- 4 nal ai a caer oe “y EAS Nyt mY rie Bay Hee i iv 7 é 4) ee ds OAM ESET a Mack sini os Pevde t AV; p 4 i “ae ae ue TA | ; ‘ Ar , ak n LO Bear y i 5 / re: ( fae tons ag ML Gy J ie q i ; ‘ VA ey Re i Pp ; * . f uy iy ‘ wet 1 5 : i ae i 1 ' ' : ' \ 4 i ® \ 1 ¢ rad | is q “hb ‘ THE BUREAU OF. SCIENCE, MANILA! ue Pe ae a ae Atvin J. nee A. B., M. Ay ‘Ph. Oa) Director* sh . fli : BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY ine sre rial Uo tg he ae eae Serr ere Chief Ernest Linwood Walker, B.A. S., S. B., S. D; A. Albrecht. Marshall A. Pees Ph: D. ; ‘- | Margaret H. eons M. D. B.C. Crowell, B. A., M. D., C. M. . * | Henry L. Begley. eye G. Willets, Pi B., M.D... Lyle D. McMillan, A. B., M.S. A. Johnston, _ D.D. P. EE ARR a Juaquin Augustino y Breeiano. gig Schdbl, M..D. Dalmacio Rivera, 73 Ma ie Hen John D. Jungmann, Ph. G., M. D. : Ramon Garlitos, ‘ ? Theodore Bolanes, B » AS + ..-| Andres; Tamayo. ; Catt wie ae SECTION oF SERA AND PROPHYLACTICS ’ Ernest Henry Ruediger, Me | Ariston M. Guzman. URS, es Pe ON SECTION OF BOTANY - f ‘Paul W. Graft, B.S. a ER. }* Eugenio Fénix: at By hi HONE Maximo Ramos. ; ; SECTION OF ENTOMOLOGY fae D. Merrill, B. $., M.S C./B: Cie amerey B. A., Ph: 5. 3 Wm. H Sie B. S., Ph. D Charles 8. Banks, A. B., M- ‘8. Esteban Dianson. . : Willie Schultze. ; ; ; Gregorio Villegas. ‘ SECTION OF ICHTHYOLOGY ‘Alvin Seble, A BN? as | Juan Labson.- hag } , Urbano G. Villamor. ‘Teodosio Espinosa. SECTION OF COLLECTION OF NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS Richard C. McGregor, A. B. | ‘Andres Gelestino. sent DIVISION OF. GENERAL, INORGANIC; AND PHYSICAL cumarerey reo _ Water C. REIBLING, B. S., M.S., Ch. E,, Chief oe week Bigeny ous Augustus P. West, A: B., Ph. D. F. D. Reyes, B. &, pote fy’ at George W. Heise, B. S., M. S. A. S$. Arguelles,,B. 5." Albert E. W. King Claro Boado. rea S?, Vicente Q. Gaiters 2 A. B. Gavino Rantaso. ~ Rabsngirsti Dar Juan, A. B., Phar. Oe Edwardo Ignacio. DIVISION OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Haney D. Gress, B. 'S., Ph. D., Chief. David S. Pratt, A. B., Ph. DY Willian: B..0’ Brien, Ph, Be L. W. Thurlow, M.S. Francisco Agcaoili, i Harvey ©. Brill, A. B., Ph.D. Pesach aerate Taguibao. Albert H. Wells, A: B. ; . DIVISION OF MINES: Warren D. Smitu, B. S., A. M., Ph. D,,; Chief \ Frank T. Eddingfield, E. M. Perey D. Kincaid, ‘Ph. B: Wallace E. Pratt, A. M. Pio Moscaira, Paul R. Fanning, S: B. Pedro Fajardo. DIVISION OF ETHNOLOGY MERTON L. Murr, A. B,, Ph: D., Chief Emerson B. Christie, A. B. John M. Garvan, A. M.~ H. Otley Beyer, A. B., A. M. ! Leslie F. Taylor. LIBRARY (Division of Science, The Philippine Library) Mary Pork, A. B., A. M., Librarian Emma E, Kinne, Ph. B., B. LB, 4 | Catalina Sucgang. Luis Montilla. f Guillermo Toreno. . JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS Richard C, McGregor, A. B. | Huldah.£. Kupters Ph. B. A. E. Southard, Chief Clerk. « Charts Martin, Photographer. Sone Guerrero y Reyes, Chief mistaesv: R. Yeasiano,, M. E,, Assistant. Bngineer. One hundred es clerks and laborers es 1 Corrected to December 1, 1918, * Appointed Director January 22, 1914. ‘AONZIOS 40 NVAYNG ‘ONIGTING NIV ['SI6IT—QONGI0g AO NvaNNG AHL AO LYOdAY TWANNY HLATAML TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS TO THE HONORABLE THE SECRETARY OF. THE INTERIOR BY ALVIN J. Cox ACTING DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1918 MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 122638 ILLUSTRATIONS Main Dulane Urea OL: SCIENCE.) ee occ ccceeeene eee Frontispiece Facing page— COIS, La oe aes .) IY eae SA ae an ee eee EOE a tte oe Bangos, milkfish (Family Chanide). Chanos chanos (Forskal). 1 35 YW DD. ©. | A = ane Reha a RN es MEME RBS Tee ie a ees pee, Fishery resources of the Philippine Islands. Fig. 1. Top shell (Trochus niloticus Linn.). Showing cuts for buttons in the partition walls. 2. Side view of top shell. 3. Top shell cut through the vertical plane. 4. Upper view of top shell. PPUVATE XOX VD, sccccssesctheveccsccaodeoenc5eics Boao cee ne The stone industry at San Esteban, Ilocos Sur. Fig. 1. Finishing a rice mortar. Fiegs. 2 and 8. Corn mill. PLATE XOX VOD nc ciccsk A aaa err ee eee The woodworking industry of San Vicente, Ilocos Sur. Fic. 1. Man preparing rattan. 2. Girl putting the rattan seat and back in a chair. 3..Men making a bed. Mg AY ae Ri Pe ek Ad Res i, ad bn cla de tl et Bg Sone aM Fic. 1. Second story of museum, looking north from the center. 2. Second story of museum, looking south from the center. Lai is Re BGM cnhecnt tt ARR. Lee eat eral f 8S hint cape SN Sate Circus melanoleucus (Forster). From a living bird taken near Manila. 1S BPG PRO. 4, LURID a See Sk LS pee ee Sees Rar ee bce ne So eRe pe ns Interior of herbarium, showing type of cases. ig Ay ee. s. O.S heey eee Seer Roe ener aes, Cle Se eee mee Ge eee ee Ce Trunk of an almaciga tree (Agathis alba Foxw.), showing character of the bark and the exudation of the resin known as almaciga (gum copal). Shorea-plectronia formation. 24 24 24 24 26 26 28 28 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT a Facing page— PORTH OO te er es a Fig. 1. Narra. Ipil. . Guijo. . Macaasin, . Mancano. . Station for investigations on plant physiology, Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon. Shelter for self- recording hygrometer. AAR EROXOXOD Gree a ure. ete see SRE A ans TO Fe ee LINE Be arn The Pineda monument. Fossa STIS eh ale epi aa me Driveway at Cementerio del Norte, Manila. evi Es OO ete e ee WN AOE SITE BP Bee ew He Seen canaredecs-onnanncnecacensnsseceacuestooe View in Pangasinan Province, showing buri palm (A) and bam- boo (B). Ba Tera PI cn oe ase ae ace n Sae man ee esc a abva a saagnaesiniacdacosccesndsts Fic. 1. The double hat. Outer half (A) and inner half (B) of one buri-midrib (Calasiao) hat, complete except for joining together and for the finishing processes. 2. Calasiao hat, complete, 10-peso grade, actual diameter, 37 centimeters. ETI INES ie ALT Ta a eR ECD eal re Rees Pe eee Fruit of St. Ignatius bean (Strychnos ignatti Berg.). A strych- nine-producing plant known only from the Philippine Islands. TES OD 9 SSA TEL ES 9 a aa i aces Boe Ny SS en Soe nee Ren Fig. 1. Interior view of a mangrove swamp. The large tree is Sonneratia pagatpat Blanco (pagatpat), the trees with prop roots are Rhizophora conjugata Linn. (ba- cao), and the smaller without prop roots are mainly Bruguiera parviflora W. and A. Bongabon, Mindoro. 2. Dwarf bamboo (Bambusa blumeana Schultes f.). Fibers seen longitudinally. Dom wr [PADIS DOD eS ee a ae Ee aa en Oe en Se Fig. 1. Cogon (Imperata exaltata Brongn.). Fibers seen longi- tudinally. 2. Abaca (Musa textilis Née). Fibers seen longitudinally. IE SG Dogar ae eet a Sosa coo canentdencn seca anandecontudecisy Atedenctbbcssauceesen Sun-drying copra, showing coconuts on trays, ready to be pushed under the shelter. TESDVAGRTD) RUE So Os AS ac ae 2 le Ee eee oe Fig. 1. Coconuts, Mindanao. 2. Coconuts rafted down a river. TEGAGTIDS. CULTS ce eee | Np edleg aok w a ee e Kiln drying; the halves of the coconuts are placed over the grill for the preliminary drying. 30 30 30 30 30 30 32 & THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Facing page— BEATE RUE ooo ice aes gc autem ack res ee aoe ee ee Fic. 1. Cane crusher near Agoo, La Union Province. 2. A modern sugar mill. ig Fry aR. © Bh ak Sep eed ee ne a Min Nan cance ePeY SOE So ae SED Wee RA oe cane Be Ad cede Ae Fig. 1. Collecting nipa sap. Showing a native collector and two bamboo joints (tuquils) in position to receive the sap. 2. Nipa palms in fruit. } Ey ip Gl 0 Cele Se oro ea ie eS a SEN EMO Ye Ag tis ey Ps Fic. 1. Fish drying in the sun. 2. Opium den. 1 ag FY fig a a BE ee ne eee REE SINT cD oe St Fic. 1. A leaching vat built on the ground, but high enough so that the mud may be removed by gravity after the leaching is completed. 2. A more developed and more progressive type of leach. A kind of cultivator used in loosening the soil is also shown. GAT Ne wi eS cs eae sn ceca) a es See ne ee Fic. 1. Showing the apparatus for transferring brine from evap- orating reservoirs to crystallizing vats which are on a higher level. 2. The lower end of a bamboo trough from the Salinas salt springs, showing the well from which the brine is carried to the evaporating pans. 2, Oy eG Eg 6 0 Se a ee EN REEDS IE OF So Tier 5 saa Testing machine breaking concrete pipes. PLATE KAR |p 2 See ce 0 ae ae es Se eh ae es pgs sists Se Portland cement manufactured from Philippine raw materials, showing perfect soundness of four different mixtures from one district. Average strength at 28 days, neat=780 pounds per square inch; 1:3, Ottawa-sand mortar=360. All results high above Government specifications. UATE: Tin. occ eee ee a ace at cee sen ew ena oe ae Cone from crushed cube of concrete from Abatan River, Cortes, Bohol, showing effect of using gravel covered with green alge. 59 FW a 9) Reba, Para ean CA eT UM ot ahi. a ie ee Sore eee CeeNee Ay! Philippine pottery. Fic. 1. Finishing a “tenaja.” 2. Beating pots into final shape. 3. Native pottery market, Ilocos Sur. PATE TES se oe Sa oe a oe Pee Rae de et ea Fic. 1. Pile of pottery, showing method of burning. 2. Glazed ware (made by first-year students). 32 32 36 36 38 38 38 40 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 9 Facing page— POTTS) og i SoS Re St ee a Sand-lime brick and artificial sandstone. Fic. 1. Talim basalt quarry débris, brick mixture. 2. Maytubig beach sand, brick mixture. Ere ee eee eee eet ere OS OR ey eee. Lime kiln. (LTE LS Bask oo a tp ne ae Caer a ee eee ae te ee ee Fig. 1. Machines for testing road materials. 2. Rizal Quarry Company’s quarry, Rizal Province. TELS Dor Se Es Sa aha: a ae a An outcrop of coal, Nacipit Creek, Uling coal field, Cebu. This seam is 4.75 meters thick, and dips to the west at an angle of about 40°. DETER AD Nee BS A Ra is se Fic. 1. Producer-gas plant. 2. Engine and dynamo direct coupled. PENN Sh TONITE Ss Se a Soe ea ae eR Pe CE Fic. 1. Bahay well 2, Bahay Valley Oil Company, Bahay, Mula- nay, Tayabas. 2. Steel derrick over one of the wells drilled at Toledo, Cebu, in 1896. LEE ee RE le al eae he an eae a ee ae Crysotile from Dungu-Dungan, Ilocos Norte. [PEE of a age eet Se (lpn COE Ng ee a ee TERE ee Mineral veins in the Baguio mineral district. ESET | 7p) Lenses st cat Sy Ss FN na ae eee RN Si aN a Ree Gold nuggets from the Paracale placer deposit. io Tbe eG Lopes toe Oo ele ae RR a OS Es Globigerina, a possible source of oil in Tayabas. 40 40 40 40 40) 40 vie 4 Pe Stakes j te ae ile % ri ~ ¢, Seraiita: ae TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF SCIENCE, Manila, July 15, 1913. Sir: I have the honor to present a résumé of the researches of the Bureau of Science and of the work performed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, together with a few recom- mendations regarding improvements which seem to me to be necessary. The Bureau of Science was established as the Bureau of Gov- ernment Laboratories on July 1, 1901, by Act No. 156 of the Philippine Commission, although actual chemical and biological work was first begun on September 25 of the same year when it was started with 6 employees in a rented house on Calle Iris, Manila. The photographic collection, which has developed rap- idly and now includes some 15,000 negatives, and other photo- graphic work were begun with the employment of an official photographer on November 16, 1901. Entomological investiga- tions began on December 9, 1902, and with them the foundation of the present entomological collection of specimens. On Jan- uary 1, 1903, the serum laboratory and the grounds at San Lazaro were transferred to the Bureau from the Board of Health. The section of botany which had been organized in the Bureau of Agriculture and the nucleus of the herbarium were added on July 1, 1903. On November 1, 1905, the Bureau of Mines ceased to exist and became an integral part of the Bureau of Science, and on November 1, 1906, the Ethnological Survey, formerly the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, which before that time had been incorporated with the Bureau of Education, was transferred to the Bureau of Science, and, as the division of ethnology, has undertaken the preliminary organization of the Philippine museum and has secured sufficient material to fill three-quarters of the space in the building assigned to it on Calle Juan Luna, one-quarter being reserved for the exhibit of the Bureau of Forestry. The collector of natural history specimens 11 12 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE of the Ethnological Survey was transferred directly to the Bur- eau of Science (then Bureau of Government Laboratories) on November 16, 1904. The present laboratory building of the Bureau of Science, which was added to in 1911, was first occupied early in the year 1905, and at that time the work was enlarged by the appointment of an engineering force and by the operation of steam and electric machinery. From this small beginning has grown the present power plant which supplies electric current, steam, gas, etc. to the Bureau of Science, the Philippine General Hospital, and the College of Medicine and Surgery. The purchase of books for the library began soon after the organization of the Bureau, and this adjunct of the scientific work grew rapidly, necessitating the gradual enlargement of the foree and the organization of the library staff. The original plan contemplated an expenditure of #90,000 spread over a period of six years for sets of general periodicals and other books on chemistry, geology, zodlogy, bacteriology, pathology, phy- siology, and general sciences. Books purchased with this fund together with the thousands of pesos’ worth of publications which were received gratis formed the nucleus of the scientific library of the entire Government. The valuable material re- ceived by gift and the continuations of sets purchased from current appropriations have been bound. These, together with the books and serial literature of the clinical principles such as surgery, skin diseases, and ophthalmology, which have been provided by the University of the Philippines, have been placed in the library. Work made important by the needs of the Islands was from time to time added to the existing divisions. A cement-testing laboratory—including the testing of road materials and of con- crete, sand, and gravel used in structural operations—and a laboratory for the examination of foods and drugs were devel- oped within the division of chemistry. The serum laboratory, which at first had undertaken only the preparation of vaccine virus and a small quantity of antirinderpest serum, increased its scope so as to cover all sera prophylactics used by the Civil Government. The biological laboratory, which had always been connected closely with the Civil Hospital and had done the general scientific work for the Board of Health, undertook the diagnostic determinations for Bilibid Prison, for San Lazaro Hospital for contagious diseases, and, at a later date, a fair share of the teaching and hospital work belonging to the Medical TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 13 School. Investigations in the provinces, bringing with them a more extended study of helminthologic infections, also eventually became necessary in order to give a clear understanding of the general condition of the people. Members of the staff are also in periodic demand by the Bureau of Health in conjunction with the collecting of lepers for the Culion Colony. In 1910 the Phil- ippine Assembly established a Bureau of Science sugar-testing laboratory at Iloilo. On November 9, 1910, funds were trans- ferred to the Bureau of Science by the Governor-General for the building of an aquarium in the bastion immediately in front of Real Gate of the city wall. On June 10, 1913, the aquaria and circulating system had been placed in operating condition by the Bureau of Public Works and were turned over to this Bureau. There was one transfer from the Bureau of Science, namely, that of the serum herd to the Bureau of Agriculture on January be? TOOT. The Bureau of Science now has not only a local but an inter- national reputation built up on the basis of the quality and volume of the scientific work which we have produced. In the course of the addresses given by those called upon to express His Imperial Majesty’s, the German Emperor’s, views, at the foundation of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut for the prosecution of original research, attention was especially directed to the existence of a number of such institutions in America, and it was very gratifying to us to learn that the Philippine Bureau of Science was referred to as a great institution for investigation established by the Government. The Bureau of Science performs a large amount of routine scientific work for many branches of the Government and for private parties. They are all benefited thereby, and the greater proportion of the results obtained have a permanent commercial value. In the tenth annual report of this Bureau, page 29, attention was called to the fact that in a single day the division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry had car- ried on illumination tests of oil; heat insulation experiments; analyses of rocks, limestones and cements, water, soils, ferti- lizers, coals, and alloys; calorimetric determinations of fuels; standardizations of instruments of precision, of measures, and of solutions; as well as physical tests of clays, cements, aggre- gates, road materials, textiles—such as puttees, khaki cloth, raincoats, and blankets—and of reénforcing iron and of rope. From this, which was done in one division, one can gain an idea 14 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE of the variety of work carried on in a single day in the entire Bureau with its dozen divisions and sections. The analyses or examinations of samples of a given kind which are performed by the laboratory cannot often be segregated because with few exceptions they must be done promptly without waiting for others to accumulate. . Routine work does not prevent the Bureau from fulfilling its lawful function of conducting independent scientific research and working out the problems of economic importance, provided it be of a legitimate character. By a small nominal charge such as we make in most cases, we are able to exclude unimportant samples submitted out of curiosity and only of momentary in- terest; without such a charge we would be obliged to devote our entire time to routine work at the sacrifice of all our research work. The schedule of prices on the average does not cover more than the actual cost of routine analyses or examinations, on account of the extreme variety of the work. Certain types of analyses are made gratis exclusively for other branches of the Government, and in these cases it has been necessary only to approximate the cost for statistical purposes so the charges in the schedule may be more or less than the actual cost of the routine analyses or examinations. The charges for unusual and miscellaneous work are too low. The large variety of work makes economy of time difficult; the lack of room makes it im- perative to disassemble apparatus as soon as work is completed instead of keeping it set up for similar work, as the space is needed for new work, and the irregularity with which requests are received interferes with the intertwining of suitable problems for research and investigations. The irregularity is partially overcome by enlisting the routine employees as secondary workers on investigations. The cost of performing routine work of a given class varies from time to time, depending upon conditions. In the United States a laboratory often secures a large amount of one class of work and can invariably employ cheap assistance and carry it on empirically. For instance, there are laboratories in the States where they do nothing but analyses of boiler water. In spite of their cheap labor, in almost every case their charges are higher than ours. Where the volume of any given class of work performed by the chemists, bacteriologists, assayers, or other employees is large, we are able greatly to reduce the unit cost and especially are we able to do so when we train and use the services of intelligent apprentices. At the present time we have an apprentice mechanical soil analyst, an apprentice milk analyst, and apprentice cement testers. Each of these is able TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Bureau of Science cement laboratory in 1906. Fig. 2. Bureau of Science cement laboratory in 1913. PLATE lI. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 15 to carry on a large part of the particular class of work indepen- dently and thus save the time of an expensive man. The cost of mechanical analyses of soils has been reduced between 50 and 75 per cent. As an illustration of how the price decreases with quantity, I have the honor to refer you to the history of our cement testing. In the fiscal year 1906 we tested fourteen cements; in 1907, one hundred eighty-five; in 1908, one thousand seven hundred nineteen; in 1909, three thousand five hundred ninety-six; in 1910, three thousand two hundred sixty-two; in 1911, three thousand seven hundred twenty-eight; in 1912, seven thousand nine hundred. sixty-six; and during 1913 we tested more than nine thousand five hundred samples. In 1906 our authorized charge for cements was #30 per sample; in 1907, #15 per sample; and at the present time it is ®0.60 for the same class of test. In the same manner, the cost of analyzing samples of water decreases rapidly when many samples are analyzed at one time. In the decreased cost of work with the increase in volume is to be found the strongest argument for the segregation of the scientific work of the entire Government in one institution like our own. Even when it is all brought together in one class, certain tests are so few in number that the unit cost of per- forming them becomes very high. In general, people expect to pay more when work is done by a government laboratory because they have the prestige of the Government back of the results. We have avoided taking advan- tage of this as shown by the fact that our scheduled charges are consistently very much lower than the charges made by equally reputable commercial and other institutions or laboratories of the United States. Our continued effort is to be of as much assistance as possible, and often we carry work farther than is requested when it is evident that the public can be benefited. For example, sometimes individuals draw conclusions from analy- ses on the basis of findings in other countries. Often this is erroneous, and we endeavor to settle the problem by careful research. The results of many of the investigations of the Bureau of Science, although available at present, do not become of most value until they are utilized from an industrial, commercial, or educational standpoint. Research work indicates the latent wealth of the nation, and bears the same relation to the commer- cial world that blocked-out ore does to a developed mine. The intrinsic value and the potential importance of this work are becoming more and more evident as its practical application is demonstrated and appreciated. It is not always easy to antici- 16 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE pate the needs of the country in order to determine which investi- gations should be carried on first, and certain problems require years for completion, so that much of the work becomes most useful at a later date. It is in the nature of the case that our work must precede the establishment of large industries and consultations with, and advice to, the public and other branches of the Government requiring scientific knowledge of a specialized character. A large amount of the research of this Bureau has been made available in our publications which to date comprise 20.000 printed pages, 2,000 illustrative plates, and nearly 1,000 text figures. RESUME OF THE RESEARCHES OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE To give in a few pages a complete account of the investigations carried on by this Bureau would be impossible. The space which I propose to devote to this would not adequately record the ac- complishments of a single division or section. For instance, to describe the work of the biological laboratory of this Bureau would be to write no small part of the history of the development of tropical medicine during the past twelve years. I desire to emphasize, however, that there is extensive information in the Bureau of Science which would effect a large annual saving to the inhabitants of these Islands if it were utilized, as shown in the following abstract of the work of the Bureau. 1. General.—Specimens of plants have been imported at con- siderable expense that might just as well have been secured in the Philippine Islands and in many cases in the city of Manila itself. Some living plants infested with various fungus diseases have been imported, and the introduction of such diseases might have been avoided if the plants had been submitted to this Bureau for examination. Some of the dam sites could have been more advantageously chosen had the geologist been consulted when the work was projected. At least one gold mill which cost several hundred thousand pesos now stands idle in the Philippines be- cause there were no previous tests to show the kind of mill adapted to the ore. Investigation of one operating mill in the Philippines showed that a saving could be made of nearly ®5 per ton of ore treated or about #94,000 per annum. Geologic inves- tigations of artesian water show infeasible projects and prevent unwise expenditures. The specifications for a large Government building required a 1:2:4 concrete mixture. The mixture was found to give poor results. The cement and aggregate were care- fully studied by this Bureau, and it was found that a 1:2:5 mix- ture gave better results and was more satisfactory than the 1:2:4 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Lung of guinea pig which died Fig. 2. Lung of monkey which died of pneumonic-plague of advanced plague infection, infection from inhalation, showing progression of after being exposed to air in lesions; lobular and lobar pneumonia. which plague bacilli were sus- pended by means of spraying. Fig. 3. Lung of dog with pneumonic plague. PEATE UE TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT Lz mixture. The contractor was allowed to use the 1: 2: 5 mixture in the construction work. If it had been known by the engineers in charge before bids were submitted that this mixture was as good as the 1: 2: 4, there could have been a large saving. Several thousands of pesos were paid to private laboratories in Europe and America for the purpose of ascertaining the suitability of submitted samples of local raw cement materials for commercial use. In most instances this Bureau in the beginning could have done the work cheaper and more efficiently. The results gave no definite information until the material was submitted to our experts for examination. Our equipment for conducting inves- tigations is much better than that of most commercial labo- ratories, and our scientists are familar with local conditions which must be considered. Scientific information will assist the manu- facturer of coconut products, soaps, beverages, alcohol, sugar, etc. Sugar planters’ profits have been greatly augmented in many cases by scientific information regarding the proper time at which to crush their cane; that is, when the cane contains the maximum quantity of juice of maximum purity. . 2. Diseases of man.—Medical surveys have been conducted in various parts of the Archipelago to determine the kinds of diseases and their prevalence. These diseases have been studied with reference to their etiology, pathology, treatment, immunity, and prevention. Knowledge has been obtained for the treatment and prevention of many of these that is of inestimable value not only to the inhabitants of the Philippines but to mankind in general. The diseases of man which have been investigated in the biolog- ical laboratory include plague, cholera, bacillary dysentery, tuberculosis, leprosy, entamcebic dysentery, balantidiasis, mala- ria, helminthiasis, yaws, beriberi, meningitis, tropical ulcers, gangosa, varicella, mycetoma, splenomegaly, rabies, hand in- fection, and pinto. The first eleven of these are reviewed more fully as follows: 3. Plague.—Manila has suffered from two outbreaks of bubonic plague during the past nine years, and a representative of this Bureau went as the American delegate to the International Plague Conference in China during the epidemic of pneumonic plague in Manchuria in 1911. Therefore, abundant opportunity and material have been available for the study of both types of this disease. The investigation of pneumonic plague was based on the material brought from Manchuria. The method of the spread of this most contagious form of plague and the probable reason why epidemics of this form occur only in cold countries 122638——2 18 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE have been indicated. The clinical symptoms, bacteriology, pa- thology, and the susceptibility of animals to pneumonic plague have been studied. Protective inoculations have been found to be less effective against pneumonic than bubonic plague. The first outbreak of bubonic plague in Manila after the American occupation was eradicated by the combined action of the Bureau of Science and the Bureau of Health, and the last case appeared in 1906. The first case of the present desultory outbreak oc- curred on June 19, 1912. The control of the present outbreak has been based upon the bacteriological diagnosis of the sus- pected cases of human plague and the examination of many thousands of rats. Investigations have been made as described on page 46. 4, Cholera.—Since July, 1911, not a single case of cholera has been reported in this Archipelago. This Bureau has taken an important part in its elimination by the pathological and bac- teriological diagnosis of the disease, by the preparation of im- mune serum for diagnosis, and by prophylactic inoculations against it; the Bureau has also made many investigations on the cholera organism and immunization against, and treatment of, the disease. A new prophylactic, consisting of the immuniz- ing substances extracted from the cholera vibrios, was devised and employed in immunizing in the last epidemic of cholera. Physiological and biochemical studies in this laboratory have determined the efficiency of different concentrations of saline solutions employed as extravenous injections in treatment of collapse in cholera, have found evidence of an acid intoxication in this disease, and on the basis of this evidence have proved that early administration of alkalies will practically eliminate death from uremia. A new and quicker method of identifying the vibrio of Asiatic cholera has been devised (see page 47). 5. Bacillary dysentery.—Dysentery of bacterial origin, while not strictly a tropical disease, is one of increasing importance in warm countries. One type of the organism causing this disease was discovered in the Philippines, and sporadic cases, outbreaks, and epidemics are more frequently recognized. Sev- eral varieties of the dysentery bacillus are known. Investiga- tions have shown that all of the different types occur in the Philippine Islands, and on page 47 recent isolation experiments by the single-cell method are described. Bacillary dysentery has been found to occur in monkeys of the Philippine Islands, a fact which might, under certain conditions, play a part in its spread. Infantile diarrhceas and dysentery are an important TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] AN _™~ EO at \ Yn Xa 'y fs -— 4 £ a L = us Ly , —» \e~ | "Nas AN Ho , a a (4 Vv * y » - { oy Gi 4 = Ds? ;! \ aN ey Z path \ % f . ; 4 ra £ i | 2 aut Ses ) per \ e q ae BES, ne ne ? KS te ’ ay tet Ny \\ ‘ a A ; / SS gy ~ , Fig. 1. Vibrio of Asiatic cholera. Fig. 2. Bacillus tuberculosis. Fig. 3. An atypical strain of Bacillus dysenteriae. PLATE Ill. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Pure culture of leprosy F from glycerine agar. Fig. 2. Amceba with cholera vibrio and lep- rosy bacillus G. Second trans- plant from primary culture. a nee rt. ok Ms Maro "ae sy. ne Ls Fig. 4. Culture G. Leprosy bacilli with Fig. 3. Smear from early lesion in guinea pig following amcebe and_ cholera vibrios. a subcutaneous injection of a pure culture of Stained with carbol-fuchsin and leprosy bacillus F. decolorized with Gabbet’s stain. PLATE IV. ee =r ve TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 19 factor in the infant mortality of all tropical countries. In a study of an epidemic of infantile dysentery in 1908, an unde- scribed bacillus of the coli group, not Bacillus dysenteriz, was found to be the causative organism. 6. Tuberculosis—This disease constitutes one of the most important medical problems among the Filipinos. The incidence of infection has been more accurately determined by several medical surveys conducted by this Bureau than could be done by the statistics of hospital clinics. The pathology of various kinds of tuberculosis, notably of rare types such as adrenal tuber- culosis, has been studied. Certain specific treatments of tuber- culosis have been tested, and experiments in the attempt to immunize against tuberculosis with a virulent strains of Bacillus tuberculosis have resulted negatively. Recent studies of tuber- cular infections are described on page 47. 7. Leprosy.—tThe first cultivation of an organism from leprous tissue by this Bureau, even if it should prove not to be the specific organism of leprosy, has been the starting point of the extensive cultivation and experimental studies of leprosy now in progress all over the world. An investigation is now in progress with special reference to classifying those organisms cultivated from leprous tissue by different authors and to the determination of their etiologic relationship to leprosy. Studies on the cutaneous reaction in leprosy, as a method of diagnosis of the disease, as practiced in tuberculosis, and of the treatment of leprosy with a vaccine prepared from an organism cultivated from leprosy, and with certain chemicals, have been made. ° 8. Entamecebic dysentery is a disease of universal distribution in the tropics and subtropics, and one which causes much sick- ness and death of white men. It was very prevalent in the Philippines in the early years of the American occupation, and, although sanitation has decreased its prevalence, it is still by no means uncommon. Its importance in the Philippines has led to much investigation of its etiology, diagnosis, pathology, and treatment. Recent morphological and experimental investiga- tions carried on in this Bureau have determined once for all the specific entamceba concerned in the production of this disease, and have supplied information for the accurate laboratory diag- nosis and for the scientific control of entameebic dysentery. It has been determined that the entamceba causing dysentery lives only in the intestine of man, that every case of entamebic dysentery is contracted from some other case of dysentery, and that it cannot be contracted from water or uncooked vegetables 20 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE unless they be contaminated with the feces of a case of enta- meebic dysentery. The results which have been obtained will appear in The Philippine Journal of Science (see page 48). 9. Balantidiasis—The first case reported in the Philippine Islands of infection with the ciliated protozoan, Balantidiwm coli, was in 1900. The early reports of this Bureau indicated that balantidiasis, while sometimes giving rise to a fatal dysentery, was a disease of rare occurrence. However, recent investiga- tions have shown that infections of man with this parasite are relatively frequent and of wide distribution in these Islands and consequently deserving of further study (see page 48). 10. Malaria.—This is probably the most widespread of all tropical diseases. Investigations conducted in this Bureau in 1910 showed that about 12,000 deaths due to it are reported each year in the Philippine Islands. Incidence of infection in certain parts of the Philippine Islands has been determined by medical surveys conducted by the Bureau of Science. At Taytay, Luzon, the incidence as determined by the examination of 1,131 persons was only 1.5 per cent. It was found to be prevalent in the pernicious type in Itbayat Island of the Batanes group, but no statistics were secured. At the San José estate on Mindoro the incidence as determined by the examination of over a thou- sand blood smears from different persons for malarial parasites was about 30 per cent (see page 48). Experiments have been conducted on the treatment of malaria with arsenophenylglycin and on the transmission of malaria by the anopheline mosquito, Myzomyia ludlowii. 11. Helminthiasis.—Infections with worm parasites are very prevalent in the Philippines as they are in all tropical countries. Numerous extended statistical studies have been made of the prevalence and distribution of the intestinal parasitic worms in different parts of the Philippine Islands, including Manila; Taytay, Rizal; Las Pifias, Rizal; Tuguegarao, Cagayan; Santa Isabel, Isabela; Baguio, Benguet; and San Antonio and Malauno, Isabela. In all, 19,302 persons have been examined, of whom 16,535, or 85.66 per cent, were found with single or multiple infections with verminous parasites. Cases of infection with the rarer worm parasites and at least one new species have been discovered. Investigations have been made on trichocephaliasis and on the etiology, pathology, symptomatology, and treatment of paragonimiasis in the Philippines. The efficient prophylaxis against certain worm parasites depends upon a knowledge of their complex life histories, especially of that part of their development which takes place outside of man. With this “AYALNASAG OIGDNV 40 ASVO IWASNNA “A ALWId *490|N JUANyUoD *¢E *PAAOWAA ANSSI} O1ZOADOU YPIM 49dIQ “SY ‘deo o1,0499U YPIM 49O[N ALWeQ “T Ree L [ST6T—HONGIOS FO NVaNNG AHL AO LYOdaY IWOANNY HLATAM YT, TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF AMCEBA AND ENTAMGBA. PLATE VI. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE VII. SECTION OF LARGE INTESTINE OF MONKEY, SHOWING A SINGLE BALAN- ’ TIDIUM COLI SUIS UNDER THE HEALTHY INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE VIII. SECTION OF A MESENTERIC LYMPH GLAND OF MONKEY, SHOWING SEV- ERAL BALANTIDIUM COLI HOMINIS IN THE EDGE OF THE GLANDULAR TISSUE. i ne eer Nau ¥ TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE IX. SECTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE OF A MAN DEAD FROM BALANTIDIAL DYSENTERY. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] p- NES. Se WORE PLATE X. AN INTESTINAL TREMATODE OF MAN. = ul. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT PAK knowledge in view, studies have been made of the development and life history of Paragonimus and Csophagostomum (see page 49). 12. Yaws.—The occurrence and distribution of yaws and the histology of the lesions of this disease have been investigated, and three years ago a specific cure for yaws was discovered. Dr. Paul C. Freer describes this on pages 13 and 14 of the Tenth Annual Report as follows: Ehrlich and his pupils had found that dioxy-diamido-arsenobenzol had produced very favorable results in the treatment of fowl spirochetosis and syphilis and, therefore, the idea suggested itself to try the remedy in yaws, because of the morphologic and biologic relationship which. exists between the spirochetze giving rise to yaws and syphilis respectively. It was found that dioxy-diamido-arsenobenzol is an ideal specific for yaws. Three or four days after the injection of the drug, the granulomatous lesions begin to improve and in the course of from ten to twenty days they usually have disappeared entirely, leaving a perfectly smooth, pig- mented skin where the lesions previously existed. The absorption of tumor masses measuring several centimeters in diameter and about a centimeter in thickness in so short a time, and under the influence of no local treat- ment, is very striking and surprising. Indeed, in the severe cases the disappearance of the lesions and the cures produced can most aptly be spoken of as marvelous. Even large granulomatous masses or deep ulcera- tions heal within from two to four weeks. No more striking example in medicine is known than that of the specific action of dioxy-diamido-arseno- benzol on the lesions of yaws. It would appear that this chemical individual is as important a specific for yaws as quinine is for malaria. Therefore, a fourth specific in medicine has been discovered. 13. Beriberi.icThis oriental disease is prevalent in the Philip- pines, and the deaths from beriberi among residents of Manila during the years 1910, 1911, and 1912 were more than the deaths from tuberculosis of the lungs and far more than the combined deaths from cholera, smallpox, bubonic plague, and typhoid fever during the same period. Investigations first undertaken by this Bureau have demonstrated that the excessive infant mortality in these Islands is chiefly due to infantile beriberi. Extensive experiments on man made by this Bureau with different diets— including red, or polished, and white, or decorticated, rice—have proved that beriberi is a disease of nutrition and not an infection, and have demonstrated that white or decorticated rice, which is the staple article of diet of the Filipino, is the chief cause of the prevalence of the disease in the Philippines. It has been demon- strated that it can be prevented by the use of unpolished rice instead of polished or decorticated rice, and by this means the disease has been eradicated from all Philippine Government institutions. 292 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE 14. Animal diseases.—The animal diseases investigated by the biological laboratory of this Bureau include hemorrhagic septicemia, glanders, bronchopneumonia, surra, piroplasmosis, and rinderpest. The preparation of antirinderpest serum and investigations of rinderpest virus and serums and tests of the efficiency of treatment with serum by the simultaneous method with virus and serum have been carried on. The treatment of surra with Ehrlich’s new trypanocide, arsenophenolglycin, was tested in a considerable series of experiments in the laboratory and in the field by members of the staff, with better results than had before been secured with other drugs or chemicals. 15. Pathology and histology.—Besides the study of the pathol- ogy of the tropical diseases, much special pathological inves- tigation has been performed upon abnormal and morbid - conditions found in the course of many hundreds of autopsies. A large series of histological examinations has been made upon material from the surgical clinic of the Philippine General Hospital. 16. Immunity and tropical sanitation—Substantial contribu- tions have been made to the theory and practice of immunity. The immune sera and bacterial products used in the therapy of, and immunization against, infectious diseases prepared in the serum laboratory of this Bureau and used for vaccination against smallpox; antirabic treatment; bacterial inoculation against cholera, plague, and typhoid; serum treatment of diphtheria and tetanus; etc. have played no inconsiderable part in the sanitation of the Philippines. Furthermore, numerous re- searches have been contributed to our knowledge of the prepara- tion, application, and efficiency of serum and vaccine immunity and treatment of diseases. Back of all executive work and the application of scientific measures for sanitation stands the laboratory, which must make the diagnosis, develop the principles of scientific sanitary meas- ures by experiment, and test the efficiency of the results. The results of this work have assisted in reducing the death rate of the tropical city of Manila below that of many cities in Europe and the United States. The hundreds of thousands of laboratory examinations and diagnoses of infectious diseases, the prepara- tion of protective and curative sera and vaccines, and the bacteriological examination of water supplies have contributed immeasurably to this sanitary improvement. 17. Mosquitoes.—Experiments at Olongapo, the United States naval station, demonstrated the transmission of malaria by the most prevalent species of anopheline mosquito of the Philippine TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 2. Bilge Fig Fig. 6. = 7 Fig. TREPONEMA PERTENUIS CASTELLANI OF YAWS. PLATE XI. “IOZNASONASYV-OGINVIG-AXOIG HLIM SMVA 43O 3YHNO OI4IOFdS AHL ‘NX 3ALWId *yUdWUZeAI} *yuaWUzead} *yUdW}eII} Jaye AUIS “pH “HI4 *yuaUyzeI1} B1OJaq ‘|] AseQ “E “BI4 Jayjye awieS “zg “Hl4 a10j3q ‘| eseg °T “Big —_ | R\) d [SI6I—AONGIOS AO AVANNG AHL AO LHOdAY TVONNY HLaTaM TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE XIIl. LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF VAGUS NERVE. y i ' 7 Maa . a c cal) Peay i TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig: 2: PLATE XIV. ETIOLOGY OF MYCETOMA. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ScIENCE—1913.] PLATE XV. STREPTOTHRICOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MYCETOMA. i] 7 TUES ih "3 7 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ScileNcE—1913.] PLATE XVI. HYDROPHOBIA IN THE PHILIPPINES. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ScIENCE—1913.] FBigaels Fig. 2. wae? wae ‘ al Fig. 4. Figs 5: PLATE XVII. STAGES OF A PIROPLASMA AND OF A TRYPANOSOMA OF CATTLE AND THE SCHIZOGONY OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI IN THE SPLEEN OF THE VERTEBRATE HOST. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Typical outhouses. Fig. 2. Outhouse in proximity to well. PLATE XVIII. MEDICAL SURVEY OF TAYTAY. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 23 Islands, and sanitary measures looking to the eradication of this mosquito have been put into effect, especially in Manila, Iloilo, and Baguio, with results that can certainly never be estimated or even approximated in money. The eradication of the night mosquito (Culex fatigans), known to carry filaria and to be a possible factor in dengue fever, has been practically accomplished in Manila, Iloilo, and Baguio, and Manila is free from this pest at the present time. As soon as recommendations by us as to filling, draining, and building pre- cautions are complied with, Manila will be a mosquito-free town. 18. Household insects.—The pests of the household, such as cockroaches, bedbugs, lice, and fleas, while present in all civilized countries, are especially numerous in tropical countries owing to climatic conditions favoring their uninterrupted multiplica- tion. Advice has been given as to the most approved means of attacking these pests. 19. Flies—While a pest to the householder, flies are really more of a community insect in that they usually breed on common dumping grounds of horse manure and garbage and in, certain articles in process of manufacture. Successful campaigns under the direction of this Bureau have been waged against this insect in Manila, Iloilo, Baguio, and Aparri. 20. Animal parasites.—Our investigations have suggested measures for the protection of cattle, carabaos, horses, dogs, and other domestic animals from the parasites that infest them. The Australian and not the American species of cattle tick is the one commonly found in these Islands. Means of preventing human myiasis frequently have been recommended. 21. Termites.—In the Philippines as in all other tropical countries, termites (‘‘white ants”) do incalculable damage to commercial timbers of many kinds and to buildings constructed in whole or in part of wood. They perform a wonderful and little-known function in the rapid consumption of fallen timbers in the forest, thus making room for new growth. The only feasible methods of combating these pests are to use timbers impregnated with some repellent, such as crude petroleum and coal-tar products, and to destroy the underground nests in the vicinity. No remedy except the removal of infested material is known for termites once they get into sidings, moldings, ceilings, and the like. Many private as well as public buildings in Manila and in the provinces have been freed from this pest by the methods suggested above. 22. Locusts.—The so-called locust fungus was used by this Bureau as early as 1901, as well as Coccobacillus acridiorum 24 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE d’Herelle during the past few months, in experiments against locusts in various parts of the Philippines, but neither has been effective in exterminating the insects. As early as 1905 recom- mendations looking to the establishment of the present method of combating this pest were made to the Executive Secretary and the Director of Agriculture, and resulted in the present laws with reference to the matter. 28. Tobacco pests.—Tobacco is attacked in the field by the tobacco worm and plant lice, and it has already been demon- strated that hand picking is the only sure and cheap way of combating the former of these pests while the latter may be held in check or practically eradicated by spraying with a weak kerosene emulsion which in no way injures the leaf. Data con- cerning, and remedial measures which may be applied in various tobacco factories in Manila for combating, the cigarette beetle have been furnished. If these suggestions had been followed during the past three years in the 19 factories in Manila, which have an export trade, there would have been a net saving of over #39,000 on the losses which occurred for cigars actually destroyed in the factories alone, not considering the loss of stock outside of the factory due to the same cause or to loss of trade due to the shipment of infested stock. 24. Cacao insects.—It has been shown that the most effectual means of controlling cacao insects is that of clean culture in the cacao orchards, together with the use of repellent substances to keep away the borers liable to attack the trunk, and the spraying of fruits and leaves for biting and sucking insects. There is no place in these Islands so far as known where this crop has been given even semiscientific attention, although it is one of the most promising of the many crops. 25. Rice insects.—In the field, rice is attacked seriously by four different insects; namely, locusts, the rice army worm, the rice stem borer, and the tiavgao, an insect which sucks the milk from the setting grain. It has been shown that these insects have their regular times of development and that their ravages can be lessened by changing the time of planting rice so as to avoid having it in a condition of susceptibility when the insects - are at the stage when they attack. Some farmers have profited by this procedure, but as this can only be brought about by the use of irrigation general relief cannot be looked for until irrigation is commonly practiced. Stored rice is subject to the attacks of weevils, and this can be prevented by properly constructed receptacles. The weevils TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Adult female of Myzomyia ludlowii Theob. &. Fig. 2. Adult male, same. X &. PLATE XIX. EXPERIMENTS IN MALARIAL TRANSMISSION BY MEANS OF MYZOMYIA LUDLOWII THEOB. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. A queen termite in the queen cell. Natural size. Fig. 2. Model of a cross section of a termite cone. PLATE XxX. by 7 : 14 - Ss a q - a oat ; 7 we Oa. ee 2 a : TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Cigars showing infestation by cigarette beetles; (a) character of injury where a larva Fig. 1. gets between two cigars. ing tobacco wrapper on shelves. show PLATE Xxl. Fumigating-compartment Fig. 2. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Freshly painted doors of a bodega, showing adult cigarette beetles. Fig. 2. Cerambycid, adult. PLATE XXII. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Interior of a silk house, showing ant-proof racks for the silkworms. Fig. 2. Silk-reeling exhibition at the Philippine carnival. PLATE XXIIl. ‘(JyySYO4) SONVHO SONVHO (YGINVHD ATINV4) HSISNTIN ‘SODNVE ‘AIXX ALW1d j [°'SI16I—SONaINS AO NVaUNG AHL AO LYOdaY IWOANNY Hid Tay, TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Figas: PLATE XXV. FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 25 can be killed by fumigation with carbon bisulphide or hydro- cyanic acid gas. 26. Garden and field crop insects.—A very large amount of miscellaneous information is on record in this Bureau and has been disseminated regarding the prevention of the ravages of pests of garden products, such as, cabbage, asparagus, camotes, peas, corn, beets, radishes, and cucumbers; and the many purely native crops, such as, gabi, ubi, camoting-cahoy, calabasa, and upo. 27. Silk culture-——This Bureau introduced the culture of the polyvoltine silkworm of Ceylon in the Philippine Islands, and, besides developing a Philippine race producing at least eight generations a year, has definitely established the fact that the Japanese monovoltine silkworm cannot be acclimated here. The eri silkworm will thrive here, and an abundant supply of food for this insect exists in the castor oil plant commonly growinz wild throughout the Islands. 28. Marine biology.—A beginning has been made in the important branch of biology which includes the study of marine products; such as, pearl oysters, window shell, edible mollusks, and edible fishes. A number of important groups of marine animals are being studied systematically, and among the more technical papers on this subject may be mentioned those on the anatomy of Aclesia freeri and of Euplotes worcesteri, the habits of fiddler crabs, and the descriptions of new species of fishes. When a sufficient amount of systematic work has been completed, we shall have a substantial basis for extended economic work and for the development of the fisheries industries. 29. Fishery resources.—The fishes commonly used as food have been identified, and their abundance and value noted. A study has been made of the varieties of commercial sponges found in the Islands, and suggestions published with regard to their artificial propagation. . The species of pearl-producing mollusks have been identified, a study has been made of the existing pearling industry, and a modification of existing laws governing pearl fishing has been suggested. Other marine products that have been studied include trepang, sharks’ fins, tortoise shell, window shell, shells for buttons, precious coral, edible seaweeds, and isinglass. 30. Ethnology.—Our published researches in ethnology have increased the information concerning the social organizations, languages, beliefs, manners and customs, and the territory 96 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE occupied by, and the approximate number of individuals which compose, the non-Christian tribes, and have assisted in their material prosperity and their advancement in civilization. A very comprehensive study has been made of the Ifugaos and is now in manuscript. Parts of this have been printed in papers ‘on the harvest feast and the burial ceremony of the Kiangan Ifugaos. Several tribes have been studied to ascertain the best methods for aiding and protecting them and for advancing their civilization. Some of the results obtained in this way have been embodied in papers on the Mangyans of Mindoro, the Tingians of northern Luzon, the Bagobos of Davao Gulf, the Bataks of Palawan, and the non-Christians of Ambos Camarines. Ethnology includes the study of Christian people as well as of non-Christians. Along this line a careful study of the Ilo- canos has been carried on. In advance of a complete report on this subject, papers on the stone industry at San Esteban and the woodworking industry of San Vicente have been printed. 31. Philippine museum.—The museum of this Bureau on Calle Juan Luna contains material illustrative of the culture of most of the various groups of the Filipinos. The articles now in the museum represent the culture of the Bontocs, the Ifugaos, Isi- nays, Kalingas, Tingians, Mandayas, Mangyans, Moros, Manobos, Bagobos, Yakan Moros, Subanuns, and Tirurais among the un- civilized peoples and the Ilocanos among the Christian people and a few scattered objects from odd groups. As soon as we have similar collections from the Visayans, Bicols, and Tagalogs, our collections will be fairly comprehensive and illustrative of the culture of the various groups of Filipinos. One-half of the first floor of the museum building has been given up to the Bureau of Forestry for an exhibit of Philippine woods. The most complete and most interesting collection of Philippine woods to be seen anywhere is on exhibition here in the form of planks and logs. Among the Bureau of Science exhibits worthy of special note are: A collection of hats, both those formerly in use and those worn at the present time; traps from various parts of the Islands for catching fish and crabs; extensive collections of weapons and implements from the Moros, Manobos, Mandayas, Ifugaos, Bon- toes, and Igorots; cloths from Mindanao and from northern Luzon; basket work from the Manobos, Yakan Moros, Ifugaos, and Bontocs; and stone and silver work from the Ilocanos. We have also a collection of Japanese and of Australian sponges, of rubber from the Straits Settlements, of Philippine TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] mer TA ] Aaa agus TE LL vs 5 | 7 ye & l] I/ id Fig. 1. Finishing a rice mortar. Fig. 2. Corn mill. PLATE XXVI. Fig. 3. Corn mill. THE STONE INDUSTRY AT SAN ESTEBAN, ILOCOS SUR. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Girl putting the rattan seat and back BiGii2. Man preparing rattan. Fig. 1. in a chair. Fig. 3. Men making a bed. ILOCOS SUR. ’ INDUSTRY OF SAN VICENTE THE WOODWORKING PLATE XXVII. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE--1913.] Fig. 1. Second story of museum, looking north from the center. Fig. 2. Second story of museum, looking south from the center. PLATE XXVIII. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 27 pottery and silk, and of various chemical products from Philip- pine materials. 32. Natural history specimens.—This Bureau has established and developed the most extensive collection of Philippine birds, plants, insects, snakes, fishes, shells, and marine invertebrates extant. Many of the specimens are very beautiful, and often suggest designs for ornamentation and decoration. Their distri- bution may indicate climatic conditions, the course of storms and ocean currents, or the quality of the soil. 33. Herbarium.—The Bureau of Science is the center of bo- tanical work on the Philippine flora. Its herbarium, which is a great card catalogue of Philippine botany from the standpoint of both systematic and economic botany, possesses the largest collection of Philippine plants extant, about 75,500, while the foreign material, chiefly from the Indo-Malayan region, brings the total collection up to about 119,000 specimens. Additions are being made at the rate of from 12,000 to 15,000 annually. The collection contains specimens of practically all the species of plants definitely known from the Archipelago, including a very large number of types and cotypes; that is, the actual specimens or duplicates of specimens on which the original descriptions of species were based. The collections of the Bureau of Science include not only the flowering plants and ferns, but also the lower groups—mosses, scale mosses, lichens, fungi, and alge. The market value of our present collections is at least #30,000, while the scientific value is infinitely greater and cannot be estimated. 34. Economic botany.—The subject of economic botany com- prises all our codperative work of a botanical nature with such bureaus as those of Forestry, Agriculture, and Education; the identification and regional distribution of timber trees and plants of agricultural importance; medicinal plants and investigations of the same; fiber plants; dyes and tans; oil-producing plants; those yielding gums and resins; those used in industrial work ; and plant diseases and their control. Data on the constituent species of the Philippine flora, their distribution, occurrence, uses, native names, etc. are compiled in the herbarium of the Bureau _ of Science. The botanist is able, from an examination of our botanical records, to indicate what plants are already known from the Philippines, where they occur, when they produce flowers and fruits, their properties to a certain degree, their na- tive names, etc.; and what plants of other tropical countries will probably thrive in the Philippines, and under what conditions 28 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE as to altitude, moisture, etc., if once introduced, and those that will probably not thrive here. A large amount of strictly economic botanical work is accomplished each year for this and other bureaus and for various individuals. 35. Systematic botany.—Numerous papers have been published on the botanical collections of the Bureau both by employees of the Bureau and by specialists to whom material has been sent for study and report. The total number of species of vascular plants known from the Philippines has been increased by about 2,500 in the few years that botanical work has been in progress here, so that we know at present from the Archipelago about 7,000 species. The development of the systematic work here has been necessary to the advancement of our definite knowledge of an infinite number of problems bearing on forestry, agriculture, and education. No American botanical institution is sufficiently equipped in botanical material, literature, or personnel thor- oughly to cover the Philippine field, and the few European insti- tutions so equipped are busy with the floras of other regions. The results of our systematic work, so far as the flora of the settled regions is concerned, are given in A Flora of Manila. In connection with this work, botanical exploration is abso- lutely necessary, in order that we may determine what plants are found in the Philippines, whether they are of wide distribution or are of local occurrence, their habitats, and other important data. So far as practicable, it is planned to send collectors into regions that are little known botanically; that is, where no com- prehensive botanical collections have previously been made. A great amount of botanical material is thus secured each year, of which the first set is deposited in the herbarium of the Bureau and the duplicates disposed of to other institutions in exchange for botanical material from other countries. Botanical explo- ration must precede practical application. 36. Botanical identifications.—Identifications of botanical ma- terial are made amounting to some thousands of specimens an- nually for the Bureaus of Forestry and Education and the College of Agriculture, and to a limited extent for the Bureau of Agriculture. It is impossible to estimate the financial value of these identifications. The privilege is open to all bureaus. 37. Mycology.—These investigations are most important from an economic standpoint. They include the collection and deter- mination of the different kinds of fungi, and the special branch, vegetable pathology, which comprises the study of the fungi causing the diseases of plants and methods of preventing and TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE XXIX. CIRCUS MELANOLEUCUS (FORSTER). PORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIEFNCE—1913.] ) TWELFTH ANNUAL RI INTERIOR OF HERBARIUM, SHOWING TYPE OF CASES. PLATE XXX. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE XXXI. TRUNK OF AN ALMACIGA TREE (AGATHIS ALBA FOXW.). TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 29 eradicating such diseases. The inspection and fumigation of imported plants, cuttings, seeds, etc., are intimately connected with this subject and are necessary in order to prevent the inadvertent introduction of diseases of cultivated plants which do not now occur in the Archipelago. The importance of the subject is well illustrated by the coffee blight, caused by a specific fungus, Hemileia vastatriz, which was introduced into the Phil- ippines about twenty-five years ago, and which has practically killed the coffee industry in the Philippines. Now coffee in great quantities is imported; before the advent of the coffee blight great quantities of coffee were exported. Examination of diseased plants, determination of the causes of the disease, and indicating methods of treatment and control are a part of the routine work of this office, and such work is done gratis for other bureaus, especially the Bureau of Agricul- ture, and for individuals. 38. Vegetable physiology—Extensive investigations are in progress on different phases of this broad and important subject, especially in connection with the influence of external factors, such as light, heat, humidity, rainfall, and wind, on the vege- tation. The conclusion of the work will give us an immense amount of valuable data bearing on economic problems in con- nection with forestry and agriculture. 39, Historical—A great amount of data has been gathered on the historical side of Philippine botany, on botanists who have worked on the Philippine flora both locally and in Europe, on regions explored, on where the collections are preserved, on botanical gardens, etc. Some of the data have been published in an article on the Pineda Monument—which has been entire- ly destroyed—and the probable location of the first botanical garden. 40. Forest reserves.—In one forest reserve, established some years ago, a very extensive study of the constituents of the for- ests, of different types of vegetative “formations,” etc. has been completed. On another recently established reserve, that of Mount Maquiling, a similar study is being carried on, but on a scale even more intensive than in the first case. The foresters are enabled to determine not only the constituent species, but also the associations in which the species grow and factors limit- ing the range of certain species. In case replanting were neces- sary, the species to be selected would be at once evident. The study of the Maquiling reserve will be especially helpful on ac- count of the fact that the College of Agriculture, where a course 30 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE in forestry is given, is located near the reserve, and students do most of their field work in the reserve. The botanical results will be available to students both of forestry and of agriculture. 41. Forestry.—The matter of the correct classification of com- mercial timber trees is one of great importance to the forester, especially in the Philippines where we have such an immense number of trees—about 2,500 species. Only a small percentage of these, however, is of commercial value. With the correct identification of the species, as made by this Bureau, the foresters have been able to refer the names of the various timber trees to a standard nomenclature and thus have been able to reduce the infinite number of native names as synonyms to selected standard names and our scientists have been able especially to correlate the commercial Philippine timbers with similar or allied forms in other parts of the Indo-Malayan region. 42. Horticulture—In order to help stimulate local interest among Government officials and private citizens in the matter of the selection, propagation, and care of ornamental plants and shade trees, considerable attention has been given to this phase of horticulture, two editions of a descriptive catalogue of the plants cultivated in the city nursery at the Cementerio del Norte have been prepared, and an article on selected shade trees and their care prepared and published in the Quarterly Bulletin of the Bureau of Public Works. Through exchanges arranged by the Bureau of Science, seeds of numerous ornamen- tal palms and other plants have been received from foreign coun- tries for propagation here. 43. Mango bud-blight.—In the Philippines there is a mango bud-blight which attacks the mango flowers at about the time they are opening, grows over them, and causes them to become abortive and fail to set fruit. The attention of growers has repeatedly been called to the fact that, if they would take the trouble to spray the trees with a weak Bordeaux mixture at the time of flowering, a good crop could be obtained. 44. Hats and hat-making materials.—Investigations have been made and published on the different types of hats manufactured, their characteristics, the materials of which they are made, how the materials are prepared, and where they are secured. The published article also takes into consideration the grades of hats and the centers of the hat-making industry in the Philippines. This subject is one of considerable commercial importance, for the manufacture and export of hats from the Philippines is a comparatively large industry. 45. Medicinal plants.—A very large number of plants are used TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] 5 Sb (wis Fig 5 Lontts Fig. 2 Narra. Figs Mancano. Bids: Macaasin. 4. Fig. Shelter for investigations on plant physiology, Mount Maquiling Station for Fig. 6. recording hygrometer. self- PLATE XXxXIl. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] ineila Antonio P raat) ( Oi =e = = GBT ‘ in m Moun THE PINEDA MONUMENT. PLATE XXxXIIll ‘VIOINVI “SLYON 140 OIMSLNAWSO LV AVMSAING ‘AIXXX 3LW1d [°SI6T—HONGIOS AO AVANNG AHL Ao LYOdayY IWONNY Hid TMT ‘(a) OOSWVE GNV (V¥) NIVd IHN ONIMOHS “SONIAOYd NVNISVONVd NI MaIA “AXXX ALW1d BaP Se le Leas RAO AM rm [SI6I—QONGIOS JO NVANNG AHL AO LYOdaY IWONNY HiATaMY, TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ScCIENCE—1913. Fig. 1. Outer and inner halves of one Calasiao hat. Fig. 2. Completed buri-midrib (Calasiao) hat. PLATE XXXVI. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] =a aa Salar Si ao 10 cm. PLATE XXXVII. FRUIT OF ST. IGNATIUS BEAN (STRYCHNOS IGNATII BERG.). A strychnine-producing plant known only from the Philippine Islands. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT oi by the natives in the treatment of diseases. Some of these plants have important properties that are thoroughly understood, and a few are recognized as the sources of various medicines in the standard pharmacopeia. A still larger number remain to be investigated, in order to prove or disprove their reputed me- dicinal qualities. The active constituents of many medicinal plants growing in the Islands have been isolated and identified. Dita, Datura, sibucao, macabuhay, bonduc, purging oils, and the fish and arrow poisons may be mentioned as illustrating our work along this line. 46. Tans and dyes.—The assessed value of tanning materials imported into the United States in 1910 exceeded $6,500,000, and Kuropean tanners each year are becoming more dependent upon imported materials. Data collected by the Bureau of Science show that Philippine mangrove barks of the better species con- tain about 30 per cent of tannin and indicate that a net profit of from #50 to #60 per ton can be made on tanning materials derived from the mangrove swamps of the Philippine Islands. There are areas of workable swamps in the Islands capable of producing 1,500 metric tons of extract yearly, having a value of 210,000. The exploitation of these swamps would involve a firewood and piling industry of about an equal magnitude. Many local species of plants yield dyes. These vegetable dyes are of comparatively little importance commercially, as most of them have been replaced by aniline dyes. 47. Paper pulp.—This Bureau has carried on for several years investigations of bamboo, cogon, abaca or hemp, and various palm fibers as materials suitable for the commercial manufacture of paper. The data collected have been accurately interpreted with due regard to the local conditions bearing upon the subject, and show that an industry of great potential economic value can be developed. Careful surveys of some of the bamboo fields available have been made. Sufficient data with regard to the cost of the raw material, the quantity of bamboo available, the cost of manufacture of the pulp, etc., are given to show that the bamboo soda pulp can be developed into a profitable export trade in direct competition with chemical wood pulp at present quo- tations. Other countries have appreciated the work done by the Bureau of Science, and our work will undoubtedly be the means of starting the paper industry in the Philippines at some future time. 48. Coconuts.—The solution of the many problems relating to coconuts, copra, and coconut oil is of vital importance to the progress and success of this industry. The production and value 82 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE of the Philippine coconut will continue to increase, and intelligent control must be based upon careful scientific investigation. The results of our work on the subject have been published from time to time as various phases were completed. These have included the water relation of the coconut palm, the relation of the coconut and the production of coconut oil and that between the location of the palm and oil content of the nut, the hydrolysis and sub- sequent destruction of fat, methods of drying, insect pests and preventive measures, the influence of sprouting on the copra and oil, methods of analysis, effects.of feeding copra cake as cattle food, the purification of coconut oil and its detection as an adulterant in other oils, and the deterioration of copra during storage. Toa large extent it is possible to determine beforehand from a simple examination of the vegetation in connection with the recorded distribution of rainfall, whether or not coconuts will thrive in a particular locality. Experiments have proved that the coconut tree can be kept practically free from the attacks of its only serious pests, the wang (Oryctes rhinoceros) and the weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), by keeping the coconut groves clear of dead and decaying trees and rubbish and by allowing the dead leaf-petioles to fall naturally. The work is being continued, and results will be published as they become available. 49. Sugar.—A press bulletin has been issued which shows the financial loss occasioned by the harvesting of unripe sugar cane and which demonstrates that an actual loss can be converted into a material gain if proper instructions are followed. Tests of sugar cane made in India with regard to the loss in value of the crop due to the disease “red-rot’”’? show a diminution of 45 per cent in available sugar. This Bureau has demonstrated that red-rot is more or less prevalent in the Philippines, and the attention of planters has been called to the fact that they should take advantage of the data and be careful to select seed cane and weed out that which has become diseased. Sugar cane is sin- gularly free from pests except when a region is temporarily ‘infested by locusts. In certain regions where intensive culture has been started in recent years, the leaf hopper has proved very destructive at times, but suggestions from this Bureau as to cleaner methods of harvesting, together with allowing certain parasites of these pests to develop before the cane is cut, have undoubtedly done much to lessen the destruction of sugar cane. Other pests which may develop in importance are being studied. Reliable information concerning the conditions of agricultural TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Interior view of a mangrove swamp. Fig. 1. Dwarf bamboo (Bambusa blumeana Schultes f.). Fig. 2. longitudinally PLATE XXXVIII Fibers seen “MAL TARS AHL YSGNN GAHSNd 3 OL AGVAY ‘SAVYL NO SLNNODND ONIMOHS ‘WHdOO SNIAYG’NAS “IX aLVId ie dics Oh hae ane [SI61—YONGIOS JO NVaANING AHL AO LYOdaY TWONNY HidTaMT, . i 7 vit ; arf a fi neh) ia + Mi, a = Pp, . Cai ates ; as PA rk tc hg pe Ai ‘es GC a wes roe be ce Fe ea Ma Se sh Al ap Ne bs ee are ae epost = - 4 be 4 S ~ <<, ~_. bk 7 7 "ne _ Fa i, : \, ae on f a: : ae? = fo mae? ~ o 54) rs a ae : o = i vit - | ie re awe » 5 . RS as Verte s T i . ey a = / = - >in hd s. 3 . ’ i 4 ry ay ne ‘ ‘ ba | — "1 a . = . ag ag ao a ¥ 7 : i : 7 ws 7 3 aie hy a TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913. ] Fig. 1. Coconuts, Mindanao. Fig. 2. Coconuts rafted down a river. PLATE XLI. "ONIAUG AYVNIWITSYd SHL YOS WHYS SHL YSAO GA0VId 3YV SLNNOOOOD SHL 4O SSATVH AHL SONIAYG NTI "HIX 3LW1d DIG Ve Ware ee. we. ['SI6I—SONGIOS JO AVaYNG AHL AO LHOdAY TVANNY HiATAMT, TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Cane crusher near Agoo, La Union Province. ! ay in | AAA | VAL ee SS a SK am |_| Fig. 2. A modern sugar mill. PLATE XLIII. "AITX ALWId pinay ul sued edin “zg “Bl ‘des ediu Bulzoajjog "TT *bl4 [°S16I—HONGIOS 4O AVAUYNG AHL AO LYOdAY TWANNY HidTaMy, TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 33 practice in cane growing and sugar making, prevailing in various parts of the Philippine Islands, has been collected. Part of this has been published in a monograph of the Bureau of Science, entitled The Sugar Industry in the Island of Negros, by H. S. Walker. 50. Sugar from palm saps.—It has long been known that a large number of palm trees secrete a sap rich in sugar, and the natives of various countries have taken advantage of this fact to supply themselves with limited amounts of this commodity. No exportation on a commercial scale has been attempted for the reason that it promised no financial returns. We have found in the nipa palm, which grows extensively in a number of places in the Philippine Islands, covering large swamp areas which would otherwise be waste, a source of sugar which has been proved to be very attractive from the standpoint of investment. The sap, as it flows from the palm, has ap- proximately the composition of the sap of the sugar cane, and we have developed methods for its collection and preservation during transportation to the refinery. The difficulties en- countered for the establishment of the business upon a large commercial scale have been entirely overcome through our investigations. The results of this work will be published in Section A of The Philippine Journal of Science of this year. This marks the establishment of an industry new to the world, and one which will be unique to the Philippine Islands and give employment to a large number of Filipinos. 51. Alcohol.—Suggestions have been made for increasing the yield of alcohol by improving the existing methods of manu- facture. In extreme cases the present available loss is very high. [The Philippine Journal of Science, Section A (1911), 6, 136-206. ] 52. Essential oils and terpenes.—The most important essential oils and terpenes have been studied, and their commercial value discussed. This rather comprehensive investigation has shown that excellent turpentine and colophony (practically identical with those from American pines) may be produced from the plentiful pines of Benguet. The various resins, such as elemi, balao, apitong, and copal, have been investigated both from the scientific standpoint of their chemical composition and from the practical consideration of their use in the manufacture of var- nish etc. The essential oils responsible for the fragrance of many plants and flowers have also received considerable atten- tion. Among these may be mentioned ylang-ylang, champaca, 122638——3 84 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE orange, lemon grass, vetiver, cinnamon, and ginger. Several of these have commercial application in the perfume industry and others in the manufacture of nonalcoholic beverages and fruit flavors. Other oils investigated during the past few years com- prise lumbang or candlenut, kapok, cashew, castor, cotton seed, and physic nut. These represent a type derived from oil- bearing seeds, and have a commercial importance of consid- erable magnitude. 53. Philippine foodstuffs—The many unique and characteris- tic foodstuffs used by the native population have received at- tention, as well as the citrus and other fruits. The nutritive value of these products is now known, and is available for studying dietary questions of great practical importance. All varieties of canned milks entering the Islands, as well as fresh cows’, goats’, and carabaos’ milks, have been included in this study. The importance of this question in controlling and re- ducing the high infant mortality can hardly be overestimated. All data collected regarding food products are, moreover, of utility in preparing standards for, and in enforcing, the Pure Food and Drugs Act to protect the health and welfare of the public. 54. Opium.—The prevalence of opium and other drugs used contrary to law in many sections more than justifies the re- searches carried on regarding their detection and characteristics. 55. Water.—This Bureau has made over 1,100 chemical and bacteriological examinations of waters from various sources of local supply. We have made thorough examinations of waters from springs, dug wells, drilled wells, rivers, reservoirs, cisterns, etc.; and have passed judgment upon their state of pollution or potability, their suitability for domestic and industrial use, or their medicinal value. The question of health in the tropics is largely a question of proper sanitation, and its principal ad- junct is a good, potable, nonpolluted water supply. The purity of the water supply is also an important direct financial considera- tion, and, although few realize the great difference between the commercial values of hard and soft water, large savings have been effected by the substitution of a soft for a hard water supply even at the cost of preliminary treatment. 56. Soils.—The chemical and physical properties of Philippine soils, and also some of the conditions which influence them, such as, rainfall, humidity, the maximum and minimum air temper- atures, the temperature under the surface, the amount of light and sunshine, winds and the evaporation of the soil moisture, exposure, and altitude, have been taken into account. All these TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913. ] Fig. 1. Fish drying in the sun. Fig. 2. Opium den. PEATE: XIEV. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT ; 35 factors influence the soil, and a most intelligent and thorough understanding and systematization of them is necessary to obtain the best results, for at a given time any one of these may become a controlling factor in the production of a crop. Because of the more or less crude methods of cultivation in use through- out the Archipelago, it has not always been easy to determine whether the chemical or the cultural elements are the limiting factors. Hundreds of soils from the more important agricultural regions of Luzon and other islands have been analyzed, and show that different sections vary in their chemical and physical composi- tions. Eventually, these analyses will form a basis for more extended work on methods of fertilization and production of special crops adapted to the different localities. This informa- tion in conjunction with data concerning the crops grown may give information regarding the needs of the soil and the kind of crops adapted to a particular region. This Bureau has been able to supply information concerning the potential fertility of the soil, ease of plowing, drainage, and consequent effect upon bacterial development. We have been able to predict the soil constituents that would be exhausted in the course of crop production and to indicate the proper fertilizers as well as the abundant elements of plant food that would not need to be supplied by fertilization. In the absence of more authentic data, it is possible to judge by an examination of the vegetation whether important crops, such as coconuts, abaca, maguey, rubber, and tobacco, will thrive in a particular locality. Where certain species of plants are dominant, there is a prolonged dry season; where the rainfall is continuous, more vigorous species crowd them out. Full data are not yet available on the exact types of vegetation indicating the probable success or failure of all of these crops, but in general the presence or absence of certain native species in a given region well indicates what cultivated plants may be expected to thrive and what in all probability will not thrive. From a commercial standpoint, the importance of this is very great, for no individual should risk the loss of money in the establishment of plantations in regions where it is practically certain that his parce crop will not thrive. 57. Fertilizers.—In recent years the exploitation of the guanos of the Islands has been attempted, and the Bureau has been called upon to analyze and give necessary information concerning their possible commercial value. Data and analyses concerning ‘a considerable number of guanos have been published in order to 36 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE indicate what may be expected of the deposits in the different parts of the Archipelago. At times the Bureau has been called upon to determine the utility of certain substances as fertilizers, their method of ap- plication, and to adjust conflicts of analyses between buyer and seller. 58. Salt—The Bureau of Science has taken up the study of the salt industry and resources of the Philippine Islands. Salt is produced by the use of solar heat or, in limited quantities, by the use of direct artificial heat. The methods employed for the preparation of salt from sea water by the use of solar heat are very crude, and the method now most commonly employed is probably the original one used in these Islands. In recent years the Chinese have introduced a somewhat improved method. The people of Mountain Province produce a small amount of a poor grade of salt by evaporating water from carbonated springs. At Mainit, Bontoc; Tukukan, Ahin, and Bungabungna, Ifugao; and Salinas, Nueva Vizcaya, the supplies of brine vary in quantity and strength. The resources of these springs should be developed in order adequately to supply Mountain Province with salt at a reasonable price. In round numbers 20,000,000 kilograms of crude salt are pro- duced annually. Scientific study of this industry will indicate how to increase the output of each individual employed and to improve the quality of the product. 59. Sunlight.—The study of sunlight and its effect upon chem- icals and animals has been carried on for a period of over five years. The work so far has shown that the injury attributed to the actinic rays of the sun is greatly exaggerated, and that if these so-called actinic rays are injurious in the tropics they are equally so on clear days in the other portions of the world. Some effects of sunlight upon individuals whose skins do not furnish the proper protection due to lack of pigmentation have shown that certain reactions seriously affecting the health of the individual may occur. Comparisons of sunlight intensities determined at our suggestion by means of a chemical photometer at various places, including Manila, Baguio, Kuala Lumpur, Honolulu, Khartoum, Washington, Munich, and several places in Australia have been made. These show that on clear days at many of the places investigated the rate of reaction is prac- tically the same; therefore, the normal sunlight intensities throughout the various regions of the earth are practically identical. It has been found that sunlight produces effects on a large TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. A leaching vat built on the ground, but high enough so that the mud may be removed by gravity after the leaching is completed. Fig. 2. A more developed and more progressive type of leach. A kind of cultivator used in loosening the soil is also shown. PLATE XLVI. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Showing the apparatus for transferring brine from evaporating reservoirs to crystallizing vats which are on a higher level. Fig. 2. The lower end of a bamboo trough from the Salinas salt springs, showing the well from which the brine is carried to the evaporating pans. PLATE XLVII. > wT - iad - PRAS IT, ’ ' ‘ ae : 5 4 : a ‘ ‘ dl . a ; ty “: ~~ ae 4 t 7 — 2 See ci. ee, ee ee fas 3 : — a ey _ TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 37 number of pure chemicals heretofore unsuspected. Many new chemical reactions in sunlight and the mechanism concerning a number of old ones have been discovered. 60. Standardization and testing of supplies.—This Bureau has long maintained a laboratory for the purpose of testing and analyzing the various products purchased under contract for Government supplies. We have tested numerous samples of bituminous and metallic roofing materials for the United States Army; and khaki, shirts, puttees, rain capes, blankets, leather goods, paints, iron and steel, rope, wire, twine, paper, oils, canvas, Babbitt metals, alloys, tiles, bricks, concrete, fabrics, etc. for the local Government. The scope and work of this department have shown a decided increase during recent years, owing largely to a growing realization of the value and necessity of purchasing materials on a basis of quality or, at least, according to specified requirements which will guarantee satisfactory service. Usually, when the testing of a certain class of material is first instituted, the samples submitted give very unsatisfactory results, and im- mediately the manufacturers protest vigorously and complain that the tests are impractical or the testing improperly done and unfair. However, it is a matter of record that when specifica- tions are rigidly enforced, most of the materials subsequently submitted are so uniformly excellent that it is difficult to decide in favor of any particular one. The records also show that the improvement in quality is usually obtained without an increase in cost. 61. Asphalts, bitumen, tars, and oils for road materials.—This Bureau in conjunction with the Bureau of Public Works has given considerable attention to the physical and chemical prop- erties of bituminous road materials. Careful inspection and examination both of the materials employed and their durability under different local conditions of climate and service will give information of much value and will determine their suita- bility for use according to various methods of application and construction. ; 62. Portland cement.—For the past five years our investigators have carried on painstaking observations and careful experi- mental work to study the technology of manufacturing, testing, and use of Portland cement. Those characteristics of Portland cement, regarding which there existed the greatest amount of misconception and diversity of opinion, were studied in an en- deavor to assist in the universal effort to formulate cement specifications so drawn as to guarantee the manufacture and use of Portland cement of the quality sought for, and the work of 38 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE the investigators has given us a more reliable product in the Philippine Islands. The importance in relation to safe construc- tion and to the saving of money to be effected by carrying on such work is very great. During one fiscal year, 71,778,675 kilograms, or a value of 1,524,600, of Portland cement were imported into the Philippine Islands. At a low estimate the total cost of the corresponding concrete was six times the cost of the cement, or #9,147,600. A gain or loss of 1 per cent in the efficiency of this material in durability and strength rep- resents a money value of #91,476. Our investigation proved that the efficiency of Portland cement is obtained at a corresponding expense to the manufacturer, and cements should be purchased on a basis of quality rather than upon a mere consideration of quantity, and the information gained from this research work enabled us to suggest “a bonus system for the purchase of Portland cement,” the enforcement of which, it is believed, would secure the best cement at a rea- sonable cost and eliminate the necessity of occasionally rejecting cements as has heretofore occurred. Our investigations with regard to the manufacture of Portland cement from local raw materials have proved that there is an abundance of calcareous and siliceous material in certain desir- able localities which are well suited for the manufacture of Portland cement on a commercial scale. As there is no cement plant in the Philippine Islands, all of the Portland cement used in this country has been imported, and the high cost for shipping and transportation makes our concrete construction expensive. The average cost of Portland cement in the United States is about #2 per barrel, but the local Government on large contracts now pays from #5.50 to #6.50 per barrel. 63. Concrete—Careful, systematic ‘inspection of the sand, gravel, and stone, as well as of the cement used in all concrete construction, is necessary to secure satisfactory permanent re- sults, and reliable and economic practice in concrete construction cannot be assured until the quality and concrete efficiency of the available aggregates—sands, gravels, and crushed stones— have been thoroughly investigated. The Bureau of Science has shown that many of the aggregates which have been used for this purpose are of poor quality, and that adequate consideration is not given to the fact that the nature of the aggregate is fully as important as the quality of the cement. Our investigations indicate the necessity of adopting standard methods for testing concrete and aggregates and a thorough and systematic study ‘SAdiId JALAYONOO ONINVAYE ANIHOVW ONILSSL “HIAIX ALW1d LSIGI—OONGIOS AO NVANNG AML AO LYOdayY IWONNY Hilda My, TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE XLIX. PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURED FROM PHILIPPINE RAW MATE- RIALS, SHOWING PERFECT SOUNDNESS OF FOUR DIFFERENT MIXTURES FROM ONE DISTRICT. a © WP ES Tr a Ny Date stan Gtk “sf ® ol a 7 ae ° : a TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] ite PLATE L. CONE FROM CRUSHED CUBE OF CONCRETE FROM ABATAN RIVER, CORTES, BOHOL, SHOWING EFFECT OF USING GRAVEL COVERED WITH GREEN ALGZ. ~\" TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 89 of the most promising Philippine materials which are available for concrete work in different localities. 64. Nonmetallic deposits.—Field investigations have revealed the existence of materials suitable for various purposes and of economic importance; for example, asbestos and sulphur depos- its; limestones; sand; volcanic tuff and ash; clays and shales suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement, hydraulic cement, sand-lime brick, vitrified brick, refractory ware, and pottery; and stone suitable for lithographic purposes. In the calendar year 1912 the importations of china-, earthern-, and stoneware alone amounted to #391,852, of which 50 per cent could easily be produced in the Philippines. The importations of Port- land cement for the same period amounted to #1,136,456. 65. Sand-lime brick and artificial sandstones.—A study of available local materials and conditions showed that the latter in the Philippines are very favorable for the manufacture of brick and artificial stone from sand and lime; that the best location for the first plant is probably in the vicinity of Manila near Pasig River at Guadalupe; that strong, dense, durable, impermeable, and practically fireproof sandstone could be made by the steaming process from sands from Manila beach, Pasig River, and Orani River, and from Tarlac volcanic tuff, quarry débris from Sisiman (andesite), or Talim (basalt) rock; that the beach sand was the most economic material; that beautiful polished ‘‘marbles” could be manufactured from the quarry dé- bris; that the cost of manufacturing and selling 9-inch bricks of the best quality would not exceed #13 per thousand; and that the profit of a plant could be increased by extending its operation to include the manufacture of lime, hollow building blocks, tiles, slabs, marbles, ornamental stones, etc. We are now investigat- ing the available raw materials in the vicinity of Cebu, and hope eventually to include the vicinities of Iloilo, Zamboanga, and Jolo. 66. Vitrified brick.—We have made pressed and vitrified brick from Philippine materials which have given very promising results. The local manufacture of this product would be of great financial importance. | 67. Quarries.—The city of Manila uses about 50,000 cubic meters of crushed stone each year for surfacing streets. A recent investigation of Laguna stone-quarries by a special com- mittee which included a geologist of this Bureau has shown that a much better rock could be secured and with an actual annual saving of at least ®21,000 to the city of Manila, besides a con- siderable saving in maintenance. 4O THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE The Bureau of Science is equipped with apparatus for deter- mining the relative value of various kinds of stone for macad- amizing streets by submitting them to an abrasion test and determining their cementation value, toughness, absorption, hardness, specific gravity, and strength. Over 800 samples of stone from different parts of the Islands have been tested. 68. Coal.—The Bureau of Science has made geologic recon- naissances of all the better known coal localities, as well as a study of their physical and chemical characteristics. The data secured relate to the topography, transportation, labor, timber, age and character of the formations, physical properties, chemi- cal analyses, calorimetric value, coking qualities, oxidation, dete- rioration, slacking, spontaneous combustion, storage, utilization, the comparison with other coals on the market, etc. Data concerning all features connected with coal from its discovery and development to its most economical utilization, which will assist commercial concerns, have been given. Geologic studies have revealed the position, number, and relations of various seams found in the scattered outcrops as well as of deposits not outcropping on the surface, by the application of paleontologic principles. The existence and extent of faulting and other dis- turbing features have been studied. Chemical studies show that certain coals which are subject to air slacking and spontaneous combustion can be stored in a manner such that their phys- ical integrity is maintained, avoiding great loses and possible conflagration. 69. Producer-gas plant.—Investigations show that certain Philippine coals are not wholly satisfactory, a priori, as steam- ing coals. This Bureau now has a 67-horsepower producer-gas unit with the corresponding engine and electric generator direct coupled. Coal from East Batan Island has been used exclusively for this plant, and experiments have demonstrated its excellent adaptability to this purpose. Philippine coal burned in the producer unit is 50 per cent more efficient in the produc- tion of electric power than the Japanese coal burned under a steam boiler. It is probable that the poorest coals employed in a producer-gas plant may become as valuable as the best grades of coal used in a steam plant or, perhaps, even supersede the steam plant altogether for stationary work. 70. Petrolewm.—Samples of petroleum have been collected from Philippine formations. The geology has been worked out in one field in sufficient detail to enable us to see that the structure is favorable for the accumulation of commercial quan- tities of oil. Various authentic samples have been studied, and TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913. ] hk BOOMERS Oo Finishing a ‘‘tenaja.’’ Bigue: Beating pots into final shape. Fig. 2. Native pottery market, Ilocos Sur. Fig. 3. PHILIPPINE POTTERY. PLATE LI. - > : Py rity U i om 6 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Pile of pottery, showing method of burning. Fig. 1. Glazed ware (made by first-year students). Bigued. PLATE LII “ANOLSGNVS WVIOISILYV GNV MONE AWITOGNVS ‘HID 3LW1d “d4N}XILU YOIAq ‘pues yoeaq HiqnzAeW "zg “Bi4 "O4NzXIilu YOlIq ‘stuqap Assenb yjeseq wijel, “"T ‘bly [SI6I—AONaIOg JO AVaUNG AHL dO LYOAY IWONNY HidTAM TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] | PLATE LIV. LIME KILN. ‘AT 3LV1d "QOUIAOIG [eZIYy ‘Auenb s,Auedwog Adiend jeziy “g “Bl4 "s[el4azeur peoi Hulzsa} 40} sauiyoeyp) “*T “Hl4 [CSI6IT—QONGIOS FO AVvVaYNG AHL Ao LYOdA’ IWONNY Hild THM 7, ".0P JhoqeB FO oJ suv UB Ye JSAM BY} 0} SdIP pUB *YOIY4 Sto} G)*p SI UBS SIT, ‘Naga ‘A1al4 1VOO ONITN ‘M33YHO LIdIOWN ‘1VOO 40 dOYOLNO NV ‘IAT 3LWid Ba ['SI6I—GONGIOS AO NVaAYNG AHL AO LYOdAY TWANNY HLATAM TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] Fig. 1. Producer-gas plant. Fig. 2. Engine and dynamo direct coupled. PLATE LVII. WIAT 3LV 1d "968T U! ‘Nqag ‘opajoL ye pal|lap "seqeAe) ‘Aeueinw ‘Aeyeg S][2M 94} JO BUO ABAO HOIAAp [9935 "Zz “BI4 ‘Kuedwog |!0 AejjeA Aeyeg ‘zg jjem Aeyeqg “T “BI4 ['SI6I—HONaIOg JO AVGUNG AHL JO LAOAIY TWANNY HIdIIM TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 4] their utility as a source of fuel or as a lubricant has been dis- cussed. This oil is characterized by a comparatively high pro- portion of volatile hydrocarbons, a paraffin base, and by being free from sulphur. 71. Ore deposits—The principles controlling the deposition of ores in the Philippines, the localization of pay streaks, the alteration and enrichment ‘in calcite-quartz-manganese deposits, and the extent and probable depth of valuable deposits have been studied. The results of these investigations, particularly those which indicate the life of the mines, are of great practical value in mining operations. 72. Baguio mineral district—A survey of this region has shown the distribution of the various formations and their relation to the topography of the country, mineral veins, types of ore bodies, water-power sites, transportation, timber, non- metallic deposits, and various structural features such as roads, bridges, and buildings. Owing to the nature of the surface formations and the climatic conditions in the highlands of Luzon, there is an elaborate system of fracturing along complex systems of joints, and weathering extends to very great depths. Had this investigation been carried out sooner and the information been available before the construction of the Benguet Road, it would have been of great assistance; perhaps the road might not have been located where it is at present. 73. Black sands.—Studies of the black-sand concentrates, after careful cleaning at the dredges in placer districts, show that values remain which would several times pay for the cost of their shipment and treatment. 74. Petrography.—Our petrographic studies of several thou- sand rocks from all kinds of formations and from all parts of the Archipelago enable us to say how they are likely to behave under wear and stress and to indicate what rocks are suitable materials for road and other construction. By means of a petrographic microscope, it is possible to approximate the composition of a rock and for many purposes avoid a laborious chemical analysis. It is essential to know the kinds of rocks from which soils are derived in order to ascertain the potential plant food, and this can often be done by petrographic study. By this means we have discovered the existence of potash-bearing minerals in the rocks of Aroroy district of Masbate, where we had no previous knowledge of them. This information is of great importance to agricultural regions. 75. Paleontology.—In an accurate and reliable survey of eco- nomic deposits in sedimentary formations, particularly in coal 4? THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE and oil fields, use must be made of information concerning the fossils, in the correlation of the strata. Our paleontologic studies have enabled us to correlate the coal and oil horizons of the Archipelago with similar deposits in Java, Borneo, Formosa, Sumatra, and other countries, and to deal intelligibly with facts which otherwise might have been obscure or unintelligible. 76. Models.—The Bureau of Science has a number of models of mines and mining appliances consisting of dredges, cyanide mills, blast furnaces, coal and metal mine models, etc. These are being constantly examined by students, prospectors, and laymen, and it is not unusual for such models to be made use of in litiga- tions in explaining disputed points on technical questions. 77. Engineering geology.—Investigations have been carried on which clearly demonstrate that the correct interpretation in the location and design of many types of engineering projects is not only desirable but imperative, and the aid of an engineer- ing geologist is often necessary when least expected. Our re- searches have explained discrepancies between astronomical and trigonometrical stations, and have referred them to the com- position and specific gravity of mountain masses, after which the proper compensations and corrections were made. 78. Physiographic studies.—These investigations, which grow out of geologic studies, have great application in aiding ethnolo- gists and historians in arriving at accurate and comprehensive conceptions of the factors which control the distribution of races and tribes and the development of their customs and in the cor- rect interpretation of the past and future course of these fac- tors. They should guide legislators in proposing laws and assist capitalists and executives in projecting large constructive econo- mic projects, particularly in opening up new countries. WORK OF THE FISCAL YEAR The position of Director of the Bureau of Science, left vacant by the death of Dr. Paul C. Freer on April 17, 1912, has not yet been filled. The Assistant Director, who was appointed Acting Director on May 25, 1913, has continued to direct the affairs of the Bureau during the year. Considerable attention has been given to the work of land- scape gardening, general beautification of the lawns, and to the improvement of the grounds of the Bureau of Science. The di- lapidated buildings in the rear have been repaired or removed, unsightly holes have been filled and irregular places leveled, and the hedges replanted. The Bureau of Public Works has overhauled the monkey house and the taxidermist’s laboratory— TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE LIX. CRYSOTILE FROM DUNGU-DUNGAN, ILOCOS NORTE, TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] SCALE t zee. 590 ze tooo 2000 += Mineral Veins PLATE LX. MINERAL VEINS IN THE BAGUIO MINERAL DISTRICT. "SLISOdaG HSAOVId JIWOWYVd JHL WOHS SLADONN A109 ‘1X7 ALV 1d [C'SI6I—HONGIOS JO AVENNG YHL AO LYOdaY IVONNY HidTaML TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE—1913.] PLATE LXII. GLOBIGERINA, A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF OIL IN TAYABAS. lt lil a alii oe TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 43 two of the outbuildings in the rear of the east wing of the main laboratory building—and has provided each with a new cement floor which greatly improves their appearance and usefulness. The tar pits in the rear of the power house have been encased in cement, and a storm drain connecting with the storm sewer on Taft Avenue has been laid to drain the rear of the premises and to receive the water pumped from the tunnel. The filling of the swamp at the corner of Calle Herran and Taft Avenue, next to the east wing, has been completed to a sunken garden grade and will soon be planted to lawn. | The following figures show that the amount of routine work in practically all divisions and sections of the Bureau has in- creased greatly, and would have seriously interfered with our research work except for the devotion of our scientists who have worked in the afternoons during the hot season, after hours on week days, and on Saturday afternoons and holidays. In view of the great difference in the relative value and neces- sity of research as compared with most routine work, I regret that our employees have been occupied so largely with the latter, especially as many requests for routine work are founded on a false impression of the value of the specified test. For example, the presence or absence of amcebe in surface water is being regarded of less and less sanitary significance. The organisms which live in surface water are incapable of living as parasites in the intestines of man, and consequently are not concerned in the production of dysentery. There is no doubt as to the distinction between the pathogenic and the nonpatho- genic ameebe. It follows that the mere presence or absence of amcebe has little sanitary significance, and the examination should be omitted where practicable. Often the ability of a cement to pass the requirements of specifications does not prove either its actual or relative value; the purity of a paint does not fix its value as a protective coating; the percentage of chlorine does not establish the potability of water; and the bacteria count of a water several hours in transit to the laboratory, unless packed on ice, has no value. We are requested to make chemical analyses of samples and from the results obtained make definite statements concerning such complicated considerations as the rapid corrosion of a piece of galvanized iron, the relative suit- ability of paints for use in sea water, the value of a mineral paint, of creosote oil, or of tars, asphalts, and bitumens for paving pur- poses, of Babbitt metals, of lubricating oils, etc. Obviously, it is often impossible to give such information, and inability to do so is sometimes considered as incompetency. My endeavor to dis- 44 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE courage requests for analyses and examinations of doubtful value has not always been successful. In spite of the difficulties, a large amount of research has been carried on in the Bureau of Science and the results published. The titles of all articles published by members of the Bureau of Science during the year are given in one place under the head- ing of The Philippine Journal of Science and other publica- tions. Changes in the personnel are given under the discussion - of that division of the Bureau in which the individual worker was employed. Other than this the names of individuals have been omitted so far as possible. A list of the scientific staff is given on the second page of the cover. FAR EASTERN ASSOCIATION OF TROPICAL MEDICINE The first biennial: meeting of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine was held in Manila between the dates of March 5 and 14, 1910. The second congress of this association was held in Hongkong on January 27, 1912. Both of these ses- sions were well attended, and the papers which were read treated of a great variety of subjects and stimulated much interesting discussion. Many of the papers of the association have been published in The Philippine Journal of Science. These meet- ings demonstrated conclusively the great benefit to the Orient which can be derived from an organization of this kind, and the subjects discussed are of the greatest interest and importance to the Philippine Islands. The third congress of the association will be held in Saigon from November 8 to 15, 1913, and Dr. K. L. Walker of this Bureau has been appointed by His Excel- lency, the Governor-General, as one of the delegates from the Philippine Islands. BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Personnel.—Dr. R. P. Strong, chief of the biological laboratory of the Bureau of Science, who went on leave on account of illness in July, has resigned to accept a position as chief of the depart- ment of tropical medicine in Harvard University Medical School. Dr. B. C. Crowell, pathologist in this laboratory, has been detailed for one-half of his time as chief of the depart- ment of pathology and bacteriology in the College of Medicine and Surgery of the University of the Philippines. Mr. Ariston M. Guzman left Manila on leave for the Bennett Medical Col- lege, Chicago, on May 16, 1913, where he has registered for medical work. The resignation of Mr. Porter Leaky was ac- cepted April 15, 1913. Dr. John A. Johnston, from the lab- oratory of hygiene, University of Pennsylvania, was appointed TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 45 assistant in the biological laboratory, and assumed his duties November 11, 1912. Mr. Lyle D. McMillan was transferred from the Bureau of Education to the biological laboratory of this Bureau June 5, 1913. Three assistants in the routine lab- oratory have left during the year and have been replaced by other men. The position of chief of the biological laboratory and a few other vacancies remain unfilled. All of the instruction in medical zodlogy in the College of Medi- cine and Surgery and in the Graduate School of Tropical Medi- cine and Public Health of the University of the Philippines is given by members of the staff of the biological laboratory of the Bureau of Science. The courses given in the undergraduate school of medicine include— 1. A course in protozodlogy, occupying 3 hours a week during the second semester. 2. A course in helminthology, occupying 9 hours a week during the first semester. 3. A course in medical entomology, occupying 2 hours a week during the first semester. In the Graduate School of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, the courses in protozodlogy and helminthology will occupy in the class room and laboratory at least 12 hours a week through- out the year, and the course in medical entomology at least 24 hours a week for six weeks, exclusive of the preparation of lectures and of material for laboratory work which requires at least as much more time. ROUTINE WORK The routine work is constantly increasing and occupies more and more of the available staff of this laboratory. It showed an increase in 1912 of 45 per cent above that of the year before, and there has been a still greater increase during the past year, as shown by the table on page 46. Branch labo- ratories are still maintained at the Philippine General Hospital and at Bilibid Prison Hospital to handle the large amount of clini- cal laboratory work at these institutions. An assistant from the laboratory has been detailed to make bacteriological examina- tions on each trip of the Bureau of Health to collect lepers. The following table shows the number of routine examinations made during the past, and, for comparison, during the preceding fiscal year. The classification of these examinations for the year of 1912 was less exact, many of the samples classified in this table being put under miscellaneous. This accounts for the blank spaces in the 1912 column. 46 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE | Nature of examination. | 1912 | 1913 Bloodst.cs! 22 Ss Sa ot Sa aE ee ee } 3,951 | 23, 450 |” .Blood culture..2<5. 325.4 = <= 25S Se ee. 2 Se eee 226 Wridal test_2 252.2. sess a ee ee = Se ee ee 388 Wasserman -test see. oe 4 Ulcerative granuloma pu- dendiagwt ss Ceres Aveo bey 2 Leg, undetermined.............. 1 Foot, undetermined............ i (See Leprosy, Syphilis, Tuber- | culosis.) | Gai ete se Oh ee 2 Epulis, fibroma.................. 1 Dentigerous cyst................ i Hemangioma . 2s ae 4 Ivitraogilarse oes © 5. 1 Submaxillary region.......... 1 Intramusculars2 2: 1 Gheelks i> sca ae 1 | Heemangiofibroma ~..-.02.....::...--0:-:- 2 Palm22)). i Dermoid ........----------------- ~ Hydrometrium from ade- | Bartholini gland............ 1 HOnia SCOrvix eee. al | Epithelioma Bee ne eee al Lipomyoma (2202.6. 2 ae 1} | Papilloma ......... ae ah J Metritist ssh eee: 28 4 . Malignant adenoma cer- Vip >, Carers ed aa 1 Immunity.—The study of the duration of passive immunity against tetanus toxin has been continued, and the following conclusions reached: 1. The subcutaneous injection of 1,500 units of antitetanic serum from horse into horse confers passive immunity of between six and eight weeks’ duration. 2. Guinea pigs subjected to repeated inoculations with antitetanic serum from horse do not acquire the power to eliminate it more rapidly; they acquire a tolerance as is shown by the longer period of immunity. 3. After repeated injections of normal horse serum into guinea pigs, pas- sive immunity, following the injections of antitetanic serum from horse, is of longer duration than it is in untreated guinea pigs. A comparison of the different modifications of the Wassermann test for syphilis has been made for the purpose of determining their relative value and reliability. In confirmation of the results of other investigators, methods in which unheated serum is used give a much higher percentage of positive results than those in which heated serum is used. Serums and vaccines.—The preparation of variola vaccine (vaccine virus) was continued throughout the year. Cholera prophylactic, plague prophylactic, gonococcus vaccine, staphylo- coccus vaccine, typhoid vaccine, and streptococcus vaccine were prepared in moderate quantities. Anthrax vaccine, tuberculin (both human and bovine), and mallein were continually kept on hand. Antidiphtheritic, antitetanic, anticholera, antityphoid, anti- plague, antidysenteric, and antistreptococcic sera were made in quantities sufficient to supply the demand. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 55 Typhoid, paratyphoid, and cholera reagents (killed cultures) for agglutination; agglutinating sera, in liquid and in dried form, for the purpose of diagnosing infectious diseases and iden- tifying bacteria; as well as normal sera of horse, ox, sheep, and goat were always kept on hand. Other sera, such as those of dog, cat, rabbit, and guinea pig, are supplied on request. Sterile blood or washed blood corpuscles of horse, ox, sheep, goat, rabbit, and guinea pig are also furnished on request. Rabies.—The work on rabies was continued throughout the year. Thirty-six patients applied for the Pasteur treatment during the year. BOTANICAL SECTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Personnel.—Mr. E. D. Merrill, chief of this section, was de- tailed in July, 1912, for one-half of his time to duty in the University of the Philippines as acting head of the department of botany, College of Liberal Arts, with the title of associate professor of botany. The chief objection to the plan is that it has decreased the time available for research work. Dr. C. B. Robinson, formerly economic botanist, who resigned August 18, 1911, was reinstated, reporting for duty November 15, 1912, which partially compensates for the loss of time for research by Mr. Merrill. At this time the positions provided for in the botanical staff being all filled, Doctor Robinson’s appointment was made possible by arrangement with the University of the Philippines, by which the Bureau of Science undertook to pro- vide, by detail, an assistant in botany for the College of Liberal Arts. Mr. P. W. Graff, mycologist, was detailed to give the necessary assistance in the classes in botany, acting as assistant in two laboratory courses. The herbarium.—tThe growth of the herbarium has been em- inently satisfactory, but the following summary does not include about 1,100 numbers secured in Palawan. A total of 12,807 specimens have been poisoned, mounted, and added in the past year from the following sources: Collections of employees of the Bureau of Science..............220000000........ 5,066 Collections of employees of the Bureau of Forestry................2...-....... 1,065 Miscellaneous Philippine material, received by gift, by purchase, and LUGS TKOLSIS TCO NAOT] 5 eae sh eae oe Sn uti. Vee ees 2,799 Extra-Philippine material received in exchange and by gift................ 3,877 56 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Of the miscellaneous Philippine collections mentioned above, specimens were received from the following sources: Father M. Vanoverbergh, Lepanto and Bontoc plants for identifi- ei) 0) 4; | ee anes cle ae Mente ee arene Ramen ree AN LCS eh 383 Father F. Sanchez, Benguet plants for identification..............202000...0.. 24 AS Dom. Elaier,»purchaséds.0¢-0.2.: 2 een ee ee eee 512 Federico R. Bona, Lepanto plants for identification..............00..002....2..--. 153 BE. D. Merrill, Century XI Philippine Plants)-3-4 22.2 n-too eee 100 C. F. Baker, flowering plants (for identification) and fungi (pre- 52) 11120 |) agen ie ea etka pee eda PLS einen i MADR NE Beth. Bred ie ha dE Saket ee et A 653 F. C. Gates, for identification, chiefly from Laguna Province................ 798 O. F. Sevrens, Benguet plants for identification.........02...00......eeeeeeeeeeee 81 J. P. Eskridge, Negros plants for identification....................---sc-0cc--sceere 57 Miscellaneous# 7) "-4:5- 220862)" es 38 he) Mee aces ent eee et ENS SRO MR eer ee Rie oe ee 2 2,799 The extra-Philippine material received in exchange has proved to be especially valuable. The most valuable exchanges, for our purposes, have been those received from the Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, Scotland, and from the Botanic Garden at Buiten- zorg, Java, the former institution sending plants from India and from China, the latter plants from Java. Following is a sum- mary of the extra-Philippine material: S. F. Light, Manila, Japanese plants, presented..........................-- 25 National Herbarium, Melbourne, Victoria, Australian plants, CXCRANP Gs 5 5 pect ono te ieee es Nee ee oe 50 H. Winkler, Breslau, Germany, Bornean plants, exchange........ 106 C. G. Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio, American and European fungi... 24 H. H. Travers, New Zealand plants from Prince Roland Bona- parte, iexchange el. eRe Pk eee ae a te fe ee 100 E. J. Butler, Pusa, India, Indian fungi, exchange........................ 100 J. Kneucker, Karlsruhe, Germany, Glumaceae exsiccatae............ 274 Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., O. E. Jennings, Isle of Pines’ plants,- exchange... - 7 -- teen ee 126 Mauritius Forestry Department, Mauritius plants, exchange... 76 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ill., tropical Amer- ican: plarits, @xehanweé. 20: 22k ee ee eee ee en Oe 102 Rev. C. King, Ambasi, Papua, New Guinea plants, exchange... 119 Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, England, fungi, exchange.............. 59 Botanical Institute, Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan, Liu miu plants, exchanges.) ..2:::... 0p ee ee ees 238 United States National Herbarium, Palmer and Riley, Cuban Gants; CXCHBN ES yy) pos ston wanes nae ee 140 H. Yanagawa, Koshun, Formosa, Formosan plants, exchange.... 121 Buitenzorg Botanical Garden, Javan plants, exchange................ 530 2,190 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 57 Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, Scotland: Hon. Maire, Yun-nan-sen, China...) 02 i Dey Meee a Umicl © Hinaneneere sclera Me ee a se 43 Walker-Arrnoct Wndiae se eth ee oe 33 Vp ROE SI eo cys LE oe BO Ce | a oe ed! a 191 Walkers Geyborg ccs eee ee tO eR eS eT ot. 166 LIU he Tigges Ec a 104 MVE eSe Rare Eston rn een emcee TN) Se PCE Pies Vd te 163 1,312 H. and P. Sydow, Berlin, Germany: Phycomyceten and Protomyceten...........0..2.2.c.ccccceccececeeeeeeeeeee- 25 OPea INC G Ry ise Tie t o Pe ee SO ee 300 PTE KOLICWEXSICCALIN ie taeete beeen a ee 50 375 TCAD a 25 Si a RAP Aaa es eo 7 oh le 7 Rg oe RE TD 3,877 A large collection of plants, some 800 in number, made by Mrs. M. S. Clemens in the Provinces of Shantung and Chihli, China, has not been recorded as no opportunity has been had to arrange the material in sets for identification and distribution. The total number of specimens now in the herbarium is 119,386, of which about 75,500 are Philippine. Loans and distribution of duplicates—Comparatively few requests have been received for loans of mounted material, the following being the summary of sheets loaned during the year: Philippine Lycopodium to Dr. W. Herter, Porto Alegre, Brazil, for auenumeration- of. the Philippine forms:...2. 0.0270... 222 Nepenthes to Dr. J. M. Macfarlane, University of Pennsylvania........ 5 Cissus to Dr. H. Hallier, Leiden, Holland, for critical comparisons matin MaRNe Soave types: - 0s Na le MA 663 The following material has been sent to the specialists indi- cated for monographic purposes or for purposes of identification : Ferns to Dr. E. B. Copeland, Los Bafios, Luzon.......2..........2..2..20:-tecceeoeo-- 216 Mosses to Dr. V. F. Brotherus, Helsingfors, Finland...................00.0....... 242 Lichens to Dr. E. A. Wainio, Helsingfors, Finland....................00..22....-- i Pupp to- Dr OH. Sydow, berlin, “Germany. 22.23.2022 es 797 Piperaceae to C. DeCandolle, Geneva, Switzerland..........20...0.0...00000020---- 86 Nepenthes to Dr. J. M. Macfarlane, Philadelphia, Pa...............00.00.000.00-. 14 Gesneriaceae to Dr. Fr. Kranzlin, Berlin, Germany..................22...2..-2...- 12 58 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Araceae to Dr. A. Engler, Berlin) Germany...:.2..0..0....23.3 27 Selaginella to Dr. G. Hieronymus, Berlin, Germany................................ 65 Dioscorea:-to: I, H. Burkill,” Singapore...2--- 22) eee 9 Bambusae to J. S. Gamble, East Liss, England.................020...0200..-..-..----- 10 Asclepiadaceae to Dr. R. Schlechter, Berlin, Germany.......................... 56 Pandanaceae to Dr. U. Martelli, Florence, Italy..............2.2...-0...---.-% 26 Palmae to Dr.°O. Beecari, Florence; italy... 2) eee 33 Lycopodium to Dr. W. Herter, Porto Alegre, Brazil............00-222-200.... abil Cyperaceae to Rev. G. Kiikenthal, Coburg, Germany.............................. 64 Menispermaceae and Anonaceae to Dr. L. Diels, Marburg, Germany... 100 Symplocos to Dr. A. Brand, Sorau, Germany........................22-2.-------+- Pe 8 Capparidaceae, Urticaceae, etc. to Dr. Hallier, Leiden, Holland............ 174 Poel ee eke et de ea 2 a ene en ae ere 2,047 In the course of the year somewhat over 10,000 identifications have been made, for the most part Philippine plants but includ- ing also material from Guam, New Guinea, Java, Formosa, and Borneo. Most of the specimens identified have been deposited in the herbarium, but a great number of additional plants, not preserved, have been identified for the Bureau of Education, of Forestry, and of Agriculture. Several hundred specimens belonging to the herbarium of the College of Agriculture at Los Banos also have been identified. A determined effort was made to complete the labels and distribute our accumulated duplicates into sets for distribution, as no large distribution of duplicates was made in the preceding year. This work was accomplished, and the work of distribu- tion practically twice that of the former year was completed by April. The following material has been sent out on our general exchange account: United States National Museum, Washington, D. C..................0........ 1,926 New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, IN@ws orks os ee 717 Royal Gardens; Kew (Mingland:=:....34. So 2 ieee oo eee 2,156 Kel. Bot. ‘Garten; Berlin) Germany 2 2 eee 2,052 Royal. Botanic Garden, ‘Caleutta, India. he ee 615 United States Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C......022 2... 265 4s Lands -Plantentuin, _Buitenzore, Java... ee eee 876 Botanic Garden, Sydney, N. S. W., Australia: 2.0.23 252. oe 238 British Museum, Natural History, London, England...................0...... 1,688 Prince Roland’ Bonaparte, Paris, Prante 22.4.2 eee 1,306 Museum de Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France......................22---2222.-.----- 1,723 Goi. Baker; Los: Banos, Laguna, Jinjzonts.<-¢24.. eee 729 College’ of Apriculture, Los Bajos, Luzens. 426 Se 600 Sarawak Museum, Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo...................--.0.22----0.-2--- 28 Rijkssberbarinm: Werden, Holland css se eee eee 1,425 HH Manson, Bailey, prisbane, Aiistralliaisc-ses.--cete eee ee 145 National Herbarium> Melbourne; Australia. 2c. accctc-ceesees eee 247 eden TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 59 Pete elord, sO imcinnati Oates. -.622) he 28 2 be Se ee 210 email eters reclaim GQ enMamyp asses 2 atc ee ee ee ee 300 TS le Ws tleleane gl SYe am Wit C7219 10129 (ht eaey) aie eae aes Gone Ae eae 125 LEN: gS FAN Porei Es ISTE i101 bs ae ee Dene oy eA ee ea eee ee 157 ees Peradeniya @ eylOnier. fesse eee eet ae Se ee ees eee 230 Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.............0.2..0.22...22.0.2.-.2.---- 1,419 T. Kawakami, Taihoku Museum, Taihoku, Formosa............................ 352 ev, scoping cine. -Ambasi,, Papua 2) oon det Se) oh dss 300 Panama. oshun, © OrmOsae ss tf See ee eh etc. 150 Matitiiis HOtanicae bepartmonh:” 2.6657. ein en 178 Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India..................000000222200002...... 244 Curneric, Museum, PF ittsburehs bars ook. tok Sect Skeletal 679 -N. Patouillard, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France...............22...222222--.--:ses:eee--ee00-- 97 [Ea SS eed Or 0s pd 3(0) 7250 0 ee ea i ate a ee 80 AUG RW 2 eo oath eset > ND ere gee le eee ee i 21,255 On special exchanges, in addition to the above, there has been supplied to Dr. H. Sydow, Berlin, Germany, a total of 148 numbers of Philippine fungi, each represented by approximately 60 specimens; that is, about 8,800 specimens, for issue in his “Fungi exotici exsiccati,” and to J. Kneucker, Karlsruhe, Ger- many, 4 species of Cyperaceae, 120 specimens each; that is, 480 specimens, for distribution in his ‘‘Glumaceae exsiccatae.” In both cases the exsiccatae are received by the Bureau in exchange as the fascicles are issued. In continuation of the botanical and book exchange arranged with T. O. Weigel of Leipzig, discussed in my last report, the following botanical material has been prepared and forwarded: Peeus cenpiries <1, ii. Philippine. plants:-.:.2..2222-c(22i. 2-0 tee ee 3,000 10 sets flowering plants, 300 specimens each........ fee Oe eee 3,000 1OnSeLSeherns sOUsSpecimens: each=. 02.9.0 s i eae ee 2 eee 600 Gesere Masses OOLSperiMmens, GACH... ied see tecer seas need ne tates acces eee 600 Gisers senje mosses) io speciinens each. 1)... Aen ee iL 450 DUD) HEIL te Se 0 ae Se ia ee a ane nee D2 6,650 For this material we have been credited with a total of 1,448 against which the Bureau may order botanical publications and material from the collections advertised for sale by Weigel in his periodical entitled Herbarium. For all purposes, identifications, exchanges, etc., a total of about 39,200 duplicate botanical specimens have been distributed during the year. The Bureau of Science is in exchange relations with some- what over 60 institutions and individuals in various parts of the world, duplicates of Philippine material being exchanged 60 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE by this office for material from other tropical countries. During the past year exchanges have been arranged with— C. G. Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio, for fungi. H. Winkler, Breslau, Germany, for Bornean plants. H. Sydow, Berlin, Germany, for fungi. E. J. Butler, Pusa, India, for fungi. T. Petch, Peradeniya, Ceylon, for fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, Scotland, for Indian and Chinese plants. Taihoku Museum, Taihoku, Formosa, for Formosan plants. Copland King, Ambasi, Papua, for New Guinea plants. H. Yanagawa, Koshun, Formosa, for Formosan plants. P. Konig, Mauritius, for Mauritian plants. R. S. Hole, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India, for Indian plants. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., for tropical American plants. N. Patouillard, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, for fungi. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for fungi. F. Bubak, Tabor, Bohemia, for fungi. Exchange propositions are pending with several other indi- viduals and institutions. In the past year exchange material has been sent to 35 different institutions and individuals, and material has been received from 20 different sources. Publications.—The Philippine Journal of Science, Section C, Botany, for which the section of botany is responsible, has been successfully issued. The papers here published have been pre- pared by employees of this Bureau or by various other special- ists, and are nearly all based on material supplied by the Bureau. A list of the articles published and publications issued during the year is given elsewhere. In addition to the papers already published, several others are now in press, others are ready to be sent to the printer, and still others are in preparation. Investigations.—The work of Mr. E. D. Merrill, chief of this section, so far as he is free from duties of botanical instruction in the University of the Philippines, still continues to be largely on questions of taxonomy and geographical distribution of plants. The Philippine collections made during the past year have been so extensive that there is work for several months in sight in properly classifying and distributing the material already pre- pared. The novelties to be found in these collections will be the basis or partial basis of several papers now in preparation or anticipated. Data recently secured in northern Palawan will be worked up into a paper on the relationship of the caivgin system of agriculture to the various types of vegetation, and especially the great loss to the timber resources of the Islands from this system of clearing the forests and burning the fallen TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 61 trees. As opportunity is had, work is being done also on the collections of extra-Philippine plants from Borneo, Guam, and China. The material from the above regions comprises the col- lections made for the Bureau of Science in Sarawak, Borneo, through the kindness of J. C. Moulton, Esq., of the Sarawak Museum, 1,659 numbers; material from Guam secured by Mr. R. C. McGregor, by Mrs. M. S. Clemens, and through the kindness of Mr. J. B. Thompson of the Guam Experiment Station, 778 numbers; material from the Provinces of Shantung and Chihli, China, collected by Mrs. M. S. Clemens, about 800 numbers; and material from Annam, Indo China, collected by Dr. C. B. Robinson, 555 numbers. The last collection, however, is being named at the Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, to which institution a duplicate set was sent to assist the botanists there in the preparation of a flora of Indo China. Doctor Robinson has given much time and attention to the collection and identification of botanical material on and near Mount Maquiling, and in this work has the codperation of the botanists at the College of Agriculture at Los Banos. It is planned eventually to publish the results in the form of a critical enumeration with keys to the families, genera, and species. This work will be of very great value to the botanical department and the students of botany at the College of Agriculture, Uni- versity of the Philippines, as it will enable one readily to de- termine the proper names of the plants found in the vicinity of the College. It will also be of great assistance to Doctor Brown of this Bureau, who is carrying on extensive physiological in- vestigations on Mount Maquiling, in correlating his physiological data with the names of the plants found in the different habitats. Doctor Robinson’s most important work, however, has been the development of the plans botanically to explore the Island of Amboina in the Molucca group, south of the Philippines, to which he was assigned some months ago. Amboina was early made famous in the annals of natural history by Rumpf,- who resided there for many years, and who there wrote his great work entitled Herbarium Amboinense. This publication (1741- 55) has been referred to by a great many botanists since the establishment of modern nomenclature, and very many of Rumpf’s crude figures have become, by citation, the actual types of a large number of species. In critical groups it has proved to be impossible for later botanists properly to interpret many of these species from an examination of Rumpf’s work alone, and no comprehensive botanical exploration of the island has been undertaken since Rumpf’s death in 1702. We believe that 62 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE the species based on Amboinan material can only be interpreted correctly by the examination of a series of specimens collected in the localities given by Rumpf for his different species in relation to other data given by him, such as habitat, native names, uses, and dates of flowering and fruiting. In as much as the general flora of Amboina is very similar to that of the Philippines, many of our local problems in nomenclature can be solved by determining the exact status of those species based on Rumpf’s figures. Attempts made by Stickman, by Linnzus, by Henschel, and by Hasskarl to determine the status of the Rumphian species have been only partly successful because those authors had little or no botanical material from Amboina. It can justly be claimed that this botanical investigation of Am- boina is one of the most important pieces of taxonomic research to be prosecuted in the entire Malayan region. The Dutch botanists at Buitenzorg, Java, to whom the plan was submitted, have promised their full codperation and support. To carry out the plan, Doctor Robinson left Manila on June 17 for Am- boina, where he will spend some months in botanical exploration and observation. On his return it is our plan to study the material collected and to issue illustrative sets of Amboinan plants correlated, so far as possible, with those figured and named by Rumpf. Doctor Brown has continued his observations and studies on the vegetation of Mount Maquiling, especially the relationship of the vegetation to environment, altitude, humidity, rainfall, soil moisture, and other factors. The problem is an exceedingly broad and complicated one, and new phases present themselves from day to day. The amount of instrumentation necessary and the great amount of routine involved keeping the instruments in condition, recording data, and interpreting the results will take practically all of Doctor Brown’s time and energy for some months to come. No similar piece of work has been done in the tropics, and, for that matter, at no place in the world on such an extensive scale. The completed observations will form the basis of a series of very interesting and valuable papers on the relationship of different types of tropical vegetation to envi- ronment, and certainly demonstrate some facts of great economic importance. — Mr. Graff is prosecuting the work on various phases of Phil- ippine mycology and vegetable pathology, in part identifying both the accumulated and current collections of Philippine fungi, preparing duplicate material for exchange purposes, and working on some problems in plant pathology. He has in hand TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 63 a proposed publication on Philippine plant diseases, in which he proposes to describe and discuss the different plant diseases already known from the Philippines with, as far as possible, nontechnical descriptions of the organisms causing the diseases, the characters by which they may be recognized, and methods of prevention and eradication. This work will be a basis for the further study and investigation of vegetable pathology in the Archipelago, a phase of botany that as yet has received but little attention in the Philippines. Field work.—As in the past, it has been our object to have collections made, so far as possible, in regions not previously botanically explored. One native collector is kept in the field most of the time, while other members of the staff make trips from time to time for the purpose of botanical observation and the collection of material. The most extensive single collection made during the year was by Mr. Merrill at Taytay, Palawan, April 7 to June 7, 1913, of which no definite summary has been included. The collection comprises about 1,100 numbers, rep- resented by about 15,000 specimens. Collections approximat- ing 1,000 numbers were made by Mr. R. C. McGregor in Nueva Vizcaya Province and Ifugao subprovince. Extensive collections also have been made in the Provinces of Laguna, Tayabas, Rizal, and Bataan, Luzon, and in Leyte, Panay, Basilan, and Mindanao. A total of 5,066 specimens, from the collections made by em- ployees of the Bureau of Science, have been incorporated in the herbarium. Miscellaneous collections made by employees of the Bureau of Forestry, chiefly tree species, amount to 1,065 num- bers; this material has mostly been received in small lots from many provinces and islands. ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Routine work.—Considerable time has been consumed in field investigation and collection of injurious and other insects when called upon either by private individuals or bureaus of the Gov- ernment and in suggesting methods of combating such common pests as mosquitoes and flies. The routine work further con- sisted in mounting and accessioning of material and in arrang- ing the same in the collection. The greater part of the collection has been rearranged. Mr. Banks has spent considerable time in the supervision of the mosquito-extermination project carried out by the Bureau of Health, and has continued to give some instruction in the Uni- versity. We are handicapped more than ever in the entomo- 64 : THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE logical work by the lack of a suitably trained Filipino assistant who can devote his whole time to the preparation of material. We have a large amount of unmounted material on hand, and we should keep up with the specimens received. One thousand six hundred thirty new insect boxes ordered for the new wing of the building have been received and provide facilities for stor- ing prepared material. Accessions.—We have first accessioned rare material and species not represented in our collection. Even taking these facts into consideration, our numbers for the last year begin with 14,408 and end with 17,044, showing an accession of 2,636 lots (2,250 lots in 1912), or approximately 13,180 specimens ready for study. Donations.—Fr. F. R. Sanchez, S. J., has donated a consider- able number of insects collected either by himself or some of his students at various times and places during the year, many very desirable specimens having been taken at Mount Mirador, Baguio, Benguet. Many other individuals have donated single specimens to the collection. Exchange.—Exchanges of insects have been effected with the following: G. A. Waterhouse, Sydney, Australia, for Lepidoptera. Germain Beaulieu, Ottawa, Canada, for Lucanide. M. E. Walsh, Soekaboemi, Java, for Lepidoptera. Classification and identification of material_During the year Mr. Schultze has finished the manuscript of a catalogue of the Coleoptera of the Philippine Islands. J. Weise, K. M. Heller, F. Ohaus, W. Horn, H. Gebien, and M. Bernhauer, eminent entomologists, have served us most zealously, both in the identification of material and in the preparation of papers for publication. The identification work is exceedingly important, as a well identified, systematic collection is the work- ing base for economic problems. Our entomological publications which are mentioned elsewhere give full synonymy and literature references of about 2,200 species, and will be most important as an aid in referring to descriptive literature for the identification of Coleoptera with reference to economic questions. Silk culture.-—Through our efforts, silk culture is steadily in- creasing in the Philippines. It was introduced into at least one new province during the last year. We have been raising our stock of about 10,000 silkworms per generation. As it becomes necessary after some time to introduce new blood, we imported eggs of the monovoltine Japanese white silkworm from Japan TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 65 during the year, with the hope of crossing them with our stock. Unfortunately, most of the Japanese eggs died, probably due to abrupt climatic change. Sooner or later, we shall be obliged to obtain some fresh stock of silkworms of a polyvoltine race from India, for recrossing with our stock. The desirability of a thoroughly competent person to give his entire time to silk culture and its propaganda in the Philippines becomes more apparent each year. Field work.—In November the sugar-cane leaf hoppers in Los Banos, Laguna, were investigated. A species of the genus Perkinsiella had been very abundant in small patches of sugar cane adjacent to the properties of the Calamba Sugar Estate Co., but it was found that a small egg parasite belonging to the genus Paranagrus was apparently holding the pest in check. This parasite is similar to a Species which has been introduced arti- ficially into Hawaii, and appears to be performing naturally the functions which those who work on sugar-cane insects in Hawaii have been obliged to obtain at much labor and expense. From April 5 to June 7, 1913, Mr. Schultze was detailed on a biological expedition to Palawan, where a large number of new insects were found. In April, Mr. Banks was detailed to Aparri, Cagayan, to take charge of the eradication of flies in that place, and subsequently to investigate the cacao pests reported from Ilocos Norte. At Aparri, it was found that flies, similar in appearance and habits to the common house fly, were breeding under the most unexpected conditions; namely, in the large jars of macerated salt fish, known in that region as bogong, and extensively ex- ported to various points in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. Public mass meetings for the enlightenment of the people on this subject were held, and the municipal authorities passed an ordinance compelling the manufacturers of this substance so to close their jars that it would be impossible for flies to have access to the contained material for the purpose of laying their eggs or, in case they had laid them previously, to prevent the escape of those flies or maggots which might develop therein. There has been a decided decrease in the number of flies in the town. In Ilocos Norte numerous species of insects, hitherto not re- corded as coming from cacao, were found on a large plantation established about twenty years ago and practically abandoned until within the past year. Collections of both the insects and the damaged plants were made, and certain material was brought to Manila for further study. 122638——5 66 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE SECTION OF FISHERIES OF THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY The ichthyologist was absent on leave in the United States from July 27, 1912, to January 3, 1913. During this time the helpers of the section of ichthyology were engaged in labeling specimens and transferring them to the permanent containers. The collection is in better shape than it has been for some time. Economic work.—While in the United States, Mr. Seale visited some large sardine canneries and met the directors of these establishments in an effort to interest them in the establishment of sardine canneries in the Philippines. These directors re- quested numerous details, especially regarding the species of sardines and anchovies and their abundance, questions which could be easily answered from data derived from the investiga- tions of this Bureau. The Booth Sardine Canning Co. was sufficiently interested to furnish a case of glass containers in which to send them samples of the Philippine sardines and anchovies in the salted state; this has been done. Sooner or later some of the large fish-packing firms will undoubtedly open establishments in the Philippines; this will be of great advantage to Philippine fishermen. Window shells—The demand for window shells has steadily increased during the past year, and we have received from Australia, Honolulu, and the United States letters requesting either shells or information regarding shells. The information desired has always been furnished, and requests for shells have been forwarded to Manila dealers. Owing to the increased demand for these shells, it was thought best to take some steps to insure an increased supply for the future. Therefore, a suitable bottom near Malabon was selected, properly marked on a chart, and 1,000 young window shells were transferred from the Kawit beds to this place. The number could be profitably increased to ten thousand or more. Commercial button shells —With the opening of the second button factory in Manila, the demand for shells to be used in the manufacturing of buttons increased as shown by the price of the top shell (Trochus niloticus L.), which has advanced from #8 to 20 per picul. This has stimulated the sale of these shells and a tendency to gather young and immature shells. We strongly urge that a law prohibiting the gathering of top shells less than 9 centimeters across the base be passed. The black lip pearl-shell (Margaratifera margaratifera L.), which heretofore had not been gathered in very great quantities, is also now being taken in vast numbers for buttons. As this TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 67 is a shallow-water species, the supply will soon be exhausted unless a law is passed to prohibit the gathering of the young. Hundreds of young shells which are too thin to be made into buttons can be seen at the button factories where they are thrown out as useless. If they had been allowed to grow two more years, they would have been valuable. For the first time in the history of the Islands the ‘‘scope”’ or ‘“‘ear’” pearl-shell (Avicula micropterus L.) is being gathered and made into buttons. This shell was considered of no value until Mr. Seale called the attention of the button manufacturers to its utility. The desirability of taking the control of the pearl beds in the Christian provinces from the municipalities and placing it under the Department of the Interior is strongly urged. These beds should be charted, and an alternate third of them closed each year in order to maintain the pearling industry and allow the shells to mature. Fish culture.—The black bass in the Baguio and Trinidad ponds have multiplied in a most satisfactory manner, and this season saw the inauguration of the first black-bass fishing in the Islands. According to regulations issued from the Depart- ment of the Interior, bass over 25 centimeters in length may be caught by fly fishing provided that all fishes under this length are promptly returned to the water. The fees charged are used to pay wardens. Bass were successfully transferred in Decem- ber to the spawning ponds at Los Banos, where they are all alive and in fine condition and where they will probably spawn within the next three months. Two dozen mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) were brought from Honolulu on January 3, 1913. These were placed in an aquarium, in the section of ichthyology, where they have mul- tiplied rapidly. Two hundred have now been planted in the swamps and fish ponds in the vicinity of Manila, and a stock of perhaps 100 still remains on hand. By actual count one of these little fish ate 500 mosquito larve in twenty-four hours; there- fore, these fish are of direct importance to the public health, and their cultivation is worth our best efforts. Scientific work.—A paper on the fishes of Hongkong, giving descriptions of several new species, is nearly completed, and a paper, The Edible Mollusks of the Philippines, was issued during the year. The identification of a number of small col- lections of fishes from various and numerous localities which have been sent in during the past year will be finished within 68 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE the next few months. 1910 | 1911 1912 1913 OC karan Gail ners) Spee memes oe ee wee | eee ee 2 ok | 25 46 12 Soils, fertilizers, cements, and clays _____________________ 3, 342 3, 738 8, 636 9, 617 Maiedrond alloys2 oe eee et Fe | 24 46 36 45 | Road materials, stone, gravel, sand, and concrete _______|_________- 440 | 248 130 Waiter et bee Vane Sieben rey OS. ie A Sa ee eh | 82 | 164 | 146 | 197 Calorimeter determinations of fuels _._____________. ____. Pieate dead As 29 | 9 | 31 imeBotleritestsiotcanl cesta kee ee OE ame. SET ee | 10 | yy Se ee se | Standardizations of weights and measures (sets)_.______ __________| 1, 066 990 1, 127 Pssosltannlysenamee. taew reese. Mae 2 eee he ee cae ot See 154 20 58 aT bee ae eee Se Se eee pee ee ee ee eee li Se lest 46 Mincellancovss7 Sot aat se =. 3 oe ee ASS ee eee aes 248 | 91 Totaled ee Sere eee AL | 8,696 | 5,672 | 10,381 | 11,354 4 Work classified ‘‘Miscellaneous”’ in 1910 is largely segregated in 1911, 1912, and 1913. 72 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE All of this routine work was done at the request of officials in various departments of the Government and individuals repre- senting private or corporate interests according to the figures given below. 1912 1913 Department. Rat ean | Wren Match the | ask. [owen | Teta: «| erorte hy werk (| peaeeata a 5 we el PE = Se ae ies Bureau of Agriculture _____ -_______- Dalene 15 | 7 ae ASS 2 Bureanloft- Audits a os- = nea fo 4 eee a |e Bureaulol Constabulary. sees es ee eee a in eee a 2 2 | Bureau of Customses-s > as5555--5-— = 34 1 35 10 20 30 Bureau of Education.-_____-_-------- Lees Wile ses hel ie 4 4 Executives uneaes= so ae ee ae a eee | 5 Bi|Seeeee se tee ee Bureanlof Norestry= 2-2) ee 3 5 8 23, |e ee eee ] Bureaucot. Health ess. =. === sas AQ) ete. eens 40 56g s ee 56 Bureau of Internal Revenue ___-___- | 4 i ee 8 eee oe ee ae Ee | Bureaulot Quarantine mervice’ e222. |2. 2s sees |e eee ee eee ee ee 2 2 Bureau\ofuands aes ee ae ee 127 lee 12 Frye See 5 | Bureau of Navigation__.___. _______- 10 30 40 1 | 3 | 4 ‘Bureau ofPosts seen =e | IE aa CB ee eee Borer ey Joes. Bureaulof brisonss2 jeseiSesesS 1 1 Vs pA ee | 2 Bureau of Public Works ___________. 49 2,246 2,295 96 3, 932 4, 028 Bureaniof/Supply.- 2s) ese 456 6, 224 6, 680 922 5, 664 6, 586 Bureau of Science_____- A ee Coe eee Baa 93 100)| === 100 Weather Bureau _____-_____________ | Btye eee yal ee eral |e Pewee Bal beh | Gityiof Manila tee ees 4 52a eee 179 179s Ee eee eae 29 29 College of Medicine and Surgery____ Diels = eee S- eeeee 146 AST. tas] | eee See 41 Crude chemical. and miscellaneous analy Ses sees wae Fo a ee 33 SBF ane |G ee eee 2 Standard ‘solutions'=<.* -2-. --... 2.225 33 10 23 ,|=2--24— Soe Physical tests of wire, twine, fibers, textiles, paper, and similar articles ___ 14 AB il seat aaa ea ees 34 Cemente=e2" ores = tc. eee 8, 476 5815 mg be ee I Bee 1, 059 Compression, tensile, or transverse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron and ‘steel, ete 2--_--2=2-= __ 221 54 167: |. -.. = eee Standardization of road materials_-__-___- 27 62 35 Standardization of units of measure— Lensths 2-35-54... 2 ee eee OG xo) Sete Pere 96 Capacities’ S25) - = eee 370 154 216-23 ee Weichts®: eso. Sere eee 620 Cy a | cae Da ee 47 Miscellaneous!===- 32-2 156 PAS Ug Sg | |e 54 Total... eee 10, 368 0 207 =) | ee 929 Organic chemistry: Urines, clinical and toxicological analy- S@s) 22 Sas eee es a Oe ee a6, 143 2, 666 Be Uric (al OD ae Essential oils and essences-___-___-_----- 6 ST. > NL ee 31 Petroleum and products, copra, and similar materiales —— = 17 rea) (eae ees 2 54 Paints, varnishes, and linseed oils —_____ 41 46) O° | ee 5 Gums, resins, and similar materials_____ 1 Bit “eg oe Se 2 Paper and similar materials_____________ 126 107 19) SS eee Gastric juice, clinical examinations _____ 7 De a oll es ae aes 5 Foods, alcohols, and beverages-___-____- | 1, 288 1, 035 258.2. =2 Se eee | Food preservatives and coloring matters _| 32 19 13") -<3-3-e eee Medicines and similar articles__________- 84 2322 0) She Sse ee 148 Miscellaneous ...4*. =. 225. 4. = see as 91 th pf a ee WO tal san te eee aes soos steno 7, 836 4, 305 Boot el ee ® Includes all urines examined by the biological laboratory. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 113 TABLE I.—Comparative table of routine work, etc.—Continued. : Samples or units. lie tte i Sle Division of the Bureau. Decrease. Increase. 1912 1913 Mines :pAnsay gee see a = eee) eS 413 288 IVA Ee es ere 2S Oe Biological laboratory: LE PSy ce Toinle saa ee ae ae verges er a= es See ae 21, 684 SAS DSO A, a Sees 12, 846 Sputum sees een ee eee 3, 861 DSC OR ars Wieeae es 1, 909 ood seers ke oie ste ba gree kal 8 2, 976 Pao he eae eee, ae 22, 563 |e pay spate d PRS eRe aise aoe eek ee (a) Gta a bee oe 6, 974 GianOCOCe he ea ed ae eee en ee 15, 971 OS D2 a atlases Ee, 4,551 INU gc ote a Se pe Sid rn Sa Dd 742 LS OF Tete eee 335 INGCrODSIeS os meme oe die Oe ae 54 Siigd ae eer ee aero 33 Miscellaneous =tecce = 2 ee 3, 482 DinOlote wa eee ee 54, 490 Woy eD Ue ee ae Es © Le cel ees Se ira 48, 770 TS 2SA TGR || see 103, 701 Serum section of the biological laboratory: Ree) ‘ P= 2 eee Vaccine virus (doses) — IPT KC eee ee ae 24S TSGH Teraots Olay | \|-os eee 89, 486 Disposedlofe=s242 2 ee Se eek ALOT Soo onaOnieo eee eee 312, 364 Antirinderpest serum (cubic centi- meters) — PFO aTCd tor aeette a Sete eee eee Nake he 2k ° © gal Re SE ol Sa 27 Disposed! Of es ee aes = 694, 666 417 694, 249 Etisek. cen Rae Plague prophylactic (cubic centi- meters)— Prep ANCA se ee ore ee ee | ee OOOO reer | 8 = ee 3, 660 Disposed tof snare al Soc ee e254 SOU mag |e aoe ae aces 330 Mallein (doses)— IPrepaTredet sa eee. 532 512 2A ee nee IDISDOSECNOLM eee ane a 641 280 S61! | Sao tee es Diphtheria antitoxin (units)— | Ler aayety gers | ee ee 639, 000 9837 OOORSE i> 22 53-4 eee 344, 000 DIS DOSE IO Le ee te 475, 500 Sa0S 000M ae |= = ae 355, 000 Tetanus antitoxin (units) — IPTe pared pe ee eee ee 1, 821, 700 | 1, 406, 500 415; 200k | = 2 see oe IDispOsediole sas a ere SSA SOO TORO NOU amr | eens 1, 091, 500 Cholera prophylactic (cubic centi- meters) — EAS) OTR TO RS eS gt ee pene | aed Se oe Se | a Ee, PEE) Soe oe eee DIR POSCC IO lps ee eae ee ee | ae nes SE A eee Antiplague serum (cubic centime- ters)— PRCDALRCO ee eh aa ES oe 60 OUD AOS |= ees or pes 9, 480 IDISPOSEOIOL- 22 ate as re ae 60 SA2AD Gees, ee 9, 180 Anticholera serum (cubic centime- ters)— DEURET OYE 216 eee RE i tee Ee a A (a ce (Se Ear |). PY Seen IDISDesedt Ole nee eee meee oh |e Sake amet (Me EEL eM be = 2 Antidysentery serum (cubic centi- meters) — Prepared -___-_. DGS 5 ie cn yes oe ae 1, 950 DrasOle - *|sas ee an ee 330 IDISPOSE(OL = ee 780 Dee ees | Se ee 2,350 4 Included under organic chemistry. 122638——8 114 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE I.—Comparative table of routine work, etec.—Continued. Samples or units. Division of the Bureau. Decrease. Increase. 1912 1913 Serum section of the biological laboratory— Continued. Antityphoid serum (cubie centime- ters)— Prepared —s-~ = eee cn eee © 52 3,000 IDisposedtot=—= oe ee Se 1 30 Tuberculin, human (cubic centi- meters) — paeesoeusees 2, 948 oes oe ee 29 Prepared IDisposediol ens 2. vos ee see 328 326 2 Tuberculin, bovine (cubic centime- ters)— Prepared eet eee we ee 224 50 3 174 Disposediofiowe eres ane Bh eee 61 184 Antigonococcus prophylactic (cubic centimeters) — Prepared Disposed of Antistaphylococcus aureus and albus (cubie centimeters) — Prepared =sessee oe... Ae ae ee eee G22i¢ * Necsasereeee = 622 iDisposediObeses= == c< ==. oo ee eee B50! 0 |e ee 450 Normal horse serum (cubic centi- meters) — Prepared (steno s: ol Se eee 25, 160 20, 580 4,580 Disposediof= 4 s.-= eee 990 1, 950 Normal salt solution (liters)— Prepared 2etee see. oe Disposedsof eee see -! ontae peti ae 2 Typhoid vaccine (cubie centimeters)— Preparedsss sea 00). SIE DN oe eee 1, 760 Disposed ofa] 25 S- £e ee Tuberculin vaccine (cubic centime- ters) — Prepared 2 essen ascnes so 4s eee Disposediol=ss se Oe ee “A”’ serum for exopthalmic goitre (cu- bic centimeters) — Prepared s.2 04-5 (2228) Se ee eee ee | eee Disposed of “B”’ serum for exopthalmic goitre (cu- bic centimeters) — IPreparedine see ee ee Disposed of Rabies vaccine (doses)— Prepared sa eens == ae een Misposedio£. 2242 = 522-22 ee Anthrax vaccine No. I (cubic centime- ters) — Prepared =~ >. ssis- neat. woe eee Disposed of TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 115 TABLE I.—Comparative table of routine work, etc——Continued. Samples or units. Division of the Bureau. Decrease. Increase. 1912 19138 Serum section of the biological laboratory— Continued. Anthrax vaccine No. II (cubie centime- ters)— | IPED aredew 3a ee a ee ee ee Sa ee (Be Se seen lee eben e|aagies- aS ae Ses TD TSTIO RCO ON sere ee eee en eee ee 2 ee er es te ooo oes Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (cubic centimeters) — Prepared. = sooo Las. - 2b St 406 2 AQAS | Pes ae Se WD iSMOBECOLa= tee aa a2 = Sarees 456 44 AND ge ee eee ts Antigonococeus vaccine (cubic centi- meters) — Prepanedics = 22 eee as == 2 eee 370 LAG 22 =- eee 776 Disposed Olle. 5 ee eee 274 42 232 nl See ea Normal rabbit serum (cubic centime- ters)— PVE ATE cone oa ae eee ey ee na en ee ee eel Se J oe ee SSE ee DISPOSeU! Ofna sae See See ae ee eee ee | Ee ee ee eee ee | ho eee ee Antogenous’ staphylococcus vaccine (cubic centimeters) — IPrepaned okie ae awe. 2 Le ee 20) || ee 200 | Seen ae ee Mispoesedlof=2- > 22. Ses === 2a bese 985): Ss ese Cts | Saeed Staphylococcus albus vaccine (cubic centimeters) — Phe Dare eae eee ee eee a a ee Ci oe ee eae 85 Disposed Ole toe ee oe ne eee sole Eee ee Sime || nee = Ree 85 B. coli vaccine (ampules) — IPP epAned ee eee at ae sees ye ae eS el es 135) a Wh eee Te 135 Di SOC nO tee re ee lore eee I wep ee | ee Se S| eae ee ee Streptococcus vaccine (ampules) — Prepared pees ee ee oe ae Sen: SE SISA: bos See 82 IDS posed Olas- aasmemmae a a = tes SRR 2 Se See ted Qo nes ete eee 23 Antistreptococeus serum (cubic centi- meters)— Prepared ses ee reer ar ea eee AS. SU eae OOTP lee eee 2,070 WMisposed\Ols= =o ween eee ee Se Se oe FLO Wea |e Se eee 510 Vaccine virus (doses) ____--------------- DENCE Ce ORT PRY See ee es 312, 364 Antirinderpest serum (cubie centi- ra STR) ae ey a a eS es || ee bar 6Gerse||-aae oe ee 553, 666. 33 Malleins(doses)is2s-2- = ee Se 2 = 532 280 C5 et er Other serums (cubic centimeters) _____----_|______--_--- DZ SSBeOGR = \ | raen se 2, 838, 268 AGS er [eS ee ee ee ee ee 2IOT SOL os S00; otsoos | saat 3, 699, 046. 33 Miscellaneous: ; Photograph sis. 2 22 see ee ee 9, 349 1d 491, — |e eee 5, 142 Natural history specimens ___-----_---_- 34 Sa" eae eee Ee 50 Shopiord erspsset sees es eee Se 243 269m. +r) baat ee ae 26 Miscellaneous work --2--.-2==--—----=-.- 34 SON |p ooosceceees 2 Tote Were cence ee ae ee ens ae 9, 660 14,880). |Let4s. cee 5, 220 116 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work performed (free and cash) and supplies manufactured and sold during the fiscal year 1913, as com- pared with the fiscal year 1912, by value. [July 1, 1913.] | Division of the Bureau. 1912 1913 Decrease. | Increase. | = = - | General, inorganic, and physical chemistry: | Metals:and:alloys20-. = eee P187. 50 PATAS COR eee P287. 10 Rocks, minerals, natural pigments, and Similan-aobstances;--o- ese oe eee 624. 00 142.50 P481:'50:|-25 5 ee Clays, shales, limestones, limes, wall plas- ters; cements, and) slags_:. =. 22.5. -.2_ 3 916. 44 619. 50 296:94 |52223.2 eee Mertilizers*es ea. en ss ero et eee 142. 30 108. 00 34:30) | eee Soils and similar substances _______________ 1,691.00 254. 00 437.00 || 232.25 ee Coalianalyses=- 3. ee eee 346. 00 (88:00) 352 ee ee 442.00 Steaming. tests. sh, 4 eee 1205007) 22 ase 120°00:1° = Calorimetric tests of fuels -__=---.---=-_-_- 160. 00 620.00!) 225-4. Se 460. 00 Waterss see eee et a ot te eS 4, 800. 00 By 425200" Ss ee 625. 00 Crude chemical and miscellaneous analyses_ 344. 80 426; 65:|_ = =2 ee eee 81. 85 Standardisolations2es-- 252-2 = 150. 50 70. 00 80°50 | ee eae Physical tests of wire, twine, fibers, tex- tiles, paper, and similar articles _________ 14. 00 190.0002 ss2 eee 176. 00 Cementsa42e = earnest ee 6, 738. 80 9'129.05\|2= 325 See 2,390. 25 Compression, tensile, or transverse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron and steel, ete ___.____________- 436.50 271. 00 165!'504| 2 eee Standardization of road materials _________ 132.50 515:00,))|:2-2-- 382.50 Standardization of units of measure— Mena thse se a Fi ee eee 67.20) eee 67. 20 Capacities==—* Se 8 eee 194. 80 19. 00 175.90 2 eee Wieichts =-*-52 2 ee 71.58 69. 50 208" | eee Miscellaneous = =2--s-_ e ee 114. 22 LAST) Sa 60. 65 otal) =< aoe eee 17; 184.94) 49/368: 87) [222-8 2, 178. 93 | Organic chemistry: Tale oS Ge a ee | Urine, clinical and toxicological analyses __| 218, 632.00 1;'992:.00'"|), [16,6402 00) 5" = ee Essential oils and essences_____.___________ 48.50 260: 00 HEs= 5 Sse ae 239. 50 Petroleum and products, copra, and simi- larmaterials) =: -) tiaras 301. 45 301. 45 Compression, tensile, or transverse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron’and steel, ete --=.----_- "=== -- A Ue eee ee 43.00 43.00 Standardization of road materials________- LO) | oe ee 114. 00 114. 00 Rocks, minerals, natural pigments, and Similar supstancepes. = = aes Fr ci ee = es 17.00 17.00 Soils and similar substances __-----_---_-- La eee ee 5. 00 5. 00 Medicines and similar articles_____________ 2 ot | ee ee eee 5. 00 5. 00 Waters— Chemicalea==4sss—. 2-3 se eee Bj) eee ae eet 95. 00 95. 00 Biologically seen 2 et ee Bh sos A awe 120. 00 120. 00 Vaccine virus) 282 e=— 2-2 = Se ee Bye D! p 4 eae eee ees 114. 00 114. 00 Miscellaneous sera and preparations--_____ 335000) Sop eae haan ane 84. 60 84. 60 Total's. : #eseSe se See ee oe Bee) | ee 899. 05 899. 05 Bureau of Printing: Naas, = a Pars. Paper and similar materials_-_--__-______- 99 1200500) | Saas eens 1, 200. 00 Petroleum and products, copra, and simi- lar materialst=s ee aes = ee ee 21 S00" 522 ae 7. 00 (ASSAYS) ee eh es See ee Oe 1 00S 6. 00 Photograpmcwworks= se - = eee 1 eal | eee ee 72.20 72.20 Total. 2a oc- een Se ee 134 1, 206. 00 72.20 1, 278. 20 United States Army and Navy: Nes Metalsrand alloys 63. 5=- 2-2-6 Seance Biv |Soehe ake 37. 00 37. 00 Cements =a secs te Le ee a200 ©) Se eet 823. 90 823. 90 Standardization of road materials_________ ny ee eee >| 5.00 5.00 Physical tests of wire, twine, fibers, tex- tiles, paper, and similar articles_________ SOF tse eeee 39. 00 39. 00 Compression, tensile, or transverse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron and) steel) etc ..- 2-22-23 = | 1 I Vase dil Shes 24.00 24.00 Clays, shales, limestones, limes, wall plas- tera, cements, and\slags.. 8 92s- 2-2-7 see Oe Wo Ras oe Seca 10. 00 10. 00 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 123 TABLE 1V.—Showing free and cash work performed, etc——Continued. Bureau or Department. United States Army and Navy—Continued. Coal analyses Standard solutions Waters, chemical analyses Petroleum and products, copra, and simi- Dar aA Lerial ee ie oh a Se ee ones oe near Essential oils and essences Foods, alcohols, and beverages Medicines and similar articles Miscellaneous analyses Miscellaneous sera and preparations Vaccine virus Photographic work Miscellaneous biological work Executive Bureau: Photographic work Electrolysis Committee: Metals and alloys____ Bureau of Lands: Soils and similar substances Assays Miscellaneous College of Medicine and Surgery, University of the Philippines: Urine, clinical and toxicological analyses _ Photographie work Shop work Bureau of Education: Physical tests of wire, twine, fibers, tex- tiles, paper, and similar articles _____. _- Standardization of road materials Paper and similar materials Miscellaneous Photographie work ; Shop work Samples oF Free. Cash. Total. 1s) = Sas eae P15.00 | — P15. 00 Sym ye ee ee 10. 00 10. 00 ZY spec Bea 30. 00 | 30. 00 | te hears 133. 00 133. 00 ig ee seer 54.00 | 54. 00 18 P170. 00 98. 00 268. 00 Ca) | eaeeeen ae 8.00 | 8.00 ieee) 22 ee 82. 00 | 82. 00 URES | See eee 887. 30 887. 30 TAO A aR Seo eee cette 478.90 | 478. 90 HO leek ek 240.00 240. 00 pa OSE esau 30.00 | 30. 00 588, 139 170. 00 300.10 | 3,175.10 | 553, 666.38 )---_-----_-- 757. 15 757. 15 Si.) |e 3.70 3.70 2UB) eae 85. 60 85. 60 11 BEAOO) |S cietn sees 33.00 553, 992. 33 33. 00 846. 45 879. 45 bie haere. 25. 00 25. 00 | Oe = oe 3.00 3. 00 6) ti Seer 28. 00 28. 00 A338. jeea== eee 502. 90 502. 90 Ge ep ene 63. 60 63. 60 5 150500))\= 2-2 150. 00 1 200! | 222 eee 2.00 1 20:00) |= s=s-- 5 22> 20. 00 7 D200) | 2s eee oe 172.00 2 6500)|22-ee a aee 6.00 62 Bees ea. So oo 19. 60 19. 60 TL le || mee AS 0.61 0.61 65 6. 00 20. 21 26. 21 a (=e eee 12. 00 12.00 T° esse see 15.00 | 15. 00 6 18::00\)|- === 222 =SSe2 18. 00 6 30.(00))|/2222-22====2 30. 00 7 584. 40 584. 40 AL) ey |esetesia® 22 2.15 2.15 2, 125 48. 00 613.55 661. 55 124 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE I1V.—Showing free and cash work performed, etc.—Continued. Bureau of Quarantine Service: Bureau or Department. be gcse or Free. Cash. Total. Bureau of Forestry: Coal’analyses® sess 5 a= sete =e 1 P16000) 22-5 sae P15. 00 Calorimetric test of fuels_-------=--------- 1 20500!)|; Seabee 20.00 Photographic works. soe see 268), ° ‘= 15 += eS P52. 20 52. 20 Total: 22pte*3 255 eee eae 265 35. 00 52. 20 87. 20 Bureau of Customs: a ae rar | Metalsiand’ alloys?) 28st ste 7 49 OO MELE 22k: ed 49.00 Standardization of units of measure— Wieirhtse= +=. =>: \s= see eee Me. 4 |e cee see Se 3. 50 3. 50 Miscellaneous _______---.-------------- | ieee een ee 0. 80 0.80 Petroleum and products, copra, and sim- | ilar:materials2=2 252") =2 S222 2-2- eee | 2 20 00) | Soe eae eee 20.00 Paints, varnishes, and linseed oils -_----_- 6 3.00 16.00 19. 00 Gums, resins, and similar materials_-___-_- fa 1 10500)|<- ee eae 10. 00 Paper and similar materials -_-__---------- 1 200! pea eee 2.00 Foods, alcohols, and beverages-_-_--------_- | 7 31.00) 522222e 31.00 Medicines and similar articles__-_.-_---_---- 42 206::00))|/=2 23.2 ee 206. 00 Soils and similar substances --__---------- 3 9:00iiz= =25e-8e22 9.00 IPhotosraphiciworkerene- 22. -- a. see LG o/s Sear eres 35. 50 35. 50 Motale se vewereremeere -2- 5 428 aetee ss 100 330. 00 55. 80 385. 80 Compression, tensile, or transverse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron and steel, etc___--------------- 2h > | ube ae | 14. 00 14. 00 Urine, clinical and toxicological analyses_- 3 R00 ee 2e~ 7. 00 Pieces 222 or ee ee eae 5, 545 ISS i580; OO) 22S) eae 138, 581. 00 SDUbaINE Sao eee een a eae eee 2 600) (Seas = ee 6. 00 Blood'e2 sete ot eames oe = Se eee 2 6:00: |S 6. 00 Miscellaneous biological work and exam- TRATIONS Se ae ee eas ee 683 25055: 00 ul eae see 2, 055. 00 Vaccine’ virus = ae 82 See 53,110 et 76. 00 76. 00 Total! 2). sete 18, 837 140, 655. 00 90.00 | 140, 745. 00 University of the Philippines: Urine, clinical and toxicological analyses _ 5 152007 | B=-2eee ee 15. 00 Foods, alcohols, and beverages____--____. 9 | 90:00 '*|\,-= Sasa ee 90. 00 Miscellaneous sera and preparations____-_- Se. eee 2.00 2. 00 Photographichwork sess ss a eee Gai eee 386. 66 386. 66 Shop worko ee eee eo De oe Lg al ee ae 3.55 | 3.55 Miscellaneous biological work. _____-____- 4 QA) =e es 9.00 Totalt-.2s a Se ere res ee ee 704 114. 00 392. 21 | 506. 21 Bureau of Navigation: P ae Goal analysese= = — en oe ees 1 1500's ee 15. 00 Cements Soe ee ew ee eee | 1 “| Sots Shs = ee 5.00 5. 00 Standardization of road materials_________ 2 plage: dee de 14. 00 14. 00 Petroleum and products, copra, and sim- | Nar Materials =o) eee se sa ee ee 1 | 700," .eaee ees 7.00 Food preservatives and coloring matters__ 1 LB AO0 ‘ase eee 15. 00 Waters:: biological’) een - 3 eee 5 | 200500 i] 2 2 200. 00 Rota =o eee ee Re eee 11 237. 00 19. 00 256. 00 ——— | TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT 125 TaBLE IV.—Showing free and cash work performed, etc.—Continued. Bureau or Department. panpls cE Free. Cash. Total. “! | = Se ee al Philippine Constabulary: | Ih Gee a a Se Lee ee ee Bh eS TOO) |. See a P37. 00 Sh agiqAoU 0? ees ee AE eS ee ee ee 11 | AZ O0' | ae eee 24.00 Erk ee Te i | 3 159: O00| eee 153.00 | Physical tests of wire, twine, fibers, tex- | | tiles, paper, and similar articles ________) Ce a ee a P8. 00 8. 00 Waeemienvthlis)= 22552 2> eee ae 34 a 0.34 | 0.34 | Potala ee a Saw a aoe es eee 55 214. 00 8.34 222. 34 | Bureau of Prisons: ri | Urine, clinical and toxicological analyses _ 2, 024 G5 OVZs00; (5-22-22 6, 072. 00 Foods, alcohols, and beverages --_---------- | 1 | Be00) |p ee 3.00 Miscellaneous chemical analyses and ex- | | AAG ONS ees ee ae eee oe Pe ee ae 5 ROU oa ee 5.00 Waters biological. =o en ee 34 ZDONOO! | 222s ee 750. 00 Miscellaneous biological work and exam- | BA ALIONS eee tate ee es 108 PANS OO" f= 22s 241. 00 ze th pal ze de 2 | 18, 452 BEO0 |e. lee 55, 730. 00 Shoynivinint re ae Aa Se oe pein 5, 155 fes465!.00) |2==-= 15, 465. 00 TE ores be = es paper eae et Se | 14, 169 ADE OSH O0) |= ae = ee 42, 528. 00 INECEODSICS Soest te se ee | 13 SHOSO0) |= — 1-52 sae 350. 00 TR, SS a ee eS ee ee 39, 961 ATS A4S00),|2 =.= --2s 121, 144. 00 Philippine Exposition: Photographic work ___ | 242° @ eee 48. 40 48. 40 Philippine Library: Photographic work--_-_-_--_- | 60)0 2a eee seen 5 13.80 | 13.80 The Sales Agency: Photographic work_______- | 12. |W eesseceses: = 2.40 | 2.40 Consulting Architect: Photographic work --_- Al 72 eat te 17.70 | 17. 70 Weather Bureau: Photographie work ________- | Zine ee 12. 40 12. 40 Miscellaneous: i. Le Pare Metalavang alloyssen= 2 222 eros. 8 Se 19 tees ee 172. 50 172.50 Rocks, minerals, natural pigments, and | similar substances===2 — .=2---2--2---=-: 1 [ee tes Sheek 3.00 3.00 Clays, shales, limestones, limes, wall | plasters, cements, and slags____________- | ci igh [See eee | 255. 50 255. 50 Reriilizensss seer ane seen oe 2 7 5 (aging (= 2 a 108. 00 108. 00 Soils and similar substances_______________ 2 \- et eee ose | 30. 00 30. 00 Coallanaly ses == vse somata Ee TG oh Re ee | 158. 00 158. 00 Calorimetric tests of fuels _______________- if 5 ae at 140. 00 140. 00 Crude chemical and miscellaneous analy- | SCR een ean ee ee ee SL ee Gay Sill Speer 49. 00 49.00 OSs Ci nl (Ny eee Se eee bie Et re | 134. 50 134, 50 Compression, tensile, or transverse | strength of concrete, stone, mortar, y | rope, iron and steel, etc _________-_-_-__- Ge iP en ee 85. 00 85. 00 Standardization of road materials_________ am eilSthre sah yA 42.00 42.00 Standardization of units of measure— | Capacities S22 == Eo: ee 4 Ve ee 4.00 4.00 Miscellancoust= 5-28) ee tle 8 Disa eee nee 10. 00 10. 00 Urine, clinical and toxicological analyses__ CY a) (o_o 130. 00 130. 00 Essential oils and essences -___------------ | 30 | Le bub ae | 219.00 219. 00 Petroleum and products, copra, and sim- | | nlarematerigie: ese ene eee 5 a 7 | ioe tale ears 44.50 44. 50 Paints, varnishes, and linseed oils _______- | 9 |e a oe 124. 00 124. 00 126 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE 1V.—Showing free and cash work performed, etc—Continued. | Bureau or Department. Pezules ue Free. Cash. Total. | Miscellaneous—Continued. Foods, alcohols, and beverages____________ LG Ol Sac, Bee P816. 50 P816. 50 Food preservatives and coloring matters__ See ee oe 14.00 14. 00 Medicines and similar articles_____________ ee) Pee ea | 25. 00 25. 00 Gums, resins, and similar materials_._____ or, eae 10. 00 10. 00 Miscellaneous chemical analyses and ex- | BMINAONG * Se ee ee es ee 1 eae 96. 00 96. 00 WA BRAS) SoS 5. A ve Walaa eas ge PACTS gel ee ae 2 598. 67 598. 67 Waters— Chemical = te 2-2) ae de 19 oe Soa ee 515. 00 515. 00 Biological = ses. fo Sa ee nly (eae Ne 630. 00 630. 00 ae CeRE = aes in 6 al 2 a eee pen We Ree so ts 8 222. 00 222.00 Sputumy 226 epee Se ees ; 1 We YO eee os ae 5 42. 00 42.00 IB1OOd --32 a AL 7. i 108 [een easaoee [ud 030,00 1, 030. 00 Gonococcip= eerie an 35.) ae ear Bi gi| ete eee 9.00 9. 00 Miscellaneous biological work and exam- inaAtlONS y= Sse eee ka ee 8°) | eed 60. 00 60. 00 WESC Moa aha (2 ta eee ee Se ee Sia hee eee 163.90 | 163. 90 Malleinsses- "eee be Pamaets Oy) sow 2.00 | 2.00 Miscellaneous sera and preparations______ ANG; G38). -* |= aa at 986. 71 986. 71 Photocraphie wore en-- 2-12 ee A lie ae Eo 3,360.09 3,360.09 Natural history specimens _______________ Ba SHS Pek 8 os | 127.60 | 127. 60 Shop ‘work = ees, bo a ee 2 a ee es So 58. 49 | 58. 49 Miscellaneous: work: ---. --) 0. BY EA, eels ee tee 152. 14 152.14 Salesiof publications =<" 2s Weer Sst See eee eo ee 6, 364. 71 6, 364. 71 POWwers eas sete meses 2. ovo oe Oe ee ee ee ee ie a 34,265.70 34, 265. 70 Reimbursement of traveling expensesete_|____________|__--_ 393. 60 393. 60 Refunded-.worlkmotiaone-.etes | eee ee ee ee 137. 00 137. 00 TOtAL Ss. —= een E! ce ee ee ee AIS G04 4 ey | orpeens o ea e 51,769.11 | 51,769.11 Grand itotalaeetes= 2. > Se 5, 990, 178.33 P693, 909.67 | 104,880.62 | 797,890.29 127 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT eae gr eae atpez‘9 | ogern‘cg | goveta‘oo§=— | os pae‘tt | gx 06t ‘ce Fe LOR aN eee OL “OPP ¥6'L08‘F | 00°00T 16 LOZ F So ae goearst | os -vez‘st | azan0'e = |---| ga an0'z Coa ae 06 08 | 76196 FO 186 = gaara “> | POMEEE Girera coun “aos | 19‘000‘s8 | 6s 6ra‘ze §— | 06 "bea‘TE | 6F¥20 ‘92 UA wom i aa 00 “OTP TCRCCY ate Mel peers 2) 12 ‘ee see ae el p98 Lo‘est'T | ¥6"828 sais aman Wi SEU eae pec tae ee Fourroscae “ROM MaR Be tastes ecg 6L ISIE Seen cea 19 °LL6 COL Geiser: 60819 ‘T Sesees ae 1e°r69‘8 | ze"9zp‘oz | To'ten‘gt = |----*--------| 0" “OT gibt) oe PL G88 Fe: cP ea 99 “PEI T As Soros Tz'T90'T | -9ea‘s = | SE“gut‘@. | fo7- | TUT 2 Bio a eo'2es 2 =| eBeos‘ot =| og tenet © | 08 “Teh “8 Goytac 8 d\or neeee 90'Lr9‘66 | TL"8z6‘L0T | 9h0za‘9e | ga"808 “TL Wien Ge, alae Te TR ye Vea ‘OT | BOLL ‘Zt | SL'099F ~—| ge "9T2'8 TD PBOR eta aaa =e onge SeLr'Z =| eBbEs‘s =| BP “Z9T oF 29 ‘8 Ryme | WS See zo'sra'2 = | Ta6re‘s —| 6°98 8a ZEB ‘s ih ah Mg a gene ad Riera tt Grsteetys || os aa 6h 182 F ce seer eB 'LoeT | eesg‘ee “|eR’zto‘e- | |------------""| en -ano'z SESH i ra Te"e16‘22 | 98°990'T | Tovers‘er | ve zen ‘22 ae <3 90°80‘ | Lu‘oer‘st =| Tu'ezp‘or =| v8 zFO‘ZT | 28 “Ogh *b TEs ae @o'een ‘ad | TeTes‘osd | 6L"809‘eed | Za°6Th‘9d | Lz “68T ‘LT “rea Xk [Rosy “ZI6L HORI ne amouy Mle aes ‘osBeroUy ‘asevotoa(y ae Iwosy | awodywosy | emp uo | 243 Bulanp UY) JF [BIOL | OUI 1OF TOL) shoresyqo | PePUEdxa Surpurysjng -m0o SM E16. “nak ynosy ayy sof (pasinow suoyvbygo burpnjour) sainjypuadxa Buimoys Dy ees age Se ae ae ae rae kgs eg Coe oe ee a susulloeds ulnesn]y CPA Vaan Gon eal aoe ee oo ae 939 ‘SOUBUSJULBU SUIpl[ing ‘s|/eyueplouy (Gh Leak ate PS, ee eh ee eg a. ee a i et ara BSUISIJIOAPY a Te eae ae L.A ae a? ee oon Buipulq pue Suljyuitg lee hin eee ET ge ee oe ee Ee ie i: tae oe Sa eee ae ale Arpune'yT he ao ah Ee FESO yp aS LT ee, ee ee ‘oanqluany ‘snqzeredde 0} sareday SUIBISE[GeO pUuw ‘SUIBISOI9} ‘odBISOg soxoq Waele o1y pue souoydelay, :SnosUue| [Adsl See a Rie raat ar teh gta pes” kr ea ee a Ta een Ran es VY Sel uolyey10dsueiy AVIQ 099 ‘aaty Youn] ‘sWielp ted ‘sesuedxo [aABI} “UOI}e}10dsueIy, "099 “VY sleay pue uolzey10dsuB.y, ee ine ee ety eto a do nr te = & Serie. teria O70 ‘SUOIZdIAOSqns ‘syoog sorjddns o1ydeaZsojoyg aS ee GS En Nes ee Oe * Hee a A Se eS Pe oe selddns soo O70 ‘poss ‘s[/eULUe as1e'T eR. MS RUT 3 PS ee Rr ae ee Sa oJe ‘pees ‘s[eullue [[eWg 940 ‘[Bo0o ‘flo ‘yueld zamMod a1oF sarjddng fe aha ea a aes cai a ig ie a a eae eae ta ie i snjeieddy s[eoluayo pue soddns snosury[aos ify rojo ‘sorddns ‘snyereddy “Woy ‘CI6L “wah yoosy ay. yym pasnd quawmazpjys aaynundwmoj— A aATAV, ‘THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE 128 Wik picid tiated) [oh bb Knit ukk oan Aneel soueleg 80 “P29 ‘T Pe er ear Ie IS at PN eee RS OPES «ue SU Re et OT ee gy ee ae CPE pepuedxy T8 “82S SS Pc A Rae Fs as ek oe es ONT ok ene ee ee pepuedxm ee ey Mer ZI6T ‘T AINE ‘alqelreay 68 "902 °% ehh ie a ena oe Bate eee arn im Bonen ONCOL LCL LLC Hole] Daeoy -72- 2-2 CACTI Sl Dea tert al wha og Se a ee ay AIB[WS J[BY pue aAva] pensody BELO. ai eae IZ IPL ‘g OG" S0GSe. «i ulissstaera sees Ge"Sgase., | hilp=sasraKsess B[LUB 0} AIZUNOD USla10F BJNOLUS SesuedxXe pu UOIVBIAOdsUBAY, puree vaas =? G07HT0 Sia” S| 91 eon odeN || TT eBOipsee | ar eee (eID gen Pde” Ire" ea penerns sess shen : = - i ‘ a . ‘ , < ’ f. - * > : / i . " < ‘ ’ . ns Par - > ae | y a ro ' - ae . “ fea * wT wy), _sTupEEs IN Mono HISTORY, Law, AND RELIGION. By NarE EEB ie Auiccue: A treatise on the» history. and euistoms of the Moro: People. —107 pages: 16 beef dane i hs aie 45 diagrams, MUSED | es Sayer Order No, 405, ee estes ) te "i 3 Paes eee aay Haat “Price $0, 25 United ‘States currency, postpaid. ot si A ‘MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE SILK cuLrurs. ‘By CHARLES 8. BANKs.. pa a: practical | “working guide based upon ‘several years’ experience with silkeprodueing , Hvac ecenyye “larvee.—58 pages; 20 Seige a ee $i ; "Order No, 413, eee oe Lapantend ee "Price $0. 75, Unitea States eutreney, postpaid. THE HISTORY OF suLD. By Nazar M ‘SALEEBY, ga) Ge original documents. 875 ‘pages: Pitts , oy _ Order No, 406. . > se ; ERIC ME MN Ss ' Price wo 15 United States ‘curreney, postpaid. fon Al MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. By Ricwarp C. McGrecor. Descriptions of all known species of Philippine Birds, hited with keys to species ‘and i RNS “genera.—Part 1: 412: pages. Part 11:32} pages. sais i Order No, 102, wie ~* ‘Price: (for the two volumes) $4: United States currency, postpaid. j | NEGRITOS oF ZAMBALES. By, Wa ALLAN Reep. An ‘interesting’ ethnological ‘study of the. pyemy. ‘Placks: of Zambales 42: photographie. oe Aigo asriege SL Daves Mirae ut aa : Order No. 402. Re fae eee Price $0. 25 Tinited States currency, postpaid. - : THE ‘NABALOI DIALECT, os aes, Sonpenen, together with 1 THE BATARS OF ; re PALAWAN, by EDWARD as ‘Minter. The ‘result. of research “work among’ this. interesting. etey of primitive cao: 199 pages, Ne & map. 28 full-page peocanrenas plates. 6 FLUTES Te cK Ss ey ve ; “Order No, 408. AOE On te by | Price $0.25 United States currency, papery, Sanne hh She “MINDANAO. THE “SUBANUNS ‘OF SINDANGAN BAY.. By ‘EMERsow, Ba eee CHRISTIE. “This, together with. the History of Sulu and the Studies in Moro History, ee pers Religion, forms. an authentic and valuable set of works on the origin, history, and customs ‘of these tribes, who are ama ia the most: interesting, peoples of the world, 128 pages. | Profusely illustrated. ea ; _ Order’ Now fleet 3% S)*0 "Price $1.25: United States currency, postpaid, a | ENDO-WALAYAN ‘woons. ‘By FRED W. FoxwortHy. . This. is a notable and authoritative work, embodying a correlation of Indo-Matayan Soids ‘and other ‘interesting. phases of the subject.—182 pages; 9 photographic: ate (Being Section CG, No. 4 Vol. Iv, oF The XOHERIAS. Journal of Science.) Order No, 411, sok ; : Kae Price $0.50 United States currency, postpaid. THE SUGAR IN DUSTRY IN THE ISLAND oF NEGROS. Le Herrere Ss: “The volume gives ‘a ene ectendenk of ‘the ‘present methods of sugar eke eras in * the chief ‘producing island of. the Archipelago, and is indispensable to anyone wishing — ‘to understand’ the conditions of eanns: Pepane wes in the sian casa Islands. 145 Paves. 10. photographic plates. 1 acai ire aey ies Order No, 412, mele) earthen ie ‘Prine $1. 25 United States currency, postpaid, A FLORA oF MANILA. ‘By E. Di Memenia yes oer etic nee ae nae ‘The: ‘most generally “useful work that, has been published on. the "Philippine ‘flora, and 5 ~ practically. a complete flora of the settled areas ‘at low altitudes. Mca the Arehi- ts - pelago. ‘Over. 1, itd anectes of plants are described. —490 pages: Nieeia Order ‘Ro. Pe wiate flrs : Price me sad Maited States currency, | poston rsh see Section B. (Tropical Medicine) Single numbers of Volume | MALL Mea st oct Volume I, 1906 (not divided into sections) : and PuDISMenh, sold "Tropics The Journal, ‘now. in its aoe voltutiey is iene in four ‘sections. Each section consists of six numbers a year, Is S separately Saeed and indexed, and is a tan ates publication in itself. ASN Mi { rail } _ SUBSCRIPTION RATES TO OURRENT VOLUME | nN A Section A (Chenicar and Geolosinat, Sciences and the Industries Section. c CSLARS) ’ “aoneas D. Bae cee B. Se M. So Baltor... (4 gecttona yk oa 2 ey SOY RAS EMRE ot Entire Journal,’ beginning with Volume vi (per volume) & ce é Single numbers (except of Volume Ba MESS CG ee Volume I (without. juppincate sold. ony eae complete file ‘ RS of section A; B, 0 ht G2 Sra eee cna listed pelaw. rah ts, FOREIGN AGENTS | The Macmillan Company, 64-66 Pith moedue: New. Yong: U. ‘s. re i see Wm. Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, hondon, W. yi England, | REY Martinus Nijhoff, Lange Voorhout 9, ‘The Hague, Holland. NTE oy Oa Mayer & Miiller, Prinz Louis Ferdinandstrasse 2, Berlin, N.W., Germany. Kelly & Walsh, Ltd., 32 Raffies | Place, Singapore, Straits Settlements, A. M, & J, Ferguson,, 19 Baillie Street, Colombo, Centon: ° “Pais ark Ahacker, Spink & Co., Py +0. Box 54, Daleues, India. EE Se Mui ¢ ENDE 5 ny - THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE, MANILA ALVIN J. ae A. B., M. A., Pu.’ hee Director © BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY MARSHALL A. BARBER, PH. .D., Chief John ‘A. Johnston, M. D., D. Po H. Henry L. Begley. B. C, Crowell, B. A., M. D., C. M, ‘| Edward Theurick. — ‘Otto Schobli, M. D. Joaquin Augustino. Charles E. Gabel, B..S., Ph, D+ ‘a | Ramon 6 Ce shrha D. Jungmann, M. D. . : SECTION OF SERA AND PROPHYLACTICS Ernest Henry Ruediger, M. D, | Ariston M. Guzman. ‘SECTION We BOTANY Eugenio Fenix: Maximo Ramos. Elmer D. Merrill, B. S., M. S. Wm. H. Brown, B. S., Ph. D. Harry S. Yates, B. S., M. S., Ph. D.? : SECTION OF ICHTHYOLOGY Alvin Seale, A. B. | Juan Labson. * Teodosio Espinosa. ; SECTION OF ORNITHOLOGY AND TAXIDERMY ae Richard C. McGregor, A. B. ., Andres Celestino. DIVISION OF GENERAL, INORGANIC, AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. — RoserT R. WILLIAMS, M. S., Chief see ti George W. Heise, B. S., M: S. Albert E. W. King. Joshua C. Witt, A. B., S. B., S. M., Ph. D,* Rafael H. Aguilar, Ch. E.4 Timoteo Dar Juan,’'A. B., Phar..C. *~ Francisco Pena. Vicente Q, Gana, A. B. | Eduardo Ignacio. A. 8. Argiielles, B. S. é | Gavino Rantaso..’ DIVISION OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Dav S. Pratt, A. B., PH: D., Chief. Harvey C, Brill, A. B., Ph. D. Harrison 0. Parker, M. A? L. W. Thurlow, M. S. . Francisco Agcaoili, A. B. _ Albert H. Wells, A. B. » | Hermenegildo Taguibao. DIVISION OF MINES. . WaLtace E. Pratt, A. B., B. S., A. M., E..M., Chief Victor E. Lednicky, B.S. Pedro Fajardo. Pio Moscaira. tS : PHILIPPINE MUSEUM MERTON L. Mure, A. B., Px. D., Chief Emerson B: Christie, A. B. LIBRARY (Division of Science, The Philippine Library) Mary Pouk, A. B., A. M., Librarian Emma E. Kinne, Ph. B., B. L. S. Catalina Sucgang. SOM Luis Montilla. e ; JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS Richard ©. McGregor, A. B. | Huldah E. Kupfer, Ph. B. A. E. Southard, Chief Clerk. } F. RB. Yeasiano, M, E., Mechanical and Testing ' José Guerrero y Reyes, Chief Power Engineer. Engineer. Charles Martin, Photographer. Felix Nha ogi: M. E., Assistant Backdoor Charles J. Stancliff, Disbursing. Officer. One hundred thirty-five clerks and laborers. 1 Appointment effective, June 20, 1915. 3 Appointment effective, August 14, 1915. ’ 2 Appointment effective, August 1, 1915. 4 Appointment effective, January 1, 1915. mec ae eo eee re ate Po eR eae f © aon a a a ee ee ae 6 * “daqied “WV “W ‘uojsuyor “y UYyor ‘loRDsy “yf ‘MOLINYL “M "TI ‘a[BeS UlATYV ‘AtsMyO “g “W ‘OUBISED_ “YY ‘MOSeIHIW “OY ‘UWB “sByO ‘OUTySAIaD “YW / mow daddy °4ye41g “W eoRT[VM ‘taAeq API10 “H ‘SITPM “H “V ‘Bypueys “fF “O ‘UMOIG "HM ‘BURY *H “A ‘OABWILT, “VY ‘BlOUZTReA “YW ‘Sal[fansi1y “Gg “y ‘oUuljsNSny “f ‘AvdIpeny “HW / Mou puyy “uuewsune “q “f¢ ‘Ae[seq "JT “HW ‘sury "MV ‘UePNg.O “A “M ‘TIM (0 “H ‘eSIPH “M 281005 ‘BatlBosoyT “Gg “Bued “Wf ‘uUBNE eq “I, ‘PBPIANeN “Gq ‘UBpAOr “G/MOL puodag “[JaMOID “OD “_ ‘SWRITIM “YY ‘yyWS dM ‘TMRW dH ‘SQQID “d *H ‘X0OOD “ff ULATY “TONTePM VT CO “IANA IT CW “YIOd Atv ‘Otetaeny “ff ‘pareyynog “Wy “VW / M04 sanoT—jYSII 0} Yo, WoIy Surpeary SSONSIOS 30 NVAYNA AHL AO 4SVLS OISILNGAIOS [PIGL “OUG-EIGL ‘ATONE—AONGIOS 10 AVAYNAG AHL JO LuOaIY IVWANNY HINASLYIH THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS TO THE HONORABLE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR BY ALVIN J; COX DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1914 INCLUDING ESSENTIAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE SIX MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1913 BUREAU OF PRINTING 137169 a ‘ mS oP ie *¥ 4 my, UM fees i ak ; kee oy P * tide Waa oe ey ™ y Rl daa ae ee “i ad wi whe ari » air ny Ar Cae , ' 5 x . “her fi a Mek Te FR Se ee ; ¥ i” , - ? 4 m | oe i ” 7 heat y — . ’ Py a Eee wid 7 a o.' s&s © VEY, mi \ = E s fl rh Ss aN : aU) 245 ‘ sy . - = rt : , . * f ; < ' 7 ; ‘ 4 ' ' J . y > es * a i" i i’ Ke Ps ; ; « £: ees Puen eck t - ar f , zai ‘ : A i \ Aes I 5 J J r , J be | uy ‘ i, ‘ : ! aut IJV tV Pe Pe oe ee THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DI- RECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF SCIENCE, Manila, January 1, 1915. Sir: I have the honor to submit the following general state- ment of the work carried on in the Bureau of Science from July 1, 1913, to December 31, 1914, together with a few recommenda- tions with regard to improvements and extension of the work which seem to me advisable. Since the calendar year 1914 is the first full fiscal year since the Philippine Legislature passed Act No. 2305 which changed the fiscal year to conform with the calendar year, I have included in this report an account of the work carried on in the Bureau of Science for the preceding six months, which has not been covered by any published report. The Bureau of Science during its many years of existence has become very widely known all over the world. We have in the Philippines what the Britanica Year Book of 1913 in a bio- graphy of Dr. Paul C. Freer, late director of the Bureau of Science, calls “a great research institution that is now classed with the best in the world.” The Bureau of Science has always been composed of capable and energetic men who have had a clear conception of what is to be accomplished, and the routine work of the institution, which has greatly increased throughout the last years, has been performed not as a goal in itself, but as a necessary part of the great work which must be achieved. A great volume of correspondence carried on in the name of the Bureau of Science by our various division chiefs and the Director has announced the accomplishments of the Government of the Philippine Islands in all parts of the globe, and has given to the Philippine Islands the benefit of extensive research carried on in other countries. Repeatedly the members of the staff of the Bureau of Science have taken a leading part in scientific conferences at which many great nations were represented. Frequently letters come to us from both friends and persons unknown to us in appreciation of the quality of the scientific work of this Bureau and the way in which we are publishing it. During the period covered by this report a determined effort has been made by individuals who apparently have little knowl- 3 4 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE edge of the Bureau of Science or the work to be performed by it to annex the Bureau along with the Philippine General Hos- pital to the University of the Philippines. When this plan failed, an attempt was made to unite the Bureaus of Science, of Forestry, and of Agriculture, and the College of Engineering of the University of the Philippines with the College of Agri- culture of the University of the Philippines situated at Los Banos, three hours distant from Manila by train. All of the reasons which I have seen advanced for this combination are general statements unsupported by figures or evidence. As far as I am aware, persons most familiar with the situation have been much opposed to, and have discouraged, the efforts to combine activities so distinct as those of the institutions above mentioned. After an investigation by the Legislature, the question of unit- ing these institutions, as far as the Bureau of Science is con- cerned, has now been dropped. The Honorable, the Secretary of the Interior has carefully studied the operations of the Bureau of Science and has expressed himself as exceedingly pleased with its operations as shown by his letter of July 11, 1914, copies of which were given to the press. THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOLLOWS THE EXAMPLE OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Previous to 1906 the Bureau of Science issued free a series of 36 bulletins and many other similar publications. It was recognized by the late Director of the Bureau of Science, as well as by many of his colleagues and by other scientific men, that a high-grade character could not be maintained in the Bureau publications when issued in this way, and in 1906 the Bureau ceased publishing its material in the form of bulletins and started the Philippine Journal of Science. The arrangement has been eminently satisfactory. A subscription price was charged to prevent waste and miscellaneous distribution and to effect economy, but the Journal has been sent to the leading scientific institutions in exchange for their publications which have become valuable additions to our library. An article in Science of August 8, 1913, entitled “‘“Publications of the Department of Agriculture” [Washington, U. S. A.], shows that the Department of Agriculture plans to follow the example of the Bureau of Science. It reads as follows: The Secretary of Agriculture has announced new plans of publication work for that department. There has been an independent series of bulletins and circulars in each of the thirteen publishing bureaus, divisions and offices of the department. These have been discontinued and will be THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 5 superseded by the Journal of Research for printing scientific and technical ‘matter, and by a departmental series of bulletins, written in popular language for selected and general distribution. By this plan the confusion that has resulted from the multiplicity of series of publications will be avoided, and the saving of a considerable sum will annually be ef- Pe ree The highly scientific matter heretofore published indiscriminately in bulletins and circulars will hereafter be published only in the newly estab- lished Journal of Research, which will be issued about once a month * * *, The Journal will be distributed free to agricultural colleges, technical schools, experiment stations, libraries of large universities and certain government depositories and institutions making suitable exchanges; also to a restricted list of scientific men. Copies of the Journal will be sold to miscellaneous applicants by the superintendent of documents, Govern- mentiehringine Office, <<“ .—* %. The new plan of publication work has been designed primarily to im- prove the character of the department’s publications, and secondarily to prevent waste in distribution, and through the economies effected, a greater output of information will become possible with the available appropria- Hones ss UTILIZATION OF RESULTS BY THE BUREAU OF HEALTH A noteworthy thing in the Annual Report of the Director of Health of the Philippine Islands for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, is the record of the extent to which the results of work of the Bureau of Science have been utilized by the Bureau of Health. The following instances quoted from my memoran- dum report of December 31, 1913, indicate the extent to which the routine work and researches of the Bureau of Science have contributed to the improved health conditions of the Islands, and show a few of the ways in which this work has been put into practical use. A pamphlet entitled Insects and Diseases is used in public schools and will, no doubt, do much good in disseminating such information as that malarial fever is conveyed by definite kinds of mosquitoes, that filariasis is transmitted by another, etc. During the fiscal year 1913 the Bureau of Science examined 23,450 samples of blood for malarial parasites and similar organisms, and during the last six months the scope of this work has been extended. The Bureau of Health circular formerly issued on dysentery has been revised and rewritten, and its provisions now correspond with the more recent study made by the Bureau of Science in the prevention of this disease. The work of Doctor Walker of this Bureau upon ameebic dysentery is epoch making. Another pamphlet was prepared on beriberi which has awakened the public to the fact that beriberi occurs among those who use polished rice as a staple article of diet. The work of Doctors Strong and Crowell and of Mr. Williams, of the Bureau of Science, and of others, including the United States Army Board for the study of Tropical Diseases as They Exist in the Philippine Islands, here manifests itself. An illus- trated pamphlet on The poisonous fishes of the Philippines, which has 6 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE been issued by the Bureau of Health, was written by Mr. Seale of the section of ichthyology of the Bureau of Science. The diagnostic work connected with the examinations for communicable diseases referred to on page 11 of the report of the Director of Health in the regulation of dance halls is carried on by the Bureau of Science. During the last fiscal year we examined 20,522 samples for gonococci. The Manila milk supply is referred to on page 14. All of the native as well as imported milks are inspected and analyzed in the Bureau of Science, and a comprehensive investigation of the milk of the carabao by Mr. Dovey, of the chemical iaboratory of the Bureau of Science, has been published. A tabulation of the composition of cows’ milk imported into the Philippine Islands, sterilized milk, condensed milk, fat-free condensed milk, and other forms of milk by Mr. Agcaoili, of the Bureau of Science, has been published. On pages 16, 35, 65, etc., the food and drug inspection is mentioned. The Food and Drugs Board of the Philippine Islands is a body appointed by the Governor-General, and consists of the Assistant Director of Health, the chief of the division of organic chemistry of the Bureau of Science, the chief appraiser of the port of the Bureau of Customs, and the chief city agent of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. This board is advisory to the Director of Health. All the work accomplished by this Board, whether prosecutions or the issuing of decisions relative to food and drugs found upon the market or imported into the Philippine Islands, originates in the Bureau of Science where all analytical work necessary for the enforce- ment of the Food and Drugs Act and for the examination of food and drink for sale in Manila is carried on. On page 24 is mentioned the Maritime Quarantine which inspects im- migrants for hookworm, intestinal parasites, amoebic dysentery, and even balantidic dysentery, cholera, etc. All of these diagnostic examinations are made by the Bureau of Science. During the last fiscal year we examined 34,530 samples of feces in connection with this work, and for the period covered by this report the number has exceeded 24,000. On page 25 the experimental work of the sterilization of water by the ultra-violet rays is mentioned. The idea originated in the Bureau of Science, the apparatus is now being installed in the Bureau of Science, and the work will be carried on and the apparatus operated by the Bureau of Science employees. The character of the milk importation mentioned on page 26 is greatly improved, owing to the inspection carried on in the division of organic chemistry of the Bureau of Science which does the food and drug analyses. Mosquito work mentioned on page 27 originated in the Bureau of Science, and this Bureau supplied the information necessary for the inspectors in carrying out the routine work. Mineral waters of the Philippine Islands are mentioned on page 31 as follows: The last Legislature by Act No. 2264, made available the sum of #15,000 for the purpose of studying the mineral waters of the Philippine Islands -and at this writing the work is under way. Samples of water have already been secured and analyzed from all small springs known to the Bureau, and records and descriptions, real or alleged, of the properties of the waters are now being collected. All of these analyses were made by the chemists of the Bureau of Science. On page 43 the fly menace is mentioned. Whenever an epidemic of THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT % flies becomes very severe, the Bureau of Science is called upon to act and promulgate measures to abate the nuisance. Regarding plague mentioned on page 51, all the examinations of rats are made in the Bureau of Science; nearly 60,000 were examined during the fiscal year 1913, and the work has been continued at about the same rate. The vaccines and sera used by the Bureau of Health are manufactured and furnished by the Bureau of Science. On page 93 health conditions at Baguio are discussed. Much work was done by members of the Bureau of Science in investigations in Baguio, tending’ to improve the health conditions. Concerning bacillary dysentery, much work has been done by Doctor Barber in Baguio. With regard to cholera mentioned on pages 110 and 111, all the laboratory examinations were made by the Bureau of Science. Much work referring to yaws discussed on page 131 has been done in the Bureau of Science. In fact, the Bureau of Science demonstrated that salvarsan was effective in the treatment of the spirochete giving rise to yaws and that in the severe cases the disappearance of the lesions and the cures produced were almost marvelous. FAR EASTERN ASSOCIATION OF TROPICAL MEDICINE Dr. E. L. Walker, of this Bureau, was appointed by His Excel- lency, the Governor-General, as one of the delegates from the Philippine Islands to the third biennial congress of the Far East- ern Association of Tropical Medicine, in Saigon from November 8 to 15, 1913. The congress, like the previous ones, was well attended, and various tropical diseases were discussed. The stimulus of thought and the benefit derived from an organization of this kind is very great, not only to the delegates, but also to the institutions which they represent, especially in this part of the world where the scientific work is isolated to a great extent. The papers which were read treated of a great variety of sub- jects—dysenteries of different etiology, cholera, typhoid, plague, leprosy, animal parasites and parasitic diseases, beriberi, and tropical medicine and sanitation. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The fourth annual meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association was held in Manila between the dates of November 5 and 7, 1914. The Bureau of Science was represented on the standing committees in scientific work, public policy and legis- lation, and exhibits. Important papers were read by Bureau of Science representatives on cholera, malaria, beriberi, leprosy, and the germicidal action of glycerol. COMMITTEE ON STANDARDIZATION OF SUPPLIES For several years the Bureau of Science has been endeavoring to create an interest in the subject of the standardization of supplies for Government use, and for some time all supplies 8 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE such as khaki, rain coats, hats, and string, purchased for the Bureau of Constabulary, have been upon the basis of specifi- cation. I referred to the standardization of material purchased by the Government in my annual report for the fiscal year 1912, pages 2, 25, 26, 27, 50, 51, and 52, and in my annual report for the fiscal year 1913, pages 73 and 74. In each in- stance a remarkable increase in the quality has been noted after the purchase of supplies under specification has been thoroughly initiated, and this improvement in quality is usually secured without an increase of original cost. In the testing of materials and supplies, the Government of the Philippine Islands is far behind other progressive countries. The successful solution of many of our local problems concerning material for construction must be solved by local research, as available information on many of these subjects is meager and only a few general results are applicable to the Philippines. For example, protective coat- ings, paints, asphalts, dust preventatives, and iron and steel may give good service in some climates, but prove unsatisfactory in the tropics. In time, results obtained by studying the phy- sical and chemical properties of various products, and materials in connection with their efficiency in actual service, will be of great value. From time to time I have pointed out the neces- sity for a new testing laboratory and an increase in our force and equipment. At the present time we perform, as well as we can with our equipment, physical tests of a great many materials, such as cement and other similar materials, concrete, mortar, building blocks, bricks, stones, reénforcing iron, steel, cloth, rope, wire, road material, and ties. On June 24, 1914, His Excellency, the Governor-General, issued Executive Order No. 62, which is as follows: E. G. Shields, Purchasing Agent; Warwick Greene, Director of Public Works; and Alvin J. Cox, Director of Science, are hereby constituted a permanent committee to be known as the Committee on Standardization of Supplies. It shall be the duty of the committee thus constituted, after studying the requirements of the various branches of the service, to establish certain makes, grades, qualities, or kinds of material and equipment as the stand- ards of their class to be furnished for Government use. After the standards of any classes of material or equipment have thus been established, the Purchasing Agent shall furnish no others upon re- quisitions unless (1) specifically authorized by the Governor-General, (2) sanctioned by subsequent action of the committee, or (3) to admit of the disposal of material and equipment already on hand. This is in reality an economic measure. The committee has collected specifications enforced in many places and has held one THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 9 meeting at which it was determined that an effort would be made first to eliminate the inferior material and to systematize and classify office supplies. This work will proceed slowly, because in most instances it is necessary to devise special me- thods of analysis in order to select materials best suited to our needs. MANUFACTURE OF EXTRACT OF TIQUI-TIQUI Under the provisions of Act No. 2376 the Bureau of Science is charged with the duty of preparing extract of tiqui-tiqui for the experimental treatment of infantile beriberi. The actual work of preparing this extract has been under the supervision of the chief of the division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry, who has modified and improved the methods of preparation. This work is of great practical importance, a view which we believe will be fully borne out by the report of the committee created by Act No. 2376 to supervise the distribution of the remedy and to collect the statistical evidence relating thereto. Up to the close of the year, in spite of some untoward circumstances, such as a fire in June which burned the products under preparation, 58 liters of extract have been prepared, prob- ably sufficient to treat 700 infants. REDUCTION OF STAFF The uncertainty due to pending legislation in the United States with regard to the Philippine Islands has led many em- ployees of the Philippine Government to seek employment else- where, and there has been a larger number of resignations from the Bureau of Science than usual. On August 22, 1914, his Excellency, the Governor-General, issued the following order: To all Chiefs of Bureaus and Offices: On account of the situation arising from the European war, there is urgent necessity for renewed efforts toward economy * * *. It is di- rected that every effort at economy be now put forth, and to this end no positions now vacant should be filled; no promotions in the service should be made; and no purchases of supplies, except such as are imperatively required, should be made * * The many resignations and the impossibility of filling vacan- cies has reduced the staff to such an extent that the work of the Bureau of Science has suffered seriously. APPOINTMENT OF A DIRECTOR The Assistant Director, who was appointed Acting Director in May, 1912, following the death of Dr. Paul C. Freer on April 17, 1912, and who has continued to direct the affairs of the 10 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Bureau since that date, was appointed Director, Bureau of Science, on January 22, 1914. The work of the Bureau has continued along the lines outlined in my preceding reports, so it seems unnecessary to go into details in this report. Miscellaneous questions will be treated under the discussion of the department of the Bureau to which they chiefly refer. However, I desire especially to express my appreciation of the codperation and the devotion to their work of our scientists, who have made possible our great accomplish- ments in the face of many adverse circumstances. BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Personnel._-Dr. E. L. Walker, chief of the biological labora- tory, who went on leave in June, 1914, has resigned to accept a position as associate professor of tropical diseases in the Hooper Institute at San Francisco, and Dr. M. A. Barber has been promoted to his place. Dr. D. G. Willets, who went on leave in December, 1913, resigned to accept a position as tech- nical assistant in the United States Public Health Service. Mr. Ariston M. Guzman returned from leave in the Unitéd States on July 21, 1914. The position rendered vacant by the resig- nation of Mr. Porter D. Leaky in the Philippine General Hospital laboratory was filled by the assignment of Mr. Theodore Bolanes, an assistant in the routine laboratory. The resignation of Mr. Bolanes was accepted on August 4, 1914, and Mr. L. D. McMillan was dropped owing to legislative action. A temporary assistant who resigned has not been replaced. Dr. Liborio Gomez was transferred to the Bureau of Constabulary in Au- gust, 1913, and Dr. J. D. Jungmann was appointed as assistant in the laboratory and assumed his duties in the same month. The latter was assigned to duty in the clinical laboratory of the Philippine General Hospital. One routine assistant was summarily dismissed for cause. ROUTINE WORK Owing to resignations, the courses heretofore given by mem- bers of the staff on protozodlogy and medical entomology in the College of Medicine and Surgery of the University of the Philippines are no longer conducted. At present the scheduled course on immunity is given in the Graduate School of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. The outbreak of cholera caused a large increase in the amount of work performed in the routine laboratory and necessitated the employment of additional assistants. The Bureau has had the services of Hospital Sergeant Edward Theurick, United THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Ad States Army, and First Class Hospital Apprentice Hugh Lane, United States Navy. Since September the Philippine General Hospital has under- taken to perform its own laboratory work, and in consequence the routine examinations have been reduced in number along certain lines. Since August 3 Bilibid Prison has also been handling most of the routine work there. These reductions have been more than offset by the extra number of examinations entailed by the presence of cholera. Four men were constantly employed on this duty, and much overtime work was carefully and faithfully performed. During the flood in September, when practically all transportation was suspended, a sufficient number of the staff were on duty and the examinations for cholera went on uninterruptedly, a fact which speaks well for the esprit du corps. The war in Europe has interfered with our source of supplies, and the laboratory has had great difficulty in securing sufficient bacteriological glassware for the cholera work. The Depart- ment Surgeon, United States Army, very kindly furnished such supplies as he had; and although very much restricted and ham- pered, up to this date we have been able to take care of all important work without much delay. The routine clinical, bac- teriological, and pathological examinations have continued to inerease, and those made during the fiscal year 1913, the six months from July 1 to December 31, 1913, and the calendar year 1914 are given in parallel columns in the following table: | Twelve Six | Nature of examination. pre eee Calendar | June 30, | Dec. 31, \WEan 1914.) | 1913. 1913. | | Ae ie 2 oe ee ee oe ey ee a eae Rene are 24,530 | 24,502 | 126,022 | SVS Oa so spe CS es ee eS a eee ec ae ee ee race 5, 770 1,919 2,095 | HEE loo tema ne eae mem eS Rien Nae we Co fe Fee mo ee 2S eR 23, 450 8,780 | 6,398 | 1 EES SACGT Anes gt ADS 87 CST aod 9 i oe | 226 185 392 | 1 SST ET GSS EB OR BE LTE ey a Bee OLD 388 316 599 | Wits Se rrricUni nt bes t= eee ee eet Sees Cae gl Ek nk 727 798 , 1,288 Mee D LORY Meee tener er mere eee PRUNE, ENED IP AN EAS thay a SFL 848 248 | 1,142 icin pene ee cet ehh ULE a ee Pear Pid) ht hoo 8 6, 974 5,309 | 4,275 (GravnGyeratetlete 22 tee ea wee es See eR 22 ot, ee nee Oe cere eee eee 1 2.205522 8, 541 16, 383 WRITE SR 5 Se a Se 2 Ciel Sa A a rie ee ae | OTe eed, Bitsle e148 Pematapayp te, meeken ay Mee ARI be cette | 130 | 147 | 432" | PaHistolopicaliexamination —«s09 see! Poy ied yal oy) eit 606 | 322 | 181 | Pec) ak Cains AED OES ISU a ee re 11 | late 35, Pic aceeee meme heey rn ee is be Teg 45 | 13 | 64 | Peston icuch eee te eet es Someiy Si) Pe | (a) | 27,564 | 113,337 fP Miseeliaheotty- on 2 2af 4 See Let iedbewe AYR it) Sith hele | 57,916 | 796! 1,649 | 276, 390 TRUSTER) he BE Coe Res Oe Oe Se Gi ea eee Oa | 153,220 | 80, 655 12 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE INVESTIGATION So much of the time of the staff has of necessity been required for routine examinations that only one man has been regularly engaged in research work. Nevertheless considerable important work has been accomplished. Every piece of research that is intelligently chosen and is prosecuted by a capable investigator must contribute to our scientific knowledge. Although the practical importance of the results as measured by pesos or human lives may not be imme- diately apparent, they may later prove to be of vast benefit to mankind. The discovery by Theobald Smith in 1892 that Texas tick fever was transmitted by the bite of the cattle tick may not have appeared at that time to be of great practical im- portance; yet it disclosed the principle of the insect transmission of tropical diseases, which has enabled medical science to control malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases, and has rendered possible the construction of the Panama Canal, which had failed previously on account of the great mortality from these diseases in the Canal Zone. All of the enumerated researches carried on in the biological laboratory during the period covered by this report have prac- tical results which are immediately apparent. Investigations in progress include the following: Cholera.—An interesting series of studies as to the viability of B. cholere in water under ordinary conditions of light and temperature is being carried on. Another investigation deals with the irritability of the cholera bacillus under certain con- ditions. Malaria.—An experimental determination of the distribution and the species of the mosquitoes capable of transmitting malaria in the Philippines is in progress. Several species have been definitely identified as “carriers,” and the result of this work will contribute greatly to the sanitary improvement of these Islands, and will afford a great financial saving in any campaign against malaria. The health authorities of the Canal Zone es- timated that from $150,000 to $200,000 were saved in their malaria campaign by the discovery that a certain anopheles mosquito that bred in the hollows of rotten stumps could not transmit malaria. Tuberculosis.—Experiments on tuberculosis which were pre- viously reported have been continued. Leprosy.—The investigation on leprosy previously reported is still being carried on, and studies on the cultivation of B. leprx THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 13 have yielded promising results. In connection with the division of organic chemistry an investigation is now being conducted with a view to obtaining an active principle from chaulmoogra oil. Dr. John A. Johnston, of this Bureau, was appointed by the Secretary of the Interior as chairman of a committee to in- vestigate a treatment for leprosy, and this work is still in progress. Plague.—The routine work during the calendar year in ex- amining 113,337 rats for plague has been enormous, and some facts previously unknown have been discovered. The routine examinations have served to confirm previous investigations of this laboratory with regard to plague. Pathology.—The pathologist has performed 412 autopsies dur- ing the calendar year, mostly as diagnostic measures for the Bureau of Health. These have included such diseases as Asiatic cholera, bubonic plague, beriberi, malaria, tuberculosis, glanders, entameebic and bacillary dysenteries, leprosy, diphtheria, tetanus, various tumors, and cases of trauma. Pathological specimens from the Philippine General Hospital, Bureau of Health, and from physicians in private practice to the number of 609 have been examined. Sera and vaccines.—The following preparations were kept in stock and prepared in quantities sufficient to meet the demand: Antirinderpest serum, antidiphtheritic serum, antitetanic serum, anticholera serum, antiplague serum, antistreptococcic serum, serum for exophthalmic goitre, and normal horse serum. Other normal sera were furnished on request. In November, 1913, antimeningococcic serum was added to the list. Variola vaccine, mallein, plague vaccine, cholera vaccine, gonococcus vaccine, sta- phylococcus vaccine, typhoid vaccine, streptococcus vaccine, dysentery vaccine, anthrax vaccine, B. coli vaccine, tuberculin, and autogenous vaccines were furnished on request. _ From July 1, 1913, to December 31, 1914, inclusive, 1,882 serum tests for syphilis were made and 398 specimens of blood were examined bacteriologically. Rabies.—The work on rabies was continued and 163 patients received the Pasteur treatment. ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS WATER-STERILIZING APPARATUS The Bureau of Science purchased for the city of Manila a plant, consisting of one ultra-violet rays water-sterilizing appa- ratus type C-—38, complete, with automatic valve and lamp and one rotary converter, with variable speed 110-volt direct current motor and generator field regulation, to deliver direct current 14 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE with a range of from 50 to 250 volts. After many vexatious delays, the installation is now completed. The plant is of suf- ficient size to give results comparable with those of commercial procedure. In 1911 this Bureau placed a small ultra-violet light and quartz tube and working space in the Bureau at the disposal of the members of the United States Army Board for the Study of Tropical Diseases as they exist in the Philippine Islands. These gentlemen submitted amcebze in the quartz tube to the effect of the ultra-violet rays, and the results of their experi- ments as published in the Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. B (1911), 6, 383-94, are very satisfactory. The city of Manila desired that we continue this work on a commercial scale. It is probable, however, that the sterilizing plant will not eliminate bacteria entirely from unfiltered water, and recent experiments by Doctor Walker tend to prove that the amcebe ordinarily found in water supplies are not injurious. SECTION OF BOTANY OF THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Fersonnel.—The only changes in the personnel of the botanical section were those caused by the death of Dr. C. B. Robinson and the resignation of Mr. Paul W. Graff. Doctor Robinson was murdered by the natives of Amboina on December 5, 1913, the first news reaching Manila on the 23d of the same month. The details of his death are already known to you, and it is certain that his unfortunate murder was en- tirely due to superstitious fear on the part of the natives who accomplished the deed. The guilty parties were soon appre- hended by the Dutch authorities, and have been tried, found guilty, and sentenced. Doctor Robinson was one of our most capable, energetic, resourceful, and efficient men. His loss is a severe one to science as well as to this Bureau. As soon as possible after the news of this sad occurrence reached us, Mr. Merrill left for Buitenzorg, Java, in January, 1914, there to receive the botanical collections made by Doctor Robinson. All the collections were preserved, received in excellent condi- tion, and brought to Manila, where the specimens have been arranged for study. Mr. Graff’s resignation was accepted at the end of his two years’ contract, but he was retained as a temporary employee until the end of the school year because he had charge of one class in botany in the University. Mr. Graff left the service on May 14, 1914. Owing to lack of funds the position has not been filled in spite of the fact that the continuation of the myco- logical work is urgent. There are now only two botanists in THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT aes the Bureau: namely, Mr. E. D. Merrill, chief botanist, and Dr. W. H. Brown, assistant botanist. With this depleted force the amount of scientific and economic work is more than com- mensurate with what was being done a year ago. Routine work.—Mr. Merrill has continued, as in the preceding year, as associate professor of botany and acting chief of the department of botany in the University of the Philippines. Instruction has been given to a total of about 90 students in five courses; two of the courses have been under the personal direction of Mr. Merrill. Although he is detailed to the Uni- versity for half time, during the present semester he actually spends. in class work as many hours as full-time men. The depletion of the botanical force in the Bureau of Science made it necessary for Mr. Merrill to take over extra University work—work for which Mr. Graff of this Bureau was detailed - last year—and thus to spend a large amount of time that could have been devoted profitably to botanical investigation. In addi- tion to his work in the College of Liberal Arts, Mr. Merrill has also given a series of 10 lectures on medical botany to the students in the post-graduate medical course. Mr. Merrill is unusually energetic, and no doubt this work can be carried for a period of some months without seriously encroaching upon his regular work. However, it is manifestly impracticable for him to continue indefinitely devoting so much time to this work of instruction. The nature and volume of the general routine work has con- tinued to be about the same as for the preceding year, taxing our efforts to the utmost to accomplish the work with the present equipment and laboratory force. A considerable amount of the time of the mycologist was taken in reporting on diseased plants and parts of plants submitted by planters and others. Wher- ever possible, the fungus causing the trouble was determined and the remedy prescribed. In taxonomy the only group worked locally is the Basidiomycetes, all other fungi being submitted to specialists. The fungus Metarrhizium anisoplioe Sor., known as “green muscardine,” which is parasitic on the coconut borer, has been isolated from specimens of the insect that had been killed by the fungus. Pure cultures of this parasite have been supplied to the government entomologist of German Samoa, to the mycologist of the Hawaiian Experiment Station, and to the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture for use in combating the pest. The herbarium.—The burden of the herbarium work has fal- len on the chief botanist since the assistant botanist is engaged 16 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE in field work most of his time. A total of 10,730 Philippine and foreign specimens for the six months ending December 31, 1918, and 18,738 for the calendar year 1914 have been poisoned, mounted, and distributed into the herbarium. Approximately 14,186 and 24,622 duplicates, respectively, for the two periods have been distributed by exchange to various scientific institu- tions and to individuals. Additional duplicate material is pre- pared and packed for shipment, awaiting more favorable con- ditions. The accumulated material was all distributed into sets ready for distribution at the end of July, but a number of sets cannot be shipped until the close of the present war. Mounted sheets totaling 431 and 678 specimens, respectively, have been loaned to specialists for study. During the calendar year over 600 duplicate unmounted specimens have been sent to specialists _ for identification. Such a large volume of work was accom- plished by so few men only by the careful and faithful perform- ance of many hours of overtime work. It is physically impossible to continue this indefinitely, and a decrease in the amount of work accomplished must be looked for during the coming year. Philippine accessions.—The total number of Philippine plants added during the past year is 6,137. These have been received from many sources, by collection, by transmission from other departments of the Government for identification, and as gifts. The important collections of Philippine material are: ee Six ho Calendar Dec. 31, [eae 1914. 1913. pe eR a oe me is oe —|-.—— a: | Collections of employees of the Bureau of Science ______-.-----___----_-_____- 2, 250 1, 744 Collections of employees of the Bureau of Forestry____-___----_-------------- 582 Qattsa ML Wanoverberc formic Omit ica tio mates eee es eee 325 47 C. F. Baker for identification and fungi in exchange _________--__-__--------- . 87 619 | | -i@:'Al Wenzelfor identification WOlA2,.)it a. 0a ee ee: See | 521 690 | Pan CiiGatesfonidentification: 225 = sase is 2= oe oe Ree eee eee | 161 135 i: HW. Taylor tonidentiiea tones: ses ae. pees on) | oe ee ee ne 1164 eee H. Sandkubl foridentifieation’ =<. 02-6 sso eee ee, ne eee | ig i ear VA? DE: Elmer‘byspurehaseiand!: oitts2= 252 2 2-= 3 ee eee eee ee eee | Tas! See | SDL Doppingtas girtt eee. Steen Ses Sel eee eee eee cid |p eae ail 43 | R. S. Williams by exchange with the New York Botanical Garden ____- Se ee 2 ere Pe 291 Identifications made during the calendar year approximate 9,000, which include the unnamed Philippine material incor- porated in the herbarium during the year, a considerable number of plants from Borneo and Amboina, a number of specimens for the College of Agriculture, and nearly 1,000 specimens sub- mitted by the Silliman Institute. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 7 Foreign accessions.—Extra-Philippine material received by collection, in exchange, and for identification has been greater than in any foregoing year. A total of 5,130 and 12,601 speci- mens for the six months ending December 31, 1913, and for the calendar year 1914, respectively, have been received, poi- soned, mounted, and distributed into the herbarium. Many of the specimens are of the greatest value for purposes of compar- ison, and a large number of cotypes are represented in some of the collections, notably in the material received from the Paris Museum, the largest and most valuable single collection received during the year. Total accessions.—The specimens added to the herbarium from all sources to date increase the grand total of the herbarium to 149,141, of which about 87,500 are Philippine and 61,655 are extra-Philippine. It is estimated that nearly 3,000 additional specimens, Philippine and extra-Philippine, are on hand, but these have not been entered as the specimens are not yet arranged, numbered, or otherwise prepared for identification. Work on this material is being pushed as rapidly as possible. In our codperative work with the Bureau of Forestry the latter has arranged to install a small herbarium case at each forest station, and we have agreed not only to report the collec- tions by number, giving the Filipino and scientific names and the family to which each species belongs as heretofore, but also to mount and return a duplicate of all botanical material ‘gent in by the foresters, which will be sent to the forest station nearest to the place where the material was collected. Already 633 specimens have been mounted and returned. It is believed that this will add greatly to the value of the work done by the rangers and foresters, will stimulate interest on their part in the matter of collecting botanical specimens, and will tend to reduce the duplication of species as foresters and rangers change stations. As in the past, the original set of all material sub- mitted by employees of the Bureau of Forestry is mounted and incorporated in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science. The type collectionSince it was improbable that fireproof quarters for our valuable herbarium could be procured soon, the entire type and cotype collection of 3,500 sheets was placed in special cases in the fireproof east wing of the Bureau of Science building, where it is arranged in families and genera. Each case is one half the size of a standard herbarium case. This size was selected so that the cases, with contents intact, could be removed from the building in case of emergency. Types and cotypes of cellular cryptogams have not been segregated. 137169 2 18 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE The fact that types are stored in a part of the building far removed from the general herbarium has materially added to the difficulties in making current identifications, and much time is lost in going from the general collection to the type collection. This, however, cannot be safely remedied until proper fireproof quarters are supplied for the entire collection. Publications.—A list of papers which have been published in Section C, Botany, of the Philippine Journal of Science is giyen elsewhere. A paper entitled ‘Philippine dipterocarp forests,” by W. H. Brown and D. M. Mathews, prepared during the year, was published in, and fills the last two numbers of, Section A, Chemical and Geological Sciences and the Industries, of the Philippine Journal of Science. This paper is a very extensive and most important physiological and ecological study on the distribution, composition, effect of cutting and clearing, and management of the chief dipterocarp forests of the Phil- ippines. Mr. Merrill has prepared an extensive paper entitled “A contribution .to the bibliography of the botany of Borneo,” containing over 500 titles, which has been submitted to Mr. J. C. Moulton, Sarawak, for publication in the Sarawak Museum Journal. Other papers by Mr. Merrill and Doctor Brown are in press, and still others are ready for the printer and in preparation. Uncompleted work.—There are three especially extensive collections of extra-Philippine botanical material from Borneo, from China, and from Amboina, which have not been worked — up, although considerable work has been done on the Borneo collection. Our most important project on extra-Philippine ma- terial is the one from Amboina, which was interrupted by the _sad death of Doctor Robinson. His collections are now at the Bureau of Science. The collection as it stands is one of the most important that has been made in the Malay Archipelago— important, not so much from the fact that new species are to be expected, but because the bulk of the species represented will be of great value in interpreting the species of the older authors that by reference are based on the figures in Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense and not on actual specimens. The ma- terial has been arranged in two series: First, those specimens that could be definitely referred to plants described or figured by Rumphius in his Herbarium Amboinense; and secondly, those that are apparently not described by Rumphius. The first series has been distributed into sets under the title “Plantae Rum- phianae Amboinenses,” the Rumphian name and reference being added to each label. It is planned, before distributing the ma- THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 19 terial, to add the modern botanical name in each case. The second series of specimens has been distributed into sets under the title ‘“Reliquiae Robinsonianae.”’ Mr. Merrill’s attempt to interpret the species described by the Spanish botanists Blanco and Llanos, of which no types are extant, is being continued. These species have been obscure to all botanists since they were described, because the authors pre- served no botanical material. These species can be properly interpreted only by a careful study of the original descriptions in connection with all other data given by the authors—economic notes, native names, habitats, dates of flowering, etec.—comparing such data with our extensive collections of Philippine material, and searching for individual species in the exact localities mentioned by the authors. Doctor Brown’s investigations on the relation of environmental factors to the physical type of vegetation on Mount Maquiling are nearly completed. All of the chief types of Philippine vegeta- tion are represented on this mountain. A thorough series of measurements, extending over two years, has been made on all types of vegetation and the occurrence of the different physical types thereby explained. His completed paper promises to be of great importance, for no similar work, at least on such an extensive scale, has ever been done in the tropics. Field work.—Aside from the work on Mount Maquiling, explo- ration and collection trips were made to Samar, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal, Bulacan, Pangasinan, and Batangas Provinces. Mr. R. C. McGregor made an extensive and valuable collection in Biliran, an island previously quite unknown botanically. Mr. Merrill did field work in the vicinity of Baguio for about six weeks, and made ’ a number of short trips in the vicinity of Manila. Rich collec- tions from Leyte and Bontoc have been presented to the Bureau by Mr. C. A. Wenzel and by Father M. Vanoverbergh, respec- tively. SECTION OF ICHTHYOLOGY OF THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Expert advice has been given regarding methods of fishing, the formulating of pearling and fishing laws, as well as informa- tion regarding the location of fishing banks and pearling beds, and instructions regarding the construction of fish ponds. The economic fisheries industries of the Islands, such as the produc- tion of window shells and other commercial shells, fish culture, the curing of trepang and other fishery products, and the establishment of sardine canneries, have been stimulated in many ways. The causes of poisoning from eating certain 2() THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE fishes have been investigated. The fish expert has finished several inspection and collecting trips and has occasionally been detailed to solve definite problems. He has worked out a method of conserving the pear] fisheries and of increasing the revenue therefrom for the Department of Mindanao and Sulu. Fish culturve.—In 1913 a spawning pond for the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, was finished near the Bureau of Science. Notices have been published from time to time that mosquito fishes would be supplied free to any one who would apply. A large number have been distributed in the vicinity of Manila, and we have an ample stock ready for distribution. The black bass, Mycropterus salmoides, brought originally from the United States in 1907, have increased in a most satis- factory manner, the two lakes and Trinidad River at Baguio being now well stocked. A shipment of black bass was established in Lake Lanao, Mindanao, on December 22, 1913. The spawning pond for black bass built near the Bureau of Science was inundated by the flood in September, but due to our prompt action in constructing a high fence around it only a few of the bass escaped. The pond is now stocked with between three and four dozen fine bass, which will probably spawn in a few weeks. Investigation —A very good collection of fishes from Mindoro has been identified, and several new species have been discovered. Several manuscripts relating to fish products in the tropics and describing new species of fishes have been prepared and published. SECTION OF ORNITHOLOGY AND TAXIDERMY OF THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY When the Bureau of Science was established little was known of Philippine birds. Considerable work has been carried on in order to determine the Philippine species. The classification of Philippine birds is a primary requisite to economic work on the subject. At the present time our effort is to furnish informa- tion with regard to the habits and distribution of beneficial and injurious birds and of game birds. A mounted collection of com- mon forest birds has been prepared for the use of forestry students so that they may learn the birds of the forests and whether they are injurious or beneficial. This work has neces- sitated several details of the assistant collector to Los Banos. The chief and the assistant collector made a field trip to Biliran Island, Leyte Province, which occupied the period May 16 to July 8, 1914. A trip was made to Dagupan to collect water THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 21 birds. On several short trips which have been taken some work in collecting birds’ stomach contents was done. The study of the food habits of birds is a problem almost untouched in the Philippine Islands, and yet extensive work of this kind would lead to very important results. The determina- tion of whether birds are injurious or beneficial is of the greatest importance to agriculture and forestry. Insectivorous birds hold in check insects which destroy leaf and twig. The results of the work which we have been able to do were issued on September 28, 1914, as a press bulletin, which was distributed for publication, entitled “Birds in their economic relation to man through agriculture and forestry.” The work will be continued. This work is so important to the United States that it occupies much of the time of the Bureau of Biological Survey and a con- siderable portion of the time of the Department of Agriculture. Several cases of mounted specimens have been added to the exhibit. A series of rats to be sent to the United States National Museum for identification has been prepared; deer heads, birds, and other animals have been mounted; collections of birds, sent to this Bureau for that purpose, have been identified. One short paper has been published in the Philippine Journal of Science, and as heretofore, Mr. McGregor has continued to devote considerable time to the Bureau publications. In so far as possible information has been furnished to the committee appointed on February 14, 1914, by His Excellency, the Governor-General, with regard to the breeding and other habits of Philippine birds and mammals in order that they might provide protection to animal life in these Islands. This informa- tion should be greatly extended. SECTION OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Personnel.—On December 31, 1913, Mr. Willie Schultze, for ten years assistant entomologist of the Bureau of Science, severed his connection with the laboratory to accept a position in com- mercial life. He was a faithful employee, and through his zeal and energy our collections of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were built up and arranged. He has completed a catalogue of Philip- pine Coleoptera which is ready for publication. For five years Mr. C. S. Banks has been teaching entomology in the University of the Philippines. In July, 1914, the Honor- able, the Secretary of the Interior decided to abolish the teaching function of the section of entomology, and on August 1, 1914, Mr. Banks was transferred to the University of the’ Philippines, 22 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE in which capacity he continues the supervision of the mosquito extermination project which was originally organized at the instigation of this Bureau. A Filipino employee, to whom can ke entrusted the work of preparing and mounting insects for the cabinets, was added to the staff in 1913. Routine work.—The work of this section has been to assist the Bureaus of Agriculture, Health, Forestry, and others in sug- gesting methods of exterminating such common pests as sugar cane insects, locusts, mosquitoes, flies, and forest insects; in classifying injurious and other insects; and in working out life histories and devising means of keeping insect pests in check. Considerable time has been consumed in furnishing information with reference to injurious insects and insecticides, and formulas for the preparation of the latter have been suggested when such were necessary. At present this work is largely are owing to lack of personnel. Accessions.—During the last year and a half nearly 2,000 numbers have been added to the collection, which represent several times that number of insects. The extension of the collections is being continued through our trained assistants and by gifts. Identification of material—A number of entomologists have served in the identification of material and in the preparation of papers for publication, of which several have been published and a few are now on hand. Silk.—tThe silk industry was introduced into the Philippine Islands by the Bureau of Science. Silkworms have now been grown for eight years and have never suffered from any disease. Our work in the culture of silk is being continued, and we are now raising our stock of about 10,000 silkworms each generation. There have been a large number of inquiries with reference to the industry and requests for silkworm eggs; and the desirability of extending the silk industry throughout the Philippine Islands becomes more apparent each year. There are very few people who have mulberry trees ready to feed the silkworms, and fewer still who have the requisite training to care for the worms, so that progress is slow. However, through the efforts of the Bureau of Science silk culture is steadily increasing in the Islands. It was introduced into one new province during August. There is a large amount of work that ought to be done to as- certain the best races of silkworms that should be introduced and crossed with our own in order to retain our own worms in vigor and free from danger of disease. The need of a technically THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 23 _ trained individual to have actual charge of silk culture and its propaganda in the Philippines becomes more apparent as time goes on. CHEMICAL LABORATORY During the last school year Dr. Harry D. Gibbs, chief of the division of organic chemistry, and Mr. Albert H. Wells and Mr. F. Ageaoili, assistants in the division, were detailed for part of their time to the department of chemistry of the University of the Philippines, and Dr. A. P. West, an assistant in the division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry, was detailed to give all of his time to the University. Mr. Albert E. W. King, an assistant in the latter division, has given a course in testing cement to students of the College of Engineering. The assist- ance has been given to the University at considerable sacri- fice and interruption of the continuity of our work, and all with the exception of the course in cement testing had to be discontinued on account of resignations and the depletion of our staff. j Physical research.—Since my last report the work on the relation between the electrical and meteorological conditions of the atmosphere has been continued under the direction of Dr. J. R. Wright, the scope of the work being extended to in- clude several additional correlated factors. Observations on the radium-emanation content of the atmosphere of Manila have been continued with the view of determining both the annual and diurnal variation with meteorological conditions. During April and May of the two preceding years an extensive series of observations has been taken on the top of Mount Pauai, Ben- guet subprovince, in order to determine the variation of the radium-emanation content with altitude. Simultaneously with the above investigation, observations have been taken on the amount of radium and thorium emanation in the atmosphere by the active-deposit method, the chief object of which is to deter- mine the diurnal variation and its relation to the humidity, barometric pressure, and other meteorological factors. Work has also been started on the following problems: (1) Determina- tion of the ionization of the atmosphere by Ebert’s method, (2) determination of the rate of production of ions in a closed vessel due to the penetrating radiation from the radioactive substances in the atmosphere and the earth’s crust, (3) determination of the diurnal variation of the potential gradient at the surface of the earth, and (4) the absolute value of the intensity of the rays from the sun. 24 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE: All of the above problems are being studied in connection with the observations, taken daily at the Manila Observatory, of the intensity of the sunlight, humidity of the atmosphere, amount of rainfall, and the direction and velocity of air currents. Apparatus.—Since my last published report we have received considerable new apparatus, the need of which has long been apparent. Among these are a 30,000-pound Olsen testing machine; a clay-pugging and brick-making machine from Cham- bers Bros. Co.; a Seger furnace; a rotary crusher; jaw crusher; roller cursher; and sieving machine for grinding and preparing ceramic, cement, road and concrete materials, and ores; and a 19-horsepower liquid-air machine purchased jointly by the Bureau of Science and the University of the Philippines, con- sisting of a 200-atmosphere, 3-step, vertical model compressor with a suction capacity of 54 cubic meters per minute, and an Olszevski apparatus for the liquefaction of air having a capacity of 3 liters per hour. These machines will greatly facilitate the work of this department, but it is desirable that a suitable per- manent place be provided in which to protect them. i DIVISION OF GENERAL, INORGANIC, AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Personnel.—Mr. W. C. Reibling, chief of the division, went on leave in April and resigned September 15, 1914, to accept the position of superintendent of the American Tar Products Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Dr. A. P. West was transferred to the Uni- versity on March 18, 1914. Mr. George W. Heise, physical chemist, arrived from the United States and began duty on July 24,1913. Mr. Rutherford B. Martin resigned on November 19, 1913. Mr. Francisco D. Reyes and Mr. Emilio Natividad severed their connection with the Bureau on April 16 and October 31, 1914, respectively. Mr. Francisco Pefia was appointed Decem- ber 1,1913. Mr. R.R. Williams was appointed on September 16, 1914, to fill the position of chief of the division. The research work of Mr. Williams has been largely in the field of biological chemistry. The losses suffered by resignation have not been made good, and the present staff is inadequate properly to carry on the work which should be done. ROUTINE WORK The routine work continues to be of the same general character as that described in the report for the fiscal year 1913. A classified summary of the routine work done by this division by periods since 1909 is included, as follows: THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 25 | | | July 1 to] G d | Nature of material. 1 1909-10 | 1910-11 | 1911-12 | 1912-13] Dec. 31, | V@*enGar| | | 1913. )Year 1914. === =} a7 = =| Rockstand minerals)... —-< -=2 = Se ae 25 | 46 | 12 | 3 | bee Soils, fertilizers, cements, and clays- 3, 342 3, 738 8, 636 9,617 | 5, 187 6, 884 Metals and alloys____---------------- 24 46 | 36 45 | 14 51 Road materials, stone, gravel, sand, SROLCONCEC LC wa me = ie are oe ebm 2 400 248 | 130 136 132 ici ech ok pei 8 C1 URS apa eae Bey 82 164 | 146 197 126 208 Calorimeter determinations of fuels_ i Ae Se oe 29 | oF 31 7 1 Borlerjtests of coall:*. “= ee | ey a ae 10 Das Sa ee * Seal ae Sea sse222| Standardizations of weights and | | measures (sets, except assorted) es ee Tee ce 1, 066 990 1,127 a1,321 1,300 Gealanalyses.2_- --2->-2 24 ee eS i os 20k ge 154 | 20 | 58 3 22 Miscellaneous» ___-_.-.-------------- DAS xs oh es | 248 91 60 88 TESTU 25s 5 eee Ste ee a aE el ae eae ee 46 33 41 Otel ees os ee NS 3, 696 5, 672 10, 381 11, 354 © 6, 840 8, 733 a Units. > Work classified under Miscellaneous in 1910 is largely segregated in the following periods. ¢ Six months only. This shows a reduction in the number of analyses of waters performed in the laboratory due to the inauguration of field examinations and in the number of cements on account of the limited funds available to the Government for public works. The routine work of this one division was done at the request of individuals representing private or corporate interests and of officials in the following various departments of the Govern- ment: Bureaus of Agriculture, Constabulary, Customs, Educa- tion, Forestry, Health, Quarantine Service, Lands, Prisons, Pubtic Works, Supply, and Science; the city of Manila; Provinces; municipalities; and the United States Army and Navy. It will be seen how generally the Bureau of Science is utilized. As indicated under the heading Committee on Standardization of Supplies, the conditions in the Philippines make it essential to do more or less research work in connection with almost every request. Results obtained prove conclusively the great need of standard requirements for all classes of material and the advis- ability of improving local products. For many of the materials such as crayon, blackboards, roofing, sensitized and cigarette paper, automobile tires, and tool steel sent to us for standard- ization no specifications were available. However, we devised tests, which in most instances were sufficiently effective to show the real or relative value and usefulness of the materials. RESEARCH WORK Specific investigations in various stages of completion are as follows: Paints.—The systematic study of the efficiency and value of 26 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE different commercial pure and mixed paints to determine their actual value under local conditions is being carried on. Field water survey.—A paper on water supplies in the Phil- ippine Islands, by Alvin J. Cox, George W. Heise, and V. Q. Gana, has been completed and published. Field water survey work has been begun within the last three months and so far has been carried into Cebu and Iloilo Provinces. Its chief objects are to give immediate information to officials in charge of public works and sanitation and construction and to establish chemical stand- ards for judging Philippine waters. It is possible to get the greatest accuracy only in the laboratory, but the rapidity and ‘many other important factors more than compensate for the disadvantages of working in the field. Already this work has saved to the inhabitants of these Islands many times the cost of the undertaking. Galvanized iron and tin plate-—Work was undertaken to show the chief causes of the diminished durability in a tropical climate of galvanized iron available on the market at present as compared with that of two or three decades ago. In connection with this work the excessive rusting of tin containers, which has entailed severe loss upon several local manufacturers, was studied. The problems involved were those of corrosion and protective coatings in general. Tin coating sufficient to give satisfactory results under normal eondition of service is too thin and too poorly applied to prevent excessive corrosion under the slightly severe conditions of a tropical climate. Iron smelting.—A study has been made of the modifications of Filipino smelting processes, which can be put into effect by small producers for an improvement in yield and quantity of iron and economy of production. Lime burning.—Operations have been carried on to secure a small kiln that will be economical of fuel and serviceable to the small producer. Cement.—Attempts have been made to produce a cheap pozzo- lana cement from volcanic tuff and lime which can be substituted for Portland cement in certain classes of construction. Papers on Burning tests of Philippine Portland cement raw materials, by Augustus P. West and Alvin J. Cox; The efficiency of Portland cement raw materials from Naga, Cebu, by W. C. Reibling and F. D. Reyes; and Natural cement versus brick; Iwahig Penal Colony raw materials, by W. C. Reibling, have been published. Soils —A paper on The soils of the Island of Luzon, by Alvin J. Cox and A. S. Argiielles, has been finished and published, and THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PA Mr. Argiielles is now coéperating with Doctor Brown on a study of soils and soil moisture in relation to tropical vegetation. Gas-producer operation.—A careful study of the chemical composition of producer gas has been made to develop the most economical generation. Salt industry.—The study of the salt industry resources of the Philippine Islands has been continued, and means have been suggested for improving and increasing the output. Brick making.—Clay and shales suitable for use in the man- ufacture of clay products, such as building and paving bricks, tiles, and common pottery, are abundant in the Philippine Islands. The Bureau of Science has demonstrated the suitability of these by manufacturing the products in the laboratory. Leather industry.—Our chemists have shown that by simple, inexpensive modifications of their methods the local tanners can vastly improve their product in weight, finish, and durability, and particularly as to odor. This work has been carried on in Meycauayan. Already Filipino tanners have been very much interested, and the work should lead to important and practical results. Many smaller problems have been touched upon, more or less superficially. DIVISION OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Personnel.—Dr. Harvey C. Brill and Mr. William B. O‘Brien, new appointees, arrived from the United States and began ser- vice on July 24, 1913. Dr. Harry D. Gibbs, chief of the division and assistant to the Director, resigned on June 15, 1914, to accept a position with the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., and Mr. O’Brien was transferred to the Uni- versity of the Philippines on August 9, 1914. Dr. David S. Pratt, a member of the division, who was in charge of the division while Doctor Gibbs was on leave in the United States, from which he returned on September 9, 1913, was promoted on September 16, 1914, to the position of chief of the division to take effect upon his return to duty. Mr. Robert R. Williams was transferred to the division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry as chief on September 16, 1914. No new appointments have been made, and the division is left in a depleted condition. ROUTINE WORK The routine work of this division consists of the inspection, analysis, and examination of foods, drinks, drugs, and other a8 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE organic substances. The routine work performed is shown in the following table: | Calendar year 1914. OF RT ay ae bade | ee ot ‘Total for Govern- | ce 81x I Nature of sample. Exam- | Adulter- ass oe | par ined un-| ated or |; 7 aluded, Private | Total. | Dec. 31, | | der Act mis | aan work. | 1913. | No. 1655. | branded. | Metin | | 1655) | poe po Cate Saat ES) as es = Dairy products ________._-.-_--_--_- 25 | 4| 38 3 | 66| 156 Ment npoduata 25064 9 19 ss ISA ieee Beebe 19 | 23 Nonalcoholic drinks __---____---____- 9 1 32 5 | 46 45 ANCONONG GrinKS 2-2-2) cee a es 3 1 10 3 16 | 33 | Weretables iia nso sat cee san nee | 23 7 8 4 | 35 14 | R@Coreals ect 6s Ao Ss gee Sabha Be en eee 53 40 57 | 71 ian nt produce, so 2 4 S852 ee dive Lie Been 4 ul 12 Essences and essential oils __________ 16 RN Nica. dg lth 33 18 Gondiments! 252232 - 22S cee 1 1 1G) |" See see 11 1 G11 eal oo eee ee CeO Reem 2.0 Tale ake! Ys. eRe 18 5 23 16 | Drugsand medicines --.--__- =. ape | all al 10 1 33 36 | Ciinieal examinations... 9s 90) eee | ee ee 247 69 316) «115 | Opium and legal capesge es es Fels SP ee Ah | 7V id GOT Os a ey 44 12 Paperand textiles i452 25-2. a eee oe 108 1 109 | 96 Raw isuearics os SEA Re ea oe Sale 19 211 230 | 25 Sugar cane: 36 3..4-% ae oe Se. ee eee 21 57 78 12 Sugar food 3222.3) .320 ee es ee | eee 2 7 Pepe ee = | Sopra. wir eesteatee 22 on PL IG ares SER eae 43 4 1 >. ee |) “Bhumanimilices oo S22 322s foo eee | oe ee ee ee 38 4) 42 28 | Commercial and miscellaneous ------|----------]----------| 40 | 36 76 | 53 Dated. ee set eee oe ee 114 | 48 739 430 | 1,294] 566 | | | 4 Examined under Act No. 2342, 11 samp’es; adulterated or misbranded, 4. The clinical examinations and the analyses of sugar and sugar cane samples for the calendar year 1914 have increased over those of the fiscal year 1913, while the number of samples of foods examined is less. As most of the samples of food come from the Bureau of Customs, the decrease is readily explained by the shrinkage in imports on account of the European war and the fact that manufacturers have become better acquainted with the pure food laws and consequently violate their provisions less frequently. The number of foods adulterated was 41.6 per cent in com- parison with 19.5 per cent for 1912 and 27 per cent for 1913. The percentage found adulterated is higher than is the case in either of the other years cited. However, this is at least partly due to the fact that the officials of the Bureau of Customs exer- cise greater discretion in the choice of samples submitted. The falling off of dairy products examined is due to the de- THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 29 crease in imports and to the fact that the special investigation of milks carried on by this laboratory, for the purpose of pre- paring standards for infant feeding, has been completed and the information made available. The Food and Drugs Regulation Act No. 2342 has increased the correspondence and the number of consultations with im- porters and manufacturing druggists, and this work will be still greater when the imports of the Islands resume their normal condition. As the Bureau of Science member of the food and drug committee is the only one of that committee who has any technical knowledge of chemicals, the greater share of such work falls upon him. No statistical report of this work can be made, but it very often necessitates criticism of a large number of labels and the examination of a great deal of advertising matter to determine whether or not it is in violation of the law. RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATION With Dr. D. S. Pratt on leave, this division has but three men, and of necessity a large share of their time must be devoted to routine work. However, some research work has been done. Investigations under way, or practically completed, include: The examination of calumpang, the Catanduanes nut, and further work on the lumbang banucalag with drying tests of the oils; methods of rectifying ylang-ylang oil and some new discoveries regarding the same; the destructive distillation of Philippine woods with temperature control and a study of their products; a study of tiqui-tiqui and its relation to beriberi; a continuation of the effect of storage on various Philippine distilled wines and alcoholic distilled beverages; the extraction of the perfume of the flowers of the gardenia and of the camia; the curative chem- ical properties of a number of oils which have been confused with true chaulmoogra oil, and an attempt to isolate a principle which will cure leprosy; the fermentation and manufacture of cacao from the dried bean; and the nipa palm as a commercial source of sugar. A scientific investigation of several industries in India and Ceylon, which are the most advanced countries in the world from the standpoint of tropical agriculture, has been carried on in order to introduce into the Philippines, under the most favor- able conditions, several industries, one of which is the papaya gum, or papain, industry. Papain possesses several properties superior to pepsin, which it is gradually replacing and which will increase the demand for the gum. Parke, Davis & Com- 30 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE pany state: “We employ approximately 2,500 to 3,000 pounds of papaya gum per year and obtain it at from $1.90 to $2.20 per pound. At present there is a great scarcity of good gum.” Another firm writes: “We are willing to pay $3 per pound for really good juice and will take all that we can get at that price.” There seems to be no reason why the Philippines should not supply the world’s market with good, clean, active gum produced under careful supervision and by scientific methods. The report of the Iloilo sugar laboratory is made separately on page 57. DIVISION OF MINES Personnel.—The staff of this division was seriously depleted during the year 1913 after it was definitely determined that a reduction in the staff for the ensuing year would be necessary. Where formerly we had five civil service men and one temporary geologist in this division, we now have only three authorized posi- tions for geologists. At present the chief of the division and one other geologist are on duty. Mr. F. A. Dalburg went on leave in May, 1913, and subsequently resigned, effective No- vember 14, 1913, and Mr. Paul R. Fanning went on leave on June 14, 1913, and did not return owing to the fact that his position was not provided for by the appropriation bill. Mr. Percy D. Kincaid, a temporary employee, resigned and left the service on April 30, 1913. Dr. Warren D. Smith, formerly chief of the division, resigned on June 16, 1914. Mr. Wallace E. Pratt was appointed chief of the division, effective June 16, 1914, and the work of the division, except the drafting and some of the assaying, was performed by him alone until Mr. Victor E. Led- nicky, a new appointee, arrived from the United States and began service on October 22. Mr. A. E. W. King, of the division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry, was assigned to assist with the assaying. By strenuous efforts Mr. Pratt and his assistants have completed a large amount of standard work, but it is essential that the staff of this division be maintained at not less than the full quota of three well-trained and well-paid scientific men if the work which the division does is to continue. Marl: Ji Davis#ia civil engineer in the employ of the Federal Government, was appointed an assistant of this division in March, 1914, without remuneration, and has devoted his spare time to work in the laboratory. Mr. R. A. Rowley, professor of geology in the University of the Philippines, has been con- tinuing his petrographic study of Palawan rocks—begun when he was a partial employee of the Bureau of Science—and has THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 31 spent considerable time working in the division on this and other petrographic work. ; ROUTINE WORK During the last year and a half the regular assays for private parties and for prospectors in new districts as well as cyani- dization of ores have been continued. One hundred sixty-seven assays, 34 bullion smeltings, and 209 placer gold weighings have been performed during the past year. The ore-dressing machinery already mentioned under the heading Chemical La- boratory is set up and available for use in the reduction of ores and rocks. Considerable time has been required in the prepa- ration of an exhibit for the 1914 Philippine Exposition as well as in segregating a representative collection of mineral and other specimens suitable for the Panama-Pacific International Expo- sition in 1915. Consultations with mining prospectors and operators, deter- minations of mineral specimens, and examinations of various classes of rocks have required a great deal of the time of the staff. The usual drafting necessary in the preparation of maps and drawings for publication in the Philippine Journal of Science has been carried on and in addition a number of placards and labels for the Bureau of Science exhibit at San Francisco have been made. As heretofore there has been a demand for the services of the geologists in the development of local mineral resources on account of the inability to secure private engineers. It has been impossible to fill this demand entirely or to do as much field work as usual. The following work has been carried on: A general reconnaissance of northern Luzon and a geological re- connaissance of Caramoan Peninsula, Camarines Province; a private professional examination of the iron-ore deposit of the town of Mambulao, Camarines; a study of the landslide which threatens the safety of the Baguio Hospital; an inspection of the various mining properties near the town of Baguio; a pri- vate professional examination of certain limestone deposits in Laguna Province. The relations of our scientists with the men interested in the mining industry have continued to be cordial. The reference list of Philippine mining corporations which was started some time ago has been extended and nearly completed. All of the data in our possession concerning the history, progress, and present status of every mining corporation, together with such information as we have concerning the geology of their mining 82 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE claims, have been brought together and are readily available. There has been an increasingly large number of inquiries from the general public with regard to the mining industry. The demand for advice on many matters of mining and mining laws and general mining subjects has also greatly increased, and there is greater knowledge and appreciation of the services which our specialists can render. We have received a greatly in- creased number of calls and inquiries from Filipinos, which in- dicates a growing interest on their part in the mineral resources of the country. Filipinos are especially interested in the iron- ore resources. Mining legislation —The past year has been marked by much interest in legislation concerning mining, and we have supplied a number of recommendations on various subjects relative to the mining industry; for example, that of requiring all stock-mining corporations to publish in their prospectuses a report by the division of mines of the Bureau of Science on the property which it proposes to exploit; on mine taxation; on special legislation to establish a school of mines; and other facts. The division of mines of this Bureau is in a position to know and to learn about the defects of, and needed changes in, the mining law more than any other department of the Government, and the opinion of our specialists should be considered in all matters pertaining to mining legislation. A study of the defects of our mining laws should be continued until some positive action along the lines recommended by this Bureau is taken. INVESTIGATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS The papers which the scientists of this division have contri- buted to the Philippine Journal of Science are included in the list given on page 39 and include titles which mark the com- pletion of several large pieces of work upon which employees have been engaged for several years. The completion of the paper on Tayabas petroleum by Mr. Pratt and Doctor Smith should stimulate the development of that district. Work on the Angat, Bulacan, iron ores, including a microscopical study, and notes on the geology and underground water resources of Panay have been completed. There is considerable work in progress, including the examinations of cuttings from the deep wells drilled by the Bureau of Public Works. Preparations are now being made for a geologic exploration of the reported extensive iron-ore deposits in Surigao Province. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 33 The Mineral Resources of the Philippine Islands for 1913 has been printed and is being distributed. It contains the following articles: Review of the year, by Warren D. Smith. Statistics of production. THE METALS The Paracale District, by F. T. Eddingfield. The Aroroy District, Masbate, by Warren D. Smith. Other mineral districts (including Baguio), by F. T. Eddingfield. The Bulacan iron-ore resources, by Wallace E. Pratt. THE NONMETALS Coal mining in 1913, by Wallace E. Pratt. Philippine production of nonmetals in 1913, by Wallace E. Pratt. SPECIAL ARTICLES Gold dredging in the Philippines, by William Kane. Mine exploitation and the causes of some mine failures in the Philippines, by F. T. Eddingfield. A preliminary check list of Philippine minerals, by Warren D. Smith, F. T. Eddingfield, and Paul R. Fanning. In spite of the generally unsatisfactory economic conditions, Philippine mining has made much progress during the current year. PHILIPPINE MUSEUM The work of the division of ethnology has been reduced practically to that in connection with the Philippine museum as shown by the administrative order of the Secretary of the Interior of July 11, 1914 which states, “* * * The ethno- logical museum will be retained as an exhibit, but it will not be extended by further research * * *.” Only those positions necessary for maintaining the museum were retained and ap- propriated for by the legislature. The resignations of Mr. Leslie F. Taylor and Mr. John M. Garvan were received, effective January 31, 1914, and September 21, 1914, respectively, and Mr. H. O. Beyer was transferred to the University of the Phil- ippines on November 138, 1914,, effective after the collection of specimens for the Panama-Pacific International Expesition has been completed. The splendid collections of Philippine hats, basketry, tools, weapons, agricultural implements, brass work, clothes and cloths, illustrating the life of the peoples of the Islands were kept open to the public from 7.30 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. on Monday to Friday and from 7.30 a. m. to 1.00 p m. on Saturday until November 137169——3 34 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE when the best of the exhibit was sent to San Francisco as a part of the Bureau of Science display at the Panama-Pacific Interna- tional Exposition. (See page 51.) The study of the Ilocano people, begun four years ago, has been completed, and the report would have been in my hands before this except for the interruption of Mr. Christie’s work to make a collection illustrating the life of the Visayan people with special reference to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Simi- lar Tagalog, Pampanga, and Pangasinan collections have been made. LIBRARY Personnel— Miss Emma E. Kinne, assistant librarian, went to the United States on leave on June 3, 1914, and resigned, effective September 14,1914. There have been no other changes in the responsible personnel of the library. The organization and routine of the library has been continued as outlined in my Twelfth Annual Report. The apprentice system, inaugurated three years ago, has been very successful, not only in that the amount of money spent for carefully selected apprentices results in more intelligent service, but also a group of young people with an elementary knowledge of library science will become available for library work in other libraries in Manila and throughout the provinces and will interest themselves in the library extension and other public welfare work if we retain sufficient trained librarians to teach them. The record of the accomplishment of the library is as follows: July 1 to Dee. 31, 1913. Calendar year 1914. a RAR ARE ae rao Fone | Parts. Cards. Volumes.! Parts. | Cards. | | | 1 Cataloguing. =.=: es ae 2, 984 | 1, 182 2, 139 | 4, 032 | 1,256 | 3,299 | | Reclassification and subject work___ 359 89 671 | 16 | 17a, cee Data oaaen e e e 2,843 | 1,271] 2810) 4048! ) 2278 | See | “(Printed cards ._< Sosa. eee [Sse ee sa [pateeeees 983 | 282 - sene jee 12,847 | Total cards filed in official cat- | / | alogiie: ++ 2 eee 1B fue NRE Sal eb dE SHOR ie lca Vee eee 16, 174 The accessions from July 1 to December 31, 1913, and for the calendar year 1914 were 1,554 and 2,654 volumes, respectively, making a total number of 30,860 bound volumes in the library on December 31, 1914. A number of old and rare single publica- tions and several sets of great value were received prior to De- cember 31, 1913. Our orders for the calendar year 1914 have been restricted almost wholly to the continuation of serials THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 35 already in the library. Publications of the value of 8,785.53 have been delivered during the calendar year, leaving outstanding orders to the amount of 4,336.65. The period during which the library was open was reduced, on account of the small library staff, from eighty hours per week to sixty-two hours by changing the closing hours from 9.00 p. m. to 6.00 p. m. on five days per week and the opening hour from 7.30 a. m. to 8.00 a. m. on six days. The use of books has decreased somewhat with the reduction in the library hours. From July 1 to December 31, 1913, and for the calendar year 1914, 12,021 and 22,830 publications, respectively, were issued— a monthly average of 1,936 and a daily average of 63.7. Binding.—Seven hundred volumes were sent to the bindery and 941 volumes were returned from July 1 to December 31, 1913. Six hundred eight volumes remained at the bindery on December 31, 1913. Two hundred have been sent since that date. The entire 808 had been returned in July, and none have been sent since. Owing to the lack of funds, the binding is getting very much behind. Classification and cataloguing.—All new material has been, and is being, classified and catalogued as received, and some progress has been made on the unclassified collection. The classification of college catalogues has been completed, and all new catalogues are added as received. Work on the trade cata- logues has progressed, and many duplicates and obsolete publica- tions have been discarded. This material is now in fairly workable shape. Work on the revision and classification of maps, charts, and blue prints has been begun, and the convenient arrangement of the maps in the specially provided cases will soon be completed. A large amount of miscellaneous work cannot be mentioned on account of lack of space. Printed cards.—Comparison of the cost of printed and type- written cards indicates that the cost of the latter is more than three times as much as that of the former. As soon as they can be handled, an effort will be made to secure printed cards, covering publications in the library, from as many available sources are possible. Cuts.——Cuts from the Bureau of Science publications were numbered and arranged on shelves, and proofs of nearly 4,000 of them were pasted in an album. The proofs bear numbers cor- responding with those on the cuts, and the second set is num- bered in a reference set of the publications on the library shelves. An index to be made will give immediate access to any given cut or proof. 26 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Reserve stock of the Philippine Journal of Science.—Collation ’ of 75 reserve sets of the Philippine Journal of Science has been completed. Additions to this stock are now examined before reaching the library, so we can be reasonably certain that volumes of this publication sold or sent in exchange are complete. Exchanges.—On account of the necessity for the strictest economy, little effort has been made to increase the exchange list of the Philippine Journal of Science. Valuable gifts and exchanges sent in return for the Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau and for Mineral Resources have added important publications to the library. Library training.—During the college year 1913-14, two or three recitation periods were given to the five-year students in the College of Medicine and Surgery of the University of the Philippines to familiarize them with the Index Medicus. This work has been extended during 1914-15 to include from 8 to 10 recitation periods and, in addition, elementary work has been given in the use of the library shelf list, dictionary catalogue, and union catalogue, and in the use of reference books. Twenty- three students, each receiving one lesson per week, are enrolled in this course. The librarian of the Bureau of Science also cooperates in a course in library training offered by the College of Liberal Arts of the University of the Philippines. ENGINEERING DIVISION Since September 10, 1908, the engineering division has been entirely Filipinized. There have been no important changes in the direct supervision of the power plant during the period covered by this report. Mr. José Guerrero y Reyes remains as chief power engineer and Mr. Felix V. Valencia was appointed an assistant engineer on April 1, 1914, to relieve Mr. F. R. Yceasiano, who has drawn the plans and supervised the reconstruction of the Bureau of Science boiler units and is taking up the more important work of the mechanical and testing engineering which has been planned for several years. Power plant.—The function of the central power plant for the Philippine General Hospital, the Bureau of Science, and the College of Medicine and Surgery, which is under the direction of this Bureau, was fully described on page 91 of my Twelfth Annual Report. The addition of a Dutch-oven furnace to the new boiler installed in 1913 has been a great success, and with this system we have obtained a saving of 2.82 per cent in the consumption of fuel. Under ordinary load it produces prac- THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 37 tically no smoke. There is no known method of eliminating smoke from a boiler when it is worked under an overload. The new boiler works so satisfactorily that there has been a restoration of funds with which to install two Dutch ovens in front of the two old boiler units. Plans have been drawn for the reconstruction of these ovens. The necessary arch bricks for making the Dutch ovens arrived from the United States, the ordinary fire bricks from Hongkong, and the work of raising the boilers 45.5 centimeters and reinstalling them has been completed during the year. Under ordinary load these two boilers produce practically no smoke. The elimination of smoke has always been a serious problem when bituminous coals are used, but we believe that the arrangement now in use in the Bureau of Science will be satisfactory and should be extended throughout the city as much as possible. Producer-gas plant.—The producer-gas generator and the gas engine work satisfactorily. We have successfully used Batan coal in the 67-horsepower producer-gas unit for a year and a half, and the experiment has been vastly more successful than I anticipated. The consumption of coal in the producer-gas generator to generate gas used in the gas engine to operate a direct-coupled dynamo varies from 1.6 to 1.7 kilograms per kilowatt hour of electric current produced, whereas we used more than 4 kilograms of Japanese or Australian coal in. our steam unit to generate a kilowatt hour of electric current. We have used other classes of noncoking coal satisfactorily in the producer-gas unit. Experiments were carried on to ascertain whether or not the producer-gas plant was capable of continuous operation. The manipulation of the generator has been so per- fected that it has to be cleaned one third as often as formerly; in fact, at present it scarcely needs special cleaning at all. For eight months the producer-gas plant has been operated continuously, day and night, except when it was stopped for cleaning and repairs. A water spray in the vertical gas pipe from the gas generator and also another in the horizontal pipe connecting the vertical pipe with the scrubber cleans the gas more perfectly and prevents the incrustation of tar and dust that previously gave trouble. With proper care and adjustment a producer-gas generator and engine is a very reliable prime mover, and its use in this Bureau will result in great economy in the production of electric current. The advantages of the producer-gas engine over the steam engine will be still greater when we use the exhaust gases for heating water for the Philippine General 38 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Hospital. It is very desirable that a second gas generator be installed in order to furnish a continuous supply of producer gas for the engine. During the night shift, when the producer- gas plant is running, a boiler is kept at high steam-pressure to operate one of the steam engines in case of accident in the gas engine in order to avoid any possible interruption of the light service in the hospital. Engine room.—We have produced a slightly greater quantity of electric current than heretofore and have reduced the cost per kilowatt hour very materially when the producer-gas unit was operating. The amounts generated and delivered at the switchboard from July 1 to December 31, 1913, and for the calendar year 1914 are 125,881 and 272,742 kilowatt hours, respectively. For the fiscal year 1913 the average unit cost was 0.10129 per kilowatt hour. The average cost for the calendar year 1914 is #0.0895763. The lowest unit cost is #0.069091 per kilowatt hour for the month of July, when the producer-gas plant was operated continuously except for fifty-three hours and the price of coal was comparatively high. The fluctuating monthly cost per kilowatt hour was due to the variable price of coal and the length of time that the gas engine was run— that is, the more the gas engine was run, the less the cost per kilowatt hour. Of the total amount of current generated, 49.8 per cent was consumed in the Philippine General Hospital, 7.2 per cent in the College of Medicine and Surgery, and 43 per cent in the Bureau of Science. The total amount of steam generated in the boilers from July 1 to December 31, 1913, and for the calendar year 1914 is 5,262,185 and 10,518,377 kilograms, respectively. Boiler room.—The unit cost of generating the last-named quantity of steam at 125 pounds per square inch gauge pressure is 0.002813 per kilogram. Of the total weight of steam gen- erated 56.4 per cent was used in the Philippine General Hospital, 13.7 per cent in the Bureau of Science, and the remaining 29.9 per cent was consumed by the steam engines to generate electric power. Mansfield gas-generating plant.—The total production of gas generated from the retorts from July 1 to December 31, 1913, and for the calendar year 1914, manufactured from kerosene and Cape lubricating oil, amounted to 298,681 cubic feet (8,458 cubic meters) and 645,124 cubic feet (18,270 cubic meters), respectively. THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 39 Shop.—tThe jobs completed in the carpenter and machine shop are as follows: lJ uly 1 to | | | Dice: a1) Calendar | 1913. year . 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[HELIS MST WSS) opus. |SISETCA) St a80X | opus [RAL WEL Se | pepus | WELT | P if 9) syjuoul I ty Pp I @) syjuoul I LG p 1 9) | syjuoul I ‘ la Pp I fo) syj}uoUl I Le | -u0aqe xIg xIS | xIg xIS | a Bur es a = oa Se —_ | = = E | “BIO J, “yseg ‘e01 | *s}1UN 10 seTduieg | | ‘ponurjyu0g— 972 ‘fo pasodsip pun paunjonf{nunw sayddns puv pamsofaad yon aurynos fo a)qn} aarjosndmog—T] ATAV L, ! er) THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 8 PPL ‘P 8 ‘OPE ‘Z |OL'GLT‘E Se PPT‘h [08 “OE ‘Z WES0088. seus aee \arcecensos 00 “OLT 00¢ ‘Ts¢ | 198 ‘g9z 6EI ‘889 Fag cs HT allt om | cee een ae OOnkeet rasa se | Sea aes orga are ae | rants = ar i | Zi Ape eae 8I'¢ \peakeareconae 4 | capes STG el | Pega ne (ae on (eeu sales lyre FE ee a ar easy pear Sata eras cae OO" OSs >| eta a a ie 00 08 \ieapeenae ice =| RSSERS ERS Wearaae me (OOKOSE. & teres 5 PRP anes Sag a Fi al apnea Sen as ae ee ee | | | oes aaa eae bia tanh 00°S a ieee tas (ha [Ses ese | ence ene Slee ea aaa Siig Ur repre a Sag See 00°F a arpa eaten S513 Fiore scald: trict ph | aameearreaee eRe cy aay | Oa | | | | | | | | | 00808 jor‘rze jos"ezs foo'sos. for yes §=— fos ses. fn 921 20 al Sissi Sage aie levee ee 00 68 SES eS eee NIG patron aera ere cess orp omens ce age eel ence oO | | | Ree age OTE Me ano (00 “OT oda e Sen a6 casas OOKOL Reap tee a Soa halle cates og lire mn 8 ipo ae gee ake TOG (OO OFSaeateas cian sa 00 08 INOOFem wilmonee sec OOF OCHS ey cone Eb asa eee Tat See iad licalece woe Z 00 “09 DOL OR aoe) aa 100 “09 100 SQ uae Pmcceioms tasers a= eos ae ee eee Ce g PP on pores eat YOM SNOIUB[ADSI yrom doyg yom o1ydeis0j0yg suoljzeie -deid pue vies snoaue][eosi, uIeTTeW oma a eg ee ee SHILA dULIDB A soinj[nd poolg ear SUOIJBUIWIeXS PUB sas -A[eue [BolUIEeYyO SNosUR[[adSI| ~-S9]91J1B IB[IWIIS pue SOUIOIPOW “soseiaAeq pue s[oyooye ‘spoo,T peesul] pue ‘seysiurea ‘syUuleg aa “S[Bl1eqeW Te[IUIS puB *eidoo ‘syonpoid pue uine[o1j9q ere Se0UaSse PUB S[LO [BIJUESSH SasA[eue [eo -IS0][O0Ix0} pue [BdlUI[D ‘aulIp) *-d} BUI PROT JO UOIZVZIplBpUeYS ipsa ae i de te d32 ‘[a04s puve uo ‘odor ‘1e7,10Ul *8u04S ‘ajatouo0d Jo YjsueT}S aS190A -SUBA} IO ‘aT ISUa} “UOISseIduIOD syusUleD | So]041e Tel IWS ‘sroqy ‘QUIM} ‘aaIM JO 8389} [BOISAY SUOI}N[OS plvpueysg rg i PoRe ye [Borulayo *s.13098 A sjeny JO 84389} OIIJEUIAIO[eD pue ‘1eded ‘sa]i}x0} THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE i ar oe ee Mirai aoe HOUKGP, Ca na eae 54 Wis ae eine ba Ue, ee Ae hear pom ing ign: heed L PPL ias eS & hy aaa ews | | -9]yBU peod JO UOlVezIpaBpuRys 00 °S0@ 100 °98 00 °S8 00 “S0% 00 “98 |00 °S8 Nee Se ese oa (ee Rea 5 8P 96 ex) Wun oe sae aD a [9938 | | | puv uo. ‘adoa ‘1e}a40uL ‘au0zs | | | ‘ajyedouod Jo YySuedjs asa9A | | | | | -suezy 40 ‘ajisue} ‘uolssaidu0g OL 82 06 °S6 09 “PEL OL SPS 06 “$6 09 ‘PET eta Noite aa sa Men Tawa Ades g|. BOG GG SE')« - | OCR tiel Gomeresenneieltan S}USUIOD) 00 “LZ OO OT terrae ea eer) 00°16 00 “61 WRB: fis slistne srs cases | ment eae FIG ae oe eel & Soy ots i Piste eden toe SUOIZN[OS PABpuByS 0S “L6T 100 “Za 00 “67 0S “L6L 00 “Zé j00 OV? Cae iis ee att iBfieet (O Calpe ee 69 9 i . 77> SessTBUB snooeu -B[[POSIUL PUB [BOIWAYD apnag 00°09 00 “08 00 OFT 00°09 00 “06 OO KOR TE 5 eae Gl Ponty pened ae & T fees | oats STON FO $389} OIIZOUILLOTED 00 “S2L (00 °&% 00 “8ST 00 ‘Se 00 °&6 00 8ST SCPE SEERE) a) oben (Gate hie: G hes. S| Re eee. eee SosATBUe [BOD 00 “869 00 SP 00°08 \00 "869 00 “SP DOROES. Saitek ace ailit ence i i ekigecs ge 08 g itm 1G ~~" S9OUBISGNS IB[IWIs PUB S[LOS OO"CET * |00°6S 00 “80T 00 “GEL 00 “6S OO) SOT See erate ae Se eer ere alii es a aor ras L ee '| Salina We Sear og? 2 a S1OZI[G40 7 00 TS 00°09 0S “sce 00 TS 00°09 Qe G Ge 0 ae a ae Ren alt gang te & eect) | Sy roe cl Ae eae SSRIS pus ‘s}UNWID ‘saaqgse[d |[eM ‘sow | | | ‘sauoqzsaull, ‘sereys ‘sARIO 72 Cae Ce 00°S Ga Ae ty Ses cleo Coben OOS Pees oan ol ENP ERS Ip oe = Nag gc oa leh CeGharaaal hack SA a ODL CIS | | -qns JeilWis pue ‘s}usUL | | bd -Bid [einjeu ‘s[eteuLU ‘syo0y OS "808 TS 8S (0S “2LT 0S “808 Tg “8g 09 “CLT Pe Se acs a eae ee | Rie a at Se 82 ts 61 ; | SAOTLR pus STeIOT!] “s0sagd “SOSA | “sosad “sosad “sosaq | ‘sosaq | ‘sosag “SOSA “SOSA “snoaunpjoosyy AEB = | | ster _ | | _SI6L weal a=) “PIG e094 nae “SI6I Leak PIG] read ee “Ser reak) “pI6l 120k He SI6T 1804) “ple vac ae | “SI6T 1B04 . cepueleg syjuour | [Bos | tepueleg syjuou | [PS | Tepuerep syquow | [Sid | tepuerep _ syjuow jeosiy xg) | sqiey | xIS | XIg | uoryeg Sher | x a | | "[eJOL, “yseg aoA iT *sz1un 10 soydureg | ‘penurzu0j—o}4a ‘fo pasodsip pun painjovfnunwu sayddns puv pawmsofiad ysom aurjnow fo a1qn} aaryouvdwoj—y]] ATAVL, ee 81 THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 00 °@L 00°S 00°6 00 ‘088 ‘ 00°TS 00 °OT 00 °8T 00°06 00621 ‘T 00 “082 00 “S86 SP “eg9 00 “06 00 SP 00° 00 “882 00 “ST 00 °0& 0G “SL 0S “68 00 “66T 00 CP OL “OT (00 °6 00°6 (00 “BL Goole ele 00°¢ eeeomeegal re eer 00°6 1 (C0)(09/ tl eeeeeemnnn CONOR SHC |SS-eeR esse Seo (NGTS SSeS lb meer ODs0R 00°6 '(00°080‘T 00°8T 00 °¥2 00 GP 00°06 OO'SIT (00°22 00°62 ‘T 00 ‘0TZ 00 089 00 “08% 00"Sst 00°STE 90"s8z os‘o9g 19°86 = |gr'eg9 (00°62 00°96 00°06 00 “eT 00 “Sz 00 "SP 00°9 00 FI 00°F | | OL°F00'T 09°9I8 00 882 oya lara = OOOT (00 62 00 “OT I ene 00 08 00 “b2T 0g | | | | 00 06 09 "PF 10S “€2 | | (00021 ~=«s«00"6TS’_—“<«é‘«i GB | 00°18 00°08T 00 66T | | | | 00 FZ 00 ‘OL 00 °@F | | cies coe 00°F OL “OT \ 00 "OTS 00 “S8T 0S “098 00 “62 00 “ST 00°9 0L *F00 ‘T 00 02T | 00°T8 00 “080 ‘T 00 “@r 00 222 00 "089 » 00 “STS 119 °86¢ 00°96 00 °Sz 00 “OT 00 Par 09 “PF 00 61Z 00 ‘081 | 00 ‘OT 00°F | } 882 i oa souliy ~--- ASo1darT 389} [BPIM ~--aanqjno poolg [i pees eee [Bolo Oley a bp ne ee [BormeyD 131078 A CEES Sa Sage cegoneg st we ar ~ sAessy ~--->-~ suoOIZBUIWIexe pue sesd -[BuR [BolWaYyo snooueR][aosif |--sa]dqae AB[LUIS puB SoULDIpey, Rae Beet Las a og ee S103} eUI SUL -10[09 puw SAAIZBAIVSeId poo ~ sadeieAeq pue s[oyool[e ‘spooy suoiye -ULWIexXe [BOIUI[O ‘adInt d114SB4) le ae ace ea aes s[ei41e | “BWW TE[IWIS puE ‘SUISeT ‘SUNS PA hen ac 77 ec S{Lo | peesull pue ‘soysiuarea ‘szuleg eae S[BL10}yVUW AB[IWIS pue “eidoo ‘sjonpoad pue wine[o1498g |" -> > Saoduesse PUR S[LO [BIJUESST ae Seed oa ne ce SeasA[eue [BOL | -S0[O01X0} puw [BOLUI[D ‘SseuLIp) nt seat ak SnosuB[[eos selqioedeg } :seansBoul jo sjtun jo uonjeziprepurys 6 137169 7 | 12 ZI0 ‘TPS ‘8 8 “L8z ‘829 62 “068 ‘L6L SF “BEL ‘SIT T "68F ‘99 29°08 “BOL =— SS Se a | 6160'S (20 °FOL ‘OE [aé"682 ‘TS 61 °6L0°82 (20 “POL “OS 28 "68L ‘TS Foas 9 yeas aes (iets Sa eo awalee ener ares 09 "868 | 0L°S66 ‘TS —|80°L06 ‘9T OL "92 "PE 0L S66 ‘TE |80°L06 ‘ST OL “G92 ‘HE (SL°28) (TR "8Eh) | (OO"LET) gh "@8) | (18"8EF) | (0028T) | 3 | | > | seers pTTes‘T Tep98'9 oT “eeh‘e [pt Tes‘T TL '¥98"9 fa zets0‘s log‘szo‘e ‘pr‘zer —'2g"180‘8 (09'820‘S |PT‘ZsT a OD | 267099 Og"L0T 6P'8S = 2670S jog "LOT ~—s 6 P“8¢ ee Rete 00°% 09'L2E jP2TS (00% (09 “L2T = Gg-ges'z jee esh‘z os peg‘s [ge-eca‘d |ee'esr‘s (os "ve9‘e 5 | 06926T 06 "PSS. TL"986 = 06"9Z6‘T 06796 TL “986 3 he ae eierogignts, ule at 00°% DaCSEbe cal ootecr es 00°2 2 | Gb 'per 06°02 ~=—-06“89T ie ‘Wel (06°02 ~—Ss«|06 “89 S 00 "162 00°02 ~—-0009 8 ‘lez 0002-0009 = ieee. 3 ee nes a _ 00°08 00°02 00°08 0002 “SOSOq “SOSad “SOSId “SOSOq “sOsaq “SOSOf | _8T6I | _ ster | ‘PIGI AOA | Pana SI6I tea4 “PIG, tear se “SIG weed aepueteg | syjuou | 128! TBPURTED syuou | (eS | ese fama XIS | | | [R101 “ysep | aa ‘ponuryu0g—aya at "8LZ ‘9@b “EI&P “86L ‘8SSL9 “600 "869 86 “GLT “669 6 eegcatares E35 genset ea POT “P08 | | | | Sa a aN Steal oF aah | Cea oh g eta | Reese Sea esa Sesser ony ----------| gq See ON eg Role eee | “Si, Sear eit cg nQrar es | Gane a VA anda eho | 8 ee ape Stl ia cree 967 6 Srp eee ca yea eae are eg 386 “68L | Pere Re seaa| Ae Ss Pena mare | fant er tl aera gts lose oe RCE O NO. ful Sa Wis shee a a Ra oF “S080q "sOSAaq | ‘SOSaq | | SI6L | | mae | ‘F16t avak TaaHeS “SLT en "PIG weak puele9 syquoU | Teostg | tepuaep | | tS | —_-—_———_ — fe | — 01, | 16 ‘922 ‘TOS “8/88 “SLT ‘066 ‘S 196 “688 699 ‘SIF 9% PE eI 12 I | $8 Oe | SSI G12 ‘eee 128 ‘LOP (oscsg, Sekar) Me tag li apart ta? Vs g aga et a lees ae | “S161 | TEMOOC . ivee es. pepus, He syjuoul : xIg *sjtun 10 soydureg [@}07 pues oJ ‘sasuedxa Suljeaviy fo JuswWoesinquiisey o7e ‘sea “IIMOg (peionpep) ‘oje ‘auOp JOU YOM ‘papunzey “=== suoRorqnd jo sayeg YOM SNOIUR][ADSI JY “yom doysg ~~ suouiloeds ALOYSIY [BANVEN ~ yom ory dearsojzoy gq "=== suOlz ere -doid pue Bias snoouR[peosiy ~~ UleT [RW SNILA BULDDB A wooe eee" SUOIZBULWR XS PUB YAOM [BOIBOpOiq Ssnoourypoos i SUOIYBUIWIEXA [BIIFO[OISIFT *ponulqu0pj—snooun)ja0syyy “UO.LR ‘{o pasodsip pun pasnjonf{nunu sayddns pun pawwofaad y4om aurjnow {0 2]Qv} aartjoundmoj— J] ATAV L THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 83 e TABLE III.—Comparative statement showing expenditures and income during the semifiscal year 1914 (July 1 to December 31, 1913) and during the new fiscal year 1914, as compared with the fiscal year 1913 (July 1, 1912, to June 30, 1918). EXPENDITURES. r ae 2 8 z in eS ee | Eee Fiscal year’ Semifiscal | New fiscal | P 1913. year 1914. year 1914, Apparatus, supplies, etc.: \ Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Miscellaneous supplies and chemicals -__________ _-__-- 17, 189. 27 8,212.40 | 22,878.86 DANCVRY EUG Sie nee a Seen ES Bue es a A he 4 4, 430. 87 1, 567. 69 1, 762. 59 Supplies for power plant, oil, coal, ete____________-____- 27, 722, 84 6,062.04 | 26, 885. 83 Banallicnimeals + teedsete-s comer a oe er 2,012.39 515. 86 1, 076. 42 Large animals, feed, etc_.____-___----- ae Ber 9 4, 231. 49 PAPAS oH PPA 5, 007. 18 Oficesiip plies as Ss Stay oo Ose ae oh eee 3, 832. 58 1, 431. 80 2, 392.18 | iIBnhoroeraphic supplieses == sane eee ee eee ee 3, 672. 46 1, 771. 88 2, 829. 48 | Baokss«s U0 DSCrip tions, yehC sass seep ee ne eee eee pene 8, 216.35 5,578.19 | 9, 048. 03 | SRO Galle ee ests epee oe sue ei oe Wee ot SEE Sao 71, 308. 25 27, 393. 538 | 71, 870. 57 Transportation and freight, ete.: a “ Transportation, travel expenses, per diems, launch | nines Clan tere 22 ne ee ee POA at Sen he BSE PRT EN 13, 421.20 | 3,795.68 | 10, 134.90 Cifyatrans porta ton tse tse see ee ee eS 2,175.15 Tectleldenh esc455254 reli eee fren Sop ee ee oe Ne ee 2 Eee ee 1, 184. 66 | 493.17 980. 09 BUS Gy Gok res are eee ed ee Se ee See eee Se a 16, 731. 01 | 5,559.96 | 14, 568.53 _ Miscellaneous: Rthie am apiatimhaacy th bl tame emia | Telephones and fire alarm boxes________-___-_--------- 1,518. 09 | 802. 10 1, 458. 97 Postage, telegrams, and cablegrams___. -___---_-_------ 3, 181. 79 | 1, 208. 08 3, 478. 15 Repairs to apparatus, furniture, etc_____________-__--- 828. 94 | 1, 035.°76 712. 92 TL yb rae bran igi Sh cee aR Re Ne ina ee RL ergy ae ye 423.21 | 267. 28 486. 22 | Rrinthimeovang nolan py = ee ee ee a 26,024.49 | 18, 269.87 28, 695. 67 PAI eNUI SII ee sete saath nV eS ss Ts Bi fak Cle aie 931. 04 83. 46 268. 02 | Incidentals, including operation of aquarium, build- TIS aN Cena Coste vGs ee te ae se one eee a ieee 2,075. 25 1,260.37 | 12,299.72 MTR EWM SMeCIMens = ee ashes ae ee | 4, 207. 94 4, 620. 45 19, 688. 18 BRey ticle ee eee ee Rae Nee PAT Re ee 39, 190. 75 27,547.32 | 67,082.85 Salaries and wages: i * 7 ; DalaniesianGhwarespss se see ee ee a ee 234,083.11 | 126,176.01 173,729.61 Transportation and expenses en route foreign coun- | | ELEAF Teo UY Reo ay Ee es el | 3, 508. 35 | 4,910.13 | 624. 54 Accrued jleavemnd halt salaryo-- ees eee 20, 536. 28 | 49,687.27 | 50,384.12 Uehara aes ee ey oe SES 5) wee ea ees | 258, 127.74 | 180,773.41 | 224, 738.27 Grand total ing the year | = = = = | 385,357.75 | 241,274, 22 | 378, 260. 22 | | Accounts payable and outstanding obligations paid dur- | 69, 776. 87 | 43, 336. 63 | 51, 738. 13 429, 998. 35 84 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE III.—Comparative statement showing expenditures, etc——Continued. INCOME. avin ins ae = We Ny : ve Teen Fiscal year | Semifiscal New fiscal F : 1913. | year 1914, | year 1914. Pesos. | Pesos. | Pesos. Meceipta tron Gpersuon cc 2- S— soe oo se Ree eee 104, 880. 62 64, 489.41 | 115, 486. 73 Briorsviearintomesa..-b-nsures ues e e eS pce | (51.57), (1, 843.83), (888. 20) Salesiofisuppiiesses-4-a= geese ean we ee Ae ee ee | 954. 74 391. 58 488. 82 | Salestofifixed assets 29-226 sence ene See se aoe ese | 1, 705. 21 898. 46 2, 716. 45 Weferred AnCOMme ete eee Meese Ne ee ae en ees ee ates eee 12)'000;00 |) See Total fase ee fee ps Ne eit sre eee 107, 489. 00 75, 936. 07 | 117, 853. 80 62 AME a 5 oa Appropriation account: | Allottedor‘appropriated 2522" 42-- 5 =t aa a eee | 240,000.00 | 323, 000.00 | 381, 084. 00 AC COUULS Daya ple = sagan ee ee er en er ee Bae OX | 28, 499. 60 5, 836. 18 68, 586. 98 Brought forward or restored from previous fiscal | years to cover contingent obligations -_____-_______- | 46, 384. 70 59,630.30 | 9,834.35 Total aie 8-2 = ste Se ne a, DE ee ee 409, 884.30 388,466.48 | 459, 505. 33 MISCELLANEOUS ACCOUNTS. Tiqui-tiqui distribution, Act No. 2376: Pesos. Available: Mebs28, 71914) 2-22 S20 3 Se ee ee 6, 000. 00 Nxpend ed @ 2222.2 Sec e be cote Peat ee Se ae ee oe een ee 943. 36 Balance ys. 322. os nce shes ats ese eee ate ee ee ee ee ee 5, 056. 64 Public works: Alterations to boiler, sec. 4, Act No. 1989: Ee “oes Available} Jane 1)'19)4--3_2 88... 322 ee eee: a ee ee eee 7, 031. 64 bixpended’=- 36032 - cA SS Fe ee ee ee SS Se ee oe es ee 6, 237. 64 Balance). 222 222 oe ee eS re Soe a a ee ee 794. 00 Aquarium, sec. 4, Acts Nos. 1902 and 1989: AvailableJan. J; W914. ee! ee a ee ee eee 55. 91 Bip ended yess se a ee i I ee a RL ee 55. 91 Balance -228 of2c 2k Hoc eeonsn Siok sth eee ee eae ee ee eee Library equipment, Act No. 1988: Available; dana) 19142 2 28 oe SE ee = oe? ee ne ee 1, 572. 57 Pxpendéd 2.23. e835 dnc th ee ee ee a ee ee ee Balance: .21 sss = 5h Fee Se ee ae Fee ee a ee ee 1, 572. 57 Replacement fund: Available® Avis. 28) 1914-020: oe ee a re a os ee eee re 1, 352. 46 Mxpendeéd “223s 22 wee ee ee ee ee, Ee ih OS eae eee 8.25 Balance: ..222 2 4328 oo a a ne ie eee 1,344.21 Guaranty fund: Applicable to.accounts, G08 i ee 1% ba _ MONOGRAPHIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE, MANILA ’ STUDIES IN MORO HISTORY, “LAW, AND RELIGION. By ‘-NAJEEB. M. SALEEBY. cae treatise on: the history and customs of the Moro People.—107 pages. 16 seca ngs - § diagrams, f nae Order No. 405, HED Price $0.25 United: States currency, postpaid. . ' A MANUAL OF PHILIPINE SILK CULTURE. By CHARLES. S. 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The volume gives a A Bre statement of the present methods of sugar production in | the chief producing island of the Archipelago, and is indispensable to any. one wishing to. understand the conditions of sugar production in the Philippine Islands.—145. pages. 10 photographic plates, . 1 map. Order No. 412, Price $1.26 United he SuTEPey postpaid. A FLORA OF MANILA. By E. D. ‘Merrnz. The most generally useful work that has been published on the Philippine flora, and prac- - tically a complete flora of the settled-areas at low altitudes ninety the Archipelago, ix, _ Over 1,000 species of plants are described.—490 pages.’ / Order No, 419. ‘ ©. Price $2.50 United States Saba _ postpaid, customs of these tribes, who are among the most interesting peoples of the: world. —itt PS svditie 1 “fala supple sot section: Ee Cue or. oe = “Mayer & aeagg f Prinz Laws Ferdin: | % med & ‘Walsh, Ltd., 32 Rafiles hina Sek Eee SON, 8) # isos at Z\ 5 atts ass THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE, MANILA Atvin J. Cox, A. B., M. A., Pu. D.,; Director BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY o\\ MARSHALL A. BARBER, PH. D., Chief John A. Johnston, M. D., D. PB. H.’ ‘Henry L, Begley. a fod a . B.C. Crowell, B. A. M. D., Cc. M. i Edward Theurick. . Otto Schob]l; M.D. PGs 4 Joaquin Augustino. Charles E. Gabel, B. S., Ph. D. ; ; Ramon haat > % John D. Jungmann, M. D. Wag _ SECTION OF SERA AND PROPHYLACTICS Ernest Henry, Ruediger, MA ny ‘ BD: | Ariston M. Guzman, : Ne i . ; SECTION OF BOTANY Elmer D. Merrill, *S S., M.S. : ‘Eugenio Fénix. Wm. H. Brown, B.S.,'Ph. D. Maximo ‘Ramos. Harry S. Yates, B.S. M.S., Ph. D. Se AL airbag cred a. ICHTHYOLOGY Opes . Alvin Seale, A. B. 3 Juan setae rags »- Teodosio Espinosa. _ ; 3] SEY : SECTION OF ORNITHOLOGY AND TAXIDERMY AEN : Richard C. McGregor, Ae B. eee! Andres Celestino, ‘DIVISION OF GENERALE, : INORGAN Ic, ‘AND. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ~ re } ROBERT R- ‘WILLIAMS, M. S., Chief George W. Heise, B. S.°MAOS.:' : Francisco D. Reyes. J. C. Witt, A. B., S: B.S. M., Ph.D. © - { Rafael H. Aguilar, Ch. E. «Timoteo Dar Juan, A. B., ad Cc. _ -})Branciseo Pefia. | _ Vicente Q. Gana, A.B. 2 MI! Hdwardo Ignacio, |. ASS. Argiielles, B.S. |) Gavino Rantaso. Albert E. W. King. DIVISION OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Davip'S, Pratt, A. B., Pu. D., Chief * ‘Harvey C. Brill, A. B., Ph. D. ; John F. Armstrong. L. W. Thurlow, M. S. SRS ot ‘Francisco Ageaoili, A. B. © Albert H, Wells, A. Bo. sha iy patie ppeaetbne.2 Harrison O. Parker, M. A. - , : : x DIVISION OF MINES | WALLACE E. PEATE Ee B., B.S. A. M., E. M,, Chief Vietor E. Lednicky, B.S. Hilario 8. Clemente. Pio Moscaira. Rg ee | PHILIPPINE MUSEUM Merton L. Mini, A. B.; PH. D., Chief ’ .. Emerson B. Christie, A. B. LIBRARY. (Division of Science, The Philippine Library) Mask: Pouk, A. B., A. M., Librarian © L.. May Brooks. | Catalina Sucgang. Mary L. Crozier. ~ Betis, | Nicetas del Mundo. Luis Montilla: : Wie JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND OTHER PUBLICATION Ss aces C. McGregor, A: B. . | Huldah EF. Kupfer, A. B. MISCELLANEOUS AE. Sorithard, ‘Chief Clerk. i F. R. Yeasiano, M. E., Mechanical and Testing en José Guerrero y Reyes, Chief Power Engineer. » Engineer. Eustaquio Cortés, Photographer. : Felix Valencia, M. E., Kentabunt Engineer. Charl J. Stancliff, ie Officer. oe Florencio Yabot, Aquarium Gatekeeper. . _ One hundred forty ‘ees and laborers. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS TO THE HONORABLE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR BY ALVIN J. Cox DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1915 MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 146661 aoa ay At mee : Pe is Yh i f ho ‘ Nie Py AEE eee ees f re) ASE ‘ + > Gee 2 ae en by 7" Ava RV ba, Be AT SE AR coy 4 1 7 > hb P) * * a a ; : Wry FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE The GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF SCIENCE, Manila, January 1, 1916. Sir: I have the honor to submit the following account of the Bureau of Science and the work performed therein from January 1 to December 31, 1915. In the space which I propose to devote to the purpose it will be scarcely possible to mention all its activities, but I shall briefly discuss the Bureau’s important, and some of the less familiar, lines of work and indicate its needs. The demands upon the Bureau of Science have increased during this year as they have during each preceding year. The amount of work done for pay has amounted to #98,197.62 for the year as compared with 104,880.62 for 1914, 96,634.81 for 19173, P38,191.18 for 1912, and 81,510.12 for 1911, The increase in routine examinations is shown by the following table: 1907 1914 1915 Chemical and physical analyses and tests of metals, minerals, clays, cements, fertilizers, soils, fuels, wa- | ters, papers, gums and resins, foods, drugs, ete ______- 3, 064 9, 198 10, 765 Examinations of fzeces, urines, blood, sputum, gono- | | | cocci, rabies, rats for plague, and miscellaneous bac- teriological examinations __-_______-__.___.-___-____-__- 26, 449 35, 645 169, 270 Total analyses, tests, and examinations____________ | 29, 513 44, 838 180, 035 AV ailaADle aApDpDrOpriation 22 an. = tae ee oe oe SE P381, 838.28 | P512, 250.76 | P379, 890. 00 In spite of a large increase in the amount of routine work during the last year and a decrease in available appropriation and in the face of other adverse circumstances, I consider it a great credit to the employees of this institution that they have been able to carry on so much work, all tending to improve sanitary conditions, to develop the valuable resources of the 3 4 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Philippine Islands, and to develop both old and new industries— work which should be carried on at all times. I desire to thank each and every employee for his codperation and devotion to duty. Many of the valuable resources of the Philippine Islands are insufficiently, or not at all, developed. I have endeavored to direct the work of the Bureau of Science in such a way that a study of the problems connected with some of these should be in progress at all times. There is a necessity for work merely to arouse further interest in Philippine resources and to stimu- late the development of both old and new industries. Profitable modifications of old methods are not always readily accepted by the people most concerned and should be thoroughly demonstrated. The Bureau of Science is charged by law with the performance of work for all branches of the Philippine Government requiring laboratory facilities. There are continually more and more demands upon the Bureau of Science for consultation work such as mine examinations, advice such as is given by a consulting chemist, etc. There is scarcely a day when I am not conferred with regarding one or more commercial problems. There are very few technical men in the Archipelago outside of the Govern- ment, and there are few industries developed to the extent where they can afford the continuous services of a technical man; the Government should recognize this and provide sufficient personnel for special consultation work, which will prevent loss to the producer, the manufacturer, and the commerce of the country. NECESSITY FOR SYSTEMATIC WORK Botanical and zodlogical work, especially systematic work, involving the collection, preservation, and classification of speci- mens, seems to many persons to be as impracticable and unpro- ductive as the formation of a collection of postage stamps—a pleasant hobby. A botanical collection may be taken as an -example, for the same arguments apply to collections of plant specimens as are applicable to bird, insect, and other zodlogical collections. A herbarium of properly named specimens bears somewhat the same relation to a study of timber trees, medicinal plants, rubber-producing trees and vines, fibers, resins, dye woods, etc., that a dictionary does to the production of an essay, an editorial, or the description of a piece of machinery. Were the vegetation of the Philippine Islands well known, there would have been absolutely no justification for the Bureau of Science or FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 5 other branch of the Government to have built up a general her- barium or to have given much attention to systematic work. However, little work had been done. There was, and is now, except in the Bureau of Science, absolutely no institution in the world where Philippine Islands specimens could be sent for iden- tification, yet classification and accurate identification of material must precede all economic investigations. The material in the Bureau of Science herbarium has been used in the classification and identification of the classes of economic plants enumerated above and of all other known Philippine species. Groups of plants that are known to be of no economic value, such as ferns, mosses, lichens, orchids, etc., are not studied by the em- ployees of the Bureau of Science. All plants of a country, except those of such groups, must be studied, else many economic plants would not be collected and identified. To work solely on plants known to be of economic value would be analogous to compiling a city directory and including only the names of persons who were of value to the city. The fact that a plant is related to another, known to yield a valuable product, may lead to the discovery of a new economic source of that product. The publication of the results of the study of a collection is as important as its formation. The actual as well as scientific value of any collection is potential until the specimens have been identified by specialists and have become the data upon which systematic reports are based. The most valuable specimens in any collection are the “types.” A type is the specimen selected by an author to represent a new species described by him. He may have any number of specimens before him, but he should draw his description from a single specimen which he should designate as “‘type.’”’ In the best taxonomic work of the present time the collection serial number of the type and other data serving to locate it are given. Types add to the value of a collection not only because they are the best possible means of identifying other specimens, but also because a type is unique and, therefore, beyond price. The value of a collection is being continually enhanced in the hands of a man who compares his specimens with original descriptions and with the types or cotypes and describes and publishes the new species and genera he finds and records new facts in the distribution of known species. On the other hand, the identical collection cared for by a man who does no more than sort the specimens into their families or genera rapidly decreases in value because the percent- age of types and historical material rapidly decreases. The increase in value of a specimen that has been compared with 6 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE the type of its species or that has been labeled by a specialist is somewhat similar to that which takes place in a meter rod when it is compared with the standard meter measure now kept at Sevres, France. The collections of the Bureau are very valuable on account of the high percentage of its types, cotypes, and compared specimens. Prior to 1900 practically no botanical work of importance had been accomplished in the Philippine Islands. Systematic work had to precede all other lines of botanical investigation. For example, without such work the present commercial classification of Philippine timbers would have been absolutely impracticable. The botanical material of the Bureau of Science has been turned over for identification to specialists wherever they could be found willing to work on the material. The lichens have been sent to a man in Finland, the mosses to another man in Finland, the hepatics to one in Germany, the orchids to one in America, and so on for a score of groups. Thus the Philippine Govern- ment has had the benefit of the trained services of numerous specialists in England, Germany, Switzerland, Finland, Holland, Denmark, and the United States merely by sending a set of duplicate specimens. Only those groups for which no specialists could be found have been worked in Manila. PUBLICATION The publication of the results of the study of a collection of biological specimens and of all other investigations is absolutely necessary. In my last annual report I pointed out that high- grade character in publication could not be maintained by bulletin issues. For the same reason, among others, the Philippine Journal of Science was started in 1906. The United States Department of Agriculture followed the example of the Bureau of Science when it established the Journal of Research in 1914. Besides improving the character of the work and avoiding the confusion that results from a multiplicity of series of publi- cations, there are many reasons, any one of which justifies the publication of the Philippine Journal of Science, as follows: 1. The larger part of the current serial literature in the Bureau of Science library has been received in exchange for the Philippine Journal of Science. The value of these publications, together with the cash sales of the Philippine Journal of Science, makes the latter practically self-supporting. A series of bulletins issued either free or at cost has very little exchange value and is not acceptable to many institutions. 2. If there were not a single advantage to the public in having FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT i scientific articles in printed rather than in manuscript form, there is a saving to the Philippine Government in salaries of more than the cost of printing the Philippine Journal of Science in the stimulus that the prospect of future publication of worthy articles gives to the scientists. The research work of the Bureau of Science costs practically nothing. The men now employed are necessary for the regular work. With the stimulus of publication, the men now are always busy during office hours and often work hours and hours overtime on research work. This is not done for the Bureau, but for the man himself, and the Philippine Islands profit. 3. The publication of the Philippine Journal of Science gives a standing to the institution and the Government which could not be obtained in any other way. The China Medical Journal of November, 1915, speaking of its exchanges, under the heading of the Philippine Journal of Science, says: The contents of this number of the Journal are of the usual high standard of scientific interest. [25 printed lines discussing the published papers.} The paper on the “Treatment of Infantile Beriberi,” by Albert, is of so much interest in connection with our own discussion of Beriberi, that the JouRNAL has taken the liberty of reprinting it. The record of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association, held in 1914, com- pletes this valuable number. On account of the Philippine Journal of Science we have been able to attract and retain men of ability whom we should not have been able to get in any other way. . 4. The Philippine Journal of Science is known all over the world. In many institutions, when I was in the United States on leave and introduced myself, I received the reply: “Yes, [ know the Philippine Journal of Science.” 5. It is impossible for any one to cull accurate information from another’s rough notes. The Philippine Journal of Science is a permanent record of the best of the work of former employees of the Bureau of Science. The economy of such a publication is shown by the time saved in answering inquiries by this and other offices of the Government. A great deal of information of former employees of the Philippine Government has been lost because no adequate record was made. 6. The Philippine Journal of Science is intended as the scien- tific organ of the Philippine Government, and any worthy articles containing original material regarding Philippine problems are printed ; thus Philippine material is brought together in one place. 7. We are attempting to train here in the Philippine Islands a corps of Filipino scientists. The only standard medium of & THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE publication available to the corps of assistants now being trained in the Bureau of Science and in the University of the Philippines is the Philippine Journal of Science, which has a well-established international reputation in the scientific world. In this con- nection attention is called to the fact that in many of the large cities of the East—Tokyo, Shanghai, Singapore, Batavia, Buiten- zorg, Calcutta, Rangoon, Bombay, and many others—scientific publications are issued. Practically without exception these scientific publications are supported wholly or in part by the governments of the different countries. It is true that some are published by scientific societies, but invariably the scientific society receives a subsidy from the local government to cover, at least in part, the cost of publication and distribution. FAR EASTERN ASSOCIATION OF TROPICAL MEDICINE The fourth biennial congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine will meet in Batavia in June, 1916. The stimulus of thought and the benefit derived from an organization of this kind is very great, not only to the delegates, but also to the institutions which they represent, especially in this part of the world where the scientific worker is isolated to a great extent. It is hoped, therefore, that this institution can be repre- sented at the sessions. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS MEDICAL ASSOCIATION No meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association was held in 1915. CONGRESS OF PHYSICIANS AND PHARMACISTS The third congress of physicians and pharmacists will be held in Manila from February 7 to 11, 1916, inclusive. The meeting is held under the auspices of the Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico of the Philippine Islands. The Bureau of Science is to con- tribute seventeen papers to be read at the various sections as follows: Food inspection, by H. C. Brill. Estudio bacteriologico de las aguas potables en Pasig, by Ariston Guzman. Parasitos intestinales del hombre en Filipinas, by Ariston Guzman. Manila swimming pools from a bacteriological standpoint, by C. E. Gabel. Biological examination of Manila water supply, by C. E. Gabel. Fish as a food supply, or the sea harvest, by Alvin Seale. Fake medical appliances, by T. Dar Juan. Industria del curtido de pieles, by V. Q. Gana. Water analysis in the field, by George W. Heise. Analytical standards for Philippine waters, by George W. Heise. Water supply for the city of Iloilo, by George W. Heise. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 9 The chemical constituents of chaulmoogra oil, by H. C. Brill. The ferric chloride test for salycilic acid, by H. C. Brill. The chemical purification of swimming pools, by George W. Heise and R. H. Aguilar. A study of mothers’ milk, by Ariston Guzman. Investigation of the medicinal plants of the Philippines, by E. D. Merrill. Some vegetables grown in the Philippines, by F. Agcaoili. INSTRUCTIONS TO DISTRICT HEALTH OFFICERS The Director of Health conceived the idea that his district health officers could do their work better, if they had a little idea of the work which is carried on in the Bureau of Science, and would know better how to prepare specimens to be sent to the Bureau of Science for examination, if they took a short course in this work. The Director of Health discussed his plan with the undersigned, and it was approved. The bacteriologists of the Bureau of Science began the instruction on October 11. 1915, when Dr. Eugenio Hernando, district health officer of Bulacan; Dr. Rafael Villafranea, district health officer of Ta- yabas; Dr. Vicente Rivera, district health officer of Laguna; and Dr. Antonio Fernando, district health officer of Nueva Ecija, were detailed to the Bureau of Science for six weeks of laboratory and practical instruction. These men learned better how to prepare materials and reviewed the most frequently used bacteriological examinations. STANDARDIZATION OF SUPPLIES For several years the Bureau of Science has been urging the desirability of standardization of supplies and the establishment of certain qualities of material for Government use. The stand- ardization of measuring apparatus in the Islands is well in hand, and as pointed out in my last annual report, as a result of the examination by this Bureau during the past seven years certain materials purchased by the Government were standard- ized and purchased under specifications, and in each instance a remarkable increase in the quality has been noted. On June 24, 1914, his Excellency, the Governor-General, issued Executive Order No. 62, appointing a Committee on Standardization of Supplies. Except the Director of the Bureau of Science, all the other members of this committee have resigned during the past year, and I was away on leave in the United States for a period of several months. Since my return the committee has been reorganized and is now endeavoring to eliminate inferior ma- terials and to systematize, classify, and effect economy in the purchase of general supplies. Standardization in chemicals re- fers to purity; in machine tool equipment and accessories it 10 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE refers not only to cost and quality but to interchangeability, that is, uniformity of dimensions of machine parts. The whole world now recognizes the necessity of standardization, if time is to be saved and if operation and production are to be kept at a low cost. There is a large saving to the Government by the elimination of a large assortment of different articles serving the same purpose. It will take a long time to pass on the thousands of articles needed by the Government. The war in Europe has interfered with our sources of supplies. Prices of staple articles have increased from 10 to 200 per cent, and of certain chemicals, from 500 to 1,000 per cent; freight rates are steadily rising; and prices are continually advancing. It is anticipated that the work of the committee will be extended to include the investiga- tion and redistribution of serviceable supplies, materials, and equipment now on hand in the various branches of the service. The successful solution of many of our local problems concerning supplies and materials must be solved by local research. The available information on many of these subjects is very meager, and only a few general results are applicable to the Philippines; for example, there is practically no material of construction used in the Islands upon which there is not a great deal of work to be done. Every branch of the Government that has to deal with construction materials realizes the importance of studies of this kind and the limited provision that has been placed at the disposal of the Bureau of Science for carrying it on. ELECTROLYSIS COMMITTEE The Electrolysis Committee consists of the Superintendent of Water Supply and Sewers of the city of Manila, the City Electrician, the City Boiler Inspector, the Director of the Bureau of Science, and a representative of the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Co., of the Philippine Islands Telephone and Telegraph Company, and of the Manila Gas Corporation, respectively. Many of the members of the old committee have left Manila, and a new committee is soon to be appointed to carry on the work. Many interesting developments have occurred in the past, and the interesting problem of determining the causes of several aggravated cases of boiler condenser-tube corrosion in local factories was presented for solution. The trouble in some cases was attributed to stray currents. MANUFACTURE OF EXTRACT OF TIQUI-TIQUI Under the provisions of Act No. 2376 the Bureau of Science has continued its work of preparing extract of tiqui-tiqui for FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Le the treatment of infantile beriberi. The work is of. great practical importance. A stock has been continually kept on hand, and up to the close of the year 200 liters of extract have been prepared, probably sufficient to treat 3,500 infants, as compared with 58 liters of extract prepared in 1914. Slightly less than one half of the funds appropriated by Act No. 2376 has been expended. MAINTENANCE OF STAFF Continued agitation with regard to the Bureau of Science has made it impossible to hold out inducements to new or assurances to old employees, has influenced some of the best of our oldest and most experienced men to resign when other opportunities for employment offered, and has made it difficult to secure new employees of ability. Unless a fixed policy is adopted with re- spect to the Bureau of Science, it will be impossible to maintain a service with its former efficiency. REPORT OF ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE In accordance with Assembly Resolution No. 108, dated November 9, 1915, a Special Committee of five members was appointed by the Speaker of the Assembly to investigate and make recommendations before January 1, 1916, concerning ‘“‘the utility and desirability of uniting the branches of the Government which have to do with agriculture in order to avoid unnecessary dupli- cation of work, to abolish unnecessary expenditures and to co- ordinate and increase the efficiency of the work.” Extracts from the report of the committee thus appointed follow: The members of the Committee have made every possible investigation tending to cast any light on the business intrusted to them. They have visited all the offices in any way affected by the Resolution and have con- ferred with all the chiefs of the respective bureaus. They have cited witnesses, heard their declarations, and obliged them to state their opinions, having held public sessions on the 19th and 23d of November and the 4th of December of this year. Various documents referring to the matter have been consulted in the files of the Executive Secretary’s office. The Committee even made several trips, one to Los Banos, where the College of Agriculture is, one to Limay, Bataan, where there is a Forest Station, and finally to Lamao, in the same province, where there is an Agricultural Experiment Station. We here wish to express our satisfaction with the cordial and valuable cooperation granted us by every one of the bureaus interested in the matter and to put on record our appreciation of their aid. It is the opinion of your committee that much of the confusion and divergence of opinion which has existed in the past in reference to the general subject under consideration here have been due to the lack of a clear and definite understanding of the various forms of agricultural activity which should be carried on by the Government and of just where ¥2 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE and what the limits of the jurisdiction of each of the subordinate bureaus should.ber *ij¢*%a/% BUREAU OF SCIENCE In no other division of its labors has your committee proceeded with greater caution and we believe with greater thoroughness than in that which refers to the Bureau of Science. This was necessary both because of the highly scientific work in which the Bureau is engaged and also because of the various criticisms which have been made for years past. Your committee confesses that at the time of beginning the investigation of the Bureau of Science we were rather prejudiced against it and were inclined to think that it was an expensive and unnecessary governmental activity, but the deeper we went into the matter, the more certain it seemed to us that both in its theoretical as well as in its practical work the Bureau of Science has rendered abundant return for the money which it has cost. Its work is far more practical and is of much greater and more immediate material value than is popularly supposed. In theory, as well as practically, the organization of such an institution as the Bureau of Science is excellent, involving as it does the centralization and concentration of all governmental and scientific investigations, thereby, on the one hand, assuring better results as to efficiency and economy and, on the other, preventing the so often criticized duplication of almost identical work by different organizations. The amount of investigation work carried on in the Philippine Government is not large as compared with that of many other countries in the world, but it is very varied. Thus the Bureau of Health must perform or have performed laboratory work in chemical, botanical, entomological, microscopical, bacteriological, and pathological branches. The Philippine General Hospital needs similar facilities. The professors and advanced students of the University demand the same facilities for carrying on important work. The Bureau of Agriculture needs similar laboratory facilities for its work, and the Bureau of Forestry needs a certain amount of research work in relation to forestry. The Bureau of Public Works must have a large number of chemical analyses made to test the materials of construction used in architecture and engineer- ing, and similar analyses are needed by the Bureau of Supply, the Bureau of Customs, and the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Adequate laboratory equipment is exceedingly expensive, and the amount of work needed by few, if any, of the bureaus above mentioned is sufficient to justify the equipment and maintenance of an independent laboratory with the necessary subordinate personnel, etc. In the aggregate, however, the work of such character performed by all bureaus of the Government is amply sufficient to justify the expenditures required for maintaining the Bureau of Science, which was formerly known as “The Bureau of Government Laboratories.” Here all of the investigative work requiring laboratory facilities can be performed adequately and comparatively in- expensively for all branches of the Government. Nor is this the only reason that can be adduced in favor of maintaining the Bureau of Science. Not only in the matter of equipment is centraliza- tion necessary but it is also necessary in order to avoid duplication and in order to utilize to the fullest extent the results of all investigation work. In a country like the Philippines, which in a scientific sense is a new field, there must also be carried on a large amount of investigative work which at first seems to have no bearing or immediate relation to the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 13 necessities or present work of any other bureau, but is nevertheless necessary to serve as a basis for work which later will be obviously directly applicable. The details of any subject cannot be considered intelligently without first knowing its general outlines. Thus, for example, before the Bureau of Health can adequately study the transmission of diseases due to insects or vermin, it is necessary that there be performed a large amount of work on Philippine entomology in general. Similarly, before the Bureau of Agricul- ture can adequately investigate such a disease as that of coffee blight, it is necessary that a considerable amount of work on the fungi of the Philip- pines shall have been carried on. In the same way, in order to enable the Bureau of Forestry properly to identify the commercial timber trees of the Philippines, a ground work in Philippine botany is needed. These considerations it seems to your Committee furnish the justification for much of the work which has been carried on by the Bureau of Science in past years and which has been characterized by the public in general as “impracticable.” In the opinion of your Committee it is not “im- practicable” and should not be considered so merely because it does not immediately and directly result in material value, but, on the other hand, it furnishes the fundamental basis for more obviously practical studies. We believe that this rather long introduction is necessary for a full understanding of the recommendation which we are about to make. 1. We believe that the Bureau of Science should be intrusted with all laboratory equipment needed by any branch of the Insular Government, particularly by any branch located in Manila; and so far as possible, a similar plan should apply to the provinces. This is the best, in fact the only way, to avoid unnecessary and expensive duplication of equipment. 2. We believe that all scientific collections which are liable to be used by more than one bureau should be assigned to the Bureau of Science. We have already spoken of the undesirability of having the entomological collections of the Government housed at the College of Agriculture near Los Banos, where they are inaccessible to other branches of the Government and to the public in general and where, as has been shown, only a small propor- tion of the collections are used by the students and where the collection, by distracting the interest and attention of the students and professors, inter- feres with their strictly agricultural studies. Your committee believes that it should be returned and housed in its original location in the Bureau of Science where it will be available for use by the Bureau of Agriculture, the various branches of the University in Manila, the Bureau of Education, the Bureau of Forestry, and other branches of the Government, as well as by the public in general and by visiting scientists. Similar considerations hold in reference to the botanical collection known as the Philippine herbarium, which for several years has been housed in the Bureau of Science, where we believe it should remain. To transfer this Government herbarium to any other institution outside of Manila would inevitably reduce its value to a mere fraction of that which it now possesses. The herbarium was founded and now exists not for the use of any one department of the Philippine Government nor even for the Government alone. It has become one of the greatest herbaria of the Orient. It contains tens of thousands of specimens which are of no special interest or value to the instructors and students in the College of Agricul- ture or to the members of any one bureau, but which are of constant and very great value to other departments of the Government (Bureaus of Education, Forestry, Internal Revenue, Customs, etc.), to the students in 14 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE the various colleges in the University of the Philippines (particularly the Colleges of Liberal Arts, Pharmacy, and Medicine), to private botanical collectors, and to the students and visiting scientists from foreign countries. The centralization of scientific research in a single bureau such as in the Bureau of Science also greatly increases the ability of the Government to meet a sudden emergency such as, for example, that made necessary by a sudden outbreak of bubonic plague or of cholera when thousands of rats and a similar number of specimens of feces must be examined accurately and quickly. It is impossible, of course, to predict when such an outbreak will occur, and therefore there must be kept, somewhere in the Government service, a staff of men capable of responding to an immediate call. By having such men held as members of the Bureau of Science not only do they form a more mobile and efficient corps than would be possible if they were split up among various bureaus, but their spare time between emer- gency calls, when they would otherwise be more or less idle, can be used to full advantage by the Government in having them carry on the various scientific investigations such as those referred to above. It is also desirable to take into consideration the mutual stimulus and enthusiasm which result by bringing all or most scientists together in one place for the performance of their various work. By having all such men in one institution there is close codperation between those representing the different but allied sciences, and a great deal of work is accomplished which no one man could work out alone and which would not be attempted were the individuals isolated * * *, TRANSLATIONS The Bureau of Science has no official translator, and several of the scientific men have worked faithfully in translating into Spanish and Tagalog some of the results of the work of the Bureau of Science which are of great interest to the public. The following list gives a general idea of the work accomplished along this line: Notas sobre el beriberi (Williams). [Read before the Colegio Medico-Far- maceutico. } La mejora de la industria del curtido de las Islas Filipinas. [Press Bul- letin No. 41.] Notas sobre el suministro de aguas (Heise). [Read before the Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico. ] Notas de interes para los hacenderos de azucar (Thurlow). [Press Bulletin No. 35.] La industria del azucar en Negros (Thurlow). [Leaflet.] La conserva del pescado en los paises tropicales (Seale). [Translated for the Philippine Net and Braid Manufacturing Co. Inc., of Manila.] BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Personnel.—The medical personnel of the Bureau of Science is in a seriously depleted condition. Dr. M. A. Barber, who succeeded Dr. E. L. Walker as chief of the biological laboratory, went on leave in January, 1915, and resigned to accept a position FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 15 with the Rockefeller International Health Commission, and Dr. John A. Johnston has been acting in his stead. During the absence of the Director of the Bureau, Doctor Johnston was Acting Director. Since 1911 there have been three resignations from the position of chief bacteriologist, the men leaving to accept what to them were more attractive positions. The personnel has been more and more reduced on account of resignations, on account of a reduction of the number and salaries of positions by the legislature, and on account of inability to fill vacancies promptly. Dr. J. D. Jungmann, in charge of the clinical labor- atory at the Philippine General Hospital, was transferred to the Bureau of Health on January 1, 1915. Doctor Johnston went _on leave in October, 1915, and since that time the responsibility for the work has been divided. Dr. Otto Schébl went on leave in March and has been serving temporarily with the State ‘Quarantine Service in New York, assisting in the detection of cholera carriers. He will sail on February 5, 1916, from San Francisco on the return trip to Manila. Dr. Charles E. Gabel was appointed assistant bacteriologist, and arrived here from the United States on June 19. Dr. H. W. Wade, formerly a bacteriologist of Charity Hospital, New Orleans, has been appointed bacteriologist and pathologist and will sail from San Francisco on January 1, 1916. Routine——In codperation with the Philippine Health Service, by locating many of the sources of infectious diseases, we have been able to avoid serious epidemics, such as those of plague, cholera, typhoid, and dysentery, which have occurred in former years. Since the first two months of the year there has not been an unusual number of feces examinations for cholera. It is impossible to say how the necessary bacteriological laboratory work could have been cared for during the past year, if there had been a serious epidemic. With so many resignations the Bureau would have been unable to perform the routine examinations requested by the Bureau of Health except for the faithful per- formance of much overtime work by the junior members of the staff. In former years the Bureau of Science had sufficient per- sonnel properly to combat any epidemic that might arise, and when epidemics were under control the biological employees were able to investigate the diseases of the Archipelago. As a result of such investigations, diseases that were formerly formidable are now controlled with little difficulty. Notably among such is entameebic dysentery. Also, through the diagnostic analyses of this institution it was discovered that the spread of cholera frequently and generally was through carriers rather than by 16 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE contact with those who succumbed to the disease. During the past year numerous specimens were examined in a systematic effort to eliminate ‘‘carriers” from among persons engaged in handling foods. Each sample was examined for the presence of cholera and typhoid organisms as well as for entamcebe and other intestinal parasites. Among the latter were found chiefly Ascaris, Trichuris, Oxyuris, Strongyloides, and hookworm. By such methods people who consciously or unconsciously harbored infectious material were made aware of its presence, and the public was protected from contamination. These procedures help to prevent epidemics and are reducing the large percentages of cases of intestinal parasitism. In October the examinations showed many throat swabs positive for diphtheria. The number of diphtheria carriers increased, as is usually the case before an outbreak of an epidemic. However, by stringent sanitary measures, which necessitated the examination of a large number of contacts and a great deal of overtime work on the part of employees, the outbreak was aborted, and no serious epidemic resulted. Besides the various routine tests for pathogenic or- ganisms, other examinations were made. Mineral and other waters and milk were examined bacteriologically. The United States Hygienic Laboratory phenol coefficient test was applied to a number of disinfectants. The diagnostic work imposed upon the Bureau of Science by law and carried on during the year and made during the fiscal year 1914 is given in parallel columns in the following table: Calendar year. | | Nature of examination. Th A, Tee i 1914 1915 | |. : a AT) ass J ike L wi bi oie’ SA i007 (Gate lywWetew2 ! lL cony. ac odt oniaih and hae ene aes 2,118 | 2,985 { Gomacoeeh ccf bac at ka cet cay see en 16,383 | 15,882 | Widal'test--2- 5-220 -2 S.. Sie 21) ee 599 | 5, 168 PPeload SENSE ASE ORI Ry CORE: LNA) Rea anne dees aes eeee ease 6, 398 | 27 Blood: enltures! 250) 25) 223 oe bee Ee ee oe ee eee ee 228.2 | Sper ee) ea ee ee | Se 30 15 19 24 The numbers of the Philippine Journal of Science for Volume X, 1915, contain the following articles. Names of members of the Bureau of Science staff are marked by asterisks. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 45 SECTION A. CHEMICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND THE INDUSTRIES No. 1, January, 1915 *Pratt, David S. Papain: Its commercial preparation and digestive prop- erties. Blackwood, O. H. A determination of the diurnal variation of the radio- activity of the atmosphere at Manila by the active deposit method. *Gibbs, H. D., and *Brill, H. C. Diethylsuccinosuccinate (ethyldioxydi- hydroteraphthalate): A study of its constitution, some derivatives, and absorption spectra. *Heise, George W. Water supply for the city of Iloilo. Boiler water of Iloilo Province. *Smith, Warren D., *Eddingfield, F. T., and *Fanning, Paul R. A pre- liminary check list of Philippine minerals. Reviews. No. 2, March, 1915 *Gibbs, H. D. Proposed modification of ylang-ylang oil standards. *Brill, Harvey C., and *Agcaoili, Francisco. Philippine oil-bearing seeds and their properties: II. The enzymes of cacao. *Heise, George W. Water supplies in the Philippine Islands: II. Reviews. No. 8, May, 1915 *Smith, Warren D. Notes on a geologic reconnaissance of Mountain Prov- ince, Luzon, P. I. Notes on the geology of Panay. No. 4, July, 1915 *Pratt, Wallace E. The location of artesian wells in the Philippine Islands from a geologic viewpoint. Petroleum and residual bitumens in Leyte. On the occurrence of petroleum in the Province of Cebu. No. 5, September, 1915 *Pratt, Wallace E. The persistence of Philippine coal beds. Geologic reconnaissance in Caramoan Peninsula, Camarines Provy- ince. Iron ore on Calambayanga Island, Mambulao, Camarines. , and *Lednicky, Victor E. Iron ore in Surigao Province, No. 6, November, 1915 *Gana, Vicente Q. The leather industry of the Philippine Islands. *Cox, Alvin J., and *Dar Juan, T. Salt Industry and resources of the Philippine {slands. SECTION B. TROPICAL MEDICINE No. 1, January, 1915 Munson, E. L. Cholera carriers in relation to cholera control. *Schobl, Otto. Observations concerning cholera carriers. Wharton, Lawrence D. The development of the eggs of Ascaris lum- bricoides. 46 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE *Ruediger, E. H. The occurrence of Bacillus coli communis in the peri- pheral blood of man during life. The preparation of tetanus antitoxin. Calderon, Fernando. Cesarean section in the Philippine Islands. Woodward, R. B. Case report of obstructed labor and cesarean section. Thornburgh, Robert M. Adenocarcinoma of the cecum, complicated by intussusception. DuMez, A. G. Two compounds of emetine which may be of service in the treatment of entamecebiasis. Albert, José. The treatment of infantile beriberi with the extract of tiqui-tiqui. Philippine Islands Medical Association. Minutes of the eleventh annual meeting, held at Manila, November 4-7, 1914. Editorial. Progress in the investigation of vitamines. Review. No. 2, March, 1915 *Williams, R. R., and Saleeby, N. M. Experimental treatment of human beriberi with constituents of rice polishings. , and *Crowell, B. C. The thymus gland in beriberi. *Schobl, Otto. Practical experience with some enriching media recom- mended for bacteriological diagnosis of Asiatic cholera. *Barber, Marshall A. I, Experiments on the immunization of guinea pigs by the inoculation of avirulent tubercle bacilli in agar. II. Observa- tions on animals inoculated with tuberculosis from lepers. , and Jones, Charles R. A test of Coccobacillus acridiorum d’Herelle on locusts in the Philippines. No. 3, May, 1915 *Barber, M. A.; *Raquel, Alfonso; *Guzman, Ariston; and *Rosa, Antonio P. Malaria in the Philippine Islands. II. The distribution of the commoner anophelines and the distribution of malaria. No. 4, July, 1915 *Crowell, B. C. Pathologic anatomy of bubonic plague. No. 5, September, 1915 Roberg, David N. The réle played by the insects of the dipterous family Phoridz in the spread of bacterial infections. Experiments on Aphio- cheta ferruginea Brunetti with the cholera vibrio. *“Williams, Robert R., and *Johnston, John A. Miscellaneous notes and comments on beriberi. Schiffner, Wilhelm. Pseudotyphoid fever in Deli, Sumatra (a variety of Japanese kedani fever). Reviews. No. 6, November, 1915 Denney, Oswald E. The treatment of the retrogressive skin lesions of leprosy with basic fuchsin. *Johnston, John A. Leprosy. Calderon, Fernando. Tropical obstetrical problems. Coulter, J. S. A study of the pathology of the gall bladder and biliary passages in cholera. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 47 SECTION C. BOTANY No. 1, January, 1915 *Merrill, E. D. New or noteworthy Philippine plants, XI. No. 2, March, 1915 Patouillard, N. Champignons des Philippines communiqués par C. F. Baker, II. *Merrill, E. D. Studies on Philippine Rubiaceae, IT. Copeland, E. B. Notes on Bornean ferns. Review. No. 8, May, 1913 *Merrill, E. D. The present status of botanical exploration in the Phil- ippines. Genera and species erroneously credited to the Philippine flora. —. New species of Schefflera. —. New species of Eugenia. Na 4, July, 1915 *Merrill, E. D. Studies on Philippine Anonaceae, I. Plantae Wenzelianae, III. No. 5, September, 1915 *Merrill, E. D. New or noteworthy Philippine plants, XII. No. 6, November, 7915 Rundles, John C. Studies in rice. Teodoro, Nicanor Gregorio. A preliminary study of Philippine bananas. SECTION D. GENERAL BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY, AND ANTHROPOLOGY No. 1, January, 1915 Light, S. F. Notes on Philippine Aleyonaria. Part III: Two new species of Lithophytum Forskal from the Philippines. Cowles, R. P. The habits of some tropical crustaceans, Heller, K. M. Neue Kafer von den Philippinen: II. Baker, C. F. Studies in Philippine Jassoidea: II, Philippine Jassaria. Griffini, Achille. Prospetto dei Grillacridi delle Isole Philippine. Poppius, B. Neue orientalische Bryocorinen. No. 2, March, 1915 Taylor, Edward H. New species of Philippine lizards. Wharton, Lawrence D. The eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides. Bernhauer, Max. Zur Staphylinidenfauna der Philippinen: VI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der indo-malayischen Fauna. Grouvelle, A. Dryopide et Heteroceride des Philippines. Baker, C. F. Notices of certain Philippine Fulgoroidea, one being of economic importance. Cowles, R. P. Are Atya spinipes Newport and Atya armata Milne Edwards synonyms for Atya molluccensis De Haan? Light, S. F. Notes on Philippine Aleyonaria. Part IV: Notes on Philip- pine Stolonifera and Xeniide. 48 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE No. 3, May, 1915 Kemp, Stanley. On a collection of stomatopod Crustacea frem the Philip- pine Islands. Baker, C. F. Studies in Philippine Jassoidea: III, The Stenocotide of the Philippines. Light, S. F. Notes on Philippine Alcyonaria. Part V: Cornularia minuta, a new species. *Seale, Alvin. Note regarding the dugong in the Philippine Islands. No. 4, July, 1915 Heller, K. M. Neue Kafer von den Philippinen: III. Baker, C. F.. Two Amphipoda of Luzon. Crawford, D. L. Ceylonese and Philippine Psyllide (Homoptera). *Schultze, W. Erster Beitrag zur Coleopteren Fauna der Philippinen. No. 5, September, 1915 Wileman, A. E. Notes on Japanese Lepidoptera and their larve: Part II. Day, Artemas L. Difficulties encountered in the culture of bafgos, or milkfish, in Zambales Province. No. 6, November, 1915 Baker, C. F. Studies in Philippine Jassoidea, IV: The Idiocerini of the Philippines. Wileman, A. E. Notes on Japanese Lepidoptera and their larve: Part III. Funkhouser, W. D. Review of the Philippine Membracidz. The Mineral Resources of the Philippine Islands for 1914 was issued during the year, as was also a small pamphlet entitled Birds in their Economic Relation to Man. The new publication folder which was sent to press in 1914 was issued early in 1915. Translations into Spanish entitled ‘““‘La industria de curtidos en las Islas Filipinas” and “La fabricacion del azicar” were issued. These pamphlets are for free distribution. A catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera, consisting of about 200 pages, was received in first revised page proof at the end of the year. The serial numbers and the titles of press bulletins issued during the year are as follows: No. 35. Notas de interes para los hacenderos de azucar. [January 28, 1915. Leaflet. Notas z interes para los hacenderos de azucar. [February 18-23, 1915. Silay Exposition and Carnival.] No. 36. Investigation of iron-ore deposits in Surigao, Mindanao. [Febru- ary 6, 1915.] No. 37. Philippine gold production for 1914 shows great increase. [Febru- ary 6, 1915.] No. 38. Mosquitoes and malaria in the Philippine Islands. [February 8, 1915. No. 39. The ae to Manila of the Bureau of Science party which made a survey of the iron ore in Surigao Province. [March 31, 1915.] FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 49 No. 40. New gold mining near Iligan, Mindanao. [April 14, 1915.] No. 41. La mejora de la industria del curtido de las Islas Filipinas. [May 20,1915. Spanish.] No. 42. Asphalt in Leyte. [June 10, 1915.] No. 43. Copper deposits in Zambales Province. [June 15, 1915.] No. 44. Rock asphalt in Leyte. [July 2, 1915.] No. 45. Iron-ore deposits in Surigao. [July 13, 1915.] No. 46. Copra: Fifteen million pesos loss of the Philippine industry in five years. [October 14, 1915. English and Spanish.] No. 47. Rabies in the Philippine Islands. [October 22, 1915. English and Spanish.] A ten-year index of the Journal was begun in October. Dur- ing two months about 30,000 cards were typed, but toward the end of the year practically nothing was done on the index owing to more. urgent work in other lines. The blanks and labels required by the various divisions have been printed. The mailing list of the Philippine Journal of Science for the past two years has been as follows: | 1914 | 1915 | | | ES A geo CETTE LEP OTT OTS yh ef ea a SE PRE 9 Bee PEE SSI IR ee ee LETS | 347 320 OICEE Te Tht pe ee line Rane Ea a Ce ee oe Be ee ee eel 465 | 470 JE ees Se Ae i ero e Fp ee Oe ee Se ee Ed pees EE A | 64 | 66 | ote PO Lo Bs eee SE ee ewe si ae Beers Se Bete ae ee ee are et Pen eee 49 | 49 | | Leics |r Ces Fe ae a ee ee es ee Pe eS ee 925 905 lz Owing to the general unstable business conditions throughout the world as a whole, it is gratifying that the Philippine Journal of Science has been so fortunate as to retain its paid subscription list practically unchanged. POWER PLANT Personnel.—There has been no change in the engineering personnel. It has remained as heretofore, entirely Filipinized, with Mr. José Guerrero y Reyes as chief power engineer and Mr. Felix Valencia as assistant engineer. Power.—During the year the supply of gas for the Philippine General Hospital and the Colleges of Medicine and Surgery and of Liberal Arts was closed. The Manila Gas Corporation is now operating a city supply and is furnishing these institutions. The Philippine General Hospital steam supply was closed on December 15, it having been decided that it was cheaper to use gas than steam for cooking purposes, especially when steam had to be delivered so far. The other functions of the central power 146561——4 50 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE plant for the Philippine General Hospital, the Bureau of Science, and the College of Medicine and Surgery remain unchanged. Producer-gas plant.—The producer-gas generator and the gas engine have proved their reliability and economy under intelligent supervision and care. Boiler plant——The two Dutch ovens installed last year in front of the two old boiler units are satisfactory. The arrange- ment produces complete combustion. The improved furnaces produce such intense heat with the present baffling system that no fire brick can stand it for a long time. The baffles have to be repaired every few months to maintain smokeless operation. With intelligent firing the smoke now emitted from the chimney is negligible. The plan that we have used can be advantageously followed elsewhere for the prevention of smoke. The boilers can stand a higher overload now than before the modifications were made. Costs.—The average cost per kilowatt hour of electric current was slightly over 10 centavos. This was somewhat higher than during the former year due to the increased cost of coal. The cost of the production of electric current could be considerably reduced by the addition of another producer-gas generator. Mansfield gas-generating plant.—The total gas generated was more than 700,000 cubic feet (19,824 cubic meters). The cost of production has been considerably lowered by the use of naval fuel oil in the retorts and dilution with producer gas. Shop.—The number of shop requests is shown by the follow- ing table. Requests + Bureaw’-of, Sciences2 52 eee sa ee 805 Bureau iof .Public}Works?-2.. 2-25 ee ee ee 1 Bureau of. Health, :i2ec) 2. Bee ee eee 1 Privates 2..cci0c.ccnd eee bee ae ee eee 5 Motal! 2.20% (ae 2!” Ae Re te re eee ee pe 322 CLERICAL DIVISION The clerical work of the Bureau of Science has progressed and has been a satisfactory tool in the scientific work of the institution. Chief Clerk A. E. Southard returned from his detail as private secretary to the Honorable, the Secretary of the Interior, on February 15 and on March 26 went on leave to China and returned to duty in the Bureau of Science on September 1. During his absence the duties of chief clerk were performed by Mr. C. J. Stancliff, property officer, cashier, and disbursing officer. Mr. Harold Evans was transferred in August from the Bureau of Science to the Department of Police FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 5l of the city of Manila for the reason that he was offered a higher salary there than was available in the Bureau of Science. Mr. L. G. Thomas was appointed as a temporary employee on Decem- ber 1 to the place left vacant by the transfer of Mr. Evans. During the middle of the year representatives of the Insular Auditor were engaged in making a complete inventory of the property, equipment, and supplies of the Bureau, and since the return of the chief clerk, Mr. Stancliff and the other members of the property office have been working long and hard in check- ing the inventory. The improvement of the Bureau of Scien grounds is being carried on, as it can be done economically. Many low .levels have been raised by excavating the good earth and filling below with ashes from the power plant. The grounds have also been beautified by rearranging the ornamental shrubbery and the mul- berry bushes that furnish food for the silkworms. In some places a single, red hibiscus has been substituted for the ‘“‘violeta”’ as a hedge plant. The janitor and his assistant have taken particular interest in thus grading and beautifying the grounds. The breeding of guinea pigs has continued successfully. We not only have sufficient for supplying the needs of our medical laboratory, but have a surplus for other institutions. We have had also some success with breeding rabbits. PHOTOGRAPHY The record of the photographic work is as follows: ae chee SE A od oa eT es ee ee # pees Va : Calendar Calendar | Nature of work. year 1914. | year 1915. INegativesitaken or/developed’s 28852 vj 5s ch ee ts ee! ek 458 374 ariternalidcceseeeey a! Pe cater epee ed 552 ee. aes ee Ee ess. | 875 434 Prints 5] DYnii Ne hese te ek A Te at pe 2k 10, 718 3,185 | IPEIm ts OLAUALIOUS SEZ Cite eae ne Sa ee Henne ase ecseee 963 Emnlarrements= see sane ee eee ae en 128 J ee Ee et eS 262 50 Pransparencies, Sy: lOnnChes fare ts 25st ee Lk eS ie es 53 3 AQUARIUM The aquarium of the Bureau of Science has continued to be much appreciated. It is clearly one of the most attractive diver- sions in Manila, and I have received many letters commending it. The aquarium is self-supporting. There were enough paid admissions during the year to reimburse the Government for its upkeep. I have continued to admit students and teachers of schools by special arrangement. This has been very much appreciated, and during the year there were 16,369 free ad- 52 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE missions. In the aquarium at present there are over 1700 specimens, representing 202 species of fishes and various species of crabs, lobsters, prawns, turtles, crocodiles, ete. The clerical work in connection with the aquarium at first caused con- siderable overtime work, but now it has been systematized to such an extent that all work in connection therewith is performed efficiently with very little effort. BUREAU OF SCIENCE EXHIBIT AT THE NORTHERN LUZON FAIR The Bureau of Science sent to San Francisco for the Panama- Pacific International Exposition 72 large packing cases filled with exhibits, so that material for the Northern Luzon Fair had to be drawn from residual material and that accumulated during the year. However, a very creditable mining, chemical, and photographic display was arranged. Baguio, Benguet, where the fair was held, is the center of a mining district, and for that reason the mining exhibit of the Bureau of Science attracted unusual attention. A geologist accompanied the exhibit and was able to give valuable information to visitors at the fair interested in chemical and mining problems. Several hundred copies of our catalogue of publications and of the pamphlet entitled Industrial Resources of the Philippine Islands were distributed. RECOMMENDATIONS During the past calendar year we have had available for the work of the Bureau of Science #379,890. I have annually pointed out that the work of maintaining a constantly growing bureau, which in effect is a department of information and must keep abreast with development in many lines, is much handicapped by an insufficient appropriation. During each of the last three years there has been an increase in the amount of fixed work and a decrease in the appropriation. It follows that many important constructive problems remain untouched. Progressive work should be carried on all the time to prevent ex- pensive duplication and waste and to attract and hold good men. From the foregoing pages it is clear that there is the greatest need of more scientific employees. The Bureau of Science is charged by law with the performance of the laboratory work necessary for the enforcement of the sanitary measures in the Philippine Islands. We should have personnel sufficient to combat any epidemic that may arise; when epidemics are under control, we should carry on investiga- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 53 tions such as those that have led to the control of entamebic dysentery and the isolation of the cholera carrier. Each year shows more clearly that thousands of pesos could be saved annually to the sugar growers alone, if they had the scientific information necessary with regard to planting, harvest- ing, and recovering sugar most efficiently and economically. More perfect extraction and more careful handling of the juice should increase the production and improve the quality of the sugar, even if there is no increase in the yield or in the planted area. The best way to improve and increase the sugar produc- tion of the Philippine Islands is by the careful application of scientific knowledge. Many hacenderos in Negros believe that there is a secret process in the manufacture of sugar. A prominent planter told me that it was impossible to get more than 77-degree sugar from one cane, which gives a dilute juice, whereas he got 88-degree sugar from another variety. In the same way I was told that it was impossible to manufacture sugar from nipa juice, because it would ferment. We easily overcame the effects of the oxidase secreted by the nipa palm in the latter case, and similarly we can overcome the former difficulty, if we have trained men to send into the field to study conditions as they actually exist. I should like to send a staff to Negros with a field laboratory to make analyses and to give lectures and demonstrations throughout the province and thus efficiently make the hacenderos familiar with the principles of sugar making and of training sugar-mill laborers in the necessary manipulation in the factory. There should be employees enough to give instruction and information on subjects such as the following: 1. The necessity for determining the purity of the cane before cutting. 2. The advantages to be gained on large haciendas by planting the Cebu, the Inalmon, and the Lahaina varieties in addition to the Moradi eane. With such a diversity the milling period would be greatly lengthened, and the cutting of overripe or underripe cane could be avoided. 8. The construction and the arrangement of the mill and of the means for conveying the cane to the mill. 4. The care and the storage of cut cane. 5. Cleanliness and proper sterilization in and around the mill. 6. The efficiency of formaldehyde as an antiseptic for cleaning cauas, tanks, etc. 7. Proper extraction and proper handling of the juice before and during evaporation. 8. Purity and quantity of lime to be used, with a demonstration of the 54 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE quality produced in the Bureau of Science experimental kiln and instruction as to how proper kilns can be made and operated. 9. Harmful effects of a deficiency or excess of lime in the juices. 10. Demonstration to show that a dilute juice will produce a better sugar if mixed in proper quantities with a more concentrated juice and that a rapid rate of evaporation and rapid concentration of a dilute juice prevents the inversion of sugar and results in a better product. No entomologist has been on duty in this institution for several months, but the need is exceedingly apparent. On Oc- tober 18, 1915, I received a request from the Assistant Director of Health asking for the identification of Surigao specimens of bed bugs from a bed, lice from the hair of a woman’s head, ticks from a hog, and flies from market refuse. I have just received a letter which reports a plague of centipedes on an island situated off the coast of Pangasinan between the munic- ipality of Anda and that of Alaminos, which is “causing much pain and inconvenience” to the inhabitants. The report requests recommendation as to the best method of exterminating or reducing the number of centipedes. Whenever possible, work of this kind is performed by the Bureau of Science, but it is fre- quently accomplished by the generous assistance of a former em- ployee now not connected with the Government. These are only two of many requests and indicate a large amount of experimen- tal study and work in preparing information necessary to assist the Bureaus of Health, Forestry, Agriculture, etc.; in the study of poisonous insects and those responsible for the spread of disease; those injurious to timber trees, agricultural plants, etc. ; and injurious insects that are held in check by birds, ete. Also entomologists will be of great assistance to the work of the sanitary commissions that are now in operation. The employment of at least two during 1916 is recommended. The desirability of extending the silkworm industry within the Archipelago becomes more apparent each year. However, there seems to be a hiatus between the Bureau of Science and the people who could profit by the silk industry. The Bureau of Science has the information with regard to silk culture, silkworm eggs, and the mulberry trees, but no adequate method of inducing the people in the provinces to take up the industry. Demonstrators, preferably Filipinos, who should have Government support in establishing small silk farms in favorable localities so that the people could actually see the results that can be secured, should be used to induce the people of these Islands to engage in the industry. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 55 The information we have with regard to the industrial, econo- mic, and sanitary development of the Philippine Islands is nof sufficiently used. I desire to emphasize the fact that there is extensive information along many lines in the Bureau of Science that should effect a large annual saving to the inhabitants of these Islands, if it were utilized. There is no adequate means of putting the people of the Islands in touch with this infor- mation. The best and probably the only way to interest those to whom the introduction of desirable modifications of existing methods is most important is by actual demonstration. The suggestion has been made that the Philippine Journal of Science is not sufficiently popular in form. Popular information is only of passing interest, but the Philippine Journal of Science prints concise, accurately edited facts. By far the best plan is to publish concise, accurate, scientific literature and to bring this information to the inhabitants of these Islands by personal demonstration. We should have available in the Bureau of Science men whose work it should be to demonstrate the modifications in the drying of copra, the extraction and handling of the sugar-cane juices, the tanning of leather, the manu- facture of lime, the extension of the silkworm industry, etc. Recently in my office a Spanish coconut grower discussed the drying of copra. He had lived in Laguna ever since American occupation of the Philippine Islands and had never before visited the Bureau of Science. His visit on this occasion was the direct ‘outcome of a conversation with a representative of the Bureau of Science when the latter was in Laguna in the furtherance of our copra-drying propaganda. I recommend that provision be made for a corps of demonstrators in the Bureau of Science. It is recommended that the Government provide for sending the most capable and advanced library assistants of the Bureau of Science to the United States for further professional train- ing in order that the Philippine Islands may have available a group of trained employees for carrying on library work of a high order and for teaching in the library-training courses. The matter of safe-guarding the herbarium has been brought up year after year. Somewhat over a year ago all types of Philippine plants were segregated and stored in separate cases, distinct from the general herbarium, in the concrete east wing of the Bureau of Science building. During my absence in the United States the entire herbarium, except the fungi, was trans- ferred to the quarters in the new wing formerly occupied by the 56 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE entomological collection. While the new quarters are very cramped, very inconvenient, and necessitate the arrangement of the cases in tiers of three rather than in tiers of two, the inconveniences are to a degree offset by the knowledge that the large and valuable collection is now reasonably safe from destruc- tion by accidental fire. It is to be hoped, however, that more adequate and better-arranged quarters can be provided in the near future, for now all work of consulting the herbarium is done with a very great loss of time and energy. Moreover the work is badly scattered. The herbarium occupies three rooms in the east wing, the mycologist is in a distant room in the main building, the physiologist is in still another isolated and distant room on the ground floor of the main building, while the botanical workroom is also distant from the herbarium near the physiolo- gist’s office. Ever since the Bureau was organized, considerable attention has been given to the study of medicinal plants. Many data have been accumulated, and we now definitely know a large percentage of the plants actually used by the Filipinos in the practice of medicine. The commercial medicinal plants of the Philippines are few, but those utilized by the Filipinos total several hundred species. Very many of these have never been critically studied by chemists, pharmacists, and physicians, and it is probable that some of our numerous plants, on investi- gation, will prove to have distinct curative values. It is hoped that during the coming year we may be able to undertake a comprehensive survey of the medicinal plants of the Archi- pelago. The matter of classification will be simple, but the whole question is exceedingly complex and will involve codpera- tion of botanists, pharmacists, chemists, and physicians. It is believed that such codperative work can be arranged, but pri- marily the inception of the work involves the addition of another member to the botanical staff whose major work shall be the general direction of the medicinal-plant survey. Year by year I have pointed out the desirability of commencing a comprehensive, systematic enumeration of Philippine plants. The Philippines has a Flora de Filipinas, published in 1837, but the work is absolutely inadequate; even when published, it was obsolete in arrangement. Systematic botany is carried on by every government as a matter of pride and as a necessary part of its scientific work. What some other countries have done in the way of floras may be judged by the following: FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 57 India had a published flora as early as 1832, and it is but fifteen years since Hooker’s Flora of British India was published. Flora Australiensis was published in 1860-75; Flora Hongkong- ensis, 1865; Flora of the British West Indies, 1862; Flora of Ceylon, 1890-1900; Flora of the Malay Peninsula, 1885-date; Flora von Nederlandisch Indie, 1855-60; Flora Capensis (South Africa), 1865-date; Flora of Tropical Africa, 1870-—date; Flora de Indo-Chine, 1905-date. The Germans, the French, and the English are industriously turning out floras of their respective colonies, and even the Japanese are doing relatively more work on the flora of Formosa than the Philippine Government is doing on the flora of the Philippines. Mr. Merrill has worked for twelve years on the flora of the Philippines, and his accumulated knowledge is worth much to this Government. It is improbable that any one else will ever be so well fitted for the preparation of a flora of the Philippines. I recommend that the personnel of the Bureau of Science be in- creased and so adjusted that he can devote a considerable unin- terrupted time to the preparation of such a manuscript, in order that his knowledge of Philippine plants and of the literature relating to them will be in permanent form. Year by year I have pointed out the need of funds for a new wing to supply adequate quarters and against possible destruction by fire of our scientific collections, funds for a soil survey, for the investigation of the subject of animal diseases, of insects injurious to agricultural products, a water survey, the purchase of books necessary to complete sets now in the central scientific library, reissuing of exhausted editions of certain publications, and enlarging the scope of our present work on the fish and fisheries of the Philippine Islands. These things are more and more urgently needed as time goes by. Tables, showing the routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of during the calendar year 1915 by the Bureau of Science, and the financial statement, showing the appropriation and how it was expended, are attached hereto. Respectfully submitted. ALVIN J. Cox, Director, Bureau of Science. To the Honorable, The SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 5S THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE I.—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manu- factured and disposed of during the fiscal year 1915, as compared with the fiscal year 1914, by number or quantity and by value, arranged by subdivisions of the Bureau ass Science. b> pore per- | i Piincat Cash work. Subdivision of the Bureau Pree ae aie Wilrle ann Ll (en of Science. Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos. j= — — _ — 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 General, inorganic, and physical chemistry. Metals and alloys..--..-------- 51 44 22 ig! 436.50} 243.00 Rocks, minerals, natural pig- ments, and similar substan- ony SS ee Bae ee Se 15 |a82 2-202 el ee eo eee ee ea A Clays, shales, limestones, limes, wall plasters, ce- | ments, and slags -___-------- 11 5 5 2 27.00 28. 00 Mertilizers’.o=-- 52-5 ss45--58 14 34 12 22 132.00 246. 20 Soils and similar substances -__ 42 365 BO" |S oesnen 693,002 aee 2 === Goalianalyses: 2.004.222! 2-4 22 50 19 49 276. 00 | 385. 40 Calorimetric test of fuels -___- 7 34 6 34 120. 00 672.00 Wiatersc. 2225. oo eee se 208 201 15 32 365. 00 611. 50 Crude chemical and miscella- neous analyses __---_-------- 88 135 58 115 289. 50 497. 00 Standard solutions -____.------ 30 20 5 2 29, 00 | 9. 00 Physical tests of wire, twine, | fiber, textile, paper, and | similar articles --_-_-----_--- 31 32 31 32 90.50 87. 00 Cementarsts = 2022 oa 6, 817 6, 716 6, 817 6,696 | 7,641.20 | 9,427.15 | Compression, tensile, or trans- | verse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron and steelete' 525%---=.- 5 ss. 86 208 86 203 330. 00 635. 40 | Standardization of road ma- | eriaisiss2) co- tee - Fe. eee 15 71 15 fib 170. 15 467. 40 | Standardization of units of measures: Menwhis a= =~ sono eee ae 171 60 170 60 88. 50 6.00 (Wapacities (6... 22s 2 312 121 312 121 99. 40 27.10 Weiehte 2260 sn 776 31 776 31 79. 95 16. 95 Miscellaneous --_-__------_-- 4) 22 41 22 54. 00 15, 50 OLA ees ae es 8, 722 8, 159 8, 430 7, 510 10, 921. 70 18, 374. 60 | Organic chemistry. “Tn Ane al a ee. | EP el Urines, clinical and toxicologi- callanalyses = 22-5 o-s5--5.--- 232 192 77 80 469. 00 274. 00 Essential oils and essences --__- 14 ll 13 ll 89. 50 77.50 Petroleum and products, co- pra, and similar materials___ 68 20 11 10 89.50 98. 00 Paints, varnishes, and linseed | Coy Ep Se) B= Mn eet yee een oe | 42 63 33 54 319. 00 412.65 Gums, resins, and similar ma- | AE ESS i hee a A 1 1M fe eee 5.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 59 TABLE I.—Comparative table of routine work performed, etc-——Continued. Subdivision of the Bureau of Science. Organic chemistry—Continued. Gastric juice, clinical exami- nations Foods, alcohols, and beverages_ ing matters Medicines and similar articles_ Miscellaneous chemical -ana- lyses and examinations ithe: eee eee ee Assays Biological laboratory. Bicodeulture = <= +. >=. 8s | WHORL best! ee asset te Leprosy Urines INecropsies/=---- 2225225 3 So Histological examinations Rabies Plague Rats for plague Miscellaneous biological ex- aminations)222-=25 22) ©23_ 5 Potaljo no need Serum section of the biological laboratory. Vaccine virus_-_---._-- doses_- Antirinderpest serum__-___ co Wiallein, ~ 2522S ss doses __! Miscellaneous sera and prepa- rations Paper and similar materials___| Food preservatives and color- | Mines. | Total work per- Cash work. | formed. Samples or units Samples or units. | Pesos | ee ee ee 1914 1915 1914 1915 | 1914 1915 | | | | i | | | 104 Eg eee eas Lt : 2 hey ie Sen | 52 2 3 2 15.00! 95.00 640 2,921 256 245 | 884.00} 951.20 | aol 25 | a 15 4.00/ 89.00 | 48 | 120 is | 24 140.00 | 485.00 89 | 178 24 | 36 100.00 | 298.04 1,294 | 3,650 435 | 478 | 2,110.00 | 2,785.39 | | 411 677 403 650} 653.45 | 957.76 2 126, 226 50, 021 426 1,118 | 1,371.00 | 3,352.33 2, 095 85 26 21 108.00; 63.00 | 6,398 29 140 22} 422.00! 210.00 | 392 2 4 2 20.00} 10.00 599 5, 166 9 6 33.00 18. 00 | 1,259 633 304 257 | 3,040.00 | 2,502. 88 1, 132 568 3 Ze. Car ee ae ae 4,275 2 81 1| 242.00} 25.00 16, 379 15, 832 24 10 72.00} 30.00 2,243 2, 986 8 11| 320.00! 350.00 401 ry Coane | el So ONT al Pe 256 | 473 8 13 80.00} 130.00 36 7) 1h Ma ESB ll | Wo hag earn A 65 fe) eee emer eo ee 2S || eee 2113, 337 99,208) | ijee 4S 61) Sane eh a ee | | | | 1, 755 10. 085 58 9 548.00} 48.00 276, 848 165,270 | 1,101 1,470, 6,265.00 | 6,739, 21 | 2, 636,335 1, 788, 666 (2,636,385 |1, 788, 666 | 29, 388.05 |18, 976. 60 134, 383.88. | 184,888.83) P19 eel 815 10 | 815 10| 545.50! — 10.00 6,524,090 |5, 208, 941 |6,524,090 (5,208, 940 | 15, 009. 82 |12, 785. 00 9, 295, 578. 83/6, 997, 617 |9, 295, 573. 3316, 997, 616 | 45, 168. 66 1.77. 60 4 The two items “feces” and “rats for plague’ were excessive during 1914 on account of the presence of cholera and plague, and 110,244 more of these examinations were made in 1914 than in 1915. 60 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE I.—Comparative table of routine work performed, ete——Continued. | | Total work per- Rota Cash work. | el =e Sabai of the Bureau : of Science. Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 | ee ae eit ye een eee | | Miscellaneous. Photoeraphaes-cerese en 16, 161 4,971 14, 339 4,020 | 4,956.54 | 1, 403. 60 Natural history specimens ____ g 82 8 82 81.24 208. 48 Shop aiicaiete Meer tf 208 182 58 20 | 1,154.23; 135.32 Miscellaneous work -____-__---- 52 17 52 17 | 8,081.52 | 5,249.94 alesoL pubhGaLionG =~. = =2< NLS = Wee el eee ee ee 3, 433. 16 | 4, 548. 99 Refunded, work not done, etc. | (deducted) i352, -2b eyo: le 2 PE ee a ee eee Oe (82. 8) (102. 50) Power, gas; ete_.-_-.-----_--.- (eee Be eee ee Renae eee eon a 31,995.70 (31, 125. 23 Pate as A Lae 16,429 | 5,252] 14,457 | 4,139 | 49, 619.64 \42, 569.06 Grand total_____._______- 9, 599, 277. 33 114, 738. 45 = 197. 62 | TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manu- factured and disposed of during the fiscal year 1915, as compared with the fiscal year 1914, by number or quantity and by value, arranged with reference to Government and other patronage. Patron. Bureau of Agriculture. Berhinizers —2950 2.522555 soe Soils and similar napsianees eas Crude chemical and miscel- laneous analyses --__-_------- Petroleum and products, co- pra, and similar materials___ Foods, alcohols, and bever- Miscellaneous chemical aanlee ses and examinations —_____- Antirinderpest serum_-_-___-_-_- Malleins Pas 22 2525s) ee Photographic work_______.__-- Standard solutions Total work per- formed. Cash work. Samples or units. 1914 =| 1915 ! 2 9 HB 363 Pee eee 1 B7° eed ees 64 29 3 123 134, 333. 33 ---_----. £00)! he eee | aot 16 eee: 1 134, 767. 33, 542 } Samples or units. Pesos. | 1 ARTO (Ihe & S oT | ; 4914 | 1915 | -1914 1915 | | \- | =. = al | ie 02) A ee / ) . Senecece sens Socces pace fetoeee ene j-----------| AT eae ee Reeve deel: 194,880 8G) ev anek en BaN120)||. Sees 8005) Hose real 30.00%. see 17 16 | 3.40 11.09 eee | Pipe eee 5.00 5.00 | 134, 650. 33 17 263. 69 16.09 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 61 TABLE I].—Comparative table of routine work, etc—Continued Patron. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic | Survey. Miscellaneous sera and prep- APALIONS Sone ones see Se Bureau of Customs. Metals and alloys_________----- Waters: Chemical 2 Biologically ae tae Crude chemical and miscella- neous analyses --_-_---------- Petroleum and products, co- pra, and similar materials ___ Paints, varnishes, and linseed Paper and similar materials___} Foods, alcohols, and bever- Executive Bureau. | Photographie work-_-__-________- Bureau of Forestry. Soils and similar substances__- Petroleum and products, co- | pra, and similar materials___ Photographie work_-___-_______ | Philippine Health Service. Metals and alloys______-___-___- | Clays, limes, shales, limestones, wall plasters, ments, and slags -____-_____- | Waters: Whemicalissssee ses ee Biolopicalieese 2s 2s 22 ce- 1914 Total work per- formed. Samples or units. { 1915 1914 1915 | Samples or units. Cash work. 320 ja co | Crude chemical and miscella- | neous analyses ___.-.-_..___- 62 Gi: |e iia. tne 4.00 Boer ery Ny: Ors et er RE oT aan eA rere a Ie I A a eet NCP. Ye P99 ji ae ote: TvOO!s (ee eee By an eens 1,799 3 q8799) (eal ene 307/30) | awe 135) | 625 | 135 625 62.17} 182.24 55 este Oa FSA RAG OM Mt Se o's abl a Spa MRD il EA aR REN SANE NA Ss EIN Se Vb A tel Pci che 882 156 882 156 | 227.1 33.99 ee Sees | EEE, SS |S ES | ES a | | 884 158 882 156| 227.17| 33.99 1 re RSD Bele eal the ne IT eee ae FO a ie MR A eS) la dl dt i athegn leh maple 36 Tati oh ke ee Hehe Monaye tok. co 1, 042 1062) 2k oe eee eter Weed) ACs 3 6: | Sh Lee ne neerpo ise Yeo) | THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work, etc.—Continued | Patron. Urines, clinical and toxicolo- , eicallanglyses'=-- 22-2700 lUs% Essential oils and essences --__- Petroleum and products, co- | pra, and similar materials___ Paints, varnishes, and linseed DNS eee a ee ee e ee Gastric juice, clinical exami- | MaviOns 2-2 ee ee ee ee | Foods, alcohols and beverages _: Food preservatives and color- | ANON ALerS sso eee eee Medicines and similar articles_ Miscellaneous chemical analy- | ses and examinations -_______ | Wassermann test___-_._____--_! ERLOSY oe ee oat ee eee ae | Uri NGS: meee see es ae PIaPUe Ree see ts eee Rateitorplapte = 22. - > Sait Miscellaneous biological work and examinations ___________ WACCINE WATS 22) - ose Miscellaneous sera and prepa- PHEMONS fee ee eee Photographic work___________- MOD works e.- == 224-5 --- Bureau of Internal Revenue. Standardization of weights ___ Urines, clinical and toxicolo- PICA ADRIVRES bee ss so SE = eee Medicines and similar articles_ Petroleum and products, co- pra, and similar materials___ Poles anil Cash work. (8. pears IN aa Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 1 ys ok eos] seed! Sal | 155 107 Ike coe ae ON eee 1 i nee | EI er ees (Ue Oies e EG ee Wh ee Dh ley. ee E.G eal ee 2 Bk: eee ll ee | Ce AQ We OAL ee 522) Se 26205) TP 2/5974 seria oe a rere eee (en es ae 3 TO) eno ool] BR a Ee 13 pe aes uD se Secu” Al Ge SRR a 34 Oe woe Snes es] eee Oe | 18. ee 51, 736 20, 262 SO ae ent vee 242 00: BARE 393 61 6 itl 19.00 [os ee 4,398 7 1s CR ee eee! 404° 00}|\ia oes SOO Fe ewe be eee 10/00; eee 588 5, 152 A at at e 12.00): 22 22a 878 283 1G ie ices ate aes 160:00)!| 22a ee 1, 108 Regie obo) fu.” ee F [to stoanh alate 3,087 | 1 FG ix wetnges 28700 np aseenes 16,319 T5sBOo ube ses a |e ete ell ee 372 102 Wi whey al oe ee 243 ABTA tee ee Sh) ee 30 Oy peoNo ul Dk Ses, ae 48 LS) eee wat [ac 2: ay 113, 288 79, 032 Pe) Oe ee {ik a gd Oe Ba ela | 1, 638 10, 021 Ai Re Saas 28:00) |i. cee eee 2,537,800 |1, 726,560 |2,587,800 {1,726,560 | 25,378.00 |17, 265. 60 4,956,287 |3,535,510 |4,956,287 |8,535, 510 | 10,645.57 ; 8, 141.22 1, 363 180 1,363 180 | 1,388.73] 102.74 13 1 6) 1 29.73 8.66 7,691,571 |5,397, 922 |7,495,788 5,262,251 | 38, 503.03 /25, 518. 22 i pa fe a 25 7 25 7 2.50 | 2.45 1h ket ate rae [sip ate el Re ease | et srs Rubee es TT ihe Ree ee es ite oo Oe el ie a 30 | 18 25 7 2.50 2. 45 —— a FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 63 TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work, ete—Continued Bureau of Printing. Paper and similar materials___ Medicines and similar articles _ Bureau of Prisons. q Tote werk per Cash work. Patron. Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos 1914 1915 1914 | 1915 1914 1915 Bureau of Justice. | Gastric juice, clinical exami- | | | rTPA NS Re da es eile a i sae. Se eee | 6} | | mare a eel 95. 00 ; Urines, clinical and toxicolo- | gical analyses -_.__.-.---_--- 12 1 ie 4 1| 220.00 — 20.00 Medicines and similar articles_ 22 14 | fates 14 | 85.00 | 140.00 154 (via eS Sys Sah INS A ous Sel Le ae kD oe Pek ee Able Seta eee Pe eee re 150500 Miscellaneous biological work and examinations ___________ | Be sie ne eA Sie saa we a | 155. 00 | Jee 1071 Ne eae ele ae 37 19 28 | 19| 460.00 | 405. 00 Philippine Constabulary. | | | any Suh aE oe Physical tests of wire, twine, | fiber, textile, paper, and | similar articles ______________ 2 1 2 iy) 8.50 4.00 Spu bunnies see prteeneg eet eed 1 a ee Sen ena sk ee tye ers | ee EN |e Ly eee Wassermann test____-______.._- 1 Oa eee eee ee eee oe pe 5 | See aia eee WateCine VITUS to2 ee. ee 2, 150 2, 650 25150294 2, 650 21.50 | 26. 50 Miscellaneous sera and prepa- | | | THON BTOV DG) aise oe gee aa Be st gms | al RS ee (7 a ee Ser ee ae | (| Oe ee 3.00 Sipuotagvaptic SWOT Kaaaren eee Ml eel Oy Oe 2 | Se ee eee | Ohlssace. see 3.20 WG 9 eet 2 ae ee 2, 154 2, 659 2, 152 2,659 30. 00 36. 70 Philippine Exposition Board. Photographic work-_.-..---._- 130 49 130 | 49| 173.07 | 140.00 Shopiworkesawsss =. aes 207 3-4 eee: 20} |e Saeeee 2259s ee ota lvoe 2s eee: Sele | 150 49 150 49 695. 66 140. 00 Soils and similar substances___ Necropsies Histological examinations Plague 67, 183 1, 671 1,999 j 64 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work, ete—Continued | | Fetal ware Der Cash work. | } Patron. Samples or units. Samples or units. | Pesos | | 1914 1915 1914 1915 | 1914 | 1915 Bureau of Prisons—Continued. | | Rats for plapue 2! S222 BO ieee See ae ee ees See ees (eee Miscellaneous biological work | | and examinations -____-_---- 61 Sy eee OE tN es hs eee Pee ptalpe wee | 72,299 F706 fide Sa ee | ieee le Bureau of Public Works. eats ‘ ran bt ar aoe eee ae ck Metals and alloys______-------- i 3 oye ee Bil sees oe 29.00 (Woalmnalyses 202 5-2--0- eae ee AS post les ae oe oo ee ee ee Crude chemical and miscella- neous analyses -___---_-- oe ie ine eet Gi) fe oe oa el ee eee Ic PTMCVNILS Senm= 22 oa eee | 1, 587 2,014 1, 587 2,014 | 2,306.80 | 3,257.10 Compression, tensile, or | transverse strength of con- | crete, stone, mortar, rope, iron and steel, ete _..---.--.-| 22 6 22 6 64.00 24.00 Standardization of road ma- | herinl s) 2 eee om see ee 7 5 q HA) 87. 65 26.00 Paints, varnishes, and linseed | ih) Ee S Se or Se 4 8 4 8 36. 00 94. 50 Petroleum and products, co- | pra, and similar materials. -|s-5—--=---=< SNe nese ssl ee ee ee Miscellaneous chemical ana- | | lyses and examinations_____. bs ere ae | pee ee eA ee | | Waters: | (Chemicals sess see 22) 139 146) eee ace een eee Biolowicaleen 2. ase es | 113 af a eae 5 ree CO Oe |) Photographie works = 22) 2_2 a) ee 16} )|>=-S84-22225 16 | Physical tests of wire, twine, fiber, textile, paper, and similariarticles soo0- >. |* 52s selesacc. sae Siileaceew es cens 3 Shop work. 20. Users 6 oa see Ss iy 2 eee 1 Total s-- eat a een 1, 877 2,317 1, 620 2, 056 Bureau of Quarantine Service. Fi ee ae Urines, clinical and toxicolog- ise Cen mare: 7 ie oes eee eee 6, 762 SPO 12 i Rts Se eee ee WEDEOSY. 2 2. ee eee 2 [ed Ey Cyl ae Fo eee 3 lehatairor plagney- =. 2-2 -- = 2 39 leVaccine virus 288-295. 8.2. 8 6, 350 | A ee a ee 13, 156 | 11, 362, AS ee 5.30 ire age 13.00 telly NS | 18.00 2, 494,45 | 3,466.90 TS vA are oy a SE ee aT | gee ee tL et a es Pine dees eS ST [aah ek | 9,400) 6,850 9, 400 63. 50 | 94. 00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 65 TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work, etc.—Continued TBE OES Ber; Cash work. Patron. Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos. | 1914 | 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 | aly Bureau of Science. | Metals and alloys________-___-- 8 | 20 eee eee eceeee ee ot ec oe eae | ar bs Aapuyet es Rocks, minerals, natural pig- | | ments, and similar | | | SIUSCAGE Hye ee ae eee noe en eae TG ge RE aN Sat het Same oh el (ae Clays, shales, limestones, | | limes, wall plasters, ce- ments, and slags -_«__._-_--. 5 3 [Seecseteg sos Resa Sa Acs ESBS | allisn ee Coalianalyses-=se2hs = ae == ey OD ere ee ere | eae S| ee 2 eee | poe cee Re hs Calorimetric tests of fuels ___- 1 | ee Mies BS FB in es Sa ne I ce eee ancl nee [peer ene Crude chemical and miscel- | laneous analyses ___________- | 2 | fe eee SR od ete 8 Ph ened | a Standard solutions __-_._______ 25 Gy hae eee es Bi ARE SS A Bi ed | SE Geniente2seer sso eee eee Smee! DOS ee Ee Ee a oe ae ee eee Petroleum and _ products, | copra, and similar materials_ 15 | Pid NR aa Re BAe Ay SSL TYN GS |i ASN a Ded apt Paints, varnishes, and linseed | (ys yp eee Le ee auras SAAS ale NE | ga ee eee Tis liz dasa et er 8 eee acer i ap ee, Sara Paper and similar materials =) Sy lee Se Se ee ee aes op x se Be Miscellaneous chemical analyses and examinations__|____________ Gi | eee ee a eee | Pe dsancs= | Sete aouee Waters: Chemieale === 4a a 9 De eee Sead | eee tenes eee Se See |oeenn a eee Biplopicalmscs=—-=-— eens | 399 NBS) (cleo eae | eee esses ete eee | JMERE NTI ee SOk oe US arenas ek FV I see eae BP es ive ps peile ek Weare te =| eee wees UG ST oe): peti 3 2 5 aS eae ree | SEW ls ee Ie AD ee ot See | | A Sasa Piel ak Sp wee | RB DIGS See s= eee eee es Bu esses (able eee |e | 5 eee eee aur eee | Miscellaneous biological work | and examinations ___.._-_____ IG Ee = eR Se | ee eee Perel Fe. Miscellaneous sera and | ECUBLA LONE ge eee cee mee | eee ne De ae eee | Cae es 3 el een eet) en ee Sos J NCEE Al steele barge eee eae etl |e Pe (ey I eet CA EE) Ee | 3 tel ee a eee a Photographic work __________- 1, 822 51 ee eee Se ete gael | Aa Soh eo HOM WObkK 3 ts 2 eee eat 150 162 |------------|------ ----}----------- 2+--------- Dapaler eee. se 2, 528 po eee POSE oe p cies, cece a i aalobe Eaee Bureau of Supply. Metals and alloys________---__. 6 1 Ue) pee i I A fa ds A ae a | ea ee Crude chemical and miscel- laneous analyses -____.______ DAS ee es ad = 2 ble ee ean eee een eee [ieee eT oe Stancard solutions,.2-=9 =. 2). |eue Tt) See ee nb IEE Sas oe eer 4.00 Physical tests of wire, twine, | fibers, textiles, paper, and similar materials ____________ 29 10 29 10 82. 00 31.00 @ements= 222 5 oe es cass 4, 888 3, 788 4, 888 3,788 | 4,190.00 | 3,522. 40 146561 5* 66 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work, ete——Continued Total work per- Mornicdt Cash work. | Patron. Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos. 1914 1915 | 1914 1915 | 1904 1915 Bureau of Supply—Continued. | Compression, tensile, or trans- | verse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron | BNCLSLeClietC Leen sa N a BP ye Cee Bie) oes sone 8.00) 22S een Standardization of road MACeTIAIS se soetesa ses nG a: NResse eee LN | Secs ee aes 15,00. |... -- eee Standardization of units of ; E measures: hencphs j=-820 2 Ss esse 8 171 60 170 60 88. 50 6.00 Gapaciwtiess2-) 2. eae aes 308 121 308 121 88. 70 27.10 Wieishts se csnos ae es 751 24 751 24 77. 45 14. 50 Miscellaneous —--=.-- ---..- | 28 21 28 21 12:00 | 10. 50 Petroleum and_ products, | | copra, and similar materials_ 3 Da sen a eee 2 ee ee eee Paints, varnishes, and linseed | | TOE ONETY ORE A NO be | 17 36 12 33| 145.00| 172.75 | Foods, alcohols, and beverages_ 45 AGN iss Fiat tals) IE a Ree ee (eae SS | Medicines and similar articles_| 4 Sil este Sea) = toes oot a | Miscellaneous chemical anal- yses and examinations ______ 24 T ee ee eh ee | eee eee Waters: | @henuical sae fat a aed 8 Ry ee eees at Sel ee sis 5 See eee Biolormicale~s= a2 = Sd | 12 ye ee ee Se Se Miscellaneous biological work and examinations __________- i ae | em 9 fe Ae Bee RU ee ee Maliein Stee 22 2-3. 5520 L ees (YF 3 |e se. eee | Guise es 6: 00) 2 eee Miscellaneous sera and preparations: e222 2: en ee5 60, 000 10, 064 60, 000 10, 064 60. 00 45. 60 Wotalcteee feo 2 eee 66, 327 14, 204 66, 198 14,122 | 4,772.65 | 3,833.85 University of the Philippines. Standard solutions -_- .----___- Qs 1) Seek 7 Ager | Rares OS 2.00 pessesaeoeee Miscellaneous chemical anal- yses and examinations -_-___]_----.---_-- Ap | hes pe uN Pa 8s 18. 34 HS CES Sh a asce eben enesshaes 126 PA sees he cel ey oe DAT De ee ADIOS= He nnn= sas 2= Perens aces ab | epee sae eee PMN aN pee eese Sale ey ss] (oe eS PIA GUC ES aoe Moet eel ed 18) i) shoeoeene 2 lpantieiitesientl einai aatenneetenl ieee Photographie work---.._.------ 480 531 | 480 531 | 219. 15 122. 20 SOD AWOPK <2 2-5c0s cee te 93 7 3 7 3 45.76 24.84 WOtA 5. Mo a ae 634 556 489 535 266. 91 165. 38 City of Manila. Clays, shales, limestones, limes, wall plasters, ce- ments, and slags --------._- Crude chemical and miscella- neous analyses -..._------_-- GCementaie cos - eae ees oct see 119 43.00 416.35 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 67 TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work, ete——Continued Total work per- earinee! Cash work. Patron. Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos 1914 | 1915 1914 1915 | 1914 1915 City of Manila—Continued. | Standardization of road mate- | | et RET RR eb | ft pene [1 | Sarre TesR 1 ean we | Compression, tensile, or trans- verse strength of concrete, ot stone, mortar, rope, iron and SLCCINCE GE saan pam soa ee ee ees 1S eee aed OT ae 11.00 Miscellaneous chemical anal- yses and examinations _____- 1 7 1 3 | 10.00 75. 00 Waters, biological_____________ 627 DEC Oy es a oe es ee ee ee ee os eee Miscellaneous biological work | | and examinations ________--- 5 4 5 4 68.00 20,00 47 eth he, eee ees ee ey eee | agi a eae oy 6.09 eee Miscellaneous sera and pre- | | AER IGN Gee 8 189, 040 168,532 189, 040 168, 532 | 193. 00 | 200. 50 IN rl | «BE oe ee eee 189, 808 169, 710 I 189, 181 168, 694 | 821. 20 765. 85 Provinces and municipalities. eau nes Matt ae el bea Metals and alloys__.__._-.___-- ae Nee ee ae ne oe Ee 4800) ||eeeete Pe | 8 Crude chemical and miscella- meous:.analysesix. 22: #.2-2_-- 2 6 2 6 14. 00 29. 50 Cements: Fees oe 2 38 510 38 510 142. 50 668. 00 Compression, tensile, or trans- verse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron ane) Steolnetem=-—- =22 = =a! 11 60 11 60 53. 00 403. 40 Standardization of road mate- A ee ae ee ee 6 60 6 60 52. 50 403. 40 Medicines and similar articles_ Hy WS oe} 1) || cee TOLOO) |peaeees =e Waters: Ghemicalest: 2 2b See, Ly ee ae | on eer 40:00) popes hats ilo miGd ae = ee ea 4 ae 2g Pee eee 40300 sso 8= = Waccine wirisj: == 22 65, 250 30, 000 65,250 | 30,000) 3,077.50 900. 00 Photographic work ___-________- 37 198 37 | 198 27.20 66. 75 Paints, varnishes, and linseed OWE te ie eas SUNS AoE 1 ere 2) Eee) Se pe ee ae 31.00 Total's. ./2-2 seus ee 65, 348 30, 836 65, 348 | 30, 836 ; 8,504.70 | 2,502. 05 . United States Army and Navy. | | St ees ae Metals and alloys_____.__------ 3 4 3 | 4| 80.00| 40.00 Coalanalyses<22.0 0) oe 2 11 43 rbl 43 151.00 | 293.40 Colorimetric tests of fuels ____ 3 23 3 Sasi 20 60. 00 352. 00 Waters: | Ghemicat yt oes. 1 1 1 1) 40.00} ~— 40.00 Bigloricaly=s 2-3: see | ee eat te 7 ere a Manon mn 80. 00 Physical tests of wire, twine, | | fibers, textiles, paper, and | | Ald ambi Clenis 24 39) tee ses een seer tS Sasa t= hy | ae ee ee 12. 00 Cementae sn free ae ed. ‘126 61 126 61 308. 00 328. 50 68 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work, ete-—Continued or Cash work. Patron. Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos. 1914 1915 | 1914 1915 1914 1915 United States Army and Navy—Continued. Compression, tensile, or trans- verse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron ANG ISCEElMetC es aoa eee | anes ena 1 ee 18) |= 22 beSS2 22. 00 Crude chemical and miscella- | | MEOUBIAN GLY SCH: See- ee ee aa ee i eto ee Sees ee 5. 00 Urines, clinical and toxicolo- wicalvanaly sess -s--foe os Dive’ eethak ses Dia akin FI 50:00 ||: -2- ee eee Standardization of units of INGASUNeS ees ee sh ea 5 Ae ee i Wy (ate ae Bh 2 i eee 5. 00 Petroleum and products, co- | pra, and similar materials___! 1 1 | 1 1 16. 00 15. 00 Paints, varnishes, and linseed | Dilses=- soe st = #. ee eee | 14 2 | 14 2 108. 00 30. 00 Foods, alcohols, and beverages_ 11 6 i 6 96. 00 78.00 Vaccine virus ____---.. -.----- 22,172 | 18,330| 22,172 18,330} 717.80) 588.50 Malletn > Soares we FA. So 328 10, 328 10 328. 00 10.00 Miscellaneous sera and prep- | APAGIONS Sosee es ee oe es ee 528, 831 767,744 | 528, 831 767,744 | 2,184.35 | 1,763.80 Shopiworkee see ote ee i, | aa eee 1 || eae a, 5:18 \\Seaeeeeen OU yeas Boies eek ee | 551,504 786,250 | 551, 500 786,250 | 4,144.33 | 3,663.20 Miscellaneous. Ais Cia ion. ere Metals and alloys.........---- | 2g 11 | 28 11} 308.50] 174.00 Clays, shales, limestones, | limes, wall plasters, ce- | ments, and slags ___._______- | 3 2 | 3 2 21.00 28. 00 Wertilizerse crs. te Mae | 12 22 12 22 132. 00 246. 20 Soils and similar substances___| B00) (aes See SOM GE eres G98)00))seees eee Coalianaly seas: 2225-5 5 | 8 6 8 6 125. 00 2500 Calorimetric tests of fuels __ --| 3 | 11 3 11 60. 00 320. 00 Crude chemical and miscel- | | laneous analyses _----------- | A9 73 49 73 197. 50 419.50 | Physical tests of wire, twine, fibers, textiles, paper, and Similar articles;s2: 2 54.8 22. + |e eke TO estees tS. 16! eee 27.00 Standard solutions -___--__-__- Sa yieeeaece Sew fib Bass See 2100 Lee See Cementae Se 55-2 82 kk eS boa 215 59 215 | 248.70 | 1,284.80 Compression, tensile, or trans- | . | verse strength of concrete, ; stone, mortar, rope, iron and Bese) ete eso oh) 48 112 48 112 205.00 | 175.00 Standardization of road ma- | D5 ae et | CS ) oan ssc Go ene ee | 38. 00 Standardization of units of | | | measures: Capaeities._.o'.-..5 2 Ala Sl See a Aes ea 2 ad LOK 70m SA aeee Miscellaneous ----------- | cP allel eels bya l\itezesea cs A200 (cas eoeee FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 69 TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work, ete—Continued | ee ule eS Cash work. | Patron. Samples or units. Samples or units. Pesos. | | ~ a 1914 1915 1914 | 1915 | 1914 1915 ——_| Miscellaneous—Continued. Urines, clinical and toxico- locicalanalysesia---- 2 > -- 2 63 82 63 79 199. 00 254. 00 Essential oils and essences____ 13 il 13 11 89. 50 77. 50 Petroleum and products, copra, and similar materials_ 10 9 10 9 73.50 83. 00 Paints, varnishes, and linseed Ollie sas S a te Sy = Seas de 4 8 3 8 30. 00 80. 40 Gums, resins, and similar OALeHIA Ae ee nen ee ee ee || ess ees dl ee ee ae 1 | | eee eet a 5. 00 Gastric juice, clinical examin- LUO 2 arse ge ae 2 ny 3 eee eae Oe! |easeee eee 1 St 0 | eres Foods, alcohols, and bever- | ecciria: ONS ope ae Rane he es 2a 239} 249 239 | 788.00] 873.20 Food preservatives and color- | | | iomatbens (22) ee e238 2 15 2 15 4.00 89.00 © Medicines and similar articles_ 2 10 2 10;| = * 45:00 345. 00 Miscellaneous chemical ana- | lyses and examinations_____- 23 32 23 32 90.00 | 204.70 gl CECH eS Re 403 650 | 403 650 | 653.45 | 957.76 Waters: | Ghenscnls 432.20. S| 13h 31 | 13 31 285.00} 571.50 Biologically eet. * 7 9) ik 9 280. 00 270. 00 isc ps ey sul. Wes tie) 828 346 1, 118 346 1,118} 1,129.00 | 3,352.33 Suu! eres ae uk 30 21 30 21 90. 00 63.00 BOGUS ek 2) sees Ser 6 20 6 20 18.00 60. 00 Bloodicultures 2 2 Ae 2 2 2 10. 00 10. 00 Wadsalitasts eee ee Seen 5 6 Bisel 21 Gol 21.00 18. 00 Wassermann test _____________ 288 257 288 257 | 2,880.00 | 2,502.88 THER LORY) 22 ase te a ee SR | eae eoeee Fi ee S500 | 2 Peace ware Wrines 22. oe See ee ae ; Zink Tl 1 Zn t| 1 5. 00 25. 00 Gonoeoeei.425 o- Se ah8 24 10 24 10 72. 00 30. 00 Histological examinations_____ | 8 13 | 8 13 80. 00 130. 00 Miscellaneous biological work | and examinations __-__-_____- 46 5 | 46 5 297. 00 28. 00 Waccine virus) 022-2522 2554: J 2, 613 1, 726 | 2, 613 1, 726 124.75 102. 00 [Mea ein eet = se et oh eee 2 esi il eee aly mal evens iG eae ee Miscellaneous sera and prep- | APAULOTIE Peete oars see | 789,932 | 726,764 | 789,932 726, 764 | 1,926.90 | 2,502. 88 | Photographic work_-_----_----- 9,496 | +2,247 9, 496 2,247 | 2,558.35 736.09 Natural-history specimens____ See | 82 8 82 81. 24 208. 48 Shae warks - fg e 72: | Bae '| 15 17 15} 550.97] 983.82 Miscellaneous work ___________ At in ea 17 52 17 | 8,081.52 | 5,249. 94 Salesiof publications —-=-----2 2-9-2 = [ee aS (2 ge Sa eee ee 3, 433.16 | 4,548. 99 Refunded, work not done, ete. Gledorped ree Oe octet eka ey 9 pete sare he aah Se pe (82.75)| (102. 50) OW Car eey OL see Sa ok terse eee a 1s ca ee Se eee [Rae ES 31, 995. 70 31, 125. 23 Mises) ee ee ee Oe ee ae 804, 107 733, 869 | 804, 104 733, 866 | 58,079.19 |57, 239. 70 ie Grandctocalea2 330535 o 9, 599, 277. 33 7, 180, 625 |9, 320, 399. 33,7, 011, 863 |114, 738. 45 |98, 197. 62 70 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE III.—Comparative statement showing expenditures and income during the fiscal year 1915 (January 1 to December 31, 1915) as compared with the fiscal year 1914. ! | EXPENDITURES. Fiscal Fiscal Ftem. year 1914. | year 1915. be wi zi Salaries and wages, etc.: Pesos. | Pesos. | Salaries and wages, including accrued leave -______--__-- --__-------- 224,113.73 | 191,349. 75 Travelinge.expenses of personnels. = 222) 2 a bee ee 14, 212.98 | 12,026.16 TG aa eee eee eter Den ee ste a ee ee eee 238, 326.71 | 203,375.91 Apparatus, supplies, ete.: t ioe Consumption of supplies and materials, including subscriptions ~-- 74,407.70 | 73,156.96 Apparatus and equipment, including books_____-_--_--------------- 25,450.77 | 14,448.88 TRG ea ees eh | Ye ee ee ae 99, 858.47 | 87,605. 84 Miscellaneous: ¥en he ¥ Rentalob buildings: 02k ee ee SE ee ee ee 720. 00 682. 50 Postal, telegraph, telephone, and cable service _______------_---_---- 4, 932. 12 4, 764. 62 Preight, express, and’ delivery services. S25 8s os ee a ee 980. 09 1, 176. 32 Printing and binding reports, documents, and publications ________ 28,695.67 | 338,590.61 Dluminationtand power Service! -- 24-4 ae ee oe eee 402. 53 1, 647. 02 Contingwentisérvice as sb a oe i ee ee ae ee 3, 631.71 3, 079. 95 Maintenance and repair of furniture and equipment ~ -_-__-__----_--- 712. 92 4, 409. 75 To tale ee aS Ee oP OS a es ie See a Se eS ee 40,075.04 | 49,350.77 Grandtotall: 22< 2128 i. 25 Renee! oe ail ee ee ee ae! 378, 260. 22 | 340, 332. 52 INCOME. Pesos. Pesos. | Receiptstromioperation ©: se Sek Soe ee en ee ee 115, 486.73 | 98, 197.62 Priory eaTiincOme!) 522 = 26 ce a et eee re A, ea oe ce (838.20)| 2,665.88 SalesiGMsnpples sco. =~ Ft re Se en ee ee ee 488. 82 Bart) Salas Om RCO ARSOLSs 2-22 oat ee eee ee = ee ee et ee 2,716.45 | 25,889.93 sh Wa) 2) ee as eee eek TR Eg ep SS ee Oe ees 117, 853. 80 | 126, 754. 16 MISCELLANEOUS ACCOUNTS (1915). Item. Available.| Expended.| Balance. pay < ves eas = | Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. WiqdMji-vigue distribution, A Ct INO.co los. cue = — ree eee ee | 5, 056. 64 1,524.00 | 3, 532. 64 Improvement of the Aquarium, Act No. 2494__________________- 28000 00LS-5 eee | 2,000. 00 fipieculacenicne tends 2... -ce 2 uch Ae mL an ae TST PA) fl CPE EOD basen es i. | Public Works: Alterations to boiler, Act No. 1989 ______-_______- 794. 00 108. OO IE. So eo imtabrarvieduipment. -ActuNo; LOSS s0 . esuee ase ee ee ewe 1, 572. 57 RET if a ad ea a OY Total | 10,767.42 | 5,234.78 | 5,582. 64 13s ACY ee OO WOOMACGs! siSRE COs INDEX Aquarium, 51. Assembly committee, report of, 11. Biological Laboratory, 14. Botany, section of, of the Biological Labor- atory, 19. Chemical Laboratory, 27. Clerical division, 50. Congress of Physicians and Pharmacists, 8. Electrolysis committee, 10. Entomology, section of, Laboratory, 26. Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medi- cine, 8. of the Biological General, Inorganic, and Physical Chemistry, division of, 35. Health officers, instruction to district, 9. Ichthyology, section of, of the Biological ~~Laboratory, 24. Library, 42. Mines, division of, 39. Northern Luzon Fair, Bureau of Science ex- hibit at the, 52. Organic Chemistry, division of, 37. Ornithology and Taxidermy, section of, of the Biological Laboratory, 25. | Philippine Islands Medical Association, 8. | Philippine Journal of Science and other pub- lications, 44. Philippine Museum, 42. | Photography, 51. Power plant, 49. Publication, 6. Recommendations, 52. Staff, maintenance of, 11. Standardization of supplies, 9. Table, comparative, of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of during 1915, as compared with 1914, by num- ber or quantity and by value, arranged by subdivisions of the Bureau of Science, 58. Table, comparative, of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of during 1915, as compared with 1914, by num- ber or quantity and by value, arranged with reference to Government and other patronage, 60. Tiqui-tiqui, manufacture of extract of, 10. Translations, 14. Work, necessity for systematic work, 4. 71 O cay! ¢ , ‘ . ‘ jwin a fahit am : cr : , : 4 7 , - . aa ' “ ry ay th ty Ly bed vie got Jar 1p od . . " ‘ . o¢ vi P i . i ; . ; ben ai ‘ba *. a) 4) fie de ly - Sep rrigginat vag a i r red oa oa ‘ ‘ ; ee ae ary es . . 4 Pic: * i u ' : ' linen ™ Ne ‘lion r ie valet: : With best regards, yours very sincerely, SANDUSKY, OHIO, December 7, 1916. I beg to acknowledge your valued letter of December 6 instant and thank you for the same. I want to say further that in all my travel and investigations through- out the world I have never found any government department and its officials and clerks so willing to give information and aid as your department has done and that it really has been a matter of surprise to me. I wish to say further that there is no doubt in my mind that with the material and data that you have furnished me our Board of Directors will be doubly interested toward their aim of establishing a factory here for our trade in the Orient. Yours very faithfully, MANILA, December 1, 1916. I beg to acknowledge, with thanks, receipt of twelve press bulletins of the Bureau of Science, as well as of one copy of each of the annual reports for the years 1914 and 1915. I also beg to thank you most sincerely for your kind courtesy in granting me admission to the library of your Bureau. It will be of great help and utility to me to receive regularly the copies of the press bulletins whenever they are issued, as well as any other report or information you may care to give me from time to time. I am, yours respectfully, HONGKONG, November 4, 1916. * * * The Bureau of Science seems to be the only organ in the Fil- ippines that has any international reputation; this has been established principally through the “Journal of Science’. * * * I have been making studies into economic conditions, and have found the comparisons with what has been accomplished in the Filippines most instructive. I have found nothing like the work which the Bureau of Science has been doing under you to make the discoveries of science FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 9 practically useful to the country, and hope that your efforts are appre- eiateds) *y\* |. With kind regards, yours very sincerely, NABUA, AMBOS CAMARINES, October 31, 1916. RESOLUTION No. 141. By a motion of Concejal Francisco Gimenes seconded by Concejal Vi- cente G. Uvero, Be it resolved by the Council, that the Bureau of Science (Manila) be asked to send to this municipality one thousand copies of Bulletin No. 57 for distribution among the inhabitants of this municipality who are devoted to the growing of sugar cane. A copy of this resolution is being sent to the said Bureau of Science for this purpose. Unanimously approved. I certify: That the foregoing resolution is a true copy. MUNICIPAL SECRETARY,’ Nabua, Ambos Camarines. MANILA, October 16, 1916. Please accept thanks for yours of October 12th, with copy of your letter of the same date to S. B. Penick & Co., New York City, which we feel confident will produce results, if the firm in question is actually interested in the importation of botanical drugs from this market, which we have every reason to believe is the case. Yours very truly, ’ SAN JUAN DEL MONTE, October 11, 1916, Some weeks ago, as you know, we were having trouble with our water after it was put into the demijohns, and we came to the conclusion that something was wrong with our system of sterilizing the demijohns, for our tests of water taken directly from the pipes connected with the well showed that the water from the well was absolutely pure and sterile. I then, as you know, came to see you to get your assistance in devising some scheme of sterilization that would be effectual, and I am pleased to state that the system developed for us by the Bureau of Science is now in successful operation, making it possible for us to deliver water that comes away within the safety limits, and, as is shown by the various severe tests that have been made, so long as we do not fail to put each and every demijohn through the system properly, we are sure that the water taken from any demijohn we deliver will show safe. For this highly desirable, and in fact, absolutely essential result, I feel that this company and the public it serves should extend to you and your assistants their sincere thanks. Please accept this letter as expressing the gratitude of this company, and I am sure that when the public realize what has been done for them, you will have their thanks as well. Very sincerely yours, CLEVELAND, OHIO, September 29, 1916. We have your favor of August 19 and wish to thank you for the infor- mation you have included in your favor mentioned above, also the publica- tion which you inclosed. This information is very desirable and very interesting. We are now making some experiments with lumbang oil in a 1 Translated from the Spanish. 10: THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE limited way and the writer will be very glad to reciprocate and a little later advise you the results of the tests we are now making here. Thanking you again for your interest, we remain, Yours very truly, ZAMBOANGA, September 23, 1916. I beg to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of copy of the Bureau of Science Bulletin No. 54 which you were kind enough to furnish this office. This bulletin contains very valuable information for the development of agriculture and industry in these islands. Please accept my congratula- tions for the successful completion of this important work. Please have furnished us with fourteen additional copies both in English and Spanish of said bulletin for distribution among our provincial governors of this department. Thanking you for this and past favors, I remain, Very respectfully, SAN CARLOS, NEGROS, September 19, 1916. We duly received your letter of September 12, 1916, with enclosed blueprint of your new lime kiln, for which please accept our thanks. No doubt this kiln will prove to be a very satisfactory type and we shall be much interested in the result of a trial which, we hope, will take place in the near future. Thanking you again for your kindness in regard to this matter, we are, Very respectfully, SANTA CRUZ, LAGUNA, September 8, 1916. I have been interested in having my attention called to Bulletin No. 54, issued by the Bureau of Science, as posted in typewritten form here in Santa Cruz. This is, I am sure, a most valuable collection of practical information which should be spread as widely as possible. With this in view I am desirous of securing copies of this Bulletin in English and Spanish, as I have considerable opportunity of bringing these things to the attention of many of the common people. I shall be obliged if you will kindly send to me copies of the bulletin referred to. Respectfully yours, CADIZ, OCCIDENTAL NEGROS, September 2, 1916. Last week Mr. J. F. Armstrong, an employee of the Bureau of Science was here in Cadiz. This kind gentleman came to us hacenderos of this district and gave us news which during these many years was unknown to us. He has given us wise instruction in the milling of the sugar cane and the methods of manufacturing muscavado in a scientific way notwith- standing the antique methods which we still use. We, the hacenderos of Cadiz, are as yet ignorant of the methods used by those of Silay, Saravia, and other sugar-producing towns, but as pro- gressive men we are anxious to know said methods; how to obtain a good extraction of juice from the cane, to skim the juice, how to lime properly, and to obtain a good quality of sugar. * * * All these paying methods were clearly explained to us by Mr. J. F. Armstrong during his short visit in this section, and we are convinced that it would give us very satisfactory results. * * * For all the reasons herein mentioned, I take the liberty to suggest that Mr. J. F. Armstrong, or someone else employed in the Bureau of Science, give lectures and travel all over the sugar districts of the Philippines to FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 11 instruct the farmers, so that they, little by little, may discard the old methods which they now use to produce a poor grade of sugar, while those who know say that the soil of the Philippines and particularly the soil of this Province is exceptionally adapted for sugar cane. Yours very respectfully,’ SILAY, August 28, 1916. In behalf of the hacenderos of Silay and Saravia, Negros Occidental, I wish to thank the Bureau of Science for services rendered to the farmers of these towns by Mr. Armstrong, of the Iloilo office of the Bureau of Science, in helping them sign a contract for a sugar central. Mr. Armstrong has done a great deal toward bringing a better understanding of the advantages of a central sugar factory to produce centrifugal sugar over the present system of manufacture of sugar in vogue in this Island; he has explained to the farmers the mode of operation of a modern sugar mill and in every way has helped the farmers of this district to improve their ideas regard- ing the milling and manufacture of sugar. Yours very truly, SAN MATEO, RIZAL, August 8, 1916. RESOLUTION No. 66. The President submitted the following resolution: It is resolved: To request the Director of the Bureau of Science, Dr. Alvin J. Cox, to furnish to the municipality of San Mateo, Province of Rizal, for its file, the result of the analysis of waters of San Mateo. It is further resolved: To congratulate the Director of the Bureau of Science, Dr. Alvin J. Cox, on his meritorious work of analyzing said waters with no other object than the good of the inhabitants of these Islands. Unanimously approved. I certify that the foregoing resolution is faithfully transcribed. MUNICIPAL SECRETARY.’ HONOLULU, H. I., July 28, 1916. On behalf of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry I wish to thank you for the assistance which you so kindly rendered to our Field Entomologist, Mr. D. T. Fullaway, while he was in Manila on his way back from India, breeding parasites for introduction into these islands. Your kindness in furnishing him with a room with laboratory facilities, materials, and labor assistance in building cages, helped greatly to make Mr. Fullaway’s mission successful. You may be glad to know that he reached here with the parasites in good condition, and has been able to multiply and distribute them among the islands with good results. Very truly yours, MANILA, P. I., July 18, 1916. Many thanks for yours of the 15th instant received this morning, covering looms. The information is just what I wish * * * Sincerely, MANILA, P. I., July 15, 1916. Kindly accept our many thanks for communications referred to us on the 1st inst., in reference to asbestos. Very respectfully, 1 Translated from the Spanish. 2 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TAIHOKU, JAPAN, June 27, 1916. We feel it our duty to express our deepest thanks to you for the courtesy extended to Mr. Kosaku Ebiku, our expert, on the occasion of his visit to Manila on official mission. He has safely returned to Taipeh with pleasant reminiscences of his travel in the Philippine Islands, and it is highly gratifying to state that he had found his visit to Manila, where he was received by your good self in such a cordial manner, particularly interest- ing and delightful, which is without question due to the valuable aids you rendered him, and of which he speaks in very appreciative terms. We sincerely hope that his visit to Philippines may, in future, contribute something towards the promotion of mutual interest and better under- standing between the two colonies. With highest regards and respect, we have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servants, LA CARLOTA, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, June 10, 1916. Though not having the honor of knowing you, I take the liberty to express my gratitude to you and to your Bureau on account of the great interest shown in sugar work by Messrs. Thurlow and Armstrong, employees of your Iloilo office, who have brought the necessary apparatus and have analyzed sugar cane juice, bagasse, and sugar cane. * * * Messrs. Armstrong and Thurlow have also been in various “haciendas” .in this section for the same object. They have discussed with the “hacen- deros” and have imbued in them the new ways and have helped them in all matters pertaining to agriculture. Their interest is such that they have even traveled at night with danger to their health, due to the rains that we had this year. Expressing again my sincerest thanks and gratitude to you, I am, Very respectfully, MANILA, June 9, 1916. I have to acknowledge, with thanks, the receipt of your letter of May 10, and appreciate very much your kindness in offering your assistance to the Philippine Trade Review, in extending the profitable relations between the Philippine Islands, the United States and foreign countries, also for placing our name on the list to receive the various publications issued by YOurRM Urea. fy * 5%. F Very respectfully, SypneEy, N. S. W., AUSTRALIA, 8th June, 1916. I am instructed by the Director General of Public Health to acknowledge with thanks receipt of your letter of the 11th ultimo in regard to the destruction of flies by certain species of ants, and to say that the informa- tion furnished by you is greatly appreciated. Your obedient servant, Mauita, DAvAo, May 30, 1916. Many thanks indeed for your letter of April 13, as it contained some information which will be of quite a little use to me. * * * I am not in a position to give the time necessary to work out a paper pulp factory just at present but when I come to Manila during the latter part of the year I would like to call on you for all the information that you may have that will help me to utilize that small amount of waste that 1 Translated from the Spanish. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 13 occurs on a plantation the size of mine. I cannot afford to erect a large factory to handle what there is here but there should be enough stuff here to make 500 pounds of pulp a day, and that is what I want. * * * Very sincerely, PHILADELPHIA, May 9, 1916. Many thanks for the lately received copy of your highly interesting and valuable Thirteenth Annual Report, which I have perused with lively at- tention and much pleasure and profit. The amount of routine work your Bureau has accomplished is amazing, without altogether neglecting more attractive research work. * * * Heartily wishing you continued success in your enterprises, I am always, Very truly yours, MANILA, P. I., 19th April 1916. We beg to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 12th inst. and are very much obliged to you for the valuable information it contains concerning tanning barks. We trust we shall soon have an opportunity te reciprocate, and remain, Yours very truly, MANILA, P. I., April 13, 1916. Some months ago you were kind enough to send us your formula for rendering cloth bindings vermin-proof. This formula was sent on to our main office in Rochester, New York, with a view to replacing a formula which we had not found entirely satisfactory. We are just in receipt of a letter from the Home Office advising that your formula has been treated and found satisfactory and that from this time on, they will discontinue the use of sheep in binding our reports and will use our regular buckram treated with your formula. Heretofore, we have been compelled to supply sheep bindings in districts where our buckram would not stand the ravages of the insects. The Home Office states further that they are sending an advice to all our subscribers throughout the United States, their possessions and foreign countries, informing them of the change of binding and that it is due to the success of a formula perfected by the Bureau of Science of the Insular Government of the Philippines. Undoubtedly, this will be of interest to you. With thanks for your great service, we remain, , Yours very truly, POLO, BULACAN, April 2, 1916. I have the honor to inform you that the result of the formula furnished free by that Bureau for bleaching to me has been successful. Allow me to express my sincere gratitude to you for this great favor. [Here follows the formula.] Those solutions are good for 100 hats. Very respectfully, COMPOSITOR DE SOMBREROS. LA CARLOTA, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, March 29, 1916. I have the honor to advise you that Mr. J. E. Armstrong, sugar expert of your Bureau, has been performing very useful work in my “hacienda,” where I have a modern mill equipped with vacuum pans, centrifugal pumps, etc. As the handling of these apparatus and the modern process of ex- tracting sugar cane juice are new in this country, * * * during his 14 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE short stay he has demonstrated practical experiments which I believe will be of incalculable value to me in the future. * * * Yours very respectfully,’ MANILA, March 21, 1916. In connection with our letter of July 12, 1912, requesting a compound for re-inking planotype ribbons and formula submitted in your letter of August 26, 1912, I wish to advise you of the results of this work. One-quarter bottle of the solution was purchased at a cost of #5.88 which was sufficient for re-inking six of the ribbons. It will be noted therefore that the cost per ribbon is #0.96—slightly over 10 centavos per meter—for re-inking, exclusive of labor which is a negligible item in view of the fact that the messengers were employed for the work during otherwise spare time. New ribbons cost #2.63 each for the cheapest grade employed and £3.94 for a more expensive grade. The fabric, after being used thoroughly is not damaged and the re-inking has been done with success. The ribbons were finally dried after re-inking and are fully as satisfactory for ordinary use as are the original purchases. This information may be of interest to you. Very respectfuly, HONGKONG, March 13, 1916. We beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter dated the 7th instant, contents of which are noted with thanks. We have passed your information relative to Beriberi to our friends, whom we feel sure will appreciate the trouble you have taken so kindly in this maiter. We are, dear sir, yours faithfully, MATABANG, TALISAY, OCCIDENTAL NEGROS, March 38, 1916. Mr. Armstrong, of your [Iloilo office, spent the day with me on my hacienda on his way to Isabela. He made several analyses of cane and sugar which benefited me and I am pleased to say that I appreciated his services. I hope that you will allow him to come back again when convenient. We have several haciendas and need occasionally a look-over of a good practical man like Mr. Armstrong. Thanking you, I am, yours truly, BAGUIO, BENGUET, P. I., February 26, 1916. We have a good deposit of silica that we should like to find a market fORPOLSAMUSeLOr earns You may be interested in knowing that the samples of hydrated lime you recently analyzed for us brought us a Manila order for 400 tons. Thanking you for any information you may have re silica, we are, Yours very truly, MANILA, February 25, 1916. We returned from Mindoro yesterday on the Malecon. I wish to thank you for the trouble you have gone to on my behalf, in helping me with my transportation difficulties. Had it not been for your timely assistance I would have experienced great trouble and delay in obtaining a steamer suitable for my work. Please accept my appreciation of your policy of fostering the develop- 1 Translated from the Spanish. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 15 ment of the latent resources of the Islands. Kindly let me know what I owe the Bureau of Science over the credit which I now have with your department. Yours very truly, MANILA, January 26, 1916. Allow me by these presents to tender you my sincerest thanks on behalf of “La Nacional Guano Factory,” for the scientific services you have rendered us, through your valuable assistance of plant analysis, as received by us on the 18th inst. Your tables are indeed interesting, and will help us materially in man- ufacturing a standard fertilizer suitable for these islands. We are sir, very respectfully, FAR EASTERN ASSOCIATION OF TROPICAL MEDICINE The Fifth Biennial Congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine was to have been held in Java during the year, but the arrangements were canceled because of the European war. | PHILIPPINE ISLANDS MEDICAL ASSOCIATION No meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association was held in 1916. CONGRESS OF PHYSICIANS AND PHARMACISTS The third congress of physicians and pharmacists was held in Manila under the auspices of the Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico of the Philippine Islands from the 7th to the 11th of February, 1916, inclusive. The congress was in every way a success, and employees of the Bureau of Science presented 17 papers on various subjects associated with or related to medicine or pharmacy. STANDARDIZATION OF SUPPLIES On March 28, 1916, His Excellency the Governor-General issued Executive Order No. 21, appointing ‘‘a permanent com- mittee to be known as the Committee on Standardization of Supplies.”” The committee has held a number of meetings and, in accordance with the provisions of the Executive Order, has secured from Government officials reports and such other infor- mation as are essential to carry on its work. The available information is now being used to eliminate inferior material and to effect economy in the purchase of general supplies. The Bureau of Science is carrying on tests to classify many articles of wide variations, so that they may be purchased under specifi- cations with the least cost. It will take a long time to standard- ize the thousands of articles needed by the Government. The war in Europe has interfered with many of our sources of 16 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE supply, and many conditions are abnormal. The work will be pushed as rapidly as possible. MANUFACTURE OF TIQUI-TIQUI EXTRACT Under the provisions of Act No. 2376 the Bureau of Science has continued its work of preparing extract of tiqui-tiqui for the treatment of infantile beriberi. A stock has been continually kept on hand, and that prepared up to the close of the year was probably sufficient to treat nearly 6,000 infants. The Liga Nacional Filipina para la Proteccion de la Primera Infancia submitted its report on October 15, 1916, from which I quote the following: During this year the extract prepared by the Bureau of Science! has kept in much better condition than that prepared during the preceding year. The organoleptic character of the extract and its keeping qualities could not have been improved. * * * From October 16, 1915, to October 15, 1916, 4,967 fifty cc. bottles of extract and 39 one cc. ampuls for hypodermic use have been obtained from the Bureau of Science, that is, 1,193 bottles more than that obtained last year. * * * In the acute forms the mortality during this year has been only 85.7 per cent due to the injection of the extract, instead of 100 per cent as hereto- One... eee Theoretically no children suffering from beriberi that are treated in time with a sufficient dose of extract of tiqui-tiqui should die. As a matter of fact, our mortality does not reach 1.5 per cent and even this small percentage of mortality is due to the fact that the little patients do not reach us until it is too late, almost at the dying stage, when the medicine has no time to exert its beneficial influence. Nevertheless, if we review the statistics of the Philippine Health Service, it would be observed that in spite of our work the mortality among children under one year of age due to beriberi continues to be what it has always been, that is, its proportion compared with the total number of deaths of children in the city of Manila is not less than 85 per cent. * * * This is probably due to the fact that the mothers do not call a doctor for the proper treatment of their beriberic children and, secondly, to the fact that the doctor either does not diagnose correctly or uses an extract which does not possess the qualities which our experience has sanctioned.* REORGANIZATION ACT No. 2666 An Act of the First Session of the Fourth Philippine Legisla- ture to take effect on its approval to reorganize the Executive Departments of the Government of the Philippine Islands was approved on November 18, 1916. This Act transferred the Bureau of Science from the Department of the Interior. In part it reads as follows: Sec. 7. Bureaus and offices under the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources.—The Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources 1 Translated from the Spanish. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 17 shall have the direct executive control, direction, and supervision of the Bureau of Agriculture, the Bureau of Forestry, the Bureau of Lands, matters pertaining to colonies and plantations on public lands, the Bureau of Science, the Weather Bureau, and matters concerning hunting, fisheries, sponges, and other sea products, and such other as may hereafter be assigned to it by law. NECESSITY FOR RESEARCH Almost daily inquiries come to the Bureau of Science with regard to Philippine problems. We should keep studying the possible resources, the health and other problems of the Islands, be prepared in so far as possible for questions as they come up and have information on hand when it is needed. The won- derful possibilities of this country should be studied to avoid waste wherever possible. The value of a scientist is his ability to work out problems without misdirected effort, rather than his accumulation of facts. Experience in working with problems enables a man to attack them without a waste of time, and experience in the Philippine Islands enables him to adapt his investigations to tropical conditions. Economic work in prac- tically all scientific lines is primarily dependent on technical investigations. It is not always easy to see the practical bearing of certain pieces of scientific investigation, yet it is surprising how often the seemingly useless and impractical will be found of vital importance. Pasteur’s experiments to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation were not looked upon as of any practical value at the time they were undertaken, yet they are the basis of the modern practice of sterilization, and the noun “pasteurization” perpetuates the author’s name. Ge- ology, the study of rocks, may seem dry and useless, yet this study is necessary for the discovery and recovery of such useful substances as iron, gold, coal, and petroleum. Conditions in the Philippines are different from those in countries that are more highly developed economically. Work done in other countries is frequently not directly applicable here, and there are many problems to be solved that have not been considered elsewhere. COMPENSATION OF SCIENTIFIC EMPLOYEES The question of salaries of scientific employees is difficult to decide. Scientific positions should be filled by men of training and ability, and the supply of able men is limited. The material equipment of this institution is excellent, but material equip- ment without good men is of no avail. It is not equipment so much as the ability of the men that makes an institution. Medi- 151467——-2 18 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE ocre men can do certain classes of routine scientific work, but it requires capable men to apply their training to their problems. A well-trained man is able to work out the problems which are to be solved by experimentation. Able men must be retained. Mediocre men cannot do any real constructive work. A man must be well trained and feel himself a part of the institution in which he is employed to do his best work. Low-salaried posi- tions are used only as stepping stones to something else. Scien- tific men who are satisfied with low-salaried positions are usually of mediocre ability, and a changing personnel is most expensive. Economic rocks, plants, insects, etc., must be accurately known before economic data can be made available. The geologist, botanist, entomologist, or other specialist having long experience in a country can in a very high percentage of cases answer a query offhand that a novice would not be able to answer at all, or only after many hours or even days of critical study. Only when an institution has a certain permanency of personnel can the work progress. The necessity for a permanency of person- nel in the Philippine Islands is felt more than elsewhere because conditions are unique, and technologists frequently must serve an apprenticeship before they become of great value. A new man spends much of his time and energy during the first year or two in becoming adjusted to new conditions. The work of the Bureau of Science is so important that we should continue to attract and retain men of the highest ability. Our work is so complicated that we must retain a permanent nucleus, and to do this men must be contented and satisfied with their future outlook. Scientific work requires long years of training. In addition to an ordinary education a scientist devotes from five to eight years to further study. During this period he draws no salary, and his expenses are large. On the other hand, during the same period a clerk, an internal revenue agent, or a customs inspector not only does not have to meet educational expenses, but draws a salary. In view of these facts, the salaries now paid to scientific employees are very low in comparison with those allowed clerks, mechanics, ete. Any reduction in salaries or a disinclination to make promotions will mean that competent men will soon find more lucrative positions elsewhere. Unfortunately there are a great many lines of scientific work to which the Filipino youth is not attracted. There are other lines for which there are no training facilities provided in the Philippine Islands. The Filipino youths are attracted to the FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 19 exact sciences and to medicine more than to the lesser biological sciences. This is probably as it should be for some time to come, for in certain lines wholesale quantities of trained men are needed, and it is more likely that a man will fit where there are many opportunities from which to choose. It should be realized that the development of the Philippine Islands in com- petition with the world must more and more depend on com- petent scientists. The Philippine Islands have an advantage in having started right and in not having to waste their raw materials or jeopardize their natural resources by careless exploitation. PUBLICITY The inhabitants of these Islands are not getting as great benefit from the work which the Bureau of Science has done as they ought to be getting. In this institution there is un- questionably a great deal of information on many subjects that would benefit or improve agricultural, health, mining, industrial, commercial, and other economic conditions if brought before the people in the right way. The Bureau of Science has done and is doing work that is important to the Philippine Islands and has prepared, published, and circulated throughout the Islands reports and statistical information concerning its work that has aided and will continue to aid industrial and commercial development. The large amount of good done by these is becom- ing increasingly evident. However, a large percentage of the people who need assistance are unable to derive it solely from publications. To men not trained to use them, written regula- tions and directions often seem more or less impractical, but when such men actually see the work performed and the results accomplished, they are readily convinced of the importance of doing work scientifically. For example, many owners of salt farms are not trained to make use of literature put into their hands, but can readily learn from actual demonstration. From the little that has been done to demonstrate the various lines of work of the Bureau of Science it has been found that the people are quick to see the value of such work and are sin- cerely appreciative of what it will do for them. If represent- atives from the Bureau of Science be sent among the people to demonstrate improved methods of procedure along such lines as the utilization of waste products, the development of mineral resources, the production of better leather, the utilization of forest products, the use of medicinal plants, the conservation and 20 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE increase of sea products, the relation of insects and birds to agri- culture and to man and domestic animals, the better utilization of products such as sugar cane and the nipa palm, the adaptation of soils to crops, etc., and to introduce new and better industries of immediate and vital interest to the inhabitants of these Islands, it will be possible to bring about needed reforms and an im- provement of their economic conditions much more rapidly. This has been done to a limited extent among the sugar growers of Negros. Their appreciation of this work and their desire for further help of this kind is conclusively shown in the letters in- cluded in this report. With its limited personnel and the scientific staff overloaded with routine work, it is impossible for the Bureau of Science to devote time to the proper demonstration and explanation of the information that it has available. On the other hand, the Bureau of Science does want the people to understand and appreciate its work, for only through the people’s confidence and sympathy can the Bureau best fulfill its functions. There is immediate need for a number of statisticians and demontrators to place before the public the collected data and the results of experiments, to demonstrate new and improved methods, and to introduce new industries. It seems reasonable to suppose that the extra ex- pense involved in this form of publicity would be amply justified. BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY Personnel.—Dr. J. A. Johnston was absent on leave from October 4, 1915, to April 1, 1916. Dr. H. W. Wade reported for duty February 2. Dr. O. Schobl, who resigned while on leave, accepted reappointment and returned to duty on March 7. Dr. B. C. Crowell was transferred to the University of the Philip- pines, where he has been detailed for half time for several years. Dr. KE. H. Ruediger was retired on April 25, since which time the section of sera and vaccines has been in charge of Doctor Schobl. Doctor Panganiban, veterinarian, and Doctors Navarro, Monserrat, and Liboro, physicians, have been appointed and assigned to duty in the laboratory. Routine.—After a period of quiescence during the first three months cholera again assumed noticeable proportions in April and continues up to December 31. The work of this laboratory has convincingly shown the continuance and spread of the di- sease to be due to “carriers.”’ In this connection, in codperation with the Philippine Health Service, a systematic examination FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT vA of all those connected with the handling of food has been car- ried out. In addition to the large number of fecal specimens for cholera, routine examinations of water, milk, blood, sputum, plague, leprosy, gonococci, urine, foodstuffs, etc., have been performed. Sanitary Health Commissions.—The Bureau of Science has continued the supervision of the bacteriological work of the Sanitary Health Commissions. This institution does not have sufficient personnel to do all of the bacteriological work, but one assistant has been constantly detailed to provincial duty. General.—Twice during the year the Bureau of Science has complied with a request of the Director of Health for an assistant bacteriologist to be detailed for provincial laboratory work to suppress severe local outbreaks of cholera. Owing to more in- telligent codperation on the part of subordinate health officials, in taking and forwarding laboratory specimens, the Bureau of Science has been able to detect a greater percentage of the posi- tive cases of cholera and cholera carriers from the provinces than ever before. Further investigations of the cholera-carrier problem are being carried on. Studies in leprosy previously re- ported are still in progress. Since this is a disease of long in- cubation, observation must necessarily be continued over a period of years. In the routine examination of rats one case of chronic or resolvent plague was discovered. An extensive study of fun- gus and allied skin infections is now underway. The published articles are given under the Philippine Journal of Science, Sec- tion B, on page 41. Laboratory for sera and vaccines.—By a rearrangement of space three workrooms have been added to the rooms formerly used as laboratories in connection with serum work. The ar- rangement makes it possible to prepare and sterilize small glass- ware, such as graduated cylinders, pipettes, beakers, test tubes, Petri dishes, etc., without interference with the main sterilizing plant, which is taxed to its maximum by the work in connection with cholera examinations and general bacteriological work. Large pieces of glassware and apparatus used for bleeding, fil- tering, and filling of biological products are being prepared and sterilized in an autoclave located in front of the serum and bottling rooms. The manufacture of these biologic products has been facili- tated by the addition of three assistants, two of whom are medical 2? THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE men and the other a veterinarian, and also by the detailing of a junior officer of the United States Public Health Service for part-time duty. They have been engaged in daily routine work, such as Wassermann test, performing the preparation of stock autogenous bacterial vaccine, preparation of antirabic vac- cine, administration of Pasteur treatment, immunization and bleeding of horses for serum, and preparation of smallpox vac- cine. The work accomplished is indicated by the following table: Sera and vaccines bottled and disposed of at the Bureau of Science from January 1 to December 31, 1916. Article. Bottled. | Disposed Antitetanic: serum 2. 25.2% 20040 2 ee ees a 297,000 | 2, 298, 700 Antidiphtheritic'serum ..--) .---- 2 ek eee dos 121, 000 90, 000 ANIGCYSeEnteric SCTUN es 24 -s-) ose ae ee ee pe ee eb Seek cc... 1, 620 5, 122 Antistreptococcus sertim 6 2_- sci ey ee ee ee eee doze» 240 | 1, 830 Antimenimpococcic Serum 's= = + - as oe ee ee ee doe 2 |e ee 3,370 Antiplacive serum 5. 2S 5a ee ee en ne ee ee don 4 ee 1,020 | Anticholéra}serums >=. S325 222-2 Soe ee ee eee 39 24 Antityphoid Serum. - sees eee ee Oishi re ett EL eae, do 3, 859 41 Normial horse serum —--=2- 2-2) ye eed. Hh ee TRL os Tey TEE Sd doles 30, 470 37, 460 ‘Typhoid waceine 2242 2s et ee ee eee eee eae ampuls__ 860 | 977 Typhoid and paratyphoid' A’& B vaccine 2. sae eee eee doz. 442 109 Dysentery: vaccine 222225. ts Se ee eee ee dese 132 73 CGholeravaccine =... je... Soe ee a ee ee ee eed doz 2, 685 | 2,120 BS coli-vaccine ee. -22 223258) Bes Se ee ee ee dom 312 | 116 Streptococcus vaccine <2 22-7 5 Sa ee ee ee re Ones 175 51 Placue'prophylactic 2. 2.22) eee eee Cost 2s 3, 330 Glycerinated plague: vaccine 2 3-2-2 eee ee eee ATADEHIS 2 =| 52s ee 703 Cholera: prophylactic. = {2a se" eA 2s a ee ee Se ee ee CCn = hes ee 8, 966 Gonococeus vaccine: 22 a eee ampuls__ 2,164 | 2, 140 Staphylococcus albus aureus vaccine --__---------=-----------------do-__-| 249 672 Staphylococcus, aureus vaccine. #2) 2a 6 ee eee dos: 120 3 Streptococcus-Staphylococcus aureus albus vaccine______ _________- Got 120 12s Autorenous:vaccine -._+..4 2-322. 24 Se ee eee dow. 470 470 Anthrax vaccine Nos 1.0 3 os eee eS ee eee ecu 12 er eee 1,879 Anthrax ‘vaccine No; 2... 22322 Se ee ee ! ee eee eee do-..-| oS ok see a 1, 780 Staphylococcus'albus vaccines 4. ana eee ee ia) 405 123 | Rabies vaccine 2285... 21. )2. Sie 7 ee ee ee eee eee Ae | (a) | (a) Tubercalin \(human))-¢ 2s 5 be ie es ee ene ee eet ee__| 71 211 Muberculin} (bovine) =-#>2-_ 22-2 SS | ee ee dos 50 | 96 Wuierine virass 22. ci ss se doses__| 1,744,770 | 1,569,014 | Mallein 3. 225ti> 22 28 ee ee ee eee eee do | 540 | 971 | | -Antisheep heemolytic amboceptor -_-7. === sss ene eee ee ee units__| | | sm a The Pasteur treatment for rabies is now much more appreciated than formerly as shown by the following record of treatments: Number of patients who received treatment at the Bureau of Scie Number of treatments sent by the Bureau of Science to outpatients TOU ee a carve ce se gegen nee: S222 94 a FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 22 SECTION OF BOTANY Personnel.—The technical force remains the same as for the past year, with the addition of Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero, who was appointed early in the year for the purpose of undertaking a survey of the medicinal plants of the Archipelago. Chief botan- ist E. D. Merrill was on leave of absence in the United States from April 5, 1915, to January 3, 1916. The relations of Mr. E. D. Merrill and Dr. W. H. Brown with the University are the same as during 1915, the services of the former being shared by the Bureau of Science with the University on an equal basis, and the latter, primarily employed by the University, being detailed to the Bureau of Science for certain work. By this arrangement Mr. Merrill has continued as head of the botanical department of the University, and at the same time both gentle- men have opportunity to do much technical research work. The time utilized for the University is to a large degree offset by delegating much routine work to clerical employees who have been trained in certain lines, so the botanical output of the Bureau of Science has not been greatly restricted. Exploration.—Messrs. Fenix, Ramos, and Edano have success- fully carried on field work in the following regions: Northern Samar; Bukidnon, Mindanao; and Nueva Ecija and Tayabas Provinces, Luzon. Smaller collections have been made in La- guna, Cavite, Rizal, Zambales, La Union, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, and other provinces. Dr. H. S. Yates made one extensive trip in Mountain Province and a shorter one in southern Tayabas, for the purpose of collecting fungi. Doctors Yates and Brown and Mr. Merrill have made an examination of the revegetation of Taal Volcano. Mr. Merrill spent three weeks’ vacation in Kwangtung Province, China, in collecting and preparing botan- ical material. One extensive trip of Mr. Fenix was devoted wholly to the investigations of the bast-fiber plants and bast-rope industry in the Ilocano provinces, Luzon. He collected botanical material and fiber specimens from all the plants utilized by the Filipinos in making rope and secured several hundred meters of each kind of rope, which are to be tested for strength, durability, etc. Mycology.—When Doctor Yates arrived last year he found the mycological collections in a chaotic condition and has devoted much time to the arrangement of the material already identified. This phase of the work is now completed. He has carried on work in connection with the outbreak of bud rot in the coconut 24 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE region of Laguna and on the citrus canker in Mountain Province and has devoted much time to a study of the molds affecting copra. Field investigation has been made, and some inoculation experiments have been performed in a study of the cause of coconut bud rot. Physiology.—The field work on the relation of environment to physical types of vegetation at different altitudes on Mount Maquiling was completed in 1915. Doctor Brown has made much progress in the task now in hand of correlating and inter- preting nearly three years of field data, and this large work should be completed during the coming year. During this year he has initiated and nearly completed a series of field observa- tions on Mount Banajao, with a view to complete a similar piece of work in relation to the vegetation of Mount Banajao, for purposes of comparison with that of Mount Maquiling. In codperation with Mr. G. W. Heise, of the division of in- organic chemistry, he has prepared for publication an article on the relation of light intensity to carbon dioxide assimilation and has planned a series of experiments for a further investiga- tion of the problem. In codperation with Mr. A. S. Argiielles he has in preparation a paper on the relation of soils to vegeta- tion on Mount Maquiling. With Doctor Yates he has done the necessary field work and is now writing up the results in relation to the revegetation of Taal Volcano since the eruption of 1911. Morphology of the volvocales.—This work has been carried on during the past year in the botanical laboratory of the Bureau of Science by Dr. W. R. Shaw, of the University of the Philip- pines. The project is now well advanced, and the results pro- mise to be of great interest. Doctor Shaw has developed improved methods for collecting, preserving, staining, mounting, and photographing these minute organisms, and in the course of his work he has discovered several new generic types and undescribed species. Medicinal plant survey.—This work was initiated early in the year, and its progress has been satisfactory. An effort is being made to compile all data of interest regarding medicinal, reputed medicinal, and poisonous plants of the Philippines; to identify the plants; and to select for chemical, pharmaceutical, and medicinal investigation those species of promise. Systematic investigations.—Several thousand specimens that accumulated during Mr. Merrill’s absence have been identified. Current collections made by employees of the Bureaus of Science and Forestry and by various private individuals have been also named and reported. General work on the Philippine flora has FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 25 progressed satisfactorily. Mr. Merrill has completed a study of the Robinson Amboina collections, and his very exhaustive and critical paper entitled An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense is in the hands of the printer. The revision of all the Philippine species described by Blanco and by Llanos has been completed. Work on this project has been in progress for the past four years. The herbarium.—The growth of the herbarium has been satis- factory in spite of the fact that the European war has reduced exchanges toaminimum. A general rearrangement of the mate- rial is in progress, with the object of making specimens from special regions more easily available. Philippine accessions.—Specimens have been received by col- lection, gift, for identification, and by transmission from other branches of the Government. The collections of Philippine material are: Collections of the employees of the Bureau of Science.... 2,512 Collections of the employees of the Bureau of Forestry.. 2,991 Miscellaneous collections of Messrs. C. F. Baker, H. Sandkuhl, C. A. Wenzel, N. Teodoro, M. Sablaya, C. M. Weber, R. Lete, P. J. Wester, and Mrs. Clemens.... 2,141 PEAT SPCC UNIONS yee c.f: o-oo face ee nee eee es ee anes ae 7,644 Foreign accessions.—The foreign accessions are as follows: Mrs. Clemens, Kinabalu expedition, Borneo.................... 1,839 Mruiloppine. > Kinabalu terns:..)-2.00 2.8 pee ee 560 Miscellaneous fungi from the U. S. Department of Agri- CUTRenee CMAN Clee. 55 foc: 22 oad pean ce ee noe ee ee 708 Miscellaneous Malayan duplicates from the Botanic Carden, burtenzorg, Exchanye:....:2).0..'... ee ees 152 Miscellaneous duplicates from the Botanic Garden, Sin- PAVIGEC MERCH ATIO® S502) 00 2h Ne ek eee ee 194 Bornean collections of Messrs. F. W. Foxworthy and A. ATES Coe Sao A Pe MSR, eek eer ae Oe WS 286 Guam plants, collected by A. Guerrero.............22...22....2..---- 88 Kinabalu collections of G. A. G. Haslam..............0............. 101 Kwangtung collections of E. D. Merrill.............22.0000....... 601 Western Australian plants, ex herb. A. Morison from Edinburgh Botanic Garden, exchange.........................--- 1,831 MoGel, "SPOCMNICN 8. . <..-siacs nt saeco teas oe eccee Seer Grae tee rete 6,594 _The total accessions for the year are 14,238 specimens, which have been poisoned, mounted, and so distributed as to be avail- able to all who have occasion to consult them. The number of specimens in the herbarium now totals 172,518, of which about 73,000 are extra-Philippine. 26 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE ficient to show the nature of the field for investigation offered in the study of the food of this species of bird. The grebe may be injurious to the shrimp fishermen, but on the other hand it is possible that the water bug which it eats is injurious to the young fishes. Therefore further study is necessary before this bird can be classified as injurious or beneficial. These two illustrations show the importance of including all species of birds in the food investigation. Birds that are least expected to be of economic importance may prove to be highly beneficial or injurious. In connection with the food investigation a blank has been prepared asking for information on the food habits of birds. This blank will be sent to members of the Agricultural Congress for the purpose of obtaining data as to what birds are injurious or beneficial to the farmer in various provinces. A circular letter has been printed to be sent with the blanks. The president of the Congress has approved this plan and promised the co- operation of the members. Bureau of Science press bulletin No. 32, which was distributed September 23, 1914, has been revised and illustrated with small cuts of some Philippine birds. This is issued as a 14-page pamphlet with the title Birds in their Economic Relation to Man. The pamphlet is intended for distribution in the Philip- pine Islands in order to call attention to the very practical value of birds as protectors of forests, crops, etc. Miscellaneous work was carried on as follows: Commercial taxidermic work such as mounting specimens of birds and fruit bats; the sale of scientific specimens to collectors in the United States; the dispatch of six cases of mounted birds for exhibition at the Northern Luzon Fair at Baguio; 500 numbers of plant specimens collected for the section of botany and for identification of food of birds; a series of rat specimens sent to the United States National Museum for identification in order to determine the host of the flea responsible for the transmission of plague; birds sent to the United States National Museum for identifica- tion; etc. Specimens have been gradually added to the collection of birds, and new or rare species have been reported. SECTION OF ENTOMOLOGY There was no appropriation for an entomologist; consequently none has been on duty during the year, and all the work accom- plished by this section has been done under the supervision of the ornithologist. The regular stock of silkworms has been car- ried through the year. Those who have applied for silkworms FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Lal have been informed that if they have a sufficient number of mulberry trees under cultivation to provide food for the silk- worms, the Bureau of Science will be glad to furnish eggs with which to start. Eggs and cocoons have been supplied to those who were prepared to raise them, and instructions in the care of the worms have been given to several persons who wished to establish silk farms. The production of silk is well suited to the people and the conditions in the Philippine Islands. The many years’ work at the Bureau of Science has fully demonstrated that silk can be produced, but it is not to be expected that under present condi- tions the desired growth of the industry will result. The neces- sity for demonstrators to carry on this work is pointed out on page 54. Efforts are being made again to introduce the eri silkworm, which feeds on the leaves of the castor plant. The cloth woven from the silk of this silkworm is believed to be of superior quality. However, it is to be remembered that the silk of the ordinary silkworm is a well-known product with a market value, while eri silk is little more than a curiosity, which even if pro- duced in quantity would require time and money to introduce to the world. Dr. R. P. Cowles, of the University of the Philippines, has taken advantage of the facilities at the Bureau of Science in order to carry on some experiments in breeding silkworms. There is a large amount of practical work as to the best races of silk- worms that should be introduced and crossed with our own in order to retain the present stock in vigor and free from danger of disease. CHEMICAL LABORATORY Personnel.—See division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry and division of organic chemistry. INVESTIGATION The effect of the European war has been greatly to increase the burden of work on the chemical laboratory of the Bureau of Science. Many supplies have been cut off from the Philippines by the inability of certain countries to keep up their manufactur- ing industries and by the tremendously increased and continually increasing freight rates. In connection with its regular routine work the chemical laboratory has been called upon to solve problems that required much research ability. For example, new bleaching methods have been made possible to several enterprises. Many industries have been improved and adapted to war condi- 28 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE sistance is available, and accurate results can be obtained only by the examination of hundreds of bird stomachs collected throughout the year. Several hundred stomachs have been ex- amined, and the results have been recorded for future use. Ad- ditional material is on hand awaiting examination. Many of the blank forms, which were distributed with the leaflet entitled Food and Habits of Philippine Birds, have been returned to the Bureau with a large quantity of information. This material will be issued in popular form as soon as it can be properly prepared. A little has been done on the classification of specimens when time was available. One short paper, New or Noteworthy Philippine Birds, I, was published in the Philippine Journal of Science. The taxidermist has preserved specimens of birds and snake skins and has mounted several heads and horns of the wild carabao and of the timarao. The latter animal is found only on Mindoro Island and is of much scientific interest. It is said that the timarao resembles the anoa, of Celebes. Because of the increase in taxidermic work an assistant to the taxidermist has been employed. SECTION OF ENTOMOLOGY This institution continues without the services of an ento- mologist, as no appropriation has been made for this important work, although specialists in this line are very much needed. The rearing of silkworms has been continued under the super- vision of the ornithologist without change. There are frequent requests for eggs and for information in regard to the cultiva- tion of mulberry plants and as to the commercial possibilities of silk culture in the Islands. As an aid to those wishing to estab- lish mulberry plants, press bulletin 55, in English and in Spanish, was distributed in September. An attempt was made to import the eri silkworm from Ceylon, but unfortunately the cocoons were sent to us by way of England and were worthless when received. A small area in Malate Park has been planted, partly with mulberry and partly with castor plants. The leaves of the latter will be used to feed eri worms if they are later introduced. The rearing of silkworms seems in many ways adapted to this country and to its people, but for the development of the industry the Government should employ an expert sericulturist. Silk, like other animal and plant products, to be of good quality must FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 29 be the product of selected stock and skillful rearing. To gain and retain a good name for Philippine silk, a silk expert is needed. To develop the industry there should be demonstrators, trained by the expert, who will establish small silkhouses where the people can bé shown the possibilities of this industry. CHEMICAL LABORATORY DIVISION OF GENERAL, INORGANIC, AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY The plan which I inaugurated last year of operating the divi- sion of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry under three superintendents of section who would report directly to me has been entirely satisfactory. The sections continue to be desig- nated (1) Section of analytical chemistry: Rocks, minerals, ores, slags, clays, limes; plasters, soils, fertilizers, etc.; iron and steel; metals and alloys; pigments and mixed paints, including vehicles; fueis, including calorific value; gas; inorganic chemicals and other inorganic analyses, except fire assays. (2) Section of weights, measures, water analysis, and physical chemistry: Waters, sewage, corrosion; weights and measures; instruments and apparatus such as thermometers, pyrometers, microscopes, refractometers, and other physical and chemical apparatus. (3) Section of physical and mechanical testing: Cements, aggre- gates; iron and steel; road materials; tar, asphalt, and bitumen; stone, twine, ropes, wires, khaki cloths, fuels, etc.; and the standardization of other classes of supplies. The personnel of the sections remains unchanged, except that in the section of weights, measures, water analysis, and physical chemistry, to fill a vacancy which has existed since January, Mr. A. S. Behrman was transferred from the Bureau of Education on June 1, 1916, and was trained especially for the field work in water analysis. Mr. V. Q. Gana resigned, effective May 9, 1916. Mr. J. Gonzales, who has served as a temporary employee, was assigned to routine work in the water laboratory. He qualified on November 6, 1916, for regular appointment in the classified service. Mr. F. M. Villanueva has been employed since Novem- ber 9, 1916, in the section of physical and mechanical testing, where he is at present engaged in an investigation of the manu- facture of roofing tiles. There has been the closest codperation between the sections, men have been transferred temporarily from one section to another, and there has been no confusion, overlapping, or neglect of work. Routine.—The routine work accomplished by the division of general, inorganic, and physical chemistry has been as great as, 30 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE or greater in variety than, in former years, and the amount is shown in the following general summary: j — - = | Nature of material. 1915 | 1916 | — e — ol ~- = = " . — ——| | = | Metalstand ialloyscosss nce ee ieee eee BEAR AS ARLE | 38 | 44 19 Rockejand' minerals!) os) 22 22 eae oe eee et i ee ee Seen) 15 '| 95 Natural pienients and warnishes!..- 0 = Ss, os Receel eeee eee ee eee | | 20 | Clays, shales, limestone, limes, wall plasters, cements, and slags ____________| But 10 Mertilizers seen ee es eee ye kee ea pete see Se SEE oP ab 34 72 SOs and similarsupntances ea. a. Ss) el eae eee See 365 18 Coallanaly ses sass naetn aeons 2 Use 2 et See ee See Sets er eee S 50 10 Calorimetricitestsiopucls's-- ~~ F922) ee ee eee | 34 ff WWitterss< che 4 Cee ee kato ee eee 201 161 | Crude inorganic chemicals (ananacation and analgeiey and miscellaneous | AUR Sesiet ee ee wa. 2S och te Ae ss a ee ee eee oe 135 161 DSrandard (SOlitions) 22225 = ee ee ee en eee eee 20 304 Hxamination for sea-~water damage)... 2-2) <2 Se eee ee ee oe (a) | 58 | Physical tests of wire, twine, fiber, textile, paper, steel, tar, asphalt, ete - 32 4 | CT Cae a are renee ner limememsemames. ey CIM Uf wy horas OS. yarn i, 6,716 | 15,909 Compression, tensile, or transverse strength of concrete, stone, mortar, | | | ropeswood/jron;-steel, eles e_s. -- ee tir ee ee ee ee eee 203 | 468 | standardization of road materiel ese. see ee eee ee 71 67 | Standardization of unites of measures: ene the 2 eee ee er a ee as ee eee eee 60 679 Capacities: 2<. ees ee ee eee ob 222i fs oo es sb pn) soes tess 121 56 | | Weightsa5. 25 tes cat ot ee Be ee 31 | 20 | | Miscellaneotsa = oa 2 2 eas Nk a eee | 22 19 4 Included under ‘‘Miscellaneous es The number of samples of water analyzed shows a slight decrease from the preceding year, owing partly to the greatly increased volume of field water work and partly to the decrease in well-drilling operations by the Bureau of Public Works. In the preceding table many of the results represent more than ordinary routine work, for frequently members of the various sections have been called upon to pass judgment on the quality and the commercial value of the samples submitted for analysis. In several instances additional experiments were necessary to solve various problems of commercial importance. Considering the fact that in many cases, for example, examina- tion for sea-water damage, the sample may represent many thousands of pesos, it is evident that the greatest care and precision is necessary in all of this work. All the apparatus being used are standardized and checked, and precautions are taken to maintain the highest standard of work. During this year the output of each cement briquette maker has been studied, and those who cannot uniformly main- tain a certain standard are eliminated or transferred to other FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT aL classes of work and their places filled by those having the re- quired ability. With the object of encouraging briquette mold- ers to put forth their best efforts, a bonus system has been devised. Although received irregularly, the number of cements tested has been greater than during any former year. Not only has there been a large number of requests at one time for cement tests, but also requests asking that certain samples be rushed. In order to complete all of the work without delay, the laboratory has been arranged so that at any time the output can be temporarily doubled by detailing some of the regular shifts to night duty and filling the gaps with new recruits. INVESTIGATION In this division, as in the other branches of the Bureau of Science, a scientific study of Philippine problems is indispensable and men can be of the greatest value only when they devote considerable time to careful study. This study is guided along the lines of Philippine industry. _ The present European war has brought about a shortage of, and an increase in, the price of sodium peroxide, the chief chem- ical used for bleaching native hats. In order to remedy this shortage and to make bleaching agents available, the Bureau of Science has carried on a number of experiments with a view to find other chemicals obtainable in the local market at a reasonable price that would serve equally well. The results of these experiments show that sodium hypochlorite is adapted for bleaching native hats and can very well replace sodium peroxide. It is now being used by some hat factories for this purpose. Sodium hypochlorite can be readily prepared from bleaching powder and sodium carbonate or by direct electrolysis of a solu- tion of common salt. The preparation of sodium hypochlorite from bleaching powder and sodium carbonate has been found economically possible on account of the fact that these chemicals are available in the local market and can be readily secured from Japan or from the United States at reasonable prices. The preparation of sodium hypochlorite by direct electrolysis of salt brine requires an initial outlay, but in the long run is more economical than the other process. With either of these two processes a cheaper bleaching agent than sodium peroxide can be produced. After several years of planning, we were able to keep a man for over six months of the year at field work in water analysis. 32 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE This has been the best year up to date for the field survey of Philippine water supplies. Almost 200 examinations of water were made at the source. Rizal, Laguna, Sorsogon, and Cebu Provinces were visited. Practically every place visited had specific problems for which we were able to suggest solutions. Several town were considering municipal supply projects. In a number of cases the choice lay between two sources, and our representative was able to designate the more desirable. In one instance work had been begun with the intention of using water of doubtful character. In addition to the field water work we are endeavoring to classify all of the water data on hand with a view to eliminate obsolete data, secure the exact location of the sources of the various waters analyzed, and make available our present know- ledge of Philippine waters. We have continued our campaign of instruction in endeavoring to prevent samples being taken from new wells before they have been pumped long enough for the water to be representative. Generally the first water from a well is poorer than that taken after continued pumping, prob- ably due to the leaching of soluble ingredients in the water stratum. Early samples are useless and may result in the con- demnation of what might have been a good well. For example, a certain well yielded water containing no harmful ingredients but was so turbid and unpalatable that the inhabitants used water from a questionable source in its stead. Finally when water was desired for a municipal supply, on the recommendation of this institution, the abandoned well was subjected to a pro- tracted pumping test, whereupon the water became clear and unobjectionable. It may be expensive to retain a well-drilling outfit long after a well is completed, especially when other sec- tions are clamoring for wells, but it may be that the benefit in so doing outweighs the disadvantages and may prove less ex- pensive in the long run. In the case cited a thorough pumping test when the well was first installed would not only have saved trouble and the expense of unnecessary travel and analyses, but what is more important would have made available almost a year sooner a badly needed source of water. Owing to the unsatisfactory results achieved by the steam sterilization of demijohns used locally in connection with the sale of artesian water, new cleaning methods were devised by the Bureau of Science and successfully installed. These methods, which consist of thorough cleaning, sterilization with chloride FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 33 of lime, and rinsing, require a minimum amount of handling of the demijohns, are economical, and with adequate supervision, practically insure sterile containers. These methods are the most successful yet tried and are in use by several companies. Information concerning several other phases of water investi- gation is being accumulated. Work on the analysis of Manila rain water shows that in the vicinity of Manila approximately 165 kilograms of salt fall annually with the rain on each hectare of ground. Work on the standardization of methods of analysis and in modifying and improving the existing methods is continually in progress. Some data has been accumulated on the changes undergone by water samples bottled under various conditions. Many of the best known Philippine ‘mineral’ springs and baths have been examined for radioactivity. When completed, the results should materially contribute to our knowl- edge of Philippine water supplies and geology and should be of more than local interest. As the result of our examination, one company advertising its bottled water as “containing radium” has discontinued the offending advertising. With the codperation of the Bureau of Public Works a large test fence has been made, apparatus has been constructed and standardized, and iron plates for exposure tests have been pickled and are stored awaiting use. The methods of making paint films and of determining the drying power, tensile strength, elasticity, and porosity of films have been worked out. The work will proceed as soon as the paint materials are furnished by the Bureau of Public Works. Work on lumbang oil with respect to its use alone or in mix- tures with linseed oil for paint is in progress. The effect of various dryers has been also studied. The new lime kiln was completed during the year, and a begin- ning of the study of the manufacture of lime from Philippine limestone in this experimental kiln has been made. A large number of investigations on cement, clays, tie mate- rials, and concrete, including a study of failures of concrete construction throughout the Islands, the behavior of concrete made from certain aggregates obtained locally, and the effect of various electrolytes on cement, are underway. In the assist- ance to the local tanning, in the investigation of galvanized iron, etc., as much has been accomplished as the pressure of more urgent work would permit. Co6dperation with the section of botany is mentioned on page 24. There are many lines of 151467——3 34 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE work that should receive careful study, which it is impossible to undertake because of lack of personnel. Topics upon which articles have been published have not been incorporated in this discussion, but are included under the head- ing Philippine Journal of Science, Section A, on page 40. DIVISION OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Personnel.—Dr. H. C. Brill, who had been acting chief of the division of organic chemistry, was regularly appointed on Jan- uary 1, 1916. In addition the personnel consisted of Messrs. Albert H. Wells, Leavitt W. Thurlow, Harrison O. Parker, Fran- cisco Agcaoili, J. F. Armstrong, F. T. Rosado, and Hermenegildo Taguibao. Of these members Mr. Wells returned from leave in the United States on April 3, 1916; Mr. Thurlow spent the year at the Bureau of Science Sugar Laboratory in Iloilo except the periods from December 4, 1915, to January 8, 1916, and from August 17, 1916, to November 18, 1916, which were spent in Manila. Mr. Agcaoili was on leave from April 3, 1916, to June 10, 1916, and was absent because of illness from September 18, 1916, to October 12, 1916; Mr. Rosado was transferred from the Bureau of Public Works on September 2, 1916, and was detailed to Iloilo on December 16, 1916; Mr. Armstrong gave all his time to the work of the sugar laboratory at Iloilo; the other members of the staff have spent all their time in the laboratory in Manila. ROUTINE WORK Mr. Wells has been placed in direct charge of the routine work of the division and designated the representative of this institu- tion on the Board of Food and Drug Inspection. The routine work of the division has remained of the same character as heretofore as shown by the appended table of work accomplished. The number of samples examined was 1,763, which is slightly more than in previous years except last year, when the campaign carried out against the use of saccharine in bakery products resulted in an augmentation of the number of samples of this product examined. The extract of tiqui-tiqui for the Liga Nacional Filipina para la Proteccion de la Primera Infancia is still prepared by this division. Before the departure of Mr. R. R. Williams, who had personal charge of this work, considerable difficulty had been ex- perienced in the sterilization of the preparation. The problem FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 35 nas been solved by the use of fractional sterilization, and I am gratified to say that the officers of the Liga Nacional Filipina para la Proteccion de la Primera Infancia have commended the Bureau of Science as shown elsewhere. On account of the largely in- creased demand for this extract by the Liga, little has been furnished to outside agencies. Dr. N. M. Saleeby had been secur- ing regularly increasing quantities of the hydrolyzed extract, which he has used in his practice with gratifying result. Iloilo Sugar Laboratory.—The work of the branch of the divi- sion of organic chemistry maintained at Iloilo deserves special mention. Messrs. Thurlow and Armstrong have been able to do a great deal of work toward an extensive and intensive survey of the sugar industry in Panay and Negros. The response of the planters to the advice and counsel of these members of the Bureau staff has been gratifying. INVESTIGATION The routine work of the division has occupied a large part of the time of the members, but the investigation of some new problems has been completed, and several others are well under- way. ‘The titles of the finished articles are given under Philip- pine Journal of Science and other publications on page 40. Papers on the following subjects are in manuscript form: Pan- gium edule and Hydnocarpus alcalae; alcohol from discard molasses in the Philippine Islands; the fermentation of Philip- pine cacao; the infusorial earth extract of hydrolyzed tiqui-tiqui in the treatment of beriberi chickens; chaulmoogra oil used in the treatment of leprosy ; the vitamine content of some Philippine vegetables; the use of the Kjeldahl method in the determination of the nitrogen of cyclic compounds; destructive distillation of Philippine woods with temperature control; the aging of Philip- pine coco and nipa brandies in charred barrels; the medicinal plants of the Philippine Islands; several papers on various phases of the coconut and copra industry; etc. The work on the coco- nut industry will be continued. Investigation is in progress on the examination of various rices for vitamine content to deter- mine an equitable basis for classification of degree of polish- ing; gardenia flower for perfume; nutrition experiments; hydro- genation of Philippine oils; etc. Permission was given to Dr. H. C. Brill to contribute a paper to Tropical Life, at the request of the editor, on The Ferments of Some Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, and to Mr. L. W. Thurlow to publish a paper on The 36 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Sugar Industry in the Philippine Islands, in the Louisiana Planter. DIVISION OF MINES Personnel.—Mr. V. E. Lednicky was appointed chief of the division of mines effective July 1, 1916, to succeed Mr. Wallace E. Pratt, who had been on vacation since July 15, 1915, and who was granted retirement effective April 1, 1916, under the provi- sions of Act No. 2589. During the vacation of Mr. Pratt, Mr. Lednicky served as acting chief. Mr. John P. Goldsberry, petrol- ogist and geologist, reported for duty in Manila January 18, 1916, and since that date has handled the assaying and artesian well sample examinations. The division of mines has been very seriously handicapped by the smallness of the staff during the year, but an attempt has been made to handle as much as pos- sible of the routine work presented. We have not been able to do all of the field work requested. The interest shown in mining by the Government and others warrants a considerably increased geological personnel. Routine.-—About 300 mineral specimens were examined and 200 consultations were had with individuals seeking geological information. A total of 517 assays, 11 bullion smeltings, and 93 placer weighings have been performed. The new Heusser assay balance has given entire satisfaction and has increased the speed and accuracy of weighings. A few leaching and amal- gamation tests were made. One hundred ninety artesian well strata cuttings received during the year, together with the sam- ples left over from the former year, have been examined. The usual drafting necessary in the preparation of maps and draw- ings for publication in the Philippine Journal of Science and other Bureau of Science publications has been carried on. The large relief map of the Philippine Islands, which we made for the Bureau of Science exhibit in San Francisco, has been rebuilt and recolored, and the legend with regard to the key to geology and the principal mineral localities has been added to it. Field work.—Although the time available for field work was very limited, a comparatively large amount of it was done. Mr. Lednicky spent about half of his time on travel order. Prac- tically all of this was spent in examination work for which the Bureau of Science received expenses and pay. Information valuable to the Bureau of Science was gathered on all of these trips, and considerable help was given the mining industry. Dur- ing the year I issued the following travel orders for geological work: FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 37 Travel orders issued for geological work during the year 1916. Ne Name. Date of departure. Destination. | Purpose of trip. 541 | V.E.L., J. P. G_| Nov. 10, 1916-____- Mindanao_----__-- | Toexamine the Cansuran | Placer Co. property. | Eda ia Aa On eee ore Sept. 15, 1916_____- Aroroy, Masbate 3 To make a geological recon- | naissance of a mining pro- | position. 516 | V. E. L., J. P.G_| As soon as prac- | AlabatIslandand | To collect information for the ticable. PolilloIsland. | 1916 Mineral Resources and | | other geological informa- tion. BUSA VW. Tyee sek es On or about July | Gumaus Placer | To investigate data and condi- | 17, 1916. Co. | tions of the Gumaus Placer Co. BOD ai « dors: see duly, 19162225. Batangas_-____--.- | To determine whether or not | the Catholic cemetery is a public menace. ADT Me 2 23 0 [oe eee On or about June | Laguna Province_| Inspection of the geology in 27, 1916. cg the vicinity of spring in La- guna Province studied dur- ing the Bureau of Science water survey. | 491 |----- dose eS When convenient_| Bauyahan, Ba- | To ascertain if limestone is | tangas. available for rail shipment. AROS 25 (3 (0. eat eee June 6, 1916 ______ Baguioyes+--2-2== To do confidential examination work. 463 °|-2 = Ghee as eee As soon as the | Mancayancopper | Geologic work. work in Panga- region. | sinan is com- pleted (T. O. dated 3/6). AGO tetas dow. 22 ssteet Mar. 7, 1916 _______ Pangasinan cop- Do. per region. | CS 3 do 2223 es On or about Feb. | Zambales copper Do. | 29, 1916. region. 452i }E 2-3 does ee dan: 145191622252 — Mindorgie=s = To do private professional] | geologic work. { MODE arb Graeme eee alte Ts dom te. Sorsogon __------- To examine Bulusan Volcano. Mining legislation.—The interest in legislation concerning mining continues, and it is hoped that a rational mining law will be put in operation in the Philippine Islands by the present legislature. Publications.—It is our intention to issue the Mineral Re- sources of the Philippine Islands for a given year before March 1 of the year following. The issue for 1915 did not appear until late in the year due to numerous delays. The contents were as follows: 38 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Staff, Division of Mines, Bureau of Science. Philippine mining possibilities, by V. E. Lednicky. Statistics of mineral production in the Philippines in 1915, by V. E. Lednicky. Mining in the Philippine Islands, by V. E. Lednicky. Philippine gold dredging, by Frank B. Ingersoll. The iron industry in 1915, by V. E. Lednicky. The salt industry of the Philippine Islands, by T. Dar Juan. Philippine coals and their use, by F. R. Ycasiano. The Acupan Mining Company, by V. E. Lednicky. The papers that the scientists of this division have contri- buted to the Philippine Journal of Science are included in the list given on page 40. PHILIPPINE MUSEUM The portion of the museum exhibits sent to the Panama- Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco has been returned to Manila, and the whole exhibit has been segregated in the Sales Agency Building-on the Luneta extension near the Manila Hotel, which was assigned to the Bureau of Science for this purpose. The arrangement of the exhibit in its new loca- tion is nearly completed. LIBRARY There have been no changes in the personnel of the library except of the temporary apprentices. Routine.—Publications from all sources added since July 1, 1912, have been fully catalogued as received, and much progress has been made with the cataloguing of books received prior to that date. Practically all serial publications are now catalogued. The following table gives the record of technical work per- formed: | Titles. |Volumes.| Parts. Cards. Classification and cataloguing___________ ioe on A 499 6, 061 1, 781 2, 352 | | Reclassification and cataloguing _____.__-_.__________-__-_| 149 | 852 266 648 | | ee ee ee eee Total 0) 1145 (tls se ee 648| 6,918] 2,047] 3, 000 | Printed cards prepared ‘dnd: filed)=2.. {2123883 See ee ee eee ee 5, 220 Total number of cards filed in official catalogue____|__.- ---__-'_.-.___-_-|_-S_-.._- 8, 220 | An inventory has been completed showing a remarkably small number of losses. The unbound material which has never been accessioned was counted during the year, showing 946 incom- plete volumes, 3,024 complete volumes, 17,100 pamphlets, and 644 parts in the library. The accessions during the calendar year were 2,168 volumes, making a total number of 34,200 bound FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 39 volumes in the library on December 31. The usual number of exchanges and gifts have been received. Three thousand vol- umes for the Bureau of Science and 100 volumes for the Weather Bureau were prepared and sent for binding. No work has been done on cuts this year. One complete set of the Philippine Journal of Science was prepared, bound, and forwarded on loan to the New York branch office of the Philippine National Bank. Union catalogue.—This is the best reference tool in the Phil- ippine Islands, and it is our endeavor to keep it promptly up to date. The accumulation of Library of Congress proof slips on hand at the beginning of the year was filed, and the greater part of the proof received during the year was arranged in two alpha- bets and filed to ‘‘Braz.” Use.—The use has not varied materially from that of recent years, except that the number of scientific workers served by the library is even greater than formerly. The average daily cir- culation was over 46, and the average number of publications returned daily was 43. The question of “Reserved” books has been worked over during the year, and the resulting list of books reserved appears to be satisfactory. Iibrary training.—The work of the library science class of the College of Liberal Arts of the University of the Philippines was given by the librarian of the Bureau of Science in the Bureau of Science library from January 1 to the end of the college year and during the period from September to December. The class which entered in 1914 is now in the last semester of the third-year course; no other class has entered during that period. An examination to secure eligibles for a position of assistant librarian was given recently by the Bureau of Civil Service. The practical library questions were extremely non- technical, yet no one who had not worked in the training course passed. Of the 15 applicants, 6 passed, all of whom are at present members of the class or have had no less than two years of work in the course. Some work has been given to the fifth- year class of the College of Medicine and Surgery, with special emphasis on Government documents as sources of material in medical work, the supervision of manuscripts and bibliographies, etc. THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS During 1916 the Philippine Journal of Science was issued as usual in four sections, each of which contained six numbers. Each section is separately paged and indexed. The different sections contained the following: 40 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Section A.| Section B.| Section C. |Section i Pages. tke $50) 3 2 ee ee ee ree eee els 300 296 | 334 | 453 | The numbers of the Philippine Journal of Science for Volume XI, 1916, contain the following articles. Names of members of the Bureau of Science staff are marked by asterisks (*). SECTION A. CHEMICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND THE INDUSTRIES No. 1, January, 1916 *Heise, George W. Notes on the water supply of the city of Iloilo. *Brill, Harvey C., and *Agcaoili, Francisco. Philippine beeswax. *King, Albert E. W. The pozzuolanic properties of Meycauayan volcanic tuff. *Heise, George W., and *Aguilar, R. H. The oxygen-consuming power of natural waters. No. 2, March, 1916 *Williams, Robert R. The chemistry of the vitamines. *Brill, Harvey C. Diethylsuccinosuccinate: II. A study of the absorption spectra of some derivatives. Hydnocarpus venenata Gaertner: False chaulmoogra. The salicylic acid reaction of beans. No. 8, May, 1916 *Agcaoili, Francisco. Some vegetables grown in the Philippine Islands. *Brill, Harvey C. Ipel, a coffee substitute: Leucaena glauca (Linnzus) Bentham. *Heise, George W., and *Aguilar, R. H. The chemical purification of swim- ming pools. *Heise, George W. Note on the tidal variation of springs and deep wells in the Philippine Islands. *Thurlow, L. W. Manufacture of lime in the Philippine Islands. No. 4, July, 1916 *Heise, George W., and * Clemente, Amando. The stripping and the analysis of galvanized iron. *Witt, J.C. The testing of galvanized iron. Comments on the analysis of Babbitt metal. *Argiielles, Angel S. Galvanized-iron roofing in the Philippines. *Heise, George W., and *Clemente, Amando. The detinning and analysis of tin plate. No. 5, September, 1916 *Witt, J. C. Philippine paving-brick materials: A preliminary report. *Pratt, Wallace E. Philippine lakes. *Lednicky, V. E. The Palidan-slide mine. *Goldsberry, J. P. Eruption of Bulusan Volcano. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT Al No. 6, November, 1916 *Brill, Harvey C. Datura alba. *Gana, Vicente Q. Some Philippine tanbarks. *Wells, Albert H. Possibilities of gulaman dagat as a substitute for gelatin in food. *Witt, J. C. The effect of sulphide on cement. *Behrman, A. S. Note on the Blacher method for the determination of hardness in water. Reviews. SECTION B. TROPICAL MEDICINE No. 1, January, 1916 *Ruediger, E. H. Preservation of human serum for Wassermann reaction. Mendoza-Guazon, Maria Paz. A case of infestation with Dipylidium ca- ninum. *Ruediger, E. H. Haemolysis by human serum. De la Paz, Daniel, and Garcia, Faustino. An experimental study on the use of apomorphine to remove foreign bodies from the respiratory passages. No. 2, March, 1916 *Gabel, Charles E. Bacteriological examination of swimming pools in Manila. *Ruediger, E. H. Wassermann reaction with glycerinated human serum. Reviews. No. 3, May, 1916 Ruth, Edward S. On the development of twins and other polyembryos with special reference to four sets of duck twins. Gibson, R. B., and Concepcion, Isabelo. The influence of fresh and auto- claved cows’ milk on the development of neuritis in animals. Concepcion, Isabelo, and Bulatao, Emilio. Blood-pressure picture of the Filipinos. No. 4, July, 1916 *Schobl, Otto. The relation between the amount of cholera culture injected into the gall bladder and the state of cholera carriers in experimental animals. The influence of bile upon the duration of the state of cholera carriers in experimental animals. *Wade, H. Windsor. Carbohydrate fermentation by Bacillus pestis, com- paring certain American and oriental strains, with analysis of discre- pancies of fermentations with Hiss’s serum water, litmus agar, and bouillon. Reviews. No. 5, September, 1916 Garcia, Arturo. Congenital bilateral absence of kidneys in a 140-milli- meter pig embryo. Guerrero, Luis E.; de la Paz, D.; and Guerrero, Alfredo L. Poisoning by Illicium religiosum Siebold. Boynton, W. H. Rinderpest in swine. Reviews. 42 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE No. 6, November, 1916 *Wade, H. Windsor. Cultivation of a pathogenic fungus which exhibits botryoid and leucocytelike parasitic forms. Boynton, W. H., and Wharton, L. D. A fatal parasitic infestation. SECTION C. BOTANY No. 1, January, 1916 *Merrill, E. D. New plants from Sorsogon Province, Luzon. De Candolle, C. A new species of Hydnocarpus. Copeland, E. B. Miscellaneous new ferns. Copeland, E. B. The genus Loxogramme. No. 2, March, 1916 *Merrill, E. D. Notes on the flora of Borneo. No. 3, May, 1916 Van Alderwerelt Van Rosenburgh, C. R. W. K. The Amboina Pterido- phyta collected by C. B. Robinson. *Merrill E. D. New or interesting Philippine Vitaceae. No. 4, July, 1916 Copeland, Edwin Bingham. Natural selection and the dispersal of species. Hawaiian ferns collected by J. F. Rock. *Merrill, E. D. New plants from Samar. No. 5, September, 1916 De Candolle, C. Piperaceae Philippinenses novae vel nuper repertae. Copeland, E. B. Growth phenomena of Dioscorea. *Merrill, E. D. Reliquiae Robinsonianae. No. 6, November, 1916 *Merrill, E. D. Reliquiae Robinsonianae (concluded). SECTION D. GENERAL BIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY, AND ANTHROPOLOGY No. 1, January, 1916 Schultze, W. A catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera. No. 2, March, 1916 - Schultze, W. A catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera (concluded). No. 3, May, 1916 Banks, Nathan. Neuropteroid insects of the Philippine Islands. (Caddice flies, bark lice, mayflies, and related orders.) Fleutiaux, Ed. Elateride des iles Philippines, II. (New species of Phil- ippine click beetles.) *Seale, Alvin. Sea products of Mindanao and Sulu, I: Food fishes and sharks. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 43 No. 4, July, 1916 *Seale, Alvin. Sea products of Mindanao and Sulu, II: Pearls, pearl shells, and button shells. Bunker, Paul D. Nesting of the Philippine glossy starling. *McGregor, Richard C. New or noteworthy Philippine birds, I. Kieffer, J. J. Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der philippinischen Cynipiden. Beschreibung einer neuen Mymaride aus den Philippinen. Schultze, W. II. Beitrag zur coleopteren Fauna der Philippinen. No. 5, September, 1916 Cockerell, T. D. A. The ceratinid bees of the Philippine Islands. Muir, Frederick. A new Formosan Purohita (Delphacidae). Grouvelle, A. Nitidulide (Coléoptéres) des iles Philippines récoltés par C. F. Baker, II. Kieffer, J. J. Evaniiden (Hymenoptera) der Philippinen. Schultze, W. III. Beitrag zur coleopteren Fauna der Philippinen. No. 6, November, 1916 Oshima, Masamitsu. A collection of termites from the Philippine Islands. (New species of white ants.) Muir, Frederick. Additions to the known Philippine Delphacide (He- miptera). Fleutiaux, Ed. Melaside (Coléoptéres des iles Philippines récoltés par C. F. Baker. (New species of beetles.) Kieffer, J. J. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattung Loboscelidia Westwood (Hymenoptera). (New species of wasps.) Kieffer, J. J. Neue Stephanide (Hymenoptera) der Philippinen. (New species of Philippine wasps.) The Mineral Resources of the Philippine Islands for 1915 was issued during the year, as were also publication No. 10, Studies in Philippine Diptera, II, by M. Bezzi, and press bulletin 50, the manufacture of 96-degree sugar by the use of open kettles (cauas) and the vacuum pan. A translation of the latter into the Spanish, entitled Fabricacién del azicar de cafia, was also printed, and a Bontoc grammar by Father Vanoverbergh is in galley proof. The press bulletins issued during the year are as follows: Press Bulletin No. 48. Importance of soil surveys and Bureau of Science methods of taking samples. (March 23, 1916.) Press Bulletin No. 49. The Bureau of Science indicates the value of in- dustrial alcohol as motor fuel. (April 28, 1916.) Press Bulletin No. 50. The manufacture of 96-degree sugar by the use of open kettles (cauas) and the vacuum pan. (August, 1916. Issued in English and Spanish.) Press Bulletin No. 51. The melting and reboiling of muscavado sugar. (June 27, 1916. Issued in English and Spanish.) 44 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE Press Bulletin No. 52. Philippine natural dyestuff materials. (June 16, 1916.) Press Bulletin No. 58. Philippine bamboo, fibers, and grasses as materials for paper and paper pulp. (August 30, 1916.) Press Bulletin No. 54. Some industrial possibilities in the Philippine Is- lands. Prepared on July 17, 1916, as a memorandum for the Hon. Rafael Palma by the Director of the Bureau of Science. (August, 1916. Issued in English and Spanish.) Press Bulletin No. 55. Planting and care of mulberry trees. (September 11, 1916. Issued in English and Spanish.) Press Bulletin No. 56. The detection of “carriers” and cholera control, (September, 1916. Issued in English and Spanish.) Press Bulletin No. 57. Sugar planters suffering from economic waste. (October 9, 1916. Issued in English and Spanish.) Press Bulletin No. 58. Suggestions to authors: The preparation of manu- script and proof reading for the Philippine Journal of Science and other Bureau of Science publications. (October, 1916.) Press Bulletin No. 59. Hacenderos show their interest in the erection of modern sugar centrals. (November 10, 1916.) Press Bulletin No. 60. Water analysis in the Philippines. (November, 1916.) Letter from Francisco Abelardo addressed to the Director of the Bureau of Science, dated September 2, 1916. (Issued with Bulletin 56.) Memorandum for the scientific staff of the Bureau of Science, by the Director of the Bureau of Science, dated November 1, 1916. The ten-year index, begun last year, is now in galley proof. Owing to more urgent work in other lines, work on the index progressed slowly. The blanks and labels required by the various divisions have been printed. The mailing list of the Philippine Journal of Science for the past two years has been as follows: 1915 1916 | Paid subscriptions!=--2-6 ok. en eee rtp |e ee Re ee | 320 328 | Exchanges iis:- 3422222). Sons ee ee a ee oe os 470 477 Reviews 22 ober) Ned ek oe Si ee A ge ae See 66 61 | Breer soe se ea a eee = se | 49 48 Total mailing list. —-———--------------- nen 905 914 On account of the increased price of paper, etc., a few ex- changes and reviews have been discontinued. Some difficulty has been experienced in perfecting and sending exchanges. Before the advent of the present European war there was a close scientific affiliation between nations, practically a world science. This could be hardly expected to persist to the same FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 45 extent during the continuance of hostilities. However, even since the war began, individuals have done work for the Bureau of Science when they were on furlough from the firing line. The Bureau of Science has been particularly fortunate in being able to derive much aid from the world science program, and any interruption of it affects this institution, for less general work applicable to the Philippine Islands is carried on. It is gratify- ing that during these disturbed times the Philippine Journal of Science has been so fortunate as to have a slight increase in its paid subscription list. POWER PLANT There has been no change in the personnel or in the func- tions of the central power plant for the Philippine General Hospi- tal, the Bureau of Science, and the College of Medicine and Surgery. Costs.—The electric current generated and delivered at the switchboard is 240,701 kilowatt hours, at an average cost per kilowatt hour of 0.077, which is considerably less than for last year. This is due to the fact that the producer-gas plant and gas engine were operated almost continuously during the greater part of the year. During the last month the gas engine was operated for one week only, on account of the lack of suitable coal. Had it not been for this, the average cost per kilowatt hour would have been still lower. The total amount of steam gen- erated in the boilers is 6,934,840 kilograms, at an average cost of 0.00303 per kilogram. Mansfield gas-generating plant.—The total gas generated was nearly 750,000 cubic feet (21,098 cubic meters). Shop.—The number of shop requests is shown by the fol- lowing table: PUPCAUM OLAS CIONCE!s. 2.2. St oe Pee: Pa ah ts ary ee ee 313 AN SOtneheSOUnCeS:..29..c. 4. eee ee Se ey eee See Ps 22 OG eee enter tae it ARs Bek eA US ok RB te nn ee eM eto. 335 These requests do not include the setting up of new apparatus, the transfer of installations, or the overhauling and repairing of engines, boilers, automobiles, motorcycles, ete. CLERICAL DIVISION Mr. A. E. Southard, chief clerk and business manager of the Philippine Journal of Science, was absent on leave in the United AG THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE States from February 16 to June 5. He was detailed to the Executive Bureau from June 16 to September 23 and was retired from the Philippine service on September 24. The duties of Mr. Southard during his absence were performed by the property officer, cashier, and disbursing officer. In order to do this a readjustment of the whole clerical division was necessary. The supervision of the aquarium, except the scientific collections, has continued under the office of the chief clerk. Mr. L. G. Thomas, stenographer and employee in charge of the filing sec- tion, resigned effective October 7 to accept a position in a local business house. Mrs. A. M. Seeley is handling the dictation that formerly was attended to by Mr. Thomas. There have been a number of changes and reassignments in the clerical personnel in an effort to acquire the greatest possible efficiency in work that is quite varied and has technical features. The retirement of Mr. Southard has made necessary the temporary assignment of Mr. F. R. Ycasiano, mechanical and testing engineer of this. Bureau, to the position of acting chief clerk. I hope to make his assignment as short as possible, for there are other duties for which his services are very much needed. The office of the Insular Auditor has made a great many changes in the accounting system during the past year. The present system seems to be a vast improvement over the old one and is being intelligently handled by the accounting office, but it appears to require more time of our employees than the former system. Mr. Martinez has had greater responsibility with prop- erty work, which he has handled satisfactorily. An additional property officer is very much needed in order that Mr. Martinez may have more available time for property inspection and care. The filing of back correspondence is progressing slowly and as weil as could be expected. The current correspondence is filed in good shape. The Bureau of Science has practically completed raising the low levels of its grounds by excavating the good earth and filling below with ashes from the power plant. My plan in this regard has saved the Government about 10,000 in filling charges, be- sides providing a place for depositing rubbish that otherwise would have had to be carted away. The breeding of guinea pigs and rabbits has not been so suc- cessful as in former years, and it is now very difficult to secure an adequate local supply of rabbits. Arrangements are being made to import them from Japan at a reasonable price. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT AZT PHOTOGRAPHY The record of the photographic work is as follows: ING@fatives malkKen OF Gevelope c:---..-beesecctlsiccncnonsceecesusereucee 561 UUpeeh teh a FSV CS) see 282 Mei oati ah ge Vaya] ONY Sif ge Latch: okS elt oie PA EY Oe a eae 4,629 fA aru oh eae ied oA CD) ele Yea es en 582 Ves eVb ates Wo May ge Mog (oyh ye Sse oS aN noe eg 395 Ura SW gePey ea ey gy ASME oD 2 Se AS ea 6 Mransparencies, 6 Dy 10 ances. eon oo ane ence eensee senses 9 lms Gevela ped smc ee ae es dee ot a rolls... 14 Films taken and developed..................----00.::---0s-0-0- feet... 10,000 AQUARIUM The aquarium of the Bureau of Science continues to be very much appreciated. It has been partially discussed under the heading Section of Fisheries. The aquarium is self- supporting, that is, enough admissions were paid during the year to reimburse the Government for its up-keep. In addition to these, there were 9,257 free admissions to students and teach- ers of the public schools. There is no question about the educa- tive value of the aquarium, and besides, it affords pleasure and pastime to great numbers. GARDEN DAY The Bureau of Science has prepared for display on City of Manila Schools Garden Day, January 27, 1917, at the Tondo Intermediate School, films of industrial, commercial, and scenic subjects in the Philippine Islands. Three free tickets to the aquarium for use on Garden Day will be given to each student who has successfully cultivated a garden during the year. PHILIPPINE CARNIVAL AND CENTRAL LUZON AGRICULTURAL FAIR An industrial exhibit is being prepared by the Bureau of Science for display at the Philippine Carnival, February 3-11, 1917, and for the Central Luzon Agricultural Fair to be held in Munoz, March 12-18, 1917. The films prepared for Garden Day will be also shown in Munoz. EXHIBIT AT THE NEW YORK OFFICE OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK The exhibit prepared consists primarily of photographs and the following Philippine Bureau of Science charts dealing with industrial possibilities in the Archipelago: PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 1 SUGARS [See prints in photograph stand.] Cane sugar.—Cane sugar is one of the most important products of the Philippine Islands. In 1916 the exportation of sugar from the Archipelago 4S THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE was about 340,000,000 kilograms, valued at $18,582,000 (#37,164,000). Ne- gros and Panay have an annual production of about 250,000,000 kilograms, worth about $12,500,000 (25,000,000). Sugar cane is also grown on Mindoro and Luzon. The annual production is about 70,000,000 kilograms, valued at $5,000,000 (#10,000,000). From 20 to 35 per cent of the sucrose is lost in many mills through poor milling and improper methods of han- dling cane and juice. Opportunity for investment in modern central mills is afforded. Nipa palm sugar.—The nipa palm, which grows in immense areas on tide lands in various parts of the Philippine Islands, is the source of about 10,000,000 proof: gallons of alcohol per annum. It has been shown that nipa sap has a composition similar to that of the juice of the sugar cane and that it can be more profitably used for the production of sugar than for alcohol. There are large areas of nipa swamp that have never been developed. Buri palm sugar.—Excellent sugar is made from the sap of the buri palm, but the product is absorbed by the local market. REFERENCES The sugar industry of the Island of Negros, Bureau of Science Publica- tion No. 3. Extraction test of a modern sugar central, Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. A (1912), vol. 7, No. 5, 357-869. Sugar-cane experiments, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1918), vol. 8, No. 8, 159-164. Harvesting unripe sugar cane, Philippine Agricultural Review (1913), vol. 6, No. 7, 340-344. Sugar production in the Philippines, Merchants’ Association Review, Manila (1911), vol. 1, No. 7, 2-7. Fabricacion del azucar de cana, Bureau of Science pamphlet. Financial loss occasioned by harvesting unripe sugar cane, Bureau of Science press bulletin 15. The manufacture of 96-degree sugar, Bureau of Science press bulletin 50. The melting and reboiling of muscavado sugar, Bureau of Science press bulletin 51. The nipa palm as a commercial source of sugar; consideration of the principal difficulties encountered in collecting and preserving nipa palm sap, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1913), vol. 8, No. 6, 377-398. The manufacture of sugar from the sap of the buri palm, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1911), vol. 6, No. 8, 186-189. PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 2 PHILIPPINE ALCOHOL AND BEVERAGES [See prints in photograph stand.] Alcohol.—Almost the entire insular production of alcohol—about 10,000,000 proof gallons per annum—is made from the sap of the nipa palm. This palm grows wild in tide-water swamps. There are large areas of nipa swamp land that have not been developed. The discard molasses from the cane-sugar mills annually amounts to about 7,000,000 gallons. This, if converted into alcohol, would produce 5,090,000 proof gallons. Palm brandy—Distilled spirits from the fermented sap of nipa and of coconut palms, stored for five years in charred casks, are named “Philip- pine coco palm brandy” and “Philippine nipa palm brandy.” Analyses by the Bureau of Science show that these products conform to the require- ments of good brandy. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 49 REFERENCES The alcohol industry of the Philippine Islands; a study of some palms of commercial importance with special reference to the saps and their uses, Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. A (1911), vol. 6, No. 2, 110-145. The nipa palm as a commercial source of sugar; a consideration of the principal difficulties encountered in collecting and preserving nipa palm sap, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1913), vol. 8, No. 6, 377-398. The alcohol industry of the Philippine Islands, Merchants’ Association Review, Manila (1911), vol. 1, No. 6, 10-12. Value of industrial alcohol as motor fuel, Bureau of Science press bulletin 49. The alcohol industry of the Philipine Islands: Distilled liquors; their consumption and manufacture, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1912), vol. 7, No. 1, 19-46. Philippine palm brandies (article in preparation). PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 3 COCONUTS [See prints in photograph stand.] More copra is exported from the Philippine Islands than from any other country. Copra and coconut oil to the value of $13,900,000 (#27,800,00) were exported in 1915. The Bureau of Science has shown that the use of the fumes from burning sulphur in the drying process will greatly improve the product. This process has several advantages over the usual methods of drying, namely: The sulphur fumes prevent the growth of molds during the drying process and make an exceptionally white and uniform product. There is no loss of oil during the process. A greater weight of copra is obtained from a given number of nuts, for no oil is destroyed by growing organisms. The keeping quality of the copra is improved. The oil is practically colorless, is free from rancidity, and is pro- nounced equal to, or even better than, the best Cochin oil. REFERENCES On the water relations of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)—On the oil produced from the nuts—The factors entering into the rancidity of the oil—The insects attacking the trees, Philippine Journal of Science (1906), vol. 1, No. 1, 3-57. The coconut and its relation to the production of coconut oil, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1906), vol. 1, No. 1, 58-82. The keeping qualities of coconut oil and the causes of its rancidity, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1906), vol. 1, No. 2, 117-142. The principal insects attacking the coconut palm, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1906), vol. 1, No. 2, 1438-168; No. 3, 211-228. Purification of coconut oil, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1908), vol. 3, No. 1, 45-57. Notes on the sprouting coconut, on copra, and on coconut oil, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1908), vol. 3, No. 3, 111-135. On the detection and determination of coconut oil, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1908), vol. 8, No. 5, 371-375. Copra spoilage on a large scale, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1913), vol. 8, No. 6, 439-441. The coconut and its products in Ceylon, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1914), vol. 9, No. 2, 177-199. The Philippine Review (Re- ‘vista Filipina) (1916), vol. 1, No. 1, 40. Copra loss in drying, Bureau of Science press bulletin 46. 151467——4 > 50 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 4 RESINS, TERPENES, PERFUMES, EDIBLE NUTS, AND VEGETABLE OILS OTHER THAN COCONUT OIL [See prints in photograph stand.] Resins and terpenes.—Elemi, balao, apitong, almaciga, and copal find application in the varnish industry and in the making of resin soaps. Perfumes.—The essential oils of ylang-ylang, champaca, vetiver, lemon grass, orange, cinnamon, and ginger are used in the perfume industry, and several of them are used in the manufacture of nonalcoholic beverages and fruit flavors. Edible nuts——The pili nut is very rich in oil. It is very delicious and has a flavor similar to that of the Brazil nut. Vegetable oils other than coconut oil—Important vegetable oils, besides coconut oil, are produced in the Philippine Islands from the physic nut, peanut, and pili nut and from the seeds of lumbang, kapok, cato, cashew, castor bean, and cotton. Lumbang oil has good drying qualities and is used in the varnish and the linoleum trades. Other oils now little known may prove to be of commercial value. REFERENCES The terpene oils of Manila elemi, Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. A (1907), vol. 2, No. 1, 1-40. Philippine terpenes and essential oils, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1908), vol. 8, No. 2, 49-64, 65-86; (1909), vol. 4, No. 2, 93-182; (1910), vol. 5, No. 4, 257-265. New Philippine essential oils, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1911), vol. 6, No. 4, 333-353. The fluctuation in the value of ylang-ylang oil and some of its causes, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1911), vol. 6, No. 4, 355-358. Methods of rectifying ylang-ylang oil, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1915), vol. 10, No. 2, 99-103. Commercial utilization of some Philippine oil-bearing seeds, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1907), vol. 2, No. 6, 489-449. Philippine oil-bearing seeds and their properties, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1915), vol. 10, No. 2, 105-121. PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 5 COMMERCIAL PLANT PRODUCTS [See prints in photograph stand.] Coffee.—Coffee grows well in several parts of the Philippine Islands, and beans of excellent quality are produced, especially in the highlands of Luzon. Scientific cultivation is probably necessary to increase the output. Cacao.—First-class cacao is grown to a limited extent in many local- ities, and the production could be readily increased to export proportions. Papain.—Papaya gum of as great activity as the best on the market can be and has been produced in the Philippines. Strychnine.—Strychnine can be extracted from the seeds of Strychnos ignatii, a plant indigenous to the Philippines. Datura alba.—The leaves and the seeds of Datura alba, which grows wild in the Philippines, are valuable as an asthma remedy and for other medic-° inal purposes. Starch.—Several species of Philippine plants yield a high percentage of starch. The most promising of these are cassava, or camoteng cahoy FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 51 (Manihot utillissima Poir.), and tapioca. Among other possible sources are arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea Linn.); sincamas (Pachyrhizus erosus Urban); Polynesian arrowroot (Tacca pinnatifida Forst.); yams (Diosco- rea); seeds of Cycas circinalis Linn.; and the sugar palm (Arenga saccha- rifera Labill.). Dye materials——Natural vegetable dyes are used locally. The present production is of slight importance. REFERENCES The enzymes of cacao, Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. A (1915), vol. 10, No. 2, 123-133. Papain; its commercial preparation and digestive properties, Phil. Journ. Sei., Sec. A (1915), vol. 10, No. 1, 1-385. Starch production in the Philippine Islands, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1908), vol. 8, No. 2, 93-97. The alcohol industry of the Philippine Islands, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1911), vol. 6, No. 3, 147-206. The physiologically active constituents of certain Philippine medicinal plants, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1906), vol. 1, No. 10, 1007-1036. The natural dyes and coloring matters of the Philippines, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1910), vol. 5, No. 6, 489-452. Philippine natural dyestuff materials, Bureau of Science press bulletin 52, June, 1916. PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 6 TANNING AND PAPER-PULP MATERIALS [See prints in photograph stand.] Tan bark.—The area of the mangrove swamps of the Philippine Islands is estimated to be 207,000 hectares (511,500 acres). The bark from the mangrove yields an excellent tanning material. Cutch, the evaporated water-extract of tan bark, is imported into the United States in large quan- tities. Bark from the better species of Philippine mangrove trees contains 30 per cent of tannin. A net profit of from $25 (#50) to $30 (#60) per ton can probably be made on tanning material derived from the mangrove swamps in the Philippine Islands. Firewood and the products of wood distillation could be made in connection with the cutch industry. The bark of Benguet pine and of palo maria can also be utilized as tanning materials. Forest regulations prevent the cutting of palo maria exclusively for its bark. Paper pulp.—One of the bamboos, known as cafia bojo, has been shown to be especially suitable for the making of paper pulp; it grows in sufficiently large and pure stands to make possible the commercial production of paper pulp. Abaca waste, cogon, talahib, rice straw, etc., are other materials from which the Bureau of Science has made strong paper pulp and which it should be possible to utilize commercially for the same purpose. REFERENCES The economic possibilities of the mangrove swamps of the Philippines, Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. A (1909), vol. 4, No. 8, 205-210. Phil- ippine firewood, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1911), vol. 6, No. 1, 1-22. The economic possibilities of the mangrove swamps of the Philippines, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1911), vol. 6, No. 1, 45-61. The leather industry of the Philippine Islands, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1915), vol. 10, No 6, 52 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE 349-374. Some Philippine tan barks (article in manuscript intended for publication in the Philippine Journal of Science). Philippine fibers and fibrous substances; their suitability for paper making, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1906), vol. 1, No. 5, 483-463; No. 10, 1075-1085; Sec. A (1907), vol. 2, No. 2, 81-118; (1910), vol. 5, No. 4, 2833-255. Bamboo for paper pulp in Bataan Province, Luzon, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1912), vol. 7, No. 2, 121-128. Philippine bamboo, fibers, and grass as materials for paper and paper pulp, Bureau of Science press bulletin 53. PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 7 PORTLAND CEMENT, LIME, AND LIME PRODUCTS [See prints in photograph stand.] Portland cement.—Imports of Portland cement during recent years have had an average annual market value of about $750,000 (#1,500,00). The local consumption is certain to increase as the country progresses in finan- cial and industrial importance. The Rizal Cement Company has a small plant at Binangonan. The Bureau of Science has made excellent Portland cement from several local raw materials. In Cebu desirable materials occur adjacent to undeveloped coal fields, the fuel from which is suitable for burning cement. Lime.—Excellent coralline and crystalline limestone suitable for the manufacture of lime occur throughout the Archipelago, and experiments of the Bureau of Science show that superior lime may be produced from any of these. The lime heretofore produced is of inferior quality, and much of that used for sugar manufacture and for other chemical purposes has been imported. The increased production of sugar by modern methods has so augmented the demand for lime that there is now a need for the output of large kilns. The crude lime of local manufacture sells for as much as $15 (#380) per ton. This price is sufficient to ensure a handsome profit for good lime. Hydrated lime should find extensive use for road-building and for waterproofing concrete. Lime products—In connection with a lime kiln the operation of a bleaching-powder plant and a sand-lime brick plant appear attractive. The value of bleaching powder consumed in Manila alone amounts to $12,500 (#25,000) per annum. Conditions are favorable in the Philippines for the commercial manufacture of bricks, building blocks, tiles, slabs, and or- namental stones from sand and lime. The cost of manufacture is sufficiently low to enable them to compete with the other building materials. REFERENCES Voleanic tuff as a cement material, Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. A (1908), vol. 8, No. 5, 391-497. Philippine raw cement materials, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1909), vol. 4, No. 8, 211-229. The efficiency of Port- land cement raw materials from Naga, Cebu, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1914), vol. 9, No. 2, 127-149. Geological and field relations of Portland cement raw materials at Naga, Cebu, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1914), vol. 9, No. 2, 151-161. The nonmetallic minerals, Mineral Resources P. I. for 1907-1912 (1908- 1913). The manufacture of lime in the Philippine Islands, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1916), vol. 11, No. 3, 129-138. Sand-lime brick and artificial sandstone in the Philippines, Phil. Journ. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 58 Sci., Sec. A (1912), vol. 7, No. 5, 317-356. Mineral Resources P. I. for 1912 (1918), 58-71. PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 8 PETROLEUM, GAS, COAL, AND ASPHALT [See prints in photograph stand.] Petroleum.—The petroleum beds of Bondoc Peninsula, Tayabas Province, Luzon, have been studied by the Bureau of Science and are believed to be worthy of exploration by drilling. Petroleum is known also in Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, and Leyte Provinces and in Mindanao Island. The oil of Bondoc Peninsula has a paraffin base and is practically free from sulphur. Gas.—Natural gas occurs with the petroleum and has been encountered also in artesian wells in Albay, Pampanga, and other provinces. Coal.—Nearly $1,500,000 (#3,000,000) worth of coal was imported into the Philippine Islands in 1916. Almost every island in the Philippine Archi- pelago and a majority of the provinces are known to contain coal or lignite. The Bureau of Science has accumulated data concerning the quantity and the quality of the coal in the different fields. Estimates indicate 3,500,000 tons of black lignite and 1,000,000 tons of sub-bituminous coal, while the probable tonnage is: Black lignite, 26,500,000; sub-bituminous, 31,500,000; bituminous or semi-anthracite, 3,500,000. The largest annual (1909) production to date is 30,336 metric tons, valued at $98,592 ($197,184). Coking-coal occurs in Cebu Province, but the seams have not yet been proved economically important. With Philippine coal the Bureau of Science has been able to produce electric power by means of its 67-horsepower Otto suction producer- gas plant at $0.0165 (#0.033) per net kilowatt hour. Asphalt.—Commercial quantities of asphaltic materials exist in Leyte, and some exploratory work has been done on the deposits. There is a great abundance of low-grade material from which high-grade asphalt could be extracted. Various outcrops and seepages of hydrocarbons, ranging from petroleum itself through viscous liquids and semisolids to hard coallike bitumens, are known, and a proper combination of the different materials could no doubt be made to fulfil almost any road conditions. REFERENCES The geology and petroleum resources of the southern part of Bondoc Peninsula, Tayabas Province, Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. A (1913), vol. 8, No. 5, 301-376. Petroleum on Bondoc Peninsula, Tayabas, Mineral Resources P. I. for 1912 (1913), 49-57. Petroleum and residual bitumens in Leyte, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1915), vol. 10, No. 4, 241-279. Petro- leum in Cebu, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1915), vol. 10, No. 4, 281-287. Petroleum on Bondoc Peninsula, Tayabas Province, Bureau of Science press bulletins 17 and 19. Philippine coals and their gas-producing power, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1906), vol. 1, No. 8, 877-902. The proximate analysis of Philippine coals, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1907), vol. 2, No. 1, 41-65. The geology of the Com- postela-Danao coal field, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1907), vol. 2, No. 6, 377-405. The relationship between the external appearance and the ash content of Philippine coal, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1908), vol. 8, No. 2, 91-93. Coal in the Cagayan Valley, Phil. Journ. Sci., See. A (1908), vol. 3, No. 6, 535-537. Philippine coals as fuel, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1908), vol. 3, No. 5, 301-855. Calorimetry and the determination of the calorific 54 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE value of Philippine and other coals from the results of proximate analysis, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1909), vol. 4, No. 3, 171-203. Chemical and physical characteristics of Philippine coal, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1912), vol. 7, No. 1, 1-17. The oxidation and deterioration of coal, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1912), vol. 7, No. 5, 297-815. Summary of the chief characteristics of Philippine coals, Mineral Re- sources P. I. for 1907 (1908), 34-39. Philippine coal, Mineral Resources P. L. for 1909 (1910), 36-40. Coal in the Cagayan Valley, Mineral Re- sources P. I. for 1909 (1910), 41-42. The coal resources of the Philippine Islands, Mineral Resources P. I. for 1910 (1911), 37-56. Coal resources of the Philippines, Mineral Resources P. I. for 1911 (1912), 52-62. The persistence of Philippine coal beds, Phil. Journ. Sci., Sec. A (1915), vol. 10, No. 5, 289-301. The coal deposits of Batan Island, Bull. P. I. Min. Bur. (1905), No. 5, 1-56. Asphalt in Leyte, Bureau of Science press bulletins 42 and 44. PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE CHART 9 GOLD, SILVER, LEAD, COPPER, AND iRON [See prints in photograph stand.] Gold.—The production of gold is steadily increasing. The output in 1916 was worth over $1,650,000 (#8,300,000). Silver and lead.—Silver is found alloyed with gold in practically all of the gold deposits in the ratio of 1 part silver to 4 parts gold. Native silver has been reported. Silver is found associated with galena in Bulacan, Paracale, Marinduque, and Mindanao. A newly discovered 2-meter vein of comparatively pure galena has been recently opened in Marinduque and is said to be extensive. Copper.—Copper deposits are known to exist in several provinces. The deposits at Mancayan, Mountain Province, Luzon, have been worked for years, and large amounts of high-grade ore have been taken out. According to reports of various examining engineers there are 500,000 tons of available ore, averaging 2.5 per cent. Other copper deposits have been found in Benguet, Pangasinan, Batangas, Mindoro, Masbate, Panay, and Mindanao. The deposit in Pangasinan is being explored at the present time. Iron.—There are valuable deposits of iron ore in the Philippines, some of them exceedingly well located for an economic handling of the ore. A lack of proper smelting facilities has prevented their exploitation on a large scale, but many small iron castings are produced each year in native furnaces. A deposit high-grade hematite ore is available in Ambos Camarines and in Bulacan. An unworked laterite iron-ore deposit in Surigao, Mindanao, has been examined by Bureau of Science engineers, who estimate it to contain over 500,000,000 metric tons of available ore averaging from 45 to 50 per cent iron. The deposit is located near a good harbor, and the ore could be loaded with steam shovels at a low cost. Other valuable deposits occur, but no detailed examination of them have been made. REFERENCES The Philippine Journal of Science, Section A; the Mineral Resources of the Philippine Islands; and press bulletins of the Bureau of Science give the information with regard to the metallic mineral resources of the Phil- ippine Islands. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 55 Geology of Bulacan; iron deposits, Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. A (1914), vol. 9, No. 3, 201-262. The Bulacan iron deposits, Mineral’ Re- sources P. I. for 1909 (1910), 32-83; for 1910 (1911), 57-60; for 1911 (1912), 39-41. | Sprtomese. 25-5 Peet aye Veeck Sena eee So ee ee ee a ee Wardal testes: co oot 8. | ete Se oN oe fel has ere soe | eae Mase pa | oe Tee Wassermann test__----__- 93 DS28)| 2 52-2 oe | ee eee Necropsies =~ 22 -22--2=- LBs] cee ee ee Se ee aed em meer aime em Nene seed Se Histological exami- | | | MAbiONs = 522 228s a > By Pee eee SS | eee ee to ee / Waters, biological’== 225 7|->--- 2 Q! | po nse coos) ee es ee a eee Miscellaneous biological | | } work and examinations_ 5 Oa cece sn ae re | ae ee j= Renee | Photographic work____-_-_- pile Acad 7 eee LE O85] 2 Sse es 119.53 | opal! | gets hs 27, 052 118°6793|2 es ee O81) ses 119. 53 Bureau of Public Works: enone: 5 lace fant 4 Metals and alloys._._.-__- ry es ca Beata 99.00: haces ora | Crude chemical and mis- | | | cellaneous analyses --__ 6 | 191 Sas 38522 19 sao 57. 00 Standard solutions (in Lin, seam eae a Sea eg | (fh Pa eae 4 Dy See aeons 20. 87 Cements._.__...-.-.------ 2,014! 1, 692 2,014 1,692! 3,257.10 2,936.60 | FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 71 TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of, etc.—Continued. | idl or units, | Cash work. Samples Customer. . Samples or units. | Pesos. j 1915 | 1916 | 1915 1916 1915 1916 | Bureau of Public Works—Ctd. | | Compression, tensile, or | | : transverse strength of = | concrete, stone, mortar, | rope, iron and steel, etc_ 6 110 6 110 24.00 121. 95 | Standardization of road materials --—-s-. +--=o- 5 5 5 5 26.00 25.00 | Paints and varnishes---_- 8 2 8 2 94.50 36. 00 | Petroleum and products, I | copra, and similar ma- | Peridite a === 2 sae aos Oh] eae tee ees, ee ee eS ee ee (eee LA Pe re) Waters, chemical _..----- 146 | ot aetna Bae eeeree le os a Waters, biological -___---- 106 | 96 (Bo I eer ee Se ot eel Photographic work -__--- 1S Aes a6 ee | Sispse. = et Physical test of wire, | | } | twine, fiber, textile, | | paper, and similar ar- j Pi OS Ae Pe ae 5 eee 3 aii Se 13.00 | ase Seen Shopoworiee-—9 2 5 1 ee | a 18: OO 4 drat C009. 622 2,317 2,080} 2,056 1,839 | 3,466.90 | 3,197. 42 Bureau of Quarantine Ser- Fete i vice: Urines, clinical and tox- | | icological analyses __-_--- gi | ee ee cafes mace a Nn a Let Seek) A | Weleeguete So is | 1693] 18,517 | i x” A EO RE he ies ey kok SPELEL A? Ler (gee eS Se a al (a a ie 3) | > a ee et Se a Se el race cS a fy At ee See Rats for plague —_________ | 266 = 1) ee oe Hae acct 2 AIRES Soin # fala 8 Vaecine virus:-—-=--.-==.- | 9, 400 9, 000 9,400 | 9, 000 94.00 90. 00 | Photographie work-__--_-_--- eee 1 dl ee eee SOU ees. Seven 32 49.30 | Roti ss > BSS 11, 362 22, 882 9, 400 9, 030 94. 00 139.30 Bureau of Science: | corel coal | Metals and alloys _-__.---- | PA eee ee oe ee ewes eee eon ee Rocks, minerals, natural pigments, and similar | | | | substances ------------- 15 ig eee nee S| | Pena ee See Clays, shales, limestones, | i ' | limes, wall plasters, | cement and slags_-_-_-_--_- | 3 ral octgercemee ilk Reco Sei |e a ee | is See) | Coal analyses_-_----------- 1 SE Soh aati 2 es ee ee Calorimetric tests of | | fuclie SP ee | Be ee ras See a ss ee Oe) eens } Crude chemical and mis- | } cellaneous analyses----- 7 Bg) Eee es ee en Se ee | Pe — ee | Standard solutions (in | | (Gi) (Roce eee 18 183) ee oe | _ AA RR | Ee ve @Comenisee* 5 >... 5. 20 114 Pee Sa ee 1 ee | ae 72 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE Il.—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of, ete—Continued. Cash work. : | Samples‘or anits:: >> 4s > SS Customer. Samples or units. Pesos. 1916 1915 1916 1915 1916 1915 Bureau of Science—Contd. Compression, tensile, or transverse strength of concrete, stone mortar, 7 rope, iron and steel, ete_|____--.---- Slee pe WS Ss Ea | oii tee) Gare Sa aire Petroleum and products, copra, and similar ma- terialgets 35.23. 2225-=23 2 A pio See bs ee ee eee Urines, clinical and toxi- ecological analyses ------|_--.------- sd (era fa SRE ee pS Pec! Linseed oils_._------------ 1 Dil eS eel ee ae Se eee Miscellaneous chemical analyses and examina- tionsie— 22 Be 6 2 |S ete ee ee ee Waters, chemical___----_- 1 14) (22 eA sede Re eal a ce Waters, biological -------- 733 BID") yes ol 4 Sis Rei Seok es are cee i Agsays) so 55-6 ae eae ae Bynes eee [9 cape I he ia ba se Miscellaneous biological | work and examinations-_|_-___------ As | eS | ees en 52 ees bi, sina Miscellaneous sera and | | preparations__---------- 5 i a Sete em 2 opie Sas pak, ace i) PE eet) | 220 Se ee) IASSays)- 22 ease eee eae 27 eee tee = [eae ee (egies pe SOM aE Photographic work. ------ ost] adie See eae” hiner ees Shop work225 "2-22-25 -==_- 162 324 | Epi aes Perec aE a | Let Meee Motalict s tee. 1, 068.) 7 eat eee | 2 ose Se ee reece Bureau of Supply: cers pe | inva. via Metals and alloys_-------- 1 1 | abeasticoms| ho ee a ee | ee oe Crude chemical and mis- | cellaneous analyses----_- Se ee ees Ds bt Bal ; il eee Se | 5.00 Standard solutions (in | 3 liters) M22: Sears a 1 1 1 | 4.00 0. 62 Physical tests of wire, } twine, fibers, textiles, : paper, and similar ma- . terials’ 2.22425. -22 10 1 10) 2S eee: SLO Se Cements: 22522. 38, 788 13, 662 3, 788 18,662 | 3,522.40 | 7,926.85 Paints and varnishes -----|___-.------ TS eee eae : i eee eee, 120. 00 Standardization of units of measures: Teneths =) i502 60 679 60 679 6.00 247.75 Capacities --.--.------ 1215)2 eee 121 | Pe 27.10) (pee Weights... 2-23 24 12 24 125 14.50 9.85 Miscellaneous ---.--------- 21 1 7 ee ee B= BODO) tu leet = acs Petroleum and products, copra, and similar ma- terials;<<:2~2 222 oe 1 fe pes Sates iy OR ae ore ear a OS EE | 3 See oe Linseed oils_._------------ 36 6 BB eben eee 172; 3b -Se es Foods and alcohols and beverages =>. == 49 42 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 73 TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of, etc.—Continued. ad Taran ees Cash work. Samples or units. wR Se y ==> = Customer. Samples or units. | Pesos | : = | = ae | 1915 | 1916 1915 1916 1915 | 1916 | crs _ ee ah = | oe (98. 2 | Bureau of Supply—Contd. | Medicines and _ similar H aricles = = os 2a ese 3 | eee ee | Es Seem eyrares ig ela Miscellaneous chemical | | analyses and examina- TIONS a a OD es ete eS ae ee a peo ene ee So Waters, chemical__-_-_-____- 7 Tig peer ad Bee Res Se ese ee ee oe Waters, biological_______- ala! 15M [ares oh ace | [8 Be Det [ames coe a ee eS Pos kam Miscellaneous biological work and examinations_ -_________- By eee soe ee ee ae | Jot 25 Sek S pS eee Miscellaneous sera and preparations __-.-----_- 10, 064 23 10, 064 23 45. 60 9.70 Supplies = <= 2- +5. 2=--2 eee ee SS eee i irae ee 4.00 Total. -23 se 2. 14, 204 14, 494 | 14, 122 14,386 | 3,833.85 | 8,323.77 University of the Philippines:| - ile coos hl sabat GR eia Da Miscellaneous chemical 4 analyses and examina- Sipe ee Bees Bt 8 | i os raat a i, Se eo ISAS Au ieskee Sed Bees eat So ce 21 24S)! ieee Seca Ske See et ee Pe eee Ieee a Miscellaneous sera and | preparations _____._____ oe eee ao So OG0 Re ste eee 327060233 ae 34.00 Photographie work -_____| 531 251 531 251 122. 20 82.52 HON TWOP so-so =e a! 3 1 3 1 24, 84 8.27 Suppliess2s_-- 2252s -+_- \ecesesestee 6G: |= eee eee 5642s sete se 3.05 otal see tees te | 556 32, 611 535 32, 368 | 165. 38 127. 84 City of Manila: Clays, shales, limestones, limes, wall plasters, ce- ments, and slags Crude chemical and mis- | cellaneous analyses Standard solutions liters) Cements Standardization of road MaAteLiaig = Hoe (in Compression, tensile, or transverse strength of | concrete, stone, mortar, rope, iron and steel, etc Linseed oils Miscellaneous chemical analyses nations Waters, biological Miscellaneous biological | work and examinations_ and exami- | | 2 eke, Uae 1 35 6 2 = eee eee 13 108 82 oe Ma 2 12 10 | |-------~--- 1 (2 See eee 1,012 741 rE (Be epee se ee ee 4 14. 00 18. 00 74 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE > TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of, etc.—Continued. Cash work. \ Samples or units. —— | | : Costumer. Samples or units. Pesos. ; 1915 1916 1915 1916 1915 1916 | a us ee | City of Manila—Continued. | Miscellaneous sera and preparations ---_-------- 168, 532 150, 001 168, 532 150, 001 200. 50 152. 40 Total 2242- 169, 710 150, 867 168, 694 150, 113 765. 85 652. 60 Provincesand municipalities: | Wey] ere een beer Ae Metals and alloys-------- Gee sseccess 2h ececzesecice | ete soe 28. 00 Crude chemical and mis- cellaneous analyses-__---- 6 16 6 16 29.50 252. 00 Cements’... .5-22-2---=-—2 510 23 510 23 668. 00 201.65 | Clays, shales, limestones, limes, wall plasters, cements, and slags ----- ee ee BT Ps see 5 OE ee 15. 00 Compression, tensile, or | transverse strength of | concrete, stone, mor- | tar, rope, iron and steel, | CUC foe ae eee 60 323 60 323 403. 40 310. 80 Goaltarial yses 2s. 22 eee nel een 1) ee i ee 35. 00 Standardization of road : MALEMAlS ese ean ae aeee 60 54 60 54 403. 40 290. 60 Medicines and similar | maibicles <2 4522-7 ee eae = Sees 370 Pathe © 2 gee 2 3oh (ae a 2 | 70.00 Waters, chemical 2222-2 22/552. 3.8 He os ati 1 el oer Be S. 6.00 Vaceine wirds --2 2222 <== 30, 000 80, 000 30, 000 80, 000 900.00 | 2,400.00 Miscellaneous sera and = PIeparahious = seeea— n-ne a GS iy )sy) ee ee oe BS; b20n|-e. soon oe 1, 559. 74 Photographic work---_---- LOB) ee ee TOR 4 ho ee 66: %5y le ae ee Paints and varnishes----- 2 1 2 1 31.00 8.00 pLotal =- 34s oe 30, 836 133, 955 30, 836 133,952 | 2,502.05 | 5,176.79 | United States Army and| Sel a ee Shel news HUY ae | Navy: | Metals and alloys___-_ ..-- 4 1 4 1 40.00 24.00 Goal analyses >—eeac-- cere ASP |S er Fae AR) abn 2 oh 258 993-AD sets. oe | Calorimetric tests of | | fel so so Ae ene ee VAY Niece da = patie 23 =, feet B52. OO etsse aa | Waters, chemical_-_-_---_-- | Tgp eee was 1 thy (cele ee 40.00 | Of ie eee Waters, biological --_--__- Di Ate ares | Ol a eee S060 errs om / Physical tests of wire, | ' | | twine, fibers, textiles, | | ; | paper, and similar arti- clentase oes ce | UPR SS Gee Cot, 1) Ie Sale Ae 12:00 er ae et Gemente. 22-226 fos | 61 48 61 |.) acting | 328. 50 240.00 | Compression, tensile, or | | | transverse strength of | concrete, stone, mor- | | tar, rope, iron and steel, i | CPE, .= dilawat nn nab eetrninen tye ae 6 |! 13 | 6| 22.00 19. 00 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 75 TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of, etc.—Continued. Customer. United States Army and Navy—Continned. cellaneous analyses Urines, clinical and toxi- cological analyses Standardization of units of measures Petroleum and products, copra, and similar ma- terials Linseed oils Foods and alcohols and Ipeverares =). .2-. 2-5 work and examinations- Vaccine virus Mallein Miscellaneous sera and preparations Sia qhs: =. Miscellaneous: Metals and alloys Clays, shales, limestones, limes, wall cements, and slags Rocks, minerals, natural pigments, and similar Substances> 22.222 2525... Fertilizers Soils and similar substan- Coal analyses Calorimetric tests of Crude chemical and mis- cellaneous analyses Paints and varnishes | Physical tests of wire, twine, fibers, textiles, paper, and similar arti- Standard liters) Cements solutions Crude chemical and mis- | Miscellaneous Blolbeveal | plasters, | (in | Cash work. Samples or units. |~— Te = SS | Samples or units. Pesos, 1915 1916 1915 1916 1915 1916 2 = 2. — es | } | | 1 5 1 5 5. 00 36. 00 | pees 2 Sees 1 1 a a 50. 00 | | il 6 1 6 | 5.00 9.00 1 3 1 3 | 15. 00 83. 00 Ay 3 2 3 30. 00 45.00 | | 6 | 5 6 5 | 78.00 50.00 Besta Sethe Ll Sree he inn ae 3.00 18, 330 21, 410 18, 330 | 21, 410 588. 50 685. 00 10 707 10 107 | 10. 00 707. 00 | | 767, 744 448, 927 767, 744 448, 927 | 1, 763. 80 1, 620. 85 Le eee 25a eee ee 25) |G. eee ee 77. 45 786, 250 471, 376 786, 250 471, 376 3,663.20 | 3,649.30 —————S_—sa—— ———— SS] o —EESS — ——— 11 19 11 { 19 | 174. 00 92. 00 | | 7AN eee es Dipl he ee eae | PASO A ae See | | | | ee 69N zee ne GR alee Ee 475. 00 22 34 22 34 246. 20 329. 00 1 | | | ee peed CM ans BA Ne eee Peake | 25.00. | 6 | 7 6 5 92.00 120. 00 | | | | | 11 | ant 11 3 320. 00 96. 00 13 107 73 107 419. 50 68. 00 | Gy ean EAS Ss [oe eee @ilescesce ete oe 207 OD } | | } i 10 | 8 10 3 27.00; 12.00 | 2 ore 20) fe See oe 1g oe ee | 20.00 | 216 | 158 215 158 1, 234. 80 | 384.00 ° 76 THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE TABLE I]—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of, etc——Continued. Cash work. Samples or units. Customer. | Samples or units. Pesos. y 1915 1916 1915 1916 1915 1916 | p = a alk WEEE ee i Miscellaneous—Continued. ; | a Compression, tensile, or i: transverse strength of : | : : concrete, stone, mor- | > tar, rope, iron and ; / pleelNetes asses eee 112 8 112 8 175.00 14.00 | Standardization of road | t mateniais —--_- sean 6 | 6 6 6 38. 00 69.50 | Standardization of units | | of measures (capaci- | ICR) ere a eee ee 56) es28-2225—= I See oe 83. 60 Miscellaneous inorganic | analyses. 2 —222-625-- | see ee NB) seca ees 1G} | eet 158. 00 Urines, clinical and tox- icological analyses ------ 82 109 79 109 254. 00 343. 00 Essential oils and es- BCNCES 2255-4 -5-0 eee 11 10 11 10 77.50 71. 00 Petroleum and products, copra, and similar ma- ‘terials Sse S522 see 9 33 9 33 83.00 378.50 Jcinseed ‘oils 2--=-222--=—- 8 2 8 2 80. 40 40.00 Gums, resins, and similar materialsicss= == sas 1 2 1 2 5. 00 20. 00 Gastric juice, clinical ‘ PR AMNDALIONS oes oe eee eee D loseeeaotat 2 | 8.00 Foods and alcohols and beverares) ----2.-5--- = 239 118 239 118 873.20 97. 67 Food preservatives and | coloring matters ------- a 05 apes ee 153) see eee 89: OD ea25 see Medicines and_ similar | ardelenes asl he 10 5 10 5) 985.00) 121.60 | Miscellaneous chemical analyses and examina- tions =s a ee | 32 16 32 16 204. 70 122.00 . Racngnti ot: td bo sseels | 650 | 513 650 507| 957.76 | 1,341.50 Waters, chemical_____-_-- 31 14 31 14| 571.50 | 288.00 Waters, biological _-_~----- 9 12 9 12 270. 00 309. 0C = Ratceg 25-22 22d Gong ee 1,118 171 1,118 171 | $3,352.38 427.00 PUM, Goo one Se eee 21 50 21 46 63. 00 ~ 138.00 PB lpod se se oc 20 21 20 21 60. 00 73.00 : (Cuiture ss 2326. 52 oe: 2 4 2 4 10.00 25. 00 J Widal test ._------------_- 6 2 6 2 18.00 6.00 Wassermann test ___..__- 257 239 257 239 | 2,502.88 | 2,390.00 a @prOsy. 82 = a ee ees cee eee | a 3 ly i regen ee al 3.00 Wanes sane eee pe eee Heep (om | a ES we 25:00 aka ete Gonococci 225-2 .--=5-—:-- 10 32 10 32 30.00 96. 00 ; Histological examina- PAGUIS ote ee 13 6 13 6 180. 00 60. 00 . FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT oy TABLE II.—Comparative table of routine work performed and supplies manufactured and disposed of, etc——Continued. | Cash work. Samples or units. == Customer. | Samples or units. | Pesos. 1915 1916 1915 1916 | 1915 1916 Miscellaneous—Continued. | Miscellaneous biological | | work and examinations. 5 12 5 12 | 28. 00 91.00 IMAC CING VIrUsy= 200 > =e = 1, 726 | 52, 193 1, 726 | 52, 193 | 102. 00 631. 80 Miscellaneous sera and | preparations ---__-__--- | 726,764 470, 770 726, 764 470,770 | 2,502.88 | 2,090.34 Photographic work-__---- 2,247 2, 125 2,247 2, 125 | 736. 09 678. 50 Natural history speci- | : WGA yee eee ee | 82 | 24 82 24 208. 48 451.38 Shop workl2ct 222-22 15 12 15 12 | 83. 82 61.61 Miscellaneous work __-__- 17 69 17 69 | 5,249.94 | 8,343.44 BID DMe See en eee ee Sl ee Sure B290F So eee 2 Oy akin AR aes 1, 756. 96 Se ESTOEII El OIC GION te Ne ee oe | ee |e ee a ee 4,548.99 | 3,551.42 Refunded, work not done, | | } etona (deducted) = ce ache Mik ass Re et oN Sy a A (102.50)} (202. 61) Power, gas, etc___-.-_---- ————— fies EP IS ee ee | ted 2 Si l2bs2o 16,76 769. 98 98 ; SESE a Fe |S ae ee eee Pde ees Pe ae otalue: 23 s2e2258 733, 869 527, 971 733, 866 | 527, 956 | 57, 239.70 | 42,54 548.19 Grand total_______ ._| 7,180,625 | 4,687,325 | 7,011, 863 26 | 4, 268, 420 | 98, 197.62 | 81, “81,385. 5.08 | = od 78 TABLE II].—Comparative statement showing expenditures and inco the fiscal year 1916 (January 1 to December 31, 1916) as with the fiscal years 1914 and 1915. EXPENDITURES. THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE | | Fiseal year me during compared | 1914 | 1915 1916 eta SIRE Bel airs SENATE: HARE be Salaries and wages, etc.: _ Pesos. Pesos. Pesos. Salaries and wages including accrued leave --------_---- 224,113.73 | 191,349.75 | 231, 180, 22 Traveling expenses of personnel-_--_-_-___-_-_---+---------- ; 14,212.98 | 12,026.16 | 12,964.40 atah eae 7 We ee, eee Eee eee eee | 238, 326. 71 | 208, 375.91 | 244, 144.62 Apparatus, supplies, etc.: Consumption of supplies and materials including sub- SCriptiONs 22 0= ee ae ee eae a eee eee 74,407.70 | 78,156.96 | 72,929.96 Apparatus and equipment including books-_-_-_-------_--- 25,450.77 | 14,448.88 | 21,429.44 Stalag Ss 1 AOd Se ee ee a es 99,858.47 | 87,605.84 94,359.40 | Miscellaneous: Rental'of buildings os 3 an ae ee ee ee ee 720. 00 682.50 481.50 Postal, telegraph, telephone, and cable service_--_------- | 4, 982. 12 4,764.62 3,990.65 Freight, express and delivery service ---_---------------. 980. 09 1, 176.32 I, 725. 92 Printing and binding reports, documents and publica- | | OTIS, eee a ee RE Bea RE A cae ee eee 28,695.67 | 38,590.61 , 21,238.19 Illumination and power service____-.--------------------! 402. 53 1, 647. 02 1, 628. 53 Contingent ‘service =_ 233-3 ee eee 3, 631. 71 3,079.95 , 4,520.06 Maintenance and repairs of furniture and equipment--- 712. 92 | 4, 409. 75 4, 200. 00 Wotalieies ee peels Bch opt OE SA Se ES Eee 40,075.04 | 49,350.77 | 37,784.85 Grand total] 227 soos 685332 SO See ee 378, 260.22 | 340,332.52 | 376, 288.87 — } —_— ———_—_—_ — INCOME. Receipts from operation ~~ 3-3 33 | 115, 486.73 | 98,197.62 | 81,335.08 | Prioy year inches. e oo et ee ee ee (838.20)| 2,665.88} 647.89 | ales: Gb sipp lies: 9 =.= ae a ee 488. 82 Pe Ol yee BO | Salesjof fixed aasets2-2 3 Ss52- 7) 32a ee e S 2,716.45 | 25, 889.93 | 1,575.70 "Totales OES as 25288 ee eee on ees AR See ees 117, 898. 80 | 126,754.16 | 83,558. 67 | Appropriation account: 4 | . | Appropriated 2222522 22) osesces50 32 2 So es Eee 381, 084.00 360,895.50 | 371, 976.00 Atllotted by the:limersency. board. ee eee 10,000.00 | 25, 000.00 Brought forward for accounts payable______-___-- -__-__- 68, 586.98 | 58,891.87 | 27,856.39 Restored from previous fiscal years ---_-.__---__-----__- O: SR4: SBclas ee 20, 039. 31 —_—_—_———— > sO OO ROtAle 22h ee Re, 2S ee ee ee 459, 505.33 | 429, 787.37 | 444, 871.70 MISCELLANEOUS ACCOUNTS (1916). Item. Available. | Expended.| Balance. Tiqui-tiqui distribution, Act No. 2376________________-______- 3, 532. 64 | 2, 590. 21 942. 43 Improvement of the Aquarium, Act No. 2494__________ . ___| 2,000.00 | 1,918.27 81.73 Replacement fund _.......---.-..--.----.--- TEN pty 5,064.45 | 2,280.02 | 2, 784. 43 Poteet se ac = 3) ee 10, 597. 09 | 6,788.50 | 3, 808.59 [ners Ls oe Tet ae oe INDEX Act No. 2666, reorganization, 16. | Philippine Museum, 38. Aquarium, 47. | Photography, 47. Biological Laboratory, 20. - Power plant, 45. Botany, section of, 23. | Publicity, 19. Charts, Philippine Bureau of Science, 47. | Recommendations, 61. Chemical Laboratory, 29; division of general, | Research, necessity for, 17. inorganic, and physical chemistry, 29; div- | Standardization of supplies, 15. ision of organie chemistry, 34. | Table, comparative, of routine work perform- Clerical Division, 45. ' ed and supplies manufactured and disposed Compensation of scientific employees, 17. | of during the fiscal year 1916, as compared Congress of physicians and pharmacists, 15. with the fiscal year 1915, by number or Division of Mines, 36. | quantity and by value, arranged by sub- Entomology, section of, 28. | divisions of the Bureau of Science, 64. Exhibit at the New York office of the Philip- pine National Bank, 47. Table, comparative, of routine work perform- ed and supplies manufactured and disposed Far Eastern Association of Tropical Med-| of during the fiscal year 1916, as compared icine, 15. | with the fiscal year 1915, by number or Fisheries, section of, 26. quantity and by value, arranged with ref- Garden Day, 47. | erence to Government and other patronage, Library, 38. 67. Ornithology and taxidermy, section of, 27. | Table, comparative statement showing expend- Philippine Carnival and Central Luzon Agri-| tures and income during .the fiscal year cultural Fair, 47. 1916 (January 1 to December 31, 1916) as Philippine Islands Medical Association, 15. compared with the fiscal years 1914 and Philippine Journal of Science and other pub- 1915, 78. lications, 39. | Tiqui-tiqui extract, manufacture of, 16. 79 O =. = 3 e "a A 4, * —— ik $ott baal ce UB Bai « bee ees $ v's Shite ey ee j iar Soe ia” ae fetgnlie san Bubp te ya pesto 7 7s > a re. f 4 4 z aya ' 4 +e & ee rnOe > . . — io 52 t Z : ‘ z Pa 2 r is ais te. bs ~ id ~~ 2 4 r Sais Cie . & = ies ry es af . yt & : \ aks 4 ; < . r ~ pr - - 3 S35 Sse daddies 2 pA HBA ree Mee , eee . os . < 7 = = ; : rb. hag ut s44 Tp * ‘ P - iy ae pees = vi Loy PSR ee ee EG , Aes aa > ‘ = ! - - “ ‘ = - ’ E . . New York Botanical Garden Libra Sassen cececeanats