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SIXTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ' Entomological Society of | Ontario 1929 PRINTED BY ORDER OF HON. J. S. MARTIN, Minister of Agriculture A a ONTARIO TORONTO Printed by the Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1929 _ GAP TOGA AAs Cael ee 7 “ 74 al “ « : E al J . = '" :, 3 < are x Ms =~ - a / wor ee “Ss “ 7 — > ; - ns e LF : z : : = rat yaa ne - aot % - s - a - ree at, x x . : > “a K : ’ Fe . 7 2. 5 pul Janke 4 . ey %& iy ? ¢ > ; > , " : ¥ z ad 7 ', ; 4 é bea Cys Ontario Department of Agriculture SIXTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society of Ontario 1929 PRINTED BY ORDER OF HON. J. S. MARTIN, Minister of Agriculture ONTARIO TORONTO Printed by the Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1929 . Pace os co asecnavovncs ovesapgvecdsiesvs ce onens evoevnsaracudvewoucesemruso’ vtnednssmepting 4 II ET POT MATE 90 oer s, scesdece sect escacvecsenceecseccssovecesssossssssscseseesecsetoosses iat. Jeet, 4 EN a 55880 asncd dno ova dso oveureccinse codes ddd esedvscscbeosioctberdsasivaplesbooddcunes 5 AR TRG PMT IATD oo csc sce sncennnseceecoadoseesnacevesssornsansdnuncesvdvesersasosvorsesens 1 ak ll ees Of tne season 1927 im Nova Scotia: F. C. GrexiaTT............0..cccccecccessncscscsccscvenensessenes 6 Insects of the Season 1929 in New Brunswick: R. P. GorHam, G. P. WaLkKer and a eas geek wot data gev ets dace csannsees eapersticnsinedsoreove.asvpetesseunenduons . 10 Insects of the Season 1929 in Quebec: GreorceE MAHEux and C. E. PEtcn................ 14 Insects of the Season 1929 in Ontario: L. Cagsar and W. A. Ross........0000000000....... ee Insects of the Season 1929 in Manitoba: A. V. MircHENER and NorMAN Crwoie....... 23 Insects of the Season 1929 in Saskatchewan: ELtt1s McMiLLtan and KENNETH M. i a 8 Ess nc devcnadieesvdeon dnbbadetantacibatdes) ds¥b dio dass ah-neecebioced ob Lae Insects of the Season 1929 in Northern Alberta: E. H. STRICKLAND....0..00.00.00c cee 30 Insects of the Season 1929 in Southern Alberta: H. L. SEAMANS ..000..0.0..0ccccccceccceeeeeeeeeees 31 Insects of the Season 1929 in British Columbia: E. R. BUCKELL............-..:::c:cececceeeeseeee 32 The History and Present Status of Entomology in the Universities and Colleges of i OC Oo, 5s sachin annnny anerecarcBewncoanarncenecendsblusvaenDécceceas 33 Some Preliminary Observations on the Flight of the European Corn Borer: Geo. M. RR OS Ec 46 Progress in Breeding Corn to Resist the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis RN Me TS SEU hs WARS TOME. 625 noes x3 sles bedava ss cae anechsadeadesencususioded eons eae tee 51 Meceress eport on Corn Borer Control: L. CArSAR...........:..--sesssccssco-scnsesssreseneennconssanetenen i. ae The Role of Chemistry in the Control of Insects: J. W. BURNS................0.00.:cecceceeeeeee 57 Some Problems of a Chemical Nature of Interest to the Entomologist: FRANK A. occa csccdanaanivdonaoesuadeseaiedaneoesnincn sess nceeeocucesenenpetzeceanees 59 Injury to Potatoes by Larvae of Agrotis ypsilon Rott.: R. P. GorHAM..........00.00.0000000.-..... 63 Experiments on the Control of the Wheat Stem Sawfly by Parasites: H. L. SEAMANS 65 The Life-History of the White Cutworm, Euroa scandens Riley: H. F. Hupson and Foca weno yacanyuanttnashacsranaseen cenductecsnensonnccsssevarconpedeorctcesuns 67 The Spread and Distribution of the Satin Moth in British Columbia: LeEonarp S. Mc- Ie IIT T UE 8 oe auc hen cess nen Ween enn nciien dnnnpndchonchensnnnovide-ennennarenesusnenecth 70 The European Pine-Shoot Moth (Rhyacionia (Evetria) buoliana Schiff) in the IE MIRE ORES WY) STEEP PARD. (c:5.<....0-.20c0 AppLteE Bup Motu (Spilonota ocellana Schiff)—According to our observa- tions there was an increase in this species this year. This has been the situation for the past several years and a serious outbreak may occur in the near future. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 15 Coptinc Motu (Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.).—The codling moth, while distributed over the province, has not been a very serious pest to apple in the past several years. In a few districts very serious losses are sustained every year from the new brood or the side-worm. For success in its control the late sum- mer sprays must be timed correctly. ApPLE CurcuLio (Tachypterellus quadrigibbus Say).—The apple curculio has been especially injurious in south-western Quebec. It was the most injuri- ous pest to apples this year. The losses were especially heavy in the Abbotsford and Rougemont districts. Where spraying does not control the curculio, it is recommended to place hogs in the orchards following the June drop. RounbD-HEADED APPLE TREE Borer (Saperda candida Say).—\The losses from this insect have been very large in the past. However, since the discovery, at the Hemmingford laboratory, of its simple control by Calcium~ Cyanide-Oil mixtures, its numbers have been very materially reduced due to the wide applica- tion of this remedy by the growers themselves or through the cooperation of the fruit instructors. AppLe Maccot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh).—There were no serious out- breaks of this insect this vear in the commercial apple growing districts because of the wide application of special arsenical sprays which are necessary for its control. STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus Say).—This species is slowly invading the strawberry growing district surrounding Quebec city. In some fields damages amounting to 40% of the crop were suffered. Early applications of arsenate of lead have proved successful in most cases against this pest. Actually the Island of Orléans is the seat of its operations. SHADE TREE AND Forest INSECTS Hemtock Looper (Ellopia fiscellaria Gn.).—Balsam fir pulp wood stands along the north shore of the St. Lawrence were not so seriously injured this year as in 1928. In several areas, the outbreak has died away very noticeably but one large infestation has continued with also undiminished intensity. Experimental aeroplane dusting on a large scale was carried on this season with very gratifying success, through the cooperation of all interested parties and under the direction of Dr. J. M. Swaine. SAWFLY INJURY To JACK-PINE.-A sawfly allied to Neodiprion banksiana, but not yet identified definitely, has caused extensive injury to jack-pine forests. This outbreak has given rise to a great deal of uneasiness in certain areas of western Quebec. Marre Lear Cutter (Paraclemensia acerifoliella)—In most parts of south- _ western Quebec, the outbreak of Maple Leaf Cutter was very considerably re- _ duced during the past season. WuitrE-Markep Tussock Motu (Hemerocampa leucostigma S. & A.).—A serious outbreak of this species was witnessed in Montreal and Quebec districts two years ago. Hymenopterous and dipterous parasites were then actively at work and, due to their activities, very few tussock caterpillars were seen in 1928. Though still rare in Montreal, they have shown a large increase in Quebec city this year. With fewer parasites observed, a serious outbreak may be expected in the latter city for 1930. SPRING Extm CATERPILLAR (Vanessa antiopa L.).—AlIthough this species never develops in serious outbreaks, elms are partly defoliated in some years as was the case in Quebec city in 1929. This condition shows a large increase over the last year. . FARM AND GARDEN INSECTS Tue CaspaGE. ButTerFLy (P. rapae Linn.), was very common during the season, the larva feeding on horseradish, turnip, cabbage, and cauliflower. Spraying was necessary in many cases. 16 THE REPORT OF THE THE CappaGE Maccor (Hylemyia brassicae Bouché), was quite common in the Farnham district, causing severe injury to cabbage and cauliflower. THE Onion Maccot (Hylemyia antiqua Meig.), was still a serious pest on onions in all districts. THe HorserapisH FLea BEETLE (Phyllotreta armorosiae Koch), was numerous on horseradish, causing very pronounced injury in the Hemmingford district. The injury was quite distinct from that of the cabbage maggot. THE GRAPE VINE LeAF Hopper (Erythroneura comes Say), was abundant on the foliage of wild grape, cultivated grape and Virginia creeper. Injury was quite conspicuous during the dry weather of late July and during August. Sev- eral Virginia creeper vines at Hemmingford were so badly injured by the leaf- hoppers that growth ceased and the vines remained at a standstill until the insects were killed by spraying. Wild grape was heavily infested in a number of cases. On Virginia creeper the leaf-hopper injury was further shown up through the injury of a very common thrips, at present undetermined as to species. There was a very marked increase of this insect over the previous year. THe CycLaAMEN MiTE (Tarsonemus pallidus Banks), was found at St. Anne- de-Bellevue on cultivated strawberry, but in small numbers, although the con- dition of growth of the plants would suggest a moderate infestation. Search was made for the mite at Sherbrooke, Farnham, Hemmingford and intermediate points although no infestation was discovered, either on cultivated or wild plants. Tue Caspace Maccot (Aphis brassicae), seriously damaged turnip fields in Ouebec district. THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Ceramica picta Harr.), was very common this season. At St. Joseph, larvae swarmed over broad-leaved plantain Plantago major and later migrated to early cabbage, where they caused extensive damage to foliage. Considered numbers were also found on common weeds such as lamb’s quarters, during May and June. At Hemmingford, the zebra caterpillar was very common on cabbage during the latter part of the summer. Tue Larxspur Lear MINER ( Phytomyza delphiniae Frost), was consider- ably more numerous than during 1928. Obviously parasitism was heavy during the 1928 as rearings showed. Wuite Grurs (P. anvxia Lec.) were excessively common during 1929 and ranked easily as the most destructive farm and garden pest in the province. A wide range of plants suffered injury and in many cases under exceptional con- ditions. Individual oat fields, at Hemmingford and at Missisquoi Bay, near Clar- enceville were seriously injured by white grubs, although in all cases the fields were plowed during 1928 and planted during 1929. Oats are fairly resistant to grub injury and the fact that fields were seriously attacked this year only shows how numerous the grubs were. Injury to potatoes was reported at intervals between Hemmingford and Pike River and at the former locality some plots were so seriously injured that digging was unprofitable. Injury to timothy sod was very common over the southern section of the province. Over some fields, the yield of hay was reduced at least 60 per cent., while in a few cases all the sod was killed during August and the low, damp spots were the only places where it was liable to become established again in a reason- able length of time. Injury to strawberries was reported from Hemmingford, Clarenceville, Pike River, Lacolle, Farnham, Abbotsford, Rougemont, and Sher- rington. Injury to grasses of various types, garden seedlings and ornamental plants were also reported. At Berthier severe injury was caused to coniferous and deciduous seedlings. At Farnham severe injury was caused to phlox, aster an several other ornamental plants. . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 17 Cutworms were very injurious in tobacco fields. Around St. Cesaire, especi- ally many fields were completely ruined and had to be replanted. Jn Montcalm and l’Assomption counties, less damage was suffered but the distribution of cut- worms was general in this tobacco growing district. Prant Bucs (Lygus pratensis L.) and (Poecilocapsus lineatus)—\These two species, and especially the former, were on the increase this year. Flower- ing. annuals were their chief victims, with a few perennials. In many cases, leaves and buds were destroyed in August and no effective control measure could be found at this late period. INSECTS OF THE SEASON 1929 IN ONTARIO L. CAESAR, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, and W. A. Ross, Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, Ontario Seasonal notes by Messrs. Dustan, CRrAWForD, STIRRETT, Hupson, DE GrysE, Hutcuincs and Twinn of the Dominion Entomological Branch are in- orporated in this report. ORCHARD INSECTS The only insects, which caused serious concern among fruit growers this year, were the green apple aphis and the oriental peach moth. Coptinc Motu (Carpocapsa pomonella L.)—Codling moth injury, while Severe in some Niagara peninsula orchards, was somewhat less than “normal” in most sections of the province. SAN JosE ScALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.).—This pest is still at a low ebb, but it is worthy of note that more scale infested fruit (apples) was observed in the Niagara fruit belt than has been seen for several years, and that there was a slight increase of the insect in nurseries. OysTER SHELL ScALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.) —As mentioned in last ear’s report, this insect appears to be on the upward swing. This year it was particularly common and, in some instances, very abundant on lilacs. AppLeE Maccot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh).—Due to the quite general adoption of control measures, the apple maggot has been largely brought under . in the commercial apple growing sections. It was reported from many alities, but generally speaking was only injurious in neglected or semi- -neglected Rictings. GREEN AppLe Apuis (Aphis pomi DeGeer.).—The one outstanding entomo- ogical feature in Ontario apple orchards was the widespread and severe outbreak uring July of the green apple aphis. In the Niagara peninsula and south-west- mn Ontario, the outbreak was practically over by the first of August but east of oronto it continued until about the 20th of the month. In eastern Ontario the nfestation, according to the growers, was the most serious one in their experi- nce. Rosy AppLte APHIS (Anuraphis roseus Baker ).—While there was no serious atbreak of the rosy aphis, it was decidedly more abundant in many localities than as been for several years. _ THe Bup MortH (Spilonota ocellana D. and S.).—In unsprayed and poorly prayed orchards, bud moth injury was almost as common as it was last year. _CrGar Case-Bearer (Haploptilia fletcheralla Fern.)—In most parts of the rovince this case-bearer continues to be a serious pest in neglected apple orchards. < 18 THE REPORT OF THE EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americana Fab.).—This species was of little importance. APPLE Rep Buc (Lygidea mendax Reut.).—There was a severe attack of red bug in a large apple orchard near Meaford, which was badly infested in 1928, but elsewhere the insect was scarce or absent. ‘Fruit Tree Lear-RoLier (Cacoecia argyrospila Walker)—Although com- mon and quite widespread the leaf-roller was not present in outbreak form in any part of the province. In a few orchards it was responsible for a loss of five to fifteen per cent. of the fruit. APPLE AND THORN SKELETONIZER (Simaethis pariana Clerck.).—And still another foreign insect pest, namely the apple and thorn skeletonizer, has been established in the province. This insect, heretofore not recorded from Ontario, was found in several neglected orchards in the Niagara peninsula. In no case, which we saw, was the skeletonizer responsible for conspicuous injury. Wuiter-MarKkep Tussock Motu (Hemerocampa leucostigma S. and A.).— Tussock moth caterpillars were more common in south-western Ontario than at any time for about the past eight years. In the worst infested localities there appeared to be quite a high percentage of parasitized pupae. RounbD-HeEavepD APPLE TREE Borer (Saperda candida Fab.).—This species was reported as being generally destructive to young apple trees on Manitoulin Island. PEAR PsyLia (Psyllia pyricola Forst.).—In pear orchards, subject to psylla injury and which were not properly sprayed, this pest was abundant and injurious. CHERRY Fruit Fiy (Rhagoletis cingulata Loew.).—Much less damage from fruit maggots occurred in cherry orchards this year than in 1928. Brack Cuerry Apris (Myzus cerasi Fab.) —There was a serious outbreak of this species in sweet cherry orchards in the Niagara peninsula. On _ badly attacked trees much of the fruit was infested at picking time. European Rep Mite (Paratetranychus pilosus C. and F.).—This mite caused conspicuous injury during late summer in many Niagara plum orchards. At picking time the mites were unusually abundant on the fruit and in some instances bothered the pickers by crawling on them. Mite injury was also conspicuous in several apple orchards at Burlington, Erindale and Rodney and in some peach orchards in the Niagara peninsula. ORIENTAL’ PEAcH Motu (Laspeyresia molesta Busck.).—There was a very marked increase in the infestation of peach moth, and, particularly east of St. Catharines, the insect was responsible for heavy losses. TARNISHED PLANT Bua (Lygus pratensis L.).—This insect was very abund- ant on peach nursery stock, and the injury it causes, commonly called “peach stop- back” was rarely, if ever, more prevalent in Niagara nurseries. Prum Cwurcutio (Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.).—In south-western Ontario, unsprayed plum and cherry orchards were quite badly attacked by the plum curculio, and in the Niagara district the grubs were unusually common in early peaches at picking time. Feeding injuries to fruit, however, were scarce this fall. GRAPE AND BusH Fruit INSECTS GraPe Berry Morn (Polychrosis viteana Clem.) —There was a very light attack of berry moth in graperies which were infested last year. Early in th season parasitism was high and later there was a considerable percentage of eg parasitism, which no doubt accounted to quite an extent for the scarcity of the insect. It is of interest to note that Mr. Garlick of the Entomological Branch found that the caterpillars infest and come to maturity on elderberry blossoms. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 19 Rose Cuarer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.)—Reports of chafer injury to several apple orchards in Norfolk county and to roses and raspberries in Mid- dlesex county were received, otherwise the insect was apparently of little import- ance. Rep-HeEapEepD FLEA BEETLE (Systena frontalis Fab.)—Discussed elsewhere. RASPBERRRY SAWFLY (Monophadnoides rubi Harr.)—This species was of little importance, reports of injury from it being received from only two localities, viz.. Toronto and Damascus. GRAPE LEAF Hopper (Erythroneura comes Say & E. tricincta Fitch).— Injury from leaf hopper in Niagara graperies was negligible. STRIPED TREE CRICKET (Oececanthus nigricormis Walk.).—As usual there were a number of complaints of tree cricket injury to raspberries. Rep Spiper (Tetranychus telarius L.)—This pest caused sevete injury to raspberries in the Thunder Bay, Algoma and Sudbury districts. THE CurRANT Bup Mite (Eriophyes ribis Nal.).—An infestation of the currant bud mite was found on black currant bushes in the vicinity of Grimsby. As the affected bushes were well over twenty years old, it seems likely that the mite was present for many years, but made little headway probably because of unfavourable climatic conditions. All the bushes showing the characteristic big buds were destroyed. CycLaMEN Mite (Tarsonemus pallidus Banks)—A severe infestation of this species was found on cultivated strawberries on Manitoulin Island. The mite also occurred at Sault Ste. Marie. It was again injurious in the vicinity of Ottawa, but in the Niagara fruit belt caused no appreciable damage. VEGETABLE AND FIELD Crop INSECTS TARNISHED Prant Buc (Lygus pratensis Linn.) —The most notworthy entomological feature of the year was the serious outbreak, probably the worst in our history, of the tarnished plant bug. This species was abundant throughout the province and was destructive to a wide variety of plas. Early in the spring when the apple buds were showing green, it was observed that an unusually large number of bugs were feeding on the buds. By the middle of July early celery was heavily infested with the insect and by the end of the month whole fields of this crop were being seriously injured by both adults and nymphs. In spite of costly applications of strong nicotine dust or of nicotine spray, a number of celery growers lost the whole or a considerable part of their early crop, entailing a loss of thousands of dollars. Late celery. was not nearly so seriously damaged but sur- fered to some extent. Among other plants, asters, dahlias, gladioli, corn and fruit nursery stock were seriously injured by the bug. At the different agricul- tural exhibitions held in the province, there were more inquiries concerning the tarnished plant bug than any other insect. CagpBaGE Apuis (Brevicoryne brassicae Linn.).—This species was present in outbreak form over a large part of the province. Turnips suffered more from the infestation than cabbage, no doubt because of the poor growth the former made under the very dry conditions which prevailed this summer. ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Ceramica picia Harr.).—This species was present in destructive numbers in the Ottawa district. Only a few stray caterpillars of the first generation were noticed in early August but the second generation was very "numerous and attacked cabbages, cauliflowers, turnips and to a lesser extent field _ crops and quite a variety of flowering plants. Some turnip fields were completely destroyed. Turnips in Peterboro county and adjacent districts were also attached by the caterpillar and a general but light infestation of turnip fields occurred in Middlesex county. Severe injury to late blooming gladioli from zebra caterpillar was reported from Strathroy. 20 THE REPORT OF THE PEA Moru (Laspeyresia nigricana Steph.).—During the past few years there | have been few complaints of injury from the pea moth. This year, however, several growers sent in peas heavily infested by this species. EvuROPEAN Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn.).—Discussed elsewhere. Carrot Rust Fry (Psila rosae Fab.)—Few complaints concerning carrot rust fly injury were received this fall but a large number of requests relative to its control were received last spring from such widely separated places as Port Carling, Fenelon Falls, Dundas, Brussels and Ingersoll. This shows not only the wide distribution of the insect, but also indicates that losses from it were quite general in 1928. The rust fly was not observed present in the Rainy River or Thunder Bay districts but occurred in very distructive numbers at Sault Ste. Marie and Sud- bury. Onton Maccot (Hylemyia antiqua Mgn.).—This: maggot was numerous and injurious in the Ottawa district, particularly where onions were growing in light soil. In some fields the crop was reduced at least 75% and commercial damage was evident in most plantations. In a few other localities onions were quite heavily infested but on the whole the loss in southern Ontario due to this insect was apparently not any greater than usual. The maggot occurred in destructive numbers all along the north shore of Lakes Superior and Huron and in the Rainy River district. SEED Corn Maccot (Hylemyia cilicrura Rond.).—Almost every seed in ten acre field of corn near Woodstock was destroyed by this maggot. The field was in millet in 1928. Netighbouring corn fields were not injured. Onion Turips (Thrips tabaci Lind.)—Though fairly numerous this insect “was not so abundant as one would have expected considering the dry season. ImPorRTED CABBAGE Worm (Pieris rapae Linn.).—In the Ottawa district cabbage worms were present in .average numbers on cabbages, cauliflowers and brussel sprouts. A few fields were noticed where the injury was severe but on the whole little commercial damage resulted. On the other hand in Middlesex county injury to cabbage from this insect was unusually severe. The cabbage worm was present but in insignificant numbers on cabbage and cauliflower in the Rainy River and Thunder Bay districts and in Manitoulin Island. It was more abudant and of some consequence at Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury. STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica vittata Fab.).—This insect was very abundant at Ottawa in the early part of the season on cucumbers, squash and | melon. Elsewhere it was not unusually injurious. Potato BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say).—The potato beetle was generally abundant in southern Ontario. In the Ottawa district unsprayed plots of potatoes were completely destroyed by it and even treated patches were often quite severely damaged. In northern Ontario it was very scarce or absent in the Rainy River and Thunder Bay districts. In the Sudbury district, according to reports, the insect has not been seen for four years. It was destructive in the southern part of Algoma district and was present but not particularly injurious on Manitoulin Island. Stuc (Limax Sp.).—Due to the unusually dry season slugs were extremely scarce. Fields, in the Ottawa district, which have been under observation for some years and which were previously heavily infested showed no slug damage. Wire Worms.—Many reports of wire worm damage were received from — various localities. In the Strathroy area injury to late potatoes was more exten- sive than for several years past. : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 21 was responsible for severe injury to early radish—/5% to 100% infestation. The insect occurred throughout the Rainy River district and the north shore of Lakes Superior and Huron, but was not particularly destructive. Diamonp Back MotH (Plutella maculipennis Curt.)—The larvae of this moth was present and giving quite conspicious evidence of feeding, through little real damage was done, in the Rainy River, Thunder Bay and Algoma districts. This insect was less abundant on Manitoulin Island and in the Sudbury districts. CutTworms.—Cutworms apparently were of no particular importance except in south-western Ontario where they were more abundant and injurious, especi- ally in tobacco and corn, than was the case last year. G. M. Stirrett, of the Dominion Entomological Branch reared Euroa messoria Harr., Feltia subgothica Haw, from tobacco and Septis arctica Bdv. from corn. Topacco STaLK Borer (Crambus luteolellus Clems.).—This insect was in- jurious in several tobacco fields in south-western Ontario, but did not appear to be as abundant as last year. Topacco Worms (Protoparce Sp.).—These insects were much more numerous and injurious than for the past three years. _ Tomato Worms (Protoparce Sp.)—Along with the tobacco worms men- tioned above, these insects were more numerous in south-western Ontario than any time during the past three years. SouasH Bue (Anasa tristis Deg.) —This insect was fairly abundant and in- jurious on squash in local gardens at Chatham. Hop Frea BeEetite (Psylliodes punctulata Mels.).—This insect is present every year and does considerable injury to sugar-beet plants just after they come through the soil. Wueat Mince (Thecodiplosis mosellana Gehin.)—In Haldimand, Norfolk and Elgin counties a number of fields of wheat were infested by the midge. In most cases the attack was apparently light but one farmer reported that his crop had been nearly ruined. CaBBaGE Maccor (Hylemyia brassicae Bouché).—At Strathroy this maggot SHADE TREE INSECTS WaLNuT CATERPILLAR (Datana integerrima G. & P.)—The work of this insect in defoliating walnut trees was very conspicuous in south-western Ontario this fall, probably more so than a year ago. Fatt WeEsworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury).—In the Ottawa district this insect was quite numerous on ash, elm, cherry and alder. It was also very abund- ant in south-western Ontario on roadside plants belonging to the genus Prunus. Lirac Lear MINER (Gracilaria syringella Fab.)—This species is now very widely distributed in Old Ontario. Generally speaking it did comparatively little damage in localities where it has been present for some years. It was found causing slight injury on Manitoulin Island and in the Sudbury district. _ THe PicEoN TREMEX (Tremex columba Linn.).—This insect was frequently met with in wooded areas at Ottawa. Its parasite Megarhyssa atrata Fab., also was quite abundant. Haploa militaris Harris, a form of Leconte’s Haploa, was general on the low rowths and woods in the vicinity of Ottawa. Epinotia aceriella Clemens, a maple leaf miner, was quite plentiful and was the cause of much disfigurement of the foliage in the Ottawa district. Tue Forest TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.).—This species as observed in large numbers on wild cherry and other foliage in the Ottawa district. Waite Pine WeeEviL (Pissodes strobi)—In Muskoka the work of this veevil was much more conspicuous than usual even on trees thirty feet high. 22 THE REPORT OF THE SprucE Lear-MINER (Taniva albolineana Kearf.) (Olethreutes abietana Fernald).—This species was found in large numbers on Norway and Colorado spruces close to the lake at Kingsville and caused much concern to the local florist and others. It seemed to act almost exclusively as a leaf-miner but it also cut off the mined needles and wove them along with intact needles into a dense unsightly web, thickly strewn with brown castings. Under the web the larvae fed and when full-grown pupated. At the time of inspection by L. Caesar and R. W. Thompson, June 20th. a score or more of adults and also numerous pupae and larvae were present. The larvae are deep green with a light-brown head. Adults reared at Guelph laid eggs from July 7th to July 14th. These were scale-like and translucent and were | deposited singly or in chains on the underside of the needles. (Species deter- mined by Busck.) THe Mapre Lear Cutter (Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch).—This leaf cutter which was very severe in 1928 in its ravages on hard maple foliage in the Ottawa district, was conspicuous by its scarcity or absence this season. In one grove alone 90% decrease in infestation was recorded. The cause of this decrease is attributed directly to the high winds and heavy rains which occurred during the early part of the summer. Leucanthiza dircella, a small lepidopterous miner on the foliage of the Leath- erwood, Dirca palustra Linn., was abundant wherever this hardy shrub was found growing among the low herbage of woods. MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS ErcHt SpotTep Forester (Alypia octormaculata Fab.).—This insect was very abundant and injurious on Virginia creeper at Chatham during the Past sea- son—much more abundant than last year. Rep-HEADED FLEA BEETLE (Systena frontalis Fab.).—A rather severe out- break of this flea beetle occurred in the Ottawa district. Such plants as asters, helichrvsum, dahlias, etc., were attacked as well as some of the fleshy stemmed weeds. The damage resembled the feeding scars made by the four-lined plant- bug (Poecilocapsis lineatus Fab.).—The flea bettle also attacked and partially defoliated young grape-vines in vineyards near Beamsville and St. Catharines. CoLUMBINE Borer (Papaipema purpurifascia G. & R.)—Only two or three complaints of columbine borer were received. It is probable that the insect is on the decline. During the previous three or four years it caused much anxiety to columbine growers. | PowpbeEr-Post BEETLE (Lyctus Spp.).—During the last five years there has been an increasing number of complaints of floors, wainscoting, rafters and beams in houses and out-buildings being attacked by this lumber pest. THE CIGARETTE BEETLE (Lasioderma serricorne Fab.).—Tins of cigarettes were found badly infested with this beetle at Arnprior, Ontario, in June. InpIAN Meat Motu (Plodia interpunctella Hbn.).—A severe infestation of this insect was found in a large warehouse at Ottawa in August, affecting raisins, rolled oats and other stored products. Saw TooTHED GRAIN BEETLE (Silvanus surinamensis).—The great majority of the stored grain insects sent to the Ontario Agricultural College for identifica- tion this year proved to be this species. In most cases it was stated that the infested grain had been stored for more than one year. | Fish Motu (Lepisma domestica Pack. )—Specimens of ‘this species were received from an infested house at Kingston, in August. MosguiToEs.—A severe outbreak of floodwater mosquitoes, principally Aedes hirsuteron Theo., developed in the Ottawa district in May, owing to the high freshet of the Ottawa river. The outbreak was largely reduced by the efforts of ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 23 the local mosquito control organization. The rainpool species, Aedes vexans Mgn., was scarce in comparison with the summer of 1928, owing to the prevail- ing dry weather. _ HEN Louse (Menopon stramineum Nitzsch.)—This louse was noted heavily infesting a flock of hens at Ottawa in July. _ Assassin BuG (Zelus exsanguis Stal.)—This insect was reported in con- siderable numbers preying on tent caterpillars and other lepidoptera, and also on small diptera. INSECTS OF THE SEASON 1929 IN MANITOBA A. V. MITCHENER, M.A.C., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, and NoRMAN CRIDDLE, Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Treesbank __ The extremely arid conditions which prevailed in 1929 over almost the whole of Manitoba brought about changes in insect activities which if continued are apt to lead to important outbreaks in the near future. While the season was favour- able for the development of certain species, the province as a whole was remark- ably free from serious insect depredations. __ GrRassHoPPERS.—The tide of grasshopper fluctuation which reached its low ‘point in 1927 has turned in the insects favour and several species have increased to a marked degree. This increase was particularly noticeable in the clear-winged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida Sc.), and the lesser migratory grasshopper (Melanoplus mexicanus atlanis Riley). All species due to cold weather were late in hatching, but apart from that the summer was particularly favourable for their development and egg laying. _ Wrreworms.—There were less complaints of wireworms than usual and only a few fields of grain were seriously damaged by these insects. Wuirte Gruss (Phyllophaga Spp.).—Injury by white grubs was as usual confined to areas in the vicinity of trees. A report to the effect that about 25 per cent. of the potatoes in a small field were badly damaged by white grubs was re- ceived from Pierson on October 8. Some severe damage was also done to seed- ing evergreens on the forestry nursery near Douglas. There was an unusually heavy flight of beetle. _ Cutworms (Eusxoa Spp.)—Cutworms in eastern Manitoba seem to have been scarce but in the western part of the province there was a marked increase in their activities and a few fields of grain in widly scattered localities were ‘severely damaged. As the weather during egg laying was very favourable an increase in their numbers may be looked for during 1930. _ BertHa ArMyworm (Barathra configurata Walk.)—Outbreaks of bertha armyworm were not as severe as was anticipated due to the high mortality of the ‘moths in the pupal chamber brought about by the dry, caked nature of the soil. Damage, however, was quite widespread in the western half of the province, although usually confined to odd fields. Both flax and sweet clover were attacked by the larvae. SaLtt MarsH CATERPILLAR (Estigmene acraea Dru.).—The salt marsh cater- pillar is another insect which has developed into a pest of sweet clover and which has done appreciable damage during the last two years. - Sucar Beet Wesworm (Lovxostege sticticalis L.)—A few minor infestation f weeds of sugar beet webworm were observed but no damage to crops was eported. 24 THE REPORT OF THE Wueat Stem Maccot (Meromyza americana . Fitch)—The wheat stem maggot caused conspicuous damage to headed wheat plants over a wide area of the province. A careful survey of infested territory however, showed that the actual injury was less than one per cent. WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (Cephus cinctus Nort.)—This insect had reached a low ebb in 1928 but the present year has been more favourable to its development and as a result it caused marked damage in an area extending west of Brandon to Oak Lake and northward to Hamiota. But while the injured stems in- some cases ran to 50 per cent. the actual loss was comparatively light. There is every indication that the insect will be more abundant in 1930. GARDEN INSECTS Rep Turnip BEETLE (Entomoscelis adonidis Pallas).—The red turnip beetle was rare in most places but abundant at Propmore where it was attacking turnips and other cruciferous plants. PEPPER GRASS BEETLE (Galeruca externa Say)—The pepper grass beetle was very common locally, especially in spring time when the larvae attacked vari- ous cruciferous plants. . CoLorapo Potato BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say)—The potato beetle was present in moderate numbers only and comparatively little damage was caused through its activities. Rose Curcutio (Rhynchitis bicolor Fab.)—The rose curculio was found abundant on roses at Brandon. It was also reported from many other parts of the country; the damage to roses being in every case severe. Cutworms (Euxoa, Feltia, etc.) —lLosses in gardens by cutworms were re- markably light; this was particularly so of eastern Manitoba. In the western part of the province the insects were more numerous. IMPoRTED CABBAGE Worm (Pieris rapae L.)—The butterflies of the import ed cabbage worm were late in appearing but later became very abundant, the re sulting larvae doing much damage to cabbage and allied plants. The insect wa much less numerous in northern districts. Onion Maccot (Hylemyia antiqua Meig.).—The onion maggot is becoming increasingly prevalent and during the present year it was recorded as injuriou at Winnipeg, Douglas, Brandon, Morden and Souris. Fruit INSECTS Meaty Prum Apuip (Hyalopterus arundinis Fab.) —The mealy plum aphi was moderately plentiful on native plum trees. CurrANT APHID (Myzus ribis L.).—Currant aphids were widespread and i soine districts extremely injurious to the leaves of red currants. CuRRANT Fruit Fry (Epochra canadensis Loew).—Currant fruit fly w recorded from many districts from Winnipeg to Souris. Black currants wer severely infested at Miami. . SpoTteD Hatisipota (Halisidota maculata Harr.).—The spotted Halisidot. was reported as plentiful and injurious to apple foliage at Morden. Uc ty-Nest CATERPILLAR (Cacoecia cerasivorana Fitch)—The ugly-n caterpillar was extremely plentiful on choke cherry (Prunus virginiana L.) which the insect largely confines its activities. “ IMPORTED CURRANT Worm (Pteronidea ribesi Scop.)—Widespread occ rence of imported currant worm was noted in local farm gardens but not quite : numerous as usual. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 25 Common Sprper Mire (Tetranychus telarius L.)—The dry summer was very favourable to the development of “red spider” and many plants including currants, raspberries and gooseberries were heavily infested. STRAWBERRY Borer (Apamea nictitans L.)—The strawberry borer is a new pest which has spread from wild to cultivated strawberry plants. It bores down the crown into the thicker portions of the root, thus killing the plants. It was found to be quite numerous in a market garden at Souris. STRAWBERRY LEAF CuRLER (Peronea fragariana Kearf.).—In the strawberry leaf curler we have another new pest which is recorded for the first time from Manitoba. It was present in large numbers at Souris where the leaves of straw- berry plants were badly curled and eaten by the larvae. ForREST AND SHADE TREE INSECTS Oak Lace Buc (Corythucha arcuata Say)—The oak lace bug was wide- spread and very injurious to oak leaves. Apuips.—T wo species of aphids were plentiful on elm, namely, Eriosoma lanigera Hausm. and E. americana Riley. The boxelder aphid Periphyllus negundinus Thom. was also injuriously numerous in some parts of the province. WESTERN Wittow Lear BEETLE (Galerucella decora).—The outbreak of the western willow leaf beetle so spectacular during the two previous years, has abated but the insect was still noticeably injurious in a few sections. Lime-TrEE Looper (EFrannis tiliaria Harr.)—The outbreak of lime-tree looper near Rounthwaite mentioned in our last report has extended to cover more than twice the original area. The insect was also found at several distinct, iso- lated spots. Fatt CANKERWORM (4Alsophila pometaria Harr.)—The full cankerworm after two years of comparative inactivity is on the increase again. Fir SAwFLy (Neodiprion abietis Harr.)—The larvae of the fir sawfly were again injurious to evergreens, although much reduced by parasites. These latter have entirely overcome the outbreak at Victoria Beach. SprucE SAWFLY (Pachynematus ocreatus Harrint.).—There was a marked increase in the amount of damage done by the spruce sawfly which was present at widely separated places. In several instances ornamental spruces were entirely stripped of leaves. HouSEHOLD AND LIVESTOCK INSECTS BepsuG (Cimex lectularius L.).—Inquiries relating to the control of bedbugs were rather numerous at the Agricultural College. They eminated from all of the western provinces. Mosouitores.—The abnormally dry season had a marked influence in the de- velopment of mosquitoes; so much so that the province has rarely been as free of them:as it was in 1929. In a number of instances the eggs hatched but the larvae failed to develop, in other cases the eggs did not even hatch. STABLE Fiy (Stomoxys calcitrans L.).—Stable flies were abundant at the beginning of the season but were checked later by the dry weather. Horn Fry (Haematobia serrata R. & D.)—The horn fly was another insect which was reduced by dry weather. Butipoc Fries (Tabanid Spp.).—Buildog flies were in local areas adjacent to bogs or ponds. Larce Ox WarBLE (Hypoderma bovis de G.).—The large ox warble fly was common and widespread. ’ Bor Fuiirs (Gastrophilus Spp.).—All three species of bot flies were in evi- dence but they were not as troublesome as usual. 26 THE REPORT OF THE THE WEATHER 1929 Rainfall in inches April May June July Aug. Sept. M.A.C. Winnipeg ..... 1.68 2.06 1.86 1.15 25 1.51 Treesbanke: —Economic Entomotocy. — Insecticides; spraying and 38 THE REPORT OF THE dusting machinery ; life histories, identification and control of insects injurious to field crops, farm animals, the garden, the shelter belt, stored products and the household. 2 lectures and 4 laboratory hours for one term. Required in third year of General Agriculture. _ Plant Science and Animal Science Options. Elective in Agricultural Busi- ness Option. Entomotocy 16e—Systematic Entomotocy.—Classification to species in the orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Collection—500 specimens. 8 laboratory hours for two terms. Elective in third year Plant Science Option. EntTomo.Locy 16F—SysTEMATIC EntomoLocy.—Classification to species in the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera. Life histories of at least two species of insects must be worked. 8 laboratory hours for one term. Elective in fourth year of Plant Science Diptlen, EntTomMoLocy 16H—HovusEHOLD AND MepicaL ENToMoLocy. — Poisonous and parasitic insects; insects as simple carriers of disease; insects as essential hosts of pathogenic organisms; insects injurious in the household. 3 lectures and 2 laboratory hours for one term. Elective in fourth year Home Economics. UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. 6 hours lecture and laboratory for two terms. Since this course is being offered i the first time this year details are not available. Presumably elective. UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO ZooLocy 31—ELEMENTARY ENntTomoLocy.—An elementary course dealing with the structure, development, life histories, economic relationships and classifi- cation of representative insects. 2 lectures and 4 laboratory hours for one term. Prerequisite—Zoology 20—Invertebrate Zoology. Elective in third and fourth year General Course. ZooLocy 406—EntTomMo ocy, MorPHOLOGICAL AND SysTEMATIC.—The ele- mentary morphology, life histories and classification of insects. 2 lectures and 6 laboratory hours for one term. Prerequisites—Zoology 300 Comparative Anatomy and Botany 300 Crypto- | gamic Botany. Elective to fourth year honour students in the Zoology Option. APPLIED Brococy 400—ArtTHrRopopa.—A study of the Phylum with par- ticular reference to groups of economic importance. Elementary morphology, taxonomy and post-embryonic development of the insects will receive special con- sideration. 2 lectures and 6 laboratory hours for one term. Prerequisite—Zoology 200 Invertebrate Zoology. Required of fourth year honour students in Applied Biology. ae Be -_ a Ani - a. on baal at! ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 39 ApPLieD Biotocy 402—HeExapopa.—A continuation of the morphological and taxonomic study of insects with general histology, physiology and embryo- logy. 2 lectures and 4 laboratory hours for one term. Prerequisite—Applied Biology 400—Arthropoda. Collection required. Required af fourth year honour students in Applied Biology. ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLocy 158—GENERAL ENtTomorocy.—Elementary anto- my and physiology of insects; common orders of insects; beneficial and injurious insects; natural control factors; insecticides and their application; life histories, habits and control of the most eepessartt insects of the farm. Collection—100 specimens. 1 lecture and 1% laboratory hours for one term. 1 lecture for one term. Required of second year diploma students. 15p Economic Entomotocy.—Beneficial and injurious insects, methods of distribution; imported insects; rate of reproduction; natural control factors; losses from insects; insecticides and their application; life histories, habits and control of the more important insects of the household, domestic animals, field crops, vegetables, bush and tree fruits; the spray calendar. 1 lecture for two terms. Required of second year degree students and students of the intermediate year. 15c Systematic Entomotocy.—The classification of common insects into families; where possible the immature stages are studied as well as the adults; identification of economic species. Collection—150 specimens. 1 lecture and 3 laboratory hours for two terms. Required of second ‘year degree students and students of the intermediate year. 15r Economic ENToMoLoGy—FALL TermM.—Study of the insect enemies of cereals, grasses, stored grain and mill products; methods of rearing insects; in- sects as disseminators of animal diseases; elementary insect photography. 2 lectures for one term. Required of third year students of Entomology and Botany Options. | 15c Economic EntomMoLoGy—WINTER TERM.—Study of insect enemies of shade trees, ornamental shrubs and greenhouse plants; brief study of forest in- sects with general methods of control. 1 lecture for one term. Required of third year students of Botany. Entomology and Horticulture Options. 15H Systematic Entomotocy.—Chiefly a laboratory course on the classifi- cation of insects; practice in identification and key work to general and species in various orders. Collection—500 specimens arranged in so far as possible to species. Third year Botany Option—4 hours for one term and 3 hours for one term. Third year Entomology Option—5 hours for one term and 4 hours for one rm. 40 THE- REPORT OF fae Fourth year Botany Option—4™% hours for one term and 5 hours for one term. Fourth year Entomology Option—4¥% hours for one term and 8 hours for one term. Required Options as indicated. 153 SystemAtTIC EntomoLocy.—The families of the order Hymenoptera; key work to general and species of Apidae. ; Collection—50 specimens of Hymenoptera—arranged to species in the Apidae. 3 hours for one term. Required of fourth year Apiculture Option. 15k Economic Entomotocy.—Insect ecology; insecticides and their action; safe and unsafe combinations of insecticides and fungicides; spraying and dust- ing machinery ; insects as disseminators of plant diseases; life histories, habits and methods of control of insects attacking vegetables, bush fruits and fruit trees; construction of a spray calendar for orchards and bush fruits; literature on eco- nomic entomology. Collections—Horticulture Option—40 economic forms and two life histories to be worked. | Entomology and Botany Options—life histories of four insects to be worked. 3 hours for two terms. Required of the options indicated and of the Agricultural Science Option for one term. 151 Insect MorpHotocy.—An advanced course on the external morphology of generalized adults and larvae followed by a comparative study of the morpho- logy of a number of specialized types; anatomy in relation to phylogenetic de- velopment; special studies in morphology required of individual students. Third year Botany Option—4 hours for one term—5 hours for one term. Third year Entomology Option—5 hours for one term—4 hours for one term. Fourth year Entomology Option—2 hours for one term—6 hours for one term. Required of the options indicated. Botany Option course completed in one year. ; 15m INsEct MorpHoLocy.—The external morphology of generalized adults; type of adults and larvae in the Hymenoptera; the roney bee in detail. Third year—4 hours for one term—3 hours for one term. Fourth year—2 hours for one term—5 hours for one term. Required of the Apiculture Option. 15n Insect Puystotocy, INTERNAL ANATOMY AND Histo_ocy.—Lectures and laboratory; dissections of internal anatomy of various types; histology of in- sect types; practice in microtomic sectioning of insect tissue; general laboratory technique with insect material; phatomicrography. ! Apiculture Option selected portions of the above and special work on the honey bee. Third year Apiculture Option—3 hours for one term—2 hours for one term. Third year Entomology Option—4% hours for one term—3 hours for one term. Fourth year Apiculture Option—1% hours for one term—5 hours for one term. Fourth year Entomology Option—3 hours for one term—5 hours for one term. Required of options indicated. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 41 15u BrscioGRAPHies.—A lecture course on scientific literature, its character and sources; the standard keys to zoological literature; indices and bibliographies and their preparation. Required of Entomology Option. TueEsis.—A thesis is required of all fourth year students. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ZooLocy 36 Forest ENtomoLocy.—A lecture and laboratory course on for- est insects. 25 lectures and 50 laboratory hours—total. Required of fourth year students in forestry. In the following courses a considerable portion of the time may be devoted to the study of insects. ZooLocy 11—ParasiTroLocy.—Lectures and laboratory work on the parasites of man; a large part of the course is medical entomology. 50 hours—total. Elective in third year Medicine. ZooLtocy 24 ADVANCED INVERTEBRATE Zootocy.—Lectures, laboratory and museum work on the morphology, embryology classification and distribution of the invertebrates ; training in laboratory methods and microscopic technique. This course may be largely restricted to the Arthropoda. 100 hours—total. Elective in fourth year Honour Biology. ZooLocy 25 CLASSIFICATION AND Naturat History or ANIMALS. — Special reference to those of Ontario or Canada; a large part of the course is devoted to determination of insects. 100 hours—total. Elective in fourth year Honour Biology. QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY Brotocy 34 Economic Entomotocy.—A study of the principal insect pests of the farm and forest and methods of control. Prerequisites Biology 1—Ele- mentary Botany and Zoology, Biology 2—General Biology, Biology 21—Canadian Zoology and Biology 24—Animal Ecology. 1 lecture and 4 laboratory hours for two terms. Flective honours course. Brotocy 21 CANADIAN ZooLocy.—The classification, distribution, life histor- ies, habits and economic importance of the commoner and more important Cana- dian animals. Study of museum specimens. A considerable portion of this course is devoted to insects. 2 lectures and two laboratory hours for two terms. Elective honours course. MACDONALD COLLEGE EntTomotocy 3.—An elementary treatment of the structure, habits and classi- fication of insects. The relation of structure, habits and life-history to control measures. Identification of the common pests of field, garden and orchard. 2 lectures and 2 laboratory hours for one term. Required of first year diploma students. 30 INsEcT MorPHo cocy. 2 lectures and 4 laboratory hours for two terms. Required of third year Entomology Option. * 42 | THE REPORT OF THE 32 TECHNIQUE—(a) Histological Technique; (b) Entomological Technique. 1 lecture and 4 laboratory hours for two terms. Required of third year Entomology Option. 33 Economic EntomoLocy.—A survey of the orders of insects in their eco- nomic relation to man. Studies of representative species. The principles of in- sect control. Methods of investigation. The taking and tabulating of notes and records. The preparation of popular and technical papers. Collection—50 adults and 20 larvae—5 complete life histories. 2 lectures and 4 laboratory hours for two terms. Required of fourth year Entomology Option. 34 GENERAL AND Economic Entomorocy.—A general study of the principal insect enemies of field, garden and orchard crops, designed for students not tak- ing their major work in entomology. A study of spraying schedules for different farm crops. The principles of insect control. Collection—25 adults and 10 larvae of common economic insects—one com- plete life history. 2 lectures and 4 laboratory hours for one term. Required of third or fourth year Horticulture and Plant. Pathology Options. | : 35 SystEMaTIC ENtomMoLtocy.—tThe classification of the principal groups of insects. Each student will be asked to choose a special group for more detailed study and to bring to the class an original collection in that group. 1 lecture and 4 laboratory hours for two terms. Required of fourth year Entomology Option. 36 INsEcT Ecotocy.—Classification of habitats .and the factors influencing them. Modifications in structure and life history correlated with variations in the environment. Behaviour as a response to environmental changes. Protective devices. Insects in relation to plants. Social insects. Insect distribution. 2 lectures for one term. Required of fourth year Entomology Option. 37 SEMINAR.—Presentation and discussion of reports on (1) Assigned topics ; (2) Recent work in entomology and zoology; (3) Original investigation. 2 hours for two terms. Required of third and fourth year Entomology Option. 38 ProyEcts.—One or more problems entailing private investigation will be allotted to each student at the beginning of his third year. The work done should be equivalent to 4 hours for two terms. Required of third or fourth year Entomology Option. OxaA AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE One general course is given dealing with the morphology of insects, the prin- cipal orders, forms of economic importance and their control. Economic features stressed. 2 lectures and 4 laboratory periods for one term. 3 lectures and 4 laboratory periods for one term. Required of third year B.S.A. students. A special time table may be made out giving additional work in his spare time to a student who is especially interested in entomology. LavaAL UNIVERSITY EntToMoLocy—Part 1—ELEMENTARY ENToMOoLoGy.—A course in general. entomology. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 43 20 lectures and 16 laboratory hours—total. Part 2 Forest ENtomotocy.—A study of forest insects. 25 lectures and 20 laboratory hours—total. Required of third or fourth year in School of Forestry. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF STE. ANNE-DE-LA-POCATIERE One general course is given. 50 lectures and 15 laboratory periods—-total. Required of all second year degree students. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, TRURO One course now given in economic entomology to the “Farm Course” stud- ents. This is of a practical nature dealing with the recognition, habits and control of the more common farm pests. First year 214 hours for two months. Second year 2 hours for three months. Required of both years. Previous to this year (1929-30) a general course was given to degree students but this is now dropped to keep the programme in line with that of Macdonald College with which Truro is affiliated. An examination of the courses offered in entomology at our Canadian institu- tions and the conditions under which they are available brings out a number of ‘points of general interest. These I will discuss under the following headings :— : " I—REQUIRED COURSES A. For STUDENTS IN AGRICULTURE. (1). GENERAL COURSES FOR ALL STUDENTS OR TECHNICAL OPTIONS. UNIversiTy oF BriTtisH CoLuMBIA.—Courses in systematic and Economic Entomology are required of students majoring in Agronomy and Horticulture. University oF ALBERTA.—A lecture course in Economic Entomology requir- ed of all students in agriculture. UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN.—NoO requirements under this section. MANITOBA AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE.——A general course required of all diploma students and an introductory course. required of degree students. A course in Economic Entomology required of the option in General Agriculture. OnTaARIO AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE.—A general course required of all diploma students and courses in Systematic and Economic Entomology required of all degree students. An additional course in Economic Entomology required of Horticulture Option third and fourth years. Courses in Systematic Entomology, Insect Morphology and Internal Anatomy and Histology are required of Apicul- ture Option, third and fourth years. MacponaLp CoLLEGE.—A course in General and Economic Entomology is required in the Horticulture Option. A general course is required of diploma students. OKA AGRICULTURAL INsTITUTE—A general and economic course is required _ of all degree students. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF STE. ANNE-DE-LA-POCATIERE.—A general course is required of all degree students. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, TrRURO.—A course in economic entomology is re- : quired of all diploma students. { ae THE REPORT: OF THE A summary of this statement shows us that four institutions are requiring courses in entomology of all diploma students in agriculture and five are requiring courses of all degree students. In addition two are requiring courses of two “technical” options and two are requiring courses of one “technical” option. (2) OTHER REQUIRED CouRSES— More advanced courses in various phases of entomology are required of stud- ents majoring in entomology or biology as follows. University oF British CoLtumBia.—For students majoring in Entomology. UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN.—For students majoring in Agricultural Biology. MANITOBA AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE.—For students majoring in Plant Science or Animal Science. ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE.—For students majoring in Botany, in Entomology and in Agricultural Science. MacpoNnaLp CoLLEGE.—For students majoring in Entomology and in Plant Pathology. Certain of the courses mentioned above for technical options are also required of these groups. B. For NonN-AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS: (1) Forrestry.—A course in Forest Entomology is required of students major- ing in Forestry in the University of British Columbia, the University of Toronto and Laval University. (2) AppLiED BrioLocy.—Two courses are required of students in Applied Biology at the University of Western Ontario. II—ELEcTIVE CouRSES. One or more elective courses in entomology which vary in extent and char- acter are offered by the University of British Columbia, the University of Alberta, the University of Saskatchewan, Manitoba Agricultural College, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Toronto, Queen’s University and Mac- donald College. In most cases these courses are elective only for certain groups of students. The University of Alberta apparently has its courses in entomology available for the most widely diverse student groups. III—-UNDERGRADUATE Majors A careful examination of the curricula of our educational institutions with a study of the character of the courses offered and the time involved leads me to suggest that at the present time three institutions are offering what can properly be called, undergraduate majors in entomology. These are the University of British Columbia, Macdonald College and the Ontario Agricultural College. As previously indicated several other colleges or universities are offering cer- tain advanced courses but in none of these cases is the number and extent of these courses and the time involved sufficient, in my opinion, that these may be consid- | ered majors in the field of entomology. I wish now to discuss briefly these points to which I have just referred and to lay before you certain opinions which I hold with regard to them. It is probable that some of you will not agree with these opinions but the expression of them may help to clear the air. First, with regard to required general courses for men in agriculture:—I have pointed out that only four institutions, out of nine with undergraduate agri- cultural training, are requiring courses of all diploma students and five are requir- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 45 ing courses of all degree students. It seems to me highly desirable that all stud- ents in agriculture in degree or diploma courses should be required to take at least a general course in entomology. Such a course should be one in Economic Entomology with such work in Systematic Entomology as may be necessary to acquaint the student with the more important insect groups and outstanding eco- nomic species. I am quite familiar with the trend of development in our undergraduate cur- ricula toward the more general establishment of courses in the fundamental sciences and am heartily in favor of it. Such a course as I have suggested need not come, however, in the first or even the second year of the degree curriculum. I would suggest further that such a course should be built on a background of Zoology approaching the standard of the first or second year university honour course. Incidentally this course in Zoology would also be basic to courses in Comparative Anatomy, Vertebrate Histology, Vertebrate Embryology and Animal Physiology which in the future will be features of the work of undergraduate specialists in Animal Husbandry at least. I expect to see this prophecy fulfilled. May I point out that some of our best equipped entomological departments are not rendering service from the point of view of courses offered to the average student of their respective institutions. This of course is not from choice of the department staffs, but because of institutional policy. Let us cite Macdonald College as an example. Without being professionally egotistical we may say that the Department of Entomology and Zoology at Macdonald is one of the best manned and best equipped departments of the College. Yet in so far as I can learn from'the curriculum, no students of the degree course except specialists in Entomology, Plant Pathology and Horticulture receive courses in entomology. (Since his address was delivered, Professor Brittain has informed me that other students may and do elect certain of these courses in Entomology). Let us turn now to the matter of elective subjects. I have pointed out that a number of our colleges and universities are offering clective courses in entomology. It is of interest to again note that these are in general available only to certain groups of students. In practically all cases I am also glad to report that a fair standard of prerequisites is maintained. This is secured by a definite prerequisite requirement, or in other cases, by the position which the course occupies in the undergraduate programme. Despite the relatively satisfactory condition which exists with respect to our electives in entomology may I presume, however, to utter a word of warning. I see a tendency, especially in some of our western universities toward considered freedom in the matter of elective subjects. I sub- mit that the breadth of our courses and the background required, has done, in the past, as much as high scholarship to bring success to Canadian students in foreign academic fields. I am still sufficiently old-fashioned to think that the undergradu- ate is not a finished expert in the matter of course outlines. I will not discuss in detail the evils which I think may follow in the train of a free elective system. Classic examples will occur to us all. I have stated that it is my opinion that three institutions in Canada are offering undergraduates majors in entomology. In the University of British Columbia students in arts who major in entomology are required to carry courses in Com- parative Anatomy of Vertebrates and Invertebrates and in Vertebrate Histology and Vertebrate Embryology. Agricultural students who major in entomology are not required to carry these courses and are not permitted to receive an honours _ degree. This lack of cognate courses in animal biology in the curriculum of the students majoring in the agricultural faculty seems open to criticism. There has been a tendency on the part of some to consider the academic standing of agricul- tural students as lower than that of other faculties. A condition such as I have +stated provides a basis of argument for such persons. - - 46 THE REPORT OF THE Students majoring in entomology at Macdonald College are required to carry a course in Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. At the Ontario Agricultural College students majoring in entomology are required to carry courses in invertebrate Zoology, Comparative Anatomy of Ver- tebrates, Vertebrate Histology. The whole question of undergraduate specialization is one which at present is reciving much attention. How far we should go in this matter is a much debated point. My attitude would be that we should allow as much specialization as time will permit—when the fundamentals in science and mathematics have been pro- vided for—and, in the case of students in agriculture, a general background in the technical subjects. Provision of course should also be made in an undergraduate course for English and foreign languages. GRADUATE WorRK It is not my intention to enter into a detailed discussion of graduate studies in entomology in Canada. Dr. Robert Newton’s recent report to the Canadian Society of Technical Agri- culturists on Graduate Instruction in Agroculture in Canada covers much of the field of graduate studies in entomology. At the present time graduate instruction in entomology is offered in the Uni- versity of British Columbia, the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Manitoba, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Toronto and the Ontraio Agricultural College, the University of McGill and Macdonald College. Courses in entomology appear in the graduate calendar of the University of Al- berta, but up to the present no students have been accepted. EQUIPMENT AND COLLECTIONS _ [ have said nothing in regard to collections or equipment. Some of my corre- spondents have given me a full account of collections and some of equipment. Others however, have made only a passing reference to collections and none to equipment. In view of my lack of detailed information I feel therefore, that it would be most unfair to discuss these questions. I have tried to make a fair statement of the situation with respect to under- graduate instruction in entomology in Canada. I have freely expressed opinions which may be quite antogonistic to those of some of you. Only in this way, how- ever, can we make real progress. In conclusion may I say that though entomology, in the light of academic his- tory, 1s a comparatively new subject in Canada it is fast taking a prominent place in the curricula of our universities and colleges. It remains for us as entomolog- ists to see that it is maintained on a high scientific plane. SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLIGHT OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER Geo. M. STIRRETT Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Chatham, Ontario The purpose of this paper is to record a few preliminary observations upon the flight of the European corn borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.). The work upon which these observations have been made was carried on at Chatham, Ontario, during the seasons of 1927, 1928 and 1929. The writer was assisted in this work by the following men: 1927, Messrs. W. E. Steenbury, N. B. Stevens; 1928, Messrs. R. M. Alton, G. S. Mathews, F. F. Smith; 1929, Messrs. H. E. Heming, W. E. Lindsay, J. A. Adams. : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 47 The flight period is very important in the life economy of the corn borer, be: cause during this period mating and egg-laying take place, and therefore, the sub- sequent infestation and injury to the corn crop is largely, although not entirely, determined during this period. The number of eggs laid depends to a large ex- tent upon the length of time the moths are in flight during the season and the length of time they are present in the fields on each night of the flight season. Our studies were undertaken to learn all we could regarding flight and par- ticularly to determine its seasonal limits, yearly variations and their causes and to determine, if possible, the physical factors, if any, regulating or determining the number of moths present in the fields on individual nights. No account was taken of the biotic factors influencing flight such as the stage of growth of the corn at the time of flight, except that we tried to have our plots in the same stage of growth in the successive years. It was assumed that once emergence had be- gun some moths would be in the field every favourable night until the natural culmination of the flight period. Because the height or the maturity of the corn at the time of flight, has a great influence on the number of moths present, the average heights of our plots will be given. Our corn did not vary a great deal in height on the same dates year after year because in 1927 the average height was nineteen inches, on July 15, and twenty-one inches on July 18. During 1928 the average height on July 9 was fifteen inches and on July 16 twenty-three inches, while in 1929 the corn was thirteen inches tall on July 8 and twenty-four inches in height on July 20. Metuops oF Stupy.—Each year a plot of Wisconsin number seven corn was planted on or about June 5. The plots each measured 40 x 240 feet, except in the year 1928, when each measured only 40x 120 feet. For this reason the actual number of moths secured in this year have been doubled, in order to make the plot comparable with the other years. Observations were made each hour of the evening and night from the beginning to the end of the flight season. The first six or seven minutes of each hour were used in measuring and recording the physical factors of the environment. Temperature was recorded by the dry bulb thermometer of a sling psychrometer during the first year and by a Friez ther- mograph during the last two years. Relative humidity was determined by a Tycos psychrometer during the first year and by a Friez hygrograph during the last two years. Evaporation was not recorded the first year but was obtained by use of a Livingston spherical atmometer cup during the last two years. It was recorded for a period of five minutes at each observation. Precipitation was unrecorded in the field the first year, the Chatham weather station records being used. It was recorded in the field by the use of a standard rain gauge during the last two years. _ Wind was measured by the use of a Biram portable anemometer. Five readings of one minute each were taken at each observation and the average of these used as the wind velocity for the period. Pressure was recorded at the Chatham sta- tion of the Meteorological Service of Canada, located about one-half mile from the plots. Light was not recorded because we do not possess a photometer. After the physical factors had been recorded the plot was examined for moths for a period of fifteen minutes by walking up and down the rows. By the use of a four-celled flashlight, moths could readily be seen in flight or resting on the corn plants. When a moth was observed it was caught by the use of an insect net, identified and killed. When the fifteen minute period ended the plot was vacated until the time for the next observations. The hourly observations began gener- ally at 7:30 p.m., and continued until one or no moths were observed, which was generally about 12:30 a.m. Tue YEARLY Fiicnt Perrop.—The length of the flight season during the past three years has not varied greatly in respect to dates and length of duration as is shown in the following table :— 48 THE REPORT OF THE _ Date flight Date flight Length of Actual number of Year began ended flight in days nights moths flew 1927 July 8 Aug. 7 31 25 1928 July 7 Aug. 9 34 Zn 1929 July 4 July 31 28 22 The actual number of nights the moths were in flight is lower than the length of the seasonal flight because on a number of nights when it was expected moths would be in the field they were absent, due, in most cases, to undetermined fact- ors. There were six such nights in 1927, nine in 1928, and six in 1929. The length of the flight season for each year is shown in the figure below :— Fig. I. Graph Showing Flight of Corn Borer Moths Laboratory Field, Chatham, Ontario 1927-1929 Inclusive The total number of moths observed during the flight season in the three years, varied considerably. In 1927, 258 moths were observed, while in 1928, 370 were observed and in 1929, only 108 were recorded. In 1927, therefore, the average number of moths captured for each night of actual flight was 34.2, in 1928, 14.8 and in 1929, only 4.9. The reduction in the number of moths is shown in the above graph which shows the actual number of moths caught each night for the three years. There are several factors which might cause-this reduction in the number of moths during the past two years. Any serious thought on this point admirably illustrates thie compexity of our problem. Of the factors which might cause a reduction the following are probably the most important:—(1) Weather and other factors regulating the number of eggs laid, the percentage hatching and the mortality in larval establishment. (2) The compulsory farm clean-up of corn refuse. (3) The increase in the corn acreage from 1927 to 1929. We have, no means of evaluating many of these factors at the present time. It would appear, however, as if the farm clean-up and the increase in acreage were responsible for a great part of the reduction. It is felt that the decrease in the number of moths in 1928 under that of 1927 throughout the district is fairly accurately shown in our plot records. We feel, thowever, that our plots in 1929 show a greater decrease than was actually the case. In 1927 and 1928 our plots were grown on the same site and the nearest corn was several hundred yards distant, while in 1929 there were two early sweet corn fields and one earlier field of field corn within a short distance from our plot. f s ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 49 One of these fields of sweet corn was observed throughout the season and it was found that it attracted over twice as many moths than did our plot, although these plots were practically the same size in area. It is felt, therefore, that these fields attracted some moths which, under the isolated condition of our plots of 1927 and 1928, would have remained in our field. During the past season a plot of corn was grown very close to the location of the plots of 1927 and 1928 in order to secure the relation or corrective factor between the site of our 1927 and 1928 plots and that of the new location of 1929. Unfortunately this corn was very poor and hence, cannot be used in comparison with the other plots. In spite of its poorness the plot attracted an average of four moths each night for the period of observations. This is not quite one moth less.per night than the plot of this year on its new location. The increase in the corn acreage during the past two years in Kent county must have had some effect in reducing the number of moths within definite plots because the moths had more corn over which to fly and lay eggs. The increase in : corn acreage in Kent county in 1928 over the acreage of 1927 was 5.785 acres or twenty-eight per cent. The i increase in 1929 over 1928 was 10,919 acres or forty- one per cent. Thus in 1927 the moths had only 20,751 acres of corn over which to lay eggs in 1929 they had 37,455 acres. : | The effect of clean ploughing in killing the larvae of the corn borer is well known and it must be a fact that enormous numbers of larvae were killed during _ the clean-up of 1927-28, thus reducing the number of moths which would be pres- ent during the 1928 flight season. Because of very wet weather in the spring of _ 1929, the clean-up of 1928-29 was not quite as well done in Kent county as that of the previous year, and it is felt that this factor did not have such an influence in _ reducing the numbers of moths flying in 1929 as was the influence of the 1927-28 clean-up on the moths of 1928, although it must be remembered that there were less larvae in the corn refuse than in 1927-28. Most of the moths found in the field were females, in fact, it was rather rare to finda male. In 1929, in two plots observed, only 3.7 per cent. and 3.6 per cent. of the moths observed in the fields were males. THe Nicutty Cycie or FricHt.—The moths begin to fly about 8:30 p.m., _and gradually increase in number until about 9:30 p.m. when the maximum num- _ber are usually present. After this time, they gradually decrease until nearly all have left the field by 12:30 a.m. The following table shows the number of moths captured for the entire season, of 1927 and 1928, at hourly periods. It must be understood that the actual observations were probably not made at exactly the _hour indicated but are grouped to their nearest hourly period, thus an observation taken at 8:15 p.m. would be recorded as at 8:30 p.m. : TIME Year 7:30 p.m. 8:30 p.m. 9:30 p.m. 10:30 p.m. 11:30 pm. 12:30 p,m, 1:30 a,m, 1927 0 281 263 151 117 48 0 — 1928 0 38 204 74 46 8 0 : Under certain conditions there is a secondary flight taking place between 2 :00 -a.m., and 4:00 a.m. The extent of this secondary flight has not been studied, ex- _ cept on one night, that of July 17, 1928. The following is a table of the numbers of moths observed at hourly periods throughout the night. Time— 7:50 9:00 10 :00 11 :00 12:08 1:10 2:05 3:05 4:07 5 :08 BNo-of. .- p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. a.m. a.m. a.m, a.m, a.m, a.m. Moths 0 10 8 4 2 0 2 + 2 0 In future, further consideration should be given to the oe of this secondary flight to determine its extent and magnitude. THe Puysicat Factors AFFECTING FiicgHt.—As has been stated above, ‘moths were absent from the field on six nights during 1927, nine nights in 1928, ’ 50 THE REPORT OF THE and six nights in 1929, during the flight season and when one would expect that they would be present in the field. We have not been able, with the data at hand, to explain their absence on each of these nights, but it is certain that low temper- atures had the controlling effect on certain nights as will be pointed out later. Of the other physical factors, precipitation is the only one which might have been ~ responsible for the absence of moths on certain of these nights. _Although we have definite records for relative humidity, evaporation, pressure and wind, none of these throughout the progress of our work had any definite influence over flight. This may, however, be due to the fact that we have not as yet encountered ex- tremes in these factors. Winds of cyclonic velocity must certainly prohibit flight. When the temperature reaches as low as 57° F., it is almost certain that no moths will be found in the field. Very few moths fly when the temperature ranges around 58° F., or 59 F. On the graph, presented in figure 1, this is clearly shown on the night of July 19 when in 1927 and 1929 the mean tempera- ture for the hours of our observations reached 56.8° F., and 55.7 F., respectively, and no moths were taken on this night in either year. In 1928, however, the mean temperature was 70.2° F., and twenty-four moths were obtained. The other physical factors for this night in the three years were fairly constant and did not show any appreciable divergence from the preceding or the following nights. Only the temperature was lower. The prohibitive effect of low temperature can ~ be brought out more clearly by showing the temperature for each individual hour of observation. Date Time 8:30 p.m. 9:30 p.m. 10:30 pm. 11:30 p.m. 12:30 am. 1:30 a.m. July 18 Temp. 66.8 65.5 65.4 64.7 65.2 60.2 1927 Moths 8 24 11 t 7 0 July 19 Temp. 58.7 56.3 55.3 1927 Moths 0 0 0 July 20 Temp. 62.6 57.3 56.0 1927 Moths J 9 0 July 21 Temp. 67.4 65.2 65.3 64.5 1927 Moths 51 21 11 , Elec. Storm. The other factors for these nights were as follows :— Rate Relative Humidity Precipitation Wind Pressure Mean . Mean July 18 1927 82.5 None 109.1 29.58 July 19 1927 76. None 203.6 29.54 Tuly 20 1927 87.33 None 27.6 29.67 Tuly 21 1927 94. A7 181.8 29.64 It is fairly obvious that the lower temperature on July prohibited moth flight, and is responsible for the termination of the flight on July 20 at such an earl hour. Moths continue to fly in light rains as this occurred on several nights during observations. On July 21, 1927, it was raining when observations began at 8:30 p.m., and it rained until about 9:30 p.m., during which time seventy-two of the ninety moths observed during the night were captured. It is difficult to interpret the effect of rain on flight from our data, because on the only nights during flight when we had very heavy rains other factors may have ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 51 been the cause of the lack of flight. On August 8, 1927, it rained very heavily all evening and no moths were observed. Three moths had been taken the night before, but none were obtained on August 10 and 11 or thereafter, so that their absence may have been due to the natural culmination of flight. The only night on which we feel certain rain prohibited flight was on August 4, 1928. On this night .53 inches of rain fell during the night and very largely during our observa- tions. The temperature was high, being 75° F., at 8:00 p.m. We did not find moths in the field on this night, but had obtained six the night before. PROGRESS IN BREEDING CORN TO RESIST, THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn.) A. RussELL Marston Michigan State College Corn Borer Experiment Station Mownroe, MIcu. Wherever crop plants are cultivated injurious insects may be found and often these insects determine the difference between success and failure in production. It is natural that the plant breeder has in the past and undoubtedly will continue to give in the future considerable attention to controlling these insects by plant breeding. : It has not been many years since our friends, the plant pathologists, were rather skeptical about accepting the plant breeders’ contention that a difference in resistance to plant disease might be due to inherent genetic conditions in the host plants. It was rather generally held among pathologists that susceptibility and resistance were largely determined by environment and therefore not inherited, but to-day the pathologist knows as a fact that susceptibility and resistance are inherited and that through plant breeding we are able to produce strains of the different crops that may be either resistant or susceptible to the various pathologi- cal diseases. Similarly we are going to prove that susceptibility and resistance of plants to insects are due to, inherent genetic conditions in the plant. Plant resistance to insects may also be dependent on environment but in every case there is a definite genetic background for the development of the character. Let us now assume that resistance to the corn borer is a genetic factor. What should we expect in the way of an attack from the corn borer on the different families throughout the generations of a cross between a borer resistant variety and a susceptible variety of corn. Should the resistance to the corn borer be completely dominant, we should have the plants in the Fl generation showing a very light infestation, but should susceptibility be dominant, we should have a very heavy infestation in this generation. In the second generation we should have a segregation of resistance and susceptibility in possibly the following ratios depending upon the number of independent factors involved as follows :— Monohybrid 1 factor ratio 3:1 Dihybrid 2 factors ratio 9:3:3:1 Trihybrid 3 factors, ratio.2/ :9::9::9.:3.23.:3:1 Therefore, if susceptibility was a dominant factor in the second generation of a Monohybrid we should have 3 plants with corn borer present to one plant without any borers, etc. Provided, of course, that should there be no factor for resist- ance present, all plants in the plat would be susceptible to borer attack. Now, let us take the resistance problem that has been conducted for the past three years at our Corn Borer Station at Monroe, and see what we have found. We were able, at the Monroe Corn Borer Station in 1926, to obtain a borer resist- 52 THE REPORT OF ) THE ant variety of corn from the Entomologists at Arlington. Dr. D. J. Caffrey informed me that they had a borer resistant variety called Maize Amargo and could see possible use of this particular variety in the plant breeding study. The Maize Amargo in its native state could not produce corn that would mature in normal seasons of the United States. I immediately asked him to forward me some of the seed and Dr. Jones from Arlington sent us some 75 kernels of the pure Maize Amargo seed. In order to assure ourselves that this strain was resistant we placed a small cage over one hill and liberated about 20-25 mature corn borers on these plants. We then went back later to see if the borers had established themselves on the plants. Dr. Phillip Luginbill of the United States Department of Agriculture, Entomologist who was with us at that time, made the observations and could not find any of the borers that he had placed on the plants. In 1927 we placed a large cage over several of the Maize Amargo plants and introduced a large number of corn borer moths. These moths laid a great number of their eggs on the cage, some 150 eggs were deposited on the plants and in the fall only one live corn borer could be found. In 1926 we endeavored to make crosses of this variety of corn with our Michigan varities. We used different tactics in making our crosses from other plant breeders, who had formerly attempted the cross. Most of the other plant breeders had been endeavoring to use the Maize Amargo as the female and as a result the Maize Amargo taking so long to mature did not produce any seed that would mature sufficiently to grow. We used the Maize Amargo as the male, since the male is equally able to transmit its characteristics as the female. We crossed the Maize Amargo with three Michigan type corns, Duncan, Golden Glow and Red Cob Ensilage. Of this stock, we furnished Dr. F. D. Richey with a few kernels of each as he had been unfortunate in getting any of his crosses to grow up to that time. In 1927, we planted this seed and only two plants of Duncan, about four plants of Golden Glow and about nine plants of Red Cob Ensilage grew. This being our first generation and as we had a limited number of plants, we covered most of these with screen cages in order to protect them from corn borer attack. The plants unprotected suffered considerable corn borer injury. In 1928, we planted all the seed harvested from the plants in 1927. It germ- — inated well and gave us a large number of plants with which to work. In plant- ing these crosses we planted along with them a few rows of the parent plants. This generation which was the F2 began to show results that were encouraging. A heavy infestation was found on the Michigan parent but on the progenies of the crosses with Maize Amargo we found rather a light infestation. For example : PLAT NO. VARIETY INFESTATION 4 Duncan x Maize Amargo 8% 1 Duncan Yellow Dent 58% 2 Maize Amargo 5% 3 Duncan x Maize Amargo 18% By infestation is meant, preliminary counts made under the supervision of Mr. C. B. Dibble of the Entomology Section of our Station on the number of plants infested and the number not infested in the plat. All these were planted at the same time and grew normally in height. We, then, inbred by hand pollinization all the plants to use the following year in planting each family in a single row. In 1929, or this past season, we have found very promising results. We have plats scattered throughout the field that show no borer attack whatsoever while the adjacent plats run high in infestation. For example, let us take three par- ticular rows as follows :-—— ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 53 PLAT NO. VARIETY INFESTATION 90633 Duncan x Maize Amargo F3 29% 90634 Duncan x Maize Amargo F3 O% 90635 Duncan x Maize Amargo F3 26% Plat No. 90634 which carried no infestation was more mature and higher through- out the season than the plat on either side. In studying the progeny of the three crosses of 1926 this year out of 935 families in all we had some 708 families infested to approximately 227 non-infested. Let us now study this from a genetic standpoint. In the F1 generations we had a heavy infestation, thus leading us to believe that susceptibility is dominant and resistance recessive. In the F2 we had a lighter infestation as a whole in the plats of Maize Amargo crosses than in the Michigan Parent plats, thus showing that in the segregation of characteristics with the presence of the Maize Amargo type we have a slight resistance showing up. As we did not have sufficient corn borer attack in 1928 to infest every plant in the plat, we selfed or inbred every plant in all plats. This year we placed all the ears from 1928 in single row plats to find out definitely whether any particular family in that group had resistance to the borer present or not. We found that in 935 families of the three crosses, Duncan, Golden Glow and Red Cob Ensilage, we had some 798 families infested to 227 non-infested, giving us a ratio of 3.1:1 in all F3 families studied. This would indicate that we were very close to a 3 to 1 or a simple Mendelian ratio, and as I have shown before, in what we should expect, would correspond to a Mono- hybrid combination. This looks most encouraging and gives us a good lead to follow next year. First, we must get our resistance and then we must make a profitable corn variety to grow in Michigan. We intend to start now using these apparently resistant strains in attempting to produce a commercial strain of corn that can be grown profitably under corn borer conditions. In producing this strain of corn we will combine definite known strains, blend numerous strains and use other corn breeding methods. Since 1926 we have also been successful in crossing the Maize Amargo with several of our other varieties of corn and are carrying these through in the same manner as we did the crosses which I have just described. One of the very inter- esting crosses which attracted considerable attention this year is a cross we made in 1928 between Golden Bantam Sweet Corn and Maize Amargo. The cross this year in its first generation showed corn standing some 8 feet high with very few suckers and a definite segregation on the ear of a 3:1 ratio of Flint and Sweet Corn, thus showing us that the cross was successful. We also have some crosses with our earlier types of corn for the Northern part of Michigan, 8 rowed Flint and Northwestern Dent being two of.these. This year for the first time we were successful in crossing our Michigan Hulless Pop Corn with Maize Amargo and obtained some 9 kernels with which to work in the future. A few days ago I received a communication from Dr. H. A. Wallace of Wallace’s Farmer, who has this past summer visited Europe and made a study of the corn borer, therein stating that the Vilmorins of Paris were importing every year corn from Mexico that was borer resistant, thus showing there are others convinced that there is such a thing as resistance in corn plants to the Corn Borer. DISCUSSION ‘Mr. H. G. Crawrorp:—I do not know whether the meeting as a whole realizes what a significant point this is which has apparently been discovered, viz., the resistance (to the corn borer) being associated with the genetic constitution of the plant and in simple Mendelian ratio. I look to it as a possible revolution in our approach to the control of certain field crop insects. It presages a great deal of attention being given to this field in the next fifteen or twenty years. -What it ‘implies it is almost impossible to forecast, and I cannot congratulate Mr. Marston too heartily on the progress he is making. It is a field we have not explored at all h * 54 _ THE REPORT OF THE in Canada as far as I know, and we are watching with the greatest interest the : progress of this phase of the study in the solution of the immediate problem and its possible application in other comparable problems. Proressor L. Carsar:—I should like to express my appreciation of Mr. Marston’s report, and particularly my appreciation of the enthusiasm with which he is dealing with the problem of plant breeding and selection as a means of help- ing to control the corn-borer. It is not a means of controlling the corn-borer entirely, or the only means of controlling it, but it presents possibilities of being a great help. PROGRESS REPORT ON CORN BORER CONTROL L. CAESAR Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Up to the present, only one reliable method of controlling the corn borer has been found; namely, the destruction by feeding, ensiling, burning or ploughing under of all remnants of the corn crop each year before the moths begin to emerge. Other measures such as trap crops, late planting and the use of semi-resistant varieties are valuable supplementary measures but will, I think, be unnecessary in the near future, when clean-up methods will have been simplified and improved, as I feel confident they will be. ORIGIN OF THE Corn Borer Act AND AREA UNDER IT The Corn Borer Act, as most of you know, was passed because without com- pulsion many farmers would not clean-up their corn fields or destroy corn rem- nants in their barnyards or other places and without every person doing his part there was no hope of controlling the borer. The Act came into force in the fall of 1926, but the first year was applied only to the eight worst infested counties of the province; namely, Essex, Kent, Lamb- ton, Middlesex, Elgin, Norfolk, Oxford and Prince Edward. The next year nine counties were taken in and at present the Act is in force in all that part of the province south of a line running from the northern boundary of Huron County ~ almost due east to about the middle of Lennox and Addington. Our policy, as stated last year, is to put new counties or areas under the Act only when the am- ount of damage being done and public opinion make it wise to do so. DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED The success of any act depends largely upon the men who enforce it or in this case, upon the county inspectors.Fortunately nearly all our inspectors are able and efficient men but three or four are not so efficient yet as I should like to see them. Hence this is one of our difficulties. A second and much greater one this year, was the cold, wet, backward spring which retarded farm operations greatly and caused so much congestion of work when the weather did improve that it was hard for the farmer to have to spend any extra time on his corn field. Moreover, the frequent rains this spring hardened and packed the land so much that in many cases discs were not satisfactory for working-up ploughed corn fields and so toothed cultivators had to be used. This meant, of course, that much more stubble was dragged to the surface than if the disc had been used, and much more hand-picking had to be done than in a normal season. A third difficulty, and one that we have had every year, was that a large number of farmers were very slow to grasp the idea that if they only spent a little more time and care in cutting their corn low or crushing the stubble before they ploughed, and then were careful to cover it all completely with the plough, and after this used a disc instead of a toothed implement, they would have either no hand-picking of stubble to do or ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 55 ‘else very little. Instead of this they cut, ploughed and cultivated as they felt like doing, and as if there were no borer and no Act. Many farmers, however, have learned to be very careful and with them the inspector has no trouble at all except that they very naturally want him to inspect their fields to see what a good job they have done. But in spite of difficulties we received this year as last very gratifying cooperation from the farmers on the whole. THE CLEAN-UP Last SPRING In spite of the unfavourable weather and the difficulties that confronted the farmers, a very fair clean-up was secured in all the counties; in fact I think on the average, it was even better than last year. In Essex and Kent, however, it was not quite so good as in 1928, chiefly because of the flooded condition of their land. In Oxford, Perth and Peel, we felt that the inspectors had not been quite so strict as in most of the other countries and that the clean-up should have been a little better. TABLE showing the percentage stalk infestation in fifteen counties in the vears 1927, 1928 and 1929, so far as data were available: County 1927 1928 1929 Essex 64.7% 41.4% 35.9% Kent 48.3 34.9 21.4 Lambton 56.9 21.4 14.2 Middlesex 36.2 18.4 9.9 Elgin O71 24.0 20.9 Norfolk 10.1 19.7 6.1 Haldimand 21.9 122 7.8 Welland 41.0 fobs Bas 5.0 Lincoln —— 29.7 10.7 Wentworth — 24.6 9.0 Waterloo —_— 7.8 4.6 Brant —— 14.9 103 Oxford 14.2 14.7 ys Perth — 9.3 15.6 Peel — 10.4 11.9 If you take the ten counties from Lambton down to and including Brant you will find that in these there was an average decrease of approximately 50%. In Essex and Kent I think there was no real decrease, for the increased acreage there would counterbalance the decreased stalk infestation. In Oxford, Perth and Peel there was an increase. These last three counties, as said, were not so well cleaned up last spring as the others and this may account for the increase. The failure to secure a reduction in Essex and Kent may be due partly to imperfect clean-up, though it was far from bad, and partly to many farmers tak- ing advantage of the exemption from ploughing given this year; or it may have been due to weather conditions or other causes not understood. On the whole, I think we may feel that progress has been made this year just as it has been every year since the Act came into force. CoMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS It seems to me that the majority of Entomologists have the feeling that the corn borer investigation except in its ecological aspects has gone about as far as it is possible to conduct it profitably. Perhaps I should feel that way myself if I had not the difficult task of supervising control measures in the Province and therefore an opportunity to realize from experience that a lot more very important 56 THE REPORT OF THE work remains to be done before we have put control on a really sound, efficient basis. For instance, suppose that in the United States the borer spreads all over © the corn belt and that with favourable seasons it increases as it did in Essex and Kent during the years 1923 to 1926, is any Entomologist able to-day to outline a practical method of control, one which will check the insect and not be so costly in time, labor and machinery, that the grower rather than carry it out will abandon corn-growing ? We have a vastly simpler problem in Ontario to face, because in all our count- ies but two or three, corn is grown for ensilage or fodder purposes and not merely for the grain. You may feel that because we are making progress under the Act — in controlling the borer that therefore this is one more big entomological problem solved. If, however, you look at it more closely you would feel just as I do, that we must make a great improvement still before our control methods are what they should be. Corn is a very desirable crop for all this province and should it cease to be grown, I believe it would be a great calamity. Many think that alfalfa or sweet clover could take its place, but from what I can see and hear our best crop. specialists are becoming more doubtful of this and more and more inclined to place their faith in corn. Now our present clean-up methods are a big task for fully half of our growers because this half either cannot or will not do the cutting, ploughing and cultivating in such a way as to avoid the necessity for hand-picking. And some years weather, as last spring, will be such as to force almost every grower to spend a lot of time on hand-picking. Violent storms too, will blow down the standing corn some years and make it impossible to cut it low and this will lead to hand-picking. Hence, our problem is not satisfactorily solved until we have so simplified the method of dealing with. the corn fields that the average man will not have to do any hand-picking and that not more than a day’s extra labor of any kind will be necessary on the average farm to comply with the law and hold the borer in subjection. J,am convinced, therefore, that we must enlist the best brains among the farmers, entomologists and agricultural engineers to devise much better tools than we yet have for handling corn remnants before we can say we have done our job. It is for this reason that I am intensely interested in the low-cutting attach- ment for corn binders devised by the U.S. D.A. engineers and now being adopted by the Massey-Harris Company, though not yet by the other companies. If this attachment, which is simple and inexpensive, shows no weakness but works as well as some of us think, and if we can get it adopted by the farmers, as I believe we can, I hope that in all the dairy and stock-raising counties of the province and in fact in almost all counties but Essex and Kent, it will mean that no more hand- picking will be necessary and that the corn borer will no longer be a burden to the — farmer. In Essex and Kent too the low-cutter may help solve our problem, but I am — not so sure of it, because it may not be practicable for them to cut their corn in the fall, and also because they are so desirous of being exempted from the necessity . of ploughing their corn fields. Hence I am trying to have a simple stalk-cutter and lifter made as an alternative for these counties. This would be used in the spring not the fall. The agricultural engineer of the Massey-Harris Company, has made a drawing of such an implement and believes that such a device should work and be a real help in solving the problem in these two counties. It is quite possible of course, that neither of the above implements will be sat- isfactory, but, if so new and better ones must be devised. Even after they are devised, much patience will of course, be required in getting them generally adopted. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 57 THE ROLE OF CHEMISTRY IN THE CONTROL OF INSECTS By J. W. Burns Materlinck has said that insects are so incomparably better armed and better equipped that they are perhaps our successors. In this part of Canada the com- bat with the well-intrenched corn borer, as well as other insects, serves again to forcibly call our attention to the never ceasing warfare between man and these tiny competitors of his. The insects have most of the odds in their favor. They were here ages before we were. Their distribution has been greatly aided by modern means of trans- portation and likely will be greatly intensified by the aeroplane, which makes it increasingly difficult to properly enforce quarantine regulations, and, as a con- sequence, we find them thriving amazingly in the new areas which are usually devoid of their natural enemies. Their powers of flight, their color protection, the security enjoyed both by eggs and larvae, their habit of occupying the under side of the leaves, the protection afforded during hibernation, and the complete change in the method of reproduction are but a few instances. So far in this combat man has relied on materials, many of which are poison- ous to him as well as to the insect he wishes to destroy. At the present time there is a definite agitation, in certain parts of the world, concerning the arsenal residue remaining on apples and other fruits. Some find cause for alarm in the steadily increasing amounts of lead, arsenic, copper, and other poisonous substances that are constantly being added to our soil, possibly to its detriment. These materials must needs be renewed at intervals, and especially following rains, if the required degree of protection is to be realized. Many of our insects are not reached or, if so, are little affected by the materials now in use and the present methods of application. It is evident that the chemist has a definite part to play in helping to bring about the control of insects. You will note that the reference is made to control and not to extermination, for the reason that the natural enemies, plus the best that science has been able to do, has in no case entirely exterminated a single pest, except in localized areas. Oui aim should be for such a control that will enable man to enjoy the use of at least the major portion of the harvest. As has been pointed out there is a pressing need for other types of insecticides potent in destroying our enemies but fraught with less danger to ourselves. It is possible that the contribution that chemistry is making in regards to the control of insects may best be shown by briefly summarizing the papers published during the last two or three years. A careful perusal of the literature will show that the researches, at present, have a very definite trend and are being carried out ° in order to clear up, if possible, some of the more perplexing points in regards to insecticides. A few of these will be mentioned. What is the relationship existing between chemical structure and toxicity? Under this general heading reports of work will be found dealing with the struc- ture of some of the more common organic insecticides, e.g., nicotine, rotenone from derris root, the active principle found in pyrethrum powder, etc. The idea behind all of this work is that the characteristic group or groups giving the insecticide its specific toxic power for a certain group of insects may be identified so that new compounds may be developed at a lower cost, which will be more toxic to insect life but possibly less toxic to man. Very little success has crowned the efforts of the chemists in this direction, but, inasmuch as only a few investigators have been _ working in this field, there is hope for the future. If the chemist can so materially improve local anesthetics as he did when novacaine, etc., were developed as sub- ' stitutes for cocaine, one can readily see that the problem of new and ‘effective _ synthetic insecticides may be solved when chemical workers are attracted to this field. 58 THE REPORT OF THE How may increased contact be quickly made between insecticide and the vital cells of the insect? Some very definite advances have been made in this field, possibly due to the larger number of workers. It is not surprising to find that a vast majority of the new insecticides proposed and used in the last few years, excluding the arsenicals, are excellent solvents for fats and waxes. Experiments have demonstrated that they give a more rapid penetration of the vital cells by the insecticide. Coupled with this there is, however, a possibility of increased injury to the plant. Some of the newer insecticides that show marked solvent powers aye ethylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride mixtures, petroleum and some of its simpler derivatives, esters of formic acid —expecially methyl formate and isopropyl formate —esters of the simpler acids containing chlorine, ethylene oxide, etc. These have been studied in regards their effectiveness in controlling various common insects such as the clothes moth, furniture beetle, rice weevil, aphis, etc., and have been found to be effective. Ethylene oxide and the chlorin- ated esters of the acids destroy the germinating power of various grains so they cannot be used to protect stored seeds. At the present time there is a great inter- est in petroleum chemistry, brought about to a large degree by the enormous demand of the lacquer industry for solvents. The resulting research on petro- leum and its derivatives will undoubtedly produce a number of compounds which will be useful as insecticides. A further phase of the problem of contact is the use of certain substances as activators for materials already used as insecticides. A rather striking instance is the use of oxidized petroleum that has been treated with sulphuric acid in order to yield sulphonated oxidation petroleum products. These, when added to the insecticide, e.g., nicotine, pyrethyrum powder extracts, increase the effectiveness to a very marked degree, in fact, in the case of nicotine, the amount necessary for the same toxic effect is only one-fifth of what was.originally required. The rea- son for this is not definitely known and must be sought in order that the cost of controlling insects may be lowered. The two suggestions which have been advanced to explain activation are (1) the activator catalyzes the reaction causing death of the insect; (2) the activator causes greater penetration of the insecticide into the vital cells and so lessens the amount necessary. Another phase in the various investigations has to do with the physical prop-— erties of the insecticides. (a) Studies of vapor pressure in order that maximum effect may result from a minimum of material. (b) Studies of effect of particle size in order to determine both effectiveness of insecticide and degree of injury to the plant. A definite example in 'this field is the work done on fluosilicates which have been proposed as substitutes for arsenicals. It has been definitely deter- - mined that there is a limiting size of particle, any marked variation from which causes lessened toxicity to the insect and possible increased injury to the plant. (c) Studies in regards to solubility of insecticides in various solvents have been carried out. At present in U. S. researches are being carried on to discover a means of reducing excess of arsenic on apples. Mixtures of HCl 1/3%, Na, SO,2™% or 1% NCl and NaCl 2% have been found to be effective at about 2/3 of the cost of older methods. Related to solubility studies is the work on emulsions. Emulsions of a variety of oils with a variety of soaps have been used. A new soap derived from a new base known as tri-ethanelamine promises to aid greatly in this field. This soap, as well as being an excellent emulsifier is in ad- dition an excellent solvent and many of the organic insecticides dissolve it and are dissolved in it, e.g., CS, ethylene Chloride, p-dichlorobenzene, nicotine, derris, etc. As a consequence more complex mixtures of various insecticides may be blended together for various uses. Studies in solubility in soil water have been carried out, and zinc meta-arsen- ite which precipitated in the interior of poles, ties, etc., is now being used to pro-— tect wooden structures from the ravages of ants. The material is precipitated in PEI Por EPA Es bape OEE she = 4 CT AE ee re Pari, Pp, 207 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 59 a more or less insoluble form so that protection is given over a longer period of time. It has proven successful in the Panama Canal Zone. Studies in the stability of emulsions, extracts, etc., have been carried out so that losses on storage may be kept at a low figure. The above summary must needs be incomplete but may show how chemistry is aiding in the problem of insect control. To successfully combat the insect, the fullest co-operation between all scientists is necessary. SOME PROBLEMS OF A CHEMICAL NATURE OF INTEREST TO THE ENTOMOLOGIST FRANK A.. HERMAN, Division of Chemistry, C.E.F., Ottawa. In the analysis of poisonous spray and dust materials special and improvised methods are often necessary due to the complexity of some of the preparations under examination. The method to be followed must be flexible and readily adapted to the sample under examination without impairing the degree of ac- curacy required. Previous to the passing of The Agricultural Pests’ Control Act standards had to be set for the maximum amount of water soluble arsenic allowable in our common arsenical preparations. As some of our manufacturing plants were not equipped in a manner to enable them to determine this dangerous component _ by the official method as defined by the Association of Official Agricultural Chem- ists, a series of experiments were conducted to determine a method readily adapted to any plant and yet enable the manufacturer to keep his products within the limits defined, viz., 1.25 per cent. water soluble arsenate (As) for Paris Green, 1.00 per cent. for calcium arsenate and .50 per cent. for lead arsenate. The per- centages of water soluble arsenic (As) obtained by several methods for Paris Greens on the Canadian Market are shown on the following table: TABLE 1—AWNALYSIS OF PARIS GREENS FOR WATER SOLUBLE ARSENIC; RESULTS ExpresseD AS METALLIC ARSENIC (As) Lab’y No. Sample Method 1* Method2 Method 3 Moisture Metallic Arsenic (As) . Pee. FS. BAS. Ps. 91806 A 1.87 135 1.42 0.52 91807 B |! an 0.96 1.08 0.37 91847 = 0.77 0.50 0.67 1.05 91848 D 1.26 0.85 1.02 0.82 91849 E 1.51 0.85 1.02 0.34 91850 F 1.10 0.72 0.99 1.30 91851 G 0.80 0.72 0.72 1.06 91852 H 1.74 rot 1.46 0.70 91853 I 1.30 0.82 0.91 0.43 91854 iF 2.19 135 £53 0.58 91855 K 2.01 1.26 1.38 0.61 91856 L A25 0.89 iO &- 0.80 92155 M 2.03 1.27 1.48 1.25 92156 N 1.45 1.11 1.28 1.15 *Metuop I.—As prescribed by the A.O.A.C. official methods of analysis. In this method recently boiled distilled water which has been cooled to a temperature of 32°C is used. A weighed amount of the sample is added to a litre florence flask, water added to the mark and the flask held at the above temperature for 24 hours, shaking hourly for the first 8 hours. The solution is then filtered and the soluble arsenic determined on an aliquot of the filtrate. *Kelsall, A. and Herman, F. A., Scientific Agriculture, Vol. 7, No. 6, February 1926, 60 THE REPORT OF THE Metuop I!.—This method is essentially similar to Method I with the excep- tion that the recently boiled distilled water was cooled to room temperature (24-26°C), and all operations carried out at this temperature. This method was tentatively adopted as our prescribed method for water soluble arsenic in Paris Greens and other common arsenical preparations. Metuop III.—This method is similar to Method II with the exception that the distilled water used for the digestion was not previously boiled. Apparently the dissolved gases in the water exert a solvent action on the arsenical. While on the subject of water soluble arsenic I should like to recall a problem experienced by Mr. Kelsall and ‘myself* at the Entomological Laboratory, An- napolis Royal, illustrating how the percentage of water soluble arsenic found fol- lowing the official method of analysis may be at variance with that actually present in the arsenate and only liberated under atmospheric conditions. A number of brands of calcium arsenate were examined by the Official Method and found to be very low in water soluble arsenic, yet when applied to orchard foliage caused foliage injury, while other brands examined by the same method were found to be measurably high in soluble arsenic and yet did not cause foliage injury. The samples were again examined for soluble arsenic but this time by incorporating one gram of the arsenate in a 3-10-50 Bordeaux and subjecting the mixture to carbon dioxide aspiration. Results found by this latter method conclusively indicated why the first brands caused foliage injury and the second did not. Calcium arsenates, after application to foliage, undergo decomposition from the carbon dioxide of the air and plant functions. In some cases this decomposition may be slight, in other cases, severe and rapid. From the very high percentages of soluble arsenic liberated from the first brands by our tentative method we can safely assume that they were not stable arsenates but rather mixtures of lime and arsenic acid—as the lime became carbonated arsenic was set free and foliage injury resulted. The percentages of soluble arsenic, as metallic arsenic by the two methods and total arsenic are shown in Table IT: TaBLE 2—ARrsSENIC, AS METALLIC ARSENIC (As) Found IN CALCIUM ARSENATES Metallic Arsenic, (As) water soluble determined by determined by Sample official method tentative method Total p.c De p.c A No. 1. 0.22 10.60 26.79 ae 0.33 10.19 28.24 , eae’ 0.25 9.78 26.97 Ay Fy.4. 0.23 10.19 27.09 Ya 0.27 10.60 28.10 gia 0.25 9.78 29.00 , | ean 0.27 6.52 28.96 Bt. a 1.30 1.63 27.72 B Site 0.97 1.63 28.56 eee 3 1.28 1.63 28.46 Bt. a, 1.39 2.04 28.34 BF. 1.46 2.04 28.54 BS es 1.04 1.63 30.09 Bx ss dake 1.63 1.63 29.60 THE EXAMINATION OF PoIsoN DusTs AND FOLIAGE FOR ELECTRICAL CHARGES Recently the question of the electric charge possessed by the common arsenical dusts is again receiving prominence. In the advertising literature accompanying an imported brand of calcium arsenate stress was placed on the fact that the ar- senate possessed a definite positive electric charge and that when applied to foliage due to its opposite or negative charge, is 250 per cent. more adhesive than ordinary calcium arsenate. Unfortunately we were not able to confirm this statement this summer. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 61 ELECTRIFICATION. When a solid or a liquid is disintegrated in air or in any other gas apparently, the particles are found to have become electrically charged. A corresponding charge of opposite sign is found in the air. The sign of the change upon the _ particle depends upon the chemical nature of the material. Metallic dust when blown about in the air becomes negatively charged. The dust of acid-forming oxides, e.g. silica, becomes positively charged while that of basic oxides, e.g. lime, becomes negatively charged. With salts the charge depends upon the relative strength of the acidic and basic ions. Water always acquires a positive charge. Thus when large raindrops, in falling are flattened and ruptured by the resistance of the air the drops become positively charged, and the surrounding air acquires a negative charge. When ‘dust is blown about in the air it is found that the charge which apparently resides in the air is really carried by the very fine dust particles which have apparently been formed by the attrition of the larger particles. When Dr. Moore’ was working on the theory of adherence from the view- point of oppositely charged colloids he proved by “cataphoresis” that the common arsenical preparations on which he was working possessed when wet, an electric charge negative in character. His summation was that lead arsenate, tricalcium arsenate, magnesium arsenate, Paris Green and zinc arsenate were all negative and that the addition of calcium hydroxide did not alter the negative charge of calcium arsenate. By “endosmosis” he showed that the leaf, when wet, exhibited a nega- tive electric charge. In order to determine the nature of the charge possessed by some of our spray and dust materials they were placed on the tray of an electroscope and the nature of the charge determined. The following table shows the scale deflection of the electroscope when poison or inert dusts and foliage were examined. TaBLe 3—Scale deflections as shown by the electroscope when examining poison and inert dusts; apple, plum and cherry foliage, strawberry and lettuce leaves*. ne UNCED Ae hE, oe see Eh on ce eck g keen dek saddest encevececacecovnenscntncace +1.2 EE ELE EL SL ae ee ee +2.2 RRR RTA RRL cnn nacnvnneensnachashewavacbnncocsucneswseceseecueesceavepvarecees +15 CY ooo sono coc ssc da coca cecececcesbeacccacenceorssccesnvascevcecenescsscocseess +2.0 PVE DE) Rad 9 Bi Dees ee BRS On A ee +2.0 NO i ERS PIE ES, Lee, GEAR on ch cnnqcdaceedensecencicatsoiauteaeces —6.1 SE aS Eee ee ae a ne ee 0.0 DY se seals Sis lnkapcshsvadannnncvaccsndneeeneasecsonshinsanseasnscss +3.0 Sa. Calcitim arsenate (D) collected from duster ............c.csccsecesscsssscssessssscsceseseneneees =! AE VE SAG Sy MGR ot Sh IS 6 SES es Bie AS ES Se +1.7 SN NN See eee. & Shc s hate exccebvalcdecesuadtecoutsiekcalecdectadusasescosenas +22 11. Calcium arsenate (G.C.) wu ae Oe Se eo ee ee +1.2 cc ne or ce cnp coe cue cu tnnsnacnsncsaveccesceoccacnecs +32 ian UP ee ee te EIT ee eel cesalscsecacerenseseceece —3.0 I MI TT PT ee Ed S21 e sshd cscs edcbads-Sdgsndevdanctachssinscatoncnescdeuadteonte +2.2 15. Apple foliage, after dusting with calcium arsenate No. & cecccccscccsssssesesseeeeees +31 16. Apple foliage, first dusted then sprayed, No. 8 -o.cc.c.cccccscsssscsssscccsssccscsssecececacees +2.4 17. Apple foliage, sprayed with calcium arsenate No. & cecccccccccsssssssescssssssseseseeee +3.0 ie OE emt BOWEN TEMS Se NTE | 6225.05, cc hess Fickk snk .docadsosaccelescccoiacalecececacccacctetcees +4.3 te aN PETE ERE GEER EY 90202 e 20a osccce sone cas acnsnisecniicnnse-ccocacctnsoevdasvevs cductndtvensesieecbeccasene +3.0 IRN CC OMISAV OR LONE PT ATICH .s..cn-a re 1Insect Life VII 201 *Rhynchophora of N. E. Amer. 3Ent. Amer., VI, 171. _ *Le Conte Ed. 286. "Can. Ent. 34, 182. 7 Pom Fd 102 THE REPORT OF THE On July 1, 1929, Mr. Hall found the larva in the seed capsules, ranging in length from one-quarter to three-eighths of an inch. At that time they were pale in colour with a black head and black thoracic shield. On this date it was observed that the common place of entry into the seed capsule was near the base. Occasionally, however, it was noted that larvae had entered through the side. Ries® in discussing the egg-laying habits of this species, states that the eggs “are deposited either singly or in small batches of five or six. In a number of cases the egg was found laid in a small depression on the surface of the pod as if the place had been hollowed out by the female.” No mention is made by this writer as to any particular place chosen by the females for oviposition. When mature the larva as a rule, pupates within the tunnel where it has been feeding. “Occasionally one is found rolled in,a portion of the blossom or one of the bracts at the base of the seed capsuls. When the moth emerges, the pupal case is left protruding about two-thirds of its length from the exit hole in the seed capsul.” (Hall). In New York State, Ries states that there are at least four generations a year. In Ontario we have no definite data in this regard but the moths have been found from the middle of May until the end of August. At Ottawa, in spring the pupation period lasted from 16 to 18 days. Infestations were found by Mr. Hall only in Japanese, European and native varieties of iris. No other plants near the iris beds were found to be infested. DisTRIBUTION: This species apparently has a fairly wide distribution in Canada. In the Canadian National Collection of insects, there is a rather long series of specimens from Ottawa, Trenton and Simcoe, in Ontario; Treesbank and Rounthwaite, Manitoba; and Nordegg, Rocky Mountain House and Water- ton Lakes, Alberta. The insect is also known to occur in British Columbia. ControLt: According to Fink,’ spraying with either of the following mix- tures gave from 85 to 90 per cent. control: (a) Arsenate of lead— 2 hs. Fish oil soap — 2 Ibs. Water — 50 gals. (b) Arsenite of zinc — 1% lbs. Fish oil soap — 2 Ibs. Water — 50. gals. “The spraying was done as soon as the larvae began to hatch and was directed toward the flower buds and young flower stalks. At second spraying followed eight days later, owing to the fact that after the first spraying some moths were observed ovipositing.” Ries reports that arsenate of lead 1 lb., casein 1 lb., water 25 gals., is an effec- tive spray. He recommended that the first application be made soon after the pods have developed and a second application 8 to 10 days later. The same author also stated that dusting the pods 3 or 4 times during the season with sul- phur, proved effective. ®Bull. Amer. Iris Society, July, 1929. TBull. 226, U. S. Dept. Agr. THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG Lygus pratensis L.: A PROGRESS REPORT R. H. PAINTER Entomological Branch, Ottawa, Ontario The tarnished plant bug investigations carried on at Ottawa, Ontario, have dealt almost entirely with the bionomics of this insect. A review of the litera- ture indicated that there was a great deal to be done in regard to the studies of the life-history in order to secure a working knowledge with which to approach the -——— CO eS , ee Te - Laer? bem « TAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 103 difficult problem of control. Although this paper can of necessity only cover in a general way the progress of this work during the last four years, it is hoped that the data here presented may clear up some points hitherto obscure in the life- history. Lire-HIstTory These insects pass the winter in the adult stage in about equal numbers of males and females. Preference is shown for such winter quarters as the refuse and leaves found in woodlots, and beneath hedges, although certain numbers do hibernate in the refuse in gardens, in the basal leaves of perennia! and biennial plants, in out houses, strawberry plantations, and wasteland, but under normal conditions such places carry much smaller numbers per acre than the areas fur- nishing deeper cover. In woodlots there has been found to be a gradual increase in the numbers of the insect per acre, of from 20,000 to 180,000, based on counts made in areas of 100 square feet, from early October to the middle of November, the increase being parallelled by a decrease in numbers in golden rod upon which there is a concentration in the early fall. During hibernation there is a considerable reduction in numbers, and it is probable that under the most favourable conditions only 40-60 per cent survive the winter. It is apparent that areas covered with a heavy layer of leaves and refuse are the most favourable, while those with a more scanty covering cause a much higher mortality, as there has been found a survival of 28.5 per cent. in piled leaves and rubbish, and of only 5.5 per cent. in orchard sod. ___ The emergence from winter quarters takes place very early in the spring, and individuals of this insect may be encountered in early April at a temperature as low as 46°F. and they may be observed upon bright, warm days along the edges of woodlots feeding upon the buds of trees and shrubs. During cold spells they may be found about the basal leaves of perennials and biennials, moving out in ipa weather and retiring to some protected place when the temperature is ow. The food plants of this overwintering generation cover a considerable range due to the continued presence of the bug in the field from early spring to early summer. In the early spring the buds of trees and shrubs and the tender crown of perennials and biennials are favourite hosts, and as the season progresses the trees and shrubs are deserted for early appearing annuals. It is evident that this species will feed upon almost any plant which furnishes succulent growth. The following is a list of the plants upon which this insect has been noted in the early spring. TREES AND SuHRuBs.—Mountain maple (Acer spicatum), choke cherry (var.) (Prunus maachii), Choke cherry (var.) (Prunus grayana), red currant (Ribes sp.), black currant (Ribes nigra L.), lilac (Syringa spp.). ORNAMENTAL FLoweErs.—Wild pinks (Dianthus sp.), arabis (Arabis alpina L.), erysimum (Erysimum sp.), foxglove (Digitalis sp.), pansy (Panisia sp.), viola (Panisia sp.), mossy stonecrop (Sedum acre), (Sedum spurium Hort. var.), ground or moss pink (Phlox subulata L.), creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens L.), hort. bugle weed (Ajuga reptans L. var. atropurpurea), forget-me- not (Myosotis sp.), columbine (Aquilegia sp.), thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), alyssum (Alyssum sp.), hollyhock (Althaea rosea Cav.), musk mallow (Malva moschata L.), daisy (Bellis perennis L.), sweet william (Dianthus barbatus L.). Fertilization takes place early in the spring, soon after the bugs emerge. This is evidenced by the fact that specimens taken soon after leaving winter quarters show no development of the ovaries. Eggs begin to develop within the ovaries very early and 90 per cent. of the females are in a gravid condition and ready to ovipisit by the early part of May. Using the gravid females as an index and 104 THE REPORT OF THE correlating it with the appearance of eggs on mullein, which is a favourite host, it has been shown that egg laying begins the first week in May, 71 eggs having been taken from a single mullein plant on May 13. Egg laying continues up to the latter part of June, giving a period of oviposition of approximately 50 days. The eggs of the overwintering generation require an incubation period of about 18 days. In material under study this period has a range from 16-22 days, weather apparently being the determining factor. Eggs under observation in the early season required a slightly longer period than those taken in the late season. In a study of the eggs, it was observed that just before eclosion the appear- ance of the egg is somewhat altered by the extrusion of a yolk plug which forces up the cap of the egg for a short distance. Eggs in this stage have been figured by Haseman (1), while those figured by Crosby and Leonard (2), were taken early in the development and bear little resemblance to Haseman’s illustrations. This discrepancy might lead to some confusion, and it is hoped that this explana- tion will clarify the point. In a previous paper presented before this society (3) the oviposition habits were dealt with and a partial list of host plants presented. No further work has been carried on dealing with oviposition habits, and only four plants have been definitely added to the list, namely:—Tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris L.), garden pink (Dianthus sp.), cerastium (Cerastium tomentosum L.), and rock cress (Arabis alpina L.). If this subject were given more time, no doubt the list could be greatly increased, but sufficient data has been secured to indicate that a great many plants, in a large number of families, are utilised as hosts. As has been mentioned previously the adults of the overwintering generation remain in the field until the end of June, at which time there is a period of about three weeks when the generation overlap; those of the spring generation can, however, be readily distinguished by their much brighter markings. - The nymphs require from 36 to 40 days to reach maturity, the time spent in the various instars ranging frof 5 to 7 days in the first instar, 4 to 8 days in the second, 5 to 9 days in the third, 4 to 9 days in the fourth and 8 to 13 days in the fifth. These figures have been secured from insectary rearings, and the total days required compares favourably with the findings in the field. Owing to the difficulty of rearing these insects in captivity, due to the heavy mortality in first and second instars, large numbers of nymphs were collected in the field for the purpose of establishing a key for the determination of instars. These field collections were sorted out into the various instars and measurements made of the segments of the antennae and legs, establishing ranges under which each stage could be grouped. From such measurements, combined with the development of the wing pads, a key has been constructed which is of use in separating the instars from each other, and also in identifying the nymphs from similar forms such as L. vandugiu Knight which is the most easily confused with pratensis of any of the forms which occur in association with it in the Ottawa district. KEY TO INSTARS OF Lygus pratensis L. 1... (Whiner pads: saStINet 4.5 i Se cee a ee 4 Wing. pads. wirtually absent cto tees’ catacoent: 2 2. Third antennal segment .2-.25 mm. in length, posterior tibia .49-.7 m.m. in length........ lst instar Third antennal segment and anterior tibia LOMBOK, «15 5 es. caruesd Seance eae ames ee ees 3 3. Third antennal segment .31-.35 mm. in length, posterior tibia .63-.73 mm. in length...... 2nd instar Third antennal segment .47-.50 mm. in length, posterior tibia .98-1.0 mm. in length.... 3rd instar ae! beh oe "rae ys x eo) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 105 4. Wing pads extending slightly past apex of first abdominal segment, third antennal segment 61-66 mm., posterior tibia 1.33-1.39 mm. ........ 4th instar Wing pads extending to apex of fourth abdominal segment. Third antennal segment .79-86 mm. posterior tibia 1.8-2.07 mm. ................ 5th instar. The adults of the spring generation begin to appear about the end of June, and reach their peak towards the end of July. They remain in the field in abundant numbers until the end of August, when there is a rapid decrease coincident with the appearance and increase in numbers of the second generation which consti- tutes the summer and overwintering generation. Egg laying by the spring generation begins in the first week in July and con- tinues until towards the end of August, the period being indicated by the presence of gravid females taken in the field. The eggs of this generation require an incubation period of approximately 12 days, being considerably shorter than the preceding generation, the difference apparently being due to the warmer weather experienced during the egg laying period. Host plants for this generation are undoubtedly very numerous, consisting not only of plants used by the overwintering adults, but also of a large number of annuals which are available at this time. A partial list of the host plants upon which eggs have been found has been published (3) and this list could no doubt be greatly increased if time permitted the examination of more species of plants. The adults of the summer (overwintering) generation, as has been stated. begin to appear towards the end of August and increase in numbers up until the time the first frosts destroy the late maturing nymphs. During the early fall the species is probably more abundant than at any other time during the season. PARASITISM In analysing the adult and nymphal collections, from which the field life- history has been obtained, four parasites have been noted. A mermithid worm belonging to the genus Heramermis has been recorded previouslv in a paper given by the author before the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants for 1928-29 (4). A mymarid egg parasite has been determined and described in the Canadian Entomologist (5) as Polynema pratensiphaga by G. S. Walley of the Entomo- logical Branch. A tachinid fly Alophora opaca Coq. has been determined by C. H. Curran, and a hymenopterous species has so far not been determined as no adult specimens have been secured. HyMENOPTERA.—The most commonly found and most abundant parasite is the unidentified hymenopteron. This species has been found in the larval stages in both nymphs and adults. It is present in the host from the middle of June to late July, and again the middle of August to early September. This indicates that there are probably two generations, the first, attacking the early nymphs of the spring generation, and appearing in the first adults to reach maturity, and a second, attacking early nvmphs of the summer generation, but apparently causing the death of the host before it reaches the adult stage, as no parasitic larva has been found in the adults of this brood. The larvae of this species resembles the larvae of the genus Limnerium and are interesting in that they have the caudate type of hypermetamorphosis. Specimens which have been secured indicate that there are three instars. _ This parasite was first noted in 1926 and has been found each season occur- ring at approximately the above mentioned periods. About 10 per cent. of the adults and nymphs are infested during the period of its presence. The egg parasite Polynema pratensiphaga Walley is comparatively rare. Seven specimens in all having been secured from egg collections made during July and August. . 106 THE REPORT OF THE DipTERA.—The dipterous parasite Alophora opaca Coq. attacks the host in the late summer and winters over as a partially grown maggot within the body of the host; specimens having been secured in the fall and spring. The larva of this species resembles in general a typical dipterous maggot. The two posterior spiracles, however, have become closely applied to form a small dark chitinous tip, which is found inserted in an integumental funnel. In the spring the larva emerges from the host and pupates in the soil, forming a small, roundly oval, brownish puparium to which the posterior spiracles still adhere. Approximately 2 to 4 per cent. of the adults of the overwintering gen- eration are attacked. NEMATODA.—In 1928, a mermithid parasite was noted, which was determined by Dr. N. A. Cobb of Washington as belonging to the genus Hexamermius, notes upon the occurrence of which have already been published (4). This parasite has been found only in specimens collected in swampy waste areas. This parasite is a small, round, worm, which in most cases practically fills the abdominal cavity. Eleven per cent. of the adults from the above type of locality were parasitised. PHOTOTROPIC RESPONSE Experiments have been carried on, with the object of determining whether this insect has any preference for flowers of any particular colour. In this work the flowers of aster and helichrysum were used, as both plants were hosts and as they also had a wide colour range. The plants were grown in the field and counts made upon the blooms at different periods throughout the day. From the data secured it is evident that there is no particular preference for any colour. The colours used were checked against those in Ridgeway’s Colour Standards and were found to most nearly approximate the following shades :— _ HeEticHysum.—(a) “deep chrone’, (b) “rose” to “deep rose’, (c) “white”, (d) “salmon buff”, (e) “scarlet’, (f{) “aster purple” to “blackish red purple’. AsTER.—(a) “mulberry purple” to “prune purple’, (b) “aster purple’, (c) “cameo pink’, (d) “amaranth purple’, (e) “pleroma violet’, (f) “white”, (g) “primrose yellow’, (h) “Tyrian pink’, “mallow pink’, (i) “light mauve”’. CHEMOTROPIC RESPONSE Some preliminary work has been conducted with a number of odorous sub- stances in an effort to discover some material that would either attract or repel this insect. All experiments have been carried on in the field, working with helichrysum and golden rod which are hosts, the method being to scent the flow- ers with the various substances either by applying the material directly to the flower or by attaching a small vial containing it to the stem of the plant, just below the flower. Up to the present nothing has been found which would appear to have any marked attrahent or repellent quality. The following list gives the materials used in these experiments :— EssENTIAL Orts:—Anise star, bay, bitter almond, citronella, cade, cod, cara- way, camphor, cloves, cassia, coriander, citral, eucalyptus, fennel, geraniol, helio- trope, iso-eugenol, lemon, laurel leaves, lavender flowers, myrbane, mustard pennyroyal, pine, peppermint, sassafras, sweet orange, spearmint, safral, tar, tansy, thyme. Acips.—Acetic, butyric, boracic, carbolic, formic, lactic, picric, salicylous, valeric. OTHER SuBSTANCES.—Amyl valerate, amyl acetate, ammonia, acetone, chlore- tone, creosote, derris, fusel oil, furfural, formaldehyde, fish oil emulsion, ioda- form, naphthalene, pyredene, pyrethrum, skatol, sulphur, sodium fluoride, turpen- tine, tobacco, methyl salicylas. | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 107 CONTROL The control of this insect is a problem which for many years has received considerable attention. In practically all cases a control has been sought by the use of contact insecticides. Yet the habits of this insect are such that under field Shei a contact insecticide as understood today, would appear to be imprac- ticable. In the study of the life-history of this insect it has been found as mentioned previously, to have a very wide range of host plants. It appears very early in the spring and at that time the opening buds of shrubs and trees are utilized, later the adults move to the early perennials and biennials, later still to the early annuals, and in the summer to the late annuals. Egg laying continues over a period of a month in the spring, the insects following this sequence of succulence in the vege- tation. As the various host species mature there is a movement of the bugs, which have reached maturity on the early hosts, to more succulent hosts and this movement occurring at a time when the total population is nearing its maximum, gives a concentration upon the late perennials and summer annuals which at this time are at their most succulent stage and on which are experienced the greatest commercial losses. If contact insecticides are applied to such plants and all the insects present at the time of application are destroyed, within two or three days or less the insect will again be abundant due to the movement described above. It is thus evident that for field control a contact insecticide is not very promising. For this reason future study will give much greater attention to attrahents and repellents. However, some experiments have been carried on with the more commonly recommended contact poisons to determine their relative value. In 1929 an aster plantation was laid out in plots, and treated with the follow- ing substances :—Nicotine sulphate spray 1, 114, 2 and 2% lbs. to 40 gals. of water, whale oil soap 1 oz. to 1 gal. of water, kerosene emulsion 3 gals. to 10 gals. water, Bordeaux mixture 4-4-40, pyrethrum powder dust, tobacco refuse dust, hydrated lime dust, nicotine sulphate dust, (hydrated lime as carrier) 3%. 5% an O- Four applications of each of these materials were made, at weekly intervals, during July and August, with no apparent effect upon the amount of injury to the plants from tarnished plant bug. REFERENCES (1) Haseman, L. . 1918. THE TARNISHED PLANT BuG AND Its INJURY TO NURSERY Stock. Mo. Agric. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 29. (2) Crosby, C. R. and Leonard, M. D. ; 1914. Tur TarnisHep Prant Buc. Corn. Univ. Agric. Sept. Sta. Col. Agr. Bull. 346. (3) Painter, R. H. 1926. Some Nores on THE OvrrositioN Hasits or THE TARNISH- ED Prant Buc L. pratensis L. witH A List or Host PLants. Ann. Rep. Ont. Ent. Soc. 57: 44-46. — (4) ~ 1928. Notes oN THE OCCURRENCE OF A MERMITHID PARASITE OF | THE TARNISHED PLANT Buc L. pratensis L. Rept. Que. Soc. Prot. Plants 1928-29. (5) Walley, G. S. 1929. Descrirrions oF NEw CANADIAN PARASITE HYMENOPTERA. Can. Ent: UXT: 193; 1929. 108 THE REPORT OF THE PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE MORTALITY AND FEEDING HABITS OF NEWLY HATCHED ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH LARVAE G. G. DusTANn, Guelph This paper deals with the results of one season’s work only, conducted at St Davids, Ontario. The writer hopes to carry on further experiments next season and to present the results in a more complete paper. Oriental Peach Moth eggs are usually laid on the under surface of peach leaves. The larvae attack chiefly the tips of the twigs and the fruit, although rarelv thev injure buds and the bark of one year old wood. The twig injury in bearing orchards is confined almost entirely to the early part of the season, while the fruit is injured from the time it forms till it is picked. Petersen and Haeussler (1) claim that in New Jersey the young fruit is not injured while the twigs are green and succulent, the former not being injured till the second gener- ation larvae appear. This, however, is not the case in Ontario. The larvae usually wander over the leaves, stem, or fruit for sometime after hatching. It seems that in the early part of the season they may start a feeding hole directly after hatching, but in mid-summer they have been observed wander- ing over the leaves and fruit for as long as sixteen hours before starting to enter the tissue. When starting a tunnel they first spin a few fine threads, then remove particles of the tissue and lay them to one side in the web. Finally when a larva has made a tunnel about as deep as its head, it stops discarding the particles and commences feeding, carrying the tunnel well into the stem or fruit. The experiments described in this paper were conducted in an Elberta orchard in an attempt to determine the mortality of the newly hatched larvae and to get some precise data on the types of injury caused by them. MetuHop: Batches of five eggs each were obtained on pieces of paper, or leaves, and were allowed to incubate naturally. When the eggs were almost ready to hatch, the leaf or paper was pinned to the under surface of a leaf. on a_ shoot from which all “wild” eggs and previous injury had been removed. In order to make certain that no larvae wandered off the shoot, a band of tangle-foot, about three-quarters of an inch wide, was placed around the stem about one foot from the end of the shoot. In from three to seven days after the eggs hatched, the shoots were removed to the laboratory and the following recorded: unhatched eggs, live larvae, dead larvae, larvae caught in the tangle-foot and the type of injury. Any larvae found in the tangle-foot were eliminated from the experi- ment. The mortality was determined from the number of hatched eggs and the number of live larvae. L Resutts: Eighty batches, or 400 eggs, were placed during the period between June 15 and September 12. Thirty-seven eggs failed to hatch, giving an egg mortality of 9.21%. Six larvae were caught in the tangle-foot. The mortal- ity of the newly hatched larvae for the season was 74.24%. The minimum mor- tality was 30.414 from 30 eggs placed on June 15, and the maximum mortality was 94.6% from 25 eggs placed on July 31. Test No. Date Hatched Eggs Mortality 1 June 13-18 23 30.4% Z June 17-20 33 54.5% 3 June 21-25 10 70 % 4 July 17-20 44 93.1% 5 July 27-30 30 85.2% 6 July 31-August 7 19 94.6% 7: August 10-15 26 79.1% 8 August 11-16 29 74.1% ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 109 9 August 24-29 : 54 69.8% 10 September 3-8 46 82.6% 11 September 10-16 34 64.7% 12 September 12-26 15 89.5% Season 363 Average 74.2% Another experiment was conducted on St. John and Elberta peaches between August 28 and September 9, when the former were ripe and ready to pick, and the latter still green. In this test the pieces of leaves, with the eggs present, were fastened directly to the fruit with Canada balsam. The mortality on the Elbertas was 84%, and on the St. Johns only 50%. Another observation of interest was that the larvae developed more rapidly in the ripe fruit. The average length of the larvae at the end of the test was 7 mm. in the St. Johns, and only 4.5 mm. in the Elbertas. The following table sumarizes the results of the experiment: No. of eggs Elbertas 50 St. Johns 30 Surviving larvae rs 8 Le Surviving larvae df a S a Larval mortality “So 1844 as “50% iad 6é Average length of larvae 4.5 mm. 7 mm. Host Resistance: Host resistance seems to be the most important factor affecting larval survival. In the early part of the season when the twigs and fruit were making rapid growth the host seemed to offer its least resistance, as is shown by the comparatively low mortality and the abundant twig injury. From about mid-July to mid-August the fruit stopped growing appreciably in size, while the twigs and fruit pits hardened. It was during this time that the host offered its greatest resistance, as shown by the high larval mortality, and by the fact that most of the young larvae then injured only the bark and underlying tissues of the stem of the fruit. About the last week in August, the fruit again started to grow appreciably, and apparently lost some of its resistance to the attacks of the larvae. The mor- tality lessened, and an increasing number of larvae entered the peaches directly through the skin, in preference to attacking the woody stem of the fruit. The test on St. Johns and Elbertas, described above, shows rather strikingly the differ- ence in resistance between ripe and green fruit; the mortality on the green fruit being 84%, and on the ripe fruit, only 50%. TEMPERATURE: No records were kept of the actual days on which the eggs hatched, so it is rather difficult to draw any conclusions as to the effects of tem- perature. However it seems that variations in temperature cause fluctuations in the trend of the seasonal mortality caused by host resistance. The following table gives the larval mortality and the mean of the see temperatures during each test : Test No. Mortality Mean Hourly Temps. 1 30.4% (33 2 54.5 77.5 | 70. 71.9 4 93.1 66.2 5 86.2 ve 6 94.6 64.5 7 79.1 70.2 8 74.1 67.9 9 69.8 73.2 10 82.6 78.7 11 64.7 62.5 12 89.2 54.2 Average 74.2 69.2 ___ It can be seen from the above table that the most marked fluctuations in the trend of mortality, correspond with the greatest deviations from the av erage tem- rature of 69°F., viz., in the test No. 10 with an average temperature of 78.7° re g a mortality of 82. 6%, and in test No. 12 with an average temperature of 110 THE REPORT OF THE 54.2°F., and a mortality of 89.5%. It should be noted here that at the time of tests 10 and 12, the factor of host resistance was, to a great extent, reduced, whereas, during tests 4, 5, 6 and 7, it was at its maximum; hence the high mortal- ity in tests 10 and 12 must have been due primarily to factors other than host resistance. During test No. 10, temperatures of over 90°F. prevailed for several hours each day, and it is very likely that these were injurious to the young larvae. Possibly high temperatures along with a low relative humidity tend to dessicate the larvae. The lower temperatures during test No. 12, very likely rendered the larvae inactive during a large part of the day, thus giving them very little chance to establish themselves. From the above results it would seem that average daily temperatures over 78°F. and below 55 F. were detrimental to the newly hatched larvae. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE TYPE OF INJURY IN A BEARING ELBERTA PEACH ORCHARD While conducting the above experiments, detailed notes were kept of the types of injury caused by the newly hatched larvae. The time during which the larvae are active may be divided into three periods, and the injury described as, early summer injury, mid-summer injury, and late summer injury. FXaRLY SUMMER INyJuRY: The characteristic type of injury in the spring and early summer was the twig injury. As the twigs hardened the larvae injured them less readily and confined their attacks almost entirely to the fruit. It must be noted here that in young orchards with succulent growth, twig injury will con- tinue to appear much later in the season than in a bearing orchard. The trees in this experiment were twenty years old. Fruit injury started to appear in June, and was characterized by the fact that most of the larvae entered directly into the flesh of the peach and not into the woody fruit stem, as later in the summer. Mip-SUMMER [NjJuRy: During July the host seemed to build up a greater resistance to the larvae. The twigs ceased to be attractive to them towards the latter part of June. The newly hatched larvae confined their attacks chiefly to the weody stems of the fruit. Observations apart from these tests showed that partially grown larvae, at this time of the summer, entered the fruit through the skin on the side, leaving piles of brown frass, matted in the gum which exudes from wounds in the fruit in mid-summer. These gum masses are characteristic of mid-summer injury caused by partially grown larvae, which have come either from twigs or fruit stems. Some injury was noticed in the bark of one year old wood, and especially in wounds caused by breaking off little shoots when placing the eggs. Another rather rare type of injury was noticed in buds. During August, fully — formed buds were found to be completely gouged out and to have a small larvae within. LATE SUMMER INjyuRY: About the last week in August the fruit seemed to lose some of its resistance to the attacks of the larvae. An increasing number of larvae entered the fruit directly through the skin, in preference to attacking the woody stem of the peach. Twig injury almost disappeared. When the fruit started to ripen during the first week in September and later, the so-called “invisible” type of injury appeared. A large number of larvae were noticed making entrance holes on the skin of the peach very near the stem. Most of the “invisible” injury is probably caused by larvae crawling under the slightly overlapping base of the stem where it joins the fruit, and then boring directly into the flesh. When the peach is picked this portion of skin is usually torn so that ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 111 no trace of the tiny hole is visible. The larvae entering the ripe or partially ripe fruit usually go directly to the pit and work next it. The entrance holes never gum up once the fruit has started to ripen. The following table gives the record injury from which the above discussion was based. INJURY be o ad t v = = e ai. 5 — Cane “o > Date au} 9 ‘gooe Gel — pos) Oat! ss a Sethe! solos (aa! ha! @ fo Se] § | eFles| 7 | fa] sa} & | s a. se s > = - = P - oa oe EN OS Se aes nn oe haiear ona 8 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 Me ee ck os we 10 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 15 NR ee 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 OS SS es | ee ee ee 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 3 0 SS Se ae 1 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 4 i meommene Pook 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ee ee oe 0 0 0 0 1 1 + 0 5 eS a ee 1 2 0 1 1 0 5 0 7 kent le ne Eee 2 5 0 6 2 2 7 0 16 pereeieee OL SSL. 5 rile. 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 8 meeremisen 40-16 2)... 02S. oe. ) 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 12 September 12-26...... oe eee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 SUMMARY (1) The average mortality of newly hatched larvae for the season was 74.2% ; _ the minimum mortality was 30.4%; and the maximum mortality was 94.6%. | (2) The host offers a varying resistance through the season which increases _ up till about the last week in August and drops off as the fruit ripens. i; (3) Average daily temperatures over 78°F. and below 55 F. were detri- mental to the newly hatched larvae. (4) The injury may be divided as follows: (a) early summer injury, char- acterized by abundant twig injury and some fruit injury; (b) mid-summer injury, characterized by some twig injury, abundant injury on the woody stems of the fruit, and also by the large gum masses on the sides of the peaches from the entrance holes made by partially grown larvae; and (c) late summer injury, characterized by the scarcity of twig injury, the lack of gum masses, the small clean holes in the skin of the fruit, and by the so-called “invisible” injury. REFERENCE (1) Peterson and Haeussler. 1926. The Oriental Peach Moth, U. S. Cire. = EXPERIMENTS WITH LARVICIDES DIRECTED AGAINST OVER- _ WINTERING CODLING AND ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH CATERPILLARS W. A. Ross, J. A. Hatt AnD T. ARMSTRONG Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, Ontario During the past three years we have looked into the possibility of securing a _ penetrating wash which would destroy the codling and oriental peach moth larvae which winter on the trees, and which, at the same time, could be used with safety on apple and peach trees. A series of small scale spraying experiments were 112 THE REPORT OF AEE. carried on in the greenhouse at Vineland Station and some of the more promising larvicides were tested under orchard conditions, but we regret to say that none of them proved to be at all satisfactory. MATERIALS TESTED AS LARVICIDES 25% Tar Acid Oil. Purchased from Barrett & Co., New York. Specific gravity at 20 degrees C, 1.016. Approximate composition: light oils, (up to 200 degrees C.) 26% ; carbolic and creosote oils (from 200 to 270 degrees C.), 70% ; tar residue, 45%. Emulsifiers: sunlight soap, fish oil soap, cresoap, calcium case- inate, sulphite liquor. Hydrocarbon Oil. Purchased from Barrett & Co., New York. Specific gravity at 20 degrees C, 1.003. Approximate composition: light oils, 25% ; car- bolic and creosote oils, 72% ; tar residue, 3%. Emulsiflers: soap, cresoap. Cresylic Acid. Purchased from Barrett & Co., New York. Specific gravity at 20 degrees C, 1.025. Approximate composition: light oils, 2%; carbolic and creosote oils, 9% ; tar residue, 4%. Emulsifiier: soap. Carbo-cresol. Purchased from Meyer Bros., St. Louis, Mo. Specific gravity, — 20 degrees C, 1.039. Approximate composition: light oils, 20%; carbolic oils, 44% ; creosote oils, 16% ; residue (mostly tar), 20%. Crude Creosote. Purchased from Barrett & Co., New York. Specific gravity at 20 degrees C, 1.033. Approximate composition: light oils, 15% car- bolic and creosote oils, 65% ; anthracene oils (above 270°C), 6%; residue (tar), 14%. Emulsifier: cresoap. Monro’s Winter Wash. Tar distillate wash purchased from Geo. Monro, Ltd., Covent Garden, London, England. Tarolite. A commercial tar oil winter wash purchased from Strawson Chemi- cal Co., London, England. Abolene. A tar oil winter wash purchased from Beltring, Paddock Wood, Kent, England. Carbocraven. A winter wash purchased from Craven & Co., Evesham. Eng- land. Ialine. A tar oil winter wash purchased from Burt, Boulten and Haywoe?d Ltd., London, England. Anthracene Oil. Purchased from Barrett & Co., New York. Emulsifiers: soap and cresoap. High Boiling Anthracene Oil. Purchased from the Hamilton Tar Products Co., Hamilton, Ontario. Emulsifier: cresoap. Carbolineum. ‘‘Avenarius carbolineum’ purchased from the Carbolineum © Wood Preserving Co., Milwaukee, Wisc. Emulsifier: soap. Medina Miscible Oil. Purchased from the New York Insecticide Co., Medina. Semi-diesel Fuel Oil. Purchased from the Imperial Oi! Co. Bordeaux mix- ture was used in emulsifying the oil. | -Pineol soluble. A miscible pine oil purchased from Georgia Pine Turpentine : } Co. ,New York. Sulphonated Castor Oil. A miscible oil purchased from Lymans Ltd., Mont- real. L.L.A. Solvent—4.3 per cent. P.D.B.; M.I.A. Kerosene—4.0 per cent. P.D.B.; P. Solvent—0.53 nicotine. ©. Kerosene-—0.53 nicotine. These four emulsions were prepared by the Industrial Process Development Ltd., Kingston, Ontario. The first two carry para-dichlorobenzene and the last two nicotine. | 7, Fier tl 17 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 113 Cresol. Emulsifier: soap purchased from Lymans Ltd., Montreal. _ Orthodichlorobenzene. Kayso used as the emulsifier purchased from Lymans Lrd., Montreal. . Crotonaldehyde purchased from Lymans Ltd., Montreal. CopLING Motus GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS Short pieces of apple and pear limbs, on which definite numbers of larvae had spun up, were kept in the insectary until mid-winter, at which time they were transferred to the greenhouse—directly during a mild spell or via the cold storage building if the weather was cold, Approximately three days after their removal to the greenhouse, the sticks were thoroughly sprayed with the materials listed above, and the larval mortality was determined three or four weeks later by open- ing the cocoons and examining the caterpillars. The results of the greenhouse experiments are presented herewith in tabular form. CopLinc MotH: EXPERIMENTS WITH LARVICIDES Lateicide No. larvae examined Percent Mortality 1927 1928 1929 1927 1928 1929 a ae 121 159 172 12.4 24-2 10.5 25% Tar acid oil yo ae a +4 fad Se 100 ate 25% Tar acid oil SS ee es 100 acute! it 100 See 25% Tar acid oil | a an 47 138 150 100 2 aaa Mi le 25% Tar acid oil SV ee Oe 120 Sates a oe agin Hydrocarbon oil DOGO ROE. 3 Oe 109 i wT 100 .- Hydrocarbon oil te 245 418; 27 122 wh at 100 96.7 5 Hydrocarbon oil i. 2 Sealer eae ai 75 Tag; 81.08) 92 re Cresol Mee eel. 46 hy OT 100 = af Cresol 109, (37S Fh 40 et hae 100 segs Monro’s Wash cg a eg Me Ba 32 cao 3if erry 100 A Monro’s Wash er ae 29 ee ids §5,: 17 = Munro’s Wash . | a 30 os ee 6.66 ‘pet Tarolite ign Rena aee l 40 ME Or cf. 100 hn Tarolite DOG ABs BY, 38 BitT, hie 904.7 — Tarolite 9. ent 34 Tite: Ins: 20.6 Diag beh Pineol “1c eel. ae 140 Be a 91.4 Pineol | eae ees ey 292 er a? 38.7 Pineol 1 er eee Bean. 131 ee bith 22.9 Crude Cresylic 1 in 42 oe fixe 50 Soe Y. Crude Cresylic (S/n 37 4a AS 48.6 Carbolineum 1 24 ae be ne 29.1 Carbolineum le Ae a ae ace 27 a Wa boone re 4 Semi-diesel tet Ps) eee ach ie 4. Semi-diesel (No ae ae 34 Rae eee 14.6 Medina Miscible Oil 20%........ 45 ee REY 4.4 Medina Miscible Oil 10%........ 36 Bes eae fae Sulphonated Castor Oil 20%........ 34 eas Rena 8.8 Sulphonated Castor Oi1 15%........ 43 vate, aoe 25 2 Sulphonated Castor Oil 10%........ 34 et? AT 2:9 Carbocraven (2) 18 $558 pin 16.6 Carbocraven 1) aa i 18 Lbs a 88.8 Abolene 79,0 Se Ra ee oe 15 oot moe 33.3 Abolene ce er 19 Rates Rae) a Ialine 0 eae eS 17 SPR: hi 23%5 Ialine Mis ioc... 18 ae ee 5 ae sy eaiig L.I.A. Solvent Loy ae ee ae a 139 ae ie hee 18. P. Solvent-Nicotine 10%........ aoe ane: 150 Spar! arte 3:3 M.J.A. Kerosene Par. te Mca aes 150 as by MS 12.6 Q. Kerosene-Nicotine 10%........ Neat ae; 146 pte ar 9.8 1 Part Tar Acid Oil . 1 Part Pineol re ie ee coer ie 135 Sheik eae 38.5 H.B. Anthracene Ls 7) ae nw Ray 2 141 re: Reins 68.1 H.B. Anthracene Be als oe a Lee 3 i te. 129 Te ae Ue os Anthracene Oil ae, Sr 33 ae i 0 ats Anthracene Oil ye 27 25.9 114 THE REPORT OF THE ORCHARD EXPERIMENTS During late summer, definite numbers of codling moth larvae were forced to spin up on the trunks of apple trees. The following spring the trunks were very thoroughly sprayed with larvicides and the emergence of moths was determined by trapping them in wire cloth cages constructed around the trunks. The results of such experiments conducted in 1928 and 1929 are presented herewith in tabular form. CopLinc MotH: OrcHARD EXPERIMENTS WITH Larvae, 1928-29 No. of No. of Treatment No. moths} % Mort- Year trees larvae emerged ality 1928 a 400 Check (1 tree scraped 1927) 96 76. 1928 1 200 10 per cent Crude Creosote 39 80.5 1928 3 600 10 per cent Tar Acid Oil 47 92.2 1929 2 400 Checks (1 tree scraped) 74 81.5 1929 2 400 10 per cent H.B. Anthracene 82 79.5 1929 1 *200 50 per cent Pineol (brush) 36 82. 1929 1 +200 50 per cent Pineol (spray) 26 87. *Trunk not scraped; 5% quarts used. 7Trunk scraped; % gallon used. In view of the fact that the trunks were more thoroughly drenched than they would be in ordinary commercial practice, the results of the above experiments are not at all encouraging. Based on 100 per cent. emergence in the check, the emerg- ence from the trees sprayed with tar acid oil—apparently the most toxic material— was approximately 32 per cent., which is altogether too high to justify the expense of a special dormant application. Furthermore, several spraying experiments, conducted in apple orchards in 1927 and 1928, demonstrated that the tar oil spray has no commercial value in reducing codling moth injury e.g. in one orchard, which, in addition to a dormant application of 10 per cent. tar acid oil, received a calyx spray of arsenate of lead and lime sulphur, from 30.4 to 39.5 per cent. of the winter varieties were injured by the moth. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 115 ORIENTAL PEACH MotH: GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS Peach moth larvae spun up on peach and pear sticks were treated in the same way as the codling moth material with the following results. No. Larvae Examined Per cent Mortality Larvicide ——————_ —_ ay rj qr q_— x“ 1927 1928 1929 1927 1928 1929 Hydrocarbon Oil ee Ft 51 115 100 98.3 Hydrocarbon Oil ....10%........ 50 144 56 93.1 Tar Acid Oil i, ree 36 113 97.2; 100 Tar Acid Oil UF lg a te 51 90 96.1 97.8 Tar Acid Oil Se ne 42 95 47.6 89.5 Carbocresol (| ig “Nand cae a2 ei 100 Feros Carbocresol $89H. doce ls Er 21 or 95.2 Carbocresol |. eae 48 Sis 62.5 a eee Cruse Creosote _ te peng rcs 85 Seedy 100 Crude Creosote oy RS 23 56 86.9 100 Crude Creosote oj / Sse eee 24 Le 91.6 Poi Cresol ASS See ees 45 + 100 SS. . Cresol ag a a 54 : 96.2 es —_ Cresol a 54 mad 70.3 iets Tarolite a ae 49 igre 97.9 Ph, __ Tarolite Og “Sees 45 Mens 64.4 tee ; Medina Miscible Oil 20%........ 23 ae 56.5 edo : Medina Miscible Oil 10%........ 21 ee 47.6 iat. Orthodichlorobenzene 15%........ ert. 90 ae 92.2 3 Orthodichlorobenzene 10%........ 43 j 87.7 ; Orthodichlorobenzene 5%........ 36 41.6 Tar Acid, Kayso a 89 100 Tar Acid, Sulphite i Liquor (old) a a 38 94.7 Tar Acid, Sulphite Liquor (new) ag, el eae SOF 145 es 75.2 ye . _ H.B. Anthracene CS, as ew: 2 ge 183 ‘ae 100 _ H.B. Anthracene os (oa . ie we 196 82.6 A Pineol Ls a re roel os: 176 100 Pineol fo re oy ee 204 a: 93.6 L.I.A. Solvent Sg he DS ok sh 94 ree 39.3 P. Solvent Nicotine 20%........ ee wes 90 1 oe ze: M.I.A. Kerosene Pe ats. . 3 beth ye 86 PA n5s 65.1 _ Q. Kerosene Nicotine 20%........ ks eS 101 ey 22.7 _ Crotonaldehyde Cl i aan R Ace 81 ae 82.7 4 oS _ Crotonaldehyde iS a aa a. 44 65.9 aa Crotonaldehyde to ee ie A 29 Rae ae 72.4 1 RN Rea sihs 2 34.4 eee ee © 97 360 276 40.2 a5.3 19.5 \ ~ ORIENTAL PEACH MotH:: ORCHARD EXPERIMENTS In the fall of 1927 definite numbers of mature caterpillars were placed on and spun up on the trunks and main limbs of four peach trees. The following spring _ two of the trees were sprayed thoroughly with 10 per cent. tar acid emulsion, one with 10 per cent. crude creosote emulsion and the fourth was left untreated. The tops were cut off and the trees enclosed in cages for the purpose of trapping all the moths which emerged. The results are shown herewith: No. No. of Treatment No. moths| Percent | Percent* trees larvae emerged | mortality | emergence 1 150 Check 24 84 100 7, 200 10 per cent tar acid oil 16 92 50 1 100 10 per cent crude creosote 4 96 25 -. *Based on 100 per cent. emergence in the check. 116 THE REPORT OF THE In 1928 an isolated peach orchard was sprayed in early spring with 10 per cent. tar acid oil and the Elberta infestation dropped from the 1927 figure of 41 per cent. to 19 per cent., but unfortunately from our point of view there was a similar decrease of approximately 50 per cent. in all the neighbouring orchards, so that we could not determine to what extent, if any, the tar oil was effective. SOME ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH CONTROL STUDIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF LIME AND TALC SPRAYS W. A. Ross, T. ARMSTRONG AND D. F. PAaTTerson Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, Ontario Some oriental peach moth control studies were carried on during 1929 in the greenhouse and insectary at Vineland Station with the object of ascertaining the ovicidal, larvicidal and deterrent value of hydrated lime,* talej and some other materials. In one series conducted in the greenhouse during the winter, the com- Fig. 1—Two twigs, one sprayed and the other unsprayed ready to be placed in the Oviposition cage. bined ovicidal and larvicidal value of the insecticides was determined in the fol- lowing manner: Peach twigs with eggs on the foliage were coated thoroughly with the sprays, placed in small vaseline jars containing water and then trans- _ *Stearns, L. A. and Neiswander, R. B. Hydrated lime in Summer Sprays for the Control of the Oriental Fruit Moth—Jour. Eco. Ent. 22: 2, August 1929, pp. 657-660. The authors report a reduction in fruit injury due to the lime sprays acting as a physical and mechanical hindrance to oviposition, hatching and larval entry. 7Driggers, B. F. Experiments with Talc and Other. Dusts Used Against Recently Hatched Larvae of the Oriental and Codling Moths.—Jour. Eco. Ent. 22: 2, April 1929, pp. 327-334. Experiments showed that finely ground tale and mica killed a high percentage of the newly hatched larvae. _.- -—~ =? =. © ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 117 _ ferred to 2 quart canners’ cans. Apples were put in the cans around the twigs _ in order to trap and to provide food for the larvae which survived the treatments. _ The illustration, Fig. 3, shows the manner of carrying on the tests. | The results of the greenhouse experiments are presented herewith in tabular form: TaBLE No. 1: Combined Ovicidal and Larvicidal Value of Spray Materials (Greenhouse Tests). Expt. Materials used No. of} No. of | Larvae} Percent No. tests | eggs | reared | mortality 1 pee ens ee a) et ee ee eee 1 135 29 78.5 + Talc, 10 Ibs. to 40 gals., and 1% Ib. cal. caseinate. 1 220 31 86.1 Perl eee nee te CO 40 otis, 22 oe. 3 680 19 97.2 5 Talc, 20 lbs, to 40 gals, and 1 Ib. cal. caseinate... 2 380 68 82. , 0 oS Ui oi a 3 775 18 97.7 6 Talc, 25 lbs. to 40 gals., and 114 Ibs. cal. caseinate 3 1100 108 90.2 7 Chima clay,-10 tbs. to 40 gals... ......u......... 1 200 42 79 ; 10 China clay, 10 lbs. to 40 gals., and Y@ Ib. cal. Oe, Se eae Be eae 1 200 42 79 8 Coma clay..20 tbs. to 40 gals. 2s... a 600 80 86.7 11 China clay, 20 lbs. to 40 gals., and \ Ib. cal. . 0 SORES Soe Ee aS eee Ge 2 500 58 88.4 9 meee cay 29 tes. to 40 edls....j-....- 25. . .2. 2 350 49 86. 12 China clay, 25 lbs. to 40 gals., and % Ibs. cal. Re oe aa | Selle, Sa ores 2 a55 44 87.6 13 Hydrated lime 15 Ibs. to 40 gals.............. 1 100 1 99 16 Hydrated lime 15 Ibs. to 40 gals., and % Ib. cal. oe pee Sie eel BS Se ec a 1 70 0 100. 14 Hydrated lime 20 Ibs. to 40 gals.............. 1 100 0 100 17 Hydrated lime 20 lbs. to 40 gals., and 1% Ib. cal. Mots ci epee a 1 200 1 99.5 15 Hydrated lime 25 lbs. to 40 gals.............. 3 710 0 100. 18 Hydrated lime 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and % Ib. cal. | NE Oe See eee 3 552 0 | ~ . £00" 19 Whiting (cal. carbonate) 15 Ibs. to 40 gals..... 1 200 42 79. 21 Whiting 15 lbs. to 40 gals.,and 3 Ib. cal. caseinate 1 200 28 86. 20 Myer ele to 40 gals.2 A... 2.2... 2 210 3 98.5 22 Whiting, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals., and % Ib. cal. 2 agit Relea Toes asi a aaa ane 2 438 ee 88. 23 me eet) 30 fssto 40 pals)... oe 1 200 35 82.5 25 a OE ee 1 200 66 67. ES Cee 2 aS Tae ee eee 4 758 Poking | 69.4 > Fig. 2.—Oviposition cages used in the spray tests. 118 THE REPORT OF THE Of necessity apples taken out of storage were used for recovering the cater- pillars in the greenhouse experiments, and as such fruit is not any too satisfactory for the rearing of the larvae, this no doubt accounts for the unduly high mortality in the “checks”. Small scale experiments similar to the foregoing, except that fresh green fruit was used for rearing the larvae, were carried on in the insectary during the sum- mer with the following results: _ Tasce No. 2: Combined Ovicidal and Larvicidal Value of Spray Materials (Insectary Tests). No. No. | Larvae| Larvae % Materials used of of in reared | Total | Mor- tests | eggs | twigs tality Hyd. lime, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and % lb. cal. caseinate.. |... 235 eee ee eee 4 400 1 82.0 *Hyd. lime, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 4% lb. cal. caseimate.. . -. . .9) meer eee 2 177 4 83.0 Hyd. lime, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals........... 2 200 2 66.0 Hyd. lime, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and Volck, 2 pints... ca. +: .|. 9:5 ee + 400 4 87.5 Hyd. lime, 15 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 4% Ib calcium cageinate...J¢5..4:. 50 -see ee 1 100 1 92.0 *Hyd. lime, 15 lbs. to 40 gals. and \% lb. calcium caseinate.. 125) 25° =~ 1 60 5 65.0 N.Y. talc, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 1% lb. calcium caselnate. coe). Seen ee 2 200 2 54.5 Ont. talc, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and % lb. calcium casemate. 90s Duniise eke oe 4 400 3 50.5 N.Y. talc, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints Volek... cs ee ee ee 4 400 1 65.5 Talc, 15 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 4 lb. caleium. casemate: Jno: teas eee 1 100 3 46.0 Talc, 15 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 1 pint Volck. 1 39 1 43.6 Calcium carbonate, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and Y% |b. calcium caseinate............. 2 200 7 52.0 Calcium carbonate, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints of Volck.-< 2:2 ba 2 200 3 80.0 Mica, 25 Ibs. to 40-gals. and )% Ib. calcium casemate. 0 o-u. Ao eee 4 430 8 63.0 Mica, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints of VWOlek 5 oie ok ee sna.o sae ee ee eee 1 100 + 35.0 *Mica, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals, and % lb. calciunr casemate. oo. os ee eee 2 206 3 42.8 *Mica, 25 lbs to 40 gals. and 2 pints Volck. 3 344 2 14.8 Mica, 15 lbs. to 40 gals. and 4 Ib. calcium caseinate: .4/¢. 222 er eee 1 100 3 60.0 Soot, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and )% Ib. calcium caseinateé.. 240. 3s.445 eee 2 200 6 15.5 Lamp black, 5 lbs. to 40 gals. and % lb. calcium casemngite.; 322° 4: cai ee 2 200 0 60.5 Mustard, 20 Ibs. to 40 gals. and % lb. calcium caseinate:. 2 vs anaes 2 200 4 70.5 Pepper, 20 lbs, to 40 gals. and 1% lb. caleti¥m caseinste, 22. J. kee ee 2 200 4 51.5 Clay, 30 lbs. to 40 gals. and \% Ib. calcium caseinate. . ices Onis eee 2 200 2 S7.5 China clay, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and % Ib. calcium casemate... Svcs 5 9 a 20a 2 194 0 53 ON ae Roea Fas Check 3.2.2 Ser ee eee ee z 706 9 441 450 35.8 *In these experiments the eggs were laid after spraying, the tests being made to ascertain the effect the spray materials had on eggs laid on sprayed foliage. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 119 Among the materials tested the hydrated lime sprays were again the most ef- fective and consistent in their behaviour—an average of 78 per cent mortality in ten tests without Volck and an average of 87 per cent. in four tests with Volck being reasonably satisfactory when compared with a mortality of 35 per cent in the checks. The talc sprays were quite disappointing, the average mortality in twelve tests being only 52 per cent. LARVAL ENTRANCE INTO SPRAYED FRUIT Peaches. completely covered with various sprays, were suspended from a shelf and. with the aid of a brush, definite numbers of newly-hatched larvae were placed on them. Not more than five larvae per fruit were used, thus allowing an ample food supply in case they survived the effects of the spray. A further experiment was conducted along the same lines, but instead of using larvae, eggs close to the point of hatching were substituted, and the sprayed fruit was not suspended in the open, but placed directly into jars. This second method proved to be more satisfactory because it completely eliminated the mortality due to handling and the larvae being blown off or dropping off the fruit and con- sequently the mortality in the checks dropped from 67.5 per cent to 30 per cent. TasLe No. 3: Larval Entrance into Sprayed Fruit; the Larvae Transferred to the Suspended Peaches. No. % Spray Materials Larvae Larvae Larval Placed Reared | Recovered Ontario talc, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 1% lb. calcium RE ne Pe kis es ws awe wie ee ke 30 9 40.0 N.Y. talc, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 14 Ib. calcium caseinate. . 30 5 16.6 Talc, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints Volck............. 10 1 10.0 Talc, 15 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 14 Ib. calcium caseinate.. . 10 0 0 Hydrated lime, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and % Ib. calcium RIP co Sa kw eB enue ec ee ees 20 3 aS. Hydrated lime, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints Volck.... 20 6 30.0 Hydrated lime, 15 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 4 Ib. calcium 0 a ne or a a ire 20 ~ 20.0 Calcium carbonate, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints Volck.. 30 8 26.6 Clay, 30 lbs. to 40 gals. and 4 Ib. Calcium caseinate.. . . 30 14 46.6 Mica, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and % Ib. calcium caseinate..... 30 4 i3.3 Mica, 15 lbs. to 40 gals. and 4 Ib. calcium caseinate.... 20 3 15.0 Lamp black, 10 lbs. to 40 gals. and 14 lb. calcium caseinate 20 3 15.0 Mustard, 20 lbs. to 40 gals. and 1% lb. calcium caseinate. 20 5 25.0 Bey LE ole) cw eRe ie oo 40 13 on.5 Fig. 3—Cans with sprayed twigs and apples used in larvicide experiments. 120 THE REPORT OF THE Where the eggs were placed in jars with the sprayed fruit the following re- sults were secured. It will be noticed that recoveries of mature larvae are very much greater than in the previous tests. TasLeE No. 4: Larval Entrance into Sprayed Fruit: Eggs Transferred to Fruit in Jars. No. Percent Spray Materials Larvae Larvae Larval Placed Reared | Recovery N.Y. talc, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 14 Ib. calcium caseinate. 10 8 80.0 N.Y. talc, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints Volck........ 10 5 50.0 Ontario talc, 15 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 14 calcium caseinate 12 6 50.0 Ontario talc, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and % Ib. calcium caseinate.)). 41.1. ..508L 2a ae ee 10 3 30.0 Hydrated lime, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints Volck.... 10 ti 70.0 Hydrated lime, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 14 lb. calcium CASCIIALC. «os one wis 0's 6k ic eee a ee es 12 12 100.0 Lamp black, 10 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 1% Ib. calcium Gaseinate....\,.. ... . 2+ = «js + eae ve Be eee 10 10 100.0 ‘Calcium carbonate, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals and 2 pints Volck. 10 1 10.0 China clay, 25 lbs. to 40 gals and % Ib. calcium caseinate. 12 10 83.3 Clay, 30 Ibs. to 40 gals. and % Ib. calcium caseinate.... 10 10 100.0 Mica, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 14 lb. calcium caseinate.. . . 12 9 75.0 Mica, 15 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 14 Ib calcium caseinate.. .. 10 6 60.0 Check. 5. YTRe¥t : > Rr oe ea on nee eee 10 | 70.0 The numbers of larvae used in the tests were not large, but in view of the results, they were sufficiently large to indicate that lime, talc, etc. are of little or no value in preventing larval entrance. EFFECT OF SPRAY MATERIALS ON OVIPOSITION In order to determine the value of lime, talc, etc. in deterring the moths from oviposition, the following experiment, with close to 20,000 eggs, was conducted in the insectary. A sprayed twig closely coupled, as shown in Fig. 1, with an unsprayed twig, approximately the same in size and amount of foliage, was placed and left in an oviposition cage (Fig. 2) for 24 hours or in some instances for a longer period, when prevailing low temperatures decreased the rate of egg laying. Generally triplicate or quadruplicate tests with each material were run simultaneously, the coupled twigs being placed in the same position, but with the sprayed twig turned in various directions in each cage. The results of this work are appended herewith: ‘ae ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 121 TaBLE No. 5: The Effect of Spray Materials on Oviposition. Total Eggs Eggs | % Eggs! Per- Materials Used No. eggs on on un- on cent tests | depos- | sprayed | sprayed | sprayed | effic- ited twig twig twig iency* Hydrated lime, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and ; V% |b. calcium caseinate.......... 12 2061 696 1365 Re ey | 34.0 Hydrated lime, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints 2 li eee 6 694 122 572 17.6 65.0 Hydrated lime, 15 lbs. to 40 gals. and 4 lb. calcium caseinate... . . 3 328 79 249 24.1 52.0 Ontario talc, 25 lbs. and )% lb. calcium caseinate............... 14 991 182 809 18.3 63.0 N.Y. talc, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 4% pint calcium caseinate........... 3 Zee 126 96 56.7 Ontario talc, 25 Ibs. to 40 gals. and SS So Sa ea 3 146 22 124 Sat 70.0 N.Y. talc, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 2 OSs ES ae ee ee 2 257 45 212 TiS 65.0 Ontario talc, 15 lbs. to 40 gals. and 14 |b. calcium caseinate.. , 261 79 182 30.3 39.0 Calcium carbonate, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. eft . and \% lb. calcium caseinate...... 7 1507 464 1043 30.8 38.0 Soot, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 1% lb. ealcmim-casemate..........5..... 4 892 336 556 ag | 25.0 Mustard, 20 Ibs. to 40 gals. and 4% lb. calcium caseinate............. 4 961 478 483 49.7 0.5 Pepper, 20 lbs. to 40 gals. and 14 lb. palcimm caseinate.<....... 2... 4 1120 347 773 SLD 38.0 Clay, 30 lbs. to 40 gals. and 1% lb. ealctmm caseinate.: .. snk aah 4 1321 632 689 47.8 4.0 _Lamp black, 10 Ibs. to 40 gals. and V4 Ib. calcium caseinate.. 4 286 167 119 58.4 Pyrethum-soap, 5 lbs. to 40 gals. and Coe a eS eee oe ae 4 1170 471 699 40.3 20.0 Flour, 10 lbs. to 40 gals... 4 361 190 171 52.6 ae Mica, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. ‘and. % ‘Ib. Gammubearcimate.........2..5.. 6 1286 471 815 36.6 27.0 Mica, 25 lbs. to 40 gals. and 2 pints ce ye ees vies os 4 1001 245 756 24.5 51.0 China clay, 25 lbs. to 40 glas. and 4% Vs |b. calcium caseinate......... 6 815 232 583 28.4 43.0 Fish oil-pyrethrum extract, 1 per | Ce ie a eee oe ORR 2 369 90 279 24.4 51.0 White oil-pyrethrum extract, 1 per SES Ee Se es Sees eer ee 2 - 177 79 98 44.6 11.0 Sulphonated castor oil, 2 per cent.... 4 2219 811 1408 36.5 27.0 Ramtec) percent... 20°20... 4 404 231 173 5F 02 EAS Volck, 1 per cent and soap......... 4 953 248 705 26.0 48.0 *Computed on the assumption that 50 per cent. of the total numbers of eggs would have been laid on the sprayed foliage if it had not been treated. None of the materials prevented the deposition of considerable numbers of eggs. Some of them e.g. the Volck combinations with lime and tale had apparently some effect as deterrents, but it goes without saying that the results of such tests, while of value as possible leads, must not be taken too seriously. 122 THE REPORT OF THE OVICIDES In a series of tests to determine the ovicidal value of various materials, the fol- lowing proved to have some value. TABLE No. 6: Ovicidal Value of Various Materials. Materials Eggs in Percent test killed Hydrated lime. |. 207... 3.400.044, BER ee ee 200 45.5 Volck, 1. per cent.is oaks sad os bee bah ees eee 95 100. Fish oil-pyrethrum; ‘1. per cemt... 264 Mods): 2. ina, Ss oe 243 86.4 White oil-pyrethram,.1 pew cent.-355 6 232 ds So aes oe 101 99. Sulphonated' QUGGPU OSCIOMG. - 5 cxizcnd Poppa P History AND DISTRIBUTION A. aravrospila first attracted the attention of fruit growers and entomologists in Norfolk county in 1914, when it appeared in destructive numbers in two or- chards near Simcoe. Since that date it has done more or less injury:to fruit and foliage every year. It was not present in outbreak form this year (1929) but the larvae were readily found in all the orchards visited in the neighborhood of Simcoe, Renton, Vittoria and St. Williams. A. semiferana was first noticed about the same time as A. argyrospila. This year it was more restricted .in its distribution than the latter but usually more numerous where observed. It was fairly abundant in the Neff and Lynndale orchards at Simcoe but uncommon or absent in other orchards visited. A. rosaceana has been present for years in small numbers and may be found in all parts of the county. Pandemis limitata: Just when this insect became established in Norfolk is not known. It seems evident, from the numbers present ,that it is has been here for several years though, so far as I can learn, this is the first time it has been recorded as an apple pest in Ontario. It was present in small numbers in most of the orchards frim which larval callections were made. F. C. Gilliatt* states that in Nova Scotia it is found chiefly in those districts where Spilonota ocellana Schiffermuller is most numerous and appears to be dependent on it for its exis- tence. Nearly 100 per cent of the limitata larvae which I collected in the orchard were found in the old nests of S. ocellana and in the mines vacated by Bucculatrix pomtfoliella Clemens. Archips fractivittana and Amorbia humerosana both constitute new records — for this district. Their distribution is not known as they were only taken in one orchard. _ DISSEMINATION OF LEAF ROLLERS The chief means of dissemination is by the flight of the adults. The eggs or larvae, as the case may be, are also carried to great distances on dormant nursery stock. Very young larvae are often carried by the wind to points some distance form the egg mass. A light breeze was observed to carry them a distance of twelve feet in greenhouse experiments and from tree to tree in the orchard. In each case the larva was blown on a silken thread of its own spinning. *Report of Entomological Society of Ontario, 1927. | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 139 Foop PLANTS Leaf-rollers as a group are considered general feeders upon trees, shrubs, weeds, ete. I did not find larvae of any of the above species feeding on weeds or grasses _ in the orchards. Css 144 THE REPORT OF THE northwestern parts. In central Illinois the deciduous forests were scattered in the midst of rich grassland or prairie. In addition to these large and dominant biota, Illinois possesses some local areas of which the most important are rivers, lakes, — swamps, and sand areas. The sand areas are best developed along the Illinois River and Havana, along the Mississippi River near Hanover and along Lake Michigan north of Chicago. 2 In northwestern Illinois there still exist some swamps and northern bogs characteristic of states farther north and parts of Canada. The lake region of Illinois is essentially in the northeastern sector of our state and these lakes are of glacial origin. Large rivers and their tributaries are more evenly distributed throughout the state and support an abundant aquatic and semi-acquatic life. While the area now occupied by the biota just described is greatly curtailed in contrast to a century and a half ago, there still exist ample examples of every major habitat except the prairie. The sand and lake areas are about the same. The rivers except for the factors of pollution, the more rapid run-off of the area they drain, and the presence of a few power dams, are still with us. The decidu- ous forest land, even though much reduced and shred of its best timber, is still a conspicuous part of the landscape in certain sections. Superimposed, too, upon | these original biota there is our modern agriculture with its millions of acres of — forage and grain crops and fruits. I have taken time to present this brief picture of Illinois in order that vou will — thoroughly realize, as we do, that “hit and miss” general and restricted collecting will never give us a comprehensive inventory of our insect fauna or furnish us with detailed information concerning the distribution of our native species and other phases of their biology. Illinois stretches over some five and one-half degrees of latitude and this coupled with our geographical position, and in spite of the lack of contrasting elevations, is sufficient in northern Illinois to give us some insects representative of more northern areas and in southern Illinois those of pronounced southern predilections. Perhaps this may be visualized best by stat- ing that we have a varied irisect fauna which ranges from those insects associated with the tamarack bogs of the north to those of the cypress swamps and cotton fields of the south. Our position in regard to longitude has much less influence upon the variety of our insect fauna, but even in this respect we form the meeting — ground of some eastern and western species. Fundamentally, however, our fauna ~ is dominantly of an eastern character. Rainfall, although a factor in certain aspects of our problem, does not in a broad limit or restrict our insect fauna as it does in some other parts of North America. It does, however, exercise a strong annual and local influence upon their numbers, etc. The original and extensive biotas of deciduous forest and © prairie have had and still have a profound influence upon our insects distribution. _ Local areas, too, with their peculiar floral compositions are highly important and ~ must be thoroughly examined if our survey is to give us a zoogeographical picture of the state. The last three years we have put to a test our idea that the focusing of atten-— tion upon special groups of insects and the attacking of our problem in a well organized manner will give us within a reasonable time the basic information we desire. As an example of what can be accomplished along this line, I will briefly outline our work of two summers upon the plant lice of Illinois. In the early spring of 1928, Dr. F. C. Hottes, a student of the Aphididae, was temporarily added to the staff of the Survey. A hurried review of the literature of our subject was made to determine approximately how many kinds of plant lice had been previously collected in Illinois, their host plants, localities where they were collected and other information which might be of service in guiding our field work. The collection, too, was gone over in quest of similar information and slide preparations made of all the plant louse material preserved in alcohol. al ih i i hi eee ee ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 145 It was rather surprising to us to discover how poor a representation of plant lice we had in our collection—considering that three out of four of our state entomo- logists had even gone so far as to describe numerous species of them and other entomologists in the employ of the state had given them much attention. As soon as conditions were favorable for field work this phase of our investi- gations was started. First the southern part of the state was visited, then the central part and finally the northern counties. Our collecting was so timed that both the southern and northern parts of the state were visited at about the same season; made possible by the fact that the floral development of southern Illinois is about two weeks in advance of northern Illinois. These more extensive trips were repeated as the seasonal and floral conditions changed and shorter ones to special localities interspersed with them. The second year our collecting in all parts of the state was repeated and a special effort was made to get in each locality visited before as many as possible of the species which we had reason to believe were over-looked the first vear. Even our daily collecting was so organized that we had a record with us of all species taken in that locality on previous trips and accordingly knew which plant hosts to examine and which could be profitably ignored. Eleven thousand miles is a close estimate of the mileage we covered in making our plant louse survey and you can see from the illustration on the screen that almost every nook and corner of our state was under scrutiny. A comparatively few years ago such a thorough ramsacking of the state for its plant louse fauna in practically two summers would have been an utter impossibility. We now have within our state boundaries a wonderful network of over 7000 miles of concrete roads which make accessible any part of the state at any time of the year. Our hard road system, then, plus the automobile, make it possible for us to cover our state thoroughly and rapidly in great contrast to the days of limited baggage, rail- road transportation and railroad schedules. In our field work of the past two summers, by the use of an automobile for transportation, we were able at a nominal cost to take a party of from two to three to the field and carry an exten- sive collecting and laboratory equipment. I might add here that all our aphid material was mounted while in the field or by assistants at Urbana to whom the specimens were sent. We could have saved hours of extra work at night by placing the live material directly in alcohol but to do so would have greatly detracted from the excellence of the carefully “processed” slides which were made from live material. In conclusion I will briefly summarize the results of our plant louse survey. Although the final figures are not yet available, we collected nearly 230 species of plant lice; a total almost three times as many as recorded in the New Jersey list, more than twice as many as in the Connecticut list and a hundred more than in the recent New York list. Of this number about thirty are new to science and will soon be described. Our slide collection of aphids was expanded from almost nothing to over ten thousand slides of excellently prepared specimens, giving us a fine series of specimens and species for a reference series. In addition, we now have maps in our files showing remarkably well the distribution of these insects in our state and various other information relating to their seasonal adjustments, host preferences, etc. For instance, take the distribution of Phyllaphis fagi (L.) which is known to feed only on beech trees. Previously unknown from Illinois we found this plant louse exactly where our data regarding the natural distri- bution of beech trees in Illinois indicated we might find it. The capture of Lachnus laricis (W1k.) affords another such example. The host of this species was known to be the tamarack and hence a search was made for it in one of the few small tamarack bogs still present in north-eastern Illinois. There the louse Was just as might have been expected. Other species attacking such widely dis- tributed plants as oats or wheat were found everywhere in the state that we saw fit to look for them. 146 THE REPORT OF THE Of course we make no claims to having completely mapped the distribution of each species or of taking every species that occurs in the state. We are convinced, however, that the results to be obtained from another summer’s specialization in collecting of aphids would not be justified and that it is now the time to turn out attention to another group of insects. Furhermore, we believe that our plant louse survey has demonstrated that we are now in a position in Illinois to take a very accurate inventory of the insects occurring within our boundaries and that such an undertaking can be completed within a reasonable length of time. It is not necessary to await the next millennium for information which our economic entomologists, biologists and ecologists now so badly need. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1929 W. J. Brown Entomological Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture The present “Entomological Record’ follows closely the plan of former years. Mr. Walley has supplied complete lists of three families of Heteroptera. Mr. C. A. Frost has supplied a list of the beetles collected by himself during sev- eral visits to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, provinces from which few species have been recorded previously. Only a few records have been received from the amateur collectors of Canada; these are incorporated in the general lists. Among the larger systematic contributions published during the year, the fol- lowing are worthy of note: Manual of External Parasites, by H. E. Ewing, 225 pp., 96 fig., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill. This useful work is divided into chapters. dealing with parasitic mites, ticks, biting lice, sucking lice, and fleas. Keys and control methods are included. An appendix con- tains descriptions of new genera. OpONATA A Handbook of the Dragonflies of North America, by James G. Needham and Hortense B. Heywood, 378 pp., many figures, C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill. See review in the “Canadian Entomologist”, page 120. HEMIPTERA The Genus Clastoptera in America North of Mexico, (Homoptera), by Kathleen C. Doering; (Univ. Kan. Sci. Bul., XVIII, No. 1, 1928). A thorough revision of this confusing group of “Spittle Insects”. Indispensible to students of the Cercopidae: contains keys, descriptions and numerous figures of species discussed.—G. S. W. The Genus Scolops, (Homoptera), by E. P. Breakey, (Univ. Kan. Sci. Bul., XVIII, No. 6, 1928). This paper includes keys, descriptions, figures and synonymical notes on the species of Fulgoridae belonging to this genus.—G. S. W. The Coreidae of Kansas, (Hemiptera), by Howard O. Deay, (Univ. Kan. Sci. Bul., XVIII, No. 5, 1928). A list of the Kansas species, their distribution, original descriptions with notes, keys to species and figures of the male genial appendages.—G. S. W. Contribution Toward a Monograph of the Adelginae (Phylloxeridac), by P. N. Annand, 146 pp., Stanford Univ. Press, 1928. All the North American species are figured and described. The author makes several additions to our knowledge of biology and classi- . fication and offers generic keys to both apterous and alate forms. COLEOPTERA , A Reclassification of the Genera of North America Meloidae and a Revision of the Genera and Species formerly placed in the Tribe Meloini, by E. C. Van Dyke, University of California Publications in Entomology IV, pp. 395-475, 4 pl. This paper includes keys to and descriptions of the groups and species considered. Revision of the Rhipiphoridae of North and Central America, by E. Rivnay, Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 6, 88 pp., 4 pl. This paper includes keys, descrip- tions, and a thorough review of the literature. LEPIDOPTERA A Generic Revision of North American Agrotid Moths, by J. H. McDunnough, Bull. 55, Canada Department of Mines, 78 pp., many figures. This paper 1s an attempt to pro- duce a natural system of classification for the Agrotids. Characters presented by the male genitalia are used extensively. PE My te™) ae ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 147 NOTES OF CAPTURES Species preceded by an asterisk (*) have been described since the previous “Record” was prepared. Species described as new in the “Canadian Entomologist” have been omitted. ODONATA Gomphinae Ophiogomphus carolus Need. Boiestown, N. B., (Brown). Gomphus fraternus Say. Minaki, Ont., (McDunnough). Gomphus ventricosus Walsh. Fredericton, N. B., (Brown). Gomphus cornutus Tough. Minaki, Ont., (McDunnough). Gomphus graslinellus Hag. Minaki, Ont., (McDunnough). { : Cordulinae g Dorocordulia lepida Hag. Fredericton, N. B., (Simpson). _ Agrionidae ; Agrion amatum Hag. Knowlton and South Bolton, Que., (Fisk and Adams). Coenagrionidae Coenagrion interrogatum Selys. Minaki, Ont., (McDunnough). Coenagrion angulatum Walk. Minaki Ont., (McDunnough). Coenagrion resolutum Selys. Minaki, Ont., (McDunnough). HEMIPTERA Prepared by G. Stuart Walley The following list of Coreidae, Corizidae and Aradidae has been prepared in the same manner as the list of Pentatomoidea contained in the “Tntomological Record” for 1928. Of special value in the preparation of the present list is Parshley’s “Essay on the American Species of Aradus” (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XLVII, 1921) from whence numerous records have been obtained. Family CorEIDAE Merocorinae Merocoris distinctus (Dall.). Que.: Ft. Coulonge, Kazubazua. Ont.: Eldorado, Sudbury. Man.: Aweme, Winnipeg. Coreinae Leptoglossus fulvicornis (Westw.). Ont.: Jordan. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heid. B.C.: Departure Bay, Duncan, Kaslo, Kelowna, Kaper Isl., Mara, Princeton, Royal Oak, Vancouver, Vernon. Chelinidea vittiger Uhl. Que.: (Provancher record doubtful). Alta.: Medicine : Hat. Catorhintha mendica Stal. Man.: Aweme. Anasa armigera (Say). Ont.: Aurora. Anasa tristis (De Geer). P. E. I.: Summerside. N. B.: Queenstown. Que.: Covey Hill, Hemmingford, St. Denis-en-bas. Ont.: Chatham, Essex Co., | Freeman, Guelph, Hamilton, Lindsay, London, Oakville, Ottawa, Pt. Hope, Strathroy, Todmorden, Vineland. o- =. =, von Tey Alydinae Protenor belfragei Hagl. Que.: Ft. Coulonge, Ramsayville. Ont.: Hastings Co., Ottawa, Sudbury. Man.: Aweme. Megalotomus quinquespinosus (Say). Que.: Aylmer, Kazubazua, Montreal. Ont.: Ottawa, Sudbury. Man.: ,Aweme, Winnipeg. B. C.: Cowichan, Duncan, Enderby, Saanich Dist., Savary Isl., Thompson R., Vernon, Vic- toria. Alydus pluto Uhl. Man.: Deloraine. Alta.: Athabasca, Lethbridge, Nordegg, B. C.: Armstrong, Crow’s Nest, Enderby, Kamloops, Minnie L., Penticton, Princeton, Prince Rupert, Saanich Dist., Vernon, Victoria. Alydus eurinus (Say). Man.: Aweme. B. C.: Brackendale, Vernon. Alydus conspersus Montd. Que.: Aylmer, Hull, Montreal, St. Jean. Ont.: Frankford, Jordan, Ottawa. Man.: Aweme, Onah, Winnipeg. Alta.: Bow Slope, Brooks, Lethbridge. Alydus conspersus infuscatus Fracker. B. C.: Peachland. ' Alydus scutellatus Van D. B. C.: Crow’s Nest, Mt. McLean, 7500 ft. Mt. Cheam, 5000 ft., Merritt. Pseudophloeinae : Ceraleptus pacificus Barber. B. C.: Agassiz, Chilliwack, Saanich Dist., Van- couver, Vernon, Victoria. Coriomeris humilis (Uhl.). Alta.: Brooks, Cowley, Lethbridge, Macleod, Ma- grath, Nordegg, Raymond, Stirling. B. C.: Goldstream, Vernon, Victoria. e 148 Aradinae THE REPORT OF THE | Family CorizIpAE Harmostes reflexulus (Say). Alta.: Waterton Lakes. B. C.: Agassiz, Kaslo, Lillooet, Mt. McLean, Penticton, Royal Oak, Saanich Dist., Vancouver, Vernon, Victoria. Harmostes croceus Gibs. B. C.: Goldstream, Royal Oak, Victoria. Corizus viridicatus Uhl. Man.: Aweme, Winnipeg. Sask.: Rudy, Skipton. Alta.: Lethbridge, Magrath, Nemiscam, Nordegg, Raymond, Stirling. B. C.: Lillooet, Summerland. Corizus crassicornis (Linn.). Que.: Ft. Coulonge, Kingsmere, Hemmingford. Ont.: Hastings Co., Nipigon, Sudbury. Man.: Winnipeg. Alta.: Carberry, Leduc. B. C.: Fernie, Royal Oak, Saanich, Vernon. Corizus bohemani Sign. Que.: Chelsea, Hemmingford. Ont.: Arnprior, Nor- way Pt. L. of Bays, Ottawa. B.C.: Vernon (Parshley). | Corizus indentatus Hambl. B. C.: Cowichan, Royal Oak, Saanich Dist., Ver- non, Victoria. LLLL Corizus lateralis Say. Ont.: Jordan. Leptocoris trivittatus (Say). Man.: Aweme, Swan Lake, Winnipeg. Sask.: Moose Jaw, Regina, Saskatoon. B. C.: Keremeos, Summerland. Nisoscolopocerus apiculatus Barber. Alta.: Medicine Hat. ete i Se Family ARADIDAE Aradus aequalis Say. Que.: Montreal Isl. Ont.: Prince Ed. Co. Aradus crenatus Say. Que.: Hemmingford, Montreal. Ont.: Grimsby, Ottawa, Preston, Ridgeway. Aradus quadrilineatus Say. N. B.: Fredericton. Que.: Aylmer, Gatineau Pt., Hudson, Montreal, Val Morin. Ont.: Britannia, Grimsby, Ottawa, Picton, ae Man.: Aweme. Alta.: Banff, Edmonton. N. W. T.: Great Bear ake. Aradus montanus Bergr. Que.: St. Hilaire. Aradus fuscomaculatus Stal. B. C.: Departure Bay, Malahat, North Bend, Shawnigan, Sooks, Vancouver Isl., Victoria. Aradus behrensi Bergr. B. C.: Malahat, Victoria, Yale. Aradus robustus Uhl. Que.: St. Hilaire. Ont.: Prince Ed. Co., Ridgeway. N. W. T.: (no locality given). Aradus intectus Parsh. Man.: Aweme. Aradus duzeei Bergr. Que.: Hull, Montreal Isl. Ont.: Muskoka, Ridgeway. Aradus implanus Parsh. Que.: Montreal Isl. Ont.: Ottawa, Trenton. Aradus depictus Van D. B. C.: North Bend, Victoria. Aradus proboscideus Walk. N. S.: Boisdale, Cape Breton. N. B.: Bathurst, Miscou Harb. Ont.: Brantford, Hybla, St. Martin’s Falls. Man.: Winni- peg Beach. Alta.: Banff, Nordegg. B. C.: Ainsworth, Bear Lake (7000 ft.), Brookmere, Fry Creek, Glacier, Goldstream, Kaslo, Malahat, Mara, Midday Val., Merritt, Mt. McLean, Mt. Waleach, Revelstoke, Saanich, Sooke, Terrace, Vancouver Isl. Aradus basalis Parsh. N. B.: Bathurst. Aradus persimilis Van D. B. C.: Terrace. Aradus medioximus Parsh. B. C.: Vancouver {sl. Aradus vadosus Van D. B. C.: Nicola Lake Dist., Vancouver Isl. Aradus debitlis Uhl. B. C.: Midday Val., Merritt, Mt. McLean, North Bend, Pouce Coupe, Revelstoke, Saanich Dist., Vanvouver Isl., Victoria, Yale. Aradus similis Say. N. S.: (no locality given). Aradus shermanit Heid. Ont.: Caradoc, Ottawa, Ormsby Jct., Sudbury, To- »ronto, Trenton. . Aradus acutus Say. Man.: Aweme. Aradus inornatus Uhl. Que.: Hull, Lanoraie. Ont.: Ft. Coulonge, Grimsby, Ottawa, Sudbury, Trenton. Aradus parvicornis Parsh. B. C.: Midday Valley. q Aradus blaisdelli Van D. B. C.: Brookmere, Kelowna, Midday Valley, Vernon. Aradus compressus Heid. B. C.: Kaslo, Saanich, Sooke, Vancouver, Victoria. Sas 33 borealis Heid. Que.: Kazubazua. Ont.: Ottawa. Sask.: Saskatchewan iver. Aradus tuberculifer Kby. Que.: Aylmer, Hull, Montreal. Ont.: Ottawa. Alta.: Banff, Edmonton, Nordegg. Aradus parshleyi Van D. Alta.: Edmonton. B. C.: Vernon. Aradus funestus Bergr. Ont.: Hastings Co. Alta.: Banff, Cowley, Edmonton. B. C.: Chilliwack, Enderby, Kleena, Midday Valley, Princton, Metlakta, Tatler, Revelstoke, Sugar Lake, Vernon. Aradus lugubrus Fall. Labr.: West St. Modest. N. S.: Weymouth. ~ Que.: Godbout, Hull, Kazubazua, Montreal Isl, Natashquan, Port Neuf, Seven Isls., Trinity Bay, Ungava Bay, Wakefield. Man.: Treesbank. Ont.: Maynooth, Muskoka, Ottawa, Rat Portage, Ridgeway. Sask.: Saskatoon. Alta.: Banff, Edmonton, Lethbridge, Nordegg, Waterton. B. C.: Agassiz, Crow’s Nest, Grounding Basin Big Ben County, Kalso, Kleena, Midday Valley, Tatler Lake, Metlakatla, Revelstoke Mt. 6000 ft., Stikeen River, Vic- toria. Yukon T.: near 60 Mile River along 131 meridian. N. W. T-.: Ft. Simpson MsKenzie R. Aradus abbas Bergr. Newfoundland: Codroy Valley. N. S.: Kentville. N. B.: St. John. Que.: Aylmer, Bondville, Hull, Lake Edward Camp, Laur- entide Limits, Montreal, Natashquan, Seven Isls., Trinity Bay, Wakefield. Ont.: Maynooth, Minaki, Ottawa, Scotia, Sudbury, Trenton. Man.: Aweme. Sask.: Saskatoon. Alta.: Nordegg. B. C.: Gordon Head, Lorna, Oliver, | Revelstoke, Vancouver, Stanley Park. : Aradus uniannulatus Parsh. Alta.: Edmonton, Nordegg. : : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 149 Aradus falleni Stal. B. C.: Revelstoke, Vancouver, Victoria. Aradus cinnamomeus antennalis Parsh. B. C.: Kelowna, Vernon. Aradus insolitus Van D. Alta.: Edmonton. B. C.: Keremeos, Vernon. Aradus niger Stal. N.S.: (no locality given). Aradus nigrinus canadensis Parsh. Alta.: Banff, Cascade Mt. (7000-80000 ft). Aradus heidemanni Bergr. B. C.: Bear Lake, London Hill Mine, Enderby, Kokanee Mountain, Vancouver Isl., Victoria. : Aradus paganicus Parsh. B. C.: Kelowna, Penticton. Aradus gracilis Parsh. Alta.; Banff. Mezirinae Mezira lobata (Say). “Canada” (Van D. cat.). Mezira moesta Stal. B. C.: Agassiz, Duncan, Departure Bay, Goldstream, Vancouver Isl. : Aneurus septentrionalis Wik. N. S.: (no locality given). Que.: (no locality given). Ont.: Sudbury. Alta.: Lethbridge. B. C.: Duncan, Kalso, Lorna. Aneurus inconstans Uhl. Que.: Knowlton. Ont.: Grimsby, Miner’s Bay, Otta- wa, Prince Ed. Co., Trenton. B. C.: Sugar Lake, Terrace, Vernon. Aneurus simplex Uhl. B. C.: Hazleton. Canadian species of Hemiptera described during the past year in publications other than the “Canadian Entomologist.” : Microphylellus adustus var. binotatus Knight. B. C.: Saanich Dist., Victoria (W. Downes) (on cottonwood). Ent. News, XL, 40, 1929. Neoborus amoemus var. atriscutis Knight. Ont.: Ottawa (J. McDunnough), wend River Dist. (J. F. Brimley). Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XXIV, 10, Platytylellus eremicola Knight. Alta.: Edmonton (F. S. Carr), Laggan, Kan- anaskis (O. Bryant). Ent. News, XL, 189, 1929. Platytylellus nigropilus Knight. Alta.: Slave Lake (O. Bryant). Ent. News, XL, 189, 1929. Laevicephalus cicatrix DeL. and ‘Slees. Alta.: Slave Lake (O. Bryant). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., XXII, 102, 1929. Latalus ocellaris var. sobrinus DeL. and Slees. Alta.: Slave Lake (O. Bryant). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., XXII, 100, 1929. Clastoptera ovata Doering. B. C.: (R. P. Currie). Univ. Kan. Sci. Bull. XXIX, No. 7, 90, 1928. 5 COLEOPTERA The following list includes the records of Mr. Frost mentioned above, of Mr. F. S. Carr, and of the National Collection. The arrangement is that of Leng’s Catalogue of Coleoptera. _ Cicindelidae 49 Cicindela repanda Dej. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 50 Cicindela repanda Dej. Penobsquis, N. B., ’ (Frost) ; ’Portaupique, N- S., (Frost). 53 eee oeweanne Hbst. Penobsauis, N. B., (Frost) ; Portaupique, Ni ins rost 53c Cicindela tranquebarica horiconensis Leng. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 59 Cicindela longilabris Say. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 69 Cicindela sexguttata Fab. Portaupique, N. S,, (Frost). | = Elaphrus clairvillei Kby. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). Elaphrus olivaceus Lec. Penobsquis, Kingston, and Little Lepreaux, N. B., (Frost). Elaphrus ruscarius Say. Penobysquis, N. B., (Frost). Blethisa julit Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). Loricera neoscotia Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). Dyschirius nigripes Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Dyschirius globosus Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Dyschirius erythrocerus Lec. Medicine ‘Hat, Alta., (Carr). 150 THE REPORT OF THE 408 Bembtdton inacquale Say. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 412 Bembidion lacustre Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 436 Bembidion regestum Csy. Medicine Hat, Cypres Hills, and Pincher, Alta., (Carr) ; previously recorded as approximatum Lec. 476 Bemidion rusticum Csy. (?) Portaupique, N. S. (Frost). 486 Bembidion simplex Hayw. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 512 Bembidion nigrum Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 521 Bembidion concolor Kby. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 533 Bembidion planum Hald. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 540 Bemdidion transversale Dej. Portaupique, N. S. (Frost). 573 Bembidion scopulinum Kby. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 591 Bembidion honestum Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 604 Bembidion semistriatum Hald. Harrison Settlement, N. S., (Frost). 651 Bembidion patruele Dej. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 660 Bemidion variegatum Say. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 723 oe ee Nahi t Lec. Fredericton, N. B., (Gorham); Westchester Lake, N. S& rost). 747 Bembidion mutatum G. & H. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 776 Bembidion anguliferum Lec. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). Bembidion substrictum Lec. Penobsquis and Little Lepreaux, N. B., (Frost). 829 Tachyura tripunctata Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 908 Platidius rugicollis Rand. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 1162 Poecilus lucublandus Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 1182 Micromaseus patruelis Dej. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 1430 Triaena pallipes Kby. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 1522 Platynus extensicollis Say. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 1529 Platynus anchomenoides Rand. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 1542 Platynus melanarius Dej. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 1552 Platynus deceptivus Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 1554 Platynus hardyi Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 1584 Platynus ruficornis Lec. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 1667 Lebia oranta Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 1693 Apristus cordicollis Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 1748 Cymindis neglecta Hald. Toronto, Ont., (Oakley). 19042 Chlaenius frosti Carr. Saskatoon, Sask., (King). 19092 Harpalus indigens Csy. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 2086) «=Anisodactylus furvus Lec. Toronto, Ont., (Oakley). 2158 a nigrinus Dej. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost); Copper Mt. B. C., (Smith) 2198 Stenocellus neglectus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 2218 Stenolophus ochropesus Say. ier Pw N. S., (Frost). 2220 Stenolophus fuliginosus Dej. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 2238 Stenolophus conjunctus Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Haliplidae 2322 Haliplus longulus Lec. Cones Mt., B. Ci) USmith). Dytiscidae 2439 Hydroporus Sorbo Fall. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 2483 Hydroporus septentrionalis Gyll. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 2502 Hydroporus striola Gyll. (7?) Penobsquis ,N. B., (Frost). 2506 Hydroporus dentellus Fall. Copper Mt., B. C., (Smith). 2509 Hydroporus fuscipennis Schaum. Copper Mt., B. C., (Smith). 2514 Hydroporus niger. Penobsauis, N. B., (Frost). 2518 Hydroporus notabilis Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). * Hydroporus brodei Gell. Beaver Cr. Alta, @Gatn): 2539 Agabus seriatus Say. Westchester Lake, N. S., (rest). 2553 Agabus semipunctatus Kby. Copper Mt., B. C., (Smith). 2566 Agabus phaeopterus Kby. Copper Mt., B. (3 (Smith). 2572 Agabus erythropterus Say. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 2579 Agabus nigroaeneus Er. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 19236 Agabus approximatus Fall. Banff, Alta., (Carr). 19242 Agabus ambiguus Say. Portaup‘que, N. = (Frost). 2587 Ilybiosoma bifarius Kby. Copper Mt., B. rm (Smith). 2589 Ilybius subacneus Er. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 2632 Colymbetes sculptilis Harr. Fredericton, N. B., (Brown). Gyrinidae - 2696 Cyrinus affinis Aube. Gamble Lake and Castlereigh, N. S., (Frost). 2703 Gryinus petoralis Lec. Kingston, N. B.,- (Frost); Cypress Hill, Alta., (Carr). 19250 Gyrinus latilimbus Fall. Mechanics Lake, N. B., (Frost); Gamble Lake and Cast- lereigh, N. S., (Frost). Hydrophilidae 2712 Ochthebius benefossus Lec. Knowlton, Que., (Fisk). 2716 Ochthebius nitidus Lec. Black Rapids, Ont., (Brown). 2724 Ochthebtus sculptus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 2726 Ochthebitus holmbergi Mann. French Lake, N. B., (Brown). 2739 Helophorus tuberculatus Gyll. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). Helophorus aquaticus L. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). Hydrochus currant Brown. Creston, B. C., (Smith). 2810 Hydrobius melaenum Germ. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 2825 Paracymus digestus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 2837 Enochrus cinctus Say (?). Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 2841 Enochrus hamiltoni Horn. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 2850 ise fimbriata Melsh. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Westchester Lake, N. S., rost). | 19277 ath andi vindicata Fall. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Westchester Lake, N. S. rost). 2854 Laccobius agilis Rand. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 2874 Cercyon quisquilius L. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 2883 Cercyon haemorrhoidalis Fab. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 2885 Cercyon pygmaeus Ill. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 2899 Crytopleurum minutum Fab. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Silphidae 2909 var. Nicrophorus carolinus nebraskae Hatch. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 3030 Agathidium exiguum Melsh. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Staphylinidae 3299 Siagonium punctatum Lec. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). 3320 Olisthaerus nitidus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 3377 Omalium fractum Fauv. (?) Mechanics Lake, N. B., (Frost). 3582 O-xrytelus rugosus Fab. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Oxytelus fuscipennis Mann. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 3668 Bledius tau Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 3710 Stenus austini Csy. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 3711 Stenus bipunctatus Erich. Medicine Hat and Pincher, Alta., (Carr). 3780 Stenus colonus Er. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 3821 Stenus retrusus Csy. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 3824 Stenus advena Csy. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 3833 Stenus annularis Er. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 3841 Stenus punctatus Er. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 3846 Stenus arculus Er. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). Stenus reconditus Csy. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 3952 Paederus littorarnus Grav. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4022 Tetartopeus angularis Lec. (?) Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 4027 Tetartopeus niger Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 4278 Astenus longiusculus Mann. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 4296 Gyrohypnus obsidianus Melsh. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4360 Neobisnius paederoides Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 4369 Neobisnius terminalis Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4373 Actobius nanus Horn. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 4418 Philonthus quadricolliis Horn. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 4423 Philonthus longicorms Steph. (?) Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 4433 Philonthus schwarzi Horn. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4488 Philonthus viridanus Horn. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4489 Philonthus confertus Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 19346 Philonthus cruentatus Gmel. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4543 Staphylinus fossator Graw. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4548 Staphylinus viridanus Horn. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4565 Acylophorus pronus Er. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost). 4640 Oxyporus quinquemaculatus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4663 Tachinus flavipennis Dej. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4670 Tachinus pallipes Grav. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4690 Erchomus ventriculus Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4698 Conosoma imbricata Csy. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). _ 4724 Bolitobius anticus Horn. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). -4727 Bolitobius trinotatus Er. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4729 Bolitobius obsoletus Say. (7?) Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 4742a Mycetoporus americanus lucidulus Les. Portaupique, N. B., (Frost). 4760 Gymnusa brevicollis Payk. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). ‘Histeridae ‘ *6503 Hololepta aequalis Say. Chatham, Ont., (Baird). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 151 : : : : : : | | | | 152 THE REPORT OF THE 6601 Hister furtivus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 6606 Hister depurator Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 6705 Xestipyge geminatum Lec. Chatham, Ont., (Baird). 6756 Plegaderus sayi Mars. (?) Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 6887 Saprinus mancus Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 6896 Saprinus patruelis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Lycidae 6495 Plateros modestus Say. (?) Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Cantharidae 7100 Cantharis nigritulus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 7106 Cantharis scitulus Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 7107 Cantharis pusillus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., ee Saat 7137 Polemius laticornis Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Melyridae 7509 Eurelymis atra Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Cleridae 7612b Enoclerus eae coccineus Schklg. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). (edemeridae 7201 Asclera excavata Lec. Pincher, Alta., (Carr). Mordellidae 7915 Mordellistena pityptera Lec. Westchester Lake, N. S., (Frost); Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 7943. Anaspis rufa Say. Posisdearne! . S., (Frost). Rhipiphoridae * Rhipiphorus mutchleri Rivnay. Vernon, B. C. Mem. Am. Ent. Soc. VI, 56, 1929. 7967 Rhipiphorus zeschiit Lec. Trenton and Ottawa, Ont., (Evans and Fletcher). Recorded as fasciatus Say. Pedilidae 8271 Stereopalpus rufipes Csy. (?) Mechanics Lake, N. B., (Frost). Euglenidae 8492 Vanonus piceus Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 8502 Tanilotes lacustris Csy. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost); Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). Elateridae 8617 Pityobius anguinus Lec. Portaupique, N. Ae: (Frost). 8631 Limonius acger Lec. Westchester Lake, N Lets (Frost). 8648 Limonius canus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 8667 Athous cucullatus Say. Portaupique, N. 8 (Frost). 8763 Ludius propola Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8769 Ludius medianus Germ. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8777 Ludius aeretpennis Kby. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8831 Cryptohypnus leconte: Leng. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). &832 Hypnoidus striatulus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8837 H ae ae Horn. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Portaupique, N. S., rost). 8846 Hypnoidus gentilis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 8848 Hypnoidus obliquatulus Melsh. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8849 Hypnotdus pectoralis Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8878 Dolopius lateralis Esch. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8890 Agriotes ferrugineipennis Lec. Macleod and Pincher, Alta., (Carr). £894 Agriotes limosus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8932 Elater pullus Germ. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 8988 Megapenthes stigmosus Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). Melasidae 9133 Deltometopus amoenicornis Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Throscidae 9195 Aulonothroscus constrictor Say. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). Buprestidae 9334 Dicerca caudata Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9335 Dicerca prolongata Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9346 Dicerca chrysea Melsh. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9349 Dicerca tuberculata Cast. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9372a Buprestis nuttalli consularis Gory. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9436. Chrysobothris blanchardi Horn. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9448 Chrysobothris pusilla Cast. Penobsquis, N. B., (F rost). 9458 Chrysobothris trinervia Kby. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Portaupique and Castle- reigh, N. S., (Frost). 9459 Chrysobothris verdigripennis Frost. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). es Ce ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 153 9468 Chrysobothris scabipennis Cast. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9479 Chrysobothris harrisi Hentz. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9512 Agrilus pensus Horn. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 9542 Agrilus politus Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Helmidae 9609 Stenelmis crenata Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 9635 Limnius ovalis Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost); Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). Heteroceridae ; 9646 Heterocerus undatus Melsh. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 9648 Heterocerus brunneus Melsh. Penobsquis, N. B., Frost). 9650 Heterocerus collaris Kies. (?). Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Dascillidae 9657 Macropogon piceus Les. Banff, Alta., (Garrett) ; Vancouver, B. C., (Chrystal). Helodidae 9696 Cyphon obscurus Guer. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Dermestidae 9742 Attagenus piceus Oliv. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). Byrrhidae 9869 Byrrhus americanus Les. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Cryptophagidae 10359 Cryptophilus integer (Heer.) Chatham, Ont., (Baird). Lathridiidae 10631 Lathridius liratus Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 10633 Coninomus constrictus Gyll. Montreal, Que. 19642 Enicmus minutus L. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 10664 Cartodere filum Aube. Saskatoon, Sask., (King). 10694 Corticaria ferruginea Marsh. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 10696 Melanophthalma picta Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 10705 Melanophthalma gibbosa Hbst. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Phalacridae 10786 Olibrus pallipes Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Coccinellidae 10974 Brachycantha felina decempustulata Melsh. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost); Portaupique, Wir s. (Frost }. 19988 Microweisea marginata Lec. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 11036 Scymnus agricola Csy. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 11174 fice lecontet Muls. Edmonton and Medicine Hat, Alta., Cranbrook, B. C., arr). 11183 Coccinella tricuspis Kby. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 11187 Coccinella monticola Muls. Penobsquis and Kingston, N. B., (Frost). Alleculidae 11246 Hymenorus niger Melsh. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). Lagriidae 12497 Arthromacra aenea Say. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Melandryidae 12525 Pisenus humeralis Kby. Fairy Lake, Que.,(Brown). 12564 Spilotus quadripustulatus Melsh. Knowlton, Que., (Adams). 12566 Scotochroa basalis Lec. Penobsquis, N. B., (Frost). 12588 Canifa pallipes Melsh. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Anobiidae 12856 Caenocara blanchardi Fall. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Bostrichidae 12926 Polycaon confertus Lec. Saanich, B. C., (Preece). Cisidae 12969 Cis frosti Drury. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). Scarabaeidae 13107 Aphodius fossor L. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 13111 get oS a eeamean L. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost); Prince Edward Co., Ont., Brimley ). 13118 Aphodius bidentatus Schm. Canmore, Alta., (Lippincott). 13186 Aphodius leopardus Horn. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 13200 Aphodius walshii Horn. Medicine Hat., Alta., (Carr). Aphodius subterraneus L. Portaupique, N. S., (Frost). 13216 o ae xt A VE “A * =) etd Ae alo o911- {8 bores gaspo! I HL $29 [2s heetie. peryowdaet 2 C8 Ohi mre pulang t aako nytt ey Goa ieee r+! we cd aster are wilt yal SS ; ‘ 4, ey onvenblodtine CH AL MALBic. Foe inal” CE GI . meistath ® thar, ‘ 2 read etheeeb. we Aan. | SS Ady, gullies. cE 0 fei ST} } OME Neaganin pepper ye. i wy ay rete si vis j Wea? yg’ baal mie 1Si, saunerey.. thistle). inp 201 0 004: Me tiba baseoet es ‘s bevel, ehavea. Gas ! areas =e - j te tog bath: bs : ey paw * secede i Ag ' Paes 110d, i emnaum bs 4 ) ~. : ‘9 ih a a of me! “ye a en Hee es bari A= i jag (eal jai “es ov aes rn owe ‘§ teed ay + i aes any seri va ing ae Se 7 ate ay t gt wf m4 ro ie c ie y “iii et ied Cae ete (8 Se Fe as nning Wet oo eee PeGent [OMURGR wag mere aey mete nit bactecdingtatet ne eet ie el Le ee ES Oe ee 8 OE NEE tee, pt me tel»