The United States National Museum Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1957 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Untrep States Nationat Museum, Unper Drrecrion or THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C., August 15,1957. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the United States National Museum and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1957. Very respectfully, REMINGTON KELLoee, Director, U.S. National Museum. Dr. Leonarp CaRMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Ir June 30, 1957 Scientific Staff Director: Remington Kellogg Assistant Director: Frank A. Taylor Registrar: Helena M. Weiss Office of Exhibits: Frank A. Taylor, Chief John H. Anglim, chief exhibits specialist; William L. Brown, chief zoological exhibits specialist ; Rolland O. Hower, Benjamin W. Lawless, exhibits specialists Museum of History and Technology Frank A. Taylor, in charge of planning; John C. Ewers, planning officer ; William EH. Boyle, administrative assistant Department of Anthropology: Frank M. Setzler, head curator A. Joseph Andrews, exhibits specialist ARCHEOLOGY: Waldo R. Wedel, curator Clifford Evans, Jr., associate curator PuHysicaL ANTHROPOLOGY: T. Dale Stewart, curator Marshall T. Newman, associate cura- tor ETHNOLOGY: Herbert W. Krieger, cura- tor C. Malcolm Watkins, associate cura- tor Saul H. Riesenberg, associate curator Robert A. Elder, Jr., assistant curator G. Carroll Lindsay, assistant curator Rodris C. Roth, assistant curator Department of Zoology: Waldo L. Schmitt, head curator MAMMALS: David H. Johnson, curator Henry W. Setzer, associate curator Charles O. Handley, Jr., associate eurator Birps: Herbert Friedmann, curator Herbert G. Deignan, associate curator REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS: Doris M. Cochran, curator FisHes: Leonard P. Schultz, curator Hrnest A. Lachner, associate curator William R. Taylor, associate curator MoriusKs: Harald A. Rehder, curator Joseph P. BE. Morrison, associate cu- rator - Insects: J. F. Gates Clarke, curator Oscar L. Cartwright, associate cura- tor William D. Field, associate curator Grace EH. Glance, associate curator Ralph EH. Crabill, Jr., associate cu- rator Sophy Parfin, junior entomologist MARINE INVERTEBRATES: Fenner A. Chace, Jr., curator Frederick M. Bayer, associate cu- rator Thomas E. Bowman, associate cura- tor Charles E. Cutress, Jr., associate curator Department of Botany: Jason R. Swallen, head curator PHANEROGAMS: B. Smith, curator Hmery C. Leonard, associate curator Egbert H. Walker, associate curator Velva EK. Rudd, associate curator Richard 8S. Cowan, associate curator Lyman GRASSES: Jason R. Swallen, curator Ferns: Conrad V. Morton, curator CRYPTOGAMS: Conrad V. Morton, acting curator Paul S. Conger, associate curator Mason HE. Hale, associate curator Department of Geology: Gustav A. Cooper, head curator James H. Benn, museum geologist MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY: George S. Switzer, acting curator Edward P. Henderson, associate cu- rator VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY : Gazin, curator David H. Dunkle, associate curator Franklin L. Pearce, exhibits specialist C. Lewis Department of Engineering and INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AND PALEO- BOTANY: Gustav A. Cooper, curator Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., associate cu- rator David Nicol, associate curator Porter M. Kier, associate curator Industries: Robert P. Multhauf, head curator ENGINEERING: Robert B. Woodbury, cu- rator; in charge of Sections of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Kenneth M. Perry, associate curator, Section of Marine Transportation Edwin A. Battison, associate curator, Section of Light Machinery W. James King, associate curator, Section of Electricity GrAapHic Arts: Jacob Kainen, curator Alexander J. Wedderburn, Jr., associ- ate curator, Section of Photography Department of History: Mendel NAVAL HIsTory : curator Minirary Hisrory: Edgar M. Howell, acting curator J. Russell Sirlouis, assistant curator Craddock R. Goins, Jr., assistant cu- rator NUMISMATICS: Vladimir nelli, curator Mendel L. Peterson, Clain-Stefa- IV CRAFTS AND INDUSTRIES: William N. Watkins, curator; in charge of Section of Wood Technology Edward C. Kendall, associate cura- tor, Section of Agricultural Indus- tries Grace L. Rogers, associate curator, Section of Textiles INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION : Bishop, curator MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH: George B. Griffenhagen, curator Philip W. L. Peterson, acting head curator Civit History: Mrs. Margaret Brown Klapthor, associate curator Charles G. Dorman, assistant curator Mrs. Anne W. Murray, assistant cu- rator PHILATELY : Franklin R. Bruns, Jr., cu- rator Francis J. McCall, assistant curator Honorary Scientific Staff Smithsonian fellows, collaborators, associates, custodians of collections, and honorary curators Anthropology Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, Anthro- Thomas W. McKern, Physical Anthro- pology pology Neil M. Judd, Anthropology W. W. Taylor, Jr., Anthropology Betty J. Meggers, Archeology W. J. Tobin, Physical Anthropology Zoology Paul Bartsch, Mollusks Carl I’. W. Muesebeck, Insects L. L. Buchanan, Coleoptera Benjamin Schwartz, Helminthology M. A. Carriker, Insects Mrs. Harriet Richardson Searle, Marine D. C. Graham, Biology Invertebrates Charles T. Greene, Diptera C. R. Shoemaker, Zoology A. Brazier Howell, Mammals R. E. Snodgrass, Insects W. L. Jellison, Insects Alexander Wetmore, Birds W.M. Mann, Hymenoptera Mrs. Mildred Stratton Wilson, Copepod J. Percy Moore, Marine Invertebrates Crustacea Botany Agnes Chase, Grasses Floyd A. McClure, Grasses Ellsworth P. Killip, Phanerogams John A. Stevenson, Fungi Geology Ray S. Bassler, Paleontology Helen N. Loeblich, Invertebrate Paleon- Roland W. Brown, Paleobotany tology Preston Cloud, Invertebrate Paleon- John B. Reeside, Jr., Invertebrate Pale- tology ontology J. Brookes Knight, Invertebrate Pale- W.T. Schaller, Mineralogy ontology Engineering and Industries I. L. Lewton, Crafts and Industries History Elmer C. Herber, History Paul A. Straub, Numismatics Carroll Quigley, History Vv Contents ENT O DIU CAM O Niece ec cies ey che ae ce Ss ee) SRD cary 2 3 i Dora sO USeneN ae eres Nets Pee reINe aa rent on, ne Eaten a So ano DRM InG eC o. é 6 5 ACCESSIONS .. . el ME ae RT Oe ae ee LIOR AE Sy. 24 CARE OF ConmcHnONe 2 BS ca nn Des Aine on en SOE a 35 AAR GATTOMN AR) IRISIARXOIE G5 6 6 5 0 0 6 0 6 6 b 0 @ 0 6 8 0 6 44 AmPirepologiys eht a Us See EMO yi tog tke ee ae Eas ee 44 LO Olo cysts! re LRT ES Ney eo PE AGT eee ee 49 BO GAMY =: ese. ese ee ee ca ine) a ae 57 Geologya-men eae Be EPR! OE at ey ig ay ey ae 59 Engineering and Irndinstistos Ba aA ens Peuterion Bead oo Oa =“ 64 ELIS COR yearly Le PUREE SOR Re IEF ae LI TS aL at ere 66 PUBLICATIONS .. . Be oi seed cet Ay) he A Nc 69 DONORS TO THE Nf AcmOReATE @oursomons Leake pare ser ag aT RSNA OS cre a 81 VI Annual Report of the Director United States National Museum Introduction Planning by the Museum staff for the interior of the new Museum of History and Technology proceeded uninterruptedly through the year, and the design of its halls and exhibits constituted a large part of the work of the exhibits staff. John C. Ewers, ethnologist and planning officer, is directing this work, in which the curators and exhibits designers, working together, thus far have produced detailed descriptions and tentative hall de- signs for nearly half the exhibition halls the building will contain. Thus, as soon as the dimensions and locations of exhibition halls are determined by the architects, construction of the exhibits can begin, so that they will be ready for installation soon after the building is completed. John H. Morrissey, now chief of an architectural unit of the Public Buildings Service of the General Services Administra- tion, has been a helpful liaison between that agency and the Smith- sonian Institution on the design of the new building and a valued adviser on the planning of exhibits. The architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White completed the studies for the exterior design of the Museum of History and Tech- nology building and submitted diagrammatic plans. The Joint Con- gressional Committee on construction of this building accepted the de- sign recommended by the architectural firm and so advised the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Detailed estimates by the architects and the Public Buildings Service of the construction costs of a build- ing conforming to these diagrammatic plans indicated that the appro- priated funds would not be sufficient for a building of the contem- plated dimensions. This development was brought to the attention of the Joint Congressional Committee and the Board of Regents. A Museum staff committee reviewed the estimated facilities and equipment required by the scientific and service divisions in the pro- posed additions to the Natural History Building. Funds for planning the additions, including the preparation of working drawings and specifications, were appropriated by Congress at the close of the fiscal year. Funds Allotted From the funds appropriated by Congress to carry on the operations of the Smithsonian Institution and its bureaus during the fiscal year 1957, the sum of $1,767,760 was obligated by the United States Na- tional Museum for the preservation, increase, and study of the Na- tional collections of anthropological, zoological, botanical, and geo- logical materials, as well as materials illustrative of engineering, industry, graphic arts, and history (this amount includes sums ex- pended for the program of exhibits modernization). A Exhibits During the fourth year of the continuing program for the moderni- zation of exhibits at the Smithsonian Institution, a hall depicting everyday life in early America, one illustrating the history of power machinery, and the final section of the hall displaying large mammals of North America were opened to the public. With these, the total of completed halls reached eight. The variety of subject matter now encompassed in the renovated halls exceeds the scope of most museums. Public response to these new exhibits continued to increase during the year and the informed comment on their effectiveness was generous and encouraging. Dr. Herbert Friedmann continues as chairman of the exhibits com- mittee, which provides over-all coordination and supervision of the renovation program being carried out by John EK. Anglim, chief ex- hibits specialist, and William L. Brown, chief taxidermy exhibits specialist. Benjamin Lawless and Rolland O. Hower are exhibits specialists in charge of major elements of the program. Eugene E. Witherell, acting director of the architectural and structural division of the Public Buildings Service of the General Services Administra- tion, and Harry T. Wooley, design architect of that agency, have con- tributed substantially to the designs of the halls. In this work the scientific staff prepare the original narrative scripts, select the objects, write the captions, and consult with the exhibits designers and pre- parators on the arrangement of the objects and the use of the drawings, paintings, and other graphical aids required to communicate their ideas to the viewers. The curators of the National Museum have a twofold objective in planning their halls and exhibits: to give the museum visitor the ex- perience of viewing objects of significant historical or scientific in- terest and rarity; and to show these objects in exhibits so effectively explanatory that they increase the visitor’s knowledge, not only of the object, but also of the history, science, technology, or art to which the object relates. The attainment of this objective and the authenticity, scholarship, and factual content which distinguish the exhibits reflect the devoted and time-consuming work of the many busy scientists and historians of the curatorial staff. Procedures for planning halls for the Museum of History and Tech- nology are based on those tested in the modernization program. The curator prepares an outline of the subject matter to be interpreted, list- ing the number, types, and sizes of exhibit units required to present 4) 6 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 this subject to the public by museum methods. He executes a rough floor plan and suggests the logical order of the exhibits in the series. His recommendations are reviewed by the planning officer, the liaison architect, and the exhibits specialists. Both the practical and esthetic problems involved in interpreting the subject through exhibits are discussed in conferences with the assigned designer, who prepares a preliminary hall design with a floor plan and elevations. The curators have completed scripts for 25 halls. These include military history, heraldry and ordnance, underwater exploration, pres- idential history, colonial American furnishings, 19th-century Ameri- can furnishings, philately, postal history, numismatics, heating and lighting, beginnings of textiles, history of motion pictures and appli- cations of photography, pharmaceutical history, physics and astronomy, power, tools, light machinery, and an introductory series of 8 halls interpreting the growth of the United States. The designers completed preliminary designs for 21 halls. Anthropology On January 26, 1957, in the presence of more than 800 guests, Sec- retary Leonard Carmichael and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, Fellow os | % NEG. 44179-A Everyday Life in Early America: Kitchen of late |7th-century Massachusetts Bay Colony house re-erected in hall. House and furnishings from Greenwood gift. EXHIBITS 7 NEG. 44179-F Everyday Life in Early America: Background of this interior, ca. 1720, in- cluding India-red-stained featheredge sheathing, was assembled from old materials. Furnishings from Greenwood gift. Everyday Life in Early America: Pine-paneled parlor of Reuben Bliss House, Springfield, Massachusetts, ca. 1754. gift of Gertrude D. Webster. Furnish- ings from Greenwood gift. Detail of viewing alcove seen at right, with part of overhead light source. NEG. 44599-C 8 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 of the Smithsonian Institution, opened the hall of everyday life in early America. This hall, by means of authentic home furnishings, tools, and other objects, illustrates the various European origins of the early settlers; their housing, trapping, and planting; their trade with the Indians, their domestic and community life; their arts and crafts; and the life of the child. In more than 50 exhibits, objects and graphics are combined to illustrate the basic concerns of the settlers. Interspersed with the topical exhibits are an entire 17th-century Massachusetts Bay Colony house, the gift of Mrs. Greenwood; three 18th-century rooms; an early 19th-century bedroom; and a New Eng- land schoolroom equipped with original desks and benches saved by Mrs. Greenwood from old schoolhouses. This hall, the first in the National Museum to be devoted to cultural history, is unusual, if not unique, in relating many elements of the life of a period by combining narrative topical exhibits with interiors and displays of selected collections of antiquarian treasures. It was planned by Associate Curator C. Malcolm Watkins in close cooperation with Exhibits Chief John E. Anglim and the architects of the Public Buildings Service. Individual cases and displays were prepared by artists of the exhibits laboratory under the supervision of Rolland O. Hower. Most helpful assistance was given by Mrs. Greenwood NEG. 44599 Everyday Life in Early America: Varied ceiling heights, and bays, alcoves, and foyer areas give change of pace, stimulate interest. Viewing alcove for period room at right. EXHIBITS 9 - RENO 3 "NEG. 44162 Everyday Life in Early America: This case of common glassware—bottles and "off-hand" glass—is lighted from back, through ground-glass screen. Silhouette stands behind. Everyday Life in Early America: Modern abstract design used to display ob- jects of antiquity. NEG. 44388-A or meee PIMA IMIR. MINS : LPs x om rare ae Sense ae et seme! et Baot anther wark, severe Goht: Iialad meorates, and seopendk ance reade simulating stich usiceral it the Ralanite: eer Sehks were xotiames eR minal hae sire ebbieatc Revenge: wrk Ukpemed fr che sinneat Tae te weese comes OF valage socks! Hie Hers, Ke cider, eas nie at tan. Keene Barked veomec ot Virgioiare os 1620. PTive poorer want now thaiy Bee mith medawes wed bran; wat Indian come madset with dying 4 tele: path penimmcen deed in & cae anc baer” Nearly ceeryuss, Rem atihncy to Seach. cbysink haut cident neraks, wecidings vestry ssectinegs, or bart-naengs nil wats > meadsinre Ugur as were 10 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 NEG. 44389-M Everyday Life in Early America: Pennsylvania "Dutch" folk art. The decora- tive devices are copied from folk art motifs. Red barn boards at left show so-called "hex'' symbols. Everyday Life in Early America: Play dolls lent by Mrs. Arthur M. Green- wood. Verse is from Lydia Taylor's poems for children, written about 1800. NEG. 44161-B : ay a8 natn my dall in clothes J Ang ight mao pretty how © teh Minster all | ha to 38 Wy Feat: EXHIBITS Everyday Life in Early America: To represent a New England school of about 1620, furnishings from the Greenwood gift are arranged in an interior constructed of old woodwork. whose intimate knowledge of her own ex- tensive gifts contributed greatly to the success of the project. Erection of the 17th-century Bay Colony House and structural installation of the period rooms were by George H. Watson, specialist in colonial house restorations, and his staff. The preparation of specimens for exhibi- tion was under the direction of Assistant Curator G. Carroll Lindsay, assisted by Museum Aide Ulysses G. Lyon. Research in the furnishings used in the period rooms was performed by Assistant Cu- rator Rodris C. Roth. Construction of cases and fixtures be- gan in the second of two halls on the Wooden cigar-store Indian, gift of Mrs. Merri- weather Post, wears painted green smock, red sash, and yellow, blue, green, and brown feather headdress. Made in New York City, ca. 1860-70. NEG. 44388-H 437255—57——2 NHG. 44599-H 12 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 NBG. 44389-G Everyday Life in Early America: New England silver against a background of mahogany. Labels are silk-screened in white on plexiglas. Everyday Life in Early America: Woodwork in this Sussex, Virginia, parlor, dates from about 1770. Furnished in manner of late 1700's. NEG. 44599—-F EXHIBITS 13 American Indian in March 1957. The overall plans for this hall were prepared by John C. Ewers in collaboration with John E. Anglim, and the construction of exhibits was under the supervision of Rolland O. Hower. Figures for a new miniature diorama of a Black- foot Indian buffalo drive were made and sculptured figures of life-size ethnic groups were restored in the anthropological laboratory by A. Joseph Andrews. Two Egyptian bull mummies were exhibited near the Ptolemaic mummy in the hall of Old World archeology, where they have proved of unusual interest to school children. Temporary revision of a few exhibits was made in the North American archeology halls, and tenta- tive plans for modernization of these two halls were completed. Zoology The final four habitat groups in the hall of North American mam- mals were presented to the public April 30 in a brief ceremony at which the zoological work of the Smithsonian Institution was reviewed. The hall now displays twelve native mammals important to the Amer- ican pioneer. To the lifelike groups already on display—caribou, Rocky Mountain wapiti, or American elk, Cervus canadensis nelsoni Bailey in the Gallatin Range, Yellowstone National Park, during late autumn breed- ing season. First snow of winter blankets spruce forest that typically sur- rounds mountain meadows where these elks spend most of year. Specimens mounted by James L. Clark. Background painted by Robert E. Hogue. NEG. 44698—C 14 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 moose, big-horn sheep, Rocky Mountain goat, white-tailed deer, prong- horn antelope, wolf, and puma—were added groups of wapiti, black bear, grizzly bear, and American bison—all in faithful reproductions of their natural habitats. Work began on the earliest of these groups when Dr. Remington Kellogg was curator of mammals. He and the present curator, Dr. David H. Johnson, directed the final phase of the work, which was executed under the supervision of William LL. Brown, chief taxi- dermist. Charles R. Aschemeier, Norman N. Deaton, and Watson M. Perrygo prepared the mounts, mounted the skins, reproduced the NEG. 44698—A Female grizzly bear, Ursus horribilis Ord, with partly grown cubs turning over rocks in search of Columbian ground squirrels in Logan Pass, above 6,000 feet elevation, in Glacier National Park, Montana. Stunted alpine firs and white-bark pines form a dwarf forest at this elevation. Bears from National Park Service. Background painted by Jay H. Matternes. NEG. 44698 > Mother and twin cubs of eastern black bear Evarctos americanus americanus Pallas, shown in early spring soon after leaving their den in the Allegheny Mountains, on Tonoloway Creek, Fulton County, Pennsylvania. Mixed forest of conifers and hardwoods, with shrubby undergrowth of rhododendron, wil- low, and hazel, provides typical habitat. Birds shown are blue jay and hairy woodpecker. Bears presented by Pennsylvania Game Commission. EXHIBITS 15 NEG. 44698-B Plains bison, or American buffalo, Bison bison bison (Linnaeus), crossing badlands area in Slope County, western North Dakota. Typical plains ani- mals associated with bison and shown with group are prairie dog, cowbird, and black-billed magpie. Specimens from U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Background painted by Jay H. Matternes. 16 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL’ REPORT, 1957 accessory plant and ground material, and installed the groups. The backgrounds of the latest groups were painted by Robert Hogue, John Kucera, and J. H. Matternes. Detailed plans for the two halls of the “World of Mammals” were carried forward by Associate Curator Henry W. Setzer, who com- pleted the final scripts for 20 of the 60 displays to be constructed for these halls, and by Thomas G. Baker, exhibits designer. The large central hall of the west wing of the Museum was closed for the re- moval of the old mammal habitat groups, and progress was made with plans for the proposed “Hall of Marine Life” which will eventually occupy that area. Geology Under the direction of Head Curator G. A. Cooper and Associate Curator D. H. Dunkle, plans for the hall of invertebrate paleontology and the hall of fossil fishes and amphibians were completed by the designer William D. Crockett, who also prepared tentative plans for the hall of fossil mammals for Curator C. L. Gazin. The hall of invertebrate paleontology will include a series of dio- ramas of fossil marine life. Two of these were completed during the year by George Marchand, creator of natural science exhibits. One shows a Middle Cambrian sea-bottom of British Columbia in which sponges and seaweed provide the setting for trilobites, worms, and other arthropods. The other dicrama reproduces a sea-bottom of the Permian of West Texas, in which a patch reef of algae is overgrown by bizarre brachiopods, while nautiloid cephalopods seek their prey along the bottom. Many of the restorations of the fossil animals in these dioramas are based on specimens in the national collections and on the scientific studies of Dr. Cooper. Plans for the hall of fossil fishes and amphibians were revised to accommodate new material obtained by Dr. Dunkle during his recent European trip. In the paleontology laboratory good progress was made in the preparation of fossils for exhibition. Those completed include the difficult skeletons of primitive Permian reptiles Seymouria, Labi- dosaurus, and Diadectes and the Devonian fishes Drepanaspis, Bothri- olepis,and Gemuendina. Work progressed on mounts of the Devonian fish Dinichthys, the Cretaceous teleostean fish Xiphactinus, which is 16 feet long, and the Permian “horned” amphibian Diplocaulus.. A part of the popular gem collection is being temporarily exhibited near the rotunda while construction of the new gem and mineral hall, begun in February 1957, is in progress. EXHIBITS 17 Norman N. Deaton, taxidermist, completed restorations of various fossil fishes and tetropods and is casting plants for a Permo-Carbon- iferous life group, the molds of which were lent by the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh. Loan exhibits were sent to several societies during the year including the Eastern Federation of Mineralogical Societies annual meeting in Baltimore, Md.; the Northwest Federation of Mineralogical Societies, Eugene, Oreg.; the Midwest Federation of Mineralogical Societies, St. Paul, Minn.; and the Idaho Gem Club, Boise, Idaho. Engineering and Industries The first hall-size exhibit renovation in the department of engineer- ing and industries was completed with the opening of the hall of power machinery on March 27, 1957. Moving engines and models, murals, and scores of diagrams and schematic mechanisms narrate the develop- ment from primitive wind- and water-powered machines to the gas turbine, with graphic representations of the scientific discoveries which furthered this progress. Original machines and patent models illus- trate the work of engineers and inventors such as Stevens, Corliss, Otto, and Deisel. Head Curator Robert P. Multhauf prepared the script and the initial floor plan for the hall. The original architectural design by Benjamin W. Lawless was developed with the aid of C. David Persina, then of the Public Buildings Service. Bright N. Springman was the exhibits designer and Mr. Lawless had overall supervision of the work. Secretary Carmichael and Dr. Melville Bell Grosvenor, president of the National Geographic Society and grandson of Alexander Graham Bell, opened an exhibit illustrating the invention and development of the telephone. The exhibit describes the evolution of the telephone and shows the equipment required to create the modern telephone sys- tem, including the switching mechanisms required to select circuits and connect a pair of telephones from the millions of circuits in the system, the boosting of the signal current over long lines, and the multiplying of the message carrying capacities of various types of circuits. The potential importance of the transistor is described and an operable exhibit of the solar battery is included. Dr. Robert P. Multhauf planned the content of the exhibit, which was designed by Smithsonian and Bell Telephone Laboratories personnel. It was pro- duced and presented by the Bell System and the independent telephone industry. In the section of photography, exhibits on camera lenses, instan- taneous photography, and camera shutters were designed and installed by Fuller Griffith. These completed the refurbishing of the photog- 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 raphy gallery, which combines exhibits on the history of photography and the camera with a photographic print salon for special showings of the work of present-day photographers. Alexander J. Wedder- burn, Jr., is the associate curator in charge. Work began on the renovation of the graphic arts exhibits illus- trating the history and methods of fine printmaking. Jacob Kainen, curator, prepared the script and Mr. Springman is the exhibits de- signer in charge. SPECIAL EXHIBITS—DIVISION OF GRAPHIC ARTS GRAPHIC ARTS Selected prints from the collection Prints by George O. (Pop) Hart National Print Collec- tion Martin H. Miller National Photographic Society Harvey Croze Paul Ehrlich 30 etchings and litho- graphs PHOTOGRAPHY 50 pictorial photographs 50 pictorial photographs 33 monochrome prints and 80 color trans- parencies 53 pictorial prints 46 pictorial prints March 195 6—February 1957 March—May 1957 July—August 1956 September—October 1956 November-December 1956 January-February 1957 March-April 1957 Tenth Annual WPxhibi- 50 pictorial photographs May 1957 tion of Marine Photog- raphy, International National Print Collec- 50 pictorial photographs June 1957 tion Curator George Griffenhagen continued his work on the new hall of health, which is nearing completion. Paul C. Batto is the exhibits designer. Exhibits assistance was given during the year to the Ameri- can Association of Anatomists, the American Association of the His- tory of Medicine, the International College of Surgeons Hall of Fame, and the National Library of Medicine. Associate Curator Grace Rogers, and Thaddeus O. McDowell, ex- hibits designer, completed plans for the modernized textile hall. A typical 3-part unit of the demountable panel and case system designed for this hall was erected to show a revised exhibit on the subject of silk. A contract was let for the purchase and installation of the panels and cases required to complete the renovation. Improvement was made in the exhibition of automobiles under the supervision of Leslie J. Newville; and Associate Curator Edwin A. Battison rearranged the timekeeping exhibits to feature some of EXHIBITS 19 NEG. 44698-E Power Machinery Hall: Beam steam engine of 1851, its 12-foot flywheel slowly turning, stands at entrance, before photographic exhibit of wind- and water-wheels. Power Machinery Hall: Models of cylinder and piston internal combustion engines, 1680 to 1860, left to right: model illustrating experiments at the French Academy of Sciences, and Street, Drake, and Lenoir engines. NEG. 445185 20 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL ‘REPORT, 1957 NEG. 44518-F Power Machinery Hall: Hydraulic turbines, right to left, Smeaton test water wheel, model of breast wheel used at Lowell, Mass., and Fourneyron, Howd, Francis (above), Leffel (below), McCormick, and Pelton turbines. Power Machinery Hall: In foreground left, Pelton water turbine and, right, wheel of first water turbine in United States. In background, gasoline and diesel engines and, right, gasoline turbine. NEG. 44518-K EXHIBITS 21 NEG. 44518-A Power Machinery Hall: Steam turbines of Curtis, DeLaval, and Parsons against left wall. Behind alternating-current generator, foreground, is working demonstration of electromagnetism. Wheel in background is from first water turbine in the United States. Power Machinery Hall: The three large electric dynamos, all early examples, are, left to right, Wallace-Farmer, Edison, and Thomson-Houston. Model of Edison's Pearl Street power station of 1883 in background. NEG. 44518-G 22 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 the finest instruments reconditioned during the year by Museum Aide Charles G. Smith. Plans were carried forward for a number of halls for the new museum on the subjects of chemistry, electricity, and agriculture. History The division of military history, under Associate Curator Edgar M. Howell, began work, in cooperation with the Department of the Army, on an exhibit illustrating the history of the U.S. Army. Con- struction of fixtures was completed during the year and the installation of weapons, models, and dioramas was started. The hall was designed by William D. Crockett. — The outstanding collection of household furnishings and personal effects preserved by several generations of the Copp family of New England was moved to a location closer to related collections, and a renovated exhibit of the material was begun. Associate Curator Margaret Brown Klapthor is supervising the renovation. In philately, more than 100 exhibition frames of stamps were reno- vated. Exhibition assistance was furnished by Associate Curator Franklin R. Bruns, Jr., to the international philatelic exhibition in Bombay and to the Pennsylvania State Museum at Harrisburg. Special exhibits were arranged to coincide with the national elec- tions and the presidential inauguration. Old campaign buttons, torchlight-parade costumes, election souvenirs, banners, and an old ballot box were installed by Assistant Curator Charles G. Dorman and Museum Aide James Channing. Inaugural medals, programs, invitations to inaugural events, and old prints of past inaugurations were arranged by Assistant Curator Anne W. Murray. Dorman and Channing arranged the special exhibit of portraits in plaster, consisting of 38 masks and 9 busts of European and Amer- ican statesmen, artists, musicians, and poets of the 18th and 19th centuries, selected from the collection presented to the Museum by Harry McComas. The design of exhibits for the new building included the completion of preliminary plans for halls of costumes and naval history. The committee that is planning the series of introductory halls de- voted to the growth of the United States held 23 meetings during the year. Mendel L. Peterson, head curator, is chairman and Robert B. Widder is the exhibits designer. Scripts and preliminary layouts of four halls were completed and two more are nearing completion. Dr. srooke Hindle, professor of history at New York University, reviewed the work and made many contributions to the planning. EXHIBITS 23 Bell Telephone Photo Telephone Exhibit: Located on balcony of Arts and Industries Building, it por- trays evolution of telephone and equipment required for modern telephone system. Exhibit was produced and presented to Smithsonian by Bell System and the independent telephone industry. Telephone Exhibit: Early commercial telephones illustrating development of wall and desk types of instrument. Bell Telephone Photo Accessions During the Fiscal Year 1957 Accessions during the past year added 647,750 specimens to the national collections. These materials were distributed among the six departments as follows: Anthropology, 14,004; zoology, 480,328; botany, 45,069; geology, 33,322; engineering and industries, 1,706; history, 73,321. This total includes 363,506 insects and 71,928 stamps. The accessions for the most part were received as gifts from individ- uals or as transfers from government departments and agencies. A full list of the donors is to be found on page 81. Anthropology An outstanding donation to the anthropological collections received in the division of archeology is an ibis statuette of wood and bronze from the necropolis of Tuna-el-Gebel, Upper Egypt, dated about 1,800 B. C. This statuette was given by General Mohammed Naguib to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who in turn presented it to the Institution. A large miscellaneous collection assembled by the late Monsignor John M. Cooper was donated by The Catholic University of America, through the Rev. James A. Magner. This material con- sists of North American Indian, Eskimo, African, Philippine, and Negrito cultural objects; Coptic textiles; an embossed gold disk from Ecuador; and other Latin American artifacts. Ethnological gifts include two large Fijian kava bowls donated by the Government of New Zealand through the administrative officer of the Embassy of New Zealand. Kava bowls are essential for the Fijian ceremony of yanggona, or formalized drinking of kava. An antique type of Malay kris or “keris,” was given by Mr. Ibrahim Izzudin bin Yusoff, Kelantan, Federation of Malaya. The laminated blade of this heirloom, a traditional Malay weapon, is made from meteoric iron and copper. The hilt and sheath are decorated with gold overlay in filigree with stone brilliants inset in bezels. In anticipation of period-room installations for the new Museum of History and Technology, the following paneling and finish were accepted: A late 18th-century drawing room from the Thomas Han- cock house, Worcester, Mass., a gift of Mrs. Adelaide K. Bullen in memory of her father, Oliver Sawyer Kendall III; paneled wall and woodwork from the Richard Dole house, Newbury, Mass. (about 24 ACCESSIONS 25 SPECIMENS IN THE NATIONAL COLLECTIONS MAY 31, 1957 IDSA Oip AWMBEIOIOILOXeD? 5 595 6 bp 4 0 6 6 5 been 5 « 853, 912 TCE Ol OS yal tes ean korea eee weed gs UE ae, es sat 603, 448 | Dhelot aol koyenie Dav oreey ROTA. trite MME RCM OS TCO Me KC nko enon 190, 455 Ceramics ... Ear NS aac mene Ue iil, 7) Musical Tetnneets Sarthe ee bee cesar” We erage 2,473 ]2teraioyel Joey By] ABEHMNES 616 6 o 5 G6 6 0 5 6 8, 417 IEC AMMAN ONO OOO A 5 8 6 0 5 oe he cob oy c 37, 405 IDBPARMWGONG! OW IBOMWANNE: 6 56 56 0 6 co oo 6 6 0 6 6 a 0 0 6 6 2h Maho pte) nea CEO ATS alee lope PANES Dee ie oti dla Oil a7 10) (GrasseSienetet seria eit ecm dametp ses ans mel hath 366, 856 NCES parte et Ne cE et a Oe ate re eet ne 216, 268 Cryptogams .. . Seek, Meee Pe day Cob yee 361, 994 DEPARTMENT OF Cuonaar Ee SAS ES eT ORES OE TE RAS AGL OR Dil Mineralogy and Petrology. . . Barend 268, 025 Invertebrate Paleontology and Iealcaneteine 5 o o LA OOS, AGO) Vertebrate Paleontology... . serbags 42,931 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND aman Sas, te ake ee a WS, 22 (Ciratiss ancl IbnClGWBIES 5 5 5 6 6 6 6h 6 0 0 6 69, 661 IR MSI CCIM Ra: vie teen b sata. eae ise hss emery osm eee Len oe 34, 607 GraphicsArtsiy esse Pe Oh Bar ee ee 46, 202 Medicine and Public Health SAEED Wace ee nce ea 22, 742 DEPART MEND COR UETS RORY be pty oni so ae ee ey ke OOS Civils COrsyaere rece gee actos name fee cht why onl a 38, 272 Military Storyane ae? Caebee haan ber dott tees ne AG heres 31, 395 Na allpElis tonsa oclihes at ear UP rela cede ta mesure ve 4, 749 IN LETATISTATE GSS ne oe. oun ares ibe Waemie a ialitente ea Oe 64, 755 Piouilaweahy 5 so 6 ge VU eg Saar rae See ULL CAN DEPARTMENT OF Tooveee Te tee SRR OURS ae nome eaoa nae care (HOON hrc Vana SS ee aes Rehr Mavens hanes Vem naman gc Guo 276, 526 JEPOROS © Stes a eke dee Reem Ore Mie Gee Lede ot ave Te tea on 489, 622 Rep bILeSe awe eon Petry STG, itl ibeicksneiads as 146, 371 TGISINCS eruemie sacs Bea a rts eileen oe a chet Lhe bacee sh ac, tlt COO MOMS Imsects™ cae ee ae ae cee ce Om OO OOO) Marine Tvertoneates WO inca tae a eerie eum, Galt alin O tote 0) INIOUMSKSPSOSe eee is Wate Seen cere eeetie ies NO yoo GO te Tina Gis ey Perens aioe dl ia, Veh eer Pei Ve WI aris 46, 795 oman, Wtosinom ChomiincmOnNs <5 6 ¢ 6 0 5» 0 5 0 0 0 co 6 SE BT, ZS 1740), a gift of Mrs. Florence Evans Bushee; carved and decorated architectural woodwork by Samuel Field McIntire, from the interior of “Oak Hill,” Peabody, Mass. (1818-14), a gift of Jordan Marsh Company ; an original decorative finial, salvaged from the steeple of the “Old North” Church, Boston, after the damage by a hurricane in 1954, gift of the Lantern League of the Old North Church. Miss Elsie Howland Quinby generously converted her loan of 118 specimens of English and American furniture and glass to a gift, in memory of her mother, Mrs. Duncan Cameron. Col. and Mrs. Robert P, Hare gave two 17th-century English back stools and a set of six 26 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 American Sheraton “fancy” chairs. Mrs. George Maurice Morris pre- sented, among several other gifts, a carved walnut tray and brass candlestick of about 1760. Mr. and Mrs. George H. Watson donated an early 19th-century Windsor settee, with original paint and stencil- ing, and an extraordinary hollow-tree-trunk grain barrel. Through the Virgil M. Hillyer fund a North Devonshire pottery oven from Bideford, England, was purchased. Mrs. Marjorie Merriweather Post was the donor of the only cigar store wooden Indian ever acquired by the Museum. Several important examples of 18th- and 19th-century American blown glass were pre- sented by Mr. W. Daniel Quattlebaum. These include New York, New Jersey, and New England types, as well as a rare cut-glass tumbler with an embedded ceramic cameo bust of Lafayette, made at the Bake- well works in Pittsburgh on the occasion of Lafayette’s visit to America in 1824. An entire collection of 173 glass paperweights, mostly of European and American origin, was the gift of Mr. Aaron Straus. In order to augment the exhibits in the hall, “Everyday Life in Karly America,” several large collections were accepted as loans. In addition to her previous gift of more than 1,600 objects, Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood loaned 326 specimens of Americana, including 22 ex- amples of primarily American 17th- and 18th-century silver, rare children’s books and hornbooks, Indian captivity accounts and broad- sides, numerous dolls, and many articles of domestic use. Two speci- mens of North Devonshire pottery excavated at Jamestown, Va. were loaned by The National Park Service. In exchange with the Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Mos- cow State University, the division of physical anthropology received a cast of a child’s skull and lower jaw from the Mousterian cultural period of the Crimea. The Moscow State University received a cast of the Tepexpan skull in return. This exchange resulted from a visit by the Russian delegation following the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, in Philadelphia. Zoology As reservoir hosts, transmitters, and carriers of disease, mammals are intensively studied and collected the world over by special agencies and commissions whose efforts have resulted in some of the more important accessions received by the division of mammals in recent years. This year in cooperation with the Armed Forces Epidemio- logical Board and the University of Pittsburgh, Dr. David H. John- son, curator of mammals, collected 656 specimens of bats and other small mammals in central Luzon, Philippine Islands. More than ACCESSIONS Dik five hundred other mammals from Panama and the Canal Zone accrued to the collection, largely from the field collecting of the personnel of the 25th and 7451st Preventive Medicine Survey Detachments of the U.S. Army, and in part by Dr. Carl B. Koford, Dr. Alexander Wet- more, and by Dr. Robert K. Enders of Swarthmore College. Donated by Dr. Enders also were 376 mammals from Alaska, Colorado, Massa- chusetts, Wyoming, and Saudi Arabia. The Pan-American Sanitary Bureau of the World Health Organization contributed 38 rodents from Peru. Type specimens were received from Kenneth Walker, Tacoma, Wash., from the Office of Naval Research through the Uni- versity of Kansas, and from Kenneth S. Norris and William N. Mc- Farland. This year’s more important ornithological accessions included 118 Belgian Congo bird skins, representing 59 forms new to the Museum, received as an exchange from the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Brussels; 23 birds from the Caroline Islands, a transfer from the Pacific Science Board, National Research Council; 10 Venezuelan birds, including the type specimens of 8 new forms, de- posited by Dr. William H. Phelps, Caracas; by deposit from the Smithsonian Institution 817 skins, 16 skeletons, 3 nests, and 5 sets of eggs of birds, collected in Panama by Dr. A. Wetmore. Noteworthy collections of New World amphibians and reptiles were received as gifts from the following donors: Jerry D. Hardy, Catons- ville, Md., 702 specimens from Cuba; William L. Witt, Arlington, Va., 208 reptiles and amphibians; Naturhistoriches Museum, Vienna, Austria, 98 frogs from Brazil; Dr. John W. Crenshaw, Jr., Columbia, Mo., 52 turtles; Dr. W. G. Lynn, Washington, D. C., 23 frogs from Jamaica and Antigua, B. W. I. For type material in this field the Museum is also indebted to the University of Colorado through Dr. T. P. Maslin; to the Natural History Museum of the University of Illinois through Dr. Hobart M. Smith; and to Dr. Gordon Thurow, Braddock Heights, Md. The largest accession to the fish collection was the gift of Dr. Wil- liam R. Taylor, associate curator, representing his comprehensive collection of 16,821 specimens gathered from the southern United States over several years. Other sizable fish collections were received as follows: 4,329 specimens from Paraguay donated by Dr. C. J. D. Brown, Montana State College; 1,653 specimens of West Indian fishes obtained on the Smithsonian-Bredin Caribbean Expedition and de- posited by the Institution; 190 fresh-water fishes from Colombia, South America, the gift of Dr. George Dahl. Included in eight acces- sions numbering nearly 700 specimens were 6 holotypes and 598 para- types of fishes described by one or another of the donors from various 437255—57——8 28 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 parts of the world: Dr. J. J. Hoedeman, Zodlogisch Museum, Amster- dam; Daniel M. Cohen, Stanford University; Drs. Reeve M. Bailey, University of Michigan, and William R. Taylor, U. S. National Museum; Wayne J. Baldwin, University of California at Los Angeles; Dr. Andreas B. Rechnitzer, U.S. Navy Electronics Labora- tory, San Diego, Calif.; Dr. John C. Briggs, University of Florida; William C. Schroeder, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Dr. Boyd W. Walker, University of California at Los Angeles; and Victor G. Springer, University of Texas. The largest accession accruing this year to the division of insects consisted of 168,531 specimens of ectoparasites and transferred from the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Department of the Army. Mr. Ernest Shoemaker of Brooklyn donated his personal collection of 60,338 specimens, chiefly coleoptera, all exquisitely prepared and including 101 Aforpho butterflies, many of which are rare. Dr. Colvin L. Gibson of Memphis presented 4,327 butterflies and moths, and some representatives of other groups collected in Mexico, the British Solo- mon Islands and the United States. Associate Curator O. L. Cart- wright presented 11,400 specimens of insects which he collected in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. A gift of 6,546 named lepidop- terus larvae, mostly from western United States, which were associated with reared examples in the economically important family of cut- worm moths, was received from S. E. Crumb, Puyallup, Wash. Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke, curator, contributed 4,801 miscellaneous insects, mostly from the State of Washington. Other noteworthy accessions included 5,347 insects from Africa and South Central and North Amer- ica, received from N. L. H. Krauss of Honolulu; 3,753 North Dakota spiders, donated by J. M. Davis, Silver Spring, Md.; and 10,000 miscellaneous insects from Thailand, received from the Inter- national Cooperation Administration. Aside from gifts bringing additional type material to the Museum’s rarine invertebrate collections, the following are deemed particularly worthy of note: 27,600 specimens from the Smithsonian-Bredin Carib- bean Expedition deposited by the Institution; 1,757 crustaceans and other invertebrates from survey vessel collections in the Gulf of Mexico and off the southeastern United States, transferred from the Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, through Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.; 176 identified specimens of 40 species of pelagic copepods from Sweden and South Africa donated by Dr. Karl Lang, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden; 1,828 shrimps, cray- fishes, and other invertebrates given by Dr. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., University of Virginia; 160 identified specimens of 18 species of mysidacean crustaceans from the vicinity of Plymouth, England, presented by Dr. Olive S. Tattersall, through Dr. Isabella Gordon; and ACCESSIONS 29 2 specimens of Cephalocarida, the recently discovered crustacean sub- class, received from Howard L. Sanders, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Donors of type material included the late Dr. Raymond C. Osborn, Ohio State University; Dr. E. Ruffin Jones, University of Florida: Maureen Downey, Beaufort, N. C.; Dr. Trevor Kincaid, Seattle, Wash.; Mrs. Mildred S. Wilson, Anchorage, Alaska; Dr. J. T. Penney, University of South Carolina; Gordon Clark, University of Maryland; Dr. Alejandro Villalobos F., Instituto de Biologia, Mexico; Dr. N. T. Mattox, University of Southern California; and The Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California. Among the outstanding mollusk accessions for the year may be enumerated the following: 2,900 Australian specimens donated by Samuel W. Rosso, Hattiesburg, Miss.; the deposit of 1,380 mollusks received from the Smithsonian-Bredin Caribbean Expedition; 673 specimens of land and freshwater snails from Libya, collected by Dr. Rolf Brandt, and purchased through the Frances Lea Chamberlain Fund; 900 specimens of land and freshwater mollusks from the Solo- mon Islands, New Britain, and New Caledonia, from James R. Hood; and 84 marine mollusks from South Africa, received from the Uni- versity of Cape Town, through Prof. J. H. Day. Types of helminths were donated by Dr. Elon E. Byrd, Athens, Ga.; Dr. Thomas C. Cheng, Charlottesville, Va.; Dr. Paul R. Burton, Coral Gables, Fla. ; and Dr. Leland S. Olsen, Lincoln, Nebr. Botany An important collection of 196 type specimens of Central American plants was contributed by the Escuela Agricola Panamericana, through the courtesy of Dr. Louis O. Williams. Other gifts included 210 specimens of plants of Iran collected and presented by Justice William O. Douglas; and 697 Cuban plants from Manuel Lépez Figueiras, Santiago de Cuba. A. C. Smith obtained 4,047 specimens of West Indian plants on the Smithsonian Institution-Bredin Carib- bean Expedition, and C. V. Morton collected 4,927 specimens of plants in Cuba. E. P. Killip obtained 1,505 specimens for the Institution on the Isle of Pines, Cuba, and in southern Florida and Texas. Among the interesting collections received in exchange were 800 Brazilian plants, mostly from the Amazon region, from the Instituto Agronémico do Norte, Belém, Par, Brazil; 1,640 plants of Ecuador obtained by Dr. Eric Asplund and 1,058 specimens collected in His- paniola by E. L. Ekman, from the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock- holm, Sweden ; 232 specimens obtained in Asia Minor by E. K. Balls, from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland; 621 plants col- lected in East Africa by H. J. Schlieben, from the Missouri Botanical 30 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 Garden, and 1,353 specimens of plants of Hong Kong, California, and Mexico, from the University of Michigan. Extensive collections of plants of Santa Catarina, comprising 2,479 specimens, were received from the Herbario “Barbosa Rodrigues,” Itajai, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with a request for identifications. From the collections made by Dr. E. Yale Dawson on the Machris Brazilian Expedition, the Los Angeles County Museum sent 239 speci- mens for study and report. There were transferred from the U. S. Geological Survey, Depart- ment of the Interior, 2,142 specimens collected by Dr. F. R. Fosberg in the Marshall Islands, and from the Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, 870 specimens collected by Dr. F. J. Hermann in Canada and northwestern United States. Geology Outstanding among the gifts of minerals is an unusual scapolite from Itrongahy, Madagascar, from John B. Jago, and an exceptional barite from Sterling, Colo., given by Arch Oboler. Some of the newly described minerals presented are: cardosonite, Spain, by Dr. I. Asensio Amor; kingite, Australia, from the Commonwealth Scientific and In- dustrial Research Organization; ferroselite, Montrose County, Colo., from Howard Bowers; heidornite, Germany, from Prof. Dr. W. V. Engelhardt; hibonite, Madagascar, from John B. Jago; tertschite, Turkey, from Dr. Heinz Meixner; vayrynenite, Finland, from Mary Mrose; and bgggildite, Greenland, from Hans Pauly. Several outstanding additions were made to the gem collection by exchange, including an exceptionally fine 18.3-carat canary yellow diamond from South Africa, a 51.9-carat yellow sapphire from Burma, and a 68.85-carat brilliant-cut sphalerite from Utah. A 13.50-carat andalusite from Brazil and an 11.80-carat star spinel from Ceylon, the latter showing four separate six-rayed stars, were purchased through the Chamberlain Fund for the Isaac Lea collection. Of the 131 specimens added to the Roebling collection by purchase, the outstanding items are: schoepite and soddyite from Shikolobwe in the Belgian Congo, and hambergite from San Diego County, Calif. Newly described species added to the Roebling collection are: coffinite from Utah; kettnerite from Czechosolovakia; hawleyite from the Yukon in Canada; and isokite from Northern Rhodesia. Significant additions to the Canfield collection include two 6-inch crystals of enargite from Peru; a 614-ounce gold nugget from the Yukon, Alaska, mined in 1896; several fine groups of showy wulfe- nite crystals from Arizona; and two exceptionally fine crystals of blue and yellow sapphire from Burma. ACCESSIONS 31 Three meteorites new to the collection, acquired as gifts, were Bonita Springs, Lee County, Fla., from E. P. Henderson; Kaufman, Kaufman County, Tex., from Mrs. Carl C. Hinrichs; and Mayday, Riley County, Kans., from Prof. Walter S. Houston. Four mete- orites, also new to the collection, were received as exchanges: Saint Peters, Graham County, Kans.; Kunashak, Elenovka, and Sikhote- Alinskii, from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Important gifts received in the division of invertebrate paleontology and paleobotany are: 750 Tertiary mollusks from Virginia, North Carolina and Florida, given by Shelton P. Applegate; 500 specimens of Permian brachiopeds from Tasmania, from Dr. Kenneth E. Caster ; 93 pleosponges from South Australia, the gift of B. Flounders; 66 type and figured specimens from the Pennsylvanian rocks of western Maryland, from Joseph Lintz, Jr.; 4,665 specimens of crinoids and other fossils representing the private collection of the late Dr. Edwin Kirk, received from Mrs. Kirk; 400 speciments of Cretaceous Forami- nifera from Egypt, donated by Rushdi Said; and 311 Miocene mollusks from Peru, given by the Johns Hopkins University. An important collection of 500 Tertiary brachiopods from Okinawa was transferred from the U. 8S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. Among the accessions obtained by exchange were 2,695 specimens of Foraminifera from Poland; 158 Tertiary brachiopods from New Zealand; and 894 invertebrate fossils, mostly Mesozoic and Tertiary from Japan. Through the income of the Walcott bequest 5,322 specimens of Devonian, Mississippian, and Permian fossils were collected by Dr. G. A. Cooper, A. L. Bowsher, and J. T. Dutro, in the Glass Mountains of Texas and the San Andres and Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico. The division of vertebrate paleontology received outstanding speci- mens through purchase, field work, and exchanges. Specimens of fossil fishes acquired by purchase came from the Devonian Escuminac formation on Chaleurs Bay, Canada; and a series of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic fishes from various European localities. Important specimens collected by Dr. C. L. Gazin include 100 mammalian specimens from the Eocene of Wyoming, and several good specimens of ancient dogs and horses, which were obtained near Harrison, Nebr. Dr. D. H. Dunkle, with Professor Westoll, secured over 200 fossil fish specimens from Lower and Middle Devonian lo- calities in Scotland. Exchanges were effected that yielded excellent fossil fishes and other fossil vertebrates. Several types of Triassic fishes from Green- land and casts of Devonian amphibians were obtained from the Danish Mineralogical Museum. 32 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 A large skeleton of a Cretaceous fish was obtained from the Bureau of Economic Geology of the University of Texas, and Dartmouth Col- lege exchanged six primitive jawless ostracoderms from Oesel Island in the Baltic. An exchange of value, consisting of nine jaws and maxillae of primitive perissodactyls and artiodactyls, was obtained from the Muséum de Sciences Naturelles, Lyon, France. Engineering and Industries In connection with the development of the new exhibit of telephony, about 20 original instruments showing the evolution of the telephone from 1880 to the present day were added to the collections of the division of engineering. These specimens were donated by Bell Tele- phone Laboratories, Stromberg-Carlson Company, the Bell Tele- phone Company of Canada, North Electric Company, Western Elec- tric Company, Kellogg Switchboard and Supply Company, Auto- matic Electric Company, and the Ohio Bell Telephone Company. All sections in the division received important new accessions in preparation for exhibition in the Museum of History and Technology. A specimen of particular historical interest added as a loan to the col- lection of machine tools is a Robertson milling machine of 1852, from Yale University. The section of light machinery acquired a fine French astronomical clock, of about 1800, featuring a planetarium enclosed in a glass sphere etched with the constellations, thus exhib- iting particularly well the astronomical associations of timekeeping. A full-sized pirogue, or dug-out canoe, made in the manner of the Acadians, was presented to the Museum by Esso Standard Oil Com- pany, together with a film recording the process of its fabrication. An elegant Queensbody basket phaeton was given by Mrs. William A. Frailey. The collection relating to instructional mathematics was augmented considerably with the receipt, from Prof. Frances EK. Baker, of a set of 131 mathematical models. The division of medicine and public health added to its collection the third X-ray tube of the discoverer of X-ray, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, a gift of the General Electric Company. For the hospital exhibit in the Museum of History and Technology, a complete set of hospital ward fixtures of about 1900 was received from the Massa- chusetts General Hospital. The materia medica collection obtained a number of additional examples of patent medicines, such as Bate- man’s Pectoral Drops, presented by Ronald R. McCandless, Owen H. Waller, and A. P. Whealton; Godfrey’s Cordial, presented by Robert Russell and A. P. Whealton; and Porter’s Curative Sugar Pills, from Samuel A. Aker, David E. Kass, and George C. Kass. Among the more important specimens acquired by the division of crafts and industries is an 18th-century Don Quixote tapestry, pre- ACCESSIONS 33 sented by Mrs. Kermit Roosevelt; a rustic copperplate printed fabric dated 1761, from Mrs. Betty H. Harriman; and a copperplate print stitched into a quilt top from Mrs. Nicholas Satterlee. In the section of agriculture, a model of the Hussey reaper of 1833 was constructed by Donald Holst of the Office of Exhibits; a Pennsylvania bar share plow was donated by Daniel G. H. Lesher; and an early threshing machine, by James W. Brown. Preparation of exhibits for the new museum made it possible for the division of graphic arts to acquire a number of important prints. Among these are “St. Catherine with the Wheel,” a hand-colored anonymous wood cut dated 1465-1470, and examples of the graphic work of J. M. Whistler, Paul Gauguin, Pierre Bonnard, Muirhead Bone, Georges Rouault, Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and others. An outstanding collection of materials representing the history of motion picture photography, comprising 864 items, was received as a bequest from Gatewood W. Dunston. History The division of civil history acquired a notable reception room which was originally installed in a house near Kutztown, Berks County, Pennsylvania, during the period 1785-1790. ‘This room corresponds in size, plan, locale, period and original usage to the second-floor front drawing room of the Philadelphia Presidential Mansion as it ap- peared during Washington’s second administration. The Ladies’ Hermitage Association, Nashville, Tenn., presented a buff and gold china bow! from one of the dinner services used at the White House during the administration of President Andrew Jackson. A plate and a cup and saucer, representative of the State services made by Wedgwood for the White House for use during the Theo- dore Roosevelt administration, were presented by Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, Inc. A most interesting addition to the costumes collection is a gold bro- cade shoe for a woman of the early 18th century with a matching gold brocade clog, a gift of Mrs. Douglas Hathaway through Mrs. Brookings T. Andrews. The military history collections were enhanced by the gift from President Dwight D. Eisenhower of a summer service uniform of a General of the Army worn by him during his term as Commanding General, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe. Twelve military paintings by the celebrated military artist, Mr. Charles Haffbauer, were presented by Mrs. John Nicholas Brown. Outstanding among the specimens received in the division of naval history was a series of six oil paintings of naval actions in the Pacific Ocean during World War II which came as a gift of the artist, Clarence J. Tibado. 34 U. §. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 An important accession received in the division of numismatics is an original pantograph invented and built by Christian Gobrecht, a prominent United States Mint engraver, together with various en- gravings and plate proofs of state bank notes made by him, the gift of Mrs. C. F. Wolters. Outstanding among the specimens presented by Paul A. Straub are a broad gold 8-ducat piece struck in 1617 in Quedlinburg by Dorothea, Duchess of Saxony, and a ducat, dated 1688, struck by August Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp. A newcomer to the list of donors of philatelic material is Mr. Harry L. Lindquist, publisher of “Stamps” magazine, who presented his col- lections of Danish and Swedist booklet panes, including many of great rarity. Former Postmaster General James A. Farley con- verted one section of his valuable philatelic holdings from loan to gift during the year. Philip H. Ward, Jr., of Philadelphia, donated a considerable number of United States and foreign stamps—to continue his ranking as the “oldest” continuing donor, having first evidenced his support of the national postage stamp collection as far back as 1915. Mr. B. H. Homan, Jr., of New York donated 18 original drawings for Ecua- dorean stamps, and 114 French pre-stamp covers. Other important donations were received from Ernst Lowenstein, Tom Lowenstein, John P. V. Heinmuller, John R. Boker, Jr., John N. Taylor, and Dr. William Winokur and Seymour Winokur. Care of Collections SPECIMENS ACCESSIONED, IDENTIFIED, AND DISTRIBUTED— FISCAL YEAR 1957 Trans- : Gifts to ferred Loaned for Submitted Erchanged educa- to other study to in- for with other tional Govern- _vestigators Receivedin identifi- Identified institu- institu- ment and insti- Department accessions cation on request tions tions agencies tutions Anthropology . 14, 004 371 869 26 862, 418 100 335 Zoology .. . 480,328 38,176 43,805 5,819 4,876 1,024 80,776 Botany... . 45,069 11,968 8,296 17,188 896 48 25, 539 Geolosy: Ue ossue22) | 5065) e4nsb8e e 2761) 6,286 | 280re , 2 917 Engineering and Industries. . 1, 706 423 417 14 0) a 175 History. ... 73, 321 24,366 24, 311 0 0 1 4, 448 Toran . 647,750 80,369 82,556 25,808 9,426 1,469 114,190 Anthropology Exhibits Specialist A. Joseph Andrews was engaged in constructing a large diorama showing Blackfoot Indians driving a herd of buffalo over a cliff, a hunting method used by these Indians before their adop- tion of the horse. The diorama, which depicts a location actually used by the Indians, just east of the Rocky Mountains in northern Montana, will be placed in the American Indian hall, now under con- struction. Mr. Andrews also made plaster casts of skulls and busts for the division of physical anthropology, repaired and restored ceramics and metal ware for the division of ethnology, and restored pottery vessels for the division of archeology. In addition, he altered and repaired several manikins in the First Ladies of the White House exhibit for the department of history, and kept in repair the statuary throughout the buildings for the National Collection of Fine Arts. In the division of ethnology, the rapidly progressing exhibits pro- gram has required the removal of collections previously on exhibition, as well as extensive changes in the study collections, in order to keep these materials available for study by our own and outside anthro- pologists. This work has been the principal task of Assistant Curator of Ethnology Robert A. Elder, Jr., and Museum Aide George W. McBryde. With the receipt of new type storage units designed for ceramics and metalwork, the American and European cultural history study series 35 36 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 is now easily accessible to students and researchers. Under the super- vision of Assistant Curator G. Carroll Lindsay, objects were refur- bished, polished and cleaned for the newly opened hall, “Everyday Life in Early America.” Museum Aide U. G. Lyon, in addition to assisting Mr. Lindsay in readying the new hall, cleaned and repaired a number of heating and lighting utensils. In the laboratory of the division of archeology, the work of processing and cataloging accessions carried over from the previous fiscal year was completed, and less than 15 percent of this year’s accessions await marking, a further reduction in backlog. State collections re-worked and condensed include those representing Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, and Wyoming. The laboratory aides have commenced unpacking, washing, and placing field numbers on the extensive collections ob- tained by Associate Curator Dr. Clifford Evans and Research Associ- ate Dr. Betty J. Meggers through field excavations in eastern and coastal Ecuador, and the Territory of Amazonas, Venezuela. The laboratory has also been able to arrange for the washing of aboriginal textiles from Peru and Chile, to the extent that the textiles most in need of attention will be protected from damage and will be made more readily available for study by scholars, as well as for display. Work on the skeletal collections in the fourth floor rotunda of the Natural History building was concentrated on the Florida collection and the Hemenway collection from the American Southwest. In extending the division’s finding system to these collections, Anthro- pological Aide Lucile E. Hoyme found many of the early specimens either in such poor condition, or so poorly documented, as to be useless for scientific study. In connection with these projects, it was necessary to review and list the specimens segregated for pathology or anomalies and stored separately from the skeletons. Miss Hoyme was granted a cash award and a certificate of merit for the procedures she developed in accomplishing these tasks. Zoology The physical condition of the zoological collections has continued to improve. Rearrangement, reorganization, and reidentification of collections has progressed in several divisions, but the lack of storage space for the collection of fishes, insects, marine invertebrates, hel- minths, and corals poses a problem becoming daily more acute. The incorporation of the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Museum mammal collections into a single series has gone forward slowly because of the time devoted this year to the exhibits program. Rearrangement of the skeletons through the cricetine rodents was CARE OF COLLECTIONS 37 completed, and most of the skins of deer were transferred to new quarters. A long-needed reorganization of the divisional library was made possible by the acquisition of new book shelves and by the em- ployment of Mr. Luis de la Torre on the summer intern program during August 1956. The reidentifying, labeling, and rearranging of bird specimens was continued by Associate Curator Deignan and Museum Aide Feinstein. The research collections in some groups were reidentified by Dr. J. W. Aldrich and Allen J. Duvall of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The department is also grateful to Colonel L. R. Wolfe who generously devoted several weeks of his time to the egg collections. Over 100 of the sizeable mounted birds removed from exhibition in the previous fiscal year, and important for historical or scientific reasons, were dis- mounted, remade into study skins, and put back in the study series. The inventory of the frog collection, initiated in 1956, went forward on schedule, and is now over three-fourths completed. The discovery of a number of misplaced specimens has proved the value of this under- taking. Upon its completion the other groups of amphibians and rep- tiles will be similarly dealt with. The collections of fishes are in an excellent state of preservation, and those processed and catalogued are arranged in an orderly man- ner and are conveniently accessible. Regrettably, this cannot be said of the large backlog of uncataloged specimens which, though in good shape physically, cannot be made readily available for study until additional storage space is provided. Thanks to the summer intern program inaugurated this year, marked strides were made in the physical care of the entomological collections. With providential though temporary assistance, fumigant was placed in 12,786 standard insect drawers, or about one-third of the total number in the National collections. More than 20,000 drawers remain to be examined and to have the naphthalene replenished. Further headway with this necessary and still urgent task depends on the availability of more subprofessional help. With the appointment to the staff, on September 1956, of Dr. Ralph KE. Crabill, the myriopod-arachnid section was reactivated. For some years, the groups assigned to this section had received very little attention for want of a specialist conversant with them, and con- sequently were in urgent need of sorting, rehousing, arranging, and identification, tasks which have occupied the greater part of the associate curator’s time since his appointment. In the course of this work, he has instituted for these collections a system of cataloging and physical organization noteworthy by reason of its simplicity, the speed with which it is now possible to locate any given type specimen, and the safety it affords the material concerned. 38 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 In working over the Pseudoscorpionida he discovered about 300 specimens that, over the years, had become misplaced. These speci- mens, most of them collected by Banks and by Green, have now been revived and rehoused with surprisingly little loss. The Museum’s pedipalpida material has been revived and rehoused, but many speci- mens remain in extremely poor condition. On the other hand, he found the collections of Phalangida and of Araneida (the largest groups under his care) for the most part in excellent condition. The types of the latter group, which comprises 330 specimens representing between 200 and 250 species and subspecies, have been catalogued, checked, counted, and rehoused. Dr. Crabill reports that the Mu- seum’s holdings of Ricinulei, the rarest of all Recent arachnids and possibly the rarest of arthropods, include a significant proportion of the world’s known museum specimens. They comprise the types de- scribed in 1929 by Ewing, who reported then that only 27 specimens were known to be in collections anywhere in the world. Of these, 10, representing 4 new species, were noted as being in the U. S. National Museum. The collection of Diplopoda ranks next to that of the spiders in point of number of species and specimens, but to date it has not been possible to assign as much as 10 percent of it even to a family. Ow- ing partly to this enforced neglect and partly to the extraordinary difficulty of preserving millepedes, much of the ordinary material in this group was found to be in poor physical condition. The mille- pede types are in better condition, and approximately four-fifths of them have now been catalogued, rehoused, counted, and revived where necessary. It is estimated that 700 to 800 specimens of 400 to 500 species are represented in this group. At least three-fourths of the Museum’s representation of Chilopoda are either entirely unclas- sified or classified only to order. Restoring and identifying this material has been underway since September 1956 but progress has proved quite difficult and slow. All specimens known to be types have been incorporated into the new cataloging system, rehoused, and revived where necessary. During the year Dr. Phyllis Johnson, Entomology Research Divi- sion of the Department of Agriculture, reorganized the entire col- lection of ectoparasites, more than 168,000 specimens. The Ernest Shoemaker collection of 60,838 specimens of miscellaneous insects, chiefly Coleoptera, was counted, labeled, and about a tenth of it in- corporated into the National Collection. From the Carl J. Drake collection (not yet completely counted or accessioned) 12,228 speci- mens have been placed in trays and labeled as part of the permanent collection of hemiptera; and 6,737 specimens of homoptera have been removed from Schmitt boxes and placed in drawers. Miscellaneous insects received from N. L. H. Kraus, C. L. Gibson, R. E. Elbel, A. CARE OF COLLECTIONS 39 Vasquez, J. P. E. Morrison and others, were incorporated; and 46,555 specimens from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, En- tomology Research Division, were placed in the permanent series. The entire collection of Nearctic Neuroptera was reorganized and ar- ranged with appropriate current name-labels, as were the collections of Collembola, Thysanura, Protura, and allied groups. Altogether, 336,275 specimens were processed and incorporated. During the year the alcohol was replenished in those sections of the collection of alcoholic marine invertebrate stacks that most needed attention, but the entire invertebrate collection requires a thorough- going and meticulous overhaul. It has outgrown all available storage space and is alarmingly overcrowded. Attending to only the more critical areas, as developed by spot checks, poses a serious hazard to much valuable and in many cases irreplaceable study and reference material. Two museum aides temporarily assigned to the division in the sum- mer intern program, contributed significantly toward the reduction of the accessioning and cataloguing backlog: Philip L. Perkins worked in the division from July 26 to September 7 and Carol C. Clarke, from July 16 to September 21. The dry and alcoholic collections of mollusks are generally in good condition, but an increasing number of catalogued lots of specimens need to be added to the study series to bring it up to the level of greatest service and efficiency. The Museum’s collection of slides and alcoholic specimens of hel- minths, stored and cared for at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Disease and Parasite Branch, at Beltsville, Md., continues in the best of shape physically. Scientifically, much remains to be ac- complished for want of a curatorial assistant to care for the large amount of important uncatalogued material awaiting attention and incorporation, and the same condition exists in the coral collection, which is in great need of a thorough overhauling and a sweeping reorganization. Botany The major activities in caring for the permanent collections and the processing of new material are summarized in the following table: 1955-56 1956-57 Specimens and photographs mounted ... .. . 382,729 35,500 Specimens repaired . ES Feo HeG Leo 3,174 3, 443 Specimens stamped and recorded. ..... . . 25,609 30,312 Specimens incorporated in herbarium. .... . 238,604 20,383 There are now 55,562 types in the segregated type herbarium, includ- ing 38,995 phanerogams, 9,939 grasses, 3,345 ferns, and 3,283 crypto- gams. This isan increase of 262 during the year. 40 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 Geology In the division of invertebrate paleontology and paleobotany, the procurement of 175 standard quarter-unit cases and 3,585 drawers of several sizes has eliminated a major obstacle to the reorganization of the collection, and further real progress will be possible when addi- tional subprofessional help is obtained. Museum Aide Henry Roberts revised the collections of fossil crabs, insects, and eurypterids, cleaning the specimens and placing them in new drawers. He trimmed the eurypterid specimens, which were often large and wasteful of space. His efforts saved space and resulted in an arrangement that will enhance the usefulness of the collections. For all collections not arranged alphabetically he also made finding lists that will serve as a generic inventory. The cases of crinoids in the Springer room were covered to protect the specimens and help keep them clean. Associate Curator A. R. Loeblich, Jr., reports progress in the washing of shale samples collected on various American and European expeditions. Associate Curator David Nicol, besides expanding the collection of Paleozoic pelecypods, searched the collection for missing types, with gratifying results; he found many that had been overlooked or poorly labeled. Head Curator G. A. Cooper continued distribution of the etched Permian fossils from the Glass Mountains of Texas. This work is now nearly finished and the sorted collected occupies 31 quarter unit cases. Again Dr. Robert Finks helped in revising the collection of Paleozoic sponges. In vertebrate paleontology, care of the collections has been some- what curtailed by work on exhibition specimens, and as a result the backlog of specimens to be prepared has been increased by addition of materials transferred from the Smithsonian River Basin Surveys, from the U. S. Geological Survey, and from the collecting trips of the 1956 field season. Respacing of the fish collection, necessitated by the acquisition of new material collected by Associate Curator D. H. Dunkle or otherwise obtained during the year, was done by Mr. Applegate of the laboratory staff under the supervision of the associate curator. Although the collection is necessarily still crowded in arrangement, the refinement has greatly facilitated both search and selection of exhibit and ex- change specimens. In addition to his work on the Dinichthys exhibit, Exhibits Spe- cialist Franklin L. Pearce has been experimenting with techniques of embedding specimens in various plastics for chemical etching and thin-section preparing. CARE OF COLLECTIONS 41 Engineering and Industries A long-overdue renovation of many fine instruments was begun by Charles G. Smith, timekeeping instrument repairer who joined the staff this year. In addition to setting into operation a number of the clocks on exhibition, Mr. Smith has renovated most of the astrolabes, sundials, and antique timekeepers in the collection. Four carriages (a shay, surrey, phaeton, and gig-phaeton) and one sleigh were re- stored. This program, begun last year, is now about 25 percent com- pleted. Textile specimens from the Hamilton Print Works were identified and mounted through the cooperation of the textile depart- ment of the University of Maryland, and 279 samples of woods from Fiji were cut and numbered. The entire reference collections of physics and chemistry, the major collections of textiles and manufac- tures, and portions of four other collections were moved to the new storage area above the power machinery hall. Additional storage units made possible the transfer of poorly housed reference collections of materia medica, agricultural patent models, phonographs, and speci- mens of graphic arts. The completion of additional storage facilities at Suitland, Md., provided space for housing exhibits materials for the Museum of His- tory and Technology. History Assignment of additional storage space at Suitland, Md., and in Escanaba Hall will facilitate better handling of the reference collec- tions of historical material. The renovation of the west gallery towers, and the installation of gun racks there, have provided increased storage space and made it possible to consolidate shoulder weapons by type, thus providing a more accessible reference collection. The carriage of the bronze field piece brought to this country in 1777 by Lafayette was expertly restored by Donald Berkebile and placed on exhibition. This piece is of special interest, complete field pieces of the Revolutionary War period being of extreme rarity. All the specimens in the naval collections were checked against the catalog in preparation for separating the objects assigned to the di- vision of naval history from those in the division of military history. New chart cases were installed for the better care of prints and maps in the collections. The routine developed here for the preservation of iron barrels recovered from sea water has been almost completely successful. Objects treated have remained stable for periods up to 4 years. Be- 42 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 cause of an increasing interest in the recovery and preservation of objects from shipwreck sites, the procedure for preserving iron gun barrels is presented here: PRESERVATION OF LARGE IRON OBJECTS RECOVERED FROM SEA WATER The first step in preserving large iron objects such as gun tubes, solid shot, and wrought iron fittings recovered from sea water is to prepare a bath of 10 to 15 percent sodium hydroxide in a trough of iron at least % inch thick. The object should then be cleaned of the calcareous coating of coral sand and other deposits by gently tapping it with a hammer. After the crust is removed the object should be immediately placed in the bath and allowed to soak for a period lasting from four to six weeks. At the end of this period, the bath should be renewed and “mossy” zine metal should be placed around and on top of the object so that its entire surface is in contact with the zine. After a day or two the solution will begin to bubble, indicating that the reaction is going forward. In a few weeks a white deposit will form on the object and the bubbling will stop. This means that the oxygen in the surface of the corroded object has com- bined with the zinc metal, forming zinc oxide. The object should be left in the bath for three or four weeks after this deposit starts forming. At the end of this time the object should be removed and the zine oxide dis- solved with a mild solution of sulfuric acid. After the object is dried it should be coated with a clear synthetic lacquer or plastie coating to prevent further corrosion. Smaller objects may be coated satisfactorily by dipping them in a solution of hot paraffin. Any attempt to shorten this routine will probably result in the loss of the object through disintegration. An object waiting for the preservative process should be kept under water until it can be put into the chemical bath. If allowed to dry out, even before the crust is removed, chemical reactions will set in that will result in its ultimate disintegration. The identifying and cataloging of new numismatic specimens, checking specimens in storage against catalog cards, and locating specimens continued during the year. Progress was made on col- lating the reference collections of Confederate paper money. Numer- ous United States silver patterns were cleaned and will be lacquered experimentally with thinned Krylon. Because of the recrystalliza- tion of naphthalene on specimens and on the glass of the show cases, all naphthalene flakes were removed from the currency exhibition cases and replaced with pyrethrum insecticide. Preservation continues to occupy the major percentage of time of the staff of the division of philately and postal history. It has been established that the drying out of old stock-books, some about 50 years old, has considerably discolored some valuable specimens. The strip pockets, as they have dried out, have become separated, allowing speci- mens to slip and become damaged. Since the old stock-books were so CARE OF COLLECTIONS 43 set up that revisions and additions were virtually impossible, the collections were rearranged in new books. As a result, the discolora- tion has been halted, the material is more systematically grouped, de- tection of damaged specimens is facilitated, and it has become possible to make a quick inventory of the specimens needed to complete the collection. The rearrangement of the very large Michel collection of postal stationery was begun and has progressed substantially. 487255—57——_4 Investigation and Research Anthropology Head Curator Frank M. Setzler carried forward research resulting from his 1956 excavations of Marlborough Town, an early colonial site near Stafford, Va. He also prepared and delivered several lec- tures in connection with these excavations. In collaboration with Prof. Mildred Trotter and Oliver H. Duggins he published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology “Hair of Australian Aborigines (Arnhem Land).” The introductions he prepared for two important archeological manuscripts were published. Archeology.—Curator of Archeology Waldo R. Wedel and Museum Aide George Metcalf excavated sites for the River Basin Surveys from June 4 to September 10. Their investigations comprised the final season of work at a 3-occupation site at the junction of the Cheyenne and Missouri Rivers in central South Dakota (39ST1). This year the work was aimed at a clearer definition of the second occupation, but included also the excavation of approximately 50 graves assigned to the most recent occupation, the historic Arikara Indians, dating from around the middle of the 18th century. A well- documented series of skeletons was collected; their association with cultural materials, including both native pottery, pipes, stonework, bone, wood, textile fragments, and glass beads and metal of European origin, gives especial significance to the project in the archeological and historical studies being carried out along the Missouri River. An exceptionally complete series of photographs of the burials at all stages of the work was made. The site, from the excavation of which in 1951, 1955, and 1956 the National Museum will acquire a large and well-documented collection of pottery, stone, bone, and other artifacts, as well as an important series of skeletal materials, will be perma- nently flooded in a few years by Oahe Dam, now under construction by the Corps of Engineers a few miles north of Pierre. Following his return to Washington, Dr. Wedel substantially com- pleted the text of his report on archeological investigations in Kansas from 1937-40, and since. He also assembled a paper on “The Western Oneota,” for presentation before a special symposium of the Society for American Archeology in Madison, Wisc., on May 3, 1957. At year’s end, Dr. Wedel and Museum Aide Metcalf were again in the field in South Dakota. 44 INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 45 Until October 1956 Associate Curator Clifford Evans, in collabora- tion with Honorary Research Associate Betty J. Meggers, worked on the final report of their archeological investigations in British Guiana. From October through the end of December they carried out archeo- logical fieldwork on the Rio Napo and its tributaries on the eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador. This constituted one phase of a re- search program to discover the origin of the Marajoara Culture on the Island of Marajé, and is a follow-up of their (1948-1949) archeo- logical researches at the mouth of the Amazon, in Brazil. The work was supported in part by a grant from the American Philosophical Society with magnificent cooperation from the Ecuadorean Govern- ment. Survey and excavation of 12 large village sites on that portion of the Rio Napo within the boundaries of Ecuador and one of its major tribu- taries, the Rio Tiputini, produced quantities of ceramic materials that show definite relationships to the Marajoara Culture of the Lower Amazon. From January until mid-February 1957, Drs. Evans and Meggers, in collaboration with Sr. Emilio Estrada, Director of the Museo Arqueologico “Victor Emilio Estrada” in Guayaquil, Ecuador, continued research begun in 1954 on the coast of Ecuador, in Guayas Province, where they excavated more sites related to the Formative Period cultures and thereby established additional important links with Formative Period cultures in Middle America and Peru. In Guayaquil they attended the first Round Table on the Archeology of Ecuador. From mid-February until the end of March, Drs. Evans and Meg- gers, in collaboration with Prof. José M. Cruxent of the Museo de Ciencias Naturales and the Universidad Central de Venezuela, ex- amined 88 archeological cites, making stratigraphic excavations in the majority of them, on the upper part of the Rio Orinoco and its tributary, the Rio Ventuari, in Venezuela. The results of these excava- tions and subsequent researches show interesting connections between cultures in this part of the tropical forest of Venezuela and the aboriginal cultures of the Guianas, Colombia, and Brazil. Drs. Evans and Meggers spent two weeks in Colombia studying comparative col- lections in Bogota, Cartagena, and Barranquilla, during which time they consulted with the Director of the Instituto de Antropologia Colombiana, Sr. Luiz Duque Gémez, and with the Colombian arche- ologists Alicia and Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff and Sr. Carlos Angulo. Dr. Evans continues to represent the anthropological profession spe- cializing in Latin America at the biweekly meetings of the Working Group on Inter-American Affairs, at the Department of State. Museum Aide George Metcalf submitted to the River Basin Surveys for publication a report, “Star Village: A fortified historic Arikara 46 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 site in Mercer County, North Dakota.” He resumed work on thi report of a number of sites in the Davis Creek Valley, central Nebraska. In addition, he prepared an article, “The Affair at Wounded Knee,” dealing with the last conflict between American Army Forces and Plains Indians. Neil M. Judd, associate in anthropology, continued his researches on the archeological materials collected in Chaco Canyon, N. Mex., for the National Geographic Society. During the year a considerable manuscript had been prepared. Dr. Walter W. Taylor, collaborator in anthropology, continued. his analysis of the material excavated from the Cuatro Cienegas caves of central Coahuila, Mexico. New carbon-14 dates from the stratified deposits in Frightful Cave have indicated a much older stratum than heretofore suspected, and Dr. Taylor read at the 1956 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association a paper entitled “Some Implications of the Carbon-14 Dates from a Cave in Coahuila, Mexico.” Physical anthropology—Curator of Physical Anthropology T. Dale Stewart, from his studies on sexual differentiation of the pubic bone, has found certain changes in its symphyseal surface to be restricted to females and he was able to show that this feature has complicated the determination of age in ancient skeletal remains. Completion of his manuscript on the Potomac Creek archeological report was set aside while he carried out an assignment as chairman of a committee planning space requirements for the proposed wings for the Natural History building. Dr. Stewart presented a paper on “American Neanderthaloids” at a symposium arranged by the American Institute of Human Pale- ontology, of which he is president, and held during the annual meeting of the A.A.A.S. in New York. At the 26th annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists he presented a paper concerning the rate of development of hypertrophic arthritis of the vertebral column. In it he recorded observations on this fea- ture noted in documented skeletons from the Terry collection, Wash- ington University, St. Louis, and in remains of American soldiers studied while he was in Japan. From these two sets of observations he was able to show a continuous progression in vertebral lipping from early adulthood to senility. Dr. Stewart also prepared a re- port on the skeletal collections obtained from archeological sites in Kansas in 1937-39 by Waldo R. Wedel, curator of archeology. Associate Curator Marshall T. Newman organized and carried out integrated biological and nutritional studies on the Indians at Hacienda Vicos in the North Central Peruvian Sierra. These studies, made in collaboration with North American and Peruvian scientists, INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 47 were aimed at demonstrating the effects of diet and disease upon the physical and clinical status of the Vicos Indians, who live on a bare subsistence level and under poor sanitary conditions. The strictly base-line biological studies were a phenotypic racial study by Dr. New- man on 150 adult Indian men, and a genetic study of 14 blood group systems on 435 Indians, ranged by families, by Dr. Fred H. Allen, Jr., associate director of the Blood Grouping Laboratory, Boston. The interdisciplinary physical nutritional studies carried out by this group included a physical study of 210 Indian boys by Dr. Newman, paralleled by examinations for signs of nutritional deficiencies by Dr. Carlos Collazos Ch., Head of the Department of Nutrition in Peru’s Ministry of Public Health; hemoglobin determination by Dr. Fred H. Allen, Jr., for some of the same boys; bone density co-efficients by Dr. Harald Schraer, Head of Pennsylvania State University Bone Density Research and Evaluation Center; and skeletal age determinations by Dr. Newman on 120 hand X-rays for the same boys. Added nutri- tional background was provided by an 11-family food-intake survey by Senorita Carmen Caceres C. of Dr. Collazos’ department, and a long-range food habits study by Senor Hector Martinez A. In addi- tion, a preliminary heart study was made, consisting of dietary data and blood pressures by Dr. Newman, cholesterol and phospho- lipid levels by the Epidemiological Research Center (USPHS), Framingham, Mass., and medical data from the mobile clinic of the Programa Patavilca, Huaras, y Huaylas (UNICEF). Dr. Newman also spent 15 days excavating subterranean tombs of Recuay culture at two sites on the hacienda. The Hacienda Vicos biological studies were announced in Science, and Dr. Newman lectured on various aspects of them before several groups. He also spoke to the anatomy students at George Washington University Medical School in “Hu- man Adaptation to Environmental Stresses.” During August and part of September, Dr. Newman furthered his studies on body weight and climate in the aboriginal New World and the physical and clinical characteristics of the Wai-Wai Indians of British Guiana. In addition, he served on the Committees on Fellow- ships and the International Directory of Anthropologists in the Di- vision of Anthropology and Psychology, National Research Council, and assisted the Committee on International Exchange of Scholars in developing research programs in Peru. Museum Aide Lucile E. Hoyme studied the pelves in the collection of the Department of Anatomy at Howard University in connection with her investigations of sex differences in the innominate. Part of her findings were presented at the 26th annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 48 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1957 Ethnology.—Curator of Ethnology Herbert W. Krieger, continued his long-range comparative research of Antillean Indian cultures, based on historical source documentation and on the collections made under Smithsonian grants from the Dr. W. L. Abbott and Ernest N. May funds at archeological and historical Indian village sites in the Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and the Virgin Islands. Associate Curator C. Malcolm Watkins has conducted documentary research and studied over 700 lots of artifacts in connection with archeological investigations made by Head Curator Frank M. Setzler at Marlborough, Va., under a grant from the research funds of the American Philosophical Society. His long-range study of i7th- century ceramic types used in the seaboard colonies was continued with the two-fold purpose of providing useful control data for the archeologists and shedding light on colonial trade and customs. Assistant Curator G. Carroll Lindsay has investigated the history of the Scott Brothers Pottery of Portobello, Scotland, and has studied a collection of its unique products now on loan to the museum from Mrs. Miriam F. Belcher. His conclusions will provide new data on a little-known earthenware type. He has also been engaged in a com- parative study of eastern woodland Indian bark dwellings recom- mended in a London tract of 1652 for use by English settlers in New Jersey. Assistant Curator Rodris Carson Roth, a newcomer to the staff, has initiated research in household surroundings of the Colonial and Fed- eral periods, such as floor coverings, curtains, upholstery, and tea- drinking equipment. Her research has been of immediate usefulness in the furnishing of period room exhibits, in addition to its long-range historical value. Research by visiting investigators.—During the year 3,624 visi- tors requested information, examined collections, or conferred with staff members on anthropological problems; 3,811 letters were written ; and 11,863 telephonic inquiries were answered. Considerable interest was shown by several outside investigators on the extensive collection of early 19th-century paintings of Indian portraits by George Catlin and Charles Bird King. Many specialists in antiques conferred with our cultural historians as a result of the newly opened exhibit “Every- day Life in Karly America.” As a result of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropologi- cal and Ethnological Sciences held in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 1-9, 1956, the following distinguished visitors and scientists from foreign countries conferred with the staff, and most took advantage of this opportunity to use the anthropological collections for their individual research : INVESTIGATION Father Edouard Boné, S. J., Louvain, Belgium : Skeletal collections. Prof. George Vanderbroek, Louvain, Belgium: Australian skeletal collec- tions. Dr. Lidio Cipriani, Indian skeletons. Dr. Franz Hamperl, Vienna, Austria: Paleopathology. Dr. D.