain the infection of tuberculosis. 

Fourth, That, on the contrary, the bacilli of tuberculosis are present and 
active in a very large proportion of cases in the milk, in cows affected with 
tuberculosis, but with no discoverable lesion of the udder.” 


The results obtained from certain feeding experiments with calves, 
show that there were thirteen calves used, and fed for varying lengths 
of time with milk from cows affected with tuberculosis, but not of the 
udder. Of those so fed 41.66 per cent. were found upon post-mortem 
examination to be diseased. In the same experiment, with pigs 40 
per cent. gave positive results. 

Infection by inoculation occurs when the germs gain entrance to 
the body through some abrasion of the skin, —it may be intentional 
or accidental. Intentional inoculation is made upon susceptible 
animals, like the rabbit and Guinea-pig, for the purposes of investi- 
gation or study. Accidental infection may take place in the human, 
in making post-mortem examinations, if the skin is cut with the knife 
or scratched on a sharp piece of bone; or it might occur in slaughter- 
ing affected animals, if there was a sore on any part of the body 
through which the virus could get into the circulation. It does not 
appear that the disease is spread to any great extent among animals 
by this means of infection. However, if there be an abrasion of the 
skin or mucous membrane, there is no reason why the germs should 
not get into the circulation in such a case, and produce the disease, 
as well as in man or in animals intentionally inoculated. 


92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 


In the early stages of this disease pathognomonic symptoms are 
usually wanting. It is insidious in its attack and may easily be mis- 
taken for some other trouble. 

Diagnosis may be made by physical examination, or by finding tuber- 
cle bacilli in the mucous that comes from the nostrils, in the milk, in 
pus found in sub-cutaneous abscesses that at times form in different 
parts of the body, or in the excrement of the animal. The method by 
physical examination is the most common, and the one generally relied 
upon. For making microscopical examinations for the bacilli the 
reader is referred to Koch’s ‘‘ Etiology of Tuberculosis,” or to any 
of the treatises on bacteriology, particularly Fraeknel’s. 

In making this examination for the tubercle bacilli, we have to 
allow for their accidental appearance in the material examined. This 
is not likely to occur, and any doubt may be removed by making 
several examinations at intervals of two or three days. When it is 
found upon repeated examination of any product of an animal that 
the bacilli are present, it is conclusive evidence of the existence of 
tuberculosis. But the absence of, or failure to detect, the germ is 
not as satisfactory evidence of the absence of the disease as is their 
presence of its existence. } 

The physical signs or symptoms vary greatly in different cases and 
depend largely upon the constitution, state and keeping of the animal, 
the organs affected and the course of the disease, whee acute or 
chronic. 

In the first stages of it in any form it is difficult to diagnose by the 
physical symptoms, but as the disease progresses there are certain 
general symptoms usually found in all cases. 

In the first stages the animal is noticed to be ailing, there is marked 
dullness, want of life, as shown by the movements about the stable or 
yard, the hair is rough and erect, the skin harsh and dry, there may be 
slight fever (which lasts for only a few days and then disappears) , heat 
of the horns and dryness of the nose. A thermometer inserted into 
the rectum or vagina and allowed to remain for five or ten minutes will 
show that the internal temperature is 102° or 103° F. The pulse may 
be quickened, fifty or fifty-five beats to the miuute; respirations more 
frequent. All of these symptoms are those of fever, are common to 
many other diseases, and are not a constant or characteristic sign of 
. tuberculosis. As the disease progresses there may be a dry, deep, 
husky cough at varying intervals, perhaps at first it may not be heard 
more than a few times a day, bunt is most noticeable when the animal 


~~ 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT. —No. 31. 93 


is compelled to exert itself or is allowed to go from the stable into 
the fresh air. The lymphatic glands in different parts of the body 
may become hard and nodular, especially those in the sub-maxillary 
‘space, or those in front of the shoulder at the base of the neck, or in 
the flank. 

Upon further development of the disease, the animal becomes ema- 
ciated, hide-bound, hair more erect, the eyes sunken in the sockets 
from loss of fat, and the mucous membrane becomes pale and _ blood- 
less. If the lungs are badly diseased, the cough becomes more fre- 
quent, the respiration shorter and sharper, especially noticeable if the 
animal is made to exercise. If the ear is applied to the sides of the 
thorax a dull, harsh murmur is heard over the diseased portions of the 
lungs. When large areas are involved the natural respiratory mur- 
mur may not be detected at all, only tubular sounds. If there is con- 
siderable tuberculous pleuritis a fine rasping sound, like that produced 
by rubbing the hair between the thumb and finger, may be noticed. 
Percussion of the chest walls between the ribs may produce pain as 
shown by flinching. Percussion over consolidated areas gives a dead, 
dull sound in place of the natural resonance. If cavities exist in the 
lungs there is increased resonance. The digestion becomes impaired, 
the appetite is fickle, attacks of indigestion are common, and there 
may be constipation or a diarrhoea, while tympanitis or bloating follows 
eating or drinking. The secretion of milk may not be greatly disturbed, 
garget without any apparent cause may appear, and lameness and 
swelling of the joints may often be noticed. 

When the ovaries in the cow are diseased the animal shows signs 
of persistent heat, and may take the bull, but conception and the 
completion of gestation are uncommon. 

In the male the testicles may be the seat of the disease. When 
such is the case, they become hot, tender and inflamed. Such animals 
are useless for breeding purposes. 

In the last stages, all of the symptoms become aggravated, the 
animal may become very poor and weak, the cough more frequent, 
loose and rattling. If the ear is applied to the side of the thorax in 
this stage, the natural respiratory murmur is not heard, only tubular 
breathing and a distinct rattling or gurgling sound. Percussion shows 
large areas of the lungs which have become solid. The respirations are 
very rapid, short and labored. Profuse fcetid diarrhcea is marked, if 
the intestines are the seat of the disease. 

In this condition the animal may live for several weeks or months, 
gradually growing poorer and weaker, until death follows, — the 
result of exhaustion, pyzemia or diarrheea. 

From the complexity of the symptoms enumerated, it is quite a 
difficult matter for the inexperienced to diagnose the disease. But 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


there are, in some cases, certain well-marked, distinct symptoms of 
the malady, by which one ought with some degree of certainty to form 
a correct opinion, provided he knows that tuberculosis does, or has at 
some time existed in the herd. 

The first and most important sign of the ailment is a chronic cough. 
When this is found with general unthriftiness and loss of condition, 
it is quite enough to cause the animal to be separated from the others. 

Another characteristic symptom is recurrent tympanitis,* which 
appears after eating or drinking, without apparent cause (such as 
change of food, eating of turnips, potatoes or other vegetables), and 
is not cured by the ordinary purgative treatment, for tympanitis, the 
result of indigestion. Bloating in these cases is caused by the 
pressure of the enlarged tuberculous, bronchial lymphatic glands on 
the cesophagus, which passes between the glands and the roots of the 
lungs, thereby preventing the natural escape of the gas through the 
cesophagus from the stomach. 

Frequent attacks of constipation followed by chronic diarrhea 
should be regarded as almost a sure symptom, showing a tuberculous 
condition of the int estines and mesentery. 

A cow in constant heat that fails to conceive should be looked upon 
as suspicious, and especially so if there are other signs of the disease 
present, such as a cough, tympanitis, or enlarged lymphatic glands. 

Chronic mammitis or garget, which comes on sometimes after calv- 
ing, and which does not proceed from change of feed, overstimulating 
food, or injury, and which does not respond to the usual treatment, 
may be considered an important symptom of the presence of tubercles 
in the udder. 

An animal in the herd that becomes lame and has a hot, tense, 
painful swelling of any of the joints of the legs, not produced by an 
injury or any known cause, may be suspected of being tuberculous. 

Any of these individual symptoms may proceed from other cause 
than tuberculosis, but if there is a history of the disease in the herd 
as shown by post-mortem examination, and if any of them appear in 
an animal independent of any known cause, it should be separated at 
once from the healthy ones and kept isolated until known to be healthy. 


TREATMENT. 


Tuberculosis in cattle is an incurable disease, and treatment should 
not be attempted. In the early stages an animal slightly affected 
may, by being kept under the best of sanitary conditions and properly 
fed, apparently make a good recovery ; but in such the disease is only 
in a dormant state, and will break out and spread rapidly throughout 


* Bloating. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 95 


the whole body when the condition of the system becomes so changed 
that it will tend to promote the growth and multiplication of the germs. 
In dealing with this disease, we should always remember that a tuber- 
culous animal is a source of danger, as a centre of infection to other 
animals and to persons coming in contact with it, or to those using the 
milk or meat. 

About a year agoa great sensation was created by the startling 
news that Dr. Koch had found a certain cure for consumption. His 
idea, was to separate from the material upon which pure cultures of 
tubercle bacilli had grown certain substances produced by the growth 
of the germ, mix them with glycerine or other suitable material, and 
then inject it into the circulation of a tuberculous subject. He 
claimed that this peculiar agent would so affect the diseased tissue 
that it would be separated and removed from the healthy tissue, and 
a cure of the disease would follow. While it has doubtless in some 
cases of human tuberculosis produced favorable results, it has by no 
means proved as valuable as was first expected. In cattle it has no 
value as a curative agent. In fact, its use seems to induce a speedy 
development of the disease when latent in the system. It has in some 
instances proved of value as a means of diagnosing the disease in 
suspicious cases. But here the results are not always reliable. 

Some interesting experiments have been made in the veterinary 
department of the University of Pennsylvania with tuberculin (the 
name applied to Koch’s remedy), to test it as an agent for the diag- 
nosis of tuberculosis in cattle. As aresult of these experiments the 
following conclusions are given: 


First, That the injection of tuberculin in cows suffering with tubercu- 
losis produces a febrile reaction 

Second, That healthy cows do not give a reaction with moderate doses. 

Third, That in some instances, tuberculous cattle fail to give a reaction 
with ordinary doses of from 300 to 5.0 milligrammes. 

Fourth, That injection of the tuberculin causes the rapid distribution of 
the tubercle bacilli and a generalization of the disease. 

Fifih, That in none of the tuberculous animals used in the experiments 
could the least curative effect be observed. 

Sixth, That cows cease to react after repeated injections -of the 
tuberculin. 

Seventh, That tuberculin is of value in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in 
cattle. 


Other investigators have not obtained as good results as those 
quoted, and, until more work has been done in this direction, it is 
not likely that tuberculin will come into general use as a curative or a 
diagnostic agent. 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Post-Mortem APPEARANCES. 


To the naked eye these vary according to the species of animal 
and the extent and location of the disease, but under the microscope 
the diseased tissues have the same appearance regardless of their 
origin. I shall only describe their microscopic appearance. 

The appearance of the tubercles in the lungs vary according to the 
changes that have taken place in them. When of recent formation 
they may be no larger than a millet seed. In this stage they. appear 
irregularly spheroidal in shape, the very small ones gray and semi- 
transparent, while the larger ones are opaque, whitish or yellow, 
particularly in the centre. As they grow larger they undergo a cheesy 
degeneration, break down in the centre, and we frequently find them 
containing creamy yellow pus. In cattle especially they tend to 
become calcareous from the deposition of lime in them. In this case 
when cut open one will notice a distinct gritty feel about them. The 
smaller ones coalesce and form large tuberculous tumor-like masses, 
which in some cases may be six or eight inches in diameter. Usually 
in the centres of these masses pus in very abundant. When these 
tubercles break down the pus frequently escapes into the bronchial 
tubes, so that in post-mortem examination we may find it in the 
bronchial tubes mixed with the mucous. | 

When the tubercles form on the surface of the lung or the pleura 
covering the ribs, the new tubercles appear at first as small red spots. 
These increase in size so that in some cases they become as large as a 
hen’s egg, and so numerous that the whole surface of the lung or the 
wall of the chest will be completely covered. These are less likely 
to contain pus than those in the lungs. In some instances, the lungs 
are found to be attached to the chest wall by these new growths. 

Tuberculous bronchial glands are frequently found, and are usually 
present when the lungs are diseased. They are situated over the 
lungs at the superior part of the thoracic cavity, extending along the 
vertebral column. They may be greatly enlarged and weigh as much 
as fifteen or twenty pounds, and are hard, nodular and full of yellow, 
cheesy matter. In other cases they may be enlarged, but, upon 
opening them, little caseous material is found. Instead there will 
be large quantities of yellow pus, amounting sometimes to two or 
three pints. 

The tubercles on the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity, 
closely resemble those found on the pleura. Where there is general 
tuberculous peritonitis, one usually finds a profusion of thin, serous 
fluid in the abdominal cavity. | 

Tuberculous nodules in the spleen are quite frequently of the mili- 
ary variety, very small and grayish white in color. If a one per cent. 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 1 


watery solution of iodine and iodide of potassium (one part of 
iodine, three parts of iodide of potassium, one hundred parts of 
water) be poured over them, they are more easily distinguished from 
the surrounding tissue by their bright mahogany color. 

Tuberculous mesenteric glands do not differ greatly in their appear- 
ance from tuberculous lymphatic glands. 

Tubercles in the liver, kidneys and other organs closely resemble 
those already described. 

Tuberculosis in the horse seems to occupy a place between that of 
man and the bovines. The tubercles that are found, post-mortem, on 
the omentum and peritoneum and mesenteric glands resemble those 
found in cattle. The conditions of the bronchial gland is similar, 
while in the lungs, instead of finding large tumor-like masses, the 
tubercles are usually of the miliary variety. 

The nodules of tuberculosis somewhat resemble the nodules found 
in the lungs of horses affected with chronic glanders. 

Tuberculosis of the pig is recognized after death by the caseous con- 
dition of the lymph glands of the neck, and by a peculiar form of 
caseous pneumonia, in which the lung becomes infiltrated with grayish- 
red or grayish-yellow cheesy material, which ig ee fills the air 
cells and the space between the lobules. 

In sheep the lungs and bronchial glands are affected most and the 
appearance is nearly the same as in cattle. 

In making autopsies on sheep, one is liable to confound tuberculosis 
with two other diseases, one affecting the lungs and the other the intes- 
tines, from the fact that the lesions, to the naked eye of the inexperi- 
enced, appear identical. The first is caused by an animal parasite, 
the Strongylus ovis pulmonalis, the second likewise by a parasite, the 
Oesophagostoma columbianum, both of which require the use of a lense 
to detect. A description of these parasites may be found in the 
‘+ Animal Parasite of Sheep,” Bureau of Animal Industry, 1890. 

In fowls we find that tuberculosis is more likely to affect the abdomi- 
nal rather than the thoracic organs, but none are exempt. The mesen- 
teric glands, the liver and the genital organs suffer most. In these 
animals the lesions are peculiar, in that they soon become caseous and 
calcareous, and it not infrequently happens that these limy nodules 
reach the size of a walnut. Some are rough and irregular, others are 
round and smooth. ‘They are quite compact, and upon examining a 
section it shows yellowish or whitish spots in the centre. 


PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 


As the disease is incurable we should deal with it with prophy- 


lactic measures. 


98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Keep the animals under good hygienic conditions, secure good 
drainage about the stable, allow plenty of fresh air and sunshine, feed 
wholesome food and a variety that is nutritious but not over stimu- 
lating, supply clean, pure water for drinking. Avoid producing 
debility by over-milking or by in-and-in breeding or early and late 
breeding. Reject all animals with an hereditary taint of tuberculosis 
for breeding purposes. Be careful in selecting animals for the herd, 
—do not purchase one in poor condition simply because the price is 
low. It may prove to be a very expensive one in the end. © 

Do not buy animals from a herd when you know that the disease 
has ever existed,—it may be present in a dormant state in an 
animal that is fit for the butcher and only requires certain conditions 
for speedy growth. Remove from other animals any that you think 
are suspicious, and keep isolated until pathognomonic symptoms 
develop. Such animals should in no case be allowed to come in con- 
tact with others of the herd by being turned into the yard or pasture 
with them. They should not be allowed to drink from the same 
trough or pail. 

When one of the herd shows unmistakable symptoms of the disease, 
it should be slaughtered and the carcass buried or burned. Never 
let other animals, like pigs, hens or dogs, on the farm, eat the offal or 
flesh of a tuberculous creature. Anything like the manger or litter, 
about a.diseased animal, that may have become contaminated with 
the virus should be burnt or thoroughly disinfected. 

If young animals are raised upon a farm where tuberculosis exists 
among the cattle, they should be kept in a separate building away 
from the older ones, and not be allowed to come in contact with any 
of the excrements or litter used about them. A case is on record 
where a number of pigs contracted consumption by eating corn that 
had passed undigested through the alimentary tract of affected cattle. 

Milk from a tuberculous herd, which is to be used as food for 
young, growing animals, especially calves, should be sterilized by 
being heated to a temperature of 185° F. This can be done without 
injury to the milk by subjecting it to the action of steam in a closed 
vessel. In some animals milk so treated may produce indigestion 
and constipation, but by careful and judicious feeding these may be 
prevented. 

The liberal and repeated use of antiseptics and disinfectants about 
an infected building will destroy many of the germs, and assist in 
checking the spread of the disease in the herd. ‘The floors and 
mangers may be sprinkled once in a week or two with a five per cent. 
solution of crude carbolic acid. Chloride of lime scattered over the — 
floor would have a beneficial effect. The walls should be thoroughly 
whitewashed, and some advise adding to the whitewash a weak solu- — 


1892. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 95 


tion of corrosive sublimate As this drug is a deadly poison, it 
should be used with great care. By fumigating with sulphur or chlo- 
rine, germs that would not be affected by the other applications would 
be destroyed. 

Never allow a person suffering with consumption to work in a stable 
where cattle are kept, for, by expectorating material which contains 
bacilli upon the floor or upon the hay, the animals may become 
infected. 

When we stop and think that this terrible disease exists among all 
civilized people, and more or less among cattle and other domestic 
animals it does not seem probable that it can ever be exterminated. 
But much can be done by laws properly enacted and rigidly enforced 
to prevent the rapid distribution of it among the cattle in the State. 

Being a disease that is common to the human race as well as 
domestic animals, and one widely distributed, it cannot be dealt with 
as can contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Such a _ procedure would 
require an expenditure of millions of dollars and in the end would 
amount to nothing, for it would be impossible to refill the stables of 
the farmers with cattle from a source where the disease does not 
already exist. Again, if all the diseased animals were to be slaugh- 
tered and their places filled with those free from the malady, they 
would not remain so long for they would soon become infected from 
coming in contact with tuberculous persons. 

A law, properly enforced, that would compel an owner to slaughter, 
rather than to allow him to sell, an animal which he had good and 
sufficient reason to know was tuberculous, would greatly lessen the 
dissemination of the disease. 

I have personal knowledge of several instances, where it has been 
proved to men that their herds were badly infected; but instead of 
destroying the affected ones they have disposed of them for «a small 
sum and the disease has been carried into previously healthy herds. 

If it is the work of the Cattle Commission to look after the con- 
tagious diseases among the domestic animals of the Commonwealth, 
they should be given the authority to go ahead and isolate suspicious 
cases, and destroy those that they know ‘are affected; and every 
farmer that has any true interest in his calling should be willing to 
assist in the good work which, in the end, will be of great benefit to 
every inhabitant in the Commonwealth. : 

Again when we look at the subject from a sanitary point of view, 
every person in the State has an interest and has a right to demand 
protection at the public expense from this deadly foe. 

If the State takes upon herself the task of protecting the public 
from the sale of adulterated articles of food, which are of pecuniary 
interest, ought she not to protect the people from the wilful sale of 


100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.’92. 


milk and meat from diseased animals, that may convey a fatal 
disease to the unsuspecting ones using it? 

It would seem that this could be accomplished best by two means. 

First, Organize a system of meat inspection, have all cattle in the 
State used for human food slaughtered under competent inspection. 
To do this economically, centralization of the slaughtering is abso- 
lutely necessary. This would not only protect the public against 
tuberculous meat, but also against that containing trichina, tape 
worm, actinomycosis, etc. Let all meat be condemned, whether 
there be local or general infections. 

Second, To prevent the sale of tuberculous milk, let all dairies be 
visited periodically, and all animals carefully inspected. Any that 
are actually diseased should be destroyed, and the suspicious should 
be isolated until known to be diseased or healthy. From the fact 
that the public is so dependent on domestic animals for a part of its 
food supply, it is no more than right that the government should make 
some move in this matter of protecting the people against a disease 
that may be transmitted to them by the consumption of meat and 
milk of diseased animals. 


Note.— Persons in the State who may have at any time pathological 
specimens or parasites which they may want examined, free of charge, may 


send the same addressed to Dr. James B. Paige, Amherst, Mass., and a_ 


report upon the nature of the specimen will be sent if so desired; a detailed 
account of the case should accompany the specimen. 
In order that material sent may be in a condition to study when it arrives, 
observe the following directions: 
Fluids suspected of containing tubercle bacilli, or other germs, should be 
sent closely corked in a clean bottle. Only a small quantity of matter, one- 
half to four teaspoonfuls is needed. 


Parasites or diseased tissues should be well washed, put in clean, large- 


mouthed bottles or jars, then covered with a mixture of alcohol one-third, 
and water, two-thirds. 

Specimens of diseased bones or other hard structures may be sent with. 
out any previous treatment. 

In all cases when there is a large quantity of material, ali of which can- 
not be sent, select an average sample. 

When a specimen is of sufficient interest, it will be preserved in the 
museum with the name of the donor affixed. 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... ats A INGOT SB. 


THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


~ MASSACHUSETTS 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


CeTrornrn, begs. 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE. 
1894. 


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CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Report of Trustees, . : ; ‘ ; 7-35 
Electives, ‘ 5 A : - ; . : ; ; 8 
The Faculty, . ° > ; : : : 9 
Expenditure of State BER sess iation, . , . ; : 10 
Dormitories and Recitation Rooms, . . ; i ; ie! 
Botanical Department, . 2 : , i . : 13 
Report on Agricultural Department, . ;, : 13 
Report on Experiment Department, . ' 20 
- Horticultural Division, . : , : : : : : 21 
Entomological Division, P ; : ; : ee 23 
Meteorological Division, ; fol wre : : 25 
Agricultural Division, . : : 25 
eilts;' . , . : : : 32 
Representation of College at World’s Pair, : : : : : 34 
Report of Treasurer, . F : : : : A : 36 
Report of Military Department, . ; : . ‘ : : dt 
Calendar, . : : ; : 48 
Catalogue of Faculty a Stadents, ; : : : : 50 
Four-Years Course of Study, ; ; , ‘ ‘ 59 
Two-Years Course of Study, ‘ ? ; : , 61 
Graduate Course, . : ; : : , ‘ ‘ 63 
Requirements for Admission, ; : ; , ; 65 
Expenses, . : : : ‘ 3 : f E 70 
Scholarships, : : : ; : 3 ip 
Equipment, . : ‘ ; ; : > ‘ 72 


Appendix : — 
On the True Value of Green Manuring, . , ‘ 87 


Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Oct. 15, 1893. 


To His Excellency W1LLIAM E. RUSSELL. 


Str:—I have the honor herewith to transmit to Your 
Excellency and the Honorable Council the Thirty-first An- 
nual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricult- 
ural College. | 


Iam, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


HENRY H. GOODELL, 


President. 


i) 
[24 


——” ~~ | 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council. 


In obedience to the requirements of chapter 440, section 
5, of the Acts and Resolves of 1889, we herewith present 
the Thirty-first Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College. Being made in October instead of Jan- 
uary, it will consequently cover only nine months of the 
fiscal year, and three months of the new school year. We 
would earnestly recommend such legislation as will enable 
us to make this report December 31 instead of October 15, 
for the following reasons: That an agricultural college can- 
not close its experiments, records and expenditures before 
the close of the year; that endless confusion would arise in 
the treasurer’s report from carrying over the receipts and ex- 
penditures from one year into another; and that the State 
Experiment Station does not close till December 31, and our 
relations with it are so close as to require this change. 

The year elapsed has been perhaps the most prosperous 
one in the history of the college. It is a noticeable fact 
that in times of financial depression the numbers of college 
students increase rather than diminish, and this year has 
been no exception to the rule. The great universities have 
been full to overflowing, and never has there been so large 
an attendance here. The entering classes numbered sixty- 
six and the full enrollment reached two hundred and fourteen. 
A smaller per cent than usual have been non-residents of the 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


+ 


State, while those from Massachusetts have been more 
widely distributed. One hundred and thirty-six towns are 
represented. This is in itself an encouraging sign as show- 
ing that the college and its opportunities are being more gen- 
erally and favorably known. 

The instruction has been more satisfactory in all depart- 
ments because of increased facilities. The large additions 
to the equipment and apparatus and the increase in the 
teaching force have been important factors in bringing this 
about. It is, perhaps, too soon to judge of the effect of mak- 
ing the studies of the senior year elective. But this much 
can be said: It has met with universal favor among the stu- 
dents themselves, allowing them a greater freedom in choos- 
ing those subjects in which they were more particularly 
interested. The stimulus thus given is very noticeable, and 
we are persuaded that a higher and more excellent grade of 
work will be secured. It has been said that the aim of every 
good teacher should be ‘‘ to interest by attraction and not 
by compulsion; to draw and not force.” If this can be ob- 
tained through the pupil himself, a two-fold result will in- 
evitably follow, affecting scholar and teacher alike. The 
crowing interest and eager questionings of the former must 
react on the latter and result in fresher and more original 
instruction. From the nine studies allowed for choice, cer- 
tain groups of three naturally followed. Comparing them 
we find that out of a class of thirty-one — 


Thirteen elected agriculture, political economy, veterinary. 
One elected agriculture, chemistry, veterinary. 

One elected agriculture, chemistry, political economy. 
Three elected botany, entomology, German. 

One elected botany, chemistry, electricity. 

One elected botany, mathematics, German. 

Four elected chemistry, veterinary, political economy. 
One elected chemistry, mathematics, German. 

One elected chemistry, entomology, electricity. 

One elected chemistry, mathematics, political economy. 
One elected chemistry, political economy, German. 

One elected veterinary, political economy, German. 
Two elected electricity, mathematics, political economy. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. A 


Again arranging the studies in the order of their prefer- 
ence, we find that — 


Twenty-three elected political economy. 
Twenty elected veterinary. 

Fifteen elected agriculture. 

Eleven elected chemistry. 

Seven elected German. 

Five elected botany. 

Four elected entomology. 

Four elected electricity. 

Four elected mathematics. 


The shorter two-years course, opened for the first time 
this year, seems to be supplying a long-felt want. Twenty-— 
three availed themselves of its advantages. Inquiries are 
still frequent for a short winter course in agriculture and 
horticulture alone. While this might be made profitable, it 
is impracticable with our present corps of instructors. They 
all now have more work than good teaching justifies, and 
with the increasing demands of the two-years and elective 
courses their time would be fully occupied without taking 
upon themselves anything more. 


THE FAcutty. 


The several changes made in the curriculum have necessi- 
tated additional help, and five assistant professors have been 
appointed in the departments of chemistry, agriculture, 
mathematics, English and botany. Edward R. Flint, a 
graduate of the college in 1887, post-graduate at the State 
Experiment Station, 1887-90, and student at Goettingen, 
1890-92, receiving from that university the degree of Ph.D., 
is giving instruction in chemistry. Fred S. Cooley, a grad- 
uate of the college in 1888 and for some years superintendent 
of the farm, has been made assistant in agriculture. A. 
Courtenay Washburne, now filling acceptably the position 
of assistant in the chair of mathematics, was educated at 
Purdue University, La Fayette, Ind.,and at the United States 
Military Academy, West Point; was for two years assistant 
city civil engineer of La Fayette, Ind. ; has been employed as 


10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


commandant of cadets and professor of mathematics in the 
New York Military Academy at Cornwall-on-Hudson, the 
Chiltenham Military Academy, Ogontz, Pa., and the St. 
John’s Military School, Sing Sing, N. Y. He has also 
taught in the Ogontz School for Young Ladies and in the 
Ossining Ladies’ Seminary at Sing Sing. Herman Babson, 
graduate of Amherst College, 1893, has been assigned as 
assistant in the English department, and George E. Stone, 
student at the Massachusetts Agricultural College and In- 
stitute of Technology, Boston, and subsequently at Leipsic 
University, where he received the degree of Ph.D., has 
been appointed assistant in botany. One more assistant, in 
the department of languages and natural history, should be 
appointed as soon as practicable. It is not possible for the 
president to teach two and three hours a day and at the same 
time carry on effectively the administrative duties of his 
office. The professor of natural history is now teaching all 
that it is wise for him to undertake, and the establishment 
of the two-years course will add materially to his duties. 


STaTE APPROPRIATIONS. 


The money appropriated last year by the Legislature for 
the erection of new barns and for other needed improvements 
has been partially expended in accordance with the provisions 
of the resolve. The foundation walls of the new structures 
have been laid in a most thorough and satisfactory manner 
by the Flynt Brothers of Monson. The framework will be 
entirely set up and roofed over before the setting in of cold 
weather, and the work carried forward to completion during 
the winter. The wooden floor, so long needed, has been 
laid over the hard concrete of the drill hall, and the breaking 
of the gunstocks and the annoying dust raised by the cadets 
in their evolutions will be largely prevented. The room — 
formerly used as a chapel has been entirely remodeled and 
fitted over as a laboratory for advanced students. It will 
provide additional accommodations for about thirty, and is 
furnished with fume chambers, water, gas, lockers, sets of 
reagents (wet and dry) and all the accessories necessary for 
the proper equipment of a laboratory. 


1894.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 11 


DORMITORIES AND RECITATION Rooms. 


The increased attendance has taxed to the utmost the 
capacity of the dormitories. At the close of the school year 
there were but seven vacant rooms left with which to provide 
for the entering classes, numbering sixty-six members. In 
a very few cases, and those only with the consent of the occu- 
pants, three were placed together, but by far the greater 
proportion were compelled to seek for lodging places in the 
town, at a considerably greater expense to themselves, and 
often at so great a distance as to seriously inconvenience 
them in their attendance upon required duty. Next year it 
will be scarcely possible to accommodate those now in col- 
lege, without taking into account those about to enter. A 
possible solution of this difficulty may be found in the efforts 
of the secret fraternities to purchase property and erect 
chapter houses outside the college limits. Each one of these 
will set free from eight to a dozen rooms. The D. G. K. 
society has already bought and remodeled a house, making 
provision for fourteen of its members. The Phi Sigma Kappa 
_ has purchased land, and but for the panic of the last few 
months would probably have commenced building before 
this. Other societies are moving in the same direction. 
Whether it is wise, in the crowded condition of our dormi- 
tories, to await action that may be delayed several years is 
doubtful. A more serious problem, however, confronts us 
in the lack of recitation rooms. Including the laboratories 
connected with the different departments, we have only nine 
available rooms. In these nine rooms during this term there 
are being held daily thirty-five recitations, five of them being 
double hours, necessitated by work in the laboratories. 
With the coming in of an additional class next year in the 
two-years course the number of recitations will be increased 
to forty, six of which will be double hours. Certain studies, 
as of the languages, for example, can be taught in any room, 
but there are others in which instruction can be given only 
where the appliances used in illustration are to be found. 
Chemistry cannot be divorced from the laboratory, botany 
from the greenhouse and museum, or physics and mechanics 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, __[Jan. 


from the apparatus room. This fact has added greatly to 
our perplexity in assigning hours and places for recitations. 
Again, the lecturer requires time and space to arrange his 
apparatus and go through with his experiments beforehand, 
and it is well-nigh impossible to do this while the room is 
occupied by another class. It has been a very difficult 
matter to so adjust the term schedule of exercises as to pre- 
vent collision. With five additional recitations to provide 
for, we cannot see how this can be accomplished without 
friction and interference. In this dilemma, we can only 
emphasize the words used in a former report — the twenty- 
eighth : — 


The most pressing need of the college at the present time, in 
connection with its educational department, is a building to be 
used aS an economic museum, with laboratories and recitation 
rooms annexed, which shall illustrate the departments of agricult- 
ure, veterinary science, entomology and geology. Aside from 
the great value as an aid to instruction in the class-room, it would 
serve as an object lesson to every visitor coming to the college. 


If such a building was necessary then, how much more is 
it needed now, with an increased attendance and additional 
_classes! It would at once provide the requisite rooms, and 
bring together under one roof all collections bearing upon 
the science of agriculture. Take for example the single item 
of implements. What an instructive lesson if there could 
be grouped together working models illustrating their his- 
tory and progress! To the agriculturist at the World’s 
Fair one of the most interesting exhibits is that made by 
Cornell University, of some hundred or more models of 
ploughs, showing the improvements that have been made 
since the days when a stick hardened in the fire or tipped 
with iron was in vogue. Already a commencement has been 
made here, and collections have begun to grow. There is a 
fine set of implements illustrating Japanese agriculture, a 
collection of soils, with their analyses, and thirty to forty 
statuettes of types of the domestic animals, from one-sixth 
to life size, imported from Germany. At the present time 
these have to be stored wherever a place can be found for 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 13 


them, to the great inconvenience of the lecturer as well as 
the great risk to the specimens themselves. 


THE BoranicaL DEPARTMENT. 

The partial separation of the horticultural department 
from the botanical has been of great benefit, allowing Pro- 
fessor Maynard to devote himself to the former, and carry 
on the lines of work in which he has been so successful. 
The large collection of fungi, numbering some two thousand 
species, and the Denslow collection, of more than ten thou- 
sand species and varieties of phanerogamic and the higher 
cryptogamic plants, are being remounted and catalogued 
under the superintendence of Dr. Stone, and the whole is 
being made available for study and comparison. The- vine- 
yard and nurseries are in fine bearing condition and have 
yielded heavy crops of grapes, pears, peaches and plums- 
The committee from the Massachusetts State Horticultural 
Society appointed to decide on the merits of out-of-door 
gardens awarded the college vineyard this year the first prize 


of $50. 
THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The work of the farm bas been conducted on the same 
plan as in previous years, and I herewith submit the report 
of the professor in charge : — 


Farm REPORT. 


The year 1893 has thus far been an unusually favorable one on 
the college farm, in spite of the fact that our rowen and fodder 
crops have been seriously injured by the almost unprecedented 
drought of the late summer and autumn months. The average 
health of our live stock has been higher than for several years, 
and there have been few casualties. The crops of the year, in 
part estimated because of the early date at which this report is re- 
quired, show a higher aggregate value than last year, which in its 
turn exceeded that of any previous year. The figures for this 
year are $6,955, exclusive of soiling crops, which it is believed by 
the close of the season will have aggregated 258 tons, which are 
estimated to be worth $774, thus raising the total to $7,729, against 
$6,660 for the year 1892. The hay crop, in spite of drought, is 
rather larger than last year; the potato crop, on one and one-third 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


times the acreage, is about three times as great; and other crops 
have been raised to about the same amounts as last year. 

The cash receipts of the first nine months of the year amount to 
about $4,463. Besides this we have done work with men and 
teams on the new barns to the aggregate amount of $1,586.63, 
which sum should be repaid to the farm when the balance of the 
State appropriation becomes available. No part of our potato or 
squash crop has yet been sold; and we have also nine fat hogs 
and twenty-five head of neat cattle to dispose of before the close 
of the year. The leading items which have contributed to our 
cash receipts during the year have been cream and milk, and hay, 
corn and potatoes raised last year. 

_ The number of acres in the various crops of the year is as fol- 
lows: Hay, 75; field corn, 24; corn for fodder and silage, 10; 
potatoes, 13; oats and peas, 3; oats and vetches, 3; oats for 
fodder and hay, 11; beets, 24; Swedes, ?; carrots, $; squashes, 
(grown after rye), 1; millet, 5 (two grown after rye) ; rye, 3; 
barley and peas, 4—a total of 1554 acres, or, deducting land 
which produced two crops, 1524 acres. As our crops show an 
aggregate value of $7,729, we have an average yield amounting to 
$50.67 per acre. In obtaining these figures hay has been valued 
at $16 per ton, green fodder at $3, silage at $4, corn stover at $8, 
beets at $3, carrots at $12, Swedes at $5, and squashes at $20. 
Potatoes have been valued at 50 cents per bushel and corn at the 
“game price. It is believed that these prices are not too high in 
any instance, while it is fully expected that the potatoes will bring 
considerably more than they have been valued at. 

In view of the fact that this report is required before the opera- 
tions of the year are brought to a close, it is not deemed best to 
go into great detail concerning the several crops. Our general 
management has been similar to that for the last few years. Our 
land is, as a rule, fall ploughed, manured during late fall and win- 
ter, and, if sod, prepared for seed in spring by the use of dise and 
Acme harrows. If stubble, it is lightly reploughed in spring. 
With the manure we use more or less fertilizer, harrowed or drilled 
in at time of planting. During the past season the policy, in which 
I thoroughly believe, of using undissolved phosphate, instead of 
the much more costly superphosphates as the source of phosphoric 
acid, has been inaugurated. We have applied about three hundred 
pounds of South Carolina rock phosphate to every acre under cul- 
tivation in hoed or sown crops. Knowing, however, that this 
phosphate could not be depended upon to feed the crops of this 
year, we have used superphosphate also to a considerable extent. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 15 


The experimental work for the past few years in the agricultural 
department of the Hatch Station has made so evident the relation 
between the supply of potash in the soil and the erowth of clover 
and other legumes that I have felt it to be wise also to use fertil- 
izers supplying this element in abundance. Accordingly, large 
amounts of muriate of potash have been applied to nearly all our 
fields, except that in which potatoes were grown, and here we made 
a liberal application of the sulphate of potash. ‘The policy out- 
lined has made necessary an unusually large expenditure this year 
for fertilizers, no less than $1,515.25 having been expended for 
fertilizers and payment of freight on the same. We have, more- 
ever, kept more stock of all kinds than ever before, and have there- 
fore made a large quantity of manure; and as we feed to our stock 
considerable purchased grain and other concentrated food-stuffs, 
it will be seen that our land should be greatly increased in fertility 
as a result of the operations of the year. It is confidently expected 
that the crops of another year will show that such is the case. 

The manurial treatment of our crops may be of interest and is 
shown below : — 

Applications per Acre. 


: aro 
& : BE 
A I z _ |Ca, 
bond ° 2 a 
She Sakae é).| 4 [B82 
a cs) &p 3 mm S © 2 gs 
2/s|a/}e)8/2 | 8 | & lass 
SO \ 8 a eater pea | St rm 1S 
Manure, cords, . “ 7 3 - 4 4 4 - - - 6 = 
Nitrate of soda, pounds, . sul La0) |} 200. | 1255) 12s SOn 1509) 100) 100s) 150 
Plain superphosphate, pounds, . - | 200} 300] 400}; 300}; 500; 3800; 200; 200 
South Carolina rock phosphate, 
pounds, . * c ° - - 200 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 
Dried blood, pounds,. . - - | 100 = - - - | 100 - 
Tankage, pounds, = a # - - - Toon ueloO ll 50 - = 
‘Bone meal, pounds, . : : 86 - -{ 100} 100/ 100; 100 - - 
Muriate of potash, pounds, =» |. 150) | 150 |) 150 —| 250!) 250; 175 | 100 150 
Sulphate of potash, pounds, . - - - | 300 - - - - - 


The land in carrots received the same fertilizer as that in beets. 
On a part of our beets we used 200 pounds of common salt per 
acre in addition to the above. 

An effort has been made to help our students, as well as the 
visiting public, by posting conspicuous placards in every field, 
stating the kinds and amounts of manures and fertilizers used, the 
date of planting the seed and the variety. 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


I have been frequently asked why I charge hoed and sown crops 
noticed in previous reports with only one-half the manure and 
three-fourths the fertilizer applied. My answer is that our land 
is under a rotation system, an essential feature of which is two or 
three years in grass without manures, except possibly a little nitrate 
of soda in early spring for the second or third year. This applica- 
tion of nitrate of soda would be very small, perhaps 125 to 150 
pounds per acre, and costing only about $3 or $4. With such 
manuring as we practise I look for an increase in the hay crop of 
about two tons per acre, when land is reseeded, over what it would 
have produced if it had lain in grass without manure. This in- 
crease in the hay crop more than covers the part of the manure 
and fertilizer not charged to the hoed crops, and all the time the 
land is increasing in fertility, as will be evident from the following 
statements and calculations : — 

We broke up a meadow in the fall of 1890 which was yielding 
about one ton of hay per acre. This field was planted to corn in 
1891 and 1892, and seeded to grass and clover sown in the corn 
the latter year. The proportion of the manure and fertilizer ap- 
plied to the corn crop in these two years which was not charged to 
that crop was worth $23.74 per acre. Reseeding cost $4.50. The 
nitrate of soda to be applied next spring will cost $3; making a 
total of $31.24 against the field. This year we got three tons of 

hay per acre from this field ; next year I confidently expect as much. 
We have then six tons of hay in the two years, certainly four tons 
more than the land would have produced had it lain in grass dur- 
ing 1891 and 1892 without manure. This four tons of hay is worth 
to us standing in the field not less than $32. Meanwhile how has 
the land fared? The receipts and expenditures of plant food are 
shown below : — 


REMOVED IN Two CoRN 


APPLIED IN 1891 AND 1892. Crops, 1891 anD 1892. 


In Manure, - ki Fer-/ otal ||In Grain,|InStover,| Total 

Pounds, panaae. Pounds. |} Pounds. | Pounds. } Pounds. 
Nitrogen, . ‘ > 4 368 41.25 409 1138 111 224 
Potash, . S c : 333 132 465 27 150 177 
Phosphoric acid, . 5 196 48.25 244 37 31 68 


——————<————— ees 


* If there has been no waste, the land in the two years has 
gained plant food as follows: Nitrogen, 185 pounds; potash, 288 


* For details as to amounts of manures and fertilizers applied and crops har- 
vested the reader is referred to the college reports for January, 1892 and 1893. 


> 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. BG 


pounds, and phosphoric acid, 176 pounds. The teaching of sci- 
ence is that we shall find practically all this potash and phosphoric 
acid in the soil, but that some of the nitrogen may have been 
washed out. Since, however, I have always sown a crop in the 
standing corn in August which has continued to grow until late in 
fall—in other words, a nitrogen conserving crop—and since, 
further, most of the nitrogen applied has been in the form of the 
organic compounds'of fresh cellar manure, I believe that a large 
share of this also remains in the land to help our hay crop. Now 
let us see what the expected increase — viz., four tons of English 
hay — will remove from the soil. According to the analyses of 
Dr. Goessmann it will contain: Nitrogen, 112 pounds; potash, 124 
pounds, and phosphoric acid, 21 pounds. The surplus left by the 
two corn crops was: Nitrogen, 185 pounds (to which we propose 
to add 25 pounds in the nitrate of soda to be applied next spring) ; 
potash, 288 pounds, and phosphoric acid, 176 pounds. Does it 
not appear, therefore, that the land is growing richer and that I 
am justified in having charged the corn crops with only one-half 
the manure and three-fourths the fertilizer used? 

I must add that the calculations upon the amounts of nitrogen, 
potash and phosphoric acid in our manure are based upon the av- 
erage result of six analyses of our cellar manure; and that the 
fertilizers applied were all analyzed. ‘There appears, therefore, 
no reasonable ground for doubting the accuracy of the work. 


Labor Cost of Crops.— The labor cost in raising our leading 

crops may be of interest, and this I am able to give, since accurate 
account of the time spent on each is invariably kept. The figures 
given below show the cost per acre of each of the crops mentioned 
up to the time of harvest: Silage and fodder corn, $11.34; field 
corn, $10.61; potatoes, $12.39; beets, $36. 
- The work, in so far as practicable, is done by horse power, the 
cultivation being almost entirely accomplished by the use of the 
smoothing harrow, Breed’s weeders and different cultivators. 
Prout’s horse-hoe was used with great satisfaction in hilling 
potatoes. 

The labor cost of putting our corn into the silo, the haul being 
about one-half a mile, has this year amounted to 80 cents per ton. 
The cost of digging our potato crop, 3,500 bushels on a little less 
than 13 acres, has been $178, or about 5 cents per bushel. We 
have used Hallock’s potato digger, but the potato hook has been 
required also; as the digger, although it turns out practically all 
the crop, leaves many tubers, large as well as small, covered with 
earth. 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Farm Live Stock. —The fact that the health of our farm stock 
has been generally good has been alluded to. I regret to report 
that our sheep appear to constitute an exception at the present 
time to this general rule. They are considerably affected with 
grub in the head, the larva of a small gadfly (Gstrus ovis) which 
is deposited upon the nostril, ‘‘ whence it creeps into the nasal 
sinuses.” Five sheep have been lost from this trouble, which ap- 
pears singular, as it does not usually cause such serious conse- 
quences. We appear to be for the present powerless, as the most 
effectual remedies for this disease are preventive, the best authori- 
ties agreeing that little in the way of treatment is possible, though 
in the case of very valuable animals the bones of the face may be 
trephined and recovery follow. We have had fewer cases of tu- 
‘berculosis and abortion among our neat cattle than for the last few 
years, the breeding increase being very satisfactory. 

The reception of a pair of Tamworth pigs, through the gener- 
osity of J. Montgomery Sears of Boston, has given us the chance 
to inaugurate an interesting experiment in breeding. We have 
crossed the small Yorkshire with that breed. The pigs are still 
young, but give promise of proving a very useful type, something 
between the excessively small bone and superabundant fat of the ~ 
small Yorkshire and the coarse bone and lean, narrow body of the 
Tamworth. 


Returns from the Dairy. — The average number of cows milked 
during the year thus far has been thirty-five, exclusive of those in 
process of drying off. The gross returns for cream, milk and 
calves have been $2,149.61, an average of $61.42 per cow in full 
milk. The whole number of milch cows kept has averaged thirty- 
nine animals, and the average return per animal has been $59.12. 
The skim-milk being included at 2 cents per gallon, the figures per 
cow become, respectively, $72.84 and $65.11 for the nine months. 

Our stock at present consists of the following animals : — 

Horses: Percherons, 1 stallion, 1 mare, 1 stallion colt and 1 
mare colt; 1 three-fourths Percheron mare; 1 half-blood Percheron 
mare; 3 geldings, 2 mares and 1 three-fourths Percheron mare 
colt. Total, 12. 

Cattle: Ayrshire, 1 male, 11 females; Holstein-Friesian, 4 
males, 16 females; Jersey, 1 male; Guernsey, 1 male; grades, 
52 females. Total, 7 bulls and 79 cows and heifers. 

Sheep : Southdowns, 2 rams, 24 ewes and 4 ram lambs. Total, 30. 

Swine: Small Yorkshires, 3 breeding sows, 18 pigs and fat 
hogs ; ‘Tamworths, 1 boar, 1 breeding sow and 8 pigs ; Tamworth- 
Yorkshire, 6 pigs; grade Chester White, 9. Total, 46. 


1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 19 


Equipment. — The chief additions to our equipment made dur- 
ing the past nine months are as follows: One two-horse dump- 
cart ; ‘‘ Superior” land-roller (iron) ; Mekenney’s ‘*‘ Acme ” broad- 
cast fertilizer-distributer ; Thompson’s wheelbarrow grass-seeder ; 
Prout’s horse-hoe ; Breed’s ‘‘ Universal” weeder ; Zephaniah Breed’s 
weeders (two styles) and Deering’s ‘‘ Giant” mower. These ma- 
chines and implements have all given good satisfaction. The fer- 
tilizer-distributer fills a long-felt want, as by its use we are able to 
secure much more even distribution of fertilizers than is possible 
by hand work unless the workman is unusually skilful as well as 
careful. 


Improvements. — One-half an acre of land has been cleared of 
stumps, a large number of boulders and loose rocks have been re- 
moved from our fields, and we have built a substantial bridge with 
stone abutments and a good road across the foot of the ravine; 
but most of our surplus energies have been expended in excava- 
tion, grading and hauling stone for our new barns. In this work 
nearly all our teams and several men have spent most of the time 
since July 25. Our total expenditure in their work, as elsewhere 
stated, has amounted to over $1,500. But for this work we should 
have been able to make much greater progress in the permanent 
improvement of our farm. 


The New Barns. —Of these it is not best to say much at this 
time. Much care has been taken in planning them, and it is be- 
lieved sanitary requirements will be much more fully met than in 
our old buildings. The new buildings when completed will afford 
storage for about 300 tons of hay, 325 tons of silage, several car- 
loads of grain, 144 tons of roots, and a large supply of absorbents 
and bedding for the stables. They will accommodate 100 head of 
cattle, 14 horses, 75 sheep and 80 hogs. They will provide con- 
venient storage for vehicles and implements and contain a com- 
modious tool-room and a repair shop. In connection with them, 
in one wing, we have accommodations for a dairy school, as well 
as for handling our large amount of milk. This wing is to contain 
a boiler-room, with coal and tool closets; a room for ice, which 
will contain over 300 tons; a room for the operation of heavy 
machinery (separators, butter-accumulators, etc.) ; a room for 
churns, butter-workers, etc. ; a room for Cooley creamers, a large 
lecture-room and a laboratory for the examination of milk and its 
products. I sincerely hope it may be found possible to equip the 
barn with electric power and lights, and I believe that in its large 
and substantial boiler and engine rooms should be generated elec- 
tricity to supply all of our college buildings. 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


The work upon the barns and'dairy school is well advanced. 
The foundations will be completed by October 14, and much of 
the framing is already done. One wing of the barn is now ready 
for the steel roofing which it is to receive. It is expected that 
the ice can be stored in the new buildings this winter, that the 
lecture room will be ready for occupancy by January 1, and that 
the buildings will be entirely completed by May 15, 1894. The 
location of the new buildings, central as it is, will make the per- 
formance of farm work far less expensive than at present. 


In conclusion, I desire to express my sincere appreciation of 
the hearty and efficient co-operation of all those who have been 
_ connected with me in the work of the past year. The future of 
the college farm appears bright; with the hearty support which 
from its importance it merits, the time will soon come when every 
field and crop shall teach important lessons. It is my aim to put 
to each such questions as appear to need an answer, and studi- 
ously and carefully to interpret the results for the benefit of 
students and the farming public alike. 


W. P. Brooks, 
Professor of Agriculture. 


EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. 


Bulletins during the year have been published on the fol- 
lowing subjects : — 


Report on the comparative tests of varieties of small fruits : 
Ninety-six varieties of strawberries, of which the following 
seemed to give most promise of value for home use or for 
market: Beder Wood, Belmont, Bubach No. 5, Edgar Queen, 
Haverland, Martha, Parker Earle, Parmenter’s Seedling, Seed- 
ling No. 24 and Wolverton; twelve varieties of red and fifteen 
varieties of black-cap raspberries ; thirteen varieties of blackber- 
ries; one hundred and fifteen varieties of grapes, of which the fol- 
lowing were recommended for New England growth: Berckman’s, 
Brighton, Concord, Delaware, Iona, Lindley (Rogers No. 9), 
Moore’s Early, Winchell (Green Mountain) and Worden. 

Report on the use of fungicides and insecticides for the grape, 
peach, plum, pear, apple, potato and black or Italian poplar. 

Report on insects, containing brief histories of the canker-worm, 
the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, fall web-worm and the tussock 
moth, with directions for their destruction. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 21 


Of special interest was a series of experiments conducted 
by the meteorological division in electro-culture. The results 
obtained would seem to be in every particular identical with 
those recently published by Professor Chodat of Geneva. 
Of two lots of seeds planted under the same conditions of 
moisture, temperature and soil, those under the influence of 
electricity germinated earlier, and there was a marked differ- 
ence at first in the superior vigor of their stems, leaves and 
roots. But in a short time the non-electrified plants seemed 
to overtake them, and the difference in foliage was not ap- 
preciable to the eye. The crops, however, differed materi- 
ally ; those subjected to the influence of electricity being 
larger, heavier and differing in form. The experiments con- 
ducted here, at Geneva and St. Petersburg would seem to 
bear out the conclusions that the use of electricity forwards 
germination, growth in length and increase of size and 
weight. | 

THe HorricutturaL Division. 


Comparison of New and Old Varieties of Fruits. 


All the new varieties of fruits, both large and small, that are 
recommended as of value are obtained by purchase from the orig- 
inator or introducer as soon as they are put on the market, or are 
received from the originator with restrictions as to dissemination. 
The former is preferred, in order that we may have the right to 
distribute without conditions such varieties as seem valuable among 
the fruit-growers of the State for further trial under different con- 
ditions of soil and exposure. Careful examination of all these 
varieties is made as to growth, freedom from disease, quality, etc., 
and records are made from time to time during the season, using 
the older varieties for comparison. 

At present there are growing on the college grounds about — 


100 varieties of apples. 
40 varieties of pears. 
38 varieties of plums. 
16 varieties of cherries. 
20 varieties of peaches. 
6 varieties of quinces. 
130 varieties of grapes. 
120 varieties of strawberries (excluding all the older sorts that have no 
marked characteristics that make them valuable for comparison). 
15 varieties of currants. 
12 varieties of gooseberries. 


22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Few of the new varieties of the large fruits show marked im- 
provement over the older standard sorts, although some very prom- 
ising additions have been made. 

It is hardly possible to report definitely as to the value of the 
above in the time the work has been in operation, but among the 
small fruits more positive results have been reached. 


Grapes. — Among the grapes we would mention as especially 
valuable varieties the following : Winchell (or Green Mountain)— 
This is the earliest grape of good quality we have tested ; it ripens 
with or a little before the Moore’s Early and fully a week before 
the Concord and Delaware, and is much better in quality than 
either of the first two; the berry is medium in size, the bunch 
medium to large and greenish-yellow in color; the vine is, thus 
far, hardy, fairly vigorous and productive. Peabody — This va- 
riety has fruited two seasons in the vineyard here, and is one of 
the most promising black grapes in the collection; the berry is 
black, covered with an abundant bloom, of medium to large size ; 
the bunch of large size and of good quality ; the vine is vigorous, 
hardy and productive, and the foliage, of the cordifolia or pigeon- 
grape type, has proved thus far entirely free from mildew; this 
variety would not be classed as a sweet grape, but is vinous and 
the seeds separate easily from the pulp, which is not as acid as 
the Concord or Worden. 


Blackberries and Black-cap Raspberries. — No new varieties of 
either of the above have been found that will supersede the: old 
sorts. 


Red Raspberries. — To the list of varieties for general planting, 
for home use and market we think should be added Thompson’s 
Pride and Thompson’s Early Prolific. Both varieties are very 
early, earlier than the Hansell, of equally good quality with that 
variety, more firm and produce a larger berry. They are per- 
fectly hardy and fairly productive. 


Strawberries. — The variety called the Marshall has attracted 
more attention than any other during the two seasons past. The 
plant is remarkable for its vigor, while the berry is of the largest 
size, of good form and the best quality. Should it prove as hardy, 
productive and free from disease as it now promises, the introduc- 
tion of this variety will mark a new era in strawberry growing. 
No other of the new varieties shows such decided improvement 
over the old sorts. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 23 


List of Varieties of Large and Small Fruits. 


For general purposes of market and home use, we would recom- 
mend the following, in their order of ripening : — 


Apples. — Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, Haas, Gravenstein, Fall Pippin, 
Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Roxbury Russet. 

Pears. —Giffard, Clapp, Margaret, Bartlett, Bosc, Sheldon, Seckel, 
Lawrence, Anjou, Dana’s Hovey. 

Peaches. — Amsden, Early Rivers, Mountain Rose, Crawford’s Early, 
Oldmixon, Crosby, Crawford’s Late, Stump. 

Plums.— Bradshaw, McLaughlin, Lombard, Imperial Gage, German 
prune, Reine Claude de Hartive. 

Quinces. — Orange, Rea’s Mammoth. 

Grapes.— Winchell (Green Mountain), Moore’s Early, Worden, Con- 
eord, Delaware. 

Blackberries. — Agawam, Snyder, Taylor’s Prolific. 

Black-cap Raspberries. — Souhegan, Carman, Hilborn, Ohio. 

Red Raspberries.—Thompson’s Pride, Thompson’s Early Prolific, 
Hansell, Marlboro, Cuthbert. 

Currants, — Versaillaise, Cherry, Fay’s Prolific. 

Strawberries.— Beder Wood, Bubach No. 5, Haverland, Sharpless, 
Beverly. 

Spraying Apparatus. 

The work of testing the various kinds of spraying apparatus has 
been continued, with the results that we find nothing that better 
answers the purpose for general work than the pumps and nozzles 
made by the large pump manufacturers in various parts of the 
country. 


Fungicides and Insecticides combined. 


Again the value of the use of combined fungicides and insecti- 
cides has been demonstrated in securing a fine crop of grapes, 
cherries, plums and apples, free from injury by insects or fungous 
growths. 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL DIVISION. 


During the past season a series of experiments has been con- 
ducted with various insecticides on the gypsy moth and tent cater- 
pillar, for the purpose of determining which insecticide would 
prove the most efficacious and also the least injurious to the leaves 
of the trees. 

The insecticides used in these experiments were Paris green, 
Paris green and lime, arsenate of soda, arsenate of lead and 
Oriental Fertilizer. 

Paris green gave results similar to those which had been ob- 
tained with it in previous years. The object in repeating experi- 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ments with this insecticide was to verify those made on the gypsy 
moth for three years past. Strange as it may seem, gypsy cater- 
pillars, when half grown or larger, are not destroyed by any pro- 
portion of Paris green in water that can be used on fruit trees 
without injury to the foliage. 

Experiments with Paris green and lime have been made at some 
of the stations, and it was reported that this mixture permitted a 
larger proportion of Paris green to be used without injury to the 
foliage. This, however, did not prove true in the experiments 
made here, and they were also repeated with the same results in 
the field at Malden. 

Arsenate of soda was tried in varying proportions, but invari- 
ably injured the foliage, except when used in such small propor- 

tions as not to kill the caterpillars on the trees. 

The Oriental Fertilizer, a preparation for sale by a firm in 
Chicago, was tried, but, when used in the proportion recommended 
by the manufacturers, injured the foliage, and when used in smaller 
proportions did not destroy the caterpillars. 

The experiments with arsenate of lead proved very satisfactory 
in some respects, for it did not injure even the most delicate 
foliage, however large a proportion was used. Im one case 24 
pounds to 150 gallons of water were used without injury to the 
leaves. A complete account will be given later in a bulletin. 

The study of the cranberry insects has been continued, and a 
number of insects which have not previously been reported as in- 
jurious to the cranberry have been found feeding on the vines. 

The biological collection has been largely increased, and not 
only makes a fine display, but also proves exceedingly useful in 
the work at the insectary. This collection consists of the eggs 
and inflated caterpillars of all sizes, as well as thé pupe and 
moths of many of our common species, placed in a row in such a 
manner as to show at a glance the life history from the egg to the 
adult. The collection now fills five large trays. 

The card catalogue is now far advanced, and proves exceedingly 
useful as a work of reference. 

The correspondence continués to increase, and occupies much 
time, proving in many cases very irksome. | 

‘A new insect has appeared in the plant-house and on the 
grounds, on various species of plants, and may become a trouble- 
some pest. This is an imported insect, a native of China, a 
member of the order Hemiptera, or true bugs, and of the family 
Coccide, or bark-lice, and has been named Orthezia insignis Doug. 
My attention was first called to it by Mrs. Goodell, who found it 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 25 


on a plant received from the plant-house, where it appears to be a 
common resident. A more complete account of the history and 
habits of this insect will be given at another time. 


METEOROLOGICAL DIVISION. 


Much has been done toward perfecting plans and accomplishing 
the work decided upon in our last report. From the beginning the 
desire has been to make this division of a practical and useful 
nature, and the growing interest which the public has manifested 
in the observatory is most gratifying, and should be an additional 
incentive toward making the work one of general importance. 

A complete set of telegraph instruments has been placed in the 
observatory, and a loop now connects the latter with the main line 
at the centre of the town. ‘This loop was placed on a line of elec- 
tric-light poles between the town and college, belonging to the 
Amherst Gas Company, the latter having kindly granted this 
privilege, thus saving considerable expense to the division, and 
the observatory now is in close touch with the Government 
Weather Service. 

The forecasts for twenty-four hours in advance are received 
daily about 10.30 in the morning, and are automatically recorded 
in the tower. Signals are displayed from an iron pole, 37 feet in 
height, placed on top of the tower, and can be seen over a con- 
siderable extent of country. Arrangements have also been com- 
pleted whereby frost warnings may be telegraphed to the station 
during the period of early and late frosts. The signal flags were 
furnished by the Weather Bureau, and all forecasts and frost 
warnings are sent at Government expense. 

In addition to the large amount of routine work connected with 
the observatory, experiments in electro-culture have been carried 
forward. Two years since, this line of investigation was under- 
taken, but owing to adverse circumstances the work was delayed 
till the present year. At considerable expense a plot of ground 
has been furnished with wires and apparatus for controlling and 
measuring the electric current, and the effect of electricity upon 
various kinds of vegetables has been carefully watched and re- 
corded. The results of the experiment will appear later in bulletin 
form, as it is too early to give in this report a full account of the 
observations. 


Tue AGRICULTURAL DIVISION. 


The experimental work of the past season has been more exten- 
sive than in any previous year; but, owing to the early date at 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. { Jan. 


which this report is made, it is impossible to present many results 
in a satisfactory manner. Our corn, soya bean and millet crops 
are not yet harvested; our silo, though filled, cannot be opened ; 
analytical work and moisture tests are not completed, and data 
have not been worked up. The incomplete nature of this report 
is therefore unavoidable. 

Soil tests have occupied a large share of attention. These have 
been confined to land in grass, with the exception of one acre upon 
our own grounds, which was sown with oats. Four tests have 
been conducted with grass upon the grounds of selected farmers 
in different parts of the State and one upon our own grounds. In 
all, the difference in the character of the growth produced by the 
different fertilizers and combinations of fertilizers has been a most 
- marked feature. Wherever potash has been applied, whether 
alone or in combination with other elements, the growth of the 
clovers has been strong ; and to a less degree the presence of phos- 
phoric acid promotes the growth of the same plants, while the ni- 
trate increases the yield of the grasses proper. Only upon the 
plats receiving potash and those which received manure has there 
been any considerable growth of rowen. These results which we 
have obtained indicate that the conditions controlling the growth 
of clover here are the same as those in other countries, where it 
has long been known that clover follows potash. The farmer who 
would raise more of this invaluable fodder should make sure that 
his land is well stored with potash and phosphates. This plant 
can draw much of its nitrogen from the air. An interesting result 
of our experiments with fertilizers upon grass land is the demon- 
stration afforded of the remarkable capacity of soils to hold even 
soluble forms of potash and phosphoric acid. ‘These do not ap- 
pear to be diffused laterally to any considerable extent, remaining 
just where they are placed. The line between clover and ‘‘no 
clover” on adjoining plats, one of which had and the other had 
not received any potash, has been as true as it could be drawn. 
The clover comes up to the line and there stops short. 

The soil test with oats was quite unsatisfactory on account of 
the lodging of the crop upon a part of the plats. Throughout 
the early stages of growth the phosphoric acid appeared to be the 
controlling element; but upon threshing, it was found that the 
plats which had received potash gave the largest yields. The re- 
sults, however, were quite indecisive on account of the injury 
from lodging, due to heavy showers and wind. 

Manure alone versus Manure and Potash for Corn has been 
under trial for the third year upon the same land. The applica- 


1894.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 27 


tion where manure alone was used was at the rate of 6 cords per 
acre. Where the manure and potash were used, we applied 4 
cords of the former and 125 pounds of the muriate of potash. 
The crop has not been husked, but appears to be very even, with 
the probabilities in favor of the larger yield where manure alone 
was applied. The application of 6 cords of manure costs $30. 
Four cords of manure and the 125 pounds of muriate of potash 
cost $22.65. The latter application will yield the greater profit. 

Special Corn Fertilizer has been under comparison with a home 
mixture containing more potash. The crop is in the stack and 
too nearly even to warrant an assumption of superiority for either. 

Drill and Hill Culture of corn have been compared upon one 
acre, with the advantage clearly with the drill, though figures can- 
not now be given. ‘The seed germinated more quickly and better, 
and the crop was much more clearly vigorous from the start. 

The Effect of sowing White Mustard in the standing corn early 
in August has been under study upon one acre. The present is 
the second year of this trial; but the results are not yet striking. 
In a series of years it is confidently believed the effect will prove 
beneficial, as the growing mustard conserves the nitrogen of the 
soil, and it is sufficiently hardy to grow until about the middle of 
November. 

An Experiment with Scarlet Clover used in a similar way has 
been begun, but no results can be obtained before another year. 

The two experiments for the comparison of the muriate with the 
sulphate of potash described in the last annual report have been 
repeated this year upon the same land. Equal amounts of mate- 
rials furnishing nitrogen and phosphoric acid are used upon all 
the plats, and the same number of pounds of actual potash is ap- 
plied to each; but upon two of the 4{-acre plats the muriate is 
the compound of potash used; on the other two the sulphate is 
used. On one each of both the muriate and sulphate plats the 
fertilizers were all spread broadcast and harrowed in; on the other 
plat of each they were all put in the drill. 

This year, as last, the larger yield is produced by the sulphate 
of potash; but the difference is less than last year. Last year 
the quality of the potatoes raised on the sulphate was much better 
than that of those grown on the muriate. This year the most 
careful tests of a number of different parties fail to detect any 
appreciable difference. Both are of a very superior quality. In 
appearance the advantage is with the potatoes raised on the mu- 
riate of potash; they average larger and there are fewer very 
small ones. The yields per acre were as follows : — 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Sulphate of Potash. 


Broadcast: Merchantable tubers, 290.4 bushels; small tubers, 26.4 
bushels. 
Drill: Merchantable tubers, 344.4 bushels; small tubers, 15 bushels. 


Muriate of Potash. 


Broadcast: Merchantable tubers, 285.6 bushels; small tubers, 15 
bushels. 
Drill: Merchantable tubers, 325.8 bushels; small tubers, 21 bushels. 


This year, as last, the advantage lies with drill application, and 
the differences are even greater than last year. The past season 
has been much drier than last, and this, I think, explains the fact 
that the quality of the potatoes grown on the muriate is this year 
~ equal to that of those grown on the sulphate, while last year it 
was much inferior. It does not seem best to theorize, however. 
This experiment must be repeated upon both the same and differ- 
ent soils. : 

The millets, Panicum crus galli and miliaceum, have had a more 
extended trial this season as crops for green fodder and ensilage. 
The first proves much the more valuable of the two. It grows 
quickly and gives yields of 10 to 14 tons per acre. ‘That ensilaged 
last year made excellent silage, a.sample of which was sent to the . 
laboratory for analysis. The results are not yet received. This 
year both these millets were sown June 12, after a crop of rye 
had been removed. ‘They were put into the silo September 18 and 
19, in alternate layers with soya beans. 

We have cultivated in small amounts some twenty varieties of 
soya and other Japanese beans the past season, but these are not 
yet all harvested. It is thought that the early white and the me- 
dium green and black varieties first cultivated here will prove as 
valuable as any. ‘The first gives a fine yield of seed. The others 
have ripened perfectly for the last five years, but are a little late 
for this section. They appear to be valuable varieties for fodder : 
or for ensilage. 

The appearance of tubercles which are known to be connected 
with the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen upon the roots of 
some varieties under cultivation last year and not upon others led 
us to undertake investigations to determine the causes of this dif- 
ference. A crop with these tubercles upon its roots can take free 
nitrogen from the air, but without them it is powerless to do so; 
hence the interest of the inquiry. A large number of plats in dif- 
ferent localities, a number of pots of plants and several varieties of 
beans have been under cultivation for the purposes of this study, 
but our work is not sufficiently advanced to enable me to report. 


1894.) | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 29 


The possibility of raising good seed of Canada and other field 
peas and of spring vetches has been tested with favorable results 
for the peas and unfavorable for the vetches. The peas can be 
raised for much less than the usual market price of such seed. 

The experiment for the comparison of fertilizers with manures 
as top-dressing for grass lands has been continued, this being 
the fourth year. There have been seven half-acre plats and three 
quarter-acre plats. Three plats have received an application in 
early spring of a mixture of bone meal, muriate of potash and nitrate 
of soda, in amounts varying on the different plats as follows: Bone 
meal, 300 to 400 pounds ; muriate of potash, 160 pounds in all cases, 
and nitrate of soda, 150 to 200 pounds. Four plats were top- 
dressed with good manure at the rate of 3 cords per acre. Three 
plats received nothing and have received nothing for four years. 
The average increases per acre over the nothing plats, which served 
as a basis of comparison, were as follows : — 


For the fertilizer: First cutting, 2,115 pounds; rowen, 334 pounds. 
For the manure: First cutting, 1,650 pounds; rowen, 605 pounds. 


The fertilizers applied cost from $12 to $13 per acre, and gave 
a total increase of 2,449 pounds of hay. The manure, if pur- 
chased and applied, would have cost $18 per acre, and it produced 
a total increase of 2,255 pounds of hay. Itshould be remembered 
in drawing conclusions that these plats have respectively been re- 
ceiving manure and fertilizer for four years. This year, as in 
previous ones, the fertilizers have given the more profitable in- 
crease in the crop. 

We have established a grass garden which contains all the lead- 
ing varieties of grasses and clovers. We have made extensive 
collections of both fresh and salt marsh grasses and sedges; and 
also a large collection of the seeds of weeds commonly found in 
mowings, with a view to future experiments. 

During the early spring an experiment was begun with eight 
cows, divided into two lots of four each, to test the relative value 
of cotton-seed meal and soya-bean meal as food in a well-balanced 
ration for milch cows. The experiment continued six weeks in 
two periods of three weeks each, the yield of the last two weeks 
of each period only being counted. Omitting all details, the lead- 
ing results are the following : — 

1. The cows on the soya-bean meal gave rather the most milk, 

2. The cotton-seed meal gave more spaces of cream as read in 
the Cooley can. 

3. This cream, when cotton-seed meal was fed, was much more 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


dilute than when soya-bean meal was fed, the line of demarkation 
being much less perfectly defined. 

4, Chemical analyses showed the cream from the cows fed on 
soya-bean meal to be the richer, the figures being: Soya-bean 
cream, butter fat, 17.83 per cent; cotton-seed meal cream, butter 
fat, 17.09 per cent. 

do. To make one pound of butter required on the average 7.27 
spaces of cotton-seed cream and 6.27 spaces soya-bean cream. 

6. The cotton-seed butter was of firmer texture than the other, 
but was, by the verdict of three families working independently 
and without knowledge of the nature of the difference between the 
samples, decidedly inferior to that made from the soya-bean 
cream. ‘The latter was of a higher color and much more agree- 
able texture and flavor. The cotton-seed butter had a greasy 
feeling in the mouth, while the other was of agreeable texture. 

7. A larger percentage of the totalfat in the milk was recov- 
ered in the cream from the cows fed on cotton-seed meal than in 
the cream from those fed on bean meal. 

Below are given tables which show in detail the leading results 
of the experiment : — 


First Lot of Cows. 


ToTaL AMOUNT OF Foop CONSUMED. a a= YIELD. 
ee o 8 ae —— 
cs) q 2 ea] eee 
o a “aS e 2 
PERIOD. 2 foo} | 2 2 4 
Bol od 68 Bi te Boles See ae g 
a & s Sa) ea Se | ie a 2 
0) ro) ee) S) n B <q =| 6) 
Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Oz.|| Lbs. Oz.) Lbs. Lbs. Oz.| Spaces. _ 
First, ., .| 540 8 /1,589 ~ | 328 12 | 203 - - - || 82 113) 949.75 ||1,145 13) 344.75 
Second, . | 541 12 |1,506 - | 323 12 - —| 215 4 || 71 183) 960.50 ||1,166 3) 330 
Second Lot of Cows. 
Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Oz.|| Lbs. Oz.| Lbs. Lbs. Oz.| Spaces. 
First, . . | 554 12 11,5389 12} 3820 4 - —/| 211 12 97 1234) 935 1,018 4 | 299.25 
Second, . | 5538 = |1,484 -| 292 4 | 211 12 - -/|/ 184 4) 943.25 |/1,014 8 | 312.5 


It would appear from this experiment that the soya-bean meal 
is superior to cotton-seed meal as a food either for milk or butter 
production. If further work establishes this conclusion, it lies 
within the power of Massachusetts farmers to raise the concen- 
trated nitrogeneous food needed for their animals. 

During the past season this department has sold to farmers in 


this State, at prices barely sufficient to cover cost, a considerable - 


quantity of the seeds of the three millets, ttalicum, crus galli and 


ra 1 


1894. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 31 


miliaceum and of soya beans of the early white variety. We shall 
solicit reports on these crops for future publication of the farmers’ 
verdict. 

ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE Hatcu Funp, 


For the Year Ending June 30, 18938, 


By Geor@eE F. MILLS, Treasurer pro tempore. 


Cash received from the United States, . . E ; . $15,000 00 
agricultural department, . : : 511 79 
M. A. C. farm, ‘ } ‘ , ’ 3 74 
expense account, , : : : ; 10 66 
chemical department, . : : 14 17 
MM. Ae C. labor fund, iy ‘ ‘ ; 63 40 
$15,603 76 
Cash paid, salaries, : : : é ‘ » $4,546 98 
library, . : ; - : : é 84 13 
labor, . , : : ‘ 4,969 29 
freight andexpress,  . : ‘ p 108 38 
printing,  . : : ; 3 =. 3,989" 01 
incidentals, . 4 ; F ‘ : 1,219 94 
supplies, : : ; ’ . 2,364 48 
chemical apparatus, . , ‘ ; 60 00 
postage, ‘ ‘ : . ; ; 109 75 
travelling expenses, . : : ‘ 116 70 
Hern, . ‘ f ; é ‘ : 750 00 
furniture, 


84 50 
——— $15,603 76 


AMHERST, MAss., Sept. 23, 1893. 

I, the undersigned, duly appointed Auditor, do hereby certify that I 
have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment Station 
of the Mass. Agricultural College for the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1893; that I have found the books well kept and the accounts correctly 
classified as above, and that the receipts for the time named are shown 
to be $15,603.76 and the corresponding disbursements $15,603.76. All 
of the proper vouchers are on file and have been by me examined and 
found to be correct, there being no balance to be accounted for in the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1893. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor. 


I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of 
account of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricult- 
ural College. GEORGE F. MILLS, Treasurer pro tem. 


I hereby certify that George F. Mills is the treasurer pro tem. of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature. 
[SEAL.] Henry H. GOODELL, 
President Massachusetts Agricultural College. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


GIFTS. 


From State EXPERIMENT STATION, collection of concentrated food- 


stuffs. 
Wit1iam Deerine & Co. of Chicago, Giant mower. 
WiriraM I. Marsnatt of Chicago, Ruggles rotary cultivator. 


. GILBRIDE & Gray of Boston, old wooden plow. 


GerMAN Katt Works of New York, collection poiaee min- 
erals. 

Prerer HENDERSON & Co. of New York, collection grass and 
clover seeds. 

Cuan NirraTe Compination, two bags (200 pounds) 
Chilian 95 per cent. nitrate of soda. 

CuHar es L. Firnt (M. A. C., 81) of Boston, crayon portrait 
of President Charles Louis Flint. 

H. Heaton, Esq., of Amherst, facsimile of Shakespeare’s 
will. 

Luruer W. Smita (M. A. C., 93) of Ashfield, picture of 
Tennyson. ake 

C. D. Warner (M. A. C.,’81) of Amherst, mathematical 
prize for 1894. 

Tue Western Atumni Association, rhetorical prizes for 
1894. 

Witiiam B. Court of Montreal, sixty-one volumes standard 
fiction. 

Joun R. Perry (M. A. C. , 93) of Boston, picture of foot- 
ball team, 1892. 

Cuartes A. Gooprico (M. A. C., ’93) of Hartford, Ct., 
picture of base-ball team, 1893. 

Acer Lire Boarp, picture of Aggie Life Board, 1892-93. 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BasE-BALL TEaM, picture of team, 
1892. 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE GLEE CiUvB, picture of club, 1891-92. 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ORCHESTRA, picture of orchestra, 
1892-93. 

WiiiiAmM TRELEASE of St. Louis, Mo., ‘‘ Further Studies of 

~ Yuceas and Their Pollination.” 

Miss M. A. Brown of Southampton, England, ‘‘ Life and 
Reminiscences of John Rogers.” 

MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING AGRICULTURE, ** Law 
of the Roadside: How to Protect our Landscape.” 

Hon. Grorce F. Hoar of Washington, D. C., ‘* Compendium 
of Eleventh Census”; ‘‘ Revised Statutes of the United 
States’; ‘‘ Supplement to Revised Statutes of the United 
States.” 


ee eee 


1894. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 33 


From Lieut. Waiter M. Dickinson of Amherst, ‘‘ Freshman and 
Senior.” 

Wiri1amM H. Wuirmorse of Boston, ‘‘ Report of Record Com- 
missioners of City of Boston, 1769-75.” 

CHAarLes S. Prump (M. A. C., 782) of La Fayette, Ind., 
‘¢ How Science is Helping the Farmer.” 

Hon. Epmunp H. Bennet of Boston, ‘* Massachusetts Farm 
Law.” 

Miss ELreanor A. Ormerop of Spring Grove, England, ‘‘ In- 
jurious Insects and Common Farm Pests.” 

L. B. Townsenp of Ionia, Mich., ‘‘ American Rambouillet 
Record.” 

Ginn & Co. of Boston, ‘‘ Answer to the Question, What is 
Poetry?” 

Tuomas B. Waters of Boston, ‘** Proceedings of the Holstein- 
Friesian Association of America.” 

B. M. Letone of Sacramento, Cal., ‘‘ Report on the Impor- 
tation of Parasites and Predaceous Insects, by the State 
Board of Horticulture.” 

JOHN Speir of Newton, Glasgow, Scotland, ‘‘ Field Cultiva- 
tion of the Potato”; ‘‘ Mechanical Milking Apparatus ” ; 
‘¢ Depth at which Grass Seed should be sown.” 

CaRPENTER & Morenouse of Amherst, nine bound volumes 
of ** Amherst Record.” 

Henry Watace of Des Moines, Iowa, ‘* Clover Culture.” 

Wiriiam H. Bowker (M. A. C.,’71) of Boston, ‘* The Har- 
vest of the Sea.” 

Davip P. Pennattow (M. A. C.,’73) of Montreal, ‘* Trees 
and Shrubs of Northern Japan.” 

H. Hort & Co. of New York, ‘‘ Representative English 
Literature.” 

ABerT A. Pope of Boston, ‘‘ Catalogue of Books, etc., on 
the Construction and Maintenance of Roads, and Road- 
making as a Branch of Instruction.” 

JosEPH B. Linpsey (M. A. C., 83) of Amherst, ‘* Unter- 
suchung uber Holz u. Holz-Sulfit Flissigkeit” ; ‘* Agri- 
cultural Experiment Stations of Germany”; ‘* Composi- 
tion of Wood.” 

MassacuuseTts WoMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION, two pam- 
phlets on woman suffrage. 

Epear H. Lipsy (M. A. C.,’74) of New York, ‘‘American 
Gardening” for 1893. 

S. W. Nickerson of Boston, ‘*‘ The Financial Independence 
of the United States.” 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


From W. AtTLre Burree & Co. of Philadelphia, Pa., ‘* Manures: 

How to Make and How to Use Them.” 

MEADVILLE THEOLOGICAL ScHOOL, Gladwin’s ‘* Tools and 
the Man.” ) 

GEORGE B. Knapp of Auburndale, three volumes ‘‘ History 
of North American Birds.” 

Sir Jonn B. Lawes of Rothamsted, England, ‘‘Allotments 
and Small Holdings.” 

Artuur A. Brigoam (M. A. C.,’78) of Sapporo, Japan, 
‘¢Qur Native Birds of Song and Beauty.” 

TOPOGRAPHICAL Commission, ‘‘Atlas of Massachusetts, 1884 
—90.” 


Roya Society or Canapa, tenth volume of ‘‘ Transactions.” 


Also the following papers and periodicals from the pub- 
lishers: ‘* The Massachusetts Ploughman,” ‘‘ The American 
Cultivator,” ‘* The New England Farmer,” ‘‘ The American ~ 
Veterinary Review,” ‘* The American Garden,” ‘‘ The Poul- 
try Monthly,” ‘* The Mirror and Farmer,” ‘* The American 
Grange Bulletin,” «‘The Farm and Home,” ‘*The Home 
Farm,” ‘‘ The Ohio Practical Farmer,” ‘‘ The Orange Judd 
Farmer,” ‘‘The New England Homestead,” ‘*The Swine 
Breeder’s Journal,” ‘* Louisiana Planter.” 

The college has been well represented in several depart- 
ments at the World’s Fair. In the forestry building, the 
timber and trimmings for the Massachusetts Bay window 
were furnished by Mr. John W. Howland under the super- 
vision of the president ; and the sections of logs, forty-seven 
in number, each 24 feet in length by 12 inches in diameter, 
representing the trees of the State, were procured by stu- 
dents under the direction of Professor Maynard. In addi- 
tion to the above, the following exhibit was made : — 


A map of the college grounds, locating buildings and roads. 

Models of fruit and vegetables illustrating progress in horti- 
culture. 

Model of the squash used in determining the expansive power 
of the growing cell, together with the apparatus employed. 

Apparatus used in determining the force and flow of sap. 

Endless roller chart prepared by Professor Maynard and used 
in botanical lecture room. 

Clastic model of the horse. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 35 


Photographs of buildings and lecture rooms. 

Photographs of different college organizations. 

Bound volumes of college and station literature. 

Thirteen boxes soils. 

Exhibit of plants and seeds (Japanese and native). 

Boxes containing prepared specimens of the gypsy moth in all 
stages of development. 

Photographs illustrating ravages of the same. 


In addition to the catalogue and customary reports from 
the treasurer and military department, I have the honor to 
append a paper translated by Dr. Edwin W. Allen, on a sub- 
ject of practical importance to every farmer, ‘‘On the True 
Value of Green Manuring,” by Prof. Julius Kiihn, director 
of the Agricultural Institute at Halle, Germany. 


Respectfully submitted, by order of the trustees, 


HENRY H. GOODELL, 


President. 
AMHERST, October, 1893. 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


GeorGE F. Mitts, Treasurer of Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
for Nine Months, Jan. 1, 1898, to Oct. 1, 1893. 


Received. | Paid. 


Cash on hand, $5,042 32 - 
Term bill, , ; 3,694 96 $848 86 
Botanical department, 4,188 12 6,042 46 
Farm,. ; 4,261 06 9,874 98 
Expense, 759 81 5,152 23 
Laboratory, 820 75 221 88 
Salary, 187. 50 4,274 73 
Endowment fund, ; 5,263 33 - 
State scholarship ‘fund, 7,000 00 - 
Hills fund, 348 92 225 70 
Grinnell prize fund, 37 50 50 00 
Whiting Street fund, : 20 00 25 00 
Mary Robinson fund, 30 08 50 00 
Gassett scholarship fund, = rm 
Burnham emergency fund, 124 30 15 00 
Labor fund, ‘ 2,500 00 2,783 30 
Extra instruction, ~ 308 00 
Insurance, . - 1,474 48 
Advertising, 20 00 
Columbian Exposition, j 51 60 51 60 
Investment, N. Y. C. & H.R. RR. stock, . - 50 00 
Special appropriation, dam, - 1,726 42 
Special appropriation, fertilizer botanical 
department, - 637 56 
Special appropriation, cold orapery, ~ 204 42 
Special appropriation, museum cases, ~ 457 16 
Special appropriation, heating Hatch barn, - 200 00 
Cash on hand, Oct. 1, 1893, - 141 47 
$34,835 25 $34,835 25 


This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of GEORGE 
F. MILLs, treasurer pro tem. of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
from Jan. 1, 1893, to Oct. 1, 1893, and find the same correct, properly 
kept and vouched for, the balance in the treasury being one hundred 
and forty-one and 47-100 dollars ($141.47), which sum is shown to be in 
the bank. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor. 
AMHERST, Oct. 4, 1893. 


1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 37 


CASH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE TREASURER’S STATEMENT, BELONGS 
TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS: 


Gassett scholarship fund, . ; : : ‘ : , . $44 70 
Burnham emergency fund, . A é : : E : it i DOES 
$141 47 
BILLs RECEIVABLE, Oct. 1, 1893. 
Farm, ; ; : ‘ , ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ : $5 19 
Term bill, . ; ; : ; : : , ; } ¢  P9O102 
Laboratory, ; : : : : : : : ; : 150 07 
Botanical, . : ; , : : , : : , ; 970 39 
Labor fund, ‘ ‘ ‘ : ‘ . , , : ; 583 16 
$3,609 83 
BILLS PAYABLE, OcT. 1, 1893. 
Hills fund, : : ‘ : ‘ , i : , eo 819555 
Grinnell prize fund, . : : - : : - : 20 00 
Whiting Street fund, : : : : ; 49 91 
Mary Robinson fund, : é : ’ : : ; ‘ 161 40 
Burnham emergency fund, : : : 12 53 
Farm, : ; ‘ , : ; : : ; : j 390 42 
Term bill, . : ; ‘ ; ; ; . : : . 518 85 
Botanical, . : ‘ : ' ; ; : ; , : 720 83 
Expense, . 3 : : : ; ; ‘ : ; - 1,769 94 
$3,963 41 
INVENTORY — REAL ESTATE. 
Land. 
Cost. 
Collegefarm, .. : : : » « $87,000 00 
Pelham quarry, . : : : : , é 500 00 
Bangs property, > , ; : ; : 2,525 00 
——-——— $40,025 00 
Buildings. 
Cost. 
Laboratory, : : é ; : , ; $10,360 00 . 
Botanic museum, ; ‘ : : ; ; 5,180 00 
Botanic barn, . F ; : A 1,500 00 
Durfee plant-house and mutives: ; 12,000 00 
Small plant-house and fixtures, with rates 
cellar and cold + i : t ; , 4,700 00 
Tool-house, , ; ‘ é ‘ 2,000 00 


Amounts carried forward, . ; ‘ $35,740 00 $40,025 00 


38 


Amounts brought forward, . 


North college, 

Boarding-house, 

South dormitory, 

Graves house and barn, 

Farmhouse, 

Farm barns and siieas 

Stone chapel, 

Drill hall, 

President’s house, 

Four dwelling-houses and get ec aesd ah 
farm, . 


PERSONAL PROPERTY. 


Botanical department, . 

Farm, 

Laboratory, : 

Natural history ite erie 

Veterinary department, 

Agricultural department, 

Physics, . 

Library, . 

Fire apparatus, 

Boarding-house, : 
Books and furniture in b easurer’s ice 


SUMMARY STATEMENT. 


Assets. 


Total value real estate, per inventory, . 
Total value personal property, per inventory,, 
Bills receivable, per inventory, 


Liabilities. 
Bills payable, per inventory, 


MAINTENANCE FUNDS. 


Technical education fund, United States grant, 
Technical education fund, State grant, . 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


[Jan. 


$35,740 00 $40,025 00 


36,000 00 
8,000 00 
37,000 00 
8,000 00 
4,000 00 
14,500 00 
1,000 00 
6,500 00 
11,500 00 


10,000 00 
— -—— 202,240 00 


$242,265 00 


$11,853 00 
22,356 00 
3,469 00 
4,758 79 
1,448 39 
3,008 00 

. 8,471 28 
. - 14,200 00 
500 00 

200 00 

523 65 


$67,783 11 


- $242,265 00 
67,783 11 
3,609 83 


$313,657 94 


3,963 41 


$309,694 53 


$219,000 00 


. 141,575 35 


$360,575 35 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


By law two-thirds of the income from these funds is paid to 
the treasurer of the college, and one-third to the Institute 
of Technology. Amount received by college treasurer, 
January 1 to October 1, 

Hills fund, the gift of Messrs L. M. ana HL. F. Hills of Am- 
herst, now amounts to $8,542. By conditions of the gift 
the income is to be used for the maintenance of a botanic 
garden. Income from January 1 to October 1, 


SCHOLARSHIP FUNDs. 


State scholarship fund, $10,000. This sum was appropriated 
by the Legislature in 1886, and is paid in quarterly pay- 
ments to the college treasurer. Amount received, Jan. 1 
to Oct. 1, 1893, 

Annual State appropriation of $10, 000. T figs sum was appro- 
priated by the Legislature of 1889 for four years, and con- 
tinued by the Legislature of 1892 for another four years, 
for the endowment of additional chairs of instruction and 
for general expense. Five thousand dollars of this sum 
was set apart as a labor fund, to provide for payment for 
labor performed by needy and worthy students. 

Annual State scholarship. Appropriation received January 1 
to October 1, 

Labor fund, Be eved J ee 1 to October ip 

Mary Robinson fund amounts to $858. This fund was aa 
without conditions. The income from it has been appro- 
priated for scholarships to worthy and ine students. In- 
come from January 1 to October 1, 

Gassett scholarship fund, $1,000. This sum was een ie the 
Hon. Henry Gassett as a scholarship fund. 


PRIZE FUNDs. 


Grinnell prize fund, $1,000. This fund is the gift of ex-Gov- 
ernor William Claflin, and is called Grinnell fund in honor 
of his friend. The income is appropriated for two prizes 
to be given to the two members of the graduating class 
who pass the best examinations in agriculture. Income 
from January 1 to October 1, , ; : ; : . 


MISCELLANEOUS FUNDS. 

Whiting Street fund, $1,000. This fund is a bequest without 
conditions. To it was added $260 by vote of the trustees in 
January, 1887, the interest accrued on the bequest, Amount 
of fund, Oct. 1, 1893, $1,260. Income from Jan. 1 to Oct. 1, 
1893, : ; ; 


Amount carried forward, . F ‘ BV 


39 


. $5,263 33 


348 92 


5,000 00 


2,500 00 
2,500 00 


30 08 


37 50 


20 00 


See ee 


. $15,704 83 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Amount brought forward, . : : ; » $15,704 83 


Library fund, for use of the library, Oct. 1, 1893, $8,490.80. 
Deposited in Amherst Savings Bank. 
Burnham emergency fund, $5,000. This fund is a bequest of 
Mr. T. O. H. P. Burnham, late of Boston. It was made 
without conditions. The trustees of the college have voted 
that the fund be kept intact, and that the income from it be 
used by the trustees for such purposes as they believe to be 
for the best interests of the college. Income from January 
1to October 1,0 6 ny ae ea a ee 


$15,829 13 


To this sum must be added amount of tuition and room rent, and 
_ receipts from sales of farm and botanic gardens. These amounts can 
be learned from treasurer’s statement, tuition and room rent being 
included in term bill account. . 


earn of Morrill Fund, Oct. 1, 1898. 


1892. RECEIPTS. 
April 9. Cash received of State treasurer, . : . . «$10,000 00 
June 25. Cash received of State treasurer, . : : » 22,000 00 
Sept. 15. Cash received of State treasurer, . é : » 12,000 00 
Oct. 14. Cash received of W. B. Clarke & Co., . ; : 2 00 
1893. 
Aug. 5. Cash received of State treasurer, . 4 / . 12,666 66 
Total receipts, . . , 5 . ; ’ : . $56,668 66 


" EXPENDITURES, APRIL 1, 1892, TO Oct. 1, 1893. 


Agriculture. 

Instruction, ‘ ‘ : ; ‘ $2,500 00 
Apparatus, ‘ : ; : : 4,199 68 
Machinery, A : 276 50 
Text-books and ror ence eon : 4,067 10 
Stock and material, . ‘ : : 2,618 50 

——— $13,661 78 

English Language. 

Instruction, 4 : : i é $2,500 00 
Apparatus, cei i, Sets Dake 5 225 20 
Machinery, 5 : - 
Text-books and bd scanel puts 5 1,208 23 
Stock and material, . : : : 387 75 

——— 4,321 18 


EE a ES es eee 


Amounts carried forward, . F , . $17,982 96 $56,668 66 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. Al 


Amounts brought forward, . : , $17,982 96 $56,668 66 
| Mathematical Science. 
Instruction, j ‘ : : B - 
Apparatus, : : : ; : ~ 
Machinery, : : - 
Text-books and Pe iecéace aclee. ; $67 16 
Stock and material, . 
ee 67 16 
Physical Science. 
Instruction, A F : ; ; $2,500 00 
Apparatus, ; : ar ’ 5,033 45 
Machinery, - ~ 
Text-books and Pelatente Bois: ; 726 54 
Stock and material, . ‘ : : 265 28 
—_——__- 9,025 27 
Natural Science. 
Instruction, ‘ ‘ ‘ : ; $7,500 00 
Apparatus, : ; : : ; 3,403 66 
Machinery, : : - 
Text-books and Feietionoe eats, f 5,212 40 
Stock and material, . ’ ‘ 3 13 80 
—— 16,129 86 
Economic Science. 
Instruction, : : ; : ‘ - 
Apparatus, ; : : : : - 
Machinery, : : - 
Text-books and ae Beaks, ” $640 89 
ae 640 89 
Mechanic Arts. 
Instruction, : : ; : - 
Apparatus, : ; ; ; . $75 60 
Machinery, : ; a 
Text-books and Pierence popks: : - 
Stock and material, . : , ; - 
—-—— 75 60 
Cash on hand, Oct. 1, 1893, : ‘ ; . 12,746 92 


ee ee ee ee oe ee 


$56,668 66 $56,668 66 


42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE TO THE SECRETARY OF AG- 
RICULTURE AND THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 
AS REQUIRED BY ACT OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 30, 
1890, IN AID OF COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND THE 
MECHANIC ARTS. 


I. Condition and Progress of the Institution, Year ended June 
80, 1898. 


The Massachusetts Agricultural College has never been in a 
more prosperous condition than during the year ending June 30, 
1893. There was a total attendance of 193, with increasing num- 
_ bers of resident graduates. Large additions have been made to 
the library and to the equipment in all departments, particularly 
in those of agriculture, botany, zodlogy, chemistry and electricity. 
Five new instructors, assistants in the chairs of agriculture, math- 
ematics, botany, English and chemistry, have been added to the 
faculty, and the general course of study has been greatly modified. 
The studies of the senior year have been made elective, with choice 
of courses in electricity, forestry, cryptogamic botany, German, 
chemistry, entomology, mathematics, veterinary and social sci- 
ence. A short course of two years has been established, and a 
oraduate course leading to the degree of M.S. 


II. Receipts for and during the Year ended June 30, 1898. 


1. State aid: (a) Income from endowment, . : : . $3,808 62 
¢ (6) Appropriation for current expenses, - 10,000 00 

(c) Appropriations for building or other spe- 
cial purposes, . : - 8,000 00 

2. Federal aid: (a) Income from land grant, Ae of Jae 2, 
LSG270% : . 7,333 95 

(6) For experiment ame ae of Mar ch 2, 
1887, . : ‘ . 10,000 00 

(c) Additional iacppcne re of August 
30,1890, . : : : . 12,000 00 
3. Fees and all other sources, . ; P : : : ‘ 750 00 
Total receipts, . : : : : ‘ : : . $51,892 57 


Ill. Expenditures for and during the Year ended June 30, 1898. 


1. College of agriculture and mechanic arts, . : . $41,892 57 © 
2. Experiment station, ‘ 4 i ; : é . 10,000 00 


Total expenditures, ‘ : ; : : . $51,892 57 


1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 43 


IV. Property and Equipment, Year ended June 80, 1898. 
Agricultural department — 


Value of buildings, é : Peaiet ¢ 7 : . $200,540 00 
Of other equipment, ‘ ‘ : , ‘ , . 64,211 73 
Total number of acres, . : : ‘ : : : 384 
Acres under cultivation, . : j ; 3 é : 244 
Acres used for experiments, . , ; 5 ; ‘ 58 


Value of farm lands, . : ; i 3 a) 10,025.00 


V. Faculty during the Year ended June 30, 1893. 


MALE. FEMALE. 


1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts: Collegiate 


and special classes, . ; : . uae 4 = 
2. Number of staff of Pee erimetit Sintion 2 : ; 9 3 
Total, counting none twice, . : , : : Eanes 3 


VI. Students during the Year ended June 80, 1898. 


MALE. FEMALE. 


1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts: Collegiate 


and special classes, . ‘ ‘ ‘ F ‘ Bahay it 
2: Graduate courses, . ‘ ; , : : ‘ aoe | ~ 
Total, counting none twice, . ‘ : : . . 192 1 


VII. Library, Year ended June 380, 1898. 


1. Number of bound volumes, June 30, 1892, . , ‘ *11,640 
2: Bound volumes added during year ended June 30, 1893, *2,400 
Total bound volumes, . ‘ ‘ : : : : 14,040 


* Pamphlets, none. 


44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


AMHERST, Mass., Sept. 30, 1893. 
To President H. H. GooDELL. 


Sir : — I have the honor to submit the following report, pertain- 
ing to the peed department of the college, for the year ending 
Sept. 30, 1893: 

Since my last Bees dated Dee. 31, 1892, a new floor has been 
laid in the drill hall, where it was much needed. For this purpose 
the State Legislature appropriated $500 at its last session. The 
floor is of North Carolina pine, riff sawed, and has added very 
much to the appearance of the hall. I would heartily reeommend 
that as soon as practicable a gallery be placed across the south 
end of the hall, there now being no place for visitors except on 
the floor, where they are able to see very little and are also fre- 
quently in the way during drill. ; 

Word has been received from the War Department that the 
college will soon be supplied with two 3.2-inch breech-loading 

guns, to replace the obsolete 12-pound Napoleons now in use. 
These guns will be of great practical value to the college, as the 
cadets can then be drilled in the use of breech-loading field guns, 
which are now the only ones used by the artillery for field service. 

Application has also been made for twenty more Springfield 
cadet rifles; this was made necessary by the increase in the num- 
ber of students at the commencement of the present college year. 

The following is a list of the United States Gov ernment prop- 
erty now on hand : — 


2 light 12-pound bronze guns and implements. 
2 8-inch mortars, with implements. 
2 gun carriages. 
2 gun caissons. 
2 mortar beds. 
2 mortar platforms. 
127 Springfield cadet rifles. 
125 infantry accoutrements, sets. 
31 headless shell extractors. 
200 blank cartridges for field guns 
10,000 metallic ball cartridges. 
1,600 metallic blank cartridges. 
600 friction primers. 
4,000 pasters, white and black. 
125 targets, A and B. 


1894. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 45 


THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION. 


Theoretical —'The students of the senior class are required to 
attend, one hour each week during the fall, winter and spring 
terms, theoretical instruction in the art and science of war. Dur- 
ing the past year this consisted of recitations in the Infantry Drill 
Regulations, recitations in Wheeler’s Art and Science of War, and 
a course of lectures on the following subjects: Armies, their com- 
position, etc. ; army administration, military law and explosives. 

Owing to the limited time placed at my disposal, it is my in- 
tention during the present year to use only the Infantry Drill 
Regulations as a text-book, and give all other instruction by 
lecture. I shall thus be enabled, in addition to the subjects dis- 
cussed during the past year, to take up the subjects of fortifica- 
tions, both permanent and temporary, advanced and rear guards, 
outposts, patrols, etc. ; also campaigns. 

The freshman class receive theoretical instruction for one hour 
each week during the fall term; this time is devoted to the study 
of the Infantry Drill Regulations. It is desirable, after the new 
breech-loading field guns are obtained, that the sophomore class 
should receive theoretical instruction in the Artillery Drill Regu- 
lations. 


Practical. — For practical instruction during the past year, the 
battalion was organized with four companies; this instruction was 
in the ‘** school of the soldier,” ‘‘ school of the company,” ** school 
of the battalion ” and in *‘ extended-order drill.” During the win- 
ter term the junior class was thoroughly instructed in the ‘‘ sabre 
drill,” and the sophomore class in ‘‘ bayonet exercise.” Also, 
during the winter term, both the sophomore and freshman classes 
were drilled for one hour each week in the ‘‘ setting-up exercises.” 
During the fall term, instruction was given the sophomore class in 
artillery, and details made up from the battalion were sent each 
drill day, when the weather permitted, to the target range for in- 
struction in target practice. The total number of shots fired at 
this practice was 1,945, the average number of shots per student 
being 19+-; the arm used was the Springfield cadet rifle. The 
spring term was devoted almost entirely to battalion drills and 
ceremonies. 

All students of the college, except those excused for some physi- 
cal disability, are required to attend three drills each week, each 
drill being for one hour. 

The following three members of the last graduating class 
were reported by me to the Adjutant-General of the Army as 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


having shown the greatest proficiency in the art and science of 
war : — 


GEORGE F. CURLEY, , . : : Upton, Mass. 
ALPHONSO E. MELENDY, : ; ‘ ‘ Sterling, Mass. 
CHARLES A. GOODRICH, : ; : : Hartford, Conn. 


This fall the battalion has again been organized with four com- 
panies, as follows : — 


Commandant: — Lieut. W. M. Dickinson, Seventeenth Infantry, 
United States Army. 

Commissioned Staff: — Cadet First Lieutenant and Adjutant, H. P. 
SMEAD; Cadet First Lieutenant and Quartermaster, L. H. BAcon; Ca- 
-det First Lieutenant and Fire Marshal, C. L. Brown. 

Non-Commissioned Staff: — Cadet Sergeant-Major, E. H. CLarK; Ca- 
det Quartermaster-Sergeant, T. P. FOLEY. 

Color Guard : — Cadet Color Sergeant, H. B. READ; Cadet Color Cor- 
poral, G. A. Brttines; Cadet Color Corporal, W. L Bemis. 

Band: — Cadet First Lieutenant and Band Leader, J. H. Purnam; 
Cadet Drum-Major, P. E. Davis; Cadet Band Sergeant, W. C. Brown. 


Companies. 
Cadet Capt. G. H. Merwin, : : . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Capt. T.S. BAcoNn, . 4 : . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Capt. J. E. Girrorp, : . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Capt. A.C. CuRTIS, . ; ‘ . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet First Lieut. A. H. KIRKLAND, . . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet First Lieut. L. MANLEY, . - .» assigned to Company D. 
Cadet First Lieut. S. F. Howarpb, . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet First Lieut. R. E. Smira, . : . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet Second Lieut. C. H SPAULDING, __. assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Second Lieut. A J. MorsE, . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Second Lieut. H. M. FOWLER, . . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Second Lieut. E. T. Dickinson, . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet First Sergeant R. A. COOLEY, . . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet First Sergeant F. L. WARREN, . assigned to Company D. | 
Cadet First Sergeant H. S. FaArrBAnks, _.. assigned to Company B.. 
Cadet First Sergeant H. A. BALLOU, . . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet Sergeant C. W. CREHORE, ©. . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Sergeant M. J. SULLIVAN, 5 . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Sergeant R.S. JONES, : . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Sergeant J. MARSH, . ; ; . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Sergeant W. L. MorsE, . : . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Sergeant C. B. LANE, 4 . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Sergeant W. A. Root, : . assigned to Company C. 


Cadet Sergeant H.L. FRosT, . : . assigned to Company C. 


ho 


1894.) PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. AT 


Cadet Corporal S. P. TooLr, . , . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Corporal F.C. ToBry, . : . assigned to Company UC. 
Cadet Corpgral A.B. SmirH, . ; . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet Corporal S. Kuropa, , ‘ . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Corporal H. E. CLark, . : . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Corporal E. H. HENDERSON, . . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Corporal H. D. HEMeNWay, . . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Corporal C. M. DickInson, . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Corporal E. A. WHITE, . . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Corporal N. SHULTIS, : . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Corporal H. C. BuRRINGTON, . . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Corporal F.L. Cuapr, . ; . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet Corporal P. A. Leamy, . : . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Corporal F. E. DELUCE, . . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Corporal S. Sairo, . : 5; . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet Corporal H. T. Epwarps, : . assigned to Company D, 


Respectfully submitted, 


W. M. DICKINSON, 
Lieutenant United States Army. 


48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


CALENDAR FOR 1894-95. 


1894. 
January 8, Wednesday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 22, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10:30 a.m. 
April 3, Tuesday, spring term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
Baccalaureate sermon. 
June 17, Sunday, — Address before the College Young Men’s 
Christian Association. 


Western Alumni prize speaking. 


June 18, Monday, < Grinnell prize examination of the senior 
| 
| class in agriculture. 
( Meeting of the alumni. 
| Flint prize oratorical contest. 
4 


June 19, Tuesday, Class day exercises. 
Military exercises. 

| Reception by the president and trustees. 

June 20, Wednesday, Commencement exercises. 

June 21-22, Thursday and Friday, examinations for admission, 
at 9 a.m., Botanic Museum, Amherst; at Jacob Sleeper Hall, 
Boston University, 12 Somerset Street, Boston; and at the 
Sedgwick Institute, Great Barrington. Two full days are re- 
quired for examination, and candidates must come prepared to 
stay that length of time. 

September 4-5, Tuesday and Wednesday, examinations for ad- 
mission, at 9 a.m., Botanic Museum. 

September 6, Thursday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

December 19, Wednesday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1895. 
January 3, Thursday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 21, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 49 


THE CORPORATION. 


Term expires. 


_ FRANCIS H. APPLETON orf LywnrieLp, . é . 1894 
WILLIAM WHEELER or Concorp, . ; ‘ . 1894 
ELIJAH W. WOOD or West Newron, . : mba) fe fF 
CHARLES A. GLEASON or New BraInTREE, . 1. 1895 
DANIEL NEEDHAM or Groton, . é ‘ s' 1896 
JAMES DRAPER oF Worcester, ; ‘ : .. WeOG 
HENRY S. HYDE or SprInGFIELD, . ; ey» ODS 

MERRITT I. WHEELER or Grear Nee in ATALOO d 
JAMES S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, . : bl feshe) 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD or LirtLeTon, . ‘ = id 8O8 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER or Bostov, . ‘ : 5. B99 
J. D. W. FRENCH or Boston, . ; : : a olSoo 
J. HOWE DEMOND or NorrHampton, . : . 1900 
ELMER D. HOWE or Martporoucu, , ; or RIG 


Members Ex Officio. 
His ExceLLtency Governor WILLIAM E. RUSSELL, President 
of the Corpo ation. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. 
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


JAMES S. GRINNELL or GREENFIELD, 
Vice-President of the Corporation. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS or Hamppen, Secretary. 


GEORGE F. MILLS or Amuerst, Treasurer pro tempore. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON or New Brarntrez, Auditor. 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Committee on Finance and Buildings.* — 
JAMES S. GRINNELL. HENRY S. HYDE. 
J. HOWE DEMOND. CHARLES A. GLEASON. 4 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty.* 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER. JOSEPH A. HARWOOD. 
ELMER D. HOWE. } J. D. W. FRENCH. 

WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments.* 
ELIJAH W. WOOD. JAMES DRAPER. 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON. MERRITT I. WHEELER. 

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Committee on Experiment Department.* 

DANIEL NEEDHAM. ELIJAH W. WOOD. 
WILLIAM WHEELER. JAMES DRAPER. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Board of Overseers. 
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


CHAS. A. MILLS, . : ; . OF SOUTHBOROUGH. 

A. C. VARNUM, : : ‘ . OF LOWELL. 

DR. WILLIAM HOLBROOK, . . OF PALMER. 

GEORGE L. CLEMENCE,. . OF SOUTHBRIDGE, 
GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, ._ . or Fircugure. | 
E. A. HARWOOD, . : : . oF NortH BROOKFIELD. 


The Faculty. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., President, 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


* The president of the college is ex officio a member of each of the above committees. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 51 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D., LL.D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.Sc., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B.Sc., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Pu.D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Pu.D., 
Professor of Zoology. 


Rev. CHARLES S. WALKER, Pu D., 
Professor of Mental and Political Science. 


WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B.Sc. 
Professor of Agriculture. 


GEORGE F. MILLS, M.A., 
Professor of English. 


JAMES B. PAIGE, V.S., 
Professor of Veterinary Science. 


WALTER M. DICKINSON, Ist Lieut. 177TH Inrantry, U.S. A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


A. COURTENAY WASHBURNE, 
Assistant Professor of Mathematics. 


HERMAN BABSON, B.A., 
Assistant Professor of English. 


GEORGE E. STONE, Psx.D., 
Assistant Professor of Botany. 


EDWARD R. FLINT, Pu.D., 
Assistant Professor of Chemistry. 


FRED S. COOLEY, B.Sc., 
Assistant Professor of Agriculture and Farm Superintendent. 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


ROBERT W. LYMAN, LL.B., 
Lecturer on Farm Law. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., 
Librarian. 


Graduates of 1893.,* 


Baker, Joseph (Boston Univ.), 

Bartlett, Fred Goff (Boston Univ.), 

Clark, Henry Disbrow (Boston 
Univ.), 

Curley, George Frederiol (Boake 
Univ.), 

Davis, Herbert (ones (Boston 
Univ.), 

Goodrich, Chek eaeiiaens Bast 
ton Univ.), : : 

Harlow, Francis Portier Caster 
Univ.), 

Harlow, Harry 5 ames (Hoven 
Univ.), 

Hawks, Ernest Noe 

Henderson, Francis Howard (Bos- 
ton Uniy.), 

Howard, Edwin Canletan (gsian 
Univ.), : 

Hoyt, Franklin Sherman (Boston 
Univ.), 

Lehnert, 
Univ.), 

Melendy, Alphends iafura (Bos: 


Bieene! uso (ation 


ton Univ.), 

Perry, John Richards (Boston 
Univ.), 

Smith, Cotton meen (Boston 
Univ.), 

Smith, Fred Anes frauen 


Univ.), 
Smith, Luther Williams Boston 
Univ.), ; : é 


* The annual report, being made in October, necessarily includes parts of two 
academic years, and the catalogue bears the names of such students as have been 


Dudley. 
Hadley. 


Plainfield. 
Upton. 
aioe 
Hartford, Ct. 


Marshfield. 


West Boylston. 


Williamsburg. 
Malden. 
Wilbraham. 
Cheshire, Ct. 
Clinton. 
Sterling. 


Boston. 


North Hadley. 


Lynn. 


Ashfield. 


connected with the college during any portion of the year 1893. 


[ Jan. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. D0 

Staples, Henry Franklin (Boston 
Univ.), : ‘ 

Tinoco, Luiz Antonio Ferreira 
(Boston Univ.), 


Leominster. 


Campos, Rio Janeiro, Brazil. 


Walker, Edward ee (abst 


Univ.), 
Total, 


Clinton, 


Senior Class. 


Alderman, Edwin Hammond, Middlefield. 
Averell, Fred Gilbert, Amherst. 
Bacon, Linus Hersey, . Spencer. 
Bacon, Theodore Spalding, Natick. 
Barker, Louis Morton, . Hanson. 
Boardman, Edwin Loring, Sheffield. 


Brown, Charles Leverett, 
Curtis, Arthur Clement, 
Cutter, Arthur Hardy, . 
Davis, Perley Elijah, 
Dickinson, Eliot Taylor, 
Fowler, Halley Melville, 
Fowler, Henry Justin, . 


Feeding Hills. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Pelham, N. H. 
Worcester. 
Amherst. 

South Gardner. 
North Hadley. 


Gifford, John Edwin, Brockton. 
Greene, Frederic Lowell, Shrewsbury. 
Greene, Ira Charles, Fitchburg. 
Higgins, Charles Herbert, Dover. 
Howard, Samuel Francis, Wilbraham. 
Keith, Thaddeus Fayette, Fitchburg. 
Kirkland, Archie Howard, Norwich. 
Lewis, Henry Waldo, . Rockland. 
Lounsbury, Charles Pugsley, Allston. 
Manley, Lowell, . Brockton. 
Mann, Henry Judson, . Maplewood. 
Merwin, George Henry, Westport, Ct. 
Morse, Alvertus Jason, Belchertown. 
Morse, Elisha Wilson, . Brockton. 
Parker, Frank Ingram, Pittsfield. 


Pomeroy, Robert Ferdinand, 
Putnam, Joseph Harry, 


South Worthington. 


West Sutton. 


Sanderson, William Edwin, . Hingham. 
Shepard, Lucius Jerry, Oakdale. 
Smead, Horace Preston, Greenfield. 
Smith, George Eli, Sheffield. 


Smith, Ralph Eliot, 


Newton Centre. 


21 


54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Spaulding, Charles Harrington, 


Stockwell, Harry Griggs,* 

Walker, Claude Frederic, 

White, Elias Dewey, 
Total, 


East Lexington. 
Sutton. 
Amherst. 

South Sherborn. 


Junior Class. 


Bagg, Edward Oren, 
Ballou, Henry Arthur, . 
Bemis, Waldo Louis, 
Billings, George Austin, 
Brown, William Clay, . 
Burgess, Albert Franklin, 
Clark, Edile Hale, 

Clark, Harry Edward, . 
Cooley, Robert Allen, . 
Crehore, Charles Winfred, 
Dickinson, Charles Morrison, 
Drury, Ralph Willard, . 


Fairbanks, Herbert Stockwell, 


Foley, Thomas Patrick, 
Frost, Harold Locke, 
Goodell, John Stanton, 
Hemenway, Herbert Daniel, 
Henderson, Edward Harris, . 
Jones, John Horace, 
Jones, Robert Sharp, 
Kuroda, Shiro, 
Lane, Clarence Bronson, 
Marsh, Jasper, 
Mason, Amos Hall, 
Morse, Walter Levi, 
Potter, Daniel Charles, 
Read, Henry Blood, 
Root, Wright Asahel, . 
Smith, Arthur Bell, 
Stevens, Clarence Lindon, 
Sullivan, Maurice John, 
Tobey, Frederick Clinton, 
Toole, Stephen Peter, . 
Warren, Frank Lafayette, 
White, Edward Albert, 
Total, 


West Springfield. 
West Fitchburg. 
Spencer. 

South Deerfield. 
Peabody. 
Rockland. 
Spencer. 
Wilbraham. 
South Deerfield. 
Chicopee. 

Park Ridge, III. 
Athol Centre. 
Amherst. 
Natick. 


. ‘Arlington. 


Amherst. 

Williamsville. 

Malden. 

Pelham. 

Dover. 

Yamanouchi,Kitamura,Japan. 

Killingworth, Ct. 

Danvers Centre. 

Medfield. 

Middleborough. 

Fairhaven. 

Westford. 

Deerfield. | 

North Hadley. 

Sheffield. 

Amherst. 

West Stockbridge. 

Amherst. 

Shirley. 

Ashby. 
: < : , 35 


* Died at Sutton, Mass., Oct. 18, 1893, of tubercular meningitis. 


1894.] 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


Sophomore Class. 


Burrington, Horace Clifton, . 


Clapp, Frank Lemuel, . 
Cook, Allen Bradford, . 
Curley, Walter James, . 

- Day, Gilbert, 

DeLuce, Frank meno, 
Dodge, William Bradford, 
Edwards, Harry Taylor, 


Fletcher, Stephen Whitcomb, 


Green, Josiah Elton, 
Hammar, James Fabens, 
Harper, Walter Benjamin, 
Hayward, Ralph Lyon, 
Hubbard, Guy Augustus, 
Jones, Benjamin Kent, 
Kinney, Asa Stephen, . 
Kinsman, Ernest Eugene, 


Kramer, Albin Maximilian, . 


Leamy, Patrick Arthur, 
Marshall, James Laird, 
Moore, Henry Ward, 
Morse, Sydney Levi, 
Nichols, Robert Parker, 
Nutting, Charles Allen, 
Pentecost, William Lewis, 
Poole, Erford Wilson, . 
Poole, Isaac Chester, 
Rawson, Herbert Warren, 
Read, Frederick Henry, 
Robinson, Frank Dean, 
Roper, Harry Howard, 
Saito, Seijiro, 


Sastré de Verand, ie. ‘ 


Scannell, Michael Edward, 
Sellew, Merle Edgar, 
Shaw, Frederic Bridgman, 
Shultis, Newton, . 
Shurtleff, Walter Davis, 
Tsuda, George, 
Washburn, Frank Poren, 
Total, F 


‘Charlemont. 


Dorchester. 
Petersham. 
Upton. 

South Groveland. 
Warren. 

Jamaica Plain. 
Chesterfield. 
Rock. 

Spencer. 
Swampscott. 
Wakefield. 
Uxbridge. 

Ashby. 
Middlefield. 
Worcester. 
Heath. 

Clinton. 
Petersham. 

South Lancaster. 
Worcester. 
Foxborough. 
West Norwell. 
North Leominster. 
Worcester. 

North Dartmouth. 
North Dartmouth. 
Arlington. 
Wilbraham. 
Petersham. 


East Hubbardston. 


Nemuro, Japan. 
Tabasco, Mexico. 
Amherst. 


Kast Longmeadow. 


South Amherst. 
Medford. 
Carver. 

Tokyo, Japan. 
North Perry, Me. 


40 


ay) 


56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Allen, Edward Bernard, 
Allen, Harry Francis, . 
Allen, John William, 
Armstrong, Herbert Julius, . 
Barclay, Frederick White, 
Barry, John Marshall, . 
Bartlett, James Lowell, 
Birnie, Alexander Cullen, 
Charmbury, Thomas Herbert, 
Cheney, Liberty Lyon, 
Clark, Lafayette Franklin, 
Colby, Frederick William, 
- Coleman, Robert Parker, 
Cook, Maurice Elmer, . 
Drew, George Albert, . 
Eddy, John Richmond, 
Emrich, John Albert, . 
Falby, Francis Rand, . 
Farnsworth, Robert Leroy, . 
Felch, Percy Fletcher, . 
Fittz, Austin Hervey, . : 
Goessmann, Charles Ignatius, 
Howe, Herbert Frank, . 
_ Hubbard, George Caleb, 
_ Hunter, Herbert Colman, 
King, Charles Austin, . 
Leavens, George Davison, 
Mansfield, George Rogers, 
Millard, Frank Cowperthwait, 
Norton, Charles Ayer, . 
Nowell, Allen March, . 
Palmer, Clayton Franklin, 
Palmer, Edward Dwight, 
Peters, Charles Adams, 
Ranlett, Charles Augustus, . 
Roberts, Percy Colton, 
Sherman, Carleton Farrar, 
Sherman, Harry Robinson, . 
Smith, Jr., Philip Henry, 
Stearns, Harold Everett, 
Vaughan, Robert Henry, 
Walsh, Thomas Francis, 
Wiley, Samuel William, 
Total,, . é 


Freshman Class, 


Brimfield. 
Northborough. 
Northborough. 
Sunderland. 
Kent, Ct. 
Boston. 
Salisbury. 
Ludlow. 
Amherst. 
Southbridge. 
West Brattleborough, Vt. 
Roxbury. 
West Pittsfield. 
Shrewsbury. 
Westford. 
Boston. 
Amherst. 
Northborough. 
Turner’s Falls. 
Ayer. 
Natick. 
Amherst. 
North Cambridge. 
Sunderland. 
South Natick. 
East Taunton. 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Gloucester. 
North Egremont. 
Lynn. 
Winchester. | 
Stockbridge. 
Auherst. 
Greendale. 
South Billerica. 
North Amherst. 
Jamaica Plain. 
Dartmouth. 
South Hadley Falls. 
Conway. 
Worcester. 
North Amherst. 
Amherst. 

43 


1894. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 57 
First Year. 

Bailey, George Henry, . Middleborough. 

Bagg, Elisha Aaron, West Springfield. 

Beaman, Dan Ashley, . Leverett. 

Burnham, George Louis, Andover. 

Delano, Charles Wesley, North Duxbury. 

Dutton, Arthur Edwin, Chelmsford. 


Eaton, Williams, . 
Gibbs, Meltiah Tobey, . 
Hall, Albert Durrell, 
Hooker, William Anson, 
Huntress, Louis Maynard, 
Kimball, Asa Howard, . 
King, Charles Jerome, . 
Lane, Frank Pitkin, 
Nims, Frank Linnaeus, 
Rice, Benjamin Willard, 
Rising, Albert Shepard, 
Sweetser, Frank Eaton, 
Tisdale, Charles Ernest, 
Tisdale, Fred Alvin, 
Todd, Frederick Gage, 
Wentzell, William anti. 
Wolcott, Herbert Raymond, 
Total, 


North Middleborough. 
New Bedford. 
West Newton. 
Amherst. 
Westfield. 
Melrose Highlands. 
South Amherst. 
Oak Park, Iil. 
Amherst. 
Northborough. 
Westfield. 
Danvers. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Dorchester. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 

: : ‘ ; 23 


Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Stations, 


Arnold, B.Sc., Frank Luman (Bos- 
ton Univ.), 

Carpenter, B.Sc., Mealeolm apni 
(Boston Univ. ‘, 

Court, William maxee 
Univ.), . ; 

Crocker, B.Sc., Ghiales Stoughton 
(Boston Univ.), 

Haskins, B.Sc., Henry 
(Boston Univ.), 

Holland, B.Sc., Edward Basie 
(Boston Univ.), 

Johnson, B.Sc., Charles Lani 
(Boston Univ.), : : . 


(Magill 


Darwin 


Belchertown. 
Leyden. 

Montreal, Canada. 
Sunderland. 

North Amherst. 
Amherst. 


Prescott. 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Jones, B.Sc., Charles Howland 


(Boston Univ.), ‘ Downer’s Grove, II. 
Shepardson, B.Sc., William Mar- 

tin (Boston Univ, Dat fe , . Warwick. 
Smith, B.Sc., Frederic Jason 

(Boston Univ.), : North Hadley. 
Smith, B.Se., Robert Hyde A Tass 

ton Univ) on Ambherst. 
Thabue, Koli San (Mich. nes ] Col- a 

lege), : Bassein, Burmah. 


Thomson, B.Se., Henry Motion 
(Boston Univ.), : : . Monterey. 


Lotal,. ; ; : PE Sh Aa ai : 13 
Summary. 
Four-years course : 
Resident graduates, . : 5 : a 
Graduates of 1898, : j : : : ae 
Senior class, : ; , , ; : . \oo 
Junior class, : ; ; ‘ 3 ; meni) 
Sophomore class, . : : 4 : : . 40 
Freshman class, . ; 4 2 4 s - 43 
—. 191 


Two-years course: 
First year, . . : . . . - - 23 28 


Total, . . : j f . ‘ : ‘ 214 


59 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


1894. ] 


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61 


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62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


TWO-YEARS COURSE. 


Agriculture. — Lecture and text-book work in the study of soils, 
formation, composition and physical character ; tillage; drainage ; 
irrigation ; manures and fertilizers; farm implements and machin- 
ery, and their use; field crops; grasses and forage plants; ensi- 
lage; mowings; pastures; farm buildings ; roads and fences; the 
breeds of cattle, sheep, horses and swine; stock breeding and 
feeding ; dairy farming; poultry farming; markets and market- 
ing. The work will be made as practical as possible, and will 
be continually illustrated in field, barns, dairy and laboratory. 
Many of the lectures will be of the nature of outdoor talks. Prac- 
tical training will be given when needed or desired. ‘Time allotted, 
two hundred and twenty-two hours. 

Botany. — Elementary botany, to impart general knowledge of 
the structure of seeds and plants, methods of reproduction and 
propagation, hybridization, methods of analysis of agricultural 
plants, especially grasses and weeds; plant diseases, and peculiar- 
ities of trees of economical importance. Herbarium of plants of 
agricultural importance to be required. Time allotted, one hun- 
dred and thirty hours. 

Chemistry. — Elementary chemistry ; principles of the science ; 
_ chemical physics ; chemistry of elements important to the farmer ; 
chemistry of soils, plants, animals, foods and fertilizers. ‘Time 
allotted, one hundred and fifty hours. 

English. — Thorough drill in writing and speaking. Time 
allotted, two hundred and eleven hours. 

Horticulture, Floriculture and Forestry.— Time allotted, one 
hundred and eighty-five hours. : | 

Latin. — Elective. Designed for those intending to enter the 
four-years course. 

Mathematics. — Algebra through quadratics; geometry, two 
books; trigonometry and plane surveying; topography; roads, 
location and construction; elementary mechanics and physics ;_ 
book-keeping. Time allotted: Class-room, two hundred and 
thirty hours; field work, ninety hours; drawing, ninety hours. 

Physiology, Zoclogy and Entomology. — Time allotted, one hun- 
dred and thirty hours. 

Veterinary Science. —Comparative anatomy and physiology ; 
hygiene; treatment of emergency cases; diagnosis and treatment 
of simple cases. Time allotted, one hundred and eleven hours. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 63 


GRADUATE COURSE. 


1. No honorary degrees shall be conferred. 

2. No applicant shall be eligible to the degree of M.S. until he 
has received the degree of B.S. or its equivalent. 

3. The faculty shall offer a course of study in each of the fol- 
lowing subjects: Mathematics and physics; chemistry ; agricult- 
ure and botany ; entomology; veterinary. Upon the satisfactory 
completion of any two of these, the applicant shall receive the 
degree of M.S. This prescribed work may be done in the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College or at any institution that the appli- 
cant may choose; but in either case the degree shall be conferred 
only after the applicant has passed an examination at the college 
under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed. 

4. Every student in the graduate course shall pay one hundred 
dollars to the treasurer of the college before receiving the degree 
of M.S. 


TEXT-BOOKS. 


Woop —“ The American Botanist and Florist.” 
BrssEy — “ Botany for High Schools and Colleges.” 
Gray — “ Manual.” 

Gray — “ Structural Botany.” 

BaRNES — “ Practical Botany,” 

BARNES AND COULTER — “ Plant Dissection.” 
CAMPBELL — “ Structural and Systematic Botany.” 

W OLLE — “‘ Fresh-Water Algee.” 

Lone — “ How to Make the Garden Pay.” 

Lone —“ Ornamental Gardening for Americans.” 
FULLER — “ Practical Forestry.” 

MAYNARD — “ Practical Fruit Grower.” 

McALPINE — “ How to know Grasses by their Leaves.” 
Morton —“ Soil of the Farm.” 

GREGORY — “ Fertilizers.” 

MILLS AND SHAW —“ Public School Agriculture.” 
MiLEs — “ Stock Breeding.” 

Armssy — “ Manual of Cattle Feeding.” 

SHEPARD — “ Elementary Chemistry.” 

RICHTER AND SMITH — “ Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry.” 
ROSCOE AND SCHORLEMMER —“ Treatise on Chemistry.” 
MEDICUS AND MARSHALL — “ Qualitative Analysis.” 
WHEELER — “ Medical Chemistry.” 

BERNTHSEN AND McGowan —* Text-book of Organic Chemistry.” 
FRESENIUS — “ Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 
FRESENIUS — “ Quantitative Chemical Analysis.” 
REYNOLDs — “ Experimental Chemistry.” 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


SuTTON — “ Volumetric Analysis.” 

Dana —“ Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” 

BrusH — “ Manual of Determinative Mineralogy.” 

MILNE — “ High School Algebra.” 

WELLS — “ College Algebra.” 

Dana — “ Mechanics.” 

WENTWORTH — “ Plane and Solid Geometry.” 

CARHART — “ Surveying.” 

WARNER — “ Mensuration.” 

WELLS —“ Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.” 

Loomis — “ Analytical Geometry.” 

Loomis — “ Differential and Integral Calculus.” 

JONES — “ Sound, Light and Heat.” 

THOMPSON — “ Electricity and Magnetism.” 

AYRTON — “ Practical Electricity.” 

Loomis — “ Meteorology.” 

GENUNG — “ The Practical Elements of Rhetoric.” 

-GENUNG — “ Outlines of Rhetoric.” 

WILLIAMS — “ Composition and Rhetoric.” 

WALKER — “ Political Economy,” abridged edition. 

EMERSON — “ Evolution of Expression.” 

Lock woop — “ Lessons in English.” 

Comstock — * First Latin Book.” 

Cxsar—“ The Invasion of Britain.” 

WuittigeK, No.4; LONGFELLOW, Nos. 33, 34,35; LOWELL, No. 39 — 
“ Riverside Literature Series.” 

SPRAGUE — “ Six Selections from Irving’s Sketch-book.” 

Hupson — “Selections of Prose and Poetry.” WEBSTER, BURKE, 
ADDISON, GOLDSMITH, SHAKESPEARE. 

WHITNEY — “ French Grammar.” 

KELLOGG — “ English Literature.” 

WHITE — “ Progressive Art Studies.” 


To give not only a practical but a liberal education is the aim in 
each department, and the several courses have been so arranged 
as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition 
and declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction 
in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. 
A certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the 


lessons of the recitation room are practically enforced in the gar-. 


den and field. Students are allowed to work for wages during 
such leisure hours as are at their disposal. Under the act by which 
the college was founded, instruction in military tactics is impera- 
tive, and each student, unless physically debarred,* is required to 
attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the direction of a 
regular army officer stationed at the college. 


* Certificates of disability must be procured of Dr. Herbert B. Perry of Amherst. 


; 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 65 


FOUR-YEARS COURSE. 


ADMISSION. s 


Candidates for admission to the freshman class will be examined, 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English 
grammar, geography, United States history, physiology, physical 
geography, arithmetic, the metric system, algebra (through quad- 
ratics), geometry (two books), civil government (Mowry’s ‘‘ Stud- 
ies in Civil Government”), and Latin (grammar and first ten 
chapters of the first book of Ceesar’s ‘‘ Gallic War’), or an equiv- 
alent. The standard required is 65 per cent. on each paper. 
Diplomas from high schools will not be received in place of ex- 
amination. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and 
also in the studies gone over by the class to which they desire 
admission 

No one can be admitted to the college until he is sixteen years 
of age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of 
good character from his late pastor or teacher. The regular ex- 
aminations for admission are held at the Botanic Afuseum, at 9 
o'clock a.m., on Thursday and Friday, June 21 and 22, and on 
Tuesday and Wednesday, September 4 and 5; but candidates may 
be examined and admitted at any other time in the year. For the 
accommodation of those living in the eastern part of the State, 
examinations will also be held at 9 o’clock a.m., on Thursday and 
Friday, June 21 and 22, at Jacob Sieeper Hall, Boston University, 
12 Somerset Street, Boston; and for the accommodation of those 
in the western part of the State, at the same date and time, at 
the Sedgwick Institute, Great Barrington, by James Bird. Two 
full days are required for examination and candidates must come 
_ prepared to stay that length of time. 


TWO-YEARS COURSE. 


Calendar the same as in the four-years course. Age for ad- 
mission, fifteen years. The objects of this course are, primarily, 
to help farmers’ sons and others, proposing to follow some branch 
of agriculture, who lack either the time or the means required for 
the longer course ; secondly, in so far as practicable to serve as a 
preparation for the regular college course. Date of examination, 
same as for four-years course. 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ADMISSION. 
Candidates for admission are examined, orally and in writing, in 
English grammar, geography, arithmetic and United States his- 
tory. The standard required is 65 per cent. on each paper. 


ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS USED IN 1893. 


ARITHMETIC. 


1. Find the least common multiple of 30, 32, 36, 40, 48. 
2. Divide .006 by .06, multiply the quotient bv .05 and divide 
- the product by .005. 

3. A man sold a farm for $2,760 and gained 15 per cent. on 
the cost. What was the cost? 

4. What is the present worth and true discount of $1,609.30 
due in 10 months, 24 days, current rate 5 per cent.? 

5. Find the amount of $896 for 2 years, 6 months, 15 days, 
at 62 per cent. 

6. London is 77° 1/ east of Washington. What is the time at 
Washington when it is noon at London? 

7. A house was sold at an advance of 5 per cent. on the cost, 
for $13,000. What was the cost? 

8. Goods which cost $35 are sold for $42. Find the profit per 
cent. | 

9. If $90 are paid for the work of 20 men 6 days, what should 
be paid for the work of 5 men 8 days? 

10. How much will a load of wood 12 feet long, 44 feet 
wide, and 42 inches high cost at $8 per cord? 


Metric System. 


1. In what country and about what year did the metric system 
originate ? 

2. What are the principal units of the metric system? 

3. Which of the principal units is the base of the metric system 
and what is its equivalent? 

4. Change to meters and add 14. 83 decameters, 756 hecto- 
meters and 948 centimeters. 

5. At $1.25 a cubic meter, what will it cost to dig a trench 
76.5 meters long, 2.2 meters wide, and 1.8 meters deep? 

6. What must be the length of a bin 1 meter wide and 1 meter 
deep, to contain 4,500 liters of grain? 

7. In 20 metric tons how many tons? 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 67 


8. Change 18 quarts 1 pint to liters. 
9. What would be the cost of a pile of wood 15.7 meters long, 
3 meters high and 7.52 meters wide at $2.50 a stere? 
10. In 2 miles, 6 furlongs, 39 rods and 5 yards, how many 
kilometers ? 
ALGEBRA. 
1. Define exponent, coefficient, axiom, and mention four kinds of 
symbols employed in algebra. 
2. Name four methods of elimination. 
3. Divide 15a? — xt — 20 — 2a’ + 6xa-+ 22° by 5 — 3x’?— 4a + 22°’. 
4. Factor the following expressions : 
15 — 2a — 2’; 2? —14~+45; 272° — 64y/’. 
do +3 120—5 2u—1. 
Solve : Mima it 5 
. Extract the cube root of «°-+ 62° — 402°-+ 96a — 64. 
. Solve: 3a—2y = 28; 2u-+ 5y = 63. 
3 3 3 
. Add together ,/ By Alay, W/o 
. Solve: 


moO NASH & 


A/ 2? — 80+ 5 — v/a? — d5a—2 —1. 
10. What fraction is that whose value, if 4 be added to the 
numerator, becomes — 4; butif 7 be added to the denomi- 
nator becomes +? 


ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 


Norte. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered 
in determining the excellence of your paper. State whether you have studied Latin. 
If you have studied it, state how long and what you have read. 


1. Name the parts of speech and state the office that each 
usually fulfills in a sentence. 

2. Define each of the following terms used in grammar, and 
after each definition write an example: A word; a phrase; a 
clause ; a compound sentence ; a complex sentence. 

3. Write in a column the names of eight punctuation marks, 
and opposite each make the mark named. 

4. Analyze the above sentence. 

5. Write the titles of any three books you have read since July 
1, 1892. Write at least two hundred words on one of the follow- 
ing subjects : 

(a) Any topic suggested by these books. 

(6) An outline of any character found in them. 
(c) Christopher Columbus. 

(dq) The life of a farmer. 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


6. From what you have written select two nouns, two pro- 
nouns, two transitive verbs, two intransitive verbs, and parse 
them in full. 


7. Change the following to connected prose: 


He said to his friend, “ If the British march 
By land or sea from the town to-night, 

Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch 

Of the North Church tower as a signal light — 
One, if by land, two, if by sea; 

And I on the opposite shore will be, 

Ready to ride and spread the alarm 

Through every Middlesex village and farm, 
For the country folk to be up and to arm.” 


8. Fill the blanks correctly with shall or will: 


(a) there be time to call for it? 
(6) I go and nobody prevent me. 
(c) If you call for me, I be glad to go with 


you. 


GEOGRAPHY. 


Norte. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization, and punctuation will be considered 
in determining the excellence of your paper. 


1. What causes the regular succession of day and night and 
of the seasons? 

2. What are zones? How many are there? Which of these 
has the greatest land surface? 

3. Name two peninsulas on the eastern coast of North America 
and two on the western. 

4. Mention three parallel ranges of the Appalachian system of 
mountains. 

5. On what lakes would one sail in going by water from De- 
troit to Chicago? 

6. Draw an outline map of Massachusetts and the boundary 
lines of each county in the State. Locate the place and the 
county-seat of the county in which you live. 

7. In which State and on what water is each of the following 
cities located: Chicago? Kansas City? Harrisburg? Mobile? 
Portsmouth? Charleston? Galveston? Philadelphia? Fall 
River? Yankton? 

8. Draw an outline map of the Mediterranean Sea, and name 
and locate the countries of Europe that border on it. - 


1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 69 


9. What bodies of water are separated, and what countries or 
political divisions are connected, by the following : — 
(a) The Isthmus of Panama? 
(6) The Isthmus of Suez? 
10. Name two countries bordering on the Baltic Sea and the 
capital of each. 


UnitTep States History. 


Nore. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization, and punctuation will be considered 
in determining the excellence of your paper. 


1. Who discovered America? When? What part of America 
did he discover? What reward did he receive? 

2. Who discovered the continent of North America? 

3. When and where was the first permanent English settlement 
made in the United States? What was the first settlement made 
by the Dutch? 

4, Write in full the names of the thirteen colonies that became 
the thirteen original States. By what nation was each of these 
colonies founded ? 

5. Mention a prominent battle of the French and Indian war ; 
the Revolutionary war; the war of 1812; the Mexican war; the 
war of the rebellion. 

6. Where was the Continental Congress in session during the 
Revolutionary war? When was Washington made the capital city 
of the United States? 

7. What prominent events are associated with the following 
Gates tO20? 1775? 1781? 1787? 1861? 18652 

8. Name some of the important inventions made by Americans. 

9. Name three prominent centennial celebrations by the people 
of the United States and give the date of each. In what city and 
in what building was the Declaration of Independence signed? 

10. Name the first six Presidents of the United States in the 
order of their administration. Which Presidents died in office? 
Name any three members of President Cleveland’s Cabinet. 


DEGREES. 


Those who complete the four-years course receive the degree 
of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the governor 
of Massachusetts, who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, be- 
come members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


its diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming 
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. 

A diploma will be awarded to those completing the two-years 
course. ‘Those completing the graduate course receive the degree 
of Master of Science. 


EXPENSES. 
Tuition, in advance: -- 
Fall term, . : : p bs : . $30 00 
Winter term, : , ; : : ae 28100 
Summer term, ‘ : ; ; , . 25 00 
| $80 00 $80 00 
- Room rent, in advance, $8 to $16 per term, : : 24 00 48 00 
Board, $2.50 to $5 per week, F f : : ' 95 00 190 00 
Fuel, $5 to $15, . ; : ; ‘ : : : 5 00 15 00 
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, . 4 : ’ 11 40 22 80 
Military suit, . ‘ : : : : : : 15 75 15 75 
Expenses per year, . ‘ : Rite ‘ . $231 15 $371 55 


Board in clubs has been $2.45 per week; in private families, 
$4 or $5. The military suit must be obtained immediately upon 
entrance at college, and used in the drill exercises prescribed. 
For the use of the laboratory in practical chemistry there will be 
a charge of $10 per term used, and also a charge of $4 per term 
for the expenses of the zodlogical laboratory. Some expense 
will also be incurred for lights and for text-books. Students 
whose homes are within the State of Massachusetts can in most 
cases obtain a scholarship by applying to the senator of the district 
in which they live. 


THE LABOR FUND. 


The object of this fund is to assist those students who are de- 
pendent either wholly or in part on their own exertions, by fur- 
nishing them work in the several departments of the college. The 
greatest opportunity for such work is found in the agricultural 
and horticultural departments. Application should be made to 
Prof. William P. Brooks and Samuel T. Maynard, respectively, in 
charge of said departments. Students desiring to avail themselves ~ 
of its benefits must bring a certificate signed by one of the select- 
men of the town in which they are resident, certifying to the fact 
that they require aid. 


1894. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 71 


ROOMS. 


All students, except those living with parents or guardians, will 
be required to occupy rooms in the college dormitories. 

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given: In the new south dormitory 
the study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess 
seven feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven 
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. This building is heated 
by steam. In the north dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen 
by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The 
inside rooms are thirteen and one-half feet by fourteen and one- 
half feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove is 
furnished with each room. Aside from this, all rooms are un- 
furnished. Mr. Thomas Canavan has the general superintendence 
of the dormitories, and all correspondence relative to the engaging 
of rooms should be with him. 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 


EsTABLISHED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS. 


Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield. 

Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton. 

Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Henry Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth. 

The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to 
worthy students requiring aid. 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free schol- 
arship for each of the congressional districts of the State. Appli- 
cation for such scholarships should be made to the Representative 
from the district to which the applicant belongs. The selection 
for these scholarships will be determined as each member of Con- 
gress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent in from 
the same district, a competitive examination would seem to be de- 
sirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous consti- 
tution, and should enter college with the intention of remaining 
through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit connected 
with agriculture. 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.  [Jan. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legislature of 1883 passed the following resolve in favor 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years, 
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to enable 
the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said institution 
the theoretical and practical education required by its charter and the 
law of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free schol- 
arships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricult- 
ural College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this 
- Commonwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed 
by the president of the college, at such time and place as the senator 
then in office from each district shall designate; and the said scholar- 
ships shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, if there 
shall be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any 
senatorial district, such scholarships may be distributed by the president 
of the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible; 
but no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass 
an examination in accordance with the rules to be established as herein- 
before provided. 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following resolve, making 
_ perpetual the scholarships established : — 


Resolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty- 
six of the resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be 
given and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter, 


In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission 
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar- 
ship. Blank forms of application will be furnished by the 
president. | 


EQUIPMENT. 


AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 

The Farm. — Among the various means through which instruc- 
tion in agriculture is given, none exceeds in importance the farm. 
The part which is directly under the charge of the professor of 
agriculture comprises about one hundred and fifty acres of im- 
proved land and thirty acres of woodland. Of the improved land, 
about thirty acres are kept permanently in grass, and managed 


1894.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 73 


partly with a view to landscape effect. A considerable share of 
this land is, however, laid off in half and quarter acre plats, and 
variously fertilized with farmyard and stable manures and chemi- 
cals, with a view to throwing light upon the economical production 
of grass. These plats are staked and labeled, so that all may see 
exactly what is being used and what are the results. 

The balance of the farm is managed under a system of rotation, 
all parts being alternately in grass and hoed crops. Ali the ordi- 
nary crops of this section are grown, and many not usually seen 
upon Massachusetts farms find a place here. Our large stock of 
milch cows is almost entirely fed in the barn, and fodder crops 
occupy a prominent place. Experiments of various kinds are 
continually under trial; and every plat is staked and bears a label 
stating variety under cultivation, date of planting, and manures 
and fertilizers used. 

-Methods of land improvement are constantly illustrated here, 
tile drainage especially receiving a large share of attention. There 
are now some nine miles of tile drains in successful and very satis- 
factory operation upon the farm. Methods of clearing land of 
stumps are also illustrated, a large amount of such work having 
been carried on during the last few years. 

In all the work of the farm the students are freely employed, 
and classes are frequently taken into the fields ; and to the lessons 
to be derived from these fields the students are constantly referred. 

The Barn and Stock. — Our commodious barns contain a large 
stock of milch cows, many of which are grades; but the following 
pure breeds are represented by good animals, viz.: Holstein- 
Friesian, Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey, and Shorthorn. Experi- 
ments in feeding for milk and butter are continually in progress. 

We have a fine flock of Southdown sheep; swine are represented 
by the small Yorkshire and Tamworth breeds; and besides work 
horses we have a number of pure-bred Percherons used for breed- 
ing as wellas for work. The barn is equipped with a view to 
illustrating different methods of fastening animals, styles of 
mangers, etc. Connected with it are an engine-room, storage- 
rooms for vehicles, machinery and tools, and a granary. It con- 
tains three silos and a root cellar. 

A very large share of the work in the barn is performed by stu- 
dents, and whenever points require illustration, classes are taken 
to it for that purpose. 

Dairy Room. — Connected with the farm-house is a model dairy 
room, containing Cooley creamers, by means of which our cream 
is for the most part raised. We are provided also with milk cool- 
ers and aerators of several patterns, churns, separator, butter- 
workers, etc. The various processes connected with the creaming 


74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


of milk, the preparation of milk for market and the manufacture 
of butter are illustrated here before our classes. 

Equipment of Farm.— Aside from machines and implements 
generally found upon farms, the more important of those used upon 
our farm and in our barn which it seems desirable to mention are 
the following: Reversible sulky plough, broadcast fertilizer dis- 
tributer, manure-spreader, grain-drill, horse corn-planter, potato- 
planter, wheelbarrow grass-seeder, hay-loader, potato-digger, 
hay-press, fodder cutter and crusher, and grain mill. It is our 
aim to try all novelties as they come out, and to illustrate every- 
where the latest and best methods of doing farm work. | 

Lecture Room. — The agricultural lecture room in south college 

is well adapted to its uses. It is provided with numerous charts 
and lantern slides, illustrating the subjects taught. Connected 
with it are two small rooms at present used for the storage of illus- 
trative material, which comprises soils in great variety, all impor- 
tant fertilizers and fertilizer materials, implements used in the 
agriculture of our own and other countries, and a collection of 
grasses and forage plants, grains, etc. 

An important addition to our resources made during the past 
year consists of a full series of Landsberg’s Models of Animals. 
These are accurate models of selected animals of all the leading 
breeds of cattle, horses, sheep and swine, and from one-sixth to 
full size, according to subject. We are provided with a complete 
collection of seeds of all our common grasses and the weeds which 
grow in mowings, and have also a large collection of the concen- 
trated food stuffs. All these are continually used in illustration 
of subjects studied. 

Museum. — An important beginning has been made towards ac- 
cumulating materials for an agricultural museum. This is to con- 
tain the rocks from which soils have been derived, soils, fertilizer 
materials and manufactured fertilizers, seeds, plants and their 
products, stuffed animals, machines and implements. It is ex- 
pected to make this collection of historical importance by including 
in it old types of machines and implements, earlier forms of 
breeds, etc. For lack of room, the material thus far accumulated, 
which is considerable, is stored in a number of scattered localities, 
and much of it where it cannot be satisfactorily exhibited. 


Botanic DEPARTMENT. 


The equipment of the botanic department has been collected for 
the two-fold purpose of supplementing instruction in the science 


of botany and in the various lines of horticultural work, as fruit 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 75 


culture, market gardeffing, forestry, floriculture and landscape 
gardening. 

For teaching botany proper, the equipment is as follows : — 

The Botanic Museum, containing the Knowlton Herbarium, of 
over ten thousand species and varieties of phanerogamous and the 
higher cryptogamous plants, over two thousand species of fungi 
and several collections of lichens and mosses. It also contains a 
large collection of native woods, cut so as to show their individual 
structure ; numerous models of native fruits; specimens of abnor- 
mal and peculiar forms of stems, fruit, vegetables, etc. ; many 
interesting specimens of unnatural growths of trees and plants, 
natural grafts, etc.; together with many specimens and models 
prepared for illustrating the growth and structure of plants, and 
including a model of the squash which raised by the expansive 
force of its growing cells the enormous weight of five thousand 
pounds. 

The Botanic Lecture Room, in the same building, is provided 
with diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrat- 
ing structural and systematic botany. 

The Botanic Laboratory, with provision for twenty-five students 
to work at one time, is equipped with twenty-three compound 
microscopes, including the makes of R. B. Tolles, J. W. Queen 
& Co., R. & J. Beck and Bausch & Lomb, with objectives ranging 
from four-inch to one-fifteenth inch focal lengths, and all the 
accessory apparatus requisite for a thorough study of plant struct- 
ure and plant physiology. Special attention is here given to the 
study of the common and useful plants cultivated on the farm, in 
the garden and under glass, and to the study of all fungous and 
other parasitic plant growth attacking our farm and garden crops. 
Apparatus for photographing microscopic sections as well as out- 
door objects, and special books needed for reference by the 
students while at work in the laboratory, have recently been 
added. 

Greenhouses. —To aid in the instruction of botany as well as 
that of floriculture and market gardening, the glass structures 
contain a large collection of plants of a botanical and economic 
value, as well as those grown for commercial purposes. They 
consist of a large octagon, forty by forty feet, with sides twelve 
feet high and a central portion over twenty feet high, for the 
erowth of large specimens, like palms, tree ferns, the bamboo, 
banana, guava, olive, etc.; a lower octagon, forty by forty feet, 
for general greenhouse plants; a moist stove, twenty-five by 
twenty-five feet;a dry stove, twenty-five by twenty-five feet; a 
rose room, twenty-five by twenty feet; a room for aquatic plants, 


76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


twenty by twenty-five feet ; a room for ferffs, mosses and orchids, 
eighteen by thirty feet; a large propagating house, fifty by twenty- 
four feet, fitted up with benches sufficient in number to accommo- 
date fifty students at work at one time; a vegetable house, 
forty-two by thirty-two feet; two propagating pits, eighteen by 
seventy-five feet, each divided into two sections for high and low 
temperatures, and piped for testing overhead and under-bench 
heating ; a cold grapery eighteen by twenty-five feet. To these 
olass structures are attached three work-rooms, equipped with all 
kinds of tools for greenhouse work. In building these houses as 
many as possible of the principles of construction, heating and 
ventilating, etc., have been incorporated for purposes of in- 
struction. — 

For instruction in horticulture are : — 

Orchards. — The orchards are extensive, and contain nearly all 
the valuable leading varieties, both old and new, of the large 
fruits, growing under various conditions of soil and exposure. 

Small Fruits. —The small fruit plantations contain a large 
number of varieties of each kind, especially the new and promis- 
ing ones, which are compared with older sorts, in plots and in field 
culture. Methods of planting, pruning, training, cultivation, study 
of varieties, gathering, packing and shipping fruits, etc., are 
taught by field exercises, the students doing a large part of the 

work of the department. 
Nursery. — This contains more than five thousand trees, shrubs 
and vines, in various stages of growth, where the different meth- 
ods of propagation by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, and 
pruning and training are practically taught to the students. 

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are grown 
in this department, furnishing ample illustration of the treatment 
of all market garden crops. The income from the sales of trees, 
plants, flowers, fruit and vegetables aids materially in the support 
of the department, and furnishes illustrations of the methods of 
business, with which all students are expected to become familiar. 

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 
grown in the nursery, and plantations have been made upon the 
college grounds and upon private estates in the vicinity, affording 
good examples of this most important subject. A large forest 
grove is connected with this department, where the methods of 
pruning trees and the management and preservation of forests can 
be illustrated. In the museum and lecture room are collections of 
native woods, showing their natural condition and peculiarities ; 
and there have been lately added the prepared wood sections of 
R. B. Hough, mounted on cards for class-room illustrations. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. ri 


Ornamental trees, shrubs and flowering plants are grouped about 
the grounds in such a way as to afford as much instruction as 
possible in the art of landscape gardening. All these, as well as 
the varieties of large and small fruits, are marked with conspic- 
uous labels, giving their common and Latin names, for the pene 
of the students and the public. 

Tool House. — A tool house, thirty by eighty feet, has just been 
completed, containing a general store-room for keeping small 
tools, a repair shop with forge, anvil and work bench, and open 
sheds for housing wagons and large tools. Under one-half of this 
building is a cellar for storing fruit and vegetables. In the loft is 
a chamber, thirty by eighty feet, for keeping the hotbed sashes, 
shutters, mats, berry crates, baskets and other materials when not 
in use. 

Connected with the stable is a cold-storage room, with an ice 
chamber over it, for preserving fruit, while the main cellar under- 
neath the stable is devoted to the keeping of vegetables. 

The great need of this department is funds with which to pur- 
chase manures and fertilizers for keeping the grounds and orchards 
in a satisfactory condition of growth. A part of the garden land 
south of the greenhouses has been greatly improved by under- 
draining and the tile are on the ground for putting the remainder 
into a condition for profitable cultivation. 


A Massachusetts Garden. 


The proposition to devote the hillside in the south east corner 
of the farm to the growth of the trees and plants of Massa- 
chusetts is one that should be carried out, thus adding a very 
useful as well as beautiful feature to the grounds. 

The location of the college is one of the most beautiful to be 
found in the State, and the ornamentation of the banks of the 
beautiful sheet of water between the botanic department and the 
main college buildings, as well as the hillside above the green- 
houses, will do more than any one thing to make the college 
grounds noted for their finished beauty as a combination of art 
and nature. 


ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Zoological Lecture Room.— The room in south college is well 
adapted for lecture and recitation purposes, and is supplied with 
a series of zodlogical charts prepared to order, also a set of 
Leuckart’s charts, disarticulated skeletons, and other apparatus 
for illustrating the lectures in the class-room. 

Zoological Museum. — This is in immediate connection with the 


78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 


lecture room, and contains the Massachusetts State collection, 
which comprises a large number of mounted mammals and birds, 
together with a series of birds’ nests and eggs, a collection of alco- 
holic specimens of fishes, reptiles and amphibians, and a collection 
of shells and other invertebrates. 

There is also on exhibition in the museum a collection of skele- 
tons of our domestic and other animals, and mounted specimens 
purchased from Prof. H. A. Ward; a series of glass models of 
jelly fishes, worms, etc., made by Leopold Blaschka in Dresden ; 
a valuable collection of corals and sponges from Nassau, N. P., 
collected and presented by Prof. H. T. Fernald; a fine collection 
of corals, presented by the Museum of Comparative Zoology in 
Cambridge; a collection of alcoholic specimens of invertebrates 
from the coast of New England, presented by the National Mu- 
seum at Washington; a large and rapidly growing collection of 
insects of all orders, and a large series of clastique models of va- 
rious animals, manufactured in the Auzoux laboratory in Paris. 
The museum is now open to the public from three to four P.m., 
every day except Saturday and Sunday. 

Zoological Laboratory. — A large room in the laboratory building 
has been fitted up for a zodlogical laboratory, with tables, sink, 
gas, etc., and is supplied with a reference library, microscopes, 
chemical and other necessary apparatus for work. ‘This labora- 
tory with its equipment is undoubtedly the most valuable appliance 
for instruction in the department of zoélogy. 


VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 


This department is well equipped with the apparatus necessary 
to illustrate the subject in the class-room. 

It consists of an improved Auzoux model of the horse, imported 
from Paris, constructed so as to separate and show in detail the 
shape, size, structure and relations of the different parts of the 
body; two papier maché models of the hind legs of the horse, 
showing disease of the soft tissues, — wind-galls, bogs, spavins, 
etc., also the diseases of the bone tissues, splint, spavins, and 
ring-bones; two models of the foot, one according to Bracy 
Clark’s description, the other showing the Charlier method of 
shoeing and the general anatomy of the foot; a full-sized model 
of the bones of the hind leg, giving shape, size and position of 
each individual bone; thirty-one full-sized models of the jaws and 
teeth of the horse, and fourteen of the ox, showing the changes 
which take place in these organs as the animals advance in age. 

There is an articulated skeleton of the famous stallion, Black- 
hawk; a disarticulated one of a thorough-bred mare, besides one 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 79 


each of the cow, sheep, pig and dog; two prepared dissections of 
the fore and hind legs of the horse, showing the position and rela- 
tion of the soft tissues to the bones; a papier maché model of the 
uterus of the mare and of the pig; a gravid uterus of the cow; a 
wax model of the uterus, placenta and feetus of the sheep, showing 
the position of the foetus and the attachment of the placenta to 
the walls of the uterus. 

In addition to the above there is a growing collection of patho- 
logical specimens of both the soft and osseous tissues, and many 
parasites common to the domestic animals. A collection of charts 
and diagrams especially prepared for the college is used in connec- 
tion with the lectures upon the subject of anatomy, parturition 
and conformation of animals. 

Through the kindness of Mr. Henry Adams of Amherst the de- 
partment has received a large sample collection of the various 
drugs used in the treatment of the diseases of the domestic 
animals. 

For the benefit of the students, sick or diseased animals are 
frequently shown them, and operations performed in connection 
with the class-room work. For the use of the instructor of this 
department a laboratory has been provided in the old chapel 
building. It has been equipped with the apparatus necessary for 
the study of histology, pathology, and bacteriology, consisting in 
part of an improved Zeiss microscope with a one-eighteenth inch 
objective, together with the lower powers; a Lautenschlager’s in- 
cubator and hot-air sterilizer; an Arnold’s steam sterilizer and a 
Bausch & Lomb improved laboratory microtome. This apparatus 
is used for the preparation of material for the class-room and for 
general investigation. 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 
mechanics and physics. For civil engineering there are an Eck- 
hold’s omnimeter, solar transit, three engineer’s transits, sur- 
veyor’s transit, gradienter, plane table, two common compasses, 
two levels, one architect’s ‘compass level, six surveyor’s chains, 
six levelling rods of various patterns, cross-section rod, and such 
other incidental apparatus as is necessary for practical field and 
railroad work. 

For mechanics there is a full set of mechanical powers, and a 
good collection of apparatus for illustration in hydrostatics, hydro- 
dynamics and pneumatics. ‘There is also a supply of physical ap- 
paratus for illustrating the general principles of sound, heat and 
light. 


80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


For practical study in electricity there are several electrical ma- 
chines; small hand dynamo with complete outfit of necessary 
apparatus, coils, standard one thousand ohm resistance box, 
Wheatstone’s bridge, testing set, sine and tangent galvanometer, 
Thomson’s reflecting galvanometer with shunt box and standard 
scale, electrometer, direct reading voltmeter and ammeter, and a 
large quantity of less expensive, but important apparatus for class- 
room illustration and laboratory work. Much of this collection is 
new, having been recently added, and thus the facilities for prac- 
tical information in this department have been greatly increased. 

The lecture room is ae and accom to it is a work room and 
the physical cabinet. 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Instruction in general, agricultural and analytical chemistry and 
mineralogy is given in the laboratory building. Thirteen com- 
modious. rooms, well lighted and ventilated and fitted at large 
expense, are occupied by the chemical department. 

The Lecture Room, on the second floor, has ample seating capa- 
city for seventy students. Immediately adjoining it are four 
smaller rooms which serve for storing apparatus and prepaying 
material for the lecture table. 

The Laboratory for beginners is a capacious room on the first 
floor. It is furnished with forty working tables. Each table is 
- provided with sets of wet and dry reagents, a fume chamber, 
water, gas, drawer and locker, and apparatus sufficient to render 
the student independent of carelessness or accident on the part of 
others working near by; thus equipped each worker has the op- 
portunity, under the direction of an instructor, of repeating the 
processes which he has previously studied at the lecture table 
and of carrying out, at will, any tests which his own observation 
may suggest. 

A systematic study of the properties of clomentene matter is 
here taken up, then the study of the simpler combinations of the 
elements and their artificial preparation. 

Then follows qualitative analysis of salts, minerals, soils, fer- 
tilizers, animal and vegetable products. 

The Laboratory for advanced students has just been fitted up in 
the room, also on the first floor, previously known as the chapel. 

Here tables for thirty workers, besides large fume chambers and 
distillation tables with ample supplies of gas and water and all 
kinds of apparatus, have been arranged. This is for instruction 
in the chemistry of various manufacturing industries, especially 
those of agricultural interest, as the production of sugar, starch 


1894.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 31. 81 


fibres and dairy products; the preparation of plant and animal 
foods, their digestion, assimilation and economic use ; the official 
analysis of fertilizers, fodders and foods, the analysis of soils and 
waters, of milk, urine, and other animal and vegetable products. 

The Balance Room has four balances and improved apparatus 
for determining densities of solids, liquids and gases. 

Apparatus and Collections. — Large purchases of apparatus 
have recently been made. Deficiencies caused by the wear and 
breakage of several years have been supplied and the original 
outfit increased. The various rooms are furnished with an exten- 
sive collection of industrial charts, including Lenoir & Foster’s 
series and those of Drs. Julius and Georg Schroeder. The ap- 
paratus includes balances, a microscope, spectroscope, polariscope, 
photometer, barometer, and numerous models and sets of appa- 
ratus. A valuable and growing collection of specimens and sam- 
ples, fitted to illustrate different subjects taught, is also provided. 
This includes rocks, minerals, soils, raw and manufactured fertil- 
izers ; food, including milling products ; fibres and other vegetable 
and animal products, and artificial preparations of mineral and 
organic compounds. Series of preparations are used for illustrat- 
ing the various stages of various manufactures from raw materials 
to finished products. 


Mivirary DEPARTMENT. 


United States Property. 
2 light twelve-pound bronze guns with implements. 
2 eight-inch mortars with implements. 
2 gun carriages. 
2 mortar beds. 
127 Springfield cadet rifles. 
125 infantry accoutrements, sets. 
31 headless shell extractors. 
10,000 metallic ball cartridges. 
1,600 metallic blank cartridges. 
4,000 pasters. 
125 targets, A and B. 


LIBRARY. 


This now numbers 14,235 volumes, having been increased dur- 
ing the year, by gift and purchase, 1,185 volumes. It is placed 
in the lower hall of the new chapel-library building, and is made 
available to the general student for reference or investigation. It 
is especially valuable as a library of reference, and no pains will 
be spared to make it complete in the departments of agriculture, 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


horticulture and botany, and the natural sciences. It is open a 
portion of each day for consultation, and an hour every evening 
for the drawing of books. 


PRIZES. 


RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


The prizes heretofore offered by Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., 
will this year be given by the Western Alumni Association of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College. These prizes are awarded 
for excellence in declamation and are open to competition, under 
certain restrictions, to members of the sophomore and freshman 
classes. 

Mixirary Prize. 


A prize of fifteen dollars for the best essay on some military 
subject is offered this year to the graduating class by John C. 
Cutter, ’72, and Charles H. Southworth, ’77. 


FLINT PRIZES. 


Mr. Charles L. Flint of the class of 1881 has established two 
prizes, one of thirty dollars and another of twenty dollars, to be 
awarded, at an appointed time during commencement week, to the 
two members of the junior class who may produce the best ora- 
-tions. Excellence in both composition and delivery is considered 
in making the award. 


y MATHEMATICAL PRIZE. 


Mr. Clarence D. Warner of the class of 1881 offers a prize of 
fifty dollars to that member of the senior class who shall pass the 
best written examination in the mathematics of the regular course. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- 
sand dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to be 
called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. 
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These two prizes are to be paid in 
cash to those two members of the graduating class who may pass 
the best written and oral examination in theoretical and practical 
agriculture. | 


Hituts BoranicAL PRIZES. 


For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1894, fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a prize of 
ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best collection of 


j 


& 


1894. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 83 


woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection of dried 
plants from the college farm. 


The prizes in 1893 were awarded as follows : — 

Flint Oratorical Prizes: Arthur C. Curtis (1894), first; Elias 
D. White (1894), second. 

Western Alumni Rhetorical Prizes: Thomas P. Foley (1895), 
first; E. Hale Clark (1895), second; Frank L. Clapp (1896), 
first; Patrick A. Leamy (1896), second. 

Military Prizes: Franklin S. Hoyt (1893), first; Eugene H. 
Lehnert (1893), second. 

Grinnell Agricultural Prizes: Fred G. Bartlett (1893), first ; 
Franklin S. Hoyt (1893), second. 

Hills Botanical Prizes: Francis T. Harlow (1893), first ; Henry 
F. Staples (1893), second. 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8.15 
A.M., and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 a.m., 
unless, by request of their parents, arrangements are made to 
attend divine service elsewhere. Further opportunities for moral 
and religious culture are afforded by a Bible class taught by one 
of the professors during the hour preceding the Sunday morning 
service, and by religious meetings held on Sunday afternoon and 
during the week, under the auspices of the College Young Men’s 
Christian Association. 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s 
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central 
Massachusetts Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the 
Connecticut River Railroad and with the New Haven and North- 
ampton Railroad. 

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one 
of the finest views in New England. The large farm of three 
hundred and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native 
forests, gives the student the freedom and quiet of a country 
home. 


rire hire 


Lays 


: ey 


Poe PN DEX. 


THE TRUE VALUE OF GREEN 
MANURING. 


By PROF. JULIUS KUHN, 
Director of the Agricultural Institute of Halle, Germany. 


[Translated * and condensed by E. W. ALLEN, Ph.D.] 


The practice of green manuring as a means of improving the 
fertility of the soil is one of the oldest in agriculture. It was ad- 
vocated by Roman writers more than two thousand years ago, and 
from then till now lupine especially has been widely used for this 
purpose in southern France and Italy. Recently it has received a 
new impetus from discoveries made in plant nutrition, and is being 
vigorously advocated far and wide by writers on agricultural topics, 
without proper regard for the conditions under which it must 
prove an irrational practice. 

The ancients knew that leguminous plants, especially the clovers, 
left the soil richer after their growth, even when the crop growing 
above ground was harvested, and they also knew that the soil was 
enriched in proportion to the size of the crop. Emil John found 
by a series of analyses more than forty years ago that this added 
richness did not consist alone in an increase in the humus-forming 
materials of the soil, but in an actual increase in the nitrogenous 
matter of the soil. The reason for all this, however, was not 
apparent until a few years ago. Investigations by Hellriegel, the 
director of a German experiment station, demonstrated the fact 
that leguminous plants have the ability to take up or assimilate 
the free nitrogen of the air and use it in their growth, and that 
they are enabled to do this by numerous tubercles or nodules 
which grow on their roots. The tubercles had been noticed before, 


*From Zeitschrift des landw. Central Vereins der Provinz Sachsen, 1893, No. 1 
pp. 3-13; No. 3, pp. 95-101; and No. 4, pp. 117-128. 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


but their function was unknown. Just how this assimilation of 
free nitrogen is effected is a problem not fully solved. Further 
studies have shown that the tubercles contain large numbers of 
microbes or micro-organisms, which appear to be responsible for 
the assimilation of nitrogen. It appears to be a result of their 
life processes. ‘They live in a sort of partnership with the plants, 
deriving certain things essential to their life and growth from the 
juices of the plant, and in turn furnishing the plant with nitrogen. 
This partnership is known in science as symbiosis. Much remains 
to be found out regarding this mysterious process and it must be 
admitted that there is a certain amount of speculation in this 
theory. ‘The question is an exceedingly difficult one to get at. 
But it is sufficient for practical purposes to know that leguminous 
plants provided with these tubercles possess a nitrogen source not 
available to other kinds of plants. 

These discoveries throw a new light on green manuring and on 
the plants best adapted for green manuring. They show that 
while both leguminous and non-leguminous plants enriched the 
soil alike in humus-forming materials, in proportion to the size of 
the crop, they differ in respect to the source of their nitrogenous 
materials. While non-leguminous plants derive their nitrogen 
supply almost exclusively from the soil, leguminous plants take 
theirs from the free nitrogen of the air. Consequently, if spurry, 
rape, mustard, etc. (non-leguminous plants), are grown on the 
-soil and the crop ploughed in, the soil is not materially enriched 
in nitrogen; the process is simply returning to the soil all the 
nitrogen which the crop took from it. Probably a very slight in- 
crease in nitrogen would occur, for it has been shown that all 
plants are able to absorb the traces of carbonate of ammonia in the 
air. But since leguminous plants may derive the large proportion 
of their nitrogen from without the soil— that is, from the air — 
their use for green manuring actually enriches the soil in nitrog- 
enous matter; and, as a matter of fact, this is true in a high 
degree. This advantage of leguminous plants over other plants 
for green manuring increases the poorer the soil is naturally, and 
the less its ability to absorb the ammonia of the air. Leguminous 
plants which are adapted to grow on such poor soils and produce 
a large crop of green material are exceptionally valuable. The 
lupines possess these qualities in a high degree. Thus it is that 
the preference for this plant for green manuring, which has existed 
for more than two thousand years, is to-day fully explained and 
accounted for. 

These are indeed facts of more than ordinary importance. 
They make it possible to practice green manuring far more intel- 


1894.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 89 


ligently than previously. But it should be cautioned that these 
facts alone do not settle the practicability of green manuring. 
Other factors deserve careful consideration before it can be deter- 
mined under what conditions green manuring may be regarded as 
an altogether rational and profitable operation, and under what 
conditions it is to be avoided in the interest of the greatest profit 
from the land. 

Let us first consider the case of soils of doubtful value for cul- 
tivation, soils that raise the question as to whether they shall be 
brought into condition for culture or allowed to grow up to timber. 
Poor, sandy soils used for six, nine, or twelve years for rye, and 
remote from deposits of marl or muck, may be classed here. In 
such cases green manuring with lupine is of the greatest value and 
is far more promising financially than reforestation. Under a rota- 
tion of green manuring with lupine, with an application of kainit, 
and winter rye with Thomas slag phosphate, such a soil gradually 
improves in humus until the change is perceptible to the eye in the 
darker color of the soil. Accompanying this change in general 
appearance is an increase in fertility, until after a time a repetition 
of the green manuring once in three years will be sufficient. 
Meanwhile the winter rye may be followed by a crop of buck- 
wheat instead of lupine. In this rotation of green manuring and 
rye, lime may usually be applied with advantage, preferably in 
the form of carbonate of lime, not burned lime. 

In order to derive the greatest possible advantage from the 
green manuring, the lupine should be sown early in May, and not 
the last of May or in June, as is often recommended. By the 
first half of August, which is believed to be the best time of the 
year for ploughing under, the seed of the lupine will be nearly or 
quite formed, and the crop will contain the maximum quantity of 
nitrogenous matter. Four, or, better, six weeks should intervene 
between the ploughing under of the lupine and the sowing of the 
rye. 

For the better class of sandy soils the rotation with green 
manuring mentioned above is too expensive. There the rye will 
do well even if the lupine is allowed to ripen and be harvested and 
the residue ploughed under. The farmer cannot afford to sacrifice 
a crop of lupine to green manuring, as in this case the lupine is 
the more valuable crop of the two. The lupine is to the light, 
sandy soils what the pea is to sandy loam soils and the horse bean 
to heavier soils, both as a preparatory crop and on account of its 
richly nitrogenous seeds. In the latter respect it surpasses the 
other papilionaceous plants, and the seed is well adapted to feed- 
ing cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. For feeding, the seed should 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


be disembittered by the Kellner* or some other method, and well 
bruised. The lupine seeds are then extremely valuable for feeding 
milch cows and fattening stock. In this way the lighter soil of 
the farm is made to furnish the necessary nitrogenous food at a 
relatively low cost. 

To secure the best results, care is necessary in choosing the 
variety best adapted to the locality, and it will frequently be ad- 
visable to find this out by experimental trials. In the majority of 
cases, blue lupine gives an especially large yield of seed. Another 
point to be observed is the readiness with which the pods break 
open when ripe. 

Since the lupine contains a poisonous principle, lupinose, only 
the seeds should be used for feeding, and these should be treated 
‘to remove this principle, as mentioned above. Both the green 
and dry forage are likely to disagree with animals, and the risk 
from their use is too great to be taken. ‘The stems and straw 
should be used for bedding and incorporated with the manure. 

Lupine may be employed in another way, namely, by sowing 
yellow lupine among the rye when the latter is in bloom and 
ploughing the crop under with the stubble. For reasons mentioned 
above, it must not be pastured. Following this light green manur- 
ing, potatoes or oats do well. When the soil is not suited to these 
crops, buckwheat is recommended. This latter form of lupine 
green manuring is one of the most valuable practices in the ra- 
- tional cultivation of sandy soils. 

Serradella, also a leguminous plant, does well on medium light 
sandy soils. It may be sown, like lupine, among winter rye in 
spring. Under these conditions it produces an unusually luxuri- 
ant vegetation which may either be ploughed under, like lupine, 
and with equally good effect on the crop following, or it may be 
pastured. Serradella is an excellent fodder plant and may be 
fed with none of the danger attending the feeding of lupine. It 
may be fed either green, as hay, or as silage. Itis eagerly eaten 
by all kinds of farm animals, retains its palatability and food value 
up to the end of blooming, and has a very favorable effect on the 
secretion of milk. 

In view of these facts, the question arises, is the practice of 
ploughing under the crop of serradella an economical one? Would 
it not be better to feed the crop and plough under only the stubble 


* Kellner’s process of disembittering lupine seed consists in soaking the seed in 
water for twenty-four hours, with frequent changes of water, steaming for one hour, 
and then extracting for two days, with frequent stirring. In the latter operation the 
discolored water is drawn off frequently and fresh water added. Five pounds of this 
disembittered lupine seed may be fed to cows per day per 1,000 pounds live weight. 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 91 


and the manure? In this connection, a calculation will throw 
some light upon the subject. Assuming an average crop of 17,600 
pounds of green serradella per acre, which is a moderate crop, the 
nitrogen contained in the crop would be worth, at current prices, 
$11.06 per acre. This value of the nitrogen is taken as represent- 
ing the total value of the crop for green manuring, since the nitro- 
gen is the only fertilizing element not derived from the soil. The 
potash and phosphoric acid are merely returned to the soil from 
whence they came. The value of the humus-forming substances 
is not taken into account, as experiments by the author have 
shown this value to be very variable and in some cases entirely 
lacking. 

A lengthy calculation of the value of the crop of 17,600 pounds 
of green serradella for feeding to milch cows, when the barnyard 
manure is returned to the soil, shows this to be $28.12. In this 
calculation every possible expense attending the feeding is taken 
into account, including care of animals, interest on money, cost 
of carting the barnyard manure to the land, etc., and allowance 
is made for the phosphoric acid and potash sold in the milk. The - 
comparison stands then as follows : — 


Value of crop of serradella from one acre, for feeding cows, . $23.12 
Value of crop of serradella from one acre, for green manuring, 11.06 


Difference, ; ; é ; s : ‘ ‘ , . $12.06 


This calculation shows the crop of serradella to be more than 
twice as valuable for feeding as for green manuring. 

The above calculation assumed a daily milk yield of 73 quarts, 
sold at 2}. cents per quart. On the basis of only 14 cents per quart 
of milk, the feeding value would be $13.52, or still $2.46 higher 
than the value for green manuring. 

Assuming under exceptional conditions a yield of only 5 quarts 
of milk, sold at 13 cents per quart, the calculated feeding value 
would be $11.69. Under these exceptionally unfavorable condi- 
tions the serradella would appear to be used to slightly better ad- 
vantage when fed than when ploughed under. In view of these 
facts, the practice of using serradella for a green manure, instead 
of feeding the crop, cannot be justified and must be regarded as 
bad farm management. 

The claim is frequently made, in advocating the growing of ser- 
radella for green manuring, that it is an exceedingly cheap means 
of securing nitrogen; that with a small expenditure for seed, and 
no extra labor except that of sowing the seed, a large amount of 
nitrogen is secured from the air. Admitting this, has not this ni- 


92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


trogen, in the form in which it exists, namely, as protein and 
amides, a much higher value when used for feeding animals than 
when ploughed under? If it is the cheapest source of nitrogen 
for manuring, is it not also the cheapest source of protein for feed- 
ing, especially when six-sevenths of the nitrogen in the crop is 
recovered in the manure? In the daily ration of 120 pounds of 
green. serradella are 3.6 pounds of protein, equivalent to 0.576 
pound of nitrogen. With an average production of 74 quarts of 
milk per day, 0.492 pound of this nitrogen passes into the ma- 
nure, while only 0.84 pound, or about one-seventh, goes into the 
milk. By using the crop as fodder, animal production is aided 
and still only a very small portion of the nitrogen is used; by far 
the larger portion goes into the barnyard manure and is applied 
- to the soil. 

Beyond question, then, the nitrogen of the air, which is obtained 
without cost through the agency of leguminous plants, is best util- 
ized in improving the productiveness of the land and increasing 
the profits when it is used in the production of milk and meat, and 
thereby in the production of cheap barnyard manure. By this 
method not only the nitrogen, but also the carbohydrates and fats 
which the plants derive from the carbonic acid of the air. are made 
use of. For these latter substances also serve to nourish the ani- 
mal and build up new material, and a portion, in turn, passes into 
the barnyard manure and has a favorable effect on the humus for- 
, mation. This is the true economy of material. The pecuniary 
advantage from feeding the crop will be correspondingly higher, 
the higher the prevailing price of hay and feeding stuffs in general. 

What has been said in regard to serradella applies equally well 
to the sand vetch, which belongs to the same order of plants as 
serradella (Papilionacew). It is grown in the stubble of winter 
grains and with especially good results with winter rye, furnishing 
a green fodder for spring. It is of exceptional value for sandy 
soils and furnishes an excellent fodder for milch cows. But to 
use it for green manuring, as is often recommended, would be a 
waste of valuable food material and exceedingly bad practice. 

Several non-leguminous plants are also worthy of notice as catch 
crops for sandy soils. Among these are spurry, buckwheat, and 
field turnips. Although these plants are not believed to derive 
nitrogen from the air in any considerable amount, they develop 
well in the stubble of winter rye when not sown too late, and fur- 
nish valuable green fodder. They have also been recommended 
for green manuring, but are of far greater value for feeding pur- 
poses. 

Green manuring on medium rich soils has much less to recom- 


1894. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 93 


mend it than on sandy soils. Although the green manuring of 
light sandy soils with lupine is often of very great advantage in 
enriching the soil in humus, this advantage does not hold good in 
the case of better soils. Lupine grows well on the latter, but is 
not profitable enough to be used as a principal crop, and is not 
well fitted for a fallow crop, since the rye ripens somewhat later 
on heavier soils and does not leave time for a sufficient develop- 
ment of the catch crop. Furthermore, the widespread practice 
of growing clovers and lucern on all soils of the better classes 
assures a good supply of humus-forming material from the elabo- 
rate root system of these plants. While it is desirable on these 
soils, as well as on lighter soils, to encourage the humus formation 
with the stubble and roots of fallow crops, a green manuring to 
this end cannot be justified. 

There are other plants better adapted than lupine to serve as 
fallow crops on these better soils. Serradella does well, but as a 
rule is not to be recommended for a principal crop, and when 
sown with rye, giving a good yield, it is often so choked out as to 
amount to very little. But where it can be grown with advantage 
as a first crop on better soils it must be fed to be utilized to the 
fullest extent, as pointed out above. 

The kidney vetch is not to be recommended as a catch crop. 
For autumn use the crop is much too small, but in the following 
spring it gives an unusually rich and profitable crop of hay, 
amounting to 24 tons per acre, and even more. The same applies 
to scarlet clover. Yellow clover or hop clover would be better 
fitted for a fallow crop, but here again the crop is more valua- 
ble for feeding than for green manuring. The sweet clover or 
Bokhara clover is said to grow in places where no other forage 
plant will grow, and is sometimes used for sheep pastures; but 
for better soils it is ill fitted to compete with other forage plants, 
as in spite of its luxurious growth it gives too small a crop to be 
of account either for green manuring or feeding. 

Peas, vetch and white mustard are especially adapted for fallow 
crops, and can all be recommended for green manuring. But as 
they are also good fodder plants, all that has been said above re- 
garding this subject applies to them with equal force. 

An experiment of interest in this connection was made at the 
Agricultural Institute at Halle in 1891. <A piece of land was used 
comprising about 64 acres, which had been used for winter wheat 
in 1890, manured with 35 pounds of soluble phosphoric acid and 
132 pounds of nitrate of soda; and for winter rye in 1891, receiv- 
ing a dressing of nitrate of soda at the rate of 88 pounds per acre. 
This was divided into two parts, separated by a stripof land. On 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


the first plat a mixture of 194 pounds of white field peas, 44 pounds 
of common sand vetch, and 85 pounds of yellow lupine seed per 
acre was sown August 11; and on the other, 22 pounds of white 
mustard seed per acre, August 13. The dividing strip remained 
bare. The crops on both plats were ploughed under October 28. 
They had made good growth and were fitted either for feeding or 
green manuring. Generous samples of each crop, representing 
definite areas, were saved for analysis. 

The mixture of peas, vetch and lupine yielded at the rate of 
8,650 pounds of green material per acre, which contained, on an 
average, 0.575 per cent of nitrogen. This was equivalent to 
49.74 pounds of nitrogen per acre, which at 15 cents per pound 
gave a value for the green crop for green manuring of $7.46 per 
acre. The mustard crop amounted to 12,580 pounds of green ma- 
terial per acre. This contained 0.4248 per cent of nitrogen, or 
03.44 pounds of nitrogen per acre, which at 15 cents per pound 
would be worth $8.02. The calculated money value of the green 
manuring per acre was, therefore, $7.46 for the mixture of peas, 
vetch and lupine, and $8.02 for the mustard. 

In the spring of 1892, white pearl barley was sown on the whole 
area, including the dividing strip, at the rate of 24 bushels of 
seed per acre. Inthe early part of the season the crop on the 
mustard plat was slightly less thrifty and the plants were not quite 
as green as those on the dividing strip, but the differences were 
only slight. ‘The crops were harvested August 18 with the follow- 
ing results per acre : — , 


’ Yield of Barley Per Acre on Different Plats. 


Grain. Chaff. Straw. 
Bushels. Pounds. Pounds. 

Plat green manured with peas, vetch and 
lupine, ‘ : ; ; i ’ ‘ 61.38 366 3,260 
Plat not green manured, : : . | 61.48 385 2,908 
Plat green manured with mustard, . j 61.38 431 2,976 


An effect of the green manuring is only noticeable in the amount 
of straw, which is larger by about 350 pounds per acre where the 
mixture of peas, vetch and lupine had been ploughed in. The 
following shows the difference in percentage of nitrogen in the 
crops : 


1894. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 95 


Percentage of Nitrogen in Grain, Chaff, and Straw from Different Plats. 


Grain. Chaff. Straw. 


Green manured with leguminous plants, .| 1.81 0.51 0.41 
Without green manuring, . ; , sie b aoe 0.48 0.34 
Green manured with mustard, . ; ape 24 0.48 0.31 


From the above analyses and yields, the total amounts of nitrogen 
contained in the three crops per acre are calculated as follows : — 


Amount of Nitrogen contained in Crops of Barley Per Acre. 


Pounds. 
Plat green manured with peas, vetch and lupine,_ 68.56 
Plat without green manuring, . ; ; : : 56.60 
Plat green manured with mustard, . 5 : : 47.91 


It is interesting to notice that while the mustard crop ploughed 
in contained more nitrogen than the mixture of leguminous crops 
(53.44 pounds as compared with 49.74 pounds per acre), the crop 
of barley following the mustard contained less nitrogen than that 
following the leguminous green manuring. In other words, the 
barley crop on the leguminous plat contained nearly 19 pounds 
more nitrogen than had been ploughed in, while that from the 
mustard plat contained 34 pounds less nitrogen than had been 
ploughed under, and nearly 9 pounds less than the strip which had 
not been green manured. 

It would appear that the nitrogen in the soil was rendered less 
available to the barley by being incorporated into the mustard 
plants and then returned to the soil in green manuring, and that it 
must pass through a change before it again became assimilable to 
plants. The barley did not do as well on this plat at the start, 
but as the green manure decomposed it made satisfactory growth. 
The difference between the total yield of nitrogen in the crop from 
the leguminous plat and that from the strip not green manured, 
11.96 pounds, is nearly all accounted for by the 10.86 pounds of 
nitrogen contained in the leguminous seed sown on that plat for 
the green manuring. 

While too sweeping conclusions are not justifiable from this single 
experiment, the indications are that on a medium rich soil, green 
manuring may be wholly without effect on the crop following it. 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The peas and vetch plants produced root tubercles, and it is prob- 
able that had the plants been allowed to fully develop and ripen, 
the effect of the tubercles would have been much more apparent 
in the amount of nitrogen in the crop ploughed under. It is in- 
correct to assume, as is often done, that the whole nitrogen supply 
of leguminous plants is derived from the air; the richer the soil 
is, the larger the proportion which will be taken from the soil and 
the less from the air. The assimilation of nitrogen appears to go 
on best when the soil is deficient in available nitrogen. 

Compared with the above green-manuring trial on medium rich 
soil, the result was quite different in a similar trial in 1891 on a 
sandy loam soil containing only 2.13 per cent of humus. A piece 
of land which for many years had received uniform cropping and 
‘manuring was divided into two plats of about one-fourth acre 
each. Rye had been grown on both plats that season. On one 
plat white field peas were sown in the rye stubble, August 15. 
The other plat was given the same preparatory treatment, but re- 
mained bare. Both plats were ploughed November 2. The pea- 
vines had grown to a height of 15 to 18 inches, and a large 
weighed sample showed that the green crop was at the rate of 
34% tons per.acre. 

March 23, 1892, barley was sown on both plats. The green- 
manured plat received no other manuring, but the other plat re- 
ceived an amount of nitrate of soda furnishing 28 pounds of 
“nitrogen per acre. The barley was harvested August 9 with the 
following result : — 


Yield of Barley Per Acre. 


Grain. Chaff. Straw. 
Bushels. | Pounds. Pounds. 
Green-manured plat. : ; ; .| 68.35 266 2,830 
Nitrate of soda plat. . : 5 Bah ROG 292 2,930 


It will be seen that the yield on the two plats was practically 
the same. The agreement in percentage of nitrogen is equally 
striking. The grain from both plats contained 1.47 per cent of 
nitrogen, the straw from both 0.38 per cent, and the chaff 0.51 
and 0.58 per cent. The total nitrogen per acre in the crop from 
the green-manured plat was 6C.34 pounds, and from the nitrate of 
soda plat 60.12 pounds. The green manuring with 37.33 pounds 
of nitrogen per acre had given a result equally as good in every 


1894. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 97 


way as an application of 28 pounds of nitrogen per acre in the 
form of nitrate of soda. But even with this favorable result 
there was no financial advantage from the green manuring. This 
furnished 37.33 pounds of nitrogen per acre, which at 15 cents 
per pound would be worth only $5.60, which would no more than 
pay for the pea seed used. 

Had the crop of pea forage been fed, quite a different result 
might have been expected. ‘The green pea fodder contained 3.35 
per cent of protein, 0.44 percent of fat, 4.63 percent of nitrogen- 
free extract, and 2.51 percent of fibre. With hay at $14.50 per 
ton, the pea fodder would have been worth $3.15 per ton, or the 
crop of 34 tons per acre, $11. Allowing $2.50 for the cost of 
feeding, and $5.50 for the cost of seeding, there remains $3 to 
the credit of the pea-vines when fed. 

Again, if we calculate in a similar manner the value for feeding 
of the mixture of peas, vetch and lupine mentioned in the preced- 
ing experiment, the result will be $10.59, or $3.13 per acre more 
than the calculated value for green manuring. The net feeding 
value of the mustard would be $15.75 per acre, or $7.73 more 
than the value for green manuring. ‘These figures bring out the 
high value of white mustard as a fallow crop, especially on good 
soils. The cost of the seed is small and the crop grows rapidly 
in the stubble of winter grains, but it does not possess the ability 
to assimilate the free nitrogen of the air. 

The matter resolves itself into this, that the search for a profit- 
able crop for green manuring the better classes of soils is without 
avail. The distinction should be borne in mind between green 
manuring — the ploughing under of green plants — and ploughing 
under the stubble and remains of a crop. The latter is neces- 
sary, and often results in much good to the land. But it is a mis- 
take to plough into the soil for manure a pound of vegetable 
albuminoids which could be used for making milk or meat. 

Green manuring, except with lupine on light sandy soils, marks 
no progress in farm management. Let us then take advantage of 
these recent discoveries of agricultural science, not to ‘* manure 
the soil with atmospheric nitrogen,” but to produce and to utilize 
to the fullest extent the nitrogenous and carbonaceous materials 
derived from the air by feeding them to farm animals. 


< 


4 
« 
fi 


‘NUVG ADATIOO 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT... . 075 Nis Ons 


THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


JANUARY, 1895. 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT AND POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS 
18 Post OFFICE SQUARE. 
1895. 


Commontvealth of Massachusetts. 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
AMHERST, Jan. 1, 1895. 


To His Excellency FREDERIC T. GREENHALGE. 

Sir:—I have the honor herewith to transmit to your 
Excellency and the Honorable Council the thirty-second an- 
nual report of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural 


College. 


I am, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 


HENRY H. GOODELL, 


President. 


50729 


CONTENTS 


* PAGE 
Report of Trustees, ; ‘ ; : ; : , ; ; 7-53 
The Faculty, . ; ; ; ; - : 7 
Course of Study, . ; : - ; 8 
The Library, . : eee he ; : wt» LO, 85-206 
Expenditure of State | eee) ; : 11 
Buildings and Improvements needed, . : P : 11 
Report on Agricultural Department, . ; : 37 
New Barns and Equipment, . : 42 
Report on Experiment Department, . , , , ; 16 
Entomological Division, : ; : 17 
Agricultural Division, . : : : 19 
Horticultural Division, . , ; ; : : ; : 28 
Meteorological Division, : : ; , : : ; 35 
Treasurer’s Report, , ; : ‘ ‘ 37 
Gifts, E ; ; : : : : : ; ; P 51 
Report of Treasurer, . , : ; : ; : : 54 
Report to Secretary of Interior, . : . : ; : . 59 
Calendar, . ; ; ; j : : ; 66 
Catalogue of Faculty and Shiean : : , ; : ; 68 
Four-years Course of Study, ; : ; : ; ’ 78 
Two-years Course of Study, : : ‘ : , ; 80 
Graduate Course, . ’ ’ ear : , 82 
Requirements for Admission, F ; : : : ; 84 
Expenses, . ; é ; : : : : : : - 92 
Scholarships, . ; ; : . : : , : : ; 93 
Equipment, . , : ; : ; : ; : : 95 
Appendix : — 
A Study of Orthezia, . : ; : Lit 
Eckhold’s Omnimeter, . : , 133 


Plant Diseases, R ; ; ’ : : / é ; 139 


re 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES 


OF THE 


MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council. 


Conformable to the provisions of chapter 101 of the Acts 
and Resolves of 1894, this report covers the transactions of 
the period embraced within the first day of October, 1893, 
and the last day of December, 1894. 


THe FAcuury. 


Since making the last report, the shorter two-years course 
in agriculture and horticulture has been completely organ- 
ized, with an attendance in the two classes of forty-six. The 
graduate course, leading to the degree of Master of Science, 
has been opened with four members, three being in residence 
and one prosecuting his studies away from the college, but 
under the direction of its instructors. The establishment of 
these two new courses, with the increased amount of teach- 
ing, has necessitated still further additions to the corps of 
teachers. Of the twenty whose names appear upon our 
catalogue, one is honorary professor of agriculture and not 
actively engaged in teaching, and one is a non-resident lect- 
urer, coming from Northampton during the winter months 
and giving to the senior class a course of practical talks on 
farm law. The others are all on the ground attending to 
their duties as required by the schedule. The two new 
instructors appointed during the year are Ralph E. Smith 
(July, 1894) and Richard S. Lull (January, 1894). The 
former is a graduate of the college in the last class, and 
has done excellent work in the departments of botany and 
modern languages. The latter was graduated at Rutgers 


8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


College, N. J., in 1893, and previous to his acceptance of 
the position offered him here as assistant in the chair of 
zoology was in the employ of the department of agriculture 
as special agent scientific field corps, division of entomology. 
During his year’s service he has devoted himself energetically 
to the care and rearrangement of the museum. Individual 
specimens have been carefully examined with a view to their 
better preservation or replacement when found necessary, and 
the entire collection has been arranged in natural sequence 
to facilitate its study intelligently without a guide. Realiz- 
ing the invaluable aid of the museum in the teaching of 
zoology, he has prepared a synoptical case as an index to 
the rest of the room. The good effects of this systematic 
arrangement is shown in the increased interest and attention 
paid to the study of zodlogy. Already the narrowing space 
warns us that provision must be made in the early. future for 
the accommodation of the rapidly increasing collections. 


CouURSE OF STUDY. 


The elective system has shown its value from the very 
moment of its introduction. The quality of the work has 
been greatly bettered and the amount has been increased. 
As soon as practicable, we would recommend having it go 
into effect still earlier in the course. The chief obstacle thus 
far met with has arisen from the difficulty of laying out 
courses which would meet the popular demand. It had been 
expected that certain sequences of studies would be chosen 
which might form the basis of arrangement by courses. But 
results have not justified this expectation, and we find our- 
selves in as great perplexity as ever. Sixty-two men have 


already made trial of this system, and of the eleven studies — 


offered to their choice they have succeeded in making twenty- 
three combinations of groups of three, as follows : — 


Nineteen elected agriculture, political economy, veterinary. 
One elected agriculture, chemistry, veterinary. 

One elected agriculture, chemistry, political economy. 

Two elected agriculture, botany, chemistry. 

One elected agriculture, horticulture, veterinary. 

Two elected agriculture, horticulture, political economy. 
One elected agriculture, electricity, mathematics. 

Eight elected botany, entomology, German. 


1895.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 9 


One elected botany, chemistry, electricity. 

One elected botany, mathematics, German. 

One elected botany, political economy, German. 

Seven elected chemistry, political economy, veterinary. 
Three elected chemistry, political economy, German. 
One elected chemistry, electricity, German. 

One elected chemistry, mathematics, German. 

One elected chemistry, entomology, electricity. 

Four elected chemistry, veterinary, German. 

One elected veterinary, political economy, electricity. 
One elected horticulture, political economy, German. 
One elected veterinary, political economy, horticulture. 
Two elected political economy, electricity, mathematics. 
Two elected political economy, electricity, German. 
Two elected forestry, entomology, German. 


Or, arranging the studies in the order of their preference, 
we find that out of sixty-two students — 


Forty-two elected political economy. 
Thirty-three elected veterinary. 
Twenty-seven elected agriculture. 
Twenty-three elected German, 
Seventeen elected chemistry. 
Thirteen elected botany. 

Eleven elected entomology. 
Seven elected electricity. 

Five elected horticulture. 

Five elected mathematics. 

Two elected forestry. 


Political economy, veterinary, agriculture, German, chem- 
istry, botany and entomology appear to be the favorite 
studies; but the choice of the students does not yet seem 
to warrant an arrangement in courses. 

The dairy school has not yet been opened. Owing to 
delay in completing the new barn, to which it forms an 
annex, it was thought advisable to defer its organization for 
another year, in order that its equipment and arrangement 
might be completed. From New Jersey comes the first 
application from a young lady to be enrolled as a student. 

The college was highly favored last year in being selected 
as the institution at which were presented the Rothamsted 
American lectures for 1893. From November 17 to Decem- 
ber 1, Sir Henry Gilbert delivered a most instructive series 


10 50% AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


of nine lectures on the results of experiments carried on at 
Rothamsted by Sir John Lawes and himself during the past 
sixty years. The subjects presented were: the growth of 
wheat, barley, mixed herbage, roots and various leguminous 
crops, year after year, on the same land, both with and with- 
out manure, for periods varying from five to forty years ; the 
results of various systems of crop rotation; the sources of 
fat in the animal body, and the feeding of oxen, horses and 
pigs with definite rations for various kinds of work or meat. 
The lectures were strikingly illustrated by a series of ninety 
large wall charts carefully prepared for the occasion. 

During the winter, a lecture was delivered by Pres. Henry 
-E. Alvord on the ‘‘ Lessons to be learned from the dairy 
tests at the World’s Columbian Exposition;” and in the 
spring, instruction in forestry was inaugurated by a course 
of lectures given by Dr. B. E. Fernow, chief of the divi- 
sion of forestry at Washington. The series covered a wide 
range, embracing the following topics : — 

1. The battle of the forests; the survival of the fittest. 

2. What is forestry ? 

3. How trees grow. 

4, How forests grow. 

5. Accretion and its measurement. 

6. ‘Timber physics. 

7. artificial afforestation. 
8. Sylviculture } satu regeneration. 

SETS improvement of the crop. 
10, Forest protection and forest exploitation. 


11. Forest survey and forest regulation. 
12. Forest finance and summary. 


These lectures were given to the senior and junior classes, 
and awakened the deepest interest. It is hoped that perma- 
nent provision may be made for their continuance, and for 
more extended instruction on this most important subject. 


THe LIBRARY. 


What tools and stock are to the workman, books are to 
the professor and student. They are the sources from which 
they draw material for the preparation of lecture and recita- 
tion. To be of the highest utility, these should be available 
at all hours, and at any minute, for examination and study. 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 11 


The library now numbers about 16,000 volumes, made up 
of the best and latest works in the different departments of 
science. It is used constantly by the students, 4,453 books 
having been drawn during the past year. It should be open 
for consultation the entire day, and the utmost freedom 
granted the investigator in going to the shelves and examin- 
ing for himself the different works bearing upon the subject 
in which he is interested. Lack of means has hitherto per- 
mitted its use only for a couple of hours in the afternoon 
and the same in the evening. A permanent librarian should 
be appointed, whose duty should be not simply to supervise 
its care and management and provide for its future growth, 
but above all to aid the students in their different investiga- 
tions, and put them in the way of acquiring such information 
as they need. This is the highest, the crowning work of a 
librarian. | 


EXPENDITURE OF STATE APPROPRIATIONS. 


The sewage from the college buildings, formerly empty- 
ing into the ravine lying directly north, defiled one of the 
prettiest spots on the whole college grounds, and offered a 
perpetual menace to good health. It has now been properly 
eared for and utilized. It is first carried through pipes 
directly to a flush tank or cistern, where, by means of a 
Miller’s automatic siphon, it is conveyed across the ravine, 
and there distributed through the soil on the opposite side. 

The expenditure of the appropriations for the erection of 
new barns, purchase of stock and the establishment of an 
electric plant are so admirably detailed by the professor of 
agriculture in his report of the farm and farm buildings, 
submitted elsewhere, that it is unnecessary to enter into 
further details. 


BUILDINGS AND IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED. 


The steady increase of students during the past few years, 
and the seven or eight additional recitations each day, fol- 
lowing upon the admission of the two classes in the shorter 
course, render imperative the making adequate provision for 
lecture and laboratory work. In the zodlogical department 
this lack of room has been more seriously felt than in any 


12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


other. This very year, more than one-half of the seniors 
electing entomology were compelled to give up that study 
for lack of accommodations. Entomology, botany and Ger- 
man are three correlated studies, so closely linked together 
that to exclude either of the two first is to render the course 
practically worthless. The eight young men who elected 
this did not get what they wanted, for they were compelled 
to forego the study of one of the most important of their | 
three subjects. They have been disappointed, and the col- 
lege, from the unexpected numbers electing the course, is 
placed in the unenviable position of advertising instruction 
which it cannot give. There are in the zodlogical. depart- 
-ment one recitation room and one laboratory. The first is 
occupied by classes in anatomy, physiology, zoology and 
veterinary. The last is utilized for practical work in dissec- 
tion and drawing. Advanced work in entomology requires 
the constant use of the microscope, and a room where a 
student can leave his work and his instruments without fear 
of their being disturbed before he returns. These last con- 
ditions cannot obtain in either of the rooms already men- 
tioned. The only available quarters have been at the insec- 
tary, where five and at most six students can be accommo- 
~ dated. To provide, then, room for sixteen to twenty addi- 
tional workers, it is asked that a small appropriation, not to 
exceed $3,000, be made, to allow the putting up of a two- 
story addition to the north part of the insectary, conformable 
to the plans herewith submitted. The lower story, thirty- 
two by thirty-six feet, will contain stands and appliances 
for sixteen students. The upper story will contain a photo- 
graphing room, and, for special work, two private labora- 
tories, which can, however, be utilized in case of necessity. 
It is believed that this is the most economical and advan- 
tageous arrangement that can be made. It brings the 
laboratory into direct communication with the insectary, 
and saves the necessity of putting up a separate building. 

In the recent issue of arms and equipments, two of the 
new breech-loading steel guns have been ordered sent to the 
college. Coupled with this is the condition that suitable 
shelter shall be provided for them. The old quarters, namely, 
the armory, is not large enough to contain them, and an ap- — 


1895. ]. PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 13 


propriation, not to exceed $1,800 is therefore asked for the 
- following purpose, to wit: to erect a gun-room twenty-eight 
by sixty feet, which shall contain, besides shelter for the 
cannon, a shooting gallery for practice during the winter 
months ; and to build a small gallery at the south end of the 
drill hall, for the accommodation of the numerous spectators 
and the prevention of annoyance to those drilling on the floor 
. below. 

The library of the college belongs to every department, 
and is used alike by professor and student. It is the right 
arm of the instructor and the most important factor in the 
education of the pupil. There is no one thing which con- 
duces so powerfully to the intellectual growth and activity 
of a college as the general, intelligent use of its library. To 
bring it to its highest state of efficiency, it must be kept 
abreast of the mental development of the age, and garner 
in the harvest of fresh thought and discovery from every 
quarter of the globe. Fresh solutions of old problems 
awaken renewed interest, and the dullest mind grows 
brighter by contact with the minds of other men, The 
library is deficient in certain sets of periodicals and refer- 
ence books of science in several of its departments. To 
supply this deficiency, particularily with reference to plant 
and animal diseases, it is asked that the small sum of $700 
be appropriated. 

To recapitulate briefly, it is asked that there be appro- 
priated — 


For the erection of an entomological laboratory, . H - $3,000 

For the erection of a gun-house with practice gallery and the 
construction of a gallery in the drill hall, : : . 1,800 

For the purchase of books, . : ‘ : ; ‘ ‘ 700 


$0,000 


14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 


[| 
HEM Fey A UE Behl Ne SREY Resa 

Soh SEN RE De Se Sain oie A 9 z 
i 


LECTURE ROOM. 


OFFICE. 


H INSECTICIDE } 


ROOM. 


Ss 


_ GREEN HOUSE. 


LOWER FLoor. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 15 


PHOTOGRAPHING 


ROOM. 


WEIGHING 


STORE ROOM. 


GREEN | HOUSE. 


SECOND FLOOR. 


16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT. 


Four bulletins have been issued the past year, in editions 
of 12,000, 12,500, 13,000, 15,000. The subjects treated 
were the following : — 


No. 24.— Insecticides, particularly the arsenates of lead and 
soda; the horn-fly, with Sinner and remedies las Gs its 
attacks. 

No. 25.— Formule for the preparation of insecticides and fungi- 
cides, with directions as to the time and manner of their use; 
report on one hundred and twenty-one varieties of grapes fruiting 
in 1893. 

No. 26.— Report on small fruits tested during the season of 
1894, namely, one hundred and twenty-four varieties of straw- 
berries, twelve varieties of blackberries, eighteen varieties of red 
raspberries, twenty varieties of black-cap raspberries. 

No. 27. — History of the college herd and record of the tests 


made with tuberculin; outbreak of bovine rabies; poisoning from 
nitrate of soda. 


Twelve monthly bulletins have been issued, in editions of 
four hundred, in which the record of the meteorological ob- 
servations for each day has been noted. Owing to shrinkage 
_in the timbers and consequent settling of the floor, it has 
been found impossible up to the Pen ole to use the 
electrograph. 

The above, however, indicates but a small part of the 
work done at the station during the year. Great attention 
has been paid to the gypsy moth and the various pests of 
the cranberry, and the resources of the entomological divi- 
sion have been taxed to the utmost in furnishing reply to 
inquiries of how best to repel the invasions of the army, 
canker and boll worms and other devastating foes. The 
study of plant diseases has gone steadily on, and the mount- 
ing and card cataloguing of some four thousand species of 
fungi has been commenced. An interesting experiment, the 
full details of which will be found in the report of the hor- 
ticulturist, was conducted for the purpose of demonstrating 
the ability to utilize by evaporation and bleaching the im- 
mense quantities of fruit now allowed to go to waste. Six 
model poultry houses have been constructed, and investiga- 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 17 


tions into some of the problems of poultry raising have been 
undertaken. A full index to the subject matter contained 
in the twenty-seven quarterly bulletins issued by the station 
and its seven annual reports has been prepared, and will 
form the twenty-eighth of the series. 

The following gifts to the agricultural division of the sta- 
tion have been received : — 


From Nitrate Syndicate of South America, two sacks nitrate of 
soda. 

German Potash Syndicate of New York, one ton of kainit 
and ten sacks potash salts. 

W. Atlee Burpee of Philadelphia, Penn., seed of New 
Danish Island oat, and seed of New Danish improved 
sugar beet. 

E. L. Boardman of Sheffield, seed of naked black barley. 

A. F. Hunter of South Natick, three settings of light 
Brahma eggs. 

E. F. Hodgson of Dover, one ‘* Peep-o-day ” drinking foun- 
tain. 

Northrup Braslan Goodwin Company of Minneapolis, Minn., 
seed of Northrup, Braslan Goodwin Company’s Petigree 
blue stem wheat, negro wonder oat, Minnesota king corn, 
early mastodon corn, early yellow Huron corn, hog millet, 
golden wonder millet. 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL DIVISION. 


During the past season careful studies have been made and 
experiments performed on Orthezia insignis, the new plant-house 
pest mentioned in my report of last year.* 

Bulletin No. 24 was prepared by this division, and contains 
descriptions of the horn-fly in its different stages, and also its 
habits and the best methods of controlling it. This bulletin also 
contains the results of experiments with four different insecticides. 

Much time has been devoted both by my assistants and myself 
to experiments on the gypsy moth, and to studying its habits for 
the purpose of discovering cheaper and more successful methods 
for its destruction. 

Numerous experiments have been made with insecticides on 
greenhouse insects, with varying results. ‘These will be reported 
in a bulletin at some future time. 

The work on the biological collection has been continued, and 
the card catalogue of the literature of insects has been copied so 


* The results of these studies are published in the Appendix of this report. 


18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


far as to include the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and 
Orthoptera, which are now represented by 25,000 cards. The 
other orders of insects are still to be copied from the thin slips 
upon which they were first written. This catalogue is of very 
great assistance in our work, and saves a vast amount of time in 
looking up the literature of any insect. 

Many letters have been received from different parts of the 
State about the depredations of certain common insects, of which 
the most important are the army-worm, the canker-worm, the boll- 
worm, the Vanessa butterfly, the red-humped caterpillar, the vaga- 
bond crambus, the raspberry-cane girdler and the wrinkled scolytus. 
Information concerning these insects and what can be done to hold 
them in check will be given later in a bulletin. 

The studies on cranberry insects have been continued, and sev- 

eral insects discovered injuring cranberries, which had not pre- 
viously been known to feed upon this plant. 
- The common span-worm of the Cape Cod bogs has been bred, 
and proves to be Ematurga faxonii Minot. I had long suspected 
that this insect fed on the cranberry, as the moths were found in 
abundance on bogs infested with the span-worm. 

Noctua c-nigrum Linn. was found quite abundant on many bogs. 
They remained, during the day, concealed in the sand and fallen 
leaves, and fed by night on the leaves at the tips of the runners, 
and on the berries, eating out the whole inside through a large 
hole in one side. Many of the cranberry growers had supposed 
this to be the work of span-worms. 

The red-striped span-worm was found on several of the bogs 
feeding on the leaves. This larva is about three-fourths of an 
inch in length, with the dorsal surface yellowish, ornamented with 
a longitudinal reddish band with short, oblique branches extending 
from it, and sprinkled with fine white dots. A lateral red stripe 
occurs on the first few segments of the body. These span-worms 
were sent to the insectary, where the moths emerged August 11, 
and proved to be Hupithecia implicata Walk. 

The green span-worm was found on several bogs, where it was 
said to be very injurious. Specimens sent to the insectary died 
on the way, and therefore they have not been bred. Thamnonoma 
argillacearia has been taken flying on the bogs, in such numbers 
and under such circumstances as to lead me to suspect that it is 
the moth of the green span-worm. Thamnonoma sulfuraria has 
also been taken flying over bogs under such circumstances as to 
lead to the suspicion that it may also be a cranberry insect. 

Crambus topiariws has been bred by Mr. S. H. Scudder, as a 
girdle-worm; and while I have for a long time been convinced 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 1g 


that this was the case with this insect, I should not be at all sur- 
prised if other species of Crambus should be found to possess the 
same habits, for I have found C. girardellus and C. agitatellus 
flying in considerable numbers about large and clean bogs. 

A cut-worm was found to be very common on some of the bogs 
in North Carver, South Carver and Plymouth, hiding in the sand 
and dead leaves, near the stems of young plants, during the day, 
and eating the bark of the stems near the ground, often completely 
girdling them. ‘These were bred in the sei and proved to 
be Carneades detersa Walk. 

The larve of Acronycta tritona Hbn. were found in abundance 
on one bog, where they devoured the leaves, stripping the vines. 

The army-worm (Leucania unipuncta) was very destructive on 
the bogs in several towns on the Cape during the past year, cutting 
off the new growth. Dichelia sulfureana was very abundant on 
one bog at Pleasant Lake; and the larve of the June beetle were 
said to have injured the roots of the plants on many bogs. 
Mamesira picta Har. was found on several bogs, feeding on cran- 
berry leaves with evident relish. Sphinx gordius, Hyperchirio io, 
Lagoa crispata, Agrotis ypsilon and Acronycta oblinita were also 
found feeding on cranberry leaves. Several other larvee were also 
found feeding on the cranberry, but have not yet been determined. 
A more complete account of these insects will be given in a future 
bulletin. 

Tue AGRICULTURAL Division. 

Soil tests upon the co-operative plan agreed upon in convention 
in Washington in 1889 have been continued. During the past 
season we have carried out six such experiments, — two upon our 
own grounds, one with corn and one with grass; and one each in 
Worcester, Concord, Hadley and Shelburne, with mixed orasses 
and clover. ‘The general results are exactly in line with those of 
previous years. ‘The main points indicated are shown below : — 

Grass and Clover. — First, nitrate of soda, applied early in 
spring at the rate of one hundred and sixty pounds per acre, has 
given a large and profitable increase in the first crop, affecting 
chiefly the grass in the mixed sward. 

Second. — Their application produces little or no increase in the 
rowen crop; and the indication is, therefore, that to produce a 
good crop of this, a second application of nitrate of soda should 
be made after cutting the first crop. This we have not tried. 

Third. — 'The potash influences chiefly the growth of the clover 
in the mixed sward. On those plats where muriate of potash at 
the rate of one hundred and sixty pounds per acre has been ap- 
plied there has always been a large proportion of clover. 


20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Fourth.— Those plats which have received potash, doubtless 
because this application favors clover, produce comparatively large 
crops of rowen. This result has been particularly striking. 

fifth. — The phosphoric acid has not produced any very marked 
results upon the growth either of the grass or clover. 

Siath. — For a mixed crop of grass and clover I believe that an 
application in early spring, consisting of a mixture containing 
about the following materials in the quantities named per side 
will generally be found profitable : — 


Nitrate of soda, . . : : i : ; 150 pounds. 


Tankage or dry fish, . . ; : 4 : 100 Sa 
Plain superphosphate, : . . OO: 
Ground South Carolina rock phosphdees : , LOO Nts 
Muriate of potash, . ‘ ‘ 5 ; ‘ 150. et 


Corn.— The soil test with corn as the crop upon our grounds 
the past season is in many respects the most striking of all we have 
made with this crop, for this is the sixth season that the acre upon 
which the crop was grown has been under similar treatment. The 
crops, beginning with 1889, have been corn, corn, oats, grass, 
grass and corn. The acre is divided into fourteen plats. Four 
of these have received neither manure nor fertilizer during the six 
years. ‘These are plats numbered 3, 6, 9, 12. | 

The fertilizer treatment of all the plats for each year, from 
1889 to 1894 inclusive, and the yield of corn and stover this year, 
are shown in the table below : — 


7 Stover pasted 
No. Applied Yearly since 1889 per Acre. eee ior: re04 


(Pounds).| (Bushels). 


1 Nitrate of soda, one hundred and sixty pounds, . 5 ° ; 2,860 24 

2 Dissolved bone-black, three hundred and twenty pounds, . ‘ 2,300 19.5 

3 | Nothing, . 5 0 2 5 : 4 a ‘ 2 5 -| 2,280 23 

4 | Muriate of potash, one hundred and sixty pounds, . : : 38,600 A4.5 

5 Lime, one hundred and sixty pounds, . . . . 3 5 2,500 19.6 

6 | Nothing, . 5 3 0 ° 5 . > 0 S 5 5 1,780 13.9 

7 Farm-yard manure, five cords, i ‘ : : 5 S 5 3,760 68.4 

8 Nitrate of soda, one hundred and sixty pounds,. 5 ‘ 1.840 22.3 

Dissolved bone-black, three hundred and twenty pounds, : 
9 | Nothing, . s 5 0 2 ° 2 - 4 <a 4 2,250 21.2 
10} | Nuriate of potedh, one hundred end aitty paundie 9) pe aor 
1 Dissolved bone-black, three hundred and twenty pounds, ; 3.820 52.8 
Muriate of potash, one hundred and sixty pounds, . : 

12 | Nothing, . : : P ° . . . ° ° ° ° 1,620 17.9 

13 Land plaster, one hundred and sixty pounds, . ° ° 2,740 25.3 
Nitrate of soda, one hundred and sixty pounds, . ° 

14 Dissolved vone-black, three hundred and twenty pounds, é 3,780 64.4 
Muriate of potash, one hundred and sixty pounds, . 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 21 


It will be noticed that wherever potash was used there was a 
good crop both of stover and corn, but that in no case was there 
a good crop where it was not used except on farm-yard manure. 
It is not believed that the phosphoric acid and nitrogen supplied 
respectively by the bone-black and nitrate of soda should be en- 
tirely left out of fertilizer for corn; but it is thought that they 
should be less prominent than is usually the case. 

The results of experiments in other parts of the State are gen- 
erally similar to those obtained here. The average increase in the 
corn crop in twenty-six widely scattered experiments, extending 
over the years 1889 to 1892, due to the different elements of 
plant food applied at the rates shown in the above table, has 
been as follows : — 


Stover, 376.6 pounds. 


Increase due to nitrogen, . P : ; Grain, 5.2 bushels. 


: Tae Stover, 196.3 pounds. 
Increase due to phosphoric acid, . : ; Co Oe eel 


Increase due to potash, e : ; Be sai irae 
In view of the general nature of our results, I suggest as likely 
to prove satisfactory the use for an acre of corn of materials 
which will furnish: nitrogen, twenty-six pounds ; phosphoric acid, 
forty pounds; potash, ninety pounds. Many combinations of 
materials may be made which will supply those elements. As one 
likely to prove generally useful, I suggest : — 


Nitrate of soda, . : : : . : - 50 pounds. 
Dried blood, ; , , ‘ F : ; 100 = 
Dry fish, ; j ; ‘ : : 125 5 
Plain superphosphate, : ; , : ‘ 200 i 
Muriate of potash, . : : . ‘ ‘ 190 


These materials should be mixed just previous to application, as 
they are likely to cake if kept. Where fields are managed under 
a rotation system, into which clover and grass sometimes enter, 
the amounts named above will be likely to give good crops; but, 
as intensive culture usually pays best, my practice, as will be seen 
by my farm report in another part of this volume, is generally to 
use larger amounts in the expectation of higher yields. 

The trial of manure alone versus manure and potash for corn has 
been continued upon the same acre of land, the past being the 
fourth successive year of similar treatment. Where manure alone 
was used, we applied at the rate of six cords per acre, spread after 
ploughing and harrowing in. The manure and potash, similarly 
applied, have been put on at the rate of four cords of the former 


22 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


and one hundred and twenty-five pounds of muriate of potash for 
the latter. The plats, four in number, contain one-quarter of an 
acre each. ‘The results are shown below : — 


Plat No. 1, manure, stover, 902 pounds; grain on ear, 972 pounds. 

Plat No. 2, manure and potash, stover, 965 pounds; grain on ear, 
842 pounds. 

Plat No. 3, manure, stover, 952 pounds; grain on ear, 1,100 pounds. 

Plat No. 4, manure and potash, stover 1,002 pounds; grain on ear, 
1,186 pounds. 


These figures make it evident that the combination of manure 
and potash is practically equal in value to the larger quantity of 
manure alone. On the two plats receiving manure and potash we 
have 113 pounds more stover and 44 pounds less grain on the ear. 
‘The gain in stover at $8 per ton is worth $0.45; the loss in grain 
at 55 cents per bushel is worth $0.30. The manure applied per 
plat where used alone must be charged at $7.50; the manure and 
_ potash applied to the other plats at $5.68. The advantage clearly 
lies with the combined manure and potash. On two plats the dif- 
ference in the cost of application in favor of the manure and 
potash amounts to $3.64. ? 

Special corn fertilizer has been further compared upon one acre, 
the past having been the fourth successive season of such com- 
parison with fertilizer richer in potash. There are four plats of 
one-quarter of an acre each. ‘The yields are shown below : — 

Plat 1, special fertilizer, stover, 762 pounds; grain on ear, 919 pounds. 

Plat 2, fertilizer, richer in potash, stover, 789 pounds; grain on ear, 
854 pounds. 

Plat 3, special fertilizer, stover, 752 pounds; grain on ear, 935 pounds, 

Plat 4, fertilizer, richer in potash, stover, 862 pounds; grain on ear, 
978 pounds. 


The fertilizer denominated ‘‘ special” furnishes the amounts of 
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash that would be supplied by the 
application of 1,200 pounds of a special commercial corn fertilizer 
of the average composition of all leading kinds offered in our 
markets. The materials used are shown below : — 


Plats Plats 

land 3 2and4 — 

(Pounds). | (Pounds). 
Nitrate of soda, . : ‘ ; ; : : : 55} 33 
Dissolved bone-black, ; ; ‘ ‘ : ; 213 1123 


Muriate of potash, . 5 : ; . HY gs 27 75 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 23 


It will be noticed that the crops are nearly equal. The fer- 
tilizer richer in potash gives 137 pounds more stover and 22 
pounds less grain on the ear than the special. The financial ad- 
vantage is with the former, for the application per plat costs $63 
less, while the crop on two plats is worth $0.40 more, making a 
net gain on an acre amounting to $3.32. 

White mustard as a crop for nitrogen conservation has been 
under trial upon one acre of corn. The seed is sown in the 
standing corn early in August, and the mustard generally grows 
until about the middle of November. It is then generally ploughed 
in. The present is the third successive year of this trial upon the 
same field. There is not as yet any considerable difference in 
crops that is clearly attributable to the green manuring. The 
yield of stover is this year somewhat larger upon the green ma- 
nured portion of the acre; that of corn slightly less. The figures 
per acre follow : — 


Not green manured, stover, 3,748 pounds; shelled corn, 55 bushels. 
Green manured, stover, 3,894 pounds; shelled corn, 54.4 bushels. 


Sulphate of potash has been compared for the third season with 
muriate of potash for potatoes. The results, as in previous years, 
have been in favor of the sulphate. It has on the average given 
the largest crop and tubers of the best eating quality. In this 
experiment one acre of land was used. It was divided into four 
plats, suitably separated by strips of land which were unfertilized. 
To all the plats materials furnishing equal amounts of nitrogen 
and phosphoric acid were applied. On two plats the source of the 
potash applied was the muriate, on the other the high-grade sul- 
phate ; equal amounts of actual potash to each. On two plats — 
one sulphate and one muriate—all the fertilizers were put on 
broadcast after ploughing; on the other two they were all put in 
the drill. 

The yields were at the following rates per acre : — 


Sulphate of Potash. 


Broadcast: merchantable tubers, 248 bushels; small tubers, 20 
bushels. 
Drill: merchantable tubers, 268.4 bushels; small tubers, 19.3 bushels. 


Muriate of Potash. 


Broadcast: merchantable tubers, 254 bushels; small tubers, 16.4 
bushels. 
Drill: merchantable tubers, 186.4 bushels; small tubers, 11.3 bushels. 


24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


It is believed that something other than the difference in 
fertilizer applied, injuriously influenced the last plat. 

In 1893 there was no appreciable difference in the eating quality 
of the potatoes raised respectively upon sulphate and muriate of 
potash. Samples of tubers of even size from each of the four 
plats were, however, subjected to proximate analysis, with the 
following results : — 


Sulphate of potash, broadcast: water, 75.56 per cent; starch, 16.98 
per cent. 

Sulphate of potash, drill: water 74.40 per cent; starch, 18.44 per cent, 

Muriate of potash, broadcast: water, 81.99 per cent; starch, 12.52 
per cent. 


Muriate of potash, drill: water, 78.98 per cent; starch, 14.11 per 
cent. 


These results, it will be seen, show an average difference of 
about four per cent more starch in the potatoes raised upon the 
sulphate.. They also show a somewhat better quality as the result 
of drill application of the fertilizers, an average difference of | 
about one and one-half per cent more starch. 

Japanese Millets. —'The three species Panicum crus-galli, milia- 
ceum and italicum have all been under further trial for green fodder 
and for seed crops. The first proves the most valuable. It has 
now been tried by a large number of farmers in various parts of the 
State, and almost without exception is reported upon favorably. 
- Many speak of it in terms of highest praise, and the demand for 
seed —chiefly from those who have tried it—far exceeds the 
supply. I still look upon it as rather coarse for hay, but for feed- 
ing green or for the silo it has superior merits. It gives yields of 
from ten to fifteen tons per acre of green fodder. ‘The analyses 
made show the nutritive value to be very nearly the same as that 
of corn fodder. Yields of from three to nearly six tons of well- 
dried hay per acre have been obtained. : 

The silage made from it is of superior quality. It is com- 
paratively free from acid, and is greedily eaten by cattle. In 
alternate layers with soya beans it has given very satisfactory 
results. For comparison with other corn silage, I give the two 
following analyses : — 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 25 


American Millet and 


Average of Soya Bean 
Corn Silage* | Silage (per 
(per Cent.). Cent.). 
Moisture, : : : ‘ } : \ ; fi Pa! 77.41 
Dry matter, . , ; : ; : , , 20.9 22.59 
Analysis of Dry Matter. 

Crude ash, i y - : ‘ 6.6 8.91 
Crude protein, ; j ; : ; : 8.0 e.25 
Crude cellulose, . . : - : : ] 28.6 33.14 
Crude fat, . : : ; : : : , 3.8 Sant 
Nitrogen-free extract, . 53.0 42.99 


* Jenkins and Winton. 


It will be noted that the millet and soya bean silage is con- 
siderably richer than the corn silage in protein, which is the most 
valuable portion of a fodder,—the nitrogenous portion. The 
seed of this millet, Panicum crus-galli, is difficult to save on 
account of the fondness of birds for it. It yields largely, but 
there is much unavoidable loss. 

Of the other millets, I have to report that the Panicum milia- 
cewm will not probably prove valuable for fodder. Its seed is 
large and nutritious, excellent for cage birds or poultry. The 
Panicum italicum is somewhat like German millet, though in im- 
portant respects it differs from that sort. In usefulness it will be 
found about equal to the German, but it must not be sown too 
thickly. 

Soya Beans. — We have continued to experiment with a number 
of varieties of this crop. We find three of value, and these we 
call ‘‘ Early White,” ‘‘ Medium Green” and ‘‘ Medium Black.” 
The seed of all was originally brought from Japan. The first is 
the most reliable for seed production in this vicinity, though neither 
of the others has failed to ripen every season during the last six 
years. The ‘‘ Medium Green” appears to be the most valuable for 
ensilage. This has given a yield of rather over eight tons per 
acre when ready for the silo. 

Sulphate has been compared with the muriate of potash for this 
crop, and the results are largely in favor of the former. 

Different distances between the rows were tried the past season, 
viz.,‘thirty, twenty-seven and twenty-four inches. The first dis- 
tance has almost without exception given the most satisfactory 
crops. 

Pot experiments in the culture of three varieties of the soya 
bean, employing for each, soil from our own grounds and soil from. 


26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


a locality where this crop had never been grown, were carried out 
in 1893. The pots were variously fertilized in two parallel series 
for each kind of soil. ‘To the soil of every pot in one series for 
each kind of soil a little dust from the floor where soya beans had 
been threshed was added. The object aimed at was to determine 
whether the addition of this dust, which, it was known, must con- 
tain in abundance the germs of the tubercle bacillus peculiar to 
soya bean roots, — the bacillus which gives the plant the power 
to fix atmospheric nitrogen, — would affect the development of 
root tubercles and the growth and yield of the plants. The re- 
sults were striking. From a very early stage the plants in the 
pots to which a pinch of the dust from the threshing floor had 
been added were of a markedly greener color and more vigorous. 
_ The weight of both vine and seed from such pots was larger. 
Upon examination after harvest the roots were found to have a 
far greater number of tubercles. The important point here is, 
that the tubercle development is coincident with greater vigor. 

Out-of-door experiments of a similar nature upon a large scale 
have been tried in the field this year. Upon one-half of a number 
of areas similarly fertilized throughout, a small quantity of earth 
from a field where soya beans had been cultivated for several years 
was scattered ; the result in every instance was a marked increase 
in crop. 

Soya beans, as well as other leguminous crops, sometimes fail 
_ to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen to any great extent when first 
cultivated in a neighborhood. This is frequently, no doubt, because 
the appropriate tubercle bacilli are not present in sufficient num- 
bers. They will usually increase from year to year, and when 
they become abundant, success will be more certain. It may some- 
times pay to import a small quantity of earth from a locality where 
the crop does well, for the purpose of securing a supply of the 
needed bacilli. | 

A considerable number of miscellaneous crops have been under 
trial upon a small scale. The more important of these are the 
following: mummy pea, Canada field pea, blue-stem wheat, naked 
black barley, Japanese naked barley, Japanese barley, Japanese 
clover, dwarf Essex rape, spurry, flat pea and alfalfa. A few 
only demanded special mention. 

Mummy Pea. — This gave a yield at the rate of 117 bushels of 
seed to the acre. I do not consider it superior to the common 
Canada field pea. 

Canada Field Pea. — This gave a yield at the rate of 11 bushels 
of seed per acre. Our experience indicates that it will pay to raise 
the seed of this variety to sow for fodder or hay rather than to buy 
at current prices. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 27 


Flat Pea (Lathyrus sylvestris).— A supply of seed obtained 
from Wagner’s accredited agents in this country was purchased 
for a trial upon a large scale. About one-fourth of an acre of 
light sandy soil was planted; but the seed proved to have been 
mixed with vetch, and but few plants grew. A second sowing 
made in June germinated better, but all the plants are yet small. 
This crop has been very highly praised abroad as a fodder crop of 
superior merit, and has done well in a few localities in this coun- 
try. It, however, starts slowly, and requires careful attention at 
first. As it is perennial, this will not prove an important objection 
if the plant will do what is claimed for it. ” 

Alfalfa. — About one-fourth acre of light soil has been sown to 
this crop. It was put in drills about six inches apart, in early 
spring. It made a good start, and when cut, July 14, it averaged 
about two feet in height. The weather was then very dry and 
hot, and the crop was suffering seriously. It was cut about four 
inches high, in order not to expose the roots to the sun. This 
treatment apparently has saved it; but it made little further 
growth. It remains to be seen whether it will endure our winters. 

Experiment in warming a Stable for Cows. — The experiment 
barn belonging to the Hatch station is provided with two wings of 
similar dimensions and similarly constructed in all respects. One 
of these is piped for hot-water heating. Our object is to test the 
question whether the artificial heating of a cow stable will pay. 
We have made but one test. This began Feb. 13 and closed 
March 31, 1894. This was rather late in the season for the best 
results, but financial conditions precluded an earlier beginning. 
The data obtained are of great interest, but the results are not de- 
cisive. There has apparently been a little gain in milk, due to the 
higher and more equable temperature, but a little loss in cream 
and fat. These differences are small, however, and may be acci- 
dental. We have endeavored to keep the wing which is warmed 
at about 55° to 60° F. The averages in degrees Fahrenheit are as 
follows for this stable : — 


First Second Third Fourth 
Period. Period. Period. Period. 
Average of daily maximum, = inGhe4 63.1 67.5 66.5 
Average of daily minimum, . | 46.4 51.6 50.9 54.1 
Similar averages for the cold 
stable are: — 
Average of daily maximum, i | 45.6 45.8 O74 49.3 


Average of daily minimum, . dole abe 219 42.8 37 .6 


28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan. 


Soya Bean Meal compared with Gluten Meal.—In connection 
with the above experiment, we have tested the relative value of 
soya bean and gluten meal as a part of a ration for milch cows. 
The results do not indicate any considerable difference. Cream 
separation by the Cooley submerged system is more perfect in the 
milk from cows receiving the bean meal. The line of demarcation 
is far more distinct, and the cream is thicker and richer in fat. 

Poultry Haperiments. — A beginning in poultry experiments has 
been made. For this work six similar houses have been substan- 
tially erected. Each includes a room twelve by ten feet, with two 
windows; and another eight by ten feet, with folding doors the 
full width on the south. These doors are open in all weather when 
storms do not beat in, and this room serves as a scratching shed. 
_ Connected with these houses are large yards. We have also pro- 
vided a number of smaller movable houses and coops for colonizing 
families of chickens about our grounds. Our start was made with 
purchased eggs of the light brahma and barred Plymouth Rock 
breeds brought from a distance. The hatch, whether with incu- 
bator or hens, was comparatively poor. We have, however, raised 
pullets enough to stock four of our houses; and experiments in 
different methods of feeding for eggs are now in progress. 

The most important point indicated by our work thus far 1s the 
superiority, even in inexperienced hands, of the brooder over the 
natural mother as a means of raising chickens upon a large 

scale. 


Tue HorticutturaL Division. 


The work of this division has the past year been prosecuted on 
lines similar to those of former seasons. 

Among the most important subjects taken up has been that of 
testing new varieties of fruits, vegetables and flowers. A few of 
the more striking results obtained we will briefly outline in this 
annual report. : 

New varieties of the large fruits are obtained by planting young 
trees and by means of scions or buds which are inserted into bear- 
ing trees to hasten the time of fruiting. Large numbers of new 
varieties have been added to our list, but nothing can be reported 
as to their merits for many years. 

The results from the tests of small fruits have bade quite satis- 
factory, and many of these have been already reported in recent 
bulletins. 

Of the varieties of both large and small fruits that show de- 
cided merit are the following : — 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 29 


Apples. 


Titkova (Russian).— This variety has borne but little the past 
season, but the fruit is so large and showy, so early and of such 
fair quality, that if it continues to do well in the east it will be 
very valuable for early market. 

Wealthy. — This new western apple is attracting considerable 
attention. Nothing can be more beautiful than well-grown speci- 
mens. It is medium to large in size, of a brilliant red color on a 
yellowish ground, and very perfect in form. The flesh is firm 
in texture, yet juicy and of good quality. It ripens with, or a 
little later than, the Gravenstein, is very productive, and thus far 
has proved a remarkable keeper. If it continues to grow in per- 
fection of form and color and is as productive as it now promises, 
it will prove very valuable as a standard late fall apple for home 
use and market and for early shipment to Europe. 

Ben Davis. — No variety has proved so productive or so long a 
keeper as this one, and, where quality is not desired, it has proved 
very profitable. While we would not encourage the growth of 
varieties of such poor quality, yet its great vigor and productive- 
ness and good keeping properties will cause its more extended 
growth in New England as they have in some of the more western 
States. 


Peaches. 


The promise of a large peach crop was good up to the time of 
the severe cold weather in April, when the amount of live buds 
stood at from ten to thirty-five per cent; but very few buds with- 
stood the severe cold that followed. The only varieties that pro- 
duced fruit of any importance were the Old Mixon, Crosby and 
the Stump, which yielded about equally a small crop of large, 
fine fruit; none of the young trees produced fruit. 


Plums. 


Again the college orchard has produced a large crop of this fine 
fruit. Among the trees of this orchard are some that are twenty 
or more years old. By the treatment outlined in Bulletin No. 25 
we have had successive crops, and the trees are free from warts. 
Of the new plums tested, the Japanese varieties are attracting the 
most attention and certainly promise to give us some valuable ad- 
ditions, but as yet they have not fruited sufficiently to warrant 
growers in planting them for profit. 


30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Gooseberries. 


The growing of this desirable fruit is on the increase as the 
people learn more of its value, and in the future we may expect a 
greater demand for it in our markets. By the aid of fungicides, 
the gooseberry mildew, which has prevented the cultivation of the 
better European varieties, can be controlled. Many new varieties 
both of European and American origin have been introduced, but 
few of them have been fruited enough to enable us to report as to 
their value. 


Strawberries. 


Of the hundreds of new varieties planted in plots and field dur- 
ing 1893, none, have shown much advance over the standard sorts 
except possibly the Marshall. This variety has the merits of 
being very vigorous in growth and fairly prolific in runners. It 
has very large foliage and fruit large and perfect in form, of dark 
color and good quality. It is also productive, and if it proves free 
from blight, will be a valuable addition to our home and market 
varieties. | 


Insecticides and Fungicides. 


In connection with the tests made of all of the new varieties of 
fruits and the growth of limited areas for market, numerous 
experiments have been made with insecticides and fungicides, 

applying them to all of the fruits and such vegetables and flow- 
ers as are liable to serious injury from either insect or fungous — 
pests. 

The fungicides and insecticides used and the time and methods 
of application are outlined in Bulletins Nos. 25 and 26, with some 
of the results. A brief summary of the results obtained and not 
yet reported for the past season is as follows : — 

_ Apples. —The fruit on sprayed trees was much more free from 
the larvz of the codling moth than on the unsprayed ones; the 
canker worms caused no injury in our orchards, while neighboring 
orchards that were unsprayed were seriously injured, and no 
apple scab appeared except on unsprayed trees. 

Pears. — The pear tree Psylla appeared early in the season, but 
by spraying several times on their first appearance with the 
kerosene emulsion, they were soon all destroyed. On the trees 
sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture, less blight and cracking of the 
fruit appeared than upon those unsprayed, although, owing to the 
dry weather, which is unfavorable to fungous growth, this disease 
was not as prevalent as is generally the case. 

Plums and Cherries. — Serious injury to the trees and fruit of 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 31 


the plum and cherry is reported where the trees were not sprayed ; 
but in the station orchards little or no injury occurred from the 
plum curculio, the black wart, the brown fruit-rot or the leaf 
blight. 

Grapes. — Nearly all of the more hardy varieties of grapes were 
uninjured by any of the prevalent diseases, but a few of the most 
susceptible were seriously injured on vines that were unsprayed. 
By spraying, such varieties retain their foliage much longer than 
when unsprayed, and consequently the wood ripens more per- 
fectly ; and such varieties as the Iona and Rogers hybrids gain 
in vigor and hardiness, instead of growing weaker each year when 
the mildews and rot are abundant. We feel certain that such 
varieties, which will keep under proper conditions up to the middle 
of winter, would be very profitable to the New England grower. 

Raspberries and Blackberries. —The spring orange rust appeared 
on several varieties of blackberries and blackecap raspberries, but 
was soon checked by the use of the Bordeaux mixture. The fall 
orange rust, first noticed in sufficiently large quantities to do seri- 
ous harm the past season by this station, is being treated, and it 
is hoped that some remedy can be reported by another season 
whereby no further injury from it need be feared. 

Strawberries. —The leaf blight, to which many of the older 
varieties are subject, so far as we have made the trial has not 
been prevented by any of the fungicides, although in some cases 
marked improvement was shown from the use of the Bordeaux 
mixture. 

Varieties of Fruits. 

Of the varieties that are the most profitable for market in 
Massachusetts or most desirable for home use, we would mention 
the following in order of time of ripening : — 

Apples. — Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, Gravenstein, Wealthy, 
Twenty Ounce, Fall Pippin, Hubbardston, Rhode Island Green- 
ing, Baldwin, Roxbury Russet, Ben Davis. 

Pears. — Clapp’s, Bartlett, Sheldon, Seckel, Bose, Anjou, Law- 
rence and Hovey. 

Peaches. — Rivers, Old Mixon, Crawford’s Early, Crawford’s 
Late, Crosby and Stump. 

Plums. — Bradshaw, Washington, McLaughlin, Lombard, 
Bavey’s Green Gage and Victoria. 

Cherries. — May Duke, Governor Wood, Early Richmond, 
Montmorency, Windsor and Black Tartarian. 

Quinces. — Orange and Rea’s Mammoth. 

Grapes. — Winchell, Worden, Concord, Delaware, Brighton ; 
and we would suggest for trial, on account of their late-keeping. 


32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


qualities, the Iona, Wilder, Massasoit, Salem, Merrimac, Lind- 
ley and Herbert. 

Currants. — Fay’s Prolific, Cherry, La Versaillaise and White 
grape. ae 

Gooseberries. — Downing’s, Smith’s Improved and Industry. 

Strawberries. —Bubach, Haverland, Lovett, Marshall and 
Greenville. , 

Poplar Rust. 

For many years the black poplar (Populus nigra) has been 
seriously injured by the leaf blight or rust, which checked its 
growth and caused its leaves to fall so early as to seriously dis- 
figure the beauty of the locations where planted. Following this 
loss of foliage the immature wood of the lower branches has often 
been destroyed by the following winter’s cold, and the trees thus 
very much weakened. Some results of the use of the Bordeaux 
mixture were given in Bulletin No. 25, and again the past season 
we have had much more marked success in its use, the trees hold- 
ing their foliage several weeks longer than those unsprayed. This 
tree on account of its rapid growth is very valuable for ornamental 
purposes and for forest growth, and by the use of the Bordeaux 
mixture it can be kept in perfectly healthful condition until the 
leaves turn yellow and fall off from full maturity. 


Evaporating Fruit. 


The immense apple crop of 1894 has led to much discussion as 
to the best means of utilizing it. Much of this fruit has been a 
total loss to the producer, from the fact that with so many fall and 
early winter varieties the demand in our local markets was not 
equal to the supply, and this quality of fruit would not keep long 
enough to make it profitable to ship to distant markets. Of the 
ordinary early fall apples thousands upon thousands of bushels 
were either allowed to go to decay or were made into cider, when 
if they had been taken while still fresh and firm, they could have 
been made into a product by evaporation that would keep any 
desirable length of time, and permit of being shipped to the most 
distant markets of the world. 

Investigation of the crop of several orchards the past season 
shows that in the ordinary average orchard, where a large number 
of kinds are grown, from one-third to one-half-of the fruit has 
been sold for the manufacture of cider. In orchards of younger 
trees, where only a few varieties are grown, the percentage of 
cider apples would be much less; but it would run high unless the 
trees had been sprayed to protect them from insect attack, or the 
small and injured fruit had been removed in the process of thin- 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 33 


ning. It is true that such fruit is more or less defective from 
various causes ; but when pared and cut into slices, as is done ‘by 
the machines used to prepare it for the evaporator, it is but little 
work to remove the imperfect parts as it is being spread on the 
trays. 

To test the value of the method of utilizing this almost waste 
product by evaporation, three evaporators of small capacity and 
of different makes were purchased, with the most approved paring 
apparatus, and put in operation about October 20. The fruit used 
was a little above the ordinary grade of cider apples, but contain- 
ing very few apples good enough to put in as No. 2 market 
apples. 

Two men were employed, and all the evaporators were kept 
running at once. The fruit was weighed before paring and after 
drying also. The product of each evaporator was kept separate, and 
a careful account kept of the cost of production. In the process 
of manufacture the apples were pared and cored at one operation ; 
they were then dropped into a slicer, where, by a single stroke, 
each one was cut into slices from three-sixteenths to one-fourth 
of an inch thick. These were then dropped into a tub of water to 
which had been added salt at the rate of one-half pound to about 
five gallons. They were allowed to stand in this liquid from ten to 
twenty minutes, when they were placed on the evaporator trays and 
put into the bleacher. The bleacher is a close box of the size of 
the trays, with cleats on the inside, and with a little draught at the 
top to carry off any surplus fumes. A small quantity of sulphur 
or brimstone is kept burning in this while the fruit is exposed. 
After remaining in the bleacher from fifteen to twenty minutes, it 
is transferred to the evaporators. The time that the fruit was 
kept in the evaporator varied with the amount of fire in the fur- 
nace ; but in every case an effort was made to keep this up as high 
as possible without burning the fruit. The liability of burning 
the product was greatest with the ‘‘ Stahl,” less with the 
‘¢ American” and least with the ‘* Topping.” : 

The results with each evaporator are as follows : — 


The “ Topping” consumed 44 bushels of apples. 
producing 2723 pounds of dried fruit. 
yielding 61 pounds per bushel. 
costing 4.3 cents per pound. 


The “ American” consumed 30 bushels of apples. 
producing 194} pounds of dried fruit. 
yielding 63 pounds per bushel. 
costing 5.3 cents per pound. 


34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The “ Stahl” consumed 50 bushels of apples. 
producing 3233 pounds dried fruit 
yielding 64 pounds per bushel. 
costing 5 cents per pound. 


The amount of fruit evaporated in a day was far below the 
guarantee of the manufacturers. ‘This may have been partly due 
to lack of skill of the manipulators; but we think the results 
obtained are much nearer what would be secured by the 
average operator than what are claimed by the manufacturers. 
The latter assert a capacity of from eight to twelve bushels per 
day of fifteen hours; but the results of our experiments place 
their capacity at only four to five bushels per day of ten hours. 
The capacity of the paring and slicing apparatus was far greater 
than that of the combined evaporators ; and it was found that one 
man could pare, core and process the fruit after one evaporator 
was filled as fast as the evaporators combined could care for it. 
This leads us to the conclusion that for profit an evaporator of 
much greater capacity must be used; and that the small evaporators 
can be of little value except when the operator is engaged in other 
work, where the short time necessary to fill it and care for the fire 
would not interfere with that work, —as, for instance, where 
women or children are occupied near the evaporator. 

Co-operative evaporators of large capacity are built in many 
places, where large quantities of fruit are put in at once and 
allowed longer time to cure without the danger of burning, and 
where sufficient fruit can be worked up to keep pace with the 
ripening of all varieties. This would seem the most promising 
method of utilizing this large product which now goes to waste. — 

The quality of the evaporated apples depends upon three things ; 
namely, the quality of the fruit, its state of ripeness and the variety 
used. As to the first, it may readily be seen that the larger, fairer 
and smoother the fruit, the better the quality of the product. In 
the second case, the results of our experiments show that sound, 
fresh fruit gives a larger and better product than over-ripe fruit, 
the yield under these conditions ranging from four to seven pounds 
per bushel. The quantity and quality of the product also de- 
pend upon the variety. The varieties used in the test were as 
follows, arranged in groups according to the quality of the 
product : — 

Producing the best are the Swaar, Snow, Ben Davis, Hurlburt, 
Baldwin and Willow Twig. 

Producing the next best quality are the Westfield Seek-no-further, 
Rhode Island Greening and Red Russet. 


1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 35 


Producing the poorest product, Roxbury Russet, Northern Spy, 
Minister and King. 

The appearance of the fruit coming from the different evapo- 
rators was varied, that from the ‘‘ Topping” being the best, the 
*¢ American”’ taking the second rank and the ‘‘Stahl” the 
third. . 

In considering the healthfulness of the product of these evapo- 
rators, objection has been made that the sulphur used in the proc- 
ess of bleaching might render the fruit injurious. To settle the 
question as to the quantity of sulphur absorbed by the fruit in the 
process of bleaching, samples from each evaporator were sent to 
the State station for analysis, with the results as follows : — 


The fruit from the “ Topping” contained 1-30 of 1 per cent of sul- 
phurous acid. 

The fruit from the “ American” contained 1-7 of 1 per cent of sul- 
phurous acid. 

The fruit from the “ Stahl” contained 1-5 of 1 per cent of sulphurous 
acid. 


Even the highest amount found, we are informed by Dr. C. A. 
Goessmann, is so minute and in such combinations with the fruit 
as to be entirely harmless. Should any, however, object to this 
small amount of sulphur, which possibly may be detected in the 
flavor of the fruit, it will be found that it is largely dissolved in 
the water used for soaking the fruit previous to cooking, and that 
by pouring off this water nearly all of the sulphur will be removed. 


THe METEOROLOGICAL DIVISION. 


Besides the general routine work of taking daily observations, 
reducing data and recording results, work has been done for the 
purpose of ascertaining the facts about certain meteorological 
theories. Weather periodicity based upon recurring changes in 
temperature or electrical phenomena is being investigated. 
While these theories are still in their infancy, yet encouraging 
results have been ascertained. The temperature, barometric 
and precipitation curves, based upon data taken for over fifty 
years, have been plotted at this station, and show a decided 
tendency toward periodical recurrences; not only is this true of 
succeeding years, but also of the months. If these recurring 
meteorological changes are found to be constant in their appear- 
ance, it will be possible to forecast the weather many days in 
advance. To help solve this problem has been one of the efforts 
of this division. 


36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


Also much data have been recopied and put in a more compre- 
hensible and practical manner for future reference. By special 
request of the Weather Service at Washington a series of observa- 
tions have been taken for ascertaining the temperature at which a 
killing frost is possible, and the temperature at which a frost is 
possible, as well as the relation between the temperature on the 
tower and that of the shelter a few feet above the ground. These 
temperatures are taken with the standard minimum thermometer, 
exposed in the regulation thermometer shelter. Much study has 
been made of the weather maps, two of which are received daily, 
and the local and government forecasts compared with the actual 
conditions of the weather at this station for the same period. In 
fact, verifying daily forecasts has been quietly carried on at this 
_ station for several years, and we believe no other station has ever 
continued this work for-so long a period. The local and Wash- 
ington forecasts are carefully studied and marked according to a 
certain standard which was decided upon at the outset. Although 
the work has required a large amount of time and patient applica- 
tion, yet the value of energy and time expended is small when 
compared with the results obtained. The conclusion arrived at, 
based upon actual observation is, that the efficiency of our weather 
service, as shown in weather predictions, is certainly gratifying. 
The average percentage of accuracy of the local service for the 
whole period is ninety-one per cent and the Washington ninety 
per cent. While the local service is slightly ahead of the depart- 
ment at Washington, it is due the latter to say that the slight 
difference in the averages in favor of the Boston office should not 
alone be considered as indicating superior foresight of the officials 
at the latter place, as they have a small area to consider in making 
weather predictions for New England, while the officials at Wash- 
ington make forecasts for the whole country. The predictions of 
Foster in St. Louis, based upon electrical and periodical weather 
changes, which predictions are made two weeks in advance, and 
those of Clayton at Blue Hill, whose bulletins have been carefully 
watched, show that these gentlemen also have methods of fore- 
easting the weather which give remarkably good results. 

All official telegrams received at the observatory are recorded, 
the time they are received and the time the weather signals are 
hoisted, it being thought proper to make a record of this for 
future reference. 

While certain lines of investigation already begun have not 
been fully completed, yet much careful and thorough work has— 
been accomplished during the year. 


1895.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 37 


ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE HatcH Funp, MASSACHUSETTS 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 


For the Year ending June 30, 1894. 


By GeorGeE F. MILs, Treasurer pro tem. 


Cash received from United States treasurer, . 3 : . $15,000 00 
from agricultural department, . ° : : 623 37 
from chemical department, : , ‘ F 65 
$15,624 02 
Cash paid for salaries, . . . : ‘ $7,221 42 
for labor, . ‘ ‘ ‘ P - . 1,441 76 
for freight and express, . ‘ : cup) ela AU 
for printing, . : : ; . - 1,238 26- 
for incidentals, . : ; : : . 1,875 83 
for supplies, . : : ; ‘ . 3,295 12 
for barn, . , 3 ; pra . 805 00 
for postage, . : ‘ : - : 39 59 
for travelling expenses, . : ‘ : 94 84 
-— $15,624 02 


AMHERST, Mass., Oct. 5, 1894. 

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor, do hereby certify that I 
have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment 
Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1894; that I have found the books well kept and the 
accounts correctly classified as above; and that the receipts for the time 
named are shown to be $15,624.02 and the corresponding disbursements 
$15,624.02. All of the proper vouchers are on file and have been by me 
examined and found to be correct, there being no balance to be ac- 
counted for in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor. 


Farm REpPorT. 


Notwithstanding the almost unprecedented drought of the past 
season, the operations of the college farm have been attended with 
a fair measure of success. The rainfall from January 1 to Sep- 
tember 1 at this place was but very little more than one-half the 
average. In spite of this fact, most of our crops were good, 
although the hay crop — particularly the second growth — was un- 
doubtedly considerably cut down by the dry weather. 

The number of acres in the several crops of the year was as 
follows: hay, 80; potatoes, 16.6; corn, 29.1; oats and peas, 3; 
millet, 1; rye for fodder, 3; beets, $; carrots, $; and turnips, 3 
(after oats and peas),—a total of 136.7 acres. The money 


38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


value of the products —estimating hay at $12 per ton, corn 
stover at $8 per ton, corn at 55 cents per bushel, small potatoes 
at 15 cents per bushel, sweet corn seed at $1 per bushel, potatoes 
at 50 cents per bushel, beets at $4 per ton, carrots at $10 per ton, 
rye fodder at $3 per ton and turnips at 15 cents per bushel — 
amounted to $6,582.05,—an average of $48.15 per acre. Had 
hay been estimated at the price allowed last year ($16 per ton), 
the average value per acre would have been $52.05, — little meer 
than last year. 

The several fields and products were as follows : — 

Hay.—Old mowings (in front of buildings and not re-seeded 
for many years), 35 acres: hay, 57 tons, 21 pounds; rowen, 24 
tons, 1,035 pounds. South of new barn, 10 acres: hay, 19 tons, 
_ 1,603 pounds ; rowen, 6 tons, 790 pounds. North of target butt, 
9 acres: hay, 13 tons, 530 pounds; rowen, 4 tons, 1,100 pounds. 
South of horse barn, 4 acres: hay, 5 tons, 242 pounds; rowen, 2 
tons, 1,585 pounds. South flat, 22 acres: hay, 35 tons, 670 
pounds ; rowen, 14 tons, 115 pounds. 

Potatoes. — West of old barn, 54 acres: merchantable, 1,419 
bushels; small, 284 bushels. North flat, 64 acres: merchantable, 
1,089 bushels; small, 117 bushels. West of new barn, 4.6 acres: 
merchantable, 1,103 bushels; small, 150 bushels. 

Corn. —On Plainville road, 10 acres: shelled corn, 1,062 
bushels; stover, 39 tons, 650 pounds. West of ‘‘ ravine,” 6 
acres: shelled corn, 537 bushels; stover, 20 tons, 275 pounds. 
Middle flat, 13.1 acres: shelled corn, 668 bushels; stover, 24 
tons, 300 pounds. | 

Beets. — One acre: 20 tons. 

Carrots. — One-half acre: 12 tons. 

Oats and Peas. —'Two acres: hay, 5 tons, 310 pounds. 

Millet. — One acre: hay, 2 tons, 1,875 pounds; and fodder fed 
green, estimated at 5 tons. 

Turnips. — As second crop, 8 acres: 275 bushels. 

The manures and fertilizers applied to the several crops are 
shown in the following table : — 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 39 


Application per Acre. 


Sil [se a 
a4 — _ 
ae se) © 4 a : 
D oo § ® Fit os Ss 
ao [=| a Lo} - o o oO 
| eet raged See lS a} 
= E = oo o -2 =) 
Ca os Oo |Sa lo.}/uana| c g 
OSE bO lp Srpebsec | BAe.) : S 
| =) ao) oa Tro] a ro) m 
BS) 2 |esi2s\se|2|2/ 2 
oO” Tea & | Ay Oy o) = pO 
Manure, cords, = : ~ - 4 - 4 4 = = = a 
Nitrate of soda, pounds, . - | 100 | 100) 100 )> 200%), 125°) 125} 250: |, 100), 150 
Plain superphosphate, pounds, . - -| 200} 200) 400; 400; 400; 200} 300 
South Carolina rock phosphate, 
pounds, . 3 - - - -| 200; 200; 300; 200; 200; 400}; 200]! 300 
Dried blood, pounds, . 5 - - = - -| 200 - - - - 
Tankage, pounds, 5 ; - - | 300 - - - = - -| 150 
Bone meal, pounds, . ° - - - - - | 100; 100 - - | 100 
Muriate of potash, pounds, . -| 150} 150] 125 - -| 3800; 150] 250 
Sulphate of potash, pounds, . - - - -| 300] 300 - = ~ 


Newly seeded mowings are not manured the first year. The 
methods of application of the manures and fertilizers have been 
in general the same as those described in the last annual report. 
The object which we are keeping prominently in view is to accumu- 
late in our soils a reserve of phosphoric acid and potash, using for 
each, materials which furnish these at the least cost per pound. 
Having now for two years applied ground South Carolina rock 
phosphate quite liberally to most of our fields, it is believed our 
soils have been so enriched in phosphoric acid, which nature will 
render gradually available, that we shall hereafter require but 
little superphosphate. 

We have this season, favored in part by the drought, but largely 
as the result of more thorough work, kept all our fields far cleaner 
than ever before. We have closely approached our ideal, — never 
to allow a weed of any kind to perfect seed in any of our fields. 

New Implements. —I desire to speak in especial commendation 
of the following machines and implements: Leggett’s dry insect 
powder or Paris green gun, the Hoover potato digger, Zephaniah 
T. Breed’s weeder and Prout’s horse hoe. 

Leggett’s gun enables us to apply pure Paris green for the Colo- 
rado potato beetle at the rate of from one-half to one pound per 
acre in an entirely satisfactory manner. One man can easily 
cover six acres per day. We estimate the saving by its use com- 
pared with applying the green mixed with plaster in the old way 
to amount to from three to four dollars per acre. 


40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


The Hoover potato digger, drawn by four horses, will dig 
about eight acres of potatoes per day in a very satisfactory 
manner, when the fields are level, smooth and free from weeds. 
In digging sixteen and six-tenths acres we estimated a saving 
this year of about ninety dollars as compared with hand digging. 
The machine can be operated by two heavy horses; but we found 
four more satisfactory, as we could run the digger deeper, thereby 
leaving fewer tubers in the ground, and could move slowly and 
easily. With but two horses the animals are obliged to go ** upon 
the jump.” ! 

Breed’s weeder and Prout’s hoe are better known, and extended 
remark is unnecessary. 


Live Stock. 


Horses. —Our horses’ and colts have been uniformly healthy 
throughout the year, and we now have the following animals: 
Percheron, 1 stallion and 2 mares, 2 stallion colts; 2 three-fourths 
Percheron mares; 1 three-fourths Percheron stallion; 1 half blood 
Percheron mare, 2 geldings and 2 mares; total, 13. 

Catile. — Previous to the destruction of our old barn by fire, it 
had been decided not to take cattle from the old barn into the new 
one, as it was felt that all had, at any rate, been exposed to the 
contagion of tuberculosis. . 

It was our plan, decided and entered upon in the fall of 1893, 
to milk those which appeared healthy as long as profitable, then to 
- subject to the tuberculin test and slaughter; the carcasses of those 
found upon examination to be sound to be put upon the market 
as beef, the others buried. About one-half of our herd having 
been thus disposed of previous to the fire, that event made it seem 
best to slaughter the balance.at once, and after the tuberculin test 
this was done. The results of the test and examination of the 
carcasses demonstrated the remarkable accuracy of the tuberculin 
test for tuberculosis, and showed nearly two-thirds of our stock to 
have the disease; in about every instance, however, in its very 
early stages, the tubercles being exceedingly small. All these 
affected animals when alive had the appearance of health. 

It was decided to take as a basis for a new herd high-grade 
shorthorn heifers and young cows from a locality in the west 
where the disease tuberculosis has been unknown, and where the 
animals, from open-air ancestry, had for the most part led an 
open-air life. It was recognized that these animals would be 
inferior as dairy individuals to stock from dairy breeds nearer 
home; but, knowing that tuberculosis has very frequently shown 
itself among the dairy stock in dairy regions, it was thought best 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. Al 


to take these western animals as a foundation upon which to grade 
up in dairy lines; and the Shorthorn, rather than either of the 
distinctively beef breeds, was selected, as the milking character is 
better developed. 

Animals which seemed to meet all requirements, and many of 
them with good indications of merit as milkers, were found in 
western South Dakota. They were selected by Dr. James B. 
Paige and myself, with the assistance of Mr. William J. Sessions 
of South Dakota, in August last, and were shipped to Amherst in 
October, arriving in goed condition and without accident of any 
kind. Ten cows and forty heifers, from one and one-half to three 
years old, were procured. They were subjected to the tuberculin 
test after their arrival before being put into our barn. 

It is the intention to procure one young bull and one heifer of 
each of the following breeds: Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Hol- 
stein-Friesian, Shorthorn and Aberdeen-Angus. These are to be 
placed here to represent their respective breeds for educational 
purposes, and the bulls will be crossed upon the grade Shorthorns 
above described. The utmost care will be taken in the selection 
of these animals. Every individual purchased must satisfy the 
following requirements: first, he must come from a herd where 
tuberculosis has never been known; second, his ancestry, so far 
as can be learned, must be free from the disease; third, he must 
be an animal of great apparent vigor and constitution ; and fourth, 
he must pass the tuberculin test. That we shall endeavor to 
procure animals of merit in other respects, of course goes without 
saying. 

We shall not be satisfied to put animals thus selected directly 
into our new barn. Arrangements have been made to keep all 
such animals purchased, during a probationary period of at least 
six months, apart from our herd; and during this period we shall 
have them subjected to the tuberculin test one or more times. 

I believe it must be admitted that we are neglecting no precau- 
tion which seems likely to prove useful in procuring animals free 
from tuberculosis, and in keeping them so. We shall endeavor to 
prevent the expectoration of sputa, by persons having coughs and 
colds, upon the floors in any part of our barns. "We recognize, 
however, that, since human consumption is so common, we are 
necessarily under some risk of again having the disease implanted 
in our herd, even should we succeed, as we hope and believe we 
may, in starting free from it. Especially should it be recognized 
that in a public institution of this character, where thousands 
every year pass through our barns, the risk is greater than it 
would be in private stables. I would appeal to the visiting public, 


49 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


therefore, to observe the one simple rule of refraining from 
expectoration upon floors in the barns or the grounds about 
them. 

Sheep. — Our flock of Southdowns, now numbering twenty-four 
breeding ewes, eight ewe lambs, one ram and five ram lambs, has 
enjoyed a high average of health during the year, and the breed- 
ing increase has been satisfactory. ‘There has been one incursion 
of dogs, and one of the best of our ewes was very seriously 
bitten about the throat. Under the skilful surgical treatment of 
Dr. Paige she made a good recovery. 

It is our purpose to add to our flock specimens of the Shrop- 
shire, Merino, horned Dorset and Cotswold. or Lincoln breeds for 
educational purposes. 

Swine. — The destruction of our herd of cows left us without 
skimmed milk for feeding hogs; and, as our new quarters were 
not ready, all our swine were sold. As soon as we have a supply 
of skimmed milk, the new pens being now ready, we propose to - 
restock with several of the more prominent breeds. 

Improvements. —The forces of the farm have been kept very 
busy for the greater part of the time which could be spared from 
the ordinary work of the farm, in grading, road building and 
general work about our new buildings. During the present calen- 
dar year work has been performed in connection therewith, which, 
charged at current rates, would amount to $2,050.52. Besides 
_ this, we have performed a large amount of work upon the new 
sewage disposal works. 

Of the more ordinary farm improvements I have but one of any 
considerable magnitude to report. We have cleared of .stumps 
about two acres which five years ago was heavily wooded, and 
have broken up the greater part of the area with the plough. We 
have also begun clearing that portion of the estate which lies 
south of the Plainville road, in preparation for converting it into 
pasture. | 


Farm Buildings. 


The barn which stood near the southern boundary of our estate, 
familiar to all friends of the college, who had ever been here, as 
the college barn, was completely destroyed by fire, supposed to 
have been incendiary in its origin, on the evening of June 9. All 
the horses, cattle and swine, as well as most of the vehicles, 
machines and tools, were removed, mostly through the efforts of 
the students, who showed commendable coolness, presence of mind 
and efficiency. It was chiefly through their efforts also that the 
farm-house, which was gravely threatened, was saved. But a 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 43 


small proportion of the loss was covered by insurance. ‘The loss 
of this building before we could occupy our new barn and stable 
subjected us for about two months to very great inconvenience. 
We were, however, ready to put our hay crop into the new barn, 
and should have done so even had the old barn not been destroyed. 

The new set of farm buildings, the erection of which had just 
been begun when my last report was written, has been completed. 
Views and plans are included in the present report, and a few 
words in explanation seem desirable. The location is almost the 
exact geographical centre of that portion of the college estate 
which is under the direction of the professor of agriculture. The 
topographical character of the spot rendered it comparatively easy 
to secure arrangements permitting the utmost economy in the 
handling of all materials. Those familiar with our grounds will 
understand the position of the new barn, when I state that it is 
just south of the western end of the ‘‘ ravine.” The stable is 
unconnected with the main barn, standing about one hundred feet 
east of it, and about ninety feet farther to the east now stands the 
farm-house, which has been moved from the old location. 

The first of the views presented (frontispiece) gives an idea of 
the appearance of the barn from the campus. Three of its com- 
ponent parts only are shown; viz., the main or storage portion, 
fronting east; the cow stable, the wing, with monitor roof; and 
the sheep barn, so called on the plans, which, however, accommo- 
dates young cattle and bulls on the same floor with the sheep, and 
below in the basement has pens for swine, swill room, slaughter 
room and root cellar. The parts not shown in this view are a 
lean-to, containing box stables, which lies between the cow stable 
and the sheep barn ; and the dairy school, which is on the northern 
side of the storage barn. Reference to the main-floor plan (front- 
ing page 45) will make the arrangement clear. It will be noted 
that the location of the cow stable, box stables and sheep barn — 
south of the storage barn —is such as to protect them in large 
measure from the cold winds of winter. Large yards both for 
cattle and sheep lie between and south of the cow stable and 
sheep barn. . 

Storage Barn.— The main floor and basement plans make the 
chief features of this part of the structure sufficiently clear, but 
there are some which call for especial notice. The large doors in 
the east end give access to the upper floor, which is twenty-two 
feet above the main floor of the building. This elevation, it will 
be seen, is reached by a drive with very moderate grade. This 
arrangement makes it possible to store hay, silage, grain, stable 
absorbents and bedding with a minimum of expense for labor. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


44. 


STOCK BARN 


AND 


DAIRY SCHOOL 
FIRST FLOOR 
SCALE OF FEET 
{cork — Sool 
1894 DRAWN BY 
FL CLAPP 


CTT CTT 


PASSAGE 


DRItvEway 


 EEEEREEEELEE CIEE EET ABSORBENTS GRANARY 


ORIVE 10 FT ABOVE MAIN FLOOR 


peep 


CAPACITY 
CATTLE 94 
SHEEP 75 
HOGS 60 
HAY 240 TONS. 
SILAGE 350 
ABOVE SHEEP 40 TONS 


CLASSROOM LABORATORY || 


WE 1 _} 


COOLEY § 
CREAMERS 
ETC. ICE ROOM 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 45 


On the right, as one enters these large doors, are traps communi- 
cating with large bins below for grain, which is drawn out through 
shoots into feed trucks on the main floor. On the left are traps 
through which sawdust, dry earth, plaster and similar materials 
may be dumped into rooms conveniently accessible from the stable. 
Near the east end is a set of Fairbank’s hay scales. On the right, 
just beyond the traps for grain, is liberal floor space for the opera- 
tion of heavy barn machinery. Here we have a fifteen-horse- 
power electric motor. Here will stand the ensilage cutter, corn- 
sheller, grain-mill, thresher, etc. Just beyond, to the west, are 
the silos on the right of the centre drive, which runs the full length 
of the floor. At the western end of this drive we are thirty-one 
feet above the ground as the main basement opens to the west. 
In order to enable teams to leave this floor, a space twenty feet 
wide on the south side is floored over, wagons being readily backed 
thereon by turning the team to the left, when by turning the team 
to the right it is possible to drive out. ‘The balance of the space 
both right and left of the drive, which is fourteen feet wide, is 
open for hay, of which we can store one hundred and fifty tons 
below this floor. Above the floor there is space for an additional 
ninety tons. The silos will hold about three hundred and fifty 
tons, if but once filled and allowed to settle. If refilled after 
settling, they will hold about one-fourth more. 

The folding doors shown at the east end of the south side of 
the storage barn give access to a floor eleven feet wide, which runs 
across the end to similar doors on the north side. Each of these 
doors is reached by a drive of very easy grade, held by a curved 
retaining wall, as shown on the side represented in the view. This 
cross floor is ten feet below the upper floor, and beneath it is a 
capacious root and vegetable cellar, reached through traps in this 
floor as well as through a door leading off the main floor of the 
barn. From this cross floor also we have access to the second 
floor of the granary. ‘This cross drive is used during a large part 
of the time as a storeroom for wagons, carts, etc. ; for, of course, 
it is comparatively seldom used for putting in material, and our 
arrangement is such that all roots and vegetables put down from 
it are taken out upon the main floor below. 

Cow Stable. — The exterior and interior views and the plan will 
enable one to form tolerably clear ideas of the main features of 
this portion of our barn. The windows and doors upon the west 
side correspond in general with those shown in the view presented. 
There is ‘no basement under this stable, and the cement passages 
and gutters are built upon solid earth and masonry. ‘The cement 
floors under the shed roof at the south end are nine feet below the 


46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


stable floor, thus making it possible for us to dump manure directly 
into a cart or manure spreader from platforms built out from the 
doors at the ends of the passages behind the cattle. The manure 
is brought out in low barrows with water-tight boiler-iron bodies. 
Such a barrow in position for dumping contents stands on the 
western platform. The gutters behind the cows are graded from 
either side towards the centre, where an outlet leads into a sewer 
pipe connecting with a large cistern for liquid manure. The heap 
of earth near the middle of this stable shows where one of these 
cisterns was in process of construction at the time the view was 
taken. ‘There is a similar cistern on the west side. From these 
cisterns the liquid will be pumped into a liquid-manure distributor. 
Kainit or sulphate of magnesia will be used in them and in the 
‘stable to prevent the loss of ammonia. 

The roof has been constructed with a view to male it non- 
conductive. Beginning with the outer surface, we have, first, the 
steel (with which all our new buildings are covered) building 
paper and inch boards; second, a six-inch air space; third, build- 
ing paper and matched boards; fourth, an inch and one-half air 
space; and, lastly, lath and plaster. 

The view of the interior, which has been taken from a point 
near the south end looking towards the storage barn, shows the 
general arrangement. : 

This stable will accommodate sixty-five cows, and furnishes 
_ 1,283 cubic feet of air-space to each. A leading idea in planning 
the interior has been to secure smooth, hard surfaces, all readily 
accessible to facilitate cleaning. All ceilings and the walls of the 
monitor are of adamant plaster, which has been painted; the 
lower walls are plain North Carolina matched pine sheathing, 
which has been oiled. The upper windows are all hinged at the 
bottom, and are moved by Ormsby’s ventilating apparatus by 
means of cranks operated from the floors. The upper sashes in 
the lower windows are also hinged. at the bottom, and are indi- 
vidually moved by means of transom lifts. The lower sashes slide 
into the partitions, and they are protected by iron grates. Trap 
doors, which are moved by means of an arrangement of cords and 
pulleys, are placed in the cupolas. We find that with this arrange- 
ment we are able to ventilate without having direct draught upon 
the animals. 

We have placed in this stable specimens of the leading forms of 
stanchions and ties, but we are using for most of our animals the 
Watter’s tie, which we find very satisfactory. All the animals in 
one section — ten to twelve — are released by a single motion of a 
lever, if desired. They are conveniently fastened, and can be 


NUV@ AWLLVO 


40 MIA AOIMaLN] 


SEAS 


SA 


ee 


ms 


i 


Skaeas ont 


be aie 
= 


1895.] . PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 321. AT 


readily released singly. The tie is simple, and allows consider- 
able freedom of motion to the animals. 

The V trough is made of cement, and is used both for water and 
feed. The racks which divide the troughs into individual sections 
when the animals are fed are movable. A part is shown 
raised, which is the position when troughs are to be cleaned or the 
animals watered. The same arrangement prevents animals from 
walking through into the floor when they are turned into the stable. 
When the cows are fed, these racks are put down, as shown in 
some sections, thus preventing the animals from pushing feed 
lengthwise of the trough. The racks are partially balanced by 
the weights, so that they move easily. 

The large door at the end leads to the main floor of the storage 
barn, and through it feed is brought in upon trucks. A similar 
door at the south end of this stable allows us to drive directly 
through with green feed. The bays for hay, the silos, granary 
and root cellar are all conveniently accessible, as will be seen by 
reference to the plans. Silage from that part of the silos below 
the main floor is brought in by horse and wagon. 

Absorbents are accessible through a door at the end of the 
passage behind the cows, and doors opening onto the main floor of 
the storage barn. 

Sheep Barn.— There are in the wing known under this name 
two large and five small pens for sheep. The capacity is about 
seventy-five animals. The large pens are provided with Hall’s 
patent sheep racks, which are very satisfactory in their working. 
They have also troughs with running water. Large doors at the 
south end give access to a sheltered and dry yard. 

The stable in this wing will accommodate twenty young cattle, 
and at the end are four box stalls for bulls. The mangers and 
ties for young cattle are similar to those used in the cow stable, 
except that the feed and water troughs are of plank, and fixed 
partitions between troughs and passage have been provided in 
place of the movable racks. 

The entire basement has a solid cement floor. In the pens for 
pigs the floor slopes from each side towards the half-round gutter 
which passes through the middle, leading to the manure pit out- 
side. About one-half the floor space in each pen is covered by a 
raised plank floor, and the gutter has a hinged plank cover. It is 
believed the arrangement is such as to prevent drainage into 
passages, and that it will enable us to secure cleanliness, while at 
the same time saving all the valuable excreta. 

All windows in the basement are hinged at the bottom; on the 
first floor the upper sashes are so hinged, and all hinged windows 
and sashes are moved in sets by Ormsby’s apparatus. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


48 


1 
' 
' 
' 

t = = H > 

I\ +3 F ; 

oa i B VEGKTASLE 4 

= se 

ry 


f GHURNS, BUTTER 
WORKERS, ETC. 


SEPARATORS ETC 


STOCK BARN 


AND 
DAIRY SCHOOL 
BASEMENT 
SCALE OF FEET 
° O 1g 1 un 
1894 $ 
q 
DRAWN BY z 
FL.CLAPP 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 49 


It will be noticed that both in the basement and on the first 
floor doors and passages are so arranged that we can drive through 
with carts or wagons. 

The loft above the sheep will hold forty tons of hay, and can 
be filled by the use of a horse fork working through large trap 
doors above the north end of the passage. The hay for feeding is 
put down into the passages through traps above it. 

Box Stalls. —'These, nine in number, occupy the lean-to between 
the cow stable and the sheep barn, and extend across the north 
end of the latter. They are provided with plank mangers and 
Buckley’s self-feeding watering device. 

Main Basement. — The large basement under the storage barn 
is occupied in part by the silos and dynamo room, but will be used 
chiefly for storage of vehicles and implements, of which we must 
always have a large number for educational and experimental pur- 
poses. It has been thoroughly drained, and will be covered with 
a floor of concrete or cement. 

Dairy School. — Accommodations for instruction in matters 
pertaining to the dairy, as well as for manufacturing our milk into 
butter, etc., are provided in a wing which lies north of the storage 
barn. The plans make the general arrangement clear. In the 
basement we have, first, boiler and engine rooms, coal storage, 
etc. Here we have a one hundred horse-power boiler, which, 
besides steam for power, furnishes hot water and steam for dairy 
purposes and steam for heating the four large rooms in this wing. 
Power is furnished by a seventy-five horse-power engine, by means 
of which a six hundred sixteen candle-power alternator and a four 
hundred sixteen candle-power generator are operated. These 
machines are used in generating electricity for lighting the new 
barns and stable and all the central college buildings. The 
generator furnishes the electricity for operating two motors, — the 
large one upon the upper floor of the storage barn, already alluded 
to, and a seven and one-half horse-power machine which stands in 
the ‘‘separator” room. This will be used in operating all dairy 
machinery. 

The ice room has a capacity of about three hundred tons. A 
part of this space will be used for a cold-storage room, which will 
occupy the south-west corner, leading off of the room marked 
‘¢ churns, etc.” 

The two large rooms will be used respectively for the heavy and 
the lighter dairy machinery. Each is of ample size to allow the 


' competitive trial of a considerable number of different forms of 


machines. ‘The floors are of carbonized stone. There is a large 
sink, with hot and cold water and steam. Blackboards have been 


50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


provided, and it is believed that in every way the rooms will be 
found well suited for manufacturing and dairy school work. 

The hat and coat or dressing-room on the first floor is provided 
with sink, with hot and cold water. The room marked ** Cooley 
creamers,” etc., is to contain apparatus to illustrate the various 
systems of setting milk for the separation of cream. This has 
sink, with hot and cold water and steam. 

The class rooms and laboratory are of ample ‘size, well lighted 
and ventilated. The latter will be used for instruction in chem- 
ical and microscopic examination of milk and its products. 

Horse Stable and Tool Room.— The small building, of which 
a view is herewith presented, accommodates our horses and con- 
tains a room for small tools, a repair shop, an open hitching shed 
- and basement for vehicles, as well as harness room, closets, etc. 
There are ten ordinary stalls, with the Lynn Stall Company’s 
patent stall basin and floor, iron mangers and hay racks, and 
four large box stalls. Access to this portion of the stable is 
gained through the large door toward the east end, which stands 
open. Opposite this is a corresponding door on the north side, so 
that we are able to drive directly through. Hay is put into the 
loft through large trap doors above this passage by means of a 
horse fork. In the loft also is a vermin-proof granary. The 
stable is provided with water trough and running water. 

The small folding door gives access to the room for small tools. 


. This is provided with individual tool closets for permanent — 


workmen. 

The large door near the west end leads into the: repair room, 
which runs the full width of the building. This is to be provided 
with bench, vises, portable forge, anvil, etc. Directly above it in 
the loft is space used for storage of lumber, bolts, screws, nails, 
parts of machines, etc. In the other end of the loft is harness 
repair and cleaning room. 

The large doors in the west end open into the basement, which 
is about forty feet square and entirely clear of posts, thus making 
a very convenient storage for the vehicles in common use. 

Quarantine Accommodations. —It is our policy, as elsewhere 
stated, to subject all stock purchased in localities where tubercu- 
losis has been known to not less than six months’ quarantine 
before putting them into our new barn. Provision for the bulls 
has been made by utilizing the ice house and woodshed formerly 
connected with the farm-house. These have been moved to a spot 
near the north-western part of the farm and fitted up for the pur- 


pose. The heifers will be stabled in the small building commonly ~ 


spoken of as the *‘ Hatch” barn. 


in) eae 
het is ey Ea el 


HORSE BARN. 


os 


% 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 51 


In conclusion, I desire to say that to superintendent, foreman 
and workmen alike Iam aware that I owe an unusual debt of 
gratitude. An enormous amount of work—far greater than 
those who now see the results simply can ever realize — has been 
accomplished, and under circumstances in many respects peculiarly 
trying. To the State also, for liberal appropriation for the much- 
needed improvements which have been made, and to superiors in’ 
the faculty and upon the board of trustees for cordial sympathy 
and support, I owe a similar debt of gratitude. 


Witiiam P. Brooks, 


Professor of Agriculture. 
AMHERST, Dec. 21, 1894. 


GIF ES: 


From MAssAcHusETts CoMMISSION WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXxPposITION, 
the ** Agricultural exhibit of Massachusetts ” and its ‘* Ex- 
hibit of building stones.” | 

CHILIAN ComMIssION CoLUMBIAN ExposITION, nitrate of soda 

‘minerals. 

GerrRMAN Potash SynpicaTtEe of New York, potash, minerals 
and fertilizers; five tons of kainit. 

State Boarp CoL_umBian Exposition, hemp, flax, tobacco, 
seeds, etc. 

JAPANESE COMMISSION COLUMBIAN eee ION; woods, collec- 
tion of seeds, etc. 

Exxiior Wricut Tite Company of Rittman, O., samples tiles. 

ZEPHANIAH I’. Breep of Boston, two weeders. 

StaTE EXPERIMENT Station, collection of photographs. 

Cortrient STEEL Roorine Company of Philadelphia, sam- 
ples of metal shingles. 

Makers, five stanchion and cattle ties ; Miller keyless locks. 

G. H. B. Green of Belchertown, old grain sieve and cheese 
press. 


H. KE. Atvorp of Lewinsville, Va., dairy materials and Rus- 
sian phosphate minerals. 

Tra C. Greene (M. A. C., 94) of Fitchburg, a gold medal 
to the cadet showing the greatest proficiency in the manual 
of arms. 

Mitton H. Wiriiams (M. A. C.,’92) of Sunderland, dissec- 
tions of fore and hind legs of the horse. 

Anprew L. Basserr (M. A. C.,’71) of New York city, col- 
lection of minerals from Syria. 


52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


From Asa W. Dicxrnson of Jersey City, N. J., a portrait of 
Shakespeare for the library. 

Gro. W. Minis (M. A. C., ’73) of Medford, thirty-five 
volumes medical works. 

Joun C. Cutrer (M. A. C.,’72) of Worcester, nine volumes 
zoology and medicine. 

Crass of ’?98 (M. A. C.), eight volumes fiction. 

CARPENTER & MoreHouseE of Amherst, Vol. 50 of the ** Am- 
herst Record.” 

Mrs. Lucy Stone, ‘‘Woman’s Rights Tracts.” 

JosEPH E. Ponp, Esq. of North Attleborough, seven volumes. 
‘* Bee Journals.” 

InpiaAn Ricurs Association, Welsh, ‘‘ Civilization among 
the Sioux Indians;” ‘* Tour of Observation among In- 
dians and Indian Schools.” 

Hon. Gro. F. Hoar of Washington, D. C., one hundred 
and fifty-six volumes government publications. 

CarL Freiegau of Dayton, O., Vols. 15 and 16 of ‘‘ Ohio 
Poland China Record.” 

Prof. F. H. Storer of Cenbade two volumes ‘* Bulletins 
of the Bussey Institute.” 

J. B. Lippincorr & Co. of Philadelphia, Pa., ‘‘ Nature of 
Mind and Human Automatism.” 

Prof. L. H. Baitery of Ithaca, N. Y., ‘‘ Annals of Horticult- 
ure in North America,” 1891, 1892. 

Miss Eteanor A. Ormerop of Spring Grove, Eng., Vol. 17 
of ‘* Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests.” 

JOHN Hyper of Washington, D. C., ‘* Geographical Concen- 
tration of American Agriculture.” 

SECRETARY FOR AGRICULTURE, Melbourne, Australia, ‘‘ Illus- 
trated Description of Thistles.” 

Joun A. Porter of Hartford, Conn., ‘* The Modern News- 
paper.” 

Pres. F. A. Watker of Boston, ‘‘ Bimetalism.” 

Rev. Carvin Stespins of Worcester, ‘‘ Edmund Burke; 
his Services as. Agent of the Province of New York.” 

Noau Cressy of Hartford, Conn., three pamphlets pertain- 
ing to veterinary. 

AYRSHIRE BREEDERS’ AssociaTIon, Vol. 19 of ‘* Proceedings 
of Ayrshire Breeders’ Association;” Vols. 7 and 8 of 
‘¢ Ayrshire Record.” 

James Muans of Boston, ‘‘ The Problem of Man-flight.” 

ASSOCIATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF Women, ‘* Annual Pro- 
ceedings,” 1875-94. : 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 53 


From CoLttecre Reapinc-room AssocraTiIon, five volumes maga- 
zines. 

Dr. Danret Drarer of New York, ‘‘ Report of the New 
York Meteorological Observatory,” 1894. 

JOHN SprIrR of Newton, Glasgow, Scot., ‘* Effect of Foods 
on Milk Produce ;”’ ‘** Relation of Food to the Produce of 
the Cow.” 

Henry F. Ospory, “ Rise of the Mammalia in North America.” 

Dr. W. Horace Hosxkyrns of Philadelphia, Penn., ‘* Proceed- 
ings of Convention of U. S. Veterinary Medical Associa- 
tion,” 1891-93. 

J. B. Linpsey (M. A. C., ’83) of Amherst, ‘‘ Leather Ref- 
use: its Value in Agriculture; gt SS Concer a the Digesti- 
bility of the Pentosans.’ 

Ho.steEIn-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION, Vols. 11 and 13 of ‘* Hol- 
stein-Friesian Herd Book.” 

Wm. H. Catpwe tt (M. A. C.,’87) of Peterborough, N. H., 
Vols. 10 and 11 of ‘*‘ Herd Register of American Guern- 
sey Cattle Club.” 

SANDER’sS PuBLisHiING Company of Chicago, Ill., ‘‘ Gurler’s 
American Dairying.” 

AMERICAN HUMANITARIAN LEAGUE, ‘‘ Salt’s Animals’ Rights.” 

D. Wits James of New York, ‘‘ Life of Charles Loring 
Brace, chiefly told in his own Letters.” 

Dr. T. MircHett Pruppen of New York, ‘* Studies on the 
Etiology of Diphtheria.” 


In addition to the customary reports from the treasurer 
and the military department, I have the honor, in conformity 
to the law requiring the college in its annual report to pub- 
lish such information as shall be useful to the community, 
to append three papers of special practical importance: the 
first, by Mr. Charles P. Lounsbury, on the ‘ Orthezia,” 
imported insects, particularly destructive in the greenhouse ; 
the second, an illustrated article by Prof. A. C. Washburne, 
on ‘* Eckhold’s Omnimeter,” an instrument greatly simpli- 
fying the processes of measurement and surveying; and 
the third, by Prof. George E. Stone, on ‘‘ Plant Diseases 
and Their Remedies.” 


Respectfully submitted, by order of the trustees, 
HENRY H. GOODELL, 


President. 
JAN. 1, 1895. 


54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


GrorcE F. Mrius, Treasurer pro tem. of Massachusetts Agricult- 


[ Jan. 


ural College from Oct. 1, 1898, to Jan. 1,.1895. 


Received. Paid. 


- Cash on hand Oct. 1, 1893, 


Term bill, 

Botanical ‘department, 
Farm, : 
Expense, 

Salary, 

Endowment fund, 
State scholarship ‘fund, 
Chemical laboratory, 
Botanical laboratory, 
Zoological laboratory, 
Labor fund, ‘ 
Gassett scholarship fund, 
Whiting Street fund, 
Grinnell prize fund, . 
Mary Robinson fund, 
Burnham eee fund, 
Hills fund, ‘ 
Extra instruction, 
Advertising, 

Real estate, 

Library fund, 


Investment, N. Vv C. & H. R. R. R. stock, 


Special pet ae Roar ae 
Insurance, . 

Insurance, barn, 3 

Insurance, vehicles, tools, Cio 
Insurance, hay, grain, etc., 
Insurance, live stock, 

Electric plant, 

Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1895, 


$141 47 - 
6,339 17 $3,099 38 
7,002 90 11,341 00 
10,858 25 15,597 86 
1,543 60 12,386 25 
595 83 19,088 92 
14,467 18 - 
18,750 00 ~ 
998 04 637 51 
11 00 75 
20 00 39 46 
6,269 63 5,014 50 
42 94 _ 
d1 15 35 00 
62 50 45 00 
30 84 160 00 
200 00 70 00 
356 16 528 19 
a) 746 41 
- 113 30 
- 69 25 
551 46 5d1 46 
3.75 50 50 
- 251 08 
307 50 1,106 62 
4,000 00 640 99 
1,750 00 1,069 79 
899 00 899 00 
20 00 20 00 
- 62 12 
~ 853 13 
79,277 37 $75,277 37 


This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of GrorGE F. MILLs, 
treasurer pro tem. of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, from Oct. 1, 1893, to 
Jan. 1, 1895, and find the same correct, properly kept and all disbursements vouched 
for, the balance in the treasury being eight hundred and fifty-three and 13-100 


dollars ($853.13), which sum is shown to be in the hands of the treasurer. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor. 


AMHERST, Dec. 26, 1894. 


1 


1895.] 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 


D5 


CasH BALANCE, AS SHOWN BY THE TREASURER’S STATEMENT, BE- 
LONGS TO THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNTS: 


Gassett scholarship fund, 
Whiting Street fund, 
Grinnell prize fund, 

Mary Robinson fund, 
Burnham emergency fund, 
Hills fund, 

Labor fund, 


Bit~ts RECEIVABLE JAN. 


Term bill, 

Botanical department, 
Farm, 

Expense, . 

Chemical Be eaicry, 
Botanical laboratory, 
Zodlogical laboratory, 
Insurance, 


To. 


BILLs PAYABLE JAN, 1, 1895. 


Term bill, 

Botanical department, 

Farm, 

Expense, 

Labor fund, 

Insurance, barn, ; 
Insurance, vehicles, esate: etc., 


INVENTORY — REAL ESTATE. 


Land. 


College farm, 
Pelham quarry, 
Bangs place (with ware! shed ae faen), 


Buildings. 


Drill hall, 
Powder house, . 
Stone chapel, 
South dormitory, 


Amounts carried forward, 


Cost. 
$37,000 00 
300 00 
2,525 00 


Cost. 
$6,500 00 
75 00 
31,000 00 
37,000 00 


——— 


$74,575 00 $40,025 00 | 


$87 64 
66 06 
37 50 
87 24. 

239 30 

147 50 

237 89 


$853 13 


$1,840 87 
203 67 
753 54 

52 93 
653 95 
28 00 
84 00 
60 00 


—_—_—_ 


$3,676 96 


$6 00 

4 56 
1,299 18 
295 37 
220 94 
3,309 O1 
680 21 


$0,865 27 


$40,025 00 


56 


Amounts brought forward, 


North dormitory, 

Laboratory, 

Farm house, 

Horse barn, 

Farm barn and date eee: 

Graves house and barn, 

Boarding-house, 

Botanic museum, 

Botanic barn, 

Botanic barn addition, 

Tool house, 

Durfee plant house aia ictates, : 

Small plant house with vegetable cellar at 
cold grapery, 

President’s house, : 

Dwelling houses, purchased a em) 


PERSONAL PROPERTY. 
Electric plant, . 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


$74,075 00 


36,000 00 
10,360 00 
4,000 00 
5,000 00 
33,000 00 
8,000 00 
8,000 00 
_ 5,180 00 
1,500 00 
1,000 00 
2,000 00 
12,000 00 


4,700 00 
11,500 00 
7,500 00 


New York Central and Hedecn Rice Renicnad stone 


Botanical department, 
Farm, 

Chemical labor ane 
Natural history collection, 
Veterinary department, 
Agricultural department, 
Physics department, 
Library, 

Fire apparatus, 
Furniture, : , 
Books in treasurer’s office, 


SUMMARY. 


Assets. 
Total value of real estate, per inventory, 


[Jan. 


$40,025 00 


224,315 00 


$264,340 00 


$8,700 00 
100 50 
11,942 13 
12,258 00 
2,029 00 
4,758 79 
1,443 39 
2,095 00 
— d,471 28 
15,823 00 
500 00 
640 00 
427 58 


$67,188 67 


. $264,340 00 


Total value of personal property, per inventory, . 


Bills receivable, per inventory, 


TInabilities. 


Bills payable, per inventory, . 


67,188 67 
3,676 96 


$335,205 63 


5,865 27 


$329,340 36 


1895.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 


MAINTENANCE FUNDS. 


Technical educational fund, United States grant, $219,000 00 
Technical educational fund, State grant, ; 141,575 35 


$360,075 35 


Two-thirds of the income from these funds is paid to the 
treasurer of the college and one-third to the Institute of 
Technology. Amount received by the college treasurer 
from Oct. 1, 1893, to Jan. 1, 1895, ; : . 

- Hills fund, the gift of Messrs. L. M. and H. F. Hills of 

Amherst, now amounts to $8,542. By conditions of the 

gift the income is to be used for the maintenance of 

a botanic garden. Income from Oct. 1, 1892, to Jan. 1, 

1895, 


SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS. 


State scholarship fund, $10,000. This sum was appro- 
priated by the Legislature in 1886, and is paid to the 
college treasurer in quarterly payments. Amount re- 
ceived from Oct. 1, 1893, to Jan. 1, 1895, . ‘ : : 

Annual State appropriation, $10,000. This sum was appro- 
priated for four years by the Legislature of 1889, and 
continued for another four years by the Legislature of 
1892, for the endowment of additional chairs of instruc- 
tion and for general expense. Five thousand dollars 
of this sum was set apart as a labor fund, to be used 
in payment of labor performed by needy and worthy 
students. Amount received from annual State appro- 
priation for college expenses from Oct. 1, 1893, to Jan. 1, 
1605, : : ‘ : : . 

Amount received as Anion fond, ‘ 

Whiting Street fund, $1,000. This fund isa seven aed, with- 
out conditions. To it was added, by vote of the trustees 
in January, 1887, the interest accrued on the bequest, 
$260. Amount of the fund, Jan. 1, 1895, $1,260. Income 
from Oct. 1, 1893, to Jan. 1, 1895, : : 

Gassett scholarship fund, $1,000. This sum was given by 
lion. Henry Gassett as a scholarship. Income from Oct. 
1, 1893, to Jan. 1, 1895, 4 : , ; : ’ 

Mary Robinson fund, $858. This fund was given without 
conditions. The income from it has been appropriated for 
scholarships to worthy and needy students. Income from 
Oct. 1, 1893, to Jan. 1, 1895, . ; ; ‘ ' : 


Amount carried forward, . ; . ; ‘ 


57 


$14,467 18 


356 16 


12,500 00 


6,250 00 
6,250 00 


dl 15 


42 94 


35 84 


» $39,953 27 


58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 
Amount brought forward, : ‘ ; : ; » $39,953 27. 


PRIZE FunNDS. 


Grinnell prize fund, $1,000. This fund is the gift of Ex- 
Gov. William Claflin, and is called Grinnell fund in honor 
of his friend. The income from it is appropriated for two 
prizes, to be given to the two members of the graduating 
class who pass the best examination in agriculture. [n- 
come from Oct. 1, 1893, to Jan. 1,1895, : : ; — 62 50 


MISCELLANEOUS FUNDS. 


Library fund for the benefit of the library. Amount of fund, 
Dec. 31, 1894, $8,855.45. ) 
Burnham emergency fund, $5,000. This fund is a bequest 
of Mr. T. O. H. P. Burnham, late of Boston, and was made 
without conditions. The trustees have voted that this fund 
be kept intact, and that the income from it be used by the 
trustees for such purposes as they believe to be for the 
best interests of the college. Income from Oct. 1, 1898, 
to Jan, 1, 1695... , : ; ‘ : tt EES ase ‘2 OOS 


Income from Oct. 1, 1893, to Jan. 1, 1895, . : : . $40,215 77 


To this sum must be added amount of tuition and room rent, and 
receipts from sales from farm and botanic gardens. These amounts 
can be learned from treasurer’s statement, tuition and room rent being 
included in term bill account. — 


1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 59 


REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE MASSACHU- 
SETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE TO THE SECRE- 
TARY OF AGRICULTURE AND THE SECRETARY 
OF THE INTERIOR, AS REQUIRED BY ACT OF 
CONGRESS OF AUGUST 30, 1890, IN AID OF COL- 
LEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC 
ARTS. 


I. Condition and Progress of the Institution, Year ended June 
30, 1894. 


The condition of the Massachusetts Agricultural College during 
the year ended June 30, 1894, bas been exceedingly prosperous. 
The college has enrolled 214 students, the largest number in its 
history, while its graduating class, 33 in number, and more than 
15 per cent of all the students in attendance, is the largest ever 
graduated from the institution. An assistant in the chair of 
zoology and a second assistant in the chair of botany and horti- 
culture have been added to the faculty, making a total of 18 pro- 
fessors and assistants actively engaged in the work of daily 
instruction. 

The results of the elective system in the studies of the senior 
year have been most gratifying. Not only has there been a 
marked increase in the interest in study shown by the members of 
this class, but this interest has been communicated to the other 
classes also, so that a general quickening of the intellectual life of 
the students has been apparent. It is yet too soon to speak 
intelligently of the results of the establishment of the two years’ 
course. Twenty-three students have been found in this class, and 
the practical character of the instruction received has been fully 
appreciated by them. 

Valuable courses of lectures have been given during the year by 
Sir Henry Gilbert of the Rothamsted Station, England, by Dr. B. 
E. Fernow and Maj. Henry E. Alvord. 

A valuable addition to the equipment of the college has been 
made by the building of the new barns, at the cost of $36,000. 
These include a main fodder barn, with wings for swine, cattle 
and sheep, and a horse barn. In connection with the main barn 
a dairy school has been equipped, in which practical instruction 
will be given to students. The old barn erected in 1869 was 
destroyed by fire on the night of June 18. The most serious loss 
in connection with the fire was that of valuable agricultural imple- 
ments that had been secured as a nucleus of an agricultural 
museum. 


60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


II. Seceipts for and during the Year ended June 30, 1894. 


1. State aid: (a) Income from endowment, : $2,655 92 
(6) Appropriations for Tee or oihibe 
special purposes, . : ; . 10,000 00 
(c) Appropriations for current expenses, . 10,000 00 
2. Federal aid: (a) Income from land grant, act of July 2, 
1862, : : 7,300 00 
(6) For edpentiient stationdl abe of Mar a 
Diy WOSTg 3s , 15,000 00 
(c) Additional endowment, He af Aug: 30, 
1890, : : : : . 12,666 66 
3. Fees and all other sources, t by che ae ; 800 00 
Total receipts, . : : : ‘ ; , : . $58,422 58 


III. Expenditures for and during the Year ended June 30, 1894. 


1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, . : . $43,422 58 
2. Experiment Station, . : : : : . : » 15,000 00 
Totalexpenditures,. . . . . .  . « $58,492 58 


IV. Property and Equipment, Year ended June 80, 1894. 


Agricultural department — 


Value of buildings, . : ; ; , : : . $263,765 00 
Of other equipment, . : : ‘ ‘ . $67,783 11 
Total number of acres, . ; i : ‘ ; : 384 
Acres under cultivation, . f f ‘ wT ENE é 244 
Acres used for experiments, . ‘ ‘ : 4 : 58 
Value of farm lands, : : f ; : > i> «$40,025 00 


V. Faculty during the, Year ended June.30, 1894. 
Male. Female. 


1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts: collegiate 


and Resell classes, ; : : : a LO 
2. Number of staff of eet ats Staton: : Meee 
Total, counting none twice, . : : 5 pe (28rd 


VI. Students during the Year ended June 30, 1894. 
Male. Female. 


1. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts: collegiate 


and special classes, ; ; : ; i . 201) - 
2. Graduate courses, . : ‘ : ; ; : > he 
Total, counting none twice, . : See ee ig alle . 214 


Vil. Library, Year ended June 30, 1894. 


1. Number of bound volumes June 30, 1892, ’ ‘ : * 14,040 
2. Bound volumes added during year ended June 30, 1893, * 1,400 


Total bound voiumes, . } ; 5 : : ; 15,440 


* Pamphlets, none. 


1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 61 


MILITARY DEPARTMENT. 


AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 31, 1894. 
To President H. H. GOODELL. 


Sir:—I have the honor to submit the following report of the 
military department of the college for the year ending Dec. 31, 
1894: — 

Since my last report, dated Sept. 30, 1893, the equipment of 
the military department has been increased by obtaining from the 
general government heliographs and signal flags, carriages with 
implements for two 3.2-inch breech-loading steel field guns (the 
guns themselves will soon be shipped); also by twenty cadet 
Springfield rifles and twenty-two sets of infantry accoutrements. 

The total number of students receiving military instruction at 
the present time is one hundred and thirty. 

The following is a list of the United States government prop- 
erty now on hand : — 


Ordnance. 


2 light 12-pound brass guns with implements. 
2 sets implements for 3.2-inch breech-loading steel guns. 
2 8-inch mortars with implements, 
4 gun carriages. 
2 gun caissons. 
2 mortar beds. 
2 mortar platforms. 
147 Springfield cadet rifles. 
147 infantry accoutrements, sets. 
51 headless shell extractors. 
100 blank cartridges for field guns. 
5,000 metallic ball cartridges. 
1,000 metallic blank cartridges. 
300 friction primers. 
4,000 pasters. 
100 targets, A and B. 
30,000 cartridge primers. 
25,000 round balls. 
1 set hand reloading tools. 
100 pounds small arms powder. 


62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Signal Property. 
2 heliographs, complete. 
6 2-foot white flags. 
6 2-foot red flags. 
6 canvas cases and straps. 
12 joints of staffs. 


The armory building is in good condition. I would strongly 
recommend, however, as in previous reports, that a gallery be 
placed across the south end of the drill hall to accommodate 
visitors. Much inconvenience — not only to them, but partic- 
ularly to those drilling —is now caused by having them on the 
floor of the hall. I believe a gallery answering all purposes could 
be put in for $200. 

A gun shed and a suitable place for having gallery practice is 
also much needed. We now have no suitable place for storing our 
field guns during the winter months. We are about to be sup- 
plied with new guns, and a building should be provided for their 
shelter. 

To obtain good results at target practice, instruction in gallery 
practice is required. We have now no place where such instruc- 
tion can be held. If a gun shed is built, for very little extra 
expense a shooting gallery could be included, using one side of 
_ the building for that purpose. A suitable building, to be used 
both as a gun shed and shooting gallery, can be built for $1,400. 


~ "THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION. 


Theoretical. —'The students of the senior class are required to 
attend, for one hour each week, during the college year, theoret- 
ical instruction in the art and science of war. During the past 
year the only text-book used has been the United States Infantry 
Drill Regulations. All other instruction has been by lectures, 
much more ground having been covered in this way than if text- 
books had been used. Lectures have been given on military law, 
explosives, fortifications, art and science of war, army administra- 
tion, composition of armies, the military used as an aid to the 
civil authority, ete. 

The freshman class receive theoretical instruction for one hour 
each week during the fall term. This instruction has been con- 
fined to recitations in the United States Infantry Drill Regula- 
tions. When the time permitted, supplementary instruction has 
been given them by lectures on minor subjects, such as target 
practice, military customs, etc. It is desirable, when the new 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 63 


field guns are received, that the sophomore class have theoretical 
instruction in the United States Artillery Drill Regulations. 

Practical. — For practical instruction the battalion has the same 

organization as in previous years, — that is, four companies and 
a band; this instruction has been in the ‘*‘ school of the soldier,” 
*¢school of the company,” ‘‘school of the battalion” and in 
‘¢ extended order drill.” During the winter term instruction in 
‘¢sabre drill” was given the junior class; the sophomore class 
received thorough instruction in ‘‘ bayonet exercise.” Instruction 
in artillery has also been given the sophomore class, and the entire 
battalion has target practice, details being sent each drill day, 
when the weather permits, to the target range for that purpose. 
The total number of shots fired during the last college year was 
3,140, the average number of shots per student being 22; the arm 
used was the Springfield cadet rifle. Certain members of the 
senior class have received very thorough instruction in signalling, 
using both the flags and heliographs. 
_ All students of the college except post-graduates are required to 
attend three drills each week, unless excused for some physical 
disability, each drill being for one hour. The discipline in the 
battalion is excellent; all the students appear to recognize its 
importance and cheerfully conform to its requirements. 

In this connection I especially desire to call attention to the 
stand the faculty of the college has taken with respect to the 
military department. It has been very gratifying to me since I 
have been stationed here to find the college faculty always ready 
and willing to assist me in every possible manner. 

The following three members of the last graduating class were 
reported by me to the Adjutant-General of the Army and to the 
Adjutant-General of the State of Massachusetts as having shown 
the greatest proficiency in the art and science of war : — 


T. S. Bacon, ; : é ; , ; Natick, Mass. 
Ae wCuRTIS,  . ; ; : , : Brooklyn, N. Y. 
G. H. MERwIn, . , ; ; ; . . Westport, Conn. 


The military prize this year was awarded G. H. Merwin of 
Westport, Conn. 

A prize of a gold medal has been offered by Mr. I. C. Greene, 
a member of the last graduating class, to be given to the student 
showing the greatest proficiency in the ‘‘ manual of arms.” It is 
intended that the drill for said prize shall take place about the 
close of the winter term. 


64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


The battalion is at present organized as follows : — 


Commandant. 
Lieut. W. M. DICKINSON, . : ; 5 . U: SitAammaye 


Commissioned Staff. 


Cadet First Lieutenant and Adjutant, 4 . BE BAOrpaArE 
Cadet First Lieutenant and Quartermaster, . La Pe homers 
Cadet First Lieutenant and Fire Marshal, . . HB, RAI 


Cadet First Lieutenant and Assistant Instructor 


of Musketry, : : : § . KR. A. COOLey. 
Cadet First Lieutenant and Assistant Instructor 
in Signalling, . . . ' : : . W.L. Bemis. 
Non-Commissioned Staff. 
Cadet Sergeant-Major, : . F.E. DELOCE. 
Cadet Quartermaster-Sergeant, . : ‘ . N. SHULTIs. 
Cadet Corporal and Armorer, . : ; . S. W. FLETCHER. 
Color Guard. 
Cadet Color Sergeant, H. W. Rawson. 
Cadet Color Corporal, F. L. CLApp. 
Cadet Color Corporal, E. W. POOLE. 
Band. 
Cadet First Lieutenant Commanding Band, W. C. BRown 
Cadet First Sergeant and Band Leader, . . W.B. HARPER 
Cadet Drum Major, : : ; A, S. KINNEY 
Cadet Band Corporal, . A. B. Cook 
Companies. 


Cadet Capt. H. A. BALLou, 

Cadet Capt. F. L. WARREN, 

Cadet Capt. M. J. SULLIVAN, 
Cadet Capt. R. S. JONEs, : . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet First Lieut. S. P. TOOLe, . . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet First Lieut. H.S. FAIRBANKS, .. _—. assigned to Company D. 
Cadet First Lieut. C. W. CREHORE, . . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet First Lieut. W. L. Morse, . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet Second Lieut. H. L. Frost, . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet Second Lieut. G. A. BILLINGS, . . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Second Lieut. C. B. LANE, . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet Second Lieut. W. A. Root, . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet First Sergeant P. A. LEAMy, . . assigned to Company A. 
Cadet First Sergeant R. P. NICHOLS, . . assigned to Company B. 
Cadet First Sergeant F. H. Reap, . assigned to Company C. 
Cadet First Sergeant H. C. BURRINGTON, . assigned to Company D. 
Cadet Sergeant B. K. JONEs, . assigned to Company B. 


. assigned to Company A. 
. assigned to Company D. 
. assigned to Company B. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


Cadet Sergeant H. T. Epwarps, 
Cadet Sergeant F. P. WasHBurn, 
Cadet Sergeant W. L. PENTECOST, 
Cadet Sergeant F. B. Saw, 
Cadet Sergeant H. W. Moors, . 
Cadet Sergeant M. E. SELLEw, . 
Cadet Sergeant I. C. PooLe, 
Cadet Corporal J. L. MARSHALL, 
Cadet Corporal A. M. KRAMER,. 
Cadet Corporal S. Sarro, 

Cadet Corporal S. SAsTRE, . 
Cadet Corporal C. A. NUTTING,. 
Cadet Corporal G. Tsuba, . 
Cadet Corporal C. A. Kine, 
Cadet Corporal G. D. LEAVENS, . 
Cadet Corporal J. M. Barry, 
Cadet Corporal C. I. GOESSMANN, 
Cadet Corporal C. A. NoRTON, . 


Respectfully submitted, 


W. M. DICKINSON, 
Lieut. United States Army. 


65 


. assigned to Company A. 
. assigned to Company D. 
, assigned to Company C. 
. assigned to Company D. 
. assigned to Company C. 
. assigned to Company B. 
. assigned to Company A. 
. assigned to Company A. 
. assigned to Company C. 
. assigned to Company B. 
. assigned to Company D. 
. assigned to Company A. 
. assigned to Company B. 
. assigned to Company D. 
. assigned to Company C. 
. assigned to Company D. 
. assigned to Company A. 
. assigned to Company B.. 


66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


CALENDAR FOR 1895-96. 


1895. 


January 3, Thursday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

March 20, Wednesday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 

_ April 8, Wednesday, spring term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

June 15, Saturday, Grinnell prize examination of the senior class 
in agriculture. 

| : f Baccalaureate sermon. 
June 16, Sunday, { Address before the College Young Men’s 
Christian Association. 
June 17, Monday, . . Burnham prize speaking. 
( Meeting of the alumni. 
| Flint prize oratorical contest. 
June 18, Tuesday, 4 Class day exercises. 
Military exercises. 
| Reception by the president and trustees. 

June 19,,Wednesday, . Commencement exercises. 

June 20-21, Thursday and Friday, examinations for admission, at 
9 a.m., Botanic Museum, Amherst; at Jacob Sleeper Hall, 
Boston University, 12 Somerset Street, Boston; and at Sedg- 
wick Institute, Great Barrington. Two full days are required 
for examination, and candidates must come prepared to stay 
that length of time. 

‘September 38-4, Tuesday and Wednesday, examinations for ; 
admission, at 9 a.m., Botanic Museum. | 

September 5, Thursday, fall term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 

December 18, Wednesday, fall term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1896. 
January 2, Thursday, winter term begins, at 8.15 a.m. 
March 25, Thursday, winter term closes, at 10.30 a.m. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


THE CORPORATION. 


DANIEL NEEDHAM of Groroy, . 
JAMES DRAPER of Worcester, . 
HENRY S. HYDE of SpriInGFie.p, 


MERRITT I. WHEELER of Great BARRINGTON, . 


JAMES S. GRINNELL of GREENFIELD, 
JOSEPH A. HARWOOD of Lirrteroy, . 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER of Boston, 

J. D. W. FRENCH of Boston, ; 

J. HOWE DEMOND of Nortruampron,. 
ELMER D. HOWE of Martzsorovuen, 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON of LynnrFietp, 
WILLIAM WHEELER of Concorpn, 

ELIJAH W. WOOD of West Newton, 
CHARLES A. GLEASON of New Brarntree, 


Members Ex Officio. 


67 


Term expires. 


1896 
1896 
1897 
1897 
1898 
1898 
1899 
1899 
1900 
1900 
1901 
1901 
1902 
1902 


His ExcEeLttency Governor FREDERIC T. GREENHALGE, 


President of the Corporation. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, President of the College. 


FRANK A. HILL, Secretary of the Board of Education. 
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture. 


JAMES S. GRINNELL of Greenrietp, 


Vice-President of the Corporation. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS of Hamppen, Secretary. 


GEORGE F. MILLS of Amuerst, Treasurer pro tempore. 


CHARLES A. GLEASON of New Brarntrer, Auditor. 


68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


Committee on Finance and Buildings.* 
JAMES S. GRINNELL. HENRY S. HYDE. 
J. HOWE DEMOND. CHARLES A. GLEASON. 
DANIEL NEEDHAM, Chairman. 


Committee on Course of Study and Faculty.* 
WILLIAM H. BOWKER. JOSEPH A. HARWOOD. 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON. J. D. W. FRENCH. 

WILLIAM WHEELER, Chairman. 


Committee on Farm and Horticultural Departments.* 
ELIJAH W. WOOD. : JAMES DRAPER. 
ELMER D. HOWE. MERRITT I. WHEELER. 

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Committee on Experiment Department.* 


DANIEL NEEDHAM. ELIJAH W. WOOD. 
FRANCIS H. APPLETON. WILLIAM H. BOWKER. 
WILLIAM WHEELER. JAMES DRAPER. 


WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, Chairman. 


Board of Overseers. 
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 


Examining Committee of Overseers. 


A. C. VARNUM (Chairman), . . OF LOWELL. 

GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS, . . OF FITCHBURG. 
EK. A. HARWOOD, . : ‘ . oF NortH BROOKFIELD. 
J. E. KIMBALL, ; 2 : . OF OXFORD. 

JOHN BURSLEY, : : : . OF BARNSTABLE. 


The Faculty. 
HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., President, 
Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature. 


* The president of the college is ex officio a member of each of the above committees. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 69 


LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, 
Professor of Agriculture, Honorary. 


CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D., LL.D., 
Professor of Chemistry. 


SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.Sc., 
Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 


CLARENCE D. WARNER, B.Sc., 
Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 


CHARLES WELLINGTON, Pu.D., 
Associate Professor of Chemistry. 


CHARLES H. FERNALD, Pu.D., 
Professor of Zoology. 


Rev. CHARLES S. WALKER, Pu.D., 
Professor of Mental and Political Science. 


WILLIAM P. BROOKS, B.Sc., 
Professor of Agriculture. 


GEORGE F. MILLS, M.A., 
Professor of English. 


JAMES B. PAIGE,. V.S., 
Professor of Veterinary Science. 


WALTER M. DICKINSON, 1st Ligvt. 17TH Inrantry, U.S.A., 
Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 


A. COURTENAY WASHBURNE, 
Assistant Professor of Mathematics. 


HERMAN BABSON, B.A., 
Assistant Professor of English. 


GEORGE E. STONE, Pu.D., 
Assistant Professor of Botany. 


EDWARD R. FLINT, Pu.D., 
Assistant Professor of Chemistry. 


FRED 8S. COOLEY, B.Sc., 
Assistant Professor of Agriculture and Farm Superintendent. 


70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


RICHARD §S. LULL, B.Sc., 
Assistant Professor of Zodlogy. 


RALPH E. SMITH, B.Sc., 
Instructor in German and Botany. 


ROBERT W. LYMAN, LL.B., 
Lecturer on Farm Law. 


HENRY H. GOODELL, LL.D., 
Librarian. 


Graduates of 1894.* 


Alderman, Edwin Hammond, 

Averell, Fred Gilbert (Boston 
Univ.), . , 

Bacon, Linus Hersey (Boston 
Univ)... ‘ 

Bacon, Theodore Spalding (Bor 
ton Univ.), 

Barker, Louis Marten foosten 
Univ.), . 

Boardman, Edwin Tore Bow 
ton Univ.), 

Brown, Charles eee, 

Curtis, Arthur Clement (Boston 
Wniv.), : 

Cutter, Arthur Hasae (Boston 
Wii) ‘ 

Davis, Perley Blijah aussi 
Univ.), ; 

Dickinson, Eliot Parlay (pore 
Univ.) , : 

Fowler, Halley Melville (Bindtotn 
Univ.), . 

Fowler, Henry Taste (Bosten 
Uniwae . 

Gifford, John eee (Boats 
Duiwao : : 


Middlefield. 
Amherst. 
Spencer. 
Natick. 
Hanson. 


Sheffield. 
Feeding Hills. 


Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Pelham, N. H. 


Worcester. 


_Auherst. 


South Gardner. 
North Hadley. 


Brockton. 


* The annual report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two 
academic years, and the catalogne bears the names of such students as have been 
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1894. 


j 


1895.] ©. PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 71 


Greene, Frederic Lowell (Boston 
Mniv.),.. ‘ , : p 

Greene, Ira Charles (Boston 
Usiv.), . ‘ 

Higgins, Charles Herbart (Beaton 
Hniv.); . 

Howard, Samuel Eianois (Beaton 
Miniv.), - / 

Keith, Thaddeus Wavetti (Berton 
MATYS) 5. 

Kirkland, rckio Hisward (Bisston 
nix.) '. d 

Lounsbury, Charles Briaalery (Bos 
ton Univ.), 

Manley, Lowell SBanton Une ~ 

Mann, Henry Judson, 

Merwin, George iad (Easton 
Wuiv.),- . 

Morse, Alvertus Jason (Boston 
Wiitv..)5~- ‘ 

Pomeroy, Robert Pandiiand Go 
ton Univ.), 

Putnam, Joseph ees (Boston 
MSELY:«.) 5. : ; 

Sanderson, William Edwin (Boa. 
ton Univ.), 

Smead, Horace Eieton (Boston 
Univ.), 

Smith a Eli ( ae Gia: . ; 

Smith, Ralph Eliot (Boston 
Uniy.),. J P : 

Spaulding, Bienclos Harrington 
(Boston Univ.), 

Walker, Claude Frederic (Basicn 
Uiniy.)5 - : 

White, Elias Baxes Geeien 
Univ.), . : ; 3 ‘ 

Total, 


Shrewsbury. 
Fitchburg. 
Dover. 
Wilbraham. 
Fitchburg. 
Norwich. 
Allston. 
Brockton. 
Maplewood. 
Westport, Conn. 
Belchertown. 
South Worthington. 
West Sutton. 
Hingham. 


Greenfield. 
Sheffield. 


Newton Centre. 
East Lexington. 
Awherst. 


South Sherborn. 
34 


Senior Class. 


Ballou, Henry Arthur, 
Bemis, Waldo Louis, . 
Billings, George Austin, 


West Fitchburg. 
Spencer. 
South Deerfield. 


72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Brown, William Clay, 
Burgess, Albert Franklin, . 
Clark, Edile Hale, 
Clark, Harry Edward, 
Cooley, Robert Allen, 
Crehore, Charles Winfred, . 
Dickinson, Charles Morrison, 
Fairbanks, Herbert Stockwell, 
Foley, Thomas Patrick, 
Frost, Harold Locke, . 
Hemenway, Herbert Daniel, 
Jones, John Horace, . 
Jones, Robert Sharp, . 
_ Kuroda, Shiro, . 
Lane, Clarence Bronson, 
Lewis, Henry Waldo, 
Marsh, Jasper, . 
Morse, Walter Levi, - 
Potter, Daniel Charles, 
Read, Henry Blood, 
Root, Wright Asahel, 
Smith, Arthur Bell, 
Stevens, Clarence Lindon, . 
Sullivan, Maurice John, 
Tobey, Frederick Clinton, . 
- Toole, Stephen Peter, 
Warren, Franklin Lafayette, 
White, Edward Albert, 
Total, ; 


Peabody. 
Rockland. 
Spencer. 
Wilbraham. 
South Deerfield. 
Chicopee. 
Chicago, Ill. 
Amherst. 
Natick. 
Arlington. 
Williamsville. 
Pelham. 
Dover. 
Yamanouchi, Kitamura, Japan. 
Killingworth, Conn. 
Rockland. 
Danvers Centre. 
Middleborough. 
Fairhaven. 
Westford. 
Deerfield. 
North Hadley. 
Sheffield. 
Amherst. 
West Stockbridge. 
Amherst. 
Shirley. 
Ashby. 
4 31 


Junior Class. 


Burrington, Horace Clifton, 
Clapp, Frank Lemuel, 
Cook, Allen Bradford, 
Day, Gilbert, 

DeLuce, Frank Edmund, 
Dodge, William Bradford, . 
Edwards, Harry Taylor, 
Fletcher, Stephen Whitcomb, 
Green, Josiah Elton, . 
Hammar, James Fabens, 
Harper, Walter Benjamin, . 
Hayward, Ralph Lyon, 


Charlemont. — 
Dorchester. 
Petersham. 
South Groveland. 
Warren. 
Jamaica Plain. 
Chesterfield. 
Rock. 

Spencer. 
Swampscott. 
Wakefield. 
Uxbridge. 


1895.] 


Jones, Benjamin Kent, 
Kinney, Asa Stephen, 
Kramer, Albin Maximilian, 
Leamy, Patrick Arthur, 
Marshall, James Laird, 
Moore, Henry Ward, . 
Nichols, Robert Parker, 
Nutting, Charles Allen, 
Pentecost, William Lewis, . 
Poole, Erford Wilson, 
Poole, Isaac Chester, 
Rawson, Herbert Warren, . 
Read, Frederick Henry, 
Roper, Harry Howard, 
Saito, Seijiro, , 
Sastré de Verand, Baloxe- ; 
Scannell, Michael Edward, . 
Sellew, Merle Edgar, . 
Shaw, Frederic Bridgman, . 
Shultis, Newton, 
Tsuda, George, . : 
Washburn, Frank Porter,. . 
Total, 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 


Middlefield. 
Worcester. 
Clinton. 
Petersham. 

South Lancaster. 
Worcester. 

West Norwell. 
North Leominster. 
Worcester. 

North Dartmouth. 
North Dartmouth. 
Arlington. 
Wilbraham. 


East Hubbardston. 


Nemuro, Japan. 
Tabasco, Mexico. 
Amherst. 


East Longmeadow. 


South Amherst. 
Medford. 

Tokyo, Japan. 
North Perry, Me. 


Sophomore Class. 


Allen, Harry Francis, 
Allen, John William, . 
Armstrong, Herbert Julius, 
Barclay, Frederick White, . 
Barry, John Marshall, 
Bartlett, James Lowell, 
Cheney, Liberty Lyon, 
Clark, Lafayette Franklin, 
Colby, Frederick William,’. 
Cook, Maurice Elmer, 
Drew, George Albert, 
Eddy, John Richmond, 
Emrich, John Albert, 
Farnsworth, Robert Leroy, 
Felch, Percy Fletcher, 
Goessmann, Charles Ignatius, 
Howe, Herbert Frank, 


Northborough. 
Northborough. 
Sunderland. 
Kent, Conn. 
Boston. 
Salisbury. 
Southbridge. 


34 


West Brattleborough, Vt. 


Roxbury. 
Shrewsbury. 
Westford. “ 
Boston. 

Amherst. 
Turner’s Falls. 
Ayer. 

Amherst. 

North Cambridge. 


73 


74. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Hunter, Herbert Colman, 
King, Charles Austin, 
Leavens, George Davison, . 
Mansfield, George Rogers, 
Millard, Frank Cowperthwait, 
Norton, Charles Ayer, 
Nowell, Allen March, 
Palmer, Clayton Franklin, . 
Palmer, Edward Dwight, 
Peters, Charles Adams, 
Ranlett, Charles Augustus, 
Sherman, Carleton Farrar, 
Smith, Jr., Philip Henry, . 
Vaughan, Robert Henry, 
Walsh, Thomas Francis, 
West, Harold Livingstone, 
Total, : j 


South Natick. 
East Taunton. 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Gloucester. 
North Egremont. 
Lynn. | 
Winchester. 
Stockbridge. 
Amherst. 
Greendale. 
South Billerica. 
Jamaica Plain. 
South Hadley Falls. 
Worcester. 
North Amherst. 
Pullman, Wash. 

30 


Freshman Class. 


Baxter, Charles Newcomb, 
Birnie, Alexander Cullen, . 
Charmbury, Thomas Herbert, 
Clark, Clifford Gay, 

Eaton, Julian Stiles, 

Fisher, Willis Sikes, . 

Holt, Henry Day, 

Hubbard, George Caleb, 
Kinsman, Willard Quincy, . 
Montgomery, Jr., Alexander, 
Nickerson, John Pe 


Thompson, George Harris idea 


Warden, Randall Duncan, . 

Wiley, Samuel William, 

Wolcott, Herbert Raymond, 

Wright, George ae 
Total, . 


Quincy. 
Ludlow. 
Amherst. 
Sunderland. 
Nyack, N. Y. 
Ludlow. 
Amherst. 
North Amherst. 
Ipswich. 
Natick. 
West Harwich. 
Lancaster. 
Roxbury. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Deerfield. 

16 


Second Year. 


Bailey, George Henry, 
Bagg, Elisha Aaron, . 
Beaman, Dan Ashley, 
Burnham, George Louis, 


Middleborough. 
West Springfield. 
Leverett. 
Andover. 


1895.] 


Delano, Charles Wesley, 
Dutton, Arthur Edwin, 
Gibbs, Meltiah Tobey, 
Hall, Albert Durrell, . 
Hooker, William Anson, 
Huntress, Louis Maynard, . 
Kinsman, Ernest Eugene, . 
Lane, Frank Pitkin, 
Rice, Benjamin Willard, 
Rising, Albert Shepard, 
Sherman, Harry Robinson, . 
Stearns, Harold Everett, 
Sweetser, Frank Eaton, 
Tisdale, Fred Alvin, . 
Todd, Frederick Gage, 
Wentzell, William Benjamin, 
Total, . 


PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 75 


North Duxbury. 
Chelmsford. 
New Bedford. 
West Newton. 
Amherst. 
Westfield. 
Heath. 
Oak Park, Ill. 
Northborough. 
Westfield. 
Dartmouth. 
Conway. 
Danvers. 
North Amherst. 
Dorchester. 
Amherst. 

20: 


First Year. 


Alexander, Leon Rutherford, 
Atkins, Harvey Robbins, 
Barrett, Frederick Eugene, . 
Blair, Claude Addison, 
Brainard, Everett Eugene, . 
Canto, Ysidro Herrera, 
Capen, Elwyn Winslow, 
Coleman, Robert Parker, 
Courtney, Howard Scholes, 
Crook, Alfred Clifton, 
Davis, John Alden, 
Dickinson, Harry Porter, 
Eaton, Williams, 
Gile, Alfred Dewing, . 
Glynn, Alfred, . 
Lincoln, Leon Emory, 
Manzanilla, Lorenzo Montore, 
Pasell, George Walter, 
Potter, George Henry, 
Roberts, Percy Colton, 
Rowe, Henry Simpson, 
Stedman, Benjamin, 
Tisdale, Charles Ernest, 
Total, . 


East Northfield. 
North Amherst. 
Framingham. 
Amherst. 
Amherst. 
Cansahcab, Yucatan, Mexico. 
Stoughton. 
West Pittsfield. 
Attleborough. 
Portland, Me. 
East Longmeadow. 
Sunderland. 
North Middleborough. 
Worcester. 
Amherst. 
Taunton. 
Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. 
New Bedford. 
North Dartmouth. 
North Amherst. 
South Deerfield. 
Chicopee. 
North Amherst. 

23 


76 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Graduate Course. 
For Degree of M.S. 


Carpenter, Malcolm Austin (B.Sc. 
1891), 
Mossman, Frederick Way (B. Se. 
1890), 
Smith, Frederic Jason ( B. Se. 
1890), 
Smith, 
1894), 
Total, 


Ralph Eliot (B.Sc. 


[ Jan. 
Leyden. 
Westminster. 
North Hadley. 
Newton Centre. 
4. 


Resident Graduates at the College and Experiment Stations. 


Arnold, B.Se., Frank Luman 
(Boston Univ.), 

Crocker, B.Se., Charles Sisueh: 
ton (Boston Univ.), . 

Haskins, B.Sc., Henry Darin 
(Boston Univ.), 

Holland, B.Sc., Edward Bertatn 
(Boston Univ.), 

Johnson, B.Se., Charles Henny 
(Boston Univ.), 

Jones, B.Sc., Charles Helena 
(Boston Univ.), 

Lindsey, Ph.D., Joseph Batced 
(Goettingen), 

Pomeroy, B.Sc., Robert Ferdi. 
nand (Boston Univ.), 

Shepardson, B.Sc., William Mar- 
tin (Boston Univ! Nis 

Smith, B.Sc., Robert Hyde Bos: 
ton Univ. 

Thomson, B.Sc., Peni Mate 
(Boston Univ.), 5 : 

Total, 


Belchertown. 
Sunderland. 

North Amherst. 
Amherst. 

Prescott. 

Downer’s Grove, IIl. 
Amherst. 

South Worthington. 
Warwick. 

Amherst. 


Monterey. 
11 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 


Summary. 
Graduate course : — 


For degree of M.S., 


Four-years course : — 


Graduates of 1894, 
Senior class, 
Junior class, 
Sophomore class, 
Freshman class, . 


Two-years course : — 
Second year, 


First year, . 


Resident graduates, 
Total, 


77 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


78 


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1895.] 


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1895.] | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 81 


TWO-YEARS COURSE. 


Agriculture. — Lecture and text-book work in the study of soils, 
formation, composition and physical character ; tillage; drainage ; 
irrigation; manures and fertilizers; farm implements and ma- 
chinery, and their use; field crops, grasses and forage plants; 
ensilage ; mowings; pastures; farm buildings; roads and fences ; 
the breeds of cattle, sheep, horses and swine; stock breeding and 
feeding ; dairy farming; poultry farming; markets and market- 
ing. ‘The work will be made as practical as possible, and will be 
continually illustrated in field, barns, dairy and laboratory. Many 
of the lectures will be of the nature of outdoor talks. Practical 
training will be given when needed or desired. Time allotted, 
two hundred and twenty-two hours. 

Botany. — Elementary botany, to impart general knowledge of 
the structure of seeds and plants, methods of reproduction and 
propagation, hybridization, methods of analysis of agricultural 
plants, especially grasses and weeds ; plant diseases, and peculiari- 
ties of plants of economical importance. Herbarium of plants 
of agricultural importance to be required. Time allotted, one 
hundred and thirty hours. 

Chemistry. — Elementary chemistry ; principles of the science ; 
chemical physics ; chemistry of elements important to the farmer ; 
chemistry of soils, plants, animals, foods and fertilizers. Time 
allotted, one hundred and fifty hours. 

English. — Thorough drill in principles of English grammar 
and rhetoric, with exercises in writing. ‘Time allotted, two 
hundred and eleven hours. 

Horticulture, Floriculture and Forestry.— Time allotted, one 
hundred and eighty-five hours. 

Latin. — Elective. Designed for those intending to enter the 
four-years course. 

Mathematics. — Commercial arithmetic; algebra, through quad- 
ratics ; plane geometry; mensuration, including the solution of 
plane triangles; plane surveying, including topography, location 
and construction of roads. Time allotted: class-room, two hun- 
dred and thirty hours ; field work, forty-five hours ; drawing, ninety 
hours. 

Physiology, Zoology and Entomology.— Time allotted, one 
hundred and thirty hours. 

Veterinary Science. — Comparative anatomy and physiology ; 
hygiene ; treatment of emergency cases; diagnosis and treatment. 
of simple cases. ‘Time allotted, one hundred and eleven hours. 


82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


GRADUATE COURSE. 


1. No honorary degrees shall be conferred. 

2. No applicant shall be eligible to the degree of M.S. until 
he has received the degree of B.S. or its equivalent. 

3. The faculty shall offer a course of study in each of the fol- 
lowing subjects: mathematics and physics; chemistry; agricult- 
ure; botany; horticulture; entomology; veterinary. Upon the 
satisfactory completion of any two of these, the applicant shall 
receive the degree of M.S. This prescribed work may be done in 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College or at any institution that 
the applicant may choose; but in either case the degree shall be 
conferred only after the applicant has passed an examination at 
the college under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed. 

4. Every student in the graduate course shall pay one hundred 
dollars to the treasurer of the college before receiving the degree 
of M.S. - 


TEXT-BOOKS. 


Woop —“ The American Botanist and Florist.” 
Bessey — “ Botany for High Schools and Colleges.” 
Gray — “ Manual.” 

Gray —“ Structural Botany.” 

BOWER — “ Practical Botany.” 

ARTHUR BARNES and COULTER —“ Plant Dissection.” 
CAMPBELL — “Structural and Systematic Botany.” 
OEL — “ Experimental Plant Physiology.” 

GOODALE — “ Physiological Botany.” 

DaRwIn and AcTON—“ Practical Physiology of Plants.” 
SCRIBNER — “ Fungous Diseases of the Grapevine.” 
Vasey —‘“‘ Agricultural Grasses of the United States.” 
SmiTruH — “ Diseases of Garden Crops.” 

WOLLE —“ Fresh-Water Algee.” 

Lone — “ How to Make the Garden Pay.” 


Lone — “ Ornamental Gardening for Americans.” 
Tarr —‘“ Green-house Construction.” 7 
WEED —“ Insects and Insecticides.” 

WEED — “ Fungi and Fungicides.” 

FULLER — “ Practical Forestry.” 

MAYNARD — “ Practical Fruit Grower.” 


McALPINE — “ How to know Grasses by their Leaves.” 
Morton — “Soil of the Farm.” 

GREGORY — “ Fertilizers.” 

MILLs and SHaw —“ Public School Agriculture.” 
Mies — “ Stock Breeding.” 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 83 


Armspy — “ Manual of Cattle Feeding.” 

Curtis — “ Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine.” 

Morrow and Hunt — “ Soils and Crops.” 

GROTENFELD — “ The Principles of Modern Dairy Practice.” 

SHEPARD — “ Elementary Chemistry.” 

STORER — “ Agriculture in its Relations to Chemistry.” 

RICHTER and SmitH — “ Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry.” 

MutTER— “ Analytical Chemistry.” 

Roscor — “ Lessons in Elementary Chemistry. » 

BERNTHSEN and McGowan — “ Text-book of Organic Chemistry.” 

FRESENIUS — “ Qualitative Chemical Analysis.” 

FRESENIUS — “ Quantitative Chemical Analysis.” 

REYNOLDS — “ Experimental Chemistry.” 

Sutron — “ Volumetric Analysis ” 

Dana — “ Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology.” 

Brusu — “ Manual of Determinative Mineralogy.” 

MILNE — “ High School Algebra.” 

WELLSs — “ College Algebra.” 

Dana — “ Mechanics.” 

WELLS — “ Plane and Solid Geometry ” (revised edition). 

DAVIES — “ Surveying.” 

WARNER — “ Mensuration.”’ 

WELLSs — “ Essentials of Trigonometry.” 

Loomis — “ Analytical Geometry.” 

Loomis — “ Differential and Integral Calculus.” 

JONES — “ Sound, Light and Heat.” 

THOMPSON — “ Electricity and Magnetism.” 

AYRTON — “ Practical Electricity.” 

Loomis — “‘ Meteorology.” 

MARTIN — “ Human Body” (elementary course). 

MARTIN — ‘“*‘ Human Body ” (briefer course). 

WALKER — “ Political Economy ” (abridged edition). 

GIpE — “ Principles of Political Economy.” 

WiLson — *“* The State, Historical and Practical Politics.” 

WHITNEY and Lock woop — “ English Grammar.” 

Lockwoop — “ Lessons in English.” 

GENUNG — “ Outlines of Rhetoric.” 

SPRAGUE — “ Six Selections from Irving’s Sketch-book.” 

WauitTiER, No. 4; LONGFELLOW, Nos. 38, 34, 35; LOWELL, No. 39 — 
* Riverside Literature Series.” 

Hupson — “ Selections of Prose and Poetry.” WEBSTER, BURKE, AD- 
DISON, GOLDSMITH, SHAKESPEARE. 

GILMAN — “ English Literature.” 

WHITNEY — “‘ French Grammar.” 

LUQUIENS — “ Popular Science.” 

W WITNEY — “ German Grammar.” 

BoIsEN — “ Preparatory German Prose.” 

BERNHARDT — “ Sprach-und Lesebuch.” 

Hopees — “ Scientific German.” 


84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Casar —“ The Invasion of Britain.” 
Casar — “ Gallic War.” 
Nepos — “ Selections Illustrative of Greek and Roman History.” 
WHITE — “ Progressive Art Studies.” 
’ Faunce — “ Mechanical Drawing.” 


U. S. Army — “ Infantry Drill Regulations ” 
U.S. Army — “ Artillery Drill Regulations.” 


To give not only a practical, but a liberal education is the aim in 
each department, and the several courses have been so arranged 
as to best subserve that end. Weekly exercises in composition 
and declamation are held throughout the course. The instruction 
in agriculture and horticulture is both theoretical and practical. 
A certain amount of labor is required of each student, and the 
lessons of the recitation room are practically enforced in the 
garden and field. Students are allowed to work for wages during 
such leisure hours as are at their disposal. Under the act by 
which the college was founded, instruction in military tactics is 
imperative, and each student, unless physically debarred, * is re- 
quired to attend such exercises as are prescribed, under the 
direction of a regular army officer stationed at the college. 


FOUR-YEARS COURSE. 
ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission to the freshman class will be examined, 
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English gram- 
mar, geography, United States history, physiology, physical 
geography, arithmetic, the metric system, algebra (through quad- 
raties), geometry (two books), civil government (Mowry’s 
-“ Studies in Civil Government” ), and Latin (grammar and first 
ten chapters of the first book of Ceesar’s ‘* Gallic War” ), or an 
equivalent. The standard required is 65 per cent on each paper. 
Diplomas from high schools will not be received in place of exam- 
ination. Examination in the following subjects may be taken a 
year before the candidate expects to enter college: English gram- 
mar, geography, United States history, physical geography and 
physiology. Satisfactory examination in a substantial part of the 
subjects offered will be required, that the applicant may have 
credit for this preliminary examination. 

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also 
in the studies gone over by the class to which they desire admission. 


* Certificates of disability must be procured of Dr. Herbert B. Perry of Amherst. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 85 


No one can be admitted to the college until he is sixteen years 
of age. The regular examinations for admission are held at the 
Botanic Museum, at 9 o’clock a.m., on Thursday and Friday, June 
20 and 21, and on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 3 and 4; 
but candidates may be examined and admitted at any other time 
in the year. For the accommodation of those living in the eastern 
part of the State, examinations will also be held at 9 o’clock a.m., 
on Thursday and Friday, June 20 and 21, at Jacob Sleeper Hall, 
Boston University, 12 Somerset Street, Boston; and for the ac- 
commodation of those in the western part of the State, at the 
same date and time, at the Sedgwick Institute, Great Barrington, 
by James Bird.’ Two full days are required for examination, and 
candidates must come prepared to stay that length of time. 


TWO-YEARS COURSE. 


Calendar the same as in the four-years course. Age for ad- 
mission, fifteen years. The objects of this course are, primarily, 
to help farmers’ sons and others, proposing to follow some branch 
of agriculture, who lack either the time or the means required for 
the longer course ; secondly, in so far as practicable, to serve as a 
preparation for the regular college course. Date of examination, 
same as for four-years course. 


ADMISSION. 


Candidates for admission are examined, orally and in writing, 
in English grammar, geography, arithmetic and United States 
history. The standard required is 65 per cent on each paper. 


ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS USED IN 1894. 
Four-yYEARS COURSE. 


Arithmetic. 


Notes. — The work and answers of all problems are required. 


1. What is a prime number, a composite number? Give ex- 
amples of each. 

2. Find the least common multiple of 36, 56, 75, and 72. 

3. Write a proper fraction, an improper fraction, and give the 
rules for the addition and division of fractions. 

4. At $21 per ton, what is the cost of 2,560 pounds of hay? 

5. What is the value of a pile of wood 100 feet long, 44 feet 
high and 124 feet wide, at $5 per cord? 


86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


6. Bought a horse for $250, paid for keeping $10 and sold him 
for $234: what was the loss per cent? 

7. Find the amount of $575 ‘for 2 years, 6 months and 15 
days, at 63 per cent. 

8. What is the bank discount and proceeds of a note for $500, 
for 90 days, at 6 per cent.? 

9. If 2 men can build 803 rods of fence in 22 days, how long 
will it take them to build 73 rods? 

10. What must be paid in Boston for a draft of $2,000 on 
Philadelphia, at 30 days, when exchange is at 2 per cent pre- 
mium? 


Metric System. 
Nore. — The work and answers of all problems are required. 


1. Name the principal units of the metric system, and give 
their equivalents. 
2. How are the lower denominations of each weight, or meas- 
ure, expressed? The higher denominations? 
3. Change to meters, and add 114.5 decameters, 425 hecto- 
meters and 950.5 centimeters. , 
4. At $1.10 per cubic meter, what will it cost to dig a trench 
2 kilometers and 75.5 meters long, 2.5 meters wide and 1.5 meters 
deep? 
5. In 40 metric tons, how many tons? 
6. What must be the width of a bin 2 meters long and 2 
meters deep to contain 5,000 liters of grain? 
7. Change 2 bushels, 7 quarts, 2 pints, to liters. 
8. In 3 lbs. 8 oz 18 pwt. of gold, how many grams? 
9. How many miles in 454 kilometers? 
10. Write the table for long measure. 


Algebra. 
Nore. — The work and answers of all problems are required. 


1. Define coefficient, exponent, and write four axioms. 
2. Resolve into prime factors (15 —2x%—d?), (@®—14%+ 45). 
3. Name three methods of elimination and solve : — 

f Etat atl ee) 


A eee 
ai th sera 
4, Find the cube root of 26+ 1—6%2—62°+ 15 2?+ 1da1 — 20 2%. 
5. Divide 92 — 12%4—1i—2+4x¢%—ji+2a—1 by34—3—2 


—x—}h. : 


ao 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 87 


6. Simplify the following expression : — 
In/54 + / 3 — 3/250 — 80/2 

7. Solve 4/22 —3 —/82+1+/18%—92—0. 

8. Write a pure quadratic equation, and solve 
(a? — 5x) *>—8 (@’— 5a) = 84. 

Pepelve 20°48 27 — 5/209 1+ 3219=— 8. 


Deaaiye 1° TN. 
ae G—y= 3 


Geometry. 


1. Define geometry, theorem, postulate, corollary, scholium. 

2. Draw an acute angle, obtuse angle, a right angle. 

Prove the following propositions : — 

3. If two straight lines intersect each other, the vertical angles 
are equal. 

4. If two parallel lines are cut by a third straight line, the 
alternate interior angles are equal. 

5. Two angles whose sides are parallel each to each are either 
equal or supplementary. 

6. Any point in the bisector of an angle is equally distant from 
the sides of the angle. 

7. Define and draw a trapezium, trapezoid, rhomboid and 
rhombus. 

8. If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, the figure 
is a parallelogram. . 

9. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. 

10. The sum of the angles of any polygon is equal to two 

right angles taken as many times as the figure has sides, less 
two. 


English Grammar and Composition. 


Norte. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered 
in determining the exce!lence of your paper. 

1. Define language, grammar, composition. 

2. Name and define the four parts into which English grammar 
is divided. 

3. Write a simple sentence, a compound sentence, a complex 
sentence. Analyze the complex sentence. 

4, Give the plurals of the following, and indicate the posses- 
sives (of both singular and plural) : mother-in-law, ox, spoonful, 
beau, seraph, staff, maid, hogshead, phenomenon, sheep. 

5. Name the personal pronouns, the relative pronouns, the 
demonstrative pronouns. 


88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


6. Give principal parts of put, hang, go, lie, lay, sit, set, eat, 
spar, blow. 
7. Fill the blanks correctly with shall or will: — 


(a) If Istay, I - be late. 
(6b) You obey me. It make you happier in the end. 
(co) It give me much pleasure to meet you there, and I - 


not forget the date. 
8. Correct the following, stating reasons : — 
(a) John don’t understand those kind of books. 
(6) Ishould like to have gone to the circus. 
(c) He is the squarest man I ever see. 
(d) He ain’t no good, nohow. It beats the dickens how he 
has got such a love for base ball. 
_ (e) He travels everywheres. It seems queer to you and I that 
he hadn’t ought to get tired. 
. 9. Change the following to connected prose : — 


_ Long lines of cliff breaking have left a chasm; 
And in the chasm are foam and yellow sands; 
Beyond, red roofs about a narrow wharf 
In cluster; then a moulder’d church; and higher 
A long street climbs to one tall tower’d mill ; 
And high in heaven behind it a gray down 
With Danish barrows; and a hazel wood, 

By autumn nutters haunted, flourishes 
Green in a cuplike hollow of the down. 


10. Write an exercise of at least two hundred words upon one 
of the subjects named below : — 

(a) A description of my last school. 

(6) President Cleveland. 

(c) Washington Irving. 

(d) Abraham Lincoln. 

(e) The farmer’s place in the nation. 


Geography. 

Note. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered 
in determining the exceilence of your paper. ‘ 

1. What is geography? What is the shape of the earth? Give 
two proofs of the correctness of your answer. 

2. Name the political divisions of North America. Name and 
locate three prominent peninsulas of North America. 

3. Bound the United States. Name the States bordering on 
the Pacific Ocean; those bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. 

4. Describe briefly the Mississippi Valley and its productions. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 89 


5. What important canals pertatn to the commerce of the 
United States? What is acanal? Name five important railroads, 
and tell what places they connect. 

6. Write a brief description of New England, contrasting it 
with the Middle States. 

7. For what are the following States remarkable: Virginia, 
Minnesota, Nevada, California, Texas, Pennsylvania? 

8. What divisions of Europe are in the same latitude as is 
Boston ? 

9. Describe four important rivers of Africa. What divisions 
of South America are crossed by the equator? what divisions of 
Africa? 

10. Name the chief ports of Europe on the Mediterranean 
Sea. In what country, and on or near what water, are the fol- 
lowing: Paris, Quebec, Milwaukee, Omaha, Calcutta, Tokio, 
Amsterdam, Naples, Liverpool, Rio Janeiro? 


United States History. 


Note. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered 
in determining the excellence of your paper. 


1. What European nations made permanent settlements within 
the present limits of the United States, and where? 

2. Give a brief account of the Plymouth Colony and of the 
Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

3. Write what you know of Sir Walter Raleigh. 

4. What was the cause and what were the effects of the French 
and Indian War? 

5. Writea brief sketch of Benjamin Franklin. 

6. Write an account of that battle of the Revolutionary War 
which you regard the most important. 

7. Describe the visit of Lafayette to this country. Why was 
this an event of importance? 

8. Explain as clearly as you can ‘‘ The Fugitive Slave Law.” 
What is meant by the ‘‘‘ Reconstruction Policy” after the Civil 
War? 

9. What important event in the United States History is to be 
associated with each of the following: Trenton, New Orleans, 
‘Jamestown, Cambridge, Saratoga, Chicago, Washington, Long 
Island, Fort Ticonderoga, Boston? 

10. State clearly the three causes that, in your opinion, have 
been most powerful in effecting the material progress of the 
United States. 


90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Physical Geography. 

Notre.— Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered 
in determining the excellence of your paper. 

1. Of what does physical geography treat? 

2. Define the following: a plateau, a volcano, a sierra, a 
water-shed, a delta, monsoons. 

3. Explain the difference between a peninsula and a cape; 
between a prairie and a selva. 

4. Define the atmosphere. How is it warmed? What makes 
the trade-winds important? In what directions do they blow? 
Account for this. 

5. Define climate. State and illustrate the effect of ocean 
currents on climate. 

6. How are fog and rain produced? How is snow produced ? 
How is hail produced? How are the ‘‘ weather probabilities” 
arrived at, and of what value is their daily announcement? 

7. How do plants differ from inorganic matter? How do you 
account for the luxuriant vegetation of the torrid zone? 

8. What trees are found in the higher latitudes? What is the 
effect of elevation on plant life? What have you ever observed 
in proof of this? . 

9. Show how the animal kingdom is dependent on the vege- 
table. By what is the distribution of animals over the earth’s sur- 
face regulated? 

Physiology. 
Define physiology, anatomy, hygiene. 
What is the skeleton and what are its uses? 
Name three uses of food. 
Describe the heart. What is the use of blood? 
Why do we breathe? Name the organs of respiration. 

6. What is excretion? What constitutes be waste? What 
organs are concerned in excretion ? 

7. What uses has the nervous system? 

8. Name the special senses and the organs connected with 
each. 

9. Give injurious effects from use of tobacco. 

10. Is the use of alcoholic beverages beneficial or detrimental ? 
Why? 


OU oo dO 


Civil Government. 


NotrE. — Penmanship, spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered 
in determining the excellence of your paper. 


1. Define the following: monarchy, aristocracy, democracy. 
How does a republic differ from a democracy ? 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 381. 91 

2. What three kinds of colonial governments were there in our 
country? Name the colonies that were under each. 

3. When did the colonies become States? Write in full the 
names of the thirteen original States. 

4. In what year and where did the first Continental Congress 
meet? the second Continental Congress? How long did this Con- 
gress continue its sessions? 

5. What were the Articles of Confederation? In what year 
did the constitutional form of government go into effect? Where 
was the first President inaugurated? 

6. Into what departments is the government of the United 
States divided? Name at least two qualifications for the office of 
President. 

7. What two bodies constitute the Congress? Of how many 
members does the United States Senate now consist? How many 
Representatives in Congress has Massachusetts? In which Con- 
gressional district do you reside, and who is your Representative 
in Congress? 

8. Name three of the principal officers of the town or city in 
which you live, and the duty of each. Name two of the principal 
officers of the county in which you live, and the duty of each. 

9. In what bodies is the legislative power of the State vested? 

10. What is the title of the chief executive officer of the State 
of Massachusetts? What is his name? 


Cesar’s Gallic War. 


Notes. — Translate into grammatical English. Make your sentences complete. 
Spelling, capitalization and punctuation will be considered in determining the excel- 
lence of your paper. 

1. Translate :— 

Interea eA legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque qui ea 
provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum 
influit, ad montem Juram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis 
dividit, millia passuum decem novem murum, in altitudinem pedum 
sedecim, fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, 
castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conarentur, 
prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, 
venit, et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo 
populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinciam dare, et, si vim facere 
conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. 

2. How many declensions of nouns in Latin? Decline murum, 
pedum, fossam, and any noun of the fourth declension found in 
the first sentence. 


92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


3. Name the pronouns found in the first sentence, and tell the 
class to which each belongs. 

4. How many conjugations of verbs’in Latin, and how are 
they distinguished? What is a deponent verb? Name any depo- 
nent verb found in the passage. | 

5. Write principal parts, active and passive voices of habebat, 
disponit, negat, communit. Write the active infinitives of these 
verbs. | 

6. In which case are the following, and why: legione, passuum, 
opere, more, ulli? : 


DEGREES. 


Those who complete the four-years course receive the degree of 
Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed by the governor of 
Massachusetts, who is president of the corporation. 

Regular students of the college may also, on application, 
become members of Boston University, and upon graduation 
receive its diploma in addition to that of the college, thereby 
becoming entitled to all the privileges of its alumni. 

A certificate signed by the president of the college will be 
awarded to those completing the two-years course, the same to go 
into effect 1897. Those completing the graduate course receive 
the degree of Master of Science. 


a 


EXPENSES. 
Tuition in advance : — 

Fall term, . , : , ‘ s° $30! 00 

Winter term, : : : : ‘ : 25 09 

Summer term, . ; : : ‘ : 25 00 
$80 00 $80 00 
- Room rent, in advance, $8 to $16 per term, ; ‘ 24 00 48 00 
Board, $2.50 to $5 per week, : ; ‘ ; ; 95 00 190 00 
Fuel, $5 to $15, . ; i ; : : 5 00 tess 
Washing, 30 to 60 cents per ee , ‘ : : 11 40 22 80 
Military suit, ‘ ; : : , ‘ . : 15 75 15 75 
Expenses per year, . : : ‘ ; 3 « $231 15 $871 55 


Board in clubs has been about $2.45 per week; in private 
families, $4 to $5. The military suit must be obtained imme- 
diately upon entrance at college, and used in the drill exercises 
prescribed. The following fees will be charged for the main- 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 93 


tenance of the several laboratories: chemical, $10 per term used ; 
zoological, $4 per term used; botanical, $1 per term used by 
sophomore class, $2 per term used by senior class; entomo- 
logical, $2 per term used. Some expense will also be incurred for 
lights and text-books. Students whose homes are within the 
State of Massachusetts can in most cases obtain a scholarship by 
applying to the senator of the district in which they live. 


THE LABOR FUND. 


The object of this fund is to assist those students who are 
dependent either wholly or in part on their own exertions, by 
furnishing them work in the several departments of the college. 
The greatest opportunity for such work is found in the agricult- 
ural and horticultural departments. Application should be made 
to Profs. William P. Brooks and Samuel T. Maynard, respect- 
ively, in charge of said departments. Students desiring to avail 
themselves of its benefits must bring a certificate signed by one of 
the selectmen of the town in which they are resident, certifying to 
the fact that they require aid. 


. ROOMS. 

All students, except those living with parents or guardians, will 
be required to occupy rooms in the college dormitories. 

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the 
following measurements are given: In the new south dormitory 
the study rooms are about fifteen by fourteen feet, with a recess 
seven feet four inches by three feet; and the bedrooms are eleven 
feet two inches by eight feet five inches. This building is heated 
by steam. In the north dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen 
by fifteen feet, and the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet. The 
inside rooms are thirteen and one-half feet by fourteen and one- 
half feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. A coal stove 
is furnished with each room. Aside from this, all rooms are 
unfurnished. Mr. Thomas Canavan has the general superin- 
tendence of the dormitories, and all correspondence relative to the 
engaging of rooms should be with him. 


SCHOLARSHIPS. 
EstaBLisHED BY Private INDIVIDUALS. 


Mary Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield. 


94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Whiting Street Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Whiting Street, Esq., of Northampton. 

Henry Gassett Fund of one thousand dollars, the bequest of 
Henry Gassett, Esq., of North Weymouth. 

The income of the above funds is assigned by the faculty to 
worthy students requiring aid. 


CONGRESSIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free 
scholarship for each of the congressional districts of the State. 
Application for such scholarships should be made to the Repre- 
sentative from the district to which the applicant belongs. The 
selection for these scholarships will be determined as each member 
of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications are sent 
in from the same district, a competitive examination would seem 
to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vigorous 
constitution, and should enter college with the intention of 
remaining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit 
connected with agriculture. 


STATE SCHOLARSHIPS. 


The Legislature of 1883 passed the following resolve in favor 
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : — 


Resolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four 
years, from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to 
enable the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said 
institution the theoretical and practical education required by its charter 
and the law of the United States relating thereto. 

Resolved, That annually, for the term of four years, eighty free 
scholarships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this 
Commonwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed 
by the president of the college, at such time and place as the senator 
then in office from each district shall designate; and the said scholar- 
ships shall be assigned equally to each senatorial district. But, if there 
shall be less than two successful applicants for scholarships from any 
senatorial district, such scholarships may be distributed by the president 
of the college equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible ; 
but no applicant shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass 
an examination in accordance with the rules to be established as herein- 
before provided. 


NE eS a a ee eo ee 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 95 


The Legislature of 1886 passed the following resolve, making 
perpetual the scholarships established : — 


Resolved, That annually the scholarships established by chapter forty- 
six of the resolves of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-three be 
given and continued in accordance with the provisions of said chapter: 


In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission 
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar- 
ship. Blank forms of application will be furnished by the 
president. 


EQUIPMENT. 
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 


The Farm. — Among the various means through which instruc- 
tion in agriculture is given, none exceeds in importance the farm. 
The part which is directly under the charge of the professor of 
agriculture comprises about one hundred and fifty acres of im- 
proved land and thirty acres of woodland. Of the improved land, 
about thirty acres are kept permanently in grass, and managed 
partly with a view to landscape effect. A considerable share of 
this land is, however, laid off in half and quarter acre plats, and 
variously fertilized with farm-yard and stable manures and chem- 
icals, with a view to throwing light upon the economical production 
of grass. These plats are staked and labelled, so that all may 
see exactly what is being used and what are the results. 

The rest of the farm is managed under a system of rotation, all 
parts being alternately in grass and hoed crops. All the ordinary 
crops of this section are grown, and many not usually seen upon 
Massachusetts farms find a place here. Our large stock of milch 
cows being fed almost entirely in the barn, fodder crops occupy a 
prominent place. Experiments of various kinds are continually 
under trial; and every plat is staked and bears a label stating 
variety under cultivation, date of planting and manures and 
fertilizers used. 

Methods of land improvement are constantly illustrated here, 
tile drainage especially receiving a large share of attention, 
There are now some nine miles of tile drains in successful and 
very satisfactory operation upon the farm. Methods of clearing 
land of stumps are also illustrated, a large amount of such work 
having been carried on during the last few years. 

In all the work of the farm the students are freely employed, 
and classes are frequently taken into the fields; and to the lessons 


96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


to be derived from these fields the students are constantly 
referred. 

The Barn and Stock. —Our commodious barns contain a large 
stock of milch cows, many of which are grades; but the following 
pure breeds are represented by good animals, viz., Holstein-Frie- 
sian, Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey and Shorthorn. Experiments in 
feeding for milk and butter are continually in progress. We have 
a fine flock of Southdown sheep and a few choice specimens of 
the Shropshire, Horned Dorset, Cotswold and Merino breeds. 
Swine are represented by the Chester White, Poland China, Middle 
Yorkshire and Tamworth breeds. Besides work horses, we have 
a number of pure-bred Percherons, used for breeding as well as 
for work. It is the intention also to keep a stallion of one of the 
— coaching breeds. 

The barn, more fully described elsewhere in this report, is a 
model of convenience and labor-saving arrangements. It illus- 
trates different methods of fastening animals, various styles of 
mangers, watering devices, ete. Connected with it are a plant for 
electric light and power, commodious storage rooms for vehicles 
and machines. It contains silos and a granary. A very large 
Share of the work in the barn is performed by students, and 
whenever points require illustration, classes are taken to it for 
that purpose. | 

Dairy School. — Connected with the barn is a wing which is to 
accommodate both practical and educational work in dairying. 
' The wing contains one room for heavy dairy machinery, another 
for lighter machinery, both large enough to accommodate various 
styles of all prominent machines ; a large ice house, a cold-storage 
room, a room for raising cream by gravity methods, a class-room > 
and a laboratory. The power used is an electric motor. This de- 
partment is steam heated and piped for hot and cold water and 
steam. It is proposed to place in this department a full line of 
modern dairy machinery, so that we shall be able to illustrate all the 
various processes connected with the creaming of milk, the prepa- 
ration of milk for market and the manufacture of butter. 
Special instruction in such work will be offered after Sept. 1, 
1895. 

Equipment of Farm.— Aside from machines and implements 
generally found upon farms, the more important of those used 
upon our farm and in our barn which it seems desirable to men- 
tion are the following: reversible sulky plough, broadcast fertil- 
izer distributor, manure spreader, grain drill, horse corn planter, 
potato planter, wheelbarrow grass seeder, hay loader, potato digger, 
hay press, fodder cutter and crusher and grain mill. Itis our aim 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 97 


to try all novelties as they come out, and to illustrate everywhere 
the latest and best methods of doing farm work. 

Lecture Room. — The agricultural lecture room in south college 
is well adapted to its uses. It is provided with numerous charts 
and lantern slides, illustrating the subjects taught. Connected 
with it are two small rooms at present used for the storage of illus- 
trative material, which comprises soils in great variety, all impor- 
tant fertilizers and fertilizer materials, implements used in the 
agriculture of our own and other countries, and a collection of 
grasses and forage plants, grains, etc. 

An important addition to our resources made during the past 
year consists of a full series of Landsberg’s models of animals. 
These are accurate models of selected animals of all the leading 
breeds of cattle, horses, sheep and swine, and from one-sixth to 
full size, according to subject. We are provided with a complete 
collection of seeds of all our common grasses and the weeds 
which grow in mowings, and have also a large collection of the 
concentrated food stuffs. All these are continually used in illus- 
tration of subjects studied. 

Museum.— An important beginning has been made towards 
accumulating materials for an agricultural museum. This is to 
contain the rocks from which soils have been derived, soils, fer- 
tilizer materials and manufactured fertilizers, seeds, plants and 
their products, stuffed animals, machines and implements. It is 
expected to make this collection of historical importance by in- 
cluding in it old types of machines and implements, earlier forms 
of breeds, etc. For lack of room the material thus far accumu- 
lated, which is considerable, is stored in a number of scattered 
localities, and much of it where it cannot be satisfactorily ex- 
hibited. 


Botanic DEPARTMENT. 


The equipment of the botanic department has been collected for 
the two-fold purpose of supplementing instruction in the science 
of botany and in the various lines of horticultural work, as fruit 
culture, market gardening, forestry, floriculture and landscape 
gardening. 

For teaching botany proper the equipment is as follows : — 

The Botanic Museum, containing the Knowlton herbarium, of 
over ten thousand species of phanerogamous and the higher crypto- 
gamous plants; about five thousand species of fungi, and several 
collections of lichens and mosses permanently mounted and 
systematically arranged for study and reference. It also contains 
a large collection of native woods, cut so as to show their indi- 


98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


vidual structure ; numerous models of native fruits; specimens of 
abnormal and peculiar forms of stems, fruits, vegetables, ete. ; 
many interesting specimens of unnatural growths of trees and 
plants, natural grafts, etc.; together with many specimens and 
models prepared for illustrating the growth and structure of plants, 
and including a model of the squash which raised by the expan- 
sive force of its growing cells the enormous weight of five thousand 
pounds. 

During the past year considerable work has been done on the 
herbarium. A large number of valuable specimens which have 
been accumulating for many years have been labelled and mounted. 
About five thousand species of cryptogams have been mounted on 
half-size sheets, and in many instances it has been necessary to 
_relabel them, so that they will conform to some standard work 
on classification and nomenclature. It is hoped that before the 
close of the present academic year these specimens will be enclosed 
in folios and placed on shelves in the most systematic and con- 
venient manner for use. <A few hundred flowering plants — largely 
western species — have also been added to the Knowlton herba- 
rium. It is intended in the course of time to have the whole 
herbarium card-catalogued, so that it will be possible to see at a 
glance just what the collection contains. ‘ | 

As the phanerogamie collection is largely used as a reference 
one for the plants of our State, we think it should contain as com- 
plete a collection of the indigenous, naturalized and adventive 
“species of the flowering plants of Massachusetts as is possible to 
obtain. By thus concentrating our energies on a small and emi- 
nently legitimate field, we can make this collection a complete and 
valuable one. There is ever an increasing number of new 
plants (adventive species) which spring up in different parts of 
our State every year, and it would be of considerable importance 
to have them all represented in the herbarium. ‘These plants are 
candidates for admission, as it were, and if they become natural- 
ized some of them are likely to prove undesirable emigrants. It 
is these naturalized species that constitute the greater bulk of our 
weeds which form such an unmitigated curse to the farmer, and — 
there is no more proper place for the habits and methods of dis- 
tribution of these plants to be studied than at the Agricultural 
College. : 

The cryptogamic collection, however, constitutes the most im- 
portant one, especially the economic fungi, inasmuch as any work 
done in the line of vegetable pathology requires that this group 
should be well represented. 

The department subscribes for all the leading American fungi 
exsiccati. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 99 


In the cryptogamic herbarium there are now about eleven hun- 
dred species of mosses and liverworts, and are mainly represented 
by Austin Denslow’s and Frost’s collections in this country, be- 
sides a very large number of British and European specimens from 
the Hunt and Miller collections. 

The lichens collection contains the Tuckerman exsiccati, the 
Schaerer exsiccati, the Cummings and Seymour decades of North 
American lichens and the Miller Thiringenschen Staaten collec- 
tion. The fungi are represented by Ellis and Everhart, North 
American fungi; Seymour and Earle, economic fungi; Shear’s 
New York fungi; Arthur and Holway, Uredinee exsiccate et 
icones ; Kellerman and Swingle, Kansas fungi; Halstead’s New 
England fungi; Cooke’s Fungi Britannici; Ravenel, Fungi Caroli- 
niani; Muller, Thuringinschen Staaten fassicles; and many 
specimens from the herbarium of Frost, the veteran botanist of 
the Connecticut valley. ; 

The Botanic Lecture Room, in the same building, is provided 
with diagrams and charts of over three thousand figures, illustrat- 
ing structural and systematic botany. 

The Botanic Laboratory, with provision for twenty-five students 
to work at one time, is equipped with Leitz’, Reichert’s, Bausch 
and Lomb’s, Beck’s, Queen’s and Tolles’ compound microscopes, 
with objectives varying from four inch to one-fifteenth inch focal 
length, and also with a few dissecting microscopes. It also con- 
tains a DuBois Raymond induction apparatus, a Thoma and a 
Beck microtome, a self-registering thermometer, a Wortmann im- 
proved clinostat and also one of special construction, an Arthur 
centrifugal apparatus with electric motor, a Pfeffer-Baranetzky 
electrical self-registering auxanometer, a Sach’s arc-auxanometer, 
a horizontal reading microscope (Pfeffer model), various kinds of 
dynamometers of special construction, respiration appliances, mer- 
curial sap and vacuum gauges, manometers, gas and exhaust 
chambers, a Bausch and Lomb micro-photographic camera, a Clay 
landscape camera and dark closet fitted for work, besides various 
other appliances for work and demonstration in plant physiology. 
Special attention is here given to the study of the common and 
useful plants cultivated on the farm, in the garden and under 
glass ; and in the senior year, the studies of which are elective, an 
extensive course is given in cryptogamic and physiological botany, 
with special reference to the study of fungous and other parasitic 
plant growths attacking our farm and garden crops. 

Greenhouses. —To aid in the instruction of botany as well as 
that of floriculture and market gardening, the glass structures 
contain a large collection of plants of a botanical and economic 


. 100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. {Jan. 


value, as well as those grown for commercial purposes. They 
consist of a large octagon, forty by forty feet, with sides twelve 
feet high and a central portion over twenty feet high, for the 
erowth of large specimens, like palms, tree ferns, the bamboo, 
banana, guava, olive, etc.; a lower octagon, forty by forty feet, 
for general greenhouse plants; a moist stove, twenty-five by 
twenty-five feet; a dry stove, twenty-five by twenty-five feet, a 
rose room, twenty-five by twenty feet; a room for aquatic plants, 
twenty by twenty-five feet ; a room for ferns, mosses and orchids, 
eighteen by thirty feet; a large propagating house, fifty by 
twenty-four feet, fitted up with benches sufficient in number to 
accommodate fifty students at work at one time; a vegetable 
house, forty-two by thirty-two feet; two propagating pits, 
eighteen by seventy-five feet, each divided into two sections for 
high and low temperatures, and piped for testing overhead and 
under-bench heating; a cold grapery, eighteen by twenty-five 
feet. To these glass structures are attached three workrooms, 
equipped with all kinds of tools for greenhouse work. In build- 
ing these houses as many as possible of the principles of con- 
struction, heating and ventilating, etc., have been incorporated for 
the purposes of instruction. 

For instruction in horticulture are : — 

Orchards. —'The orchards are extensive, and contain nearly 
all the valuable leading varieties, both old and new, of the large 
fruits, growing under various conditions of soil and exposure. 

Small Fruits. —'The small fruit plantations contain a large 
number of varieties of each kind, especially the new and prom- - 
ising ones, which are compared with older sorts, in plots and in 
field culture. Methods of planting, pruning, training, cultiva- 
tion, study of varieties, gathering, packing and shipping fruit, 
etc., are taught by field exercises, the students doing a large part 
of the work of the department. 

Nursery. — This contains more than five thousand trees, shrubs 
and vines, in various stages of growth, where the different 
methods of propagation by cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, 
pruning and training are practically taught to the students. 

Garden. — All kinds of garden and farm-garden crops are 
grown in this department, furnishing ample illustration of the 
treatment of all market-garden crops. The income from the 
sales of trees, plants, flowers, fruit and vegetables aids materi- 
ally in the support of the department, and furnishes illustrations 
of the methods of business, with which all students are expected 
to become familiar. 

Forestry. — Many kinds of trees suitable for forest planting are 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 101 


grown in the nursery, and plantations have been made upon the 
college grounds and upon private estates in the vicinity, affording 
good examples of this most important subject. A large forest 
grove is connected with this department, where the methods of 
pruning trees and the management and preservation of forests 
can be illustrated. In the museum and lecture room are collec- 
tions of native woods, showing their natural condition and peculi- 
arities; and there have been lately added the prepared wood 
sections of R. B. Hough, mounted on cards for class-room 
illustrations. 

Ornamental trees, shrubs and flowering plants are grouped 
about the grounds in such a way as to afford as much instruction 
as possible in the art of landscape gardening. All these, as 
well as the varieties of large and small fruits, are marked with 
conspicuous labels, giving their common and Latin names, for the 
benefit of the students and the public. 

Tool House. — A tool house, thirty by eighty feet, has just been 
completed, containing a general store-room for keeping small 
tools; a, repair shop with forge, anvil and work bench; and a 
carpenter shop equipped with a large Sloyd bench and full set of 
tools. Under one-half of this building is a cellar for storing 
fruit and vegetables. In the loft is a chamber, thirty by eighty 
feet, for keeping the hot-bed sashes, shutters, mats, berry crates, 
baskets and other materials when not in use. 

Connected with the stable is a cold-storage room, with an ice 
chamber over it, for preserving fruit, while the main cellar under- 
neath the stable is devoted to the keeping of vegetables. 

All the low land south of the greenhouses has been thoroughly 
underdrained and put into condition for the production of any 
garden or small fruit crop. 


A Massachusetts Garden. 


The proposition to devote the hillside in the south-east corner of 
the farm to the growth of the trees and plants of Massachusetts 
is one that should be carried out, thus adding a very useful as 
well as beautiful feature to the grounds. 

The location of the college is one of the most beautiful to be 
found in the State, and the ornamentation of the banks of the 
beautiful sheet of water between the botanic department and the 
main college buildings, as well as the hillside above the green- 
houses, will do more than any one thing to make the college 
grounds noted for their finished beauty as a combination of art 
and nature. , 


102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Zoological Lecture koom.—'The room in south college is well 
adapted for lecture and recitation purposes, and is supplied with 
a series of zodlogical charts prepared to order, also a set of 
Leuckart’s charts, disarticulated skeletons and other apparatus for 
illustrating the lectures in the class-room. 

Zovlogical Museum. —This is in immediate connection with the 

lecture room, and contains the Massachusetts State collection, 
which comprises a large number of mounted mammals and birds, 
together with a series of birds’ nests and eggs, a collection of 
alcoholic specimens of fishes, reptiles and amphibians, and a col- 
lection of shells and other invertebrates. 
_ There is also on exhibition in the museum a collection of 
skeletons of our domestic and other animals, and mounted speci- 
mens purchased from Prof. H. A. Ward; a series of glass models 
of jelly fishes, worms, etc., made by Leopold Blaschka in 
Dresden ; a valuable collection of corals and sponges from Nassau, 
N. P., collected and presented by Prof. H. T. Fernald; a fine col- 
lection of corals, presented by the Museum of Comparative 
Zodlogy in Cambridge; a collection of alcoholic specimens of 
invertebrates from the coast of New England, presented by the 
National Museum at Washington; a large and rapidly growing 
collection of insects of all orders; and a large series of clastique 
models of various animals, manufactured in the Auzoux laboratory 
‘in Paris. 

It is the purpose of those in charge to render the museum as 
valuable to the student as possible ; and with this end in view the 
entire collection has been rearranged so as to present a systematic 
view of the entire animal kingdom, with especial regard to the 
fauna of Massachusetts. In the furtherance of this idea a special 
case has been prepared, in which are shown typical animals in 
such a way as to give a brief synopsis of the entire animal king- 
dom, forming a sort of index to the museum as a whole. In order 
to render our collection complete, especially in regard to Massa- 
chusetts forms, we would gratefully receive donations of any 
sort, either alcoholic or otherwise preserved, especially among 
the worms, fishes, amphibians or reptiles. Specimens should be 


sent care of Prof. R. S. Lull. The museum is now open to the | 


public from three to four p.m. every day except Sunday. 


Zoological Laboratory. — A large room in the laboratory build-. 


ing has been fitted up for a zodlogical laboratory, with tables, 
sink, gas, etc., and is supplied with a reference library, micro- 
scopes, chemical and other necessary apparatus for work. ‘This 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 381. 103 


laboratory with its equipment is undoubtedly the most valuable 
appliance for instruction in the department of zodlogy. 


VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 


This department is well equipped with the apparatus necessary 
to illustrate the subject in the class-room. 

It consists of an improved Auzoux model of the horse, im- 
ported from Paris, constructed so as to separate and show in 

detail the shape, size, structure and relations of the different parts 
of the body; two papier-maché models of the hind legs of the 
horse, showing diseases of the soft tissues, — wind-galls, bogs, 
spavins, etc., also the diseases of the bone tissues, — splint, 
spavins and ring-bones ; two models of the foot, one according to 
Bracy Clark’s description, the other showing the Charlier method 
of shoeing and the general anatomy of the foot; a- full-sized 
model of the bones of the hind leg, giving shape, size and 
position of each individual bone; thirty-one full-sized models of 
the jaws and teeth of the horse and fourteen of the ox, showing 
the changes which take place in these organs as the animals 
advance in age. 

There is an articulated skeleton of the famous stallion, Black- 
hawk, a disarticulated one of a thorough-bred mare, besides one 
each of the cow, sheep, pig and dog; two prepared dissections of 
the fore and hind legs of the horse, showing the position and 
relation of the soft tissues to the bones; a papier-maché model of 
the uterus of the mare and of the pig; a gravid uterus of the cow ; 
a wax model of the uterus, placenta and foetus of the sheep, show- 
ing the position of the foetus and the attachment of the placenta to 
the walls of the uterus. 

In addition to the above there is a growing collection of patho- 
logical specimens of both the soft and osseous tissues, and many 
parasites common to the domestic animals. A collection of charts 
and diagrams especially prepared for the college is used in con- 
nection with the lectures upon the subject of anatomy, parturition 
and conformation of animals. 

Through the kindness of Mr. Henry Adams of Amherst the 
department has received a large sample collection of the various 
drugs used in the treatment of the diseases of the domestic 
animals. 

For the benefit of the students, sick or diseased animals are 
frequently shown them, and operations performed in connection 
with the class-room work. For the use of the instructor of this 
department a laboratory has been provided in the old chapel 
building. It has been equipped with the apparatus necessary for 


104 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


the study of histology, pathology and bacteriology, consisting in 
part of an improved Zeiss microscope with a one-eighteenth inch 
objective, together with the lower powers ; a Lautenschlager’s in- 
cubator and hot-air sterilizer; an Arnold’s steam sterilizer and a 
Bausch and Lomb improved laboratory microtome. This appa- 
ratus is used for the preparation of material for the class-room and 
for general investigation. 


MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 


The instruction embraces pure mathematics, civil engineering, 
mechanics and physics. For civil engineering there are an Eck- 
hold’s omnimeter, solar transit, three engineer’s transits, surveyor’s 
transit, gradienter, plane table, two common compasses, two 
_ levels, one architect’s compass level, six surveyor’s chains, six 
levelling rods of various patterns, cross-section rod and such other 
incidental apparatus as is necessary for practical field and railroad 
work. He 

For mechanics there is a full set of mechanical powers and a 
good collection of apparatus for illustration in hydrostatics, 
hydrodynamics and pneumatics. There is also a supply of physical 
apparatus for illustrating the general principles of sound, heat and 
light. 

For practical study in electricity there are several electrical 
machines, small hand dynamo with complete outfit of necessary 
apparatus, coils, standard one thousand ohm resistance box, 
- Wheatstone’s bridge, testing set, sine and tangent galvanometer, 
Thomson’s reflecting galvanometer with shunt box and standard 
scale, electrometer, direct reading voltmeter and ammeter, and a 
large quantity of less expensive but important apparatus for class- 
room illustration and laboratory work. Much of this collection is 
new, having been recently added, and thus the facilities for prac- 
tical information in this department have been greatly increased. 

The lecture room is large, and adjacent to it is a workroom and 
the physical cabinet. 


CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Instruction in general, agricultural and analytical chemistry and 
mineralogy is given in the laboratory building. Thirteen com- 
modious rooms, well lighted and ventilated and fitted at large 
expense, are occupied by the chemical department. 

The lecture room, on the second floor, has ample seating capacity 
for seventy students. Immediately adjoining it are four smaller 
rooms which serve for storing apparatus and preparing material 
for the lecture table. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 105 


The laboratory for beginners is a capacious room on the first 
floor. It is furnished with forty working tables. Each table is 
provided with sets of wet and dry reagents, a fume chamber, 
water, gas, drawer and locker, and apparatus sufficient to render 
the student independent of carelessness or accident on the part 
of others working near by; thus equipped, each worker has the 
opportunity, under the direction of an instructor, of repeating the 
processes which he has previously studied at the lecture table, and 
of carrying out at will any tests which his own observation may 
suggest. 

A systematic study of the properties of elementary matter is 
here taken up, then the study of the simpler combinations of the 
elements and their artificial preparation ; then follows qualitative 
analysis of salts, minerals, soils, fertilizers, animal and vegetable 
products. 

The laboratory for advanced students has just been fitted up in 
the room, also on the first floor, previously known as the chapel. 
Here tables for thirty workers, besides large fume chambers and 
distillation tables with ample supplies of gas and water and all 
kinds of apparatus, have been arranged. This is for instruction 
in the chemistry of various manufacturing industries, especially 
those of agricultural interest, as the production of sugar, starch 
fibres and dairy products; the preparation of plant and animal 
foods, their digestion, assimilation and economic use; the official 
analysis of fertilizers, fodders and foods ; the analysis of soils and 
waters, of milk, urine and other animal and vegetable products. 

The balance room has four balances and improved apparatus for 
determining densities of solids, liquids and gases. 

Apparatus and Collections. — Large purchases of apparatus 
have recently been made. Deficiencies caused by the wear and 
breakage of several years have been supplied and the original 
outfit increased. The various rooms are furnished with an exten- 
sive collection of industrial charts, including Lenoir & Foster’s 
series and those of Drs. Julius and George Schroeder. The 
apparatus includes balances, a microscope, spectroscope, polari- 
scope, photometer, barometer and numerous models and sets of 
apparatus. <A valuable and growing collection of specimens and 
samples, fitted to illustrate different subjects taught, is also pro- 
vided. ‘This includes rocks, minerals, soils, raw and manufactured 
fertilizers, foods, including milling products, fibres and other 
vegetable and animal products and artificial preparations of mineral 
and organic compounds. Series of preparations are used for 
illustrating the various stages of various manufactures from raw 
materials to finished products. 


106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Minitary DEPARTMENT. 
United States Property. 
Ordnance. 


2 light twelve-pound brass guns with implements. 
2 3.2-inch breech-loading steel guns with implements. 
2 eight-inch mortars with implements. 
4 gun carriages. 
2 gun caissons. 
2 mortar beds. 
2 mortar platforms. 
147 Springfield cadet rifles. 
147 infantry accoutrements, sets. 
51 headless shell extractors. 
100 blank cartridges for field guns. 
5,000 metallic ball cartridges 
1,000 metallic blank cartridges. 
300 friction primers. 
4,000 pasters. 
100 targets, A and B. 
30,000 cartridge primers. 
25,000 round balls. 
1 set hand reloading tools. 
100 pounds small arms powder. 


Signal Property. 


2 heliographs, complete. 

6 two-foot white flags. 

6 two-foot red flags. 

6 canvas cases and straps. 
12 joints of staffs. 


CA 


LIBRARY. 


This now numbers 15,800 volumes, having been increased dur- 
ing the year, by gift and purchase, 1,565 volumes. It is placed in 
the lower hall of the chapel-library building, and is made available 
to the general student for reference or investigation. It is espe- 
cially valuable as a library of reference, and no pains will be 
spared to make it complete in the departments of agriculture, 
horticulture and botany and the natural sciences. It is open a 
portion of each day for consultation, and an hour every evening 
for the drawing of books. 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 107 


PRIZES. 
BuRNHAM RHETORICAL PRIZES. 


These prizes are awarded for excellence in declamation, and are 
open to competition, under certain restrictions, to members of the 
sophomore and freshman classes. 


MILITARY PRIZE. 


Mr. I. C. Greene, a graduate of the class of 1894, offers a gold 
medal to the cadet best drilled in the Manual of Arms. 


FLINT PRIZES. 


Mr. Charles L. Flint of the class of 1881 has established two 
prizes, one of thirty dollars and another of twenty dollars, to be 
awarded, at an appointed time during commencement week, to 
the two members of the junior class who may produce the best 
orations. Excellence in both composition and delivery is con- 
sidered in making the award. 


GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES. 


Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou- 
sand dollars for the endowment of a first and second prize, to 
be called the Grinnell Agricultural prizes, in honor of George B. 
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These two prizes are to be paid 
in cash to those two members of the graduating class who may 
pass the best written and oral examination in theoretical and 
practical agriculture. 


Hitits BoranicAL PRIZES. 


For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of 
1895 fifteen dollars is offered, and for the second best a prize of 
ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best collection of 
woods and a prize of five dollars for the best collection of dried 
plants from the college farm. 


The prizes in 1894 were awarded as follows : — 

Burnham fhetorical Prizes: Patrick A. Leamy (1896), first ; 
Salome Sastré de Verand (1896), second; Lafayette F. Clark 
(1897), first; Charles I. Goessmann (1897), second. 

Flint Oratorical Prizes: Thomas P. Foley (1895), first ; Daniel 
C. Potter (1895), second. 

Grinnell Agricultural Prizes: John E. Gifford (1894), first ; 
George H. Merwin (1894), second. 


108 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 95. 


Hills Botanical Prizes: Louis M. Barker (1894), first; Henry 
J. Fowler (1894), second. | 
Military Prize: George H. Merwin (1894). 


RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 


Students are required to attend prayers every week-day at 8 
A.M. and public worship in the chapel every Sunday at 10.30 a.m. 
Further opportunities for moral and religious culture are afforded 
by a Bible class taught by one of the professors during the hour 
preceding the Sunday morning service and by religious meetings 
held on Sunday afternoon and during the week, under the auspices 
of the College Young Men’s Christian Association. 


LOCATION. 


Amherst is on the New London Northern Railroad, connecting 
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany Railroad, and at Miller’s 
Falls with the Fitchburg Railroad. It is also on the Central 
Massachusetts Railroad, connecting at Northampton with the Con- 
necticut River Railroad and with the New Haven & Northampton 
Railroad. 

The college buildings are on a healthful site, commanding one 
of the finest views in New England. The large farm of three 
hundred and eighty-three acres, with its varied surface and native 
forests, gives the student the freedom and quiet of a country 
home. 


ox, PHN Ds 


A NEW GREENHOUSE PEST. 


ORTHEZIA INSIGNIS — Douglas. 


Of the numerous insect enemies with which the horticulturist 
has to contend, the most troublesome by far are those belonging to 
the family Coccide. Small in size, immensely prolific and 
difficult to destroy, they become an abomination and a scourge, 
sooner or later, in every orchard, garden and greenhouse where 
vigorous measures are not taken to oppose them. Scale insects, 
bark lice and mealy bugs are the most familiar pests contained in 
the family, and to these may now be added Orthezia insignis. 
This little insect, which has as yet received no generally accepted 
common name, is an unwelcome addition to our already too long 
list of insects injurious in the greenhouse and flower garden. 
Many florists confuse it with the common mealy bug, and most of 
those that do distinguish it from that insect know it only by 
names which are not only ill-adapted but misleading. 


Its Names, and What itt is. 


The most common of the names in use by Massachusetts 
florists is the ‘‘ white fly,” which is a decidedly inappropriate 
name, as the insect in no way resembles a fly. The ‘ black- 
marked mealy bug” is more descriptive of it, and the ‘‘ white- 
tailed mealy bug,” by which name several designate it, recalls the 
insect still better. 

Orthezia insignis has its mouth parts formed for piercing and 
sucking, and obtains its nourishment by imbibition of plant sap, 
like all the other species of the family to which it belongs. The 
young are very small, and would hardly be discerned on a plant 
were it not for the presence of snow-white plates of waxy matter 
which occur on the back and sides, and which contrast strongly 
with the darker background of the body. The adult females are 
about the size of the head of a pin and resemble the young in 
appearance, but bear in addition to the white plates on the back 
and sides a somewhat cylindrical sac of the same substance, 


* The studies on Orthezia represented in this paper were made under my direc- 
tion by Mr. C. P. Lounsbury during his senior year in the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College. C. H. FERNALD. 

AMHERST, Mass., Dec. 7, 1894. 


112 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, — [ Jan. 


which projects for some distance behind the insect and in which 
the eggs are carried. At the posterior end of this sac is an open- 
ing through which the young crawl soon after emerging from the 
egg. ‘The young are then quite lively, and scatter over the stem 
and under side of the leaves of the plant. In this respect they 
differ from the mealy bugs, which are more frequently found in 
masses at the nodes of the stem, nestled closely to the veins of — 
the leaves or else partly hidden in crevices of the bark. As they 
grow older they become sluggish; but they always retain their 
power of locomotion, and even the heavily egg-laden female may 
often be seen moving slowly along with her marsupium or ovi-sac 
highly elevated. ‘The mature males have a single pair of wings, 
and, being very minute and also rare, are seldom noticed. 


History and Distribution. 

Orthezia insignis occurs native in tropical America, and also, 
inferring from what Mr. J. W. Douglas says concerning it, in 
China. The original description of it was made by Mr. Douglas 
from specimens found in a greenhouse in England, and was pub- 
lished in the ** Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” volume XXIV, 
page 169, in 1887. The first written mention that I find of its 
occurrence in America is by Mr. S. D. McIntire, who in 
‘¢'Timehri” for December, 1889, records its presence in British 
Guiana. Since that time it has been found in Mexico at several 
places and on the Islands of Trinidad and Jamaica, and has been 
observed in greenhouses in several parts of the United States. In 
Massachusetts it was found in the greenhouses connected with the 
Agricultural College at Amherst in 1892, and inquiries among 
the florists in the central and eastern parts of the State have 
revealed the fact that it has been known in those places for 
several years. One prominent florist in Cambridge asserts that it 
has infested his grounds for nearly twenty years; but this is 
scarcely probable, as it has not yet spread to all the surrounding 
greenhouses. In the report of the department of agriculture for 
1880, however, is a note on an allied insect occurring in Cam- 
bridge greenhouses which may possibly refer to O. insignis. On 
page 124, volume 3 of ‘‘Insect Life” is a letter dated June 23, 
1890, from Charles Fremd, Rye, N. Y., in which he complains of a 
new insect on coleus. The reply to the letter states that the insect 
is an undetermined species of Orthezia, and that it had before been 
received both from New York and California. Mr. Fremd has since 
sent me specimens, and they prove to be insignis. In recent cor- 
respondence Mr. Fremd writes that the pest has now become very 
common among all the florists in his vicinity. It has also been 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 113 


found at Ithaca, N. Y., and has been received by Massachusetts 
florists on plants coming from Pennsylvania. This very general 
distribution would seem to indicate that the insect has become 
firmly established in the eastern States, and may, where not 
already found, be expected to put in an appearance at almost any 
time. 


Food Plants. 


Orthezia insignis has a single redeeming feature over its relative, 
the mealy bug, in that it infests fewer species of plants. Never- 
theless, it attacks many more kinds than most florists suppose. 
At the insectary, where it has been reared in large numbers for 
the purposes of observation and experiment, it has been raised 
upon Lantana, Aloysia and Verbena of the order Verbenacez, 
Coleus and Salvia of the Labiate, Libonia and Peristrophe of the 
Acanthacez, Ipomcea of the Convolvulacez, and Ageratum, Cine- 
raria, Kupatorium and Stevia of the Composite, upon all of which it 
thrived well and increased rapidly. From these plants it spread 
to Chrysanthemum of the Composite, Pilea of the Urticacex, 
Cuphea of the Lythracez, Oxalis and Pelargonium of the Gerani- 
aceze, Abutilon and Malvaviscus of the Malvacez, Fuchsia of the 
Onagracee, Heliotropium of the Boraginaceze and Vinca of the 
Apocynacez ; but on these plants up to the present time it occurs 
only in limited numbers and has not proved particularly injurious. 
At floral establishments visited it has been found upon most of the 
above plants and in addition upon Celosia and Alternanthera of 
the Amaranthacez, and Petunia of the Solanaceze. In England 
Mr. Douglas mentions that plants of the order Acanthacez, and 
coleus of the Labiatez are attacked by it; and in Jamaica Mr. 
Cockerell has observed it upon potato, verbena, mint, chrysan- 
themum, myosotis and white violet. 

The large number of natural orders represented renders it prob- 
able that even this long list of food plants is far from complete ; 
but it will be at once noticed that nearly all of the number are 
herbaceous plants and that none of them are monocotyledons. 
As far as I am aware citrus plants and ferns, upon which mealy 
bugs are often so extremely troublesome, are exempt from the 
attacks of this insect. 

Injuries. 

Coleus appears to be the most favorable plant for its increase, 
and it is of its injuries to this plant, especially to the variety 
known as verschaffeltit, that florists most frequently complain. 
During the winter it is very destructive to the coleus cuttings in 
the greenhouses, and if at all numerous on the young plants when 


114 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


they are set ont in the spring it is almost sure to increase in a 
short time to such prodigious numbers that it kills or greatly 
weakens the plants before frost in the fall. They were so plenti- 
ful at some places which came under my notice this fall that the 
gardeners could not find enough uninfested tips to furnish cuttings 
for the continuance of the stock. The stem and under side of the 
leaves of every plant were white with the insects and molted skins, 
while many of the plants had drooped and died. 

Allowed to increase for a few months without molestation, in 
order to secure large numbers for experimental purposes, in the 
insectary greenhouse, it destroyed specimens of nearly all the 
plants mentioned above as those upon which it thrived well. It is 
unlikely that any florist would neglect his stock long enough to 
allow it to become as badly infested as were these plants; but, as 
the insects spread from a single plant the case serves to show how 
rapidly they will multiply under favorable conditions. 


Remedies. 


It is a difficult matter to destroy Orthezia with insecticides, and 
on this account simple preventive measures are of more importance 
to hold the insect in check than remedial ones. The nature of the 
plants which it infests renders this especially true. Most of them 
as already pointed out are herbaceous bedding plants, and as such 
plants are nearly all placed out of doors during the summer, not 
many insects would get into the houses to breed and cause trouble 
in the winter if the plants brought in from outside and the few 
which may have been kept in the houses during the summer were 
thoroughly cleaned in the fall. Cuttings for stock should only be 
made from uninfested plants, and cuttings or plants received from 
other dealers should be examined at once and rejected or cleaned 
if found infested ; this last point is an important one, as the insect 
has undoubtedly been introduced into new districts through the 
agency of auction houses, and has often become extremely abun- 
dant before being recognized as a new enemy. Some may think 
that the labor involved in being particular to have only perfectly 
clean cuttings is not profitable; but to discover and destroy a few 
insects on cuttings is surely far easier and less costly than to control 
the many thousands which the few if allowed to remain would 
soon propagate. nibs, 

These precautionary measures should be supplemented by fre- 
quent syringing with as severe a spray of water as the plants will 
stand if any insects make their appearance. Young, tender cut- 
tings, like those of coleus, however, will not stand a syringing 
severe enough to wash off all the insects, and in this case as well 
as in certain others, resort to an insecticide is often desirable. 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 115 


Fir-tree Oil. — Of the florists who use an insecticide against the 
Orthezia nearly all use fir-tree oil, and all who do, speak very 
highly of its effectiveness. This substance has been tried at the 
insectary, and when used in the proportions recommended by its 
manufacturers for mealy bugs, one part to ten of water, it has 
been found very eflicient in destroying the Orthezia. It is, how- 
ever, quite costly and possesses little merit over well-made 
kerosene emulsion. 

Kerosene Emulsion. — This substance has of late years been 
proved to be a very valuable insecticide against just such insects 
as the present one, and yet the number of florists who use it is 
very small. Doubtless this is because it is a little troublesome to 
prepare, but those who are willing to take this trouble are well 
repaid. It must not be expected that every insect will be de- 
stroyed by one application of either fir-tree oil or kerosene emul- 
sion, and, besides, the eggs in the ovi-sac are not always reached. 
When applied directly to the infested portions of the plant with a 
brush, kerosene emulsion answers as well as fir-tree oil; but for 
dipping the plants, and spraying, slightly better results appear to 
be obtained in experiment by the latter substance. Emulsion 
prepared according to Cook’s formula has given better results on 
Orthezia at the insectary than that prepared by the ordinary or 
Riley-Hubbard method, and it is to the first or Cook’s emulsion 
that reference is made in comparison with fir-tree oil. It is made 
by adding one pint of kerosene to a boiling solution of one- 
quarter pound of hard soap in two quarts of water, and churning 
the mixture thus formed until it is thoroughly emulsified, which 
takes about five minutes; for use, the emulsion is diluted with 
twice its bulk of water. 

Alcohol. — Commercial alcohol has been recommended for touch- 
ing mealy bugs to destroy them, but when tried on Orthezia a 
great many survived the treatment, and when infested plants were 
dipped in it few of the insects were destroyed. 

Other Insecticides. — Experiments with tobacco smoke, pyre- 
thrum, pyrethrum fumes and water at 125° F. have all been tried 
_at the insectary, and have proved that these substances are of no 
value in destroying this insect. A solution of one pound of soap 
in ten gallons of water appeared about as effective as the kerosene 
emulsion, but was less agreeable to use. Pure kerosene sprayed 
on with a Woodason’s spraying bellows killed every insect with 
which it came in contact; but the number of plants upon which 
kerosene can be used without injury is small. 

The insects remaining on the plants left out of doors are killed 
by the first severe frost, so no danger need be apprehended from 
them. 


116 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


Technical Description of the Insect. 


Male (Plate 1).— Body slender, dusky in color, 1.1 mimi 
length. Head (Figure 7) smaller than the thorax. Eyes large 
and prominent. Ocelli two, situated in front of and between the 
basal joints of the antennze where the mouth parts would be ex- 
pected te-be ; another pair of organs, apparently also ocelli, occur 
outside of and in advance of the eyes. Antennz (Figure 2) long, 
yellowish-brown, slightly moniliform, ten-jointed ; first joint stout, 
as broad as long ; second much broader than those following, ovate 
with the basal end the smaller; third longest of all, long ovate ; 
the remaining joints oval, all but the tenth subequal in length, the 
tenth longer than any but the third. All the joints clothed with 
long hairs. Thorax large, raised and rounded in front; ‘‘ the dise 
with a large, wide and deep depression; scutellum with a large 
median hollow.” (Doug.) Legs (Figure 5) pale brown, with 
long, scattering dark hairs. Coxa stout, separated from the femur 
by two distinct joints; the first somewhat quadrate, the second 
triangular; tibia a trifle longer than femur; tarsus one-third the 
length of the tibia, tipped with a long claw or stout spine. Wings 
two, ovate, transparent, expanding 2 3-5 mm.; veins two, not 
very distinct, united at the base; extending forward from the 
principal vein between the base of the wing and the place of fur- 
cation are three fine, short spines. Halteres (Figure 4) slightly 
fusiform, each with a long bristle terminating in a single hook 
which fits into a pocket (Figure 3) in the base of the wing. Ab- 
domen slender, about as long as the head and the thorax together, 
and bearing a few short hairs on each segment; margins of the 
segments bluntly dentate. Genitalia (Figures 6 and 8) prominent, 
projecting from the ventral side of the last segment. From each 
side of the same segment projects a snow-white filament as long 
and oftentimes even longer than the body of the insect; the white 
matter is easily broken away, disclosing each filament to be com- 
posed of two long and one short sete. 


The males of Orthezia insignis are few in number in comparison 


with the females. For several months I kept an infested plant 
under a glass jar, and, although the jar and the plant were exam- 


ined at least twice a day, I did not succeed in obtaining over a 


dozen or fifteen specimens of the adult. Of the earlier stages I 
know nothing. The description given was made from specimens 
mounted in glycerine. 

Adult Female (Plate 2). — Body broadly oval, 1.2 mm. wide by 
1.5 mm. in length, exclusive of lamella; varying in color on the 
dorsal surface from ochreous mottled with very dark dull green 


’ 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 18 iy) 


between the segments to an almost uniform dark dull green. Ven- 
tral surface usually darker and more uniform. Segmentation 
quite distinct, especially toward the posterior end. Rostrum 
(Figure 5) seldom visible from above, provided with a long, re- 
tractile piercing organ, composed of three (in reality four, the 
middle one being double) grooved bristles which are frequently 
seen separated. Antenne (Figure 3) as long as the coxa, femur 
and tibia of the fore leg, inserted between and slightly in advance 
of the simple, projecting, prominent eyes; eight-jointed, all ful- 
vous except the last, which is black ; the first joint very stout; the 
second shortest of all and much stouter than those following; the 
third the longest with the exception of the last; the fourth, fifth, 
sixth and seventh about equal in length; eighth long, slightly fusi- 
form and tipped with a short, blunt spine; finer spines occur scat- 
teringly all along the antenne. Legs (Figure 4) light yellowish- 
brown with darker tarsi, armed with numerous fine spines; coxa 
stout; femur and tibia of about equal length; tarsus three-fifths 
the length of the tibia, with a single terminal claw; fore legs a 
trifle shorter than the others. 

The surface of the body is partially concealed by plates or 
lamelle of a wax-like substance, arranged as follows: from each 
segment, beginning with the second thoracic, a large lamella arises 
from the dorsum near the lateral margin ; the first of these lamellee 
is somewhat triangular in outline and projects slightly forward ; 
the second and the third are shorter and broader than the first and 
project outwardly ; those from the fourth on are narrower and 
longer and are curved downwards and backwards over the mar- 
supium ; between the two ninths in the median line immediately 
behind the anus is a short and broad lamella deeply grooved at the 
basal end, generally lying in a horizontal position but often 
inclined to the vertical. On each side of the median line from 
the base of the antennz to the posterior end of the body is a row 
of narrow, small lamelle ; the first two of each row approaches its 
mate at its posterior extremity ; the two rows then separate more 
widely but soon again approach each other, thus enclosing a some- 
‘what oval area on the middle of the dorsum; behind this oval area 
the two rows are almost contiguous, and the lamellz composing 
them are small and extend outwardly on the anterior portion, but 
are more elongated and curved to the rear as they approach and 
surround the anal opening. Between the antenne a small lamella 
extends out over the head and is continued around on the ventral 
surface, where it broadens out under the bases of the antennz. 
On the ventral surface series of lamellae corresponding and con- 
tiguous to the lateral series of the dorsal surface occur; the first 


118 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 
S 

and third lamelle are similar in form to the corresponding dorsal | 
ones, the second is entirely absent, the fourth is more elongate 
than its mate, while those beyond are closely united, extremely 
elongated and form the upper surface of the marsupium. Single 
lamelle occur on each side of the rostrum, and before and behind 
the coxa of each leg. Those behind the last legs are quite large, 
situated somewhat between the cox, and project over the mar- 
supium. Posterior to the bases of these the broad, lamellar plate 
forming the under side of the marsupium has its origin. The mar- 
supium, varying from 3 to 5 mm. in length, generally nearly 
straight but often much curved upwards, sides slightly convergent, 
end truncate; lower surface smooth, rounded ; upper surface less 
rounded, marked with longitudinal furrows showing where the : 
lamelle composing it are united; middle furrow much wider than | 
the others. At the posterior end is a rectangular aperture, varia- 
ble in size, through which the young issue. 

The lamelle vary a trifle in form on different individuals. They 
are finely striated, compact masses of a brittle, snowy-white sub- 
stance, which easily reduces to a powder. This substance pos- 
sesses the same chemical properties as wax; it melts when 
subjected to a heat of 180° F.; is not acted upon by alcohol, but is 
very soluble in chloroform and to some extent in turpentine. It 
is secreted by numerous fine papillz which project through the 
chitinous integument. These papille are discernible only when 
the lamellee covering them have been removed or rendered translu- 
cent with potash or soda. Specimens mounted in Canada balsam 
soon lose all trace of the lamelle. ‘The fragile nature of the 
lamellae often leads to their destruction, and insects are often 
found almost entirely nude because of this ; but if these insects are 
watched, it will be observed that new lamelle form in place of 
those which were lost. 


Early Stages of the Female. 

Eyg.— The eggs are ovate in outline, pale brownish-yellow, 
and are laid in the marsupium in a mass of fine waxen threads 
which are of the same nature as the lamellae. The egg-laying 
commences soon after the marsupium begins to project beyond 
the abdomen, and probably continues until those first laid begin to 
hatch, as the total progeny in the marsupium appears to be most — q 
numerous when some of the eggs have hatched. The number of — 
egos laid varies from 125 to 175; in some cases even more than 
the last number are laid; one marsupium from which a few young a 
had already escaped was dissolved in chloroform, and 74 eggs and 
114 young were disclosed. The eggs hatch in about two months — 
from the date of laying. a 


1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 119 


First Stage. — The young when hatched from the egg are entirely 
naked, but before leaving the ovi-sac they become coated with 
the lamellar secretion. The lamellz in this stage are larger in 
proportion to the body than in later stages, and they give the 
insect a somewhat wedge-shaped outline. The one projecting 
between the antenne and the first of the median-dorsal and lateral 
series are especially large. Occasionally a specimen is found with 
the lamellz at the posterior end extremely elongated; possibly 
this would be the case with all specimens if they suffered no 
mutilation. The legs are stouter proportionately than in the 
adult; there is no joint between the tibia and the tarsus, but a 
faint ring-shaped marking where the joint would be if present is 
visible under the microscope. The antennz are six-jointed; the 
last joint is the longest, while the remaining joints are about of an 
equal length ; the first and second are stouter than those following. 

Second Stage. —The denuded body is oval, but the form of the 
lamellee gives the uninjured insect a rectangular appearance. ‘The 
lamellz on the sides of the body are laterally connected, shorter 
in front than behind; the last few project beyond the body and 
appear as one. Those composing the median-dorsal series are 
prominent and appear in two distinct rows anteriorly, but are 
small, confused and in one row behind. The antennez are six- 
jointed and tapering; the last joint is the longest, the first the 
shortest, and the second, fourth and fifth subequal in length. A 
division between the tibia and tarsus is evident, but the two parts 
apparently move as one. 

Third Stage (Figure 6, Plate 2).— The insect has much the 
same appearance as before molting. The lamelle behind are less 
united than before, and those of the front part of the median series 
are less prominent. The antenne are seven-jointed ; the first and 
second joints are short, the third to the seventh are subequal, and, 
as before, the eighth is the longest. The dividing line between 
the tibia and the tarsus is distinct and the leg is slightly bent at 
this point. 

Fourth Stage. —The insect now varies from the fully matured 
form only in the development of the lamella. These are not 
laterally connected, and the one between the antennze shows a 
median sulcation. The marsupium at once begins to form, but 
does not become apparent from above until the second week after 
molting. 

The molts do not occur at definite intervals, nor do insects 
which emerge together from the marsupium molt at the same time. 
With each molt the entire lamellar coat is thrown off, and new 
lamellz at once begin to form. In general, the interval between 


120 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


the molts is from two to three weeks. The adult lives about four 
months ; the entire life of the insect is approximately six months, 
and the time necessary for a generation is about fourteen weeks. 

As noted above, the early stages of the male have not been 
studied. I am quite certain that those from which the descrip- 
tions of the different stages were made were all females, as in each 
case specimens answering the same description were saved, and 
proved females. 

Writers on other species have described the male nymphs as 
differing from the female nymphs, and so such is probably the case 
with insignis. I have a single specimen of O. anne, differing 
in form from any other, which bears what may be rudimentary 
caudal sete at the posterior end.. The antenne of this specimen 
are but six-jointed, while its body is much larger than other 
specimens with seven-jointed antenne. 

The descriptions above given were all made from specimens © 
newly mounted in glycerine. 


Bibliography. 
Ent. Mon. Mag., XXIV, pp. 169 (fig.), 208,.1887; XXV, p. 270, 1888. 
Timehri, December, 1889, p. 308 (fig.) ; Decwahes 1890, p. 304. 
Jour. of the Ins. of Jamaica, August, 1892, I, p. 136. 
Entomologist, August, 1892, p. 181. 
Insect Life, III, p. 124, 1890; V, pp: 89, 121, 160, 247, 180200) Tai 
196; 1393. 
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1893, p. 51; November, 1893, p. 404. 
Can. Ent., XX VI, pp. 32, 35, 1894. 


For some of these references I am indebted to the kindness of 
Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. 


OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS. 


Although up to the present time insignis is the only species of 
the genus Orthezia which has been reported to make itself ob- 
noxious as a pest either in or out of doors, it is possible and quite 
probable that other species may become or already are injurious, 
and remain as yet undetermined or confused with described 
species. To aid those who take an interest in the matter in 
identifying as far as possible these pests if they do occur, 
descriptions of all the known species have been compiled from the 
most reliable sources, and are here given. | 

The generic name of Orthesia was given by Bosc, a French 
naturalist, in 1784, in honor of the Abbé d’Orthez. Soon 
afterwards the abbot became known as Dorthes, and in con- 
sequence the name of the genus was changed from Orthesia to 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 121 


Dorthesia. The alteration was accepted at the time by many 
prominent entomologists; but as such a change is not permissible 
according to the rules governing zodlogical nomenclature, the 
original name was restored by Amyot and Serville in their work 
on the Hemiptera in 1843. They, however, changed the spelling 
of the word from Orthesia to Orthezia, in order to have it better 
conform with its derivation, and subsequent writers have usually 
adopted this new orthography. 

The only full generic characters which have been published 
were given by Signoret, and were drawn from a single species ; 
therefore they are naturally too restricted to include all the species 
which other authors have thought proper to place in the genus. 
The characters here given as generic are deduced from the 
descriptions of the different species. ‘Those of the female are 
sufficiently complete to distinguish the genus, but those of the 
male will answer, with the possible exception of one or two 
details, for closely -allied genera; they are, however, as full as 
can be obtained without a thorough comparative study of all the 
species. The characters given by Ashmead for the genus in his 
table for separating the genera of the Coccide (Trans. Amer. 
Ent. Soc., XVIII, p. 98, 1891) are not applicable to all the 
species. 


Generic Characters. 


Adult Male. — Head, thorax and abdomen distinct. Eyes and 
ocelli present. Antenne long, filiform, nine or ten jointed. 
Wings two, diaphanous, with one furcate nerve. MHalteres, each 
with a bristle which hooks into a pocket in the base of the wing. 
Legs long, pubescent, with one claw; no digitules. Two or more 
long, slender, snow-white filaments project from near the posterior 
end. | 

Adult Female. —WHead, thorax and abdomen not separated. 
Antenne eight-jointed; in menariensis nine-jointed (Doug.). 
Tarsus with one claw without digitules. Eyes simple. Anal 
ring with six sete. Body more or less covered with cereous 
matter arranged in compact symmetrical plates. The eggs are laid 
in an elongated ovi-sac which projects behind the body, and are 
there carried until they hatch. The insect is active throughout 
its entire life. 


Table of Species. 


This table is based upon characters ascribed to the adult female 
in published descriptions. The adult male of so few species is 
known that a synoptical table based on its characters would be too 
imperfect to be of any value. Two species, edwardsii and ameri- 


122 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


cana, are omitted, the former because the female form is unknown, 
and the latter as no distinguishing characters are given in its 
description. 


1. Antenne with eight joints, . ‘ , ‘ ‘ e . ‘ Ze 
Antenne with nine joints, . : : : . . meenariensis. 
2. Dorsal surface nearly naked, . : . insignis. 
Dorsal surface almost or wholly covered ty ieee : : 3. 
3. Thoracic segments each with a median wedge-shaped lamella, 4, 
Thoracic segments without median wedge-shaped lamelle, — . D. 
4, Wedge-shaped lamellz small, not overlapping each other, 
cataphracta. 
Wedge-shaped lamelle large, overlapping each other, occidentalis. 
5. Posterior lamelle adherent to marsupium, i : . floccosa. 
Posterior lamelle distinct from marsupium, . : ‘ 6. 
6. Narrow strip of the body visible within the lateral Beas 
prelonga,. 
Lamella between the antennz, bilobed and much larger than 
those behind it, : : ; : urtice. 
Dorsum marked by a furrow, ee fe anienie pale brown to 


dark brown, tarsi black, : E ‘ ‘ ‘ s » anne. 


ORTHEZIA OCCIDENTALIS Douglas. 
[Figures 3 and 4, Plate 3.] 

‘¢ Female Adult. —Short-oval, piceous, covered with white 
cereous matter, forming above the head an obtuse gibbous pro- 
jection, and thence on the margin all around, as a raised border, 
- a series of broad, upward-curving, laterally joined lamelle, 
slightly longer posteriorly, meeting there in a broader, channeled, 
projecting plate; marsupium (in this example) only incipient. 
On the uneven dorsal surface (within the lateral border), lying 
in a depression in the middle of each of the three thoracic seg- 
ments, a scutelloid, obtusely pointed, concave, wedge-shaped 
plate extends backward on to, the next segment, interrupting, as 
it were, the lamelle which extend from side to side; their lower 
edge is not straight, but next to the cuneate plate on each side of 
it is curved up to it, and its raised surface there is hdllowed out 
or flattened. On the other segments the lamelle are of similar 
form but shorter (narrower), and are interrupted in the middle by 
a continuous longitudinal, angular furrow, of which the sides are 
raised into obtuse points on each segment. Legs, and antennz 
of eight joints, piceous. Length (without marsupium), 4 mm. 

‘¢ Male Larva (or what I deem to be such). — Like the adult 
female except in size, but the three thoracic cuneiform plates and 
the points on the edges of the abdominal furrow are all more 
sharply defined, and the terminal projecting lamella of the circum- 
ferential series is conical. Length, 2.5 mm.” 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 123 


This description is taken from an article by Mr. J. W. Douglas 
on page 214 of the ‘* Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine” for 1881. 
The specimens from which Mr. Douglas made the description 
were found in an ant’s nest in Custer County, Colorado, by Mr. T. 
D. A. Cockerell. The male imago is unknown. 


Bibliography. 
Ent. Mon. Mag., 1891, p. 245 (fig.). 
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1893, p. 404. 
Psyche, V, p. 284, 1889. 
Insect Life, IV, p. 158, 1891. 
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XX, p. 366, 1893. 
Can. Ent., XX VI, p. 31, 1894. 


ORTHEZIA ANNZ Cockerell. 


*¢ Adult Female. — Length, 24 mm., with ovi-sac 8 mm. Body 
above covered with white secretion, which forms lateral and sub- 
dorsal longitudinal keels; dorsum marked by a furrow. Ovi-sac 
with eight longitudinal ridges above, none below. Legs and 
antennze dark brown, antennz varying to pale brown, legs to 
brown with black tarsi. Tibia about as long as femur, tarsus 
about half as long as tibia.. Claw large, only slightly curved. An- 
tennze with the third joint slightly longer than the second, but 
somewhat constricted in the middle, so as to appear in some speci- 
mens like two joints. First joint about as long as the second. 
Lower lip elongated, as usual in the genus. Derm with numerous 
small spines similar to those of O. insignis, but not placed quite 
so closely together. 

*¢ Larva. — Legs sepia brown, tarsus decidedly longer than the 
tibia ; claw long and slender, nearly straight. Antennze 6-jointed ; 
6 as long as 8-+-4-+ 5, which are about equal and shortest ; 3 slightly 
longer than 4 or 5, 2 longer than 1. Formula 6213 (45). 

*¢ Adult Male. — Length of wing, 12 mm. Body, legs and an- 
tenne black, dorsum of the thorax pitch black. Wings pale grey 
or greyish white, with the costa black. Eyes strongly facetted. 
Legs bristly, tarsus less than one-third length of tibia. There is 
a brush of white caudal filaments, not covered by secretion, over 
ten in number; they are longer than the wings. The wings seen 
against a dark surface appear white and are slightly iridescent. 
The genitalia are more elongated than in O. insignis as figured by 
Douglas.” (Cockerell.) 

Found in New Mexico on Chenopodium and Atriplex canescens. 

Mr. Cockerell kindly sent me live specimens of this species, but 
unfortunately their lamellae became much mutilated on their long 
journey, and they died before I could find a food-plant acceptable 


124 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


to them. I think their lamelle are of a less compact nature than 
those of O. insignis. The nymphs bore a general resemblance to 
the specimens marked O. americana in the collection of Professor 
Herbert Osborn of the Iowa Agricultural College Experiment 
Station (see Figure 6 on Plate 3),while the adults were more of the 
form figured as a nymph by Comstock (see Figure 5 on Plate 3). 


Bibliography. 
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1893, p. 403 (fig. of end of male 


abdomen). 
Psyche, VI, p. 572, 1893. 
Can. Ent., XX VI, pp. 32, 285, 1894. 


ORTHEZIA AMERICANA (Walker). 
[Figures 5, 6 and 7, Plate 3.] 


‘¢ Yellow, elliptical, enclosed in short white scales; feelers and 
legs reddish ferruginous. Length of the body 14 lines.” 

This description, copied from Francis Walker’s ‘* List of the 
Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British 
Museum,” is very incomplete, but there is no other published one. 

In the report of the Department of Agriculture, 1880, page 349, 
Professor Comstock writes: ‘‘ In the collection of Professor Uhler 
are a number of specimens of species of Orthezia labelled ‘ Can- 
ada’ and ‘Grimsby, Ontario.’ One specimen bears the label 
~¢On Golden Rod.’ These specimens seem, on superficial exam- 
ination, to be specifically identical with a type specimen of 
Walker’s Orthezia americana, which is also in Professor Uhler’s 
collection. J have found immature specimens of what may be the 
same species upon the common burdock (Arctium officinale) at 
Ithaca, N. Y.”’ A figure of one of these immature forms is given 
in the report, and a copy of it is given on Plate 3. 

Two or three writers have understood the description of the 
genus given by Comstock on the same page as the above to be a 
description of americana, but this description appears to be a 
translation of Signoret’s generic characteristics of Orthezia given 
in the ‘¢ Annales de la Société Entomologique de France.” 

In the collection at the Iowa Agricultural College are several 
specimens determined by Mr. Ashmead as O. americana. These . 
were kindly loaned to me by Professor Osborn, and one of them 
is figured on Plate 3. There are eight joints in its antenne, so it 
is in all likelihood an adult with the marsupium not yet developed. 
Evidently it differs from the form figured by Comstock as americana 
with doubt. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 125 


Bibliography. 

Dorthesia americana :— 

Walk. List of Spec. of Hom. Ins. in Brit. Mus., IV, 1852. 
Orihezia americana : — 

Rept. Dep. Agr., 1880, p. 349, pl. IX, fig. 3. 

Rept. Dep. Ent. Cor. Univ. Exp. Sta., 2, p. 187, 1883. 

Comst. Intr. Ent., I, p. 139 (fig.). 

Can. Ent., XX, p. 202, 1888. 

Ent. Mon. Mag., 1891, p. 246. 

Iowa Acad. Sci., I, part IT, p. 130, 1892. 

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1893, p. 404. 

Can. Ent. XX VI, p. 31, 1894. 


ORTHEZIA EDWARDsII Ashmead. 


*¢ Male Sac.— This is broadly oval, pure white, .15 of an inch 
long by .12 of an inch in breadth. It was evidently formed by a 
secretion of fine, waxy flakes, the regularity of which has been 
lost as the insect reached maturity, the dorsal disk being entire, 
and the flakes only being partially distinguishable at the margins. 

*¢ Male. — Length, .12 inch; style, about .04 inch. Entirely 
black, excepting a reddish cast on the mesothorax, scutellum, 
metathorax, abdomen at sides and beneath, and the epipleura of 
the mesothorax; while the head beneath the insertion of the an- 
tennz is pale yellowish white. Head small, nearly quadrate, being 
but slightly narrowed posteriorly. The eyes consist of five or six 
ocelli placed at the side of the head, while the mouth consists of 
two large, quite prominent ocelli. Antennz very long, the points 
of which have four or five irregular nodose swellings, with irregu- 
lar whorls of long, delicate bristles; the first two joints are very 
short, not as long as wide, the third and fifth joints the longest, 
about an equal length, the fourth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth 
shorter and gradually sub-equal, the tenth or apical joint more 
thickened, fusiform, about four-fifths the length of the penulti- 
mate joint. Thorax short, less than one-half the length of the 
abdomen; the prothorax is hardly distinguishable from above, 
being but a delicate ridge or collar; mesothorax quite short, some- 
what trapezoidal in outline, and obliquely ascending towards the 
scutellum, but with a depression in the middle, the lateral lobes 
distinct ; scutellum highly convex, polished, with some short hairs 
on the disk, abruptly transversely divided by a deep, yellowish 
fissure posteriorly. Metathorax very short. Legs very long, 
rather slender, black, with a long, fine hair pubescence; tibia 
longer than their femora, slender, cylindrical; tarsi less than one- 
third the length of tibie, and more slender, gradually acuminate 


126 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


toward apex and terminating in a small, delicate claw; no digitules. 
Abdomen, on the dorsum, wrinkled, at the sides toward apex 
covered with a white, waxy substance, and terminating in two 
very long caudal setze, more than double the length of the insect, 
rather thickly covered with a white, waxy substance, especially at 
base, so that in reality they are much more slender than they 
appear. Style long, blackish. Wings two, white, of the ordinary 
shape, but I can detect a spurious vein, springing from near the 
base of the longitudinal vein, between it and the costal margin, 
and running parallel with it to half the length of the wings. I 
have examined many male coccids, but never before noticed this 
spurious vein, and consequently think it of great importance. 
Halteres linear, terminating in a hook with two teeth; one of the 
halteres is attached to a fold or thickening in the front wing, and, 
as has before been observed, evidently greatly assists the insect 
in its flights; the other one was loose, and thus enabled me to 
make out the two small teeth.” 

This description, published by Mr. W. H. Ashmead in the 
Canadian Entomologist, Volume XX, page 202, was made from 
two specimens found by the late Mr. Hy. Edwards in Napa 
County, California. The female has never been discovered. 


Bibliography. 
Can. Ent. XX, p. 202, 1888. 
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., November, 1893, p. 404. 


ORTHEZIA PRELONGA Douglas. 
3 [Figures 1 and 2, Plate 3.] 

‘¢ Female Adult. — Long and narrow ; pitchy black, covered with 
snow-white cereous laminations. Antennz long, slender, ochre- 
ous, base and apex piceous. Legs slender, ochreous. Two large, 
thick, laterally conjoined lamelle project over the head; the 
upper surface of the body throughout covered with thick cereous 
matter, formed of conglomerate lamelle, the rounded ends of 
which do not quite reach the sides of the body, but terminate 
abruptly and leave the ground color narrowly visible within the 
lateral margins ; the middle of this mass is traversed lengthwise 
by a deep furrow; on the outer sides of the body are narrow 
laminz extending downwards, and continued in consecutively 
lengthening series round to the anal region, so that they project 
greatly and lie in the channels of the marsupium; marsupium 
much shorter above than beneath; of the raised lines between the 
channels the two outer have their posterior ends curved round 
towards each other; the lower surface curved upwards, the end 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 127 


especially more turned up suddenly, so that it is at a much 
greater elevation than any other part of the surface, and between 
it and the end of the upper side is a large open cavity ; the outer 
sides of the marsupium finely channeled longitudinally, the under 
surface smooth. Antenne of eight joints. Length of body, 
2, with marsupium, 4.5; breadth, 2 mm. Male unknown.” 
(Douglas. ) 

Found in Trinidad, Jamaica and British Guiana on Capsium 
and Sauchezia. 

Bibliography. 

Ent. Mon. Mag. 1891, p. 246 (fig.). 
Insect Life, IV, p. 334, 1891. 


ORTHEZIA CATAPHRACTA (Shaw). 


‘* Adult Female. —The form is broad oval, the denuded body 
yellowish, the cereous matter cream white. In the adult female 
—length, 2 lines, including the marsupium—the frontal lobe is 
bilobed, thick and not much projecting ; the laminz of the circum- 
ference short, all of equal breadth, curved under, the posterior 
ones only being a little longer than the others, forming altogether 
a raised compact border. On the back, the segmentation is dis- 
tinctly visible throughout, the cereous matter taking the form of 
each segment; the body in early life flat, afterwards distended ; 
the segment next to the frontal lobe entire, the rest divided by a 
median impressed line, on which, in the first three of the divided 
segments, is a very small scutelliform nodule, and at the end of 
the line, immediately adjoining the laminz of the circumference, 
is a somewhat elevated lamina arising at the anal orifice and pro- 
jecting over them. The marsupium is short (varying in length), 
broad, the posterior angles rounded off, the upper surface, arising 
below the circumferential border, but distinctly separate from 
it, nearly flat, having only eight or nine slightly raised long- 
itudinal lines ; the lower surface, arising at the posterior coxze and 
hiding the abdomen, convex, perfectly smooth, the end curved 
upwards. Antennz and legs pale piceous. Sometimes the upper 
surface, more rarely the lower also, assumes a smoky hue.” 
(Douglas. ) 

Antenne eight-jointed. Tarsus three-fifths the length of the 
tibia; tibia and femur about equal. (List’s figures. ) 

** Male. —Grey white. Wings (two, anterior) diaphanous, at 
the base narrow, then immediately widening on the lower side, the 
whole contour being a long, broad oval; close to the nearly straight 
anterior margin is a strong raised nerve, which ends at about the 
middle of the length; from this, at a little distance from the base, 


128 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


furcates a slight nerve directed towards the inner margin, but not 
reaching it, and becoming evanescent at.about the same distance 
from the base as the strong costal vein. The antenne slender, 
filiform, about one-third shorter than the wing, the articulation 
obscured. Head, thorax and abdomen also obscured by a white 
mealy powder ; from the end of the abdomen projects a divergent 
pencil of about twelve white hairs, which is fully as long as the 
whole insect. The legs are also covered with the same kind of 
mealy powder, and there is a trace of it on the wings. Length, 
exclusive of tail, 4 line; expanse of wings, 12 line.” (Doug- 
las.) 

This species has a wide distribution in Europe, having been 
found in Lapland, Greenland, Norway, Scotland, Ireland, England 
and among the Alps. Its occurrence in widely separated localities 
has led to its being degcribed under several names. 


Bibliography. 


In the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” 1881, page 173, Mr. 
Douglas gives the following synonymical table of this species : — 


Coccus cataphractus : — 


Shaw, Nat. Misce., V, pl. 182, 1791. 
Shaw, Gen. Zool., VI, 194, pl. 62, 1806. 


Dorthesia cataphracta : — 
Westw. Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., IT, 443, fig. 118-20, 1840. 


Dorthesia chiton : — 
Zett. Ins. Lap., 314, 1840. 


Orihezia urtice : — 
Sign. (syn. partim) Essai sur les Cochinelles, 423, 1875. 


Orthezia signorett : — . 
F. B. White, Scot. Nat., IV, 160, pl. 2, fig. 1, antennz; 1877. 


Other references are : — 


Coccus cataphractus : — 


Stew. El. Nat. Hist., II, 114. 
Turt. Syst. Nat., IT, 714. 


Dorthesta chiton : — 
Entomologist, 13, p. 284, 1840. 


Orthezia signorett : — 
Entomologist, 13, p. 304, 1840. 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT—No. 31. 129 


Orthezia cataphracta : — 

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, pp. 299, 302 (fig.) 

List, Biolog. Centralbl., 6 Bd., No. 16, p. 485; Zacharias, ebenda., 
p. 488. 

Low, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1 Jahrg., 8 Hft., p. 190. 

List, Zool. Anz., 9 Jahrg., No. 219, p. 190; Zacharias, ebenda., No. 
225, Pp: 3/1, . 

List, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 45 Bd., 1 Hft., p. 1-85 (plates). 

List, Arbeiten a. d. Zodlog. Institut zu Graz, 1 Bd., No. 5 (plates). 

List, Journ. R. Microsc. Soc. London, 1887, P. 2, p. 228. 


ORTHEZIA URTICH (Linn.). 
[Figures 1, 2 and 3, Plate 4.] 

The adult female has eight joints to the antenne; the second 
and eighth the longest, third, fourth and fifth about equal, the 
sixth and seventh sub-equal and smallest; the first thick and 
short, as wide as long. Legs of medium size, with the tarsus half 
as long as the tibia. Claw medium, with a fine hair at the base 
and on each side. No digitules on the tarsi. The body is 
elongate-oval in outline, rounded behind, narrowed in front, emar- 
ginate at the base of the antenne, the apex rounded. Legs 
inserted farforward. Onthelastsegment of the abdomen a broad 
anal ring with six bristles can be seen. The whole body in all the 
stages is covered with a lamellar, calcareous secretion, which in 
the adult female becomes more or less elongated, forming a sac at 
the end of the abdomen, which contains the eggs mingled with 
fine down. Later the young which are hatched remain there for 
some time, not coming out until they have secreted a sufficient 
amount of calcareous matter to shelter them. This secretion is 
formed by numerous hair-like ‘‘ jilieres ;”’ these are found all over 
the surface of the body, and are most numerous in the perfect 
insect. 

The male is very long, has compound eyes, and very long, 
filiform, nine-jointed antennez ; each joint is enlarged at the end; 
the first and second are very small, the third very long, the fourth 
to the eighth a third shorter and sub-equal, the ninth still shorter ; 
all the joints finely pubescent. Thorax very long; wings slightly 
acuminate at the end. The abdomen a little enlarged in the mid- 
dle, bearing on each segment a line of hairs, and upon the next to 
the last a fascicle of tubular hairs. Legs long, pubescent, with a 
very long claw. The sexual apparatus large, and occupies about 
a fifth of the abdomen. It consists of a pyramidal segment, very 
sharp at the end and removed in the middle; the thickened edges 
form two valves; from the middle of the upper curved part is a 
stylet with a straight peduncle and a crescent-shaped outer part, 


130 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


the end of which is somewhat enlarged; each side is slightly 
pubescent. | 

The male is light brown in color, with long greyish-white wings ; 
the antenne and the legs are a little darker. 

These descriptions are translated from Signoret’s work; they 
are his generic characters, together with what he says of this par- 
ticular species. Signoret calls the lamellar secretion calcareous, 
but in this he must be mistaken ; it is certainly wax. 

Mr. J. W. Douglas, the highest authority on the genus Orthezia, 
considers Aphis urtice, Orthesia characias, Dorthesia characias, 
Coccus dubius, Coccus characias and Dorthesia urtice as synony- 
mous with Orthezia urtice. 

The insect feeds upon a large number of plants, principally of 
the orders Urticacee, Euphorbiacez and Labiatz, and is found in 
many parts of Europe. 

Bibliography. 

Aphis urtice : — 

Linn. Sys. Nat., 736, 30, 1767. 

Frisch. Ins., VIII, 34; pl. 17, 1730. 

Gmel. Ed. Syst. Nat., I, 4, 2208, 30. 

Turt. Sys. Nat., II, 70, 6. 

Rossi, Faun. Etrusc., 262, 13889. 

Fab. Sp. Ins., II, 387, 29. 

Fab. Ent. Syst., IV, 217, 35. 

Fab. Man. Ins., 2, 316, 35, 1787. 

Fab. S. R., 299, 35, 1803. 


Orthesta characias : — 
Bose, Journ. de Phys., XXIV, 171; pl. 1, 1784. 


Dorihesia characias : — 
L’abbé d@’Orthez, Journ. de Phys., XXVI, 207; pl. 1, 1785. 
Latr. Gen. III, 175, 1, 1807. 
Duf. Rhyn., 110; pl. TX. 
Kirby & Spence, Intr. Ent., III, 183. 
Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins., 212. 
Westw., Intr. Mod. Class., II, 445; I, frontisp., 1840. 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1856-58, p. 5. 
Rept. Dep. Agr., 1878, p. 208; 1880, p. 348; 1886, p 467, 480 


Coccus dubius : — 


Fab. Ent. Syst., [V, 228, 27, 1794 
Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ., XXXYV, 21. 


Coccus characias : — 


Journ. de Phys., XXVI, 207; pl. 1, 1785 
Oliv. Ent., VI, 99, 9. 
Leach, Edin. Ene., LX, 126. 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 131 


Dorthesia urtice :— 
Burm. Handb. Ent., II, I, 76, t. 2; fig. 6, 11, 1835. 
Zett., Ins. Lap., 314, 1840. 

Orthezia urtice : — 
Amy. et Serv., Hem., 623; pl. 1, 1848. 
Sign., Ess. Coch., 423; pl. 1, 1875. 
Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, V, p. 386, 1875. 
Entomologist, 13, p. 306, 1880. 
Ent. Mon. Mag., XVII, pp. 174, 203, 1881. 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 297, 447; 1884, p. 83. 
Low, Wiener Ent. Zeitung, III Jahrg., 1 Hft., p. 11. 


ORTHEZIA FLOCCOSA (DeGeer). 
[Figures 4 and 5, Plate 4.] 

*¢ Adult Female.— Body yellowish or piceous, covered with 
white cereous matter; antennz and legs yellowish, the latter some- 
times piceous, with the extremity blackish; frontal node obtusely 
angulated, the margins usually recurved so that the middle 
appears sulcate; of the circumferential laminz the first four 
broad, flat, rounded on the front. edge, projecting; or the first 
three only have this character, the fourth being longer and curved 
outwards, the remainder narrower and straight, adhering to and 
not separable from the elongate canaliculation of the marsupium ; 
of the dorsal segments that next the frontal node has an erect 
angulated lamina, the next three or four have each a broad, 
delicate, sub-erect, forwardly directed lamina, which is deeply 
cleft, almost divided in the middle, so that each side appears with 
a greatly rounded projecting edge; the other segments straight, 
with at most only a slight trace of lamination ; at the anal orifice 
is a short lamina either lying flat or slightly elevated ; the mar- 
supium varies much in length, sometimes being only half that of 
the rest of the insect, and sometimes, but more rarely, as long as 
the other portion of the insect; the upper surface canaliculate, the 
under surface very convex, the end much recurved. Length 14-2 
lines.” 

This is Mr. Douglas’s description of an insect which he thought 
to be new when he described it, and so named it O. normant; 
later, however, he considers it to be the insect described by 
DeGeer as Coccus jfloccosus. The adult male is unknown; the 
female has been found in England and Germany. 


Bibliography. 
Coccus floccosus : — 
DeGeer, Mem., VII, p. 215, pl. 44, 1783. 
Ent. Mon. Mag., XVII, p. 175, 1881. 


132 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


Dorthesia floccosa : — 
Kirby & Spence, Intr. Ent, III, p. 183. 


Orthezia normani: — 

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1881, p. 300, pl. 15. 
Orthezia floccosa : — 

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1881, p. 447. 


ORTHEZIA MNARIENSIS Douglas. 


‘¢ Male. — Black. Head small, transverse, anteriorly narrow 
and incurved, posteriorly with three distinct ocelli; eyes large, 
anterior, prominent; antennz pitchy black, very long; the first 
and second joints short, thick, sparingly setose, the remainder 


filiform, long, sub-equal, finely setulose. Pronotum large, sub- 
quadrate, anterior angles depressed, surface divided into four 


elevated convex portions. Scutellum large. Wings of the 
generic form very long, except at the base very broad, posteriorly 
rounded, transparent, smoky grey, farinose; the furcate nervure 
fuscous. Halteres small, sinuate, black, the obtuse apex with two 
recurved sete. Abdomen short; from the upper surface of the 
last true abdominal segment projects a very long pencil of slender 
white setz, beneath -which the genital segments lie free. Legs 
pitchy black, setulose.” In the figure, the antennz are nine- 
jointed. 

‘¢ Female. —Black; above, clothed with snow-white cereous 
laminations (in the specimen before me nearly all these have 
been rubbed off, only two or three anterior and two posterior ones 
remaining, the latter overlapping the base of the marsupium). 
Antennz short, stout, 9-jointed, the apical joint setigerous. 


Marsupium snow white; above, as long as the visible portion of 


the body, canaliculate ; beneath, arising at the posterior coxse and 
entirely covering the abdomen; very convex, and posteriorly 
curved upwards, like the stern of a ship; smooth, finely striate. 
Legs black, finely setulose.” - (Douglas). 

Found on the Island of Montecristo, Italy, on Erica arborea. 

This is the only one of the described species of Orthezia in 
which there are nine joints in the antenne of the adult female; all 
the other species have but eight. The abdomen of the male is 
relatively much shorter than in any other species, and the number 
and arrangement of the ocelli is.also peculiar. Two setz at the 
extremity of the halteres has been given as a character of no other 
species; but Ashmead describes the halteres of O. edwardsii as 
‘* terminating in a hook with two teeth.” 


Bibliography. 
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 81 (plate). 


ee Sl 


C. P. Lounssory. 


Plate 1. 
Orthezia insignis Doug., adult male. 


Fig. 1. Dorsal view, enlarged 20 diameters. 
2. Antenna. 
3. Wing-pocket. 
4. One of the halteres. 
5. Hind leg. 
6. Lateral view of genitalia. 
7. Dorsal view of head. 


8. Ventral view of genitalia. 


All the figures were drawn from specimens mounted in glycer- 
ine, the outlines being obtained by aid of the camera lucida. 


Pilate 2; 


LOUNSBURY. 


Car. 


Plate 2. 
Orthezia insignis Doug., female. 


Fig. 1. Adult female; dorsal view, enlarged 20 diameters. 
2. Adult female; ventral view, enlarged 20 diameters. 
3. Adult female; antenna. 
4. Adult female; fore leg. 


5. Adult female; rostrum, from the front; two of the bristles 
are shown cut off near the base, while the third is fully 


extended. 


6. Nymph, after the second molt. 


All the figures were drawn from specimens newly mounted in 


glycerine; the outlines were obtained by aid of the camera lucida. 


IPlateves: 


Plate 8. 


Fig. 1. Orthezia prelonga Doug., adult female. 
2. Orthezia prelonga Doug., adult female; antenna. 


3. Orthezia occidentalis Doug., adult female (marsupium not 


yet developed). 
4. Orthezia occidentalis Doug., adult female; antenna. 
5. Orthezia americana (Walker)? nymph. 
6. Orthezia americana (Walker). 


7. Orthezia americana (Walker); antenna. 


Figure 1 is enlarged from a figure on Plate II, Ent. Mon. Mag., 
1891. Figures 2, 3 and 4 are copied from the same source. Figure 
5 is copied from Plate IX, Report Department Agriculture, 1880. 
Figures 6 and 7 were drawn from an Orthezia labelled americana in 
the collection of Prof. Herbert Osborn; the lamellz of the posterior 


part were missing from the insect. 


Pilate Ae 


XQ 


a 


\ 

X bs 
SOA 
is 
ey A) 

\ ee 
A ce! 

y . 

i 

i/ 

7 


Plate 4. 


Fig. 1. Orthezia urtice (Linn.), adult female. 
2. Orthezia urtice (Linn.), adult female; antenna. 
3. Orthezia urtice (Linn.), adult female; leg. 
4. Orthezia floccosa (DeGeer), antenna of adult female. 
5. Orthezia floccosa (DeGeer), adult female. 
6. Orthezia cataphracta (Shaw), adult female. 
7. Orthezia cataphracta (Shaw), adult female; antenna. 


8. Orthezia cataphracta (Shaw), adult female; leg. 


Figures 1 and 5 are enlarged from figures on Plate XV, Trans. 
Ent. Soe., London, 1881. Figure 4 is copied from the same source. 
Figures 2 and 3 are copied from figures in Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 
vol. 5, 1875. Figures 6, 7 and 8 are reduced from figures on Plates 
I and II, J. H. List’s Mon. of 0. cataphracta. 


ay 


— 


& 


ed 


a 


1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 133 


ECKHOLD’S OMNIMETER. 


BY PROF. A. COURTENAY WASHBURNE. 


This important surveying instrument, one form of which is 
shown in Fig. 1, measures distances and altitudes with an extraor- 
dinary degree of accuracy and great economy of time and labor ; 
it accomplishes the work of theodolite, level and chain, and is a 


perfect transit theodolite. 


This instrument (Fig. 1) has a powerful microscope ab, per- 
manently fixed at right angles to a telescope cd. This microscope 


ab is now con- 
structed with a 
long diagonal eye- 
piece fitted paral- 
lel to the telescope 
cd, thus bringing 
the eye-pieces of 
the microscope 
and telescope close 
to each other, and 
rendering the op- 
eration of read- 
ing the scale AB 
easier. Both tel- 
escope and micro- 
scope move on the 
same axis O, hence 
the axis of cd is 
always perpendic- 
ular to the axis 
of ab. 

The microscope 
is directed to the 
divisions of a finely 


a ey 


pow) 


— 53 —s 
7 —— ( 
Mla. = 7 — 


divided scale AB which is fixed to the horizontal plate g. This 
scale is four inches in length, divided into 64 numbered equal 
parts; each of these 64 parts is halved by an unnumbered line; 
thus the four-inch scale AB is divided into 128 equal parts. 


134 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. { Jan. 
IS o Fig. 2 illustrates this scale as 
it i | formerly constructed, being divided 
| into 100 equal numbered parts, each 
le} numbered part halved by an un- 
numbered line. Departure point 

on the new scale is 32. 

The scale AB can be moved 
backwards and forwards, and one 
turn of the micrometer screw moves 
it just one of these 128 divisions. 
The drum ef of the micrometer 
screw is divided into 100 equal 
parts by lines properly marked and 
numbered ; each of these 100 parts 
is divided into 5 equal parts by 
means of a vernier; hence the 
four-inch scale AB is accurately 
divided into 64,000 equal parts, 
each part equal to zgd00 Of an inch. 

Linear distances and altitudes 
are obtained by this instrument, 
by one and the same operation, 
with greater precision than by 
chain, level or any other known 
means. 

A level hi (Fig. 1) is fixed on 
the telescope cd, so that the axis 
of the telescope may be placed 
parallel to the divided scale AB. 

A magnetic needle having a play 
of about 15 degrees is also at- 
tached to the telescope. This 
serves to check courses. 

The divided circle kl fixed to the 
common axis O is employed, as 
( in the theodolite, to take vertical 
TMM angles. 

LA isola To understand the mathematical 
" principle upon which this instru- 
ment is constructed, the operator 
requires but a small amount of 
geometrical knowledge. 

In Fig. 8, O is the centre point 

of the axis of rotation directly over the divided scale AB; Ob, 


l 


————————— 


tre 


) 
0 2 + 9 GB Ol 21 $191 BI oz 22 $292 e208 E HESE GE Ob eb $b 9b Bb OS 25 45 95 Bs 09 e9 £95989 OL ci 1 OL BL OB ex bs 9089 G6 26 HE 96 AE DOI 


if i} 


Prat 


ANIOgG 24ALuvd3s0 


ral 
Halt 
nil 
ABE 
iy 


TW AA LAAA CAAA CARTAN AAA AA 


4aLAWNINWO 40 BZ 1IVWSS ASVE 


= 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 135 


the base line of the instrument, which may be found by experi- 
ment or calculation; mn, a staff of known length, say 10 feet; 
b, the departure point of the scale, when the telescope is parallel 
to AB; in this position, from the nature of the construction, the 
microscope points in the direction of the line Ob, which is perpen- 
dicular to AB. Then, if the telescope be pointed to m, the 
microscope will be directed to m!, the line Om!’ being perpen- 
dicular to the line Om. Again, if the telescope be directed to 
the point , the microscope will be in the direction of On’ and 
perpendicular to On. Om and Obdm’ being similar right triangles 
with mn and mn’ homologous lines in each respectively, 
min 2) mn’ Ob» :' OF 
OF being the distance from the perpendicular line mnZ passing 
through the staff mn, 
Of. = mn x Ob. 


’ 


mn’ 
mom ee (bn smn: : nh, 
consequently the altitude nE = mn x bn’ or bn’ x OE 
mn’ Ob 


The perpendicular Ob, which is termed the base line of the 


WIG. 3: 


instrument, may be found, when the temperature is not very varia- 
ble, by taking OF about 100 feet and placing the 10-foot staff mn 


as shown in Fig. 3; then Ob= m'n’ X OE, By careful construc- 
mn 


tion, Od is made to contain 100,000 parts of the micrometer scale, 
or is exactly 64 inches in length. 


METHOD OF OPERATING WITH THE OMNIMETER. 


1. Place the staff in a vertical position at one extremity of the 
line to be measured and the instrument adjusted at the other end, 
care being taken that the micrometer of the instrument be set at 
zero. 


136 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 


2. Point the telescope to the upper line on the staff m, clamp 
the telescope thus directed, and then look through the microscope 
to find what line on the scale AB falls exactly between the two 
fine hair-lines of the microscope. Suppose the division numbered 
39 to fall between these two lines, 39,000 would represent the 
position on the scale to which the microscope is directed; for 39 
stands for 39,000 parts out of 64,000, into which the scale is 
divided. Should the hair-lines fall on an unnumbered division of 
the scale AB, for example, on the division between 39 and 40, 
then 500 must be added to the lesser of the two numbers, and 
39,500 would represent the position of the point on the scale AB, 
determined by the microscope, while the telescope is directed to 
the upper line of the staff. But let the operator pay special atten- 
tion to the case which usually presents itself in practice. Suppose 
the hair-lines of the microscope fall between a numbered and an 
unnumbered line on the scale AB, that is, between the numbered 
line 40,000 and the unnumbered line 39,500, the scale must then 
be pressed forward by turning the micrometer drum head fo the right 
until the line 39,500 comes between the hair-lines of the micro- 
scope. Suppose the scale on the micrometer drum head to read 
235, that number must be added to 39,500, then the position 
of the required point m/ on the scale AB is designated by the 
number 39,735. The readings on the micrometer drum are- for 
elevations and—for depressions. After each operation the 
micrometer circle should be turned to the left, back to 500, to pre- 
vent any mistake. 

3. The telescope and microscope are unclamped, and a similar 
operation must be performed with respect to the lower line 
on the staff n. The staff must not be moved until the second 
observation is made; the first position and adjustment of the 
instrument are retained, allowing the telescope and microscope to 
move in the same vertical plane. Let the second reading at n/ 
(Fig 8) give 38,015. | | ) 

Let m/n’ = 39,735 — 38,015 =1,720, as in the example we have 
taken, and suppose the staff mn—10 feet between the upper and 
lower lines; Ob=64 inches (by construction) =100,000 parts 
when the four-inch scale contains 64,000 such parts. 


.OE = mn X Ob = 10 x 100,000 — 581.3953 feet. 
m‘n/ 1,720 


Howes for calculating horizontal distances, we have the follow- 
ing rule : — 

Multiply the length of the staff in feet by the length of the base of 
the instrument in micrometic equal parts, and divide the product 
by the difference of the two micrometer readings (of the staff) ; 
the quotient will be the required distance in feet. 


1895: | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 137 


When the length of the staff is 10 feet, this result is obtained 
by taking 1,000,000 times the reciprocal of the difference of the 
two micrometer readings. 

Any error in the departure point may be easily removed by 
holding the milled head tightly between the thumb and finger, and 
turning the drum ef to the right or left until the departure point is 
brought midway between the two fine hair-lines of the micro- 
scope; if too tight to move, loosen the screw of the milled head a 
little, taking care to tighten it again when set right. The instru- 
ment must first be carefully levelled. 

In the above example, the difference between the lower reading 
of the rod and the departure point being 16,015, 


nE = 10 X 16,015 = 
1,720 93.110468 — elevation in feet of the 


lower line of the staff above the axis of the telescope. 

Hence, for calculating altitudes, we have the following rule : — 

Multiply the length of the staff in feet by the micrometic distance 
bn’, between the point of departure b and the reading of the lower 
mark of the staff n', and divide the product by the difference of 
the two micrometer readings of the staff; the quotient will be the 
required altitude, the datum level being the axis of the telescope. 

Heights are termed positive or negative, according as the read- 
ings on the scale AB are greater or less than 32,000, the reading 
which designates the departure point. 

The scale AB is not required to be of any particular length, 
provided the dividing corresponds to the thread of the micrometer 
screw and Od be a convenient multiple of the scale unit. Conse- 
quently, any English or foreign unit of length may be used in the 
construction of the ‘‘ Omnimeter,’”’ as the length of the staff and 
the distance measured do not depend upon the unit adopted in the 
instrument. Different modifications may be introduced to suit 
particular requirements. 

Practically, the omnimeter has been found very accurate. The 
principal tests to which it has been put are as follows : — 

A survey of a plot of nearly sixteen acres was made, using the 
ordinary instruments, —transit, chain, tape, etc., — and levels of 
the courses were taken. This operation, which took considerable 
time, was carefully repeated. The omnimeter was then adjusted, 
and, without being moved from the spot, observations were 
taken to the top and bottom lines on the staff placed at the 
extremity of each course, also the angles between the lines of 
observation were noted, a work which occupied, comparatively, 
only a short time. From these data were calculated the lengths and 
bearings of the several courses, the area of the plot and the levels 


138 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


of the points of observation, all of which practically coincided 
with those of the first survey. The readings should always be 
repeated. ‘To check the work, the omnimeter was adjusted in 
another spot and the observations were repeated. The variation 
between the two omnimeter surveys was less than that between tlie 
two ordinary surveys, showing that when the base line of the 
instrument, Ob, is accurately known, the instrument may be 
depended upon for very exact work. 

Heights measured by a plumb line and by the omnimeter have 
been found to coincide almost exactly. | 

Another test showing the wonderful accuracy of the instrument 
was a survey of a polygon over undulating ground of more than 
one and a half miles circuit. Upon returning to the starting- 
point and calculating the distances, the errors in latitude and 
departure were found to be 4.3 feet and 3.7 feet respectively, 
while the error in elevation was only 0.13 feet. 

For city surveying, in laying down transverse lines, all chaining 
is done away with; horizontal angles and levels are taken at one 
and the same operation. 

For railway and irrigation purposes, also for surveying and 
levelling in rough, hilly and thickly wooded countries, only those 
who have been obliged to use the surveyor’s transit and chain in 
such places can understand the value of this instrument over others 
similarly employed. 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 139 


PoaeNT DISHASES. 


BY PROF. GEORGE E. STONE. 


The relation of botany to agriculture assumes more importance 
to-day than at any previous time in its history. Only a few 
years ago it was believed and taught in this country that a knowl- 
edge of the parts of a flower, together with a superficial knowl- 
edge of a few hundred plants, consisting largely in a mere 
memorizing of Latin names, was sufficient for any purpose 
which the science might demand. To-day, however, this idea no 
Jonger prevails. No botanist that is at all conversant with the 
results of -modern research can be found holding such views. 

A knowledge which is confined simply to the names of objects 
would hardly pass now for scientific knowledge; on the other 
hand, it is generally admitted that the student who has studied 
the anatomy and physiology of one plant thoroughly possesses a 
better knowledge of botany than the one who has mastered the 
Latin names of a thousand plants. 

With the introduction of the new methods of study which are 
represented in our higher institutions of learning by seminaries, 
laboratories and research, which a noted author has recently 
styled ‘‘the coming method,” there has come an impetus to all 
sciences which has been of the greatest scientific as well as 
practical value. 

As one of the results of the research and laboratory methods 
of study, all sciences have been brought into closer relations to 
each other. 

Botany, for example, has not only been brought into closer 
relationship with such sciences as zodlogy and chemistry, but it 
has especially been drawn into more intimate connections with 
scientific and practical agriculture. 

It does not require much elucidation to show how chemistry 
and vegetable physiology are, on the one hand, brought into 
closer contact in the study of plant foods, assimilation, ete. ; 
while on the other hand, vegetable pathology and entomology, with 
which it is intimately connected, are both striving with the numer- 
ous enemies which attack plants, whether in the greenhouse, on 
the farm, in the nursery, garden and orchard, and are brought 


140 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. 


into the most practical and beneficial relations to a large, im- 
portant and fundamental industry. 

It is this latter branch of work in the line of vegetable pathol- 
ogy which has brought botany into very intimate connection with 
the farmer, and affords aid of the most practical and inestimable 
value. This branch of botany has made such enormous strides 
that no intelligent and industrious agriculturist, floriculturist or 
horticulturist can afford to ignore the results of the manifold 
investigations which have been pursued so diligently within the 
last few years. Many years ago the illustrious chemist, von 
Liebig, saw the importance of this when he stated that ‘* The 
scientific basis of agriculture embraces a knowledge of all the 
conditions of vegetable life ;” and in alike manner did Dr. Lindley, 
the former editor of the ‘*‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultura 
Gazette,” when he declared that ‘‘ Good agriculture and horti- 
culture are founded on the laws of vegetable physiology.” 

‘Much has been done since the days of these illustrious pioneers, 
and at present we can say more truly that vegetable pathology and 
physiology are the two most important divisions of botany relat- 
ing to agriculture, for, according to Prof. H. Marshall Ward, the 
eminent English botanist, ‘¢‘ The time is rapidly approaching when 
a farmer or gardener will as little dare to neglect the study of the 
physiology and pathology of plants as a surgeon dare practice 
without a knowledge of anatomy, or a sailor hope to become a 
captain without studying navigation.” 

_ The fungous diseases of cultivated plants cause annually an 
enormous loss to American agriculture, a large proportion of 
which might be prevented by the use of remedies which are 
known to be effectual. According to the United States report of 
the secretary of agriculture for 1892, ‘*A recent computation 
made from the data furnished by vine growers in only a limited 
portion of the United States, based upon what they had saved by 
the use of a single mixture, according to rules laid down by the 
division, showed that the benefits for that one season to their 
industry alone had a money value far in excess of what the 
division of vegetable pathology had cost the government since its. 
organization.” . | 

In some years the blast to wheat and corn alone by fungous 
diseases is estimated at $200,000,000,* and that caused by various 
diseases of the peach, notably the so-called yellows, must be 
enormous. It is estimated that four diseases of the orange and 
lemon cause annually an aggregate loss of fully $250,000;7 and, 


* Commissioner of Agriculture Report, 1886. 
t+ Secretary of Agriculture Report, 1892. 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 81. 141 


according to a recent report on the new California vine disease,* 
the loss has reached the enormous sum of $10,000,000. 

Many other cultivated fruits and vegetables might be cited 
which fall a prey to fungous enemies, to say nothing about the 
insect pests that cause annually very large losses to our agricult- 
ural industries. Most of our plant diseases are of recent origin, 
and the number of new ones which occur —some of which are 
extremely disastrous — render it difficult indeed to keep pace with 
the advancing knowledge. 

For example, the orange blight, now afflicting Florida, has come 
- to public notice only within the last three years. The vine disease 
of southern California, which has previously been mentioned, and 
which blasted so many of its vineyards, was unknown a few years 
ago. The carnation rust, which was introduced from Europe, 
was first noticed in this country by Prof. J. C. Arthur about six 
years ago, and is now causing considerable trouble to our floricult- 
urists. The pear blight commenced to show its ravages only a 
few years ago, and the peach yellow, though well known for many 
years, has only shown its universally disastrous effects within the 
‘last two or three decades ; in short, it may be said that the greater 
number of diseases which are peculiar to our cultivated plants 
have made their appearance, or at least have assumed disastrous 
proportions, within the last twenty-five years. 

Some few exceptions to this statement, however, must be noted 
here. The corn smut, which never appears to cause a very large 
amount of destruction, at least here in New England, has proba- 
bly existed from time immemorial; and so likewise has the wheat 
_ been subject to troublesome diseases for a very long time here in 
Massachusetts. Even as far back as 1754, ‘* An idle opinion 
obtained among the vulgar that since the execution of the 
Quakers [1659] wheat has always blasted” is sufficient to show 
that the early settlers were much vexed with the presence of a 
plant disease ; and a perusal of the lengthy sermons and prayers of 
those by-gone days would occasionally reveal to us the sincere 
pleadings addressed to a Divine Providence for a deliverance from 
these pests. It appears from historical records that wheat has 
never done well in Massachusetts, as a rule, though this is not 
entirely due to its blighting, but to other causes. Dr. Timothy 
Dwight, in his travels, published in 1824, says, ‘‘ In the western 
part of Worcester County wheat cannot be cultivated, although in 
some of the eastern portions it grows quite well.” He further 


* The California vine disease, Newton B. Pierce, 1892. 
t Neal’s ‘‘ History of Massachusetts,” 1754. 


142 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


adds, ‘*The barberry bush is not so common in Worcester 
County as in the eastern counties, and this is not due [that is, the 
growth of wheat] to the fact that the barberry was early cultivated 
in the east, but to difference in soil;”’ and he continues, ‘‘ The 
barberry east of Marlborough occupies a fourth of the surface of 
the fields.” It has been believed in New England for a century 
or more that the barberry bush is in some way connected with the 
blasting of wheat. According to Dwight, ‘‘ Wheat near the bar- 
berry was always blasted, and always in the direction of the 
wind ;”’ and in another place he states, ‘* The barberry bush in . 
New England was generally believed to blast both wheat and rye, ~ 
through the very copiously emitting of a pungent effluvium.” 

The pungent effluvium, or infectious element, we now know to be 
nothing more nor less than the manifestation of the normal proc- 
esses of reproduction and propagation which take place in the life 
history of this fungus, known as Puccinia graminis ; and, with due 
respect to the metaphysical speculations and unphilosophical deduc- 
tions of our revered though well-meaning ancestors, we must add 
that it is now generally believed that the blasting of wheat has ever 
had but little connection with the persecution of the Quakers in © 
1659, but is due to wholly natural causes, which manifest them- 
selves in diversified form, according to the unusual changes of con- 
dition in our environment. 

* Puccinia graminis passes its ecidium stage on the bar- 
berry in the spring and early summer, and its uredospore and 
teleutospore stage on wheat and rye in late summer and fall. 
This habit, which many of our disease-causing fungi possess, of 
passing” their different stages of development on different plants, 
is quite peculiar, and is known as polymorphism. Thus the apple 
rust, another destructive organism, passes one of its stages of 
development on the cedar, where it produces excrescences known 
as the ‘‘ cedar apple;’’ and the other — the most injurious form to 
our fruit grower — is passed on the leaves of the apple. And so 
with our Aecidium grossulariz, Schum, which we shall call atten- 
tion to later on, the aecidium stage is passed on the leaves and fruit 
of the gooseberry, but in this instance the uredospore and teleuto- 
spore stages have not as yet been discovered. 

It must be borne in mind, however, that it is not merely the 
cure of plant diseases with which we have to deal, but with the 
vastly more important details connected with their prevention ; 


* The fungus attacking the wheat has long been known in Europe as Puccinia. 
graminis, one stage of which is common on the barberry in Spain; but recent 
investigation has led some to believe that our fungus is not in every instance the 
European Puccinia graminis, but Puccinia rubigo-veru (D. C.) Wint. 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 143 


and this implies the introduction-of more rational ideas in our 
methods of cultivation. With the varied success which has 
accompanied the use of fungicides, these preventive factors are 
likely to be lost sight of. ‘The ever-increasing number of new 
diseases which occur year after year point out to us very clearly 
that there is something decidedly wrong in our methods of culti- 
vation. It is only necessary here to call attention to the so-called 
** edema,” a dropsical disease which occasionally occurs on toma- 
toes when cultivated under glass, and which is caused by the 
exceedingly abnormal physical conditions in which the plants are 
placed. We do not consider it in the least an exaggeration when 
we state that the greater majority of our plant diseases have their 
origin in defective methods of their care and surroundings. In 
the lack of many of the pathological conditions of our plant life 
there lie physiological disorders that are not so readily recognized 
because they are so much more difficult to observe and are so 
much less understood. These are the conditions that have been 
so little investigated, and here is a field in which much of our 
future work must be done; for, until we know more about these 
primary causes, we cannot expect to lessen the susceptibility of 
our plants to disease. 

It is a recognized fact among vegetable physiologists that every 
plant is endowed with a certain inherent vital power which we can- 
not go beyond. We can, for example, greatly modify an organism 
along certain lines, but always at the expense of some other por- 
tion of the individual. If, however, we apply these modifying 
forces too freely and develop the plant too much in a certain 
direction, we weaken the organism in some other direction, and as 
a result it is more likely to fall a prey to some fungous disease. 
Every acceleration in one direction is correspondingly associated 
with a retardation in another. One experiment, taken from a 
number which we have made, is sufficient to illustrate this point. 
If, for example, we cause a plant to be slightly cut or injured in 
any way, there always occurs immediately after a retardation in 
its growth, but this is associated with an acceleration or increase in 
the respiration. 

The phenomena accompanying these changes which take place 
in an organism are designated by physiologists as correlation, and 
80 intimately connected are all the cells, tissues and organs of a 
plant with one another, or, in other words, so manifestly corre- 
lated are they, that anything, such, for example, as a cut, scratch, 
insect sting, changes in temperature, moisture, etc., act as stimuli, 
and set up in the plant a series of changes which modify —ac- 
cording to the nature and strength of the stimuli applied — the 
subsequent growth of the organism. 


144 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | (Jan. 


The stimulative factors which all cultivators of plants under 
glass have to contend with are mainly moisture, heat and plant 
foods. In the application of these factors the inherent vital prop- 
erties of the plant must necessarily be taken into account. The 
minimum, optimum and maximum moisture and heat conditions 
should be known, and improper food should not be applied so as 
to cause starvation, or to develop the plant too much in one direc- 
tion or beyond its limit of power. 

Ill-advised and quick fertilizers are coming now to be considered 
as constituting no small factor in the unhealthy conditions of plants. 
Besides these, there are other factors of no less importance which 
should be carefully guarded against, such as too sudden changes 
in temperature, improper ventilation, insufficient light and im- 
proper drainage, irregular and over watering, which lead to 
unhealthy conditions of the soil. It is the proper dealing with 


these factors that constitutes what is known as skill, and the in- — 


telligent working out of the problems attending these factors 
belongs as much to the instinctive perceptions of the practical 
floriculturist and gardener as they do to the experimental acumen 
of the horticulturist and botanist. 

It is our purpose in the remaining part of this paper to consider 
afew of the plant diseases which have mainly been brought to 
our notice during the past year at the Agricultural College. 


CARNATION DISEASES. 
The Carnation Rust (Uromyces caryophillinus, Schrank). 


During the past year the carnation rust was quite abundant in 
our greenhouse, as a result of which the foliage of the carnations 
was much injured and the plants greatly disfigured. The carna- 
tion rust first makes its appearance as elevated ridges about one- 
eighth to one-fourth of an inch long on the surface of the leaves, 
through the epidermis of which a reddish-brown powdery mass — 


the reproductive bodies — eventually breaks. ‘This reddish-brown 


powdery mass is nothing more nor less than the spores, or, more 
properly, the uredospores, which are of a reddish-yellow color 
when observed singly under the microscope, and whose function 


it is to propagate the fungus, which they do very quickly and 


most effectually. | 
The uredospores are the terminal outgrowth of a mass of 
filaments or vegetable threads called the mycelium, which ramify 
promiscuously between the cells of the underlying tissues of the 
leaf, and which throw out innumerable little suckers called hous- 
toria, by which organs the fungus takes its nutriment from the 


a ee 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 31. 145 


host plant. The spores have a spiny covering, are about 1-50 
mm. in diameter, and are connected with the terminal filaments 
by a short stalk. From what has been stated, it must be evident 
that it is the penetration of the houstoria into the cells and the 
utilization of the cell contents which cause the injury to the carna- 
tion plant; but, inasmuch as the method of treating the disease 
is a preventive one, the remedy must be applied at the very 
beginning, — that is, before the spores have germinated. 

Fortunately, the experience of a number of floriculturists, 
which accord with the rather limited results obtained by Professor 
Maynard at the Agricultural College, has shown that the carnation 
rust can be prevented by the use of the Bordeaux mixture in a 
dilute form if applied upon the very first appearance of the dis- 
ease. ‘The spores germinate readily wherever there is moisture, 
and some experiments have recently been made by the writer 
to ascertain whether they would germinate in the presence of the 
Bordeaux mixture in various strengths. For this purpose an equal 
number of drops of a normal solution* and others having a 
strength of 4,4 and } of that of the normal strength were placed 
on microscopic slides over equal areas and allowed to evaporate. 
With these precautions the residue left after evaporation would 
bear proportional relations to the degree of dilution, and tolerably 
accurate results would be obtained. After the evaporation had 
taken place a number of uredospores were placed on each slide 
containing the dried residue left by the solution, and a cover 
slip which rested on two strips of moistened filter paper was 
placed over each, thus forming a moist chamber. These slides 
were then placed under a bell glass to await the results, which 
were as follows : — 


Normal solution, no spores germinated. 


3 normal solution, . : : no spores germinated. 
i normal solution, . : : many spores germinated. 
4 normal solution, . : : many spores germinated. 


' From these results it would appear that possibly a solution equal 
to one-half the normal strength might be applied effectually. 


The Carnation Leaf-spot (Septoria dianthi, Desm.). 


This disease, like the rust, has for a long time been well known 
in Europe, and has shown itself during the last year on the carna- 
tions at the college, but not in so disastrous a manner as reported 


* The normal solution used here is the fifty-gallon Bordeaux mixture, containing 
four pounds copper-sulphate, four pounds lime and fifty gallons of water. 


146 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ° [ Jan. 


elsewhere. It can be easily distinguished from the rust by its 
usually circular purplish outline, in the middle of which there is a 
whitish spot filled in with a few minute dark points that constitute 
the fruiting conceptacles. 

This disease occurs not only on the leaves but also on the stem, 
where it is reported as doing considerable damage both to the 
stem and flowers, preventing the latter from opening. The im- 
bedded filaments or mycelium in this case do not develop houstoria, 
but pass directly through the cells, thus robbing the host plant of 
its nutriment without the aid of houstoria. The fungus is propa- 
gated by septate colorless spores which are found in conceptacles 
near the surface of the leaf. The use of some of the well-known 
fungicides is recommended for the prevention of this disease. 


Anthracnose of Carnations. 


Accompanying the carnation rust and leaf-spot is frequently to 
be seen a disease called the anthracnose. It has been occasionally 
met with on the carnations at the college, but never very abun- 
dantly. The disease shows itself as depressed areas on the sur- 
face of the leaves and stems, which are caused by the growth of 
the fungous filaments. These areas are filled in with minute black 
fruit dots, consisting of black, sharp-pointed hairs, between which 
are produced the spores. According to Dr. Halstead of the New Jer- 
sey Experiment Station, this fungus is exceedingly susceptible to 
moisture, and is especially injurious to the lower leaves, where the 
transpiration is incomplete. 

Other diseases of the carnation which have caused more or less 
trouble have been described in various periodicals. Among these 
are the so-called fairy ring spot (Heterosporium echinulatum 
(Berk) Cooke), which is said to be a recent importation from 
England. We have observed this on several plants at the college, 
apparently doing no serious harm. The disease appears on the 
leaves in small circular spots, in which are to be seen, with a 
magnifying glass, the fruiting bodies, bearing brown, septate, 
spiny spores. 

The carnation leaf mould, a fungus which sometimes covers the 
whole plant with a growth of meuld. 

The carnation rosette, supposed to be caused by a species of 
Fusarium, a mould-like organism. 

The purple joint, a bacterial disease, discovered recently by Dr. 
J.C. Arthur, and the damping fungus (Botrytis vulgaris), occa- 
sionally attack the carnation, as they do many other plants under 
glass, wherever the air is too warm and moist. 


1895. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 147 


DIsEASES OF THE ROsE. 
Powdery Mildew (Spherotheca pannosa ( Walh) Lev.). 


The powdery mildew of the rose is associated with conditions 
in our greenhouse roses that are quite common and troublesome, 
and is perhaps so well known to all of our florists —it being so 
characteristic and easily discernible with the naked eye — that any 
description of it is unnecessary. The mycelium, which forms a 
minute compact white mass upon the surface of the leaves, caus- 
ing them to crinkle, produces chains of spores (conidia) which 
are capable of propagating the fungus with the greatest facility ; 
and thus, if the conditions are favorable, the disease can make its 
appearance at very short notice. Most gardeners believe that the 
rose mildew is brought on largely by 1 weakened condition of the 
plants, by exposure to currents of cold air, etc ; consequently the 
minutiz attending the working of the normal physiological func- 
tion of the plants cannot afford to be neglected. 

The best remedy for the disease when well established is that 
proposed by Professor Maynard, who has had long experience in 
growing roses and experimenting with different fungicides. He 
recommends the use of sulphur boiled in a kettle over a kerosene 
stove for two or three hours twice a week, the only precaution 
being to use no more heat than is sufficient to boil the sulphur. 
Another method is to run the temperature up to 75°, and with a 
bellows fill the house with sulphur. The house is kept closed 
until the temperature reaches 85° or 90°, after which air is let in 
gradually. Potassium sulphide, one ounce to two gallons of water, 
has also been used with success as a spray. 


Rose Rust (Phragmidium subcorticium (Schrank) Wint.). 


This fungus is not unfrequently found on our hardy roses, and 
we have had our attention called to a number of affected leaves 
during the last season. So far as we know, however, it never does 
any serious harm here in Massachusetts, although in California it 
becomes an exceedingly troublesome pest. This fungus passes 
through various stages of growth that are peculiar to the wheat 
rust. It makes its appearance early in summer upon the leaves as 
yellow spots, known as the aecidium stage; and this stage of 
development is followed in later summer and early autumn by the 
uredospore stage, which is characterized by different kinds of 
spores, producing a darker streak of red. In the fall still another 
form of spores makes its appearance, known as the teleutospores, or 
the so-called winter spores. These are dark-brown septate bodies, 


148 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


furnished with stalks, which are grouped in masses on the under 
surface of the leaves, and appear to the naked eye as black dots 
about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. No fungicide, so far 
as we know, has been applied to this disease with success. 


GoosrBERRY Rust (Hcidium grossularie, Schum.). 


Specimens of gooseberry leaves and fruit bearing this fungus 
to a considerable extent have been sent to the college during the 
past summer, and some of the unsprayed bushes in the college 
garden showed the same disease. 

The fungus is readily recognized with the naked eye as forming 
bright yellow cups about three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, 
which occur in groups in swollen portions of the leaves or berries. 
In outward appearance as well as in its internal structure it 
resembles the cups produced on the leaves of the barberry, and, 
like the fungus which attacks that plant, this cluster-cup stage, 
with its spores or conidia, known as the ecidium stage, is supposed 
to form a cycle in its complicated Jife history. The other stages of 
this fungus are not known. | 

No remedy has been suggested for this trouble except that of 
burning out the cups before they have burst open and have dis- 
charged their spores ; but this method appears impracticable. 


Powprery Minpew (Spherotheca mors-uve (Schu.) B. and C.). 


This fungus belongs to the same large group as the rose mildew 
and grape mildew, and is not unfrequently found doing consider- 
able damage in Massachusetts. The treatment recommended by 
Professor Maynard for all diseases of the gooseberry, as well as 
the currant, is first the Bordeaux mixture, containing Paris green, 
one pound to two hundred gallons, to be followed by the use of 
powdered hellebore and Persian insect powder, and if necessary by 
ammoniacal carbonate of copper. When Paris green is used the 
solution should be applied _ before the fruit sets, otherwise 
serious poisoning might result. For further details consult 
Bulletin No. 25 of the Hatch Experiment Station, which contains 
much valuable information in regard to the treatment of many of 
our fruits. 


Crus Foor or Cassacs, Tornie, CavLtrFLowEeR, ETC. (Plus- 
modiophora brassice). ( Wor.) 

The trouble arising from this disease to cabbage, turnip and 

cauliflower is unfortunately too well known to our farmers and 

market gardeners. The cause of this trouble is due to a represent- 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT —No. 321. 149 


ative of one of the lowest forms of plant life, termed by botanists 
myxomycetes, and is, moreover, the sole representative of this 
class which is as yet known to cause any serious disturbance to 
our economic plants. So low in the scale of life is this organism 
that it does not even produce a cellular or filamentous structure, 
but, on the other hand, it consists in its plasmodic stage of simply 
amass of gelatinous slime. This is the stage which the fungus is 
in when the host plant first commences to show the effects of the 
club foot, that is, in early summer, at which time the affected cells 
are filled to extension with a slimy mass. Later on in the season 
this slimy mass completely breaks up into spores, which are subse- 
quently set free by the rotting of the roots, by which process they 
are left in the soil, anxiously waiting for another similar crop to 
be planted the next season. In the spring these spores germinate, 
but not exactly the same, however, as other spores do, inasmuch 
as they form zodspores, that is, motile spores, which move about 
by means of cilia; and when the proper host plant offers itself (as 
the cabbage or turnip), they penetrate the thin-walled cells of the 
roots and coalesce to form another plasmodium or slimy mass. 

Like all diseases that are peculiar to roots, it is difficult to treat 
with any fluid mixture. A preventive, however, for the club foot 
is said to be found in the rotation of crops; but there seems to be 
some doubt cast on the efficacy of this preventive since Dr. 
Halstead* has discovered the club foot on the roots of one of our 
most common weeds, the shepherd’s purse. Other treatments are 
also recommended, such as the use of lime at the rate of seventy- 
five bushels to the acre, and also by the application of carbon- 
bisulphide to the seed and soil. 


Tue Potato Scas (Odspora scabies, Thazter). 


For the many facts concerning our knowledge of this trouble- 
some disease which have been added within the last few years we 
are largely. indebted to the careful investigations of Dr. Thaxter, 
formerly of the Connecticut Experiment Station. ‘This disease is 
now known to be caused by a fungus bearing the above name, and 
it is further believed that the spores of this fungus are to a great 
extent introduced into potato fields by the use of barn-yard 
manures coming from stock which has been fed on diseased 
potatoes. ‘These preventive measures have therefore been rec- 
ommended in planting: (1) the seed must be free from scab; (2) 
no lund should be planted with potatoes which has previously pro- 
duced scabby crops; (8) scabby potatoes should not be fed to 


* Torrey Bulletin, February, 1894. 


150 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan. 


stock ; (4) fertilizers are preferable to barn-yard manure; (5) dig 
the potatoes as soon as mature, if scab is present. Many recent 
reports favor the use of corrosive sublimate for the seed 
potatoes, of the same strength as that used in surgery, namely, 
one part in one thousand. ‘This solution is made up as follows: 
dissolve two ounces of corrosive sublimate in two gallons of warm 
water, allowing it to stand for a few hours, and then dilute to 
fifteen gallons. After this has been completely dissolved, immerse 
the cleaned potatoes, and allow them to stand in the solution for 
about one and one-half hours, after which draw off the solution 
into another non-metallic vessel, and allow the potatoes to dry, 
when they can be planted as usual. ‘This solution can be used a 
number of times; but it must be remembered that corrosive 
sublimate is a deadly poison, and care must be exercised in 
handling it. 


Fruit Movutp or THE Peacu, Prum anp CuHeERRyY (WMonilia 
Sructigena). 

This fungus always shows itself on some of the fruit of the 
peach, plum and cherry, and whatever it attacks is rendered 
entirely useless. This fungus is represented to be the most 
common as well as the most disastrous of any which attacks the 
peach. It not only attacks the fruit, but also the leaves, flowers 
and frequently the branches which support the fruit. It first 
makes its appearance as brownish circular spots on the side of the 
‘fruit; this rapidly enlarges until the whole fruit becomes a 
brownish or reddish color, and eventually it gradually shrivels up. 

Satisfactory results have not always been attained by the use of 
fungicides on fruit affected with this fungus. Mr. B. T. Galloway 
of the United States Department of Agriculture obtained negative 
results with the use of the Bordeaux mixture, while Professor 
Chester of the Delaware Experiment Station, with the use of a ~ 
thirty-seven-gallon formula of the Bordeaux mixture, after six 
applications, reports a saving of thirteen and nineteen per cent 
respectively. Professor Maynard, however, has obtained much 
more favorable results with the use of the ammoniacal carbonate 
of copper solution ; and for a detailed account of this method of 
spraying the reader is again referred to Bulletin No. 25 of the 
Hatch Experiment Station. 


Dampine Funeus (Botrytis vulgaris, Fr.). 
One of the most common and troublesome fungi of the propa- 
gating pits is the so-called ‘‘damping fungus.” This is caused 
by a mould-like organism called Botrytis vulgaris, and in some 


1895. | PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 31. 151 


instances by a very similar organism, at least in one stage of its 
development, known as Pythium De Baryanum. 

From a number of cultures which have been made in the botani- 
cal laboratory from material obtained from damping off plants in 
the greenhouse, it has been shown, by the characteristic stages of 
development which it passed through, that the organism causing 
this difficulty with us is the Botrytis vulgaris. 

Cuttings of begonias, verbenas and coleus are especially subject 
to the depredations of the Botrytis, and it also causes more 
trouble in lettuce cultivation under glass — producing a disease 
known as the leaf-rot — than any other fungus. It is a question 
among botanists whether this fungus is ever a parasite, that is, 
whether it is really the cause of the abnormal conditions with 
which it is associated. Most observers believe that the phenomena 
in question are first caused by the unhealthy condition of the sur- 
roundings in which the plants are placed, that is, by too much 
moisture accompanied by too high a temperature, and that the 
fungus is merely a secondary cause of the destruction. It has, 
however, been observed that by guarding against the extreme 
moisture and temperature conditions of the greenhouse, damping 
becomes much less prevalent; consequently the successful florist 
is one who will carefully consider such details. 


BACTERIAL DISEASES. 


Every now and then a new bacterial disease is reported as caus- 
ing considerable damage to plants; but much thorough work must 
be done before we know just how much these minute organisms 
are responsible for the trouble which they are said to cause. 
During the latter part of last fall many of the strawberry plants 
in the college plats showed signs of decay just at the time when 
the conditions of the atmosphere were most favorable for such 
growth; and an examination of the leaves, notably the lower ones, 
showed them to be shrivelled, and the cells of the petioles to be 
filled with bacteria. This abnormal condition, however, was con- 
fined to certain varieties, some of which recovered, while others died. 

Some other diseased plants laden with bacteria were brought 
to our notice during the past year, although in every instance the 
presence of these organisms appeared to be the result of un- 
healthy conditions. 

The bacterial diseases which are the best known are the fire- 
blights of the pear, apple and quince. Bacterial diseases have 
also been observed in connection with the beet, blackberry, celery, 
corn, lettuce, raspberry, potato, cotton, cucumber, melon, carna- 
tion, tomato, squash, oat, sorghum, salsify and olive. 


152 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.’795. 


NEMATODE WorMs. 


Diseased plants containing these small, eel-like animals have 
been sent in to the college more frequently during the past season 
than any other kind. ‘The consideration of these pests naturally 
belongs to the department of zoology; but, as a matter of fact, 
plants infested with these parasites are invariably sent to botanists, 
under the impression that the disease is caused by some species of — 
fungi. ; 

Cucumbers which have been forced under glass under conditions 
which are extremely abnormal to the plant are the most susceptible 
to the attack of nematode worms; any injury to the roots, whether 
mechanical or arising as a result of abnormal conditions which 
cause weakening of the tissues, etc., renders the root likely to fall 
a prey to these parasites. It appears, moreover, that they are 
capable of penetrating apparently healthy and normal tissues. 

When attacking the roots of the cucumber they produce abnormal 
erowths the presence of which can usually be detected on the 
roots by the formation of tubercles. Microscopic examination of 
the tubercles shows a disintegrated tissue containing nematodes. 

These parasites not only attack the cucumber but a great variety 
of other plants, especially in the Southern States, where they find 
conditions more suitable for their existence. They have also been 
frequently found in connection with some serious disorders affect- 
ing the rose and violet, and have even been reported as occurring 
in the leaves of the India-rubber plant. 

Extended experiments have not as yet been made in regard to 
the treatment of plants affected by these pests. Lime, however, 
has been used with favorable results by sprinkling it on the 
surface or mixing it with the soil. It is known that manure is. 
likely to be full of nematodes, and this would offer, therefore, a 
means of contamination. In fact, they are almost always found 
in unwholesome soil, and therefore the best preventive measures 
would be to always keep the soil in a perfectly healthy condition. 


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