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Thirty-Seventh Annual Report

OF THE

MISSOURI

peace Board of Agriculture

A Record of the Work for the Year 1904

ALSO VALUABLE INFORMATION ON BREEDING AND FEEDING LIVE STOCK,
IMPROVING THE FERTILITY OF TIE SOIL, GROWING CROPS, DAIRY-
ING, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK STATISTICS, ETC.

PUBLISHED- 1905:

LiBRAR ‘

Y YORK

tOTANICAL

THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY
JEFFERSON CITY, MO.

ay

OFFICERS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE I905.
President—C. F. Afflick, Clarence.
Vice-President—S. H. Prather, Tarkio.
Secretary, Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.
Assistant Secretary—Miss Snowdon B. Willis, Columbia.
Treasurer—H. H. Banks, Columbia.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

C. F. Afflick, Clarence. W. C. Howell, Ulman.
Seeiee rather, Larkio: J. J. McNatt, McNatt.
F. B. Mumford, Columbia. W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis.

J. J. Conrad, Marble Hill.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS.
Governor of Missouri-——Jos. W. Folk.
Superintendent of Schools—W. T. Carrington.
Acting Dean Agricultural College, F. B. Mumford.

CORPORATE MEMBERS.

Cong.
dist. Name. _ Residence. County.
(Term expires July 20, 1906.)
Dru Matles ally, THICK spc pice eens Clarence: =. nse Shelby
NA ie Rahs ag 110s = aa, My i es Be Parkio.ce oes sens Atchison
Joeestank C.. Haymanis < 2cce sn sae Houstonta.) Pettis
52.23 Wine Ce dowels 4. fen ween Rian oe ae Miller
15s. [OWN hs MeNatt on sie coca sss ee MeNatte fo wae McDonald
(Term expires July 20, 1907.) .
Ox Ohi, IDCErWester: 0 neteeer ates Bitlet ie. sea Bates
Sr ested eeN AE OUES tote -ainib's wits ere aecea as Mexico. 5). eure Audrain
FOP eee Nisetd, MareenSTelGer : .2 de a:aeree Clayton... 0 St. Louis
fie. Norman). Colman. ;.o: s.s. St. Louis City.. Holland Bldg.
I2....W.- R, Wilkinson.................ot. Louis City. -..212 Nye
(Term expires July 20, 1905.)
Ben J OMt VV pale tle AR a otek cee. Chillicothe... .<: Livingston
So scllex, Matlandasweaet. J26 2e2 eon Richmond. =... .. Ray
Beas Wa Le MS ryant: occ s eo hemes Independence. ...Jackson
Ee eel | ODTAG. 3. {ence eee Marble Hill... ..Bollinger
iA>> betd: J. Glessi | eee eae eens Charleston...... Mississippi
Te We ANS De INCISON; 3: 5.u neta eee Lebanon... oi. Laclede

OFFICERS OF STATE FAIR DIRECTORY.
President—J. A. Potts, Mexico.
Vice-President—John W. Hill, Chillicothe.
Secretary—J. R. Rippey, Sedalia.
Treasurer—Chas. E. Yeater, Sedalia.

a ae

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE STATE FAIR DIRECTORY.

J. A. Potts, Mexico. John W. Hiil, Chillicothe. |
Alex. Maitland, Richmond. Norman J. Colman, St. Louis.
John Deerwester, Butler. F. C. Hayman, Houstonia.

A. T. Nelson, Lebanon. LIBR AR}

STATE VETERINARIAN AND DEPUTIES.

Wel uckey.) State, Velerinatian. .). cies. esas ose <cicin ine = Columbia
Iferace Bradley, Deputy State Veterinatian. ....2....0....: Windsor
Beeicimnerd, Deputy State Veterinarian... 22... .2- 2 sat. <3 Memphis
Rees here Depitye orate, VetehiiaTIAN. 2 cotae% <aaj-)-09 = pm ae oe Joplin
ms Brown, Deputy State Veterinarian. 0... 02.2.2 acre cee 2 Hamilton
Henry. Boetner, Deputy State Veterinarian. ................ Perryville
Temes Cullison, Deputy State Veterimarian..:... 4. 0.2..2+-.: Charleston
Mas. oenie, Deputy State. Veterinarian. 6+... s snc... ve ines Boonville
EV. Goode, Deptity State Veterinarian. ....5......--.5+ 2% St. Joseph
mei Elendy, Deputy State Veterinarian. ....22-...-.-%.: Jefferson City
Peenesinove -Weputy state Veterinarian. 44506600 sos «cics > xe Springfield
Eee Moore, Deputy State Veterinarian. in... 2 <<. <tr. Kansas City
Eee MeConnell, Deputy State Veterinarian... 2.24. -.2 4-2. Marshall
feo ©) brien, Deputy. State Veteritiarian. . 4.2 ..05.. ss. 2.22 Hannibal
Peete lonve. Deptity State Veterinarian. oo 02 .. i. ees ede os Shelbina
Pebee siare:, Weplity state V cterinatian =... 2262-222 e205. Richmond
pada sueldout . Deputy i State “Vetermariany.y- : tire. sass 22 Trenton
Pramer ommith, Deputy State: Veterinarian... ... 4s. 056% 6s. Columbia
Meeamone. Mepity State. Veterinarian: <5 x... 2<c ns oShs 0 id « os Sedalia

ia Eee Wwolt., Deputy State: Veterinarian... 02 s63.5.0508.di> = « Maryville

Associate Organizations.

IMPROVED LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—T. J. Wornall, Liberty.

Vice-President—J. A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg.

Vice-President (Horse Breeders’)—R. L. Harriman, Bunceton.

Vice-President (Swine Breeders’)—L. E. Frost, Moberly.

Vice-President (Sheep Breders’)—J. W. Boles, Auxvasse.

Secretary—Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.

Treasurer—J. C. Hall, Rocheport.

Members Executive Committee—W. P. Harned, Vermont; Benton
Gabbert, Dearborn.

MISSOURI CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.
President—E. E. Laughlin, Rich Hill.
Vice-President—M. F. Miller, Columbia.
Vice-President—C. O. Raine, Canton.
Vice-President—J. N. Price, Trenton.

Vice-resident—P. E. Crabtree, Hannon.
Vice-President—N. B. Graham, Fredericktown.
Secretary and Treasurer—G. M. Tucker, Blodgett.

MISSOURI STATE DAIRYjASSOCIATION.
President—W. W. Marple, St. Joseph.
First Vice-President—M. E. Moore, Cameron.
Second Vice-President—M. V. Carroll, Sedalia.
Secretary—C. H. Smalley, Kansas City.
Treasurer—B. C. Settles, Palmyra.

LET LER OF GRANSMIT DAL.

State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary,
Columbia, Mo., March 17, 1905.

To His Excellency, Joseph W. Folk, Governor of Missouri:

Sir—I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of the 37th an-
nual report of the State Board of Agriculture for the year 1904.

Missouri’s claim for being the first agricultural State of the Union
has been demonstrated beyond question by the record of the winnings
of the farmers made at the World’s Louisiana Purchase Exposition. By
international juries Missouri has been awarded, in competition with
every state and nation of any consequence in the world, a greater aggre-
gate number of prizes on agriculture, horticulture, live stock and poultry
products than any other state or nation. To Missouri was awarded 298
prizes in agriculture, 372 prizes in horticulture, 2 prizes in dairying, 790
prizes in live stock and 617 in poultry. To maintain this high position
will command the best efforts of our farmers and demand the greatest
possible encouragement of the State.

That the Board of Agriculture is a prominent factor in maintaining
the high standard of Missouri as an agricultural and live stock common-
wealth is clearly shown by the fact that the publications of the Board are
in greater demand than ever before.

Respectfully,
CEO] B.ELEIS;
Secretary.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

+

Annual PEG OCU oe sisi as Hote tartans eter ovete a:b aiaks Ors a(irelo ms cnlelat ecole tolsbubcin Mie sais iniaslcie ene eUecehc tele terete AEOC 9-27
ASTiCuLMITa ands WUive ISCOCK sStAtIStLCSats ecm ete seme de seciiek ein elo.cisietelotaeatere Sonooec eeeeee B00-389
Butter and Cheese, Prizes awarded World’s Fair, St. Touis............s.cs«ecscces -.- 266-337
TUTTE CLD MED COM CINE ctaraterasove wine wid ole o' aie lo aisisisin isd mteeiaieiciaie ors ois isee ielesnteaniem ere tte elon eis ee eee meee «- 19-27
Improved dsive (Stock Breeders’ Associations... «aces ccs cnr coe oe cw ese ncenaeeeeermemeeine «. 122-198
101(0 (2S Se tS We Sanuor hose DBCOn Ana SMe OTemsodGh Nae caro season oararnd ese Latah Scodouosdaadcoo0e adaaade 101
itive Nrock-sPrizeg™ WOLrlLais Pain USt. MOM Sacco cnceviclsitee soiree st elaietesielneteeldelama teeters 243-263
Louisiana Purchase -Mxposition. cmc csc «cceisccewe ian ce cele vlelisio ohh celeseletetala Sejamrcreisla<'eiecioteleirarnte ite 199-265
MUSCSllAnteOUS ® PADELS: vec Joc sac acc errema see oer clae we goldtone Gtirrocchnanclocars sineecettal er ietane «2+ 338-300
Missouris Corn Growers) “ASSoclatiom se <ciaelclencei= spiscieieecialsietees ceeteln «ialote sale loteetntel ea ae eiete oe 20-121
Report lof State® Veterinaria .isieisl. omc ceielcleieic iets eieloroieteforws ticte, clots actors ntelajore’ ole ial nts stele nectpatetate 389-400
Ntaeen Dairy yASSOCIATION (eS «<i ais cco ch iclete clttoicte era wtche elaine Sale cia ie eicls letreininteip it atelereke co cists mance 266-337
Prizes in Agriculture; World’s) Mairy) St. aG0uisee sien em aol apaietet = ole see «lle ntaipie sib ioinlaalerets/ate 236-239

Prizes) in Horticulture. World’s) Mairs. St siomis eter cts teiseceialeisistee age eSeminar eseee 2O9-24e

ANNUAL MEETING.

Office of Secretary,
Columbia, Mo., December 20, 1904.

As Pitted by law, the State Board of Agriculture convened in
annual session at 7:30 p.m. In the absence of the President, the Board
was Called to order by the Vice-President, Mr. C. F. Afflick. The fol-
lowing order of business was transacted :

Roll call by the Secretary, the following responding: W. T. Car-
rington, F. B. Mumford, C. F. Afflick, S. H. Prather, John Deerwester,
F.C. Hayman, W. C. Howell, Moses B. Greensfelder, Norman J. Col-
man, J. J. Conrad, J. J. McNatt and A. T. Nelson.

Reading of the minutes of the previous meeting was dispensed with,
and upon motion of Governor Colman, the minutes were approved as
printed in the 36th annual report.

The Secretary read the following -report, which was accepted and
ordered printed in the 37th annual report:

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

Gentlemen of the Board of Agriculture:

This meeting closes the work of the fortieth year of the existence
of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture, and I respectfully submit
herewith my report of the work of this office for the year, with some
comments on what has been accomplished and suggestions looking to the
improvement of the work in the future.

Representing, as this Board does, under the authority of the State,
all the agricultural interets of one of the leading live stock and crop-
producing commonwealths of the greatest agricultural nation on the
globe, we have no little onerous duty to perform. A retrospective view
of the forty years’ record will show that the Board of Agriculture has
since its beginning been a very potent factor in organizing, promoting and

fe) MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

fostering every commendable agency for the development of our varied
agricultural interests. An examination of the records of the Board will
show that it has given its earnest support to the establishment and main-
tenance of the Agricultural College, the Experiment Station, county and
district agricultural associations, Live Stock Breeders’ Asociations, the
Corn Growers’ Association, the Road Improvement: Association, the
Farmers’ Institute work, live stock inspection and State veterinary work
and others of no less importance. But how are we to know what good
has been accomplished? What reason can we give that the work of the
Board for these forty years has been profitable to the State and which
would merit a continuance of our commission in the future? The oppor-
tunity to prove what has been accomplished by the united agencies that
have been stimulated to better effort by your fostering care has been
given by the holding within the borders of our State the greatest com-
petitive international exposition ever held in the history of the world.

At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, held in St. Louis during
this year 1904, the farmers of Missouri have had the opportunity of
ineasuring their progress in the achievements of the sciences of agri-
culture and live stock husbandry, not only with the best farmers and
stock breeders of the United States, but with the best farmers and stock
breeders of every enlightened nation on earth. What is the result as
told by the official records? Missouri won a greater number of prizes
in the aggregate in all classes of products of the farm competing, than
any other state or nation.

Many of the problems with which the farmers of the State are con-
cerned today are different from those which demanded the attention of
the farmers forty years ago. Then one great problem was that of
transportation for their products so that they could take advantage of
the markets of the world; now our State is checkered with railroads,
and we are in almost daily touch with the cities and ports of the entire
United States. Then the problem was to build railroads; now it is to
build good wagon roads. Then the problem was to clear the forests and
to find use for the timber; now it is to find timber to meet our wants.
Then the problem was to find what crop or what breed of live stock
was adapted to our environment; now it is to improve the quality of
well established crops and breeds. Then the problem was to plant
the orchard ; now it is to cultivate and protect it from insects and disease.
Then we tilled a soil rich in humus and increased the product by culti-
vating more land; now we till a soil with the humus burned up and the
problem is to increase the product by building up the soil, improving the
seed and practicing better methods of cultivation. Our work of

REPORT OF SECRETARY. i Gf

today is lightened because of the efforts of our predecessors of thirty
and forty years ago. Shall we do our work so that it will lighten the
burdens of those to come after us? These and many others are sufficient

reasons for our continued efforts.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.

The first effort looking to the organization of Farmers’ Institutes in
Missouri was made by the Board of Agriculture at the annual meeting
held in St. Louis, September 9, 1869. The corresponding secretary,
Hon. Chas. W. Murtfeldt, suggested the advisability of inaugurating
farmers’ institute work. Hon. Norman J. Colman, who was then as
now a member of the board, offered a resolution embodying the sugges-
tion of the secretary and pledging the support of the members. The
resolution was adopted but, evidently for lack of funds, no meetings
were held. The next effort made to organize the institutes was at
the annual meeting held November 1, 1882. Prof. J. W. Sanborn, then
Secretary of the Board, and Dean of the Agricultural College, urged the
importance of institute work, and after some deliberation the Board
authorized the beginning of the work, and in accordance with that ac-
tion the first Farmers’ Institute meeting was held in Independence on
December 18 and 19, 1882. From that time on a few meetings were
held each year, conducted largely by the Secretary and members of the
Board, receiving no pay except traveling expenses, which were paid
from the contingent funds of the Board.

In 1891 the Legislature made the first appropriation specifically
for institute work. Since the first organization the institute has had a
steady development, and during the season for 1903-4 there were held
cne hundred and forty-seven meetings with a total attendance of thirty
thousand two hundred and twenty people, and with twenty-eight lecturers
cn the staff. Up to this time only fifty meetings have been held in the
season of 1904-5. On account of the great interest in the World’s Fair
and the excitement over the presidential campaign it was thought better
to begin later and extend the work more into the winter. The lecturers
report an increased interest of those present, although the attendance
has not been up to the high average of the year before.

Subjects relating to the improvement of the corn crop which were
discussed at the meetings in every county in 1903 are bearing the ex-
pected fruit, and more attention is being given to breeding and selecting
seed corn than ever before. I beg the Board’s consideration of two
suggestions I wish to make for the improvement of the institutes:

First—I suggest the organization of women’s institutes, either as

I2 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

a separate organization or in connection with the regular institute.
Several other states are successfully conducting women’s institutes, and
I see no reason why Missouri should not make an effort in this direction.

Second—I suggest the organization of experimental unions in co-
operation with farmers’ institutes and with the Experiment Station, for
the purpose of diffusing the knowledge gained at the Experiment Sta-
tion, and for the further reason of meeting the present demands for
more practical work along all educational lines. The unions can be
organized by the Board of Agriculture, the experiments outlined by
some one from the Experiment Station and after the crops are gathered,
a report of the experiments can be made and the subjects discussed at
the annual institute meeting.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

One of the most important duties enjoined upon your Board by
the statutes of the State is to make recommendation concerning the
adoption of a system of public instruction in subjects relating to agri-
culture. Section 4702, R. S. 1899, provides as follows:

“Section 4702. Duties of the Board.—The State Board of Agriculture shall be and
is hereby constituted the body which shall have supervision of all the legalized depart-
ments and institutions ef the State which are for the advancement of agriculture. It
shall as a body, or by a committee selected by the Board, be a hoard of examiners of
the State Agricultural and Mechanical College and Experiment Station. While in no
way limiting the power of the Board of Curators of the State University, the Board
of Examiners shall, at least once in each year, carefully examine into the affairs of the
College and Experiment Station, including the treasurer’s account, in reference to the
amount and sources of the income of the College and Experiment Station, and how
expended, the qualifications of those engaged in teaching and those engaged in experi-
mental work, and the character of the work done. The Secretary of the Board of Agri-
culture shall be furnished with the information thus elicited, together with such recom-
mendations as may be deemed necessary, for publication in the annual report of the Board.
The Board of Agriculture shall have charge of the veterinary service of the State, the
appointment of the State Veterinarian, and; with the advice of the veterinarian, of
deputies, inspectors and other assistants. It shall be the duty of the Board, through
its secretary, to gather crop and stock statistics, meteorological data, and information
as to the best and most profitable means of farming, stock raising, fruit growing, etc.,
and publish the same in bulletins as frequently as may he deemed expedient; to hold
farmers’ institutes in different parts of the State for the purpose of giving instruction
in agriculture; to make an annual report to the general assembly of the State, embracing
the proceedings of the Board for the past vear, and an abstract of the reports and pro-
ceedings of the several agricultural societies of the State, accompanied by such recom-
mendations, including especially such a system of public instruction on these subjects,
as may be deemed useful.”

During the past year this office has published a bulletin prepared
by State Superintendent of Public Schools, Hon. W. T. Carrington, on
the subject of “Elementary Agriculture for the Public Schools.” This
bulletin is an outline or elementary treatise on teaching agriculture in
the rural and high schools of the State. The bulletin has been put into

REPORT OF SECRETARY. 13

the hands of several thousand teachers and pupils, and the subject has
been introduced into a great many schools, and in a few years we will,
no doubt, see the beneficial results. Allow me to suggest, however, that
it is evidently apparent to anyone familiar with our present rural dis-
trict system, where only one teacher is employed, who teaches all grades
from the first to the eighth, that the instruction along this line must
be either elementary or fragmentary.

Upon the other hand, we have our Agricultural College, which we
are pleased to see taking such high rank among schools of its class in
this country. We are forced to admit, however, that when the district
school has done its work well and when the Agricultural College reaches
its highest expectation, there is yet a very broad field in agricultural
education that is not being filled. To repeat, the training in the rural
schools is too elementary and that of the Agricultural College is out of
reach, in practice if not in theory, of the average farm boy or girl. The
pressing need, it seems to me, and one that is entirely practical and
opportune at this time, is the establishment of county or distirct agri-
cultural schools. The course of study adopted for these schools should
be in lieu of the high school course, and should admit boys and girls
who have completed the course in the rural schools. The average farm
boy who expects to stay on the farm cannot afford the time, to say noth-
ing of the expense, of four years in the high school and then four years
in the Agricultural College, but with the establishment of the county
or district agricultural school, where a practical and sane course should
be taught, thousands of them will avail themselves of the opportunity.
The Board of Agriculture encouraged and fostered the establishment
of the Agricultural College and Experiment Station, and I believe should
lead now in the establishment of the county or district agricultural school.

STATE VETERINARY WORK.

During the year the State Veterinarian and deputies have made two
hundred and sixty-three official visits to answer calls made by petition
or other satisfactory evidence for the need of investigation. Of this
number one hundred and twelve were from Kansas City, and one hun-
dred and fifty-one from the rest of the State. In Kansas City eighty-
two cases of glanders have been reported as compared with two hun-
dred and sixty-eight cases of glanders in 1903, a decrease of one
hundred and eighty-six cases. Outside of Kansas City fifty-nine cases
of glanders have been reported, compared with forty-nine cases in 1903,
_an increase of ten cases. (A case here means all animals found affected

14 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

at the time of the visit, whether one or more.) Of the entire number
two hundred and sixty-three visits the following classification is made:

Cases of glanders for KaMmsas City ......ccccccececccceseccccerscccncnecsesetsecesesesesesseces 82
Cases of glanders for rest Of State ....cccccccee-ccccccccccccccccccsccscncscsccsescccccececes 59
Cases of scabies, WhOle State ........cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccecccescvcccncccccscsscseess als
Cases of Texas fever, WhOlE Statec.......ccccccccccccccccccscccccsccsccessesscscsccccccscccccs iut
Cases of rabies, whole State... ..:.....s.ccccccccscccccscccccccrncercsesecccicssseescicceesscsves 4
Cases of ergotism, whole State ...........ceccecceceee ue salsicls mlniold ae peidac ce clee ticneniemte eaeatels 2
Cases of anthrax, Whole State ...........c.cccccccscccccccccccccccscccscssccssccscccccaccccces al
Gases of tuberculosis, whole State .........cccccccccccccsccsccccsescccccccvccecvccssccccsscess 1
Miscellaneous CaS€S, State...........ccccccccccccccccrcccccrcecccssescsccsecscsccccscccsccccece 86

The eighty-six cases classed as miscellaneous were of a less danger-
ous character, many of them not contagious.

The thorough and effective manner of the control work is shown
by the fact that not a single case has been reported as having originated
with any of the diseased animals, outside of those which were already
exposed at the time they were quarantined.

-At the meeting of the executive committee held on June Ist, the
committee was informed that the public watering troughs in Kansas City
had been opened up for public use, and that the number of cases of
elanders had increased from none at all in April to seventeen cases for
the month of May. After due deliberation the committee instructed the
secretary to notify the authorities in charge at Kansas City that unless
the watering troughs were removed or kept closed from public use, until
all apparent danger was passed, that within ten days the Board of Agri-
culture would declare a quarantine against the city. In reply to this notice
this office was informed by his Honor, the Mayor of Kansas City, that the
watering troughs had been closed indefinitely. There was but one case re-
ported from the city for November, and with the continued co-operation
ot the city authorities the further spread can be kept under control or
entirely eradicated. ;

During the year Dr. Jesse Robards has acted as cattle inspector in
southern Missouri, giving most of his time to looking for infested cattle
in this State, and giving the owners instruction about disinfecting their
cattle and clearing the pastures of the ticks. Only a very few herds of
infested cattle have been found this year.

QUARANTINE REGULATIONS.

The cattle quarantine regulations adopted at the last annual meeting,
and which were approved and promulgated by proclamation of the
Governor on December 22, 1903, I believe fully meet all emergencies,
and can safely be continued without amendment.

The State Veterinarian made a verbal report explaining in detail
the work of the Veterinary Department and outlining some future work.

ra

REPORT OF SECRETARY. 15

The Veterinarian promised to prepare a written report for printing in
_anmnual report.

The Veterinarian nominated the following persons for deputy
veterinarians :

Dr. Sam. Sheldon, Trenton, Mo.

Dr. H. M. McConnell, Marshall, Mo.

Dr. Henry Boetner, Perryville, Mo.

Dr. Chas. Doenie, Boonville, Mo.

Dr. J. H. Slater, Richmond, Mo.

Dr. R. H. Goodbody, 3900 Washington Ave., St. Louis, Mo.

Dr. Stanley Smith, Columbia, Mo.

Moved by Governor Colman that the nominations be approved and
the names presented be appointed to the position of deputy veterinarians.
Motion carried. i
Moved by Governor Colman that the services of the Live Stock
Inspector be discontinued by the Secretary whenever in his judgment the
conditions in southern Missouri did not longer demand his services.
Motion adopted.

The committee appointed by the President to examine and report
cn the Agricultural College, made the following report:

REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE COMMITTEE.

Mr. President :

Your Committee have made a careful examination of the work and
progress of the Agricultural College and Experiment Station, and beg
icave to submit the following report:

1. We heartily commend the general improvement in the work
and better equipment for instruction throughout the College of Agri-
culture. We heartily commend the efforts of the Board of Curators to
bring the College of Agriculture to the same high standards of educa-
tional efficiency as the other departments in the University. Two-thirds
of the people in Missouri are maintained directly or indirectly by the
products from Missouri farms. It is the opinion of your Committee,
therefore, that the University should continue to expand and develop
the College of Agriculture and Experiment Station until it is second
tc none in the country.

2. We desire to approve especially the equipment of a Soils Labor-
atory in which the fertility of the soils of the State shall be thoroughly
investigated. We also note a slight increase in the herds of cattle, sheep
and swine on the College Farm. The Dairy Department is now well
equipped throughout for giving the highest grade of instruction in Dairy

16 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

fiusbandry. The departments of Veterinary Science and Horticulture
have also added materially to their libraries and laboratories.

3. The equipment of the College Farm has been greatly improved
by the erection of a cattle feeding shed 300 feet long by 30 feet wide,
and the erection of a sheep barn. ‘The foundation of the new cattle
barn is also well constructed and when completed, will greatly facilitate
the work of the Department of Animal Husbandry. We note with
especial satisfaction the general improvement in the appearance of the
College Farm, made possible by the erection of new fences and yards.

4. We commend the short courses and believe they are doing much
good in improving Agriculture in Missouri.

5. ‘Lhe Experiment Station is of great value to the farmers of the.
State. We commend the experiments in Animal Husbandry, Horti-
culture, Soils, Farm Crops, Animal Diseases and Injurious Insects.

6. We appreciate the fact that the largely increased attendance in
the College of Agriculture requires more liberal appropriations.

7. We especially recommend the following appropriations to pro-
vide for the imperative needs of the Agricultural College and Experiment
Station:

Hor completion “of the jeattle Jbarn’. .ccicte cs caasas deen scene ccice saci aerate sae eaters $8,000

Hor building of (swine! barn ..s.ccersnc coneet essen on tree ale coe tence ee eee eens ees 3,000 00
Hor. buying pure bred live sstoeksssencsnc se ona snoeeccmenennie de eene pet oe on ems iete 10, 000 00
KRorva;veterinary “hospital voccsccccoencnen «cc osees a ecee aetna s Sete anteaters ctenitcicta cl entatetstes 15,000 Ov
Hor equipping “the department) of -Agronomy....-cc.s-ceneasecees «3mm aenem cee eeanes 10,000 00
Mor Hxperiment ” Station’ «<is.:c.eceusscecwies <x acnsac te odec bits Seren ae scence eee 15,000 00

All of which is respectfully submitted.
NorMAn J. CoLMAN,
Jacos J. Conrab,
ARTHUR T. NELSON,
Committee.

Mr. Hayman moved the adoption of the report. Motion carried.

Mr. Carrington offered the following resolution:

Resolved, That a standing committee of five members be appointed
by the President on Agricultural Education, whose duty it shall be to
act for the Board on all matters concerning the promotion of agri-
cultural education in Missouri, and any reasonable expenses incurred
in attending the meetings of the committee, are hereby authorized to
be paid out of any available funds of the Board, upon approval of the
accounts by the Executive Committee.

After considerable discussion on the different methods of promoting
agricultural education, the resolution was unanimously adopted.

The President announced the appointment of the following Com-

eS ir
i we 3
HS ee

adios

A MISSOURT ROADSTER—FIRST PRIZE WINNER,

“Scotch Tigh Ball: Bay gelding, 1534 hands high, 5 years old. Out of nine entries at the World's Fair, 1904,
he succeeded in winning three first, three second and one third prize, and received more universal praise than any
single roadster shown. Also won the championship in the Central Missouri circuit, defeating twelve high class
entries. Owned and exhibited by Alex. Bradford, Jr., Columbia, Mo.

REPORT OF SECRETARY. 17

mittee on Agricultural Education: W. T. Carrington, F. B. Mumford,
The Governor of the State, F. C. Hayman, M. B. Greensfelder.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:

President, C. F. Afflick; Vice-President, S. H. Prather; Secretary,
Geo. B. Ellis; Assistant Secretary, Miss Snowdon B. Willis; Treasurer,
H. H. Banks.

The following members of the Executive Committee were elected:
C. F. Afflick, S. H. Parther, F. B. Mumford, W. R. Wilkinson, W. C.
Howell, J. J. Conrad and J. J. McNatt.

Moved by Governor Colman that all power vested by law in the
Board of Agriculture be and is hereby delegated to the Execeutive Com-
mittee, and that the Executive Committee is hereby authorized to act
fot the Board at any and all times when the Board is not in session. Mo-
tion carried.

The Auditing Committee appointed by the President to examine the
bocks and accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer, made the following
report:

REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE,

We, the undersinged committee authorized to examine the books
and accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer, beg leave to submit the
following report:

We have carefully examined the vouchers authorized by the Execu-
tive Committee and the corresponding warrants issued by the President
and Secretary of the different funds of the Board as follows:

DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND.

We find that vouchers 115-116 inclusive have been approved and
the corresponding warrants issued which have been paid and cancelled
by the Treasurer, leaving no balance in this fund.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.

We find that vouchers 293-32r inclusive have been approved and
the corresponding warrants issued, which have been paid and cancelled
by the Treasurer, leaving a balance on hand in this fund of $159.71.

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS’ FUND.

We find that vouchers 542-581 inclusive have been approved and
corresponding warrants issued, which have been paid and cancelled by
the Treasurer, leaving a balance in this fund of $464.92.

A-2

18 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

FARMERS INSTITUTE FUND.

We find that vouchers 569-616 inclusive have been approved and
corresponding warrants issued, which have been paid and cancelled by
the Treasurer, leaving a balance in the fund of $1,002.83.

SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT.

We have examined the Secretary’s account for expenses of Farmers’
Institute meetings, and find that the Secretary has received from the
Farmers’ Institute Fund, as shown by warrants drawn in his favor on
the Farmers’ Institute Fund, including balance on hand December 15,
1903, of $688.05, a total of $4,001.65. We find accounts filed which the
Secretary has paid and for which he has corresponding receipts for the
total amount of $2,742.94, leaving a balance in the Secretary’s account

of $1,258.71.

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

We find that vouchers 500-533 inclusive have been approved and
corresponding warrants issued, which have been paid and cancelled by
the Treasurer, leaving a balance on hand in this fund of $158.73.

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

We find that vouchers 1477-1606 have been approved and cor-
responding warrants issued, which have been paid and cancelled by the
‘Treasurer, leaving a balance in this fund of $860.11.

The examination above mentioned shows an exact agreement be-
tween the books of the Secretary and Treasurer of this Board concern-
ing the financial transaction for the year.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

M. B. GREENSFELDER,
Frank C. HayMAn,
Committee.

Mr. Carrington moved the adoption of the report. Motion car-
ried. There being no further business, the Board adjourned.
C. F.. Arriicx, President.
Geo. B. Extis, Secretary.

REPORT OF SECRETARY. ig

SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND.

| | |
Date. | War. No. | Name. | Dry fife ere
‘ y
1904. : |
Mai <4 cian. DES ESE Se ler Pal RIMS ares nen aetiae stein aston ds cicaieoe'eels | setae ciate earas $120 00
Sein Aaa -yaysll irae serarote ciel’ s ROM TEGHISHHONG S35 sa ccie nec oes oe cisia ue ceisle tein oes bieests $250 00
DUNC 2 senior TOG) BAP Ral s Gd UES UE oS Gaeaannosnoooanoceposaccncd lasoceoanooca 130 00
$250 00 $250 00
MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.
Date. War. No. Name. Cr;
1904
PUeuelenerLerietesrsils.s8 ecvacis cece ALOWDAIATICE tates, cele scis sats cae Coeero een icincarehtes naveres setae
Meds, esc. 293 By. Missouri: (Statesman. .css.cce cs es ceclcse $11 50
CN eas 294 Hieoddey, BANKS, Wena sianar'sistes oclnate worceiere cles 5 00
INT Tees ante. |lsisipravereels.a'e.0% NowmrequislHione ied sacs ce ttecias docs eeetinels celia
PATA e2ieretccto:« 295 By, -University Co-op si cc sjccadecisis.o0s siciste acts 90
SO Desist 296 Missouri StaCesmianiiocrceceicecicsiccseiecee 8 00
Seen eb care 297 SS. Bey iin hee secu aa atone oeociae 10 00
MY 4s x. coe 298 Soe ERP BRING: ticeara tec ic ore lore wicistota arefatelesciecis'ele, 15 00
ee i Anietvaies 299 SEUNG HIKING? csseticn tee cciousice cose memes 5 60
ern AS celcsis 300 Missonrk: (StQteESMAMN es encicleicicres sisclo ce sie. 56 90
yea wee IS aneee 301 So HE WUKING sca ccc ecime cele cnasleteee < 22 40
He emo 302 SUPE OEMS concer aas cesieme tine aleislewtionne 5 62
panel ersinteretel|(ersie(aciaieis/eiela\e PORTE G UIST ELON < fo atu sso aisteretoter sieve eves orelerejs)ols oje)aleveleverare's
ATOR Ue an 303 Sy ceed sem CANA S frstererctcterstetore se teres etetale’ cicicrero/elbictoxs,«]| frais etssorsinialerete 10 00
COR Soe aes 304 Barnes-CTOSDy-c1 COs. vcnieiseae saoe mice seeie| te ercrsmeniets 6 96
aU" oh eee 305 Nationals Paper = Cot. c.ccsmsmiaecovincsiiace 8 50
G3 wi aRenog 306 MISSOULIy ScatesManiesancaecissenneoscsaers 103 20
CO a Ape od 307 Saye lKins® cc sseees eo nonsceeensselee naar 10 00
oo US SS anal agodoooesae TOunequisitd OMe. te oe cies ans laisse ose etarcarcntolowinettiowie-s
PAN set ds ciciscers 308 By) Hew R Bankseriisec Lise desie's clelelejeiayeiswinisie.c:= 5 00
LE en bea 309 Soe eD ces FOI ENS hero ce ciacin ocvstes slate mioteteieicicteieieis clea] ete aiololerereiecote 6 3 69
Ueoain lees 310 Missouri Statesmian s, cantiseancmecsios sie aoe | /owiereteisrersreieto 102 50
i ee 311 SSE RIKITIS: schist ociw aremretoct eel ate italele aiereinTovail wiavecors aisieieiaiee 10 00
“Tea soel bascnoce dos POMPE QUISIETOM aes eiccicin cvcisiciat clareisialeiciere Clavel cies wlaierae
Sept. 65... - 312 Bye Sse EU RAIN ee wisratossio cts Prictaveicies Gh ehetes eloinsi nial ll ctersvatalaewlovete's 33 60
peer O ote css 313 SET ims ee oletarsese ira stovereiaiclsclelsate nicotinell ete wialsiseisevoee 10 60
Sean Osisfaterers 314 MEL SSO UPL SS Eat OSIM AED ray ara nr ctalo orerataveio cia Yalara/a(=i|iaistersicterstorcteyey= 3 00
pene Ga nnictel| (cra icreielciaie cies « MOK ME QUISLEL OM: fw oieivivle wie clae's is visiaiSeleloiwiaye wise leiviatecavoe's
Oct As... 315 PS VoONALI ON Alene ACL MC Os riccersatissciecleisiaeiss cereal | leisicteie stetevereters 49 93
pet tantd ess vets 316 WV DASH ee pt C Ona. sacins ves cin cinw ome caiel litem sincieteisieere 4 36
reel cisrsietste 317 MISSOU EIS TALESTIANS “aceite cictetare cie’e\sicle/a'aso\| lovelace alaisie'eieinle 180 95
SOOO eae 318 See I ms in oe cteisreeceroaistoeuteresiiccatess 8 00
Sel fotetetareie}| (alsinteia's elaieie[ols NOM MECUISEEIOME Pic! aniasie tore cers aie elaine nice iobatcie ele eateie lei sts
NOW ong dee aise 319 ES VSM E. STRAINS 5 cerciose ciclosaisteiste ncisicsieercjoie sine |iviclurererale sicicters 6 50
Coe ge iar 320 Se Dee CHG ENS 8 aiareal= cieie pistete Gielen cele ota alole ejelaralell We sisve(ers eretclote 25 00
Weele Wee. 321 hrs God Net eee es oe camncacdcecobococadcsel enccEsodnce 91 00
Semme L roietericl| taj ciciets e’ele(eie’ays TOMBS CUISTEL OM Mcrs -inscieiste sie cco mieletsierereisierinictecieraieters
Uh 5aceal leneoda 00000 PSE PATIC Oh cect anetsioe aisielisieicieeisleieioiniclete siasieall sinieteiainietsioleere 159 71
$973 42

20 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
EXPENSE OF MPMBERS’ FUND.
Date War. No Name. | Dr. Cr:
| |
1903. |
1S Yeroe a een lenapascoaccc WO DALANEE) ticcrsais cinsleceleuwelce's oeily rida cia eetsteweaaees $397 82
pemeltinsialersis 542 By We iGa Howellizte-ccwcciuteocstreccemee |iereneceeete 14 00
(Oy AI aemoe 543 Find a vWalbeL Gece ccna euecicmeceinee ee raeceer Sesaaapasace. 9 70
es ane 544 Die Wie JEU ee ctcn a ccine ce nice comin cniec x’ecleietell eaitice erate 15 00
SO ay etenatate 545 Alex: Maitland yocicsss vcctiiesccecc cwsieecle| qeeoasmettects 14 00
Sie a Dee acts 546 BUPA Gee EVV IMA sae cio oiaseraiorcrepeeie/cl-teie, retell teem cio aerate ll»
Che i eesaac 5AT W.< TR: Sm WWHILKTISON Senet iacie teow cacetees cel tacos eee 10 85
Be ML baa patete 348 Coa VADEICK. Sore tnioccenrsorte cletelotaislo'slclocorapel] eroiotele ioeiceas 10 60
CQ alte aoenc p49 WT. (Carrinstons. 2 scstwsccunee nto ccise cia ||cecee s aceieate 5 20
See oer asics 550 J tbs, NROECKS Gr licicscctroclie mitt aetowrs dicate tected lictsice sietatenieiate 6 50
OM AD a rtacercle 551 IN. Ji. (Colman ca ccaccsmccitaet-abtercatseictte ctel| series se oe 12 00
Somat oenes 552 AST! ON GISOD G2 och ocaeclale daa tassot ote eaeal le eteet ah emt 27 70
Wa eaces 553 Bie gJs FLOSS. srosere'e wicieleieyeOeotuia vistoia omratsoaetel| alemeintoalte sate 24 65
COW Romet 5 554 Vel De. *CONEAG So cierecelerrcneie erase elas sep aioe a eae leietem ee eerie 22 20
1914.
Aue. PBsenoe 555 FA FB EVAN os ccictete Scloyeicinio-aateivietalsieloinsclaidiararel| teeters 14 00
Gh) PB acaoo 556 Die dihe CONTA sash wcieosechic cine Cuicne wale e eae ee | Dentin elcione 7 40
Cite Cae BAe 657 Wie Lee VEEVaMbe eos ose cdots teenen'e calesietanei| eaictoenieene 22 50
Oe OO eaoe 558 Wo CUETO well ois cerarecdech acieanicteemeeiceeoeleceaeaen ener 18 20
CF PROBE 559 6 (roe) 8SEs HIN CR sen deaoccooceneceddsodecrel lsossactecccc 13 20
Eeocec(in § OHO Se, Ns Se gs Pra A anesctccien becsnae [Aateeenenee 16 10
100 00
Pecicelle COL M aL eB s Ss. tier OOMEA Cs oa.cicinsturccel the etstarereta ereretale otste lal lintelota ieee letras 73
imsaall CxOOSe tf “le SHE. » Jie sTEVGRS a ivare siofiaieocmatetaerecerate cine cision atoll evereae orale ioe 14 75
Jalleceancetenae 13 30
cictae | Reeeemaeeene 11 30
«sues | sioner cree 25 00
af te lacecrteseaitans 8 20
oie ial) eval ocereatatatarces 15 00
sue owiersierce-ons [Satine sacs 11 70
So6uon ISacnder Locos Moerequisition! -pcsoecneesee a Octet os lee eaics 100 00
S12) 0) a ene 569 Bey oy Eto u Esa) DANTON atereta elcleleretecaietel<isoleleia'elatelorsielais | jatatetotelateiictatata 10 50
So ES ocaee 570 Cy AERC Ss arciotateree tlre sw acteioties cisterotel cae || arc etacearemins 9 80
SF OC ene 571 Tics finy COMP AGi.topeivicte ote taieloletelatete ae! shctelataie’atel| betctayatetelolstaeiats 790
bee Gu aie 572 Wiz, 3 Gsg ERO WO sascrace ot erate teiarete olaceteie’ s'eisteneye/iatell araveretovetete corctae 14 80
ee Gia seae 573 Geos) BEN a icsntoelidacsee cote cco ckaneal aetiteieepinniee 12 35
(Oyo albet mae 574 Cpod fame Clo) 502010 UPR e cc ach Acoe sare benoctonapes 6 55
SOW NG Kaas 575 WV GE) MO NWOEL Sire eitalcrsrciete ws: cratsinscto's ainsere ete ors! clal | eieeere tmrerstororers | 15 30
eee Ne Olcinie ciate 576 Geos Be HIS tec ccreacice s cesicettte clalee « areie'cte 11 60
(Oye Ussecce\locmcodooveoc IM Oa EC OUIISTETOMIN carci ties eta tetalera oveiete tiato tabs tajate sian ciel elejarare 100 00
INOWeL cece 577 Bey? Seles COS Sha talses te cretarers'e'e h areteselntadelete ye acere c aleisiars,| elias cisteetertias 19 30
1D) eh ane 578 Wien Meowrellicacscetyiticene he ointe sreioleia cicivicte’ tammtcrcine Senaene 15 15
ta a leo a 579 Viegas cs CEUTA VG Jarerei cts ctaa! ts tatstarate abatere ore raleteraene! stall etatarale’e. ateeratate 7 00
% i GaSe 580 Go Re EAL IGI Ge rotate ete cae sienna sicteiainints «cee eral ictelatetalelet fatale 10 70
Semele Gels ate 581 Geos By Tallis). cseate steterdtarsehetrrnls ote cjavidiere’c.a toll heetaimcieietearelets 10 05
UC ale SBepolebdpegvonade WMO pMCQUISTELOM, Percteiciactalets uals ele cietetatateiers miele certain inlets 300 00
PECs 1G erin sjellateteis'ove'elelelaiete Byi DAMIAN CE Sei eae cauet- eects tiie ade ye eiele ia citi teeters 464 92
| $997 82 $997 82

REPORT OF SECRETARY. 21
FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND.
Date | War. No Name. | Dr. | Cr
1903.
ID Gye; 2G SaGe il eeaaen Socane To balance) <.....0- 1 aBo500d5020000 aogoaddanocouoS $1,192 18
569 By S. A. Woover..... abDAdaToeddareonpeseoodl Oduabornsases $22 30
570 iD fe IU Sponenqsedodunneodacusecdllssodsesandas 54 15
571 IN a5 WU OUI Ro rob docesboessaSs5odgnoonl|saedosa00 55 20 75
572 (BL IRS GTR AS oGeadsdna4sosbabaddoosudunG)|osccesuueoca 115 75
573 Glad, 18, WMI coapaotaeoaandodcdspsaoagnoob|loassscdonbac 700 00
574 (Crepe 14 Wo pscccacdaenadéonsnnopadsanOuG||\comoonnEstns 50 00
575 CEO 185 lallbisoesodecooassassaunosbocosdocn||loqsa0s0G80r 50 00
576 IBAENCS= COST yan OOonee elders sree teictatieralelateteteleletel | etslararaisieleleistels 5ul5
577 MASSOUNT OS CAEES ATID les > elelel = ojoieleiele folate! (elele\||einainlalo\s(e.ele/sl= 22 00
578 A Ei Olin} coosaouaateconeaact cdcoondenl|asconne 3 35
579 186, 18h IE nb deadoaecaps doconpieopo pede 15 00
580 Smith-Premier T. Co 7 80
581 NTISSOUPIS HALOS IVI ele atatot cisiareral=selnrcle/ole\v/ela\| foreinlefole.alele 2 99 10
582 (ep Jes) LOUIE Ae eehankosdensoonecd ob bie leate:|tere aisle: syoiatereiels 50 00
“tS Sado al lsbopAnnoseer To requisition ..............eeeeeseee cece eee eeees
JN oye OS ae 583 Byi GeoweBs, Dllisoeeertesscumcrse ence es ons: Vee eee ee ats 50 00
Sen On seis 584 BaALnes-Crospy, © | COmerere ae tecciicselemisetets [isis tessielavserorfe | 37 05
Se citaros. 585 | SECHEE BinSijac tatters Socios icesteicielelets' | sisielascie'slainvateto 3 81
US Oe 586 Sone UTS e sec co cisote ee cs eaters srstviajeiciere sol] diaretelelssesecs cts 11 20
Oa A Ae 587 INFKT, Dee \ Coscadonbepanosapacssdnob) |jboocoDedsocc 23 58
2 eascec | 588 Smith-Premier Typewriter Co..........|.........005 8 00
oe TO Saoe pal | 589 MAISSON TIS Latest nie sects erect aieicie vale! feo mictercieleveretete 95 56
ny Daa [aime icin: 1G): THETTOS NAS Sonn pebecoeos s0uneoosana°eaD0S 50000 200 00
Lah faa aoe 590 IBV? inne H CMO Ny (COaeacasononococosonedas5 bl loveogaanedes 17 40
OT een 591 (Gkeo. 18h) II” GassoooceddoconasospponadscuD looncoudarnes 50 00
2 G6 cecal nese enenenes Me) eCmietinGn geesoooagcsdoatdaoonooBaccocmooqocee 200 00
mune... os. 592 Tye GEO es mld Shaner terteteeaieievereercettalololeticiarsielel [olaleiatsls]oistasiehs 50 00
nlyoe Vc: 593 (Gis Sm DI ae pepeanedocdsacsbeeceoaned pe ostecnos u 50 00
Os Aloe epee 594 WES Uso G3, WE UBS Ron doaaadansococeddapsugbllooaodopec0se 4 00
ore aaa bey eee 595 IgE ORO shy (COsesAsoansogonodusoecdooS Ippocaecenare 16 50
_ Dats 596 Vn Bb, 18 Rage iG oo dedanac copadousbocDaNOONOe | HBoowtgcnso6 3 GF
Us gonnd 597 Missouri Statesman ..........-2--eeseeee lessees AoBo 32 50
/\Wis5 Abaaeae 598 Geo. B. Bllis.........-...ceeesseeeeeeeeree soadconsosse 50 00
% ictcteve:o)s 599 Smith-Premier Typewriter Co..........]...+.----+.- 4 8
* arctaceys 600 1S) BAB Mey ma Sh RecosenndaooocodudseadocoOee | Peo dueCEnS 3 15 00
Re te 22 win 601 Sh WEL) NDT Stik GraaaonaecueoadenobbeaLedooos locopgabuacde 65 00
Weer cetel| stetore aisro Saisate gM TEC UI SUG] OM ate ete vatotevel crete etere laleie aie sieinlelclelefeless/=(el=ieis/ol- | 500 00
Sep (aes 602 Vale (kas 18% IBID s wodbsceadaoddascbcacasecadob|lodacoucudocs | 50 00
i, Oseeees 603 American) HXpress CO ms... ce --a creel |\ecieaeseeseicie 46 77
OS [eed ante ek atcts AMO). seGfejnbtsilinWolal- sGoodieacooqonhoonn sus oncD deo s000NN0S 500 00
Oct. 1...... | 604 Biya GOES Re ie eA eS ea 10 00
“Say Sere A 605 (ENS 16s OIG pea mendaus cudeoondncoocodasDel lode coopuarac 50 00
Co gai ete 606 Missouri Statesman ........ sce soodedon | |Saccasnnacse 2 00
pe eis cicte 607 (CYeGy 115) OME ae bocosdaendesagnedocagos0a90|looncacadsane 500 00
SS alecotg S 608 SORT TMI NG. ns se oiee son cre crete late lsraisiavaisistaietel| ereisreraieietelevarets 44 80
INOW: dees. 609 Sh G8 iO) lian Ss adoogpesupoacooscatonoscdodol |aooococsndc. 13 00
Og ite ae 610 (GiVO. 9835. IHW: odocioasegoseoosapucnasoouoaodlloduessonanso 50 00
bi irs [eee 611 LOL eis il Ser DILL ae ona ure nanece tO Bane oni | tale ctaeraialetots | 1,000 00
pe es cats 612 By Re Ammerman:..ceccemesstes vals Tere dicate [leteletalersteretetalore 8 23
ulBS see 613 Se (ls Apilehis| oan soooonadaocssoospobedoooodl Inposagasooge 63 60
Sl retemte is cteretsier vetscorete ANG) FeO OSHC A Goren goncoosodoonAcocdoedcsaobeoucase 2,000 00
10, 2xor en Ie Soe 614 HEN? (EGO a. UMM ec caosonecnnodoaceconsoceocaollopocauaHaocs 50 00
ert [Aare 615 GOODIES UTS Ae rracerare ciayeteronie aranictatetola c alaiereie cial llatefetesiale mieie ole 1,000 00
* Wises ehte 616 Pbpale ise binl this nene aes senmasaencpmoeemenas Babe aperirece 97 20
7 A crecdollsagensaceace MOM ECU ST OMe Meee ee ee RE eta eee 1,000 00
a ee [eeisisisicelaparest SV MID AENTL COT e syeaiere arora nistersaccorayere et enanese blo sraleletere ctactel los crete reaciote 1, 002 83
| $5,792 18 $5, 792 18

22 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

SECRETARY’S ACCOUNT.

Date. cee No. Name. | Dr. | Cr.

D . b
PCr Ure ciiclcellicts duc aeaie cote PO AN RTANICE Ka dele ciate sie’ ste ntainid'celo/s\cresaletelemissicieaciis seers 688 05
poe) Grae nior 1 Sales) Gres RITIEES Vi cracicit sin hin «cine ofpioalaicidice cine taisiets : AAaoREC
eter by Baer or RPS Lie TROIS: iste a alates wine. <ohie slarnjmcienle’de(s sloistoril tata eistereer aes
hee ee é PED GY OU rae oe steele ca cteice oie aiatele Penge 55) eosouncaces:
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

E. MOL DeS kre wee sericea ecisiccies sell tee oinemmanee
BM. (Cl Ey ait nec <r MO CHOOUIC NAS SCOOT Oona ee
IW. a. SMCS parbronla. sap eeee ee eaten nmelcieces | /cises saeeeee
a le Po (rth dy bene * Bas snpG sone ae. Gone ocoeds | |eoeadedess 5

naSVeBsSroseank

SSASRSSSARASSSSSHSSSSSSRNSSSRSRSZS BSSSASIRSSLSSSR

OO aba 14 : $F. BYEins, occ eo ee eee

Jan. Dodie ees Corey To warrant No. 572, F. Inst. Account......... 700 00
By Ales. - Martland emer c,.:atei +s cssteiaye oisie sisiniscic\| arelnerooateoits
FU. M, BV arn ie ceo ooiciore ccertierereiaine eisteinere aoecaciee | maeeteeeaie nate

i 13 bs) t¥0 BBG aaoonpe eSober boseonecos| [Sos aaogasiss

MR ass CHAM orate ro ore en ate falaia' ota iate’ore ain) o'aja aloi=releleio\ biel] (ofe/oinvo'einisioiniot
1G) Grits id GeRPnes Bs jadenoecoooodcosesoallectckostec:
SH MCD AMI el ee ater cistern sinie s cleratata’sie/efolatatele tell Sietereiaie 5 at eps
WW su Re cee clatereterote efor cinrete eto oieteraininieiatl (omsiieln je aie aia
GE RIC ROR seis corercrn racis siciaisia ares aloes lahayelpt| eteteislatcieioians
a: PS ORD UATE Sc creo coarc eieticso auricle nieisicieveieio'eteieteleiei| rete beiainievamsictete

” AE Ang 2. one ec cae ce cell eee

Go Wee WAI; gen ceric ek cc ieee ae
Barmes-Crosp yon COs isc cicic sc.0)etneieleise'h a.cisinieia’nlleistnsieye colnet

Chas. C. Hilton
GoM. Abucker soc. os-i
< T. Ikenberry..

En Gtt. ea

S. OHS ORIKING cece ceiver cos
|To refund on postage by World’s Fair Com-
WNISRION ceo caccicise nucle neloasieleisinne seleisiewisie = 18 00
By C. FH. EXckleS. .........-ccceccccecccvesccne|cccseccecce=
To COL Wie cacc cece e wceccitceie cee weran|| steven anal

Geo. Be WSS tars canes cocoon ttade cach eceereecante
Co RS HICK es br ackic; cco c cs sisicle spn circieccitaies|\ecrieciccwenee
SP TE. BORA roi 6 aieisse ores oie a.a.c vvin'epic cc uir'n) | mine lcisixtelsiaraave
OBES BIEIS Or ooo ec cos cin ucce ts omens sialnste lleinataitcerniaee
D. Ward Wing........sccccccccvscccccvcie| sessccecaces
S$. BY DIR Ine! Siccisecncs cide cctielne vieeieiewes cvs! (swianaediviesrs
American Express CO......ceeeeeeceeeeee|eccccseeeees
GB, Trowell ac icccccecisncvacscccceceabay scllucevanbeacu's
De Wh) Hulett: sic. cnccctwecerestcuaaeenvc | ccnsccsmeniste

To refund by office expense fund, warrant
a 1 (el 3 WM eee nec momcee: sactar sOneene 40 50
Uiiaatiteters 60 By R. M. Washburt,.......cceceesceceeccseee|screceeceeee
Aug.17...... 3 orem Alphonso. Bailey sicscccacscsecscccccreeca|sssensentionn
WO cence. 62 $3. HL. BIKING... cccccccccccccccscccsseccc|sssccsccsess
Sep. Bhs 63 BS, FA, TAD i coer reese op nn cide cccancesee | tcecuneanann
9 LO e wvetas 64 [<i = i )) 00 ane ceCr Orr ee ort) rer cet cc

1h AR cal eric eceine |To refund ry Veterinary Fund, warrant No.

1571

SB an tagon
BLSsRssaneswaes

Bg
s

ta be Peer Was seca ocr To refund on Monthly Crop Report Fund,
| WATTANE INO.) Sides ss sanceesvacteduectecs 33 60
By 8. Ce FOIINGS care espns nesasoe Pe rd Re rc
TP. C. SCrUugge...ecesceeeceeeeeeqereeeeeeee[erreeseeeees

REPORT OF SECRETARY. 23

>

SECRETARY’S ACCOUNT—Continued.

Date. Check No. Name. | Dr. | Cr.
Oi Please | Spee ...| To warrant No. 607 on Farmers’ Inst. Fund..
Wo eo aeeee 66 Bye 5 WiaEG) Kenyans pees cles F 42 15
2 67 R. M. Washburn. 21 72
OCERNS2 one 68 Da em KInN'shts eee s 3 60
oY Saar 69 GEA BWV BLOTS See cee nei neh oan cis na acne lnomenitecee 50 00
Smee LOS 5s. c-2 70 De bee BiG eee: cre ae eter raise cence cael] Sime ncroe inset 8 00
CU Pa 71 RASNE SOV ASHI tra deme ots cians occ ct lowe | teenies a 20 70
oO as Bear 72 HR NMI ONG eae ce tisoctce tee see camels [eratercrelsteveraretve 23 45
“BT Eee 73 Vee ASHI waeec cee hice m cnesecs sa cts [petaecon eee 8 30
peal onccstere 74 PAW AIG SIAN Sere eis aes cinicta we aioisis.c wiclemtoas| ceimeo a oxen 50 00
Wear tiene 15 GAPWHP WV AICODS seen sparen oe ste nee occ cies call ete oteie leet 50 00
Agee) wrersiciee 76 Sige Hive MODE aces ace comico nivien cso testdail teeta wens 12 80
LA aa 77 Ges “RUCKER saniceraeisie coerce oes cae ote lee cn ieee 40 42
See OO wctexters 78 Hae NCVERe aunts eter ictes cca uscanene etre cee | tae ecem ons 1 50
be Al anersiers 79 Hs CEMA OR Se Atte tee he mee caleptlsac acetone | caoeen ae aeee 21 85
ie Sil aeeaas 80 Soe Cini se a cen scrren ie won satis ois ncee toll wae cai coe 3 53
Naval cere 2 se eS = LOM WALLANE NO Gon wk NOUN Ge ce eicntcneace ae 1.000 00
ae ln Ha 81 BYORte Meo WAS DUE wees cote ie ote crore caleval ll teinistore stacePbioss 47 11
oi 82 Sep Moy Ste Galante < asec ccraccmeesiece chica aante cet csicas 57 92
ae 83 GEAWiae WWIRTOES? 3 oo.5S cciciciencstsiciee eintow ora Ge sities [Neale stowisemrere 100 25
os 84 SSM lkinisste sere ee eon ae at Lene aes eee ee 14 00
“ cn 85 OPP MIEV ORs centers pekelne Baa cya trans es oereetaals [cea 92 93
ee ne 86 MESH PNA Orse cutee sts occas cect S 6 20
see 87 eG WinNT tten sce ee ce celeen alte 56 70
as 88 TS WWE OR INIT Serres sist ceis/nerel antase/s otsiovels eainel| @etaenieswenee 156 62
«6 89 GMs URTCKErS Seca scntesreetcde tole cles sted eects mee 31 75
“ 90 Shannonl Moun ty Oye cee acecciecnice vec cieee | eet clare, ciote-aee 25 00
a 91 Re NSS NASH DUTT Ec aeiceovs cctine sw enanisat|saeceseiecees 26 43
sf 92 See BRING neccck eaters econ tein newts Sieg Sloane ceeeeeute 6 50
Dye al | (Cone eeee se To warrant 615 on Farmers’ Inst. Fund....... | 1,000 00
aS Aa 3 By, Mero: eeninninehaml™. caterer cath cwsca coos sil ponone ene sme 1 85
"pe AR one 94 DD Wear sci MPs votssaists femmes aleisiotoe as: |!s'siayarere.e' e.stale 246 70
CON Oe 95 NOSE DN WArG ORGIES ante ccinne cs osicce col eater ctdonenls 1417
See Olseceoe 96 Geo. SB ra Wilisiee ius secaic sonites sovaeteaaelloscisesaences 21 28
pee Siltns Se 97 Dry nn MONT OOY veces cae crocs coine 6 cu, cose little cies cwierds 2 00
02 aes 98 ea SLOTS Sete eceeavive sieotelare orale Sorel avelotevarcill eieavarereie aarnete 2 00
OP ee 99 Jeg Cea WCLOMs cash csincc tate canoes ce ees | oesrina’S eines 15 20
Seal ear sistas 100 CEMIRE A CLOSD Yao sinc Selene oveiele ci Sovsiaistewiee lla ae te weirs eters 18 04
perms crea stetcrell Mraaicic «1s wle(sieve Balance ceca wecsswanctecass cceeeaash fejebes [Beteeieaceee 1,258 71
——S=—= eee
$4,001 65 $4,001 65
|

24 | MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

Date War. No. Name. Dr \ Cr
|
I

Do shalance fcc. ccs epennacacactinotioccteeseannee $138 37
BY Je We. Straws... scitascecoduacececner tne eae $1 75
De weds SBMS Fo: cae wcniens ove aeaseeee de en coe ee eee ee eee | 15 85
Snowdon Wallis) <i scsc ccc vewesces soe eltasse eee 10 00
STowGon “Willis ws. boo ss daeeionee cave cen tel letooee cee eee 10 00
Dt ORS, BUSS ac caine sree aaec coe es ke oe eeenioe eee 16 23
Coltimbia tGas Csr case ccasccen tens cose eee ae 14 00
Ws Hearehe eis ccicctnae ons cocssciccs ice eon 95
Snowdon Willis cn rtrceens coe tence seen cell lacie seein 10 00
Columbia=Gas: WoOLks 7 i icen. bios eee vec lneetccsese 1 20
Montgomery, \\Ward ss (COpe- sass scene estellieinete coenioes 12 04
Df Ree SB goon nes oie snes cade cakosie oe Sane ee een ae eee 16 26

Do requisitione acces. coc oee oeewela eae een esoene 100 00
By Wabash Ra) Ris (Cone cenmtecmecan secs ban call oaamecne sane 114
Snowdon! Willige tc. fio evnlenictnemeeen bee aes 10 00
Dist RRS TS rice evoke ateast oree/ejootae noeaioninc nale ee eee Doe 15 10
Snowdowy Willis. 5.c:h: se acs seas hiecaceue celeceeeneeeee 10 00
Pe SA 5400 Cpe ee Aa AGm Oran GHAGatoccoa, |Gaesuscacns 15 85
Je. We SSUre wit cncnc cuaeiosictde satan cece sacl mermecten eee 85 46
Gi By. Wrox. ec cee aoeee ae eos cece ae lneeeeeroeeee 40 50
J RE SINS ca nice epee eee cine conece | eaeeee on eeee 15 90
Snowdon Willis ........0:. 5... Fae icig Sialeie sists | ietabeeen ome 10 00

Tor requisltionecasceccss oes cbr eecle eens vost te 100 00
By SNowadon: Willis) weyecccictasc-acie se neisls sterea-tel| oicitatets soe 10 00
A aa cia 0) OW ees ee Noe te She eee es ol bas ro es 18 66

To requisitlony somone cicicctmspicltek oe Palen satelee antlers ne 100 00
By Snowdon “willis ic.on.ts cece ces ooo cel wemeeeceeee 10 00
ie! RRS PISS 3%. os Baie Scares otatabeladotote teins ieleteimatoatch toate mele siete 15 30
PE) saa Ob (See eee eR A RS a laces opp = 16 10
Snowdon Wallis) -ccc.cse rnc bocee ee cece eee lemme aemes 10 00
We We StS G26 )-f jo cicte's Saas soe avape slera’s oeibin etal oe ohenetele eenlete 1 50
SNOW GON WS 5c ceeteyoie actarctersisloletnas oioclis tel seraterenoeele 10 00
TetRUSREN MO TLIS SS eign tte ee oan Cece eee | hee eee eee 17 35

FEO) SLEQUISITION ic cicmies's ols slew seterekieein decors e aisieht 100 00
IEA aus loco koray \ Lill lhtz ee S856 Gansta oosngoaderns) loc esscnocn.< 10 00
Fed Sea OND ERO i eee oti et aPC oria | fete cciac ac 16 20
Columbia Welephonen Cosme as cicieen cee eee niet 7 10
SNOWAOM “WHLlis” S.cac cov cr never oom ele cctelelel | lc chee ea eteree 10 00
ST ORUSSOU BIS ost be sitteie yatetars es ale a letelataante | SG lstnontoceee 15 20

thor nites (ibis hake eee gapnoccobpacusHcocodancsasoe | 100 00
Dye DRIAN CE Doras ccs <rrscs ait leyarn'e waletatlolabiewblacie ere | RASreCoectior 158 73
| $638 37 $638 37

REPORT OF SECRETARY. 25

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Name. | Dr. | Cr:
| |
| |
MOnDAINNCePse. cede yueeanc ces enes Bers ravaleieieia'e/aieiete Sool) Suleekayye!

By Jesse Robards ............+ alate eve) svaa/sisvelefeiel« || Parsjetelercisieveierets $135 50
Nebo Berryenence aeiatalereiste eve einienee tie /s eieieieters Bi Sseeracanores 31 70
NoraKe all liences- Brapetateyescke varats ti loveloy ole} oxeis teil feyetetaleters talents 35 65
HaLOe Sawyer: Etper io Sasa «\ <'alesvie crefoi| | serarcte arareleioiele 48 90
NV ADAH RAR COW acfesetaa esis ewer niera ars aieiersiall eemere eee sere 278

SEs MIBEL WY eis cdc aihiciete se sialoiaineieele sin ois 's ore ecalel] eretieyeoteeraw rare 15 85
SE SSCMELOD ALCS erica eee eee een Me ee eee 126 00
FOS OUTS CRT OM iy Sos aere arcetnca ole crete one wn We acatel leerclerece stereote 6 80
UNG ABE Rai peoous see ateret etc icinieieralon i cvarnistere stetelal| ete eioterceen 48 20
Jesse Robards 60 50
D. F. Luckey. 212 94
Lie DVR SLOW Taare etelersicve co sieie tele a eters nates choi e oielelal frome ici atermtataicls 47 70
Horace Bradley 23 20
iH. V. Goode:s2.5.. aateieie staiaieieere lessiviedte Wacioiatel | Musici mecears 25 96
FRE STOO LO rec isreyateicisvarerserste oreiers boners ie Zo157 losers! | erereie roves mineie , 66 45
TS MGIC CC ayant totes t misratecee arersiatovsinow ensta" [laren ie aratersite 186 58
MattienMs (Cnnmninoh am sec cence vin clccieretalllanstmianerecsie 8 90
CMD RELI EKO ee taco nate ste olecienekaheee 25 00
ARTS AIRS Sa eascie sisivile ctaterateie ele ste bie oslo here [feteicrels are wtelea.s 30 00
INOr ay Eos Tal efor wercicto ciesaieiateinvateralsrecisis’atsleleiere’ | forctael teraisters tare 36 65
Ne WS VIM OME Za atopele ciclctslafaiaieniee cinvsie wisiswialcniaristajste chs sictete 6 35
SE AS CUR Se actocacciarasersretoyers eiejeaw’s oi eisisiay siefovstsl| aleisisteleis are sieys 36 40
Kk. F. Ammerman....... Sele atererevoaialavs ale sivietal letGerieromoavayars 8 76

TRO W SNE GC WISUGLON ie cieteresroicjoeteinws erepeteislareretem otaciole erates creicis 1,000 00

Boy ie CPOE O ONG Se wi ctalorcistotewiais's ayaye ipo «sis e/vievale isi] tarsiciesieveiss iste 10 50
IbaAeghal IDS 1st yaleck soncoousoosdso DN DGdeal|oocoasadaDo0e 23 35
MRS ES EOVG abc crciatarcysusiorslolsiotcetsioteieye selec s eleisieveldtetermtevececcfeyererete 22 50
MASH Cmlli soni ceeterceprentaaa weitere aveleicle cisieicters Hee a erereia acs sual 9 00
TD SAAC Vises eee serait ae ereittone cole sice’s ols) setas| leretavate sterovebiare 222 45
dio. Nii (Combaeiehrosabocodobs aonosudgnodooDDloqacauduoa0s 7 65
AKGCRE SS RG DENLG IST Soa. cabbbasdaoncreaousansodoR | lnaocdacpadce 258 10
INO EE WSS STM Ere isroc sap seinetelcte celoeve ceo sae ale! lonesome 50 00
VETSSO UI SS TAOS Ie cei toleteyetnielsiatolescrerereceiaicle)| eevcolelovan eretelere 16 50
OS Wire Oe T ee sic cio tccayore aleve scalars lores siete) | tefoietele’areie/etseye 10 80
Colambia GRele nomen, Cor emcmateciicteis(eieeretelel|lelieleleretereioiere 7 50
ETE INGE RG OOM OE cast nxe cs cleinvessiviortcelniole ciniere's clsisteial ltsceteierstetettererste 9 15
RCs AMG ORG aoe coisas ce. amiviceret ale fave ccls lel | Mehetsess's/sceats 35 00

oO ey eae lester es FIDO PTO CUERES a OD yererecciersrere,torale aiczare eieestatere chevors cise epee 500 00

LN OOo | 1513 Bay ES Na VOW GIN’ aoe cei cysissa serena crereterer imi ave loveioler ave eveye|| (ererararer hereveverals 16 00
pee x): 1514 PERSIANS NV AALEOS rece ore eleicuasecarnclere tate eisiverele wre cerrell eamveraereiae sete 5 90
COs CED eara 1515 JeASe CuMbiSOncte sem cists oteisis wae Mole we eleioeiie eeneiieoiets 8 50
Cee eee 1516 1O}S ADA i LAK Waa ts yeas Sen OR eA amo asa el (sioenoeerm sen 205 37
Os oleae Ae 1517 SRP E IC IN GS, rateieye ciate oe tace cle aie cisveie to diniels om oil einteiaerocteiajerers 22 40
Se ehe Sire apts 1518 SE aires BETIS so cinco cvetecesewiniorcine ayaierate vere aire |lereateteciersiclonsts 10 60

ae ia | 1519 YB CATO T TIAA. fies evace sretote ciotaie ejcrereie mee et eceleeste ecisiecae 9 28
aller Dee sere 1520 ELS Vis Wy OO GOS crcrarsresreisntele riers (a cniaieraistetelesotee clall faleteier ites rerer 28 96
So Se sSoaon | 1521 Poet, Ue) TD ISONWETL c sccyeiorsreseiake cial ane olaie erste alco afareie siers\ late rcieisve atelereiere 27 40
Me aersoe as | 1522 NOMA e OTA Scerccetestelivicterstrcienete visit ne tectosel sisinetsvererere ne 50 00
Me ese ais 1523 Ree NV, GOMTUAN VAN enctererecinclnieiare sererelorarnisreiniciel |ielelehee’icteiieaes 2 90
elie = ocsc chs 1524 MUSSO UE a siAUEOSIUL DTN perce cteieiele oie ieierelcteleteesistelliatelarieim ar deleiors 106 15
? i eae 1525 VV ee Hoc Dy CIT Vi ntercte re ererataters scale ste eveseroserercicictolaiosteiail faretetarsiaverare/ajele 28 80
ie toes <icisieil 5 crereci erste wie Se MOTO QUISIEL OM cecietiic toe mrsisaceie a sclaeneicwaisicleleeteisiela 500 00

1th ee ee 1526 Ven MOU OW ANY) aetleis occcinisieels rare eisieisiapeioleiaie)| mierelerats eioieieiers 1 50
SANS ok 1527 SESSOMROD ATMS haere arte siocicintoetoeicleteisiecaileseiatell|(vicretatarctsteretevere 250 25
Ee ee 1528 NV SOMO ODy ne ieecciseoen tenth eee anor ere o|Ssachicaces 25 45
oe 1529 EU ETNV.O persion c cteveloteeate rote lovaletes scoreiafeie sleted|ferexeatoisiote srataqs 18 50
gy ee 1530 Sec Wre) MOMMA UT Arica eracclaie tinre winers eveiete/s cielo ohel| otalrelere icra) slate 2 90
ee tA. 1581 Mie. 4s Siebllssooas Breitiatale eo olerala’ selon aieielacaceisellisisemisteee orcas 10 00
LC ee eee 1532 FUT GURENTOOTO Nene soicisetele creraaieie steteisiorsiars ds, paaies beerccete 49 60
SO et: ee ee 1533 SOW COLISTION ce oriniete orien eines ctersiercions esisvallleveieleicverioneine 27 50
Cee 1534 DE MICRO Yio cas cicenisiteemeisic aeistoeiseclouce Be |tatrectolerestoclee 2387 58
Oo theses | 1585 Nora kel Halletercceceeoses Pe evntinets Bt cohen tee 50 00
Ne er, a ie 1536 AVES CET AM STO ere act rerrieteiiaie cetera ererelstavecorall IMarevelelelereiereate 4 85
Sarge visi 1537 Smith-Premier Typewriter Co..........].....-...+.- 40 00
Wy Adis aciga|eecwisoewecs To requisition...... pretetateraieeicvroaeterisraterieisrencicieters/acte 500 00

1904.

Me lee ee 1538 PH ap eNaL IG CVctetereiciele cieieialeletel otal siaicietelejnicieleieiercel| leerelsaitelerererers 281 55
Sie Gs | 1539 Wa OLB TIONS mw eiceumaescletiosice’s cise wialete si] ieiaaetne's sine 16 70
(Cs eee 1540 NOTA SER Ea a ac asieerctecreisioeis ° - 50 00
Md Dsteie os 1541 Jesse Robards ...¥ 132 00
ala leas 1542 WW. V. Goode.... 14 00
OOo pL Peta ete 1543 Ttorace Sradle 8 75
cieme! ls ene 1544 | tame CeO ORE Mare tneciciymocicwacicleeie ciel sisrect meres 66 40

paren pas 1545 | COnyinannhy “nes eaa eon (Cl S556 seoncedbedcon| |suseoodoecn 6 75

26

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

STATE VETERINARY FUND—Continued.

Date War. No. | Name. | Dr. Cr.

Junerieos cos Sacteecatccte Po equisltlon 525.2 xcs serene es wisi seieietae e wsies 500 00 |

July alot. 3% 1546 By Nora vik. Halle: cccns cae seaets tere ctinceticesce laeeeter aeons | 50 00
Oil etait 1547 R. LOVE orc oa sana edacnes se meas cele eel eee eceeee 22 50
Pigs ERAS 1548 Horace Bradley cso nssucotecen te eee tee hereon 14 00
tho Jenn Ia 9 1549 ERI Oli ecient Dida Welilotel cts ae v'ell eee ERE Ee 8 00
gets Rea § 1550 OTM» BY; = WANTECH Toto a Netara's shea meee encloses Sts bil See eh eee 12 20
“us Ai aes | 1551 FEV GOO Oe ee aces vac ewe toate an bv ols Siete 13 05
res ie ed Sil | 1552 Wao es SE ORM recta he oc saree eon wane lect eeeae 5 00
OF eis | 1553 DWM CKE VER Mience cies comin atic osiccics och lotion eee aee 228 27
Lea aa | 1554 Missouri (Statesmanin.. -s:tc.ccee en cnte et near eeeeesee 2 50
yal as | 1555 Ei SHAM METINGIN. co occc-o ace Tee oe ee eaitenios Sone 82 20
Rese 1556 American’ hixpress' (C052... s0ceesoecocesellcoemple cece 53 93
AS ge ihe 5 ol en a Me Dees To. requisitions... Pi. corenndesc ce eee eee eee 500 00

IAN Osa loos ion 1557 By Nora" svHrall 2. scccerasch tele toe ea ee eee 50 00
or hee 1558 DWE ACK Cyn. Sac ce ns cos sree oto nas Sale cis | tem eeee cones 218 83
Le" iG Oe ae 1559 Lyman DS Brown. 7c Acs conc ee nn crea cieee Geeemere eee 43 76
ean EN 8 1560 JESSE" ROWALGS 2. cajcteceicdeic eine Gires ab oie oe haem oeoee Meee 147 50
oats jpie es 1561 AB Banks hoc seas aa eee ee oes Se eeee eee 30 00
pris gl cats be | 1562 JESS RODAPAS 4... c ae acuicoeemeae sees cee eee eee 144 50
Ue teak [Berger ee 1563 RE BS OVO 50 Sa cise cstas'sp nise eas veclels)sa'e'ts bil ae acres meets 24 00
Ur | ee | 1564 Bi (SS AMI MICLIN SD eric ee ecine cee otc RCE ee 4 43
Sah eee | 1565 Ro Cl Moorea eis e anos cecenes taser eee ee 130 85
Ts ih he eee | 1566 HVOrace Bradley < e scnrle ieweieinic sso e cae | sane ee eee ee 16 60
1 ASE [eee ee To requisition <2 sa. seccacscancec ch cen teenies ote 500 00

SOD 655 «ce | 1567 By Columbia Telephones Cor soe cckeciclclente ssvel| cele ctaanistece 7 45
Sea EES | 1568 Sit BMI Ringe cov. consists svete csintew joe emiee | cman ae eanee 5 04
CoG 15 Sea | 1569 Miss URE SOc ROWER harcore canoe iniels * caeisie|| Ohare Deaieiersiers 25 68
EF GER cet | 1570 Nora’ Kallen ee soe tee eee | eben 50 00
SEG Se) | 1571 ee kde, WrlCUT Sitinas cores erates siatiesins aves eae em voll camiaenioe alae 21 50
8 og ees | 1572 ATS SH). MWC: 65 nee ccc cwac cose cabescen scee eee ce acmeeere 15 00
rm Oe sik | 1573 Horace: Bradley tise. cess evs. deiccwince ne cell teetieieseee ees 17 30
er Si eReee | 1574 DOM oa GKey ee ecc cs cso cane otee eins 198 06
ces Ga kes | 1575 Missouri Statesman............... 31 65
eee Osea Sci | 1576 Wen Bernyictccouecrce nse 7 45
Opal ee | 1577 ymonebs brow o ieee eee 22 40
Lal ae ees | 1578 JeESSeURODATAS tases oeesaneneces 141 25
me One ee | 1579 Ke MO Hen 0 yvaciossuricicsseewes cioee 10 45
pie Gc oe | 1580 He MRA MMINEENIAN. «oe see ec ctece one 87 25
Se A eae [Pea eee DLO pLEQUiSionessserisenace ener cee aes

Ociorsl 2; | 1581 By Smith-Premier Typewriter Co 11 50
yin Beas | 1582 MAIN CK OY oe oc cee usicecerae Sate mniein oletese Cia laeratel tiers : 229 39
Sea Eee | 1583 Barnes-Groshy* ‘Cowiccc. 2. ccc soc besos csciell Oaineiealateaicies 1 65
pe] as | 1584 HOrnce SBradleyekcscecenseneesee ee onost ee leamene eowont 39 75
‘bi Saas | 1585 PRG BE OOTE ool secret vies op oie melee ccetiee oe kell Meee ee 63 80
de) Deere | 1586 BNC) od; Bt ee BW Sain ceca cenckin sunOcasoor \Saecacsice: 50 00
ie Ree | 1587 NEISSOUEL SCALES Trt eee na acie/nlomsiainie'slsle ei istall Siete ieee eiairte 3 00
memes oe. ek | 1588 HD. os PATI E TINA acorn eye. ere ci onivieisntcleleisralel | atele bite ease 8 138
ve ips Se 2 Leese ae TO WNEQUISITION acted eee isenecee ne eines clonseieeisee 500 00

NO Ve Le ect | 1589 By REGBa Move tienen csaandosciecimacincs ascieee |leeemenemioore 35 50
ef DR? | 1590 | AUPE COIN IE GS tieaeaceeniostaasnecar gonectonda|lnccsctioascae 37 10
ort ee ee } 1591 | LVN SECO WHS somes cc iae stesie ciate stake | etateteniere ci 48 84
Foch was at ate | 1592 JERSE. RODATOS eas gas ateicras atic wait vw icvcwin careiel| ainio’s's witeinels 140 50
< Let | 1593 VOTACe AVRO eecectes cineca ce fete eictiee ara ciels\are | cristae siete 26 10
ee ee | 1594 Be OWer OF Brlenireace ccins: colnet ener] emcee 33 70
eeu ee 1595 Ri Cy MOOre s.eoctieanccnccencacweecen satanic lout te ce seit 24 60
ot aa | 1596 TRY? © EMICR GY ec caaiccsine’slcicceiciseiaei are civil natant nicteieets 239 79
ON ees 1597 Nora (RK. Hall. Soiccsccsecisnctecenotice oes tel llaeeeeoraaeers 50 00
pe alerere TERN cert. No requisltlonicssaeeoaesccectecces co eae eee 800 00

WOE Gems aes | 1598 By PW (OUBrien ccc ceamessie’ss ccc ei.b unio ttre) rem cmeereeeats 48 99
2 vag ead | 1599 DS CBS UCR OY sae 2 corccaies oon cw isleie: ce ores sleet leeen steamer te 263 93
ots Dee eee | 1600 NGra “KutPhall: so cccnnacanm em select ames 2cce eaemeeeieanere 50 00
it gale aes | 1601 Lyman” Do Brownie cc. cess secccccrs accede lueeereesaaee 57 60
ee eee? 1602 JOCBSE “RODSTOB scans crapvies cians ceric wa isit|eamemenssieree 159 50
glad os a 1603 BW): (Brainerd 2 cicc.an.cy oh sicmere cence aa aeest women asitels 18 00
etuiee Ls sicaicts | 1604 Ws Be, GEE Y co cciscce cecnlticenis csicte site Stelebtew||ateiacais'e leis erste 7 50
‘oe REA | 1605 JAS. GOMIsom hii cee sconnetedten ete memeae net fcc onic ce 10 50
pgs Peet | 1606 RACE WMOGEG tas heat ee siaee cel cemenckeete 97 85
less kee | Cre ecpacliet a ate BO ATGOUISTUIOM. cocse Cowon eteut oers nine len tanieg ysis» 500 00
REMMI bia. c Ah Wee's Graders ree | By Patan Cedi adcslde nace e ie gate tse tie.nice 6 ctu) eialeie elton 860 11

| $8,285 74] $8,285 74
I

v. = s

REPORT OF SECRETARY. 27
SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
Distribution of Annual Report Fund.
|
Date. Dr. Cr:
January 1, 1904........ To balance on appropriation..........ccccseccee $250 00
By VO GMO re) al Gio <2 ele stce oie ciclo de eteleei.e 0 sivio.0/esell sievalos )avetaicie.s $250 00
$250 00 $250 00
Monthly Crop Report Fund.
vanuary 1.) 1904... . 2. PoWPAlAN Coy sis. foersioe Sake aeessoeiwle sie cisteielecisiels esicie' ' $73 42
balance on appropriation.. A 1,250 00
By vouchers e paidscn.c ccc seceen ce oven ceric ce teisece chiens $813 71
December 20, 1904...... balance: with: One treaSnrer: coc ccccceleest|(owleckiosieewec 159 71
balance not drawn from State Treas..|............ 350 00

“ $1,323 42

$1,323 42

Expense of Members’ Fund.

January 1, 1904........ PROMDDIANCE «ce chiele cates cafhclele ccs site oleitia clots deine sisicior $397 82

halance’ on appropriation: 25... .ccecccss ccs s 600 00
By Vouchers pal de aac. cnss cnisisncs ceciliseaisieislcisioeifiee unten cise eee $532 90
December 20, 1904...... balances wit Oi thCaSuULel: seiacrsiecieleis cl’) |lelecl=\ais)ele/alerale 464 92
$997 82 $997 82

Farmers’ Institute Fund.

January 1, 1904........ TROADMISNICOS iacjecoscrore's cic e(siolos cieisiniew alee sioieieiere eidavas $1,192 18

balance” on appropriations... ....ccccccsiccens 6,000 00
BY, VOUCHERS SPALGs sc seciaccictscuic mcm clots orotscisteleiatall Innisilnns Sele ciete $4, 789 35
December 20, 1904...... halance with Our treasulels ce oc cicieciccisls «ls eee clescie'c re 1,002 83
balance not drawn from State Treas..]............ 1,400 00
$7,192 18 $7,192 18

Office Expense Fund.
January 1, 1904........ STOPS COM ap ofevot tet atictiercisveleisierehes elaictalace niete eielalsere <jehs
balance on appropriation ..<. 5.0... cccsessese
; By tVOuCHerSsi paride. feces siete - $479 64
December 20, 1904...... balance with our treasurer... 158 73
$638 37 $638 37
State Veterinary Fund.

January 1, 1904........ PUG ED LEVTA CO sie aieiaiaistersie tininys i=, civ rclore eieicloleiam clever atelets el sersieie's $1,485 74

balance on appropriation................2e<- 8,700 00
ESV VOUCHERS ip) 91 Caete cir cia cinrciarsteictataie’sisie eis erciersieiel|fo.0 oisiersieieve’ aisle $7,425 63
December 20, 1904...... balancer with Vonry GleaSs ier. ae cleocieteisis.eis|[(ste slcielcls’sic'ere.e 860 11
balance not drawn from State Treas..|............ 1,900 00
$10,185 74

$10,185 74

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING,
Missouri Corn Growers’ Association.

Convened in Agricultural College, January 12, 1905. (Held under the
auspices of the State Board of Agriculture.)

Abstract of Addresses Delivered.

PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS.
(E. E. Laughlin, Rich Hill, Mo.)

The Missouri Corn Growers’ Association is entering upon its second
year. JI am glad to say the past year has been a prosperous one for the
Association, however disastrous it has been for the corn crop. We
were in a new field, not having a prestige to follow, nor having many
breeders of pure-bred seed corn in the State. But if we keep up our
pace in corn agitation, we will soon be abreast or ahead of our neighbor
states. ;

Last year we encouraged members to write essays for the agricul-
tural press. Others outside were moved to write, thus stimulating edi-
tors to give editorial space for corn. This had its part in causing a gen-
eral awakening in the subject. At our farmers’ institutes the prevalent
interest to know more about corn was in evidence by the large audi-
ences when the corn talks were announced.

The Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture has done much to
make our association popular. It is always gratifying to have a Con-
vention reported. The report of our first annual meeting was printed
in bulletin form and given general distribution, and in advertising the
farmers’ institutes, the Missouri Corn Growers’ Association Bulletin was
generously used. We hope the coming year this literature can be ex-
tended to still more good. Along with good reading it has seemed wise
to show good seed ears at farmers’ institutes and I am sure will be pro-

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 29

lific of much good. The Agricultural College has shown us great favors
and is ready to do more.

We are pleased to see the interest the railroads are taking in corn.
One of the leading features the past year was the exhibit car, which
was highly educational and I am assured will be given a prominent place
in the industrial encouragement the coming year.

As to the future: We need the help from the Experiment Station
in the study of corn for Missouri. We want to know more of the plant,
the seed, the breeding, the different phases in feeding. We sorely need
the information on seed—how large or small the kernel should be to
give the best plant. When we consider how susceptible the corn plant
is to the hand of man, how by selection we have the different varieties,
popcorn, sweet corn, flint and dent; how by selection each joint may or
may not produce an ear—is it not time that we have some scientific in-
vestigation on corn? The wheat plant has had special attention in Min-
nesota and Dakota, but not until recently has any state had special ap-
propriation for corn. Let us stop and consider some of the possibilities
of corn. You all doubtless know an acre of corn, (fifty bushels) will
produce 600 pounds of pork—but what of human food? If we were
confronted as Japan is, to what could we turn for food? Our dietary
standards call for 4 4-5 bushels of wheat to sustain a person one year.
Let us count that twenty-five bushels of corn, a very low product for
one acre, will maintain 5 persons one whole year—each section of land
more than 3,000 people. Or the corn crop of Missouri for the year
1902 would feed fifty million persons a whole year. So with this wonder-
ful plant, let us have scientific investigations—some special money for
corn study. |

Our members of the Association can, however, do much in helping
or stimulating corn shows. In these shows I would suggest, where
moneys cannot be had, the use of the blue and red ribbon can be used
effectively, being conducive of much educational value.

Last year we were desirous of doing the greatest good, and in ask-
ing advice from many, one was worthy of consideration. He said:
“Get the membership enthusiastic on corn. When a great revivalist
came to town the first thing was to get the members enthusiastic or
consecrated, so when the time comes they will work.” This week is a
good time to become enthusiastic or consecratedto corn. Let us have a
consecration acre. Dignify one acre for seed corn. This acre must be
where it can be watched. It must be rich. Take the hog lot. It will
take work to keep it clean, but this is what you must have to keep in
touch with the seed plat. All of you doubtless have your seed picked

30 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

cut. You ought to have an ideal ear in your minds. Out of this seed
sort a bushel of the best ears. Then cull out, leaving only enough to
plant the plat. Have them look as near alike peas in a pod as possible.
Go over them many times. Learn the characteristics of each ear—for
even if they are brothers they have each an individuality.

Here we have an ear with 56 grains in a row and 18 rows around.
Multiply 56 by 18, it gives us 1,008 grains. There are about 3,500 hills
in an acre. Placing two grains in a hill, we take 7,000 grains to plant
the acre. So if all the kernels are planted and only one acre is used, it
will give us the trouble of getting only 7 ears. With these 7,000 grains
each grain should produce an ear as good as this one. This ear will
shell one pound, or 120 bushels to the acre, provided there is no loss in
germination, accidents or the greatest loss, not pure bred seed—not hav-
ing the power to reproduce itself.

What an easy matter it will be to get a good start of corn if we
apply ourselves. If you are not fortunate enough in having the variety
desired, buy a bushel, paying a good long price, if necessary, and re-sort
{o get seed for the consecration acre. As I said, plant these 7 ears
Where they can be watched. Study the tiny plant. Study it at the first
plowing. Study it up to ripening. Mark the desirable stalks. This
will take time, but you are going to make it pay.

Consecrate one acre for good seed corn. ‘Talk about it, plant it,
plow it, study it. Pick next year’s seed from this. Become enthusiastic
on corn and next year come to Columbia and tell the Missouri Corn
Growers’ Association how you have succeeded.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Ellis—Mr. Laughlin has suggested that the breeding plat should
be the richest of the farm. That raises a very important question in
my mind, whether we shall grow our seed corn on the richest land or
whether we will not get better results by growing seed corn on a poorer
soil, and changing it to better land. I would like to have that question
brought out by some of the men who have been breeding corn.

Mr. Laughlin—The object in growing the seed corn on a rich plat
is to make it grow corn and take on that characteristic and it will keep
it up.

Mr. Mumford—I was thinking while the discussion was in pro-
gress of a historical event in connection with the improvement of farm
crops. One of the most noted varieties of wheat, I suppose, that was
ever produced anywhere was called the Hallet pedigreed wheat that
was produced in England a good many years ago. A single kernel was

CORN GROWERS ASSOCIATION. 31

planted in a hill and the hills were one foot each way. The objection
was offered that this was not an ordinary condition, that we do not
plant wheat in that way, we broadcast or put it in thickly and that
supposing you improve a variety under these conditions, it would not
sustain its characteristics when grown in the ordinary way. The re-
sult was that in a few years’ time the Hallet wheat produced a variety
that yielded fifty bushels more under good conditions, and under all
conditions, poor or rich soil, the Hallet wheat developed in that way be-
came a better yielding variety than any other known at that time. The
same thing may be said about improved live stock. A good many men
“say that in order to have good Shorthorn, Hereford or Angus cattle you
must feed them. That is true, but at the same time it is true that good
care and feed given to ar animal or plant tends to develop in that plant
or animal certain characteristics which the animal or plant will sustain,
and it will tend to sustain these characteristics under favorable and un-
favorable circumstances. If the circumstances are nearly like they were
when that particular characteristic was developed—if, as in the case
oi beef breeds of animals—we continue to feed them and give them the
same care, they will reach a still higher development; but even under
scarcer feed and with less care, these animals will still have a tendency
to fatness. Some animals will stay fat all the time and some animals
under the same conditions will be lean. Corn is the same way. In order
to develop a good ear—in order to develop that characteristic, we must
supply the favorable conditions, that is, grow it on a fairly rich soil
and we need not expect that if the corn is planted on a poor soil it
will do as well, but it will have acquired the power to sustain these
characteristics and will do better than unimproved varieties.

Dr. Huston—I remember the saying of Peter Henderson in dis-
cussing peas. He said: “You have produced the largest and the smallest
pea, the earliest and the latest pea, but if someone would only produce
the pea that will be eaten!” You must keep in mind what you are going
to use your crop for. The great majority of the corn raised is raised
with a view to feeding. The Indiana Station did considerable work
along the line of investigation of the chemical composition of corn with
a particular view to handling protein in connection with hominy corn.
We did the same with field corn. It was no trouble to increase the pro-
tein, but unless great care was taken the corn became flinty, and the cattle
would not eat it unless it was ground. We may say, we have the big
and little corn, the early and the late corn, but give us the corn we can
eat! That point must be kept in mind. Some of the stations that are
working on corn are not keeping that point in mind.

32 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

in regard to the adaptability of corn to its locality, that is an ex-
ceedingly important thing. I notice that perhaps because in our work
we have to go from here to the extreme northern end of the corn belt
and from Ohio to the west on the Pacific coast and we see a great deal
of variation in condition, and the corn which is highly esteemed in one
locality you would not think of planting on your farm in Missouri, be-
cause you have a type that is much better adapted to your land. I have
seen fine corn in some localities which would be totally out of place here.
The most productive corn in Indiana for certain types of land—bottom
land—and we have a good deal of it in Indiana—is grown on such a
form of ear that it would not go in the score card at all, yet its average’
yield is twenty bushels more per acre than any other type of corn on
that land. It is not a feeder, it is a corn seller. That may not be the
best form of agriculture, but we have to have some of it.

Do not tie yourselves too firmly to the present score card. There
is lots of very good, very profitable corn, corn of the highest type for
specific purposes that today could not be scored on that card at all. It
would be rejected. ‘Those who are earnestly endeavoring to make a
practical score card have that matter under consideration, and I have
no doubt that you will soon have a much more flexible corn score card,
one that will recognize certain particularly desirable ears, but will also
recognize the practical application of your corn.

Mr. Gabbert—Corn planted in a very rich soil will develop the root
better than on a poor soil, and I would not think it suitable for a clay
soil after it was grown on a rich bottom land.

Dr. Tucker—We can go to extremes in this matter of variety of
scils. We have such extreme types of soil that we cannot say we should
plant on the best soil that we have, but we should plant in the best
soil within certain limits of soil type. If we have prairie loam, we should
plant in the best of that kind of soil. If we have a clay soil, we should
plant in the best of that kind of soil. When we transfer our corn from
one extreme to the other, as Mr. Gabbert has just said, there is such a
variation in the root development that it does not bring out the char-
acteristics that we want. The reason that we should plant on the best
land of a certain type is because the plant is kept supplied with food in
sufficient quantities to bring out the best characteristics of soil of a
similar type, and which would not be brought out on another type of
soil; hence the possibility of fixing qualities on a plant grown on a cer-
tain kind of soil. It is my practice to put the seed on the best of the
type of soil on which I-wish to plant my corn. There are extremes in
soil types and a breed of corn cannot successfully be transplanted from
one extreme in soil type to another.

==

A typical Missouri farm. his matchless work of art was made entirely of grain and attracted more attention from
Visitors than any other of the many Mural grain pictures.

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 33

Mr. Forbes—There is one phase of this subject which has not been
mentioned yet, the matter of variability. One of the first requirements
to every improvement in plant or animal life is variability, that is, differ-
ence of individuality. If they were all alike there would be no possi-
bility of improvement. From Darwin’s time to the present day we must
provide a plant with abundance of nutrition—that is the way plant
breeders throw plants into variation, by putting them where there is
abundance of nutrition and without these conditions we never develop
the possibilities that there are in a plant. We never know what we have
until we grow them under such conditions as induce variability and al-
low a plant to express its individuality.

Dr. Huston—In animal breeding you are dealing with the animal
as an individual.

There is a law in regard to the development of plants which seems
to be pretty well established, that is, as you increase the amount of avail-
able food for the plant, you increase the amount of vegetative stuff you
produce as compared with the amount of reproductive stuff you produce
in the plant. To put it in a different way, on your corn problem alone,
if you continue to raise seed corn on your very best land, or your hog
lot, if you please, you will tend to develop a type of corn with very
large proportion of stalk to ear. If you want to raise the vegetative
parts, the stalks and the leaves in excess, I have no doubt that you can
develop such a type of corn by planting in your hog lots. I believe that
this matter is worth taking into consideration in the breeding of your
seed corn, not to plant it on too rich land unless you wish to produce
only stalk. I assume you do not wish that. It is a matter worthy of
consideration, the more you increase the vegetative part of your corn,
the less you increase the seed.

Dr. Tucker—Another suggestion in regard to the rich land. By a
rick land, I do not mean land with an excess of nitrogen, but I mean a
well balanced land—a land which will be well balanced so far as nutri-
ment for the plant is concerned, so that it will not grow to be a deformed
plant either in stalk or grain. By a rich soil, 1 mean a soil that com-
bines all the elements of plant food in an available form, so that we will
not put the plant on the land and expect it to grow an especially.rich
stalk or leaf, but develop into a normal plant.
| Mr. Ellis—I have had no experience in this matter myself. I wished
only to have it brought out. It is an important matter for the farmer
to know whether they shall continue their present method of corn selec-
tion. I believe farmers generally select their seed corn from the richest
land for the reason that they get the best or largest ears there. The

A--3

34 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

point I hoped to be brought out has not perhaps been covered by any
experiments that have been made. If I wanted to select an ear of corn
co feed, without knowing anything about its chemical composition, of
course, I would take the ear that had the greatest weight of grain on it.
But if I select an ear to plant, there is something else to consider—
whether it has the power of reproducing itselfi—whether it has the pro-
ductive power, as Dr. Huston brought out in an indirect way, for mak-
ing grain or fodder. This is my point— and I take it that our experi-
ment stations are in the dark about it, because I have not heard anything
on it yet—whether a good ear of corn grown in the poorest part of the
field is not a better ear to plant for seed than an equally good ear grown
in the best part of the field. That is it exactly. By growing the seed
corn on land of at least mederate fertility, we will perhaps form char-
acteristics of hardiness and grain productiveness that we will not get if
Wwe pamper our seed as we sometimes do our breeding cattle, and in
that way impair their reproductive powers. ‘This, I think, is a safe
statement that it is better to plant seed on land as good or better than
the soil where the seed grew, than it is to plant it on soil poorer than
where it grew.

THE WORK OF OUR EXPERIMENT STATIONS ON CORN IM-
PROVEMENT.
(Prof. M. F. Miller, Department Agronomy, Agricultural Oollege.)

The scientific study of corn has been in progress at our experiment
stations since their establishment. Among the first problems attacked
were those having to do with corn, but naturally they dealt almost en-
tirely during the first decade with methods of culture, such as depth of
plowing, time, manner and depth of planting, number of kernels per hill,
distance apart of rows, hill and drill culture, depth and frequency of
cultivation. Most stations reached more or less definite conclusions
regarding all these problems. It was found for instance, that the depth
of plowing depended largely upon condition, but in general the deeper
the better up to a certain limit, this limit depending upon the soil in
question. The distance apart of the hills was also found to be a matter
of local condition, the richer the soil the closer the hills, other things
equal; little difference was found in hill or drill culture when growing
corn for grain, providing the same number of stalks were grown per
acre and the matter again became one of soils largely, as some soils
will bear one way cultivation better than others because they are not

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 35

so foul. The time and depth of planting was found to be a local and
seasonal matter varying from one to three inches. The frequency and
depth of cultivation were shown to depend largely upon the season, a
depth of three inches being generally recommended for most soils, but
with a slightly greater depth allowable early in the season. Level culture
was found to be best for most upland soils while the frequency of culti-
vation for any soil is determined by the necessity of keeping a loose
mulch on the surface.

The matter of corn improvement by selection and breeding was
also begun early, but no great advancement was made until the matters
of soil treatment above mentioned were definitely determined. Much
advancement, however, has been made in the last half dozen years in
this work, investigations fellowing two general lines; first, the increase
in total yield of corn or of grain and fodder per acre, and second, the
improvement in the quality of the plant, more especially of the grain. In
improving the quality two definite ideas have been in mind, the one
to improve and fix certain varieties, the other to develop strains in which
the grain varies in general constituents, such as starch, oil and protein,
the idea being to produce corn of particular quality for a particular pur-
pose. One of the most striking things shown by this work is the ex-
treme susceptibility of corn to change through selection. It has been
found, for instance, that it is possible to change the height at which ears
appear on the stalk in any variety as much as 20 or 30 inches in 3 or 4.
year’s selection; that the same time is sufficient to develop a plant with
heavy cr light foliage with many or few suckers, with red or white
cobs, etc. All experiments emphasize the fact that the corn plant is
very readily changed either for good or for bad by close attention to the
matter of selection and herein lies the importance of careful attention to
its proper breeding.

The increase in yield per acre has been the end toward which most
of the breeding has been directed, yet it is the one thing on which little
definite results are obtainable, for the reason that it takes a number of
years’ averages to demonstrate whether or not a given variety of corn
has been improved materially in its productive power; but that some
varieties or some ears of corn when planted, have a prepotency or in-
herent property of producing more corn than others under exactly sim-
ilar conditions, even when both have been grown in the same locality
and under similar conditions has been definitely proven. The method
then of finding just which ears will produce most corn and of propa-
gating these is the problem which constitutes corn breeding for in-
creased yield per acre, and various methods have been adopted by the

36 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

stations for determining the matter. For instance the most common
method is to plant each selected ear in a row to itself on land that is
perfectly uniform in fertility and general characteristics, give each ex-
actly similar treatment and then determine the highest yielding row. Ex-
periments at our own station the past year show that when tested in
this manner some ears will produce twice as much as others, while ex-
periments at various stations have given similar results. Should we
take seed corn as we find it in a jarmer’s crib and make this same test
we would find a much greater difference. The lIowa station made a
test recently of the productive power of a series of corn samples gath-
ered from farmers in the state of the kind which they were to use for
planting that particular season. The result showed a variation in yield
of frem 8 to gi bushels per acre. Some of this was undoubtedly due
to poor germination and a consequent poor stand; but a large part was
undoubtedly due to the natural character of the seed. Instances’ have
come under my notice where ears planted thus in rows and with stands
approximately uniform have shown an extremely great variation. Now
since each ear possesses an individuality the same as an animal and is
possessed of the power of transmitting good or poor qualities to its off-
spring, the possibilities of selection for the good ears in a breeding plot
of this sort is indicated. To be sure we do not have a case strictly
analogous to that of animal breeding as the ear is a collection of indi-
viduals and we usually do not know the character of the male parent
which fertilized each particular grain. So far as the mother is con-
cerned, however, or the plant on which the ear grew we do have the
case exactly similar, and herein lies the most important means at our
hand for exercising a selection. In the case of artificial pollination of
ears by pollen from a stalk the character of which is known we may
have a case almost exactly alike that of the animal breeder, but these
methods in corn breeding require time and some expense so that they
are necessarily the work of the experiment station or the scientific corn
breeder. Not that the average farmer has not an abundant opportun-
ity for improving his corn in the exercising of care in selection, but for
the most painstaking and thorough work the average farmer has neither
the time nor the means to devote to it.

There are several methods now being employed by the various ex-
periment stations in the corn belt which thus seek to improve the yield
and quality of the product of our corn fields. A common one is that
which has already been mentioned, commonly known as the row method
of selection. A perfectly uniform plot of ground is selected of suf-
ficient size to give a length of about 100 hills to the row and a width

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 37

corresponding to the number of ears which it is desired to propagate,
usually from 40 to 50. These 40 or 50 ears are carefully selected from
the very best seed obtainable of any good variety adapted to the locality,
or from the stock of the preceding year, and are planted one ear to
each row so that the general character of the corn and fodder as pro-
duced from each of these ears may be accurately determined. Careful
notes are taken regarding each ear to be planted before shelling and the
test of its vitality is usually made by germinating a number of kernels.
The tips and butts are discarded in order that all grains planted may be
exactly alike as to size and general character. A border 3 or 4 rows
wide is planted around the plot from the mixed corn left from planting
the various rows. This is for the purpose of preventing outside pollin-
ation as much as possible and for giving the outside rows exactly the
same chance as the others. Careful notes are kept throughout the sea-
son of any peculiar or particularly important characteristics shown by
each row, such as size of stalk, height of ear, amount and character of
the foliage, time of tasseling, time of ripening, number of barren stalks,
etc. At the time the tassels appear all stalks which do not show healthy
shoots are detasseled to prevent their pollen from fertilizing ears on
desirable stalks. Selection for the next year’s planting is made in the
field that only ears from desirable stalks may be selected. This corn
from each row is carefully weighed and the weight finally added to the
weight of the remaining corn of the row to get the final yield. Selec-
tion for the next year’s planting is made from the most desirable ears of
the highest yielding tows. It will be seen at once that such a method
offers some opportunity for “in-breeding” or “close-pollination” (and by
close pollination is meant the fertilization of the ear by a stalk of the
same row) since the stalks grown from kernels of a given ear stand
side by side in the row. The effect of inbreeding or too close breeding
in plants is the same as in animals and is therefore to be avoided. To
obviate this danger some stations follow the practice of detasseling every
other row and then making a selection for the next year only from the
highest yielding detasseled rows. The [Illinois station has found a dif-
ference in yield of several per cent in favor of the detasseled rows
which would indicate that this fear of inbreeding is well grounded.
However, a part of this might wel! be due to the fact that the rows not
detasseled were very probably more of them close fertilized, since the
rows on either side of them produced no pollen. Experiments have not
progressed far enough to give specific data as to this point.

Another method which is being used to some extent is that of
planting in blocks instead of in hills, mixing the corn from two desir-

38 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

able ears to plant a block from Io to 15 hills square. The general
character and yield of each plot is accurately recorded as in the row
method. The idea in this method is to prevent cross pollination, since
the mixing of the seed before planting insures quite thorough crossing
between the progeny of the two ears planted. The method requires
that the land be extremely uniform in character and it does not permit
of such accurate data being kept as to individual ears. The method
evidently requires considerably more time in developing a particularly
desirable strain than the row method.

The breeding of corn for a change in its chemical composition is
being conducted at the Illinois station with considerable success, and
this work has been receiving no little comment, especially at the hands
of writers for popular magazines. The details of this work are quite
complicated and only the general method will be mentioned here. It
should be stated that it has been found possible to very greatly change
the proportions of protein, starch and oil in the grain of a particular
variety of corn by a careful selection, accompanied by chemical analysis
to indicate the varying proportions of these constituents. Strains have
been developed some of which yield over twice as much protein or
almost three times the amount of oil as do others, while the starch can
be changed accordingly. The breeding plots for this work are arranged
after the order of the row method before mentioned, the selection being
made largely on the basis of high protein, high oil or high starch, as the
case may be, with a fair consideration of yield per acre. It has been
found possible in this work to rely partially on a simply physical ex-
amination of the grain which lessens considerably the cost of work by
decreasing the number of chemical analyses necessary. It has been
shown for instance, that the germ contains the greater proportion of
the oil and by selecting for large germs a fairly accurate estimate can
be made of the proportion of oil in the grain. The protein is very
largely contained in the clear or horny starch of the grain so that by
selecting ears whose grains show a large proportion of this horny starch
there is every probability of getting the high protein ears. It should
be noted that while there is some variation in the composition of in-
dividual grains on the ear they run fairly uniform on the whole so that
the composition is an ear characteristic rather than a characteristic of
individual grains and consequently by determining the protein or oil in
a few grains from an ear a very accurate indication is given of the total
protein or oil content. The means of developing varieties of corn thus
varying in composition comes from the fact that for special uses as for
feeding, for starch manufacture or for production of corn oil, the corn

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 39

can be much enhanced in value for these particular purposes by having
its composition fit the requirements, and there now exists a marked de-
mand for varieties of corn having these different characteristics.

It will be understood that whatever system of breeding is followed
a propagating field or plot will be provided for growing the seed from
the breeding plot in large quantities. This plot is planted with the
best of the ears remaining from the choice rows or blocks, as the case
may be, after the final selection for the next year’s breeding has been
made. This plot varies in size from two to several acres and not only
furnishes a means of supplying large quantities of the improved seed,
but also gives opportunity for testing on a large scale the character and
yield of the corn produced in the breeding plot. Various methods are
employed regarding the management of this propagating plot, but they
differ little in important details. It will readily be seen that such a plot
is necessary, that quantities of the seed be produced, and since it is
supplied each year from the product on the breeding plot of the previous
year it is only one year removed, and the character of the corn will be
approximately, that of the breeding plot itself.

The plan of crossing corn by artificial pollination is being practiced
at various stations in the process of forming new varieties. The tas-
sels of the stalk which it is desired to use as a male parent and the ear
of the female stalk are carefully covered with cloth bags until time for
pollination arrives when the pollen from the male is transferred to the
silks of the female thus controlling accurately both parents and fer-
tilizing the new ear with pollen from a plant of known characters. The
method offers much to scientific corn breeders in the forming of new
varieties since it is thus possible to cross two ears of very high protein
or oil content or of very high yield, or of very desirable stalks and know
that kernels on the young ear will probably each produce plants of
characters which blend those of the parents. It will be seen, of course,
that this operation is suited to breeders who have time and means to
devote to it and is not for the practical man.

Aside from the mere matter of breeding, some of the stations are
doing much of a practical nature by disseminating knowledge of the
methods of corn improvement among the farmers and encouraging them
in every way to take up the matter of improving this cereal. One fea-
ture of this work which offers much in Missouri is that of co-opera-
tive work between the station and the farmers. This can be made espe-
cially practical in the testing the varieties to determine those suited to
each locality. It has been abundantly proven that particular soils and
localities require particular kinds or varieties of corn for best results

40 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

and a great deal of valuable work is being done by the stations in thus
aiding the farmers to find the most suitable varieties for their conditions.
The encouragement of corn breeding by individual farmers is also be-
ing practiced, which is evidently bearing fruit, since a great deal of in-
terest is being shown throughout the corn belt in this matter of corn
improvement.

As to the methods and plans of the experiment station which are
applicable to use by the practical farmer something might be said. Un-
doubtedly much will depend upon the skill and intelligence of the
farmer as to how far he is able to apply the methods of the experiment
stations in his own work. Certainly every farmer of average intelli-
gence who grows corn to any extent can apply some of these principles
at least in a slightly modified form. I am convinced that every farmer
who is engaged in corn growing would be amply repaid by setting aside
a small tract of land, say an acre, on which to grow his seed, and plant-
ing this with corn from the 15 best ears he can select from his crop of
the year before. This will mean that he will have good ears planted
together where they may be closely observed and where fertilization
will take place mainly between stalks of desirable character. This will
be true even though the plot lies in the center of the field, but it would
undoubtedly be much better were the plot located at one edge, prefer-
ably on the side toward the prevailing winds, or probably better if it
could be isolated from the main body of the field entirely. In any case
the soil on which it is grown should be an average in fertility of the rest
of the land that the corn developed for seed will be exactly suited to the
conditions under which the main field will be grown. I believe further
that for our most intelligent and progressive farmers the breeding plot
mentioned before where rows are grown from individual ears can be
used with success. It is being done in Iowa, Illinois and Ohio to quite
a great extent by practical farmers and is by no means impractical for the
man who is giving his best attention to the improvement of his corn
crop. Lastly, the development of varieties particularly suited to given
conditions lies within the province of the farmer’s ability. In certain
localities we need drought resisting varieties, varieties suited to par-
ticularly thin land or very rich land or varieties adapted to various pe-
culiar phases of soils and climate. Careful selection and breeding of
corn by the practical farmer will make these things possible and until
our farmers appreciate the necessity for care in handling this important
crop and the possibilities of changing it by selection to suit his condi-
tions we shall never have the highest development of corn in Missouri.
Scientific breeders and experiment stations can do very much but by no

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. AI

means all. The permanent improvement of corn for the future will de-
pend largely on the skill and intelligence of the farmer himself.

WHAT THE FARMER MAY DO IN CORN IMPROVEMENT.
(Col. G. W. Waters, Canton, Mo.)

This paper on “What the Farmer May Do in Corn Improvement,”
follows logically Prof. Miller’s paper on “What the Experiment Sta-
tions are Doing,’ (and have been doing) in the same line of work. He
tells us what has been accomplished by scientific investigation and care-
ful experimentation. It remains for us to inquire in how far the farmer
may follow in adopting the methods of the progressive corn breeder.

Assuming that the findings of the experiment stations are correct
and that corn is susceptible of great improvement by proper selection
and breeding, the subject appeals at once to the farmer as well worthy
of his consideration.

The farmer will do one of three things: First, wholly disregard
the experiment station work by going on in his own way planting corn
grown without reference to improved breeding, taking no advantage
of the progress of the times; or, second, he will rely for his seed upon
others who grow it more or less upon scientific principles; or, third, he
will adopt’ the up-to-date methods of seed corn growing which have
been clearly described in Prof. Miller’s paper preceding this.

In many cases it will be the best for farmers to adopt the second
method ; that is, to secure their seed corn from some responsible grower.
There are a number of precautions necessary to be taken in the pur-
chase of seed corn. I will mention some of them:

(a) It should come from somewhere near the same latitude. Corn
grown further south would ripen later and probably have a tendency to
produce excessive stalk, for it is noticeable that the stalks grow taller as
we go southward. Corn from the north would, on the other hand,
ripen too early to get the benefit of the entire growing season.

(b) Again, if grown and developed on land entirely different from
that where it is to be used, it would probably be disappointing. How-
ever, from observation and experience, I conclude that seed corn should
be grown on good land and receive good cultivation so as to give the
seed great vitality and prepotency toward a profitable yield. Corn will
deteriorate and degenerate in the same manner as will live stock if sub-
mitted to adverse conditions as to feed and care. I have in mind two
fields of corn, both planted with first-class seed of the prize-winning

42 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

kind, shown by Mr. Raine of Canton at the State show in St. Louis,
February, 1904. One field was good ground, planted in good time and
given good cultivation and produced corn true to type and as good as
the original. The other field was wet land, planted late and was poorly
cultivated. The corn of this field has deteriorated so much that no one
would recognize even of what variety it is. While the land should be
fertile and of the same general character of the land upon which the
seed is to be used, yet it should not be one-sided in its fertility. If too
much nitrogen were in it, as would be the case in an old feed lot men-
tioned by President Laughlin in his annual address, it is probable there
would be a tendency to an excess of stalk.

Perhaps the most difficult single problem the farmer has to solve
is just what particular type of corn and of what particular origin will
be the most proltable corn to plant in any given locality. The Tennessee
Experiment Station found by a trial of three years that corn developed
on rich bottom land did not produce so well when planted on upland as
corn developed on upland, and vice versa. It is true, however, that
corn adapts ‘itself to environment and becomes acclimated more readily
than any other farm crop. A neighbor near Canton sent north a few
years ago for seed corn. The crop the first year was very disappoint-
ing. The second season it was larger and better. The third year it
grew well, retaining its characteristic form with greatly increased size
and yield. It was good enough to afford splendid specimens for the
Missouri exhibit at the World’s Fair.

In the majority of cases coming under my observation, where far-
mers have sent off to seedsmen for new and untried varieties which
were extravagantly advertised, they have abandoned them the second
year, either because the yield was disappointing or it was allowed to
become mixed so as to lose the type. But where farmers have secured
good seed in the ear of the standard varieties from reliable growers
within one hundred miles of their own latitude, they, as a rule, have
been well repaid for the expenditure.

In view of the many difficulties and uncertainties attending the plan
number two (that of sending away for seed corn), I deem it much the
safest and best to adopt the third plan (that of developing and raising
one’s own seed corn). This may be done, however, to great advantage
by the co-cperation of a group of farmers in a given community. One
member of the association whose farm is suitably located, is selected to
grow a single variety, all of the members agreeing to buy their seed
from him at a remunerative price, say $1.00 per bushel. This grower,
so selected, would be expected, of course, to adopt up-to-date methods

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 43

in corn improvement, as well as in handling and caring for the corn.
This plan offers many advantages and is being adopted in some locali-
ties where we have held institutes. Judiciously carried out, it solves the
seed corn problem. The corn thus grown and developed is, or will
- be perfectly acclimated and adapted to the-land and locality. In order
to determine which type or variety is best suited to the locality, a num-
ber of varieties should be tested. Each farmer should plant several va-
rieties in plats side by side, watch their growth, ascertain their yields
and in this manner from a number of such comparisons the very best
varieties could be selected for all the farmers of the locality. Of course
the corn from these particular plats would be unfit for seed, a variety
selecting being the only objective point.

It makes less difference than many suppose, which variety is chosen
for ultimate adoption, provided it be bred up in the manner outlined by
Prof. Miller. However, it would be best to begin operations with corn
already developed to a high standard, and by judicious breeding keep
up the standard of excellence, and in addition secure adaptation and ac-
climatization to the given locality.

In my judgment it will be unwise for the farmer corn breeder to
try to develop two or more special traits, but he should strive in the one
direction, large yield, for it is a well-known principle in animal breeding
and plant ‘breeding as well, that it is easier to develop a single trait or
character, than two or more at the same time. It would be better to
grow legume crops for the necessary protein, than to try to get it as a
special development in corn. If it is true, as, suggested by Prof. Mil-
ler, that the protein is very largely contained in the horny starch of the
grain, it follows that high protein corn is harder, more flinty, and not so
easily masticated, and hence not so desirable for cattle feeding, and even
may be objectionable on account of its hard, flinty character for other
stock. Again, it is best to give animals a greater variety of feeds, noone
single feed equaling in efficiency a variety. Another point in growing
legume crops for protein, we afford the land a desirable rotation.

The oil content, however, being largely in the germ, it will be well
to select corn of large germs, as this development will probably cor-
telate with largeness of yield. Another advantage may be gained by se-
lecting large germs, that is to secure increased vitality. Grains with
large germs will send up larger and more vigorous sprouts, (plumules)
and start to grow more readily. It has been observed that grains with
large germs and thick bodies, somewhat flinty, will germinate and grow
under more unfavorable conditions, (as wet, cold weather) than thin
gourd seed grains.

44. MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Seed corn growing and seed corn selection, presents a many-sided
problem. In the work of continuous improvement, or even in keeping
up avery high standard of productivity for the whole country, the farmer
must do his part. In studying the principles of corn breeding, and
in practicing scientific methods, he may not only enjoy increased yields
in his crops, but rejoice in his accomplshments, due to careful thought
directing his labor. There is a pride and satisfaction that comes to the
grower of any product, plant or animal, when he views it, recognizing
the fact that its superiority is due to his intelligent management. Na-
thaniel Hawthorne, in viewing his plants said: “Gazing at them, I
felt that by my agency something worth living for had been done. * *
They were real and tangible existences which the mind could seize, hold
and rejoice in.”

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Ellis—There is one practical question I think we should dis-
cuss, and that is whether a farmer shall grow his own seed?

Mr. Gabbert—I believe that the seed corn men should have the
field and should send out tested seed and we can devote our time to
something better. I believe the seed man should have the full field.
That is my idea about it and I will buy my seed from him.

Col. Waters—I think that is the tendency now. I find that plan
seems to be the most favorable one. At Trenton, in Grundy County,
they have an association of corn breeders, but have one, two or three
men to raise the seed corn for the whole community. One man might
raise the yellow Dent, another the Boone County White and another
some other kind.

Mr. Laughlin—I think a man should raise his own seed, adapted
to his own kind of land. Jf you want a peculiar type, you might buy
the seed from a pure bred seed raiser, but I think every farm has char-
acteristics of its own, and if you let some other man raise the seed corn
you will lose enthusiasm and there is a whole lot in that, and if we
would keep up the proper enthusiasm it is necessary that every man
should raise his own seed corn and not buy from some one else.

Mr. Ellis—There are some difficulties in the way of the farmer
breeding his own corn. The average size farm in Missouri is only one
hundred and twenty acres, and perhaps the average corn acreage on
that farm is less than thirty acres, and unless one can get the entire
neighborhood to grow one kind of corn, he cannot control the breeding
of his corn. That is one objection to it. Another objection is that the
ordinary farmer cannot become an expert corn breeder because he has

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. AS

so many other things to look aiter. On the other hand there is danger
of buying your seed corn irom a breeder if you get it from a distant:
place and change its environment too much that it may deteriorate.
You might possibly improve it by the change, but can only tell by trial.
I think it a good plan for the farmers in a neighborhood to have some
intelligent farmer in that neighborhood make experiments with different
varieties on the typical neighborhood soil and find out about what va-
riety seems hest adapted to that neighborhood. Or let a neighborhocd
form an association, as they have done at Bunceton or Clarksville—ap-
point a man to experiment and find out what kind is adapted to that
neighborhood and agree to buy the seed from him. Let the man best
situated for it and most inclined to breed the corn, be selected.

The average farmer does not try to keep up his cattle by breeding
purebreds. He must buy his purebred stock from a breeder. Is it pos-
sible for every farmer to devote the same attention to breeding live
stock that the breeder does? I do not believe it is. Nor do I believe
it is possible for the average farmer to devote the same attention to corn
breeding as the expert seed breeder does. I do not believe it is prac-
ticable for every farmer to take up this question of corn breeding. If
the farmers of the neighborhood will form an association and determine
in some way what variety of corn is best adapted to their neighborhood,
then grow one kind of corn, or two kinds if necessary, and buy no seed
‘except from the seed grower, it seems to me that that is a practical plan
and will keep our varieties practically pure.

Mr. Carroll—Aren’t they doing that in St. Charles county?

Mr. Ellis—Yes. The farmers of St. Charles county have devel-
oped the St. Charles White variety, and have discouraged the growing
of any other variety. I do not think that they have adopted the plan of
one man growing the seed.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AS SUPPLEMENTS TO FARM
YARD MANURES AND LEGUMES.
(Dr. H. A. Huston, St. Louis, Mo.)

Crops remove certain things from, the soil and these must be re-
placed if productiveness is to be maintained. If all the crops raised on
the farm were fed on the farm, and all the manure returned to the land,
the land would, in theory at least, become more productive. The in-
crease would be due to a smail amount of nitrogen received from the

46 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

rainfall and the minerals rendered more avatlable by natural processes
that are always in progress in the soil.

On most farms grain is sold and carries with it considerable plant
food. The straw and corn stalks are only partially utilized, and the
manures are not handled to the best advantage. About one-half of the
plant food in the feeding stuff is contained in the liquid portion of the
manure and this is seldom utilized. Fermentation of the manure re-
sults in a loss of nitrogen and leaching in a loss of all ingredients,
Hence, it happens that even on farms where most of the crops are fed
there is a great waste of plant food. Actual investigations conducted
on farms that were considered to be well managed, showed that there
was a loss of from twenty to fifty per cent of the plant food in the solid
part of the manure before it was actually applied to the land. Even
where the use of manures is supplemented by clover and other legumes
there is still a loss of mineral ingredients. The question then arises
whether it is best to purchase plant food after utilizing as completely
as possible the manurial resources of the farm.

In most of the territory west of the Mississippi the opinion is
frequently expressed that commercial fertilizers are not necessary to
supplement the home supply. The progressive farmer does not deal
with the other problems of the farm on this basis. If he did he would
have no improved live stock, no self-binder, no thrashing machine, and
in fact he would have only the simplest implements of agriculture. All
these improvements are not necessary. The world got along very well
without them until about fifty years ago. They have come into general
use because they were found to be profitable. It is not any matter of
theory or “it stands to reason” talk. It is a matter of experience. Yet
when the farmer is asked to apply to his soil problem, exactly the same
principle that he has applied in all other departments of farm work, he
shifts his base and thinks it is not necessary, instead of asking “will it
pay?”

It certainly will pay you to find out whether you can profitably
supplement your farm manures and leguminous crops with commercial
plant foods. Why? Because even virgin soils differ greatly in pro-
ductiveness owing to differences in both physical and chemical condition.
The kind and amount of plant food in any soil depends on the origin of
the soil and the original growth upon it. A lime stone soil is vastly
different from either a drift soil or a peat formation. Starting with a
clay soil in its virgin state and utilizing manures and legumes to the ut-
most would never correct the deficiency of phosphoric acid, which is

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 47

cl aracteristic of heavy clays, nor would the same treatment correct the
lack of available potash in a true lime stone soil. —

Different crops require plant food in different proportions. One of
these elements cannot replace the other. A soil that yields fair crops of
wheat may need an additional plant food element to produce the best
results on corn, potatoes, or clover. Moreover, different crops have
different foraging power for plant food. Hence the results of a chemi-
cal analysis of a soil are very difficult to interpret.

Another point to remember is that, if you have only enough of any
one element, say potash, in an available form, to produce twenty bushels
of corn, the crop will be limited to twenty bushels even if there is enough
of the other elements in an available form to produce three times this
yield. Under the soil skinning processes that have been in vogue on
most American farms it has usually happened that the crop producing
power has been decreased and frequently this has been by the reduction
of the amount of only one or two elements. I{ phosphoric acid is the
one that failed first the condition cannot be most profitably corrected by
farm yard manure, because manure is low in phosphoric acid and by
using it alone on such land you lose the benefit of the nitrogen, which
is its most valuable, abundant and characteristic ingredient. In the
same way. the use of manure alone on much land or black prairie wastes
a lot of nitrogen without fully supplying the deficiency of potash.

By the use of commercial plant foods any element may be increased
at will, and both soil differences and crop requirements may be provided
for.

Will it pay? Many Misouri farmers evidently think it does pay,
for they are using over 30,000 tons of fertilizer per year, and the amount
is rapidly increasing. Most of this is on wheat, but experiments con-
ducted in this State during the past season indicate that its use on corn
and potatoes will also prove profitable. The first fertilizers introduced
into the wheat territory are usually packing house products of good
quality, but containing only nitrogen and phosphoric acid.

In the following experiments nitrogen and phosphoric acid were
tested against no fertilizer on one side and a complete fertilizer on the
other :

EXPERIMENT AT MARIONVILLE, MISSOURI.
(By Mr. William Menogue, On Corn.)
Plat 1, no fertilizer. Yield 20 bushels per acre, mostly nubbins.
Plat 2, fertilizer with 336 Ibs. bone and 188 lbs. blood. Yield 29 1-3
bushels of mostly small corn. Fertilizer cost, $8.50, increase
worth $4.66; net loss $3.84.

48 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Plat 3, fertilized with the same material as plat 2, and 120 lbs. sulphate
of potash, in order to make complete fertilizer. Yield 49 3-5
bushels; all sound corn. ~Fertilizer cost $11.70; increase of
crop was worth $14.80; net gain $3.10. The use of the com-
plete fertilizer converted a loss of $3.84 into a gain of $3.10.
The difference in cost was $3.20 and the difference in returns
$6.94, a gain of over 200 per cent on the extra money invested.

EXPERIMENT AT OSCEOLA, MISSOURI. <
(By Mr. W. M. Love, On Potatoes.)

Plat 1, no fertilizer. Yield 141 bushels.

Plat 2, fertilized with 450 lbs. bone meal and 180 lbs. blood. Yield
157 1-2 bushels. Fertilizer cost $12.57; increase crop sold for
$12.37; net loss 20 cents.

Plat 3, fertilized with the same materials as plat 2, and 120 lbs. sulphate
of potash, in order to make complete fertilizer. Yield 181 1-2
bushels. Fertilizer cost $16.14; increase of crop worth $25.87;
net gain $9.73. The use of the complete fertilizer converted a
loss of 20 cents into a gain of $9.73. The difference in the
cost was $3.57 and the difference in returns $9.73, a gain of
275 per cent on the extra money invested.

EXPERIMENT AT NEVADA, MISSOURI.
(By Mr. J. D. Morris, Crop Potatoes.)

Plat 1, no fertilizer. Yield 62 1-2 bushels per acre.

Plat 2, fertilized with 600 Ibs. acid phosphate and 250 Ibs. blood.
Yield 85 bushels. Cost $15.00; increase of yield worth $11.25;
loss $3.75.

Plat 3, fertilized with the same materials as plat 2, and 200 lbs. sul-
phate of potash, in order to make complete fertilizer. Yield
199 I-10 bushels per acre. Cost $19.90; increase of yield
worth $68.30; profit $48.40. The use of the complete fer-
tilizer converted a loss of $3.75 into a gain of $48.40. The
difference in cost was $4.90, and the difference in returns $52.15,
a gain of over 1000 per cent on the additional money invested.

These experiments were made on Missouri farms during the past
year. The cultivation and other conditions were the same as in or-
dinary farm practice. They can be duplicated by anyone. You will re-
call the heavy rainfall of last spring and the difficulty of planting and
tending spring crops. Yet very striking and profitable results were
obtained.

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 49

What do these experiments mean? At first sight one might say
that potash was the one thing needed. But this is not the proper in-
terpretation of the results. The bone and blood are materials that are
first to appear in the wheat sections and almost always give good re-
turns on wheat for some years, but when used on spring crops they
have not always proven profitable. Hence, these experiments were
made to compare a partial fertilizer already in common use with a com-
plete fertilizer. In these experiments the partial fertilizer was used at
a loss, while the complete fertilizer converted this loss into a handsome
profit.

These plain facts are presented, not for advertising purposes, but
with a view to calling attention to the desirability of testing your soils
and to the necessity of using complete fertilizers made from the standard
materials in the proper proportions in making these simple tests. Of
course, a more elaborate system of tests can be made in which the re-
sults show just what plant foods are needed, but in a section where the
fertilizer question is not well understood the farmer wants first to know
whether any fertilizer will be profitable, and to arrive at this knowledge
with the least possible trouble. Once he has found that the complete
fertilizer is profitable he is quite willing to experiment further to see if
all the ingredients are profitable.

It will be noted that the quantities per acre are larger than the
wheat farmers are accustomed to use, and that the cost per acre is also
high, from $12 to $20. Yet the increase in yield paid for the fertilizer
and gave a handsome profit on the money invested. The lowest profit
was 21 per cent, and the highest 243 per cent on the money invested.
The highest per cent of profit was on the highest expenditure per acre.
However, we must bear in mind that there is a limit beyond which profits
begin to be reduced. This depends upon the kind of crop and the con-
dition of the land. The wheat crop limit would be much lower than that
for potatoes or fruit. The better the land the greater the amount of
fertilizer that can be profitably used upon it. This is because poor lands
generally have such bad physical conditions that they do not retain
enough water to mature a maximum crop, even when the other plant
foods are suppliel in abundance.

The question of the use of commercial plant foods is well worthy
of your attention. It will pay you to find out whether you can use one
or more of them profitably. To find this out, use known quantities of
high grade plant foods. Having found out what is needed, buy what
you need without regard to what the agent may try to sell you. High

A—4

50 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

grade fertilizers are the cheapest. The two things that keep up the
price of plant food in mixed fertilizers are the long credits asked by the
farmers and the demand that fertilizers be sold at a low price per ton.
The longer the credit and the lower the price per ton the higher is the
cost per pound of real plant food in the fertilizer.

I have only spoken in general terms because the subject is too
large to be treated otherwise in so brief a time. The matter of the
composition of fertilizers for different crops under average conditions,
the characteristic needs of the different kinds of soils, the time and the
manner of applying fertilizers, are all questions that at once arise after
we have learned that they can be used at a profit.

If I can render you any assistance along these lines, I shall be glad
to do so.

DISCUSSION.

Col. Waters—Would you put your corn fertilizer in the hill?

Dr. Huston—No, because it is too heavy and you are liable to de-
crease the germinating power of your corn and when the dry weather
comes, it will have no power of resistance. The average corn raiser
who uses a hundred pounds of fertilizer to the acre thinks he is doing
a pretty good business in putting it in the hill. But some experments I
conducted five or six years ago showed whether the fertilizer was
drilled in with the corn or dropped in the hill. Up to the time we laid
the corn by, that corn where the fertilizer was dropped in the hill was
quite in advance of the other corn—that is, where it was broadcast—
yet when we came to harvest and weigh it—I assume that you raise
your corn for pounds and not for stalks—we had gained one bushel
where we applied it in the hill and ten bushels where we broadcasted it.

Mr. Ellis—If you had a very poor piece of land that you wanted to
improve, would you recommend plowing under a green crop to begin
with before you began using a commercial fertilizer?

Dr. Huston—It would depend upon what stage the land was in. I
believe for bringing up your lands, if you raise wheat, the place to be-
gin is on your wheat crop with a fertilizer. Take, for instance, the
Marionville experiment. You would not get much more wheat with
the 120 pounds of sulphate of potash, but you should follow that wheat
with clover. The wheat fertilizers, if followed with grass and clover
ought to bring up the land.

You may reduce the nitrogen in your corn fertilizer, and as the ni-
trogen is the most expensive, you may split your bill in two by putting
in a leguminous crop.

CORN GROWERS ASSOCIATION. 51

Mr. Laughlin—There is some corn on exhibit here on which the
farmer used different amounts of fertilizers, and he found a hundred
pounds did as well as three hundred pounds—but the fertilized corn
kept on growing all the time, while that not fertilized turned yellow.
The fertilizer was planted in the hill.

Dr. Huston—If he had broadcasted a part of the fertilizer, his in-
creased fertilizer expenditure would have been profitable. In the latter
part of the season, when you did not have so much water, probably
these plants suffered from lack of water and could not use the additional
amount of fertilizer. If it had partly been broadcasted, they could have
utilized it.

There is a great deal to be learned in regard to the methods of
application, and while you do not get as striking results, I believe, after
twenty-five years’ experience you get more corn by broadcasting the
fertilizer, and that is what we are after.

Mr. Laughlin—I would like to ask what kind of a machine you use
in broadcasting.

Dr. Huston—We do it with the wheat drill. Broadcast immedi-
ately after you plow, before you harrow.

Mr. Boles—I have heard that if you continue to use a fertilizer, it
kills the ground.

Dr. Huston—I am glad you spoke of that. Ever since 1884 I have
had charge of the fertilizer business in Indiana, something over a mil-
lion tons have pased through our office. I have had occasion to visit
practically every county in the State and always inquired about those
lands which had been damaged by the use of fertilizers and they were
always in the next county.

There is an immoderate use of fertilizers which may do you dam-
age. It is a substitution of commercial fertilizers for farm yard manure
instead of using the commercial fertilizer as a supplement that does the
damage. I can point to a great deal of land which has been damaged
by continual wheat sowing or corn growing. Our fertilizer furnishes
only a small amount of nitrogen. By the continual planting of one crop
you remove a dozen elements of plant food from this land and you put
back one. This one cannot be substituted for the other eleven and I do
not think it would take you long to figure that the withdrawal of twelve
elements from your soil and the return of one is bound to get your land
out of balance. This is the reason we hear of commercial fertilizers
injuring the land. They are not properly used. The damage has come
in making them a substitute for barnyard manures. On nothing out-
side of market gardening can that be done with economy.

§2 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

INDIAN CORN

FROM A PRACTICAL FARMER’S POINT OF
VIEW.

(P. E. Crabtree, Hannon, Mo.)

There is much more in corn growing than merely the consideration
of dollars and cents involved therein. From the very nature of the
plant, its pliability, the elasticity of its habits and requirements under
varied conditions, it offers a most interesting field of conquest to the am-
bition of an energetic person through the realization of improvement in
habits and development in features pertaining to its growing period, and
the final victory of achievement in the nature of shelled corn passed
over the scales.

I will touch briefly on some of the essentials of successful corn
growing and I will ask the audience to bear with me should some of my
experiences not coincide with yours, and will state that my place of op-
eration and my field of observation is located in the southwestern quar-
ter of the State of Missouri. My work has been carried on exclusively
on a light, sandy soil that does not naturally produce clover or even
nourish it when planted. However, the cow pea is a leguminous plant
to which our soil bids welcome.

Fertility.—1 wili only touch lightly on this subject, as it is more
properly covered in another lecture. Suffice it to say that the richer the
soil the better, up to the point where the corn plant shows a tendency to
sucker and to produce smut, then desist in further supply of fertility ex-
cept in the way of replenishment. Do not, however, lose an opporunity
to constantly add humus, in some form, to the soil, and thus keep it
loose and friable, that moisture may be retained from one shower to
another, and thus hold the available fertility in soluble form constantly.

Soil Preparation.—Although the “early bird” story is usually appli-
cable to the matter of planting corn, one should not stir the soil when
muddy. It is worse than time lost, as it interferes very materially with
the tending of the crop later in the season. Plow as early in the season
as it is possible to find the soil in the proper condition for stirring. Plow
moderately deep and do a good smooth job, seeing to it that it is all cut
and turned. Fall plowing is still better in this locality where such is
possible, but at any rate the plowing should invariably be done long
enough before cropping time to permit a few good soaking rains to
settle and firm it as much as possible—the more the better at the bottom
of the furrow.

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 53

At the first germination of weed seed in the spring the plowed
ground should be double-disced. In doubling in this manner do so by
over-lapping the disc one-half and thus the ground is left with a level
surface. Ten days should now be given for the germination of weed
seed then double-disc again, then with a spike tooth harrow, work the
ground once at an angle, then double-harrow the way the rows are to
be run, and the field is ready for planting. This, to some, will seem ex-
cessive tillage of the soil previous to planting, but I feel well repaid for
such work later, in the absence of weeds, in the better condition of the
soil for the first cultivation, and in the additional plant food thus liber-
ated by such tillage.

Planting.—Experience and observation have taught me that there
are two mistakes pretty generally made in the planting of corn. One is
to plant too thickly, the other to rely somewhat on replanting done by
hand or otherwise where hills are missing. In regard to the former,
my plan is to plant both rows and hills as close together as I can con-
veniently work them with a two-horse cultivator, then put just two
grains to the hill. As to the latter, I do not inter-replant. If the stand
is too poor, disc and plant over. My planter is set to plant the rows 3
feet, 4 inches apart, and I use a 3-foot, 6-inch wire. I have done some
careful experimenting in regard to checking versus drilling. I advise
checking, and in no instance to drill, unless your rows run north and
south, so that the sun will at least warm the soil once each day.

I find that the trouble of corn being planted too thickly does not
come from a lack of plant food to nourish it, as is generally supposed,
for that we can supply, but it lies in the plants shading themselves and
the ground, thus robbing themselves of the heat, sunlight and air. I
endeavor to plant an average depth of 214 inches, varying deeper if the
ground is light and dry, and shallow if the ground be damp and cold.
I use an edge drop planter with attachment for commercial fertilizer,
and after repeatedly experimenting have settled on checking 100 pounds
per acre or drilling 150 pounds per acre of the fertilizer. A larger
amount is at a larger cost, and also produces corn coarser and more
irregular in grain, and a much larger amount produces suckers and
smut.

Cultivation—A farmer does not always get just what he wants,
but, weather permitting, I always want my corn cultivated just four
times, no more, no less, and am very particular about how it is done;
preferring to do it myself.

You will know from what I have said on tilth of the soil before
planting that I can cultivate it very young. I use a six shovel riding

54 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

cultivator, and for the first cultivation, remove the shovels next the row,
replacing them with bull tongues. Cultivate deep and close this time
in preparation of staying at respectable distance thereafter. The first
cultivation once properly accomplished, the farmer has his own way fo1
the three later cultivations. Cross the field at the second cultivation and
do not ridge it more than you are compelled to, staying a moderate
distance from the row, and not cutting too deeply. Cultivate as planted
the third time, stay well away from the row and cut shallow. Ridge
no more than compelled to by weeds. Now, as to the fourth and last
cultivation use the warped shovels next the row ridging somewhat, but
keep well away from the plants, cultivating shallow to avoid severe
root-pruning.

Type of Corn.—I deem it improper for me at this time and place
to remark on the varieties of corn, so will refer interested ones to my
exhibit to verify the feasibility of a farmer producing the type of corn
which he champions, and which he finds most remunerative. We know
full well that it is not advisable to expect the best results from corn
that has lately undergone a very marked change either in latitude or
altitude. This being true I advise home growing of seed corn so far as
it is practicable. Of course if one has not already a thoroughbred corn
of really high producing capacity, get it first, get it as near home as
possible, then proceed to make it better and of a higher producing
capacity each year I know that this line of work is sadly neglected by
farmers in general. I also know there are so many features of the corn
plant entirely undeterminable in the show room and at fairs, in short,
by examination of the ear, that play a very important part if the ability
of a variety to produce a really heavy crop of sound, merchantable shelled
corn, that farmers often get hold of a variety of high exhibition quality
corn that proves to be a really light cropper of sound corn.

The reason is obvious. The ear that is of the prescribed confor-
mation wins, and is used for breeding stock regardless of field condi-
tions surrounding it. That is why I advocate field selection of the seed
always. Keep it up and make producing capacity your watchword.

After securing the corn that will yield properly, raise your own
seed and in so doing select it in a manner to conform with your ideal of a
perfect corn, considered from a utility point of view. Although the
farmer may at times show an exhibit of corn, that is a secondary con-
sideration with him and his profits lie in what he cribs and not what he
shows. Now let no one understand me to wish to discourage corn shows.
lar from it, I strongly favor them as a stimulant to endeavor, but I
place utility above fancy points, and advise that the enterprising farmers

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 55

of every neighborhood ascertain by trial the very heaviest cropping
corn possible to secure in that particular locality, and once having secured
it “hold fast to that which is good.” If it deviates too severely from
the prescribed standards and score cards, make one calculated to fit it,
including anticipated improvements, and hold local shows, invite good-
natured friendly rivalry, and have good and profitable meetings. .

Exclusive of Score Card.—Granting now that the farmer is really
getting interested in his work and has determined to raise his seed corn,
I will outline his procedure in field selection:

Do not be misled into selecting the biggest, loosest ears in the field
for seed. Invariably the very largest ears have the largest cobs, and are
also slower in maturing as well as shelling out a poor percentage. The
aim should be rather to eliminate nubbins and barren stalks, secure a
moderate, quick developer for this locality, select a type neither too flint
nor too dent, but sufficiently hard to mature in a marketable condition,
solid, compact, bright in color, and flint enough to have a good woody
stalk, stiff enough to support its burden and stand erect all winter if neces-
sary. The stalk should be short-jointed, thus insuring good leafage,
medium height, tapering from the ground to the top rapidly, and should
carry the ears uniformly in height, varying in strength of soil and
seasonable conditions, from waist high to chin high. Secure the heaviest
system of brace-roots possible. A single stalk has been known to ad-
here 97 pounds of soil, the brace-root producing a perfect mesh of feed-
ing rootlets. I find that the brace-roots have much to do with the yield.
Do not select seed from stalks producing two ears. Such corn plants
are retrograding toward whence they came, to that extent. Jhe single
ear stalk produces the largest weight of shelled corn and is the heaviest
yielder, also the double-eared stalk more than doubles the husking bill,
which in this locality is 3 cents per bushel. With all these things taken
into consideration you have taken the necessary precaution regardirg
one of the parent stalks of your seed ear. Remember the stalk on
which the ear grows is always the female parent of the said ear, and of
all the grains thereon. Also remember that in the general fields the
chances are against its being the male parent of more than perhaps 20
per cent of the grains of the ear, the rest probably being fertilized by
pollen from the tassels of other stalks, which accounts for it taking con-
tinued, persistent effort in the direction of line-breeding to produce what
we desire.

Now to be reasonably sure as to the merit of the male parent of
your seed ear it is neeessary to see to that the seed ear comes froni a
stalk, the hill of which contained no stalk with seriously objectionable

56 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

ear, and also that the same degree of merit extended to the four hills
surrounding the one from whence came the seed ear. Even then we
have no positive proof that every grain which the ear contains is a well-
bred germ, but we do know that a big majority of them are, and I find
that this plan of field selection carried out for a few years will simply
work out surprising results in the nature of preferred type, and especi-
ally in producing capacity. As an example of the laiter I mention that
t well remember some years ago it was generally believed that forty
bushels per acre was an outside limit in corn production on this thin
scil. I was repeatedly told as much when I attempted to surpass it.
But I had to “be shown.” Time and effort have furnished me with
some data on this matter. In 1902 I measured off what I considered |
my best acre, and it weighed out 82 bushels and 25 pounds. I then
adopted the plan of annually measuring a small portion, the best of each
field, and weighing it for my own information and as a check on all new
varieties tried. In 1903 the best produced at the rate of 100 bushels
and 67 pounds per acre. In 1904 the best produced at the rate of 158
bushels and 45 pounds. As to the various fields the past scason the best
of one, made at the rate of 97 bushels and 10 pounds. Another 129
bushels and 50 pounds, another 158 bushels and 45 pounds. I hope the
end is not yet for I am not the person who will not try to surpass it
another year.

_ I advise all farmers to begin at once and produce their own seed
corn from a good beginning in the manner herein prescribed, and if
they will but do so the printing of statistics relative to the yield of the
corn belt will necessitate the use of much additional type.

I referred to the matter of checking upon other breeds of corn.
I have generally given trial to about five varieties per year, and I usu-
ally find that the corn handled as above produces from ¥% to 2% times
the yield, under some conditions, as does the new varieties.

Fertilizers—We will grant that the various kinds of fertilizers con-
taining nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in the proportion required
by corn, and likewise similarly available should, in theory, be about
of equal value. However, after experimenting with seven kinds and
compounding two home-mixed formulas I greatly prefer the packing
house product. All farm manures should be utilized both for the plant
food and for the humus they contain, but I find that in addition to all
those, it is a great help in the cultivation of a corn crop to give it addi-
tional plant food in the hill and force it above weeds that surround it,
thus enabling one to properly accomplish the first cultivation.

The Score Card.—For the judging of corn, as also all other judg-

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 57

ing by score card, the card has its uses and abuses. The card furnishes
a record of the judge’s opinion, if he has one, and if he has not it re-
veals the fact. In show room work I prefer the use of the card only
where the judge has become expert in its use. In the case of ninety-
eight judges who have come under my personal observation in the use
of score cards on animals, I found that few of them worked with a de-
gree of accuracy, that their variation in test work where the same ani-
mals were repeated on them in an irregular and puzzling manner so as
to defeat any effort, whatever, at memorizing, and to compel them to
rely solely on the merit of honest estimate of the various specific re-
quirements of the animals, amounted to a variation of 1-8 of one per
cent. No one can claim for any system of judging that no variation
whatever, of a person’s estimate occurs, and I firmly believe that a cor-
rect card properly used will produce results more accurate than is possi-
ble by any other system of judging. Please do not understand me to
affirm that no variation occurs in score card work; but I do contend
that the same judge on the same specimens would do more inaccurate
and consequently more varying work without the card than with it,
granting that he be equally experienced in the two methods of judging.
The simple truth is that without the card his errors are never revealed,
while with it, he goes on record in every detail, and from the fact that
the mathematical estimate of outs sometimes falling between 1-4 and
%, or whatever the case may be, the slight variation would, at times,
occur and would show against the judge, were the specimen being shown
repeated on the judge. Thus it is that the argument against the score
card judge on account of an occasional variation in the test work, and
in favor of the comparison judge, where his shortcomings are not re-
corded, finally narrows the matter down with the exhibitor to the con-
soling stage of mind that “ignorance is bliss.”

But to lay aside all preferences for or against the score card as a
means of judging corn, I have a much greater, more constant and more
beneficial use for it as a handy means of carrying, in condensed and well
grouped form, the standard values and specific requirements of corn for
seed and for market purposes, but particularly in that a reference to the
card occasionally calls my attention to any oversight that I might make,
and it is for this purpose that I find the card of incalculable value.

I believe that a score card similar to the following one should hang
above every farmer’s desk, to be used as a breeding directory in the
selection of his seed corn, and that great good would result from such
a practice. I present herewith a score card I have worked out for my
own use.

58 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Southern Missouri:

*SCORE CARD FOR CORN.

J 0S a ORSON aS ASC rat CRETECnO MCAS SCbEY USOC MEO One ANG EeIsnne: Mucise Qoctac Romo anbh stores =".
CS cael c) eds daue 06 (0 fe tle ee ny See ee en Bee eee Mae ead Ohno dkooersacaaaccuns +:
EENBr Ys“ NO3t ercseteis aces oariee eet MATICE Yenc case wastes neice dereate Breeds. ook: cine doe es ee

{Length of ear, 11 inches.
Official. 4 Circumference of ear, 8% inches.
L Proportion of corn to ear, SO per cent.

An exhibit consists of not less than ten ears.

Value.| Outs.

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Niumberplars We nteredes -2cck ss areca te en eee ey torn a eae pecetaie oie eectaereake open Rponee ac.

fk O) al OF) ea ae ree ee err IG Se Da be i emer es Crise Cet: 5 Wa ee oor

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[ ae des BRODGR j2fioe ce ea behs coe alae na Se ache ae debe ene eels eens : oe

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+P WWONEtRE Reon. cesect divine resus sete cae ete oer eect meee amet Go|) waaeeee

Size ......... }. Olrennmitarence a6: eo) 8s hk een eteren eee ee eae rat ee Bate ef
ASPSCUCHOL ND ULLOW Se icies ne ccice ca osictin eee nein node eee sate eens Bale

Depth of Grain. .. ..... Srl mentee

Solidity, Firmness Fal ESE:

Marketable Condition..... I PLRt DOG scodocotcise dae Arnal dveosonsce ae a Ss oe Diseases

Proportion ol Conn to the Wares. eee ene eas aseetett es tone ae eens aan 10) (e220

otal Walnei’ 7M .. saese ys ote ca eee ee crcle ae oOee Os SNe hs UE TOS ol Ca 100%) 2.2502=<

TOtAl (OUES ease does rs ete > wreiam ale o Owe, ta drole atl oeiaaes oatatace cle cialne ele oieertciaie mists § iol ants Sieleaineete

Score. of ,EXDIDiMG Ms... 2h fe odds edi nle, siaiererere b vis.o Ris wlvlbemse'b puaminea'e Sie oiler = ial aaa nlaltenS

PPL OSTGONE 5 picts cisiaieewiaisimje sie gierons wiaceoid ois aieleyore etm lofo)o arene bla(o)s eueiavs cloionaia ale eieratetetnis tteter stele Tale eaeietoner cee arene nanane

SECLOCAMY he aievaterarolave ovis eiovereha's ateielals’sss fx[e'o'afe’o\ehel gtavelate\elevata sv! statale aieisvotale cle mtnlaleyeta aim atarelaa alate ier efel mainte

SASOCOCUIIOD OL OOH > 240 DNB DRADIOOEC Ce BeEIOOI anor COD IGO Sar OAUI Hote , Judge.

Deserve More Strict Attention—As I see it, the things that at
present are deserving of more strict attention in the matter of corn selec-
tion follow. I regard them in importance, in the order named:

Producing Capacity.

Marketable Condition.

Uniformity of Grain.

Proportion of Corn to Ear.

Size of Germ.

Most Common [rrors.—I regard the following as the errors most
commonly made by corn growers whose methods have come under my
observation :

‘Tilling the soil when muddy.

*The above score card is one used by Mr. Crabtree and is not printed here as the
standard for Missouri, but is printed for study and comparison.—Editor.

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 59

Failure to properly assort the seed corn into two sizes, namely,
large and small.

It is no extra trouble for me to shell an ear off into two pails instead
of one. I first butt and tip the seed ear then proceed to shell, and more
often a part of it shells as large seed and a part as small. The propor-
tion often ranges from one-third to two-thirds as the point of distinction.
Now there are two reasons for this. It sometimes occurs that we have
occasion to change planter plates as a consequence of the difference in
size of the seed, but there is a much more important reason. The larger
the grain in a hill the larger and stronger plant it will grow. The differ-
ence in the young plant is greater and continues to be more noticeable
as they grow older. On examination one will find that the larger plants
are robbing the smaller ones of sunlight and air above ground, and that
their roots are far outreaching them in the soil, and robbing them of
their fertility. They can never hope to catch up and thus is enacted one
of the most fruitful sources of nubbins. It is similar to feeding calves
and grown cattle together. Plant the seed graded as large, first, and
when that is gone plant that graded as small. The stalks in the hill
of either wili run uniform in size and all will thrive well.

Another error is in selecting long-jointed, top-heavy stalks with the
ear set too high, from which to save seed. Another is the selection of a
variety too dent and soft to mature soundly, but inclined to mold fast to
the husk and rot before drying. Another is to throw too great stress
on the importance of having the tip of cob entirely covered, resulting in
a concession on the part of yielding capacity, and producing a corn ot
short cob, one that shells out a handsome proportion of corn to ear, but
one that is a really light cropper.

If anyone is of the opinion that each of the things mentioned do not
play an important part in corn production it would be worth their while
to visit a farm where those things are considered in the growing season.
After visiting such corn fields an old gentleman of perceptive ability and
discrimination once said to others, “I tell you the county could well afford
to pay the owner of that farm a thousand dollars a year to go around
and tell the farmers how to raise corn.” The remark was criticised as
the product of a fertile imagination by one who had a reputation for
annually raising the poorest corn in that locality, whereupon the old
man retorted, “I mean it. I am not joking. The county could never
make another equally good investment.” Thus it is that what one sees
another sees not. What one does another does not.

Over Populated——Some entertain fears lest the corn belt region
will soon become over populated. Many years ago the majority of the

60 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

pioneers in this part of the State thought they had “corned” the land to
death and sold out and left the country. Today under intelligent
management and with proper treatment those same old farms are pro-
ducing crops of corn that would amaze the old-timers. Let us welcome
the day when a more intensive cultivation, intellectually applied will
make the corn belt bloom as never before. I have stood on the banks
of the Humber river in England, where the soil has been continuously
cropped for centuries, and in estimating the tremendous garden crops
that were there being produced I could but think of the folly of some
of us of the corn belt region of America cherishing the idea that it is
necessary, under proper management, to wear out a farm and move on
every fifteen years. I believe that American agriculture is still in its
infancy. I believe that the time will come when we will not only know
how to double or treble our annual yields per acre, but also how to care
for the fertility of our soil as well; when we will be as well prepared to
utilize the valuable land which we possess as are the inhabitants of
the old countries. Such will be accomplished largely I think through
interesting the boys and young men of the country in an agricultural
education.

The Institute-—Let me say a word here in favor of the commend-
able work now being done by our State Board of Agriculture. The
Farmers’ Institute and the display car of products are working closer
into the confidence of the older farmers than ever before. They have
made a deep impression on many of the younger farmers, who are al-
ready beginning to take hold. They carry out their educational work
in a manner that is readily grasped by the students of the public school,
and never fail to say a good word for the work being accomplished by
the Agricultural College.

Recently one of those institute meetings was held for us at Liberal,
Missouri. The Liberal schools were dismissed in the afternoon for the
occasion, and the interest shown by the students was intense. The young
ladies were equally interested in the lectures, especially pleased with
the contents of the display car, and many students expressed a desire
to, at some time, succeed in attending the Agricultural College, and de-
voting themselves in that direction.

That is what is wanted. A stimulus to the ambition of the youth
of the land in an agricultural direction, for let it be understood that a
person never achieves anything which they have no ambition for. If a
man has not an ambition to drive the best team in the county he will
never drive it. If he has no ambition to raise the biggest crop of corn
in the State he will never raise it. If he has not an ambition to accom-

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 61

plish something he will never accomplish it. Ambition must precede
the accomplishment. Cause must precede the effect. No cause, no
effect.

The recent lecture of the President of the Missouri Corn Growers’
Association at Liberal is already bearing fruit and more work in that
line is now craved by the farmers.

CORN POLLINATION.
(H. 8. Reed, Agricultural College, University of Missouri.)

We do not usually think of the corn plant as having flowers, as
our ordinary flowering plants have; it is only when we find that it has
the same floral organs that we come to the conclusion that the corn
really belongs to the flowering plants. We know that our ordinary
flowers have, in the center of the flower, one or more organs which are
somewhat rough or sticky on the upper end, which we know as pistils.
Surrounding these we have a circle of filaments which are yellow on the
ends and if we stick our finger into the flower, we withdraw it covered
with a yellow powder which is the pollen. We know that in order to
have fruit such a flower must be pollinated; i. e. this yellow pollen from
the stamens must by some means be brought upon the end of the stigma,
and when it is brought there it brings about fertilization and the act of
transferring the pollen from the end of the stamens to the pistil is what
we know as pollination. .

In flowers of the apple or lily type, we have a different kind of
flower from that of corn, because in them we have the stamens and the
stigmas all in the same flower, while in corn they are separated. When
a bee alights on the apple or lily blossom and searches for honey he is
pretty sure to rub his head on the stamens and then rub some of the
pollen on the stigma and so pollination is brought about. As the bee
goes from one flower to another it carries some pollen on its body and
thus a flower may be pollinated by pollen from another flower. This
brings about cross pollination. If a flower is pollinated with its own
fiower, we say it is self pollinated.

As long as one hundred and ten years ago it was noticed that many
flowers had adaptations to prevent being pollinated by their own pollen.
In a very curious old book which was published at that time, the author
said that Nature seemed to have intended that no flower should be
pollinated by its own pollen, but rather by the pollen from another
flower of the same species.

62 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Now there are, if we begin to examine them, a great many causes
which prevent this self pollination and they do prevent it very effectu-
ally. One is by having the pollen ripen at a different time from that in
which the pistils are ripe, so that when the pollen is ripe the pistils
cannot be fertilized and the pollen must be taken to some other flower
and when the pistils are ripe they must be pollinated from some other
flower because their pollen is all gone. Another way is by having the
stamens some distance from the pistil so that when carried by wind
or insects, the chances are small that the pollen will get from the stamens
to the pistil of flowers on the same plant. In corn we have the stamens
removed a long distance from the pistil because in the corn the stamens
are the “tassel,” and the pistils are the “silks.” You have seen a yellow
powder shaking off from the tassels when the wind is blowing. It sifts
Gown and the wind carries it along and some of it is sifted on parts of
the plants below. This powder is the pollen. Insects do not aid in
carrying the pollen of the corn, it depends upon the wind. The silks
are connected with what later come to be kernels, so that in the corn we
have a mammoth pistil with a very long drawn out filament which is
rough or sticky at the end and which gets its pollen sifted down from
the tassels. Now if we could take this and examine it under a micro-
scope at this time, we should see something interesting going on. The
pollen, lighting on the end of the silk, grows out into a tube which
carries a cell-nucleus down the silk to where the kernel forms later on
and this accomplishes the fertilization.

The whole structure of the corn plant is one which almost entirely
prevents self-pollination. The chances are greater that the silk will be
dusted by pollen from another corn stalk than by its own, and I may say
here that even if it should be pollinated by pollen from.its own stalk,
that the pollen from its neighbor would germinate quicker and outrun
its own pollen growth. Corn is essentially a cross-pollinating plant.
his fact has some very distinct advantages. I was not able to find the
data on the effects of cross-fertilization in corn, but I found other data
which will show what I want to say equally as well.

Chas. Darwin in his study of cross and self-fertilization has left us
valuable records of experiments that he carried on. Here is one with
the common Morning Glory. He raised his plants in a green house
where he could cover them with a fine net, keeping out all insects, and
did the work of pollination with a brush. He pollinated some with the
pollen of other plants and some with their own pollen. The first gen-
eration the cross-pollinated plants had an average height of 86 inches
and the self-pollinated plants of 65 inches, or in the proportion of 100 to

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 63

x

76. He saved the seed from these plants, planted them and carried on
the same pollination process, and in the second generation the cross-
pollinated plants average 85 inches, while the self-pollinated plants
- averaged 66 inches, or a ratio, of 100 to 79. In every case the cross-
pollinated plants were taller and more vigorous than those which had
been raised from seed pollinated by its own pollen. Now the difference
was not due to one or two unusually tall individuals which brought up
the average. The difference was due to every plant being larger than
the corresponding plant from the self-pollinated seed.

Again he carried on some experiments with carnations on the effect
of cross-pollination and also the effect of self-pollination. He had three
lots, one which had grown in his own garden and were pollinated from
flowers brought from London, another lot was pollinated from other in-
dividuals grown in the same garden and the third lot was pollinated from
its own flowers. So we have what he calls the London crossed, the inter-
crossed and the self-fertilized plants. In comparing the London crossea
with the self-pollinated, we have the greatest difference, the average
height was in the ratio of 100 to 81, the weight of seed in the ratio of
100 to 33. The ratio of the London crossed to the inter-crossed, that is,
the relation of those crossed with a new stock to those crossed by their
own brothers and sisters, was 100 to 45 and the weight of seeds the
same. The ratio of the inter-crossed to the self-fertilized was 100 to 67
and the ratio of the weight of seeds 100 to 73.

This plainly shows one or two things. First, there is an advantage
in crossing from a fresh stock. It gives new vigor. Second, the gain
in the weight of seed is greater than in the height or general vigor of
the plant and further shows that the plants which were cross-pollinated
even with their own stock were more vigorous and produced more seed
than those which were self-fertilized. So we can appreciate to some
extent the value of cross-pollination in the corn.

Now as a result of this crossing, we sometimes get undesirable
things in our fields, that is especially true where we are raising corn for
seed purposes. These considerations should teach us that we must be
very careful about keeping our seed plat some distance from other corn
if we want it to be vigorous and hardy. It is as important to pay atten-
tion to the plant which bears the pollen as to the plant which bears the
ear, because the offspring is as likely to inherit the characteristics of one
as the other. To guard against this possibility, we must use great care
as to where the pollen comes from and the best thing to do when the
corn is ready for pollination is to go through the patch and cut off all
the tassels on weak stalks so that the pollen will come only from the

64. MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

strong stalks, true to the type which we wish to raise. Then we must
have our corn some distance from any other field because the pollen may
be carried sometimes one-fourth of a mile by the wind and this accounts
for our getting ears in our corn containing colors and characteristics
which are not in the regular crop. People are at a loss to know where
they come from. They come from some adjouuns., field the character-
istics of which are brought by the pollen.

This also has bearing on the question of running out. Many corn
growers think that they can only raise corn from a certain strain for a
number of years and must then go or send elsewhere for a new strain
because the old one has “run out.” There is really no such thing as
“running out.” It would be better to say it is carelessness in allowing
the corn to be pollinated by pollen from any kind of corn. If the corn
is selected—that is, if the tassels are weeded out before they shed their
pollen and care is taken to prevent mixtures from worthless kinds of
corn, the corn is in no danger of deteriorating or running out. In
this way the corn is not only kept up but improved from year to year.

DISCUSSION.

Col. Waters—(Holding up some ears). Here is the pure white
corn. Here is the detasseled corn and here is the first cross.

Mr. Reed—It has just begun to be recognized that the character-
istics of both the parents are not always transmitted. We may have
for instance a white and a yellow corn and after allowing them to cross
we may get seed which is entirely white, or we may get seed which is
entirely yellow, or we may get a mixture of the two. Now suppose we
had crossed the white and yellow corn and the seed from that cross was
all white. We plant that corn and the corn which we raise from that
seed may be part white and part yellow. It is due to what is called the
dominance of characteristics that the white character was dominant in
the first generation, but it might not be dominant in the next generation,
that is, the next generation may resemble the grandparents without
resembling the immediate parents.

Mr. Kurtz—We have a type of corn in our county but the great
objection to it is that the ear is too small. But when we put it on the
scales it is as big as anybody’s. I thought that by crossing we might
increase the size of the ear. I planted an ear of white and an ear of
yellow side by side. I took the tassels out of the white and made the
first cross. How many crosses will we have to make to increase the
size of the ear without losing any of its good qualities?

Mr. Reed—Such things occasionally come the first time as a result

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 65

of what we call a sport, but more frequently and in the cases where the
most valuable changes are brought about, they are brought about slowly
from year to year. There is a little increase each year and by selecting
the largest ear or the one closest to the type from year to year we car
increase the variation or fix the characteristics.

Col. Waters—You mean simply by selection?

Mr. Reed—By selecting the materials for crossing.

Col. Waters—We could get a better result by selecting larger ears.

Mr. Kurtz—My idea was to keep on—to get the length of the
yellow corn without losing any of the good qualities of the white corn.

Mr. Reed—tThe longer that is kept up, the more you can select and
the greater the size you can bring about. You may perhaps never get
the white corn to the size of the yellow corn, but you may get the de-
sirable characteristics of the yellow corn.

Mr. McFarland—If I was going to make a cross 1 would use two
different types of yellow corn. The experiments in the different colors
would show what I could do, but if I wished to make a cross I would
use two different types of yellow corn.

Mr. Ellis—Would it not be more desirable to increase the size by
selection than by crossing?

‘Mr. Reed—The size can be increased by selection of the largest
ears from a particular variety but it is a question whether it can be
profitably done in this way.

Mr. Ellis—When you begin crossing you lose your strain and have
to begin all over again.

Mr. Reed—That is simply what every breeder of pure bred seed
corn is trying to do.

Mr. Ellis—I do not think so. No breeder of Hereford cattle, for
instance, would think of going outside of his breed for improvement,
but would hunt for the best blood among the Herefords. If he wanted
to establish a new or distinct breed, he would do it by crossing. If
there is such a thing as heredity in plants, then the purer we keep the
strain we are breeding, the stronger the prepotency of that strain and
the more certain can we control the performance of the plant. I do not
understand how we are to establish a pedigree for a variety of corn if
we continue to cross it with other varieties. Will it not be better to
look for stronger blood in the same variety and keep the strain pure than
to introduce outside blood and lose our pedigree?

Mr. Reed—Of course, if a man insists on keeping up a pedigree, he
can only improve his variety by selection; but if he is anxious to change
some characteristic (such as length of ear or weight) he will get wider

A—5

66 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

variations by crossing with another strain than by inbreeding and selec-
tion. For this reason I think Mr. Kurtz will increase the length of the
white corn faster by crossing and selection than by inbreeding and
selection.

Mr. Ellis—Variation is just the thing we want to avoid and true-
ness to type is the thing most desired, and for that reason we had. better
keep our variety pure and we will then have a reasonable assurance that
the good qualities of the parent will be reproduced.

THE: CHEMISTRY*OB“GORN:

(Dr. R. M. Bird. Agricultural College.)

In speaking to an audience upon a chemical subject great difficulties
are met with by reason of the fact that chemistry demands the use of a
large number of technical terms of which the average man would not be
expected to know the meaning; and futhermore, the subject is so ex-
tremely broad that it is well nigh impossible to make much out of it
during the few minutes which are allowed me this evening. Therefore,
I shall attempt to deal with a very few compounds that occur in the
corn and a very few processes which go on during the period of growth.
Only the high places can be touched, and these very lightly. ;

The corn plant is a machine of the most delicate and complicated
construction by means of which the farmer transforms certain raw

PARTS OF GRAIN OF CORN.

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 67

materials into certain finished products. His raw materials are the car-
bonic acid of the air and the water and mineral substances from the
earth, and his finished product is starch, oil and protein. These are the
principal compounds which occur in the kernel of corn and for which
the farmer works from seed-time to harvest. Nature is a wonderfui
chemist and works in a very small laboratory, but she has many of
them. These laboratories are the plant cells; they are in the stems, the
leaves and the grain. The carbon, the hydrogen, the oxygen, those
elements of which the plant needs most, together with nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash are transformed into compounds totally unlike
those originally fed into the machine. ‘The carbon is breathed in by the
leaf cell as carbonic acid gas, and the water comes up from the ground
and brings with it the mineral constituents. If you were to look at the
leaf of the corn plant under a microscope, those particles of green which
make the whole appear green to the eye would become separated one
from another. These green “corpuscles” cailed chlorophyll corpuscles,
are the places wherein the carbonic acid gas is split up and where starch
first appears. But starch cannot pass through the walls of these small
cells and reach the ear of corn, and therefore Nature changes it into a
compound near akin to sugar which will dissolve in the juices of the
plant and be carried from the leaf to the grain. Likewise those com-
pounds of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, known as proteids,
which are likewise formed in the leaf cells are transformed into soluble
compounds and journey along with the sugar-like bodies to the kernel,
where they are transformed into proteid matter again. The sap ofa
plant is a water solution of these sugar-like and nitrogen-containing
materials together with certain other things and it is by means of the
sap-flow that the products formed in one part of a plant are carried to
that part from which they are harvested.

If you were to take a grain of corn and soak it in hot water for
about thirty minutes, then split it, you would see certain marked differ-
ences in its different parts which are represented in Figure I.

It can be seen that a large part of the corn is relatively pure starch,
another part is rich in proteid matter, and yet another part contains much
oil. The following table shows whereabouts in this corn kernel the
finished products of the farmer’s machine are contained.

-

68 ' MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

~ TABLE A.
Parts Per cent. of total|Per cent. of tota]|Per cent. of total|/Per cent. of total
‘i Protein. Oil. Ash. Carbohydrates.
JnnoUp GADSiee cee eee ee 1.14 -69 1.06 16
Emin raerek eos see ke Sait 2.07 1.08 3.06 6.80
In horny parts......... 59.03 14.53 16.94 58.27
In wuite starchy part. 17.62 1.27 4.39 28.40
IMicermss eioeee oe ee 20.14 82.43 74.55 4.97
In total corn.. .. 100.00 100.00 100. 00 . 100.00

This table tells of the total proteid matter; a very little is in the tip
caps, little in the hull, about six-tenths in the horney part, about one-
sixth in the white starchy part and about one-fifth in the germs. Of
the total oil, the horny part, contains less than one-seventh and most of
the rest isin the germ. The germ likewise contains about three-fourths
of all the mineral matter which forms part of the compounds contained
in the seed. The last column shows that the white part shown in the
drawing, while called the starchy part, in reality contains less than one-
half the amount of starch and starch-like compounds which are in the
kernel. The horny part, which is richest in proteid, is also richest in
starchy matter.

To cause nature to increase the amount of proteid matter is one of
the most important of the modern problems for the expert corn grower;
for if he can so change the conditions of feeding and growth that the
proteid matter will be increased and the starchy matter decreased, his
grain of corn will more quickly approach the balance ration and will
contain more of that substance for which the farmer pays most when he
buys concentrated food stuffs, for concentrated food stuffs are food stuffs
rich in proteid matter principally.

Dr. Hopkins of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station has
had wonderful success in coaxing Dame Nature to make more concen-
trated food stuffs in the laboratories which are situated in the corn. He
has been able to increase the proteid by more than one-third and this is
accompanied by a large increase in oil and the consequent decrease in
starch.

Even if one should want to raise corn for the starch factory, it
would probably be best to increase the horny part, because although you
thereby decrease the starch, the valuable by-products (oil and concen-
trated cattle. food) would be increased at a much greater ratio than the
starch would be decreased, and the total value of all the mill products
would be greater than with the corn poor in proteid.

of
ins
’

69

and

is combined with carbon

As

y the roots in the form of a nitrate.

7

y in the stem to a near relation of ammonia

that form to the leaf cells where it

the potash

nd products)
y go first to

’

j Proteid matter
these in turn

(ase

\ Starch and oil
Proteid matter

|

us and Sulphur.

ds; with

OCompoun
i Phosphor

| Nitrogenous-
Organic-

'
J

4

ical elements which the plant obta
the phosphorus and the potash.

ates.

etc.
ic acid. These also probabl

WiOUAGCS win eienrescisietemicr

d
gen

Potassium
gen,

{ Oarboh

| an

} Nitro

)

| Phosphorus
(Sulphur,

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.

7

trogen is taken up b

1

namely the nitro
as a salt of an organ

, the n

It is changed probabl

Relatives of ammonia Carbohydr
g the proteid which builds muscle and tissue in the animal. The

V

c acid, gas and water..

i)

We may sum up roughly the changes that are spoken of in whi
goes in

carbon plays the most important part as follows
During the few minutes that remain I shall speak very briefly

oxygen and hydrogen to form protoplasmic materials,
phosphorus enters the plant root in the form of a phosphate

those for us more important chem

from the soil,
you know
vieldin
probabl

Oarboni
2

Nitrate

ti)
ri mrad

agai
| ae wu
es
ane i

Yd,

wat

are
ae oe
Pi Ane

aeons

ani

Hicat ean CAAA ANN canal
ee BacuaEs
= magungecengg
7 > uO

ene

Cob red.

Kernels of fair

Ears deep
Exhibited at State Corn Show.

Mo.

golden yellow, smooth, 9% to 10 inches long and 7 to 7% inches in circumference.
Rows of kernels rather open, making it somewhat loose on the cob.

depth. This is a good foundation for a promising variety.

Crop 1904.

O’Fallon,

Greisnauer,

Ss.

ST. CHARLES YELLOW.--Grown py C.

7O MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

the leaf cells in order that they may aid in the production of starch and
proteid.

The cell must have phosphorus or it cannot digest its nitrogen. If
it does not get a sufficient quantity of phosphorus, it cannot digest enough ~
nitrogen to satisfy its needs. It must have nitrogen or it cannot assimi-
late the carbonic acid gas which the leaf breathes in as we breathe in
the air. It must have potash in order to accomplish the changes where-
by the carbon of the atmosphere becomes starch, sugar and oil. In
brief, phosphoric acid governs the quantity of nitrogen the plant can
take up; and the nitrogen the quantity of carbon it can breathe in; and
potash the formation of organic substances.

Such is about what goes on under your eyes every day in every
plant, and while we have applied it to this particular plant that is under
discussion, the same is true of all plants because the compounds that I
have mentioned occur in all, and the machines which Nature provides
only manufacture more of one and less of another.

* MISSOURI CORN SCORE CARD.

Waitormity of; Fxchiit 3.2 ceric eelecrse = bye wien te See IO
Maturity .and: (Market: Condition’ —.:?.i<25:5.2+). 52 ee ee 15
Shape: Ob “Mars /52.5)2.6.% witek sen ents vk fa alee eee ee 10
CONGR cSiun. Scasiol erettes aie ial pe shone mie eee VRE eae
(a) Kernels cin cae 2 fal hevalec tee teteiae aetehone eee a ee 5
CBD) SCO 8 Ftd, x aula Suto aye aa BiaPaost noketere ee ane 5
BattSe=o.56 8d ols Seis edie Pome Oto els ss tis ste ne ee ee fe)
bn oa ee a aE er ee RNC teen Ais Steady SS 8
Shapesot, Kernel sarc. scree ccm wo ie tas ksi cess CR Oe ee ee 10
Proportion. of Length -to: Gircumierence™ -..2,4- tc oa eee 10
Space between Kernels =. .sc5 0.95 7 en Com seas ye eee 5
Proportion of. Cor t6 Bates 23:2cc sks Aga ore sic ak ee 15
Dota. iccticcd she tucs oto ay a eon ns etait ae ae ae ey 100

DIRECTIONS FOR JUDGING.

Uniformity of Exhibit—The ears of the exhibit should be similar
in size, shape, color and indentation. For each ear defective in this re-
spect cut the exhibit not more than one point.

Maturity and Market Condition.—Ears should be firm and kernels
sound and free from mould and injury. Kernels should be tight on the
cob. Determine this by twisting in the hand or moving kernels with
the thumb. Cut not more than one point for each ear defective in these
respects. }

ee CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 71

‘Shape of Ear.—The ears should be cylindrical or nearly so. Cut
not over one point for each tapering ear.

| Color.—

(a) Kernels—Kernels should be uniform in color. Cut
I-10 point for each kernel that is off color. If 5 or more the ear will of
course be cut the full limit—r1-2 point.

(b) Cob—The cobs should be all of one color. Cut one
point for each cob off color up to three which will disqualify the exhibit.

Butts —Butts should be well rounded out with deep, regular kernels,
solidly compacted together. Attachment to the stalk for medium vari-
eties should be 3-4 inch. Cut not more than one point for each cob
showing marked defects.

Tips.—There should be deep kernels well out to the end of the ear
in as regular rows as possible. The ideal tip is completely covered.
Cut I-2 point for tips seriously defective.

Shape of Kernels——The kernels should be uniform in size and shape.
They should be uniformly wedge-shape but not too pointed. The length
should be a little over once and a half as long as the width. Remove
three kernels from near the middle of each ear for comparison. Cut one
point for each ear with poorly shaped kernels.

Proportion of Circumference to Length.—The proportion of circum-
ference to length should be as 3 to 4, or the circumference divided by
the length should give .75. An ear 10 inches long should be 7% inches
around at one-third the distance from butt to tip. Cut one point for
each ear markedly defective in this proportion.

Space Between Kernels.—Furrows between rows should be narrow
and kernels should fit tightly together in the row. Cut not over % point
for each defective ear.

Proportion of Corn to Ear.—The proportion of corn to ear should
not be under 85 per cent. Cut 1%4 point for each per cent below this
limit. The per cent is best determined by shelling every other ear of
the exhibit and weighing. It may be done with a fair degree of accu-
racy by shelling but two representative ears.

*OFFICIAL SCORE CARD.

Although the Missouri Corn Growers’ Association has been organ-
ized for about two years, this is the first announcement of an official
score card to be used in judging corn in this State. It was deemed
better to make haste slowly than to make a mistake in the adoption of
a score card that could not be used in judging some of our best corn.
At the Annual Meeting of the Corn Growers’ Association held in the

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
No standard of varieties of corn has been adopted; there-

fore, it is necessary to adopt a score card that may be used with some

modification in judging ali varieties exhibited. As soon as a standard

judging corn for the present year or until it shall be changed by the
SAMPLE EARS EXHIBITED AT STATE CORN SHOW—CROP 1904.

association.
ciation, it will then be necessary to adopt a score card for each standard

has been fixed and different varieties recognized as standard by the asso-
variety.

Agricultural College January 12, 1905, a committee was appointed to
prepare and publish a score card which is to be the official standard for

72

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oe

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eee
TTS

f "Tele > gh, Sam

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ecegennd q ni Macys
ava if ek
Ses cca a |

ah
ely
be

y

> MSS
“>: Saaangag

Ears &% to 9 in circumference near

butts, smooth, cobs very lavge especially near butts, white in color, kernels shallow and

COB PIPE CORN, grown in Franklin Co., Mo.
rather wide. This corn is raised especially for the cobs which are used in the manufacture

of pipes.

73

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.

i Reeeoiots

Depa ictus
4 oe +H Petre ehh CEL En ?
REPREL eo

#6
ne barat ior
ease

‘
pitts ZOE ESRB EGS OL OGLE: Ane Ohit

: pee au treeeceagtct Hitt
we CE ERp vba

rd heed Pie
C775 * See

Atta" t eehity
mmea dec / GES BITE aL + Der StiFinaqaob DSHODIDEE SR
Te CM COEOE CORRS CROCE Oto DEDLAE Bed
a EN

tengre care

Hi edd ss)

Srey

HERR ADIOS:
or 5 HEE CERES

aa'
nonsnvter?
PHAN ene shen eee

hah kd

since wie,

aed a piste

ceorticregs maura rit

nace CCCEETER DRE cae

ag Meare pp ame eg
area id

‘
ee

Fars a rich golden
Inclined to be rough.

Grown by 1. W. McFarland, Cooper Co., Mo.
Rather inclined to spread at top, and

CARTNER CORN.
yellow, 7% to 7% inches long, 714to 7% inches

Cobs smal!, deep red color.

ference.

in ecireum

Kernels very deep.

Cooper county by John Cartner about

in

ted

ina

o
as)

1S corn was or:

h

eorn won a gold medal at the World’s Fair,

uf

to be loose on the cob.

At the

St. Louis.

This
State Corn Show in 1994, it made a higher per cent of shelled corn than any other variety

exhibited, testing 90.3 per cent shelled corn.

ago.

forty years

Mr. R. B. Johnston of Cooper county reports

a yield in 1904 on one acre of 80 bushels and 25 pounds, which is an excellent yield for

ze will no doubt make

in sl

ereased somewhat i

in

is
um uplands

This corn

so unfavorable a season.

ils.

sol

i

an excellent variety for med

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

74

SAMPLE EARS EXHIBITED AT STATE CORN SHOW—CROP I904.

DRE
ee

nt

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Re ase Ds fog
Gao x

TT
aN nies
eRe me

a ara
ete

“(

i
ois

at

ronvOOB,
mnegan®
OS

Rars 9 to 9%

Mo.
cobs deep red

Rockport,

Sly,

Geo. H.
inclined to be rough

ite, grown by

es Wh

arl

h

in circumferen

St. Cc

ROW:

TOP
inches long,

medium size,

’

ce,

%

Tf ano) ff

kernels fair de

pth.

St. Charles, Mo.

lackemeier,

Be E.

arles White, grown by J.

Ch

St.

OM ROW:
to 9 inches long, 6% to 7 inches in circumference, inclined to be smooth, cobs deep

red, medium size, kernels fair depth,

Borer

Kars 814

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. ra

DISCUSSION OF SCORE CARD.

Dr. G. M. Tucker —The proportion of corn to cob is something
that has very little relation, it has been found, to the actual production,
so far as yield per acre is concerned, that is, we can have a small cob
with a large amount of grain relatively on it, and that kind of a cob
tnay produce very small ears, or its other characteristics be such that
it does not produce a big yield per acre. Some of the new score cards,
in place of the proportion of corn to cob, call for the actual weight of
the grain, the actual weight of the grain being much better indication
of the productivity of the corn than the length or circumference of the
ear. It is the weight of the grain that we take in computing the yield
per acre, and the weight of the grain on the ear multiplied by the
number of ears in the field will give that yield. The amount of grain
on the ear is the thing that we are after and counts more than anything
else in profit.

The score card, while it does not in any of its points actually bear
upon the productivity of the corn, yet it does have an important bearing
upon bringing before the producer little points found in the corn which
so to make up corn and which have a special bearing in producing a high
bred corn and corn which has character, so that before big yields can
be intelligently produced the score card must be studied closely and these
points brought out by studying the ear.

The points which are actually useful to the producer—the grower
of corn—are character. By character I mean just the general appear-
ance, the conformation, I may say, of the ear which shows breeding;
then weight of the grain; the commercial grade—which, of course is
important; and the yield per acre. These four points are the ones which
have a direct bearing upon the interests of the corn grower.

In selecting my seed corn last spring I judged it by the score card.
I had no other means. That was the teaching that I had had, that the
score card was something by which I could judge my corn, and in
computing the value of each ear as a breeding ear I based my judg-
ment by comparing each ear with the score card and in planting my
breeding plats I put my best ear—or the one I thought ought to pro-
duce the largest yield, judging from the appearance of the ear—in the
center of the plat and graded on either side toward the edges, so I had
the best ear in the middle and the poorest ears on either side.

Mr. Ellis —What were the results?

Dr. Tucker —The results were quite peculiar. My best ear which
was numbered 34, was right in the middle of the plat; it gave a yield

76 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

of 105 bushels per acre which was very good. It was a fairly good
sized ear—g.8 inches long and had a weight of 14% ounces of grain.
The per cent of grain to cob was 91, which was very high for Boone
County White. That was exceptionally high, and I had an idea that I
had a very fine ear of corn, and it produced 105 bushels per acre. But
let me show you where my best ear was: it was the second one from
the outside edge. That was my most productive ear, the one that gave
the largest yield per acre, and it was one that I had considered to be
about the poorest ear in the lot. It gave a yield of 156.3 bushels per
acre. It was a large ear, having rather small per cent of grains on it,
but it had a power of reproduction which cannot be found out by the
score card. The weight of the grain on that ear was one pound. ,

Mr. King.—Was there any difference in the care given it?

Dr. Tucker—None. We planted one row after the other, taking
the same care.

Mr. King.—You said this was next to the last row. What of the
last row?

Dr. Tucker.—The ear on the last row on that side made 144 bushels
per acre. That was more than my best ear.,

Mr. Ellis—Was there any difference in the soil?

Dr. Tucker.—There was no difference that I could discover. It was
in the midst of a one hundred acre field.

Mr. Boles—How do you account for the fact that your good ear
did not make any more?

Dr. Tucker.—It was only good looking. It did not have good blood
in it.

Dr. Huston—What kind of corn was it?

Dr. Tucker.—Boone County White.

Dr. Huston.—Was there any relation between the position of your
tiles from drains to this plat that could influence it?

Dr. ‘Tucker.—I think not as the large yielding ears were scattered
throughout the plat, not all being on one side.

Dr. Huston.—It was symmetrical so far as the plat was concerned?

Dr. Tucker.—Yes, and the yields varied the other way as well.

Mr. Boles.—Then you never know the best ear until you try it?

Dr. Tucker.—I did not then know because I bought the seed. In
the future I will select the seed from the actual performance and not
from the score card. It is all right on the show table to compare ex-
hibits. I do not see that it has value anywhere else except as an aid
in studying corn.

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. oa

Mr. King—Of two equal scoring exhibits the one with the best
pedigree is the one to plant?

Dr. Tucker.—Yes, a pedigree based on performance and not on the
score card—a pedigree based on the actual yield in the field.

I had a photograph of some of the ears that I bred from last year.
I photographed all of them so as to get an idea of how they would re-
produce themselves in shape and appearance.

Mr. -—What was the lowest yield per acre?

Dr. Tucker.—4o bushels. They ranged from 40 to 156 bushels per
acre.

alvin. ——Did you plant by tier or by row?

Dr. Tucker.——By row. I did not plant all of the corn on the ear,
but irom the same place on the ear. Whatever I used I planted from
the whoie length of the row on the ear.

Mr. ——Was the ear that produced 40 bushels apparently as
good as the others?

Dr. Tucker—No, not quite so good. It was a smaller ear than
some of the others. I had placed it next to the last. The second best
ear produced 144% bushels to the acre. That ear weighed 18 ounces, its
per cent of grain was only 81 and we are taught that is very low. The
per cent of grain for Boone County White should be 86. This one was
way below the standard, and yet the actual amount of grain on that ear
was 1444 ounces. It lacked only an ounce and a half of putting a pound
of grain on that ear. The ear that produced only 40 bushels to the acre
had on it only 11% ounces to the ear. So there seems to be in gen-
eral some relation between the actual amount of grain in weight on an
ear and the total yield per acre of grain. The ear that gave the small-
est yield was a pretty good ear according to the score card. I placed it

as No. 17 in my plat, and the one which gave the largest yield I placed
as No. 24. These yields were apparent even in the gathering—in the
size of ears themselves.

Mr. Reed.—Where was the seed raised that you planted?

Dr, Tucker.—In Illinois.

Mr. Reed.—Was the seed corn pollinated by corn in the same patch
or by corn in that neighborhood?

Dr. Tucker.—It was all the same kind of seed, the Boone County
White, and this breeding plat was entirely surrounded by the same
variety.

Mr. ——On what kind of soil?

Dr. Tucker.—Drained, re-claimed swamp lands near Blodgett, Scott
county. ,

78 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Dr. Huston.—Not peat lands are they?

Dr. Tucker.—Yes, rather peaty.

Dr. Huston.—Enough to burn?

Dr. Tucker—I do not know. I should think not. There is quite
a little sand mixed in with it.

Mr. .—Do you ever investigate whether the quantity of yield
per acre had anything to do with the percent of starch or protein in the

corn? |

Dr. Tucker—No. There is a question that I would like very much
to have discussed and on which I would like to have the opinions of
those who have formed any, and that is the advisability of breeding corn
ior a high per cent of protein, to be placed on the market or used by the
feeders. Is it profitable for a man who has the ground to grow corn
which requires a large amount of nitrogen to augment the natural ten-
dency of corn to grow protein or is it better to grow a kind of corn that
will produce oil and grow alfalfa, cow peas, clovers or some of the
leguminous plants and get his nitrogen from the air rather than from
the soil?

Mr.
the starch? Does not the flinty corn outweigh the other?

Dr. Tucker.—Yes, the flinty corn outweighs the other. There are
two kinds of starch, horny and flaky. Weighed per grain or ear, the
flinty corn would produce a little heavier weight, that is the struck half

—Does not the protein in the corn weigh heavier than

bushel of the flinty corn would weigh heavier than a struck half bushel
of the rough corn, but where weighed per acre, we get the greater yield
from the rough corn, we are finding down in Scott county.

There was some complaint about the Boone County White corn be-
cause it was sort of chaffy or light weight, a struck half bushel weigh-
ing only 27 pounds, while the more flinty corn would weigh 29 pounds,
but they did not take into account how much area they had to go over
in their land to get that half bushel. One ear of the chaffy corn would
produce more than one ear of the flinty corn because the kernel was so
much deeper.

Mr. Gabbert.—I prefer the dent corn always to feed to cattle com-
pared with the flinty corn, unless you grind the latter.

Col. Waters—In my judgment it would be unwise for the farmer
to breed for a high per cent of protein because he will have enough
to do to increase the actual yield, disregarding the protein and to raise
this protein in other crops. I totally disregard the idea in farm practice
of endeavoring to develop especially high protein corn. Put all your.
emphasis on increase in yield, because we can go forward in the develop-

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 79

ment of a single particular much better than we can carry forward two
or more particulars.

Dr. Huston.—So far as you know does the market distinguish be-
tween high protein corn and high starch corn?

Dr. Tuckeft.—I have not found one that does in those terms. Of
course there is the hominy market.

Dr. Huston—The corn for the hominy market is a white, flinty
corn, and has as a basis the Johnson County White. Outside of the
hominy district, so far as I know, there is no great market for this
special kind of corn, but outside of that district there ought to be a
market for the high-starch corn, and hominy mill people and the starch
people ought to want a corn with a relatively high oil because it is a
very important factor, particularly in the starch factories. But whether
they are willing to pay for it is another matter.

There is another kind of corn that from the farmer’s standpoint
seems to be very profitable and easy on the land, and that is a corn
with cob that will carry five pounds or more of water to the bushel. This
is the type of corn they like to sell to the elevator man, and have been
very successful in doing so. Five pounds of water to seventy pounds
of corn is a pretty fair margin, and I know farmers who esteem this
type of corn very highly, combined, however, with a very high yield.

Mr. Gabbert.—I prefer that kind both for yield and feeding value.

Mr. —Why does Mr. Gabbert prefer a soft ear for feeding?

Mr. Gabbert—It will grind smoother. In feeding whole ears to

beef cattle they will thrive faster on softer than on flinty corn.

Dr. Huston.—As far as the hominy corn goes, the feeding tests on
hogs have shown no difference, practically, between white hominy corn
and the ordinary yellow corn of the corresponding neighborhoods.

Dr. Tucker.—It seems to me, without the data to go by, that a man
is treating his farm better and liable to get better results from feeding
the kind of carn which does not have a tendency to high protein power
than one that does. I want to know whether that is right or not.

Mr. Gabbert.—Protein is pretty high when you buy it, but it does
not cost much in legumes.

Dr. Huston.—Don’t you think it possible to develop -a less flinty
corn with a high protein? :

Dr. Tucker.—The point I had in mind was in producing a high
protein you are using a large quantity of nitrogen which is difficult to
get in the corn. Putting the protein there is an expensive operation, as
it impoverishes the soil of that expensive element.

Dr. Huston.—If you feed it you can get it 80 per cent easier.

80 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Dr. Tucker—If you grow it in a legume, so much the better.
Mr.
ail the time.

.—The tendency of the protein corn is to become starchy

Dr. Tucker.—Yes, it has to be bred close to keep up the protein
content all the time. It has to be selected for that purpose or it will
run back again to the usual kind.

Mr. —Is it profitable to grind corn and cob together?

Mr. Gabbert.—Yes.

Mr. —It is said both cattle and hogs feed better on yellow
corn than white.

Dr. Tucker——You cannot pin any. quality to color. The value of
the corn depends on where and how it is grown.

Mr. -—Do you select a small or large cob?

Dr. Tucker.—Very little depends upon the size of the cob. A great
many have complained about the Boone County White corn because of
the large cob, but a large cob has more grain. The larger the cob,
within certain limits, the larger the amount of grain.

Mr. Boles.—The large cob matures slower.

Dr. Tucker—Yes, and takes a later growing season.

Col. Waters.—It exhausts the land, more.

Dr. Tucker.—Only because it grows a bigger yield.

Mr. Erwin.—Did you ever notice which will raise more bushels, on
poor land, the large or the small variety?

Dr. Tucker.—A comparatively, small-ear variety will do better on
thin land than the large ear.

Mr. Erwin.—That is my experience.

Dr. Tucker.—About the capping over: Whether the corn growing
over the tip of the cob has anything to do with the breeding quality or
not, is another question. I would just as soon plant an ear that is not
as one that is fully capped over. I would just as soon breed from it.
I do not think data enough has been taken to know which does the best.
Actual performance is better than such a minor point as that.

Another point in the score card is the length of the ear. The
standards adopted by the Illinois association called for a definite length
of ear. The Boone County White ears that we planted ranged from 8
to 954 inches, but in the crop I gathered from that there were many
ears which were I0 inches in length and over. I have some of them
here. :

Mr. ——Where did the score card fellows get their standard?

Dr. Tucker—From the standard in that community. When you

grow a corn on different soil, you must have a different standard. You

CORN GROWERS ASSOCIATION. 81

must take into consideration the climatic and soil conditions under which
that corn was grown.

Dr. Huston—What do you think of the 14-inch ears shown in the
Missouri exhibit? Is there any object in producing that particular type
of corn?

Dr. Tucker—I do not know. They are usually so slender, the cob
and the ears equally small. A cylinder like that has less corn on it
than a thick one. I go by weight of grain, as we judge the race horse
by the speed and the dairy cow by her butter performance, we measure
the corn by its productiveness.

Mr. Mumford—How important is it that an ear should be cylin-
drical? What facts have we to prove that a cylindrical ear is better
than a deeper ear?

Dr. Tucker—The greatest point is the uniformity of the kernel. As
an ear tapers, the kernels will grow smaller or be irregular.

Mr. —————Unless the cob tapers relatively.

Dr. Tucker—Even then there will be irregularity if the rows drop
out and that means a possibility of not getting a uniform stand in drop-
ping with the planter. So far as actual yield is concerned, I do not
know that there is much difference. I do not know why there is not
the same chance of the cob tapering as the ear does.

Mr. Gabbert—They are getting graders to grade the seed, it would
be better if a man buy seed corn that has been run through the grader.

Dr. Huston—Don’t you think it advisable to always buy seed corn
on the ear?

Dr. Tucker—Yes.

Mr. Boles—Why ?

Dr. Tucker—Because one can see the size of the ear he is getting.
The shape does not make so much difference. You can get just as
good looking grains from any of the low grade ears where the ear is too
short or not big enough. But if the farmer buys his seed corn in the ear
he sees what he is getting and the probabilities are that he will get better
ears. If he buys the shelled corn he would not know the difference, the
kernels of the small ear look as well as the kernels of the big one.

Mr. Carroll—When will Missouri be able to get over that sneer
about the score card?

Dr. Tucker—When all our farmers breed ears that will produce 156
bushels to the acre. Of course the score card will have to be used
or at least those points which the score card brings out will have to
be studied in improving corn because there is, of course, undoubtedly
some relation.

A-6

82 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Mr. ————Don't you think that farmers should study to know
their type of soil in studying the type of corn to plant?

Dr. Tucker—Within certain limits. Of course there are different
types of soil and corn becomes adapted to a certain type, and should
not be changed abruptly to a different type of soil. The Boone County
White is adapted to a fertile soil and when put on a clay hill, it probably
would not produce as well as some other variety.

THE QUERY BOX.
(Conducted by Prof. F. B. Mumford.)

Q. Will it do to cultivate corn aiter it gets too large for the two-
horse cultivator?

Mr. Laughlin—Yes sir, for the reason that the corn does not really
begin to make its growth until brace-roots are formed. The object
of cultivation largely is to get rid of the weeds and other grasses that
grow around them and which would take up the nutrition that the corn
plants should have.

Prof. Mumford—What kind of cultivation ought we to give?

Mr. Erwin—Just as shallow as it is possible and disturb as few of
the roots as possible.

Prof. Mumford—What is shallow cultivation and what is deep
cultivation?

Prof. Miller—Usually shallow cultivation runs about 2 1-2 inches
on upland. On some soils, it might be considered that 3 or 3 1-2 inches
would be shallow. It depends upon the soil largely, but 2 to 2 1-2 inches
would be pretty shallow cultivation. With very wide shoveled culti-
vators that would be out of the question, but with fine toothed instru-
ments, it should be about 2 I-2 inches.

Q. Will white corn yield more per acre than yellow corn?

Prof. Mumford—The yield of corn does not depend upon color.

Q. Is there any virtue in the cob? If not, what is gained by
grinding it?

Prof. Forbes—Grinding the cob with the meal is of benefit only
in feeding steers. It is of no benefit in the feeding of hogs. We
grind the cob with the meal, not because of any very great amount of
nutriment that it contains, but in order to lighten up the meal. If fed
to a hog, it is a detriment to the animal. For steer feeding, if corn is
worth 30 cents per bushel, we are adding 7 1-2 cents worth to it by
grinding and if we can grind for 7 1-2 cents a bushel, it is worth it, but
if not, it is not.

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 83

Prof. Mumford—‘here is very little nutriment in the cob, It is
sometimes an advantage to lessen the ration, it promotes digestion,
averages real nutrition in the corn meal better. It would probably be
just as efficient, if not more, to mix the corn meal with chaff.

My experience in grinding corn and cob meal is if you grind the
cok fine enough so that it is finished as a feed, it will cost more than it
is worth. It is of no advantage to feed cob the way it is ordinarily
ground in large pieces. However, where the experiment stations have
carefully investigated this matter and have ground the cob fine enough,
it is true that a pound of corn and cob meal has been as valuable as a
pound of pure corn meal and we might assume that it is, when mixed in
that proportion, of the same value as a pound of corn meal, but you
must always carry with that the idea that it must be ground fine, and
there’s the rub.

Q. Is the corn worm or its fungus injurious to live stock that is
fed on such corn?

Prof. Mumford—That is a question that has agitated a good many
men in the last few years.

Mr. Gabbert—It is not the worm, it is the dust that injures the horses
more than cattle. ?

Prof. Mumford—It seems to be the general impression that there
is some injury following the feeding of such corn to animals. Whether
from insects or dust, it is not as good corn as corn not worm-eaten.

Q. Is it better to feed cotton seed meal to beef cattle in con-
nection with corn?

Prof. Mumford—We have fed cotton seed meal a little to beef
cattle at the Experiment Station for seven years, and it has been our
experience in almost all of these experiments that when corn is worth
50 cents a bushel and cotton seed meal is worth $22 to $24 a ton that
it does pay to feed cotton seed meal.

There are two things that we aim at in feeding cattle, we aim to
finish them to a point where they will satisfy the demands of the market
and to make the gain necessary to produce that finish at the smallest
possible cost. If you consider only the increased gain from a given
amount of grain, it does not always pay to feed the cotton seed meal.
A hundred pounds of corn fed on blue grass pastures will produce the
gain more cheaply than the corn and cotton seed meal can but the
cotton seed meal will fit them for sale very quickly.

It sometimes pays to feed a small amount of corn and cotton, seed
meal when it would not pay to feed a large amount.

Q. Should each farmer have a corn breeding plat next year?

84 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Prof. Mumford—That was threshed out pretty well today and some
decided that he should while others decided that he should not, and
my opinion is that it will not help matters for us to continue the dis-
cussion on that subject here. It is a question in my mind. Every
man should not be a breeder of purebred cattle or horses and it is a
question in my mind if every farmer should try to breed pedigreed corn.
It is a nice theory and it is a nice business, so far as that is concerned,
but the average farmer is concerned with making money and if every
farmer was a breeder of corn, I am afraid they would be like Kilkenny
cats. But it is safe to say this, that it might be profitable for every
farmer here to go home and have a breeding: plat next year. This
question lies with the farmer.

Q.* Will a general planting of the Hallet wheat reduce it to the
original ?

Prof. Mumford—I expect that is aimed at me because I had some-
thing to say about Hallet wheat here today. It is a principle which
applies to the breeding of plants and animals that in order to main- —
tain them to the state of development to which they have been brought
under certain conditions, those same conditons must apply. The Short-
horn and Hereford breeds of cattle have been developed under high
conditions of feeding, care and shelter. These cattle will not main-
tain their high excellence and quality under poor conditions of feed
and shelter, and no improved variety of wheat or corn, under careless
handling will maintain the good qualities which have been brought by
good conditons. ,

Q. Which would be the most profitable, to plant corn checked or
drilled?

Prof. Mumford—Is it more profitable to grow corn in hills three
or four feet each way or in rows or drills as we say? I will call on Mr.
Laughlin to answer that question.

Mr. Laughlin—It is better on my farm to grow in hills because the
cultivation can be carried on both ways, and if we have a wet season we
can get the weeds.

©. What constitutes the best seed corn for the Missouri River
bottom land?

Prof. Mumford—There are two questions here by different per-
sons on the same subject, “What is the best variety of corn for river
bottom land in the State of Missouri?’ Who has some varieties of
corn growing on river bottom lands? I suppose nearly everyone who
has had experience in growing corn on river bottom land would recom-
mend two varieties for Missouri—they may not be the only ones but
there are two varieties that have given uniformly high yields on

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 85

bottom lands, the St. Charles White and the Boone County White. Is
there any other that is better than either of these?

Dr. Huston—I am not quite sure about Missouri River bottom, but
the Wabash River bottom lands yield the best with the McKinley, which
isa yellow corn. While I do not know that it has ever been compared
with your St. Charles White corn, it has had to compete with Johnson
County White corn and other corns of that class like Riley’s Favorite
and Boone County White and the McKinley corn has exceeded the
other varieties on the Wabash River bottom.

Q. Has anyone tried early corn in a river bottom planted early by
the side of large corn? How did it do?

Mr. Erwin—I have never planted it, but I have known of its being
planted a number of times. It will yield 5 or 6 barrels where the large
corn will yield Io or 12.

Q. What is the best method of using corn fodder?

Prof. Mumford—I presume that this question refers to corn stover.
Corn fodder is common in Missouri after the ears have been removed
and this is a practical question—it is a live question. We hear a good
deal at the present time about silos and shredded fodder and stalk fields
and other methods of utilizing the fodder or stover. This is a question
upon which we could spend the entire evening in trying to answer it and
we mght not come to any better agreement at the end of the discussion
than before, but will Mr. Harned please tell us about the best method
of utilizing the corn fodder?

Mr. Harned—I suppose you mean the fodder after it has been
shocked ?

Prof. Mumford—Yes.

Mr. Harned—Well I think there is a great difference of opinion
about that. Iam afraid I will be very much by myself, but I have been
convinced that I would not have my fodder shredded if I could have it
done free. I believe that it would be worth more taken out of the
shocks and scattered on the grass just as it is, the simple and old
plan, and I never have been convinced so far that there is anything
better.

Mr. Erwin—I have handled shredded fodder a good deal and I
shred it and then bale it. I often take the shredder into the field
and set the baler behind the shredder and use a slat elevator instead of
a blower to feed the baler and it is the most economical way. If Mr.
fiarned had to go out a day like this and get the fodder in out of the
snow, I am sure he would prefer to have it in the barn.

Prof. Mumford—How many in the audience haye shredded fodder

86 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

and prefer that method of handling it? Three. How many have shred-
ded it and do not like that method of handling it? Five.

There are some facts in regard to the utilization of corn fodder in
Missouri that it will be well for us to consider. There are thousands
of tons of fodder going to waste in the State of Missouri every year.
The men who own this corn fodder in the stalk fields get a return of
25 cents an acre for it, or 25 cents a ton as it is now handled.

It is a principle which is always correct that you cannot afford to
put too much work on a cheap product and as long as we waste so
much fodder, we will not spend much money in preparing it in any way,
in the silo, or shredding it or any other way.

We have performed one experiment in trying to feed shredded
fodder as against that not shredded. It seemed to indicate that the
animals would eat more fodder not shredded, but it required less fod-
der when it was shredded. They had to eat more of the faulty part
when it was shredded because we could manage to fool them and work
off on them some of the pith, but when it was not shredded they were
able to take out the good part and discard the remainder.

Mr. Shephard—I have had quite a little experience in feeding fod-
der to milk cows and there the effect is very easily detected, beacuse it is
an effect that shows in a very few days’ time and I agree with Mr.
Harned exactly that the best way to feed fodder is directly from the
shock and scattered over the pastures. Often it is greater economy from
the fact that it takes less labor that way and the stock can select the best
part of it and reject the faulty part, and there is always faulty fodder.
The trouble with the shredded fodder is that the faulty part is mixed
with the good and the cows are either compelled to eat what is not good
or reject the whole, and after quite a little experience I agree exactly
with Mr. Harned.

Mr. Erwin—I have been feeding shredded fodder since 1900. My
cows were disposed to sort the fodder and take out the good and reject
the bad, and I have fed corn fodder not shredded to my cows for more
than 30 years. I find from much experience in handling a large quantity
of corn fodder and getting it from the field during the winter that it 1s
cheaper to handle it shredded than from the field direct and I find no
difficulty so far as the yield of milk is concerned or so far as the growth
of the animals is concerned; and I find that the corn fodder is far better
than timothy hay, especially for horses that may be affected with heaves.

Mr. Harned—How can Mr. Erwin find it cheaper to shred the
fodder than to use it whole, it costs $1.50 a ton to shred it?

Mr, Erwin—lIt costs in our section of the country 15 cents a shock

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 87

to get the fodder husked out in the field by hand. We can get the
machine and an engineer and feeder to run the shredder for 12% cents a
shock. The same team that it takes to move the fodder out of the field
will move it to the shredder and you balance the one with the other and
then the work is done and the fodder is stored so that it is ready to
handle and can be taken out whenever you want to feed it.

Q. At what age can high grade cattle be made to weigh 1200 to
1400 pounds, given the ordinary farm treatment and feeding the general
farm methods.

Mr. Gabbert—I do not know what the ordinary conditions are. I
do not know what ordinary farm treatment is. It would take him all
his life, the way cattle are treated on some farms. I have fed a good
many Hereford steers and I can make them weigh that at 22 months
old and I generally sell about that time. But I do not have ordinary
farm conditions—I have the best I know how.

Q. In the selection of the premium corn, was there any thought
given to the value of the fodder?

Prof. Miller—The value of the fodder is always considered in
making field selections, but on the judging table we can know nothing
about that at all.

©. Which is the most nutritious as a feed for horses, hogs ana
cattle, white or yellow corn? ,

Prof. Mumford—Well it depends on the corn. It happens that one
of the varieties of corn which has been improved in the direction of
high protein content is the white corn, but there is no essential dif-
ference in the yield or quality of corn, dependent upon color. Color
is not related to the valuable characteristics of corn in any very close
way. There are some varieties of yellow corn better for hogs and horses,.

and vice versa.

METHODS OF CORN BREEDING.

(Oyril George Hopkins, Ph, D., Professor of Agronomy in the Agricultural College and Chief
in Agronomy and Chemistry in the Agricultural Experiment Station.)

From Bulletin No. 82, Ill. Ex. Sta.

It is a well established fact that there now exists markets and de-
mands for different kinds of corn.

The price of corn varies, say from one-half cent to one cent per
pound.

The cost of protein in the principal stock feeding states varies from
three to five cents per pound. In other words, the protein is several

88 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

times more valuable per pound than corn itself. Consequently, stock
feeders want more protein in corn. (Very possibly the feeders in the
southern states want more carbohydrates to supplement their present
more abundant supplies of nitrogenous food stuffs.)

The price of corn starch varies from two or three cents to five or
even Io cents per pound, depending upon the wholesale or retail nature
of the sale. The manufacturers of starch and of glucose sugar, glucose
syrup, and other products made from starch want more starch in corn.
In its own publication a large commercial concern, which uses enor-

nous quantities of corn, makes the following statements:

“A bushel of ordinary corn, weighing 56 pounds, contains about
4% pounds of germ, 36 pounds of dry starch, 7 pounds of gluten, and
five pounds of bran or hull, the balance in weight being made up of
water, soluble matter, etc. The value of the germ lies in the fact that
it contains over 40 per cent of corn oil, worth, say 5 cents per pound,
while the starch is worth 1% cents, the gluten 1 cent, and the hull about
Y cent per pound.

“Tt can readily be seen that a variety of corn containing, say one
pound more oil per bushel would be in large demand.

“Farmers throughout the country do well to communicate with their
respective agricultural experiment stations and secure their co-operation
along these lines.”

These are statements and suggestions which should, and do, attract
the attention of experiment station men. They are made by the Glucose
Sugar Refining Company of Chicago, a company which purchases and
uses, in its six factories, about fifty million bushels of corn annually.
According to these statements, if the oil of corn could be increased one
-pound per bushel, the actual value of the corn for glucose factories would
be increased 5 cents per bushel; and the president of the Glucose Sugar
Refining Company has personally assured the writer that his company
would be glad to pay a higher price for high oil corn whenever it can be
furnished in large quantities. The increase of five cents per bushel on
fifty million bushels would add $2,500,000 to the value of the corn pur-
chased by this one company each year. The glucose factories are now
extracting the oil from all the corn they use and are unable to supply
the market demand for corn oil. On the other hand, to these manufac-
turers, protein is a cheap by-product and consequently they want less
protein in corn.

Corn with a lower oil content is desired as a feed for bacon hogs,
especially for our export trade, very extensive and thorough investi-
gations conducted in Germany and Canada having proved conclusively
that ordinary corn contains too much oil for the production of the hard,

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 89

firm bacon which is demanded in the markets of Great Britain and
Continental Europe.

The methods of corn breeding devised by the Illinois Experiment
Station and now used not only by us, but also by the Illinois Seed Corn
Breeders’ Association, and, to some extent, by other Experiment Sta-
tions and other corn breeders, have for their object the improvement
of corn—in yield and in quality. In the main the methods are now the
same as we have employed for the past six years and they have given
results which enable us to assert with confidence that by these methods
corn can be improved in a very marked degree and for many different
purposes. The yield of corn can be increased, and the chemical com-
position of the kernel can be changed as may be desired, either to in-
crease or to decrease the protein, the oil, or the starch.

Following is a brief description of the methods of corn breeding
which we practice and which we have recommended to others:

PHYSICAL SELECTION OF SEED CORN.

- The most perfect ears obtainable of the variety of corn which it is
desired to breed should be selected. These ears should conform to
the desirable standards of this variety and should possess the principal
properties which belong to perfect ears of corn, so far as they are known
and as completely as it is possible to secure them. These physical char-
acteristics and properties include the length, circumference, and shape
ef the ear and of the cob; the number of rows of kernels and the num-
ber of kernels in the row; the weight and color of the grain and of the
cob; and the size and shape of the kernels. In making this selection
the breeder may have in his mind a perfect ear of corn and make the
physical selection of seed ears by simple inspection, or he may make
absolute counts and measurements and reduce the physical selection al-
most to an exact or mathematical basis.

In this connection let me suggest that there is some danger of corn
breeders making too much of what might be called fancy points in select-
ing seed ears. We should learn the facts which are facts and not base
cur selections too much upon mere ideas and opinions. For example,
it is not known that ears whose tips are well filled and capped with
kernels are the best seed ears. Indeed it is not improbable that the selec-
tion of such seed ears will cause the production of shorter ears and a
reduced yield per acre. It is true that the percentage of shelled corn
from a given ear is the greater, the greater the proportion of corn to
the cob, but our interest in that percentage is very slight compared to
that of yield per acre, and perhaps for the greatest possible yield of

go MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

slielled corn per acre it requires that the ears shall have good sized cobs.
Possibly the corn which shall ultimately surpass all others for yield per
acre will have tapering and not cylindrical ears. These are some of the
points regarding which men have some ideas and opinions, but as yet
we have no definite facts, and we shall need several years more to
obtain absolute knowledge regarding some of these points. Let us base
our selections of seed corn first upon known facts and performance rec-
ords, and secondly upon what one may call his “type” of corn.

CHEMICAL SELECTION BY MECHANICAL EXAMINATION.

The selection of seed ears for improved chemical composition by
mechanical examination of the kernels is not only of much assistance to
the chemist in enabling him to reduce greatly the chemical work involved
in seed corn selection, but it is of the greatest practical value to the
ordinary seed corn grower who is trying to improve his seed corn with
very limited service, if any, from the analytical chemist: This chemica’
sciection of seed ears by mechanical examination, as well as by chemical
apalysis (which is described below), is based upon two facts:

1. That the ear of corn is approximately uniform throughout in
the chemical composition of its kernels.

2. That there is a wide variation in the chemical composition of
different ears, even of the same variety of corn. These two facts are
well illustrated in Table r.

TABLE 1—PROTEIN IN SINGLE KERNELS.

Ear A, Ear B, Ear OC, Ear D,
protein, | protein, | protein, | protein,
per cent.|per cent.|per cou nee cent.

INCINOUINO ML te recat ss. <, ooeeiine ce ede anes 12.46 11.53 7.45 8.72
GRMN Gl NQeu) seen Ponca vasapuadatenan dade Meee Gree ee 12.54 | 12.32 | 7.54 | 8.41
IEGENOLNN GOs cnet. alec eae le nn en 2 Ae 12.44 | 12.19 | 7.69 | 8.73
ierneloNOstane hss ites decree ae Ee Stslteeas | 12.50 12.54 7.47 | 8.31
IXGENGI ANG Dine vnctccet eile ay ad ee es eee 12.30 | 12.14 | 7.74 8.02
Mernelt NO NO Sieced 0k chee Cane cen he eee a te 12.49 12.95 | 8.70 8.76
OTH GION G al ltiss ae os coe ole aac ORO ee 12.50 12.84 8.46 8.89
KeGrnel NOs: Siecase cts ck he. Sonne J Soetoro elects 12.14 * 8.69 9.02
Kiernolen ote Ole soctia: tote ober ioe cea at ween a eee ed 12.14 12.04 | 8.86 8.96
IXGnnelaNO Ofc cs ik se ac cee cot ce Ca eee eee eae 12.71 12.75 | 8.10 8.89

*Determination lost by accident.

It will be observed that, while there are, of course, small differ-
ences among the different kernels of the same ear, yet each ear has an
individuality as a whole, the difference in composition between different
ears being much more marked than between different kernels of the
same ear.

The uniformity of the individual ear makes it possible to estimate
or to determine the composition of the corn by the examination or anal-
ysis of a few kernels. The remainder of the kernels on the ear may

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. QI

then be planted if desired. The wide variation in the composition be-
tween different ears furnishes a starting point for the selection of seed
in any of the several different lines of desired improvement.

The methods of making a chemical selection of ears of seed corn by
a simple mechanical examination of the kernels is based upon the fact
that the kernel of corn is not homogeneous in structure, but consists of
several distinct and readily observable parts of markedly different chem-
ical composition. (See illustrations.) Aside from the hull which sur-
rounds the kernel, there are three principal parts in a grain of corn:

I. The darker colored and rather hard and horny layer lying next
to the hull, principally in the edges and toward the tip end of the
kernel, where it is about 3 millimeters, or % of an inch, in thickness.

2. ‘The white, starchy-appearing part occupying the crown end of
the kernel and usually also immediately surrounding, or partially sur-
rounding, the germ.

3. The germ itself which occupies the central part of the kernel
toward the tip end.

These different parts of the corn kernel can be readily recognized
by merely dissecting a single kernel with a pocket knife, and it may be
added that this is the only instrument needed by anybody in making a
chemical selection of seed corn by mechanical examination.

The horny layer which usually constitutes about 65 per cent of the
corn kernel contains a large proportion of the total protein in the kernel.

The white, starchy part constitutes about 20 per cent of the whole
kernel, and contains a small proportion of the total protein. The germ
constitutes only about Io per cent of the corn kernel, but, while it is
rich in protein, it also contains more than 85 per cent of the total oil
content of the whole kernel, the remainder of the oil being distributed
in all of the other parts. |

By keeping in mind that the horny layer is large in proportion and
also quite rich in protein, and that the germ, although rather small in
proportion, is very rich in protein, so that these two parts contain a
very large proportion of the total protein in the corn kernel, it will be
1cadily seen that by selecting ears whose kernels contain more than the
average proportion of germ and horny layer we are really selecting
ears which are above the average in their protein content. As a matter
of fact, the method is even more simple than this, because the white
starchy part is approximately the complement of, and varies inversely
as the sum of the other constituents; and to pick out seed corn of high
protein content it is only necessary to select those ears whose kernels
show a relatively small proportion of the white, starchy part surrounding
the germ,

92 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

As more than 85 per cent of the oil in the kernel is contained in
the germ, it follows that ears of corn are relatively high or low in their
oil content, according as their kernels have a larger or smaller proportion
of germ.

In selecting seed corn by mechanical examination for improvement
in composition we remove from the ear a few average kernels; cut two
or three of these kernels into cross sections and two or three other
kernels into longitudinal sections and examine these sections as they
are cut, usually simply with the naked eye.

If we are selecting seed ears for high protein content we save those
ears whose kernels show a small proportion of the white starch imme-
diately adjoining or surrounding the germ. If selecting corn for low
protein content we look for a larger proportion of white starch sur-
rounding the germ. Our results have shown that the white starch in
this position, that is, surrounding the germ toward the tip end of the
kernel, is a better index of the protein content than the starch in the
crown end.

If we are selecting seed ears for high oil content we save those
ears whose kernels show a large proportion of firm and solid germ;
while if seed of low oil content is desired, we look for a small proportion
of germ in the kernel.

It should be emphasized that it is not the absolute, but proportion-
ate, size or quantity of germ or of white starch which serves as a guide
in making these selections.

CHEMICAL SELECTION BY CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

In selecting seed corn by chemical analysis we remove from the in-
dividual ear two adjacent rows of kernels as a representative sample.
This sample is ground and analyzed as completely as may be necessary
to enable us to decide whether the ear is suitable for seed for the par-
ticular kind of corn which it is desired to breed. Dry matter is always
determined in order to reduce all other determinations to the strictly uni-
form and comparable water-free basis. If, for example, we desire to
change only the protein content, then protein is determined. If we are
breeding to change both the protein and the oil, then determinations of
both of these constituents must be made.

For a satisfactory breeding plot, about 20 to 40 selected seed ears
are required. If the breeder desires to make only physical improve-
ment then he should select, say, 40 of the most nearly perfect ears which
it is possible to pick out by inspection or by exact physical measurements.
if it is desired to improve the composition or quality of the corn as well
as the physical properties, then at least 200 physically perfect ears should

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 93

be selected, and, from these 200 cars, the 40 ears which are most suitable
as seed for the particular kind of corn which it is desired to breed should
be selected, either by mechanical examination of sections of kernels, which
anybody cari make, or by chemical analysis, or by a combination of these
two methods. In our own work we now commonly select by physical
iigpection Or measurement the 200 ears; then, from these 200 ears, we
select by mechanical examination of sections of kernels the best 50 or
roo ears, and from this lot we finally select by chemical analysis the
best 20 to 40 seed ears for planting. ‘This combination of methods
effects a very satisfactory seed selection and requires only one-half as
inuch chemical work as would be required if the method of chemical
analysis alone were employed.

Table 2 shows very fairly the degree of seed improvement which
may be accomplished by these different methods of selection, when breed-
ing to change only the protein content of corn.

It may be stated that equally satisfactory results may be obtained
in chemical selection by mechanical examination for securing seed ears
of high or low oil content. For example, the writer has selected by
mechanical examination, from a lot of 272 ears of corn, 18 ears for high
oil content which averaged 5.24 per cent of oil; and, from the same lot
of corn, 30 ears were’selected for low oil content which averaged 4.13
per cent oil, making an average difference of 1.11 per cent of oil.

TABLE 2-SOME FAIR ILLUSTRATIONS OF ACTUAL RESULTS OBTAINED IN SE-
LECTION OF SEED CORN.

(Protein, average per cent.)

8 im ae oa S ce

g = x= oO Soo S 3 B

= p_2 2 a at

ad Be ed iS ie)

Wantot i Biba eater om ley

ri : = w

ral Be leges Webel ve oe

® ako - BO = ®

: 3 Siete =o = : 3

eS aes 28 th : 8
Silverl MAN. ccs iee casein aalss etleltincs stapcls e'stdhs aferertalelave 10.00 9.47 8.77 7.97 7.00
Boone COmnty) WRG. ce cectecccics slots salut cerns cle 10.57 9.72 9.36 8.84 8.69
EUS aN ee tera nohrg et arate inte ics Gratolsss ete ic e wieinielavatapersiere 11.96 11.36 10.79 10.08 8.82
EC AMUN e een aoeoatns setae Sec ksinte 11.96 12.44 13.33 14.03 14.63
MOAT IAS cane woes Chics arse SSaoor 11.27 11.84 12.43 13.12 14.71
Yellow Dent.... Fae Pease dociitot.s 11.14 11.64 12.11 12.55 13.24
GNC YZ SRA VOL OC re citau sativa icice/-f cicreistacs a= eis \elereje eal sistas 11.02 11.38 12.41 12.99 15.78
IBUETS eV VEL GC tree siete oy eatcloe tin hcleyereyoeid o-a@ sletsie’< se/siehe 12.48* 12.88 14.36 14.87 15.71
RTs Sia VV TG O ta got ane ccs sraet Qatoete cre cinrcc's sereisieen ieicleiowee 9.20% 9.10 (Otte 7.56 7.08
Leaming.. ah Nees 11.26 DUA sc csavzrorarctesail are srasatorelests ask aesee
Leaming....... Bae ansotre san BOSE pater 11.26 TOLGTHIR aes eRe Rec a cisails wtetaciniciese

* Average protein content of ten field rows of Burr’s White after four years’ breeding for
high protein.
+ Originally from same stock of Burr’s White as preceding, but bred four years for low
protein.
* + Two lots of 42 ears each selected from the same lot of 200 ears for two breeding plots,
high protein and low protein, the seed for which is selected by physical inspection and me-
chanical examination but without chemical analysis of individual ears.

04 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

li the method of mechanical examination alone is employed in mak-
ing the chemical selection, then, if possible, there should be some chem-
ica! control of the work, at least until the breeder has become sufficiently
skilled, or has had sufficient experience, to feel that he knows how to
make a chemical selection of seed ears by mechanical examination of
kernels. Such a chemical control does not involve a large amount of
chemical work. In Illinois the Experiment Station offers such a chem-
ical control to farmers who will agree to make the selection of the best
possible seed, both by physical inspection of ears and mechanical exam-
ination of kernels and who will further agree to secure data and breed
the corn in accordance with our directions.

This control is affected by analyzing only two samples of corn each
year; One composite sample of the rejected ears, five average kernels
being taken from each ear, and one composite sample of the 20 to 40
selected seed ears, twenty average kernels being taken from each of
these ears, and each of these two composite samples being properly
labeled and analyzed.

One of the best selections which has yet been made by mechanical
examination was accomplished last spring by a farmer who is breeding
corn for higher protein content. Out of a lot of 165 ears of corn he
selected 15 ears whose protein content averaged 1.48 per cent higher
than that of the 150 rejected ears, as was determined by the chemical
analysis of a composite sample from each of the two lots. Because of
the chemical control which the station affords him, he knows each year
iust how much he has accomplished.

If the purpose of breeding a kind of corn is principally to change
its content of a single constituent, as to increase protein, then the selec-
tion of the best 40 ears is simple and regular by either method; but if
it is desired to effect changes in the content of two constituents, as to
increase the protein and to increase the oil in the same corn, then one
could hardly expect to make much progress in both directions, if he
relied solely upon mechanical examination of kernels for chemical selec-
tion of seed ears. Even after the chemical analyses of I00 ears have
been made it requires some computation to determine which are really
the best 40 ears. For example, an ear may be desirable for seed because
of its high protein content, but it may not be sufficiently high in oil.
In order to reduce the selection to an exact basis, we have adopted see
mathematical computations for all such cases.

For high protein and high oil in the same corn, we multiply the
percentage of protein by the percentage of oil and use the product as
the selection coefficient, the forty et products designating the forty
best ears.

CORN GROWERS ASSOCIATION. O§

For low protein and low oil we multiply the percentages together
and use the lowest product as the selection coefficient.

For high protein and low oil in the same corn, we divide the per-
centage of protein by the percentage of oil and use the highest quotients
as our selection coefficients.

TABLE 3—SELECTION OF SEED CORN FOR HIGH PROTEIN AND HIGH OIL.

|
i Protein Oil Selection
No. Ear. incorn. jin corn.|coefficient
LET Pe ned 9 eT Reem eR TL bE Micnee aiedvaa ne aloe wadielcle Gees 11.17 6.03 67.30
aT Los ee Ta aie ea a Siaiaje e SibieerkaG eile ee Sowere sds 12.66 4.90 62.00
De are nee ye eet DO. Sieve sade s. balan nia aicVcta,Sfalle svslele- el dks slvle.ocelaicy aisuateels 13.60 4.92 66.89
REE TR Le RT ee ee amid tle eae ew seals alu we noes saesiste se 10.85 4.55 49.89
ESPN ere i FOE tig SP Ate toreratel s Wreicialont reiaiell- hwielelehaterele vu ie ale sveavertiejelers 11.01 5.72 62.97
OO coe tetap oo cnc = SHS MEEPS AICP hs ne ES EIA LE A 11.50 4.77 54.81
ea arn iis aan Sa ee eee luis Oi ola wae ay slewisize sasise aie ass 14.71 5.56 81.75
Oe CEO ROR OSCE COSDISD UDOT RO RS DOE E TIS Gig UIB TEE > DOO COBTE ene eSe errr 10.07 4.73 47.62
OR recht ee ee ray cp cfere eveca vals minis aia oa ois Sale are/erelsiele.cyeTerasSeeiejaiey 2is!a’sja 13.14 5.44 71.53
iV) cobb apademaseucnaat BEA Ce Urn Boe MICs CC AAIAP PIRG ANB CREAR SEE ecarae 10.19 5.80 59.10
Le meee te eee etre. Sug dalavais nico eruieleieie nd Sis cmiscisiesewists le Gieislevsiats 11.01 5.97 65.78
ee eRe ReeCee iae ore cee dae ait oes Reve-ale elas araebieh, Zajstelarseial vie ele 10.39 4.73 49.13
116} 5. CORA OSU EGO OO aE OE eee Dae ae omic So a San eR IE ake 13.96 5.28 73.72
VET AZ OMA Tree ne tenitetas. airate siersteioe Ceietee cm ceases ses 11.87 5.26 62.50

For low protein and high oil we divide in the same manner, but use
the lowest quotients for selecting the best ears.

Table 3 illustrates the value of this method as applied to the selec-
tion of the best seed ears for both high protein and high oil.

It will be observed that some ears which are high in only one
desirable constituent (see No. 2 and No. 10) must be discarded because
the selection coefficients which they give are even below the average;
while other ears which may be quite low in one constituent (see No. I
and No. 3) still furnish acceptable selection coefficients.

THE BREEDING PLOT.

The 4o selected seed ears are planted in 40 separate parallel rows,
one ear to a row, consequently the breeding plot should be at least 40
corn rows wide and long enough to require about three-fourths of an
ear to plant a row. It is well to shell the remainder of the corn from
all of the 40 ears, mix it together, and use it to plant a border several
rows wide entirely around the breeding plot, to protect it, especially
from foreign pollen.

In my judgment one of the most practical and satisfactory locations
for the breeding plot is in a larger field of corn planted with seed which
is as nearly as possible of the same breeding as that planted in the breed-
ing plot itself. The stock seed for this field should always be selected
from the previous year’s breeding plot and it may well include as many
of the 160 rejected ears as are known to be above the average of the 200.

96 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Or, if the breeding plot can be well isolated from all other corn fields
and still occupy good soil, this also makes a very suitable location for it.
The very best ears of seed corn are planted in the center rows of
the breeding plot, the remainder of the ears being planted in approxi-
mately uniform gradation to either side, so that the least desirable ears
aniong the 40 are planted in the outside rows; and in the final selection
of the best field rows from which the next year’s seed ears are to be
taken, some preference is given to the rows near the center of the plot.

While we are not yet ready to make absolute statements regarding
the matter, nevertheless, from the data which we have secured, and are
securing upon the subject, we now recommend that every alternate row
of corn in the breeding plot be completely detasseled before the pollen
matures, and that all of the seed corn to be taken from the plot be selected
from these 20 detasseled rows. This method absolutely prohibits self-
pollination or close-pollination of the future seed. By self-pollination
is meant the transfer of pollen from the male flower of a given plant to
the female flower of the same plant; and by close-pollination is meant
the transfer of pollen from the male flower of one plant to the female
lower of another plant in the same row, both of which grew from kernels
from the same seed ear.

The transfer of pollen from one plant to another plant which grew
from kernels from a different seed ear, we term cross-pollination. We
have been for several years accumulating data which show that artificial
self-pollination is very injurious to the vitality and vigor of the seed
produced, and we have also secured data pointing toward an injurious
effect of close-pollination even by natural methods, so that we feel jus-
tified in recommending, at least tentatively, the use of cross-pollination
in seed corn breeding.

It is also recommended that in the 20 rows of corn which are not
detasseled no plants which appear imperfect, dwarfed, immature, barren,
or otherwise undesirable, should be allowed to mature pollen. Detassel-
ing is accomplished by going over the rows two or three times and
carefully pulling out the tassels as they appear.

Occasionally an entire row is detasseled because of the general in-
feriority of the row as a whole.

FIELD SELECTIONS BASED ON PERFORMANCE RECORDS.

As the corn crop approaches maturity we are then ready for the
first time to begin at the real beginning in the selection of seed corn;

that is, with the whole corn crop and the whole corn plant, as it stands
in the field.

Till’ FIRST CHAMPIONSHIP ROADSTER TEAM.

The above cut was made from a photograph of the first prize championship roadster
team at the St. Louis Werld’s Fair. ‘Sometimes’ and “Always,” a beautiful pair of
chestnuts, full brothers, four and five years old. They have been shown in doubie
harness through two seasons, making sixteen shows and winning sixteen first premiums.
“Always” has made twenty-three shows in single harness, winning eighteen first
premiums, four second and one third, being beaten in three of the above rings by his
mate “Scmetimes.”’ ‘“‘Scmetimes’” won at the World's Fair in single harness two firsf,
four seecnd, and was fourth in the world’s championship for roadsters. Missouri's claim
to being the first State in the Union for first class road horses has been fully sustained
by this great team.

The above team owned and exhibited by Alex. Bradford, Jr., Columbia, Boone
county, Misscuri.

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION, 97

We then make our first selection of seed corn from the field rows
(each of which is the progeny of a separate single ear) on the basis
of performance record. Each of the twenty detasseled rows is carefully
examined. Some of them are discarded for seed purposes by simple in-
spection, and with some rows this decision may be made early in the
growing season; because, when each field row is planted from a separate
individual ear, that row has an individuality which in many cases is
very marked.- It may show very imperfect germination (in the most
careful work the germinating power of each ear is ascertained before
planting), it may be of slow growth, produce small weak plants, or
numerous barren stalks. The plants may be tall and slender or very
thick and short. In one row the ears may be borne high on the stalks,
while in the adjoining row they may average one or two feet nearer
the ground. One row may yield more than twice as much corn as an
adjoining row on the same kind of soil. As a matter of fact, when one
begins to breed corn by the row system (one seed ear to each row), he
is usually surprised to find that the plants in some rows are so very dif-
ferent from those in others, as will be seen from data from one of our
1901 breeding plot, which are given in Table 4.

TABLE 4—-PERFORMANOE RECORD OF BREEDING PLOT, 1901.
(Breeding for high protein.)

Weight of

i Protein in 2
Field Row Number. ecedicie! pouees

Uo gace ad50 OC eo DULSERG OTE MISC Aaa CREE Ar Oe anne AA Mead tes aug aOR AR 12.06 91.0

Seer ee Sole myo OC OR OBE ROBE Cio CAPCCHIOHOOIIE DU: maCaric cBOD EOE Cea 12.17 85.0

Bho 26 50's GO QAU ODOC OCU ERT Or ten enters (os Ape at ee owt ¢ SS Saamnip rh © 12.19 98.5

iy 0d00 SECA DDE MOCO STOOD STO eat Smee shan Onan ob ay ee ee ae eee 12.26 99.5

Dots Sot de SoG OCS CA OOE IACI GE Ron hoe BBE OEE: MESS eC ee Snt ms a amen Cami rwn A 12.31 77.0

MT ere cin ao Toe SOIR AS Con ELE Ties reas Nokon Selb acdeake 12.40 118.0

Hsoce \ oop GSS SOCBP OS ERC ETS En Toney: lns ake Skt im cet Sue pele ear ee emg a nay reg 12.66 116.0

Bho tno need \aSdbOS SSE SOSA SOC AEE eo nee nn Oni e neCne 12:83 | 54.5

Wh seed seas NCBA OS GUISE SEE Se SER Sane ann Ee nee Se a ee 12.90 107.0

hoc c8Ob odbc Spe eS Oe NEAT E AE REE ECC Se Aoi Nd eA mn eager ins et Oi 15.78 103.0
lc occ nd don Gls SSO RAISES U EE EN ae GP Ene Cea ae a nk Sena aie gran 12.92 87.0
Les once nad bcagb mop ood ie ASD IGE DHCD Oa Cae Ie art em gan AE Rebs Sere wae 8 12.90 127.5
SEP eee Serie need 6 eines oo lee sia® eeadins Sak Seles dac™ Seine seh one wees 12.72 113.0
MARES aes aoa hp in aan ent. Men E Ree ct Pace co wchicows lis cheele maaae 12.45 123.5
Wie oe coco dacon= obib bod, CG Ren CUBE LEBER Eat A pr etnIne 1 ieee ia tn Renna er ale ito 12.32 103.5
MG Perm AYR eas Aeterna eee eRe tom ouacteaicas Auisaeiciaite fo sed bouleser 12.31 92.0
Cee ee eT eee Wee ot ese ate hon Oe ano cats Sob pdaaee’ 12.23 85.5
eneont:nd do SMa Bo SECRET ORS nate nnn ADORE fe eine PRISE MU Rents ante Soest Fe 12.18 117.0
1s’ cod ottecmtec J ROCCE OUI TSEC IE oe eae tice an setae Nn abe re nc 12.07 140.5
Falls orice SEGHOSAE SOc UNLEASH ang een aR NCITING Oe mnRE RINE aS ag RA 12.06 97.0
E\TIETENEES soe dobre bab cca ae AEB SE SEER ESE HL ee DDE ERE oes 12.59 101.9

We take no seed corn from a row which produces a large proportion
of imperfect plants, barren stalks, small ears or a low yield, even though
a few apparently good seed ears might be found in the crop which that
row yields.

The points to be considered in the selection of the field rows, and
finally in the individual plants from which seed ears may be taken should

A—T

98 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

include the per cent of “stand” of plants, the height and physical pro-
portions of the plant, the character and amount of foliage, the position
of the ear on the stalk, the length and size of the ear shank, the per cent
of ear-bearing plants, the time of maturity, the total yield of the row,
the average weight of the ears, and the number of good seed ears which
the row produces.

Some of these points can be determined by inspection; some require
actual counts and measurements or weights.

The corn from each of the detasseled rows which have not been
rejected by inspection is now harvesied. First, all of the ears on a
row which appear to be good ears and which are borne on good plants
ina good position and with good ear shanks and husks are harvested,
placed in a bag with the number of the row, and finally weighed together
with the remainder of the crop from one ear to a row; then select your
seed for the next year, on the basis of performance record, from about
10 ro\vs which produce the highest yield and the best ears.

Second: Breed corn for a purpose. If you wish to feed corn, breed
and grow high protein corn. If you wish to grow corn for the starch
and glucose factories, breed and grow corn the factory wants.

Third: Until we have facts, don’t devote too much time to “fancy
points,’ such as trying to produce kernels on the tip end of the cob, or
trying to reduce the size of the cob, or trying to make the tip end of the
ear as large as the butt, or pulling out suckers, or doing other things the
uitimate effect of which is unknown. It is not yet known with any de-
gree of certainty whether such things are beneficial, injurious, or with-
out effect, on the production of the crop.

And don’t feel that you can’t breed corn even if you are unable to
detassel barren stalks. Last year we had fields with 50 per cent of bar-
ren stalks, this year in some fields from that seed we have about five-
tenths of one per cent of barren stalks, and these examples fairly illus-
trate the tremendous effect of soil and season and condition of growth,
as compared with breeding, upon the production of barren stalks. Barren
stalks bear no ears, and the whole tendency of Nature’s Law is to breed
them out, and even without the intervention of man. As a matter of
fact, in order to give to barren stalks an equal chance with ear-bearing
plants to propagate themselves, we should be obliged to detassel every
car-bearing plant in the field. In studying this problem it should be
borne in mind that the female parent of the barren stalk was not barren.

It is probably much more important that we absolutely prevent self-
pollination and close-pollination by detasseling alternate rows, but ever
this practice is still an experiment. It is very true that exceedingly poor

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 99

corn has been produced by artificial or hand self-pollination, but recent
experiments have also shown that corn may be degenerated by artificial
cross-pollination; and it should be understood that our recommendation
to detassel alternate rows in the breeding plot is tentative, and I cer-
tainly would not urge this practice. Probably such detasseling will prove
somewhat helpful to the corn breeder, but we know that very great im-
provement can be made without detasseling at all, simply by selecting
seed on the basis of performance record and for desirable quality or
composition.

THECTESTING OF CORN FOR SEED:

(Albert H. Hume, First Assistant in Crop Production. From Bulletin No. 96, Illinois Experi-
ment Station.)

In suggesting the plan of testing each ear of seed corn, we do not
mean to insist that every ear must be tested every season and in every
place. We do insist, however, that this would be within easy range of
possibility, as the following pages will show. Before time for planting,
corn growers should test a sufficient amount of their stock of seed, ear
by ear, so that they will know what they have on hand. It may or may
not be necessary thus to test the entire stock, but that it would have
been an extremely profitable procedure the past season for most farmers,
can scarcely be doubted.

It is not sufficient to accept the warrant of the dealer from whom the
seed is purchased, however trustworthy he may be. It is not possible
for those who handle seed on the largest scale to give the closest atten-
tion to its quality. The following devices for testing are suggested as
being obtainable for the general farmer.

Methods of Testing —tThere are several methods of testing corn, all
of which depend upon the same principle, namely, that of supplying suf-

ficient moisture and warmth to the kernels to cause them to sprout. The

traditional ways of determining the quality of seeds, such as floating them
in water, or heating them until they pop, or breaking them and noting
the fracture, or ‘cutting them and noting the appearance of the inside,
cannot be called tests, although it must be granted that by practice some
corn growers have become fairly expert in telling whether or not a
given sample of corn will grow. Such methods are not only less accur-
ate, but if carefully performed require as much or more time than need
be taken to make a germination test.

One of the best and simplest ways of sprouting seed is to take a
common dinner plate and fill it nearly full of sand. The sand should be

I0O0 “MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

as clean and white as possible. Such sand will be less likely to mould

than that which has much organic matter in it. This makes it much
more desirable for use in testing, for moulds interfere with the germina-
tion of the corn. After the sand is placed on the plate, it should be
moistened. ‘This can best be done with a small sprinkler, but if one is
not at hand, the water may be poured careiully out of any small vessel
or sprinkled with the hand. After sprinkling the water on the sand,
it is well to mix the sand with the fingers until it is all equally moist. Do
not saturate the sand with water. Special caution is necessary in this
respect, for if the sand is too wet, the corn will fail to germinate for lack
of air. Numerous failures have been reported in testing corn on plates
of sand, the most of which probably resulted from having the sand too
wet.

Having the sand properly placed and moistened, the kernels to be
tested should be pressed into the sand, small end down, in order as they
are taken from the ear. While taking the kernels from the ear, hold it
in the left hand and remove with a pocket-knife or a pair of small, strong
tweezers, a kernel two inches from the butt of the ear. A little practice
will make it easy to remove a kernel with the knife and hold it between
the thumb and the knife blade until it is put in place in the sand. Then
turn the ear one-fourth around and take another kernel in the same
manner, say two inches nearer the tip; then turn the ear the same dis-
tance again and take another kernel two inches nearer the tip. For the
fourth kernel, turn the ear again one-fourth around and take the kernel
about two inches from the tip. Four kernels is a large enough number
to take from one ear for practical work. If they are properly taken,
they represent both ends and all sides of the ear, so far as vitality is con-
cerned. The four kernels from each ear must be placed in a separate
group, and it is best that the group be marked or numbered to corre-
spond.

The Germinating Room.—After the kernels of corn are all placed
as described above, they should be covered by turning a second plate
over them to prevent too rapid evaporation of the moisture from the
sand. They may then be left in a warm temperature to sprout. As
fast as the kernels are well germinated, they should be removed from
the sand, and a careful record taken of the number which have sprouted.
It has been proved by experiment that the best temperature for germinat-
ing corn is 77 degrees F. This is only a little higher than the temper-
ature of an ordinary living-room. More harm will result from a con-
siderable decrease of temperature than from a slight increase.

On the average farm it is not necessary to construct a special room

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. IOI

for germinating. Usually the plates of corn will germinate well if put
beside a stove, taking care that they do not get too hot. The plates
must be inspected each day after they are put into the germinating room,
and if the sand is becoming dry, add a little water. The amount to be
put on must be determined by practice, for it will vary with the kind of
sand used and with the humidity of the room. If one is fortunate
enough to have furnace heat in the cellar, he will probably have a place
near the furnace where the heat will be about right for germinating corn.
Such heat was utilized by Dr. C. G. Hopkins, of the University of IIli-
nois, in testing the corn for his own farm in southern Illinois, with en-
tirely satisfactory results.

Testing with Plates and Sand—The method of using the plates of
sand for germinating corn is very practicable in that any one can use
it without purchasing any new material. Dinner plates are at hand on
any farm, and sand may usually be had from the roadway or river bot-
tom. But where there is much testing to do the method is inconvenient,
and in some cases unprofitable, from the fact that it takes too much time.
Time is lost in filling the plates with sand and in gauging the proper
amount of moisture, when it must be renewed from time to time.

Testing with Box and Cloth—One of the quickest and most con-
venient devices for making germination tests is that commonly known
as the Geneva Tester, so called because it was first used by Professor
Goff at the Geneva Station in New York. This apparatus consists of a
water-tight box across which are extended folds of canton flannel. These
folds are suspended from wires, and can be removed to dry when not
in use. The box must be filled to the depth of about an inch with water,
so that the folds of canton flannel will hang down enough to touch the
water, and thus be moistened by capillarity. The box should be about
12 by 24 inches and 4 or 5 inches deep. It may be made of wood, gal-
vanized iron, tin, or copper, and the wires can be cut from ordinary
smooth galvanized fence wire. When kernels of corn are to be tested
in this germinating apparatus, they are removed from the ears as de-
scribed above, placed between the folds, in regular order and the folds
closed together. If it is thought best, the groups of kernels from the
separate ears may be numbered with slips of paper. This numbering
will not be absolutely necessary if proper care is used to have the groups
of kernels correspond to the ears of corn from whence they came. After
the kernels are put in place, the folds are drawn together at the top,
the lid closed upon the box, and the apparatus left until the kernels ger-
minate. When put into this box, the kernels will not usually suffer for
moisture during the length of time of one test. This is one of the ad-

102 / MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

vantages of the Geneva Tester over the plate of sand where the mois-
tire may need renewing each day, or even oftener. The folds are easily
opened when it is necessary to inspect the kernels to count the number
which have germinated. Some care is necessary in lifting the tester,
that the groups of kernels be not jarred from their places.

Testing with Box and Blotters—Another plan is to use a small box,
with layers of moistened blotting paper inside. This device consists first
of a small box, say a foot long, six inches wide, and five inches deep.
The bottom of the box should be made water-tight; if necessary, the
cracks may be stopped with white lead or strips of cloth or asbestos.
The kernels of corn are kept moist by putting water into the box to a
depth of one-half inch more or less. Something must be laid in the
box to hold the first blotter up out of the water. Small sticks laid cross-
wise of the box will answer this purpose.

The blotting papers should be moistened as they are placed in the
box. When the first blotter is laid in, either small sticks or wire cloth
are put down on top of it to mark the spaces for the separate groups of
kernels. These spaces must correspond to the spaces in the frame where
the ears of corn are placed. After one layer of blotting paper is covered
with the kernels, another similar layer may be put down on top of the
first, and so on until the box is filled, or until the desired amount of
corn has been put in.

Like the plate and sand method and the wooden box Geneva Tester,
this device is easy to use on the ordinary farm because it does not neces-
sitate the buying of any expensive apparatus or material. If small sticks
are substituted for the wire gauze, it will only be necessary to purchase
the pieces of blotting paper, which can be secured at a merely nominal
cost of almost any printer or stationer. Of course the wooden box will
sometimes warp and begin to leak, making it somewhat difficult to keep
the blotters from becoming too dry. Where it is desired to use a tester
for any large amount of work, it is usually best to have the box made
of copper. = :

We have gone into the matter of explaining the devices for testing
seed corn at some length from the practical standpoint, in the hope that
the greatest number of corn growers will arrange to test seed by one of
the methods. The method of doing the work is not of such paramount
importance as that it be done, and done thoroughly.

In advocating the testing, when necessary, of every ear of corn in-
tended for seed, we have been met with the objection that “it takes too
much time.” We have therefore made some careful computations along
this line. In Table 1 we have recorded the time in minutes used in

;
i.

.

CORN GROWERS ASSOCIATION. 103

testing each of nine one-bushel lots of corn. Column one gives the num-
ber of the lot, column two, the number of the ears in the measured bushel,
and column three, the total time used in testing four kernels from each
ear, in the Geneva Tester, with which we have been able so far to do
our quickest work in testing.

TABLE 1.

Number of lot. Number OF oars in bushel Total time used in testing.
1 100 45 minutes.
2 F 98 44 minutes.
3 3 75 34 minutes.
4 116 56 minutes.
5 80 48 minutes.
6 77 38 minutes.
7 95 42 minutes,
8 96 46 minutes,
9 126 48 minutes.

Total time for9 bushels, 401 minutes.
Average time for 1 bushel, 45 minutes.

From the above table, it will be seen that the total time used in test-
ing 9 bushels of corn of various sized ears was 401 minutes. It takes
longer to test a bushel of small ears than a bushel of large ones, but the
average time per bushel is 45 minutes. At this rate, counting only 5
acres to one bushel of seed, one man, in 10 hours’ total time, can test
every ear of seed corn required to plant 67 acres. Of course the work
must be done before planting time. It is suggested that winter evenings
might profitably be employed in this way, but if the work is not done in
the evenings, let it be done by daylight as part of the regular work. At
all events, do not permit it to be overlooked, especially when we have
such seed corn as much of that planted in 1904.

TABLE 2.
Number of ears tested in Time required for testing
Number of lot. measured bushel. | in sand.
29 100 80 minutes.
30 98 85 minutes.
31 75 63 minutes.
32 88 75 minutes.
33 92 _ 72 minutes.

Total time required to test 5 bushels, 375 minutes.
Average time required to test 1 bushel, 75 minutes.

As seen by the above, the average time for testing in sand is 75
minutes per bushel as against 45 minutes per bushel with the Geneva

104 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Tester. It is apparent that any one who has any amount of testing to
do, can well afford to make a Geneva Tester or have one made, rather
than use sand.

It is sometimes urged that one who has had sufficient practice can
select seed corn which will grow, simply by inspecting it, and that testing
ig unnecessary.

There are many persons who can tell, with some accuracy, by simple
examination, whether or not corn will grow, but we do not believe that
inspection can be so accurate as testing. Moreover, the time used in
carefully inspecting each ear in a given lot of corn is usually as great
or greater than the time used in testing the same ears. The time re-
quired depends much upon the care with which the work is done. If
four kernels are taken from each ear of corn and each kernel examined
carefully and the germ inspected, it will require more time than it will
to test the kernels in the Geneva apparatus. The average time used at
the station for inspecting thirteen bushels of seed corn with reasonable
care, was 3I minutes per bushel. With two lots, when four kernels were
removed from each ear and carefully examined, the average time re-
quired was 44 minutes per bushel. The average time for testing these
same two lots in the Geneva Tester was 32 minutes per bushel. Even
when the time element is taken into consideration, the evidence is all
in favor of carefully tested seed for the corn grower, as opposed to that
selected mechanically.

The following table shows the results which were actually attained
with 37 different lots of seed corn:

Eighteen of these lots of corn came to the Experiment Station from
progressive farmers, and nineteen came from the most trustworthy corn
specialists to be found. In the table given, column 1 indicates simply
the number of the lot of corn tested. Column 2 gives the number of
ears in that particular lot, and column 3 indicates the per cent of the corn,
taken just as it came to the station, which germinated. This test was
simply a composite one. Three kernels were taken from each ear, one
from the butt, one from the middle, and one from the tip. After three
kernels were thus taken from every ear in the entire lot, they were
mixed together, and 100 of them were selected at random. These 100
kernels were germinated and the resulting per cent was put into column
3. After this composite test was made, every ear in each lot was tested,
by taking four kernels from an ear and germinating them in sand. In
case any one of the four kernels did not grow, the ear from which it
came was discarded as unfit for seed. The number of ears thus discarded
is recorded in column 4. The remainder were reserved as being good

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION, | 105

for seed. Then, in order to determine whether such testing really accom-
plishes the desired object, composite tests were made of the “good corn,”
which was reserved for seed, and of the “poor corn,” which was dis-
carded. The per cents for the various lots, as derived from these tests,
are recorded in columns 5 and 6.

TABLE 3.

Percent of germination
after testing.

Number of ears/Composite test} Number of
No. of test. tested. of allears. Jears discarded
Good corn. Poor corn.

1 41 91.0 11 98.9 82.0
2 439 82.5 144 97.0 68.0
3 81 87.0 12 99.0 72.2
4 371 84.0 95 95.0 55.0
5 34 78.0 18 97.9 72.2
6 330 95.0 51 98.0 80.0
7 433 94.0 38 100.0 72.0
8 414 83.0 124 95.0 63.0
9 552 77.0 299 86.0 67.0
10 389 97.0 31 100.0 85.5
11 88 96.0 14 97.0 80.9
12 80 82.0 18 94.0 70.8
13 298 93.0 44 98.0 71.0
14 89 93.0 10 97.0 66.6
15 60 84.0 22 96.0 77.0
16 18 88.8 5 89.7 66.6
yi 43 83.0 20 90.0 40.0
18 451 96.0 33 99.0 68.0
19 332 93.u 88 98.0 81.0
20 456 62.0 295 93.0 30.0
21 278 74.0 164 86.0 36.0
22 109 37.0 21 97.0 71.4
23 45 83.0 17 97.6 75.0
24 40 51.0 28 97.2 52.3
25 73 89.0 20 95.0 48.0
26 144 92.0 36 95.0 81.0
27 100 93.0 25 97.0 69.8
28 98 91.0 18 95.0 68.9
29 75 94.0 17 95.0 76.0
30 88 87.0 26 96.0 66.6
31 2 93.0 13 93.0 77.0
32 116 90.0 39 93.0 70.0
33 80 86.0 34 83.0 75.0
34 77 68.0 41 74.0 42.0
35 95 74.0 54 90.0 57.0
36 96 64.0 63 80.0 51.0
37 126 97.0 20 96.0 60.3
Averages. 85.19 94.00 66.11

It will be observed that the per cent of germination of the “good
corn” in column 5, is higher in every instance than the per cent of ger-
mination of the “poor corn,” in column 6; also that there are only two
instances—that of test number 33, composed of 80 ears, and that of test
number 37, composed of 126 ears—in which the per cent of germination
for the good corn is not as high or higher than that of the composite

a)

sample from which it came. This evidence therefore practically all goes
to indicate that the plan is effective. In other words, having given a
number of ears of seed corn, it is possible to determine with accuracy
which of those ears have the highest average per cent of germinable
kernels.

106 ; MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

The average of all the tests of “good corn” in column 5 is 94.00 per
cent. The average of the composite tests of the lots of corn from whence
those good ears were taken, is 85.19 per cent. The original lots were
made up of seed corn, which was carefully selected by ordinary methods
bcfore it came to the Agricultural Experiment Station. The difference
between 94.00 and 85.19 is 8.81 per cent, in favor of the “good corn,”
which is clearly attributable to the fact that every ear was tested and
only the “good ones” reserved. That this difference is correct is fur-
ther attested by noticing the average per cent of the “poor” lots of corn
in column 6, which is 66.11. Evidently from this, no mistake was made
in the kind of ears discarded.

It is fair to assume, according to the above figures, that the seed
corn planted in Illinois during the spring of 1904, might have been at
least 8.81 per cent better than it was. Although it does not follow
absolutely, it is not far from correct to reason that the crop is 8.81 per
cent lighter than it might have been, had the best seed attainable been
used. This is a conservative estimate considering that the original lots
of corn above were probably better than the average seed corn planted
in I[linois in 1904.

Granting, then, that 8.81 per cent of the seed planted failed to grow
and that there were 1,000,000 bushels of corn used for seed in Illinois,
the amount of corn planted which did not grow was 88,100 bushels.
Valuing it at $2.00 per bushel, it represented a dead loss of $176,200.
This amount alone would pay for testing practically every ear of corn
planted in Illinois, counting labor at $1.50 a day. The great loss, how-
ever, consists in the shortage of the crop due to this poor seed. The
valuation of the corn crop in Illinois, as given in the year book of the
Department of Agriculture for the year 1903, was $95,000,000. Count-
ing the proportionate loss therefore, which might have been prevented
by proper testing of seed corn, we have $8,369,500. The data herein
presented certainly justifies the conclusion that such a sum could have
been saved by Illinois corn growers the past year by properly testing
seed.

To bring the matter as closely home as possible to the individual
farmer, suppose that he raises 80 acres of corn, and that his normal
yield is 60 bushels per acre, giving a total of 4,800 bushels. His average
loss this year was 8.81 per cent of that amount, or 422.88 bushels.
Valuing this at 40 cents a bushel, we have a loss of $169.15 due to the
use of untested seed. This amount would pay the necessary wages for
testing every ear of seed corn which would be used on 7,555 acres of land,
counting the wages at $1.50 a day. These figures ought to appeal not

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 107

so much to our seed dealers as to farmers and corn growers. They are
the people directly interested.

Having determined the data above, it is not unreasonable to assert
that every corn grower ought to know beyond any peradventure, just
what kind of seed corn he pours into his planter boxes at planting time.
We do not mean to urge anything unreasonable, and we are not doing so.
If we were to test say 1,000 ears of seed corn from a seed house and
found them to grow perfectly, we would be ready to admit that the next
1,000 ears were reasonably safe for seed, providing they were the same
kind of ears, kept under the same conditions as the first 1,000 had been;
but we would not take too much for granted.

The object toward which we are all striving, is that agriculture be
made an exact science. The testing of each ear of seed corn, whenever
necessary, will certainly be a considerable stride in that direction.

CORN.

PREPARING THE GROUND, PLANTING AND CULTIVATING THE CROP.
(Prof. P. G. Holden, in ‘‘Successful Farming.’’)

There is no one best method suited to all sections, nor to the dif-
ferent soils of a given section, nor even to the different fields of the same
farm.

Frequently two very different methods may give equally good re-
sults. There are no “iron clad” rules which can be followed blindly in
the growing of corn any more than in any other farm work. Have good
ground, do the work on time and do it thoroughly, should be the object
of every corn grower.

IMPORTANCE OF GOOD GROUND.

Nothing can make up for poor ground. Too many are trying to
grow corn on old “worn out” ground that has produced corn and oats
fcr years. I met a man at an institute in Illinois who said in all seri-
ousness that he was satisfied that the seasons were less favorable for
growing corn than they used to be, as he could get no such crops as
he formerly raised. It developed that he had grown corn for 17 years
in succession on the same piece of ground. No wonder “the seasons
were becoming less favorable.”

Let us remember that it was only a few years ago that the land
oi the Central West was broken from the virgin sod, and because we

108 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

have been able to crop the ground continuously in the past is no assur-
ance that it can be done in the future.

The fact is that the time is near at hand when we must pay greater
attention to the fertility of our soil, to the conserving and restoring of
the elements of plant food or we will soon be compelled to pay out mil-
lions of dollars each year for these elements in the form of commercial
fertilizers as is now done in the east.

The tremendous importance attached to this question cannot be ap-
preciated by those who have had no experience in using commercial fer-
tilizers in the older settled parts of our country.

What is needed is more clover, better use of the barn yard manure
and less of the continuous cropping with corn and oats.

FALL PLOWING FOR CORN.

There is a great diversity of opinions regarding the merits of fall
aud spring plowing, even in the same neighborhood. Among the ad-
vantages of fall plowing may be named the following points:

Ist. The work can be done at the slackest time in the year when
both men and teams would otherwise be idle.

2nd. Having the ground already plowed in the spring gives us
time to better prepare the ground and what is of equally great impor-
tance, to get our corn in on time.

3rd. Better prepared and warmer seed bed and consequently a
better stand of corn.

4th. Less danger from insect injuries, especially in the case of
scd ground.

5th. Weeds are prevented from seeding and the seeds already in
the ground will mostly germinate and be killed by the fall freezes before
seeding. . This is especially true of early fall plowing.

DISADVANTAGES.

Ist. Occasional losses from blowing and washing.

2nd. Unless the ground is disced early in the spring there is loss
of moisture and a consequent “firing” of the corn during the latter part
of July and August, especially in dry seasons.

3rd. The fall plowing does not give as good an opportunity to
spread manure during the late summer and through the winter.

During the past year the Soils Department of the Iowa State Col-
lege conducted experiments with fall and spring plowing in different
parts of Iowa and in every case the yields of corn were greater on the
fall plowing than on the spring plowing. While the evidence is generally

CORN GROWERS ASSOCIATION. 109

iu favor of the fall plowing in the corn beit, yet the difference will gen-
erally not be as great as indicated by this year’s results. The mistake
is commonly made of leaving the fall plowed ground without discing
until time to plant. The ground has become packed by the snow and
rain and should be disced or at least harrowed as soon as the oat seed-
ing is over. This will conserve the moisture and prevent the “‘firing”’
of the corn in August, so common on fall plowing.

Ground that is very rolling and likely to wash should not be plowed
in the fall. Early fall plowing is generally advisable where the stubble
ground is very weedy.

In the corn belt where the area put into corn is large and the corn
planting period is short it is the best kind of management to fall plow
all stubble and sod ground.

We should bear in mind that one of the most serious losses each
year to the corn crop is due to late planting. The experiments show
that late planted corn seldom yields as much as the earlier planted corn
and the quality is inferior. The ground becomes hard and out of con-
dition, the weeds have drawn upon the moisture and available plant food,
the corn comes to the dry spell in August at a more critical stage, and
it matures slowly, contains more water and is much more likely to be
caught by frost. |

Every year there are thousands and thousands of farmers who lose
heavily from late planting. Many of these are good farmers, but are
unexpectedly delayed with the spring work by a combination of bad
weather, sick horses and scarcity of help.

This matter of readiness in the spring is of great importance in the
corn belt and is made all the more so because it is practically out of
the question to secure outside help at this time.

As stated above, it is generally advisable to plow stubble ground
early in the fall.

ist. The weeds which have started will be prevented from seeding
and the weed seeds will be brought near to the surface where they will
germinate and be killed by frost before seeding.

and. This second growth of volunteer of oats, weeds, etc., will
protect the ground during the winter and keep the soil from blowing.
The late fall plowing has no such second growth and blows worse in
the winter.

3rd. There is more spare time for the work. If the stubble ground
is leit for late fall plowing it is apt to crowd the plowing of the sod
over into the spring, which is bad practice generally.

The reasons for plowing sod ground in the late fall are:

110 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Ist. It gives us the benefit of late summer pasture, and in case of
clover a second crop for seed or for turning under to enrich the ground.

2nd. It is the best possible place to spread the barnyard manure,
as there is least danger of washing or leaching.

3rd. The ground can be much better prepared and with less work
than when plowed in the spring.

4th. There is much less danger of damage irom cutworm and
other insects.

It may sometimes be advisable to leave some ground for spread-
ing manure during the winter. In this case it better be the clover sod
rather than the timothy or the bluegrass.

Where clover is seeding with the oats or barley for fertilizing pur-
poses or where rape is sown in the oats for fall feed it will of course
be necessary to plow late in the fall.

BETTER ATTENTION TO FALL PLOWED GROUND.

The fall plowed ground is generally neglected in the spring and left
to dry out and the weeds are left to get a good start, robbing the ground
of moisture and food. Not only should the fall plowing be disced as
soon as the oat seeding is over, but the corn stalk ground as well. When
corn stalk ground is disced early in the spring the moisture is saved, the
stubs and stalks are cut up and mixed with the soil and as a consequence
bother less during the cultivation, and a better seed bed is secured. If
not disced, the surface is turned to the bottom of the furrow in a lumpy
condition, where neither the harrow, disc or cultivator can reach it.

SPRING PLOWING.

We often abuse our spring plowing by turning it up to the sun and
ciry winds to bake and dry out, depending on a shower to mellow up the
ground at planting time.

It is a good rule never to leave the field either at noon or at night
without first harrowing the ground that has been plowed. In my esti-
mation no ground can be properly prepared, giving a good seed bed
for corn without the use of the disc. A half prepared seed bed means a
poor stand and an uneven growth and the corn will suffer more from
drouth and from insects.

DEPTH TO PLOW.

What is known as deep plowing is generally not advisable in the
corn belt, although the loose soils and bottom lands may be plowed much
deeper than the black prairie soils with less danger of bad results. There

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. tit

is seldom any advantage in plowing more than six inches deep either
in spring or fall. If ground is to be plowed deeper than formerly it
should be done in the fall. On heavy soils the bad effects of too deep
plowing are often apparent for several years.

TOO DEEP PLANTING.

Too deep planting is especially bad when the seed is weak, and the
spring cold and backward. When the ground is not well prepared or is
very mellow there is danger of putting the seed down four or five inches,
when two inches would be better. Especial care should be taken in case
of early planting when the ground is still cold.

I know of several cases last spring where the same seed was planted
in two different fields, giving a good stand in one case and a very poor
stand in the other. Investigation showed that the poor stands were due
to deep planting. Corn is generally planted deeper than we think. The
planter wheels frequently sink into the ground two or more inches and
the corn is covered another two inches. The planter tracks are then
filled by harrowing and the corn is often more than four inches deep.
We often watch the planter carefully for a few rounds when we start
the planter and then pay no more attention to the depth of the planting.
The soil is generally mellower as we get away from the head land and
consequently the corn is planted deeper than we supposed.

STRAIGHT ROWS AND EVEN CHECKING.

The yield of corn is often reduced and the work of cultivation made
difficult and slow, because of carelessness in handling the planter. Un-
even checking may be due to several causes. In the case of short fields
we generally draw the wire too tight and the planter checks too quick
both ways. On long fields we are apt to check ahead owing to the
slack of the wire, and this is especially true where the tongue of the
planter is raised too high and the team fast.

In the case of irregular shaped fields, the checking is frequently bad.
This is especially true where the ends of the field are not at right angles
with the rows. In this case there will be a jog every four rows, de-
pending on how much the field is out of square.

Carelessness in setting the anchor is the cause of much poor check-
ing. It is a common practice to draw the wire to about a certain tight-
ness at both ends of the field. -It is a much better plan to always set
the anchor on line at one end of the field, while at the other end the
anchor should be drawn to a certain tightness.

12 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CULTIVATION.

It is not possible at this time to go much into details, and of course
methods will vary greatly with local conditions, but there are a few
things of importance often overlooked.

Many think that there is nothing more to do after the corn is planted
for two weeks until it is up and large enough for the “first cultivation.”

There are others who believe in harrowing and even in cultivation
before the corn is up, but on account of the pressure of work, neglect it.
Where ground is left in this manner for two weeks and often longer,
it becomes foul with weeds, which take up moisture and plant food
and make it difficult to work the corn. The ground is packed by the
rains and baked by the sun, until it becomes hard and dry; that is, “out
of condition.”

It is especially important in the case of corn that it should not be
stunted when young, as it never fully recovers even under the most favor-
able conditions.

We should keep a good, mellow, lively tilth until the corn shades
the ground, preventing the rain and sun from beating upon it, making
it hard, dry and mealy.

The time to kill weeds is before they come up and before they have
deprived the corn of moisture and nourishment.

Where it is possible to do so it is a good plan to cultivate the corn
cnce before it comes up, following the planter with the harrow. If the
piece is small so that the cultivation can be finished before the corn
breaks through the surface, it is well enough to wait until the field is all
cultivated and then cross it with the harrow instead of following close
behind the cultivator. However, in the case of large fields, it is best
to follow the cultivator with the harrow.

It is a common practice with some to harrow corn after it is up,
but I prefer to cultivate and harrow as described above and especially
on corn stalk ground. Even on stubble ground the harrow does con-
siderable damage to the young corn. No one can afford to do less than
to thoroughly harrow the ground before the corn comes up. It is a
serious mistake to let our corn ground once get out of condition in the
spring.

It is also a very common mistake to cultivate shallow when the corn
is small and lay it by with a deep cultivation. The reverse would be
more profitable. There is little danger to the roots from deep cultivation
the first time, and there is great advantage in going deep enough to
secure a good mulch.

a

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 113

The following cultivations should be no deeper than is necessary to
keep the ground clean. Many cultivate corn as though the roots went
straight down instead of spreading out through the surface of the soil.
It is very essential that we disturb the roots as little as possible when the
corn is “laid by.” We are very apt to feel that as this is our last chance
at the corn, we must give it a “good laying by,’ and especially if the
weeds have gotten a start.

IMPORTANCE OF THE PROPER CARE OF SEED CORN. .

(M. F. Miller, in Circular of Information No. 19, Missouri Agricultural College.)

The low vitality of much of our seed corn is due to the fact that it
is improperly cared for during the fall and winter months. If the corn
is not thoroughly dry by the time hard freezing weather comes, its
vitality is sure to be injured. It makes little difference how low the
temperature may fall if the corn is perfectly dry, but any hard freezing
when the corn is damp will weaken its vitality and even prevent the
germination of many kernels entirely. It is usually thought that if
corn comes up, the vitality has not been injured, but experiments have
shown that corn stored in the crib will not only produce less vigorous
sialks than those from corn that has been properly cared for but will
fail to make as much corn per acre under exactly similar circumstances,
the difference running from 4 to 16 bushels per acre, depending on the
season. ‘These figures should convince any one that the proper care of
seed corn offers one of the simplest and most important means of in-
creasing corn yields. If we allow an increase of 5 bushels per acre (it
will usually be much more than this) on a crop of 50 acres, the extra
yield would amount to 250 bushels which at 35 cents is worth $87.50.
‘The extra time necessary to properly care for the seed would not. be over
a day and the expense of putting up drying racks is very trifling, as they
may be made of any sort of lumber.

Plant Corn of Strong Vitality—vThe failure to plant corn of strong
germinating qualities is undoubtedly responsible for the greater number
of poor stands of corn. The matter of getting a uniform distribution
cf seed is but secondary to the more important factor, that of planting
enly corn which is known to be of strong vitality. Germination tests
which have just been made at the experiment station with a number of
samples of corn from farmers’ cribs around Columbia, show an average
germination of but 6344 per cent. This means that there will be a great
deal of corn in the State this spring of weak vitality, and unless proper

A—8

114 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

precautions are taken to test such corn before planting, very poor stands
will certainly result. If only corn of strong vitality were planted, with
due consideration to securing a uniform distribution of seed, the stand
on average seasons should not run much under 95 per cent. Such a
stand means a long step in the direction of a profitable corn crop.

Test the Vitality of Corn in a Germinating Box.—lt is perfectly
practical for the average farmer to test for germination every ear of
corn he plants, and where corn has not been carefully preserved this
should always be done. It has been found that if an ear is lacking in vital-
ity, the character is shared to a great extent by the majority of the kernels
on that ear; consequently if a half dozen kernels are selected from dif-
ferent parts of the ear and tested, a very good idea of the strength of
germination of that particular ear may be obtained. The method oi
doing this is as follows: Lay out the ears selected on a long board or
on the crib floor, marking a number opposite each. Prepare a box twa

Figure 2.

Germinating Box. The cloth on which the sand is placed is rolled back to show the
squares holding the corn.
or three inches deep and two or three feet square (Fig. 2) nailing the
bottom on tightly in order that it will not warp when it becomes wet.
Place in the bottom of the box a half to three-quarters of an inch of sand
aud moisten thoroughly. Cut a piece of white cloth to fit the box and
mark it off with a pencil into squares 2 to 2% inches in size, numbering
them from one up, laying the cloth on the sand. Now remove two

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION, 115

kernels about two inches from the butt of ear No. 1, turn it one-third
around and take two more from near the middle, again turn it one-third
around and remove two from near the tip, placing the half dozen kerneis
in square No. 1. In like manner take the same number of kernels from
ear No. 2 and place in square No. 2 and so on until all the squares are filled.
Cover the corn with another piece of moist cloth, which is somewhat
larger than the box, filling in on top of this with three-quarters of an
~ inch of moist sand. A piece of oilcloth or some wet paper thrown over
the top helps to keep the germinator from drying out. Set in a warm
place, say near the kitchen stove where the temperature will stand from
70 to go degrees, and allow it to remain about a week, moistening the
sand occasionally if necessary and noting the progress of germination
from time to time. At the end of this time the kernels of good vitality
will have sprouted strongly and one can tell by looking at the different
squares which ears are to be discarded for seed. For instance, if ear No.
10 shows a tendency to weak germination, or if one or more of the
kernels failed to sprout at all, such an ear should be thrown out. It will
be tound in ordinary crib corn that a large per cent of the ears will have
to be discarded entirely. The ordinary practice of planting such ears
is responsible for most of our poor corn stands.

The time necessary to do this testing is very trifling compared to
the money return which it will bring. By such a test, if one is depending
upon the crib corn for seed, a most conservative estimate is that the
stand may be increased five per cent which should mean two bushels
more corn per acre, where the average yield is 40 bushels. The actual
time necessary to test sufficient corn to plant 50 acres in this way is not
over two days and a little figuring will show at once the income which
such work will bring. The germinating box costs practically nothing
and if one wishes, several may be run at once. Probably the most con-
venient size is one two feet square, which will test about one bushel of
corn. Another method of arranging this germinator is to use instead of
the sand, layers of wet paper, or sometimes bran is used, but the sand is
probably the most satisfactory.

It should be said that where very careful attention has been given
to drying out and preserving the seed corn it should test as high as
95 per cent of the kernels germinating strongly. In such a case it will
probably not be necessary to test each individual ear that is planted, but
rather to test say ten kernels from fifty representative ears. Some test,
however, should always be made before planting, to be sure that the
corn is of strong vitality.

116 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

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Methods of Preserving Strong Vitahty.—The best method of pre-
serving corn is to spread it out in shallow layers or in small piles in some
well ventilated room until dry, then transfer it before freezing weather
to a dry room where a moderate temperature is maintained throughout
the winter. If such a room is not available, build a series of rough board
shelves or open racks in any well-ventilated room where the corn will
dry out rapidly and remain dry. Another method is to hang the corn
on binder twine or wire ina dry room. (A good seed corn rack is made
ot 2 by 4 uprights upon which are nailed I by 2 inch strips to hold the °
corn. )

Corn should never be piled in large piles or placed in tight barrels
or boxes until perfectly dry, neither should it be placed when moist in
a warm room, as in either case the vitality is liable to be injured by a
tendency to heat or sprout. Again, corn which is thoroughly dry, if

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 117

subjected to a moist atmosphere, may absorb water in sufficient amounts
to be injured by a hard freeze. It is never desirable, therefore, to store
corn over a stable because of the moist air arising from the stalls. Any
method by which the corn is dried quickly and kept dry will maintain
its vitality.

CHARACTER OF GOOD SEED EARS.

There are certain characteristics in ears of corn which indicate high
yields per acre and which the corn grower should observe in selection.
Some of these are based on the observations of both practical and scien-
tific men, others are more or less theoretical. We must maintain certain
ideals if we are to improve our corn as we have improved our live stock.
It will be understood that the purpose for which corn is grown will in-
fluence largely the ears to be selected but the characters mentioned here
are those which deal simply with yield of shelled corn per acre.

Shape of Ear.—The best shape for an ear of corn is as nearly cylin-
drical as possible. This is desirable for two important reasons. In the
first place, a tapering ear usually means a less amount of shelled corn to
the cob, than if the ear is cylindrical; it means either shallow grains near
the tip or the dropping out of rows, neither of which is desirable. The
second reason for selecting cylindrical ears is that such an ear bears
kernels of nearer uniform shape and size than the tapering ear, thus
giving a more even distribution of the seed by the planter. It will be
understood that ears perfectly cylindrical can rarely be found but those
that are nearly cylindrical are the ones to select.

Proportions of the Ear—vThe proper proportion of length to cir-
cumference in an ear of corn is about 4 to 3, or the circumference should
be 34 the length; that is, an ear 10 inches long should be 7% inches
around at a point one-third the distance from butt to tip. It is rarely de-
sirable therefore to select the longest ears that can be found, neither is
it wise to select the shortest ones, when shelled corn per acre is wanted.
It is a common opinion among farmers that the very long ears are best,
but the experience of corn breeders has not shown this to be true when
a series of seasons is considered. Where the corn is to be fed on the
stalk it may sometimes be advisable to select the shorter ears when two
occur on a stalk, but this would not apply to the case where a high yield
of marketable corn per acre is the object.

Space Between Kernels—It is rarely desirable to select corn with
wide spaces between the rows either at the tips of the kernels, or at the
base next the cob. The space between the various kernels in the indi-
vidual row should be small, so that the ear will be solid and compact.
The flint varieties of the northern part of the United States show the

118 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

wide-furrowed character, but for Missouri we should select the more
compact ears, ears in which there is just as little lost space as possible.
Reference to the photograph will show what is meant by wide and narrow
furrows between rows. ‘The ear on the right shows very wide furrows,
the one in the middle a medium width and the one to the left very nar-
row space between the rows.

| Butts and Tips——The butts and tips should be well filled out with
deep regular kernels. This is important because it gives more corn to
the ear. The characters of the butt are more important in determining
the ears to select than those of the tip since they are capable of being
transmitted with greater certainty. The tip of the ear is affected quite
largely by season and soil conditions or it may be injured during pol-

lination, thus preventing a proper filling out.

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Ears showing a variation in space between rows.
The kernels at the butt should be uniformly and compactly arranged
about a clean cup shaped depression, the diameter of the scar where the

shank was attached being about three-fourths of an inch in diameter for

ale at:

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 119

medium sized varieties. If the butt is too small and contracted, many
of the ears will blow off or they will be knocked off in harvesting with

‘acorn binder. Too large a butt makes the shucking difficult and is an

indication of poor breeding and careless selection. Well bred corn is
usually shown by the character of the butts. of the ears. In Fig. 4 the
middle ear shows the best butt. The one on the right is large and coarse,
the one on the left too small.

Figure 4.

The tip on the left in the top row is ideal, the one in the middle is good and the one on
the rightis poor. The butt on the leftis too small, the onein the middle very good, the one
on the right poor. The cobs on the left are small, those in the middle are good, those on the
right are too large.

The tips should be as nearly covered with deep, well-formed kernels
as it is possible to get them and still maintain an ear of proper length.
A well covered tip is a character usually observed on the shorter ears;
consequently if one selects primarily for covered tips there is danger of

shortening the ears beyond a profitable limit. It is better to have a good

120 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

sized ear with a tip not completely covered, than a shorter ear with a
covered tip. Of course if a well covered tip can be secured on an ear of
the proper length that is ideal, but there are so few long ears which
show this characteristic that it is usually impossible to secure enough of
these for seed. It is therefore better to select for deep, regular kernels
well out to the end of the ear than for kernels over the end of the ear.
For show corn, however, the more nearly covered the tip, providing the
length is maintained, the higher the score. In Fig. 4 the tip on the left
is ideal, the one in the middle is good, the one on the right rather poor.

Size of Cob.—The prevailing opinion among farmers is that the
smaller the cob the better. In general this may be said to be true, al-
though there is a limit beyond which it is not profitable to go in the
matter of reducing the size of the cob. It has been well said that the
cob bears much the same relation to the ear of corn as does the bone to
the beef animal. The animal must not be coarse boned, neither must it
be fine boned, a medium hone of clean quality being much preferred to
either. Likewise in corn we should select for a medium sized cob rather
than for a large or very small one. Large cobs usually mean shallow
grains and a coarse appearance. They do not show high quality. A
very small cob tends to narrow pointed chaffy grains which are very
often loose on the cob and uniformly lacking in vitality. What is wanted
is a goodly number of straight, well compacted rows and sufficient cob
must be maintained to bear them. In Fig. 4 the middle ears show the
best sizes of cobs, the ones on the left being too small, those on the
right too large.

Shape of Kernels——The proper shape of a kernel is one a little over
one and one-half times as long as wide, of a straight, wedge shape, but
not pointed. It should be of good thickness and while not wide at the
end next the cob, it should still be well shouldered out, giving room for
a strong, plump germ. In the accompanying photograph the two rows
of kernels at the top are poorly shaped, those in the top row being too
shallow and those in the second row too long and slim. The shallow ones
will give a low per cent of corn to the cob while the long slim ones in-
dicate weakness and low vitality. The two rows near the middle show
the best shapes. They differ somewhat in appearance but represent very
well the characters to be observed in selection. The kernels in the lower
row show a difference in size of germ. Large germs are desirable in
seed corn for two reasons; first, because such kernels usually have
strong vitality and second, because they have a higher feeding value.
A large proportion of the oil in the kernel is found in the germ so that
the larger the germ the higher the per cent of oil. By noticing a num-

CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.

121

The two upper rows show poor shapes of kernels, the two rows near the middle are good
shapes, and those in the lower row different sizes of germs.
ber of ears it will be found that while there is often quite a difference
in the size of the germs in the kernels of the same ear, yet as a rule they
tend to uniformity in size, some ears having large germs, some medium
and some small. It is well, therefore, to select ears which show large

strong germs, especially when the corn is being selected for a breeding
piot.

EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING

Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association

(Convened in Agricultural College, Columbia, January 12 and 13, 1905.
Held under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture.)
Abstract of Addresses Delivered

PRESIDENTS ANNUALAADDEESs:
(Benton Gabbert, Dearborn, Mo.)

We have in our program some subjects that will be a delicious treat
coming from practical men engaged in the calling they propose to dis-
‘cuss. The life of a meeting of this kind is in the exchange of ideas; in
the discussions of the papers presented; and in the discussion of the
methods and manner of doing things. It is the doers and not the
theorizers that have the public ear and the public confidence in these
strenuous times. The doers—the men that make a success, are the ones
we want to hear from, and the man in this company who remains silent
when he knows or wants to know something is injuring himself and
others.

At our last annual meeting the papers read were hopeful. I thought
we had reached bedrock in low prices for pedigreed stock, but I find

that the four beef breeds have this year lowered the record fully one-

third from last year, and more than two-thirds from 1902. This is a
statement from the Breeders’ Gazette of cattle sales.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF CATTLE SOLD AT EACH SALE.
1904 1903 1902

Name of Breed. Numberof cattle

sold at each

Number of cattle
sold at each

Number of cattle
sold at each

sale. sale sale.
Shorthorn:,.... %.<.-. eos siees 42 50 57
ELONGLONGs.7-5 cr cae citecsee wee 51 67 83
PATTI ag ecto aia criote iat eee ree 44 74 - 62

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 123

COMPARATIVE AVERAGES BY YEARS.

. 1904 | 1903 | 1902
Name of Breed. |

No. of| No. Av’e |No. of| No. | Av’e |No. of| No. |” Av’e

sales. | sold. | price. | sales. | sold. | price.|sales.| sold. | price.
HOLDHOM Wes 2.) 24-22 cce see 65 | 2755. |$101 25 89 4474 |$L74 15 120 6152 | 3260 40
FUGTOLOLG Gers a0 feces. = eee 28 1481 | 117 10 30 2029 | 172 50 31 2597 265 70
Aberdeen-Angus.......... 5 21 962 | 132 80 14 1041 | 220 15 17 1065 209 £0
Galloway cs ncowesewessccm. 3 133 | 143 55 3 161 116 10 3 206 185 15
Rolled; Purhams:.-.-..2.<.2.- 7 286 | 100 00 8 282 | 155 55 5 159 21 95
FROORE Ollerton civistor sie eseie’s Oe: i 48 70 00 1 22 | 145 00 2 149 248 09

‘From this statement we see if they fall in the same proportion for
two more years thoroughbred cattle will be below cost of production for
breeding purposes. John Stuart Mills, the great political economist, lays
down a rule, that holds good in most cases—that supply and demand
regulate prices—that when an article falls in price below the cost of pro-
duction, production will fall away until profitable prices are reached.
The sales above would prove that the sales of registered cattle have di-
minished in numbers to correspond to fall in prices. This falling in num-
bers would indicate one of two things: either the cattle have remained
in the herds, or have found some outlet to other markets. I think
the latter is the case. I believe that the prudent breeder is pruning
down his herd by sending to the shambles the undesirable breeding
stuff ; retaining the cream for future use. So the darkest cloud has its
silver lining. If we cannot improve at low prices the scrub herds of the
farmer and ranchman we can improve our thoroughbred herds by judi-
cious culling. No thermometer has yet been found that will apply to
registered cattle. If the public were thoroughly awakened to the fact
that a thoroughbred sire would add twenty per cent to the value of
their scrub herd the demand for blooded sires would increase, when
cattle at the stock yards fell in price. But the thoroughbred seems to be
at the long end of the pendulum, when beef cattle rise the thoroughbred
rises too high, when beef cattle fall the thoroughbred falls too low.
But one potent fact is eliminated from the fall and rise in cattle; that the
butcher’s block is the seal test. The sales of high grade steers at the
markets is more eloquent for good blood than all the breeder shows, and
the strongest advertisement for thoroughbred herds for the year 1904,
and to the intelligent feeder will bear fruit for a future harvest, and
create a market for pure bred sires among the men who raise the
stockers.

The packers are the basic cause of the rise and fall in prices for our

124 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

registered cattle. Consumption has but little to do with the price, for
the price paid for cattle on foot has no relative ratio to the price the re-
tailer sells to the customer, or the price the ‘retailer pays to the packer.
The long headed packer, years ago, studied out the problem that the
private butcher was a menace to his business and by a systematic freez-
ing out process eliminated the butcher. But one fact now remains to
keep the packer from having absolute control of the markets, both in
buying and selling, and that one factor is organized labor. Whether
the unions are a blessing or a curse to the cattle raiser and feeder is an
unsolved problem. Cattle last year just before the strike were slowly
advancing and all who were interested in raising or feeding cattle were
hopeful that the cattle business was coming back to a paying basis.
The strike was peculiar. The skilled workmen were satisfied with their
wages, but in a spirit of brotherly kindness, at the expense of the ackers,
they demanded higher wages for the unskilled laborer. The packers
naturally refused. Then the tie-up in business. The packers could
take but a limited supply, could not fill their orders, consumption fell

off, people found that they could live without meat and feel good on a,

cheaper ration, but this state of affairs hurt the cattle raisers and cattle
feeders in the pocket book, the most sensitive and vital part of business.
The unions lost out, for public sentiment was against their generosity for
their fellow laborers, in calling out their men to help force the packer to
pay, not them, but their unskilled brothers higher wages, and the union of
skilled labor getting the honor for the generous deed, put me in mind of
a story related by Rabelas. A cook was roasting a goose in a little
alcove on the street. A laborer passing along at the noon hour and
seeing the warm grate and smelling the rich flavor of the goose, took out
a large loaf of bread, his only dinner, and would break off a piece and
hold it over the goose. The fragrant vapor both warmed and flavored
his dry bread and he enjoyed the comforts. When he had finished his
meal the cook demanded pay, but the laborer refused. Why, he said, the
vapor was floating away and was of no account to you. But said the
cook, did it not help your bread? Yes, replied the laborer, but I have
not wronged you. While they were disputing a crowd gathered.
Finally the cook said that they would leave the case to be settled by the
town fool—both agreed. We have such a one in every town. We call
him the town wit or wag. You have all met him. One who sees the
comic side even in tragedy, and turns the most sorrowful woe into a
smile of joy; one who-sees the truth in a cloud of bog and can scien-
tifically turn on the X-ray. Well, says the wit to the laborer, you
got the vapor from the goose, it flavored and warmed and moistened
your dry bread and made it eat good. Yes, responded the laborer.

—

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 126

x

Have you a coin about you, asked the wit. Yes, said the laborer and
handed him a new coin. The wit went up to the metal counter and
rang the coin. “Is that good money?” he asked the cook. “Yes,” re-
sponded the cook. “Well, you are paid,” said the wit. The laborer has
had the vapor of your goose and you have had the ring of his coin.

In the case of the strike the packers had the vaporings of the union
and the strikers failed to get even the ring of the coin, and the cattle
raisers and feeders suffered more or less than either. We undoubtedly
held the bag.

Before leaving this subject of the packing industry, I would ask my
hearers if they have not read two articles published in Wallace’s Farmer
of December 22 issue, to get the paper and read them. One is by ex-
Governor Larabee on the railroads and the other by A. L. Ames, presi-
dent of the Meat Producers’ Association, both of lowa. The former
emphasizes the fact that competition can no longer be depended on to
regulate freight rates. That the government must have the power to
regulate the freight rates, or the government must own the roads. He
says no other, even half civilized country, would tolerate such high-
handed robbery, as less than half a score of irresponsible persons dictate
and control the traffic and tax every business for their profit. We know
that the greatest bar to distributing our thoroughbred cattle is the ex-
cessive freight rates imposed. At the World’s Fair the good lot of cattle
sold by the different breeders was discounted in price fully one-fourth
by the buyers having to pay such excessive terminal charges to get the
cattle from the fair grounds to the roads over which they were to be
shipped home.

Mr. A. L. Ames speaks of the longer time it now takes to get beef
cattle shipped to market and the rebates that Swift and Armour get in
their shipments, proving that the two, the transportation and packing
companies are in collusion to collect tribute from the shippers. The
shrinkage in these dilatory hauls takes money out of the shipper’s pocket
and puts it in the packer’s safe. This all proves that the breeder has
other work to look after besides raising good stock.

We now ask the question pertinently, is there any sentiment in
business traffic, commerce or trade, or any other name you may call the
distribution of products? I assert that the golden rule or the decalogue
has little place in modern business methods. I know I may be censured
as strongly as was Senator Ingalls of Kansas, in his travesty on modern
politics, yet the history of the industrial world bears me out in my as-
sertion. It seems to be every fellow, or combination of fellows for
themselves, and the devil take the hindmost. It is war to the knife
and from the knife to the hilt. Why are the agriculturists com-

126 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

ing to the front? Why are the hayseeds of the past becoming the
gentlemen farmers of the present? Becattse his products feed and clothe
the world. Because his products form the basis of manufactured goods.
Because the balance of trade is alone kept on the right side of the
ledger by the exportation of his products. The transportation com-
panies would have to quit business, the railroad stocks would go begging
and Wall street would be in sack cloth and ashes, and yet they pinch us
and rob us and despoil us. The old adage is indeed a truism, “if the
farmer prospers all the world prospers.” We want the world to pros-
per, but fair play is no robbery. All we ask is fair play. We do not
want to be held up for all the traffic will bear. We ask that the inter-
state commerce commission be given power to regulate rates; that they
may act as umpire between the colossal corporation and the smallest
shipper. If we ask for bread they will give us a stone, but if we de-
mand it as our right, and insist on our rights, the gentleman farmer will
get them. From 1888 to 1898 the commissioners exercised the right as
they understood the law to enforce their decisions, but some shrewd cor-
poration lawyer brought a test case before the Supreme Court and our
highest tribunal decided against the commissioners and the people and
for the railroads. Since then the commissioners have been powerless,
only to suggest, and it leaves the people at the mercy of the railroads,
and although, as ex-Governor Larabee says, the people have paid tribute
to the railroads above a legitimate price, to make the people the virtual
owners of the roads, and we believe this statement is true, for the rail-
roads have ever and always issued bonds to build the roads, at a rate
of interest that insured the selling of the bonds for cash, with which
they built the roads and bought rolling stock. The excessive tribute
wrested from the people has paid the bonds, and the roads have_ re-
capitalized their stock, or in common parlance, watered their stock four-
fold beyond its actual cost, and the end is not yet. But some may not
think this a legitimate subject for the President of the Missouri Fine
Stock Breeders’ Association, but the whys and wherefores of the unpre-
cedented fall in pedigreed cattle leads us to seek the cause, and to demand
a remedy. We have been hewers of wood and drawers of water in the
years agone. Now we demand equal rights for all, especial privileges
to none.

The corn growers have been entertaining and instructing us. <A
clipping from an article by Prof. B. T. Galloway, chief of the bureau
of plant industry in the Youth’s Companion. The article was on In-
tensive Farming, and speaking of openings for young men claims the
raising of seed corn the most promising. To quote him, there are an-
nually raised about two and a half billion bushels of corn in this country,

oe a ee eS Se

e

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. E27.

grown on ninety-five millions acres of land. To plant this crop requircs
about fifteen million bushels of seed. The average yield is about twenty-
five bushels per acre, but in many places the yield will run fifty to .
seventy-five and even one hundred bushels per acre. Now there is not
the least doubt that the corn crop could be increased twenty-five per
cent by the use of high-grade pedigreed seed. The growing of this seed
as a specialty is one opening for the right kind of young men. The
time will come when farmers will find it to their interest to pay two
dollars or more a bushel for high-grade seed rather than attempt to grow
it themselves. The breeding of this seed is a science into which every
young man should look, and if he finds out what there is to do and does
it right he will have no trouble in disposing of his product. We ought
to have two million bushels of this kind of seed available to-day. Asa
matter of fact, we do not have any to speak of, although the work has
already beén taken up by a few energetic people. Do you corn men
believe that you can increase the yield 25 per cent over the mongrel
seed we cattle men and farmers are using? If you believe it, can you
demonstrate it with facts? Then if you can we are very foolish to use
the corn crib mongrel seed. But how slow we are to take hold. Just
as slow as you corn seed growers are to take hold of our cattle. We
know that a thoroughbred sire will add to the value of a scrub herd fully
25 per cent.

In the same connection Prof. Galloway says: “If we need this
sort of work for corn we need it much more for cotton; the great staple
crop of the South, which annually brings to the country five hundred
millions of dollars. The twenty-five million acres devoted to cotton re-
quires twenty-five million bushels of seed. The breeding of cotton seed
for special purposes, for special localities and for special needs has
hardly begun.” But if the cotton seed man could increase the yield of
cotton, would he be a public benefactor? This year the yield is in ex-
cess of the demand, and the burning baled cotton at Fort Gaines, Geor-
gia, to place cotton on a paying basis proves that the man that makes
two bales grow where one grew before is only adding fuel to the flame.
The same means to enhance the price of thoroughbred sires has been
advocated by many stock breeders, by sending all but the best to the
butcher’s block, but this always seemed to me like killing the goose that
laid the golden egg. The farmer and the ranchman are the ones to
whom we are to look for a market. We can afford a sacrifice in selling
to them, for once buying a thoroughbred they become permanent cus-
tomers and want better ones as they become educated. High-priced
lands and high-priced feeds call for a better class of stock. Brother
breeders, prices are low, but let us stand by our colors and raise the best

128 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

stock we can, and if our bank account is not so plethoric we can, with
good grace, lay claim to patriotism and say what is our loss is our
‘country’s gain.

I had a letter from one of the best breeders in England and he sent
me, along with that letter, a paper. He had a bull called Lord Roberts
that he thought could win anything at the World’s Fair. I wrote back
and told him he ought to bring his bull over. This paper was one of
the leading live stock journals in England and I looked it over. What
was called quite a sale, a big run, was, all told, six thousand cattle of
all kinds. This was an unprecedented sale. I wrote back to him: “Old
man, cross the water if you have to come in a tub, and go to our cattle
markets and it will be an eye-opener to you.” This man was Wm.
Tudy, one of the best cattle breeders in England. What a surprise it
would have been for him to go to the Chicago market, for instance, and
see thirty-two thousand head of cattle and hogs come in! They don’t
know that we have such a country and we hardly know it ourselves.
We have made money easily because we had a fertile soil and while we
are hampered by the railroads, it is because our eyes are not opened.
If we were pushed to the bed rock and each man had only three or four
bullocks and had to account for every penny that he made, we would
wake up and attend to things. Undoubtedly we would see that the cat-
tle markets were not controlled by the railroad men.

But the farmers are coming to the front because they are becoming
educated. Our papers are being brought to our doors and the telephone
and other things are waking up the farmers.

But these agricultural colleges are the colleges. I have as much
veneration for the classic pile that stands before us as anyone. An edu-
cation can hurt no one. It is a scaffolding on which one can climb
higher. When you read a thing, you not only read it, but digest and
assimilate it and understand it. But with an academic education, unless
the boy has a marked talent for the calling for which he has educated
himself, he will be a cripple all his life. He has nothing practical ta
which he can hold on. Failing in a profession, he can do nothing but
teach school.

When our farmers have been educated in the agricultural colleges
we will leave the old methods and follow new ideas. We will not only
be the granary, but we will feed the world, and we will be the masters
of the world. Other nations may build up their great navies, but if we
farmers will build up our granaries, we can say to them, “we will shut
off your feed if you fool with us,” and we will be the masters of the
situation, for the pocket-book rules the world.

We cannot with the widest scope of the imagination read the magni-

MEDDLER |

Meddler, 99999, the undisputed Champion Poland China of the world’s greatest hog show, St. Louis, 1904.
“A perfect animal from the packer’s standpoint.’’ Bred and owned by Winn & Mastin, Martin City, Jackson
county, Missouri.

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. ‘ 129

tude of our future. We do not even know the magnitude of the present.
There is hardly a farmer in this land but sends something to market. The
good wife sends eggs and chickens. ‘hese little streams start from
every farm and form little creeks and these little creeks form rivers
which flow into the great channels and these form the great ocean of the
markets. The commodities have come from all over the country. We
ere the greatest people in the world and we have her commerce. Our
{future is great if we awaken to our responsibilities.

“MORE LEAN MEAT AND LARGER LITTERS” DEMANDED
TN DEES POLAND CHINAS:

(W. B. Cully, Buneceton, Mo.)

The demand is one that we know exists, but the solution of the
problem under present conditions is difficult. The present type of
Poland Chinas is one that cannot be eliminated from the profitable pro-
duction of pork where corn is the basis of all economic feeding opera-
tions.

The demand for more lean meat is an acknowledgement the Poland
China will get fat. This is one of the foundation stones upon which the
breed has been established. For his easy feeding qualities his popu-
larity has, for over fifty years, held sway wherever corn is king. Some
liave ventured to suggest the bacon hog as the solution, but that sugges-
tion has died in its utterance. In the first place the pork producers of
the corn belt are not struck with his shape; secondly, time is too precious
tc produce him, and, lastly, the market demand would be limited, because
it demands both meat and lard, two articles equally valuable.

The most perfect specimens of the breed today are veritable paral-
lelograms of flesh. The waste is minimum when placed upon the block.
The awards for grand champion barrow at our recent World’s Fair
were made by Mr. Ferguson, buyer for and representative of Swift &
Company of Chicago, a man thoroughly familiar with the type and kind
of hog in favor for the block. The Poland China barrow, Cricket, won
the grand championship over all breeds. The trend of the market de-
mand in the last few years has caused the evolution of the Poland China
to the present type. A type that because of its time-saving tendency in
pork production has added thousands of dollars annually to our agri-
cultural wealth. To retain this profitable carcass, and still acquire more
lean meat, is a problem that will admit of much experimental research.

A—-9

130 MISSOURI’ AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Lean meat is the muscular flesh of the carcass, the growth of which is
greatly encouraged by abundant exercise and food stuff rich in protein
and mineral matters, foods that are within the reach of all pork pro-
ducers, but of which so few avail themselves in sufficient quantities
tc balance starchy corn in their feeding rations. Until our markets offer
gieater inducements for more lean meat, we are certain our pork pro-
ducers cannot profit by its production. But when they do, use of more
feeds rich in protein will bring about the desired results, and as delicious
meat will be produced from the Poland China in the corn belt as is pro-
duced with any breed in the agricultural world. As to the race suicide
of the Poland China to a great extent the breed has been unjustly ac-
cused by both rival breeds and by those who have overlooked the fact
that the Poland China sow is a great flesh carrier, and have failed to
guard against the over-production of flesh during pregnancy. An exclu-
sive corn diet during the winter months, especially, can result in nothing
but failure to produce large, healthy litters. With the successful pork-
1aiser the diet of the brood sow is even more important before, than after
farrowing. No matter what the breed, prolificness can only be main-
tained by intelligent mating and handling. It is also an hereditary char-
acteristic and can be impressed on the breed through both sires and
dams having a long lineage of prolific ancestors. Some breeds may
boast of a larger litter production, but for the production of the greatest
number of the most perfect specimens of the breed we can crown the
Poland China sow queen of the porking species; for the greatest profit
lies not in the greatest number of the species, but in the greatest spit
of the most perfect specimens of the breed.

To those who have mastered this, the most important branch of
hog raising, the prolificness of the Poland China has not been the ques-
tion. Given the same conditions under which other breeds have proven
profitable, we believe the Poland China with his early maturity, prepo-

tency and uniform excellence will prove even more profitable.

BUYING PEDIGREED SWINE ON MAIL ORDER.
(L. BE. Frost, Moberly, Mo.)

I have no idea of even beginning to cover this topic, as it is one that
is almost inexhaustible, but I trust some thoughts may be brought out
that will start a discussion which will result in good to us all.

In buying pedigreed swine on mail order, we instinctively form a
picture in our minds of the intended purchase, and frequently are some-

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. ‘Tat

what disappointed when the animal is received. If we order a pig of any
particular blood lines we, of course, have a good idea of the type, and
form a picture in our minds from the description given by the seller.
The pig may be, and generally is, all that the breeder has stated in his
Gescription, but having formed an erroneous idea of his appearance we
are, of course doomed to some disappointment. Besides, different peo-
ple are prone to see different things in a different light, and when the
breeder was describing the pig he did not overstate the good qualities,
but the animal perhaps appeared to him in a different light than to the
purchaser. For instance, take the Berkshires shown at the World's
Fair. Many competent judges did not agree with the judge who placed
the awards, and yet the awarding judge, I believe, was thoroughly con-
scientious and competent, and placed the ribbons according to his judg-
ment. If one had ordered the best pig of a certain class to be shipped
him from those shown at St. Louis, he would have received the pig that
nearest filled the ideal of the judge who was making the selection. It
it had been Mr. A. he would have received a certain pig. If it had been
Mr. B. he might have received an entirely different one, so that as long
as men’s ideals and judgment differ, there will be cause for argument.

One great trouble with many buyers of pedigreed live stock on mail
order is their hesitancy to pay the price. A buyer writes to Mr. breeder
and asks him to describe and price, we will say three or four different
male pigs. ‘He sends a description of one at $25.00, one at $40.00, one
at $50.00 and one at $100.00. The $25.00 pig is doubtless a good pig,
but there is something about the $40.00 one that makes him worth more,
aithough the general description of the two are about the same. This
is true of the $50.00 and the $100.00 ones, and the buyer concludes that
as they are all about equally well bred, and are all owned by the same
breeder, that he will buy the one for $25.00. If he could have seen them
ail when he was making the purchase, he might have taken the $40.00
cne, or the $50.00 one or the $100.00 one, and perhaps is not satisfied
on receipt of his animal. I believe that the better plan would have been
to have stated exactly what he wanted, and asked the breeder at what
price he would sell such an animal. If the breeder stated $40.00 and he
thought he could buy one equally as good from some other breeder for
$25.00 he would have the privilege of buying from the latter breeder,
but the chances are that the $25.00 pig would have been worth $25.00 and
the $40.00 pig $40.00. I have found it necessary to pay the price if you
expect to get the quality. Too many people expect something extra
fine for little money, and cannot understand why one breeder will ask
$40.00 to $100.00 for one small pig when he can buy the best that his

132 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

neighbor has for $15.00 to $20.00. Buying pedigreed live stock is like
every Other mercantile business, you must have confidence in the party
you deal with, and must frequently allow the seller to influence you in
making selection. ‘Yo illustrate this point, I have for many years pur-
chased tooth brushes from a party in Si. Louis, and although I pride my-
self on some knowledge of what constitutes a good tooth brush, yet I am
always glad to ask this party his opinion, and whenever I take his judg-
ment I invariably get full value. I certainly use my own judgment as
every purchaser should, but we must be willing to take the other fellow’s
judgment to at least some extent, and if we have not enough confidence
in the party we are buying from to do that, we should buy our stuff
from some one in whom we do have confidence. This is especially true
with beginners, but | presume if I was as old and competent a breeder
as our Mr. Gentry, Mr. Harris and many others that I could mention,
that when I wanted to buy an animal out of some other herd, I would
use my own judgment entirely, but if this is true with those breeders, it
is the exception rather than the rule.

Of course, there is the other side to the question, and that is the
breeder or seller should be very careful in his description. I believe our
best breeders are, and if the general public become educated to the point
where they are willing to pay the price for quality, there will be less
dissatisfaction in buying pedigreed live stock on mail orders. I have
found that the successful breeders are good business men and good
business men do not misrepresent their goods. There is, however, a
class of breeders who are perfectly honest, but whose judgment is bad.
An intended purchaser may write the breeder of this class asking him
ior price and description of a certain kind of animal, and the breeder in
sending description may unknowingly overdraw it. He does this from
ignorance, and not from any intention to cheat. However, the damage
done the buyer is just as much as though he had intended to defraud,
and if he is really honest, he will make the purchase good in some equit-
able way. :

There is also a possibility of the purchaser not knowing whether
or not the animal he receives is what it should be. The seller may not
have overdrawn description, but he sees the animal in the light of ex-
perience and knowledge, whereas the buyer does not really know a good
animal when he sees it. I remember an incident of this kind that came
under my notice some years ago. A friend ordered a male pig from a
reliable breeder. The pig came and the buyer was greatly disappointed.
He had in mind a show animal fitted for the fairs, whereas the pig re-
ceived was in good breeding condition only, and of course, not having

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 132

on his dress parade clothes, he did not look as handsome as the same
animal would have looked had he been highly fitted. The buyer did
not know that the animal sent him was really first class, but having
seen some male pigs at the fairs that fall bred and fitted by this breeder
he expected to receive a pig in just that condition. He wrote the breeder
a very scorching letter, but the breeder was wise enough to ask him
to reserve his judgment until after he had used the animal, and if he
was not satisfactory then, to return him and he would refund the price
paid. The purchaser was greatly pleased with his purchase after he
had kept him long enough to know his true value, and afterwards thanked
the breeder for sending him this pig. Breeders cannot send out all their
animals fitted for state fairs, but they should send them out in good
thrifty condition. Sometimes breeders depend upon pedigrees alone, but
the buyer is entitled not only to the pedigree that he gets with his animal,
but is entitled to an animal well and carefully developed, and in good
fiesh and perfect health.

I have purchased considerable stock on mail order, and do not think
that I ever was deliberately cheated, although I have often been disap-
pointed at the time the animal was received. However, I believe I have
always gotten full value where the animal purchased had been properly
cared for, and good judgment used in feeding, etc., and was handled
properly after reaching me.

I deduct the following conclusions from my own experience in buy-
ing and selling pedigreed swine on mail order:

Ist. You must pay the price if you expect to get the quality. Don’t
expect a $40.00 pig for $15.00. It pays to buy the best, and to get the
best, you must pay a fair price.

2nd. Buy only from those breeders in whom you have confidence,
and do not hesitate to take their judgment to some extent.

3rd. Do not be disappointed if on receipt of the animal it is not ex-
actly what you had pictured, provided there are no material defects, and
the seller has not overdrawn his description.

4th. Breeders should be careful in their description, should send
out only really first-class animals, properly fitted, but not overfed.

5th. Buyers should state plainly what they want, and not expect a
breeder to describe every animal in his herd.

-6th. Buyer and seller should not be unduly influenced by “fads” in
blood lines, or in certain marked development of the animal. All the
good hogs do not belong to any one family, and all good hogs do not
have a perfect ear or head, etc., though these points are very important
and not to be overlooked.

134 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

7th. ‘Make good” all statements and contracts, no matter what it
costs.

' DISCUSSION.

Mr. Boles—Mr. Chairman, in order to open the discussion I will
just name two or three points that I think it is very necessary for
breeders to notice. The first thing when buying stock on mail order is
to know the breeder. You should know the man from whom you buy
your stock. I would say, never buy anything from a man who is not
reliable, and upon whose judgment and honesty you cannot depend.
There are men who may be honest in their judgment and they may de-
scribe to us the best they have as being their best, but at the same time
their best may not be at all what we would like to have.

The next question is to know what you want and to know what
you are willing to pay. You can size up your pocket book better than
the breeder can and if the breeder is reliable and you want to pay for a
hog you can tell him as nearly what you want by telling him what you
want to pay as any other way and then he will send you the best pig he
can for the money, as a rule.

In my opinion you want to describe that animal in as few words as
possible to express your idea. The more you say about it, the more
trouble you make, and the more misunderstandings will there be about it.
Just describe in a few words. If you want a first class animal, say so,
if you want a good one, say that, if you want a finished one, say that. If
you want something that will win in any kind of company, say that is
what you want and the breeder will know just what you want and if he
has it can fill out your order and if he has not, you need not trade with
him or can send him to buy stock for you. These three are as good rules
to go by as any that I know.

Mr. Ellis—I would like to ask the breeders present a question to
bring out their opinions on a phase of this subject—that is, if they believe
it good policy to sell animals to their neighbors for less money than
when they sell on mail orders? I know that is the practice with a great

many breeders and a great many of them have an idea that they cannot -

get as much money from a man in the neighborhood as they can on a
mail order.

Mr. Frost—If I was pricing a pig to my neighbor I would price

him at the same price that I would to you or a man who lived outside
the State of Missouri. We do not sell many pigs to our neighbors. If
our neighbors want a pig they generally go to some other county to
buy. I believe we probably have the confidence of our neighbors as
much as most people do. The Word tells us that “a prophet is not with-

=

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 135

out honor save in his own country,” and it is a good deal better, most
people think, to buy something away from home than to buy that articie
at home. I would make no discrimination in price between a neigh-
bor and a man living elsewhere. If a pig is worth $25 to a man in Ten-
nessee, we would be doing wrong to sell him for less to a man in Ran-
dolph county. If he is worth $15 to a man at home, he is worth that
much to the man away from home.

Mr. Hall—Mr. Ellis’ question brings out something that we know
is true. For instance, a few years ago I had a neighbor who wanted to
buy a Young Mary calf and he came and looked him over. The calf
was a very fine yearling and my neighbor wanted to know if $50 would
buy him. I said no. Ina few days I got a letter from a gentleman down
in Southeast Missouri. That letter contained a hundred dollar money
erder. The instructions in the letter were: “Send me the best calf you
can for the money.” I sent him this calf that my neighbor had tried
tc buy for $50, and of all the good things that have ever been said about
me, that man who bought that calf said the best. He said: “I would
rather have that calf than any I could have picked out myself.” It is a
fact that our neighbors do not think that we can find a market for our
bulls or pigs somewhere else, hence they try to beat us down on the
price and if we had the nerve to do it, we ought to let those that we
cannot sell at a reasonable figure go to the market or to the butcher.
If the stuff is worth the money we ought to demand it and not sell it
till we can get it.

Another point J want to notice. If we are beginners we had better
depend on the man who sells to us that on ourselves; or better, have
some good friend who has had experience in our community, do our
buying for us. If we must buy on mail order, why, we simply must; but
we had better not do it. We had better go and see the stuff we buy. A
few years ago I wanted a hog and wrote to a man in Ohio. I told him
to send me a good hog. When he came I was disappointed, but I kept
him three or four years and I believe he was the best hog in the neigh-
borhood; yet when he came I did not like him. So we cannot always
judge what a pig is going to be by what he looks like. But as a rule
we had not better buy on mail order.

Mr. Boles—There is another point on selling cheaper to a neighbor
than anyone else. Sometimes it is a relief to have a home buyer buy
something that we would not send away. I do not price anything under
a certain standard in the sheep line to send away and those under the
standard I sell to my neighbors—that is if they come and see them. If
you come and see my stock and you want to buy it at my price, that is

136 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

ali right, but if you depend on me, I will not send you any scrubs. I do
not price a ram under a certain standard when it is left to me, but when
a fellow comes and sees it, if he wants to buy it at my price, he can buv
it at home or abroad.

Mr. Kurtz—This subject of selling at home or abroad is a very
interesting subject to me, and to be frank and honest in the matter, I
feel that my neighbors have a right to expect some little concessions in
my case. I feel that when I am making concessions to my neighbors
whom I know and who desire to engage in elevating the quality of their
cattle or hogs but who are limited in means and have had no experience
in this line of elevating the standard of their animals by breeding to
pure bred males, I. am not only helping them but I am helping myself.
I am not only helping myself, I am not only helping the neighborhood
and helping the cause of elevation to a higher standard of animals, but I
feel that I am elevating and helping the standard and the commercial
influence in the way of selling pure bred animals by encouraging that
class of people to buy those animals to start with.

Mr. Mumford—The majority of this audience are young men who
perhaps have had no experience yet in the live stock business and there
are two or three of the speakers who have touched upon a subject that
is of fundamental importance in the buying of pure bred live stock. I
suppose our live stock record associations are as well managed as it is
‘possible for such associations to be managed, and it is probably true that
the animals registered in our live stock record books ought to be regis-
tered in the great majority of cases, but I need not say to the experienced
breeders here, but there is a great opportunity for the registration of
animals that are not entitled to registration and that no young man or
old man either can afford to buy from any breeder of pure bred live
stock who is not thoroughly reliable, for two or three reasons. If a
man is thoroughbred, his, stock is certainly thoroughbred.

Another thing, every reliable breeder who lives up to his contract
stands ready at all times to make good what he promises to do and it is
a very important thing in the buying of live stock, as these gentlemen
will say.

I know of a.man who imported two very valuable Shropshire rams
from England. One of them unfortunately died on the way over and
was consigned to the ocean, but in some way or other by the time he
landed on his farm he had two imported Shropshire rams that he sold
as imported rams at a very high price.

T heard of another case. I know a young man who has a very large
trade in registered Shropshire rams—the western trade—and who, so

Moss Rose 1i4a4. Ae es ; ea —
Moss Kose | = BEES SEE 6 F Sumncot sau

Dow sy. 2, ME FRRLAND BROS

SEDALIA NG Joe BG21\

eS ea

ene

Four Duroec-Jersey prize winners at World’s Fair, St. Louis, 1904. The Boar shown in the cut won the Grand
Champion Prize for Durocs, any age. These hogs are owned and were bred by McFarland Bros., Sedalia, Missourt.

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. a7,

far as I know, had never sold anything but a registered Shropshire ram,
who has bought a lot of lambs that never were and never could be regis-
tered, and what he did with them I cannot tell.

It is of fundamental importance in buying pure bred live stock more
than any other class of animals that you buy from responsible breeders
and then you are safe. This is advice essentially for these young men
here.

Mr. Ellis—I called up this question because I thought it was im-
portant. I want to say I believe the breeders themselves are responsible
for a bad business practice. I do not believe in much sentiment in busi-
ness. When I trade with a man in any line of business and find he has
one price for me and another for somebody else, I quit dealing with him.
I believe this is the gist of the whole thing. You want to put a value
on an animal. If the animal does not come up to a certain standard,
it is not good policy to price that animal at all, on mail order, but if
a man from a distance comes to see you, put the same price on him that
you do for a neighbor. You may feel that an animal ought not to be
sold without personal inspection, but if you price him at $50 at home,
while you price him to a man in an adjoining state at $75, the latter is
an extortionate charge and that is poor business policy and breeders are
responsible for such a condition.

Mr. Gabbert—I never sold an animal in my life on a mail order and
I would not under any consideration. The purchaser has got to see the
animal and when he writes to me in regard to my cattle, I will price
them to him and I say you must see these cattle. If you are a young
breeder you will see my methods of handling my cattle and you will
see the herd and the sire and tell what a calf will grow to be.

Mr. Emmons—This idea of Mr. Kurtz’s is a new one to me. [I
never heard of it before, but there is some reason in it. If we have ten
pigs to sell or ten calves to sell and our neighbor comes along and says,
“I will give you so much apiece for them,” the question is with me how
inuch must I get for these ten pigs and you say I want $25 apiece for
them. The neighbor says, “I will take them.” Suppose your neighbor
refuses and you have to spend $100 to advertise, make crates, etc., and
by the time you get through you have not realized as much for them by
sending them away as you would have done by selling them at a little
less price to your neighbor. That is the only thing I see in it. A man
has to advertise and spend money to get these orders from abroad. It
is the weakness of the human race, and you cannot deny it, to look afar
off for something good and they want something for nothing. I want
to say to these young men, if you want something good, pay the price

I 38 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

for it. If you want a good education, come here and pay the price. As
Mr. Frost says: “If a man wants something good, he sends to a re-
liable house and pays the price.”

SOME RATIONS FOR FEEDING HOGS.
(Prof. E. B. Forbes, Agricultural College.)

I have chosen to speak to you on the economical use of grain for
fattening hogs—a plain talk on a plain subject, which comes pretty close
to the business of every farmer. Our object in feeding hogs is to make

the most pork possible from a bushel of corn with the least expenditure

for supplementary feeds. I say supplementary feeds—that is, feeds to
be used with corn—on account of the fact that corn itself is not a per-
fect hog feed.

I shall not dwell upon the deficiencies of corn as a hog feed—that
is corn alone—but will merely enumerate them because that is a story in
itself. The deficiencies are as follows: There is not as much protein in
corn as a fattening hog needs. Compared with the protein there is an
excess of starch. A hog uses these nutriments in certain definite pro-
portions, in a measure irrespective of the amounts in which they were
present. If you feed him too much starch in proportion to the protein,
he wastes the starch. We know that we can improve the ration of corn
alone. The question is, can we afford to improve it? Another deficiency
is that corn lacks mineral matter—ash—hbone. food. The third is that
a hog, fed on corn alone is confined to a monotonous fare, and although
it seerns absurd to speak of corn as lacking palatability, still, we can
combine a mixed ration of which a hog will eat much more than of corn
alone. ; :

1 believe that the cheapest pork is usually made on pasture because
green crops are our cheapest feeds. A well compounded grain ration,
however, will make pork in a dry lot in the winter time very nearly, if
net quite as cheaply.

There are two common methods of treatment of hogs on pasture.
One is to push the pig from birth until he has reached the market weight.
to make as much pork every day as it is possible for the pig to make.
The other method is to grow the pig slowly during the summer time,

naking as much pork out of the green feed as possible and to finish on
a short period of full feeding at a later date. These two methods each
have their points of superiority. The question is one that cannot be
Gennitely decided for all; it must be decided for each one according to

7.) lu —

ee ee oe es a ee

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 139)

circumstances. The questions involved are these, will you make pork
quickly with a minimum of risk—for time is risk in pork production—
er will you make your pork more slowly, and more cheaply with a little
greater risk? You can make more pork from a bushel of corn fed on
pasture if you make it somewhat slowly than if you full-feed.

In most of our feeding work, we are obliged to base our conclusions
upon slight evidence, simply because we have not carried our experi-
mental work far enough so that we can depend on our results, but we
have to do the best we can with what we have, announce our temporary
conclusions, and wait for time to improve them by repetition.

TABLE tf.

UTAH STATION FIVE YEARS’ EXPERIMENTS.

eee in ais Grain per cwt.
Kations. Daily Gain. Gain
Crit, TOS Rehr Gosdongor ll Ete aapeumeconCTGh ada laseauuCpecr sense 21 374
CCnait roe PAS UU Ot eycieciacceso roles siececieselibicinic pele siaeleleqa we sisisists 1.01 354
Gieswine, YS MR sae odo, soouadsdon| GondasseaLe8 opt ooDeee eae Aarbect Cees 302
(Cripniting 82. OCI esdeoeatocoocancccduoonr obo once» onsentoduaccae 5D 274

This table is the result of five years’ experimentation on one subject
and I believe that it is thoroughly reliable. It is rarely that we find in
pig feeding five years’ work devoted to a single subject and their re-
suits are as follows:

The pigs were fed on pasture. The first lot was given all the grain
they would eat. The second lot was fed three-fourths of that amount
of grain, the third a half and the fourth a quarter as much. The average
daily gain per head was naturally according to the amount of grain fed.
The grain requirement per hundred weight of gain, however, was in
inverse relation to the amount of grain fed. The less the grain fed, the
cheaper was the pork, figuring on grain alone. Now you can just take
your choice, make that pork fast or make it more slowly and more
cheaply. Every man has to settle that question according to his own
condition. That is all I see in that question. I do not believe it can be
settled definitely for every one, it has to be settled for each one accord-
ing to his necessities and the conditions under which he labors. To make
the cheapest pork, you should feed a partial grain ration on pasture.
To turn your money over most quickly and with the least risk, full feed
on pasture. |

o

140 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

TABLE II.

MISSOURI STATION.- 90 DAYS SOILING EXPERIMENT.

io) & g
| Seal aes

| —o |
f 5 Qo
Rations. Q 3 aoe
= 5 aa

| 5 ° -

| . ce
: fe | 388

Corn. mealangd: DIMG'PTASS:. ta. Sh.a-s- saan ste mts a BRae eee osetia peels al 520 $3 3L
COMM MER TANG scccceos ce cteneeae ons wale cian asm stoma t cebsisies hipieardel eres cans -78 482 3 07
OOM. Mba). ClOVER- jo eter ekcae er sce ee dee a acre en ec Coens eee eae : 87 429 23
OOrnN mes] © allalTas.cac wo sche on Cowes were n tee ere cytes Tacith- eee Swe witnas 95 397 2 52
Oorn meal, milks. 2.25 eeu wae ooh been ro ZN e cee ae vie sctelateteisle cero 1.81 244 1 55

Average weight, 48 lbs.

As to what kind of pasture we shall use, we have very few data on
that question. Here at the Missouri Station an experiment was carried
out year before last with green feeds cut and fed with corn to pigs in
small pens. That is not equivalent to pasturing the pigs on these feeds
but it affords us an accurate comparison of the actual value of the feeds
as they grow, though probably not just as the pig selects them while he
grazes. The substance of the matter is that with corn worth thirty cents
a bushel it costs $3.31 a hundred pounds to make pork with blue grass,
$3.07 to make pork with rape, $2.73 to make pork with red clover, $2.52
to make pork with green alfalfa and $1.55 to make pork with milk; so it
takes less grain to make one hundred pounds of pork with skim milk
than with any of the green feeds tested.

TABLE III.

NEBRASKA STATION.

Ration, Dell] SMe ea
Comimeal, alfalfa pusture..<..0 cc.escscecs cee leee: 1.22 400 f2 54
Gorn'meal, alfalfa leavesi4s1s2 2225... <).os eek 1.20 467 3 44
OOVAemMOAa)), wscrernive.s octets cc's Ware e wows onibbiveae deren ee eee 93 747 4 75
KANSAS STATION.
Gorn meal, alfalfa shay 4.6621) nc. ..0s<ndececeeeeeece 1.18 465 3 36
OPTMO BL 00's setae trai gts ata diale va sehen has eee eeee 1.20 529 3 36

We hear a good deal about feeding hogs on alfalfa pasture and hay.
The Kansas and Nebraska stations have studied this matter pretty thor-
oughly. What is there in it? At Nebraska they feed hogs on alfalfa
pasture with almost exactly the same result as in our soiling experiments.

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, I4I

lt cost $2.54 per hundred pounds to make the pork. At the same time
they ied corn meal with alfalfa chaff, that is, the leaves broken off from
the hay as it was thrown from the mow. ‘These leaves are just about
as rich as wheat bran. They fed corn meal and alfalfa in the propor-
tion of four parts meal to one oi alfalfa leaves. Figuring alialfa at
$8 a ton, it cost them $3.44 a hundred weight to make the pork. 1 have
assessed a valuation to the hay, because hay has a definite cash value, but
it is arbitrary to assess any cash valuation to the green feeds in table II,
because it 1s impossible to do this in a way that fits all conditions. At
the same time another lot fed on corn meal alone made a gain of .g3
pounds a day. It took 847 pounds of corn meal to make a hundred
weight of pork and it cost $4.75 a hundred pounds to do it. ‘These re-
sults would make it seem profitable to feed alfalfa hay with corn. The
pigs so fed certainly did better than those fed on corn alone, but we can
do so much better that I would not stop there. I would not feed alfalfa
leaves to anything except brood sows. Some less bulky feeds return
more profit.

At the Kansas Station they fed corn meal and alfalfa hay, allowing
the hogs to eat what they wanted. They did not eat as much of the
hay as cf the leaves at the Nebraska Experiment Station. They made
about the same gain at about the same cost in grain, per cwt., $3.36.
The corn meal lot, fed in comparison with this corn meal and alfalfa
hay produced about the same gain, but it required much more grain, at
the same cost, however, on account of the fact that grain alone was used
in this case. There was no financial gain and no gain in the rate of
making pork with alfalfa hay at $8 per ton and corn at 30 cents a bushel.
It would have been better to sell a part of that corn and buy something
less bulky than alfalfa hay to feed to the hogs.

TABLE IV

INDIANA STATION.

Rations. pat =| Seater | ore ae
Connyme a LOM AMER Gel ees ng ect ninco seo oe elev bees ileile 370 $2 59
Corn meal 5, tankage1........... Di aicars he nwcmees 1.24 378 2 95
IOWA STATION.
Cormmedlibatankagemeesent ees ae 4. ce cbicte nese eecke 2.57 381 2 97
Oden meals. 2. ce eee ELE Oe ee 2.08 | 461 2 93

The Iowa and Indiana Stations have done some work on the sub-
ject of feeding tankage to hogs. Tankage is a good feed for hogs—
a splendid feed, but the one question is, can we afford to feed it? Let
us see what the Experiment Stations say on the subject. The Indiana

142 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Station fed two lots on tankage, one received ten parts of corn meal
to one of tankage, the other five parts of corn meal to one of tankage,
the object being to see how much tankage they should feed for the
greatest profit. This tankage, by the way, is.a refuse product from
the packing house. The meat scraps that cannot be used in sausage
or handled otherwise for human consumption, are thrown into the
rendering vat. Here it is steamed under about 40 pounds of pressure
until all of the fat has come to the top as oil; after the removal of the
oil the remainder, which consists of the lean meat and bone scraps,
is dried, ground, sacked and sold for hog feed. At the time that these
experiments were conducted it cost $30 per ton. The better grade
only shouid be used, as the higher grade is a cheaper feed than the
lower one. If it can be had at $30 a ton, it is a cheap feed. The daily
gains in these two lots were 1.17 and 1.24 respectively; the grain
per hundred weight of pork very nearly the same. The cost was
greater where the larger proportion of tankage was fed. They made
pork more cheaply by feeding ten parts corn meal to one of tankage
than five parts corn meal to one of tankage.

The Iowa Station fed another lot of hogs on this five to one ration
and it was the less profitable of the two. The hogs made a tremendous
gain, 2.57 poundsa day. The grain per hundred weight gain was very
low, 381 pounds, and considering the fact that these hogs had been
grown to a weight of 200 pounds before the experiment began, that is
a very low requirement. The cost of 100 pounds of gain was $2.97.
But they made such a splendid showing for corn meal alone that they
got no added profit from the use of the tankage. If these had been
younger hogs, the corn meal would not have done nearly so well in
proportion. They could not have grown on corn meal alone nearly
as well as on corn and tankage.

TABLE V.

MISSOURI STATION.

Value of
; Grain |Cost per} Value |& <
Ration. earie per cwt.) 100 Ibs. |corn per anes
Gain. Gain. bush. per ton
E ee iS : Se 5
he LOOM INeAL G; (Ol MON Aascs cans iceumes ie 1.48 376.6 $2 7 3 .496 $49 OL
2 eoorn meul 20,-OLl meal Isic eves aad tea 1.16 430.3 2 85 448 90 42
Be OOF WG &. WOLAGIIMIOS Wes coos bun ote pend dean 1.24 427.8 2 88 483 24 10
4. Oorn meal 4, middlings 1....... ....... tyre 1.08 460.4 3 03 .432 25 85
Dey COrn meal 2, ground Oats 1. >. se a.nd bee 58 642.7 4 28 -258 7 54
be Corn meal 4, 2round Obs... scutes: oak cee ce .65 621.5 4 06 . 296 5 96
ee SOOT A, Peele eae ol sok 6 ah ee eae eee 91 492.1 314 412 20 92
Ba OORM Ard COD MEAlist).c-acanncceneaceuss owes 32 94. | 4 81 *2r
| «
Deen nated 1.6.5. 04220509, .15 kcal edhe 755 | 065.6 | 353 | 4-298
LOR FSORIOG. COMN,..A.uet rela cede ide atoll o meee 63 | 577.7 3 10 36
BLE, SIOEN, | HOC TABANy 5 oc ono ak doo ueGN Genny cane 45 «| . 656.0: | 355 317
Meet HS MOLLEGY COPM cadre 65.00 tees gel oes eae eT 405 | 693.2 3 71 30

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 143

In this group of a number of supplemented rations and rations of
corn alone prepared in various ways, we have a comparison of quite a
number of feeds on the same basis, and it gives us a good chance to
measure one with another. The conditions here were just the same.
We sorted these hogs very carefully so that the gains would represent
the comparative value of the feed. They were common hogs, not well-
bred ones. They weighed 118 pounds each when they went on feed.
They were ied for ninety days in small pens with no green feed and
no earth to root in. This was strictly dry-lot feeding. Corn meal, five
parts to one of oil meal made the best gains. Twenty parts of corn
meal to one of oil meal made a somewhat smaller gain at a somewhat
greater expense in grain and a slightly greater expense in dollars when
we fed corn at 30 cents a bushel and oil meal at $24 a ton. One ton
of oil meal in ration No. 1, which is the five to one ration, saved $49
worth of corn. 1 get at that figure by comparison with lot 9 where
corn meal alone was fed. In that lot we made slightly more than ten
pounds of pork per bushel, about what the average farmer makes, so
there is nothing wreng about using that. You will all admit that ten
pounds to the bushel from corn alone is about what you can figure on.
The $24 worth of oil meal saved us $49.01 worth of corn. In the
second lot, it saved $90.42 worth of corn. The oil meal in the smaller
proportion saved more corn per pound of tts own weight than in the
larger proportion. It has a slight medicinal value and when used in
small amount its value as a condiment exceeds its value as a food.
The cheaper pork was made where the larger amount of oil meal was
fed. In the first lot, the corn, figured at 30 cents a bushel, was worth
49.6 cents. In lot 2, it was worth 44.8 cents.

Lots 3 and 4 were fed on corn meal and middlings. The smaller
proportion of middlings had a greater value per pound than the larger
proportion. The smaller amount adds more palatability per pound of
its weight than the larger one, and palatability counts. In a general
way, it means digestibility.

To lots 5 and 6 we fed oats with the corn. Comparatively speak-
ing, there was.no profit in it. I figured oats at 20 cents a bushel cor-
responding to 30 cents per bushel for corn. It took an enormous
amount of grain per hundred weight gain, and the cost of pork, while
it was only $2.75 with the corn and oil meal, was $4.28 and $4.06
with the two rations of corn and ground oats. It looks as though the
fewer such oats as this one has in the ration, the better the ration is
for fattening hogs. Oats are too bulky; hogs do not like them. A
better grade of oats with a smaller amount of hull, would be more
valuable for fattening hogs. If the hulls are removed oats are valuable

i44 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

for hogs. A cheap grade of oatmeal that costs $28 per ton is worth
while for show hogs, but not for fattening hogs.

In lot 7 we fed wheat bran in the small proportion of one part to
four parts of corn. It was not so good as the middlings ration of four
parts of corn meal to one of middlings, but it was better than the corn
alone fed to lot 9. It took 555.6 pounds of grain to make a hundred
pounds of pork with the corn meal alone, compared with 492.1 with
the corn and bran ration. So this small amount of bran has a value;
it took 460.4 pounds with the corn and middlings (lot 4). Middlings
are of somewhat greater value than bran.

The corn and cob meal we had to grind three times to get it fine
enough to feed to a hog and then it was not so fine as I would like to
have it. I assumed that if I had had the right kind of mill I could have
ground it at the same expense as corn, and that was giving an un-
promising feed a very fine show. You see how it came out. The corn
was worth 21 cents a bushel ground in this way when it had cost us
30 cents a bushel whole. I would not use that feed for any purpose.

These were all ground feeds. We assume that corn costs us 30
cents a bushel, and that it costs us ten cents a hundred weight to
grind it.

The smallest gain was made on the shelled corn. If shelled corn

is 30 cents a bushel, the corn meal (lot 9) was worth 37.4 cents. It:

costs 5.6 cents at the mill to get it ground. With our gasoline engine
at the farm, it cost us three cents a bushel for grinding. Grinding
then, for dry lot feeding, according to these results is profitable.

Soaking costs next to nothing. In this experiment it was worth
six cents a bushel; where grinding is worth 7.4 cents, soaking is worth
6 cents.

In lot 11 we fed bone meal with the corn and in ninety days each
hog ate 6.2 pounds of the ground bone. That made the corn worth
31.7 cents per bushel. It is of some interest as it shows that the lack
of bone food in corn is a real deficiency. Add the bone meal, which
contains nothing but mineral matter and you increase the value of
the corn. We do not need bone meal with anything but corn alone.
A ration of mixed grains or roughage or milk or anything of that sort
needs nothing of that kind. It is only needed when the hog is con-
fined to a diet of corn alone.

SUMMARY.

We probably make the cheapest pork with corn and skim milk;
next, I should say, comes corn and alfalfa pasture, then corn and
clover pasture.

Tutsey, 8913, bred and owned by Judge l. L. Frost, Mirabile, Missouri. Tutsey is out of a litter of 14 pigs far-
rowed September 13, 1902, won championship prize in her class at American Royal in 1903, and although nourishing
a litter of ten pigs during summer of 1904, won 7th place in her class at the World’s Fair.

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 145

In dry-lot feeding we make the most pork at the least expense
at usual prices of feeds in Missouri, from corn fed with oil meal or
tankage or wheat middlings.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Laughlin—Is the cost per 100 pounds in Table II the cost of
the grain and pasture, or simply the cost of the grain?

Mr. Forbes.—Only the cost of the grain, the others are feeds to
which we can not assign cash values. It is not a complete statement
of the question, but if you try to assess a valuation to the green feeds,
it is so arbitrary that it does not mean anything at all.

Col. Waters.—What was the price of the milk?

Mr. Forbes.—I have figured only on the price of the grain fed,
and not on the milk. If you assume milk to be worth 18 cents a
hundred weight, corn and milk would make the cheapest pork. This
milk was ted in the proportion of three pounds of milk to one of grain.
So far as the grain requirement is concerned, corn and milk will make
much cheaper pork than corn and any kind of pasture. While we kept
them on grass the daily gain was .71 pounds, on alfalfa it was .95,
but on corn meal and milk it was 1.81.

These pigs averaged 48 pounds in weight when put on this feed.
They were fed 90 days.

What I get out of that table is, if you can get skim milk, it is
probably your cheapest feed to use with corn, and if you can get that,
you don’t need anything else.

Mr. King.—How can ‘you reach that conclusion unless you know
what blue-grass and clover and alfalfa cost?

Mr. Gabbert.—Alfalfa has as much market vaiue as corn. I have
been buying some.

Mr. Mumford—How much a ton green alfalfa is worth depends
upon how much water there is in it.

Mr. Forbes.—These figures have been computed on the basis of
$3 a ton for all of these green feeds. That was so arbitrary that I left
it out, but it leaves these figures in the same order.

Mr. Laughlin—What was the price of the milk?

Mr. Forbes.—Eighteen cents a hundred pounds.

Mr. Frost.—What are your conclusions about tankage?

Mr. Forbes.—With 30-cent corn and tankage, we ought to make
pork for $3 a hundred weight. Some do not do so well as that, and
some better. Suppose we figure $3 a hundred weight, with 30-cent
corn as our standard. That is beyond what the average feeder does.

A—10

146 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

I consider tankage valuable, and if you can get a high grade for $30
a ton it will be a profitable feed to use.

But tankage does not always mean the same thing. There are
scme packers, however, who make a uniform feed. I am not adver-
tising any company, but the Swift tankage is a comparatively uniform
product, and appears to be a superior preparation ior hog feeding.
If you can get it for $30 a ton, it is worth the price.

Mr. —————. When corn is worth 50 cents a bushel, what is
your conclusion in regard to tankage?

Mr. Forbes.—The figures in Table IV were on corn at 30 cents a
bushel and tankage at $30 a ton. If you can buy tankage at $30 a ton,
when corn sells for 50 cents per bushel, the tankage will be much
better worth the price than in this experiment. While we are figuring
on pork at $3 a hundred weight, with corn at 30 cents, do not assume
on that account that our standard would be $4 a hundred weight with
corn at 40 cents a bushel. We ought to do better than that. If you
make pork at $3 a hundred weight from 30-cent corn, it is easier to
make it at $4 from 4o-cent corn, and still easier to make it at $5 a
hundred weight from 50-cent corn, because the feeds you use with
corn do not increase in cost as the corn does in selling price. For
instance, in Table V the wheat middlings will not double in value
when corn does; they usually rise from $15 per ton to $20 per ton as
the corn doubles in value as between 30 and 60 cents per bushel.
The same is true with oil meal and all the feeds that you use with
corn. They do not rise in price as rapidly as does corn.

Mr. King.—Table I has made a very great impression on me as to
the importance of feeding young stock and getting rid of it quickly.
You tell us that there are two ways of making pork there, and that
the slow way is the cheapest. Is that true of young stock?

Mr. Forbes.—The increase in the expense of making pork as the
hogs increase in age is not great until you get the hog fat. The great
increase in the expense comes between 200 and 250 pounds. There is
not a vast amount of difference in the cost of making increase at
lower weights.

Mr. King.—You have to have him a fat 200-pound hog in order
to make any difference?

Mr. Forbes.—A thin 200-pound hog will put on flesh with less
expense than a fat one.

Mr. King.—If when buying hogs I can buy 200-pound thin ones
I can afford to pay more for them than the 200-pound fat ones, how
about the fellow who sold them? Was it more expensive to raise the

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 147

thin 200-pound hog or the fat one? I am raising hogs, and I want to
know which way I can make the most.

Mr. Forbes.—The fat 200-pound hog costs more in the raising,
but you do it more quickly and with less risk.

Mr. Boies.—You cannot buy 200-pound thin hogs, unless by rare
chance, now-a-days.

Mr. King.—No, but I can raise them.

Mr. Forbes.—If you want to turn your money quickly, feed fast.
lf time is no object to you, feed more slowly, so as to get as much
good as possible out of the pasture.

Mr. King.—I have more blue-grass pasture than hogs to turn on
it. What had I better do?

Mr. Forbes.—Feed your hogs on the pasture.

Mr. King—How about clover pasture?

Mr. Forbes.—It is a better feed.

Mr. Raine——Are you now feeding hogs from pigs, or from 200
pounds to shipping time, in what you have been giving us?

Mr. Forbes.—Practically all of these were young pigs, being
grown and fattened at the same time.

Mr. Raine.—We have passed the age when we grow hogs to 200
pounds before we begin to fatten them.

Mr. Frost.—Is not oil meal a dangerous feed for hogs?

Mr. Forbes.—No; it is the one feed besides corn that I call a won-
derful feed for hogs.

Mr. Gabbert.-Oil meal is too high; it is worth $27 per ton.

Mr. Forbes.—Yes, but look at corn! and at middlings! Middlings
cost $20 a ton now, and oil meal at $27 a ton is much the cheaper
feed. It was slightly cheaper when we made the figures in Table V,
but it is much cheaper now. :

Mr. Gabbert.—There are so many of these stock feeds on the
market, is not oil meal the basis of all of them? Does not the value
that is being attached to them belong to the oil meal?

Mr. Forbes.—Yes, the oil meal at $24 a ton is ever so much
cheaper than some of these at $150 a ton. It is a fact, and an interest-
ing one, too, that it may possibly be worth the price that it costs in
stock foods, if fed in small quantities. If you feed oil meal in very
small quantities you will get enormous returns from each ton fed.
There are people who believe in feeding patent stock foods, and if
their belief is based on any evidence it is probably based on some such
evidence as this.

Mr. Gabbert.—They use in most of these feeds 50 per cent salt,
and I think that is a good ration.

148 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Mr. Emmons.—How would it do to use cotton-seed meal instead
of oil meal?

Mr. Forbes.—I am experimenting with cotton-seed meal now.

Mr. Emmons.—Don’t you think hogs will do well on a small per
cent of cotton-seed meal? |

Mr. Forbes.—I am trying to find out. So far as we know it is a
poison to hogs. It is not good for calves. As a rule, I think it is
the cheapest grain supplement to corn for older cattle.

I am carrying out an experiment in feeding it to hogs, fermented.
I expect these hogs to die as other people’s do, but they may not.
Remember that ration No. 1 (Table V) is a balanced ration, and I fed
that to growing pigs for dry-lot feeding.

Mr. Boles—What is the best feed when they have the run of
clover pasture?

Mr. Forbes.—Then I would feed them corn, but in dry-lot feeding
I would give them ration No.1. They do not like oil meal at first, but
in a day or two they come to like it: Probably it will be more pala-
table by mixing some middlings with it.

Mr. Boles.——Do you make the slop thin?

Mr. Forbes.—This was fed in a thick slop.

Mr. ————-. Would not charcoal do as well as the bone meal
used with lot 11, Table V?

Mr. Forbes.—Probably not. It has a different composition and
usefulness. Lime has a very slight value.

Mr. Gabbert.—Hogs like lime, for some cause,

Mr. Forbes.—There is more phosphoric acid in bone meal than in
lime, and that is quite useful to hogs.

Mr. Emmons.—What do you think of germ oil meal?

Mr. Forbes.—I am testing germ oil meal, gluten meal, gluten
feed and cotton-seed meal, oil meal and middlings on the farm now
and will tell you the results next year.

Mr. —————. Is feeding cob corn charcoal a detriment?

Mr. Forbes.—I do not think it is. The cob contains some ash, a
slight amount of potash and a very slight amount of phosphoric acid.

Mr. Boles.—How do you think it would do to put concentrated
lye in the slop?

Mr. Forbes.—It would probably clean your barrel.

Mr. Boles——And the hogs?

Mr. Forbes.—Maybe it would.

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 149

Se BEST TYPE-OF COW FOR VEE MED DE Ey VV msi

(W. P. Harned, Vermont, Mo:)

Ever since the days cf Jacob and Rachael and the striped sticks
in the watering trough, the cow question in some phase or other has
been under consideration.

From that early day down to the present the calf trade, the cow
trade and the beef trade have flourished and grown. Our subject
does not deal with the right or the wrongs of manipulating the trade
in the finished product, but rather with the particular type of animal
or class of machine that converts tite feed from the farm into this
finished product. It is entirely proper to consider the domestic cow
in the light of an economical machine moulded by man to manufacture
milk, butter and beef from corn, grass and hay—the raw material—
not forgetting that the cow is an animate machine susceptible to kind
treatment, good care, and we believe, even affection. After all, how-
ever, the whole problem is summed up in the text, “The Highest
Class of Article With the Least Cost of Production.” Hence economy
is the purpose and improvement is the method.

With the changed conditions that have come about of higher land
and higher labor and a denser population, I assume that the best type
of cow for the middle states is the dual purpose cow; the real dual purpose
in her improved form; a high class carcass of beef with a good supply
of milk. She is the poor man’s cow and she is the cow for the average
farmer. As land grows higher she becomes more and more a necessity
and all the more valuable. It is still argued by some that such a type
is not practical, and that the production of one is antagonistic to the
development of the other. Be that as it may, this type has been pro-
duced very successfully and is still among us, though not in as large
numbers as the special purpose type.

I cannot concede that the development of the real dual purpose
cow is impractical and inconsistent, as we have living examples of
animals that are high class at either purpose. One that has been illus-
trated extensively of late in the live stock journals is Mr. Duthie’s
White Heather, a cow that has won many first prizes,at the leading
beef shows in England, while also beating all competitors at the great
dairy tests. It will not do to estimate her a sport or freak, as she was
bred for that purpose from ancestors of that stamp.

Neither do I believe, as claimed, that the development of the

150 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

high class beef making quality is antagonistic to the cultivation of the
real dairy quality. I do not consider the combination inconsistent with
scientific breeding. In fact, it seems true at least in the Shorthorn
breed of cattle that the two qualities go hand in hand and the one is
interlinked with the other, for the best beef producing dams are the
best milkers. There was a splendid illustraton of this point at the
great International this year. Indeed, I once heard a noted Hereford
breeder say that even his very best breeding cow gave a large supply
of milk. The two greatest Shorthorn breeders in Scotland are strong
advocates of the dual purpose in their cows, and it is known the non-
milkers are weeded out.

While I believe the combination cow is the best cow for the
greatest number of farmers, it must not be claimed that any one type
is best for all conditions under all circumstances in all localities.
Wide as may be her sphere of usefulness localities and conditions
may exist and do exist where the special purpose type is best adapted.
For such a condition the roaming herds of the western plains might
be cited, where calves are raised by the thousand and where the best
attention that the cow receives is her own natural instinct. Beef
is the prime object and the dairy quality is not considered and may
even be objectionable as the cow cannot receive that attention neces-
sary to a very heavy milker at calving, when the young born con-
sumes but little. Under these conditions the special beef type is found
and this is why the special beef breeds have grown popular on the
range.

As these immense herds grow less, and as the great pastures are
cut up in smaller farms, where cultivation and cattle raising are com-
bined, then the dual purpose cow finds a home. The real cow for the
average farm or small farm should produce a high class beef animal
which when weaned off can supply a good quality of milk and butter
for use. Such is the ideal cow for the middle states and further east.
Let her be good size, say 1400 to 1600 pounds, a gentle, quiet disposi-
tion, a strong constitution, a good grazer, apt to fatten when dry and
you have the ideal animal, a friend to the farmer.

DISCUSSION—RAG WEED HAY.

Mr. Gabbert—I know if I was going to a doctor for some disease
I would go to a specialist for that disease. I would not go to some
practitioner who professed to cure every ill. I believe if I was going
to raise cattle I would want a distinct breed. I think it would take
a good deal to make a good beef animal and a good milch cow at the

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 151

same time. You may find the desirable animal, but I think she would
be limited in both points.

I want Mr. Harned to make us another little speech. I want him
to tell us about the “Missouri alfalfa.” For 24 years I have made a
persistent effort to get the “Missouri alfalfa” (rag weed) off my farm
and I have about succeeded, but all that time I did not know I was
trying to destroy one of the best plants I had. I call on Mr. Harned
to tell us about “Missouri alfalfa,” or rag weed.

Mr. Harned—Now I may be able to offer my excuses by telling
of other accidents that have happened. Many of you old, grey-headed
men like our chairman, remember when the bran that was taken from
the mills used to be dumped out into the river, and they even hired
men to haul it away from the mills as manure, but now it is con-
sidered one of the best feeds. It is the same with cotton seed meal.
We know the cotton seed used to be thrown away in the South and
men were hired to take it away from the gins.

Now, I do not know whether my rag weed problem will turn out
like that or not.

I will teil you my experience about rag weed. I had cut forty
acres of timothy hay one year. I generally stack the hay over the
field where it is handiest. But that year I hauled the hay into a hay
yard and stacked the stacks together. I was fixing to show a herd of
cattle and I wanted some bedding. I had 25 acres of the fairest rag
weed and happened to have the time and I had the boys cut the rag
weed down and stack it for bedding. I happened to hit the right
time before the stalks had gotten woody and we stacked the rag
weed by the side of the timothy hay, and in the winter when I went
to feed my hay, I turned my cows to the stacks instead of hauling
the hay to them, and to my surprise there was not a bit of that hay
ever touched until all the rag weed was gone.

Col. Waters—Had it bloomed out before you cut it? Rag weed
is very dusty when it gets in bloom.

Mr. Harned—If the dust is a bloom, it should be cut before the
dust comes. As good as I think it is, I think if you cut it at the wrong
time, you have nothing.

Mr. Mumford—Have you ever repeated that experiment?

Mr. Harned—It turns out right every time if you cut it at the
right time. I do not believe it will disappoint anybody, not even a
cow. That happened in my younger days and I had not had much
experience with five hundred dollar cows when I cut that rag weed
hay. I had not had much then and have not had as much since as I

152 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

would like to. I think it was in the spring, February or March after
I had wintered my herd on rag weed hay that I had my first $500 cow.
The first season I stacked my rag weed with the hay, but I cut it
another time, stacked it and hauled it out and put it in a rick and a
man from Peoria, Illinois, who visited my farm was very much amazed
and rather doubtful when I told him what it was. He walked up to
the stack and said: “Is this alfalfa?”’—it was when alfalfa had begun
to be talked of—I told him it was rag weed hay. It is the prettiest
hay you ever saw when you put it up right. The man came away
stunned from seeing my cattle eating it. He says: “What kind of
Shorthorns have you got that eat old weeds?”

Mr. Henderson—I cut a very weedy piece of new meadow last
summer. It was more than half rag weed. I cured it and cast it
abroad to horses and I noticed to my surprise that my horses and colts
would deliberately take out the rag weed and eat it up clean before
they ate the hay. It was allowed to cure thoroughly before it was
scattered, and I do believe that it is a good feed.

Mr, ————_J have been raising corn and feeding stock all my life
and my first business was to try to get rid of rag weed. I made it a
rule to send my hands over the field and chop out all the rag weed. I
bought sheep to clean my pasture and kept my sheep mixed with the
cattle. Now my sheep did not do as well after the rag weed was gone.
[ put my sheep on meadows which had rag weed in them and I value
a meadow with rag weed on it more than red top. I would give $2
more a ton for rag weed hay than for red top. It is no trouble to
keep rag weed in the pasture, but I advise you to keep it out of the
corn field.

LEGISLATION NEEDED FOR THE PROTECTION OF MIS-
SOUR LIVE SrOck,

(Dr. D. F. Lucky, State Veterinarian.)

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

In choosing the above subject I do not mean for you to infer that
the present State laws pertaining to live sock are in any manner
greatly deficient. In fact, I believe that we already have the most
adequate set of laws for controlling contagious diseases of live stock
to be found in the United States. Section 10547 authorizes the State
Veterinarian or a deputy to place in quarantine any live stock which
are capable of spreading a contagious disease, and requiring them

Hereford Bull, ‘“Defender,’’ 140,037. First prize winner, two-year-olf Here-
ford, St. Louis World’s Fair. Sweepstakes at Minnesota State Fair, 1903.. OWned
by C. G. Comstock & Son, Albany, Missouri.

4

os y, mein! on f
‘aa e % "alles TA li tals SOE hi AES

ea

Pll ge ia

Shorthorn Bull, ‘Choice Goods,’’ 186,802, grand champion prize winner St.
Louis World’s Fair—greatest Shorthorn Bull in the world. Owned by Tebo Land
and Cattle Co., Clinton, Missouri.

ims

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 153

kept in ‘such a way as to prevent the disease from spreading from
them. Section 10550 authorizes the quarantining of any infected
premises, such as stockyards that have been occupied by scaby sheep
or cattle, pens or stalls by horses affected with glanders, or pastures
infested with fever ticks. his section also authorizes the veterin-
arian to prescribe the mode of disinfection of such infected premises,
and the disinfection must be thoroughly done before such premises
may be used in connection with healthy stock. Section 10551 au-
theorizes the Governor to issue a proclamation quarantining against
any other state or territory in which any dangerous contagious disease
of live stock is known to exist. Section 10552 authorizes the Gov-
ernor to proclaim any municipality in this State under quarantine, and
to prescribe rules under which stock may be removed from such
locality. Section 2327 requires all hogs that die of a spreading disease
to be burned or buried by the owner within 24 hours. Section 2322
forbids the importation, driving upon public highways, hitching or
watering at a public place, selling or offering for sale any horses
affected with glanders or nasal gleet. The latter term means any
snotty discharge from the nose from whatever cause. Section 2330
forbids the importation into the State of any scaby sheep, and also
prescribes against driving them on the public highway, selling or
offering them for sale. Section 1166 requires railroad companies to
furnish shippers of live stock cars that have been properly cleaned.
Section 1167 requires the railroad companies to pay shippers for loss
of live stock which die of contagious disease by reason of the non-
compliance with section 1166.

In addition to the above laws and some of minor importance that
we already have we need to have passed as soon as possible a bill to
authorize the controlling of dogs capable of spreading rabies, and
another to require a standard of qualification on the part of those
practicing veterinary surgery.

Section 10547 of the present statutes uses the word “live stock,”
and I am advised that dogs are not considered by the courts to be
live stock, therefore, it would not be legal to quarantine a dog, even
after he had developed rabies, much less quarantine the dogs through
a neighborhood which have fought with and been bitten by a rabid
dog. A law ought to be passed, and the sooner the better, authoriz-
ing the State Veterinarian or his deputies or some local officer to
place in quarantine, for at least two years, alf dogs that have had any
chance whatever to be bitten by a rabid dog. Rabies is gradually be-
coming more common in the State of Missouri, and it is high time the

154 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

disease be properly controlled. During the past few years I have been
called to examine cattle and other stock which were affected with
rabies, and have found in almost every case the rabid dog which caused
the disease had fought with numerous dogs through the neighbor-
hood. Such dogs as were exposed to the rabid dog were usually con-
fined for about nine days and then turned loose without any further
precaution. They should have been absolutely confined for at least
two years, until the danger of their developing rabies had passed. It
is no uncommon thing to hear of one of the exposed dogs
going mad six months or a year after having been bitten,
and in many cases after the visit of the rabid dog had been for-
gotten. In two different towns I found in each as many as 65 dogs
that, as far as we could tell, had been exposed to the rabid dog, many
of them having actually fought with it. Under the present law it is
not considered that the State Veterinarian has any authority to quar-
antine or cause to be confined in any way such dangerous dogs.
Some legislator who will take this matter up and provide a proper bill
has a chance to do a good piece of work for the protection of the live
stock of this State, and incidentally the human family.

Almost as bad as the damage done by rabid dogs is that done by
ignorant persons who profess to be veterinarians, and who are going
about over the State offering their services to farmers who know far
more about the diseases of live stock than they themselves, and charg-
ing exorbitant fees for giving stock medicine which actually, in many
cases, does more harm than good. The states of Iowa and [Illinois
have already passed laws requiring veterinarians before beginning to
practice to pass an examination. It seems that nearly all of those
who by reason of incompetence were not allowed to practice in Iowa
and Illinois have come to Missouri. The result is that the farmers of
Missouri are afforded no protection whatever from such invaders.
There are quite a number of competent, intelligent and honest veter-
inarians practicing in the State of Missouri, but nothing like the
number needed for the proper care of the live stock of this State.
The number of ignorant quacks far exceeds the number of competent
men, and the profession in the State today is judged largely by the
ignorant members of the profession. The competent veterinarian, as
I am glad to say, is gradually becoming understood and appreciated
by the live stock producers of this State. He must have an education
practically the same as is required to make a man a good medical
doctor. I believe, in addition to this, that the veterinary practice re-
quires more originality and native ability, inasmuch as the dumb
brutes have a very feeble way of expressing their ills.

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 155

It is also essential that the veterinarian should be sober and hon-
orable in his actions. I am so impressed with the needs of the live
stock producers for better veterinary service that I have prepared a
bill which I propose to ask some member of the legislature to intro-
duce during the present session. Out of due respect for the constitu-
tional rights for those who have engaged as much as three years in
the veterinary practice for a livelihood the bill which I have prepared
provides for them to register as veterinarians. It is provided for the
graduates of veterinary colleges now practicing in the State to reg-
ister. After January 1, 1906, the bill provides that all who begin to
practice shall first pass an examination before the veterinary examin-
ing board, which examination shall be strict enough to fully test the
competence of the applicant. ‘The expense of the registration and
holding of examinations shall be provided for by charging each appli-
cant for registration a small fee, so that no money will be asked from
the State treasury. I think this is one of the most important pieces of
legislation from the live stock producers’ standpoint. It will result
in better veterinary service, and will have a tendency to bring the
profession up to its deserved position. It will especially be a great
benefit to the State Veterinary department in controlling outbreaks
of contagious diseases which occur over the State. I sincerely hope
that the stock raisers will insist upon the passage of this law. Each
farming community of the State ought to have one of its young men
educated in veterinary surgery, and use him instead of the ignorant

impostors who are so common today.

[The bill regulating the practice of Veterinary Surgery referred to above passed
ape Me Abeer and has been approved by the Governor, and is therefore

While the appropriation of money for the veterinary work does
not constitute new legislation, it is a matter with which the Legisla-
ture deals every two years, and it is as important to have an ample
appropriation made for the veterinary service as it is to have laws
upon the statute books to provide for the controlling of contagious dis-
eases. I believe that the live stock producers of the State ought to
be in closer familiarity with the work in controlling contagious dis-
eases, and not only insist upon the passage of laws, but upon the ap-
propriation of a sufficient amount of money to properly care for the
live stock of the State. Heretofore the funds provided for in the veter-
inary service have not been sufficient. With the money provided the
ordinary outbreaks of disease have been fairly well controlled. There
is one important incident, however, which shows that the breeders
of the State are not alive to the situation, and are not in all cases
getting what is due them from the Legislature. For some two years

156 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

now hog cholera has been quite prevalent in many parts of the State
of Missouri. I have received notices from the various public stock-
yards of the receipt of 441 shipments of hogs from the State of Mis-
souri which were affected with hog cholera. The disease began by
the importation of stock-hogs into the State from the southern and
western states to which to feed our enormous corn crop of 1902.
Anticipating the outbreak of hog cholera I made a lecture on the
subject at Palmyra at the first farmers’ institute that was held during
the fall of 1902. The lecture was made on August 27, and gave the
warning that the promiscuous importation of stock-hogs into the
State would result in severe outbreaks of cholera among the hogs of
the State, and advised that feeders be careful in the selection of stock-
hogs, that they disinfect the car in which the shipment was made, and
that such imported hogs be kept isolated and in quarantine for 30
days before being exposed to any other hogs. I furnished copies of
this advice to all of the agricultural papers of the State, and to the
market reports, in all of which it was published in full. The regular
biennial appropriations were not sufficient to allow the veterinary
service of this State to take hold of the situation as should have been
done, and during the session of the Legislature of 1903 I asked for
$6,000 extra appropriation with which to control hog cholera. I
know of single counties that I could have saved ten times that
amount if that appropriation had been made, yet when the attention
of the members of the Legislature was called to this bill they simply
passed it up without apparently giving it any thought.

The breeders of this State ought to be in such close touch and
sympathy with all veterinary and agricultural departments that when
such a request is made of the Legislature that it would be promptly
granted. I estimated that with an appropriation of $6,000 the hog
cholera could have been controlled at that time. Since then the dis-
ease has become so prevalent that its control is out of the question.
A judicious expenditure of $100,000 during the next six months would
not stamp hog cholera out of the State of Missouri.

OUR CALLING.

(S. P. Emmons, Mexico, Mo.)

Good farming and good live stock; good reading and right living;
these couplets will not only insure a competency in temporal things,
a full storehouse here, but tend to give us an inheritance that is eternal

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 157

in the land beyond. Man’s success is not measured alone by the
amount of his bank account; Columbus, Fulton, Morse and a host of
others are not known for their pecuniary success. It matters not to
us whether they died rich or poor, our legacy is the same. The great
universities that dot the political centers of the states of great America
are dependent largely on the material stream that flows from the
large aggregation of wealth that surrounds them; but the end for
which they are maintained would be lost were it not for the boy grown
on the American farm. With the love of freedom born in his heart,
with strong arm and active mind, and a brave heart he goes forth to
fill the halls of our colleges, universities, the marts of trade, or the
offices of the great transportation companies, ambitious to do the best
services in any department he may fill. Go into the great metropolis
of our nation, enter the banking, commercial and professional institu-
tions. Who mans them? Seventy-five per cent of the founders and
heads of these institutions are from the rural districts. The great
stream of rural brawn and brain continues to flow, and must for
years to come, into that boundless, busy field of responsibility, that
must needs be filled by the very best material obtainable. The pur-
pose of man is to do something, and that something to aid his fellow-
man. The great west that so blesses mankind to-day would be a
wilderness, were it not for the pioneer farmer, who for the cause of
freedom and home, braved the storms and perils of the great un-
known, and became the precursor of better things to come; then
comes the live stock improver (the cause for which we stand to-day)
disseminating the improved blood little by little until the great valley
of the Father of Waters is known the world over for its wonderful
progress. Flocks, herds, studs, shops and mills dot the greatest of
alllands. ’Tis said the strength of the nation is in its homes and the
best home is the rural home; there the owner is king and lord of all.
Father, mother, children, there is no home without the combination.
I know some of our great breeders have lived and died old bachelors,
and some farm homes have existed without children, but they can-
not have been ideal.

Surely the man who builds up a great herd should have a life
partner, one who shares his sorrows, sympathizes in his losses and
exults in his victories, whether great or small. A farmer should have
a farmer’s wife. Some city people are very much infatuated with rural
life, but it’s only a fancy. They visit their country cousins and
friends, and see nothing but the glitter and silver lining, and have no,
conception of what labor, thought and energy was necessary to have
gained and maintained these ideal rural homes.

158 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Our field for thought and obtaining knowledge is not limited. Do
we wish a diversion, it is at our door. Combine with the study of
producing the best live stock, the elements that enter into the soil, the
crop best adapted, the fertilizations necessary both to maintain and
supply the needed elements, the selection of the best seed, the quality
of the seed needed in the selection of the foundation stock for the flock,
the orchard and the field, and use of sires to maintain and increase the
value of the flocks and the herds; the selection of the soil for the field
and the garden, then combine with all this the most approved methods
for the cultivation and with this all a love for the beasts that graze the
field, and you have before you a life’s work worthy of the best efforts
of man. Boys, do you want to leave the farm and enter mercantile
pursuits? Remember ninety-five per cent fail; for every merchant
prince, thousands have been made bankrupts. Would you prefer one
of the professions and seek eminence through its channel? Remember
there is “room at the top,” and few there be that get there. Is it your
ambition to build your monument in the political field? Let me warn
you the path is strewn with broken hopes, and yet the Presidency is
not beyond the reach of those who till the soil. If our ambition leads
us to reject the farm, the flock and the herd, to seek political fame,
remember it’s the roughest and most uncertain road. We are re-
minded of some of the greatest Americans, Henry Clay, Daniel Web-
ster, John Jay, Thomas B. Reed, James G. Blaine, and many others,
whose hopes were blasted when they were seemingly in reach of the
topmost round. Would you abide on the earth and live to bless man-
kind and the lower animals, whom God created for your benefit?
Stay with the field, the flock and the herd. The improver of live
stock is truly a benefactor; he who causes two blades of grass to grow
where only one did live, and the cereals of the earth to double their
former yield, is a double blessing to mankind, and history does not
withhold her tribute to such. The grand old Scotchman, William S.
Marr, had three sons, one a minister and the other a doctor, and the
late W.S., Junior. I doubt if there is an American today who would
have ever heard of them but for the venerable sage of Upper Mill.
The monuments we build at the graves of our dead, are for naught
but to keep our memory green, but the marble will have crumbled
and the granite broken long before the names of Colling, Bakewell,
Booth, Bates, Mainard, Ducie, Campbell, Cruikshank, Marr, Duthie
and a host of these and others who developed different breeds of
cattle, as well as all those who have bred and fed well, will have been
forgotten. No, gentlemen, it is not only our privilege to write our
names indelibly on the tablets of time, but to enjoy beyond measure

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 159

the fruits of our labor while here. The seed we sow, and the grass
that we grow, is not only the main dependence of our life and comfort,
at home, but the hope of the State, the nation and the world.

We can do without some things, but the world would perish but
for grass, and while the Isles of Great Britain produce the most
luxuriant sward, it was left to the Great Valley of the Mississippi to
produce the man whose genius laid that imperishable tribute at her
shrine, with almost an immortal pen, and the name of Senator Ingalls
shall survive as long as time shall last. Then do not make haste to
leave so honorable a calling with so fruitful prospect of returns for
honest toil and effort; let us inscribe on our banner the motto taken
from one of our best farm papers, “Good farming, clear thinking and
right living.” And may we fill this world so full of good, intelligent,
useful farmers and breeders, that the very heaven shall be forced to
prepare a field for our future usefulness.

THE PUBLIC SALE AND THE PURE BRED STOCK
BUSINESS.

(Geo. P. Bellows, Maryville, Mo.)

The close inter-relation of the public sale to the pure bred stock
business is coming to be very generally understood, as evidenced by
the steadily increasing number of auction sales of this class of stock
annually being held. The public sale system of disposing of pure
bred stock has grown amazingly in popular favor during the last
decade. The increase in the number of auction sales during this
period has not been the result of a mushroom growth, but has been
the natural unfolding of legitimate causes, the results of which have
been of untold benefit to the farmer. Since the farmer is engaged in
the most important business or occupation known to man, and since
the public sale and the pure bred stock business is one of the chief
mediums through which the farmer and his calling is to be elevated
and dignified as never before, it is plain to be seen that much thought
should be given a subject of such immediate importance. The primary
thought with reference to this subject is, “The Pure Bred Stock
Business,” the “Public Sale’ being only a means to the end, and,
therefore, of secondary consideration in this connection.

The farmer who has at heart the future financial, educational and
moral welfare of himself, his family and his children’s children, can

160 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

uly afford to ignore the question—whether or not he will interest
himself in the matter of breeding pure bred stock?

Throughout the corn and tame grass belt of this country of ours
the best farm lands have become so valuable—worth so much money
per acre—competition so close and margins on staple products so
narrow, that the farmer who breeds, feeds and markets the low grade
or scrub animal, be it horse, cow, hog, sheep, or any one of our better
known domestic animals, cannot hope to do so and realize above the
bare cost of production, indeed he can count himself lucky if his time
has not been given to the running of machinery of the farm at a loss.

No American citizen should be content in this country, fraught
with such wonderful possibilities, to run his business upon the plane of
bare maintenance, for, in the great, broad sense of the term, we can-
not long stand still, but must either advance or go backward.

Should the above propositions be admitted, and we think they
must be, then the question of a remedy arises. We will not under-
take to say that the pure bred stock business, of itself, i$ a “cure all”
for the multitude of ills which beset the farmer in the management and
execution of his business; but we do unhesitatingly assert that the
farmer of average intelligence who will earnestly put himself to the
interesting and pleasant task of studying the pure bred stock busi-
ness, and you will then gradually and cautiously put into actual prac-
tice the sound principles which he may learn from reading, observation
and experience, will have taken a long stride toward correcting many
of the symptoms suggesting stagnation, unthrift and everything an-
tagonistic to the principles of progress as applied to farming and farm
life as a pleasant, dignified and noble occupation. Those who for one
or several reasons have failed to give the matter of breeding pure bred
stock any serious consideration and, therefore, have never taken the
first step; or those who have concluded because some erratic fellow
who had more enthusiasm than sense, capital or experience, failed ;
it would, therefore, be foolish, if not dangerous, to invest in pure
bred stock, will doubtless, and of right should expect us to point out
the way in which they can safely start in this business with the rea-
sonable assurance of success to the extent that will bring about finan-
cial, educational and moral uplift. To do this to the entire satisfac-
tion of myself will be a task for which I confess my inability, but,
nevertheless, I shall always be found willing to contribute my mite
toward bringing about the desired results. The class of men with
which we have to deal in this connection may be divided into three
croups; first are those who are hard-headed, ignorant and will not
listen to argument or be convinced even after actual demonstrations

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grand group of Shorthorn Bulls, owned by

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 161

have been made; the second group embraces a very large class known
as the thoughtless. indifferent, happy-go-lucky sort of fellows, who
rarely give any subject serious or deliberate consideration; then there
is the third class which includes the uninformed, but ambitious and
willing to learn and profit from the knowledge and experience of suc-
cessful men who have gone before them. It has been said that “There
are none so blind as those who will not see.’ It is, therefore, almost
useless to spend time in the vain effort to convert the proverbial un-
believer—the man who without good reason sets his head against
progression. In order to exert any beneficial influence upon the class
enumerated in our second group it is necessary to make forcible, direct
appeals, and this is scarcely ever accomplished except at public sales
and by the personal force and logic of the auctioneer who, for the
time, may, perchance, have one or several of this indifferent class of
people within his influence and thereby induce him or them to become
purchasers. Even when this is accomplished the chances are that in
quite a per cent of instances the new convert will revert to his orig-
inal shiftless, indifferent habits and, as a consequence, little ground
will have been gained, because, as in all other businesses, the breed-
ing of pure bred stock to be successful requires studious habits and
a willingness to give attention to, at least, the details of ordinary care
and management. It, therefore, remains for us to conclude that a very
large majority of the new recruits in the future great army of im-
proved stock breeders must come from the third or last class of in-
dividuals herein referred to. To the majority of men “money talks,”
therefore, one of the first things to be done is to convince the un-
converted farmer that by discarding the scrub, grade or nondescript
sire and by replacing him with a good and carefully selected pure
bred he will thereby be money in pocket instead of out. That such is
the case is no longer a theory, but is a fact being demonstrated in
every enlightened community, also at the live stock markets of the
country on every business day of the year.

Every business that permanently succeeds must rest upon a broad
and well grounded foundation. No business is more permanent than
that of farming, because the entire population looks to the farmer to
be both fed and clothed. The farmer operates the machinery supply-
ing the raw material which furnishes the world with all of the neces-
sities, also a multitude of the luxuries of life. With this responsi-
bility, never ending demand and unsurpassed outlet for our products,
we have not to consider so much the finding of a market as we have
to give thought to economical and profitable production.

A—11

162 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Taken collectively the farms of America, in point of value and
productive importance, outrank all other manufacturing institutions
combined. Among the manufacturers of commercial commodities
vast sums of money are wisely spent in the investigation of ques-
tions and principles, the application of which will reduce the cost of
production, raise the efficiency of the article manufactured, and also to
perfect the question of the distribution of the finished product with
the greatest economy. This work has been carried to a wonderful
state of perfection and when the time comes, if it ever should, that
even one-tenth of the intellect and capital spent in the application of
real, not imaginary, economical principles of production with refer-
ence to the farm as a manufacturing institution, then our country
will bloom as a rose and the scrub farmer and the scrub animal will
be a vanishing species,

Live stock farming—by which is meant keeping live stock on
the farm—is, and in the future will be the only safe means of main-
taining the productive qualities of the farm manufacturing plant.
Without live stock the capacity of the farm plant is annually de-
creased because of the inability to return to the soil the fertilizing
elements required to sustain the maximum limit of production. Some
will doubtless say: “What has all this to do with the pure bred stock
business, as the scrub animal will return as great an amount of ferttl-
izing element to the soil as the pure bred?” ‘This is true, but where
the pure bred, or high grade, excels the scrub is in his ability to consume
the grain and forage crops of the farm, and, as a machine, most
economically convert them into a product for which there is always a
demand for the best at top market values. Experiment station work,
market reports and the practical experience of our most intelligent
and successful farmers, breeders and feeders, as well as expert buyers,
packing house owners and conveyors, are all on the side of the pure
bred or the high grade animal as being consistent money makers on
the farm. The above argument applies to the production of the com-
mercial products in its live state and forms the basis for our conten-
tions with reference to the advisability of making the breeding of pure
bred, recorded stock a part of our farm business.

The fact that it requires the pure bred or high grade animal to
acquire the results above mentioned argues the absolute necessity of
the perpetuity of the pure bred animal for breeding purposes, else, in
a very few short years we will find ourselves scarce of this vitalizing
material. The natural tendencies of all improved animals and plants
are to deteriorate unless cultivated and given congenial environments
and opportunities for improvement and development. Man himself is

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 163

no exception to this rule. The truth of these statements poimts the
moral that there will always be a demand for pure bred breeding ant-
mals such as will insure the producer of the good kind a profitable
market. But, I fancy, some one inquires, “Where does the economy
in breeding pure bred stock come in?’ Speaking from my own ex-
perience and a very wide field of observation I can say that the farmer
who breeds and grows pure bred animals, taking as a basis the average
of the sales the country over, realizes from two to ten times as much
per head for the surplus product of the herd, the relative increased
amount depending upen the quality, breeding, condition, etc., of his
animals, than does his neighbor farmer who breeds common stock.

Then I would ask: “Is it not more economical to shelter and
feed one animal that will do the work of from two to ten, than it is
to house and feed the larger number: We say yes and can point to
innumerable instances to prove the assertion. Now as to the educa-
tional advantages to be derived from keeping pure bred stock. No
sooner is the first pure bred animal placed upon the farm than the
educational influences are set to work. The neighborhood gossip is
at once turned to something better and which stands for improve-
ment. The local paper, if it does its duty, announces the advent into
the community of an animal of improved breed and type. Asa result
of all this the owner and his family begin to realize a degree of pride
in the fact that it has been imposed upon them to be leaders instead
of followers in their community. In order to maintain this enviable
and commendable position they begin to read up and keep themselves
informed with reference to the history of the breed, its ancestry and
other mattcrs pertaining to care, ieed, management, etc., to the end
that their life and vision becomes broadened by being brought into
touch with progressive movements of the times.

Soon the agricultural college and the courses in live stock hus-
bandry are learned of, finally the son or father or both takes advantage
of the short course in live stock judging and thus a new world is
opened up. After that fairs are attended and the awarding of prizes
is watched with awakened interest. By this time our candidate is
associating himself with the best class of men, whom he finds con-
genial company because they are sensible and willing to give informa-
tion, gained from the field of experience, which, to the young man or
beginner seeking knowledge, is invaluable. A public sale is attended
and here, too, a new field is found for observation and instruction.
By this time the breeding of pure bred stock is a subject that has
taken hold of the family and has not only been the means of broaden-
ing their views of life, but has also brought them into prominence as

104 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

progressive people, and soun the sons and daughters are in demand
from those seeking to employ young men and women of good families
to fill responsible positions of trust at remunerative compensations.
The sons and daughters from such families also invariably enjoy
superior advantages when it. comes to the matter of selecting a life
companion and thus the educaticnal influences arising from that first
etart in the pure bred stock business goes on and on from generation,
wielding an immense influence for good in their own immediate com-
munity and to society in general. The improvement of one’s moral
status, as well as the educational advantages obtained from breeding
pure bred stock, is also a matter worthy of consideration. The more
nearly one’s time is occupied in studying questions relative to any
form of improvement, the less time they have to devote to the trivial
non-essentials of life. One of the first things to be learned by the
beginner in the breeding of pure bred stock is that all future substan-
tial success in the business depends upon his standing and reputa-
tion as an honest man. Absolute and unqualified honor is an essential
requisite to success in this business, because a man’s word and repre-
sentations are the only guides we have as to the identity of his stock
and the reliability of their breeding, age, etc. If it is once learned that
a breeder has misrepresented the age, breeding, or anything pertain-
ing to record of his stock, he soon loses caste and is viewed with
suspicion thereafter. Thus it is that a man’s moral status is given
additional impetus and support after he has engaged in the breed-
ing Of pure bred stock.

Fearing that this article will be too long we will but briefly refer
to the “Public Sale” feature of the subject. The “Public Sale” along
with the agricultural press, the agricultural college and public exhi-
bitions of fine stock is exerting a mighty influence both in an educa-
tional way and in the distribution of such stock. Many a farmer
attends a public sale and secures his first impression of the vital
importance of breeding improved stock. Here he learns by way of
actual demonstration that it is profitable to breed and sell pure bred
animals for breeding purposes. In this way the well informed, intelli-
gent auctioneer is in position to do much good and be of advantage to
both the buyer and the seller. I have heard prominent breeders declare
that they had received some of their most valuable lessons from attend-
ing public sales. There was a time when the public sale was looked
upon with suspicion, but that time, I am thankful to say, is passed
and today no business is run upon a higher plane of business ethics
than the selling of pure bred live stock by auction. As a convenient

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 165

and satisfactory means of disposing of one’s surplus stock, or for
closing out one’s business, the public sale has come to be recognized
as being indispensable.

How to conduct a successful public sale, when and where to hold
it, how to advertise, when to begin to condition the stock for sale,
just the kind of catalogue to issue and when it should be out, the
auctioneer to employ, how to entertain your customers sale day and
various other questions are each subjects which might be considered
at some length, but they are outside the legitimate limitation of our
subject. In conclusion I will say that, in my opinion, the inter-rela-
tion of the public sale and the pure bred stock business will, in the
future, grow stronger and become more potent for good alike to the
breeder, buyer and the public in ceneral.

IMMUNIZATION AS A MEANS OF CONTROLLING CON-
LAGIOUS DISEASES:

(Dr. J. B. Tiffany, Agricultural College.)

Mr. President and Members of the Live Stock Association:

It is getting late and I did not expect to have to speak to you, but
as I am called upon I will condense my remarks as much as possible.

My subject is that of “Immunization as a Means of Controlling
Contagious Diseases.” The Veterinary Department of this University
is in the habit of sending out a great many doses of blackleg vaccine
to the farmers, and the thing that has appealed to me most is that a
large number of these doses go out in small quantities, showing that
the farmers who are raising from five to fifty calves are sending for
this blackleg vaccine for the purpose of inoculation. That, seems to
me, points to the fact that the small farmer is beginning to use this
biochemical product in his work, and in their letters they frequently
ask a great many questions as to the use of blackleg vaccine and oc-
casionally some of the reasons for its use and the methods of making
it. It occurred, therefore, to me that it would be interesting to you to
know something of the theory on which the subject is based and the
explanation of the dangers and limitations of the use of various vac-
cines. This talk will apply to other vaccines besides the one that I
have mentioned, all of which come under these principles.

You know that when an animal passes through a dangerous in-
fectious disease it becomes immune, does not readily take that par-
ticular disease again, and is more or less resistant to the disease.

«

166 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

This has been observed for a long time, and is known as natural im-
munity. Some scientific people came to the conclusion that they
could produce a disease in an animal, establish immunity thereby, but
not produce the disease in such a form as would kill the animal, and
in that way save a great many head of stock. That theory is worked
gut until now we use vaccine commercially for blackleg, anthrax, etc.
‘There is a theory or hypcthesis on which all this is based, and I want
to explain it briefly so that I can point out something of the danger
in its use.

The theory is that when some pathologic organisms once enter
the system they commence to multiply and elaborate a poison known
as toxin, which is carried to the various parts of the animal body
through the circulatory system and produces what we know as dis-
ease. The poison from the various different pathogenic organisms
produces a different series of symptoms which we recognize as specific
disease. If this production of toxin-poisoning went on indefinitely
the result would be the death of the individual, but nature has pro-
vided a means to hold this in check. There is thought to be produced
a material which we choose to call anti-toxin whenever there is a
disease caused by the presence in the animal body of certain organ-
isms. The disease is counteracted by this substance known as anti-
toxin, and we make use of this anti-toxin in various ways. The one
disease. in which we have come to use it commercially is that of
tetanus or lock-jaw.

In some cases anti-toxin for tetanus is proving very efficient,
while in others it is not, and the reason we attribute to this difference
in results is that after the disease has gone so far that the poison has
entered the different organs and has made certain anatomical changes,
we know there is no agent that we can introduce into the system that
will check the disease; whereas, if the anti-toxin is injected into the
system previous to the poison’s once reaching the center, it is going
to work and it will neutralize the poison and the animal may recover.

In vaccination, as you know, we introduce into the animal or-
canism a deadly germ and this germ has been so treated, i.-e., has
passed through certain environments, certain uncongenial conditions,
such that it will not produce the disease in its original vigor. But at
the same ‘time it will produce some toxin, and this encourages the
animal system to produce the anti-toxin or neutralizing agent, and
from this the animal becomes immune and resists any subsequent
attack of the disease.

You see, if we can by keeping these germs under unfavorable con-

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 167

ditions get them in such shape that they will not produce a disease like
blackleg in its most virulent form, we also may have a condition in
which we can grow these germs in such a way that they will produce
the disease in a more virulent form. That is shown in the disease of
tabies or hydrophobia. In passing the germs of that disease through
rabbits we get a disease which is much more virulent, the period of
incubation is considerably reduced and the disease appears in a more
dreadful form. It so happens that these organisms that we introduce
into an animal system are capable of either becoming deadened or
reduced in strength or becoming stronger and more virulent. Fur-
thermore, these attenuated organisms once introduced into a system
also may be brought back to their original strength and their original
ability to produce the disease, and that is what has happened in a great
many cases—has happened in some cases—not to put it too strongly,
especially with the virus or vaccine of anthrax. You do not have
anthrax in this State so very much, but-in some states it is quite
serious, and when it once enters a community it carries off stock
very rapidly. In order to protect themselves in various districts, the
stock raisers have brought this vaccine of anthrax into the community
and as a result they have started the disease. Some have attributed it
to the fact that the vaccine was not properly made, that the company
making the vaccine did not take the proper care and got into it some
organisms which were not sufficiently attenuated, but it might have
Been, and we have proved it possible many times in the laboratory,
that the germs have been attenuated, but by passing them through
individuals that were particularly susceptible to the disease, they
will bring the organisms back to their original strength and make
them as dangerous as when the laboratory experts began their work
upon them. The danger is not so great in blackleg vaccine because the
germs seem to be more under our control, but in anthrax there is this
element of danger, and there is a possibility of such danger in black-
leg where we introduce the vaccine into a new community. Of course,
where the disease is already prevalent and present, where a man is
directly surrounded by these diseases, then the only thing for him to
do is to inoculate his stock with the vaccine that he can secure, to
prevent the discase. He has to do it then as a protection, but in a
locality where these diseases are not present, to go ahead inoculating
stock with the various chemical products of vaccine companies is an
exceedingly dangerous thing. They do it in the West sometimes as
an insurance measure. Some people spray their fruit trees and vines
as a protective measure, not knowing that any disease is going to

e

168 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

attack them, but simply as a protective measure to guard against
the possibility of insect ravages. The same men that become too
progressive might be induced to do the same thing with their cattle,
i. e., inoculate them against various infectious diseases. As a result
there would be this possibility of introducing virulent organisms into
a community and this is the point I wish to emphasize.

I will say a word about the vaccine for hog cholera. We have a
disease in hog cholera which is not suitable to the use of any anti-
toxin, nor is it suitable to the method of exterminating such as we
use in tuberculosis and glanders. We cannot use these methods with
hog cholera, and the only thing we have to rely upon is a vaccine.
The demand for hog cholera vaccine has been so great that all over
this country companies have been putting out a vaccine against hog
cholera, and every year there is some new concern organized for this
purpose, but so far all have proven failures. Some of them wil! sell
for a short time—a year or two—and people who use them feei that
they have done some good. The probability is, the reason that in some
cases hog cholera vaccine works, is that some time before the man
sends for his vaccine the hogs are suffering from the disease, and those
which are attacked early in the season are the ones most susceptible;
that is, the ones that produce the least amount of anti-toxin in their
bodies, which tends to check the distase. Those hogs that will pro-
duce the most anti-toxin in their bodies are the ones least susceptible
and the ones that take the disease last in the herd. Now, the owner
of the stock waits some time before he sends for this vaccine, then,
after he sends for it, it takes some time for it to get there, and, accord-
ing to the directions, it will take a week or two before the vaccine
begins to act, and by that time a!l the more susceptible hogs have been
killed off, leaving only those that are resistant to the disease and
would recover, anyway. In that way the various hog cholera vac-
cines have been supposed to be useful, but in truth we have not found
a hog cholera vaccine. Still, from the nature of the disease—from
the fact that there is immunity in hog cholera—it seems that there
ought to be a hog cholera vaccine. Many times in making an examina-
tion of a pig that has recovered from hog cholera, we find the hog
cholera organism present there, which would indicate that there is a
large amount of anti-toxin in the animal’s body which stops the dis-
ease and prevents its further occurrence. So we have evidence that
in the future we will produce a hog cholera vaccine, and it is the plea
of the farmers of this country that there be a vaccine produced for this
purpose. We are receiving in this department a great many letters

Rowena 2d and her calf. Dual purpose Shorthorn cow, owned by H. J. Hughes, Trenton, Missouri, Official ree-
ord of Rowena 2d is 4,053 pounds of milk, test 4.3, making 201.18 pounds of butter in 120 days, gained during time
1389 pounds in weight.

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LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 169

inquiring about this vaccine, asking if there is not one that we can
recommend, all showing that there is a tremendous pressure for such
a product.

There have been in the past some very able men working on this
project, but they have largely given the matter up in disgust, after
trying all the methods that they knew. But since that time there have
been a great many new things found out about the subject of immunt-
zation, and now we believe that these new methods should be applicd
to hog cholera. At present you know that Dr. Connaway is in Europe
and is making a close study of this matter. He is studying a disease
semewhat similar to hog cholera—an acute disease known as Rouget.
They have a vaccine for this disease which is efficient, and Dr. Con-
naway is making a careful study of this disease, and we hope on his
return he will be the best prepared man in this country to investigate
the matter of hog cholera and provide some means of immunization,
which is so sorely needed.

fii REEATION OF AGE AND: CONDITION | TO“PROFIT
Ps Abani ea LING:

(Prof. F. B. Mumford, Acting Dean, Agricultural Oollege.)

1 have been impressed with one thing in these meetings here, and
that is that most of the farmers and stock breeders want to know all
there is to be known about all of these subjects. The farmer wants to
know immediately whether it is best to feed corn and linseed meal to
hogs or some other ration. They want to know everything as soon
2s possible. That is all right. That is what the Experiment Station is
for, to find out these things, and to find out the facts that the men
who are carrying on the business of Agriculture want to know.

At the same time it is not so easy and simple a process as perhaps
some of us have been led to believe. We knew a whole lot more
things a few years ago than we know now—at least we said we did,
and were more positive and more dogmatic about it then than now.

I have been impressed with another thing, namely, when some one
man has been successful in feeding animals and paid particular atten-
tion to some one thing, he may attribute his success to that one thing,
but at the same time he fulfilled all the other conditions necessary
for successful feeding. The longer we experiment with feeding cattle
for the production of beef, the more difficult the question becomes
and the more complicated the problems involved. It is a much simpier

170 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

matter to investigate the influence of different methods of feeding and
different kinds of feed with dairy cows than any other animal that
we have to deal with, because the product which we seek in the case
of the cow is a definite product, one that we can measure daily. We
know its composition, and we know every day how much water, how
much fat, how much casein, and other solids of the milk the cow yields
every day, and by feeding a definite amount we have an accurate meas-
ure of the influence of a kind of feed upon a cow. But in the case of
beef animals we have no such accurate measure. The only real stand-
ard of measure that the experimenter has to determine the efficiency
of different kinds of rations for feeding beef cattle is the gain in live
weight, and some of you know that the gain in live weight may mean
a good deal. Sometimes it may mean a lot of water, sometimes it
may mean bowel content.

We try to get around the variations in the bowel content in vari-
ous ways so that the gain in live weight may be as much as possible
an accurate measure. We always weigh the animals at a certain
time in the day. We weigh them before they drink any water. We
shut up the water troughs before we weigh the cattle, so that the
variation is regulated as much as possible. But, even when all that is
done, we are not positive that feeding ten bushels of corn for a certain
period will result in an actual gain of live weight to the animal;
although the scales may say that the animal has gained so much, he
may not have gained so much, but may have only filled up so much.

Now, I will not attempt to take up the subject of cattle feeding in
all of its phases, nor discuss all of the factors which determine profit
in cattle feeding, but I will very briefly mention one or two factors
that have been under discussion and upon which we have had some
definite statements and about which the practical feeder wants to
know the facts in the case as far as he is able; and one of these ques-
tions that I propose to discuss is the “Influence of Age on Profitable
Cattle Feeding,” or upon the profits from cattle feeding, and another
is the “Influence of Condition.”

It is rather an interesting analogy that we draw between the ani-
mal and the machine. It has been stated here several times that the
animal is a machine, and the analogy is not one that is far-fetched,
and it may be a very useful one. The animal is a machine. The
farmer is a manufacturer and in the production of beef the farmer
uses the animal as a machine to work over the feeds of the farm—
the raw vegetable products like hay and corn—for the production of
beef, mutton or pork, and in this production of animal material we

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 7d

have certain conditions to fulfill. For one thing the feeder is engaged
in improving the animal in such a way that it will bring the highest
price on the market, that is, will be finished in the best way to supply
a real demand. The farmer is also interested in finishing the animal
for the least expenditure of money. Two conflicting principles are
therefore involved in cattle feeding. We must feed the animals to
a point where they will fill the demands of the market. It does not
make any difference how much it costs. We must do that. If we are
in the feeding business, that presupposes that we are finishing beef
for the purpose of selling it, and in order to sell it we must bring it
to a certain finish and we want to do that at the lowest expense of
feed. There are these two things that we must always remember,
and I insist upon these two points. Why? Because a good many
feeders are confused in discussing this matter of the cost of pro-
ducing a pound of gain. The profits are frequently measured in the
minds of the practical feeder by the amount of grain it requires to pro-
duce a hundred pounds of gain, and that is not a true measure. While
we make an animal gain, we must at the same time be pushing him
toward a condition of finish. If it was only a matter of producing
gain in the quickest and cheapest way, we would buy the poorest and
thinest animals we could find that had been poorly nourished for
some time and fill them up. As a matter of fact, the first stages of the
feeding period are the cheapest, so far as the cost of producing a
pound of gain is concerned.

What are some of the factors, now, which lie at the foundation
of the practice of finishing cattle and finishing them cheaply? There
are two things that bear upon both of these questions, they are the age
of the animal and his condition at the time the feeding begins.

One fact which has perhaps been more definitely demonstrated in
this matter of feeding than any other, is the fact that the younger the
animal, the less feed will be required to produce a given amount of
gain. It is not a mere matter of opinion now. We know a young
animal will produce a pound of gain with less grain than an older
animal of the same kind under the same conditions, and there are in
some cases remarkable differences. The attention of feeders was first
called to this fact by the men who fed the cattle for the old fat stock
show in Chicago. Those feeders commenced with a calf at the time
ef birth, began to feed it, and fed it continually for one year. They
exhibited it as a calf, a yearling, a two-year old and a three-year old.
They found that the first year the animal fed in that way required
about half as much to produce a pound of increase as in the second

[72 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

year of that animal’s life. And they found that it required consider-
ably less grain to make a pound of gain on the steer 12 to 24 months
old than was required to produce a pound of gain ona steer 24 months
old and over.

Then the experiment stations investigated the matter. The Michi-
gan Experiment Station, the lowa Experiment Station and one or two
other stations undertook what were called in those ancient days
“breed experiments.’ They undertook to test which was the better
animal to feed, the Shorthorn, the Hereford, the Aberdeen-Angus, the
Galloway, the Holstein or Jersey, and they began with these animals
as young as possible, in most of these experiments, beginning with the
animal, say a few months old, and they discovered the same thing,
that if an animal was fed from birth to death on full feed that the first
days—the young days of that animal—were the most profitable days
from the standpoint of the amount of feed consumed. They found
the same things true with lambs and pigs. The experiments indi-
cated that young pigs from fifty to a hundred pounds in weight would
make a pound of gain with three or four pounds of grain and that
300 pound pigs required five or six pounds of grain to produce the
same amount of gain. This has been demonstrated, and some experi-
ment station workers and feeders have come to the conclusion from
this data that it is more profitable to feed younger animals than older
animals, and so we have heard about “baby beef” animals, fed from
the time they are born till they are 14 to 18 months old being made
to weigh twelve hundred or fourteen hundred pounds and we are
told this is the most profitable way to handle cattle, and their conclu-
sions are based largely upon these experiments that I have just
described.

One of the most interesting experiments on this subject I have
examined in all the work of Experiment Stations is an experiment con-
ducted by the Central Experiment Station Farms at Ottawa, Canada.
They performed this experiment differently than those mentioned
above. They employed calves, yearlings, two-year and three-year old
cattle under identical conditions, so far as possible, and fed them on
the same rations. The results are certainly very interesting to the
man who is engaged in making beef. The average daily gain from
these animals tested was as follows: Calves 2.14 pounds, yearlings
1.85, two-year olds 1.67 and three-year olds 1.65. The calves gained
much more than the others, the yearlings next, the two-year olds next
and the three-year olds least of all.

The cost of the 100 pounds of gain was also very much in favor

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 173

of the calves, in this instance. The relative costs per hundred pounds
of gain for these different ages were for calves $3.60 a hundred for the
grain fed; yearlings $4.65; two-year olds $5.70; three-year olds $6.20.
It cost almost twice as much, not quite, to produce 100 pounds of gain
on three-year old steers as upon calves in this experiment. The profit
per steer is as follows: On the calf $14; on the yearling $26; on the
two-year old $26, and on the three-year old $16. The calf returned the
lowest profit per head and you might immediately jump to the con-
clusion that therefore the calf is not so profitable as the two or three-
year old; but this does not tell the story at all, because you have in-
vested in the three-year old nearly three times as much as you have
in the calf. I'or the same money that it would cost to buy a three-
year old, you could probably buy three calves.

In this experiment the actual facts are that the calves cost $3.50
a hundred; the yearlings $4 a hundred; the two-year olds $4 a hun-
dred; and the three-year olds $4.50 a hundred, and they sold the
calves for $5.50 per hundred and the others for $3.17 a hundred.
These were the market prices. But assuming that all of the cattle
were bought for 4 cents and sold for 5 cents a pound, and estimating
the profit on a thousand pounds of calves bought at 4 cents and sold at
5 cents and a thousand pounds of one, two and of three-year olds
bought at 4 cents and sold at 5 cents, we have the following figures:
on the calves the profit is $22.30 a thousand pounds; on the yearlings
$11.36; on the two-year olds $7.95, and on the three-year olds $7.10.

Suppose a man had’a thousand dollars to invest—and that is the
proposition that confronts most of us—which is the best, to invest a
thousand dollars in calves, yearlings, or two-year olds for profitable
feeding? Assuming that we have a thousand dollars to invest and
taking these figures I have given you, of buying the animals at 4 cents
and selling them at 5, here are the profits resulting from the feeding
experiments on the thousand dollars invested: On the thousand
dollars invested in calves at the time of birth, the profit was $557; on
two-year olds $198; on three-year olds $177. Do not hold me respon-
sible for the profits that these men made on these cattle, that is not
my fault, and it is not my fault if you cannot make the same profit.
What I want you to pay attention to is not the absolute, but the
. relative profit. Now the profit made on three-year olds on the thou-
sand dollars invested in this Canada Station was $177.50, and on
the two-year olds it was $198. On the yearlings it was $284, and on
the calves it was $557. Now, what does this mean? It means what
I have tried to make clear above, that the results of our experiments

174 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

have brought out repeatedly that if you can buy young animals at
the same price per pound and sell them for the same price per pound,
there is more profit in feeding young animals.

Now, I have put a good many ifs in the above sentence and every
feeder must do the same when he begins to feed. If we could control
the market by ascertaining beforehand what you could buy and sell
your animals for, you could speak with some definiteness and figure
with some definiteness. But the principle has been demonstrated that
younger animals put on a gain for less grain.

Now, if market conditions are such that you can buy and sell
them for the same price, the profit is in the younger animal, but our
experience in Missouri is that we pay from 15 to 20 per cent more per
pound for calves than we do for older cattle for feeders, and when we
go to sell them, the older cattle, as a rule, sell for a little more per
pound. I am willing to be corrected if that is wrong. Now, I must:
confess that I am a little skeptical on this proposition—that these
results are so unusually large that there must be some special reason
for it. Of course I cannot tell what that reason is. The only thing
I can do is to give our actual trial here on this farm under Missouri
conditions and the figures that we have. We have now in progress
here perhaps the largest cattle feeding experiment undertaken to
solve one question, and that will be continued for a longer time on
one particular line of work than any other single cattle feeding experi-
ment so far undertaken in the United States. And one of the things
that we are testing and making foremost in this experiment is this
question of the relation of age to profitable feeding. Should the Mis-
souri farmer feed young cattle or older cattle?

In the fall of 1902 we purchased 75 head of cattle and divided
them in the course of time into three divisions. One division was
wintered and put on full feed about the first of May and sold the 15th
of Jauuary, 1904. Another one of these divisions was put on pasture
alone during the season that the others were being finished, and they
were finished this year and sold in December last year and fed from
May ist to December 15th, 1904. They were of the same breeding
so far as we were able to secure them. They were of equal quality
and ability to gain and they were finished as two-year olds. The first
division were finished as yearlings, the second as two-year olds and
we will put on feed next May a lot of three-year olds from that original
draft of cattle. But we have also fed during that time another lot of
yearlings this vear in comparison with the two-year olds. We have
had 55 head of cattle on feed from May tst, 1904, until the 15th of
December.

~

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 175,

We have some figures for comparing on even terms this factor
of age on profitable cattle feeding. I do not want you to confuse the
rations, although that is another question of growing interest about
which we have something definite to say. But I want to call your
attention now particularly to the amount of grain required to produce
a pound of gain on these cattle at different ages. I will first present
the figures for this present season, from May Ist to December 4th,
1904, the feeding period just ended. From May 1st to December 1st,
1904, we fed one lot of 30 yearling Shorthorns in comparison with one
lot of two-year olds and the amount of grain required to produce a
pound of gain, which tells the story in this case, and the whole gain
I will give you.

Lot I was fed on corn and linseed meal and the daily gain was for
the yearlings 2.45 pounds, and the grain required to produce a pound
of gain was 7.77 pounds. The lot fed on corn and cotton seed meal
made a gain of 2.24 pounds at an expenditure of 8.3 pounds of grain.
Lot III was fed on corn and gluten feed and they made a gain of 2.23
pounds per day, and it required 7.76 pounds of grain to produce that
gain. Lot IV was fed shelled corn alone, and they gained 2.23 pounds
per day at an expenditure of 7.27 pounds. These latter were year-
lings.

I will now give the results with the two-year olds on blue grass
pasture and the same grain rations. The daily gains of the two-year olds
were as follows: On corn and linseed meal 2.97 pounds; on corn and
cotton seed meal 2.65, pounds; on corn and gluten feed 2.06 pounds;
on shelled corn alone 2.51 pounds; the grain required to produce a
pound of gain was 8.1 pounds; 8.7-pounds; and 817 pounds re-
spectively.

Now, here we have a much more accurate experiment than the
one previously described, because these animals were fed the same
season; they were fed exactly the same way the winter previous, and
they started into the experiment in the same condition so far as we
were able to judge. The daily gain of the yearlings on corn and lin-
seed meal was 2.45 pounds; the two-year olds 2.97 pounds; the
amount of grain required to produce a pound of gain was 7.77 pounds
and 8.1 pounds respectively. It required less grain for the yearlings
than for the two-year olds, notwithstanding the large gain made by
the two-year olds, and by the way, this is a very remarkable gain for
a lot of cattle for the entire season. It is seldom indeed that cattle
make an average of three pounds of gain in a six months’ feeding
period. With the cotton seed meal the gain was 2.26 pounds for the
yearlings and 2.65 for the two-year olds. The daily gain with the

176 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

corn and gluten meal was less, 2.23 pounds with the yearlings and
2.06 pounds with the two-year olds. The amount of corn required
was always less with the yearlings.

This was an experiment on summer feeding. Three pounds of
supplement was fed daily in each case, that is, three pounds of linseed
meal, cotton seed meal and gluten feed. The amount of corn varied
as the appetite of the animals increased. They were fed as much as
20 pounds of corn during the close of the period.

The relative cost is a question that is almost idle to talk about,
as is also the profit that is to be secured because prices of feed and
cattle continually vary; but the daily gain on these different feeds
under these conditions would remain about the same, and the amount
of feed required will remain the same so long as the conditions are
similar, These were good cattle—selected cattle, but they were
seiected in both cases, in the yearling lots and the two-year olds.
The two-year olds sold for $7.60. We have not sold the yearlings
yet. This two-year old lot brought the highest price in the Chicago
market, with one exception, during the entire year of 1904. They were
March and April calves. They were sold in December when they were
two years old.

Here is my point, and it has a good deal of bearing upon this and
the other question that I insisted upon in the beginning; it is not only
a question of producing gain cheaply, it is a question of getting a good
finish at the right time to sell. The yearlings we have ready to sell
after the two-year olds, but if we had sold them at the same time, we
would have had to be satisfied with a less price per pound.

There is another question involved, if you consider the profits
from cattle feeding, besides this question I have discussed, and I am
inclined to suggest this point because it is of vital importance to the
man who is making money from cattle feeding. The experiment sta-
tion men like to find these things out, though they are not primarily
interested in making money from every experiment, they are in-
terested in finding out which experiment is most profitable. If you
buy a thousand pound two-year-old at 4 cents a pound, you pay $40.
Ii you feed’him six months and put on two pounds a day, he will gain
360 pounds. He will then weigh 1,360 pounds, and if you sell him
for six cents a poiind—you sell him for $81.60. You increased the
value of this original thousand pounds two cents per pound in the
finishing process and thus make $20. ‘You receive not only the value
of this 360 pounds that you put on, which amounts at six cents a
pound to $21.60, but you also get your increased value on the thou-

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Torrent was bred by the most noted of French Coach Breeders, M. lallouet, who
has produced some of the greatest winners of France.

Torrent has a record of 3 kilometers (two miles) in five minutes, made over a sod
track with a 140 pound man on his back.

Torrent won the Spohr Trophy at the Chicago Horse Show as the best coach
stallion, any age, has been shown at twenty State Fairs and has never been defeated.
Won ist and Grand Championship Prizes at the International Live Stock Exposition at
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1904. And again at the International in Chicago, 1904, won 1st and Grand Championship
Prizes.

Torrent is owned by McLaughlin Bros., importers of Percheron and French Coach
IIlorses, Columbus, Ohio, and Kansas City, Mo.

cm |

+a

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. D7.

sand pounds original weight. Suppose this animal weighed only 500
pounds, you paid $20 for him and you put on the same gain, namely
360 pounds. You then have 860 pounds. You sell him for $51.60. At
six cents a pound you have the same $21.60 profit that you had before,
but you have only $10 for finishing the 500 pounds original weight
instead of $20, and that is why it is sometimes better to feed two-year-
olds than calves or yearlings, because you get an increased value on
their original weight.

The condition of the animal has a bearing upon this question of
age. If we buy calves, most of which have not yet been weaned, they
are usually in prime condition. Such calves will at first lose rather
than gain when placed on feeds.

Go to the market and buy range cattle after they have come 400
miles to the market and have been eating stock yards hay a while and
they willl be in good condition to put on gain rapidly and that is an-
other reason why it may not always be more profitable to feed young
cattle. |

Now I do not want to be understood as saying that it does not
pay to feed young cattle. I have been discussing this question from
only one view point—the standpoint of the big feeder who buys his
cattle, and not from the standpoint of the man who raises his cattle.
The man who raises his cattle is a very short sighted man if he fails
to feed those cattle from the time they are born until they are ready
to go to the market. This is where we get baby beef and that is why it
is always profitable. It is unwise and unprofitable for a man who raises
a good grade of cattle to keep them until they are two years old. This
is a losing business. He should always feed them well and sell them at
a young age.

THE PERCHERON AND FRENCH CCACH HORSE FOR THE
AMERICAN FARMER AND BREEDER.

(Mr. W. M’Laughlin, Kansas City, Mo.)

It is a well-known truth that the horses of a country partake to
a very large extent of the characteristics of the people of that country.
The people who inhabit Normandy, in the northern part of France,
the country in which are raised both the Percheron and French Coach-
ers, are not the sort of people whom Americans ordinarily think of
as Frenchmen. These people partake fully as much of their ancestors

A—12

178 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

from the north as they do of the southern blood in them. They are
strong, large, vigorous and broad-minded; in other words, they are
more like the people of America than perhaps those of any single
nation in Europe.

The horses bred in that country are of the type that one would
expect. ‘There is no breed of draft horses in the world that possesses
the same strength, the same force, the same elegance of conforma-
tion, the same activity, the same ability for moving heavy loads at a
rapid pace as does the Percheron. It has been proven without any
question, and without danger of its being refuted, that the Percheron
horse crosses better and does better than any other draft horse in this
country; therefore, the horses brought from France to America are
not compelled to undergo any great climatic changes. I am certain
that it is due to a great extent to this fact that horses from France
have been so successful in America.

‘The French people have been for centuries aided in the improvement
of their breeds of horses by the government. At the present time no
stallion is permitted to stand for public service in France until he
has been passed upon by the government officials. This has aided
very materially in the perfection of both the Percheron and the French
Coach breeds of horses.

The Percheron horse is bred in his purity in the district south-
west of Paris, beginning about fifty miles from Paris, at Chartes, and
extending about seventy-five miles west. It is oval in shape and is
about fifty miles wide. In it are some of the most fertile valleys in
the world. The country is broken, and on this account gives the
necessary encouragement to producing not only a heavy horse, but
one with great activity as well.

The Coach horse is bred in the country north of the Percheron,
between Alencon and the English channel. They are in no way in-
termingled, as the line between the district where Percherons are
bred and where Coachers are bred is very well defined.

The Percheron is known throughout the whole of this country.
In color he is usually gray or black. At the present time the black
probably predominates. In height he is ordinarily about sixteen °
hands. In weight from sixteen to twenty-two hundred pounds, de-
pending to a very great extent on the amount of flesh he carries. These
horses have been bred in the same district, the son breeding and fol-
lowing in the footsteps of the father, from time immemorial. They
have been imported in large numbers to America, in fact such a drain
has been made upon the country that a great many of the inferior

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 179

specimens have been brougit here, yet, nothwithstanding this fact,
they have crossed with the native mares in America and produced
animals vastly superior in conformation, in endurance, in elegance
and in activity to those that the very best stallions of any other draft breed
have ever been able to produce. At all the greatest shows of draft
work horses in this country they have never been defeated by the
produce of any other draft breed crossed with the mares of this coun-
try. At the recent Inter-National in Chicago, these grade Percherons
defeated the very best pure bred animals of the other draft breeds that
unlimited expenditures of money ‘could find in Europe.

The economical farmers of this country who wish to produce on
their farms the greatest quantity of products with the least cost, and
those are the men who are always successful, will find that grade Per-
cherons will do more work on their farms for a less expenditure in
feed than will any other breed of horses that can be found. I wish to
urge this fact especially upon your attention. I do not think that
there is any possible way of being of more benefit to a community
than to be instrumental in procuring animals of this breed to work on
your farms, and thereby not only increase the production, but diminish
the cost as well. At this time, when so many of the young men are
leaving the farms for the cities, it is essential in order to induce the
young man to stay on the farm that he have some interest that will
keep him there; good horses will produce more good effect in this
line than will other breeds of live stock.

There is also another side, which, while it should not, yet it will
probably interest you more, that is the side which touches the pocket-
book. There is no place in which the products of the farm can be
placed more profitably than in good horses. There is always a de-
mand for the best, and the best always brings high prices. Only re-
cently in New York a large firm paid $45,000 for one-hundred-grade
Percherons. These horses were ail bred in the middle west, and the
men who bred them certainly never made more money out of the corn and
oats they fed to any animals than they did from the oats and corn
these horses ate, and while they were eating it they were enabled,
after the age of two years, to always earn enough to much more than
pay for the feed they consumed.

There is another type of horse which is very profitable for the
farmer to raise. It not only gives him great pleasure, but great profit
as well. This is the highest class carriage horse. His height is about
sixteen hands. Huis weight about twelve hundred pounds, and with
this he must possess a beautiful conformation as well as good action.

180 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

The better the action the higher price he will bring. The production of
this class of horses can be arrived at in no better and quicker way
than by crossing the ordinary light mares of this country—the trot-
ting mares or saddle mares—with a French Coach stallion. The
country about Marion, Iowa, which has produced more high-class
carriage horses than any other section of the United States, has used
more French Coach stallions in their production than has any otlier
section. .

The French Coach horse has been developed to its present state
of perfection by the French government in order to produce a horse
of more courage, more endurance and better conformation than any
other breed of horses in the world. That they have succeeded in this
effort is proven by thé fact that all other countries in Europe come to
France to purchase French Coach stallions for the improvement of
their herds of carriage horses.

There never was a better time to begin breeding and raising bet- .

ter horses than the present moment. We now have an export trade

firmly established for our grade Percherons and Coachers, so that the ©

time will come when the American farmer can not sell good ones for
Europe at a profit better than he can receive for any other breeds of
live stock.

THE PACKERS AND THE RAILROADS—THE TWIN SER-
PENTS, HOW TO BRUISE THEIR HEADS.

(M. H. Pemberton, Centralia, Mo.)

Sometimes I talk for fun—sometimes for money—but to-night |
am talking for the farmer. I am one of the horny hands of the sons
of toil—without the horny hands. But I know the farmer’s troubles,
and I am here to tell some of them.

Until I began farming I{ never knew that there were so many
hogs in the world. I find the woods is full of them, and they all need
ringing. A hog that don’t need ringing is down in the back, or dead.
Another thing about a hog. I] have never gone out to feed my hogs
yet and had one of them come up and wait until any of the rest got
there. Not only does he not wait, but he grabs the corn and runs off
with it. And the hog that has been lying around the corn-crib or
drinking slop from the kitchen for a year or two is generally the
biggest hog.

The majority of mankind are not related to hogs, but some are,

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. 181

‘and these you must ring. They are in the farmer’s corn-crib and
eating up his substance. But my subject is not hogs, but serpents,
the twin serpents, the Packers and the Railroads, and how to bruise
their heads. Every monopoly and trust affects the farmer, as well as
every other man not on the inside, and profiting by it, but the Beef
- Trust and the Railroad monopoly are the two serpents whose slimy
coils are around the farmer. To shake them off, to cut them loose,
to bruise their heads, is the thought of the farmer. The farmer’s heel
is just itching to get on them. And if I mistake not the signs of the
times, we are going to see the heel of Uncie Sam come down, and woe
be unto all that are beneath it.

In the vatican in Rome, of which you have heard the college
orator speak, is a celebrated work of art, a marble sculpture repre-
senting Laocoon and his two boys being strangled by snakes. The
faces of the father and sons express the most intense agony and pain
as they struggle in the coils of the venomous serpents. Laocoon was
a very strong man, but the serpents were smothering him. As I stood
before this group of father and children struggling in the coils of
those moccasin-headed snakes I thought, here is the American farmer,
and that big snake there drinking blood from his side is the Beef
Trust, and that other big snake wrapped about his arms to keep him
from striking is his twin brother, the Railroad. And those little
snakes—what did they represent? I couldn’t tell, unless they were
the crooked betrayers of the people, who had crawled into the halls
of the Legislature, and were simply there to catch the overflow.

I have chosen this subject because the Packers and the Railroads
are the two thorns now in the farmer’s flesh, and because I believe
that the farmer will have to pick his own splinters out if he ever gets
them out. The farmer in the past has been too easy—too good—too
slow. He toiled all day and slept all night. He watched his own
stuff, and forgot to watch the other fellow. He looked down and not
up. The result is that the corporations have a patent on all his rights.
But now the farmer is awake and wants his six-bits back. They
were given or sold away by law, and by law they will have to return.

For instance—I don’t like to deal in generalities—let us get down
to particulars. The first time I went to market with my stock I
didn’t like the way things were done there. The charges looked too
high, and there seemed to be too many middle men standing around.
The train got in a day late and we had to lay over. Yardage, feed
and commission seemed out of proportion to the price of stuff, and I
said, is this the way Missouri runs her stockyards? I was thinking

182 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

of “poor old Missouri” leaving her lambs to be shorn and led up to
the slaughter without a murmur, when I was informed that the State
of Missouri had nothing to do with it. Well, I said, is this the best
the city of St. Louis can do? I was informed that the city of St.
Louis had nothing to do with it. Well, said I, what is this thing
here, anyway—who owns this building and these yards? A Stock Yards
Company of gentlemen, who have little privileges in their pockets from
the great State of Missouri to run them for their own benefit. The
farmer holds his hands, and the Stock Yards Company goes down one
pocket and the commission firms down the other, and if he gets back
home with his breeches he is doing well. He had sense enough to raise
or buy his stuff, and feed it, and ship it to market, but he hasn’t enough
to sell it or buy more, and he has to have help to get his pass back home.

I say to you that the great State of Missouri ought to own her
own stockyards in the city of St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph,
and all the other centers of population in the State, and they ought
to be run at a minimum cost for the benefit of the farmers, who pro-
duce and ship the stock to market. Not only the State own the yards,
but the farmer should be allowed to sell his own stuff and buy it in
the open market. As it is, a killer in the city cannot or will not buy
from a farmer in the country without allowing a fee to some pet com-
mission firm. If one packing house buyer gets into the pen and bids
on stuff, and wants his bid to be final, he will not be molested by his
competitiors—his rival—his pal. They remind me of the way tramps
do business. When meat is to be had they chalk the gate, and the
next day his brother tramp stops for feed at the same place.

I am not sure but that the State should maintain a slaughter-
house, where the farmer can have stock killed at so much per hun-
dred, which would open the market to retail butchers, who could buy
it on the hook. It is done in other countries, and we certainly have
as much sense as sleepy Europe. But the Beef Trust has us—they
fix the price,-and they make the market. Why have hogs been worth
about four cents at home all fall, with corn at 40 to 50 cents? Be-
cause the packers are now packing their pork. And why will they sell
higher in a very few weeks? Because the packers will have pork to
sell. Like begets like. They handle the hogs so much they become
like them. And why do the farmers and stockmen permit these con-
ditions to exist? Because they have not howled out loud enough
against them. These men we send to make our laws—they will listen
to us, when they are sure the howl means business. At last a President
of the United States has heard the farmer’s yell, and he has answered,

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 183

Rah! Rah! Rah! oh, yes sir—we’ll look into the Beef Trust—we’ll
crack it to the railroads, and we’ll do any other old thing that the
people demand. Publicity is the doctrine. It will pull bad things
down, and it will-help good things up. My advice to farmers is, when
you see a great evil, something that’s robbing you, just begin to yell,
and get your neighbors to yell, and get everybody to yell, and don’t
stop yelling until Uncle Sam asks, “what’s the matter?’ Then tell him
the trouble, and tell him to move double quick.

According to my doctrine, the states ought to take over the stock-
yards, and manage and centrol them in the interest of the people as a
whole. Let laws be enacted and enforced which will give absolute
protection to the buyers and sellers in that market. And let the peo-
ple in the towns and the country kill their own stock as far as possible.
I was glad when I learned that right here in Columbia some enter-
plising men were putting in an independent packing plant. Now you
watch the packers run meat into this town at less than cost and try to
crush cut this enterprise. If I were running a butcher-shop in this
town and the packers offered me meat on the hook at the price of
beef on the hoof, I would tell them to go to—wherever my religion
would allow me to say.

The packers violate the law every day. They agree daily on the
price they will pay and the price at which they will sell. Supply and
demand operate, of course, but the packers can push the price up or
down just as they wish. Now this is no theory, and there is no guess-
ing about it. I have seen them do it, and any other man who has
bought and sold around where they do business has seen it. But
what are we going to do about it? I’m too young to announce any
radical remedies, but I will venture this much. If the farmer in par-
ticular and the public in general will inform themselves of the live
stock situation, and the dead stock situation, there will be something
deing. But the public—oh! The public—they step over evils six
feet high and never see anything until it bumps them in the head.
Every man is trying to feather his own nest, with mighty little
thought of the public good. Men become satisfied in their spheres of
activity, forgetting that there are buzzards above them just waiting
for a chance at their carcass. When we see the black shadows about
us it is a good time to stop and take a shot at the beasts above. The
man who keeps his nose constantly to the grindstone may sharpen
his nose, but he will end up with a disfigured face. They used to
make a heap of fun of the horse-back farmer, but I find that I can see
more upon the top of a horse than I can on the ground. It’s a good

184 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

idea to get upon the fence occasionally and think a thought or two.
The farmer’s job is not done when he has produced something, the
pie has to be distributed—passed around, and he has to see to it that
too many fingers don’t get in on it.

A great day is ahead for the farmer. It used to be that the lead-
ing citizen was a man most ignorant of agriculture. Today a man
who knows not agriculture is an ignoramus, fit only to send to make
our laws. And they used to think the farmer had hayseed in his
hair, and didn’t know how to cut his whiskers, and wore one suspender
by preference. That old farmer is dead, and they are growing selected
seed corn over his grave. The high-class farm papers, the news-
papers, the telephones, and rural delivery killed him. The modern
farmer is on to his job, and what he does not know he is learning, and
the main thing he is learning is to take care of himself, and look after
his interests. You need not be surprised when he gets after the Beef
Trust, and makes it hot for the railroads. It’s a part of his business.
The people are coming into their own, and are learning that legisla-
tors are their hired men, and that the machinery of the law was
meant to use.

The packers are a great people. They have helped to make the
country what it is. They built the plants that slaughter thousands
of animals that it takes daily to feed the multitudes, but we have a
right that they confine their slaughtering to the animals, and let the
farmer live. We must look after the goose that lays the golden egg.
When the packers go beyond the purpose of their existence and com-
bine to fix prices and violate the law, the people have a right, and
ought to break up their illegal combinations.

I hope I have not stated the case unfairly against the packers—
but if the Beef Trust is not a serpent whose head needs. bruising, then
Iam no judge of snakes. I will confess that I am a little bit sore on
packers. I have been feeding four-cent hogs on fifty-cent corn, when
I know and you know that the packers have arbitrarily held the price
there until they could load up their coolers to unload on the public
later at an exorbitant price and a tremendous profit to themselves.
And if that won’t put a farmer on the war path, what will? I wish

I was a great big lawyer—big enough to be Attorney-General, I

would take a few rough-riding lessons, and tell you farmers to get
up behind, and we would charge the Beef Trust before breakfast. I
was a lawyer once—the kind you read about—who got a diploma, but
never got acase. But I’m very well satisfied with my position—there
is a better opening in Missouri for a live, kicking farmer than for a
Democratic candidate for office.

GROUP OF ABERDEEN ANGUS.

First prize Missouri Young Herd, St. Louis World’s Fair. Also prize winners at the American Royal. Owned
and exhibited by W. J. Turpin, Carrollton, Missouri.

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 185

So much for the packer. Now this Beef Trust has a brother, a
twin brother, the Railroad Monopoly. Regulation of the railroads: is
the question of the hour. In the early days the railroads were built
by everybody. The capital came from many sources, and competi-
tion was sharp. The people suffered no evil. But times have changed.
We have had organization and combination until half a dozen families
own the railroads of America. Competition is destroyed. Rates are
fixed. Discriminations abound. Rebates are behind the scenes. The
peopie’s rights are ignored, and the farmer’s only protection is to look
out for the cars.

At the outset I want to say that on this railroad question I’m a
“gover menter.” I want to see the people in control of every public
highway from a dog path up to the Atlantic. Because I believe that
when everything belongs to the people the people ought to have
possession of it. My politics is public ownership of all public utilities.
I want to see every city own and operate street railways, her water
works and lights. I want to see the great American continent with a
net work of railroads owned and operated by the national govern-
ment. I want to see ships and steamers, floated by Uncle Sam, and
waving the stars and stripes upon every stream that touches America.
Public highways and transportation belong to all the people and to
unborn generations, and should never be given or sold away to private
individuals. You say that we have the right to regulate and control
transportation lines. Yes, but history has proven that we cannot do it.
They have debauched our public servants with dirty money, and ob-
tained privileges and franchises for nothing that were worth millions,
and they have maintained a standing army of secret service men to
watch the halls of Legislature and keep the people out; and I am sorry
to say that in many cases some of the secret service men have gotten
on the inside. The people furnish them a free seat, cut their whiskers,
shine their boots and furnish them a free bath. Now I am not kic-
ing on the bath—no doubt they need it—but the people need the seat
tc put a man in. How many Senators in the United States do you
suppose there are who are more watchful of the interests of certain
corporations than they are of the people’s welfare? More than one,
Iassure you. It is a hard thing to say, but wrongs are never righted
by silence. Watch the railroad legislation now in process at Wash-
ington, and if no Senator raises his hand against the people’s inter-
est, I will retract. As long as United States Senators are chosen by
State Legislatures we may expect railroads and corporations to con-
trol legislation. The people in every county and in every State in ©

186 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

the Union ought to exact a pledge from every candidate for the Legis-
lature, that before he casts his vote for a United States Senator, that
Senator should pledge himself to work for and vote for the election of
United States Senators by direct vote of the people. Until we obtain
possession of our law-making hodies, we cannot expect to controi and
regulate the railroads, the corporations and the trusts, which are now
preying upon the public. But, with public ownership of our law-
making bodies, we could obtain control of public utilities that are now
private monopolies. With public ownership of the railroads there
would follow a parcels post system which would relieve the people from
the merciless extortion of the greatest highway robbers of modern
times, the express companies. The telegraph service would be at-
tached to every postoffice, where it belongs; and the grip of many
other monopolies would be broken. Now someone will accuse me of
talking politics—I am not talking politics—I am talking self-preserva-
tion. If President Roosevelt were nominated four years hence on a
Republican platform declaring for the public ownership of railroads,
the telegraph, a parcel post system, and the election of United States
Senators by direct vote of the people, I would vote for him. And if
Wm. J. Bryan were nominated on such a platform by the Democrats
I would vote for him. And if I were nominated for the Legislature
on such a platform two years hence, I would vote for myself. I lost
my last election by not voting for myself, and I will never do it again.

People think of public ownership of public utilities as a strange
doctrine. They forget that the government manages the postoffice,
the most gigantic business, the most intricate, and with more details
than any other business ever inaugurated by man. They also forget
that more miles of railroad are owned and operated by the govern-
ment than by corporations. I go on the principle that if my neighbor
does a thing a certain way and it is a big success, that it will pay me
to investigate his business and do likewise. When other nations can
give their people cheap passenger rates and freight rates, and make
their railroads revenue producers, it is certainly worth our while to
consider who has the better way. It is sometimes said that public
ownership of railroads would cive too much chance for corruption.
Wouldn’t it be better to have corrupt officials occasionally in the pub-
lic service, where we would get at them and kick them out, than to
have them continually in the private concerns where we can’t touch
them with a forty-foot pole? I firmly believe that the final victory
of the people over monopolies is to be had only in public ownership
of public utilities. It is coming, but it is not here yet, and until it

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 187

comes the farmer and stockman must get the best relief possible un-
der the present system. The question is forever settled that a rail-
road is a public highway, and as such is subject to control and regu-
lation. We may not be able to reach their secret coffers and prevent
rebates and discriminations, but many evils and extortions can be
corrected if we will use the machinery and powers that we have. And
the farmer’s main power is kicking. Again we must get up steam
by the farmer’s yell, and while the President is advocating federal
regulation, and an increase of power of the Inter-State Commeice
Commission, we ought to begin to yell, and yell so loud that our rep-
resentatives at Washington will hear the echo, and will be afraid to
come home until they do something to relieve the people from the
greed and grasp of the railroads.

SHOULD WE FEED THE CROPS ON OUR FARMS OR SEEL
THEM?
(D. T. Mitchell, Woodlandville.)

Or in other words, is it best for a farmer to feed his crop to his
stock on the farm—cattle, hogs or sheep—or sell the grain product?
There are only two phases that I will attempt to bring out of this ques-
tion in the discussion of this subject. The farmer will necessarily be
influenced in answering this question by his view-point. If he regards
as the foremost of all important questions, the piling up of dollars—if
he thinks more of a plethoric bank account than he does of a bright
son or a sweet daughter—or if he thinks it is no rebellion against nature
to commence life with a vigorous, productive soil and leave it worn
out, an ugly waste place, fit only to mar the beauty of nature and re-
quire of the next occupant an accession of more wealth than he has
put to his own account to restore its fertility, then he will pursue that
course that will bring to his possession the greatest number of dollars.
In doing this I think he commits a sin, in an agricultural sense, un-
pardonable. I do not believe that any man has a moral right to take
the resources that the Divine Creator has put into our hands and waste
or abuse them, and the selling of crops from the land must necessarily
entail this condition. It is a sin against the resources that have been
committed to his care for a wise purpose.

We have all heard the remark—I have at least in my own com-
munity: “Well, this land will last and continue to produce, I suppose,
as long as I live or I shall want it,” carrying out the idea that the Al-

188 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

mighty had no other object in view in the creation of that land than
his occupancy or its use during his life time. Certainly we ought to
have enough patriotism and love for our fellow men to not export
that fertility which has been so abundantly given to our possession. If
we continue to drain our soils by the carting off of our products without
reimbursing them, we must necessarily deplete our soils.

Another reason: We are better prepared to meet the question
of transportation in a concentrated form by feeding our products on
the farm than by carting it and selling it in a crop form. I use to
live in the Rocky Mountains. The concentration of the ores was se-
cured by a succession of innumerable mines, they were concentrating
mines by which they reduced the weight to such an extent that the ores
could be sent to the smelting plants, and otherwise they could not
have transported them at all. This same process will apply when
farmers understand that a bushel of corn weighing 70 pounds can be
put into five pounds of beef, and so on through the entire list, including
the greatest concentration, the dairy product, and they will see the eco-
nomical aspect of this question in the matter of shipment of our stock
as compared with our grain products.

Therefore, for two reasons, I think we should feed the products of
the farm on the farm rather than to sell them in their crop condition,
from the fact that we maintain the fertility of our soil thereby and can
concentrate our product so that we are not so heavily taxed in getting
it to the market. These are the two ideas I advance, and thank you
for your attention.

NEW METHODS.
(Hon. M. V. Carroll, Sedalia, Mo.)

When I begun to consider the subject assigned me as a preliminary
to the preparation of this paper, I was undecided whether I should feel
complimented over the fact that its boundaries are as limitless as the
ocean, or regret that the starting and stopping points were not more
clearly defined. I have heard that in political meetings, where the man-
agers have to deal with a verbose, long-winded individual, they aim
to make him chairman and thus curb his talking propensity. Were this
theory applied I should feel complimented that the program committee
had sufficient confidence in my bent for concentration to assign me a
subject practically devoid of limitations.

The sphere of operations covered by the two organizations repre-

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 189

sented in this meeting—the live stock breeders and corn growers—in-
cludes the major portion of the whole field of Agriculture. It has been
said that there is nothing new, that the discoveries of today are the
forgotten knowledge of former times. Were this literally true the task
assigned me—that of indicating new methods for the application of
farmers and stockmen—would be an impossible one. In the presence
of an audience such as I am facing, composed as it is of learned college
professors, bright and quick-witted students and successful farmers and
stockmen who possess the cumulative knowledge that comes from long
years of experience and research, it would be presumptuous for me to
attempt to specify any new or unheard of methods. But we are all more
or less prone to forgetfulness, hence what I may say will be to you as re-
minders rather than innovations.

REAPING WITHOUT SOWING.

Knowledge is of no practical value unless applied. There was a
time in this country when the custom of sneering at what was designated
as “book farmin’’’ was widespread and popular and its votaries delighted
to belittle the agricultural press and every farmer who sought to gain
information thereby about his calling. Now the intelligent, progressive
farmer could not get along without these harbingers of progress. Through
their aid he may be said to reap without sowing—-he garners the net re-
sults of the experience of thousands of other farmers and skillful in-
vestigators without himself having to undergo costly and vexing ex-
periments. The disposition to realize on this species of “reaping” may
be called a “new method” for the reason that not more than one farmer
in ten takes and reads agricultural papers. May be this statement ap-
pears overdrawn? Mentally survey your own community: What per
cent of those of your acquaintance can prove by their system of farming
that they read agricultural papers? In our editorial rooms we receive
a large number of agricultural exchanges, coming from all parts of
America—without a single exception each and every one of them strenu-
ously and persistently advocate the sheltering and proper care of farm
implements. Recently, while making a ten-mile drive in a certain South-
west Missouri county—one of the best, too, in the State—I noted the
binders, mowers, plows, cultivators and other implements left in fence
corners and other unsheltered places, and calculated their aggregate
worth at conservative values—there were over $2,000 worth left out
doors, to rust and rot away. Possibly some of you pure bred stock
breeders would say that the owners of those implements are “scrub”
farmers. Maybe they are—but the biggest display of unsheltered im-

190 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

plements I saw during that drive was on the farm of a pure bred stock
breeder. However, I may say, parenthetically, that I don’t think he is
in attendance at this meeting.

SOILS AND SEEDS.

In my boyhood days, back in the Buckeye state, | heard old farmers
boast that a certain field had been cropped continuously in corn for
forty years, but they would mournfully admit that their yield was “sorter
nubbiny, kinder run out.” The “new methods” of modern agriculture
teach that such a practice robs and impoverishes the soil; that unless
we give back to it in some form an equivalent for the plant food taken
from it we lessen its productive capacity—also, that if properly managed,
the degree of soil fertility may not only be fully maintained while pro-
ducing a maximum yield but may actually be increased. The aforesaid
“double decade” corn grower, uninformed of the facts that like pro-
duces like and that cereals allowed to follow their natural inclinations in-
evitably tend to deterioration rather than improvement, selected his
seed corn from his crib of nubbins—the variegated result was designated
“kaliker corn’? and was just a little bit meaner than the parent stock
You expert corn growers now talk about breeding corn, meaning there-
by improving it by the careful selection of foundation stock (the seed),
mating it with the requisite conditions of soil fertility and tilth and the
application of known facts relative to pollination by means of which
you maintain its pure bred standard and reasonably expect the off-
spring will be just a little better than the parent stock in both quality
and yield, and that the net results will more than compensate for the
cost of their achievement. This is a “new method” of corn growing and

it will apply with equal force to every other crop grown on the farm.

NEW LIVE STOCK METHODS.

When we contemplate the apparently well authenticated statement
that less than two per cent of the live stock of the United States is pure
bred, the remainder being grades and scrubs, the conclusion must obtrude
itself that most of the hosts were absent from home when Mr. and Mrs.
New Methods made their round of calls. The old method was to breed
and continue to breed scrubs; the new method would banish the scrubs
and supply their places with pure bred live stock, all kinds. Many,
many years of patient, persistent effort, representing the natural life-
time of two generations, supplemented by the expenditure of millions
of dollars, have been devoted to the improvement of live stock in this
country, and yet we face the humiliating fact that but one-fftieth of the

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. IQ!I

task of scrub annihilation is accomplished. What's the matter? Why
have we not made greater progress?

A famous American general is credited with the declaration rel-
ative to one of his campaigns that he would “fight it out on that line
if it took all summer.” We have already devoted almost a century of
summers to our plan of attack on scrubs and have only made a two
per cent start. Evidently our plan of campaign is defective. Maybe our
supposed new method is really an old, antiquated one, else why such
slow progress? This paper is already becoming lengthy and older and
wiser heads than mine have wrestled with this problem. I frankly con-
fess my inability to suggest a new method that would promise to speedily
and effectually surmount all of the old obstacles to universal live stock
purification. I will, however, present a few suggestions born of close
observation.

“SCRUB” PURE BRED BREEDERS.

That quaint old Englishman, Ben Johnson, said that “clothes make
the man.” We know that appearances always count for more than their
par value, either for or against a man. I said a while ago that the
largest display of unsheltered implements I saw in a ten-mile drive,
was on the farm of a pure bred breeder. That man was related to the
“Bill Tumbledown” family and is a positive detriment to the crusade
against scrubs. Why? Because the average farmer who has been breed-
ing scrubs has come unconsciously to the belief that the owner of pure
bred stock—‘‘thoroughbreds” he calls them—is a pure bred farmer, that
all of his methods and operations should harmonize with his pretensions
about his stock; when he finds that the animals with high-sounding pedi-
grees are sO unpreposessing in appearance by reason of indifferent,
“scrub” care as to look no better than his own mongrels, and that the
surroundings of rickety, ragged fences, neglected buildings, foul and
muddy lots; thickets of cockleburrs and the whole premises resembling
the typical ““widder woman’s place,” his ardor to replace his scrubs with
pure breds is very apt to cool off—his respect for pure bred stock and
pure bred breeders undergoes a shrinkage and if he does buy some of
those unfortunate animals he is apt to handle them by scrub methods, be-
cause he is unable to see wherein Bill Tumbledown’s methods are any
better than his own, and disappointment is bound to result. In the
language of the street, Bill is a misfit. He is a scrub breeder of pure
bred stock, a mixture of old and new methods in which the old predomi-
nates and his influence is a wet blanket on the great industry with
which he has aligned himself. The multiplicity of members of the Tum-
bledown family is the greatest of all hindrances to the banishment of

192 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

scrubs. The new methods here applicable would be to furnish pure bred
care and environment to pure bred stock—then the moral force of the
combination would most certainly impress their great superiority over
scrubs.

INFLUENCE OF THE SHOW RING.

Public sales of pure bred stock have become a popular means of
selling the surplus and could be made to exercise a highly beneficent in-
fluence. Unforfunately, however, they are often detrimental to the
pure bred cause—again too many Tumbledowns. Scalawag and tail-
ender stock, fop-heavy with pedigree but devoid of even ordinary in-
dividual merit, that should have gone to the feed lot is presented as breed-
ing stock. Here again the votary of scrubs who has come as a spectator
draws invidious comparisons and gives audible utterances to his thoughts:
‘Them peddygreed critters ain’t a bit better than my scrubs.” The new
method would be to not only rigidly exclude from the public sale ring
all but really meritorious stock but to deny it registration as well. The
record association should exercise a more rigid censorship over the
quality of breeding stock for which they assume to stand sponsor.

My subject leads on and on, but this paper is already too long. Let
us reform. our plan of campaign, retrace our steps and start again by
regenerating the scrub breeders—the men who assume to breed pure
bred stock, while practicing scrub methods, then scrub live stock will
lessen rapidly.

WHAT HAS THE WORLD'S FAIR ACCOMPLISHED FOR
MISSOURI?

(tlon. Mat. W. Hall, Marshall.)

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I believe the subject assigned to me is “‘What has the World’s Fair
Accomplished for Missouri?” I want to say that I am glad to be in
Columbia tonight and I am glad to undertake to make some sort of ad-
dress in the University of the State of Missouri on this particular sub-
ject. I am glad for the reasons that two of your citizens were very
prominently connected with the World’s Fair.

As to what this World’s Fair has accomplished for Missouri, no
man at this time is able to know. Since I have been assigned this ques-
tion, I have asked a great many people “What particular thing, above
all others, in your judgment, has the World’s Fair done for Missouri?”

JACKSON Crier No 4769.
GRAND CHAMPION AT THE WORLDS FAIR 1904.
BRED AND EXHIBITED BY L.L.FROST MIRABILE, MISSOURI.

~

Jackson Chief, 4759, the never beaten Chester-White of the world, winning the grand champion-
ship prize at the World’s Fair, 1904, and $758 cash prizes, Bred and owned by Judge L. %. Frost, Mirabile,
Missouri.

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. . 193

They have given me all sorts of answers. Some of them have said:
“Why, it has advertised Missouri to the East, which never appreciated
it before.” Others have said that “it has advertised Missouri, not only
to the east, but to the civilized world, as she has never been advertised
before.’ These things are good, I will admit, but there are other great
things that this Fair has done for Missourt.

This Fair has done somethings, some things it has not done. One thing
it has done: this Fair enabled Missouri to discover your distinguished
citizen, Walter Williams, and in spite of his extreme modesty, has forecd
him to acknowledge the fact that he is the author of the best history
of Missouri that has ever been written up to date, and that history, to-
night, is not only scattered over every state in this glorious Union, but
it is being read by the people of every civilized country on earth. But
one thing this Fair has not accomplished, fellow citizens, and I rejoice
in the fact that it has not, it has not made any change in the countenance
of the man who conducts the train that runs from here out to the Wabash
main line. From the cap that sits on his head to the shoes that are on
his feet, there is a look and an appearance of satisfaction and content-
ment. I think he is the best satisfied—the best contented man with the
position he holds that I have ever seen in my life. He is cordial to every-
body. He assists the ladies on and off the train and he is as well satis-
fied as it is necessary for any man in this world to be. And what a
great thing, fellow citizens, what a great thing, it is to be satisfied. And
the greatest thing, in my judgment that this World’s Fair has done for
Missouri is that it has satisfied Missourians with this, our own country.
It has done more to make Missourians contented with Missouri than all
other agencies put together in the last forty years.

I think I have a right to speak on this question, for the reason that
I journeyed over the western half of Missouri and Col. Waters down there
journeyed over the eastern half of Missouri, organizing the several coun-
ties in this State, looking to the getting out of the displays from these
counties, and I say to you that I never understood, and I found the people
in these counties did not understand any better than I did, the wonderful,
wonderful possibilities of this great State of ours. I want to say to
you that I found counties where men had been living for years and
years, surrounded with peace and plenty and living in comfort—had
simply stayed at home. They had looked on the same ridges, they had
looked on the same trees and the same houses and the same people until
things had become common to them. I have known numbers of these
cases where these men in an unguarded moment priced their farms to
some passerby and sold out at what they considered fabulous prices,

A—13

194 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

thinking they would go to another state and better their condition. I
have known Missourians to leave our State in the last four years, and
after they, had looked around for a few weeks, go back to their original
vine and shade tree and beg the man that had bought their farms to let
them buy them back at an increased price, and when they were refused,
sat down and wept. I thank God, as a Missourian, for the World’s
Fair, if it has done nothing else than to satisfy our own people with
our Own country and induced them to hold on to it. It has enabled
Missouri to make the greatest display of her mineral resources that the
world has ever seen. The people of our own State now know more about
the possibilities of the mineral output in Missouri than they have here-
tofore known, even of the Agricultural output in this State. In the
Educational Department, in the Forest, Fisheries and Game, as in all
the rest of the departments, no man ever saw from any State or
country such a display as was made by Missouri. It enabled the farmers
of Missouri to make the greatest Agricultural display that was ever seen
or known at any of the great fairs of the world. And I want to say to
you that when the Committee on Awards had completed their labors in
the Agricultural building they came to me and said: “We have done
for Missouri all that it is possible for us to do under the rules of this
Exposition, but we realize that we have not done half enough.” Hal/
enough. “Because,” they said, ‘Missouri stands here absolutely in a class
by herself; so much so that we, the members of the Group Jury are
going to the Superior Jury and ask them to create a special place that
Missouri may have some special recognition.”’ I want to say that while
the farmers are responsible for this magnificent display—because we
never could have made it in the world if the farmers of Missouri had
not responded to our call—I want to say that they were as much sur-.
prised when they came down there and saw what they had done as any-
body else that visited that Exposition. We had on display about three
thousand bushels of corn, the equal of which was never collected before
under one roof.

Another thing that the World’s Fair has enabled Missouri to do—
some of that corn today is in every part of the civilized world. Missouri
has corn today growing in South Africa. Early last spring there was a
South African Boer farmer who came over to St. Louis to look after
improved farm machinery. He came to our space and he greatly ad-
mired our corn display. Down there they call it “the mealy cob.” He
said, “It cost England millions of dollars. Our men would have it in
their haversacks and when they stopped at night they would grind it
up with-their little mills and we would make our gruel with it and would

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 195

cook our meat in it. There is nothing in it but what would make us
strong and able to fight, and,” he said, “While I don’t blame you, still it
is a fact that if the United States had not furnished England so much
beef and so many mules, we would have whipped her in spite of fate.”
That South African farmer said further: “The war has destroyed our
horses. The English put explosives under our farm implements and
blew them to pieces, but the great God that rules over the destinies of
our people has given us plenty of coal in the bowels of the earth and we
are getting it out. I have purchased two steam gang plows and I am
going to ship them to South Africa and with these | am going to plow
my land by steam.”” He owned six thousand acres of this African prairie.
I said: ‘My friend—because | am your friend, as are all Missourians—
when you get ready to ship your implements back to South Africa,
come to the Missouri space. I want to take out some of the best seed
corn in this space and I want you to carry it back to South Africa and
plant it in the name of Missouri.” He came back and I picked out two
barrels of the best corn I could find in the space and he took it back with
him. ‘Their season is the reverse of ours, and it was planted the first of
September and is growing today. That is another thing that the World’s
Fair has enabled Missouri to do. It has not only enabled her to show
the wonderful products of this wonderful State of ours, but it has also
enabled her to show that she is a friend of oppressed and down-trodden
humanity wherever that humanity exists.

This subject, ladies and gentlemen, is a pleasant one to me. You
will remember that when the proposition of the World’s Fair was first
suggested, I favored that proposition. The people of Missouri responded
to the call of the Missouri Legislature and generously appropriated a
million dollars for Missouri to participate in that great enterprise. The
Missouri Commission have up-to-date—(they have not finished )—spent
about eight hundred thousand dollars of that million dollar appfopria-
tion, and I want to say as a native born Missourian, that, to my mind,
it is the best money that the State has ever expended. Do you believe
me when I tell you that people have come to the Missouri space—(and
you will pardon me, ladies and gentlemen, for speaking of the Agri-
cultural space, for the reason that that is the only space that I had any
thing to do with, and the people that came to that space are the only
ones that I met. I do not want anybody to think that I want to boost
the Agricultural display over the other Missouri displays, because it
was the universal verdict of every lady and gentleman that I conversed
with at the Exposition that—go where you would from the State Build-
ing to any of her exhibits—that Missouri stood head and shoulders, in

196 : MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

every instance, over every other state, territory or nation that exhibited
there)—during spring, summer and fall, people would come to our space
in the Agricultural building from the eastern part of this country and
some of them were so much astonished as to be almost angry, and they
would exclaim, “Why, how does this come? What does this mean?
We have never regarded Missouri as a great Agricultural country.” One
man said to me: “This will do a great thing for Missouri. Why no-
body thinks of Missouri like this back in our country. We have always
regarded Missouri as a border state. We really back in our country
when I first talked about coming out to the World’s Fair’—now this
sounds fishy, but it happened—‘‘when I first talked about coming to the
World’s Fair, my people told me: ‘You had better not go down there to
Missouri. Some of those Missourians will kill you before you ever get
back,’ and I confess to you that I was silly enough to have fears on that
subject. But I have come and seen your display and I see as fine men
and women here as I see in any part of the world; and this World’s Fair
will be a great advertisement for Missouri, will cause a great flood of
immigration to come into Missouri.’ I said: ‘Well, Missouri is here,
they can come if they want to. But,’ I said, “let me tell you something
about the characteristics of a Missourian. You will never find one of
them that will beg you to come and settle among them. You are wel-
come if you come and you are welcome to stay if you want to, and if you
don’t want to stay, you are just as welcome to go away as you were to
come.” He said: “Why are they that kind of people?’ I replied, “I
can explain it to you.’ ‘‘Missourians spring from a race of pioneers that
came over into this country in an early day, married, as my father and
mother did, as mere girls and boys, and very frequently journeyed over
into the wilderness here on horseback bringing their worldly possessions
along with them. They located on a good strip of timber, by a good
spring, built them a cabin and began life and lived happy and contented
and raised a large family. They have always known that they had a
good thing, they have always been satisfied with their surroundings and
you never see one of them on a housetop, blowing a horn to attract some-
body’s attention to get him to come and settle here by the side of them;
but still, if he comes, he is welcome.” I further said: “These people that
you find in Missouri come from such stock as that, and while we have
the best people that the sun shines on, while we have the most hospitable
people in the world, they won’t beg you to abide with them, but you are
welcome if you want to come. And I say to you now, as a Missourian,
if you want to change your home, I tell you to come to Missouri and

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 197

in any part of this great State you will find such a civilization as I have
described to you.”

Let me tell you, fellow citizens, a little story of pioneer life I got
hold of in my travels. I was down in Rolla and I was talking about
Missouri, as was my business at that time, and when I finished a tall,
grey-whiskered man !aid his hand in mine and said “I like to hear a man
talk about Missouri as you have talked about it.” I thanked him, of
course, and we drifted to one side and sat down and he told me a story,
and I am going to trespass on your patience to tell it to you. He said:
“Way back in the early days of Missouri two brothers journeyed
over into this State and settled near the Missouri river above St. Louis.
The older brother was to take care of the farm while the younger brother
was to look after the housekeeping, cooking, etc. They lived that way
for several years and did fairly well, but one day the younger brother
who had had a piece of meat to burn while cooking—I suppose a stick
of wood had burned in two, turned the kettle over and poured the con-
tents on the ground—got up a demurrer. He said to his brother: “We
have been living along this way for severai years, but this is not the way
to live. One of us must get married.’ The other brother said: ‘All
right. You are the youngest. Go and hunt you a wife. I realize that
we can live better and be better men with a housekeeper than we are
now. The younger one said: ‘No, you are the oldest. It is your duty
to get married first.’ So they discussed it until Saturday morning. They
- knew where there was a pioneer family living across the country con-
taining a number of girls. So on Saturday morning the older brother
started, traveling by the points of the compass, because there was no
road in those days. And when he got over to the house, first his horse
was put up, then he must come in and have some supper. After supper he
and the father of the family walked into an adjoining room and sat down
while the wife and daughters were doing the dishes, etc., and he said
to the father: ‘I have come over here to see if you had any objection
to my marrying your daughter.’ The old gentleman said—‘Well, I don’t
know. What does the girl think about it? ‘Oh,’ the young fellow
answered, ‘I am not acquainted with your girls at all. I felt that my
first duty was to talk to you on that subject.’ The father answered: ‘Well,
if my daughter is willing, I certainly have no objections,’ and he turned
and spoke to his wife through the open door, and said: ‘Send Mary in
here.’. Mary came in and he gave her a formal introduction to the man.
He said: ‘Mary, here is a man come up here and wants to marry you.
What do you think about it? ‘I have not thought about it at all.’ “Well,
you think about it till tomorrow morning and after breakfast you can

198 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

give your answer.’ ‘he dishes were done up. The family sat and con-
versed until retiring time and the next morning Mary was called’on for
her reply. She said she was willing to marry the man. The father was
a justice of the peace, and he said: ‘If you want to get married, I will
marry you this morning.’ The young man said: ‘I don’t want to marry
so soon as that. I want to go home and tell my brother and we want
to add what conveniences we can to the premises, in our crude way, and
if agreeable to everybody, I will go home and come back in two weeks
and be married then.’ It was agreed, he went home; he and his brother
did as he said and at the end of the two weeks he came back and the
next morning they were married. He got on his horse and rode to the
stile blocks, his girl wife leaped on behind him and their bridal tour was
forty miles through the wilderness back to his home. The sequel to that
story is they lived a long, happy and prosperous life, raising a large
family and today as a result of that union, their grandson is a professor
in the School of Mines at Rolla, Missouri, Professor Wilkerson.” This
marriage of real pioneer life seems a very crude marriage to us, but,
ladies and gentlemen, fellow citizens and Missourians, I am going to
take the stand on this platform in the year 1905, and say that there was
more sanctity, more manhood and womanhood and more real marriage in
that marriage than there is in half the marriages of today.

Now, ladies and gentlemen, I have talked to you long enough. I
do not know just what the future of Missouri will be, but my ideal is a
very high one now. I do not know:what my own future may be, nor do I
know that I am specially concerned on that point, but I know that I was
born in Missouri, the mother and father who gave me birth are buried
in Missouri and when life’s journey is over with me, there is one wish
above all others that I now make, and that is, that I sleep in her bosom
and mingle my ashes with her dust.

I thank you.

the

el MM Det | ea aie) Laelia

7 Bail he cii, Liieoabihts

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.
HELD IN ST. LOUIS, 1904.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD'S GREATEST EXPOSITION—-MISSOURI IN
COMPARISON.

AGRICULTURE,

Agriculture at the Exposition.—If there was one particular in which
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition excelled all other expositions it
was in the beauty and magnitude of its agricultural display. Agri-
culture is the foundation of all arts, sciences and industries. The only
human occupation, which from its very nature bears an inseparable
relation to the State. Hence there was nothing more fitting than that
the greatest display of the greatest exposition in all the history of
expositions, should have been devoted to agriculture.

The Agricultural Building —The building itself, with its twin
palace of Horticulture, was badly located. It is the general verdict
today that the Agricultural and Horticultural buildings should have
been placed directly west of the Transportation building. The incon-
venient position of the Agricultural building acted only as a tem-
porary hindrance, for when its glories received their proper adver-
tisement, the crowd thronging its aisles was always large. Although
severely plain in architectural style, the building was graceful enough
when viewed from a distance. It was 1,600 feet by 500 feet, and so
immense that its interior did not reveal the fact that its south door
was nearly twenty feet higher than the north entrance. The building
contained a systematic arrangement of every exhibit pertaining to
agriculture from the earliest day down to the present time. Fully
one-fourth of the space was devoted to farm implements and ma-
chinery, and appliances whereby farm products are manufactured into
the thousand and one things necessary to our daily life. This section
of the building included fertilization and irrigation displays.

Special Displays —The appliances and methods used in agriculture
were also exhibited in many of the special displays, notably those of
cotton, tobacco, dairying and the manufacture of food stuffs. All
through these exhibits corn was specialized. The grains from each

200 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

state in the Union were given prominent places. The special corn |
exhibit not only included the best specimens from every state, but
demonstrated the manufacture of corn into all of its products and by-
products. If this exhibit had showed only what could be made from
corn, it would have been worth months of study. The products and
by-products of corn form a varied group consisting of starch, glucose,
gum, dextrine, anhydrous and grape sugar, syrup, corn oil, corn rub-
ber, corn oil cake, corn oil meal, gluten meal, canned corn, grits,
samp, hominy, malt, whiskey, beer, dry wines of high alcoholic
strength, alcohol, fusel oil, stover, ensilage, shucks, fodder and cobs.
The same method of exhibit and treatment was given the canes, the
beets and the sorghums. The best processes for dairying and cheese
making were exemplified in a model dairy. Sections were also de-
voted to meats, fishes and vegetables—in fact to every known thing
to eat or drink. Anda sectien not of the least interest to the farmer,
showed every insect with an essay upon its habits, and a herbarium
of the diseases most common to plant life in America.

The Exhibits and Exhibitors—The Agricultural building contained
12,056 exhibits of all sorts. These exhibits, private and otherwise,
came from every country in the world, and exploited completely the
products of each country and the industries which depended upon
those products. The following countries had spaces: Argentine,
Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Ceylon, China, Costa
Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, France, the French colonies, Germany,
German East Africa, Great Britain, Greece, Gautemala, Hayti, Hon-
duras, Hungary, Italy, Jamaica (unofficial), Japan, The Netherlands,
New South Wales, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Peru, Porto Rico, Portu-
gal, Roumania, San Salvador, Siam, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey (unofficial), Uruguay and Venezuela.

Russia’s exhibit was in the Varied Industries building, and the
East India exhibit, consisting mainly of teas, was in the East India
building. The participation of these countries contributed largely to
the beauty of the building. Among the foreign exhibits from the
western world, there were worthy of special praise, the Argentine
Republic, which, for corn, wheat and cattle, is destined in the future
to be our chief competitor; Mexico with her gorgeous display of
corn, colfee, rubber and semi-tropical products, and Canada, with a
most perfect exploitation of her wonderland ; the great Northwest with
its wheat, grasses and cattle.

The central of the three corn towers in the Missouri Exhibit. This is a
replica of the Louisiana Monument and is made of varied colored corn.
The corn in this monument was furnished by every one of the 114 counties
in the State.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 201

THE UNITED STATES.

The Participation of the States.—Thirty-five states and territories
participated in the agricultural display, the chief exhibits of which
were as follows:

Arizona—Vegetables, weol and grasses.

Arkansas—Corn, cotton, vegetables and grasses.

California—Vegetables, canned fruits, wines, fruits and brandies.

Colorado—Vegetables, peas, beans, grasses and fruit.

Connecticut—Tobacco and corn.

Georgia— Vegetables, syrups, whiskey and corn.

Idaho—Grains and grasses.

Ilinois—Cereals, corn and corn breeding.

Indiana—Collective exhibit of edible products.

Iowa—Cereals and grasses.

Kansas—Seeds, vegetables, flour, syrup, flax.

Kentucky—Tobacco, grains, grasses and whiskey.

Louisiana—Fertilizers, tobacco, cotton, sugar cane and vegetables.

Maryland—Cereals, canned goods, tobacco.
Massachusetts—Market gardening methods and tobacco.
Michigan—Cereals, grasses, wool, beet sugar and preserved fruits.
Minnesota—Cereals and butter.

Missouri—Corn, grains, grasses, wool, cotton, tobacco, vegetables.

Montana—Grasses, grains, vegetables and wool.
Nebraska—Grains and corn.
Nevada

New Mexico—Angora goat fleeces, corn, honey.

Flour, cotton, wool, honey.

New York—Cereals, butter, and seeds.

North Carolina—Tobacco, leaf and manufactured.

Oklahoma—Flour, broom corn, flax and wines.

Oregon—Corn, grain, grasses, dairying.

Pennsylvania—Cereals, gtains, grasses, tobacco and wool.

Rhode Island—Potatoes, theoretical gardening.

South Dakota—Corn, grain, grasses and butter.

Tennessee—Peanuts, tobacco and cereals.

Texas—Seeds, corn, cotton, flour and wine.

Utah—Grains, vegetables, grasses, honey.

Virginia—Grains, grasses, tobacco.

Washington—Cereals, butter, hops.

Wisconsin—Seeds, grains, erasses, butter.

Artistic Exhibits of the States—The states had two kinds of ex-
hibits—the collective and the special. Not every state made a special

202 - MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

exhibit; but each exhibit, whether special or collective, was of the
highest order of artistic excellence. The following special exhibits in
the main aisle were masterpieces of the art, the result of thirty years
experience in exposition making:
A pedestal of many colored corn.

Indiana—A corn obelisk.

Missouri—The celebrated corn palace, by far the most beautiful
of special exhibits, which will be described under “In Missouri.”

Nebraska—Ruby red corn house,

Maryland—Corn peristyle.

Mississippi—King cotton, an heroic cotton figure, fifty feet high.

California—Golden Temple of Bacchus, flanked by four golden
wine casks.

Virginia

Georgia—A log cabin.

Colorado—Sugar beet pavilion.

Louisiana—Sugar cane with sugar mill.

Tennessee—Tobacco house.

Maryland—Indian tobacco statue.

Connecticut—Leaf-tobacco display.

North Carolina—Tobacco seed house.

Kentucky—Tobacco leaf display house.

The headquarters of the various states on the spaces alloted to
them were equally beautiful. As a rule, staff work prevailed, orna-
mented with grasses, seeds and corn.

Prizes on Collective Exhibits—The following were the grand
prize awards on collective exhibits:

Missouri—Grasses and corn.

Ilowa—Spring wheat, timothy, red clover and buckwheat.

Texas—Sugar.

Kentucky

Whiskey and tobacco.

Wisconsin—Rye, barley, dairy school exhibit and garden seed.

Georgia—Grain, field peas, tobacco. 3

Minnesota—Wheat breeding experiments in Blue Stem wheat.

Kansas—Wheat, barley, red clover, grains and Kaffir corn.

Utah—Irrigation exhibit, seeds and cereals.

Indian Territory—Corn.

Nebraska—Corn, sheaf and threshed grains, wild and tame
grasses and twenty-six products of corn.

Pennsylvania—Tobacco, grasses, Delaine wool.

New York—Grains, seeds, canned goods, manufactured tobacco,
wines, butter and preserves,

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 203

Illinois—State University Exhibit, Corn Breeders,’ Corn Grow-
ers’ Associations, Illinois Farm Bats: Corn Exhibit, glucose, grains,
grasses, seeds.

California—Collective exhibit of eighteen counties, fruit, grasses,
grains, peas, beans and wheat.

The Butter and Cheese Display—One exhibit in the Agricultural
building which speedily became famous was the butter statuary.
Artistically this display begged no favor because its figures were
moulded in butter. The participating states with their displays, were
as follows: .

Minnesota—The discovery of the falls of St. Anthony by Father
Hennepin, by J. K. Daniels. Three figures in an Indian canoe, made
of 1,000 pounds of neeueet average score butter—Awarded a Grand
Prize.

Indiana—A group symbolic of cost and profit.

Nebraska—The horn of plenty—a cornucopia pouring out golden
butter nuggets.

South Dakota—Butter flowers from native meadows.

North Dakota—An equestrian statue of President Roosevelt.

California—The symbolical wolves.

Oregon—A creamery scene.

Washington—Milking time—the maid milking the cow and feed-
ing the cat.

Missouri—The old and the new way in dairy methods, an ebee:
ate artistic production containing three thousand pounds of creamery
butter, made for the State by the Blue Valley Creamery Company.
The cow from which one of the figures was modeled, was subse-
quently sold for $2,350. Awarded a Grand Prize.

New York—Liberty Bell and a medallion of President Roose-
velt. Awarded a Gold Medal.

Kansas—Dairy girl at work in creamery.

Illinois—Statues of Grant, Lincoln, D. R. Francis, J. V. C. Skiff
and Frederick W. Taylor, Chief World’s Fair Department of Agri- -
culture.

lowa—Dairy house and statue of John Stewart.

Connecticut—Regular dairy display in small packages.

Wisconsin—Milkmaid and cow—Awarded a Gold Medal.

The prizes awarded these displays were not given for dairy ex-
cellence, for in most cases the butter used was of low grade. The
prizes were awarded solely upon artistic beauty.

Missouri in Comparison with Other States——In addition to her corn

204 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

palace which was a special display put up at the request of the De-
partment of Agriculture, Missouri occupied by far the most promi-
nent place allotted to any purely agricultural state. Of the corn
growing states of the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri’s exhibit was de-
cidedly the best. ‘The display by states in the Agricultural building
cost a small fortune. The following table is intended to be only ap-
proximate, as the authorities in charge would not announce definite
figures. South Dakota, $10,000; North Dakota, $12,000; Colorado,
$13,000; Kansas, $30,000; Nebraska, $30,000; Iowa, $35,000; Min-
mesota,. 63'5,000'-< California, $.0 020.25 ; Missouri, $80,459.74. Mis-
souri appropriated $100,000 for the agricultural display, $70,000 of
which had been expended at the close of the Exposition, $60,000 for
actual exhibits and their installation, and $10,000 for salaries and
incidental expenses.

The Display Artistically and Otherwise—The facts about the
Missouri display are almost as interesting as the exhibit itself. It
required 6,000 bushels of especially selected corn, 200 bushels of
grains and grasses, and two tons of grass, wheat, oats, rye and straw
to put up the towers, friezes, facades, pagodas and pictures which
made the five blocks east of the main aisle the most beautiful spot in
the Agricultural building. The Missouri exhibit had one advantage
over every other in the building, in that its beauties were not ob-
scured by staff work. The five blocks of exhibits were made up of
the real material produced on the farms and in the orchards and
gardens of the State and the arrangement was both logical and
practical.

One feature of the display which attracted immediate attention
was the two immense pictures on the west wall, in the State’s sec-
tion, the 6,000 acre corn field af David JRankin’s Atchison county farm
and the Model Missouri Farm. These pictures were each 35 by 15
feet and were made entirely of grains and grasses. They were built
by the great French-Canadian decorator and artist, Mr. J. D. Fortier
- of Toronto, and were the most gorgeous pieces of work of this char-
acter ever attempted. They cost the Missouri Commission $3,000.
Mr. Fortier also assisted in the other decorative work.

Within the staff work which surrounded, the entire space of Mis-
souri’s exhibit were smaller pictures forming a progressive history of
the art of agriculture, each picture made from grain, grasses, mosses,
corn and parts of corn. The pictures in this richly tinted mural group
represented every phase of agricultural life, from the most primitive
days down to the present time; the old way, the new way, fields, farm
work, and cattle in green pastures.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 205

Two other artistic features of the exhibit were the two corn
towers, one of white and one of yellow ears, each 38 feet high with
the Louisiana Purchase Monument 45 feet high between them, and
two flags, the stars and stripes, and the Louisiana Purchase Emblem,
made of undyed, many-colored shucks and blades of corn.

The Central Corn Palace, to which reference has already been
made, would have been in itself a creditable State display. Sitxy-five
feet high and 40 feet in base diameter, it was, next to the Matchless
Festival Hall, the most graceful dome on the exposition grounds. It
was not only an admirable lotinging room for tired Missourians, and a
convenient meeting place for everybody in the great building, but it
was worthy of note as containing the very finest specimens of all
varieties of Missouri corn and a sample of nearly every agricultural
product which the State produces.

The Missouri Commission and the Exhibit.—The average visitor
in the Agricultural building, farmer though he may have been, had
only a general idea of the plan pursued in organizing. the working
force, gathering the materials for the State’s display and erecting the
artistic part of it in the building. Every expenditure for every pur-
pose made by the State at the exposition was under the direction of
the Missouri Commission appointed by Governor A. M. Dockery, con-
sisting of the following members: M. T. Davis, President; F. J.
Moss, Vice-President; B. H. Bonfoey, Secretary; J. H. Hawthorne,
treasurer; L. F. Parker, J. O. Allison, D. P..Stroup, N. H. Gentry and
W.H. Marshall. J. O. Allison was Commissioner of Agriculture for
Missouri.

The Missouri Agricultural exhibit was under the direct super-
vision of Dr. H. J. Waters, who is Dean of Missouri Agricultural Col-
lege and one of the most active members of the State Board of Agri-
culture. The inception of the general plan of the exhibit is due to Dr.
Waters’ knowledge of scientific and practical agriculture, together
with his earnest desire to place the agriculture of the State in the
position that its importance demands. Hon. Mat. W. Hall and Col.
G. W. Waters, both experienced and successful farmers, were the
able assistants in this department and too much credit cannot be given
each for the able assistance rendered. To the Allen Decorating Com-
pany of St. Louis, chief decorators for the Missouri Commission, is
due the fine artistic effect of this superb exhibit.

-After months of arduous labor in collectintg and installing the
exhibit, Dr. Waters resigned his position and went to Europe for a
year’s study. The Commission exercised the best judgment in select-
ing Hon. Mat. W. Hall of Saline county to succeed Dr. Waters. Mr.

206 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Hall has made an admirable officer, able, courteous and an indefati-
gable worker where the State’s interests were concerned. He and his
chief clerk, Mr. Dudley, have worked ten hours a day at clerical tasks
for months. The Missouri Commission, individually, deserves like
praise. On December Ist, President M. T. Davis had not been in a
half dozen of the fair’s main buildings, so exacting had been the duties
of his office.

The Display—Its Collection.—The materials for Missouri’s display
came from various sources. ‘There were, for instance, 345 private ex-
hibits. These exhibits comprehended everything produced in the
State. The greater part of the exhibit, especially corn, was collected
at county corn shows held for the purpose in co-operation with the
Farmers’ institutes conducted by the State Board of Agriculture. At
these corn shows a premium of $50 was offered for the best corn, the
corn to belong to the Missouri Commission.

Missouri’s Great Variety.—In the variety of the products of the
soil Missouri €asily surpassed any state or nation in the world. The
State not only produces variety, but produces abundantly and of the
highest quality. In the year 1902 Missouri produced more bushels
of corn per acre than any State in the Union; for three years, 1902-3-4,
Missouri produced, according to Uncle Sam’s reports, an average yield
per acre of 5 bushels more than Kansas, 22 bushels more than Ne-
braska and 1.7 more than Iowa. In both quality of fiber and amount
of yicld per acre Missouri’s cotton fields of the southern counties
excel that of any other State.

The great variety of products adapted to the State is clearly
shown by the following list of exhibits, all of which are profitably
raised: Corn, oats, wheat, alfalfa, rye, millet, flax, bluegrass, Kaffir
corn, popcorn, sugar corn, buckwheat, potatoes, white clover, red
clover, alsike clover, crimson clover, sweet clover, meadow fescue,
hemp, cowpeas, Canada field peas, soy beans, blue stem, broom corn,
sorghum seed and syrup, sunflower seed, egg plant, castor bean, cab-
bage, asparagus, pumpkins, beets, onions, rhubarb, wines, apples, and
other fruits, including 430 different kinds, melons, cantaloupes, tim-
othy, clover seed, sweet potatoes, tobacco, navy beans, turnips, cider,
squash, cucumbers, peppers, emmer, radishes, ginseng, brandy, honey
and many others of less importance.

The Prizes and Awards.—There is a mistaken idea _ prevalent
throughout the State concerning the exposition awards, what they are,
what they represent, and the methods by which they were given. We
wish that it were otherwise, for we dislike very much to say it—the

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 207

awards are not to be taken too seriously. The awards were divided
into four classes: a grand prize, the highest award made, which was
simply a diploma; 2nd, a gold medal worth $65; 3rd, a silver medal,
worth $20, and 4th, a bronze medal worth $3. These awards were not
prizes in the ordinary interpretation of that term in that they were not
exclusively conferred. They represented orders of excellence, which
to the uninformed, will explain the seemingly paradoxical circum-
stance of any article having several medals of the same rank. The
awards were made by two juries, the jury of recommendation and
the superior, or jury of appeal. The work of these juries did not al-
ways meet with the popular approval. One thing is certain; the
millions who marched through the seven miles of aisles in the Agri-
cultural building, by common consent, gave Missouri many times the
awards she received at the hands of the powers that were—up stairs
in the Agricultural building. For list of awards see report of Missouri
Commission on another page.

HORTICULTURE.

The Building—The Horticultural building was located immediate-
ly south of the Agricultural building. Although one of the most in-
accessible structures on the exposition grounds, it was admirably
adapted to the purposes for which it was erected.” It was the best
lighted of all the exposition palaces.

Some State Displays ——The Horticultural building was beautiful as
a whole chieiiy because the various State displays were more nearly
uniform than in any other building. Missouri, Mississippi and Cali-
fornia possessed the notable displays. The pecan horse of Mississippi
attracted its share of attention. California’s display was elaborate,
costly and imposing with its many facades of Mission architecture.
The fine, actual picture of the Riverside Orange growing country was,
next to the.two farm scenes in Missouri’s agricultural exhibit, the
finest thing in the exposition of its sort.

The Missouri Display occupied 7,700 square feet of the building,
and was located advantageously, immediately in front of the main
entrance. ‘The exhibit spaces were surrounded by arches and facades
of white staff work, with fruit and flower designs everywhere. On
space 29 was the crowning feature in the building—Missouri’s ex-
hibit. A pagoda with small fountains at the ends and center capable
of holding twelve stands of fruit. The name “Missouri” in gold let-
ters was engraved on the facades. Around the exhibit space was a
miniature elevated railroad track and train from the State’s fruit

208 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

country. All around were the tables, jars and plates, ladened with the °
best the State can produce.

Varieties—‘On tables, in glass jars, cases and on specially de-
signed plates, Missouri’s display of fruit occupied this large space.
Every inch of space was filled with the finest fruit. Nearly two
hundred varieties ot apples were shown and for nearly five months
fresh apples were daily upon the tables, while apples from cold
storage were shown for the entire seven months of the exposition
period. Five hundred bushels of apples were given away on Apple
Day, October 4. Seventy-two varieties of apples were shown, with
fresh peaches on the tables daily from June 15 to December 1. Over
sixty bushels of different varieties were exhibited at one time an un-
exampled picture. On August 15, Peach Day, five hundred bushels,
a full car load, were distributed to visitors. Two thousand plates of
pears, of forty-eight varieties were shown from August to December
1. Among the other fruits shown were one thousand plates of grapes
with 124 varieties, one thousand plates of strawberries with sixty-
four varieties, five hundred plates of cherries with twenty-four varie-
ties, four hundred plates of plums with thirty-two varieties, sixty
plates of apricots with six varieties, twenty plates of nectarines with
two varieties, one hundred and sixty plates of quinces with six varie-
ties, three hundred plates of gooseberries with eight varieties, one
hundred plates of currants with six varieties, two hundred plates of
raspberries with twenty-four varieties, three hundred plates of black-
berries with eight varieties, one hundred plates of dewberries with
two varieties, twenty-four plates of mulberries with four varieties, one
hundred and twenty plates of huckleberries with two varieties, one
hundred plates of persimmons, pawpaws, crab apples and thorn appies
with eighteen varieties. Ten show cases of Missouri nuts, illustrating
forty-eight varieties. There were two thousand four hundred jars
of fruit in solution, illustrating four hundred and thirty varieties.
Altogether six hundred and ninety-four varieties of fresh fruits were
shown, a display unequaled by any state or country. . Out of the one
hundred and fourteen counties of Missouri, ninety-six were actually
represented by fruit. The Missouri Horticultural Society, the indi-
vidual fruit grower and horticultural department of the Misseuri
Agricultural College contributed materially to the sources of the
exhibit. The exhibit was beautifully displayed and was especially
popular. On its educational side it taught the adaptability of varie-
ties to particular localities, the value of soils and subsoils, elevation,
cultivation, pruning and spraying, packing and marketing and cold
storage, and various points which confront every fruit grower.”

Missouri's Horticultural Exhibit occupied 6,600 square feet of space and embraced every variety of fruits and nuts
produced in the State.

i)

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 209

Of the different varieties of fruits displayed the following were
most popular in the order named:

Apples—Jonathan, Gano, Ben Davis, York and Winesap.

Peaches—Elberta, Buck, Old Mixon, Salway, Champion and
Family Favorite.

Pears—Keiffer, Bartlett, Duchess.

Grapes—Concord, Worden, Moore’s Early, Niagara and Newton’s
Virginia.

Strawberries—Warfield, Crescent, Haverland, Bubach, Jessie and
‘Parker Earl.

Plums—Burbank, Wild Goose and Damson.

The cost of the display was $51,667.20. The horticultural board,
consisting of Hon. L. A. Goodman, C. H. Dutcher, W. G. Gano, W.
P. Flournoy and J. C. Whitten, deserve a great deal of credit for the
beautiful Missouri exhibit.

Missourt im Comparison.—Missouri easily outranked the other
Louisiana Purchase states. She more than held her own with Cali-
fornia, outranking her in variety. But there was one state display
which ought to have furnished feod for thought to all of the fertile
states of the Mississippi valley, and that state was Connecticut. The
Connecticut display consisted entirely of pictures exploiting the beauty
and perfection of the state’s landscape gardening and park making.
The lesson taught by the Connecticut exhibit, namely, the art and
the necessity of doing things well, will one day be learned in this
section; and when it is learned there will not be a bare nor an ugly
spot in all Missouri’s 69,700 square miles.

COTTON.

Missouri Cotton.—That the quality of the cotton grown in Mis-
souri is of the very best is proved by the fact that the only bale of
Missouri cotton exhibited received a grand prize for its high standard
of excellence. The exhibit was made by Mr. W. N. Burns, of Gibson,
Dunklin county.

The State produced in 1904, on 74,988 acres, a total yield of 24,-
451,690 pounds of lint cotton, valued at $2,272,660. Dunklin county
produced 6o per cent of the total for the State. It may not be gener-
ally known, but it is true, nevertheless, that in quality and length of
fiber and average yield per acre, Southeast Missouri excels the other
states of the Union.

For list of awards in horticulture see report of Missouri Com-
mission on another page.

A—14

210 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

DAIRYING.
(From the Report of the Missouri Commission.)

The history of dairying in Missouri is not unlike that of other coun-
tries. It’s a story of early obscurity and future prominence. It’s an old
story and yet like the old, old story of love that for six thousand years
has been whispered in the ears of millions of willing listeners, and mil-
lions more of impatient, anxious mortals are waiting for it to be told
over and over again to them, it is ever refreshing and acceptable to all.
of the people of some countries and some of the people of all countries.

Since the persistent wandering of a nation of people, thousands of
years ago, for forty years in the wilderness, to keep from getting into

HOLSTEIN BULL “SARCASTIC LAD.”

Champion aged bull and grand champion, all ages, St. Louis, 1904. Now owned by
Illinois Agricultural Pxperiment Station.
a dairy country where they would have to milk, history has repeated
itself many times and the favorable conditions that have existed in dif-
ferent sections for doing a profitable dairy business has been disregarded
for the promotion of some other branch of agriculture less profitable.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 2i1

Like all other countries engaged in dairying, Missouri required a
practical illustration of the benefits to be derived from an active interest
in this particular branch of agriculture, before the industry was nur-
tured and fostered to any great extent. The resources of Missouri were
so varied and so extensive and pronounced in all of them, the faithful
Missouri cow was neglected for the Missouri mule. The production of
milk was neglected for the raising of beef. The manufacture of butter
was of no consequence compared with the raising of corn. Instead of
cheese factories, the country abounded in tobacco barns. Finally the
people of this great commonwealth “were shown.” Their attention was
called to the fact that this was the best climate in the world for obtain-
ing the greatest results in dairying; that Missouri possessed the most
luxuriant growth of grass and the best quality of any State in the
Union; that our country was well watered, and that all of the conditions
were favorable for making this an ideal dairy country in which the
business might be carried on with a greater profit than in any other,
country. The evidence was sufficient and in three or four years Mis-
sourl grass was being converted into milk, Missouri milk was being
made into butter and cheese. The cattle on a thousand hills were high
grade milk cows. The wonderful crops of grain and roughness (suit-
able for the production of milk) that never failed were sold to the high-
est market in all the country, and sold for cash to the Missouri mortgage
lifter, the faithful dairy cow. ‘The outcome of this dairy sentiment and
the inauguration of this business was the establishment of modern
creameries in Missouri, among them the largest creamery in the world,
the building of dairy barns, of which Missouri boasts the finest in the
world, the erection of silos, the changing of corn land into pastures, the
breeding of better stock, the making of better roads, the building of bet-
ter houses, the beautifying and adorning of rural homes, and the encour-
agement of an enormous immigration by those people engaged in dairy-
ing, seeking the country where the largest amount of milk could be pro-
duced at the least cost and with the least labor.

The Missouri farmer had carefully considered the matter. With
his characteristic, conservative and careful disposition, he investigated
the proposition thoroughly and, when his mind was settled, when he
decided that dairying was the thing, he went at it right, and by his
actions he said, “We will set an example worthy of imitation.”’

He accepted up-to-date methods. He bought the best cows. He
bred for butter, for milk, or for cheese, according to the demands of
his particular market. The men who lived close to St. Louis, Hannibal,
Kansas City, or St. Joseph, and other cities, and were willing to sell

212 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

all of their milk, prepared to furnish their respective places with milk
for family use, and the consequences—Train loads of good, pure, unadul-
terated milk may be seen going into the larger cities, and car loads and
wagon loads into the smaller places every morning.

The pure quality of this milk increased the consumption, and with
the increased demand the price got better and the dairyman felt com-
pensated for early rising and for the work necessary to prepare his
product for market.

The man who lived farther from market, and the man who wanted
his milk to raise calves and pigs, the man that used to be entirely left
because of his location, was not forgotten. In the new order of things
he was well taken care of. He was provided with a good market, and

JERSEY COW “OONAN OF RIVERSIDE,” 69773.

Official record for seven days is 355.4 pounds of milk, which produced 34 pounds
8 ounces of butter. This photograph taken in her fifteenth year. Owned by Dr. C. E.
Still Kirksville, Mo.

every day the roads were lined with light wagons that glistened with
milk cans full of good, rich cream on its way to the nearest railroad
station, to be shipped to some large centralized creamery in Kansas City,
St. Joseph, Hannibal, or some other enterprising Missouri city.
Thousands of hand separators were sold. The cream was taken

out of the milk while fresh, and the clean, warm skim milk was used

ae

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 213

to raise good calves; and Missouri became a wonderful example of the
many profits in dairying.

Missouri sunshine, Missouri water, Missouri grass, Missouri feed,
are all being used to produce milk, out of which an immense amount of
butter and cheese is being made and the by-products go to raise calves
and make pork. The size of Missouri, its climate, its location, the fav-
orable conditions, all go to make it the future “Promised Land” of
America, the central butter market of the world.

Missouri has 750,000 to 800,000 dairy cows, and at the same time
has sunshine and water and grass and feed and room enough to support
10,000,000. S

Missouri’s experiment station, which is in connection with the State
University at Columbia, has a dairy building second to none in the
United States, and the influence of the work done there is being felt to
a marked degree all the time.

Some remarkable records have been made by Missouri dairymen.
Among these might be mentioned Mr. Coleman, of Pettis county, who
averaged from seven cows, in 1903, 400 pounds of butter each. He fed
the skim milk to hogs, and after paying for all the feed given to his
cows and hogs, he had a net profit of $850 from the proceeds.

A Nodaway county man reports making $6,000 in six years on
forty acres in the dairy business, and started absolutely without any
capital.

Goodrich Bros., of Henry county, have a herd of thirty cows that
average 375 pounds of butter a year.

Mr. Koontz, of Jasper county, has a herd of twenty-five to thirty
cows that has averaged for several years nearly 400 pounds of butter a
year.

Hosmer & Son, of Marshfield, has a herd of seventy-five cows
that averaged them last year over 350 pounds of butter, one cow making
560 pounds.

Mr. Schelpman, of Greene county, realized last year from his herd
of twenty-five cows over $125 a head.

Besides these there are hundreds of others of the same kind, of
records, all of which go to show the adaptability of Missouri for suc-
cessful dairying, and is sufficient explanation of why so much interest
is being taken in the business all over the State.

This interest is universal because the entire State is adapted to
dairying. There is no section where conditions are unfavorable and
there is no section that, to any marked degree possesses advantages over
the rest of the State. Missouri, as a whole, is a dairy state, and the

214 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

possibilities in every county for the production of milk in large quan-
tities at a minimum cost, are unsurpassed anywhere in the world.

The peculiar’ conditions that exist in Missouri favorable to the
dairyman makes him fearless of competition, because he knows there
is no country where they can produce a pound of butter cheaper than
he can here. This is not all that interests him. He is convenient to a
good market. The very large manufacturing, commercial, and railroad
interests of Missouri, her educational advantages as shown in academies,
seminaries, and universities almost without number, together with the
advantages of a good healthy climate, have all gone to make a large
population in our towns and cities.

These are all consumers and each additional one has increased the
outlet and improved the market for the producer. Besides this, Mis-
sourl’s market for dairy products is enhanced because of its proximity
to a section where the resources of the people are in other lines, and
where they depend on some other country for their butter and cheese.

ART IN BUTTER.

Missouri’s butter exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition is
the greatest exhibit in its line the world ever saw and is regarded as
one of the prominent attractions at this most wonderful World’s Fair.

The Missouri Commission expended in the installation of this ex-
hibit nearly ten thousand dollars and it is not only of wonderful mag-
nitude, but shows in every detail the workmanship of a master artist.
It tells a story that has not only interested those who have seen it,
but in addition has impressed those interested with the importance of
this branch of agriculture. Hundreds of thousands of people have seen
this exhibit and the verdict has been universally the same—“A won-
derful exhibit.” Hundreds of people have expressed themselves as be-
ing fully compensated for the expense of a trip to the World’s Fair in ~
this exhibit alone, even by some as far away as London, England; Edin-
burgh, Scotland, and Gouda, Holland.

In this impressive story so beautifully told in butter, through the
skill of the sculptor, Mr. Neilsen of St. Louis, there is more than ap-
pears on the face of it. Like a western mirage, there is reflected a won-
derful and attractive picture in which can be seen a country that has
reached the highest state of agricultural development; and a million and
a half people on the farm enjoying all the comforts and luxuries that
come with prosperity and success, as well as two millions of people in
the cities of Missouri being furnished with the purest dairy products
fresh from the farm and the factory.

This picture has been engraved on the tablet of the memory of those

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 215

who have seen it, never to be effaced or grow dim. And as they go to
their homes in every quarter of the globe, its influence will be felt and
it will always be a reminder that a cordial welcome and a happy home
awaits those who desire to cast their lot and spend their lives in a land
of milk and ‘honey.

In making a very liberal appropriation for the Dairy Department
at the World’s Fair, the Missouri Commission had in mind strictly a
dairy exhibit; not only a work of art to be admired by the hundreds of
thousands that would see it, but to impress our people with the impor-
tance of this branch of agriculture, tell our visitors what was being
done now and show to the world the wonderful possibilities and golden
opportunities along this line in the great commonwealth of Missouri.
Their work in this direction has been completed. The great crowds
of people who have seen this exhibit and into whose hands this little
pamphlet may fall, must decide whether or not their effort has been in
vain. Ylour decision will be final and your verdict will be satisfactory.

The central figure in this exhibit is designed to represent “Ceres,”
the Goddess of Agriculture, holding a sickle in her hands, and to com-
_ plete the group, on either side is a model of the highest type of dairy
cows. The one on the right represents the Jersey breed, and is modeled
from a famous cow of Dr. Still’s, at Kirksville, Missouri. This cow was
entered in the World’s Fair stock show and won a prize. She was sold
Monday, September i19th, for $2,350.00 to a resident of New York.
This cow’s head and neck is resting on a sheaf of wheat and her nose
is in the lap of “Ceres.” On the.top of her neck the left arm of the
goddess is supported. As an evidence of the work done by the artist as
shown in the perfect likeness of this cow, the children of the owner of
the original when they saw this model, recognized it as their cow and
called it by name. The cow on the left represents the Holstein breed,
and is modeled from a very famous cow of M. E. Moore’s at Cameron.
This cow was in the test at the World’s Fair and made 270 pounds of
butter in niety days. The owner of the original of this model pronounced
this a perfect likeness or reproduction.

This entire exhibit is made of solid butter, absolutely pure, there
being used over 3,000 pounds. This is one of the remarkable features of
the exhibit, as the usual way is to make the statues out of something
else, and cover them with butter. The butter out of which this exhibit is
made is the product from 75,000 pounds of milk, or 9,000 gallons, which
would be equal to an average milking from 6,000 cows. On the wails
of this space an impressive story is told of the progress made in dairy
methods and the manner of handling the raw material, in frieze work.
The walls are covered several inches thick with butter, and the figures

216 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

used are made in bold relief. Commencing at the left on the end space
is the figure of a woman churning with the old-fashioned churn. In
the next corner is a woman skimming a pan of milk on which the cream
has raised by the old gravity process. This represents the “old method.”
Between the two, on the floor of a scantily furnished log house, is a boy
feeding a dog. To the right of this, at right angles, is the mother play-
ing with her children, while a boy is separating the milk with a centrif-
ugal separator. This represents “the new method.” Around the corner
from this is a reproduction of the seal of the State of Missouri. All of
this is done in butter. This exhibit is in a refrigerator with a glass
front of three thicknesses of plate glass and an air space between each
two. At one end of the case is an ice-making machine in constant opera-
tion, and the temperature inside of the case is kept below freezing. The
space occupied by Missouri’s butter exhibit is eight feet by twenty-eight
feet, making 224 square feet of floor space, and about 325 square feet
of wall space. The work done on it was equal to three months work for
one man, and its magnitude is commensurate with the possibilities of the
great State represented by it.

MISSOURI'S BIG CHEESE.

In its design and construction, Missouri’s cheese exhibit is a wonder-
ful thing, because of its being the first and only one of the kind. In its
size it is typical of the extensive scale on which Missouri carries on all

MISSOURI'S BIG CHEESE.
Three thousand five hundred pounds of milk used in making, furnished by 150
dairymen.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 217

lines of agriculture. This is a full cream cheese and weighs over 3,000
pounds. It required ten men to unload it and put it in the case, and it
took four horses hitched to a heavy truck wagon to haul it from the
freight car to the Agricultural building. As indicated on the card in-
side of the case, it was made in Altamont, Daviess county, in which part
of the State a large proportion of Missouri's cheese factories are located.
On the face of the cheese is moulded a typical milk cow, represented as
being in clover with a milkmaid by her side, sitting on a stool, engaged
in milking. To make this cheese required 35,000 pounds of milk, a car
load and a half, one milking from 3,000 ordinary cows. The milk out
of which this cheese was made was purchased from 150 dairymen. It
is seven feet in diameter and was put into the case where it is now on
exhibition in the original hoop in which it was pressed. This case is
made exactly the same as the butter case, and the temperature is held at
about 35 to 40 degrees.

For classified list of prizes on butter and cheese see list of awards
on another page.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK.

The different classes of live stock are only so many intricate ma-

chines which convert at a profit to the farmers the raw materials of the

FOUR PRIZE WINNING MULES.
Topsy, Mollie, Babe and Bettie. Owned by W. A. Elgin, Platte City, Mo.

218 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

farm into a finished product. . No country has ever maintained for a great
length of time a successful and profitable system of agriculture without
making live stock farming the basis of that system. No state or country
is endowed with greater natural advantages for producing a high quality
of domestic animals than is Missouri, and in addition to what nature has
done for this State, the men who are engaged in the breeding, fattening
and training the animals produced are as well skilled in the science of
animal husbandry as any other people in the world as a careful examina-
tion of the records of the great competitive live stock expositions which
have been held during the last twenty years will unquestionably prove.

Climate, Feed and Water.—The climate of Missouri is temperate
and is not marked by the extremes of heat and cold that are found in the
more northern countries. The cold of the winter is not so severe as to
make it necessary to provide expensive barns to protect the stock, neither
is the heat in the hottest of the summer oppressive. The average annual
mean temperature for the State is 54 degrees and the average annual
mean temperature for January is only 30 degrees, while the average
mean temperature for July is only 77.5. The average annual rainfall
computed from the records of the Weather Bureau is 39.5 inches, only
6.49 inches of which falls during the three winter months. The average
annual rainfall for the three spring months is 11.97, and for the summer
months is 12.12 inches. The abundant rainfall, admirably distributed as
to season, coupled with the mild equable climate (only two months in
the year i. e. January 30 degrees and February 30 degrees, have an
average temperature below the freezing point) gives Missouri natural
advantages unsurpassed for growing a great variety of grains, grasses
and leguminous plants, all of which are necessary in the economical pro-
duction of a high quality of live stock. Another essential in growing
live stock is an adequate supply of water of good quality. Missouri is
checkered by the greatest river system in the world—the Mississippi—
Missouri system—and every one of the one hundred and fourteen counties
is drained by the tributaries of this system. Fine springs and deep wells
of water containing just the right amount of mineral matter to supple-
ment the great variety of grains and grasses, are found in all parts of
the State, and no farmer need ever be in dread of a water famine to cause
loss on his live stock.

Missouri Live Stock in Competition—The above paragraphs point
out some of the natural advantages possessed by the State for the pro-
duction of a high class of stock. To prove that Missouri farmers have
taken advantage of their favorable environment, it is only necessary to
examine the records of some of the great competitive live stock shows
held within the last few vears.

XPOSITION.

1

CHASE

LOUISIANA PUR

THI

A fil

st pr

ize winner

Wor

Id

s FP

air

’

1904

UW

hree ye

a

MULE “LILL.”’
vs old, 17 hands high, weight 1,560 pounds,

Owner, J

I

>

Ww

ilson,

Wellsville, Mo.

220 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

At Chicago—At the World’s Columbian Exposition held in Chicago
in 1893, Missouri breeders again met in competitive exhibition the most
successful breeders of the world, and again they demonstrated their ability
to produce animals of the highest quality. In saddle horses Missouri
won twenty-three premiums including the sweepstakes premium on saddle
stallion, any age. In jacks and mules Missouri won seven premiums.
On Aberdeen Angus cattle, Missouri won 24 premiums including 5
sweepstakes. In Shorthorn cattle 18 awards, including two sweepstakes
were given Missouri breeders. The Hereford breeders captured 17
sweepstakes premiums. Red Polled breeders were awarded 17 prizes
including sweepstakes on herd. The Jersey breeders of the State cap-
tured 27 prizes. In the swine department Missouri was awarded 106
prizes. On sheep Missouri received 74 awards, including I0 sweep-
stakes premiums.

At Omaha—At the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition
held at Omaha, Nebraska, in 1898, Missouri breeders received one hun-
dred and forty-six premiums on hogs and cattle, a greater number than
any other state. In the grand parade of cattle at the close of the Exposi-
tion, the herds were arranged according to their merit, as shown by the
awards of the judges, and “A Missouri herd was first, a Missouri herd
was second, a Missouri herd was third, a Missouri herd was fourth and
a Missouri herd was sixth;” not quite the whole show but pretty near it.

Missouri Live Stock at Louisiana Purchase Exposition—The
greatest collection of live stock ever assembled was seen at this, the
greatest of all expositions. The exposition company appropriated the
magnificent sum of $280,307 for live stock premiums, and this sum was
supplemented by special and state premiums to the amount of $258,395,
making a grand total of $538,702. Missouri won in all classes, competing
against the world, the handsome sum of $27,255.00 from the Exposition,
besides the money won from prizes offered by breeders’ associations and
state prizes. The Missouri Commission very liberally set aside $100,000
for premiums and expenses for Missouri exhibitors, and of this amount
the cattle raisers got $34,820; horsemen, $18,517; hog growers, $21,005,
and sheep growers, $2,130. Missouri duplicated all cash prizes awarded
to stock owned in the State, and in addition awarded prizes in competi-
tion with Missouri animals only. Altogether Missouri breeders won 690
World’s Fair premiums on live stock, not counting the State prizes, a
number not equalled by any other state or country. Missouri’s rank is
readily seen by a study of the awards, a copy of which is appended to
this article. Of the total awards Missouri not only received many first
and second prizes but her breeders also won 27 grand prizes where com-

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 221

petition was limited to first prize winners, and also 13 grand champion
prizes, where competition was limited to the animals winning grand prizes.

Missouri wins twenty-seven Champion Prizes and thirteen Grand
Champion Prizes.

‘CHAMPION PRIZES.
(Competition limited to First Prize Winners.)

FRENCH COACH HORSES.

Stallion, three years and over...........+++-- Wie wel canbe dbble SeaqooqoabocGoodoc Kansas City

PERCHERON HORSES.

Stallion, three years and over....... Sonoeonoc | Wiese Neisariohiliinsrstervcr/steleies:elelsiels .-Kansas City

|
JACKS.
Jack, three years and over.......... soagadas | Ion Me Monseesi7@ SONS jens ce-slesinrels Smithton
Jack, two years and under.................. : L. M. Monsees & Sons.............. Smithton
Jennet, three years and over................ Lelie MOTISCESii dc) SODS%\¢slciciererc cre cicrers Smithton
Jennet, two years and under..............++- | L. M. Monsees & Sons......... .....-smithton

Bull, two years and OVEL..........0e--eeeeeee . | Abele 1enaGh ng CA (OOcongdnocoticocsabds -.Clinton

HEREFORD CATTLE.

Bull under two years.............+.+.- wcceccce | Stewart & Hutcheon.................Blockow

Heifer under two years............ Seletaraye adscer OPRGAENIS| piece see eicicivicisieisie eisloiciomaloieinieisiesieeLeL ELS
Fat steer or heifer.............. piatatevarevatnieteistotele | ysielis DESO CKeiaictstercisiclelels meleielsisiciesine sslanieele nl aCOn
GALLOWAY CATTLE.

Cow, two years and over......... scoponcsacn: | CN EMCOdy a ccsein1> alnle/sielelelolelstele(eteie'satsiete MEL ORL GSE
JERSEY CATTLE.

Helfer, under two years.......... nocoBsvonoT 50 | CAE. Stilli.cisc. nOOGEOUCC poppe dodoods Kirksville
HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN CATTLE.

Bull, two years and Over?.........+..++- ceeees : | W. F. Holstein Association......... St. Louis
Bull, under two yearS...........seeeeeccecoees IMiSy ERP NIO OTC aanteiecisiolalniece sisters eisielaiaer= ....Cameron
Cow, two years and OVETL.......-..esseecvoere W. F. Holstein Association...... ...st. Louis
POLAND CHINA HOGS.

BOAT WONG y VAI AUG MONET erseitntcis saicislere (ccs c.e)cini Worn Ss MESS bine onto aise staiste oie ere Martin City
BOAT Sane SEONG ey Ca lemmtiactsisnistani<iisls atelsisis eictele Wind uMlastinigtss ose cn saceeec ss Martin City
BArlOWs ADDY, AE Caciaeesc cistccclosietalsisieic eis « «fere's:o :=/° \yiababa(ce LVRS ob tine 5 coop souoeodeOsor Martin City
Three (DALLOWSS MADY) ALC acs cccclere cieccw's<civees | Winn & sMastine seen ntcneeceatoee Martin City
BERKSHIRE HOGS.

Boar jones yeare and vOvelsipeeeeeer erie s = | Nee He Sedalia
Sow oneryear andi Overs). .\s) cise cms =xasiecisesieie's N. H. .. Sedalia
WOWAmINGer PONE HY CAT Nenrciste irises miter seciclsia ia | ING ETE .. Sedalia
Barrow, ANY AGO: smc ce oe nc csiciteneisisessepeins N. H. Sedalia

| N. H. Gentry Sedalia

Three barrows, any age....... Bbc gacoduEeOre

222 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

DUROC JERSEY HOGS.

NOW: ONE sVEATVANGTOVEN =. oe iccloccrcincle sacieieeems MecMarland) Brossiss cao tcceesmeniee sens Sedalia

CHESTER WHITE HOGS.

Boar), ONG eyCar alid! OVEGER.< oci..c<cts sce since sie | Try Wey PHOS fave care cpt oie > «ates flat Mirabile

GRAND CHAMPION PRIZES.

(Competition limited to Champion Winners.)

FRENCH COACH HORSES.

Stallion, any age.............. aulonteecemese aces | Wi Mclwushlinkcerteaccnctscecisie cine Kansas City

PERCHERON HORSES.

Slim. pale ove shoeseoovcocc oder anpadedadouueL | NV Miclvane bliin: so eccense sccm nln Kansas City

JACKS AND JENNETS.

EMIE tI, Ak Oe eset Mictate ecinta belo = eelnieseisic(elecoisistersie | I. M. Monsees & Sons.............. Smithton

SHORTHORN CATTLE.

BUM ey AEC ate otereinie s erctelolerlataletelelaininiscisiniecielsielatste | Mebor Wand GG: (COs scence sees ast a Clinton

HEREFORD CATTLE.

Fat steer or spayed heifer, all breeds and |
IS CRM eeteyeran elsrelaie/old a siainis olsisloieinie/s\ciotatelewnieisip peisiniele | Serle (RLOCKascsn cosines ennel-ineie salem ents Macon

GALLOWAY CATTLE.

COW PAU ALOs enemas cteaisier sien bncowe sr vaeieistniwie.sisicte | se INE LOO Vin sie steieinvs ciotereeie <i tastare eroteests Atlanta

HOLSTEIN FRIBSIAN CATTLE.

BU ANY OSC. ne ceseciecsg vn ceviche ie ashpnls <isats | W. F. Holstein Association........ St. Louis
COW PAD Y 18 Bea ccc colsiveviicne snes oe caa<e cshinie cine | W. F. Holstein Association........ St. Louis

POLAND CHINA HOGS.

BOAt, ANY ALC. asecisccescowwevenvenstbesune eerie | Winn See Mastin: csaneeweesrs sce Martin City

BERKSHIRE HOGS.

POOL ANY ARG s ec, ees cence hunt hi sinan cede nceeviee | NG Ey Gentry. sivasns avons tee epessenee ses Sedalia
BOW UU LER. aiaicinicleis ras genius s wineraint siniglinie’ AG am | Ne BeiGentry catia lauetoeneae ache Sedalia

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 223

DUROC JERSEY HOGS.

OWA AMY ALOU sere cwte ne loe oars dein vinlclele re eteisiotenisie.sfeice | Michalam dl BOS acetic ceenieele nelle estes Sedalia

CHESTER WHILE HOGS.

SORT, VAM) APs ie setelsisilele sisters sieieleleierstals(ole cveislerctoye | Peeters POS Es pacie/atacersis vis cisiove siearalnicrsiahiciere Mirabile

In all classes Missouri made a good showing and received a full
share of the prizes, and fully sustained the reputation of the State, as
being the first live stock State in the Union.

For a complete list of live stock prizes see classified list on another
page.

MISSOURI POULTRY.

The conditions which are favorable to Missouri as a live stock State
are equally favorable for the economic production of high class poultry.
According to the United States census, Missouri had in 1900 a greater
number of farms reporting poultry as one of the sources of income than
any state except Texas. Of the whole number of farms in the State
284,886, ninety-four per cent, or 265,203 produce poultry. Since the
census year prices of poultry have advanced and a greatly increased
‘product has been the result. It is estimated by the State Board of Agri-
culture that for the year 1904 Missouri produced chickens, turkeys,
geese and ducks to the value of $12,573,330; eggs were produced to the
amount of 93,723,620 dozens, valued at $11,715,450; feathers valued at
$305,000 ; a grand total of the poultry product for one year of $24,593,780.

Missouri Poultry at the World’s Fair—Missouri breeders made at
the World’s Fair, to compete with the finest poultry of the world, 1,142
entries of chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, 242 entries of pigeons and
pheasants and 86 in Belgian hares and rabbits, exceeding the whole num-
ber from all other states and territories. Missouri won 377 premiums out
of a possible 617, a record never before equalled. Of the first prizes
awarded in the different classes of poultry Missouri raisers won the fol-
lowing: Seventeen first prizes on chickens; six on turkeys and two on
ducks.

MINES AND METALLURGY.

Wealth of Minerals—Nature was lavish in her gifts for the great
State of Missouri. She not only provided the State with vast areas of
valuable forests and with immense plairis of rich agricultural lands, but
she stored in the hidden recesses of the earth a multitude of minerals
which the present partial development would make us believe “that in

224 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

richness and extent the mines of Missouri are: paralleled by no other
mineral district in the world.”

Coal, Lead and Zinc.—Nearly 40 per cent of the surface of the
State is underlaid with a fine quality of bituminous coal. In thirty-seven
counties coal mines have been developed and the annual output for the
year 1903 was 4,600,000 tons, valued at $6,716,000. The value of the
coal product of the State has increased more than 121 per cent in the last
15 years, and even a greater development may be expected in the future
on account of the number of new mines that are being opened.

Missouri's Mines Exhibit at the Fair—The following paragraphs
from the report of the Missouri Commission gives in detail an account
of the exhibit:

“Our principal exhibit was that in the Mining Building, and the plan
was based on two main ideas: First, to adequately exhibit all of Mis-
souri’s various mineral resources, including those which are comparatively
or wholly undeveloped; second, to arrange the details of the exhibit so
as to attract the attention of the greatest possible number of people.

In securing materials to put the first idea into effect, marble, granite
and other building stones were actually quarried for our needs; and
blocks of coal, crystals and ores were specially mined for the exhibit.

The resources exhibited were as follows: The various ores of
zinc and lead, massive and-cabinet specimens; all varieties of iron ore
found in the State, massive and cabinet specimens; coal in large blocks
and cabinet specimens; fire clays, kaolin and other varieties of clay, to-
gether with the manufactured products, including brick and refractory
materials; sewer pipe, drain tile, roofing tile, building and ornamental
brick, paving brick, pottery and terra cotta; copper, manganese, barite,
triopoli, nickel and cobalt, with the various manufactured products ; plate
glass sand and products; molding sand; road materials with models of
roads showing methods of using Missouri materials in the highway con-
struction ; building stones, including limestones, sandstones, granites, por-
phyries, onyx and marble, in cut and polished cubes and slabs; mineral
waters and a representation of a Missouri artesian well; hydraulic ce-
ment; lime; pearl buttons; zinc and lead concentrates; iron pyrites. To-
gether with these materials there were exhibited a very large collection of
strikingly handsome crystal specimens of many varieties, and also an
exhibit of pig ore, pig lead, copper and zinc spelter.

The second idea, or that of attracting the attention of people to our
exhibit, was developed by the introduction of moving features, which,
so far as possible, were made not only attractive, but educational, and an
illustration of processes used in the preparation of Missouri ores for
market.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 225

The features which might be included in this class are as follows:
An elevated double track railroad, which surrounded our entire space,
and upon which there moved six miniature freight trains, each thirty-
two feet in length, and representing the important railroad systems of
Missouri, hauling the ores which occur in their respective territories.
This feature proved tremendously attractive.

_ Second—A moving train of thirty cars loaded with various mineral
products of the State, circling in part, beneath the floor of our space and
rising through an aperture about thirty feet in length to the level of the
floor, where they passed in endless chain before the spectator.

Third—An automatic working model of a coal tipple, occupying a
floor space of twenty-two feet by seven feet, and illustrating the most
modern process of hoisting coal from the mines, dumping screening,
weighing and delivering the classified produce to freight cars. This
feature undoubtedly attracted and held the attention of more people than
did any other single exhibit in the entire department of Mines and Metal-
lurgy.

Fourth—A working model of a zinc and lead mill, occupying a floor
space of twenty by twenty feet, and showing in every detail the methods
of handling our zinc and lead ores. This mill was operated by students
of the Missouri School of Mines.

Fifth—A working chemical and assaying laboratory, operated by
the Missouri School of Mines, and illustrating various chemical processes
which are used in connection with the treatment and testing of our ores.

Sixth—A working magnetic separator, representing the process used
in Southwest Missouri of separating the objectionable iron pyrites or
mundic from the zinc ores of that district.

Seventh—A moving collection of twelve hundred Missouri mining
views; so arranged as to take up the least possible floor space, and at
the same time to present an imposing appearance as a collection, while
by pressing a button, the observer was enabled to stop the motion and
inspect in detail any particular view.

Eighth—An operating rock section machine, together with optical
projection apparatus, from the School of Mines laboratories.

In addition to the above features there should be mentioned the
exhibit, in the mining gluch, of an operating mining pump, which was
invented at the Missouri School of Mines, and which has attracted a
great deal of attention to that institution through its remarkable adapta-
tion to many water problems in mining.

Two hundred framed bromide enlargments were also exhibited, while
a magnificent pavilion, built of Missouri’s ornamental brick, terra cotta

A—15

226 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. \

and roofing tile; and a pagoda, which was centrally located and built of
Missouri’s hydraulic cement, were interesting features of the exhibit.
With these features there was a large relief map of Missouri fourteen by
sixteen feet, a superb piece of work, made by Prof. C. F. Marbut, of the
State University, showing the natural features of the State, the distribu-
tion of geological strata, the location of mines, etc.

Our cabinet specimens were placed in about thirty plate glass show
cases, specially designed for our exhibit. These cabinets contained more
than fifty thousand separate specimens of magnificent character, arranged
in the most artistic and attractive manner, carefully labeled as to variety,
section and donator, and this illustrated the varied nature and enormous
value of Missouri's mineral resources. ‘Every section of the State to a
fractional degree was represented in this collection and with statistical
information prominently displayed on neatly printed placards, made the
important position of Missouri as a mining State plainly apparent to the
visitors, besides presenting careful and detailed information in an easy,
practical and interesting manner. The entire exhibit was surrounded by
a very handsome brass railing, with brass posts, specially designed.

If the object of our exhibit was to widely advertise the fact of the
importance of Missouri’s mineral resources, the claim can safely be made
that the exhibit was a success; for from the beginning to the end of the
Exposition period, our space was thronged with visitors, and there were
not many days when the visitors actually, on our space, could not be
numbered in the thousands.”

For the success of the exhibit, we are indebted to the intelligent
and conscientious efforts of Dr. George E. Ladd, who served as Superin-
tendent for this department, and we are also under the greatest obliga-
tions to the employees and assistants, who, almost without exception,
worked with unflagging interest and zeal for the success of the exhibit.
We are glad, also, to acknowledge obligations to the mining men and
producers in all the sections of the State, for aid in furnishing specimens,
and for their cordial support.”

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

“In the east end of the Forestry building the State made a credit-
able exhibit of its timber and timber products. Fine specimens of the

following named Missouri timbers were shown in this exhibit, viz.:

Yellow Pine, Soft Mapie, Mulberry,
Beech, Birch, Hickory Maple,
Hickory Elm, Striped Maple, Poplar Elm,
Red Hickory, Elm, : Persimmen,

Black Willow, Dogwood, Hackberry,

EXPOSITION.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE 227
Sugar Maple, Hickory, Cucumber,
Box Elder, Red Oak, Willow Oak,
Red Locust, Red Elm, Ash,
Swamp White Oak, Red Gum, Sycamore,
Poplar, Black Gum, Walnut,
Cherry, Tupelo Gum, Paw Paw,
Pecan, Cypress, Catalpa.
White Oak,

A large display was also made of finished woods, such as yellow
pine, white oak, ash and other hard woods. But the best and most at-
tractive exhibit was that of the gum lumber of Southeast Missouri.
Here were columns, panels, doors, door frames, mantels, window frames,
pilasters, furniture and other architectural creations fashioned out of
this red gum lumber and polished and finished in the most artistic man-
ner. The beauty and finish of this lumber was a revelation to the world
and will no doubt make a greater market and a much higher price for
this large lumber production of Southeast Missouri. There was also,
on exhibit staves, hoops, spokes, handles, hubs and similar manufactured
articles. This whole forestry exhibit was made in a handsome booth,
constructed wholly of finished Missouri lumbers.”

FISH AND GAME,

Missouri Bountifully Supplied with Fish—The great river systems
of the State provide a great variety and abundant supply of fish. The
Mississippi river washes the entire eastern boundary of the State, the
Missouri traverses the State irom the extreme northwest diagonally
across to the east central part, together with the Osage, St. Francois, Little
Current, Grand, Gasconade and numerous smaller streams within the
State, furnish a goodly supply of the following varieties: catfish, buffalo
fish, crappie, black bass, German carp, drum, hickory shad, pike, perch,
mooney, eels, rock bass, sturgeon, suckers, sunfish, white bass, turtles,
frogs and mussel shells.

People Employed.—There are 1,531 people employed in commercial
fisheries with an invested capital of $645,671, yielding an annual output
of 7,551,442 pounds, valued at $211,301.

Game.—Missouri’s great diversity of climate, forests, plains and
mountains naturally afforded a home for many wild animals, many of
which have become very rare under the civilization influences, and with
some species entirely extinct. In the Ozark region an occasional black
bear or mountain lion is encountered as also the wild cat, once so common
in that section. In a few of the southern counties the Virginia deer is still
found, though in comparatively few numbers. The red fox, the raccoon,
the opossum, the cotton tail or rabbit, the grey and fox squirrels, the

228 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

ground hog are found in nearly all the counties of the State. Song and
insectivorous birds are in great abundance and varieties in Missouri.
Wild geese and ducks are plentiful on the lakes and rivers. The bob
white or American quail is the favorite game bird and is found in every
county, and with the present game laws rigidly enforced, should increase
innumbers. The wild turkey is yet found in many of the southern coun-
ties, and occasionally a wild pheasant. A few prairie chickens are still
found in the western part of the State, although this bird once so
numerous is almost extinct.

The following description of the fish and game exhibit is from the
report of the Missouri Commission:

DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME.

“In the east end of the Forestry, Fish and Game building and ad-
joining the forestry exhibit, the State made a good fish exhibit. There
were installed twelve first-class plate glass aquariums around a central
artificial pool in the floor of our space. These aquariums and this pool
were kept stocked with all varieties of Missouri fish during the period
of the Exposition. Just west of the Forestry, Fish and Game building,
the State installed an out-door live fish and game exhibit. In this Mis-
souri was conspicuous because this exhibit was the only one of the kind
within the World’s Fair grounds. In the center was built a small lake,
stocked with Missouri fish, and about this’lake was constructed appro-
priate cages in which was assembled the several varieties of live game
of the State. Here was shown deer, bear, mountain lions, wild cats,
wolves, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, opposums, skunks, squirrels, wild tur-
keys, wild ducks, wild geese, quail, pheasants, owls, eagles and other
wild game.

At one end of the lake was constructed a model hunter's lodge,
which appealed to the sportsmen visitors at the Fair. It was built of
cypress logs, sawed lengthwise through the center, so as to give the
building the appearance of a log house on the outside, but make the in.
terior surface smooth. In it was shown, in very handsome cases, a fine
collection of mounted game, birds and animals and other taxidermy.
The decorations of the lodge were hunters’ trophies—guns, fishing
tackle, camping equipment and similar articles attractive to all true
sportsmen. The current sporting papers and magazines were received
and read here and about its tables and within its suggestive surround-
ings many a story of the gun and rod was recounted to the pleasure and
entertainment of our visitors. Thus, it was hoped that, aside from the
mere exposition feature of this exhibit, it might inspire our own peo-

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 22G

ple to insist upon better State laws for the protection and preservation

of our fish and game.”

EDUCATION IN MISSOURI.

School Enumeration and Enrollment.—There are all told 974,923
children of school age—6 to 20 years—in the State. Of this number 78o,-
541 are enrolled in the schools. For the instruction of these children
there are employed 20,166 teachers, of whom 16,923 are in the public
schools, 185 in the State University and State Normal Schools, 1,417 in
private colleges and academies and 1,551 in parochial schools.

Number of Schools.—A school is in easy reach of every man’s door,.
and opens with equal privileges to rich and poor. There are 9,119 rural.
school districts, and 613 town or city districts. There are 10,393 teachers:
in rural schools and 6,530 in town and city. There are 482,284 children
enumerated in the rural schools and 492,639 in town and city.

Money Expended.—Missouri has the largest permanent productive
school fund of any state in the Union. The sum of $13,023,997 is in-
vested in securities, the proceeds of which help to defray the current
expenses of the schools. The legislature annually appropriates one-third
of the State revenue for support of the public schools. In addition to
the above, the districts levy an annual school tax which averages for all
the schools 57 cents on the $100 valuation. Missouri has school property
valued at $42,600,117, and expends annually for her schools the enor-
mous sum of $10,959,828.

Illiteracy Low in Missouri.—In 20 years the percentage of illiterates
in the State had fallen from 13.4 in 1880 to 6.4 in 1900, a decrease of 7
per cent, while in the United States for the same period the decrease was
only 6.3 per cent. In the United States the percentage of illiterates in
1900 was 10.7, while in Missouri it was only 6.4.

The following quotation from the report of the Missouri Commission

gives a good description of the Missouri educational exhibit at the
World’s Fair:

THE STATE EXHIBIT.

“The Missouri educational exhibit was conspicuously located direct-
ly within the main entrance to the Palace of Education. It was di-
vided into three sections, viz.: The general State exhibit, the St. Louis
city exhibit and the State University exhibit. This whole exhibit cov-
ered nearly ten thousand square feet of floor, and in size, beauty and
attractiveness of installation and high quality of exhibits, outranked the
educational exhibit of every other state.

230 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

The general State exhibit, thirty feet wide by one hundred
and forty feet long, was surrounded by an exquisite facade in old
English oak, consisting of twenty-two Romanesque arches, whose
pillars and spandrills gave lodgment to nearly four thousand trans-
parencies of noted Missouri educators, Missouri school buildings,
school scenes and school children. Beginning with the Kindergarten
a separate booth was set apart-for the particular work of this and each
of the twelve grades or years of school work provided in the school
system of Missouri. All written work was bound into beautiful half-
leather bound volumes of uniform size, and so named, lettered and in-
dexed that the work of any child, in any branch, could be located in a
moment’s time. This written work came from all the primary high
schools of the towns and cities of the State, and from the rural districts
in every section of the State. Countless samples of all kinds of the best
work of pupils of each grade was shown in two hundred of the most
modern style of wing frame cabinets and cases. The manual training
work of each grade was most attractively presented in glass-covered
cases, specially designed for this exhibit and placed at the entrance to
each grade booth. County maps, free-hand drawing, water-color pictures
and a great variety of all forms of school work were shown in handsome
portfolios, elegantly bound in leather. Many thousands of photographs,
of school buildings, with teacher and pupils in the foreground, and in
many cases such included all the schools of a county, were shown in
wing-frame cabinets. The negro schools of the State were fully rep-
resented by a complete exhibit of their school work in every department.
Besides these thirteen booths for the educational display of the primary
and high schools of the State, there was ample space upon which was
shown a matchless exhibit of the work of the Kirksville Normal School,
the Cape Girardeau Normal School, the Warrensburg Normal School
and Lincoln Institute at Jefferson City, and also of the following promi-
nent colleges and academies of the State, viz:

Missouri Valley College, Marshall. Central Female Coilege, Lexington.
Park College, Parkville. Kemper Milicary Academy, Bvonville.
Wiliiam Jewell College, Liberty. Westminster College, Fulton.

Hardin College, Mexico. Liberty Ladies College, Liberty.
Drury College, Springfield. Central Coliege, Fayette.

Christian College, Columbia. Central Wesleyan College, Warrenton.

Howard Payne College, Fayette.

But the feature of this exhibit that attracted the greatest number
of visitors were two graphophones and seven mutoscopes or biogems.
The graphophones constantly sang school songs, discoursed recitations

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 231

and other actual oral school work, taken on numerous records in the
best schools of the State, and the display was highly appreciated and
generously applauded by a continuous audience of visitors. The seven
biogems presented at all hours of the day daylight moving pictures of
physical training exercises and games as are taught in the best schools
of the State. These pictures were taken mostly in the public schools of
Kansas City, but some were taken in the public schools of St. Joseph,
in the State Normal School at Kirksville and in the Missouri Valley
Callege at Marshall. These pictures were taken at large cost by an
expert from New York City, and were pronounced by the American
Mutoscope and Biograph Company of New York City to be the best
of the kind ever made and ones that would without doubt cause a sen-
sation among the educators of the country.

With all these diverse, attractive, entertaining and superior educa-
tional exhibits shown in a beautiful and artistically illuminated facade
that seemed a realization of Fairy Land, it is not strange that this won-
derful educational exhibit of the school resources of Missouri set a new
standard for the standard of education. Passing by the conventional
educational exhibits of the other states, the great throng of teachers and
other World’s Fair visitors fairly swarmed into the Missouri exhibit
space until it was usual to have ten thousand visitors in a single day.

Si. LOUIS EX DIRE.

“The special exhibit of the public schools of the city of St. Louis
was made under the direction of its superintendent of city schools,
F. Louis Soldan, with the assistance of Assistant Superintendent Carl
Rathman, and other teachers. The expense was borne by the city of
St. Louis.

This exhibit occupied a space of twenty-seven feet wide by one
hundred and forty feet long, and adjoining the general State educational
exhibit. It was installed with a facade of the same architecture and
character as the State exhibit above described, and the two exhibits
separated by a twelve-foot aisle. The sixteen columns of the facade
contained panels showing sixteen transparent paintings, representing
a history of the development of education. There were transparent
photographs of school children, buildings and class exercises; wall
cabinets containing a great variety of selected specimens of pupils’
school work; manual training work, collections of mounted. birds, of
minerals, of fossils, of butterflies, etc., and many other interesting ex-
hibits of school work. These exhibits were full and complete as to all
the grades, including the high school. The popular feature of this ex-
hibit was a model school room in which actual school room work was

232 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

done every day in the week, except Saturday. Classes from the various
St. Louis schools undér the skilled direction of the teacher here presented
a true and vivid picture of the efficiency, methods and discipline of their
teachers and the splendid results accomplished in their schools.

STATE UNIVERSITY EXHIBIT.

“The State University exhibit, constituting the third section of the
Missouri Educational Exhibit, adjoined the other two sections on
the west and occupied more floor space than any other university. The
exhibits shown on this space may be divided into two classes: Those
which showed what the University has been and is, and those which
showed what the university is doing. The center of the University
space was occupied by the original monument from the grave of the
immortal Thomas Jefferson. Made in accordance with the written
specifications of this great patriot himself, it stood over his last resting
place until 1883. ‘Then it came as a gift to the State University of the
greatest State carved from the Louisiana Purchase. Since Jefferson
was the father of the State University in America, it was deemed most
fitting that this monument ‘should form a unique part of the exhibit of
the University at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. To show what
the University has been and is, a series of six water-color bird’s eye
views were prepared representing the buildings and grounds at Colum-
bia as they appeared in 1843, 1873, 1892, 1895 and 1904. These views
were supplemented by a similar bird’s eye view of the School of Mines
at Rolla as it appeared in 1904. In the first six mentioned the slow
progress of the development from 1843 to 1892, and the rapid changes
in the years 1892-1904 were strikingly portrayed. A series of charts
showing at these same periods the condition of the University in num-
ber of students, number of instructors, in endowment, in value of prop-
erty, in annual income, demonstrated that the growth of the University
in the last twelve years has been remarkable in every way. Ai series
of fine photographs of exteriors and interiors helped to bring the Uni-
versity of to-day before the eyes of the World’s Fair visitor. Fore-
most among the many fine models shown at the Exposition stood the
model of the campus of the University. It was ona scale of I to 100,
about 10 by 16 feet in size, and is perhaps the finest piece of work that
has come from the hands of George Carroll Curtis of Boston, the
geographical sculptor who first won fame by constructing the models
of Washington now in the National Library. This model, naturalistic,
not conventional, in its treatment, was accurate to the last degree in
measurement, in form and in color. Thirty-five departments united in
showing what the University is actually doing in their several lines.

EVALINE 2D OF AVONDALE 20124,

Galloway Grand Champion female, St. Louis World’s Fair, 1904.

Owned and exhibited by C. N.

Moody, Atlanta,

Mo.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 233

They showed the discoveries, inventions, processes and products made
by teachers and students. Of the publications of the Univerisity which
were on view, the most important portion was the exhibit by the law
department of a complete set, elegantly bound, of all the legal publica-
tions of those who have been connected with the law school as teachers
or students. In the same case were placed a complete series of official
publications of the University and an incomplete series of publications
by members of the faculty. In Roman languages a chart of phonetic
tracings showed some of the original work of Dr. Raymond Weeks,
and a Victor talking machine indicated the method of instruction em-
ployed in teaching these languages. Certain phases of this work in
progress in the department of mathematics, astronomy, physics, physi-
ology and internal medicine were all represented. The department of
agriculture, better represented elsewhere in the exhibits of Missouri
and of the Federal government here, showed the result of experiment in
cattle feeding, in the winter protection of the peach, and in winter rais-
ing of asparagus in the open field. The most important display in
veterinary science was concerned with Dr. Connoway’s experiments in
Texas fever. The department of engineering, in addition to many plans
and drawings, exhibited the results of practical tests of the properties
of wood, steel, belts, ropes and lubricating oils, extensive experiments
in the caloric value of many varieties of coal, machines invented in the
laboratories and complete plans for a power plant at the University.
The work in physical training was portrayed by means of many original
charts and record blanks, by numerous photographs of the gynasium,
of classes of teams and of athletic events. In experimental psychology,
Dr. Max Meyer’s theory of music was illustrated by the unique organ
invented by him. This department further exhibited an original piece
of apparatus illustrating the process of hearing. Missouri history was
graphically represented on a series of maps. The department of po-
litical science and public law showed the development of county organi-
zation in the State. The department of history made clear the distri-
bution over the State of political parties at all the presidential elections
in which the State has taken part. The department of economics, in
connection with other phases of economic history, made clear the part
played by rivers and railroads in reaching and in increasing the resources
of the State. Another series of maps showed sociological process,
problems and conditions. In certain departments of science, Missouri
received still further attention. Entomology dealt with Missouri in-
sects, both the helpful and the baneful. Botany discussed certain Mis-
souri flora and dealt particularly with original plans for mushroom cul-
ture. Zoology, besides a fine array of Missouri fauna and original

234 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

methods of mounting specimens, offered an interesting exhibit of the
lower form of animal life in the State. Chemistry showed specimens
and the analysis of the water furnished to the public in fifty cities and
towns. In the department of anatomy and histology was portrayed the
method invented by Dr. C. M. Jackson for the study of topographic
anatomy by means of prepared and mounted sections of the human head
and trunk. Most notable of the departmental exhibits was the great
relief map of the State, made by Professor C. F. Marbut of the depart-
ment of geology and his students. Five copies of the map were to be
seen at the Exposition. One in the Agricultural College exhibit was
colored to show the agricultural resources and products of the State.
In the Horticultural exhibit the map ,showed the fruit soils of Missouri.
In the Missouri building it was a general geographical and political
map. In the exhibit of Mines and Metaliurgy, the map displayed the
mining interests. In the University exhibit, the geological formations
of Missouri were most elaborately and carefully represented. In the
preparation of the maps, not only were all published sources of informa-
tion carefully studied, but the results of Professor Marbut’s years of
patient work in the field of every portion of the State were used to the
full. The Missouri University exhibit was made under the direction
of a committee of the University, consisting of John Pickard, chairman ;
HJ: Waters; Ts Loeb*and* HB. Shaw. The University booth was
built in accordance with plans suggested by John Pickard. The in-
stallation and care of the exhibits throughout the Fair was also in the
hands of Mr. Pickard, with T. K. Smith as assistant. The display far
excelled that of any other university. It was the testimony of compe-
tent foreign and American critics that never at any exposition had any
university made so superb a showing.

SOCIAL ECONOMY EXHIBIT.

“In the Palace of Education, Missouri also made an exhibit in the
social economy section, thoroughly showing the work of the Boys’
Training School at Boonville, the Industrial School for Girls at Chilli-
cothe, the School for the Deaf and Dumb at Fulton, the School for the
Blind at St. Louis, the Hospitals for the Insane at Fulton, St. Joseph,
Nevada and Farmington, the Colony for the Feeble-Minded at Mar-
shall, the Federal Home at St. James and the Confederate Home at
Higginsville. The new City Hospital at St. Louis was shown by a fine
plaster model, and the work of the State Board of Charities and Cor-
rections and the State Labor Bureau were attractively presented. The
Missouri exhibit of the education of defections, as presented by the
Missouri Deaf and Dumb School and the Missouri Blind School, were

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 235

pre-eminently the star features of this department. During the most
of the Exposition period, both the schools kept classes of their regular
pupils in the model school rooms in this department, doing the actual
school work for the education of the deaf and dumb and blind. This
work always attracted a large crowd and brought great credit and dis-
tinction to Missouri. .

MODEL RURAL SCHOOL HOUSE.

“Another important and unique exhibit of the Missouri Educational
department was the model rurai school house, which stood in a beautiful
grove near the Art building. The modern, model, up-to-date rural
school house was represented by this neat wooden building, containing
a school room, cloak rooms, toilet rooms, basement, all well lighted, and
with as good system of water service, ventilation and furnace heating
as can be found in any city building. This building is so constructed
as to cost but slightly more than the ordinary rural school house, and its
advantages were so patent and so highly commended by teachers, school
officers and educators who saw it that the Missouri Commission had
printed and distributed a pamphlet containing the elevations and com-
plete plans, details and specifications for the construction of such model
rural school house, and we have the assurances that many of these
school houses will be built in Missouri within the next year. The state
superintendents of three other states have asked permission to use these
plans in the construction of rural school houses in their states, and
State Superintendent Riggs of Iowa has sent out a pamphlet urging the
adoption and use of these plans by the school authorities of that state.

The whole department of Education was under the direction of
Commissioner J. H. Hawthorne of Kansas City, Missouri, and the
organization, installation and care of the exhibit was under the super-
vision of Professor George V. Buchanan of Sedalia, Missouri, superin-
tendent of this department.

The World’s Fair awards made in the Department of Education were
as follows:

Grand prizes, 26; gold medals, 51; silver medals, 59; bronze medals,
22. Total, 158. Of these, 70 were to the General State Educational
exhibit, 44 to the State University, 25 to the St. Louis city schools, 8
to St. Louis University, 5 to Washington University, 1. to Christian
Brothers’ College and 1 to Forest Park University.” ,

A GOOD RECORD.

No state surpassed or equalled Missouri anywhere. The cost of
the various exhibits and the detailed statement of the expenditures of the

2360 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Commission are shown in the official report of the Commissioners. The
appropriation by the State was a million dollars. The expenditures in
the departments were: Agriculture, $78,039.24; Horticulture, $51,103.-
86 ; Education $53,888.17; Mines and Metallurgy, $57,670.47 ; Live Stock,
(including poultry), $95,158.24; Forestry, $9,298.85; Fish and Game,
$12,754.81; Dairy, $10,190.29; Missouri Building expenses, including
cost of maintenance, $232,918.16; general expense, $176,949.30. So well
were the funds managed that $200,000 of the total appropriation of one
million dollars was returned to the State treasury.

THE AWARDS MADE TO MISSOURI.

WORLD'S FAIR, ST. LOUIS, 1904.
(From Report of Missouri Commission.)

“Missouri won in competition with the world, 2,437 awards. These
were given by international juries after consideration of competing ex-
hibits from every state, territory and foreign nation represented. The
provisional list of awards, of which the accompanying list is a copy,
shows that Missouri received 53 grand prizes, 195 gold medals, 408
silver medals and 379 bronze medals, a total of 1,030. In addition, 790
awards to exhibitors of live stock and 617 to exhibitors of poultry made
the grand total of awards for, exhibits made by the Missouri World’s
Fair Commission, 2,437. This, of course, does not include the awards
to individual exhibitors, firms and corporations, of which many were won
by Missourians. This provisional list is only for the State exhibits and
those made under State direction by the Missouri Commission. By de-
partments the awards were: Agriculture, 298: grand, 10; gold, 50;
silver, 115; bronze, 123. Horticulture, 372: grand, 2; gold, 17; silver,
158; bronze, 195. Education and Social Economy, 158: grand, 26; gold,
51; silver, 59; bronze, 22. Mines and Metallurgy, 158: grand, 9; gold,
69; silver, 59; bronze, 21. Woman’s Work, 38: grand, 1; gold, 5; silver,
14; bronze, 18. Fish and Game, 6: grand, 2; gold, 3; silver, 1. Dairy-
ing, 2; grand, 1; silver, 1. - Publications, 4; grand, 2; gold, 1; silver, 1.”

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Grand Prizes, 10; Gold Medals, 50; Silver Medals, 115; Bronze Medals, 123. Total, 298.
GRAND PRIZES,
P, L. Long, New London—Varieties of grasses.
Missourl Commission—Display of grains.
Missour! Commission—Collective exhibit of grains, agricultural machinery, wool, cattle
feeding experiments. :

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 237

Missouri Commission—Oats, wheat, alfalfa, rye, millet, flax, blue grass, timothy, spelt,
English blue grass, Kentucky blue grass, white clover, red clover, meadow fescue,
red kaffir corn, white kaffir corn, broom grass, sorghum seed, hemp seed.

Missouri Commission—Model of St. Joseph stockyards.

Missouri Commission—Pop corn, navy beans, sunflower seed, cow peas, soy beans, buck-
wheat, castor beans and black oats.

Missouri Commission—Melons and cantaloupes, corn, cob-pipe corn.

Missouri Commission-—Display of corn.

University of Missouri, Experiment Station—Display showing sixty-five varieties of
wheat and grasses.

University of Missouri—Agricultural map.

GOLD MEDALS.

Corn. Wheat.
J. F. Archer, Walker. 5 ;
3. H. Castin, Grant ‘City. Pe yes enone
Josiah Cravens, Arbela. Henry Depky, Rockport,

J. W. Denton, Buckner.
Hall Goodrich, Calhoun,
Theo. Huebner, Bem.

Turner Long, Fayette. Miscellaneous.
T. W. McFarland, Boonville.
Geo. W. Seyt, Kahoka. Artistic Display of Corn and Grain—Mis-
Luther Bromley, Maysville. souri Commission.
H. C. Crain, Elmo. Timothy—L. F. Noah, Bethany.
R. F. Dawson, Sheridan, Timothy—J. Skillman, Platte City.
R. A. Gamble, Galena. Chemical Analysis of Grains—University of
A. F. Howden, Skidmore. Missouri Experiment Station.
Wm. Laswell, Canton. ~ Alfalfa—J. W. Gaither, Hayti.
Brack Martin, Napton. Ginseng—A. L. Leavitt, Houston.
<. ©. Raine, Canton. Watermelons—Mississippi county.
B. Zadoc, Shelbyville. Watermelons—Scott county.
Grain—Nuss & Son, Tina.
Wool. Collection of Vegetables—Missouri Commis-

Chenoweth Bros., Lathrop. P sens ge eke : Leer
ahh eats see arar eres cus
J. E. Muir, Callaway. Clover_M. N. Finnerty, Briscoe
area a OD > HCeDEDOrE: Coll i Grasses—Ira Darby, Davai :

versity of Missouri, College of Agri | vinegar—Clarksville Cider Co., Clarksville.
Hopson Glasscock, Oakwood. See ee sar Joplin.

os i 5 —Trte . , .

8. F. Huntsman, Cairo. | Cabbage heads—H. Meyer, Wellston.

H. M. Oliver, Fulton.
J. HE. Shattuck, Stanberry.
E. B. Wilson, Stanberry.

SILVER MEDALS.

Corn. Geo. H. Sly, Rockport.
ss : W. E. Woodsmall, Marshall.
W. D. Baker, Kennett. Geo. F. Bennett, Patterson.
R. dilyew, California. Wm. Blankenship, Alton.
J. N. Bohannon, Agnes. 3. Bondiver, Louisiana.

J. L. Carpenter, Mexico.

Herman Duise, Hillsboro.

Jas. Ellison, Beaver.

A. J. Flint, Bethany.

Herman Gauschoe, Willow Springs.
J. W. Ginn, Butler.

Peter Guentner, Harrisonville. John Hayward, Dekalb.
Patton Hayter, Centertown. E. A. Hibler, Steelville.

J. W. Herbert, Wheatland. | Hiram Howard, Marshall.

J. R. Coram, Ash Grove.

D. H. Egan, Dover.

N. E. Femme, Whiting.

J. H. Foglesong, Lancaster.

Cc. A. Griessennauer, O’Fallon.
C, Hance, Arlington.

Hollyman Bros., Palmyra. Kk. Lecompte, Cassville.

G. W. Kruss, Baxter. Lawrence Maisel, Millville.
A. J. Love, Kirksville. J. E. Matheny, Miami.

C, T. Marsh, Warsaw. J. W. Null, Dongola.

Marion McVey, Brice. H. C, Parker, Kidder.

Geo. Parker, Louisiana. John Peck, Rushville.

John E. Pearson, Fayette. Geo. Reed, Eagle Rock.
Mason Redding, Finney. R. E. See, Montgomery City.
J, K. Rutledge, Fordland. IX. Tucker, Perryville.

238 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPOR'.

SILVER MEDALS—Continued.

Wheat.

Cooper county.

DeKalb county.

Perry county.

Taney county.

BE. C. Buckner, Lee’s Summit.

D. Hoover, Lee’s Summit.

Chas. Kuepel, Defiance.

Rae-Page Milling Co., Marshall.
Howard Cabbe, Ash Grove.

Dade county.

Madison county.

Franklin county.

St. Louis county.

E. A. Alginson, Montgomery City.
J. B. Buss, St. Louis.

Ami Hughes, Lexington Junction.
Fred Malinken, New Madrid.

L. N. Thorley, Montgomery City.
Max. Waphorst, Valley Park.
August Roth, Wittenberg.

Potatoes.
G. Brumner, Mayview.
H. Strucktmeyer, Mayview.
Dent county.

Timothy.
Coontz & Waters, Vandalia.

Dunlap Bros., Breckenridge.
John and Woods Hall, Marshall.

Pumpkins.

H. Plackemeier, St. Charles.
C. Sareter, St. Charles.

Clover.

. H. Neal, Greenfield,
. M. Tucker, Blodgett.

hal

QwW

Clover Sced.

Herman Feith, Higginsville.
Hensley & Sailer, Montgomery.

Wheat and Clover.
Wm. Reed, Sedalia.

Corn.

J. Kiso, Freedom.

S. O. Langdon, Osceola.
Caleb Mathews, Oran.

W. G. Mays, Lelia.

J. A. McGinnis, Selmore.

H. Mische, Charrette.

G. T. Morton,’ Alley.

J. R. Page, Lexington.

L. D. Patterson, Paris.

Benj. Pikey, Conrad.

H. A. Schoppenhorst, Peers.
D. F. Strahiman, Libertyville.
S. J. Tune, Eden.

J. H. Wood, Cordz.

W. M. Baker, Liberal.

J. O. Bassett, Vienna.
Bennett Fruit Farm, Neosho.
Geo. Calkins, Ironton.
Osear Connor, Gainesville.
Geo. BE. Edwards, Mackarat,

Vegetables.
Dent county.
St. Louis Seed Co., St. Louis.
Wm. Coen, Lexington.

Watermelons.

Dunklir county.

B. F. Marshall, Blodgett.
Stubbs-Marshall Mercantile Co., Blodgett.
J. D. Green, Blodgett.

Max. L. Ostner, Diehlstadt.

Wool.

J. W. Boles, Auxvasse.

Elmer Frazier, Maryville

O. C. Roby, Rocheport.

W. J. Turner, Shelbyville.

G. B. Bothwell & Son, Breckenridge.
Harry McCullough, Fayette.
Standard Ranch, Unionville.

Squashes.

Alfred Amor, Blue Stem.
L. M. Crabil!, Ewing.
Thos. C. Baily, Lexington.

Squashes and Beets.
Chas, Truebner, Lexington.

Miscellaneous.

Cabbage—Louis W. Burgett, Tandy.

Jellies—Ida M. Munich, Rockport.

Cucumbers—Missouri Bontanical Garden, St.
Louis.

Corn Towers—Missouri Commission.

Missouri Girl, Indian Girl., ete., in Grains—
Missouri Commission.

Sweet Potatoes—Andrew SS. Reeder, Sap-
pington; H. Schnell, Glasgow.

Grass—John R. Carson, Palmyra; State of
Missouri, .

Asparagus—Chas. Hoekler, St. Louis.

Extracted Honey—Missouri Commission.

Millet—Laclede county.

Flax Seed—A. Kohler, Harrisonville.

Ginseng—Ozark Ginseng Garden, Houston.

Peppers—J. C. Rudder, Affton.

Sorghum—W. N. Harter, Laclede.

Wines—Wm. Aull, Augusta; Otto Fuln,
Augusta,

BRONZE MEDALS.

J. H. Fowler, Green Briar.
R. E. Galloway, Forsythe.
EF. E. Goodnow, Kingston.
R. D. Hirst, Rando.

J. T. Huffaker, Coy.

Levi Jocobi, Columbus.

H. L. Johnson, Atlanta.
Wm. J..Jones, New London.
Wm. Kellar, Salisbury.

G. M. Klenger, Fair Grove.
Henry Marr, Lickney.

Dena Mayberry, Van Buren.
J. W. MeDaniel, Rutledge.
Lawrence Mesel, Millville.
Louis Moore, Lewisville.

W. A. Moss, Spring Hill.
C. M. Pannebecker, Poplar Bluff.
Edward Perringer, Madison,
H. E. Seanland, Minneola.
R. L. Snyder, Idalia.

J. S. Tenney, Lentner.
John Vandril, Latan.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 239

BRONZE MEDALS—Continued.

A. J. Alexander, Pittsburg.
L. F. Baskett, Browning.
G. W. Bell, Black.

A. C. Boulden, Northsville.
W. D. Cantrell, Duncan.

T. W. Crawford, Boynton.

J. C. Finch, Hobson.

Fulton Sun, Fulton.

T. C. Gooch, Briar Brook.

B. F. Hamilton, DeLassus.

A. Hollingsworth, Carthage.
Wm. Illers, Cape Girardeau.
Richard Jennings, Mt. Vernon.
J. J. Jones, Glensted.

Geo. Keith, Edina.

£. S. Kineaid, Lathrop.

Corn Stalk.

Tucker Plant Breeding Farm, Blodgett.
Wheat.

H. W. Adamson, Rockport.
BE. M. McGruder, Burr Oak.

Washington Flour Mill Co., Washington.

Gom & Francis, Lexington.
J. W. M. Palmer, Hlsberry.

Potatoes.

Gibson & Ward, Irondale.
Alfred G. L.‘ Hollandt, Cattawissa.
John Steiger, Ravenwood,
Orville Wilhyt, Maryville.

Pumpkins.
Nana Barre, St. Louis.
E. F. Neer, Lexington.
Cc. G. Lyon, Page City.
W.. M. Scaggs, Idalia.
Sweet Potatoes.

Geo. W. Bradley, Jr., Doniphan.
A. G. Morrison. St. Louis.

Peppers and Sweet Potatoes.
Henry Crecelius, Mehlville.

Sweet Potatoes and Beets.
Geo. Trail, Lexington.

Watermelons.

E. Abshire, Diehlstadt.
Ed. Albright, Bertrand.
G. W. Briant, Morley.

W. M. Forester, Diehlstadt.
F. A. Griggs, Morley.

J. Joplin, Eureka.

S. P. Rollins, Diehlstadt.
P. R. Williams, Morley.
Ed. Albright, Bertrand.
F. L. Anderson, Morley.
N. Dabbs, Morley.

S. S. Grant, Morley.

J. D. Huey, Blodgett.
Harry Pelerian, Bertrand.
Sikes & Jacobs, McMaullin.

Turnips and Watermelons.
Jos. Williams, Lexington.
Wool.

J. M. Bisel, Rushville.

Elk Hill Stock Farm, Koping.

Wm. Wallace, Madisonville.

C. B. Rothwell & Son, Breckenridge.
Jas. Miller, Granger.

Miscellaneous.

Cob Pipe Corn—Thomas B. Campbell, Lex-
ington.

Rye—Adkisson Bros., Billingsworth.

Radishes—Ben Coen, Lexington; O. Grady,
St. Joseph.

Sorghum Molasses—John E. Hckley, Ste-
phen’s Store.

Broom Corn—T. Cully, Lamonte.

Timothy Seed—W. H. Hamilton, Gallatin.

Turnips and Watermelons—Jos. Williams,
Lexington.

Cabbage—Anthony Schnihr, Norborne.

Wines—Alfred Naha, Augusta.

White Oats—J. F. Slonson, Skidmore.

Bees—E. J. Troy, St. Louis.

Blue Grass, Blades and Stems—S. R.
Walker, Liberty.

Timothy Hay—Mrs. R. P. Bland, Lebanon.

Beets and Peppers—Henry Heidman, Cen-
tral.

Spelt—Andrew county.

Onions—Lew Coen, Lexington,

Red Onions—A. J. Householder, Lexington ;
Mrs. Jos. Kirt, Lexington.

Cone CODER Owe county ; Chas. W. Eno,

ebo.
Red Oats—Jackson county.
Grape Brandy—Mt. Pleasant Wine Co., Au-

gusta.
Rhubarb Stalk—Geo. Root, Canton.
Cotton Seed, Gensing—State of Missouri.
Tobaecco—State of Missouri.
Egg Plant—Henry Steinmesch, Kirkwood.

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE.
Grand Prizes, 2; Gold Medals, 17; Silver Medals, 158; Bronze Medals, 195. Total, 372.

GRAND PRIZES.
Missouri Commision—Pxhibit of Fruits and Nuts. Missouri Commission—Installation.

GOLD MEDALS.

Exhibits of Fruit.
Boone county.
Howell county.
Platte county.
McDonald county.
St. Francois county.
W. C. Gano, Parkville.
D. Lawmiller, Parkville.

Cooper county.

Jackson county.

Laclede county.

St. Charles county.

St. Louis county.

N. W. Thins, Ferguson.

Olden Fruit Co., Olden.

State University, Horticultural Department.

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Apples—Missouri Horticultural Society.

SILVER MEDALS.

Morgan county.
Texas county.

Newton county.
Pettis county.
Washington county,
Dent county.

Lewis county,

Ae Le MATeEE Steelville.

J. W. McAdam, Weston.

J. T. Mounts, Maryville.

T. J. Murphy, Wallace.

L. C. MeSpadden, Salem.

J. L. Pelham, Neosho.

G. R. Reynolds, Mountain View.
A. J. Robertson, Elmont.

L. Siechler, St. Charles.
J. L. Staebler, Billingsville,

c. W. Steinman and H. Schulte, Dalton.

Bb. T. Stewart, Rushville.

M. C. Surface, Kansas City.
opozark Orchard Co., Sunlight.
EK. L. Nance, Lee’s Summit.

YP. A. Vanvraken, Grain Valley.

J. Wagee, Spring Garden.

L. W. Weed, Bales.

ce Ve Worley, Mansfield.

T. A. Atwood, Swedeborg.

we W. Beatty, Excelsior.

J. M. Bisel, Rushville.

E. C. Butterfield, Blue Springs.
A. H. Chevally, West Plains.

E. R. Clough, Lebanon.

De Wiss Xs Drace, Keytesville,
Lewis Fetson, Keytesville.

Sep he Fletcher, Lebanon.

H. Gassen, Lexington.

tT. G. Henley, Spring Garden.
J. Uf. G. Jenkins,
H. Knause, Farmington.
J. W. Ludwig, Grabeel.
Ozark county.

Vernon county.

Nodaway county.
Putnam county.

Wright county.

Holt county.

W. S. Martin, DeKalb.

J. F. Maxville, Parkville.
BE. L. Morten, Calumet.

J. ¥. Murphy, Dekalb.

G. T. Odor, Holt.

Mrs. A. Patterson, Wellston.
Cc. O. Raine, Canton.

G. W. Roberts, Boonville.

A. Rubbling, Augusta.

L. J. Slaughter, Grain Valley.
David Stanton, Faucett.

J. W,. Stevenson, Trenton.

I.. Southworth, Sargent.

Dr. J. S. Talbot, Easton.
Hlenry Trampe, Blackjack.

J. A. Vandeventer, Mound City.
Fr. Vodt, Goodman.

W. C. Walker, Sullivan,

Isaac Wells, . Easton.

J. A. P. Allison, Rushville.

8. P. Bailey, Versailles.

Cc. C. Bell Fruit Co., Boonville.
M. R,. Brommer, Boonville.

Cc. R. Cartner, Boonville.

J. F. Chiles, Buckner.

R. Daken, Skidmore.

Isaae Plliott, Trenton.

Alex. Fleming, Cuba.

S. H. Graden, Parkville.
Ed, Herriman, Mooresville.
Martin Hurt, Weytesville.

S. L. Kies, Mountain Grove.
G. W. Logan, Logan.

Spring Garden.

Pears und Apples.

Mercer county.

L. D. Grover, Parkville.

Park College, Parkville.

T. C. Berthold, Bismarck,
Cc. H. Oetting, Mansfield.
Cc. H. Shepard, Lamonte.

Apples and Peaches.

Oregon county.

C. W. Cochran, West Plains.
Adelia N. Jackson, West Plains.
O. L. Session, West Plains.

tipley county.

John W.
J. A. McMaster, Macomb.
A. J. Shabring, West Plains.

Plums and Apples.

Livingston county.
J. L. Stilwell, Doniphan.

Apples and Strawberries.

Johnson county.
I. H. Speakman, Neosho.

Peaches.

Chas. Eisenhorst, Bellefontaine.
W. O. Mather, Oakville.
Ed. C. Luther, Oakville.
New Haven Nurseries,

Strawberries.

Christian county.

J. T. Jaynes, Neosho.

E. S. Katherine, Warrensburg.
Geo. Tippin, Logan.

J. E. Hall, Warrensburg.

H. W. Jenkins, Boonville.

J. J. Schaffer, Verona.

Behibit of Fruit.

Adair county.

Buchanan county.

Carroll county.

Clay county.

Dekalb county.

srundy county.

Jasper county.

Lafayette county.

Miller county.

Nodaway county,

Putnam county.

Wright county.

Geo. Addis, DeSoto.

J. S. Butterfield, Lee’s Summit.
Henry Crecelius, Mehlville.

J. E. Durkes, Weston.

G. 8S. Toman, Easton.

Alfred Nahn, Augusta.

A. 8S. Ruber, Sappington.

J. C. Rudder, Atfton.

S. R. Walker, Liberty.

H. J. Webber & Son Nursery Co.,
J. B. Wild & Bros., Sarcoxie.
A. L, Zimmerman, Weatherby.
Barry county.

Bolinger county.

Chariton county.

Crawford county.

(reene county.

Iloward county.

Hitt & Son, Koshkonoug.

New Haven.

Nursery.

THE

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

241

SILVER MEDALS—Continued.

Jefferson county.

Lawrence county.

Newton county.

Pettis county.

Washington county.

Franklin county.

M. Butterfield, Farmington.
Hiram W. Cook, Potosi.

M. T. Davis, Easton.

Cc. P. Harper & Co., West Plains.
J. E. May, LaPlata.

A. T. Nelson, Lebanon.
M. H. Park, Springfield.

Cc, W. Steiman, Dalton.
S. H. Wayman, Princeton.
L. Sellner, Graney.

Grapes.
John Howe, Pacific.
H. Theime, Springfield.

Berries.

T. C. Salveter, St. Charles.
J. W. Scott, Sullivan.

Miscellaneous.
Peaches and Grapes—Henry Nier, Nursery.

Chrysanthemums—Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, St. Louis.

Grapes and Figs--Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, St. Louis.

Currants—A. J. Hoefer, Jefferson City.

BRONZE MEDALS.

Apples.

Clinton county.

Camden county.

Knox county.

Webster county.

W. H. Allen, Boonville.

W. L. Allen, Boonville.

Mrs. R. P. Bland, Lebanon.
Brandsville Fruit Co., Brandsville.
John Burks, Excelsior Springs.
J. M. Charles, Graham,

A. Clingingsworth, Farmersville.
W. N. Crouch, Wakenda.

S. L. Dart Fruit Farm, Anderson.
J. D. Davis, DeKalb.

Downing & Bestery, Bowling Green.
Frank Eastman, DeKalb.

E. E. WHiler, Weston.

J. L. Finnell, Keytesville.
Callaway county.

Greene county.

Saline county.

Benj. IT. Adams, Bristle Ridge.
J. O. Allen, Huntsville.

Jos. D. Barber, Wallace.

Mrs. J. Bland, Spring Garden.
T. S. Carskadon, Dalton.

E. R, Clare, Lee’s Summit.
John-Conner, Jefferson City.
Lawson.
Boonville.

Cc. A. Dix and A. J. Davis, Jefferson City.

G. W. Dutton, Williamsburg.

N. P. Hckles, Parkville.

H. T. Fath, West Plains.

O. M. Frey, Louisiana.

D. Gibson, Irondale.

L. E. Grisby, Rockport.

L. E. Hammond, Skidmore.

Wm. Herst, Dekalb.

J. W. A. Jenkins and J. H. C. Jenkins,
Spring Garden.

S. H. Johnson, Parkville.

Mrs. EB. Krumsick, Washington.

J. Lambert & J. H. Murphy, Wallace.

E. L. Mason & Son, Trenton.

F. Martin & F. Taylor, Lamonte.

G. R. Robertson, Marshall.

Simon Rousch, Edina.

M. Schoparsse, Louisiana.

R. W. Smith, Rocheport.

W. J. Sullivan, Doniphan,

Michael Tobin, Maryville.

S. N. VanTrump, Orrick.

West Plains Fuit Co., West Plains.

G. H. Williamson, Utica.

W. J. Wilson, Wakenda.

A. H. Gilkerson, Warrensburg.

J. A. Hobson, Tacoma,

A—i6

——— ae

Henry Helpgrove, Oregon.

Cc. S. Jenkins, Rocheport.

Jack Jennison, Forest City.
W. K. Kavanaugh, Selma Farm.
M. Lathrop, Trenton.

Levi Mank, Cuba.

R. M. Massey, Kearney.

L. A. McCombs, Carrollton,

D. A. Robnett, Columbia.
Benj. Sams, Warrensburg.

Guy Slead, Mansfield.

Adam Stein, St. Charles.

Cc. Thorp, Aleston.

Henry Utlandt, Lexington,
Wm. Westerfelt, St. Charles.
W. HE. Williams, Nevada.

C. R. Williamson, Mt. Vernon.
M. S. Wycoff, Unionville.

Peaches and Apples.

Cc. J, Samesly, Macomb.

L. P. Snyder, Shaw.

E. C. Evans, Eureka.

Geo. W. Nell, Maryville.

C. J. Sewessly, Macomb.

Cc. T. Mallinckrodt, St. Charles.
R. W. Mueller, Augusta.

Apples and Pears.

Wayne county.
Wayne County Horticultural Society, Wap-
papello.

Pears.

A. J. Blanton, Parkville.
Jake Cox, Princeton.
W. M. Meyersick, Union.
Frank Cockrell, Liberty.
Wm. Eime, Cattawissa.
H. C. Shire, Odessa.

Strawberries.

A. Allbaugh, Farmington.
H. F. Brockschmidt, Monett.
G. A, Dietz, Olden.

B. Logan, Logan.

w. S. Luter, Lutesville.
McQueen Bros., Verona.
Ozark Plant Co., Logan.

Cc. C. Sechupback, Chadwick.
W. BE. Bower, Monett,

J. H. Christian, Neosho.

R. Jackson, Neosho.

F. Luchrman, Lexington.
Scott McCormick, Monett.
A. W. Orr, Mt. Vernon.

Cc. D, Schulte, Lutesville.
Chas. Smith, Neosho.

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

to
4s
bo

BRONZE MEDALS—Continued.

Grapes. Miscellaneous.
onade county. ;
nae, Meant Eee and Grapes—Louise Murtfeldt,
Pleasant Wine Co., Augusta. Sade pele:
era tere Nursery, Been ai Cherries and Plums—M., 8. Arnold, Liberty.

Pawpaws—J. C. Cobb, Odessa.
Chestnuts—Geo. F. Rorson, Little Rock.
Currants and Gooseberries—Mrs. Mont-

Henry Meyer, Bridgeton.
Henry Wallis, Wellston.

Fruit Exhibit. gomery, Maryville. | 1 ae
Cole county. ee and Grapes—Chas. G. Miller, Boon-

E. P. Biggs, Lutesville.
H. Schnell, Glasgow.
Randolph County.

Mrs. Curfman, Maryville.

Plums and Pears—Albert Schieler, Odessa.

Raspberries—S. D. Gregg, Independence.

Gooseberries—Linn county,

Persimmons—J. C. Evans, Harlem.
Plums.

Ed. Bucksath, Dalton.

Flem Harris, Lee's Summit.

J. W. Goode, Boles.
E. Kalinka, Dalton.

MULE TOPSY.

First prize winner at World's Fair, 1904. Weighs 1,800 pounds. Owned by Wm. A. Elgin,
Platte, City, Mo.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 243

PRIZES AWARDED TO MISSOURI EXHIBITORS OF LIVE STOCK AT THE WORLD'S
FAIR, ST. LOUIS, 1994. IN COMPETITION WITH THE WORLD, AND DUPLI-
CATE PRIZES PAID BY MISSOURI COMMISSION, ALSO STATE PRIZES WON
IN COMPETITION WITH MISSOURI LIVE STOCK.

DIVISION “A’—HORSES, ASSES AND MULES.

CLASS I—STANDARD TROTTERS.

|
World's |Duplicate

|
| State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. | Missouri.|
| |
x | |
1. Stallion, four years and over— |
J. G. Callison, Windsor...... ddaddacacucacodpadcedccaore $30 00 | $30 00 $30 00
(Ce I, Jake Sin bet boonesoocencaone SGODGOGHOSHEOUED I eeponadoeac iconemanoaoc | 25 00
3. Stallion, two years and under three— | |
De AGa Callison WANGSODSconcciccimeae sate edelerecieisiceicieeieeteee'| 75 00 | 75 00 | 30 00
4, Stallion, one year and under two— | | |
@! BE. Hazzard, St. Louis....:........ Sante va Reiareetteaieatee | 25 00 | 25 00 |
6. Mare, four years or over— | |
A. E. Ashbrook, Kansas City..... Situ sistere o/ayp gua aletslere stelelee| 50 00 | 50 C0 | 30 00
Wile Gen Callisoms WiNGSOM,.<c1<e01s sete eis cones ejolatere ela elevate eats a 30 60 30 00 | 25 00
@) B:. Hazzard, St. Louis............ wate s eons seme Cetceseeeee [[siatejeisivis’elaye)s | 20 00
7. Mare, three years and under four— o |
Z J. G. Callison, Windsor............. Kiotelnrelataletaissalesiela(oin fois 7 00 75 00 | 30 00
10. Mare, under one year— t
GH eee ZZ Cpe SL AOL SE cvatoysretatoiossialsysteiatelsia[sce ciersis eiorsteveiercle 40 00 | 40 00
23. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of ‘one sire—| il |
J. G. Callison, WIN GSOT sean Lnckie cul een ey etal atoverersistorels ews 45 00 45 00
24. Two animals, either sex, alfy age, produce of one) |
mare—
CREA ATA. a aSts PAOULS's actors ere sere chee inate: deleterenerobrinetic | 40 00 40 00 |
|
CLASS III—FRENCH COACH.
1. Stallion, four years and over— i
Wier Livan Mba eSB, Gillan ceoodoosecencoonEeooue 7 00 | 75 00
Wirt Vea are IATISAS I Cib Yiselorele «:clelsieiereleisieieiesslelei=<is'e 40 00 40 00 |
2. Stallion, three years and under four— |
Wane vi ctanenline WKansas) (Cityjat. 1 cieicieleislssisinicisieincraisiele.= 75 00 75 00
Wine Melsawehling Kansas (City. cere s\esicietaenieiclnie cicisisioe sis | 50 00 | 50 00
8. Stallion, two years and under three— 5 |
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City | 7 00 75 00
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City | 40 00 | 40 00
6. Mare, four years or over— |
Vira VC Tras NIE Pe INAN SASa Clb yin. <1olesicletaleln olcieisisle cicieislels | 50 00 | 50 00
11. Champion stallion, three years or over— | |
Wm. McLaughlin, SATIS ASM City atetctestepetsfolelctalsinieseinie teteis/ele 100 00 | 100 00 |
19. Grand champion stallion, any age— | |
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas GHEY eiisisnsionce siete sencoteeisers | 150 00 | 150 00 [
2%. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— | |
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City SonoebecobasoocsoNenSaT] 75 00 | 75 00 |
24. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one | [
mare— | |
Wm. Mclaughlin, Kansas City......... ShoddouDodTssao 50 00 | 50 00 |
gett
CLASS VI—HACKNEY.
€. Mare, four years or over—
Mins: eH. pAb AShDrOOk, IMATISAS I OItYsusleccecscccccciecne 40 00 40 00

244 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CLASS VIII—SADDLE HORSES.

|
World’s Duplieate| State

Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. | Missouri.
1. Stallion, four years or over— {
J. A. Doniphan, St. Joseph...... Ss etorsiote niste enlace eters 50 00 | 50 00 30 00
2. Stallion, three years, under four— |
Dep ASTROLESS MCEICOr caciiccis tee aielsice sie means ete 50 00 | 50 00 30 00
Ba Se Shultz) Garden Citys: da. ens to cra ce ise eich usielereleisic ctehel | ere erecta eet 25 00
3. Stallion, two years, under three—
WallacerSHstille MStill sca ceisis cin sete clemince Dore eeiaeereenate 7 00 | 75 00 30 00
JeeAn POC | MEXICOme ne snite sop enicies aamieyerat/- tie ele tare ere 25 Q0 | 25 00 25 00
4, Stallion, one year, under two— |
EL Ese ELV ATS VTS aI sole cvers olsisvare otelalaie ctetoleve e-sfels Shcose 30 00 | 30 00
6. Mare, four years or over— |
Elouston sWiyeth; St: JOSepBi... | tsi -ieseesi-rs)e otyeteieiaielete 50 00 50 00 30 00
IMG SRE OER WelNE, US beams OUl Ser cpracstar acts enislnr ie laments | 30 00 | 30 00 25 00
MOMPB ASS eyVLCKI COM steretele aie siete cis elels eleielsleiniaisicteleisielels Sadao dba) Scéansecuce \oagecdsasce 20 00
Ma NCATESTer Sty OSE Die e.cic21c<rcieloisiolatciele,cielatalnisieialorcteieal ter etettietlatelele« Weeoneasccas 15 00
7. Mare, three years, under four— |
Wir ele LOW), Sy NLCRECOs lence oeielaiie os nets tislecicte sion S060 < 40 00 40 00 30 00
SOS still esieo bbb ies saqoea5gocacapodondconcooee Sda0c 30 00 30 00 25 00
10. Mare, undér one year—
(Oh 10G (Qh igy WbiGs sit Son coco doagnnoos cHecogneonC Ina sO0nC 40 00 40 00 |
24. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one
mare—
OGish & eMOrniss | MEXICO: secmciss sie clclesicleis clove o\01c slatstatersiete 20 00 20 00
30. Gelding, four years or over—
MHOSs (Dunn WStanuouish. secs cise ss sieac scene csememinmerets 30 00 | 30 00 30 00
TOUMN EE VELOOKS SPATS tem see ciemeaicleeteiclalaiele e\stalere sfeleteetetalets 25 00 | 25 00 25 00
Dr VCrowley. st) Wouistecccc acetone netaucat anes seseee ane 15 00 | 15 00 20 .00
31. Gelding, three years and under four— | :
TRIS Smale Sedalia cscce snc ceneacaaceeacee se aaonseet 30 00 | 30 00 30 00
33. Mare, four years or over— | |
Mom|JBAsss | MexicOne. .- cso meee sonore sate shee seme aceae | 2% 00 | 25 00 30 00
34. Mare, three years and under four— :
Afolaba, “why IsKetlien TENA KE oeguupeodadosunccduqcodndboondenacc 30 00 30 00 30 00
CLASS IX--SHETLAND PONY.
1. Stallion, four years or over—
Ben. Shellmiant Weatherby wees cece cece sivelvic c(t sie sie. 25 00 25 00 20 00
CLASS X—PERCHERON.
|
1. Stallion, four years or over— |
Wm. Mclaughlin, Kansas City........sccsecesssoceee 75 00 75 00 20 00
Wm. Fetch & Son, St. Charles........ccssccccceccveve| seencsescselecesseccecs 15 00
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City............cseseeee ACO! <GosSoneeees pseomona ss 10 00
2. Stallion, three years and under four—
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City.........s.sseeesseeeees 100 00 | 100 00 20 00
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City.........c.cesseseeecees 75 00 | 75 00 15 00
3. Stallion, two years and under three— |
Wm. MeLaughlin, Kansas City......... obc.slemienonm waite 75 00 | 75 00 20 00
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City........ BOR ido mies 50 00 50 00 15 00
4. Stallion, one year and under two— |
Wm. McLaugklin, Kansas City...........sseeceseeeess 75 00 | 75 00 20 00
6. Mare, four years or over— |
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City.........e.ceecesceecess 75 00 75 00 20 00
11. Champion stallion, two years and over— |
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City........c..sesceesecoess 150 00 150 00
19. Grand champion stallion, any age—
Wm. Mclaughlin, Kansas City......ccccscccesseceeees 250 00 250 00
23. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— |
Wm. Mclaughlin, Kansas City.......c.c.sccessseeeess 100 00 | 100 00
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City.......cc..sccsereseeoes 75 00 | 75 00
%. Two animals. either sex, any age, produce of one)
mare—
Wm. Mclaughlin, Kansas Clty...) ccc. ccesensceceos 75 00 75 00
Wm. Mclaughlin, Kansas City.........c..cvssssovsss 65 00 65 00

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

CLASS XI—FRENCH DRAFT.

245

| |
World’s |Duplicate State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. | Missouri.
|
1. Stallion, four years or over— |
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City.................. ieloeie 40 00 | 40 00 20 00
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City............ Scletsenwatatoe tae | Mtalctc cysts Siac’ « | Scene 15 09
2. Stallion, three years and under four—
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City.............. deisjciectotrrers 75 00 | 75 00 20 00
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City.............. Beieticiasct 40 00 | 40 00 15 00
3. Stallion, two years and under three— |
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City.............. Restos acti 50 00 | 50 00 20 00
4, Stallion, one year and under two— |
Wine Meliauchlin = Kansas) City... .i-tecscccew sccics < we\aie 75 00 75 00 20 00
13. Champion stallion, two years or under—
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City..................0 Seno 100 00 | 100 00
28. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— |
Wm. McLaughlin, Kansas City............ socanodsnoe: 100 00 | 100 00
24. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one | i
mare— |
Wm. Mclaughlin, Kansas City........ Sicincielelctereiteriaictets 75 00 | 75 00 |
|
CLASS XIV—BELGIAN DRAFT.
; ) l
i. Stallion, four years or over— |
Were Mebanohline Kansas (Ciiy;s smc clclciciecs vicsccicwicicces 50 00 50 00
Wins Vichanchiline kansas Cityincn.ccclcicccieiere ce.esssi= 25 00 25 00
2. Stallion, two years and under four— |
Wer NTC aint IAS Sy CULE yj.1-01010)¢)+ wteleln/ale\elois ele sis ets)=1= 75 00 75 00
8. Stallion, two years and under three— |
\ivittl; WCE eA ibe I aISRIS) (Cali Soo gopodondobocosodaccs | 50 00 50 00 |
23. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— | |
Wine Melanehiiny siansas CLbyicn seis. esi ae sec sscle -eln 7 00 75 00 |
24. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one
; mare— | |
Wins Mebanchlin = Kansasm City: cacncctl. sects cciecisss 50 00 | 50 00
|
CLASS XVII—JACKS AND JENNETS.
| }
1. Jack, four years or over— |
li Mee Monseess Sons; ISMEH COM. /\s 0-12 -1fe) 01510-15164 1 100 00 | 100 00 | 60 00
L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton.......... sate celelerafaslaieis 75 00 | 75 00 55 00
i Me Emerson, Bowling Green... oc. .0c.ccceicccccine sens [Remerarct separ ae ove ctaacsttte 50 00
Wea (Gibson. (Blackwater. «a secslocectesslees conte ent Reese 6 eide dl DE MaOnObe o- 45 00
ae Mes Mmnerson-a bOwling. GROOM a. cnlcccc c/s cuisine sos ciel Beiter alee ctoe RABEE Saori 40 00
2. Jack, three years and under four— [
eaves Himersons: Bowling) (Greens. sc1m:.iec).01s\c1s ele'sle)afo\- <1 100 00 | 100 00 60 00
ae Monsees) Si SOns; (SMICHtON ./.). 0.020 cle.e cc 1 oisee00s 75 00 | 75 00 55 00
L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton.....................- 30 00 | 30 00 50 00
tae ee irmerson=) Bowling) Greens -...ccceceesien os cise ce area therectsitercts | Rois/ate atsielerers 45 00
5, Jack, two years and under three— |
a Mee Monsees! & Sons) Smithton. ..5 2. j<0.cc..cccienae 100 00 | 100 00 60 00
Ee ee ay OLNEG Hs IMCXICO 3: seis olcis(elsje siare'e cicieisieje/einve o ete/ase' T> 00 | 75 00 55 00
EAI s PEI OVP M uA LOUT vecrh cele's Seacncieeicelaie cen oalestecenaee « 50 00 | 50 00 50 00
See eM Beee SAMUI LG erases asemoe cence ceceisiate¢ 40 00 | 40 00 45 00
Ley Mee mersonesbGwiline Green: ods sce as/etelc ce cis ee's 30 00 | 30 00 40 00
4, Jack, one year and under two— | |
EVE Monsees Ka SONSs SIMIGHtOMs s:.5 clsises essere cise <1 50 00 | 50 00 40 00
17 ME Monseesn GESous se Smithton i550. cnc. ceecee ccee 40 00 | 40 00 35 00
Ey Mepbimerson) (Bowlins) Green: acc. odccccc- ceoccnces ce 25 00 25 00 30 00
Hired Parris eee SE NTIMIIN Es crepes /s cio veladeia'e's clas wee nae ence |e ARS aes sisterachtos 25 00
RPE eA VAOT a NOU DLA Mere eer rare oiclsiainieinielecinle oir hdinje « vee Wie iherontn cee Sell ae ass Secale 20 00
5. Jack, under one year—
L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton..................0.5- 75 00 | 75 00 40 00
L. M. Emerson, Bowling Green..........:...0e.essee-- 40 00 | 40 00 35 00
i. Vis Monsees (cg SGUS aw ISMILMEON: cc seccclenisocieclew cece 30 00 | 30 00 30 00
Li, Me Einerson:) Bowlinem Greanweseen cscs ccnenece nese [Fae A ae petra to [bees jee ches 25 00
f. Jennet, four years or over— ry |
i. M:. Monsees: & Sons: “Smithton :..22oe.. << cccceccee 100 00 | 100 00 60 00
Le Mi Monsees t& Sons) = Smithtonensncnccs.csnockincens | 75 00 | 75 00 55 00
red jHarris eels _Sumimiteeceee ee meena coe acnee | 30 00 | 30 00 50 00
Pred lars sWeeigy Stim tere cee oe etapa neem cieieo all Me niee semen [Pee seen tasers 45 00
Eee Hmersoms ssowlinel Green re-ceieck ccececa ccs scices eee ner [tea i Sa Saeed 40 00

246 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CLASS XVII—JACKS AND JENNETS—Continued.

es. | 4
World’s |Duplicate| State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. | Missouri.)

| |
|
7. Jennet, three years and under four— | |
L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton................. siete 100 00 | 100 00 | 60 00
L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithtonr................ eo siete 75 00 | 75 00 | 56 00
L. M. Emerson, Bowling Green.............. Slarsipie o'staints 50 00 | 50 00 | 50 OU
ILL. M. Emerson, Bowling Green.............. AOISIOOCLE 40 00 | 40 00 | 45
8. Jennet, two years and under three— |
L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton 75 00 75 00 4) 00
Fred Harris, Lee’s Summit............. 50 00 | 50 00 35 00
L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton 30 00 | 30 00 | 30 00
9. Jennet, one year and under two—
L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton............. Usa dove date 75 00 75 00 - 40 00
Hred VHarris: (Weeis Summit. 0... -\ccnb oe) etek casener 50 00 | 50 00 | 35 00
Is. M. ‘Monsees & Sons, Smithton... 0... ts..c. cscs 25 00 25 00 | 3u 00
Pred Harris.) lee's: Sammit:.. .).2/1..ss4s canes cae s shee cne| meereeee sll seen eteeee 25
Loe, sbimerson: /BOWwlile iGreen’, ce cease coe e eee eee eer al ee eeeree | 20 00
1). Jennet, under one year— |
IM. Monsees &iSons, Smithton... 25. ces~sseeeces 73 00 | 75 00 | 40 00
IL. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton...............00000s> 30 00 | 30 00 | 35 00
te ME Emerson, Bowling Greeny cen -ccssiemenscccl cies 25 00 | 25 00 | 30 00
ba -MieHmerson, Bowling Greenies ccc nsec niectomene | meinen tesa A hyd oercvant el 25 00
Ered Harris; Lee's JS ummutis..niccb ce mosan. seen callakecietnee certs lectern -. | 20 00
11. Champion jack, three years or over— |
Liiva Monsees: fi Sonsyr smiphtoncemssmsnet keds cerns 150 60 150 00 }
18. Champion jack, two years or under— |
IM. Monsees: © SOnss Smithton. vss ccic selec cis eee one 100 00 | 100 00 -|
15. Champion jennet, three years and over— | |
ii Ma eMonsees& SOUS, (SMiENtOms 225% <n eiscse's sla ee ore 150 00 | 150 Ov |
17. Champion jennet, two years or under—
Ds Ms Mfonsees! & Sons, Smithton. ...-. ns» cess ccleaner 100 00 | 100 00 }
19. Grand champion jack, any age— |
iM. Monsees &iSons, Smithton 0a /scccie ss isiieeies 359 00 | 350 00 |
21. Grand champion jennet, any age— |
Lie eee LOLSCES 26ch SOUS. s SULIT ODIs. cleleciteiions ciereise cieetere 250 00 250 00
23. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— | ¢
I. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton............0scccceess 100 00 | 100 00 | 70 00
JME PATS. OLee's ISUMMIE Sse ccntias cee oltesae cena ics 55 00 55 00 60 00
J eA Eris) Gu SOUS) eee SES MMM Ge sseeernascer eee ae 45 00 | 45 00 | 50 00
iu, M: Monsees’ & Sons), Smithton. eicmsscs oases 30 00 30 00 | 4) 00
24. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one
jennet— |
Me Monsees) & (Sons; Smilchton... 0. cccicssccen ess sels 75 00 75 00 60 00
Le eWLONSCES se @n SONS, SNMILUMEONM: wtreisrere celle ticlsioineniceae 55 00 | 5d 00 50 00
i Mem nMersous. Bowne Greeneocescessacneenicneeneee 40 00 40 00 | 40 00
rede Hartisn pbGe's:, SUMMILE vel crtesccitvie csc iet aicsets Orta cial linresinetea ets ah JoeB OE | 30 00
2%. Jack and four jennets, three years or oyer— |
lL. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton.........2...02.000.0- 150 00 150 00 | 80 00
i. M7 Monsees! ‘& (Sons, SMLEnton.).\ 5. smcpseencees see 125 00 125 00 | 70 00
be WE tbmerson, | bowling! Green ash sosennecneccndenee 75 00 75 00 | 60 00
2%. Jack and four jennets, under three years— |
LL. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton 125 00 | 125 00 | 80 00
lL. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton Ts 00 | 75 00 | 70
L. M. Emerson, Bowling Green..........c.cs00- eee 50 00 | 50 00 | 50 00
red: Harris; (ees) sSumimMith. oe one aacciacaumearc seeks ste 40 00 | 40 00 | 40 00
27. Jack and three jennets, three years or over, bred by | |
exhibitor— | 2,
i3. IM, Monsees & SOnS,, SMIGMCOMN: oy asic sale vide deceive ns 300 00 300 00 | 125 00
CLASS XVIII—MULRES.
| | |
1. Mule, four years or over— |
Wii tA. lgin« “Platte sGtitves ss ove cs oetde. sues attaanns $50 00 | $50 00 | $50 00
WA gin Platte ‘Gity sais cn sues «sles oveus Seeeeeiet 30 00 30.00 | 45 00
Barnetty<® Gusewelley -Gallatini so... 9.. « sc opens. ones 25 00 | 25 00 40 OO
ee. Baker. WilllAmstOwile. secu cxivnse sv eniy eeeieeen & 20 00 20 00 | 35 00
Blackburni&) Jones; Warrensbure: vii csvup uence eeens |< cueeentne 1 ‘iS marbteicae utes 30 00
Js Boy Willson, Wellsvilleicecs crs in cc.c0m nrc sing 2 cota RUalwn as A lle cial Serer seta ice 25 00
Barnett.& -Gusewelle; Gallatin 20. ct coevcewaswelvwiss | nae tent niall tees cece 20 00
DoE. Ashbaugh, °-Westusin set hisvccttas cchaeenveee sXe «sk)| ies Roaaceenr i a aenenee 15 00
2, Mule. three years and under four—
J) FBS Wilson, “Wellsville... sac. 0s ac.0 eters one vaemdees 50 00 50 00 | 50 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg........ce.ccsccecccss 40 00 | 40 00 | 45 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg............cseeeeeee 30 00 30 00 40 00
a. DD. ‘Gentt yy) Regal ccccewesdaceconcesc kone: tuedee omens 25 00 | 25 00 35 00
Jr D> -Gentny REGAL sania cen ces a cotctn uoeath mieten e aoa eons 20 00 | 20 00 | 39 OY

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 247

CLASS XVIII—MULES—Continued.

| |
World’s |Duplicate| State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. ' Missouri. |

|
| |
|

3. Mule, two years and under three— |
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg..............+sssee0 50 00 50 00 50 00
aR Van Cleves Olds Oxren ans etesclaterstetols\olaleidsiolelerals oke/ele 30 00 30 00 45 00
WViOMis Chap ESEOS oy EOD sor ae =, oon sso clalelele,oininiels e-elsicleinl> wie 25 00 25 00 4u 00
Blackburn & JoneS, Warrensburg.............cccesacce! sascesccoes | cit Sielaerasterete 35 00
4, Mule, one year and under two— |
Blackburn & Jones, WarrensDUrg........0scccssscceess 35 00 35 00 50 00
Bae Wen arick se IGnODNOSCEE Sac acs <nyoasee cleeldelelelele gale 30 00 30 00 45 00
IB Wh, Teel, (CRIT cos accosonondacaescopocdpacecenar 25 00 25 00 | 40 00
BPH eM CNO EI Cka MITTOD MOS CCI. ainre crates sirteisialowiele viciele/aieie clare 20 00 20 00 | 35 00
Hem MieaeHewiel la Calo Um otecies vi ates sisieia sistas siatac imo atrnies ater 15 00 15 00 30 00
Bilackburmidsr JONES: IWALLCNSDULEE).c/s.ns oie ccislciss clase] ieee smsicusss ick a otae gees | 25 00
5. Mule, under one year— |
Wowie eBrow © Wullon.4 4ciééscdscoces eed dboveceoes 3500} 3500] 50 00
6. Single mule, fourteen and under fifteen hands— L
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg.........c..sccceccces 50 00 50 00 25 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg............sccecesoes 40 00 40 00 20 00
7. Single mule, fifteen and under sixteen hands— |
Barnett & Gusewelle, Gallatin...................c0es-- 50 00 | 50 00 50 00
Rarnett & (Gusewelles 7 Gallatin: cancer 2 = recive neiticleleeloje 40 00 | 40 00 35 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg.........sccccececeess 30 00 30 00 40 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg. ........-s0ccccercces 25 00 25 00 35 00
By SaVeeivend rick: \ISnODNOSLCE janice acco ee eccciee cesses 20 00 | 20 00 30 00
BMV ee MCNariCck MERHODTIOSECI aapiscttccrtierae ciclerareletatcterstete viele | ats ole, sleualatenclel lis speiejolare wfoie's | 25 00
EAC Pe W Cleon Call VO INE ayaioiare nlche olaie aie aveietaic iol atnvetalasaleletenalatatete'l Min eletaloleie/ele'e [aya sickens ere = 20 00
He MeN mew else Calnouniss: vesceosscoretesenecleen ogee Wale prev sieiaerai sis | eect | 15 00
8. Single mule, sixteen hands or over—
NWewAte cine Pl actOu@Lbymateseece sosace sci leasceneceuss 50 00 | 50 00 50 00
Pere IVVALLSOM peIVVE LISA lL Gti ..s claiste selsinerlelsiemts eisai cieccre celdeles 4 00 | 40 00 45 00
WarA-shileines Platte \OlLyesn sane cea osnes wore teeekintens 30 00 | 30 00 40 00
Eg. Campbells VErentor ic: cr.(as eis aiinciee o aleleicte siereleiewioeats 25 00 25 00 35 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg.............ssseseees 20 00 | 20 00 30 00
BIACKD MEN ss ONES PWV AEN SPIT Dae yereiictete nie leein ereterwicts | Rralalaivie cieleieparei|liais tae! olel ore aie 25 00
TES! SNEED ary MEL ORELOUC Sarees rere fare ciote caicloicra ctor tinct dae sicanie te verotstel llareieraneys'atere ere 20 00
StH EMC OMG A Glice LELTICY aie Swab saneshasemabreoreces| | ooonebactuel mooaunceaes } 15 00
9. Single mule, sixteen hands or over, to cart—
West Dicin PlatterCitiyjcc cect el eee cece dene cere: 50 00 50 00
WerAcgwlein= Platte Gitiy= ot eccscewenaearee serie oe: 40 00 | 40 00
Jes GWilsons miWellsville ws oausanenaeieaeocecemanmeon 30 00 | 30 00
Be Cs. Campbell Cebrenton scctae ened ct coee enone 25 00 25 00 |
DE WSO VOW elISVANGs= No jclnes dele tecnica icemine 20 00 20 00
10. Pair mules, fourteen and under fifteen hands, to |
wagon— | |
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg.............cssesces: 100 00 100 00 40 00
Blackburn & Jones. Warrensburg..............2-+se00: 75 00 | 75 00 | 35 OU
11. Pair mules, fifteen and under sixteen hands, to wagon— |
Barnett7& Gusewelle:) Gallatin. cen coscuiscsiesicpeeace ce 100 00 100 00 70 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg........0..55..5.000s- 75 00 | 7 00 60 00
Behe wisendrick ieka1obnOstelacseens scone nee eee ones 50 00 | 50 00 50 00
epi ewellsniGalhoun sass sean eecee teen cn ene 40 00 | 40 00 3 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg,..............eeceee- 30 00 | 30 00 30 00
12. Pair mules, sixteen hands or over, to wagon— |
WaOACEE cin Platter City. ssemaceccel ee ne cbeaconcsesas 100 00 | 100 00 70 00
Wier Ae oane SP latte: Cipya sec ceee sont sea cewieelnone cadet est 7 00 | 75 00 60 00
ema Campbell yiren tone esses cee oe aidseeceee deneue 50 00 | 50 00 5D 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg................0c000- 40 00 | 40 00 46 00
EME ee EPA KeIes | WiLL LATS EOWA asicel ceive elec ciiscsiiclsie ciclo steinicra liisie(a iaieleislalots Pasfoisisretatve 30 00
15. Three mules abreast to wagon—
Me A LOT AHN Clb Yicins 4. ctsie! sie wiciels 6 ole eicts tleiwte wie crelctociote 100 00 | 100 00 | 70 00
Bigekburn& Jones, Warrensburg. .s..s.cscccssccs snes 75 00 | 75 00 60 00
PO Pe Ap DELL mT rentOM)2...<ctses suka le nace Ore eenaes 50 00 | 50 00 50 00
Barnett & Gusewelle, Gallatin ae 40 00 | 40 00 40 00
Mee WanG Clnnys MRE EAlose |, os secccnls hn dlinichieicnetaneceees 30 00 30 00 | 30 00
14. Four-mule team to wagon, wheelers weighing 1200 |
pounds or over—
Wie Ateh einem Plaeben @ltycn athtek cede cs coarelciaaaeces cle cares | 125 00 125 00 80 00
Blackburn &)JONGSa WAEECHSDUIE. |) scncecec cokes juss 100 00 100 00 70 00
TIC pe DAD Del Mae RE CTU ORD site te ats, ce oe enn dea oles ecko | 75 00 75 00 60 00
4 _ Barnett Sa GusewellemyGallatinis:.0 0s. cc2scesc oneeie ene. 50 00 50 00 | 50 00
15. Six-mule team to wagon, wheelers weighing 1200 pounds |
or over— |
Ward pkileins Platten Gut yam cee ie oe secs cteicrs oie clacse « | 150 00 150 00 | 80 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg 125 00 | 125 00 | 70 00
Barnett }& Gusewelles Gallatin. cre. css once ececacce cee. 75 00 75 00 | 60 00
Blackburn & Jones, Warrensburg 50 00 50 00 | 50 00
Men LE BCI EY -< RELA Cece nate pee eet reese een eicoae Lienan 40 00 40 00

248

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

DIVISION “B’—CATTLE.

CLASS XXV—SHORTHORNS.

so

10.

ati

12.

21.

25.

|
World’s Wetec

State

Fair | aed y | premium.

prize. Missouri.
| |
Bull, three years or over— | | ‘
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clinton...... ete etoteiarove esters $75 00 | $75 00 | $50 00
Alex. Frazier, Kansas City satACH Osos odeeeceesceesedel cere sire leGensanccae | 48
Bull, two years and under three— ;
Cc. D. Bellows, Maryville 60 00 | 60 00 50 00
Purdy Bros., Harris...... “ 50 00 | 50 00 45 00
Geo. Bothwell, Nettleton: )- 222: 49.3... Aad sac sales nies |iishiee aiciatcn leseeou arene | 40 00
Bruce Devault, New Florence...........cccceccese Bono hi Se: Seana eae AO | 35 00
Bull, eighteen and under twenty-four months— | |
T. J. Wornall & Sons,. Giperty. > t-. onset eee syeleteate 50 00 | 50 00 50 00
wosephiy Duncan Osborm:-.sses-. ose e eee Gponcaet Bicidaal is. 5 Ae ee ae lawitadeattee 45 00
TJ. Wornall’)& Sons," Wiberty. 2.2 o2e sence ee | eared: a Ss \ecueew ects | 40 00
Bull, twelve and under 18 months— | |
Cup! Bellows, Maryville.............. sete Scqnosac sees! 40 00 | 40 00 50 00
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clinton.......... bokodices 30 00 | 30 00 | 45 00
WA. Worsy the, (Greenwoodicce. cc cteeececeesce efor stole | eee [xeeactieee | 40 00
CoH Dy Bellows; Maryville. .\.scteein cae ces cake cee ieee RE Sta tas | 35 0
Bo.) Devault.. New nWlorence:(.- pens see scwecneceee Bt leet cee veh Deo SEF 8 ik | 30 00
Bull, six and under twelve months— | |
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clinton...... Seaosonoseneac 30 00 | 30 00 | 50 00
UL yaSLOS.2 MEBTTISU wae cccee eee teen eee ee ates cose 2% 00 | 25 00 45 00
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clinton 20 00 | 20 00 40 00
RBrGy solos. MELALris. ere sce cee cee nee er beet nerere Shan Jeo [Rees oe 35 00
C. D. Bellows, Maryville. ......--<--/.0--00-s+sseneeree! oo cleitaad Weeate load | 30 00
ey -pWOLD Alle ke SONS i LIDEE Lye cennenieetsiielseee ee seeees|| | ET te tear ae | 25 00
Bal puter months— | aa
Bellows! Maryville vices stem ceiismce teenies i
Cow, three years and over— 30 00 | 30:00 | 30.00
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clinton........ tevccsesees a ead eae setae Fey 50 00
Heifer, two years and under three— core at |
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clintom............ss..00e/ | 50 00
Mebo mandyvand = Cattle io... Clintonvos-avese chee ssatece Baueivicts Fk Be | 45 00
Creswell & Carpenter, Braymer................ COASCHOE ime tae a ae fora 8 <3 | 40 00
Geo. Bothwell, Nettleton......... AAA ODD NCO OCONO OCCA) Meta aheuan ore 35 00
Creswell&,Carpenter.: Braymer-.secse.cccsceeecccnere el aninnecnmee lees ae 29 00
Pde WOrnalL -& Sons) Wiberty=..c-cscecteecseececrs Jevall paths Eaecpeaae ea arse) cz | 25 00
Slee a ane under twenty-four months—" a te gba leh a ue |
() Bellows, aryvilles tis dle sl cucnceceae Snqnnc s FE
Tebo Land and Cattie Co., Clinton.. 50 00 hth [ Ht
T. J. Wornall & Sons, Liberty.. : aac eel or i Meee: in ee | 40 00
IW. LAS, Morsythe: (Greenwood yocscccdecdcdesceatenccee |i ramen aie feesdoe se | 35 00
Tid. pWormalll ‘& Sons; ibertywis.cecactecsteccceceeaes| ter omer ea ane i 20 00
cee ye and Pease eighteen’? months" 95 ty" a] cee ee eans Hay sae bs
Purdy VOR @ELATIIS: cis o's tlesteeee datuce tadecealantts CQce }
CD: Bellows, Maryvillesc.ccccessccencouce Ben dene Goce * fe “4 me yn i
TJ. WOLnall & 1SOns; Wl Dery. to onen deseeed cones ue 25 00 | 5 00 25 00
Geo: (Bothwell; MINettleton..0.n. uae vec eccsas ste ABrot 25 00
W. A; Worsythe, (|Greenwoo0d....icccescccdcccesce aie eraieite | mcreuee eres 21k ne ee Ree iete | 30 00
C.D. Bellows, Maryville... :.cccscccvscsecedeves cvodeduel embeneBacis |eveeeeeeees 35 00
ee aeud aneee twelve months— ai enecemnes's.<'s 8 ! © /STRIN 6 ote es
urdy Bros., ETAS: 5o/cis's erste ne ware eisieis'ers'e] alae le cle inietaaters =
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clinton.......cccccceeeuees B | a “ bes
C. D. Bellows, Maryville..............ss0. Reread hays 0
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clinton.............+.- en ee Jeseeeeeeees 35 00
T)) J. Wornall (& Sons, Liberty is. cs ccsveenecenenemeen| est nseemes Jo ceseeeneee | Sai
Cl Ds Bellows, (Maryvillesis. ic. choesccedeceteeene seea| ceeeeeeeeee |eeeeeceeeee | pee
Heifer, under six months— er cree |
T. J. Wornall & Sons, Liberty.... Sees | 50 00
T J. Wwornall & Sona, Tibertys.!.5,i.c.. aseorseseven es | pap
T. J. Wornall & Sons, Liberty.............. Meisenetea us | ate
Creswell & Carpenter, Braymer.........ccccerceecsecs -| 00
Geo; “Bothwell, | Nettletonco. 55.0555 fora eeaeee ce | 30
Champion bull, two years or over— | 25 00
Tepo band and Cattle Cos Clinton. . ccc). cescneuaan eee
Grand champion bull, any age— 00
ge Land and Cattle Coy Clintons ccsencaws tiecnaecs 00 | |
ed rd—
a rn 100 00 100 00 70 00

Tebo:land. and Cattle Co., Clintonmiccciccen nse Neca

Shorthorn Bull, “Lord Lovell,” 130157, owned hy Purdy Bros., Harris, Missouri. Sire of young herd exhibited by

them at St. Louis World’s Fair. This young herd won $2,000 in cash prizes.

p=
)
.
.
dé
3
—
- ng!

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

CLASS XXV—SHORTHORNS—Continued. .

249

| |
World’s |Duplicate| State
Fair paid by | premium.
prize. caienare
|
26. Young Herd—
C. D. Bellows, Maryville............. Sieivioteie Bt styateletahare 75 00 | 75 00 70 00
lepigihy Weygesh, Teal oaosonosnoeeoodec sogocasondaassshone | 60 00 | 60 00 60 00
CDs Bellows). Maryville: <o <<. ccs Sat rotelsias ete Nenatics 55 00 55 00 50 00
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clintom...2......cce0cceees| osseeeeeese [es seeeeeees | 40 00
28. Young herd, females bred by. exhibitor— | |
Cc. D. Bellows, Maryville.......... ST SHENG atateloretos aie 200 00 | 200 00 | 100 00
Purdy Bros PALMS Ot sacccddasacetcenncosceeesoces ee ull cuentas [eesieveecs -o| 60 00
C. D. Bellows, Maryville............. ate roleie ciciateletotevetate ase Weagagaaoaao laadboaddons | 40 00
29. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— |
CUD WBellows Pe Maryvilllesicciics.c sis clsisiwiss vleisisiaisiccssletsrecicte | 65 00 | 65 00 60 00
Tebo Land and Cattle Co., Clinton.................. adj 45 00 | 45 00 50 00
Gps Bellows; Maryville. <ccc cee cess ote sis'e sielstalerateis%ciel| 40 00 40 00 40 00
T. J. Wornall & Sons, Liberty......... alefelevotaleletelersteleteiai= IP cteiscoheteleteielate HisaBoabedano) | 30 00
30. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one cow— | |
PUG y Eros HArrists cacccceh ceoeces ee ceaeeue Leleoaests 55 00 | 55 00 60 00
T. J. Wornall & Sons, Liberty............ Sislataiataeee eee 45 00 | 45 00 50 00
Cap eBellows!) Mary valleiccc ccc cesiccic sists sinecislesicls sete lhetaicleteletelererere lesdoncodcncc ) 40 00
CHD Bellows eeMlaT Vvilll Oe sec tacts sleslc clerctorersinicteo en teiote diated | isk bolatererelerste [Proatocietete store | 30 00
40. Fat steer or spayed heifer, eighteen and under twenty- |
four months— |
AUT Vas LOS oe EVALEIS crets stay -rctelaisieloisielevelerelats sinie sie leieiaiciatejersisrsionl| 40 00 | 40 00
44, Champion fat steer or spayed heifer, any age— |
AIR Gy MPI ST OFS POEL ALLS cetete at stelsietelcicialsisiaisieisiorsieciciscietsis ieiciclete cle 100 00 | 100 00 |
| |
CLASS XXVI—HEREFORD.
|
1. Bull, three years or over— |
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence...............ss00¢ 60 00 | 60 00 50 00
Jas. A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg... i wo eeteniesicieteioie 50 00 | 50 00 45 00
ORE SHe ALL Issac eee ce secs cemendsocesosueencee as 40 00 | 40 00 40 00
GaaNs Moore, Mees) Summitenccnscssceseees Sienresaiemies 30 00 | 30 00 | | 35 00
Benton Gabbert.w Dearborn kos cenn coecse coawacce suelo esse scissor eSosuae cose i 30 00
Gudgell> & Simpsons) Indépendences so jeteisnas nce teeres'e|| vee cleere vee [ereveretctetersinret= | 25 00
2. Bull, two years and under three— | |
CGE Comstockoy Albanyacece saccncecos skeclaecsieas te cae 75 00 | 75 00 | 50 00
OLE ALPI SU ERATErI Suellen nace incee oe teen eens hawleis 60 00 | 60 00 | 45 00
Srl BLOCK se MALCOM a ciaiseesices carmaa cena eee ce cnon ciseenese 30 00 | 30 00 | 40 00
Gudzell(& Simpsons. Independencess.2 5 oo. ecg e ees cesecuwen es odanoonbas | 35 00
WaltersB i swadellisliexin tone as sce cunceee cence ali aaandoodane [fetetetestersicicine | 30 00
3. Bull, eighteen and under twenty-four months— |
Jas. A. Hunkhouser, Plattsburg........c2c.0<000 sieveisieie' 75 00 | 75 00 50 00
OdMEMarris® JMAnristceacccccsioscecocmec ews einioietelelcieintaisicrsts 60 00 | 60 00 45 00
Se Brock) UMACOM aac aceon nae e eco awe sees | 40 00
Stewart & Hutcheon, Bolckow....... | 35 00
Benton Gabbert, Dearborn................- : | | 30 00
Egger Hereford Cattle Co., Appleton City....... 30500 | | 25 00
4. Bull, twelve and under eighteen months— | |
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence...................- | 50 00
JIS eA Mun Khouser. Plattsbureessesessenastensonanee. | 00 45 00
Benton Gabbert & Son, Dearborn........ Seieievsieiecineiewiee 30 00 | 30 00 | 40 00
See mms COCK INT COT Ss aik een sears cosa sched orca eee alll atte eee seoncdpboa | 35 00
DettewBros), Brinktowns .s-sasecadcasence diesaialelelolwrevelsielelllitawlote’e,cvaetersls eoedoaoned -| 30 00
Gudgzelly Gasimpson | Independencessss ass ssesceeeeees|i i es clece eee lncooucnedac | 25 00
5. Bull, six and under twelve months— |
Stewart & Hutcheon, Bolckow.............s.sccessecees | 50 00
ORMETIS SELALEL Bee cretion stticiss cies Uivieles ooo aed caticeee | 45 00
Siu rock ei Maconeee eso eicc bean cence ocasaeenes 3 | 40 00
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence | | 35 00
- N. Moore, Lee’s Summit............. toe | | 30 09
Berton Gabbert & Son, Dearborn.............. | | 25 00
6. Bull, under sixmonths— |
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence 00 | 00 | 50 00
Of (Harris) \arriseeeanesteeen secekeeeess Sroteialetnreisteteterstanste 40 00 | 40 00 45 00
Jas. A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg.............. ag O5O0A5 30 00 | 30 00 40 00
Stewart & Hutcheon, Bolckow............. a5anabobacas 5 20 00 | 20 00 35 00
Jas. A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg.............. ap potosha Sill ay Seheretratersien [es eeveeeets | 30 00
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence................. wiavs'|(0 (areenetarerare Ne ESE Hale | 25 00
7. Cow, three years or over— |
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence............. Maysieisiete 50 00 | 50 00 | 50 00
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence............. BaoRood li edcos alelersiai eetitene's etala gle | 40 00
OW Harris VHaArriseereccccrn AR ORCOODOTOOAGE cocconoe atala'eteyall tues teeeaers Iporsaneaces | 35 00
Hgger) Hereford ‘Cattle Co.) ‘Appleton’ Citys..i2sceec) oo eke [ese cietsit erates | 30 00
Egger Hereford Cattle Co., Appleton City....... selaselneeoee nc ligseiee teas | 25 00

250

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CLASS XXVI—HEREFORD—Continued.

| 1
World’s |Duplicate State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. | Missouri.

i:

bs

A”
« NM .

30.

33.

bo

Heifer, two years and under three—
OS Harris) Harri siccccsac cesta sites erence Mislelate(e'asisiaie/otsteriole
Jas. A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg..... aalistaiaiets nope nde
Stewart & Hutcheon, Bolckow............. distetw sie sisieteie cia
OPA Earrig EIS EPIaS cl ccideecsts aine'sists eaieicisisle Sale ave else Rene
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence..............ee00+:
Benton Gabhbert & Son, Dearborn..............0+.00s+6
Heifer, eighteen and under twenty-four months—
Oy Harris) PEArrist cess ns cis Blacia ciated alslecressleetosleresctactaetetes |
OA ELALLISN JET RULIG ccs celclecieisiceis crises Jasiseeae
Jas. A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg............
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence.................- eal
Seb PRTOCE+) MaCOni: sicchala sistas siete cet cetetels celele nice oe manera
Benton Gabbert & Son, Dearborm...:. 2.200.020) ocsccces
Heifer, twelve and under eighteen months—
OS MET AreI SW AELIAS sere siccte ire core eye eietnwia sim aaa ertoraniceetes
Jase ACen KhOuser, SPlattspuULsccielsenelseicemiaccereeriace
stewart & Hutcheon, BolcKOw.:....cccccercccccatsecees
ONSMALEIS: HELarriss 2 oss one sie soca orc cnerecehnicseenione
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence
Heifer, six and under twelve months—

OF SMiagrist SH aUrigy a. cessteceseccsve aewecasantten nce emaeete
DLEWALG ee SELUTCH EON BOCK OW cma ac cictenclienicioneemcionl
Or GEIArris (MELALLIS Won cimisee soins ileecteletieiele disteicleselcmteece
Jags AS MnKHOEser> ARIAESDOTES miciacceslcleraincee oe seen
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence....................
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence...................-
Heifer, under six months— |
Oe Hacrish PEAEriss costo cee cio ae aelaseweebsleecek ae ea acen tect
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence....................
OSS ALri she EAT ss ecaicwccceicrie iieers weteursteteiciewieroomieiateniene
AS. A LN LOMSEL), ikl VUCS DULL Sireiotcicsoreveletemfarcjomeleeinetere
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence....................
VAS aA UCHOUSeL. EL AttS DUES. aniprelferietemiie ehh iretle
Champion bull, under three years—
SLEW Gucs ELE CHO th OLCK Ow aricticiicleniclermitersictisiecaoieicle
Champion heifer, under two years—
OOH aALrise SEVAVIAS oc oy vislsienctecimces oa macuinebidies weiss elses
Aged herd—
Oe LALIT S TVA Uris setev.nsec dat tevchote ets orete oi tva evetelarei cletets cine lors
WAS. ee MUN KNOUSEI se PLACES DUNS eles micleiesenisieicisiieiele paleo
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence...................-
Gabbert & Son) Wear porn wy sterner ccieeesistaieknpiccsiaaee
Young herd--
Op GEisrris’ s Flair sie. taipieraciecterecteleieie olstele vida Sayoivemeane wate
Jas. A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg............. SPOS eae
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence...................-
MLEWANE NG EM tCHCON: . IS OLCKOWiraicsireicieicista/civie cicisi seletereieiners
Aged herd, females bred by exhibitor—
©; Carrs TLS: retecisicte\ereiitetnl cece sta netectessl pelt auiehie maivts
Jas AS Munkhonser. Platisburge. ase nviiencbicecit
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence....................
Young herd, females bred by exhibitor—
Os Parrish) PERO LPIS Ts sinc cis canis deca acisieiiete nn worl cinialeteridee ek ehe
Jas. A. Funkhouser, Plattsburg.................

Gudgel! & Simpson, Independence
Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire—
Jas. Ay Bunkhouser,, Plattsburec.cccsceccccncavseeewee
Ox dlerrisy (Harriss. Sens cle ne acisies calcio nee o/s ee see eee
Stewarg & Eiutcheon, BoleKowse. ues cctaseeene
Gudgell & Simpson, Independence...................:
Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one cow—
Was. As BUNKDOUREL, PIAGtSDUIES. ac ves vuc'c cle ote cements
3enton Gabbert & Son, Dearborn
Jas, An MunkboOuUder, PIATCSDUR cssnlsc ve cnlelecueite ay
CFs PELEITIS). ELAPRIS inset cea teiteie cake s wu ccte eth Meet
*Fat steer or spayed heifer, two years and under three—
OS AEC IB AEP IB Seercins oc sa emeeite dite sie as dele eoaeenaeeners
SG SLOG. WME COn soc canutee ated tate dys s'« «auc care eeanntG
*Fat steer or spayed heifer, eighteen and under
twenty-four months—
LAP BLOCK, MIGCONs sa dec dove tatcotae eterna s ke nates
OO FLARES: WHA TMIBS cvsvareece state nnee ne dulccseccrnpeenne
Fat steer or spvayed heifer, twelve and under eighteep
months —
S,. “Ia. Brogky) Macon. cicsececcenlsarertidte seta seuutende

75 00 75 00 50 00
50 00 50 00 45 00
aictele aisteleteist feteitete ere ae 40 00
Gicaeveta sia piel eta tena eee 25 00
SRoarasadil liste osscoc 30 00
AMIRI =| xanga aoe 25 00
75 00 75 00 50 00
60 00 60 00 45 00
50 00 50 00 40 00
isisietaiarol~'oje le ojefaietelatetats 35 00
Soretenia ete slo's [ivisiorein ciate 30 00
micisisla's e'oie\si|l0'ele'e catainaeate 25 00

.
.
—_ OS errr UOC OOOO eee ee.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 50 00
| 45 00
| 40 00
| 35 00
| 30 00
! 25 00
50 00 | 50 00 50 00
40 00 | 40 00 45 00
30 00 | 30 00 40 00
25 00 | 25 00 35 00
20 00 | 50 00 30 00
a Ae [reine 25 00
|
50 00 | 50 00 50 00
40 00 | 40 00 45 00
30 00 | 30 00 40 OU
ee ee [eee ee | 35 CO
Se eae cetcey | 30 Ov
peices eve 25 00
|
75 00 | 75 00 |
| |
pity 75 00 |
12500! 125 00 70 00
100 00 | 100 00 60 00
65 00 | 65 00 _ 50 00
arene ae een ns || 40 00
|
75 00 | 75 00 | 70 00
60 00 | cae 60 00
55 00 | 55 00 AO Oo
Sa RS Vaere ren 40 00
200 00 | =. 200 00 | 100 00
Poo eet! eee een 60 00
se arc eaey Ae see | 40 00
200 00 | =. 200 00 | 100 00
nes eae eee 60 00
aa eee 12 cote 40 00
65 00 | 65 00 60 00
40 00 | 40 00 50 00
Wieeieinicin 2: sts|| Ree ED 40 00
Blea ree aH NS eT 30 00
65 00 | 65 oo | 60 00
55 00 | 55 00 | 50 00
45 00 | 45 00 | 40 00
40 00 | 40 00 | 30 00
|
30 00 | 30 00 |
25 00 25 00 |
Pyle
80 00 | 30 00
eat a

3000 | 3000 |

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

CLASS XXVI—HEREFORD—Continued.

| |
World’s |Duplicate| State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. Missouri. |
| |
36. *Fat steer or spayed heifer, six and under twelve | |
months— | A
Se ple SBE OCK MIR COM ace sevcteralsishcltaiale)edelslelelerelaverclataterereVataleiets stare 30 00 | 30 00
oop kgs ESTO CK UNTACO Mesa arias ofetate\ crajalctateleleletapeverereletelebalaisterotetsfets 25 00 | 25 00
37. Fat steer or spayed heifer, under six months— |
SIRT LOGI Mla COM ata ctrisicle crealaeie atelatelaicleleleletesevate aceisislemiejorere 30 00 20 00
39. *Fat steer or spayed heifer, two years and under |
three— | is :
Ete OPM Men tS OTM MMOS IT CLS OD iere oictaltetotatctarctalalate fatetaretoletere/arefelaversiors te 30 00 30 00 25 00
40. *Fat steer or spayed heifer, eighteen and under |
twenty-four months— i,
Sean THO GK AVL GOTT te, ca cial cielsiolavataictatal eleva’ eie!atetesolaravetarclaverersten 40 00 40 00 25 00
42. *Fat steer or spayed heifer, six and under twelve | |
months— »
LTT HSE OCKS: MVEA COME. fo, bieicre'sicrelelase cle aciars alelatais teins is\eisie cveleeie 40 00 40 00 | 25 00
44. Fat steer or spayed heifer, any age—
Sale COCK FMA GOMES crc 4 sere scacelatat ca. clel elereyalcre) srejshel stavatavel etgrte 100 00 100 00
*T'wo classes; one pure breds, one grades. |
CLASS XXNII—~B. FAT ANIMAL. CHAMPION OVER ALL.
|
6. Steer or spayed heifer, all breeds and ages— | ?
Soya SOCKS vMIACOM rae ches Selree aie eleoe lela toistolere rsiete Gleisielonevese | $200 00 | $200 00 |
CLASS XXVII—ABERDEEN ANGUS.
| |
1. Bull, three years or over— [
imme ankn Cables Commblarrise aecchine ste aetrcic kine ccs cste (aber acecisisete [Riaieieintereetetete | $40 00
EEO SA LGOUE A PIStillewe ie sc ecncccs cade telece ee teemcesel| ileiiestccs Billiestteleieee are | 35 00
2. Bull, two years and under three—
de wks BWA LH ETS 4 ML SSOUTI a Citi yyeretectecyecaseleiinecaleinisisteve slots $40 00 $40 00 40 00
Berrys ucas) GEAmi LONE Hennes. nisecenc cet cae uaeaee | Saososdaeacl\asoonoacens ; 33 00
3. Bull, eighteen and under twenty-four months— A | |
Eres) Wisp OCG SUL yoo riercta.s ainisvcinin cial eicteete nie creme nieiets 50 00 50 00 | 40 0
HR ernye II CAsh a ELAMILCOMea reacts ck oe cteare cenicictaen now oe mel Pletelersiovele niece [aset Norte tion | 35 00
4. Buil, twelve and under eighteen months— |
PESO RCT OTE DRISGIIS Aes iouy. septs sisletcetselsheeteioce acs Riese et 30 00 | 30 00 40 00
Wie cde Lurpin’ (Carrot Om 4. sors shdee cia naiee ee ee actoeioe slike sisi leceieiale/acei| erolslets oiererciets | 35 (0
5. Bull, six and under twelve months—
McLaughlin Bros. & Johnson, Bstill................6- 30 00 | 30 00 40 00
Wee Dun pin) Carrolltiomeecescnsc ce tecelcne teenie cella -saisetenienate [Wereiats tourer { 35 00
PimnmrankeGuculegeom WEarristcenccsnecshen ce cere ce ee ceel useeasesenice [\sidaeiaerorcerers | 30 00
Ven LIOT Ea DIS UL Merree celce ese ans See ce kate ecu Gk oes ale |) penesoosicllecooscasou: | 25 00
€. Bull, under six months— , |
deeb aVitEhers) Us MaSSOUPIN @iby.' cms selects scale cca wes oe 30 00 30 00 | 40 00
MMe Cathey SOs ElaATris: onccice sconces oeecelnie: 20 00 20 00 | 35 00
7. Cow, three years or over— | |
PAs Vike Caen Orsay EVAL Sie rcle neers nes o cetetlere ete ee cial ais iclerelaateine sled | aisisterarsters ais 40 00
Wee JeeebuEpins) (Carrollton s./-cnesjecsccisicicis victors ieleastomll’ \edeci Nae eteleraillapetdetenicocs | 35 00
Beth yee WUCAS er HamMlCOM. seces voce cece noc elecaciseceebaa ute Kit Aiwa eiaiebecci ever araietelatets tere 30 00
Tem Vom EAM UL Co itso EES GUL te 2 af ete ete ze sien MI aiarein rete iets eee teiadee oieyal ial rere am eters 25 00
IS Vee IBUUb yr: GOs 5 ons nee ane ane erates al alee eiele Sed aera oils || ote SUES rane pol octet otkene 20 00
&. Heifer, two years and under three— |
Wise dds Utepyaitin,.. (Comey tre shes Sanne Seated Ae ec am ee ere e DaN eA ae Ree 40 00
Wim Park Cattle Co., Harris Galea bbops apace eeapecaes 35 00
LS Wore E LT OTe Stal eeepc rele nie fate craic ae scratoteis Bool cette | ade icva eae alll aetscieias eae | 30 00
ET TVW pe FULT O CE wan Es S Ul epetiertecte s charstere a ers ste alaiovo, Acs weteis See RTA allNb te ohees erat eesiettll a etcetera 25 00
BELLY, MUCHAS, MEL C OLRM eects asic alee ei cal cterscons osteo oueionitlic cto nue [easter artes 20 00
9. Heifer, eighteen and under twenty-four months—
Wi Sop oe La rpinteg Carrolltoneeer esti s. ce sce estos cleo clalll ett site lve letcisisiate dagug 40 00
BImMeh tra Cathlem Com Harel Senet sncnieut ss sceacinacl) ueieeeeenon WFereyeverstersete 35 00
Weed urpinie @arrolltoneperrcen cies cccs cen selstsle-eievelell\', aches aeaers [ecterashie ca 30 00
Himgvarks Catulen® onmeartisersey oe man sence ciecisises crocs | saceieee oes [Settee sacs 25 00
EPS pW Veron ELMO Gey SISTEM Merrempta a iste a ettyve bekccclsrercsctaveis% wrall pane teeee ealllaeece eee 20 00
10. Heifer, twelve and under eighteen months— |
J. B. Withers, Missouri City 40 00
HB Wo blliotte Mstiliy es 3a 00
Berry Lucas, Hamilton 30 00

252

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CLASS XXVII—ABERDEEN ANGUS—Continued.

11.

Elm Park Cattle Co.,
Wi tJ.

Harris

Heifer, six and under twelve months—
eae cHlott, Still a. cess concerns areiclee's:/smicieleisiein'e we ssieis

RINT CAE LOMEON soe ails op nets ernie elstotele «etaiaes oer

J. Be .wathers,, (Missourl, Clitycc-iisca<cs sieve be cnr retard

Elm Park Cattle €o.,

Harris

ee

12.

26.

)

ot

=

2

10.

11.

Heifer, under six months—
Wieurale

Berry Lucas,
Aged herds—
Elm Park Cattle Co.,

ETE We UUITOLE APHIS THUL coin roe crcteco cy croatia s nvm ehetstole sielcleietes cteterste
BAM iltOn Ave sec scrote ocie actos acqaeivie dete

Berry Lucas,
Young herd—
W. J.
Elm Park Cattle Co.,
Wi LOGE SEM: S.Soesie a ae sn loc ecetncen oats
Berry Lucas,
Aged herd, females bred by exhibitor—
EW wo GEM StU ec caceca ne a eee nee
Berry Lucas,
Young herd, females bred by exhibitor—
Wirt urpin Wi Carrollton. acacatteietcteties s'slcleiicleletate
MimsParksCattlev Cox mMEarrig: cpiccletecte(s sles <cfeleae
He We BE iotts PHStill es. mc ccacee eens cse cen caoenee

THAT ATT OLUL OT! ceric sicivialeiclsisiateioleie cfecieistotsicre
Waid. Gurpin | Carrolltome sss scv cassie select ctste
EVA EOM re ciwisteioleielaisictelaiclel efor sloleteta aotetantate

EV aAmMiltOns ci acceso tameecmeetecioce

EDAMTCOM Fee so sis tle cites riteiagnctes ees

Marpin. Carroll toric cio Scitecicisieicleiele cinistelewteleaere
IE Chae i, ouadhoncossnsaticcoancdaace

eeeee

Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire—

HimwParks Cattle (Cot Harristien.acun- ace scee cies

W.

J. -Lurpin; ‘Carrollton....... ao clatclsiaro clsis stistele peciors ates

H. W.
ie We
Two animals,

Elm Park Cattle Co.,
Ee Wie

W. J.

BNIEOGEAMOSTIUMES | Sta caee ceacvomenee ne cele cei cisiice
POC SGU. 3a oe tite cc ieamiocince neet caacter ence
either sex, any age, produce of one
cow—
HArrig sons. o ccc cces coer eens
PTO GG w SHS UILD nn cteteactecicieis eters arse eins foe ee nace pete
Murpiny (‘Carrollton cicssiia\cfecis aisle Aprecapnodeond

J. B. Withers,

Missouri City:........ Beir enisioete Bstoetean

CLASS XXVIII—GALLOWAY.

Bull, three years or over—

COON Moody PATI Anta J nchts ceisienicec celesitciney enc waleictenete

Win a LOWII Ge SON MC AETOLLOM ioc ncicicicisiniciccion en teauicets on
Bull, two years and under three—

Mees WATGS Coweillere is .mcis ss snieciisicsccnses sea ateratstetete

GSN PIMOOG yA PATIAMEAL i cc crcisisiere/cins waloiniets visi areieicte Hoses
Bull, eighteen and under twenty-four months—

CONE Moody.) AtIAN TAs oc. cidcciicceciucceeats meiaalecteanae
Bull, twelve and under eighteen months-.

Bee Wild? (Coweillinic. o. vcceetie cate Centenenie aces Siveaene

GOONS Moody.) (Atlan tas. o.ceetcpacncteueccecciccate Ape tor.
Bull, six and under twelve months—

Wm. M. Brown & Son, Carrollton.............. aieeen

C. N. Moody,
Cow,
C. N. Moody,
C. N. Moody,

Atlanta

three years or over—

YA ROE OS SR API CODD DONC ADC ORCOEDOre no Waw helen

Atlanta

Wie Ms Brown &yson;, Carrollton nc toececsccsmmueeaadaics

We Mov Brownlie SON: 6 CArrOlltONveceds onvewsuces Saeenes
Heifer, two years and under three—

CoONC SF Moody. A blamtai o.ccvecsuce re dcceicceurens eaieatelwe

GION; PMOOCY, | A UIST 2 occcecrinn sewer e su ceemeet SEO AIOG

Be EVAL: ¥ COW BIUTL s stata nctacetemd sade Pivianawdamaemesens
Heifer, eighteen and under twenty-four months—

BP SWWALG:! COWS. Sic ncdeddcceddacddscetessacime awe’

F. P. Wild, COW RINNE Si cecelnts Casas pdesatde aataees Raaees
Heifer, twelve and under eighteen months—

CONG hoody. A clanta dass sce cence Sasdicusase cue ays

Gai Moody. ATIONTA xcuvcdncsdssntacsesdvescctiaseete
Heifer, six and under twelve months—

OVIN. Moody. Atlanta sc. it avssehsrnccaas Siaanenenia a

W. M. Brown & Son, Carrollton Vax cake se uaa tus satniees

| |
World’s |Duplicate| State
Fair paid by | premium.
prize. ea
ii wal 40 00
nau eeeee [eee toe eeeree 35 00
sade ace \Gaetemeoeee 30 00
Sctejestdaseee hae: 25 00
L Oktec moments aie 20 00
Sarhte sfosieee ligemeaarces 40 00
a ees aE as 35 00
ee oder ae hoes 30 00
eee |evereeeeeee| 70 00
Re eo Se | 2 peer 60 00
BE lo io |ipoma onan e 50 00
70 00
60 00
50 00
40 00
75 00
45 00
75 00
45 00
| 30 00
SHES SANS Se | che cacoeeets 60 00
Zee Pispeceeenes ates 2s i
cee gett Veeco: wed 40 00
Cee rie [eajcteeciee oel 30 00
|
«acta eae Ja atdecee race 50 00
ee at [saat accel 40 00
Sie sia Sacketste ltateiees oe 30 00
is Paiahseoes igri cexras srl 20 00
| Lab eae
60 00 | ae 40 00
RBG seas | 49 bees hteee's | 35 00
oo 60 | 50 00 40 00
40 00 40 00 35 00
|
bora v6) 0 | 40 00
aiae 30 00 anny
ee teecwenet lacie
30 00 | 30 00 | 40 00
Sal a ad 35 00
60 00 | 60 00 | ; sey
penis PPPS oe 30 00
Piseesen | RES th ae 25 00
beable, 75 00 | or
RENE, pe LE | 30 00
| !
40 00 | 40 00 | 40 00
RR Pree FS rape acs | 35 00
PAR rita Hilts ee 40 00
seen eae NEE ote 35 00
|
30 00 | pea 40 00
ee eee | Samael 35 00

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

CLASS XXVIII—GALLOWAY—Continued.

253

| |
| World’s |Duplicate| State
Fair | paid by | premium.
| prize. a eal
|
| |
12. Heifer, under six months— |
GONG odyvare Atlanta. iia leraciere Gaderte Helslaaternnactar | 40 00 | 40 00 40 00
W. M. Brown & Son, Carrollton........ Foon so ehbsbod \ be edacosdal lAdsatoccdac 35 00
17. Champion cow, two years or over— |
CON Moody ATIAN tac ccc ccc cies Jadisresicsisteie eases sos 100 00 | 100 00
23. Grand champion cow or heifer, any age—
CNG OC 2) PA TI AMCs oercts rc ciesciewieininloleln'ele(e sigisiaia cnisfaacuece 200 00 | 200 00 |
25. Aged herd—
CINE LOOd ys PAT aMmEals,)5,<jcteivicecrcieicisies deidstdctapetoiecyacis ciel 125 00 | 125 00 70 00
it. Je. \WyiMiol, \Congallilt cnaodpanondocnadondadadousooeeroosodd|) nec doaosg||sogaaaso005 60 00
Cap Nee MOOGyA) CATIATILA Ti craic cicjelvicieicie's wieWesieleestarscletceieiere |e marciaaerterets Waeadaao nance 50 00
26. Young herd— |
C. N. Moody, Atlanta...........0.00- ea auasates nae 45 00 45 00 70 00
27. Aged herd, females bred by exhibitor— |
GEANE Moody, AT ANNES aes sis /citejereie sale sletelorote avers clokeiaiicelete cial bteiecrome ates WBedacicodana 75 00
28. Young herd, females bred by exhibitor— |
CoEN. Moody, Atlanta....... 500005306 Ba sidete aistatalslalstsietclerste| vere Aeareriterie [eee ato : 75 00
29. Four animal!s, either sex, any age, get of one sire— |
C. N. Moody, (AM blatitars race acca i ldierels vicls’stslomieiee stele 55 00 | 55 00 60 00
Cc. N. Moody, Atlanta.......... Miva vials oie ola eTeiieve ete sieleraiare lt mesieverese eicierate |itevetstetstevetocte 50 00
30. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one |
cow— |
GCaONe MOOG ya eA CAN AR a..5 csleielesascieiaainls Steraicratelclsieisiclave aaiele 55 00 | 55 00 50 OU
PNG LO OU yee AGI AIL ES clotetnretalalsictalsiaisisisielsisicielelsicl<ia.< onions 5 40 00 40 00 40 00
CLASS XXXII—BROWN SWISS.
| |
1. Bull, three years or over— | |
Harry McCullough, Fayette.........ccscsescceceees odohe $30 00 | $30 00 $20 00
Carlos McCullough, Fayette.............sesceeeeee Sei cia'e|| ostarc cies /ete vals [rakrrstercteyeos 15 00
2. Bull, two years and under three— |
Harry McCullough, Payette.............sssesseeees wsicles 30 00 | 30 00 20 00
Harry McCullough, Fayette...........2..ssseeceeeeeee ora litiaheialsfeiserets |ichase stareveyetetere 15 00
3. Bull, eighteen and under twenty-four months— | |
Harry McCullough, Fayette..............-eseeeeees soos 30 00 | 30 00 20 00
Carlos McCullough, WayEtteer ore ero ee ce cuae see ene eral statetarey tele acts llewoasececnce 15 00
Harry, McCullough, Fayette..........-..scscccececcsesce| cocecessees lasopobocees 10 00
4. Bull, twelve and under eighteen months— |
Harry Me@ulloueht Payette sani scl crac clvcleictslo c's viscicioiein'etels 20 00 | 20 00 20 00
Harry McCullough, Fayette... 15 00 | 15 00 15 00
Garlos PMc @ullouchy VHA Vettes cece stare cries clos cietcle ticlcieie's all Plaietelelelewiniclone [icievete)stetayets ees 10 00
5. Bull, six and under twelve months— | |
Harrys Mic @ milous tn Haye ch Oaa cl sist creiisicisielcleisieielerelsicleieisieiele 30 00 | 30 00 20 00
Harry MeGuilouch) Hayette: «3 << cicscicc lee cnicciocicive eleieists 20 00 | 20 00 15 00
GarlosP Mc Cullomshy ey WAV CECs cvs levelcisiclevlsisteicto leis: wtoleiclals toler] mmieleisteteleielere Isiehesefanel reveled | 10 00
6. Bull, under six months— |
LD IEIavay NG OUlOUS He ANAVIOULCs 21015100 elcierstele’= siateis\e\eis claleiale’siels n 25 00 | 25 00 20 00
Carlos) McCullough, (Wayette.o. cs. cscs ccc csececesisiccls 15 00 | 15 00 15 00
Harry McCullough, Fayette.......... aeleisietereroteinttaintelete sieve lin te e\ersisieiatar stale [ett sepg Petke ce 10 00
7. Cow, three years or over— |
Harry, McCullough, Wayette. oo ccs ccccnccccwcnse asfele waestosysiesl sls [Reiqatemisieteerets 20 00
Carlos McCullough, Fayette........ s00g90080H005 Gaisletsisie laineaorieesas Abd cooascge 15 00
ihoay WiC TOWN) TNE KK So onnaooonobdoBddooraseaodo [us ! sosondn so: eset SEBAOEC 10 00
8. Heifer, two vears and under three—
Harry McCullough, Fayette... 30 00 | 30 00 20 00
Harry McCullough, Fayette... 25 00 | 25 00 15 00
Carlos McCullough, Fayette 20 00 | 20 00 10 00
9. Heifer, eighteen and under twenty-four months—
Harry, MeCulloughyptiavettecs cs. csc: cen suscece waseseees 40 00 | 40 00 20 00
Harry MeCulloughitWayettes. .is...0..0h5.2ssse-s0s at 20 00 | 20 00 | 15 00
10. Heifer, twelve and under eighteen months—
Harry McCullouchte Havettercssccessccsececrscsise sls cet 30 00 30 00 20 00
Carlos McCullough, Wayette../..............- AAAS Eras, Saterehee yeltetetal|ofetoke atts Wiatets 15 00
Harry) Me Cullousmiayetier: eck nce cccs.cccbinclse nereuice cerae | hietaleleebeleleiarete|/elalere relate oie 10 00
11. Heifer, six and under twelve months— |
Elarry, McCullough vmibiavettersccies css. «+s sccsemas secs 25 00 25 00 20 00
Marry) MeCuilloushh. Wavetbesncccccn: ciccocccsenonun ous 20 00 | 20 00 15, 00
Carlos! McCullough; Wayett@ss.ccvsss.ccscsscoess Bibl astole nM ere teteterch afelels oeettciclateerers 10 00
12. Heifer, under six months— |
Arye Mc Cilouchuelayviethersvasstee ers see ccs scm te cee 30 00 | 30 00 | 20 00
Harrvevic@nllouchiy Mayetten eens: ceccic ns ccc swicne ce cere Misemteleememae [etrde reese 15 00
Carlos McCullough, Fayette....... jodoacoadeocicoseoaoge [sbbrerateha lees | 10 00

254 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CLASS XXXII—BROWN SW1ISS—Continued.

| |
World’s !Duplicate State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. ‘oer |
| |
25. Aged herd— | |
Earry) MieC willowei 7 May Cutens pr ccs oer sce lvisieislo'e/aieets claleinie 6 49 00 | 40 00 40 00
VAT TCO MIL Om oe HAV C DLE sieleto afe's clrielstaleicte stole piniatsteteie terete | 30 00 | 30 00 30 00
26. Young herd— | | |
HarrveMcCullouchs ) WMa@yetter cs cicjcicisccec vsicicia nies oislemrien lac 40 00 | 40 00 | 40 00
Harry MeC@ullougn —Wavyette ie/icic 1c 0.0 aia! sition eleisiateretee 20 00 | 20 00 | 30 00
27. Aged herd, females bred by exhibitor— } |
Farry McCullough. (Maye@tten: sci ccc cioe ccs eissetaeoetcsie'« em sai ot ries 30 00
Harry MeCotioueins Wayerter. <cecclce asic) slesiatele Dine asielale Te SABCDSIC a licaeees Hho 20 0
28. Young herd,females bred by exhibitor— |
Arve eC allou sh. VRAVE LTC ye.cicieicistetelercis aieic eteisisteleterereiietsrate| alsin nies «f= st \|eeneralareteracins 30 00
29. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— | |
Parry evic@ allows Way CLL: cas ctclelc/alele cicic’s cleleisiotslslsiaiatatcts ao 00 | 35 00 30 00
Harry. McCullough, sWayetter.s denis sneer rctctente ieee ied RAE [es caatiees 20 Ou
30. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one cow— |
Harrys McCullough sa yetie.n<ccceectilnceer resis semet 20 00 | 20 00 20 00
Harry. McCullough’ Wayettercccemricecescesiseccr meses. ey eee ee | Serone cbt, 10 00
|
CLASS XXXIII—JERSHY.
|
1. Bull, three years or over— |
GHATS EUs RGIS AN open tereteleteteictese cist aie ts chelerevatareietelaisiatoterelsts $50 00 | $50 00 $40 00
ROUALO VET, GAL OL c/cjstsreclaienrclo onleln oicle ehabaleteecioes ieeieeaeeee l'dseheereete ae 35 00
MrsiS2 Be Phonlast ot. JOSEPH cos ccs cicice daleeaes BaoueH |. Hondo socace lletelelointersieleters 30 00
GEA Still, WRirksville. os asics: pcicinitararers ence aisierelare Sista Nannie eee I Bechinase Soe 25 00
OPEL VOUT Sins tap OSC Dicer clentelaleleisiataicieietsle's/elolstatstevers sed beisieeyes laine me a 20 00
2. Bull, two years and under three— |
CME Sri MIKGT Sill Obese: eictercla's caictelcielcctevetcle sictevaleteteieieine 40 00 | 40 00 40 00
CAT G ray esr ia nt tin le raerec aveicinis sieleieteintctel stein eletelralotstelalete 30 00 | 30 00 35 00
Robert I. Young, St. Joseph... Reiaial eserels ete reo foccooe aaeiee 30 00
Robert LE. MOUnes oSt. VOSCP Ds. <lejsiciieie sin vaieiste sicisiveisie eleerscall Miers OseCrioee | Sede ean es % 00
3. Bull, one year and under two— |
ROMA Ol Ven ae WGA TD OL s lctcmicin cisinictelelsictelaieieie/atajeisie(aleleleia elles 20 00 20 00 40 00
Rolla Oliver ss DCarbOrm sy rercleivietenicteieivereleleieierare/ereleierelelsistete siste|IN arreisietdoldnls oti] einteieine 30 45 00
GBs Shu eRa TES VII] One terete cieiate sicteteternteteteletele tetsu elowecleleinte Kekithiee ake | eeatdd siemens 30 00
CST MGT aves.) AME TE] am Glatt aicierctotereiestoielele/eieie:oioreyeloloinuerelere'(a] Wvia cratieetaaatal linets aiviala nines 25 00
EOD ET Le COMI S 8a Uae OCP Ee toyeyetctelatelatoistaleteloievelelatsivieturaialelals ne of galeries Saber 20 00
4. Bull, under one year— |
tolla Oliver, Dearborn...............0- a Ssodonsaden esc 30 00 | 30 00 40 00
GEA NES Gil) PIRATE RS Ville saerrciettietecetelnte vleleietcieretefelsie ACBE OSS Oc : 25 00 | 25 00 35 00
NETSH Sou ee EDOMAS a Stave OSCD LU sicleicislsielesieicisisielcleiisieiersinioisie arsincciolemieoke Hdopdinpooe i 30 00
Hola Olivers, lea wb OL sielois)-/atalnieielo’e sleioiors{aiai>\atelaivieteleseiese eleio'=| Ulintele ist eere ee | mie(eleletaleleie ss 25 00
Robert eeVounge. Ste JOSeDIG.. ui. nrcesictescicleisieieterslelerere deletes chien ions [isheeeste 20 00
5. Cow, three years or over— |
GES GUUS ISA REN VALLO Sc ctcierect «vie eloiclerelarctelnlels > </ainfarnts'el dureletate 40 00
ROUATOMVEr RD GATD OLN jc caiclactelelclsracleainle «isiccleleieaciciaee 35 00
Rolla, Oliver, DearDorm. .. occ ccc cccwecccsvcerecccencciees aK 30 00
Mrs. S. B. Thomas, St. Joseph - 25 00
GGT ViGS eee br ites oretetaictors oveisi meiviaiots sisieterermiereleteteists 20 00
6. Heifer, two years and under three—
COUT Graves) eT GSI Cl srcrein tic wiptplels cio v.p'n alone atorebalaroreteta sated 75 00 75 00 40 00
GP WISTS RAT Rey ley eras sciseivciemictow viale sinicle isc rele eratetals “ 40 00 40 00 35 00
GAH Stil eoirks eillessre jacecilee aivcieta ste clvacieiteamasie meee eitess sia Giese late] efckinteotaartet 30 00
Roliay Oliver DearpOun iciiciciwicldcicle ew viciclets oi inde we clette nel liMecic «aces e salline wetafcaeak 25 00
Mrs.S> Beiihomas, eSts JOSCp I eccccwiee casket stool a haaaeers| Ic Saceaeeeen 20 00
7. Heifer, ene year and under two—
GU Stile “Wir ke villek o/s siniconccooa cucrlsetrnopterenetcatte nee 50 00 50 00 40 00
GE PESTS In Ks Ve ae enico me aieicielosetetele nica cetaeatemiatatle © 20 00 20 00 35 00
Mrs. S. B. Thomas, St. Joseph... .......0s0006 oe aires altLatet siete ajerell lfereieawaiee pare 30 00
MTS) Si ose DOMES yy SU ee OSCD Ms aninciaiaisislasialeiasisisiwaisiaiviclys| cviceginmeuees Aven cnitrebt 25 00
CLM Graves;) (Mattland <c0:< jcwicisciissieissmatemapiercnicncretelele's:s|': vivieieetre mie tiel eine Giavieea | 20 00
8. Heifer, under one year—
CVI Graves, Altar ose ssicelsiv niece oe mene eenata te sikiele'se 50 00 50 00 40 00
Robert I.. Young, St. Joseph... .iss.cccmsiisics Ste iaieiialeleih\e'6 80 00 30 00 35 00
CRESS GRAIrkS villas co2, <succetatememer mene beers ax all asumpetars pictnie lice waiccaank 30 00
Rolla Oliver, Dearborn: 7. oscencccen cot periaebwalre walsweiniel| bgvbieiea bale ete] eitieiastei’e aie 25 00
Coe NGrasves)< Wa) t] sr eic. cn: jndectecitenmeineits eanc’s. amnieled all © sein eteptetetale sil Sewiwa wistele ee 20 00
15. Champion heifer, under two years—
COMBS SEU ET RAP KB VIO. cara cll: sciviotesisbiolslamnie aeitieeasiee apace 75 00 75 00
21. Aged herd—
GISEIOEST S RISITESVINIG? 5 .s:0ne vic aasicesmeeion sees ese division's 100 00 100 00 60 00
GPR. Sts Ar Ks Vis aeidicc mrintees ts era aheeiais sainre, crates eis'a| Wi eehaaet wid Siento cee we 50 00
Mrs. \S:./B>. Thomas, St. Joseph itic cack cssscunscecencceel veces ee Skis eeene cetenae 40 00
Rolla (Oliver; Wearpornyy.7.< 0110s cnancereeeweslexce yen tein pee eeteie lik dat eines 30 00

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 255
CLASS XXXIII—JERSEY—Continued.
| : | :
World’s |Duplicate| State

Young herd—
OOPS US ti Ran ikcvilllevas eee ALS ce ae ee asec ear estes
Mrs. SB Rnomasem st. SOSEDM asada ccrelecs cisteise sates
Omnis ( Graves alplan diane scacecicsuntumecressces onesie
ROVAMOL Vet CAED OGM accents cio oleic deiel> sieloieiets cl oie setelerstaets
Aged herd, females bred by exhibitor—
GEASS FURS VIVO i a ac oyein\s eyes wisteiarnisvere's ave srenpoleiecivielsieis
Rol Aa Olivers OEGATD OLME cc .faclc\senieeieeieciecieee
Robert I. Young, St. Joseph
Young herd, females bred by exhibitor—
MPSS ss CON OMASH Sted OSSD Meret cecteclscitersie(leicstieetersies
CRG av esiee Malt lan dyes Sek lore oie ei eiaiesefclerels(e t cisielecsieies\s
(Ch bE eo Siathbielahd challiiarccenceuacsonrecacddoseerconrrd
Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire—
CTS Graves MiavEL IG cra cine nielsiein a= a ieieie efercleinre/aloleleseis\s)viais
GDS Stil SRI Ks valerie i, cciacistekremiciecisae oosisceeaise's c's
COE SEE Paar ks ville rac toecte Pascoe ees rors cieeioctavatetweterstele tere
WOES Sh 18 Gave art, ARS candcacnnonscaas sido doce

Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one cow—|

Mrs: S.Be Thomas, “Sti Joseph. iss .c ss acclecsciasis niecles s
Jaolayarin die Vaobace, Wir, dakorsfetoa Saba saonansodaenandenaatos
Rolla Oliver, Dearborn.........¢ rene a ato Mapas Osler Sarerete’s
Rollam Olivers Wearb OL. cererccteticisteeeeielebls ico icieisiets ste joists

| paid by | premium.

50 00
50 Ov
30 00
49 0)

50 00
30 00
30 00

BO 00
30 00
20 00

60 00
50 0
40 0)
30 00

wD 00
40 08
30 00
20 0U

CLASS XXXIV—HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN,

bo

rh)

-~1

Bull, three years or over—
*World’s Fair Holstein Association..............+-.--
Mea MOOG.” (CAMEL OM <k csc serie slateie veinsielalsise es cisleieres ©
Bull, two years and under three—
Mab S MOOrel) GAMERON Sic ck estos Ne ciaticlese setts statsten c
Meer Ee OOres IC AMMELOM ans sytciciaitials tists cctelaleleiciersisfesielereceleiere
Bull, one year and under two—
APE. IMOOreS \CAMELOMeic:siseciccieswis osise vieiswscieciccaceaces
Mi ehoores (Camerontiecrecieecinecies's
J. H. Blodgett, Pleasant Hill
Bull, under one year—
VES BS" Moore Cameron) jars. <estaicere cisisieciteis ons oie saeferelsic
Ves PVM GOne OAT CLO cer aeiectelteieteleineleisietelnteleterctaevelstste siete
World’s Fair Holstein Association............. Dtalstatéie

World’s Fair Holstein Association.........c.cccescoes

Cow, three years or over—

World’s Fair Holstein Association........ So0dadoadeed

Me Ese MiOOre, CAM OENOME ciated c.cwleislels ci etalatelersisisisigersivie cieisiereis

World’s Fair Holstein Association...... eiareeiete aawteieieiate
Heifer, two years and under three—

MESO OTE GRIME OM etractelcs\ersivieleiaieveisieieieteisicieie's Sainte

MES NTOONE CO AMETOM toe iielerelcleteniotslpoleleleleteicisicierelelelelevsisiciere
Héifer, one year and under two—

Mie VIGONEG sy Cam CROM ns) feciesleicinle(aivieisisiaisieleleialeloleisieisisisicieiere

ME Eee OORG: CAMERON oc cisiaisisicieieoieic eels sisleivis e slecoicve.s.icieiets
Heiter. under one year—

World’s Fair Holstein Association....................

Mise Bp MOO HOsn) Gam PON tejsc cia vers cielelcrelec cist isie'eiciers Riots cielels

Worlds Haim eolstein’ ‘ASSOCIATION ji 06 ceiciccjec cisie os

Geos Ce Mosher ISansa's) | City. co cctenisisislecicinslssaweisiolstels
Champion bul!, two years or over—

World's Wain Holsteins Association... <.cscmcciec<scsecs
Champion bull, under two years—

MSGR MO OTe ROATTELOMs dete acrerctoaelsiaicisipia e/awiere cislecetcie lel atass
Champion cow, two years or over—

World’s) Hair SElolsteinmASSOCIALION cc seca: eects = winternieiss
Grand champion bull, any age—

World’s Fair Holstein Association...............s000.
Grand champion cow or heifer, any age—

World’s Fair Holstein Association........ Saistere stele areinte
Aged herd—

M. EF. Moore, Cameron......... Maasai nae 3 scieis eens AG

Mi Moore, | Camerontiinceccien concise eidiacs giccses sleeisiee
Young herd—

MOB Moore, \Cameronizietoetessseecsiacinc cee de ccen este so
Aged herd, females bred by exhibitor—

Me Be Moore; ‘Cameroneiesteccessces Sreraiaaataie ssa: dis Peale state

$40 0

35 00

40 00
35 CO

40 00
35 00
30 00

49 00
35 00
30 00
25 00

40 00
35 00
30 00

49 ()
35 00

40
35 00

40 00
35 00
30 G0
25 00

60 UW)
50 00

60 00
59 09

256 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

mi ae |
World’s |Duplicate State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. | Missouri.

I
I |
24. Young herd, females bred by exhibitor— | |
M. E. Moore, Cameron......... POR CAE EO SCHR OOELLEAC PPB ascace ce leased dates 50 00
25. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— | .
M. E. Moore, Wameron...- c.cusccese eee Ropsoescch sane 75 00 | 75 00 6) 00
26. Two animals, either sex, any age, produce of one oy |
M. E. Moore, Camerons sce ects: eaeialas eae 365 -60cK| 75 00 75 00 50 00

*NOTE—The World’s Fair Holstein Association was organized for the purpose of
having the Holstein Friesian breed represented in the dairy demonstration. The members
of the association were: M. FE. Moore, Cameron; R. W. McGuire, St. Louis, and Dr. Geo.
C. Mosher, Kansas City. The association maintained the high reputation of their

favorite breed.

DIVISION “C”—SHEEP AND GOATS.

CLASS XLVI—SHROPSHIRE.

1. Ram, two years or over— |
Jo Wi sBoles, sAUXVAGSC......cccacinc view cise iceeciss cc seman Padeorccacs: dare Rteereith tote $20 00
2. Ram, eighteen and under twenty-four months— | |
Tew Wiboles: PAVWIKVASHEC: i). secectetet rs am nin lele oleelslcwleteteteltomts $45 00 | $45 00 20
3. Ram, twelve and under eighteen months— | |
Fi Wonks CLES PPATER VASO: a cise csiens vic oe ecivle stcacieee downs ecmoone ac eer errr 20 00
4. Ram, six and under twelve months— | |
J. W. Boles, Auxvasse............ ECA OAOSACHCOL Baedacce 30 00 | 30 00 20 00
5. Ram, under six months— |
We We BOCs PATI VASHCS coe cicisinincowis cle coe sicleon cleinnieie'einte Al PeboBaaooodc [lets fastes arte 20 00
6. Ewe, two years or over— |
De AW BOleS) VATIEVABRO 2. cee slacniels sw antele le sis cts Beasas| Gosheacatce [G8 u. cee wtele 20 00
7. Ewe, eighteen and under twenty-four months— |
de Wh SOLES, ATER VARHC. ccc cr ccelelnciemlaeteleteiceemceeinee . 30 00 | 30 00 20 00
AS Wales CLES PATER VERANO eaciccieteieinececinn aces cicclesenive BHOsd bkiGotr todos: eS rarecae 15 00
8. Ewe, twelve and under eighteen months— |
ds We, Boles! \:AUXVASSES. Wales ok cicero nme aletctaicts stntctainiciets als| ore eeatacaletns Paton ast 20 00
Ewe ,six and under twelve months— | | f
cme) SOlCStr AUR VABRE. cc.c tien ctdrnods smemcieme neers weitere 25 00 | 25 00 20 00
10. Ewe, under six months— |
Js) Wi. Boles) “AUX VASE: 0... cmervine neo ceiee ccltnaiisinenenieete Le eae eeeece allcetamnemees 20 00
24. Two animals either sex, any age, produce of one ewe—
ey Wie, EROIEN, PATI VESSE ccc ces ccrels occ cm snbinee « aleinietnetesininta fontsciee stews \Geteseerck — 2000
25. Ram and three ewes, two years or over— |
Eva SOLES AUK VASO. ccs cc cfais.s ccbistlcsien sie uptnibia SpadoA ln Aone listener ohare 30 00
26. Ram and three ewes under three years— |
Te Wis, BOLESs ATS VAS Oatsels'ofae cle felsiasiacisle'a siatajsceteatepinieaie ssa eae cte ete eR Spe eS Ae 30 00
CLASS XLVII—COTSWOLD.
|
1.Ram, two years or over— |
Jonn) A. elaynes,” Richmond) ccs. scene's aia uemieeniee es $20 00 | 20 00 $20 00
John A. Haynes, Richmond........... Mace bincals Seeiee | ACRES le deat 15 00
Hopson .Glascock, Oakw00d.:.>.cssscceveneneeeeeariaee el) Sack o0/anens RGR CRSA: 10 00
2. Ram, eighteen and under twenty four months—
sohn:. “A, Haynes, Richmond) .5..\cccwcunnansarees uate ns. 30 00 | 30 00 20 00
Hopson Glascock, Oakwo0d...ccusscbenssteeserarecsscli scnasevenue leases 15 00
John. A. Haynes; Richmond. io. cvs ecnemss merase kal ace cea ceawen Neos oasem nae 10 00
3. Ram, twelve and under eighteen months—
sonn.A,. Haynes; “Richmond”... 3... .ssaceusinmeasbish +45 20 00
Jgonn. A... Haynes; Richmond: .......c3 ccsneuereny cee. «ss 15 00
Hopson ‘Glascock, ‘Oakwood... +0 vostveiueaeewesan sss 10 00
4. Ram, six and under twelve months—
Jonni) AL Haynes, RICRMONG.... voncc. scnwenvepnee ss sess 20 00
JODMCA. SELAOMERS TRICHM ONG ssc occ ssmenenesivtests sms «tm 25 00 25 00 15 00
Hopson 'Glascock, Oakwood. .'.0s.c sd ante stuns tc x ool) tp chuneee sisal cams teenie 10 00
5. Ram, under six months—
John A. Haynes, Richmond..............<«.:. ‘ace ones 30 00 30 00 20 00
Hlopson. Glascock, Onkwood. o.oo. v.1cacunebthaaess cevns|aniseehicneeiiseemun tees 15 00
Hopson: Glascock, ‘Oakwood i. 5852.5. ous. centesc> sine <'s,70 cele oun nee cual honCe eee 10 00

se

Corrector 2d, Senior Champion Poland China Bear at St. Louis, 1904. Corrector has the fange, size an‘
finish seldom found in a hog of his scale, weighed 649 pounds at 15 months. Bred and owned by Winn &
Mastin, Martin City, Jackson county, Missouri.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

CLASS XLVII—COTSWOLD—Continued.

]

a |
World’s |Duplicate

257

ie
| State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. i Missouri.
| |
6. Ewe, two years or over— | |
PO MMPAL ERA VIVES coh el CHIMON Girt letelerelele\e(ovels sie teisiata) sinister eversi 35 00 | 35 00 | 20 00
John A; Haynes, Richmond... 02... c..c0..60s “ingtonbosc | 20 00 | 20 00 | 15 00
8. Ewe, twelve and under eighteen months— | |
John A. Haynes, Richmond..... Rhctave ave (aisle ce ei nistavaistvicts ini | 30 00 | 30 00 | 20 00
TORT As PELAVINGS shel CHET ONG fe)sj010/ o\0 s/0s ce cieiea)- ||) =pisinielslaiaie'siele [essieteteiscinrelet 15 00
Hopson Glascock, MAK WOO Ger piemiicistelsisisjersiersisiact cls ctemieersie I Mlevehareratatelsiare | KABOODA Duos 10 00
9. Ewe, six and under twelve months—
JohnwAs Waynes. Richmond:.....+<2sses-apccue coe: Seal 20 00 | 20 00 20 00
John A. Haynes, ETC ITO eateslalajciats olelatwielaleleistaciale = ducallMnoodosoosac fefetete/eterdetste-s 15 00
Hopson Glascock, Oakwood...................sse+sseees Wie cietetaiateleraere llodbaoasce oe 10 00
10. Ewe, under six months— |
OHTMEAS Ela VMAs eR LCHIMNON Gl yec.sie1cj0ic,01e\c/ein.1e)<’einisteloysinrarelots' a 35 00 | 35 00 20 00
OHTA EL AVILES PELOTON Ci jere:ciciate oreiaie a <lnyaie/aleiatesaleieelelare:] 25 00 | 25 00 15 00
ERO DRONE Glascock se O MEW OOG «= o\c;0 <1 icjetssts'o/aieteseisjoieie eis cieicieteisi|! Ne/ajaleicioiaelele.e Ifetarctatstsleteterers 10 00
23. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— |
Jolin wAMEAVNES . RICNMONG=- -nicatsinecccielsisicassiseten mcciys 50 00 | 50 00 30 00
Hopson ‘Glasscock, OakKwo00d.....:......-c.ccccccessecons Weccepeeacre ['SGieseintsionsts 20 00
24. Two animals either sex, any age, produce of one ewe— |
John A. Haynes, Richmond peer cidtclole tasters (oiotieis a eisete cet 40 00 | 40 00 20 00
ELODSON GIASCOCK se, OPK WOO viscrsiciciessicreteicie cicieiniele.sicreie’eie cietsiell te, sieisletelerersie' [o\Sitmareretare ae 10 00
25. Ram and three ewes, eighteen months or older— |
John A. Haynes, Richmond....... ern stelalocisves Seacsnogee 25 00 | 25 00 30 00
VODNIPASPELAVNES® SEI CHTION Giericetasicicicicie clomieicisicisciece eis/51° | Wectciterctelaye, svat’ | ietlotolesiors siete 20 00
26. Ram and three ewes, under eighteen months— |
DONMEPAC MELO V IES ye LCIHIN ON Geiscictercisleleie sieletslerni= sieleisi= otaiator=iol} 25 00 | 25 00 30 00
JonN VAT Waynes: RiICHMONG! css scctcictes «cle crdaecelsiates sis) cocreuieererte looadcian = 500 20 00
27. Ram and three ewes, eighteen months or older, bred |
by exhibitor— |
John A. Haynes, Richmond.......... Sisia)slopaleteta eters tsiate if Nid asa Ss sreenes [eererceiatioe 30 00
Hopson’ Glascock, Oakwo00d......scsscecseceeteesees ste] ceeneeeeees londessonase 20 00
|
CLASS LXI—ANGORA GOATS.
|
1. Buck, two years or over— |
McVey & Womack Bros., Fulton.............. side aisiajste| ered Se eisete [saerrosiaectere $20 00
6. Doe, two years or over— | |
MeVey (& Womack “Broa, Mult Onis. ctereicieie’e osicieteise sia < [terete eeees [iste 'cterstarstete : 20 00
|
a
DIVISION “D’—SWINE.
CLASS LXIV—POLAND CHINA.
1. Boar, two years or over— |
Winn & Mastin, Martin Clty... cicsisctes< ciate oe sbooooena) $25 00 | $25 00 $40 00
Geo. W. Falk, Richmond........ Siaelelelolataisiaieceeetate nogded | MacEseoacEC |osSdosobhc 35 00
2. pear, eighteen and under twenty-four months— |
WinnGeMastin., Martin’ Citys.a/sscsseeseueaes Seanad, 35 00 | 35 00 30 00
2. Boar, twelve and under eighteen months— | |
Winn & Mastin, Martin City............0.ccssccceeess 60 00 | 60 00 1 00
Winn & Mastin, Martin City................ RODCCOOUCG I HosGunerdod lastosestesvesiers 35 00
A. E. Schooley, Austin........: soasodansoodscooooscas6od)| “nsascoodsce logoacneadoe 30 00
Veal MOUNE MRT CHAL OS cacti casiaaecios sie cice eae nautaie oeleerel arte Sunder [aisle vee nets 25 00
4. Boar, six and under twelve months— |
Wann) MaspinieMar hin City soccococtmoceeacets saninre’| 40 00 | 40 00 40 00
Winn & Mastin, Martin City............. oleleisioieialelstelere| ~ 30 00 | 30 00 35 00
Geo. W. Falk, Richmond..... sScidouacdopanononac noncesot Von patente ratte jjacoesaneode 30 00
A. BE. Schooley, Austin iia mane doaees Seloteretete Boise scte| Perea [teaser 25 00
U. S.- Byrne: | Saxtonteen sks. Biase AGREE ROL asc Ment ea ener cote 20 00
UsuS.) Byrne) Saxtonterce cescrescunccneres BOCOOC LOG Lae dake ot ilcjeletnotercls= 15 00
Wiley, Hoadley & Coleman, ‘Sedalia. ...2..2! SOBCOCOO Leann Soroneneel ecuaborecas 10 00
5. Boar, under six months— |
Winn & Mastin, Martin City........... nictolelarelvistatelers’e as 20 00 | 20 00 40 00
Wiley, Hoadley. &) Coleman sNedaliasececccecessccss| Sicccenuecne | Gacioabosode 35 00
S. Y. Burke, Bolivar..... eyecare alotoloiateleintelcielslcintereie siele’s(e'cie ieuers nia seein oe [Betectesitie ste 30 00
BE. H. Rogers, Bunceton..... COROIOOOROE Reluatctemeiesieieeiaiste alee hiscercnee ocaanoneadd 25 00
H. L. Wiley, Sedalia........ Sbadorsbocosadee Be SSDRGOOOOd WRABeC nUDAEED (tee wrcfeleter< 20 00
Wiley, Hoadley & Coleman, Sedalia.................. 1h oaks ee | Saeeeaes cad 15 00
TsEMememUMley:, Sedalids. 2: cnccersderedn elena scan rae heeeiter cae 10 00

A—l7

258

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CLASS LXIV—POLAND CHINA—Continued.

| |
World's |Duplicate| State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. | Missouri.|
|
| |
6. Sow, two years or over— |
Winn & Mastin, “Martin City:<.c0...5... nels sis ee cen eiste 50 00 | 50 00 40 00
Winn & Mastin, Martin City.............. GasDe un nooac, 30 00 | 30 00 35 00
Wiley, Hoadley & Coleman, Sedalia.......... Deb ones |e ats ce eater I huitewx cette 30 UU
7. Sow, eighteen and under twenty-four months— |
Winn & Mastin; Martin City. 2.....2......3.. seadeeeen| 60 00 60 00 40 00
Winn & Mastin, Martin City.............. iebacsaemente 50 00 50 00 35 00
WS eb VLC Ay SACOM cian cleietis o/siciatteiemiomioseren ats SRadsooo- | dadgénsdeas® line atecchthela'e 30 00
8. Sow, twelve and under eighteen months— |
Winn GuMastin’ Martin: (City.s. concen: sch emsieccsonsiee 60 00 | 60 00 40 00
Geo. W. Halk, Richmond sissies cccsecsiecese NA aoceoioccd|| cooctinsspor lites ereeee 35 00
Geo. W. Falk, Richmond............csccess ARE CAS ocdchal Beascebalacts |p etoeee keer 30 00
Winn & Mastin, Martin City ira | are etetetatcints, s/o eee ltelacaeiee 25 00
IE. H. Rogers, Bunceton Hsincodacone [RatocAS ac 20 00
Vd ea eVOUN es RICHALGS camer «(cis acjes sissies sicwie cietesicinn einete| tote teeters atoassace: 15 00
B. S. Byrne, Saxton uses cee ee eintelsioleiateleiars |) A beferslemYetaslers la tacicich sss 10 00
9. Sow, six and under twelve months— |
Winn & Mastin, Martin City.......... 4sdasacad agseace 35 00 | 35 00 4u 00
Winn GoMacstins (Martine Clive. cece scence: cee sloctecistete 25 00 | 25 00 35 00
Wiley, Hoadley & Coleman, Sedalia............ sees al! inihetaqerrete nce WMacocssad AC 30 00
Us SS: Byrne. Saxtoncccecte sci atshotetatatare sc states aia eee lalesrelatmrctale [lsretcmisiereine ats 25 00
Us SS: 3Byrne: Saxton. .ccce.cous sists ele waeialeees Soshaee wal” Aha chicos ]seentiesetes 20 00
Geo. W. Falk, Richmond......... a isi Jacdansaedadscac SoooSoreal {ac aie lere}a 15 00
Geo. W. Falk, Richmond.. Joosndsscnadacdscnéscosad) ssocsascbce Lie amecleetcens 10 00
10. Sow, under six months— |
Winn’ G& Mastin,’ Martine City oc cccccnscss se padaddnn5or 25 00 | 25 00 40 00
BH. H. Rogers, Bunceton......... 55003800602 Spe Aodacoccdll esoeess6ac |'Saewtoialomateys 35 00
Hep as EWileys| iSedallaiccccescacccacvenecsnees acigoioetenal| ten ewresiere lite cee ones 30 00
E. H. Rogers, Bunceton ablomccisalemal eine cto ot s\ieoecosecaéc 25 00
Wi S. Byte SSaxton'saccscuna ce cc cwisice venice aR eae al Hes ereteterereies Saanctcdbce 20 00
Use Sis VEN Gwen SAUL OMe meme sie ecient icineeistaciels Rouge sUced |» saandos BPA laconic 15 00
Wiley, Hoadley & Coleman, Sedalia... sieloteiers Eerie cictenieinn| Meee “Goer lis ctetiere pickles 10 vd
11. Champion boar, one year or over— | att
Winn & Mastin, Martin GUD Ye iota waters ute cielelome ere maiementeris 100 00 | 100 00 |
18. Champion boar, under twelve months— :
Winn ie Mastin Martine Clitiyercccsc sceciecie sietetotetoacciate 75 00 | 75 00
19. Grand champion boar, any age—
Winn & Mastin, Martin @ltynesteces tele antoiaieleinembie eiatots 150 00 | 150 00
23. Four animals, either sex, any age, "get of one sire—
Winn & Mastin, Martin City................ Bsa waits aH 75 00 | 75 00 60 00
Winn -&PMastin, . Martin (City onsen ccs ete one encecuceenll i aeeeeccate lssaretetes erate 50 00
Geo. swe Halk® Michmondy, . ce ccncee sce cciete Seavete ie eears AL ora ea Sererael | pels hate olaketeeee 40 v0
We Se EVEN ELMS AXON. \ccctec cs cso ele eislererseiomroscicin seine eel ay cleemeateinte’s Oi ne eamieleteeraane 30 00
24. Four animals, either sex, any age, produce of one sow—
Winn & Mastin, Martin City 50 00 60 00
Wiley, Hoadley & Coleman, Sedalia elkralava:&a Obs taba io late SAN ane laeeige acs 50 00
Seow Walk. "RIGHMONG .h sek ccvccwicete sie soe cue eens nal Mel ei em mera | cela eteiaers a 40 00
Winnie Mastiny) Martin s Clty ores conic cemisenmineci sical a malemetemisties|| cemainaesies 30 00
25. Boar and three sows over one year—
Winns cs Mastin. “Martine Cltyitwenctsiceseiat cee ca'cnivisas's 100 00 60 00
Winne®&, Mastin; Martine Clty i... ccectsicclanalsciass cane 50 00 50 00
Geos Wir Walks VRICHMONG .o6 ie atea sects toiwesuive wale siniewe Stee os IM sdnioese stele’) ein a cje's, <lais's | 40 00
26. Boar and three sows under one year— |
Winn &: Mastin, “Martin “Clty sce: e. twee sleet peelsice bene 75 00 60 00
Winn? &) Mastin, (Martin Cltya cst. c.watce st cu teencteave 45 00 50 00
Wiley, Hoadley & Coleman, Sedalia......... BScce tine | hetero (emer 40 00
Geo. (Wiilalk. -Richmondicsceeseccssca> cc cstcseceseaee HO, c's ciao w lweealen emt 30 00
27. Boar and three sows, one year or over, bred by
exhibitor— :
Winn «Mastin», Martin (Citysnencncs sh uraospiisns asl 200 00 | 200 00
380. Barrow, six and under twelve months—
Winn’ & Mastin, (Martin City. 7.2.0. cstnaercesewentene’s| 30 00 30 00 20 00
Winn & Mastin, Martin City 15 00 | 15 00 15 00
31. Barrow, under six months—
Winn & Mastin, Martin City 30 00 | 30 00 20 00
Winn & Mastin, Martin City 25 00 25 00 15 0
33. Three barrows, one year and under two— |
Winn &, Mastin, Martin: ‘City. .2.1ss1s ssaenumtestebws:«s. 60 00 | 60 00 40 00
Winn’ & Mastin, Martin: City. inc... si csteesesens coms 50 00 | 50 00 30 00
84. Three barrows, six and under twelve months— |
Winn & Mastin, Martin City...........csececssenesere 60 00 | 60 00 30 00
Winn & Mastin; (Martin: Clty. ic...c¢sopetataserr es ess } 50 00 | 50 00 20 00
36. Barrow, any age—
Winn. & wiastin, Martin Citys sivas esos saveesse saan ee cea | 50 00 | 50 00
37. Three barrows, any age— |
Winn & Mastin—Martin City........sccccescee eee rtie 100 00 | 100 00
|

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

CLASS LXV—BERKSHIRES.

| |
World's |Duplicate|

259

State

Fair paid by | premium.

prize. | Missouri.

|
|
1. Boar, two years or over— |
IN TBR: (evonaeys | Seo bie sondddadsdoocacocdpoddds Lesa eee $60 00-| $60 00 $40 00
June ke yhanes) Marshalle ccc. scccs cere sciactic ansoooagse | 35 00
Lee M. Gentry, Sedalia.............. asosoddC ncoadodeds =i {ker 30 00
INES Gen EE ya SCG Aa ae ate ciclelnicieleln(leleicin sieisieieis nivicieln.« Biiacie | 25 00
2. Boar, eighteen and under twenty-four months— |
N. H. (Gaia, ) SICRINE ed bnAdeapadabopnaducodducasoddadd 60 00 | 40 00
INE 1B onan Sethu, -ekoed soos qocpooudooooods Salesian 50 00 | 35 OU
8. Boar, twelve and under eighteen onthe |
wh ise @einnery, Sebi SeacoaspongdosovoocnedoKd neoeels 60 09 | 40 00
E. G. Vaughn, New Bloomfield.. Lie eit Sraveteboterstaecerarare tere 40 00 | 35 00
June K. King, Marshall........ atatoltehe aielesiele's eieeleterniotets 30 00 | 30 00
June K. King, Marshall................ 5a8s008 mioteteieciere 25 00 | 25 00
if, “hy GEOG es 1amilivey: hagocdodandangodriccoccoddddeocdood |\,coacoapodon | 20 00
Frost & Richardson, Moberly........ccscccccccccccccccs| soccececces |: 15 00
EG: Vaughn, New Bloomfields... .c..cscccscececcccs| socieisscenns | 10 00
4, Boar, six and under Bat months— |
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia.. 30 00 | 40 00
L. M. Gentry, facia May Scere eneeneecn ead: cetMmnre miaperam nas as | 39 00
Nb EG Gaming SEChMEI ae keonacosocoGod Sct Paes oa ratictete l(t Pcie tavelerelat se ele | 30 00
Hrost) @& Richardson;) Moberhy<c- ccc. ccccse ccna: SSA ogagosucccd | 25 00
Lee ees CXNUI VES COLE Ae ce ei peletente otelelets cle lovelsloieleretalvievel=’sioieiewe entananocces | 20 00
BE. Ge Vaughn; New Bloomfieldccis ccc. .cccccscvccs cs jay caatarerstayetotais'= | 15 00
Aja MMS: De E ROE a dabilivoonrecanoaasOooad. Bereta rot eine eotetslereterecs| iitetstetePoiel so) stare | 10 00
5. Boar, under six months— |
ING Ee CGeNEr ye) (SCOT AR Reicice vieralcleleleicieie Bretton actos taleieiaetels 40 00 | | 40 00
CEPA IMC Ve i VANERViASS Ciyo/2/<1 s:o;e10 0/010 0/0}05e eloie br ON eit ctattal | Wisiepvelematente | j 35 00
CHEF VBE US Chay NV ASIN POM i1<t0 eicieterotoielelafole/etoreiniejelcialeversle SO Asano | 30 00
dee Dy OULOLLO, a ENG SPEC El Cele rec ls\clelelcletalelotsie’elels'sisieis/= ese Al cocdcoceoda | 25 00
iy ING, Gemini. pS bihias ko oe ss opdhopondscooododnmaceodd) Modasuetade | 20 00
EME GONE Ve (SOG A is Ne ateaciavete ie letoralolsiareioreterelercre Se Se SPAS | 15 00
J. Qurollo, Independence.......... EL raraiatereteran yale talcluirole ttt asta ites sbelosine |Gcevarectchotere 10 00
6. Sow, two years or over— |
NCVER Genitive: Sedalia te cacccleis-aaieoicie o'steeiiesiste chats ciateis 60 00 | 60 00 40 00
INSET VG CTE PIS CCLANT A: isarelararecnta atelotatava/eteialele ersteie tere ejete closers 40 00 | 40 00 35 00
Die Nis CONEY. 11 SECAITAM AN wonieiclse betes ooisreatneumeiecieemecee 30 00 | 30 00 30 00
1 Gentry, SORUNIS ales sap oodeonbbacbaRacorosacunene|\ oanaroucdes Ioparconcce 25 00
HG vanshn iNew) cS lOompbel Gh xc<. ccreyossecutenines cleice ol aclae eteicieleteiore [ajeiSavetiiepetere’s 20 00
June K. King, Miarshals cies caer vice cisie sbdeoco sayemiieeies PopoodeHooee leaders 15 00
G. Vaughn, New Bloomfield. arate oistatafe wlaicte Seo ctctoronle sieve | lai erefelelelelatere sob nnedcorte 10 00
6 Sear eighteen and under twenty-four months— |
N. H. ENC Ys SCG aliae tars sic dele we cee sles a ce seeticcee des 60 00 | 60 00 40 00
INSEE (Geniny) iSCGaliabonsccmcstenetleaceendoseusnecceaueee 40 00 | 40 00 35 00
Dye NE Gentry. Sedaliascas aoc cas sereisie ea cereioisierslolersiaievace's a oie-o/tiouy sis Shere feysteres SAS 30 00
ve Mee Gentry.) Sedalia peace dace cmos cia ie se msenins. wal hlehteem egies lactate aioes 25 00
8 Sow, twelve and under eighteen months— |
Ue Ourollow Independence wes ao ccccceceiclicisistnclsciwiece lnc | 40 00 40 00
DUNE IG eRUN oe Marshallliscaaicicecicciceriee site | 30 00 35 00
June K. King, Marshall......... | 25 00 30 00:
INS pe) Gentry * Sedalia. os.nssecs ae Weisteleteteraciale's 25 00
Hosta, Richardson) Moberliysd.cesscecscececunececsen [hevatetereteistoretete 20 00
HrOstcaichardsonseMoberlyesnneosesastisecieceneencccs [gieniclacctevere 15 00
N. H. Gentry, Sealine soe sac SODOGORALRIONCRTE a1 |siecieeee ee h 10 00
9. Sow, six and under twelve months— |
EiemGentrys) Sedaliaecccescosces since sleiais sara lalatere diane sieisrel Dh ereieis eicistaleien | ereteterersteteteve'e 40 00
N. ELean G CLGISy cat SOC Al anes vaikc cvoieaio: die staraiaicrsinic ctnatnl ata aateraalh mereinlemia ave a [fevseteicterete ane 35 00
DUNC whGmININ Ss SMArshall. oc ccc ceececce AADAIOAHOOOONSOS| Sudeecsoode Soosdadgenae 30 00
Sele OL Arde NIILEOM ns joticnideceecnsites SHcobougpEcooscdiarcecGacasc [feicleretelorsiseicie 25 00
L. M. Gentry, GGA Tah csieciavslo'e Sarsre ote neice betes Ble clarsicts |i Maleraa steterere ois Scae8qons ae 20 00
J. T. Qurollo, Independence......... Soosscocadc scOndoe> Wigepotononce [[eietaretstste:sterete 15 00
J. Qurollo, Independence AGadeC APIGCMEIGICOODDO DO AOOTDODSC sedoassacre | Seecaooscae 10 00
10. Sow, under six months— |
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia........ miceiaicielsie(asisielsiereintetersicistasicieiccs 0 | 40 00
Cc. A. McCue, Auxvasse...... pleielofolsiciersineicinie cinie ste ratelcisisiets 0 | 35 00
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia........ pfotataleintelateisistslelciarstetsisic tere ; | 30 00
L. M. Gentry, Sedalia........ Bialeleisietera ellarc’ercts : ie 25 00
16 ie Gentry, Sedalia......... sarees rae | 20 00
June K. King, Marshall..... Slsivlelsie sleieisie'e)sieic'a siecle e.sleis ciel | 15 00
Diemlts Pollard, Hy tOMGteereieeieertciecs sfetelatetoietatejststetatersiefersiers | 10 00
11. Champion boar, one year or over— |
N. H. Gentry, Sedaliavaees ssesehls AGRO COAGAHOSHOCASANES on 0 |
15. Champion sow, one year or over— |
INSEE. Gentry, Sedalinyiye aang cane anonddese docnagac 0 |
17. Champion sow, under twelve months— |
0 |

NH Gentry, - Sedalia cmanvatceteemen cts efefetatetatata alatetetelssis iets

260 “MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CLASS LXV—BERKSHIRES—Continued.

| Toe
World’s |Duplicate| State
Fair paid by | premium.
prize. | Missouri.|

|
| |
19. Grand champion boar, any age— | |
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia........ SOCUISOHDE Jedonodcsdocéan: 5 150 | 150 00
21. Grand champion sow, any age— |
ING MEL Leraiinme) Sob NU RAAB ee eros cdaicsanadnoodn done: 150 | 150 00
23. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— |
N. H. Gentry, Sedaliaic. dads ee saeace cea Saaeeinn 75 | 75 00
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia......... BABOLIC ROE OEOCAS niia'aratee Sale 60 | 60 00
June i King) (Marshalls. ccsaee ses aannene SS Ab ooo! Nobdaanoerc: | eteray tereveraets
E. G. Vaughn, New Bloomfield...... eins Sele aicie ei metelal Meintaceig sis 2 tera Micaela
24. Four animals, either sex, any age, produce of one sow— |
N. H. Gentry, Gadalin. sere est wee, oe eee A 50 00 |
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia........ eeciesicta spodadr Santaatete soaps 45 00 |
gune’ K. King, Marshall..............0. SapoSpoacnooeees!| sés5aqeade |
BE. G. Vaughn, New Bloomfield.......... arelclelcieiatele aia cick ECM On ae |
2. Boar and three sows over one year— |
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia............ Sietejchubeicialeias'e ica smtcila'ee 100 00 |
ING eB Gentry i Segaliai.acucsmasce qgannodoqcDOS Bale atayeecis 75 00 |
VUNG heme MAT Sia sectetarclssietste catolemiaiciers eetalslsleaislalel=ie 30 00 |
E. G. Vaughn, New Bloomfield...... aaitavslola ateleial ciate /aicvalite craiearetetsreena |
26. Boar and three sows under one year— |
INSEE Gentry. SCO alias jeans celeste sicinicwisicitere Sesie ae ieel 35 00 |
Af (Airis blay Whats Cyst os sooopanncooprorocacdacdsaed| socadasaase |
Nene entbys aU SCdallas sees sscemeceenisdsessasine Sole elo ticaial dn chetetectateistacers |
See eme OULA TE, mun OL LONE ore. -foratcvateteelslelaiala’ sie s!siatal\elniefelalaisie/njatelave| tii neteteleleteietaiels |
27. Boar and three sows, one year or over, bred “by |
exhibitor— |
N. H. Gentry, Sedalia............ Sreichonsinieterceinterale sie nigteGatets 200 00 |
INSEL eeGeNGIEy | SCOR Aer esncis oteniclsiarernistaletelnin AdnSoonnadana! Sastoascvss |
BE. G. Vaughn, New Bloomfield............ aletajate isle areletala] hate siete ie seleinels |
30. Barrow, one year and under two— |
INS eG entry INCUBA. cece urs cele neces ctelstacie'e era Salctisete |
INS eee GIDE VA SOCAL Als taceete tstelalefeisixictelee| vial etstereia/ere asaine : |
epee FG CNET POAT Es crcieeterssintreieein oticlatele’s sicistoite alelcistere |
31. Barrow, six and under twelve months—
INS Sie AGrentbrys | SOG aia < -cfaei< ey. stele) oicle aeietele cia» cisieferwieleleisrete sie |
ING eee Gren triyer Sed alilaacines chine ccisie nese nelsncsin deine coerce |
Le Mipi Gentry ai Seda ligearsotre sas cece <etecis’s selsiele eieisisiste |
32. Barrow, under six months— |
Ieee AGOMULY, VG SOCaIT aiciics.sielarcimn oatcinte tem clatverssiclniereereiane |
eM.) (Gentry;. Sedalia..c. diivcases cc cescscte Reon tinccick: |
Ne Eis Gentry se Sed alias ccs eins eerie cre eineiniaes cloclets iemeitiete |
33. Three barrows, one year and under two— |
ING ELE G GniE ym SOG AIT ae ae fare cticrcre durcies iv craciereaplavelersrcreie iors 60 00 |
ONE SER Gen trys SOG a lia ia cistecteiciain sicletelciets orale atetc orala/snlareietenti om ahaa aattaleete 6 |
Ta Mie iGentrys pSedalia cai fecr. & siecicte cloniecjeccsacc’s'cetsiniela siststoel ih tates eases |
34. Three barrows, six and under twelve months— |
NS CE MG OENEDY Us SCO DIED ae cicinnne.e citation ome cadae cstetedeetetare 60 00 |
INSEL MG PELEI YS SOG Tae oe Tele atures cinsiak ae lactate ale nite Gi cl Me metve Sntetetars |
Eye, MEAEGenitry:) (SOCAL << as :aicvisrsvers ese tele spiel eleisrecictele’oralceisiel Wis simian natentnts |
35. Three barrows. under six months— |
INSGEs CG CHER Gs BSG all acicncccise clarte's clan earciantereieial oileleier sas 39 00 |
Hrosti& Richardsone) MOpeLly gece c onc ica i=! slalciaaiiacis 25 00 |
NEE Gentry: Sedaliatuc. sec cestiteesaclsclsewweceisescese oh Gon aeete a nce |
36. Champion barrow, any age— |
NCH Gentry Sed allan ccnccveciincetenese sens Riactointaietaneres 50 00 |
87. Champion three harrows, any age— |
Niel. (Gentity;, ‘Sedallaisan:cncs.taeccew ccs kate wsinints tniduiate 100 00 | 100 00

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$sss

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weer ewes

sss sss

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S3s sss

CLASS LXVI—DUROC JERSBDY.

]

1. Boar, two years or over— |

Js Wee Woodburn, ‘Maryivilleyc. vn cccasasuneewetioocss|\ sluwvicininle |

8. Boar, twelve and under eighteen months— |

MeHarland) ‘Bros: Sedalia. 2: sods desc cmnveccausewua cn ees], viewen Gekerer |

J. (Co Woodburn; “Maryville: cp cs' osc cmuvasaneckss essl) puctecciesee |
McWarland (Brosi, SGdeliaicecn.nccescuvestausseuwns Uvsiecal: neictteeeabae Woacrs sea

|

|

|

|

4. Boar, six and under twelve months—
Mearland® Bros.,. Sedaligic. coin senecccecscctecuesenscace 40 00
Powell (& iRudy, “Smithton ies ecsccssencccvevheweetvades 20 00
Bi,’ Wa) rammed?) Beaman: < ccs ccsameevh whedon em sseveucoss| ecosmuehoenen

as sexs
22g ss2 28

i]
—)

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

CLASS LXVI—DUROC JERSHY—Continued.

261

Cth Pa in | |
World’s |Duplicate| State
Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. ae
| |
5. Boar, under six months— |
je Iban lstyrattehie Istyiah tke ooncos scooonobdoRoS Coon coCgdO) WOROCCOORU a ROGOr SSE ORt 40 00
J. C. Woodburn, Maryvyille.... SOE Sodod | meccpEdanen Ibseoctdscod 35 00
McFarland Bros., Sedalliay:.c. sciecc SUR teprcteon ars orei| azaetatatel store ele 25 00
C. Folgate, Stamberry..........sccsecccesseccesseccceeee! seceeescees [}Xceeleisrateiares 30 00
B. W. Barnett, Beaman.........+-.+--+++++2++ | secccescece|ecssececeee 20 00
F. L. Bowman, Hamilton..............-++++seees sbepallinoceadocsbullugousetinena 15 00
C. Folgate, Stanberry.....-..----+sseeeeeeeeees a ae sievalcicta| udaistslerelerete)srete | Booadeoapcc 10 00
& Sow, two years or over—
McFarland Bros., Sedalia........++..+eseeeceeceeeees Saw 60 00 60 00 40 00
A Mets land Bre, Beall efeee igcfour” months sae teste ppconaesdac 35 00
ft ow, elghteen and under twenty-four montnhs—
McFarland Bros., Sedalia.........-..-.ssssseeees sseeeee| 50 00 50 00 40 00
8. Sow, twelve and under eighteen months— :
McFarland Bros., Sedalia........se.eeeeeeeeeees aieicievererels | 30 00 30 00 40 00
McFarland Bros., Sedalia............-.seeeseeeeeeeseeee limindoooondnds Warsereis eisieislere 35 00
F. L. Bowman, Hamilton..............sseccececcccees ieee andodet Wolaattrcrerers iter 30 00
9. Sow, six and under twelve months— | | |
Powell & Rudy, Smithton...............-.-0.- sisrewiclases Web atta\ofekerayare ole Beda saedode 40 00
McFarland Bros., Secallisrseniee crisis einicic nicisieicieieicieiels atarstate | 35 00
B. W. Harned, ES GAMA Lee anode acoso cea cenaoee | 30 00
BeaWaebiarnedseheamane. cee sroencrssenisccnsecesmercicel| | 25 00
Powell & Rudy, Smithton | 20 00
MeFarland Bros., Sedalia...............-..+++- | 15 00
10. Sow, under six months— |
McFarland Bros., Sedalia..............-..- Sorcraisleieteielsle spgnogs duct’ lesaeats cote eraterati | 40 00
McFarland Bros., Sedalia.............s-seeeee Saboodooo [ottee rere ee leeeeadeonde | 10 0%
F. L. Bowman, PEAT COnE See oot eee cceee Sateietaltis apearecclernrs care eee Sprod 30 00
iB. AWA isihasdel eehinnihel do odedonoocosdoooadnosos coonedoG mash tereiaferstets [erssuetoietere oes 25 00
WY Ti Bowman, | Hamilton. foc oo ccc oie cicie cnc cinssciesionie | selves | aees erecteleteyare | 20 00
We ELAN CGS obs CANNMATI GG victeise(clolele/eis)o.c/nlelslsinlo[ole(vielsivjeisieie\sis | etc atatetecaeyes 5 lPoddiddneaad 15 00
J. C. Woodburn, Maryville............-s-cseceee Aceballindoon ocdad > lboooecodene | 10 00
15. Champion sow, one year or over— | |
McFarland Bros., Sedalia........ eioleetateveinieveraye seseceeee| 100 00 | 100 00
21. Grand champion sow, any age— | |
McFarland Bros., Sedalia.........+.sssesseeeeeee senesod| 150 00 | 150 00
23. Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire— |
McFarland Bros., Sedalia........ See cee eiaieieeerne eicie aioe thy inelesaioaietess ficrsiamiere ieee 60 00
TRO AU) Celebs Chibitene i nooscoodosandoobansanacoor suo! seoeedadace |[eBeresheretesss 8 50 00
F. L. Bowman, Hamilton..............:..-++seeeeeeeee Weodocusceoe lansooeagoas 40 00
B. W. Harned, Beaman...........cccccscccccccccseccscs Ditetsl Netetete stare lloooacdanunc 30 00
2, Four animals, either sex, any age, produce of one sow— | |
McFarland Bros., Sedalia......... sapsoasescccans op000r All ARopeoo adoe lBedbacadkooe 60 00
leat Ce Tek | Shasiio dro Ni aecoucocunadoppbcpacboeonoccer Ni voledousbesc loaleiteas ofetere 50 00
lesen ES OvysT1 2 Tien Ed TTD LOW eyorelcteretas claialeveralevel=}aielalereloleralafaleiel=\e |) (eistsisreisisteloieie [eeteenaeees 40 00
C. F. Folgate, Stanberry..... Sat oee eee eo nicloleistseterela||itateiche's aietsistic Ipagtopcodon 30 00
25. Boar and three sows, over one year— |
McFarland Bros., Sedalia.................s.s008 Socoeda 50 00 | 50 00 60 00
26. Boar and three sows, under one year— |
Meh aArlan Gd ESTOSss SCOT aris lcieialeieielaiotelolelalelsieialeicislelcieielsieielere 60 00
Powellecaneudy we smi Gitomer as erareles clecieeicielsiseslelslec : 50 00
B. W. Harned, Beaman.............sseeeeseeeeseeces ssl “ie 40 00
Ets OT TELAT COM acess eletieisielevstelciainin lelaioielatasstalel | 30 00
27. Boar and three sows, one year or over, bred by | |
exhibitor— |
McFarland Bros., Sedalia..............scecccccccccesces | palsatesamew Jisceiaeh eters 100 00
CLASS LXVII—CHESTER WHITE.
1. Boar, two years or over— ° |
Lis) Mrost Mir abileterictiesiciete ce eee s apalave(etelntete tet elave eetelsie $60 00 | $60 00 $40 00
Ol) Kerri) Jd ep end emcee yrs sie crcistiie cele, cis wislerereieyais ers 50 00 50 00 35 00
We VVicne eV BULLI Cy Oly miu sa VITO Crea tlurinyaretelaye clals/elercteva)a/etsrera’si il iPetclolatafojateysieis!|(elelainlo}ulein/=]a/s 30 00
2. Boar, eighteen and under twenty-four months— |
TA Ws VE rost as Milralbil ere ieescite) sie alsae = siete sssicieiate sisiere eis slelel 40 00 | 40 00 40 00
3. Boar, twelve and under eighteen months— |
elas WMrost,, phir Dilenivammrntctstetrelaetes cic «clcisias cle'aiuiciele.sieiale 50 00 | 50 00 40 00
Gel UXErE: ) INGependeNncers sec cadence neeaeiocs es | 30 00 30 00 35 OW
CoIMae err, In depen Genco verve siactety sere nieiststs.ciclerota| | Meietstatetorae etal everarstateicen tava 30 00
OmvIes slkerry) FnIdependernCe sec upc rse tpscre atte ta avatescteterovelisistel aratateteTarevevaravesel lfeiefasiovalsia erste 25 00
WARY AAV GIG yer” RAV IN OLE tases eeteiemitate miele cele cts ste cictsrel| Mist evalatelovs ereyei|fsisielamialorciels« 20 00
Merl Wrost,, Mirabile sa.cjascctcmeceesecson he scesiecelne see Hpi cfesa ieee atete Peat thts 15 00

262

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CLASS LXVII—-CHESTER WHITE—Continued.

is)

| |
World’s |Duplicate|

Boar, six and under twelve months—
GRAMME therm imdependence te. sccateceincrs std dsicierec eieieracretats
Oy aie Kerr) an dependences en. «crm crieiceslsiesiche os «epiists
Tip re MILOST a mA DITO eateratcreclalolelstetsicieteieie eve leeieecstatel comet rctenetone
WeHeWs. UWaltmeyer., Ra yiiOre sees oc'')<\svive cole latacieta |
OFtGin Wer,” (IGE pendence sxc afei= raters c= 'sicieate oe relreleleiietelels
Tepe aire OTs PDE DTLO visas cretclaicie/e'sisibisrainletetele)aialetete clei see steratetes

Boar, under six months— |
OPP ISCLE NG CVET GCN CO eiern'eiaiole(alnisclsiotereta(els sleis/atesteteiet
NUnTelIV GOS DREAOS WITS le rec cicienale ictsjeicle « aieiele'staiteiare
Nie te PRNOSES SLIT ADU. crefatetaroletatsteteretelarcis sloleretatetels elo\cte are’ oeaeaaate
Nunneliigy Bross. HRELOS Ville iocvers civie icles viele wietsieisieretatetetete
@) (Ma Kerr’, LIndenendence.:.:. 22.52 descents cee an gare |
CHEV sRerr PIN GeEDENGEN Ces. acne oaets coe cie eels amc aiats |
Tete Stes MAT ADTLO srrstcettacrellncieeiciele s « sietsleie nic sicieceiralerete

Sow, two years or over—

OF ER Kerr, (Independencey aie foc)s cetee cle ie clols ciate retiialete
NV WRU VLEME VED RAV INOLE so cclelsicis<tclele stole olnstntatelalsiarctaterd |
Meisel PENRO ST mil Sl DEL Oh net cto pinitate stetelarctoleteislayefelelelerotereistermierate ier
Der PU Osis MT AD TLC sce eictteletaistayorsteisiete otelclclersintetetelaleeete r= Cris
Sow, eighteen and under twenty-four months—
TS RA EONOSt. eld LLC a acter wicletetetctatclelolayel a creietotasetelaleteretatelets
WViceaVV see DY ULEDNO VCIe a MUSIV ATTY OMELT feitatsrsrcisle ole aieieioiaie cteitiotmetelelete
OPED Kerry) INAe pend CniCOre ies seetitete miele ee ainieeceeints
Ts IN COSts) Mara bile cresyl iets cies acre era icteletetel

Sow, twelve and under eighteen months—
ORs ikent) independ encerer etre tacieiecdaele ois cieiatecietelo si
1D IDE Dioys pos IO bee Sak ee aS Sane pas agnaoconost

(Oe ORM ye bevels alepa to (ee Sod conaqungcsacadiogudEdsaddtone
NVGVVs SVE LIMG VOL Na VN OT OM creetetcic cletels clestaiclerslnty elelersrsfore
Sow, six and under twelve menths—
Ei i, Wrost, Mirabileny. 1. so. oe cece elie cisce ssitelsipeae cess
Opie INCED, LLG epen dence sc. carts ciceriom access eteiecloreie
Wie VV VV LEME VCD ey eR YVION Ce a ceteclcletote cisiteisciete crsiele lists
Leb li eHNORtS MULE Otrrarecretanc rer mrcletetereievevele ets oiersiele ereiaia oiadele
CMe NKerrar independence cacti cies sate cecinisemersteiere
OR Mua sIXerr In dependen Cer. mcemcme seers eleinre cissierel [estas }
Sow, under six months—
L. Il. Frost, Mirabile...... Bid d rctetate calotaial Sates mistots fotolotat ctetotee
Ons INGrrs UINGEPENGEI CELE cclecimecictntelc vets etcisieidielerelstelsts
Mem L OSE OMA LLG sareteintele oieaicloterete Miale's eiciefetole sieteinials bisiale A
IOUMEn Ere LINO eCDENUCH CE. ceweselatieeciccecismciene siecle. site
Ohi iIerrn TINGE DEN GEN Cle nisfelatecta siaialslelsiietere\erloicets ele
WeilWs INVALEME VED), TRA VINOLE iclec icicles s wwloloicteia'e’s vlefettarsis
Gi Me Vern) Independence ere eines wicks leis slrctele stetelsreie
Champion boar, one year or over—
Tis ils COS te NELT DOILES acces lavcniais)sin'siole omnia 's nibine,p/cievoints wibre’eze
Grand champion boar, any age—
Tess CELLOS Gat MELT AD LLET Ses eicrettesiseminine ais crete Mie dwtelelerwiereterels
Four animals, either sex, any age, get of one sire—
Lye Se OOS Ce INLLLA DL LOoa eh loaletstctolstacteleiatse's ale'slelsWhue/lerca wait
Ola. KEL INGE pen GEM Ceres kicciciectwstyyis vaults csmiciecielss
Nunnelly Bros., Readsville.............0-.0+sseeee peel
W. W. Waltmeyer, RA@YMOTe..........ecceeeereccceences
Four animals, either sex, any age, produce of one sow—
» O. L. Kerr, Independence..........seseeeeeeeecseeecees
Nunnelly Bros., Readsville.......cseccccsecescsccscecces
W. W. Waltmeyer, RAymMore........cccccsccecccssccsees
GQ Mi. Kerr,” Independence. 2.0... cece csc ccccennciseos -“
Boar and three sows, over one year—
Top ls SE OSG 1 ULL A DILO Ri alelaicine sielvivvete tisie’s b’ele pisiuisiuigiainte Meslatole’s
©: Ti: “Kerr;, sIndependentevisccccsseseeetesieeanasera|
L. L. Frost. Mirabile.........cscsessececseccecenscsceers
W. W. Waltmeyert RAVMOTE. 2. ccc c sce cc cceocs snc venes
Boar and three sows, under one year—
Th. Tas Ost, MATa ile ye iin afie vee esele's's ov clbis biatnietels vies
Ta, Tos -PLOSty oO MIrablle, Oy ou. oi cictenrs om haces oh ose een kee nics
Ow Te Werr: “Wndependences...vccc snc cessicvnnceeuwaiess =
CUM, Werr) Independence. 2s. vslessesiecSsaneamanecs 9s
Boar and three sows, one year or over, bred by
exhibitor—
Ts) La WORE HMPA DLS 5 siers etal vin cfs eteitnlcjel cit’ sue Winkiewe n.s/c
Ty, ay PPOSE:, MAIraDIe ceric cSintvers ec ctetsins v eruinieieele's @uialetelotere
WW. We wWaltmever, RAyMOre.. iin iie teste Viwcwnnetnees

S833
S3ss

S233

22 “sae
22 e222 esse

Ss
Ss

—— aw © oe

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

CLASS LXVII—CHESTER

WHITE—Continued.

| |
World’s |Duplicate|

State

Fair | paid by | premium.
prize. Siubeeo
; | |
30. Barrow, one year and under two— | |
1by JOG VeRaste, Woba GS Ganogoemonconosdonuoooebnonnooogosol “boboboeeooh]|ooduounobOn 20 00
LON IOP Moja IU Ube aaaraeeurcodoucdo cenanseoconoaGonG| » hopopEeDobellenbdoecdudd 15 00
31. Barrow, six and under twelve months— | |
Dip MPEG OSE VEL Taba Le aerevere erecta le alcieieteketei tevatets (otalotetsietalatereralotefall upieyatcleteletareie1=|!steratelaleisferolaxe 26 00
[By bys These, le ue On Leases cud ssocdonpoabeeaaduadaas) | kbackosadohl lsododesbodc | 15 00
32. Barrow, under six months— |
iG, Jha. IBieeysis. J biel oe cea aadhoocwonn doe saonocceudepEousE 20 00 20 00 | 20 00
Ths yy AMeaehey Ghee ese Sob ceoodeueaqeApeuengupodcoducosaT 15 00 15 00 15 00
33. Three barrows, one year and: under two— |
L. L. Frost, Mirabile..............2.-sseeeeseee cece scene] ceecees sees |eeesee econ 40 00
34. Three barrows, six and under twelve months— |
its Ibs LORE Ni bbe oS conbcoodneoscdosaboosdudcporococde 40 00 40 00 40 00_
35. Three barrows, under six months—
Ibs Up LOR WOON EY aa bo obrncoodoadodandcaotpdeacudoode 40 00 40 00 30 00

PRIZES) AW ARDED—BUPTER AND CHEESE.

The State received a grand prize for the magnificent butter display

and a silver medal on the big, three thousand pound Altamont cheese.

The following cash prizes were awarded Missouri butter and cheese on

scores made:

BUTTER AND CHEESE PREMIUMS.

JULY SCORING.

DAIRY BUTTER.

Exhibitor. Post Office. Score) Premium. |Amt.

Mrss Er Drennenye SONS <2 s..- cecteeiss|«c) lle oe Boonville.. epee 92 | First. ./$20 00
ey By DM PHS yiaz a= -:0)-1-)<161 16 Bul phe: vacate atelsisieeimerste Ne@Valdaenecert cos see s9 | Half of second..| 7 50
NES oO Vice ing ElabeOlis’, Gaciecitcisvsaraemeinmeeirclem. ost Fiammnilbaleenncceceeee 89 | Half of second..| 7 50
eC oubbiller..ccskee, fede... See anna tee ote Springfield. :....<.. 88 | Half of third....| 5 00
INIT S MAT ES DROP ialeya tarot ataretaatciccle wre Ga le oieierae Monroe Oity.... .... 88 | Half of third....| 5 00
Nin SSEWigeAce Sta DlLObOM 2. 2). a scitetmie ek acc «oicicveis= /NMOEN ON, GoonboBoee oud 27 | Fourth of fourth} 1 25
ods, CERO Gades Sep nencce conte aMaone ote ANS DUULYireattu ce ieee 87 | Fourth of fourth) 1 25
J. A. Humphrey...... Satelecoays eloletaye a siave «(at Stehelefere Marshfield........... 87 | Fourth of fourth! 1 25
PH ROORNE INS SODS® sonaciscisaciscolcsiicesiateters Marshfieldes. ..j-.. 1. 7 | Fourth of fourth 123

CREAMERY BUTTER
Wiss WLU eer reameee ereepaeniace Ate brolsedavne laws sates Holdene.cmelscasieec 94 | Half of first..... $10 00
Emma Creamery Co.. .......... Beet crsiate oh Poles STN eran cicyarcieicte crstete 94 | Half of first..... 10 00
JED ANTON Sa es Sree sete cole leacotseasers OWoncordideneeceeete: O35 SCCONG ee eceeeeer 15 00
Corder Creaniery OO merece een so acec lesa OOTCORS sooteeseis< <r 93 | Third 10 00
WATT. WiGler sie c ices aerate. cele lor oy sais aavsicrers St. JOSephenee-s-1. = Q2F SAOUE ONS. ctetele cai 5 00
CHEESE

Eig J No EW AG bee agcdc nue .o. odcndacecddbon raane Sif IMO hos. aooo60se. 2) |) RAEI nsS 56 ss dbGoane #20 00
Were bic Oaskeyin tas aslevace cent eee loon AulifaimiOmteceeeciercen 89} Second........... 15 00
Gem Cheese Ooch ccnenaen holiest Gene OWMeETONS py eitsscenee S80 unr ceases 10 00
Mce@askey (Bros) 2) isheses eee Maseascne een Pattonsburg......... 87) | Hourthe: oeecicccs 5 00

264

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

SEPTEMBER SCORING.

DAIRY BUTTER.

Score

Exhibitor. *Post Office. Premium. Amt.
IWREE SWAT Sin SON: cee ob ennai tte s ve clesen eee Marshfield...........| 91 | Halfof first..... $10 00
Mins WV Ne EUS EL ACC ss cae hn cates oe ceis stereo Hannibal eeeeestce 91 | Half of first.....| 10 00
Je HS eLAZON DY seco yest ore eos pk ce ceeinc cues Brookfield: seo... 90 | Third of second.| 5 00
DEAN.) DUNPHOYs coos cemee eo tioc a nslewseeaw este oe INOVAd a: cess Secs a0 90 | Third of second.| 5 00
Phe Melkerspians gacuss sure secs c coe oes Boonvillescees sss ss 90 | Third of second.| 5 00
Mirsesw As) Stapletonicce e's. cle coe baamiee Ones Albany 2) sees. oT PRL! Bah co pets ene 10 00
POPES N: sti Soo cert oe adem Vedas goto Binele Springfield ieee wae s 88) HWourth....--ses 5 00

OCOREAMERY BUTTER.

" W. 8. Dille...... je ae Holden ...4. eee g1 |, Pinstec2te tee $20 00
Oorder Creamery, OO... iss cnc aeons cle eens OOrdery Syst seseaeees 93 | Half of second..| 7 50
Sweet Springs eery 22 ge ae ee Reena eeiten Sweet perrieess 93 | Half of second..| 7 50
Himmiay Oreamenry) OO) s.r non lesen s eas eee ae Emma.. Boeeeee)) OP) DP birds: . sees cenee 10 00
OSV AAW ON a pice pers ie.srejaleloisis) settee ebeteots tears St. Joseph. Sretaa arceiins 91 | Fourth: J--..2a 5 00

CHEESE.
Geo At Baylesise. s.2.\.. scctles seuchioanee see | abs OLIS ING ert StJ.|| 2897, ||RIPst: cece aac $20 00
eS MNT COS Gyv ae ccticcae tacts we Altamont.. ..... 90 | Half of second..| 7 50
Da las SMUUSSELMAN Aco): 205 co sclew) qocleeie meee Altamont.. 90 | Half of second..| 7 50
Gem Cheese! Coweta. sas oe bebeaeeeasiae’s Oameron.......5;4e6. 85:| (Phirdeeess. cee 10 00

(As there

were only four entries, and two of them were ties, there is no fourth premium

to pay.
OCTOBER SCORING.
DAIRY BUTTER.
Fs IMOMKCPSM a es< cscieneeni dele siete nes hee ata Boonville... sene= 04" ) Witst.c.seskerocceee #20 00
Trl DUN PHOy sess) P-tiatwwacnetees sc emeuenes Nevada... acess =|). 93h Second -| 15 00
Mrs WIP aS LAD LOOM yoke orcels hterinnesione Alpany<s2sacce ees SZ MD HInG ss Soe se 10 00
Wr Atkinson) &/Sontses sve caters soeusee) a MOrSnHelds wan ca-e ee 91 | Fourth eo] POnOO
CREAMERY BUTTER.
DUS AMINES. -tsicraicnlete serie setiovece ae sass eine Shae elle arse era 93 | Half of first..... fre 00
Vu sts Bet! BD WN ER PIRES FS Seasor Seca can cs otieco Bator Holden.. oe 93 | Half of first.... | 10 00
emma OreameryiO0. s.<naneiancencenwecd cs cme Mmm acter stocseucet 91 | Fourth of second 3 75
OR SALOSSM AM: 2 note sorta ines wees nee Billings h Pee veces. 91 | Fourthof second! 3 75
J. G. McPheeters Meriden Or. Co..... ...... Kansas Oity........ 91 | Fourth of second, 3 75
Sweet Springs Creamery Oo................- Sweet Springs....... 91 | Fourthofsecond 3 75
\iyifaatiecly hb (2) icy epee teers Pade Ser ieye Sethe scr se BPOWN Dexts car conees 89 | Half of third.. 5 00
OP se WAL Cle, sec cites since sine siehentiett cetera St. JOSOpH. 2:7, Asaase 89 | Half of third....| 5 00
Ohas lMlerkine ss. css. aene oN ietemre tans ao OMI) cc8 noes cceees 88 | Half of fourth...| 2 50
VRP DOULA DS ic'ssediicore deste doe en teneerdane es Butler: sche we econ 88 | Half of fourth...) 2 50
CHERFSE.
Zs . oa 3 ETE Oe = ex

Pale WETISSC) NCE. cen cis oh Neu Setewietah s natat atest Altamont...... ; | 95 | Half of first..... 'st0 00
Geo. Bayles..... St. Hovisi.cc....>..| 95 | Haltorminstoas. 10 00
R. T. McOaskey. Altamont. | 93] Second. ..... 15 00
O. O. McRea...... Cameron.. 92 | Third.. 10 00
BR. V. re ton , care of Gem Oheese Co.) Cameron..... ahi 84 | Half of fourth. 2 50
Mrs. N. S. Wyekolf rate sos Unionvallec.. ...2< 84 | Half of fourth...| 2 50

Missouri’s Butter Exhibit, St. Louis, World’s Fair.

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 265

PRO RATA FUND.

This fund consisted of four hundred dollars, which was divided
among all Missouri butter and cheese exhibitors, except those getting
first and second premiums, in proportion to their total scores. This was
paid as a further encouragement in inducing our people to make dairy
exhibits and in pursuance of this arrangement the following distribu-
tion was made and paid, viz.:

REPEEDEEV Vl KO Tam op OSG PIN ste, s/are/e/c/aistdatole alates siavnrele eis letate neh sieve sVoicielnvesciaie s slelalele ele sisiercterels aceaiele sieve $23 80
ae eep E> eS te NT CLOT a AL IEIDY, .\svera side eveicveleietere ole elove a:clete a clove cle a ielerdcoalelovaiaistercio evelelalelele otcle'e’s wletera 23 55
STMRCO mB LCT aS JO ISLINO TOL CE, cinin sc o\a/8 sveicce o\viateia;s/eteele’s)a\esaqetsia ofs aratei sisi <fa e/aleléie, Saetcvsla ayarsjecere:elsiereiaeie 23 00
MTS er eeA cues ER LED ee NOM EGG molt Vio ee oiler tateveie.cinis/& envareui =) Sroyele relat Sraiataiclafne cigars elaley bie cle telaleiols sie oleae 22 90
SH emeLO AC LEV ae ASPET LOT o).,5,.,10\ate's cis wc loibicse\eje.eiia alstsiGjo.nieie ere: aiaiaie,siaca alas els slalcisldleiejsis ef efelelels sinie 22 80
PMV NON tL OTMELY 1) CeLTTEPOI : ae 10.0's (as eieiale eiatala'otelate ojeaiete wares alannaiaje/eisie eels nistere ei eisewaieisine create 22 48
ome mO CERO rc SOMM MEALS IN El Clicyseiacectatacyeitelareisinls a aisiare olaicvo a eialeavctelale, via sicte cine eteveiare siateleveraie’s 15 32
MicQasikev.e SrOswi Pm AtLOMS DUE usa csc aas ew tinsleaicsisteleiarsmieleie crs ciates siareien s cea Sere bonieieaaie 14 78
ee Hem GCC N EC OLUMD Ia precisa cine sales relsicte sion aciesel te sfeeie sararels ais oisie etbieinyaicasleeie miaiateeele 13 57
VISE Pee eV KO Lion Nt) TL OTUVANTC bsiare ecctace's wreisio'e maletetariolurelaereleiels\ paielolsats arcls slam ovare ele avetaloterevelsts | 13 47
OP Ooe MI CREA es CAMICL OIE <.c .feteloista,ctevels aicbrsjarsloia/aiers e/e)eiejsyaletele’s sisteia ciatelslo sreia’s ois als ie slots velevalexs(olsval eve etevases | 8 05
ChasieAckman™ (MExICO.o5-0cc seeccece Fate ttalahetalelect he a aise als ate OaTeS eee eaeTelele aiesd Olea iclesdtnece elas eetele 7 88
Billings Creamery (Coun sliM os ta seis celelare sae ols os ctaieieislete alaveie ora Seierersislers ere) eles eieislowwiateie’s 778
Morello Gc. SOM mr PO NN ae eccteaiscievcis ste cretovorernls oi siahe etd: b 5 wins oleisiove"s pivs'Sicteccieie Gere ejalatewieraterslolare ejesaeiee 7 78
CliitonmCreameryar COs ¢ CMM EOI A .)22 s/c sia oie vareerdeiern oe cis nator iewenas am cele oe sie nls oe else wae delsie 7 70
Chasm Deteking; TW niM aac ae sstoctet vis s\01s/2;2itielorc oes a cieis. cals noe wieiin sclera alow s xin se cisloaeiem owe cece 7 70
ete ES aE DINED eye ERE LOR ont ceettcrerciste ete scalere elec lajecorsicteraictes clerwicte,oeoloele ae niaiaininialelewvelen eGyele peisioaie wiacte 7 70
Merle OS WAI Cis ASP UIEY oe craye tate crcvers a slcieia’ cue sin islet (oto oon ove chain otesciol note nisiles occa. cide eanie oe ee aiaite saints 7 62
eA uM PATE Yn MAPS ALGO. onc eccita svarctolue,esiereis icicle Saresialsrars a aici ataslainiacYo alates njoe/e era leialetemicicle 7 62
Dame Ose GLASS OW. aad: sorte iaienscoccrseine aie etoie eject te Ri ela cleo e RIS Sau eee oie nie ic ore aigilamtis on cleisars ian
SOME Metal © OLG INI Ae CL Ali Aic'z,<.nswiais aisiatelevelniere ove oie eleieicielerevelevoteisia alee > svaisioasslatcisiwiewioiaciswisijee viegecre | 7 52
Stewartsvilre, Creamery \Co:,.) SECWALESVINICS i wes ocice. coco on once onle ceils osisicisie ovens cnn 7 52
GPATMBPNL CV Cl er SIV CCE. ASD EINES o aieie cieltis, cle oils alert cis: arolaesesarelerale etare artic eeiersinns orate ave Soersiase cvelessiete tens 7 52
aE SMECOU LCL Mmm ED eLTIIN ID eailinres we era cls sre larates erat cit mana o NG a Sg ene Oosiciote ATO Biel alas plod ate teehee eratate | 7 52
SOTUTG TUNING SAGE 33 SESS oc OeHBR SOO GB par Coe e CCEA Cac Lae H CEC AnCe Race REDE aRaCtaseene sare | 7 48
NO EB Es rel Sem CON COLI Ate onc cieis cite oc de Saves ie de cause aoe nae cost wemea eaves etnane cers | 7 44
META 1D TBIGINT.” TESTE TI hoacl ao AB RES TOeanGe HED BBe rol Oop r AS a COnCaCOH: RosneHBeDo orn sssasee 7 44
poe Dy BV VERUL © sme LEE SCRA G8 0 ofa cncja ohare! afora:$ clais.c1tte\s)=(aiede a's sin atevers sla Sis one loinia' aie ataslarn stare ectereee 7 44
Wife be Avo) livrd Sone Obst Leave) Cle isarereic ste beterc eve oie ain’ehs ciavore clale'st sie a e/ciate. a orate c/o Steiereiaisiorereisiais sina eieialeleinelors 7 44
Ss Hlinem Conny me Ureamenyen( or marshall’... 4:50 sccelont acces coteadece oe caine veenonesieeeals 7 43
Aye EP ewe vlan dy, = seuniaa Toseteaee ree ielers lalate eso eic'ovets (o inele sled Sleicla/acicleis whiatediea easialbie 6 ieteace es eeiers 7 35
E. J. Shelpman, Springfield.. BIS e ares tace clele leis avatats vase cl stncatae eieloveols: syayavane ciate) s/eiai avs aphiewsinsaya ouatore’ sists 7 35
NVisnr Lor ONES. NC Wau Calm DML deri eenn tert tic/clela a averoruie cine Graisins vie hoes Gu Acivas srateaa batelc eines 7 26
AS CT ON EL ope CIN COLOM asters rename eee oisisis vicinisje sie auc Maw eD sree lo GNSS Sh cE aaS da olee notes Tall
dot TSGs TSLet bel Sem GLO TA Aas ERE inet DOR GER RET CREECH ECE cic a Teme ae a ey ae 7 08
eS ee oa CHs el wire LCM masts mtettes ey taeetem ct teaver ers oia)eiSioieiMetencotal evo dlolainicidlomines sermecce 7 00
S Pee AMINON is WMEADEL cctv tere MeN tate Riae Reon tet pace (An Bava. cuialha tnchicloia eaten eittaiaia ale las cacti 6 82

266 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ;

STATEMENT.

In compliance with a custom of the Board of Agriculture, we take
pleasure in publishing in the following pages a condensed report of the
Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the State Dairy Association. This was
the most important meeting, in many respects, in the history of the As-
sociation. A very large attendance was on hand at every session from
the first until the very last and the greatest enthusiasm prevailed. This
augurs well for the development of the dairy business in Missouri.

While we print in this report a synopsis only of those addresses
and the discussions which are of the most practical benefit, we beg
to mention herewith the names of the different persons who took
part in the program and assisted in making the meeting a success, but
whose addresses are not included in this report, for lack of space.

PLOW WWiste NY PLATO ooo: oso wie coraveleretetare sete Neere oie oie clas aie arate aie oe STE Be a arora ve ater St. Joseph, Mo.
“President’s Annual Address.”

ProfiGs Bane Chick Dairy wi visionwics sec cis tee ciswacieatncbienmeieaeiete se cate Washington, D. C.
“Work of National Dairy Department.”

Mrs: Nee Kedzie t SOMES aisle aieisteateraere since cola sivatrors ee aes tiate Cala ettapnete Kalamazoo, Michigan.
“School, the Ally of the Home.”
[This excellent address will be printed in a special bulletin.]

Hon. U. S. Baer, Asst. Dairy Commissioner............. Balser soe peek nomen Madison, Wisconsin
“Cheese Making.”

Mr. Geo. B. Ellis, Secretary Board of Agriculture........2.ccecessccscsscescceess Columbia, Mo.

“The Problem of Education for the Farmer.”
RTT RAW 5; gh eNi ne LUA TS IIE nici atstalnie to's oloisjalniaraleleicisiaeleters’sjejo\sjereie(stele sizie e\sicieiele oletetels\a’s’e stalni miaimintstelaie Wichita, Kansas.
“A Greeting from Kansas.”
DME Gs es) OLUME: sata sietsian sain diaivieleie's ovoiaretels is stellt ove tore,viebaale escetelve(ainteTe races ioe areata pate ee Columbia, Missouri.
“Care of Milk from a Bacteriological Standpoint.”

DF Walter Dernaysy Clby GHeCMISL DE «.lanstcecicisincies mune cclneislseniseep enemies St. Louis, Missouri.
“Milk Inspection.”

1S Ni Alclad: htt) SE Sac Op tOC OU HOMO TICUOCOL OBST COIS OCRIO OO AOC 7 At Kirksville, Missouri.
“Reminiscences.”

Mi Rs ela se CCDEDILA GOL a qciharetisiea1n\s aiclalc acs fais ata bis clans eins ale Aiea maels cinta elector St. Louis, Missourl.

“Missouri's Need of a Dairy Commissioner.”

MS OT. GPA VES = daccienic vith Catete vetsleihenlayiviniers &/o/<'s «isle calstetae greats aye 0's 0c hae aTehts Maitland, Missouri.

MAC, NV i \OTOOMY cv sinctce b ouleicelatls.<'c oauniclels ark Belclo.d e USSD MMEM Aas pine avian eda earpree Brookfield, Missouri.
“Address of Welcome.”

WUT) ae Gey LUMP OP SON: san ceheW esas es uacvelasissiccete IiWean nae s 6% cues eh eeeeee St. Joseph, Missouri.
“Response to Address of Welcome.”

Mir “WILE: cu teeb uveitis svide'ss ekvdudewnvn ete apsbideee avin idea tehies pi atacemen rama Brookfield, Missouri.
“Address on Behalf of Merchants’ Association.”

Missouri State Dairy Association.

A condensed report of the proceedings of the fifteenth annual meet-
ing held in Brookfield, February 15, 16, 17, 1905.

THE BUSINESS COW FOR THE BUSINESS DAIRYMAN.
(Prof. R. M. Washburn, Dept. Dairy Husbandry, Columbia, Missouri.)
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

It is not my intention to detain you very long this morning as there
are men of more years, more experience and more general ability to
follow.

There are some features of the work, however, that I think it will
be well for us to look into. I am always reminded when I begin to
speak on this subject of how prone we all are never to recognize the op-
portunities that we have until we have been off and seen what the other.
fellow has. It is a common occurrence that the boy on the farm does not
recognize or appreciate the advantages that he has until he has gone out
‘into the world and tried to win his place in the world; then he returns
quite well satisfied that the old farm is not such a bad place after all.

If any of you were to visit Minneapolis or Saint Paul, one of the
first things you would go to see would be the falls of Minnehaha, so
beautifully described in the poetry of Longfellow, but those who:live near
those falls do not appreciate them. I was a grown man myself before
I saw them although I was raised near them. It became my pleasure
recently to visit the eastern states, and I had not been in Philadelphia
two hours before I went to see old Liberty Bell, but many of those
who live near it have never seen it. |

Naturally, coming from a dairy family and a dairy state, with a
dairy education and a dairy purpose in mind and heart, I was looking at
the eastern states to see how they were educated to dairy work; I was
interested to see how dairying was made to pay inthe eastern states.
One farmer was making money on a run down farm by feeding his
cows well on western corn, and grain and by-products of the western
mills, and selling milk in the city. He was gaining steadily and im-
proving his land all the time. In some other districts I noticed a great
lack of what we would call energy, but I was impressed with the

268 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

fact that it requires more gray matter for the eastern farmer to make a
living than for the western farmer. If the eastern farmer did not use his
head any more than the average western farmer he would starve. They
have to study the problem of how to build the soil as well as how to grow
and market their crops.

MISSOURI'S ADVANTAGES FOR DAIRYING.

Last spring I was called to this State to do dairy work, and I came
with the dairy interest at heart, and entered the State with enthusiasm.
I saw your fertile fields and beautiful pastures and was impressed with
the advantages of Missouri as a dairy State, located as she is in the
center of the United States and with such unbounded fertility in her
soil, and I thought there ought to be something done with Missouri in
the dairy line, and was green enough to think that I could induce Mis-
sourians to go into it. I then found that Missouri did not even supply her
own people with dairy products, but imported them from northern states,
states no better fitted for dairying than Missouri, and, frequently not so
well, having longer, colder winters and shorter summers. I found that
Missouri with all these advantages was sending north many thousands
of dollars annually to buy cheese and butter which could be produced
cheaper here than in states further north. Frequently during the fall
while over the State with farmers’ institutes, I inquired of individuals
the price of cheese and found it to be twenty cents a pound the State
over. What was the local dealer paying for it? It passed through
several hands coming through the big cities, and he was paying from
twelve to fourteen cents a pound for it. What was the farmer back in
Wisconsin getting for it? Back there where they were making money
and becoming independent producing this cheese they were receiving from
nine to ten cents a pound, for that which the Missourian paid twenty
cents a pound, and which could be produced right here more cheaply
than there. This is not poetry but plain fact that can be verified at any
time. They say that Missouri cannot produce good cheese, but I am
satisfied that they are mistaken.

MAINTAINING SOIL FERTILITY.

Not only is there money in the dairy business, if it is carried on in-
telligently, so far as the business is concerned, but as Prof. Lane men-
tioned, it has important influence upon the soil. If one should be put
on a poor, sandy or run down soil and, as some people have done, in-
vested all their worldly goods in some impoverished soil, not knowing
that it was impoverished, he would be compelled to study fertility and
would soon recognize that our present manner of tilling the land is ex-
travagant, and that we are losing our fertility rapidly from the fact that

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 269

we sell from the farm that which has a large part of the farm in it. I
will give you a few figures. Every farmer should realize that with
every dollar’s worth of wheat sold—wheat being: worth 80 or 85 cents a
bushel, average price, considering the fertility value of that wheat to be
on the same basis as a chemical fertilizer that he would have to purchase,
and which eastern farmers are purchasing in large quantities—for every
dollar’s worth of wheat sold from the farm about thirty cents of the farm
goes with it; but for every dollar’s worth of butter less than one-half
cent of the farm is lost. A big difference. Under the grain system the
farm continually deteriorates in value while with dairy farming it be-

comes more valuable constantly.

THE BUSINESS COW.

Now let us suppose that you have been converted by these few words
and are going into the dairy business. The first question naturally, and
still asked over the State is, “Which breed of cows shall I keep?”

Table I contains some interesting figures. It is not a pile of guess
work, but actual figures obtained from careful scientific tests—and by
scientific tests I do not mean a lot of nonsense, | mean careful exact work,
for that is what scientific work is. All the cows of these different breeds
were pure bred, were fed at the same time, during the same four years,
in the same fields by the same dairymen, and received the same feeds.
So you see everything except the breed and the personal qualities of all
This breed individuality and the individu-
ality of the cows we will now consider.

these animals was identical.

TABLE I. .
| rouEe Pounds | Gost es
seni | of milk | of butter | 4 Ne
Description of Cow. | produced | produced As profit.
| per year. | per year. | 3

iS ch5/) TEUSTEST Sui eee CA Raa pee a a ER eee LE| 38 | $2983| $97 15
PIG ONES DU ELG | SGCIM so eiva cee cis ose ohe aces wet reelel oc rela eeleteltte 6, 667 246 20 71 38 16
IDS REINETGE). 283 Bie OCU RA SEC ERS ROGET eOTiat REED aiaG EOBCHE a! llitaeeme ne Nis dines 8 12 58 99
BGS PES MORCMOUeaee crease atone cise aioe forse rdatelectoieten iol Beat 9, 896 474 27 38 83 25
PUGIDESUMSNOLHNOUME seta ccats ercclac ga cise sasiaie timsaiatesen 9, 326 449 23 52 81 20
BLADES OP SHOLUHONEM Aer emees jase sic cack cele ceh coe e meena 8, 046 381 24 82 64 25
AV CL ALC ese AAP eRe aire Mas ee Sis Set UN BE BL sae WEEE scabs pie lajofare livia /oral, ds afore 76 23
Poorest Shorthorn........ MI Heed oniseidedecntoelesaie|| 3, 059 129 23 83 6 86
20 MOOLESL SHORUNOLM seer meee de cee olanslee ale ts 2,833 134 21 30 10 03
SLA POOLESb SHORGDOLT come teen eee ee Seagal | 2,796 125 18 84 10 63
LAV ORAS Gis tnateays terete ye SCAR Tooter orale ce Ne ciotleeewe- by | PAR RIGOR Sal la aco Her ohmic Gell aoa arc etc 9 1%
BESEPREGLP Olle cecise exe eae nae siictie cs casenabs 7,225 361 25 32 58 44
IBOOLESHIREG POU Saye cae cs eee cee Cee aie at cinder ca 5, 249 236 25 24 30 36
Miforon cee. ics Ii. een oa pete De Men ara ee eg en 0008} 28.08

18 e (UCP LEN Ste SIE TERE Ai Bis Clee al ac.) kt | 6,523 532 26 26 90 58
IPOOTES bi JOLSCY;s «2 eicsen «srnccis tener yee see ete eater cis 4,087 236 18 54 35 20
DIME MEN COM sae ea se oe Reser eh eT ee eS Rey ers [Rees cee Re 7 72 52 38

270 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Take the best Holstein. She produced 12,111 pounds of milk and
538 pounds of butter in a year and the cost of her feed was $29.83. Let
us figure a little. Suppose we get twenty cents a pound for her butter.
Then take four-fifths of the milk as skim milk and allowing twenty cents
a hundred pounds as its value, then adding the value of the butter and
skim milk and subtracting the cost of her food for the year we have our
net profit. Whether these prices meet your approval or not we will hold
these figures to that basis, subjecting the produce of each cow to the
same test. Subtracting from the price received for her butter and the
skimmed milk the board bill of this cow and we have a profit of $97.15.
That is the money we receive for the actual work done by us on this
cow, and the interest on the capital invested in the cow and stables.

Take the poorest Holstein cow. "She produced 6,667 pounds of
milk and 246 pounds of butter and cost $21.71, making a profit of $38.16.
Notice, there is a difference of $58.99 between the net profit of these
two cows, both pure Holsteins, and a difference of only $8.12 in the cost
of feed.

Take the Shorthorns, arranged in groups of three. The best Short-
horn gave 9,896 pounds of milk and 474 pounds of butter and cost for
her keeping $27.38. The average profit for these best three cows was
$76.23 at the same rate of figuring as above.

Of the poorest three Shorthorns, one made a profit of $10.63, the
second poorest $10.03, and the poorest $6.86.

There is a very interesting point right here. The poorest cow made
a little money, $6.86 for the whole year. Suppose we figure the cost
in work of that $6.86. Allowing that you are a good milker—which
most milkers are not—it will take five minutes to do each milking. This
is pretty quick work but a man can do it if he goes at it right. That makes
ten minutes a day at milking. Suppose she gives milk for ten months
in the year—how much time will be spent in the mere process of extract-
ing that milk? 50 hours. Suppose she is dry for two months of the
year, even then she will need to be cared for. It ought not to be un-
reasonable to suppose the care of a cow would take ten minutes a day for
six months, or thirty hours for the entire year. I do not think you can
care for your cows in less time than that, considering the cleaning and
repairing of stables, and feeding and watering the cows, the building
and repairing of the fences, etc. That makes us 80 hours of work for
$6.86 or 8.6 cents an hour or 86 cents a day, while the same amount of
work bestowed on a cow like the first would return a wage of $1.22 an
hour, or at the rate of $12.20 a day. Please understand me when I say
that in this country at the present time, in the ordinary dairy herd of

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 271

fifteen or twenty cows, the addition of a good cow would not be worth as
much as a sharp lead pencil.

THE BUSINESS DAIRYMAN.

Right here I shall take the liberty of turning my subject around,
making it read, “The Business Dairyman for the Business Cow.”

There is a difference in profit not only with different breeds but also
with different individual cows of the same breed. I want you to compare
the best Shorthorn, which we consider a dual purpose or beef animal, with
the poorest one of the best dairy breeds in the world. The profit on
the best Shorthorn was $83.25, while the profit on the poorest Holstein
was only $38.16 for the year. The poorest Shorthorn made only 125
pounds of butter in a year. What business had she to be classed as a
dairy cow? But the poorest Holstein made only 246 pounds of butter
in the year and she was a full blooded Holstein. The best Holstein at
the St. Louis cow demonstration made 329.7 pounds of butter in four
months or twice as much as the average cow gives in a whole year, while
the best Jersey at St. Louis was but a shadow behind in the quantity of
butter produced.

Now I do not say that every farmer could have a cow like either of
these, because there are not cows enough like these to go around, but
when cows are capable of making such records as these, it shows us that
we ought to be ashamed to keep in the dairy a cow that will give only
125 pounds of butter in a year, or what the average Missouri cow does,
130 pounds a year. It takes a business man to get down into the business
and conduct it in a businesslike manner. <A better cow is all right, but a
better dairyman is still better, because he can think.

Of the Red Polls the best cow gave for the year 7,225 pounds of
milk and 361 pounds of butter, while the poorest one gave 5,249 pounds
of milk and 236 pounds of butter. The profit on the best cow was $58.44,
while the profit on the poorest cow was only $30.36, a difference of
$28.08, with a difference of only eight cents in the cost of their feed for
the entire year. The difference was not in the breed, nor in the care
and management of the cows, nor the time of the year, but the difference
was in the cows. It is not the breed nor the pedigree, but the cow that
must eat the feed and give the milk. Keep your dairy herd on that basis
and cull out the poorest ones; there is wonderful room for improve-
ment.

The best Jersey gave 6,523 pounds of milk, less than the poorest
Holstein, but she gave 532 pounds of butter, as against 538 given by the
best Holstein. It costs a little less to keep her than the best Holstein and
her annual net income was $90.58 as compared with $97.15 for the best

272 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Holstein." I did not consider the value of the calf because its value
varies so much in different communities. Some of your finest beef
calves, if vealed, would not bring enough money to pay for the milk they
drink, and if you figure on the cost of their feed to make baby beef, you.
come out with a very small margin. We placed all the cows under the
the same conditions, except that I did not consider the comparison of
solids, not fat in the milk of the Holsteins and Jerseys. This done the
Jersey would very closely approach the Holstein in net profit.

The poorest Jersey made a profit of only a little over $35, the best
Holstein $97, while the poorest Holstein made only $38.16, as against
$90.58 for the best Jersey. Again I must emphasize the fact that it is not
the breed but the cow that does the business. I do not hesitate to say that
you find the same comparison of good cows and poor cows in all breeds.
You will, of course, find a far larger per cent of dairy cows among dairy
breeds, but sometimes a scrub bred will produce more butter fat than a
dairy-bred cow. Take a dairy cow and feed her in a scrub barn, on
rough feed, not developing her capacity to give milk till she is a mother,
and she cannot hold her own with a well developed native. Of course
you find a larger per cent of profitable cows among the dairy breeds;
they have been bred that way for hundreds of years, but the very fact that
they are Jerseys or Holsteins does not guarantee that they are going to
be money makers.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Mallory—I do not believe we have any business in figuring on
these poorest cows.

Mr. Washburn—Yes we have, we want to know them so as to get
rid of them.

QUANTITY AND QUALITY.

Only a few days ago I was teaching our boys in the short course
the scoring and judging of cows. I was telling them the points they must
look for in the cow that would do business. We emphasized capacity
and disposition, then we took our little score cards made out on that
basis and went down to the barn to score some cows. We went to one
cow that I gave full credit on capacity and on the milk giving organs,
but she had a heavy short neck, heavy thighs, thick and short body all
over. I gave her all I could; I knew she looked like a pretty good busi-
ness animal. She scored 85. We scored another cow. She had a
beautiful dairy type, slender neck, prominent spines, thin covering of
the shoulder blades, loins strong, udder nearly perfect, a good disposi-
tion, and very good capacity for food. She scored 89. But we were not

A herd of Brown Swiss Cows, bred and owned by Harry McCullough, Fayette, Missouri. This herd took a large num-
ber of prizes at St. Louis World's Fair. The cow at extreme right made a record of 61 pounds of milk per day from Jan-
uary 15 to February 15.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 273

satisfied with this. We went to the dairy milk sheet. Here we found
our pretty cow giving thirty pounds of milk per day, and the fat one
only ten pounds. But how long had each been in milk? The thirty
pound cow only three months, while the ten pound cow had been milking
one even year. That puts another face on the matter. Yet we were not
satisfied. We did what every business dairyman should do—tested the
milk of each cow for butter fat. Result: Our pretty cow tested only
2 per cent, while the fat one tested 7.4 per cent. Which has been doing
the more work? Let us see:

Pretty cow, 30 Ibs. x 2 per cent = .6 lbs. of butter fat per day.

Fat cow, 10 lbs. x 7.4 per cent = .74 lbs. butter fat per day.
And that after she had been working one year against the other three
months. When the 2 per cent cow freshens again she may raise the test
to 2.5 per cent, or even 2.6 per cent, but it is very doubtful if she ever
reaches even 3 per cent.

THE QUESTION OF BREED.

Mr. Mallory—If I am going into the dairy business what breed will
secure the best dairy cows in my herd?

Mr. Washburn—A live question, which must be answered by the
farmer or dairyman himself, largely according to the kind of dairying he
is going into. I honestly believe that a man cannot afford to keep Jer-
seys if he must sell his milk in town at the same price per quart that the
Holstein man is receiving for his. Also the man who has only Holsteins
in his dairy is likely to hear complaints from his customers on account
of poor milk. A herd composed of one-fourth or one-third Jersey or
Jersey grades and the remainder Holstein or Holstein grades is pretty
sure to supply milk of a good quality.

If the cream is to be sent to a creamery where it is paid for by the
butter fat test, or if butter is made on the farm, the question is, “Which
breed of dairy cows, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein or Jersey will produce
butter fat the most cheaply? This is a much disputed point, and one
which, in my opinion, will remain such for a long time to come. As you
have seen pure dairy bred cows vary greatly in their powers to produce,
and the powers of their managers to make them produce varies even
more greatly. Naturally then, any test with a limited number of cows,
for a limited number of days is very likely to include such personal
qualities of cow or man or both, tending one way or the other to such
an extent that the broader qualities of the breeds, as breeds, are less
distinctly shown than one could wish.

A-—18

274 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

There is probably no breed of cows in the world that will, with good
care, produce butter fat any more cheaply than the Jersey; but if a man
cannot control his temper, or his hired man, or if he does not like this
naturally nervous, intelligent little breed, he would undoubtedly do better
with the less sensitive Holsteins. Again, if good abundant pasture can-
not be secured, if the cows are compelled to ramble long distances over
rough land, it is quite probable that either the Ayrshire or Brown Swiss
will do better than either Jersey or Holstein. Under ideal conditions of
feed and management the Holsteins and the Jerseys as economical pro-
ducers are just about a draw.

THE FARMER’S DAIRY COW.
(Hon. A. J. Glover, Associate Editor ‘“Hoard’s Dairyman,”’ Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.)

For over three years the Departnient of Dairy Husbandry of the
University of Illinois has been conducting field work among the dairy-
men of the State. A number of them were persuaded to weigh and sam-
ple each mess of milk a sufficient number of times during the year so
that the performance of each cow could be estimated with a considerable
degree of accuracy. It has been demonstrated by a number of our ex-
periment stations that many cows are kept in the dairy at a very small
profit, and some at an actual loss. In order to determine the facts and
to lead the dairymen to realize their full force and meaning a man was
sent into the field to persuade a number of them to keep a record of every
cow in their herds. While this paper gives no facts new to science, yet
it presents a line of work on which we have but little data and it brings
the farmers face to face with the facts that exist upon their Gwn farms.
It shows them that some herds are kept at a good profit, some at a
small profit and others at an actual loss.

HOW THE FARM TEST WAS MADE.

The farmers who took up this work were required to weigh and
sample the milk from each cow in the herd every seventh week for
fourteen consecutive milkings. After each cow was milked the milk was
poured into a weighing pail, weighed and the weight recorded on a milk
sheet directly under the cow’s name. A small sample of milk is then taken
with a sample dipper or a milk thief and put into the sample bottles.
Corrosive sublimate tablets were used to preserve the samples of milk.
Instructions were given to each man to shake the composite samples each
day so as to mix the fresh samples with the rest of the milk and keep

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 275

the cream from becoming dry or hard on the sides of the bottle. The
jars that were used for keeping the composite samples were one-half
pint, tin top, covered bottles. When the period of weighing and sam-
pling was completed, the samples were tested either on the farm or at the
creamery.

CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF MILK AND BUTTER FAT.

The milk was weighed and sampled during the fourth week of the
seven-weeks period. From the total amount of milk that each cow gave
during this time, and the per cent of fat, was calculated the amount of
butter fat produced in the week. Irom these results were estimated the
amount of milk and butter fat each cow produced during the three
weeks before, and the three weeks following the test. The cow’s yearly
record was made up from these tests, and in this way the total amount
of milk and butter fat that she produced during the entire year was
determined. It may be objected to that this method did not secure re-
sults absolutely correct. On this it may be said that the chief object
was to secure data from which cows could be compared with each other,
and that this object was fully attained even though the totals may have
been either slightly too large or too small. Check methods show, how-
ever, that the data are very close to the actual amounts produced. In
many cases the dairymen also kept an approximate account of the grain
and roughage that each cow consumed during the year. Where this
was done the records are of exceptionally high value, for they clearly
show the profit or loss of every cow kept in the dairy.

Den dairy herds;:namely A, By C, BE,’ F,'1,/J, LE, M and N, have
been tested for two years and I will give you the summary of the ten
herds and a detailed report of two dairies. In the ten herds 145 cows
completed their second year’s work. The best cow gave an average
yield of 7,190 pounds of milk, 367 pounds of butter fat, and 428 pounds
of butter. The poorest matured cow gave an average yield of 4,560
pounds of milk, 135 pounds of butter fat and 158 pounds of butter.

In the first two years the average production of the herds was:
4,944 pounds of milk, 201 pounds of butter fat, and 235 pounds of butter.

The average production for the two years was: 5,261 pounds of milk,
214 pounds of butter fat and 249 pounds of butter.

Herd “A” made the greatest increase in the second year’s test. It
produced 1,285 pounds more milk and 60 pounds more butter fat per
cow than it did in the first year’s work. The percentage of increase
was: 32.4 per cent of milk and 42.5 per cent of butter fat.

In herd “B” there was a small decrease in the second year’s test,

276 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

it gave 61 pounds less milk and 5 pounds less butter fat per cow than in
the first year’s test. Ail the herds except “i” in the second year’s test,
showed an increased yield of milk and butter fat over the first year.

The average percentage of increase in the second year, per cow,
was 13.7 per cent of milk and 13.9 per cent of butter fat.

In other words, the average increase per cow was: 667 pounds of
milk, 28 pounds of butter fat, and 32 pounds of butter.

The increase seems to be due to the following:

(1) The cows on the whole received better care.

(2) The herds were fed better rations.

(3) From nearly all the herds a few poor cows were sold.

(4) In some cases cows were purchased that proved to be good
dairy animals.

I shall give a report of herds “A” and “F.” It should be observed
that great improvement was made in each of these dairies.

REPORT OF HERD “A”

At the end of the first year’s test the owner of this herd disposed of
a few of the poorest cows, but the herd still contained many poor dairy
animals. The herd was composed of natives, grade Holsteins, and grade
Shorthorns, which were by no means of the dairy type. The cows were
in better condition during the second year than they were in the first
year’s test.

In the second year the herd received a better ration, the rough fod-
der was about the same, but the meal portion of the ration consisted of
shorts and Peoria gluten, instead of corn meal and ground rye which
were the chief concentrates during the first year. The kind of con-
centrates and roughage fed during the two years was as follows:

First year: Second year:
Corn meal. Shorts.
Ground rye. Peoria gluten.
Ground oats. Corn stover.
Crushed corn and cob meal. Corn silage.
Corn silage. Timothy hay.

Timothy hay.

It will be seen as was reported in bulletin 85, that this herd received
rather poor rations during the first year, which were about as follows:
The fresh cows received a small allowance of bran and corn meal, to-
gether with timothy hay and silage, from October 1, tg01, to January 1,

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

277

1902. During the months of January and February, to the cows giving
the largest flows of milk, was given approximately the following:

RATION.
: Dry A Sheree Oarbo- :
Food stuffs. EDS ater. Protein. hydrates: Fat.
Chan a(t Bee nen n odees tec SsdaReneecdnoos GoduacousedD 10 8.91 -790 6.670 | .430
CHIN oS Raab osteo Gonnbe es>cocao eoBeeTEcbseddeddoenq0C0b0 3d 7.31 315 3.955 | .245
Timothy hay.......2..-.000-sercereccecs cocecececees 10 8.68 280 4.34 140
GRoml TE HAKS NSA ao Goch opocoseoauchecomosoonooddac oollbecon 24.90 1.385 14.965 | .815

The ration which the cows received from March 1 to May I was
perhaps somewhat better than the ration fed in January and February,
but it could have been much improved with mill feed. The rations to
the fresh cows were about as follows:

RATION.
Es Dry Carbo-

Food stuffs. Lbs. TmAtter Protein. hydrates. Fat.

I2@s6 ba doeaaud soneoucmpenae puvouonboutenl cupacenoeaeUousD 4 3.54 396 2.704 | .044
Orushedicorn and COD MEAal ses carccecele sac) ses) eee clne'sle 4 3.40 176 2.400 | .116
Silage......... cece eee ee cee eee cee ee ee cee ee ener eee eens 35 7.31 315 3.955 | .245
Tiare? LNW Se gsocdedes uscomcdcodMonoouaoonuDNDoooGoboude 7 6.08 196 3.038 | .098
PGA ETNUL CLL GINUS sae Soto ra elec rere inven im sie ales eh Ne Calalevorateteralavers|lls satel 20.33 1.083 12.097 | .503

May 1, ground oats were substituted in the place of rye. The cows
were turned out to pasture about May 25, but were given a small al-
lowance of silage to July 1. From this time on to the completion of the
year’s work they received nothing but grass.

It is plain to the skillful feeder that the rations the herd received

were very poor.
bears out this fact.
ond year.

The generally unsatisfactory condition of the herd
The herd was fed somewhat better during the sec-

From October 1, to November 15, 1902, the herd received a little

shock corn with grass.

February I, 1903, the best cows received about the following:

Beginning November 15 and continuing to

RATION.
Dry P Oarbo-
Food stuffs. Lbs. sengie: Protein. hydrates. Fat.
SHORtS eta cs Scion ere ce ee ERPS uC See aes he eae 9 7.94 1.098 4.500 | .342
SUING feu ne cee Cee boris iat A tae he foes A Oca oe eee 25 Vice}! Bole 3.955 245
OOEnStOVET cae OS eC te ein eine, seicilaiwins sie 15 8.91 255 4.860 | .105
Motalenutrientsscs. tase a Pee ae eee [cone 24.16 1.668 13.315 | .692

278 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

During the months of February, March and April the best milkers
received the following:

RATION.
7 : Dry : Oarbo-
Food stuffs. Lbs. miather Protein. hydrates. Fat.
SNOPES. fac cae ona lesicigs coe ene Be eb Sominasleiiane hake ee heen meaene 6.5 5.73 -793 3.25 STAT
Peoria, oloteninc-Me soe ca de ncecce Wetine te wi bene eae ee sees meee 2.25 -582 1.26 -067
UNAS Ci foe votiatcce reciente thd o ce rene niin e Ob ietee Late noe eis Da eee on 40 | 8.36 360 4.52 280
MOtaAlNUETLENTS ss dere ce nie <c eee Scakinaweneciete oeteeas mates oleemes | 16.34 1.735 9.030 | .594

In connection with the above ration either corn stover or timothy hay
was given in quantities large enough to satisfy the animal’s appetite.

May 1, the herd was turned out to pasture and during this month
received all the silage they would eat. From June 1 to the completion of
the test the herd received nothing but grass.

Average Yearly Record of Herd “A” for Two Years, and Average Production for that

Period.
pee No.of| Milk, | Fat,| Fat,| Butter,
Year’s work. cows. | lbs. % |lbs.| Ibs.
BVnS Geese rereracn cr tcteteiow o cre miele te oiaeiisioecicn nate PabsOSIGL Use 18 3,970 | 3.55 | 141 164
PIGCOM i micrcce ccs ersiahere eis ach sins oleieta Saarni ein la.cier db halete iaiwrel sleleremreTeioie vate one pieis 14 5,255 | 3.82 | 201 234

AVOrAce tor bwWO' VOalSe~ .c2sssee cus ce sons cate cies ace mac caer eieteare 4,613 | 3.71 | 171 199

The herd in the second year gave 1,285 pounds more milk and 60
pounds more butter fat, per cow, than it did in the first year. This in-
crease in milk and butter fat was largely due to a better system of feed-
ing during the second year. There were, however, a few new cows in
the second year, and a few of the poor cows were sold at the end of the
first year. This change, of course, had something to do with the increased
yield of the herd. There were still a few cows kept upon this farm that
were so poor that the owner would not enter them in the test.

—— —=sF “

= Record for Cow No. 6 for Two Years, and Her Average Production for that Period.

, a Age, | Date of Milk, | Fat,| Fat,} Butter,| Days i
Year's work, | yrs. Breed. | calving. lbs. % lbs. lbs. milk.
a Je i —_ ie Bee i eae = ——
BITS Deeb ux oeces 3.5 | Native. .| May 29, 1902...... 1,838 | 4.43 Sl 95 | 210
SOCONG seas seice thee 4.5 | Native. ..| May 4, 1903....... 3,624 | 3.84 | 189 162 238

Average for two —|—— ,-—- — _—
WARES iv. sbecsielenasay os}e<sebeeasserlRaeeecene se 2,731 | 4.02 | 110 128 | 224

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 279

Cow No. 6, the poorest animal in herd “A,” in two years gave 5,462
pounds of milk and 220 pounds of butter fat. A good dairy cow should
produce as much in one year as three animals of this kind.

Record of Cow No. 10 for Two Years, and Her Average Production for that Period.

oe Age, Date of Milk, Fat,| Fat,| Butter,| Days in
Year's work. Ses, Breed. calving. lbs. % | Ibs. lbs. milk.
MTS Gceeecsensittoone 4 | Native. ..| March 5, 1902.... 3,833 | 3.37 | 129 150 245
Second eae ceeees : 5 | Native. ..| March 1, 1903.... 3,D03 | d.DD. | 126 147 298
Average for two ———— — | _|- |. —_- — — =
CGEM i ese odanreag] Sood ness | BEECConecen | SGAcT A cme rneAISe rarer 3,693 | 3.46 | 128 149 272

The average of cow No. 10 is very low. Why she produced more
milk and butter fat in the first year’s test than in the second, when a
better ration was fed, cannot be intelligently answered.

Record for Cow No. 15 for Two Years, and Her Average Production for that Period.

Rese Age, Date of Milk, | Fat,| Fat,} Butter,| Days in
Year’s work. | yrs. Breed. | calving. lbs. % lbs. lbs. milk.
MIPS Grtezey cove eters. 2 9 |Gr. eee Nov. 4, i901...... 6,145 | 3.63 | 223 260 294

Si dals
SECO Cremer sea. 10 oe Polled| Nov. 15, 1902.... 6,874 | 3.87 | 266 310 273
Se He
Average for two — —_— — |
ViOaES eeiaatas stisinl|pacisyeveiars |(naiaeee., serene Sera etet ere weredelelorete 6,510 | 3.76 | 245 285 283

Cow No. 15, which was the best animal in herd “A,” gave con-
siderably more milk and butter fat in the second year’s test than she
did in the first. Her increased yield seemed to be entirely due to a better
system of feeding.

REPORT OF HERD “F.”

There were seventeen Holstein cows in the second year’s test; their
average weight was about 1,100 pounds. The herd was kept in a com-
fortable barn, was in healthy condition during the two years and did
a much better year’s work during the second test.

The cows were given but little grain during the first year. For a
period of seven weeks in the winter, they received no grain, but were
fed corn silage, clover and corn stover. During the second year the herd
received a liberal allowance of grain.

The kinds of concentrates and roughage fed during the two years
were as follows;

280

First year:
Bran.
Oats.
Grano gluten.
Clover hay.
Corn stover.
Corn silage.

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Second year:
Bran.
Oats.
Dried malt.
Dried brewers’ grain.
Clover hay.
Corn stover.

Corn silage.
Timothy hay.

The herd was fed during the first year, as follows:
From October 15th, to December 1, 1901, the best cows received
about the following:

RATION.
Dry Oarbo-

Food stuffs. Lbs. erties Protein. hydrates. Fat.
Tee ek OP sate t,t) Tse ocean ea 4 3.54 516 1.604 | .168
Ct gaan ee ened Rn Ae Bs Oe haTe. 2. 4 3.56 368 1.892 | .085
Ghose hay cc Bee is cae oo te ee Sg eet 5 4.25 340 1.790 | .085
SOT on Ne ae ee eeu ee eet een 5.95 170 3.240 | 070
SIE Hides Oo pe eee eee ads Re ee 35 7.31 315 3.955 | .245
Wotalunibrients: ie: 6. et: eos ks te eee eee ~ 94.59| 1.709 12.481 | .704

From December 1, 1902, to February 1, 1902, the ration consisted
of thirty-five pounds of silage, five pounds of clover hay, and all the
corn stover they would eat.

The best cows received about the following ration from the first of
February until they were turned ont to grass:

RATION.
des eRe a : = ==? eS = - =
Food stuffs. Lbs. a hagasian Meat Fat.
|

Ova ene lWtern soi. cass ccc eho on cote weet wine p ccwistes ioe emeeeee 2 1.28 -534 .176 | .248
BARC eek: wchtuene kA wines icee atin apiteeme don tener 35 7.31 315 3.955 | .245
WIGVOMHAY ce cs cactiec coatoc sencle acme Ga ee ieee 5 4.23 | . 340 1.790 | .085
GOPNI STO Vere oii cae Sasiec's cm cards ceases com Seam eeeate! tee 5.95 | -170 3.240 | .070
fetta Ja: fe walebiva.sieelle 5 a oMGROR EEN oe 19.37 | 1.359 9.761 ~ 648

The cows were turned out to pasture about June 19. The owner
did not have enough pasturage to feed his herd entirely, so the ration

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 281

was supplemented with thirty pounds of corn silage a day. This ration
was continued to the completion of the test.

The best cows were fed on an average during the second year ap-
proximately as follows:

From October 25, 1902, to February 10, 1903, the best milkers re-
ceived about the following:

RATION.
Food stuffs. Lbs. eieg Protein. es Fat.
BSI ATA ee taey en, he Solero ke Sac ccwicSe, caateaeioane 4 3.54 -d16 1.604 | .136
Oats Ssaseca cs. tect neue aw : 4 3.56 .368 1.892 | .163
(QU ONE LIP As ee A ters Saree ee eerie een Hae ee 2 1.68 .136 -716)|. 2034
inno Ginywh apace tee siete aces tee coe eee mess 3 2.26 084 1.302 | .042
SLA O seee me ereice or ae tcc mee ass eae oN De aes slstrons Beane 40 8.36 360 4.520 280
DOMMES TOMOM Ma chaos rem eens eh eae oe Soares SRO 15 8.92 255 4.860 -105
Rota lannibriOntS.c0s¢ casecccs cots cckaet SOARS Tee Sey eames 26.80 | 1.709 14.886 | .765
| | | |

From February 10, until the cows were turned out to pasture, they
received about the following:

RATION.
4 ; Dry Carbo- .

Food stuffs. Lbs. aatiears Protein. hydrates. Fat.
ESVRT YT wg: Gee eee ene OS Ue te Ns 2 1.97 .258 .802 | .068
DES ss aloe Meee Sa ge Ain OP nee se eat te ee Oe 2 1.78 .184 946 | 084
ire esa ee a phe a ok tay does Se Rosas, 2 1.84 at) .716 | .102
SoD tad ae nt RI aR ng ee 60 12.54 540 | 6.780 | .400
SVS ETA pe Te eS oe ee 2 1.68 136 | .720°| .034
MetiMeIp Roy Hany ser eae. eo ec eet eae. aires 2.26 .084 1.302 | .042
ROUTE GE REOTIDGHA Nie tence cise einlere rie cat ctolsiau oe tele Settee 21.87 1.516 | 11.266 .730

The cows were turned out to pasture May 20, and were allowed to
graze about two hours each day. In connection with pasture grass, the
herd received two pounds of bran, two pounds of dried brewers’ grain,
and 25 pounds of silage a day. In July and August most of the cows
went dry and were fed 25 pounds of silage and pasture grass. The
majority of the cows calved in September and October, thus beginning
their third year’s work.

282 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Average Yearly Record of Herd “F” for Two Years and Average Prodnction for that

Period.
Sor No. of | Milk, Fat, Fat, | Butter,
Year's work. cows. lbs. ¢ Ibs. lbs.
ripe Deas aie ena at 3 ROE LI oe, I 14| 5,846 3.32 | 194 227
SBCON Cisse see Setoae ele eee seis aap ale aero 17 7,171 3.29 236 275
AVOraee LOLUW OV CALS: . ones carerie = dies cee cntee tienen flare oleta ate ie 6,509 3.30 215 337

The herd in the second year gave 1,325 pounds more milk and 42
pounds more butter fat per cow than it did in the first. This can be
accounted for in three ways:

(1) ‘The cows received during the second year’s test a better ra-
tion.

(2) Many of the poor preducing animals were disposed of at the
end of the first year’s test.

(3) A few new cows were purchased that proved to be good pro-
ducing animals.

Yearjy Record of Joe’s Bride for Two Years and Average Production for that Period.

Nek bale 8 oe Age, < Date of Milk,| Fat, | Fat, | Butter, | Days in

Year's work. yr. | Breed. calving. lbs. lbs. lbs. milk
BUurStiseies cccrettewiee dae 9 | Holstein.| April 4, 1902.| 5,136 3.00 145 180 275
SGCOMGs Sete ete cieceee 10 oe Sept. 10, 1903.| 3,984 2.91 116 135 274
AVELACC LOM sbwWOny.©@ES isc me ul pciaeint ae tell sean ie ed nine ioe 4,560 2.96 135 158 274

Joe’s Bride, the poorest cow in this herd, produced in two years
9,120 pounds of milk and 270 pounds of butter fat. There is no reason
why a good dairy cow with no adverse periods, should not produce in
one year, as much as this cow did in two years.

Yearly Record of Check for Two Years and Average Production for that Period.

Milk,

ete Age, Date of Fat, Fat, | Butter, | Daysin
Year's work. SRA hes calving. lbs. % Ibs. lbs. milk.
[Shiny: isa COR OPE aek onic 1 Et Pes Sey ee Jan. 25, 1902.) 6,812 3.16 215 251 252
BECONGL: sesh scion okesnas 1 (tt Ee Rea Mch. 27, 1903.} 5,475 3.36 184 215 259
Average for two years)..... | PE AC tia he une 6,144 3.25 200 233 £56

Check’s record is not high, but it is fairly good when her age is
considered. In her fifteenth year she made 12.2 pounds of butter fat
in seven consecutive days. This record permitted her to enter the
Holstein Friesian Advance Registry.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 283

Yearly Record of Alfrida for Two Years and Average Production for that Period.

, Age, : Date of Milk, | Fat, | Fat, | Butter, | Daysin

Year's work. = Breed. calving. Ibs. % lbs. lbs. milk.
ES Gitesic ys a's ciec bees Z 7 | Holstein.} Oct. 14, 1901. 7,641 3.22 246 287 336
BECONG ce nen erst Moe Eas g os Nov. 8, 1902.| 11,445 3.40 389 454 365
ANOLAS OC LOLA WO! CalS| Seabee Goren The ae)| cepareere ce aaa 9,543 3.33 318 371 350

Alfrida, the best cow in herd “F,” did considerably better in her
second year than she did during the first. At the beginning of her sec-
ond year she was officially tested but failed to qualify, making only 11.9
pounds of butter fat in seven consecutive days. Notwithstanding this
she gave 11,445 pounds of milk and 389 pounds of butter fat, which
made 454 pounds of butter. While Check the year before was officially
tested and qualified, making 12.2 pounds of butter fat in seven con-
secutive days, yet, she gave, during that year, only 6,812 pounds of milk
and made only 215 pounds of butter fat, and 251 pounds of butter. In
other words, Alfrida failed to enter the Holstein Friesian Advanced
Registry, but produced 4,633 pounds more milk and 174 pounds more
butter fat in one year than Check, that entered the Holstein Friesian
Advanced Registry. Moreover, Alfrida’s average record for the two
years is greater by 3,399 pounds of miik and 18 pounds of butter fat.
The point: is: does one week’s record in a whole year, give the true
value of a dairy cow?

It is piain to every thoughtful man that we must be guided by yearly
records and place but little, if any, confidence in the weekly test. But
we must not stop with one year’s record and base our selections upon
one’s year work.

While the scales and Babcock test can be of great service in the
selection of our dairy animals, they must, however, be used with judg-
ment. Dairy cows have their “off years,” and this must be considered
when the herd is being culled. If we do not bear this fact in mind, we
are apt to sell some of the best cows from our herds. The writer has
in mind the cow Sweet Briar, of the Minnesota Experiment Station,
that produced for ten years an average of 358.07 pounds of butter a
year, while in 1898 she produced only 206.62 pounds of butter, but in
1899 she made 306.53 pounds and in 1901 370.53 pounds. If the merits
of Sweet Briar had been wholly based on the work she did in 1808,
she would have been classed as a very ordinary cow, and perhaps sold.
The great value of scales and Babcock test lies in their continued use
in the dairy herd and not in one year’s test. Good heifers usually come
from the best dairy cows, but it sometimes happens that a promising

284 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

heifer may do very poorly for the first year. In such cases, the heifer’s
individuality together with her breeding should be considered before
she is sold. The testing of cows should, however, be carried on in
every dairy if a systematic selection is to be made. A good cow seldom
has two “off years” in succession.

In closing let me present a few tables comparing the result of differ-
ent cows and herds, and also comparing the first and second year’s work.

Table 1—Comparing the average performance of the best and the
poorest herds; also giving the average performance of all the herds
tested :

}
Milk, | Fat,| Fat,| Butter, | Days in
lbs. % lbs. lbs. milk.
LEXGR] rel 6121100 pA Seen CRCSORCOOS ACN Oba JOGE OAH aoSE SaCenC es Ono Ocee 6,444 | 4.17 | 269 313 330
POOTESE OTC. e562 or civics oe. nse ee eos See ne sae ence gape 4,613 | 3.71 | 171 199 271
ASVOTace Of NOL ..cc) cms encace taemctemoaiee sietsetraiee ai 5,261 | 4.06 | 214 249 300

Table 2.—Giving average record of the cow producing the most
butter fat of all the cows tested, for two years and average record of the
cow producing the least butter fat:

; ; Milk, | Fat, | Fat.| Butter, | Daysi
Name of cow. Herd.| ‘ips.’ | ¢ | Ibs.| Ibs. || milk.
Pot. best COW 5.2: ea ee oN” 7,190 | 5.10 | 367 423 315

JOSS Bride sh. Jos. celcs) is Hotes toe oeensteee sgeseeneeee Cl 4,566 a 135 158 274

Pet of herd ““N” gave for the two years an average of 2,630 pounds
more milk, 232 pounds more butter fat, and 270 pounds more butter,
per year than Joe’s Birde of herd “F.”

Pet of herd “N” has the highest average record of all the cows
tested and Joe’s Birde of herd “F,” the lowest.

Table 3.—Giving the total amount of milk and butter fat produced
by the ten herds in the first and the second year, also the total number
of cows:

7 = =
ras . Cows,| Milk, Fat, Fat, Butter,
Year's work. No. | Ibs. € lbs. lbs.
me = bene —— Be —-
HAWS Gils ce os conus deiaianice pelvovov seb cs anies Seana raiwasme mes 160 | 791,088 | 4.057 32,099 | 37,449

BOCONG o 275. cc sits css caieg bums cuss (a sola picemea eer ee anon 145 | 813,586 | 4.081 33, 200 | 38, 733

There were 15 more cows in the first than in the second year, but the
145 animals produced 22,498 pounds more milk and 1,101 pounds more
butter fat, in the second vear than in the 160 cows gave in the first.

ee en a ee

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 285

Table 4.—Giving the average yearly production for all the herds
that have been tested for two years:

’ Milk, lA Fat, | Butter,
Year’s work. lbs. | % | 1bs.| Ibs.
Ries bie Sheu SSNS C DE is ee et oT OE TER 4,944 4.06 201 235
SECON fence eae eee ate ers A hee Bh ON ENE RM 27, eT. 5,611 | 4.07 | 229 267
|

The percentage of increase in the second year per cow, of the ten
herds tested, was 13.7 per cent of milk and 13.9 per cent of butter
fat. In other words, the average increase per cow was: 667 pounds of
milk, 28 pounds of butter fat, and 32 pounds of butter.

(By- courtesy of Hoard’s Dairyman.)

Missovri’s world famous Holstein cow, Shadybrook Gerben. Her official record at
the St. Louis World’s Fair was 8,101.7 pounds of milk making 330.38 pounds of butter
in 120 days. She has never been defeated. Owned and exhibited by M. E. Moore, Cameron,
Mo.

286 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

MY EXPERIENCE WITH COWS:
(Prof. I’. L. Haecker, Chief Dairy Department, Agricultural College, St. Anthouy Vark,
Minnesota.)

Ladies and Gentelmen-—I do not know that I ever before confronted
an audience when | did not know what I was going to say when I got
on the platform, as is the case at this moment. I am hardly myself to-
day, being awake all night and having been awake the previous night
before I started, and I am in a quandry how to proceed with this talk so
as to make it the most effective.

I will have but little time to give to you and I am very anxious that
I should accomplish the most good for the time that I occupy. I will,
therefore, give it rather a practical trend and pass over a few points
very rapidly. ,

I came into this educational work from the farm, from the practical
end of it; I had never had any education from the scientific standpoint
of farming or dairying; I had never expected to leave the farm. Farm
life, and especially dairying, was very agreeable to me and I had ex-
pected to spend my life time on the old farm, but peculiar circumstances
called me elsewhere. ‘There was a dairy school started in Madison,
Wisconsin and I made up my mind to attend it. Mr. Gurler here was
the instructor. I had been very successful in dairying, probably getting
a larger yield from my cows than any other person in that State, and
yer wele-that there were some things to learn, and if there was any-
thing to learn, I was willing to spend the winter in doing it; so I at-
tended the first dairy school. Befare I got through with that course I
was asked to come to Minnesota to take charge of the dairy work in that
State. During the summer I made the change.

As a result, I did not return to the farm, but came to Minnesota and
took charge of the dairy work of the College of Agriculture. I have
aimed all the time I have been connected with that work to carry it
along lines which would bring about results valuable to the farmer. The
question arose at once, what could I do here to help the farmer the most.

So I carried on an experiment with cows. I bought a herd of
cows and took reasonably good care of them. I kept account of each
cow, weight of the daily feed, the daily yield of milk, the butter- fat, etc.,
vetting all the information that I could as to the profits that there were
in dairying, carrying it on from a business standpoint.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 287

The accommodations I had were such as any farmer could provide.
While the cows that I had were probably better than the average farmer
could get, yet there were in that herd cows that were no better than those
we find throughout the northwest.

After completing the year’s record—and | thought that that one
year’s record would answer the question as to the cost of production and
what the profits would be at ruling prices—I published a bulletin and
made the announcement. In a general way the results were satisfactory.
_ There was, taking the whole herd, a good profit in the dairy, charging
the cows with the feed they consumed and crediting them with the milk
and butter fat that they yielded.

DAIRY FORM,

But in looking over the profits, | iound some cows made a great
deal more than others, some twice as much as others. Indeed my rec-
ords showed the same results that were exhibited to you here this
morning by Pref. Washburn. We continued the work for three or
four years and we found with our sixth year the same story was told,
that some cows produced reasonably large yields at little cost, while
others made small yields at relatively large costs, and when we came
to sift the truth down in regard to the cow that made the best return
and gave us the large profits, we found that it was a certain style of
cow. Just as you know that a certain style of horse will make a good
trotter ; just as you know that a certain type of horse will draw a heavy
load, or a certain kind of dog will do a certain kind of service, so a
certain type of cow will produce miik and butter. In every day’s work,
in every week’s, month’s or year’s result we found the same story.

Now it seemed to me if I could present this to the people of Min-
nesota or the dairymen of the West, and show them the kind of cow
that gave such large returns at uniformly such a small cost, that every
man who was at all interested in the dairy would in a very short time
get that kind of cows; so 1 distributed my bulletin throughout the
state of Minnesota, telling them the results that I found, and what was
the outcome of it? Today in Minnesota there are fewer dairy-bred
cows than there were ten years ago when I came to the state. Today
there are fewer dairy-bred herds in that state than there were ten years
ago. Now why is this? There is no question about the truth of this
work. There is no question but that the dairy cow will earn more than
double the amount per year than the common cow will, and yet the
average farmer uses the common cow.

288 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

COMMON OR DAIRY COW, WHICH?

Now after seeing this disposition on the part of the farmer to use
the common cow, I wondered why this was. The question arose, is the

dairy cow, after all, best adapted for his work, for the conditions which °

he has at home on the farm? When I looked over the history of dairy-
bred herds that I have known, especially during the last twenty-five
years, I found a large majority of them were failures. The farmer

had read these accounts and was. satisfied that the dairy cow necessi-.

tated so much more work that if he attempted to use her, he would not
succeed. Now why was that so? Take for instance the southern part
of the state of Minnesota—a state that has made wonderful progress in
dairying. When the creamery work began there in 1890 the farms were
nearly all heavily mortgaged on account of the failure of the wheat
crop and in less than ten years that country was well to do from one
end to the other.

Now that means that, while there is this large discrepancy between
the common cow and the dairy-bred cow, yet we must inquire, when
we recommend the dairy-bred cow, whether the conditions of the aver-
age farmer are such that that cow will do better for the farmer than the
thoroughbred dairy cow.

lilustrating this matter a little further, taking the records of our
herd irom year to year we found that the herd as a whole would yield
about 350 pounds of butter per year. Taking that herd and dividing
it into two, putting the common cows on one side and the dairy cows
on the other, the dairy cow, as a rule, gives 460 pounds of butter a year
and the common cow gives us about 290 pounds. Now it is generally
claimed by authorities that a cow will not pay for herself until she
reaches about a yicld of two hundred pounds. There is a discrepancy
between this statement and the results that the farmers have obtained
in southern Minnesota. I have told you what progress they have made
with the common cow, and that that common cow falls short of 200
pounds of butter a year.

During the time of the Paris Exposition, the general government
undertook to take the census of our best county, Freeborn county, Min-
nesota and canvass the farmers and ascertain the number of cows that
they were milking, the amount of milk that was going to the creameries,
the amount received for the milk and the yield per cow. Then a map
was made locating the different creameries in the county and these
statistics showed that the average yield per cow in Freeborn county

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 289

was from 150 to 200 pounds of butter per cow. Some localities aver-
aged two hundred pounds, some about one hundred and fifty. Now we
found that wherever farmers had given any attention to the feeding
problem and to the handling and management of the cows, that there
was a difference generally of about fifty pounds per cow in yield.
Where the farmers had no local meetings and were paying little or no
attention to the method of handling and feeding cows in some localities,
the average for the creamery ran down to 135 pounds per cow. Now
that shows that so far as the average dairyman is concerned, the first
lesson for us to teach him, is how to handle the cows that he has,
rather than to try to persuade him to get the kind that he has not, be-
cause when we attempt to do the latter we certainly shall fail. There
will not be one farmer in five hundred who will change the kind of cow
he is now using during his life time, and there will not be one dairyman
in a hundred who will use a dairy-bred cow. There is not one dairyman
in a hundred who is fit to handle a pure-bred cow. Now there is where
we come to this difficulty. What is the use in urging upon farmers to buy
or get a kind or breed of cows who are not at all in sympathy with those
cows, and who have not the disposition to give those cows the kind
of treatment that they need? Before you attempt to keep thoroughbred
cows, you should study your problem and train yourself to take care
of the common cow that you have, and get from her all that she is
capable of producing. If you do not succeed with the common cow—
that is, if you do not succeed in getting from her, her possibility, why
should you succeed. with the cow that is far more difficult to manage
_ and requires better accommodations and better care than does the com-
mon cow?

Now this is the first step in successful dairying. You have got
these cows, now the question for you to determine is, what steps must
you take to get the most out of the ordinary cow? We have now to
work that out. We find this peculiar discrepancy: while the common
cow on the average farm in Minnesota gives about 150 pounds of but-
ter, and I am told in Missouri about 130 pounds of butter per year,
the common cow at the Minnesota Experiment Station yields 290 pounds.
I have about forty complete yearly records of just ordinary cows, which
came to me by mere chance, all except three or four of them being
selected by parties other than myself. Now if the common cow will
do for me, you might say, with proper care and management, nearly
doubly as much as she will do on the farm, what process is it necessary
for the farmer to follow to get similar results? I used to think these

A—19

290 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REVORT.

results were brought about by feeding a certain kind of a ration, and
I taught that for several years, thinking that I had practically solved
the problem, when the common cow gave me about 275 pounds of butter
per year, to put it in round numbers, while she was giving the farmer
only 150 pounds; but since that I have found that there are other
reasons, and probably that balancing the ration is only a small portion
of the problem.

KINDNESS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR.

In using the cow for commercial purposes, we are using a mother
that is giving milk because of her young, and this process of giving
milk is not a voluntary action, consequently any little disturbance, any
little lack of management will cause a diminution of the flow of milk,
the manufacturing process will decrease; and the more careful the farmer
is in handling the cow, the more regularly she is handled, the more com-
fortable she is kept, the more even will be this flow of milk. Now here
is the great trouble with the average farmer, he does not provide the
cow with comfortable quarters, he does not give her that combination of
kindness and care that she needs as a mother, and consequently there
is a strangeness so that she does not know whether her owner is her
friend or foe and consequently, when she comes in there is little atten-
tion paid to her or the calf; she is probably allowed to be in uncomfortable
quarters, the calf is allowed to be with her for a few days, three or four,
or five—possibly two weeks, and during that time there is only enough
milk removed from her udder to satisfy the wants of the calf, if there is
any surplus it is left in the udder and there is a back process. Then
comes the process of removing the calf. The cow is terribly agitated,
worried and fretted, and every bit of worry, every bit of discontent, every
uncomfortable feeling has an influence in decreasing the flow of milk,
so that after the average cow goes through with the process of having
her calf removed, when the farmer begins to milk her she is already giv-
ing about half her flow of milk. Here is where the difficulty is, the
farmer does not know the importance of being on good terms with his
cow. He should know every one of his cows and every one of them
should look upon him as her greatest friend, should know he is not
going to hurt her, as he never does, should follow him and look up to
him for support. A cow with that feeling toward her master is in a
position to give double the milk that she would give if she had not that
feeling toward him. The average farmer does not think anything about
whether he likes his cow or whether the cow likes him, and yet that
is the secret of getting a large flow of milk.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 291

CARE OF COW AT CALVING TIME.

Another thing, when the cow is about to come in, she should be
placed in a box stall and if there is any time when you are going to
devote extra time to that cow to get her good will, that is the time to do
it. A little attention then will accomplish wonders. Be with her fre-
quently. Be with her when the calf is dropped and soon afterward,
when the calf has nursed once and she has licked it off and the little
thing has been standing on its feet, remove it so as to have as little
disturbance as possible. If you can have it removed when she is away
from the stall, so that she will not connect you with the loss of her child,
so much the better, and that means a great deal. When the calf has gone,
then is the time to groom and caress her. Form that time on, that cow
should be fed as regularly as can be, milked regularly, the feed should
be regular in quantity and everything should be done to make her com-
fortable and contented, and in that way you can about double the flow
of the milk of the cow the first year. Now it is not expected that you
can follow this advice and be successful with every cow, but I believe
that fifty per cent of the dairymen before me, if they will follow these
simple rules that I have laid down will add the first year fifty per cent
to the yield of milk.

Now a few words in regard to the feed or in regard to the manage-
ment. In the first place every cow should have her stall. What is
the difference whether old Brindle is in the first stall or in the second?
It is this, you want to have every cow in her place, so that when she
is let out, probably to go to the tank to get water and then let in again
to the barn, she will walk to her place. Everything should be system-
atic, should go quietly on and in order. The least disturbance, one
cow going to the wrong stall or two cows going to the same stall at
once, makes trouble, and each disturbance will cause a shrinkage in the
milk and the cows will soon be giving only half their former yield.

It is unnecessary to have any extra fine equipment of stables. |
have a barn such as any farmer can afford. I use the common Bidwell
stall, having guttering behind and partitions running back to the gutter,
plain board boxes for each cow and the other conveniences in the barn
are such as any farmer can have, so the results that I get there can be
secured by any farmer if he manages his herd in that way.

202 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

MISSOURI'S GREAT ADVANTAGES.

In regard to feed the State of Missouri is in a position where she
can produce milk very economically. She has the corn, she has the
rich soil where she can raise quantities of hay or fodder corn. She is
near to the South where they have cotton seed meal or she can have
the gluten meal from the glucose sugar refining companies with which
to balance the ration. I know of no state in the Union that is able to
produce milk any cheaper than the State of Missouri. With us in Min-
nesota feed stuffs are a little more expensive, but here corn is cheaper
and you are raising large crops of it, and your ration can be balanced,
as I said before, with gluten feed or cotton seed meal, while we have
to use oil meal, which is a little more expensive.

COST OF FEED.

Now the first three weeks in January I made calculations in regard
to the cost of the feed consumed by each cow in the herd and the average
daily board bill was 12% cents per cow, charging the cows 40 cents a
bushel for corn, 38 cents a bushel for barley, 26 cents a bushel for oats,
$22 a ton for oil meal, $2 a ton for silage and $7 a ton for hay. The
average daily yield of butter fat was 1.2 pounds; the butter fat weight
was 20 cents a pound, which makes the butter fat alone worth 24 cents
per day per cow, with a daily cost of feeding of 12% cents. Now this
covers a herd of about 35 cows and is the average result for the first
three weeks in January. The reason I selected the first three weeks in
January is because that was the middle of winter. Silage feeding with
us in Minnesota commences the first week in October and it ends the
first week in May, so I calculated that if I ascertained the cost of the
daily ration during these three weeks and the yield that I got during
that time, that it would be the average for the winter, and that means
that for 1214 cents’ worth of feed per day, my cows will return me 24
cents’ worth of butter fat.

DISCUSSION—COW TIES.

Mr. ——What do you tie your cows with?

Mr. Haecker—I do not tie them. I put a rope behind them, run-
ning from one partition to the other. It is fastened with a knot, staple
and hook, then another staple and hook and when the cow goes out the
rope is unhooked, turned and she passes out lengthwise.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 293

COTTON SEED MEAL,

Mr.
Mr. Haecker—It is very satisfactory. I would not want to use a

Is cotton seed meal a good feed?

large proportion of it in the ration, but there is no_objection to one or
two pounds, or even three pounds. I would not use any more than four
pounds of corn meal per day per cow. I find if you go above that you
are apt to have inflammation of the udder, but if you restrict it to
about four pounds per thousand pound weight per cow, you will have
no difficulty with it. With us in Minnesota we use considerable barley,
it is not quite so heating as corn. We give each cow 4 pounds corn,
2 pounds barley, 3 pounds oats and one pound of oil meal. That makes
a very satisfactory ration for a common cow. I would just as leave use
cotton seed meal, or nearly so, as oil meal, it would provide a little
more protein. This ration will not do for high type dairy cows, as we
found in our third winter’s experiment with that ration; for the cows
that give more than 300 pounds of butter a year this ration will not be
satisfactory, but for cows that give 250 pounds a year, this is ample.
For good dairy cows that give 300 pounds of butter, I would take off
one pound of corn meal and add an additional pound of oil meal.

Mr. How many pounds of that mixture do you feed?

Mr. Haecker—The herd this winter averages eight pounds, it ranges
from 5 to 12 according to the yield of milk. The highest feed that any
cow gets is 12 pounds per day, a Holstein weighing about 1,300 pounds.
A young cow weighing about 700 pounds gets 5 pounds, and then we
feed meal according to the yield and five times as much silage as meal
if the cow will take it, generally about four times as much silage as
meal is all they will take, and about half as much hay as meal. This

‘makes a very economical ration, and I think you will find it so here.
You have no difficulty in growing the silage. There is only a small
portion of hay fed, the larger portion of the ration is corn. Shorts may
be substituted for barley, and bran may be substituted for oats.

Mr. How is corn and cob meal?

Mr. Haecker—I have not used corn and cob meal with the dairy

herd, so I cannot give you answer from actual results, but it is reckoned
to be equal to corn meal for feeding purposes ; whether it is for the dairy
cow, I cannot say.

COWS FRESH IN FALL.
Mr. Mallory—Have you any record of the periods of lactation for
those cows you fed the first three weeks in January?
Mr. Haecker—As a rule the cows came fresh in the fall. One of

294 ’ MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

them had been in milk a year. Another was in her fourth continuous
year of lactation the latter part of March, so she had been in milk three
years and six months when the silo feeding began last fall. The others
were fresh cows.

Now it is advisable to have the cows come in in the fall because
that is the time that you can take the best care of them. That is the
time that you can keep the flow of milk better than you can at any other
time of the year, and that is the time of year that milk brings the high-
est price.

Now there are three reasons why you should have the cows come
in in the fall. Why not in the spring? Aside from the fact that you
are very busy and that your cows are not in their flush when dairy
products are at the very lowest price, you cannot keep up as much flow
during the summer from cows that come in in the spring as you can
with cows that are fresh in the fall, on account of the flies. No matter
how good care you take of your cows, the worry of fighting the flies by
the first of August or the middle of July, you will find is so great that
they get down to mere strippers. Another thing, you are very busy at
that time of year, and why the average farmer will persist in having
the cows come in in the spring and not in the winter when the cows
are eating his good feed and making no return, I cannot understand!
The yield of dairy products of cows that come in in the fall is always
increased when they are turned on to pasture in the spring.

By this careful treatment of cows mentioned and this method of
handling and feeding mentioned, an even flow of milk can be kept up

nearly all winter long, and then in the spring when the cows go out

g,
to pasture they get the succulent grass, they will flush up a little and we
can maintain a good flow with us in Minnesota until about the middle
or fifteenth of July. I presume that Missourians can do so up only
until about the first of July, the time that the flies begin to come, there

is then a shrinkage in the flow of milk.

FEEDING ON PASTURE.

Mr.
Mr. Haecker—Yes. I have about fifty head of dairy cattle and

—Do you feed grain in the summer on pasture?

fifteen acres of pasture. I have five acres for soiling crops and twenty
acres for silage, and the rest of the feed I buy. I have fifteen acres
for pasturage and five acres for soiling crops, any little thing I want
to have early in the season before my silage is ready, and twenty acres
for silage. I have two silos. Each one holds the product of ten acres
of fodder corn.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 295

Mr. Do you feed silage in the summer?

Mr. Haecker—Yes, sir.

We have twenty acres of corn and 35 milk cows, on an average, and
25 yearlings and two-year olds and the 40 acres takes care of the whole
herd.

Mr. For the year around?

Mr. Haceker—Yes. Of course I have to buy meal and my hay,
but the cows are returning me double what this feed costs. I do not

care what I have to pay for my feed, every pound of feed I give to my
cows will pay me just about twice in butter fat everything that that
feeds costs. The average yearly board bill amounts to $30 per cow.

THE SILO.

Mr. —-What are the dimensions of your silos?
Mr. Haecker—35 feet high and fifteen feet in diameter.
How are they. built?

Mr. Heacker—z2 by 6 studding, upright, staved silos, no grooves,
no beveling, just faced on four sides. One of them has now been in
use for nine years and it is just as good today as it was the day it was
built.

Mr. Do you have stone foundations ?

Mr. Haecker—We have a stone foundation for about six or eight
inches above the surface and concrete on top and studding on the cement.

Mr. Does it go down into the ground?

Mr. Haecker—Yes, four feet, because it freezes deeply in Minnesota,
perhaps it is not necessary for it to go so far down here.

The silo has been oiled inside every fall as we filled it. I get five
gallons of linseed oil and we have a mop, and as the silage comes up, we
keep oiling the staves and that is all we have done since we built it.

Mr. Do you screw up the Hoops?

Mr. Haecker—We have never changed a hoop since we built it.
It is built of white pine. This silo is built on the inside of the barn.

This fall we built one on the outside with 2 by 4s and short slats
between the 2 by 4s, ran down in grooves, to try and find out how that

works. The others were entirely satisfactory, built on inside the barn,
but we wanted to have an additional one outside and did not think it

safe to put a stiff siding outside unless there was additional.support, and
we wanted another kind. We are running an experiment station and
wanting all the information we can get.

A few words in regard to the silo. I am aware that very few
farmers have a silo, very few farmers are going to have one within the

296 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

course of a few years. It is something that is going to grow very slowly,
yet I want to say that it is the most economical way to provide feed for
your cows. The way we grow silage is by sowing it rather late and
planting it thickly. We use about fifty pounds of seed to the acre,
planting with a drill. Generally farmers want to grow ears on their
corn and they say: “I don’t want to put that much seed to the acre.
I would rather get some nubbins on my corn,” and they sow a little thin-
ner. I do not think that that is the better way. An analysis of our
silage shows that a hundred weight of our fodder contains just as much
nutriment as a hundred weight of corn put in the silo that carries ears
and we get a larger crop from an acre than we do when it is planted in
the hill. But I would not depend at all on this fodder corn to provide
any of the grain ration. We plant it with the drill and plant it about
the middle of June. I think it would have to be planted a little earlier
here in Missouri.

Mr. We plant the first of May here.

Mr. Haecker—The corn does not develop as quickly here as it
does in Minnesota; it takes it longer to reach that stage of maturity when
we have to cut it for the silo. While there are no ears developed, it has
reached the same maturity with the stalk as when it carries an ear—
is in the dough stage—only it has not an ear, because the stalks are
standing so thick in the field that it cannot have an ear. We generally
aim to prepare the silage at the usual time that it should be prepared for
corn and then give it the harrow. Before the seed is planted, the weed
seeds near the surface germinate and the harrow destroys them; so if
you plant your corn about the middle or 20th of May you will have
already destroyed a good share of the weeds that are near enough to the
surface to grow that year. We do not harrow when the corn is planted

and before it is up, but we harrow while it is coming up and two or
three times after that, and possibly cultivate it once or twice and that
is all that is necessary to do with it. Then just before frost reaches
us we harvest it with an ordinary corn harvester. Either kind are made
to do the work very satisfactorily with us. It is probably a little more
difficult here, because with you the stalks grow taller and are a little
‘tronger than with us, so you probably have a little more difficulty in
cutting it than we have. Why do we put it in the silo? Because by
putting it in the silo we practically save every bit of it, as no silage will
spoil around the edges; and we begin feeding as soon as we put it in.
While we do it that way, it is not necessary for you to put it in a silo.
You can put it into large shocks and harvest it and feed it that way.
While you feed it dry, it is necessary that you sow it as thickly as I

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 297

have said, because if you do not, the cows will eat a small portion of it,
but when it is sowed thickly, they will eat practically all of it.
Mr.
Mr. Haecker—We do if there has been a drouth, or for any cause

Do you put water in the silo?

the fodder corn when it is put into the silo is rather dry, we put in
water.

Mr. Patterson—I use common field corn, eighty bushels to the
acre. Do you think I lose anything by using that kind of corn for
ensilage? Do you think I get as much good feed out of corn that is
like feeding corn as out of fodder corn?

Mr. Haecker—How much per acre in weight?

Mr. Patterson—From 10 to 20 tons.

Mr. Haecker—Ours averages 15. It runs very near that and prob-
ably does not vary a half ton one way or the other. Your statement
indicates that conditions here are different. We cannot get any such
yield as that. If we get 30, 40 or 50 bushels per acre we do very well.

Mr. Glover—Through this corn country, fields sowed like those at
Minnesota will lodge and it makes it impossible to cut it with the corn
cutter.

Mr. Haecker—I am glad to have that statement made, because I do
not want to say anything misleading, and I am at a disadvantage in
living so far north, where the conditions are so different, especially with
the corn plant, and very likely my method of planting might not be the
best method here.

Mr. Mallory—Do you put your cow on full feed when you take her
calf away?

Mr. Haecker—I put her on half feed, because it takes 4 weeks to
bring her to full flow.

Mr. Miller—What kind of a cow is a dairy cow?

Mr. Haecker—A cow that is a large feeder and that does not con-
vert her feed into meat, but into milk.

Somebody asks what kind of hay I feed. I feed prairie hay; have
not used any other kind for years.

FEEDING THE CALF.

Mr. Mallory—How do you feed a calf after taking it away from
its mother ?

Mr. Haecker—I make it wait 24 hours for its next meal. It makes
one feel bad to hear the little fellow bellow; but 24 hours after that I
go to the calf with about 3 pounds of milk in a bowl, and it does not ask
for any finger or teat or anything of the kind.

298 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Mr. Mallorv—Do you give it fresh milk?

Mr. Haecker—Yes, fresh milk from its dam for one week, ranging
from 3 to 4 pounds at a feed. I feed twice a day. If it is a medium
sized calf, it gets 3 pounds, a large one gets as much as 4 pounds. It would
be better to feed during noon for a week or two, but as a rule we are
pretty busy and make the calf wait till evening. One objection to feed-
ing three messes of milk is that when you feed him at noon you will have
to save the morning’s milk and you do not know what gets into it in
the mean time. After the first week, give half whole milk and half
skim milk. After the second week we give the separator skim milk in in-
creasing quantity, because the skim milk is just as heavy feed as the
whole milk and here is where a great many farmers make a mistake.
They think this is skim milk, and I must give the calf a lot of milk to
make up for it. The chances are the next morning the calf has scours
or colic and half of the calves that die are killed in this way, by over-
feeding. After the third week I give it possibly a pound more of milk and
add one teaspoonful of ground flax. If you have no ground flax, I
would use at first oil meal for a week or two and then I would gradually
change over to corn meal, using only a little in the milk. Then I would
increase the skim milk and the flax meal at such a rate that. by the time
the calf is 4 months old he is getting 10 pounds of separator skim milk
per meal and a tablespoonful of the meal.

Mr. — How would cottonseed meal do?

Mr. Haecker—It is objectionable because it contains the same nutri-
ents that skim milk does, has a very high per cent of protein and so has

milk. For that reason we either take flax, which is one-third fat and
change over as soon as possible to corn meal, which has a high per cent
of carbohydrates to balance up the ration. We have been raising calves
for fifteen years in this way where we have weighed every mess. Every
calf was weighed each week and the growth that we got and development
of the calf is just as satisfactory as is the case when we feed whole milk.

DAIRY BRED STEERS.

A matter in which you are all interested is this. During the last
5 years I have also reserved some dairy steers, and have brought them
up just in this way, giving them skim milk as we do the heifers that are
growing and as they got larger giving them a little more meal, feeding
them regularly the ordinary mixture of meal, prairie hay and silage; so
that when they are two years old the most fattened ones are getting about
7 pounds of meal, that is the ones weighing about 1,200 pounds, while
the smaller ones like the Jerseys, are getting about 5 pounds. We have

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 299

butchered these steers at our institution, taking the percentages of the
different parts. We have sent now for the last few years one or two of
these steers to the fat stock show with our beef cattle. They have their
value on the block and from the reports that we see in the papers, in the
Breeder’s Gazette, where official reports are made, the dairy steers are
giving just as good an account.of themselves as are the others.

You probably noticed that there were some cross-bred dairy steers
from Minnesota, a Hereford-Holstein and an Angus-Holstein. The
Hereford-Holstein steer was one of the best steers, I believe that we have
at our Minnesota Experiment Station in so far as the cost of production
is concerned, and one of the best steers so far as putting the larger por-
tion of meat on the choice part of the body is concerned, was the Jersey
steer. We have found by this experimental demonstration that there
is a great question whether there is anything in the things we have been
taught in regard to the form that is necessary to make a profitable beef
steer. I called the attention of Prof. Shaw to a bunch of dairy steers
that we had last spring, two of which went to the fat stock show, and he
says: “Prof. Haecker, you amaze me.” I said: “Look at those steers,
examine them, see whether they are lacking in putting meat on the most
valuable parts ;” and he could not help but see that they were full in the
loin, full where the choice cuts were and weak on poor cuts like the round
—they carry a poor round—but so far as cost of production is concerned,
we have found no material difference between the beef and dairy steers,
that is the steer of a dairy cow, bred to a beef sire. This is a sensible
thing to do. Suppose you want to milk half a dozen cows. Have those
cows thoroughbred dairy cows, take the very best care of them, and if
vou do not want to raise any more of that kind, breed those cows to
beef sires and save both heifers and steers for beef and, my word for it,
they will make as cheap beef as any you will get and at the same time
you will have cows that will make you a large return in the dairy.

MAINTAINING THE HERD.

Mr.

Mr. Haecker—Always breed when you want to increase or add to
that dairy herd, those dairy cows to the best dairy sires you can get hold
of. Take advantge of heredity. When you have enough young cows,
breed again to the beef sire.

Mr. Miller—TI have in mind a young friend who has a lot of Herefords.
He wanted to go into the dairy business for the profit that there is in it.
He asked me and I told him my opinion about it. But for the good of
so many of these people that are here I wish you could explain to them

How would you maintain a dairy herd?

300 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

how to start with what cows they have now, mainly Herefords and how
to get on without too much expense.

Mr. Haecker—lIt is a very difficult problem and I am very sorry to
hear that there is a large sprinkling of Hereford blood in your cows. 1
am a dairyman and I believe in telling the truth; wherever you have
Hereford blood, goodby milk, quantity, quality ; and I do not believe that
you are going to get an additional benefit out of the steer when he is sold.
My dear friends, what are you getting out of a steer anyhow? Nothing.
You charge your cattle with what they have consumed from the time
that they were born until they go to the stock yards and they are in your
debt. We can show that for every dollar’s worth of feed you put into a
good dairy cow she will give you two dollars’ worth of dairy products.
Why fool around with this business?

NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL DAIRYING.
(Hon. H. B. Gurler, DeKalb, Ill.)

Such an audience as this certainly ought to inspire a man to do his
best. I have not been in Missouri but once since 1861. I had some un-
pleasant experiences in your State at that time but I never have laid it
up against Missouri at all.

Now your President gave me a subject—‘‘The Necessary Conditions
for Successful Dairying”—I think that was it. -I think of first importance
is the person back of the work, the man or woman who is conducting the
business. Successful dairying, like success in any other line of work,
means that the person shall study that business, get down to the details of
the work, know what is the cost of production, when you are getting
profit and if you are getting that profit, go to work and find out where
it comes from. ‘There is no business, mercantile, manufacturing, farm-
ing or anything you wish to mention, that is prosperous unless the per-
son who runs the business masters the details and knows what he is
about. It is as necessary in dairying or whatever you do on the farm as
anything else. I am staggered many times to see the lack of business
management in our work. ;

I will tell you a little incident that happened some three years ago.
A gentleman came to me who had a son that had been educated for the
bar. The young man was 25 years old, had graduated and commenced
the practice of law, but did not like it and stole away and took a course
in agriculture at some agricultural college. The father made up his

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 301

mind that the son would never make a lawyer and had been looking around
on Brier Cliff Farm on the Husdon and studying the proposition of fit-
ting up a farm for his son. The last remark the father made to me was:
“There are greater opportunities on the farm than in any of the profes-
sions’—and that from a professional man. I will never forget it so long
as I live. I fully believe that to be true.

I have been through this, have worked on the farm sixteen hours
a day until I could work no longer. I used to be told repeatedly that 1
was making a mistake in working too hard, that I could afford to hire
somebody to do the work I was doing, but I had been educated that
_way and could not get out of the ruts. It is hard to get out of the ruts
you are raised in.

But to go back to your question, next to the man or woman—there
are women successfully managing dairies; we have some in Illinois that
we are proud of, and I don’t know why there should be any great differ-
ence between the women on this side and the other side of the Mississippi
—perhaps the next important point is the cow. This subject, the cow,
has been treated so nicely, so intelligently by Prof. Haecker and will
be later by Mr. Glover, that I am not going to say much about it. There
are other men who can handle that point better than I can.

ALFALFA.

Now I learn that your State grows corn successfully, grass and
clover and I don’t know what more you need.

(Mr. Patterson—We need alfalfa.)

I don’t like to talk much about that. I do it at the institutes, but
mainly in telling of my failures and we get information from the audience.
But my failure was in having it frozen. I am feeding alfalfa meal shipped
from Ohio, Western Kansas and Colorado, alfalfa ground in the mill.

I will tell you while I am on it—this talk is going to be hash—a
little of this and a little of that—I find that we have been doing a little
experimental work in a business-like way; we have not gone down to
the bottom of it, as they would in an experiment station. We fed first
with alfalfa meal mixed with corn meal and gluten feed, then alternated
with wheat bran mixed with corn meal and gluten feed, then back to the
alfalfa meal mixture, and we have just gotten to where it is hard for
us to tell which brings the best results, a ton of alfalfa meal or a ton of
wheat bran. If I were called upon to decide today, I would say I don’t
know which would bring me the best results. But we found out this,
when we feed alfalfa meal we do not have to feed oil meal as a con-
ditioner.

302 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

The alfalfa meal has a better effect on the cow’s system than the
wheat bran, the droppings look like those out on pasture. I am very
much pleased with the alfalfa meal. It cost me more than the wheat
bran, but it has just stimulated me to make another effort. I do not
propose to give it up; but it braced me up in my determination to raise
alfalfa in Illinois. Our alfalfa came out all right on rolling ground. You
have good pasture in Missouri. Your rainfall is about forty inches, while
ours in Illinois is only thirty-two and you have the advantage of us
there.

SOILING.

As to the question of soiling, I do not know that I shall say much,
but I will tell you of my experience. I find as a help to short pastures,
or if from any other cause | want to feed my cows in the summer, peas
and oats make a palatable and a profitable feed, because cows are fond
cf oats and fond of the peas and especially after the peas have gotten firm
in the pods, in the condition that we would shell them in the house, and
I can hold up a flow of milk nicely with peas. I carry about 500 tons of
silage and feed it when we are short on pasture. I can afford to feed it.
As a business proposition, we cannot afford to have much pasture with
us in Northern Illinois. We are pasturing a good deal more than we
can afford to. There is no question about that. Many of us came and
located when the land was cheap, old residents like myself, when land was
worth ten dollars an acre, which is now worth $100 to $125; but we are
farming too much as we did when our land was only worth $10 to $15
per acre, but we have gotten in the ruts from a business standpoint and
we must change our methods. A few enterprising farmers are keeping
abreast of the times, but too many are not.

DISCUSSION—OATS AND PEAS.

Mr. Haecker—Oats and peas are all right but they last only a short
time, how about that?

Mr. Gurler—We put in a succession of the peas. We disc the ground
first and then sow the peas and go over the ground with a drag once.
We sow the peas four inches deep. After we drag the ground, we let it
lie until the peas are pretty well up and then we go on and sow the oats
and drag them.

Mr. What variety do you use?

Mr. Gurley—Canadian field peas.

Mr. Haecker—How far apart do you sow the peas and oats?
Mr. Gurley—A week, not over ten days.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 303

SORGHUM.

I planted some sorghum this last year for the first time and I felt
very much pleased with it. It is a very palatable feed. The cows are
very fond of it; but I know but little about it. Have had only one year’s
experience, but was favorably impressed with it.

Mr. How late did you feed the sorghum?

Mr. Gurler—Until into January.

Mr. Did you have any difficulty with its souring?

Mr. Gurler—We left it in the field bunched. We had a fine season,
no rains. I do not know what the effect would have been had we had

heavy rains.
Mr. Mallory—It won’t hurt it at all. I used to raise from forty to
forty-five acres of sorghum. The only trouble was that it was a tre-

mendously expensive crop to harvest. We used a mower and it took
seven men to follow that mower to bundle the sorghum and seven men
to tie it. I went to the Deering Company and laid my troubles before
them. They said they had a machine that would do it, the’corn harvester.
(It was sown broadcast.) I felt sorry for the machine man, he brought
a dozen men to see it work; but I told him he would have to adjust it
a little. But two years after that they brought out a machine that would
do the work, and now I can take sorghum ten feet high and bind it as
perfectly as wheat. It does not look pretty, but it does the work. Sorghum
is a good crop.

Mr. How much do you plant to the acre?

Mr. Mallory—Three pecks to the acre, broadcast. Sow it with a

wheat drill. I put it in the time I do my corn.

Mr. Patterson—What variety do you use?

Mr. Mallory—I use the Orange. I like that very much better than
the Early Amber, the latter grows taller, but is apt to lodge. I use
sorghum and Kaffir corn.

Mr. Gurler—You were with your Deering agent as I was with
the McCormick people. I was using the McCormick machines and I
sent for the agent to come and help me out. He finally gave it up. He
says, “I could make a corn binder to bind your corn, but there is not a
sufficient demand to pay us for making it.” I still use the McCormick
binder.

Now in this feeding question, my friends, don’t lose sight of the
palatability of your feed. You must know the feed that your stock likes
and that they will eat heartily. Don't forget that now, by all means.
That, I consider of the greatest importance. I would rather have a

304 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

palatable feed that is unbalanced, as far as the different elements are con-
cerned than to have a perfectly balanced feed that is unpalatable.

I think of a little incident Dr. Babcock told me of.. He had some
young chemist under him whe became interested in a kind of feed. Now
the Doctor knew that it was a feed of no value, that the stock would not
eat it and he said: “Boys, my old shoes will analyze, but what use are
they for feed?” We must not follow one trail and ignore every other.

You should study the cost of your feed. You should know what
it costs to keep your cows. It costs you less in Missouri than it does
in Illinois. It costs ‘me on an average forty dollars per year to keep my
cows. I have to buy coarse fodder and ground feed.

Mr. What do you feed?

Mr. Gurler—For coarse fodder a roughage of corn silage and sor-

ghum. We have very little hay this year and my clover is all knocked
out. The time my alfalfa was killed, my clover was.killed also and it
‘caused me to re-plant the whole farm practically. My clover did not stand
a bit better than my alfalfa did. For roughage we feed corn silage, and
until recently we have had the sorghum to feed in the middle of the day;
but recently we have fed the silage and fed ground feed. We have alfalfa
and wheat bran and corn and cob meal, and we are feeding Buffalo
gluten feed. I had been feeding the cream gluten meal, but they have
stopped making it and we have taken to gluten feed, which analyzes a
high per cent of protein.

At times we feed oats instead of bran, it depends upon the price of
the oats. Asa rule we can buy other feeds and get more for our money
than with oats. If a man has oats, he can afford to sell them and buy
something else to feed in their place.

Mr.

Mr. Gurler—Yes, we grind all our grain feed.

Do you grind your oats?

Mr. ———— How often and what time of the day do you feed?

Mr. Gurler—Ground feed twice a day and roughage three times a
day. We feed after milking in the morning and then the cows go out
and the stable is renovated, scoured and cleaned up. They get warm
water and are put back in the stables. Before noon they have a small
feed of silage and after dinner whatever is left is thoroughly cleaned and
the cows are watered in their cement mangers and they get no more
roughage until after milking time.

Mr. -

Mr. Gurler—I believe that is true, but I have not got it and cannot
buy it because there is none. This year there is no clover hay to buy
and the timothy hay that I can buy was cut so late it is not palatable and
I did not get good results with it.

They would like to have some hay.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 305

Mr. Do your cows go out every day, regardless of weather?

Mr. Gurler—We let them go long enough to renovate the stable and
get their drinking water. lf it is bad weather, one row goes out and
then another row. We see that every cow gets a drink when she is out-
side and inside too.

Mr. What temperature do you have the water?

Mr. Gurler—7o or 80 degrees. I have great faith in warm: water.

COW STALLS.

Mr. How is the stable fitted out?
Mr. Gurler—I have a combination of the Bidwell and Drawn stall
and some of my own. The gutters are cement and the whole bottom of

the stables. The whole floor of the stable is cement.

Mr.

Mr. Gurler—If they should start out determined to do so, they could
get their feet as far forward as their nose; but they never do that.

We have an adjustable front for the mangers so that we can keep
the cows lined up to the gutterings. We hold them in the stall by a chain
across the rear. The stable is made with stalls having platforms of
different widths, so that we can keep the smaller cows on the narrow
platforms and the larger cows on the wide platforms. <A difference in
length of from 4.6 to 5 feet is also made by an adjustable rod in the
front of the stall and we can arrange the cows so that the droppings go
into the gutter and no cow will soil her bed when she lies down.

Mr. What are the widths of the stalls?

Mr. Gurler—From 3 to 3% feet. A cow that needs a five foot plat-
form needs at least a 3% foot width of that platform. There is no
objection to width unless you get it so wide that the cow can turn
around and soil her platform.

Mr. What are the dimensions of the guttering?

Mr. Gurler—The guttering is 6 inches deep and 16 inches wide.

Mr. Mallory—Have you ever had the cows to slip into the gutter-
ing from straining after their feed?

Mr. Gurler—No. Because my mangers are so constructed that
the cows do not have to stretch their necks. Their feed is so placed that
they do not have to strain after it.

Mr. What kind of bedding do you use?

Mr. Gurler—I am using saw dust. I get it from a kiln dried. lumber.

Mr. Haecker—I find it cheaper to buy saw dust and cover the plat-
form four inches deep and put burlap on top of the saw dut.

Can the cows get their front feet in the mangers?

A—20

300 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Mr. Gurler—That is an idea, giving your cow a feather bed! I never
get up before an audience like this but what I learn something.

Mr. You spoke of feeding oats. What do you consider the
tight price for oats?

Mr. Gurler—I do not want to buy any more oats if I can buy bran
for the same price. The work done at the Wisconsin Station several
years ago tested the comparative feeding values of oats and bran and if
I remember correctly, the oats were worth Io per cent more than the
wheat bran; but you have to grind the oats, so if you can get wheat bran at
the same price, you just come out even.

Mr. Glover—Oats are worth 4o cents a bushel and bran is worth
12% dollars a ton. A ton of bran is equal to a ton of oats for feeding,
and when you can get 40 cents for oats and 12% dollars for bran, a ton
of oats will buy two tons of bran. That is an illustration of getting down
into the details of this business and applying business principles to it.
Don’t work so hard that when you get into the house you are too tired
to think and go to sleep whether you want to or not.

Mr. Glover—If oats are worth $25 a ton and bran $25 a ton, sell
your oats and buy bran.

Mr. Where can you get bran with such a high feeding value?

Mr. Glover—I am speaking of unadulterated bran.

Mr. Gurler—Do you mean light weight bran?

Here in, Missouri it is run into a duster and it is so well
separated that the ship stuff is a poor quality and the bran is a very poor
quality. We are not a wheat producing country.

Mr. Gurler—I am afraid you don’t appreciate bran.
Mr.
a dollar a hundred.

Oats are worth 30 cents a bushel here and bran is worth

Mr. Gurler—That is an outrageous price for bran. Can't you get
it shipped here from Minnesota ?

Mr. No.

Mr. Gurler—That stumps me. I will have to go to work and figure
it out.

Mr. Phipps—Bran as it is here is not worth feeding. One pound
of cotton seed meal for balancing the ration is worth 3 pounds of bran.
Mr. My experience is that there is no profit in bran at the
price we have to pay for it now and I do not like to let the matter rest
there as it will be misleading to some parties. Bran is no feed for the

Missouri farmer at the present prices.
Mr. Gurler—It would not pay anybody at that price.
Mr. Abbott—Why not balance the ration with alfalfa at $11 a ton?

‘STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 307

Mr. Gurler—The very thing. Alfalfa is not half appreciated.

Mr. Phipps—In Kansas it is worth $7 a ton.

Mr. Gurler—Then Kansas is the place to feed it to steers. If you
cannot make money there by feeding steers, I don’t know who can.

THE SILO.

Mr. Gurler—As to the silo in dairying, I do not know whether it
is practical to urge the use of the silo; I don’t know whether you are ready
for it. But I will go over this briefly. My silos are built circular and
cemented inside with Portland cement, and we use 2 by 4 studding, 13
inch centers. Then we sheet inside of that with half inch lumber, on
which we put a beveled lath made from this half inch lumber. This
is put on with openings about half an inch between them and we place
on to that the Portland cement, putting it on ™% to 5 inch thick. We
find that this Portland cement is thoroughly impervious to water and
to the air and it protects the silage from the air and also protects the
lumber from any moisture in the silage, so that the lumber does not de-
cay from damage.

If you want any more information in regard to that kind of a silo
write to President Jos. Newman, Elgin, Illinois, and he will send you a
bulletin that was gotten out by the State Dairymen’s Association of Illi- |
nois incorporating a lot of work that Brother Glover had done in IIli-
nois, and taking up the building of silos and estimating the cost.

Now I have been using silage for nearly 25 years. I was an
enthusiast from the first. I never went crazy over it, but my confidence
has been increasing from year to year and I never was so firmly fixed
in the opinion that it is a necessity on the dairy farm—never—as I am
now. It is just as much superior to dry feed as canned fruit is to dry
fruit, or the green apple to the dried apple. That is a fair comparison.

Mr. How do you like blue grass pasture? We have some
beautiful blue grass pasture here in Missouri.

Mr. Gurler—I like it very well, but I want clover in my pasture. I
pasture a couple of years and then I plant it in corn and if I want to raise
a crop of corn, I get 15 bushels more to the acre out of clover than blue
grass or timothy sod.

Mr.

grass?

Will cows produce more milk on clover than on blue

Mr. Haecker—I know of nothing better than blue grass.

Mr. Phipps—I saw a pasture put in blue grass that had never been
touched before and it is wonderful how much that pasture yileded and
the results obtained from it.

308 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Mr.
sell for infants?

Do you use silage as a feed to produce the milk that you

Mr. Gurler—There are a whole lot of people running away with this
idea that silage is not the right feed for cows. I had-some trouble on
that score with the second best milk firm in Chicago. One member of
that firm once jumped all over me because I was feeding silage. I put
up with it till I got tired. Finally I said to him: “I am tired of your
bluffing. I will wager that you cannot tell the milk from cows fed on
silage. There is no difference between that and other milk unless it is
the sweeter of the two.” He shut up.

There is no better feed for producing a perfectly sweet milk than
silage fed properly. You must not leave it lying around in the stable
where the milk will absorb the odor from it. There are two main causes
for prejudice against feeding cows with silage. The greatest cause, I
think, probably is that the farmers have their silos too large for the
amount of cattle that they are going to feed. They do not feed down
fast enough. They have too large a surface exposed for the number of
‘cattle that they are feeding. You must take out a layer ata time, going
over it systematically and prevent the silage from decaying. If you
open it up and ieave the feed exposed for a number of days, it is in the
‘same condition that a can of fruit is in if you leave it open for a few

days. If your wife sets fruit before you that has been left in an opened
can for some time, you are not in good humor about it. By using about
two inches of silage a day, you are safe.

Silage will freeze slightly, but I do not have any trouble with it.
Ef it freezes on to the walls a little, throw it into the pile with some other
silage that has not been frozen and it will make heat enough to thaw out
the frozen part. You do not need to consider the freezing, because it
does no harm.

Mr.
cows?

What should be the diameter of a silo for feeding 20

Mr. Glover—Fourteen feet for feeding twenty cows 200 days.

Mr. Gurler—Six surface feet should be exposed for each animal
that you are feeding. If a silo is twenty feet in diameter you have
practicaily 300 surface feet in it. Dividing that by 6 makes 50. Out of
a silo 20 feet in diameter you should feed 50 cows to save in all kinds
of weather. Probably in the winter time you could feed as low as 40
head of cattle from that silo all right. There is where one of the
greatest mistakes has been made in feeding silage; our farmers have had
too large silos for the amount of cattle fed.

Flavors in Milk—Another cause for prejudice against silo feeding

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 309

is letting the silage lie around the stable at milking time or letting some
of it get out of the manger and stay there and rot. It is surprising how
quickly milk will absorb any of these odors. A person can hardly believe
it.

In Vermont one winter, one of the students and I detected the odor
of the pig pen in our milk. I went to the management about it and found
that the milk was coming from the farm of a member of the board of
trustees, a wealthy man who had sons in the university and the manage-
ment was afraid to antagonize him. I thought as I was there only
temporarily it would do no harm if I asked the man about it, so I asked
him where he put his night’s milk. He said in a building where there
was nothing else and he opened a window so as to let the fresh air in.
It was winter time and that was all that was necessary in the winter time,
to open up a window. I said “where is your hog pen.” On the side where
the window is? “Yes.” “Now,” I said, “the odor of that hog pen has
gotten into the milk and we detected that odor in your milk.’ So many
of us do not realize how susceptible milk is to odors. Put milk in an
open vessel in a refrigerator and you can load it up with anything that
has an odor.

Mr. Patterson—You can taste an apple in the cream.

Mr. Gurler—Anything. I was told of an incident in Vermont where
a skunk got into the dairy building. When that butter got to Boston
they wrote and told them of the skunk odor they found in the butter.
I could talk here for an hour on this line showing the susceptibility of
milk to contract these cdors. I have had some incidents in my school
work in that line that would make you laugh till you could not sit up.

We use soiling and silo all summer. I have about 500 tons. We
should have less pasture and draw the silage out and feed it right in the
field. We do not feed it in the barn; we can do it cheaper in the field
or grove. Before my silage is gone I have my oats ready. I use Yankee
or flint corn and I hold you do not have to have so much pasture.

Mr. Patterson—How about crowding your cows?

Mr. Gurler—They are dehorned and do not hurt one another.

Mr. Do you feed green oats?

Mr. Gurler—Yes, sir. We feed it with the peas. We have never
had any trouble with them.

Mr. Patterson—What do you think of green rye?

Mr. Gurler—I have had very little experience with it. I had my
cows break into a field once and had some trouble with them.

One time our pasture got short and we had a pasture we were hold-
ing for an emergency; it was largely white and red clover and my fore-

310 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

man turned the cattle in and let them gorge themselves with all that
clover.. Next day I got a complaint from Chicago “There is some bad
flavor in your milk.” If I had known it, I would not have let the cattle
stay in the field more than a half hour.

Mr. England—lIf you turn the cows in a rye field after milking time,
you will have no trouble.

Mr. ——— Or at noon.

Mr. Gurler—The care of the Cow—I do not feel that I need to say
much more but I may emphasize what has been said. You must treat
a cow kindly in every way, if not she gets it back on you, she cannot help
it. You cannot abuse a cow and get good results; she pays you back
the next time you milk her. Not only that, but in my high grade work of
producing milk for infants, I know that when a cow is abused her milk
is not fit to feed a baby. I can treat and feed a brute mother so that
the milk will make her own young sick. I know that to be a fact, and
what will make the brute young sick will make the human young sick.
One of the causes of my success in this infant feeding work in Chicago
is the care that we take with our cows to keep them in a perfect condi-
tion—to keep their systems in as fine condition in winter as in summer.
The cows are all treated kindly. We won't let our men go after the cows
with a horse, let alone a dog. Cows can be brought up as fast as neces-
sary with a man on foot.

The cows must be made comfortable in every way. When I see
aman running after a cow and the cow getting away, I know he has
abused the cow or she would not be afraid of him. I won't continue
such a man longer in my service if I can find some other man.

Mr. Haecker—How much do you get for your milk?

Mr. Gurler—Twelve cents per quart. By the pint it sells for seven
cents, making 14 cents a quart. My agents get three cents a quart for
distributing the milk. My milk is distributed by milk dealers. We have
a little receiving room outside of the bottling room where the milk is
emptied without the deliverer of the milk going into the bottling room
at all. It is emptied into a little vat there and from there it runs through
the separator and from the separator through the cooler which cools it
down to 40 degrees in summer time when they need to cool it that low.
From the cooler it runs into the bottling machine and then the bottles are
kept with the wood pulp caps and on top of the bottles are put tin seals.
This is a circular disk covering the top of the bottle with four arms ex-
tending down below the rim and the tin strip running around connect-
ing these arms below the rim and this tin strip has a lead sealing in it.
The strip is drawn tightly, bringing those arms close to the neck of the

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 3II

bottle below the rim of the bottle and thenthis tin strip is drawn taut
and slipped over this red seal so that it is impossible to get this metal
top off without breaking the seal. These metal caps that we use as a
precaution, are manufactured in Chicago all complete to use, with the ex-
ception of the date, and we stamp the dates in the blank place left on
them for that purpose daily. By this daily stamping on the bottle, the
consumer knows the age of the milk that he buys and there is no chance
for deception. The metal seal is simply put on to prevent anyone from
tampering with the milk and to insure the consumer as to the age of
the milk. Jf one of my agents tries to sell old milk to my customer and
there is anything wrong with the date, the customer will not receive it.

A word further in regard to the care of the cow. The cows must
be comfortable all the time. Make them happy. You must do it. It
will pay you to’do it, and you will pay for it if you do not.

Mr. What difference would the age of the milk make so
long as you maintain the proper temperature and keep it in a pure at-

mosphere—it is still kept sweet?

Mr. Gurler—No difference to you’or me but to an infant it does
make a difference. Dr. Reynolds, Health Commissioner of the city of
Chicago, made a statement a few months ago that milk may be unfit to
feed a babe long before any acid has developed. I believe there is such
a thing as vitality in milk. There is a remarkable difference in infant
feeding between the milk of a strong cow and a weakling that can just
barely crawl around. Years ago the medical men would not accept that,
but a majority of them now agree to that. I want cows for this business
that have vigor and vitality and I will have them. I will not have a
weakling in the herd.

Mr. How long after milking before the milk is delivered?

Mr. Gurler—We deliver the night’s milk the next morning. They
deliver before five o’clock, a part of it is 24 hours old and a part of it 12
hours’old. The night’s milk comes in and is delivered the next morning.
The oldest of the milk will be only 24 hours old and the night’s milk only
12 hours old. That is as fresh as you can get milk unless you have your
own cow and milk every time you want to feed the baby.

Mr. Will milk lose its vitality in 24 hours?

Mr. Gurler—That is a fine point. We know nature provided for the
young to get their milk direct, which, not being exposed to the air, does
not need any aeration. The nearer we can get to what nature has pro-
vided, the better. It is a fine point. People producing milk for butter
making do not have to go that far, but for feeding infants, you have to
go further.

312 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Mr. Haecker—That is one reason why I do not feed the calves at
noon, because I would have to feed milk that had been standing arcund
for six hours.

Mr. Miller—Applying the same rule to milk fed to calves as to in-
fants, the milk that we get from any separator and use right then is
better than if it had stood a little while, the older it gets, the less vitality
there is in it.

Mr. Gurler—You skim your milk and feed it warm to your calves.
You just try that yourself sometime. Be blind-folded and let some of
your family give you a glass of the warm separator milk and the warm
new milk and see if you can tell which is which.

Mr. Is there any difference in the vitality of milk in six
hours? ;

Mr. Gurler—I cannot prove that there is, it is a hard thing to prove,
but I have stated it as a belief of mine and I find there are many people
coming to believe as I do.

Mr. Phipps—Is there any competition among your customers because
of the morning’s or evening’s milk? |

Mr. Gurler—We keep them separate. The evening’s milk is sold by
the pint, the morning’s milk by the quart and customers can take their
choice. Now in the stable I think these are important points.

Ventilation is an tmportant point—This idea of sealing a cow’s
stable and giving her so many cubic feet with no change of air, it is time
to explode. Put in a system of ventilation that will give your cows a
change of air and they will be all right. The King system of ventilation
is the best I know of. You want your cow stable as light as your dwelling

house. For Kings system of ventilation, write the Wisconsin Agricul-
tural College or Hoard’s Dairyman.
Keep the Cows Clean—You must keep the cows clean if you would

produce good milk. We consume more filth in milk than in any other
article of feed. People talk about the animal odor of milk. A few-years
ago I was visiting with a cheese maker who lives on the Northwestern
Road and he was telling me that he was having trouble with his cheese
and his milk was being ruined by a bad odor. I said to him: “You know
what that is don’t you? That is filth, pure and simple, cow dung.” Pure
milk does not have unpleasant odors when it comes from the cow.

Several years ago in the city of Berlin, they had a medical man to
investigate the milk supply. I will never forget one of the closing
sentences in his report. He said: “The people of the city of Berlin are
consuming in their daily milk supply three hundred weight of cow dung.”
It was not very elegant, but it was true.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 313

Temperature of the Stable—I wish some of the agricultural colleges
would take up this matter and show what temperature gives the: best re-
sults. I know of no work on such a subject except one written by an
Englishman from ten to fifteen years ago. He said his cows produced
more milk in a temperature of 63 degrees than 52. That is all the data
I know in regard to that, but I think it is possibly an important item.
You must not treat your dairy cow as you do a fat steer. Any steer that
has a couple of inches of fat can lie in a strong draft and be comfortable,
but you put a dairy cow there and she is frozen up. What is comfortable
for a working horse or for a steer is torture for a dairy cow. We have
something to learn in that field yet.

Milkers—I have trouble with milkers and it is a question how to
control it. There are men who cannot milk well that try it. They do
their best and cannot do a good job—but there are a good many more who
do not try. I have known a difference in the individual milkers in the
results of their work in the way they shrink up cows, so that if a man
was milking fifteen cows the difference between a good and bad milker
would pay a salary for a year.. Right now my milkers are competing
for prizes. The milk is weighed once a week by the foreman—we don’t
trust the milker to weigh it—and we give a prize of $25 for the milker
who brings his cows through with the least shrinkage. Prizes of $10,
$15, $20 and $25 I give to the milkers. It keeps them interested in their
work.

Mr. Do you have trouble with over-feeding?

Mr. Gurler—No. The cows get all they can handle. There is not
much danger of over-feeding.

Mr. Haecker—A cow should have all she wants as well as a man.

Mr. Gurler—In raising heifer calves, you cannot afford to under
feed.

Mr. Patterson—How do you raise your heifer calves?

Mr. Gurler—From my best cows. I do not raise them from poor
cows. If I have not enough, I buy some.

Mr. What breed?

Mr. Gurler—Holstein males.

I had my foreman give me figures in regard to these heifers. I
have some cows with their first calves that came in last April, giving
18 to 20 pounds of milk; some fresh ones are giving 25 to 30 pounds
and those heifers of my own raising are right up with and a little past
the whole herd. \

My cows are coming in at all times of the year. I have to have
a uniform amount of milk. I cannot have them all fresh at one time, as
IT used to when I supplied the creamery.

314 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Maintaining Soil Fertility—Now there is another point I wish to
touch on, and that is fertility and then I am ready to close. A short time
ago I went down to attend a meeting at Champaign, where we have our
university, and got to talking with some corn growers in the state, and
one of them—he is one of the largest corn growers in the central part
of the state too—said to me: “You grew more corn to the acre last
year in the northern part of the state than we did in the central part of the
state.” I was surprised, we were not supposed to be in the corn-pro-
ducing part of Illinois at all and our part of the state has not the same
fertility as down near Champaign, and some of those counties. I found
in the past few years that there was not much profit in feeding steers,
and they have been selling the corn from their farms and we in the
north part of the state averaged ten bushels of corn more per acre than
those in the central part of Illinois. There is no profit in growing 30
bushels. Forty bushels makes ten bushels for profit, sixty bushels makes
30 bushels for profit; there is three times as much profit in sixty bushels
asin forty. We have got to do better work along this line.

A man near DeKalb had a rented farm that he had been working
for fifteen vears. Nine years ago he had a lot of cows on that farm,
feeding them all he grew and some besides. He was then getting sixty
bushels of corn to the acre. Since the high prices for corn, he has been
selling his corn. I said to him: “Mr. Jones, how much per acre does
your corn yield?’ “Forty bushels.” “Why have you tumbled down.”
“T have been selling my corn—have been checking out of my bank of fer-
tility and putting nothing back into it.’ We cannot afford to do that.

A banker one day called me into his bank about two months ago;
he said he wanted to talk with me about fertility. I found out pretty
soon that he had several farms that he was renting and the renters had
been corning off these farms until they were runied—they could no
longer make money on them, and he was having trouble in finding people
to rent them at a fair rent. I said to him, “You cannot allow your farm
to be treated in that way; there is no more sense in that than there is in
a man continually checkiné out of your bank without making any de-
posits.” That is as true with farming as it is with banking.

Dr. Bernays—Aside from its great cleanliness and the great pains
taken to keep out dirt, what gives your milk its great keeping powers?

Mr. Gurler-—Cooling—Merely rapid cooling. The milk that I sent
to Paris, we took no pains in its preparation. Until we took the bottles
out with the sealing paper, we did not know what cows or milkers it
came from. But when we were ready to take that milk and continue
the cooling in ice, we put it in with salt added, putting it down to as

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 315

low a temperature as possible as quickly as we could from the cow. It
was bottled and put into the case with chipped ice around it. We ship-
it by express to New York. It was four days before it was put on a
vessel and seventeen days afterward it reached Paris. It was kept at
a temperature of 25 degrees by the refrigerator. From South Hampton
to Paris I never learned how it was transported. Mr. Alvord had charge
of that work.

Dr. Bernays—Did you run it through the separator ?

Mr. Gurler—Yes, for the purpose of standardizing. It is neces-
sary to have a fixed standard of mili that is to be used for feeding babies,
and we also furnished a cream with a fixed standard, so as to aid the
doctors. If the fat in the milk is an unknown quantity, they cannot work
as intelligently. That is what we put it through the separator for.

My dairy is now up to four per cent butter fat, and I do not know
any way that I have accomplished that only by weeding out the un-
profitable cows.

Dr. Bernays—Do you cover your pails?

Mr. Gurler—I use a pail with an eight inch opening and on that
we put a layer of absorbent cotton held between two layers of gauze.
The pail has a covered spout through which we empty that milk into the
can.

Dr. Bernays—-What is your cost of cooling per quart of milk?

Dr. Gurler—I do not believe J can tell you. I have not my work
figured down to detail as to the cost of the different items. I simply
know what my balance is at the end of the month, but have no time
to go into those details.

Dr. Bernays—How much ice do you put up?

Mr. Gurler—7oo tons annually, and we use that up in shipping 1,500
quarts per day from 160 cows.

Mr. Miller—Have you ever had any experience with wild onions
in the pasture? How do you get the odor out of the milk, or cream,
or butter? I believe it would be a great benefit to the association if
you would tell us a way to get rid of it.

Mr. Gurler—I have no wild onions. My farm is all tillable land.

Mr. Patterson—If{ you take your cows off the pasture an hour
before milking time, you will have no trouble with the flavor of wild
onions in the milk.

Mr. Lane—I can certify to that fact, but we usually make it two
hours instead of one. New Jersey is a great place for wild onions in
the fields and pastures, and the cows were bound to get those onions,
but we found if you take them off the pasture two hours before milking
time, there would be no flavor in the milk from the onions.

316 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

QUESTION BOX.

Q. (By Mr. Curry)—What advice can an experienced person give
a man who has never had any experience as a dairyman regarding the
selection of his cows.

A. (By Mr. Glover)—That is a difficult question to answer. In
the first place much depends upon the individual liking. Have you
studied any particular breed or formed any opinion as to what kind of
breed you would like?

Mr. Curry—Yes, for two years.

Mr. Glover—Have you any liking for any particular breed? Select
one of the four dairy breeds which have already been developed; there
is no excuse for trying to breed up one of your own. You could take
a Hereford and your children would be old before you could make a
dairy cow out of her. If you like the Holstein breed select that kind,
or the Ayrshire, or Guernsey or Jersey. Study the characteristics of
each breed; we cannot tell any more which one would suit you best
than we could tell what kind of a wife you would like to live with,

Mr. Marple—Mr. Curry is what I call an up-to-date dairyman. He
has had two years’ experience in dairying. Mr. Curry, what kind of
cows have you now?

Mr. Curry-—Mostly Jerseys.

Mr. Glover—Then continue to buy the best sires you can get, whose
mothers, grandmothers and ancestors away back were good performers
and vigorous cattle, and keep on with such selection. You will find that
you have some scrubs and once in a while an animal that has been
bred right that does not come up to your expectations. Try her a little
longer. The Babcock test and scale are only guides in selecting just as
conformation is, but an animal that stands a good test with a pedigree
back of her is pretty apt to have prepotency.

Mr. Curry—Would you in-breed?

Mr. Glover—If I had a vigorous sire that was an excellent animal
T would in-breed. I am not as much a believer: in in-breeding as per-
haps is Mr. Haecker, but at the same time I will say that if you have a
good sire you can perhaps fix characteristics more quickly and firmly
by in-breeding. Do not run any chances with a sire that has not proven
himself. A proven sire is a good thing.

Mr. Curry—Give me an idea how to pick out a type for a dairy cow.

Mr. Glover—We could do that better if we had a chart or an indi-

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. SEZ

vidual cow. A dairy cow tends to be spare and angular. She tends to
be wedged-shape. Whether it is necessary for her to be wedged-shape,
spare and angular, it is unnecessary to discuss—we know the cow that
has the highest production of milk and butter tends in that direction. A
cow that is engaged in making milk does not need a wide back for making
sirloin steaks. Her vocation is milk-making, and she wants to convert
her feed into milk. She should therefore be spare, angular, tending to
wedged-shape, with a deep, long body, which indicates large digestion,
and then we want a well developed nervous system. The eye indicates
that. You can gain a great deal of knowledge of a cow by looking at
the eye and head. A man’s face sooner or later in life reveals his char-
acter, whether it be strong or weak. A dairy cow should have a full,
prominent eye—not too open, not too quick—not too sleepy, not too
phlegmatic. Brother Haecker called my attention last summer to the
difference between two cows: One of them took five minutes to knock
a fly off of her head while the other one had her fly off before the first
one got started. I had never noticed that difference before.

Mr. Curry—Her temperament is also shown by. the number of times
she chews her cud—the quickness of her movement.

Mr. Glover—A lean man has a different temperament from a fat
man. <A dairy cow should not have a tendency to fatten. A dished-
faced head is not a good indication. She should be wide between the
eyes. Notice the vertebrae through which the spinal cord runs and
from which the nerves are sent out to different parts of the system. It
should slope to the tail, be strong and prominent, showing a well de-
veloped nervous system and a good, strong back. We want a strong
back in a dairy cow. A cow that is level on the back does not indicate
a good milker, but it indicates that she has a heavy load on her back
bone and that has a tendency to make her sway back. Aim to have the
back strong enough to support the digestive organs. A tail well down
shows a well developed nervous system, also the distance between the
feet. The general appearance of a good dairy cow is looseness.

Mr. Curry—How often do you test the cows?

Mr. Glover—One week every nine weeks, estimating four weeks
back and forward, covering a period of nine weeks, or practically a
month back and forward.

I like to see an udder well up between the hind quarters. I like
to see it lie in folds when it is empty—not a meaty udder. I like to
see the four teats evenly placed. The udder is an important thing.
It is better to select a cow with a good udder than one with an inferior
udder. The milk veins leading from the udder indicate the blood supply

318 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

for the udder and the body. Notice the size of the milk veins and
whether they are branching and torturous or not.

Q. What is to be done with pure, sweet milk, either by the shipper
or dealer, which tests 2.8 per cent of butter fat, just as it comes from
the cow, when the legal standard is not less than 3 per cent butter fat
for whole milk and 1% per cent butter fat for skim milk?

A. (By Mr. Mallory)—You cannot sell that milk to a dealer at
the standard price in St. Louis. Those are the rules, and they are
trying to abide by it. In Kansas City there is no provision along that
line and yet a man from Kansas City today told me that they had a
stronger rule than an ordinance there, from the fact that if their milk
went below four per cent they could not sell it. If I had cows that
were giving such milk as that I would certainly dispose of them. I
could not do anything with them. My milk is running at 6.8 per cent.
I do not believe there is any money in shipping milk or cream, or selling
it any way when you have that low a grade of milk.

Mr. Glover—Can you not standardize it in the separator ?

I once served on a dairy and food commission, and I looked after
the milk, and I know many times I found milk not coming up to the
requirements of the law; but when the milk came from the animal just
as she gave it, we never brought suit against the dairymen. I do not
believe there is any law on earth that will affect a man with low grade
milk, if he brings it just as it came from the cow.

Mr. Washburn—Put in two or three high testing cows, enough to
bring up the herd 2 per cent. As I said this morning, we had one cow
in our herd that averaged only 2 per cent butter fat during the entire
month of December, but the whole herd averaged 5.1.

Dr. Bernays—It takes milk from 6 to 9 cows to fill an eight gallon
can. Our milk seldom runs below 8 per cent. Before long we hope to
have a law whereby it will be a punishable offense to sell milk testing
less than 2.5 per cent, from one state to another.

Mr. Phipps—I would like to say in Kansas City, we have a milk
ordinance requiring the milk to test 3 per cent. We have dairymen
arrested for selling milk that tests less than 3 per cent.

Mr. Stone—Is there a butter fat skim milk standard in Kansas City?

Mr. Phipps—I do not know.

Dr. Bernays—I have recommended the repeal of that whole sec-
tion about selling skim milk in a city. The inspector will find one can
labeled skim milk and another labeled whole milk. Let him sample it
and he can tell if there is any fraud. Whole milk is whole milk accord-
ing to the ordinance, and skim milk, skim milk.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 319

New York prohibits the sale of skim milk entirely, Kansas City also,
and that law has been upheld by the State Supreme Court. I know
that skim milk has a great food value, and. I deplore the fact that dis-
honest people will mix it with whole milk.

Mr. Stone—The United States Government defines skim milk as
“any milk from which a part of the cream has been removed.’ The
moment you remove any cream you have skim milk unless you fix a
definite standard for the ingredients. Ii you touch it at all, it is skim
milk, according to the definition of the United States law. Therefore
the United States Government fixes a standard—not a butter fat standard,
but a solid standard.

Dr. Bernays—I would be in favor of permitting the sale of skim
milk if a scheme was provided by which whole milk and skim milk
could Le separated. Suppose a physician tells a mother to buy whole
milk for her child and dilute it with water—if the fraud of skim milk
has been practiced upon her the child will not have enough sustenance
in the milk to sustain life.

Mr. Miller-—-For what purposes are city ordinances drawn up? There
is only one ground in my opinion, and that is the public health. I
would like to know if skim milk is not a wholesome article?

Q. What would be fair wages for a man to superintend a dairy
of 40 to 60 cows, to have full charge of same, witth board and room?

A. (By Mr. Gurler)—I do not know that anybody can answer that
question without knowing the man. Some men are not worth any-
thing, and there are other men that you can hardly over-pay. To super-
intend 40 to 60 cows and have full charge of the dairy and be furnished
his board and room—how much does the proprietor know about the
business?

Mr.—— Nothing.

Mr. Gurler—Then he ought to pay a man a thousand dollars a year
and feed him.

Q. You advise cutting timothy hay in bloom. Do you mean the
first or second bloom, and why?

A. (By Mr. Glover)—It means that when the timothy hay first
begins to bloom it should be cut. Why? Because the nutriment in it
is most digestible at that time.

If a farmer allows his timothy hay to become well ripened it is
then no better than wheat straw and not so good as oat straw. Wood—
that box over there—has a certain amount of nutriment, carbohydrates,
etc., and will analyze all right, but we know a cow could not eat that
box and make milk out of it. It is not valuable as a food stuff. My old

320 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

shoes would analyze, but are not good for feed. If you permit your
timothy hay to ripen you bind up the nutriment in it so the cow cannot
use it.

©. If we sow clover are we going to exhaust our land?

A. There are no plants grown that are so beneficial to our soils as
the legumes, and under that head comes not only the clovers, the enor-
mous alfalfa, mammoth clover, but vetches, cow peas and a great many
other plants that I do not now recall. How did you get that idea?
It is this way, whenever you grow clover and sell it from your soil, it
will exhaust the soil very rapidly. You are drawing on your bank
account much more rapidly by growing clover to sell than timothy hay.
Why? Because it contains a larger amount of protein, and that is made
from nitrogen. Let us see if there is not a check manner of handling it
so as to yield not only a crop, but add fertility to our soil. Growing on
the roots of the clover plant are little bacteria—living organisms—little
beings that live and grow the same as animals develop whose function
is to gather the nitrogen from the air. There are 12 pounds of nitrogen
in the air for each square inch of earth surface. Think of the amount
of nitrogen in the air! We have growing on the roots of the clover
plant a germ that takes the nitrogen from the air and deposits it on our
soil. If you buy the nitrogen—the most important element of plant food,
without which you cannot grow a spear of grass or anything else—on
the market you pay fifteen cents a pound for it, and yet by the growing
of the clover plant, grazing live stock upon it and putting the clover
back upon the land again, you can grow it without any exhaustion to
the land whatever. If you grow it for the nitrogen and make no use of
the clover plant, it will cost you 1%4 cents a pound to get the nitrogen
from the air as against 15 cents a pound if you buy it on the market, but
your clover fed to live stock will be more valuable. It is a poor farmer
that will take the clover from his land and sell it. He is no better
financier than the person who keeps checking out his bank account and
putting nothing in. That is exactly what many farmers are doing.
When you sell 500 pounds of butter, which is equivalent to 100 bushels of
corn, you are selling from your land fifteen cents worth of fertility;
butter is nothing more than condensed sunshine. If you sell 500 pounds
of whole milk, you are selling eighteen dollars worth of fertility. It
behooves you to get a fair price for it because skim milk has a value as
a fertilizer for your calves and for your land, and by the use of it you
are depositing a bank account. I care not how rich your soil, if you
keep drawing upon it without replenishing it, sooner or later you -will
reach the bottom.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 321

Let me give you an incident in my own state of Minnesota. My
father was a wheat farmer in the southern part of that state when I
was a boy, and as a result we had chinch bugs and a depleted soil. A
man once met my father and said to him: “Jim, just as soon as we
cannot raise wheat any longer we might as well quit.” My father moved
to Dakota where he could raise wheat, and then he came to his senses
and went into the live stock business. In Steele county, Minnesota, their
soil became so depleted and had so many chinch bugs that they could
not raise corn successfully, and they were about to starve. There was
not a single farm that was not mortgaged and the farmers did not know
which way to turn to get out of that condition, and some way of making
a living began to appeal to them. They turned their attention to dairy-
ing and now that county raises more cows and supports in her eighteen
townships more live creameries and raises more wheat than ever in her
history before. In Freeborn county the farmers were so hard up that
when a man wanted to borrow money out of the bank, if there was
no milk on his shoes the banker would not let him have it, and if he had
the milk on his shoes they would let him have all the money he wanted.

MILK FEVER.

Some one has asked me about the milk fever treatment. Milk fever
has been a dreadful disease among dairymen, and a disease that we have
known but little about. We call it milk fever, an improper term. We
also call it parturient paralysis, which is an incorrect name. We have
no name that gives the true nature of the disease. It is a dreaded disease,
destroying the most valuable cows in the herd. We have several treat-
ments’ for it. Some people give the cow medicine for this disease, a very
foolish thing because she is paralyzed and cannot swallow, and the
medicine goes to her lungs instead of her stomach. Another treatment
is the potassium iodide treatment. They seem to cure a great many
animals by injecting a little potassium iodide in warm water. Then there
is the oxygen treatment, the pumping of oxygen into each quarter of
the udder until it is distended so full that you can see it working through
the skin. Finally we became convinced that that was not necessary.
Then we discovered the fresh air treatment. Every farmer ought to
have a bicycle pump fixed with the tubing and on the end of that he
can put a small milking tube or goose quill. Put your bicycle pump in
boiling water and let it remain there five minutes so as to sterilize it in
order that no bacteria may be carried into the udder. With this pump
you inflate one quarter of the udder until it is fairly well distended, then
the next quarter, and repeat this until all four quarters are fairly well

A—21

322 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

distended, then give the udder a thorough massage, rubbing it well. I
forgot to mention that all the milk from the udder should be removed
before any air is forced into it. Rub the udder thoroughly and that is
all there is to it. You do not need to do anything else. If you can
remove the excreta, well and good. If the cow does not get up in an
hour repeat the injection. I have never known of a dairy farmer who
has tried that treatment without having great success. It is a very
simple treatment.

Mr.
not seem to recover, do you take it out and repeat the inflation again?

Mr. Glover—Yes. The air will ooze out at the end of the teat in

After you force this air into the udder, if the cow does

time.

Mr. Patterson—I find it necessary to use a rubber band to keep
air in.

Mr. Glover—I do not think that is necessary. It will come out
slowly, not with a rush. This is a good treatment for udders that have
become feverish and hard. It is also recommended for garget.

Mr. Gurler—I want to emphasize what Mr. Glover has said. I have
lost a good many cows fom milk fever. Once when I was in Chicago
in a wholesale packing house some party called my attention to the
oxygen treatment and I bought a can and apparatus which cost me $10.
I have not lost a cow since. Since that time has come the fresh «ir
treatment that costs nothing. I want to tell you of one case to show
you how it does. A man one day called me up over the ‘phone and
told me he had a cow down with the milk fever and wanted me to give
her the oxygen treatment. My foreman went over and found that
<ow not in the barn, but in a draft on frozen ground, in the worst con-
dition. They got her into the barn and treated her for a couple of
hours and she came out all right.

Mr. Glover—We get such reports constantly. In nearly every case
the Jersey cows come out all right and never show any ill effects from
the treatment.

Mr. Graves—We had ten cows down with milk fever out of the
herd of forty-two cows at the World’s Fair. We saved them all, and
they showed no ill effects afterwards. a

Mr.
a common syringe. We use nothing but that. One of my neighbors

You do not need to use a bicycle pump, you can just take

had a cow down with the milk fever and I took a common syringe and
forced the air into her udder, repeated the operation, and she was
well in two hours.

Mr. Graves—For treating udder troubles oxygen is good as far as
it goes. I bought some cattle in the East and among them ten cows,

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 323.

and one of the young cows freshened on the car with her second calf.
She was on the car during this excessive cold weather and came along
the shores of the Great Lakes. That cow happened to be tied just at
the car door. If any animal should have been away from the door, she
should; but she happened to be there and took cold. She had a badly
conjested udder so that not a drop of milk could be squeezed from
either teat. We got a few drops from one teat, but the other could not
be budged. We worked faithfully three days without results and we
could not get it with the milk tube. Then we went over in town and
got a remedy we had used in St. Louis. I had used it before, however.
It is commonly called Denver clay or antiphlogistine.

I have seen that tried at home and on all sorts of cases of that kind
and have never seen anything approach it in result. The udder: of
that cow was in a frightful condition. I can hardly make you under-
stand it, and when I left home she was milking freely from three quarters
and the other was almost restored. I firmly believe she would have
been ruined under other circumstances.

One of our cows was being led out for exercise one day, and while
passing a horse barn where a young fellow was throwing a bucket of
water and she got part of it on her face. She was frightened, the ground
was rough and she side-stepped, as the boys say—crossed her hind legs.
It threw her down and caught her udder and in less than two hours her
left hind quarter was swollen up the size of an ordinary stiff hat. We
commenced with hot water as hot as she could stand and alternated hot
and cold water for several hours. I got on the car and got some
antiphlogistine.

Mr.

Mr. Graves—We use hot water and massage. Then we put on the

How do you apply it?

antiphlogistine as warm as possible, and put a nice thick layer of ab-
sorbent cotton over that. We used an udder protector so as to hold
it there. That quarter was something terrible.

Mr. Do you make more than one application ?

Mr. Graves—Yes. We used three of the small cans. Try that
remedy for all kinds of trouble like that.

Mr. Patterson—Can you buy it in any drug store?

Mr. Graves—You can in any of our drug stores at home, and I
presume you can get it anywhere else, but they never handled it until
we called for it.

FLY REMEDIES.

Q. Will it pay to keep cows in the stable in fly time with screens
on the windows?

324 MISSOURI AGRICULTURE REPORT.

A. (By Mr. Gurler)—In regard to that I will say several years
ago I went to work to demonstrate whether or not it paid to keep cows
in the stable during fly time. I did just as careful work as I knew how.
I kept a stable with 64 cows, in four rows. We kept our stable dark
and had a system of ventilation going on and did all we could to keep
flies out. One-half of our cows we turned out at night and kept them
in the stable in the day time. The other half we let go out into the
grove both day and night. I fed them in the orchards in the grove. I
took the silage out there which we were feeding, as feed to help out pas-
ture. We weighed the milk, keeping the account of the daily milk flow
of each half of the herd. We took as a basis, I think, the two weeks
previous to commencing this work and reckoned from that the decrease
or increase of cach half, the one confined in the stable and the other
running in the grove and taking their chances with the flies. When I
got through with this work, to my surprise I found the cows confined
in the stable gave two ounces per day more milk than the half that was
outside. I made up my mind that it would not pay me. That is only
one experiment and I want you to take it at what it is worth. I have
never undertaken another. I am satisfied that it would not pay me to
do it.

Another thing in regard to this fly business. A fly remedy will
only keep off flies for a couple of hours. It has to be so you can apply
it so as to keep the cows unmolested while milking and after milking
time is over the flies will work that much more lively and the cow is in
so much more misery. I hear men say that these fly remedies will keep
flies off for twelve hours, some say 48 hours. They don’t do that for me.
I do not find that kind of remedies. If anybody has them I would like
to have one myself.

Mr. Graves—I find in putting cows in the barn, if vou screen the
door and do it the right way, it makes more flies in the barn than out-
doors. It just keeps them inside. We found that our cows did a little
better on the outside, and we watched our record closely.

I agree with Mr. Gurler so far as fly remedies are concerned. They
sent us all kinds and quantities free of charge, but we found them to
be a positive injury. If we used them strong enough to accomplish
the purpose, we blistered the cows, and aside from that we closed the
pores of the skin in the cows so that we could not keep them in condition,
and we abandoned all fly remedies whatsoever. Later on in St. Louis,
we put in electric fans. I think, Mr. Gurler, you are perfectly right
about fly remedies.

Mr. Smith—I just want to say a word. My observation has been
that a bunch of flies will get hold of a cow and remain there—will follow

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 325

a cow from day to day. If she scares them off, they will go back to
that cow. I have a simple little remedy. I take a lot of old gunny
sacks and tack them over the door and let them hang way down. That
scares the flies off the cow. They go to the end of the barn and do
not go back to the cows again. The end of the barn will be covered
with flies, but they will largely leave the cows.

Mr. Gurler—What becomes of them?

Mr. Smith—They do not go from one cow to another a great deal.
They don’t live long. 3

Mr. Gurler—They live long enough to leave a large progeny. I do
not mean to laugh at anybody’s experience. Not at all. We can alk
profit by each other’s work.

I thought it proper for me to say something along the line of
certified milk about which Mr. Bernays spoke. I was the beginner in
this high grade milk in Chicago, and I had some interesting experience,
and I will give you some of my experience and then I ,will touch a little
on the line of the opportunities here in St. Louis. You understand
that I produce this milk mainly for infant food, and I explained yester-
day a great deal of the care that we exercise to have this milk right for
the babies, and there is more to that than you would think—more in the
feeding of the cow to produee this milk than you have any idea of.

I learned thirty-five years ago that I could feed the brute mother
so that her milk would make her own young sick before it would make
her sick. I did that on the farm. Before I entered into this certified
milk business, I tried to work out the experience that I. had learned in
my dairy work for a long term of years. I could go home and feed
my cows so that in a week I would have twenty-five babies fed from it,
sick. I know I can do that. And we take as much pains to feed our
cows so as to keep them in perfect condition as we take in any of the
work connected with this business. It does not matter whether it is
summer or winter, we aim to keep those cows in perfect condition. Some
time ago there were two dairy commissioners who visited our farm,
one from Illinois and one from Minnesota, and after going over the cow
stables, one of them remarked: ‘What perfect condition your cows
are in! The droppings look as though they were on pasture.” I said:
“We watch our cows, and if a cow becomes constipated, we remove the
trouble, or if she has diarrhea, we remove that trouble—we do not allow
any trouble to exist with our cows when we are making certified milk.”
You understand why that is so. Of course, this is advanced work, and
for ordinary work—milk to go into the creamery—you do not expect
that much care, but there is room for improvement in the care of ordi-
nary milk, and it has got to come.

326 MISSOURI AGRICULTURE REPORT.

I have had some experiences with feeds for the cows. I remember
particularly two or three incidents. The first one was one of the big-
gest surprises of my life. A little babe had been taken sick, a child not
old enough to talk or express itself in any way. The doctor prescribed
the certified milk for that child. The father was a laboring man, not
earning large wages, and having no money to waste. They put the
babe on our milk and it recovered and was thriving, then they thought
they could not stand the expense and put the child on plain milk. It
would spit that milk right out—would not drink it at all nor have any-
thing to do with it. It was the difference in the taste. The taste of
a little babe is much more delicate than ours.

I will tell you another incident. I have two little grandsons wh»
were raised on this milk and never knew any other, and one time their
father and mother were invited out to visit one of the wealthy families
in our city where they had their own cows, cared for right up-to-date.
They set that milk on the table for these little boys, they took one
swallow of it, put it aside and would not taste another mouthful. They
had been well enough trained not to make remarks and did not say
anything, but they would not drink any more of it. I mention these
facts to show you the difference in this milk.

I will tell you an incident that happened in my early experience in
Chicago. Dr. Gurman was the city bacteriologist of the Chicago Board
of Health. He had one of my patrons come to our establishment and
ask for twelve quarts of milk. They had it put in a can and taken away,
and did not iet anybody know who wanted it, did not even let us know
that they had gotten the milk. I did not know it myself for six months.
' Dr. Gurman told me that milk went up to the city health department,
the top floor of the City Hall in Chicago. They put it in the refrigerator
and tested it for acidity and bacteria and percentage of butter fat. The
last quart was two weeks old when they tested it and after applying
their test, Commissioner Reynolds and Dr. Gurman then tasted it and
said that it was as sweet as a peach. I| mention this to show the possi-
bilities of certified milk.

Marvin Hewitt, junior son of the president of the Northwestern
Railroad, in going to his,summer place near Lake Superior, told Mr.
Allen, their agent, to get a case of my milk. It was sent ten miles into
the woods. Mr. Hewitt got home and called Mr. Allen and said:
“Don’t you suppose that milk is spoiled?” But it was not, it kept
sweet ten da*s and the last bottle was the best in the case. He sent
for me when I was in the city and persisted that the last bottle was the
best in the case. There could be no foundation for that, only that the
cream had become more solid. I mention these facts to show what care-

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 327

ful handling and low temperature will do for milk. That was the secret
of my sending milk to the Paris Exposition—cooling it to 35 or 40
degrees and keeping it down to that temperature.

I will tell you an incident that happened recently in Chicago. In
a certain hospital some people were feeding babies—doing charitable
work—and they use my milk. ‘Then there came a new milk into the
field—I won't tell the name of the firm, for that is not fair—but they
succeeded in getting a smail amount of that milk in this hospital instead
of mine, but the babies did not thrive on it and they had to drop it and
go back to mine. I give you these facts to show that there is some-
thing to this. There is no question about it.

I will now touch a little upon the opportunity here for furnishing
St. Louis with certified milk. You are 224 miles from St. Louis—
probably too long a distance, as certified milk will probably be made
nearer St. Louis, but there may be some market here.

In Chicago when the medical profession tried to induce me to go
into this work, I felt afraid of my ability to succeed in that line of work.
I talked it over with the men I had worked with in the dairy school
work in Wisconsin, Vermont and Pennsylvania—men who had seen me
under conditions that showed all that there was in me—and all that
they would say was I was better qualified to succeed than anyone else.
Not one of them would say, you can make a success—they all said you can
make a success if anybody can—but there was that awful word with two let-
ters in it—i-f—on which everything hung. I finally went into the business.

Then there came the problem of delivery. The medical profession
thought I must deliver my milk. I thought of making an agent of
some milk dealer so that my milk would be put on the wagon to be
delivered where the milk was wanted and not need a special trip. I
could see that if my milk was taken all over the city before being deliv-
ered that it would be ruined. The medical profession objected to my
plan and I said, “Gentlemen, if you insist on my delivering the milk
on my own wagons, I will not undertake the business.’ They let me
have my own way. If I had undertaken to deliver that milk, I would
have been flat on my back eight years ago. I would not have had money
enough to have gotten on my feet in this work.

I tell you what I think, because I do not want to see some brother
dairyman get into a place he cannot get out of. I give you my ex-
perience, and if it helps anybody, all right.

THE BABCOCK TEST.

Mr. Marple—I want to say that the Babcock test is the only method
to determine, as far as I know, the value of milk or cream so far as

328 MISSOURI AGRICULTURE REPORT.

butter fat is concerned, and I have been taught that it is absolutely cor-
rect, but I think it is abused in the minds of people sometimes who are
selling butter fat, and there seems to be abroad an idea that there is a
variation in this test, and I hear all over this country a good deal of
talk about the value of cream as bought by different markets for dif-
ferent purposes, and I hear a great deal of stress put on this test, and
Iam led to believe, as a conscientious worker in the interest of dairying,
that it might become a deplorable thing. You never hear a man talk
about taking his corn to one place because it weighs more. A man does
not ship his stock to Chicago instead of St. Louis because it weighs
more. He does not exchange one pair of scales for another because of
a difference in the scales, and if the Babcock test determines absolutely
the butterfat value of cream or milk, there is not a particle of difference
what test they use if they know that the test will be honestly made. So
the question ought to be done away with where a man will get the best
test. There is but one test, and any man who would willingly and know-
ingly over-rate the butterfat in milk, would under-rate it also, and the
one is just as dishonest as the other and we ought to be settled on this
proposition by an eminent authority and I want Mr. Glover to tell us
whether or not we can rely on the Babcock test.

Mr. Glover—I think I must be living on the reputation of my illus-
trious teacher, Governor Hoard.

That idea that goes out in regard to the Babcock test being in-
accurate, being unfit to determine the value of our dairy products, is
wrong. The Babcock test, while not absolute, any more than our big
hay scales are absolute, is accurate enough for all practical purposes.
We can measure a load of hay accurately within 4 or 5 pounds and no-
body would question its correctness. The Babcock test is not absolute.
Nothing is absolute except mathematics. There is a chance for the man
making the test to err. All human beings make mistakes. But for all
practical purposes and doing justice to the patrons as well as to the
creamery man, there is no better test than the Babcock test. It does
full justice to the creamery and full justice to the dairy farmer, but
rogues have been working since the world started to move, and there
are rogues yet living to manipulate the Babcock test, under-rating it and
Over-rating it as the case might warrant. I knew a large creamery con-
cern, which I am glad to say is no longer in existence because of their
methods of doing business. They would promise farmers who were
taking their milk to another creamery and receiving a 3.4 test, that if they
would bring their milk to them, they would receive a 3.8,test. The
dairymen living: on the dividing line between the two creameries would
get a higher test, while the dairymen living nearer this creamery would get

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 329

a lower test than he deserved, so that a man living near that creamery
who delivered them 4.4 milk would get only a 3.6 test. But that was
not the fault of the Babcock test, but of the creamery man. When we
test a sample of milk, if we are careful to mix it thoroughly, pouring it
carefully back and forth in the bottle, then measure 17.6 c. c. and go
according to the rules of the test, it will be very accurate.

For instance, your milk tests 3.6. What does that mean? In one
hundred pounds of your milk there are 3.6 pounds of butterfat. Mind
you now, we are reading to the third place in decimals. I may read that
test and say it does not quite test 3.6, count it 3.5. We have seen recent
letters from farmers where they made a great disturbance because there
was a difference of one-tenth. Nobody claims that the Babcock test is
absolute, that you can tell exactly by it the amount of butterfat in your
milk. You know if you do not lose one-tenth of one per cent you are los-
ing a small amount, and the next time the same man may put it up
the width of a hair and you will read it 3.6 may be, a little in your favor,
but in a whole year’s work the amount that one could lose would be so
small that he ought to be ashamed of himself to make any complaint.

We get letters right along asking ‘will it pay to sell 20 or 30 per
cent cream?” We answer something like this, it will pay vou to deliver
30 to 35 per cent cream to your creamery man. Why? Because you are
paid according to the quality of your cream and not according to
the quantity that you deliver. Having different creamery men weigh
the sameple of cream that is being tested, is the only correct way, and
all our up-to-date creameries are putting in high priced scales, so that
they can weigh cream and pay you for what you send them. The cream-
ery has no use for skim milk. Twenty per cent cream has more sugar
in it than 30 per cent cream has, decomposition takes place and it be-
comes sour and you have been disposing of a valuable product by giving
them skim milk, valuable not only for feeding purposes but for putting
back fertility into your soil. It is of no use to the creamery and they
will tell you so. I know of companies in northern Illinois that have
offered more for cream testing 29 or 30 per cent or below that; and yet
farmers that have that high testing cream will deliver larger quantities
of low testing cream, thinking that they were getting larger profits, an
incorrect idea. If you deliver 20 per cent cream from 100 pounds of 4
per cent milk you have delivered 20 pounds of butterfat. Twenty per
cent of 100 is 20, a simple case of percentage—you have delivered 20
pounds of butterfat and 80 pounds of skim milk. Supposing you deliver
70 pounds of 30 per cent cream, you have delivered 21 pounds of but-
terfat, one pound more, and only 40 pounds of skim milk. You have
saved yourself the expense of shipping 40 pounds of skim milk to

330 . MISSOURI AGRICULTURE REPORT.

that creamery, the hauling of it and you get paid for one pound more
of butterfat. In every case you are paid for all the butterfat you de-
liver, no more and no less.

The Babcock test is an accurate measure for butterfat and simply
because we have men who will manipulate it, under or over-rate it in
order to make it profitable, ought not to prejudice us against it. Let
us get that fully.

Mr. Marple—What are the different causes for variation in the test-
ing of cream

Mr. Glover—Sometimes because they do not turn the cream sepa-
rator quite up to the required speed, or sometimes they turn it too fast.
Sometimes farmers are careless and the skim milk tubes block up a
little. Sometimes the milk that has the fat tests higher, which is another
thing. The richer the milk, the richer the cream unless you adjust the
cream screw. If you adjust that, you will make the same test from 4
per cent as you would from 3 per cent milk. It will run 3 per cent one
day and 5 per cent the next, you will not get the same testing milk.
I have had farmers tell me they manipulated the machine, turning it
one way one day and another way the next day. (Occasionally the
farmer will send in rich cream for several weeks and then purposely
send in thin cream and try to bluff the test up to that formally received.)

Mr. Gurler
Pennsylvania under your man Dean Waters. We had a chemist, a Mr.

For three winters I worked in the dairy school work in

Field, now connected with the Oklahoma Experiment Station. He
weighed the milk. I remember one winter at the close of our dairy
school term Mr. Field said to me: ‘These tests run so close—the Gravi-
metric and Babcock—that I would just as leave rely on the Babcock as on
the Gravimetric test for testing cream.” That is authority that is reliable.

Mr. Graves

Don’t you think one reason for some people suspect-
ing the Babcock test is caused by the indifference with which they pro-
ceed to take the sample

Mr. Glover—Yes, sometimes.

Mr. Graves—It is a delicate thing if you are only dealing with a
sample. Don’t you think it important that you get a large sample?

Mr. Glover—Yes.

Mr. Graves—Do you not think that the temperature of the milk and

water that is added should be nearly the same?

I notice that we have a great many German people that are con-
tinually doing some testing. They make tests themselves and will not
believe anyone else’s test. |

Mr. Glover—Keep your temperatures right.

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 331

I will give you a description of how a test should be made. In
making a test of milk, be sure to mix your sample thoroughly before
starting. Be sure your cow is thoroughly milked. Pour the milk to-
gether immediately after milking. Take a small sample and cork it up
or evaporation will take place and the milk become leathery. Then pro-
ceed with it to your laboratory. Pour it from one dish to another 3 or
4 times. Be careful not to let too much air get in the milk. Let it run
down the sides of the bottle, that keeps the air out. The Babcock test
is a test of weight and not measure. Take a sample of this milk with
a pipet—a glass instrument 18 inches long and put this in a test bottle
which has a clean neck. Keep this sample thoroughly mixed. Then we
add sulphuric acid to dissolve the cheesy substance in the milk. That
is whirled around in this bottle till a chemical change takes place. Then
we take this bottle two-thirds full and put it into a machine and it is
whirled for five minutes. The machine is 14 to 16 inches in diameter
and the bottle is whirled 600 to 800 revolutions per minute exerting 30
to 40 pounds of pressure per square inch. We stop our machine and our
bottles immediately take an upright position. Then we fill them to the
necks with water. Then you proceed to whirl them again, if you are
making a careful test. Whirl it a minute then take it again and fill to
top of the graduation on the neck. The butterfat being lighter than
water floats to the top. We whirl it two minutes more to be sure that
no particles are sticking to the sides, keeping it at a temperature of 120
or 130 degrees. By heat it expands and by cold it contracts. Take a
pair of pliars that have sharp points and place them on this bottle and
read the test. If it covers half this space in the neck, it 1s 5 per cent.

The test is accurate. it determines the proportion of butter fat in
one hundred pounds of milk. It is a simple process and can be done
accurately if a man is careful.

I have gone to creameries when I was instructor in the dairy school
in Minnesota and tested for one hundred patrons and I figured out with-
in ten pounds of how much butter that would make, and that on 500
or 600 pounds of butter is very accurate. I tell you when we can do
that, we have a very close test.

Mr. Mallory—Do you have any trouble with your acid? Is that
standard?

Mr. Glover—You ought to have an acid with a specific gravity of
1.82. If that is uncorked for any length of time, it would take up water.
Sulphuric acid has a wonderful affinity for water and it thereby becomes
weakened and will affect the accuracy of the test. There will be white
specks coming on top which are undissolved portions of casein; or you

332 MISSOURI AGRICULTURE REPORT.

will have black specks if the acid is too strong. In either case, the test
is inaccurate and you should make another test using more or less acid
as the case demands.

There is sometimes an inaccuracy in the glass ware and this causes
an inaccuracy in the test. Sometimes the glass is not properly graduated.
It is well to have your experiment man test the glassware before using
it in testing. Make use of these experiment station fellows in your
agricultural colleges and experiment stations. No honest creamery man
will complain of being sure that his glassware is accurate, he wants to
know if his scales are right. There is one thing the farmers ought to
do in regard to this test, they ought to learn all about it. It would not
take a day’s time to find out as much about it as anyone else knows. You
can go into the laboratory and see whether it is made correctly or in-
correctly.

Mr. Bernays—Our city law requires that when milk falls below the
standard and we go into court on the case, that we have it tested by the
' Gravimetric test. This test is time-consuming and expensive, and con-
sequently to handle the large number of samples that our inspectors bring
in, we make a preliminary test by the Babcock method and whenever this
is below the standard, we have to repeat it by the Adams Coil Gravimetric
process and we find that the results of the two methods always agree with-
in less than one-tenth of one per cent and that really the Babcock test
is the more accurate when properly conducted, because either extracts
from the dried milk something more than the fat, that is, the substances
which are called extractives. In the cow’s milk, these extractives, not
fat, are largely composed of Cholesterine.

TIME BETWEEN MILKINGS.

How much advantage is there in quantity in milking a cow three
times a day over twice a day

Mr. Graves—We found that there is not so much difference in
quantity as there was in quality. You can account for that in this way—
and don’t anyone hesitate to call me down if he wants to—cows yielding
the amount of milk that these cows yield have large udders. Sometimes
they are distended to the greatest extremity and they become painful.
We found we relieved the cows, made them more comfortable and got
better results by milking three times a day. Then too, the milk that
oozes out of a full udder is the milk that contains the most butterfat.
We were pretty well satisfied that we got a little more butterfat by work-
ing right hard three times a day to get it.

Mr. Patterson—I can emphasize that by saying the longer a cow

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 333

keeps her milk in the bag, the poorer it is. Miss milking one day and
you will find the milk deteriorates in quality.

Mr. Graves—I am glad to be backed up by Mr. Patterson.

Mr. Gurler—Before the introduction of the Babcock test there
were dairymen bringing milk to us and we had one dairyman whose
night’s milk had such a low test that we were sure he was watering that
milk—it showed so little cream, I said to the men: “Let us be sure be-
fore we accuse this man without knowing he is guilty.” 1 sent men
out there to spy on him and we found that the milk was not watered,
but that he milked his cows at four o’clock in the morning and eight
o’clock at night, so that there were sixteen hours between morning and
night’s milking and eight hours between night and morning’s. His morn-
ing’s milk was all right but his night’s milk was all wrong. The longer
you wait between milkings, the less your per cent of butterfat.

Mr. Graves—Doubtless a great many of you are shipping milk to
the creameries and perhaps possibly question the accuracy of their tests,
and sometimes suspect they are possibly giving you the worst of it. A
study of this butterfat sheet will take it home to you in a way that you
cannot get around it.

One instance I recall from memory. One cow’s milk tested 2.8
at one time and 6.8 at another time. Sometimes there is a greater varia-
tion than that.

Mr. Marple—Would a man in his morning’s milk make up what
he lost at night in butterfat?

Mr. Gurler—I cannot answer that question.

Mr. Graves—We found that we lost it.

Mr. Marple—That is an important question. It emphasizes the
importance of milking regularly and not waiting too long a period be-
tween milkings.

Mr. Mallory—I ship cream and it has to be to the point. We had
trouble along that line because we were too busy Sunday morning, did
not get up quite so early and that was where our trouble came in. We

finally got on to the fact that we lost that butterfat and never got it
back.

REPORTS FROM MISSOURI DAIRYMEN.

[A number of reports from individual dairymen were read at the meeting but for
lack of space we cannot print these reports in full. However, we glean from the reports
the following excerpts containing a great deal of valuable information. ]

REPORT OF S W. COLEMAN, SEDALIA, MO.
“Our place of ten acres is all in blue grass and it furnishes grass

enough to graze thirteen head of cows and heifers, also about forty-five

334 MISSOURI AGRICULTURE REPORT.

head of hogs if the season is favorable. To get this amount of grazing
it is very necessary to keep all stock off the pasture from the time the
frost is out of the ground in February until the grass is well headed out.
The pasture is well manured from the cow barn, the manure being hauled
from the barn while fresh. Pure water is very essential in a dairy herd.

“From my registered herd of Jersey cows, seven in number, for
the past year (part of the cows with first calf) I have made an average
of 400 pounds of butter per cow, which was marketed to private families.
at 25 cents per pound, realizing $709.95, besides supplying the family
of four with butter and cream. The skim milk was mixed with shorts.
and together with corn was fed to registered Poland China pigs, of
which I sold to the amount of $626.75. Besides I have left the World’s
Fair prize winning herd of Poland Chinas under twelve months of age
that was fed from this ration, and they are worth at least $300. Pre-
miums won on this herd amounted to over $165. I have realized $150
from my Jerseys in other ways. My total receipts for the year were
$1,657.50. The expense of feeding all of my stock was $819, leaving a
net profit of $832.50.”

REPORT OF EDMUND HOSMER, MARSHFIELD, MO.

“Some fourteen years ago when we moved upon this farm, the
products of the place did not exceed $200 in a good year. We got one-
third for rent and after taxes and repairs had been paid had left about
$20 net, on an average, per year. Since the first of last March, less than
eleven months, our sales from this farm have reached $10,106.80. When
the year is up and we add to our sales the value of increased stock, the
total proceeds for the year will amount to something more than $11,000.
When we moved to the farm, our family physician said to a friend:
‘That old man has gone to the poorest farm in Webster county to starve.”
Then we thought we could see the possible farm. We still see the pos-
sible farm but our trouble in the future will be our age.” (Mr. Hosmer
is now 78 years old.)

REPORT OF J. W. LEE & SON, MEXICO, MO.

“We have been engaged in the dairy business for nineteen years

in Mexico, Missouri. We began the business without any experience and

with very little capital, but have succeeded fairly well. We keep Hol-

stein cows, mostly thoroughbreds, a good Holstein bull from one of the
best families of the breed.

“Our method of feeding is to keep our cows on pasture in summer

and when they are put in the barn at milking time (4 a. m. and 7:30 p.

m.) each cow is fed a small ration of mixed feed which she eats while

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. BNA

being milked. In winter our cows are kept in the barn except they are
turned out twice a day for water and exercise. Our winter ration con-
sists of timothy, clover and alfalfa hay, thirty pounds of silage, and
fifteen pounds of mixed bran, ship and meal.

“We ship cream to St. Louis, a distance of 110 miles, and it is
sold to a dairy company who bottle it and deliver it to their retail trade.
We have shipped one eight-gallon can of 40 per cent cream each morn-
ing for four years, and during that time we have lost only three cans,
which soured. During the summer the skim milk is fed to calves and
pigs, and in winter we have a demand for it here in Mexico.

“Up to July, 1904, we also had a retail business in Mexico which
required about 70 gallons a day; but the work was so great and help was
so scarce that we sold our retail business with 30 cows, and now devote
our time to shipping cream, which we find as profitable and much less
work.” |

REPORT OF J. W. PLUMMER, HALE, MO.

“T have a four hundred acre farm and my son bought one hundred
and thirty acres last spring which I rent. I have 46 grade Jerseys and
3 full bloods, my bull is a full blood Jersey. We are wintering 175 head
of cattle and 16 horses and mules. We raise lots of hogs and fatten all
of them. In 1903 we sold $1,901.63 worth of hogs, and we have the crop
of 1904, 180 head on hand. We have one pasture for hogs, which we sow
to rape in the spring and to rye in the fall.

“We try to take the best possible care of our cows. When the
nights commence to get cold in the fall we put our cows in the barn
and do not let them out at night until the grass is good in the spring.
We commence to feed ensilage as soon as the grass begins to fail, We
feed about 20 pounds of ensilage to each cow twice a day. We also feed
wheat bran when we can buy it for $15 per ton or less. We keep hay in
a rack for cows to run to during the day. We are now feeding a little
shelled corn to our best cows. We have 40 winter pigs that follow the
cows to pick up the waste corn. In the spring the cows are turned ou
the grass when it gets good. We have two pastures, one for daytime
and another for night.

“I have two silos, one 16 feet in diameter and 34 feet deep, which
holds 100 tons. Another is 20 feet in diameter and 34 feet deep and
holds 200 tons. We commence to fill the silos as soon as the corn is fully
matured. I would rather have the corn too ripe than to have it too green.
We do not use anything but corn for ensilage. The corn is cut with a
binder and bound in small bundles, and is hauled to the silo on low-
wheeled wagons. Four wagons will haul the corn fast enough to keep

336 "MISSOURI AGRICULTURE REPORT.

a 16-inch ensilage cutter running, provided we do not have to haul the
corn too far. One man cuts bands and feeds the cutter, one man is in
the silo to tramp the ensilage and one man runs the engine. We have a
No. 16 Ohio ensilage cutter and cut the fodder one inch long. The
blower shells off the corn and tears up the fodder and makes better feed
than the old fashioned carrier and it is less trouble. We pump water to
supply the engine and wet the ensilage with a gasoline engine. We have
a tank of water near the cutter and keep a small stream running on the
fodder as it goes through the blower. Our stock has eaten 95 per cent
of the ensilage. We do not raise anything but corn, sorghum and grass
and our meadows are well set to clover. We tried cow peas and alfalfa
but failed with both. We feed shelled corn and bran to calves to make
up for butter fat taken out of the milk.

“We ship our butter to New York City. It is all made in one pound
bricks. In 1903 we made 10,667 pounds of butter from 43 cows and
received a net price of 22 cents per pound. In 1904 we made, from 46
cows, 11,572 pounds of butter for which we received a net price of 21
cents per pound.”

REPORT OF H. C. GOODRICH, CALHOUN, MO.

‘I send you herewith my figures representing my operations in dairy-
ing for the last year:

FEED FED COWS DURING YEAR.

rai WOLEM 2 4.10e'+shaaak Sok eae ai ate ede ee ee $426 05
ASSETS VOTE). 0 nJe'b ahd cs ave veto & eG \e cite ste in aes eh ee 54 00
PHASE WOTtAe oes one yee eK Ge cohpere os pote ee 100 00
Plceytid: LOGGERS yciviece wis 5 ¢ phan stelle 5 Adicts soos ely eee eee ae 276 72
Soyepeansastraw andoall.:. c::h cates veiiiws eg hime mins tase mea 25 oc
FASEUD Ge rateaia Wei i Jay atk x AIRS vo ahs RS fi ea te' ee rating ease, 2 tea” Penge aN 105 00

(OLA MOEA GOM'S went, stot bein « culate es, aa sian Gia bie $986 77

Per COW! aids 56 Mine nite Lt ee aes oa bos 5, > 0, 0 ph eee 30 83

HERD RECORD FOR 1902

Iititnber Of -cOWSs Teplice Ver gaeeeeea okies Ass. sso cee ee 32
Butter actually churned Ibs) per. COWL cs... eee eee oe 331

Cream and milk used in family amounting to lbs. butter per cow.

Total Ibs. bitter: pammeaw ws fl... Seah oe eee 335
Net price per 100 pounds, after deducting all expenses for pack-
apes atid marketing iar as ac ssn’ Joo wncaele nine wena $23 80

STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 337

PIMOUiE rECELVEd LOE sDUELEE Per seOW ee tae aicis.e = 16.0) oie are at unto 80 44
St. Ol TECH Ip COW. ere eaaE Re cele was oe & ais sickens 30 83
Ma kinerGr DUE at Si Cemesn Peis ais ste ia erates) lo © «= severe Ceehn «> IO 14

Fifteen per cent on money invested in cows to pay interest, in-
Surance=and: to, Keep up nerd (Per COW ss... 02. ae cet ae 750
The calves, skim milk and manure will pay for taking care of
herd, feeding and milking.

shigpale exMeNSes er: COW fcc ai cued aie.e ann serenade ele/ete's ean" $48 47
Leaving net profit per cow after all expenses are paid.......... 21 G7,

DISCUSSION BY MR. GURLER.

I want to say that from the examples given in these reports I judge
that there is bacteria enough in Misouri to inoculate the whole State with
dairying. Mr. Goodrich gives here a business like report. It cost him
$30.83 per cow to feed his herd and.from these 33 cows he made an
average of 331 pounds of butter per head, the cream and milk used in
the family amounting to 7 pounds per cow or a total average of 338
pounds per head. Now the net price received for the butter was 23.8
cents per pound, making the total amount received for each cow $80.44,
making a net profit, according to the above statement of $31.97 per
head.

This statement is entirely fair except the last item. Mr. Goodrich
has been unfair to himself and to his cows. The calves, the skim milk
and the manure will more than pay for taking care of the cows. Twelve
dollars per head will pay for that labor. It has done it for me in years
past, that is before I was putting so much labor into my work. Now the
calf certainly ought to be worth $2.50 when it is dropped. The skim
milk should be worth $ro per head. A fair estimate for the value of
the manure is $1.50 per ton for five tons per year for each animal, mak-
ing the manure worth $7.50 per head. Considering these items, Mr.
Goodrich gets right up to $40 net money per head, for the 32 cows, nearly
$1,300. This will show that some of your farmers are doing business.

I hope you will take this home with you and think about it and
realize that there is more room for improvement in dairying than in
any other line of business in this country.

Miscellaneous.

MISSOURI CHESTER WHITES.

The Missouri Chester Whites and the Missouri O. I. C.’s made a
fne showing for the State at the St. Louis World’s Fair. The Louisiana
Purchase Exposition management placed all Chesters in open competition
that were recorded in any of the four reputable Chester records, namely,

the O. I. C., the National, the Standard and the American. Four patrons _

of the O. I. C. record exhibited 70 head of stock, and one patron of the
National record exhibited 14 head. The O. I. C. record offered $710 in
special prizes, of which the Missouri breeders won about $500. ‘This
speaks for itself in saying that Missouri is long on O. I. C.’s. The National
record offered $900 in special premiums, but these were confined to
duplicating first prizes won in the open ring, and none of these were
awarded because their patrons failed to secure any first prizes, although
Missouri. Nationals considerably outranked those from other states.

For lack of space we omit mention of the special premiums awarded,
but on another page may be found the prizes awarded. by the World’s
Fair, and also the prizes awarded by the State of Missouri.

Of the Missouri exhibitors Judge L. L. Frost, Mirable; Dr. O. L.
Kerr, ndependence; Nunnelly Bros., Readsville, and C. M. Kerr, In-
dependence, are patrons of the O. I. C. record, while Mr. W. W. Walt-
mire, Raymore, is a patron of the National Chester White record. The
special prizes offered were of great assistance in getting out a good ex-
hibit.

From the three sets of prizes offered Judge Frost secured 71 ribbons
and $3,107.00 in cash, being a greater number of ribbons and more money
than was awarded any other Chester breeder in the world; while Dr.
Kerr was a close second. We present herewith cuts of a pair of Chester
Whites of special merit: Jackson Chief No. 4759, was farrowed May
IO, 1901, was bred by Judge L. L. Frost, Mirable, Missouri and sold
to M. L. Frost, Jackson Minnesota, when four months old. He is prob-

MISCELLANEOUS. 339

ably the greatest Chester White Boar ever produced counting constitu-
tional vigor and show ring qualities to be the standard of excellence.
The accompaning cut of this grand boar was made from a photograph
taken by Risk just as he was awarded the Grand Championship prize.
Judge Frost bought this hog back in January, 1904. His record in the
show ring while owned in Minnesota is as follows: As a pig in IgoI
he won first and sweepstakes over all breeds at the Jackson County,
Minnesota Fair. In 1902 and 1903 he won the same premiums at the
same fair, while in 1904 he was again in Missouri and shown at the
World’s Fair, where he won seven first prizes amounting to $758. He
is a never beaten Grand Champion Chester White of the world, and the
same in the O. I. C. ring.

Tutesy No. 8913, shown on another page, was farrowed September
3, 1902, and is from a litter of fourteen pigs. She was bred and is owned,
by Judge Frost. She was shown as a senior pig at the American Royai
im 1903 where she won first and championship prizes. Late in the spring
of 1944 she farrowed a litter of nineteen pigs, one of which (Royal
Dick No. 11,113) won 6th in the open ring, ist O. I. C. and first Mis-
souri special.

FEEDING HOLSTEIN DAIRY COWS AT THE WORLD’S FAIR.
(W. A. Cochel, Student Agricultural College.)

Aiter the Holstein-Friesian Association had declined to participate
in the dairy demonstration at the World’s Fair, three Missouri breeders,
Mr. M. E. Moore of Cameron, Mr. R. W. McGuire of St. Louis and Dr.
Geo. C. Mosher of Kansas City formed a company so that their favorite
breed would be represented. They selected a feeder of National reputa-
tion to take charge of their cows, but this man proved to be unsatis-
factory and was discharged on July 14th. The cows had made an aver-
age record of sixty-one pounds of milk per head daily during the first
ten days of the test, but had fallen to forty-two and eight-tenth pounds
on July 15th, when the writer took charge of them. At that time three
of the fifteen cows were “off feed” and of the remaining twelve over
half did not eat their feed with a relish. At the end of the test, ninety
days later they were giving fifty-one pounds per head daily.

System of Feeding.—Having made no provision for silage, the feeder
was forced to rely very largely upon soiling crops which, owing to the
unfavorable season, were not always of the best quality. Throughout
July green corn was used which had not yet come out in tassel, hence

340 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

Was very immature and carried a very ligh percentage of water. The
corn was cut into lengths of three to four inches. In addition to green
feed, alfalfa hay and grain were used. ‘Lhe grains fed consisted of Union
Distiller’s grains, corn meal, hominy teed, corn hearts, bran, oil meal,
cotton seed meal and gluten feed so mixed as to form a nutritive ration
Of 1:4.5 or 1:5.

The cows were given their first feed at 4 a. m., which consisted of
grain followed by green feed. ‘Then they were led out for exercise, after
which they were given all the hay they would eat up clean until nine
o'clock. Nothing further was fed until 11:30 a. m., when they were
given grain followed by another green feed. Nothing more was fed
until 6 p. m., when they received their third feed of grain followed by
green feed. Then they were given what hay they would clean up during
the night. Water was kept before them at all times. Salt was given
in the grain feed to the amount of two to three ounces per day. The
grain was mixed thoroughly with cut alfalfa hay before feeding so as
to give it more bulk and to force the cows to masticate it properly. One
cow was withdrawn from the test for seven days on account of sickness.
With this one exception no medicine, stimulants or condiments whatever
were given.

The average ration was about as follows: 19 pounds of grain, 50
pounds of green feed and ten pounds of dry hay per head per day. This
ration varied from day to day, governed by the appetite and condition
of the cow.

Cows No. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were entered in the dual purpose test,
hence were fed more heavily than they would have been for an economical
production of milk. In the dual purpose test cows were given credit for
the increase in live weight. Cows No. 7, 8, 10, 14 and 19 were tested in
May for entry in the advanced register. The extremely heavy feeding,
from 25 to 30 pounds of grain per day, no doubt acted as a handicap on
them during the long test.

Selection of the Cows—These cows were selected, as nearly all
cows are when bought for practical dairy work, that is, by outward ap-
pearances. ‘The larger part of them had never been tested, hence the
outcome was uncertain. It is a notable fact that the best two cows came
from a herd which has been bred up and improved by the use of the
scales and the Babcock test. In addition to this they have also been on
the show circuit for many years, always winning a goodly portion of
the ribbons.

a | a

341

MISCELLANEOUS.

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342 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

A careful study of the above table will show that the dual purpose
cows yielded an average of 6,148.1 pounds of milk, testing 200.66 pounds
of butter fat and 488.24 pounds of solids not fat. The special dairy cows
yielded an average of 6,542.9 pounds of milk, testing 229.49 pounds of
butter fat and 512.38 pounds of solids not fat. The difference in profit
in 120 days was $8.95 in favor of the special dairy cows. The profit
from the best cow during the test was $66.82. The profit from the poorest
cow during the test was $32, a difference of $32.82, while the difference
in cost of feed consumed was only $1.90. In other words, the profit on
one cow was more than twice as much as on the other with identical
care. Another fact brought out by the above table is that the best four
cows which consumed the greatest quantity of feed also returned the
greatest profit. The important lesson from this demonstration is the
value of individual merit which is based very largely on the capacity of
the cow, her disposition, her mammary system and her general constitu-
tion.

The best cow in the test was Shadybrook Gerben No. 20. As will
be seen from the table, she produced 8,101.7 pounds of milk or an aver-
age of 8.4 gallons per day testing 282.60 pounds of butter fat, equivalent
to 330.38 pounds of butter, or an average of 23-4 pounds of butter per
day. This cow has quite a remarkable record as she is twelve years
old and has traveled all over the United States as a show animal. She
has never been defeated in the show ring, nor has she met in her long
career a cow which could produce as much butter fat in the same length
of time. She is almost black, having very few white spots upon her, is
rather short-legged, very deep bodied, with large barrel, large and tor-
turous milk viens, a large well-balanced udder, good teats and has most
excellent handling qualities. She has an ideal disposition, is kind and
quiet, yet ever alert and active. She is a most excellent feeder, not rave-
nous but always ready to eat. During the test she never refused a meal
and would become impatient when the feeder began his work. She is of
the kind that makes men love cows.

Another cow worthy of notice is Jollie Johanna No. 8. She was bred
in New York, but bought for the St. Louis demonstration. She was
also a short-legged, deep-barreled cow, almost white in ‘color, with a
very deep body, excellent milk viens and nearly an ideal udder. She
was entered in the show ring at the World's Fair and awarded the Grand
Championship prize for females. This is quite remarkable when it is
considered that she had been in the test for ninety days when she ap-
peared before the judges and the award was made. She was also entereil
in the dual purpose test where she stood first in dairy performance and

MISCELLANEOUS. 343

second when the beef qualities of the cow and calf and dairy performance
were all considered.

The herd bull Sarcastic Lad was bred by the Michigan Agricultural
College and had proved himself one of the best sires in the United States.
He is a typical dairy bull, weighing 2,200 pounds, has the active, aggres-
sive dairy temperament, walks as if he owned the earth, but is easily
handled. He was entered in the show ring where he was awarded the
Grand Championship prize against very warm competition. He is very
deep-bodied, has large capacious barrel, excellent handling qualities, long,
level rump and is cut up in the twist very high. His shoulders are mas-
culine, his neck well-crested, withers thin and brisket rather low. His
front legs are set rather too close together.

Taking the results as a whole, they were very satisfactory. When
the conditions which the three breeders had to meet were considered and

just honor is due Missouri for producing the phenomenal cow Shady
Brook Gerben.

THE SUPERVISION OF THE COW DEMONSTRATION AND
SOME OF THE LSSONS TAUGHT.

(C. H. Hechler, Student of the Agricultural College.)

It may be of interest to those who have been reading the records
made during the dairy demonstration at the Louisiana Purchase Ex-
position to know how the observations were made and how the records
were kept. Upon the accuracy of these must, of course, depend the value
of the results obtained. This was a phase of the demonstration that
could not be delegated to the representatives of the different breeds.
The work had to be done by someone who had nothing to lose or win by
the outcome of the test. The management of the Exposition, upon the
request of the various breed associations represented, placed the matter
of supervision under a committee of the Association of Experiment Sta-
tions. Of this committee Prof. E. H. Farrington, Dairy Husbandman of
the Wisconsin Experiment Station, personally managed the supervision.

The detail work was done by a force of from nine to twelve men,
instructors and advanced students from various agricultural colleges.
Among these were four from the Missouri Agricultural College.

As visitors at the Exposition will remember, the cows were quartered
in three octagonal barns, the Shorthorns and Jerseys each occupying a
barn, while the Holsteins and Brown Swiss were in the same barn. In
each of these barns were stationed two of the supervising force, knowin

344 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

as “checkers.” It was the fortune of the writer to serve on the super-
vising force as one of these “checkers” throughout the demonstration. At
irregular intervals the men were transferred from barn to barn. Our
. work, in short, consisted in seeing that the rules laid down by the Super-
vising Committee were carried out and that the work in the barns was
done accordingly. This included the weighing of all the feed, fed to the
individual cows as well as the weighing and-sampling of their milk.
Whenever a weight was made it was at once carefully recorded with a
carbon copy, on blanks especially provided for the purpose. The work
of feeding and milking in the several barns was done according to a
strictly observed schedule prescribed by the Supervising Committee. The
day’s work began at four o’clock. At this time the cows in two of the
barns were fed. The daily ration of each cow was kept in an individual
feed box of convenient size to hold a day’s allowance of grain and cut
hay. Each cow in the demonstration had a barn number and in all the
work was referred to by it. This was painted on her stall and on her feed
box, as well as stamped on a brass tag attached to her horns or. suspended
about her neck. The hay was kept in a numbered, securely sealed bag.
The first work in the morning of the “checker” was to unlock each box
and break the seal of the corresponding bag. Then he must see that the
feed was given to the right cow. As soon as the animal was fed, her
box had to be re-locked and the hay bag re-sealed. This process was
repeated at 11:30 a. m. and 6:00 p. m. The ration for the entire day
was mixed and the ingredients weighed into the feed box under the eye
of one of the “checkers.” It was the duty of the “checker” to record
the weight of each of the ingredients of the feed and turn these in at the
central office. No feed could be cut without the presence of one of the
“checkers,” to see that nothing went into the feed but what was charged
to the cows. All feed and forage were kept in locked bins. At regular
intervals small samples of each of the feeds used in the barns were placed
in properly labeled bottles. These were sent to the Bureau of Chemistry,
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., where a
chemical analysis was made. The subjoined table gives the analysis of
the various feeds used during the first half of the demonstration.

MISCELLANEOUS. ; 345

TABLE +1:

Analyses of feeds used in Dairy Demonstration June 16-July 8.—Bureau of Chemistry,
Washington, D. O.

ARE ease len ee
= Bi 7 el al Dane ae
Le} 2 rer, Ta me
i) 5B S 99
Feed. H 2 2 = xe)
S 5 o Sle
= ° ro) se
S ray iS 4
pone °
5 ° oO
Bran—
BVM SO Vacate sce cls sete arora see areitiatele ef cjsiert fever wstata’o[o™ asta « 13.04 4.07 6.17 | 14.76 9.76 52.20
SHOEC HORS seals Moreen Sesser ove visle/s atevtte ofekasisie'=,s 12.86 5.32 6.44 | 14.07 9.26 | 52.05
ESR TANS Wi SSice le lotec tetatecsia oh arenereions-paeraversta cre terayele/era\'e .-| 16.59 2.83 6.47 13.41 11.48 49.22
Hominy Feed—
MHOEGHOED s face ca) ss oasis ~~ carob acoratcomceneas 9.25 8.02 2.77 10.23 4.48 65.25
Brown Swiss........ ee oe RE Oak, heey edhe LOL AG 9.10 3.67 9.86 5.04 52.17
Ground Oats—
LG US GCap ceca sucess eteiacs aps aia sjslats bre raytsa nin 2) olicle'wteiele 15.48 3.58 3.86 | 10.54 | 12.79 53.75
SHAG TELE) UO) 1 RAE oo ei or Se Mean ee MC AME aoc 14.44 4.79 3.89 9.53 | 10.12 57.23
Corn Hearts—
ELOISt INS si. 2s3 20 fer sas teh Oe co esr wes Mate Syaieaiorrcieeinrs 10.68 11.63 3293+) 1 14.60 47.86
ARERR ASA nae eR ariCe Se Or eee on idemeanaecheree 9.59 8.57 1.85 | 21.62 9.59 48.7
PS VO OM ete rare copsicre ons erste eee We rerrey he eevee rarekasey erate reie> tate .| 10.76 9.02 2.01 21.41 9.84 46.96
Gluten Feed— :
IBrOWMSWiISS.-c. <5. 2socsue Hadas aet aore te 10.08 4.41 2.16} 20.79 6.94 55.62
EURO YR eee Nee eee em te see ae ee ciaee et omar aly LOS OF 4.42 2.00 | 23.59 8.73 50.62
OUST OII evan ces cctirste me oiey cto sea eiareceinioia oiols.c seio/alslefsefe 1s aie 9.91 4.55 Z.2k 20.18 7.07 56.05
SHOMEHOrT Eee the eteroicre carters ee Sunita e arenes sie 9.71 3.20 1.86 | 25.62 6.19 53.42
Distillers Grains—
IETSC VA eet ere cae ere ae ena es tenis ese aire caiesi|f POSS Mee 237. 1.75 | 27.19 | 12.86 37.29
Union Grains—
ELOISE INS ae ee corse cists Sal Poe chars ee soar slcicaes soe! . | 10.84 7.80 3.98 | 26.23] 10.61 40.54
Malt Sprouts—
HSE O WSO NUASS cere seerae tte ioes is oie cisteieis 215.0 niaiejwialsisie ii ti ajeue = 16.02 95 8.26 | 20.29} 12.51 41.97
Corn Meal—
AGiTSS. Baesece ace jails js sasevaiel oisls enaiahe stateiete siePelcieteie(eleis.c cis: ciele 13.91 1.89 1.05 7.57 1.31 74.27
Oil Meal—
SHOGUHOEN cen. nos cece! ae eR OCnG no OER o enon tee IBSi a Tair 5.32 | 34.89 7.45 34.20
HEVOUS FELIS Ae stators Tee aes vse ete ne Toe sath ate leeitics Ns oleteldsolelaje 11.69 8.64 5.64 32.00 G.ot 34.66
WELSOYjnc =e 2 eee eee es otoe ere ere Meld ae ia(cere «hake 12.55 6.62 5.209 | 33.49 7.88 34.21
PROWESS WASS 6 soars meint es ewitia eles neice. ast gonewae. 11.94 6.19 5.63 | 32.68 7.91 | 35.65
Cotton Seed Meal—-
ESTO WINS WLS vispen.5 falctatercis erat-taeey (7-ralepie oes aoae!| alO=ASs 8.14 6.77 | 37.43 (fetes | aii
SSHONGHORII cise. te ccoc seine ocincicis ete. ain aisielestontovciatsee eee 9.81 9.49 6.69 | 40.82 7.24 | 25.90
AGS EN Aes amas Bbe See SOE ONDE aes Go Bh CRS He AICO 9.34 9.38 5.62 | 42.10 3.20 | 25.31

An inspection will show wide variations in tl:e feeding value of the
feeds placed on the market under the same name. It must in this con-
nection be remembered that the analyses were made of composite sam-
ples and represent the average composition of the feed for the respective
herds for a period of sixty days. Of course high values would counter-
act low ones. No doubt if we had the figures for the different lots of
feed bought from time to time, much greater variations would be notice-
able. SS

Let us examine some of the common feeds, as cotton seed meal.
Protein is the feed which the dairyman desires to purchase when he buys
such a concentrate as cotton seed meal. For our purpose, the term albu-
menoids in the table is equivalent to protein. We find the cotton seed

346 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

meal fed to the Brown Swiss herd contained 37.4 per cent albumenoids and
that fed the Jerseys 42.1 per cent, or a difference of 4.7. In other words,
on an average, one lot of cotton seed meal contained an eighth more al-
bumenoids than the other. On the other hand, we find that the Jersey
cotton seed meal contained only 25.3 per cent nitrogen free extract or
carbo-hydrates, while that fed the Brown Swiss ran to 29.75 per cent,
or a difference of 4.44 per cent or more than one-sixth more fat and
energy-forming food. A comparison of the corresponding figures for
the gluten feed shows that the gluten feed fed to Shorthorns contained
approximately one-fourth more of albumenoids and one-fifteenth less
nitrogen free extract than that fed to the Holsteins. It might be added,
however, that the former was also lower in ether extract or fat. We
shall call attention to one other such a difference. In the case of “corn
hearts,’ we find the most marked discrepancy, the per cent of albumenoids
in that fed to one herd being only half of that fed to the other two herds.
None of the feeds used contained any mysterious principle. They were
all common feeds, available to any feeder. We find that the bran used
was lower in feeding value than our standard figures, as reported by
the United States Department of Agriculture, and the ground oats did
not nearly come up to the average standard. If this is ‘true of our two
commonest feeds when bought for demonstration purposes,.there is per-
haps much ground for the charge often made that dairy feeds often fall
below the standard in nutriment.

At four o’clock milking began. In each barn there were from three
to five milkers. To aid in proper supervision, the cows were arranged
in a semi-circle about a central elevated plattorm from which a good
view of the barn could be obtained. Here the milk was received by one
of the “checkers”? while the other saw that the milk buckets were empty
when a milker began to milk a cow, and that the milking was properly
done. When a milker had finished milking a cow, he brought the milk
on to the platform where it was poured into a sample bucket, which was
of uniform diameter, and weighed on a spring balance. After recording
the weight, a sample. was taken by means of a “milk-thief” or tube of
uniform diameter. ‘To secure enough milk to make a lactometer reading,
and at the same time avoid dipping more than once, the ordinary com-
mercial “milk-thief’’ was discarded for one of greater diameter. The
uniform shape of the sample bucket and “milk-thief” insured an accurate
sample. Samples of morning, noon and evening milk from each cow were
placed together in pint sample jars. Each jar was tagged with the barn
number of the cow. These jars were locked in a compartment case, and
once each day were sent to the laboratories to be tested. The samples

MISCELLANEOUS. 347

were kept sweet by placing in each jar about half a gram of potassium
dichromate.

In the laboratory, which was located at the Model Dairy in the
Agricultural building, two tests were made of all the samples, the per-
centage of fat being determined by means of the Babcock test and the
other solids by means of a lactometer reading. All tests were performed
in duplicate; each set being conducted independently by two chemists.
I‘rom the laboratory, the per cent readings of fat and solids not fat were
sent to the offices. Multiplying these by the total milk yield in pounds
for the corresponding day gave the production of each member of the
herds. Unlike the test at Chicago, butter was not churned during this
demonstration, all calculations being based on the amount of butter fat
and estimated butter, making allowance for over-run and loss in skim-
ming and churning. The assumed over-run was seventeen per cent, or
one hundred pounds of butter were allowed for every eighty-three pounds

of butter fat. The loss due to skimming and churning was placed on a
3 graduated basis, more being deducted for poor milk than rich milk.

Awards were made in three classes:

Class A.—‘‘For the demonstration of the economic production of
butter fat and butter.’’ The estimated butter was valued at 25 cents per
pound. This class was entered by 25 Jerseys, 15 Holsteins and 5 Brown
Swiss.

Ciass B.—“For the demonstration of the economic production of
The butter fat was valued at 30 cents per pound
and solids not fat at 3 cents per pound. This test was entered by 25
Jerseys, 25 Shorthorns, 15 Holsteins and 5 Brown Swiss.

Class C_—“For demonstration of all products of the cow.” In this
test 40 per cent was allowed for dairy products, 35 per cent for the meat
making indications of the cows, and 25 per cent for the calves, judged
on the beef basis. The products were valued as follows: Butter fat
30 cents per pound, solids not fat 3 cents per pound and gain or loss in

’

milk for all purposes.’

live weight of cows 4 cents per pound. This test was entered by 25
Shorthorns, 5 Holsteins and 5 Brown Swiss.

Awards in classes A and B, were made in the following manner:
Fach cow was credited with the dairy products that the books showed
that she had given, according to the values given above. From this was
deducted the value of her feed according to the appended table. ‘Tire
difference gave the net profit due her, and the size of the net profit .l¢-
termined her comparative standing in her class,

348 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

TABLE II.

All feeds were charged to the individual cows according to the following tables of values.

Price per ton.

Feed.
First Sixty | Second sixty
days. days.

AN Salta Way ccccctices eset eee erase ee EOE Ore a ee $6 50 $7 50
GIGVERUAY a. acca es cone ona aelacicee See icce Seal ee cae cepa eleerd oe | 6 00 7 00
Corn silage.. SaaS ES oceneeator a Salas ape nee eerie we 2 00 2 50
Green CUPClOVer. ic: so Gbsesstasslssswiss cejetbocscsers ais entawre ee 3 00 3 00
GreeOnIGUhiCOrn:. oho. . oi deon sees Gok oon otek teeeeerlieacion cedesen sees 2 00 2 50
GECONIOAS ANG PONS... cco san cice ve cn wele dics cinisicisicn| ceric cone neierlac meats 2 50 3 50
Oorni Mma eas. hes siachissee as toierers's wien Dao = ofS oe a Hee eee 15 00 - 20 00
PLATE Re ce) cate otatee Soke cninn nccrciaewis, cicaiiala vio alae De ANAS ae faeteta aN SCPE Oe 15 00 18 00
PROMI FEOM Foc ois oem loininsate on verwiciaciefenies mcieieeac lenis enlep clonic meeiemensial= 12 50 18 00
CeCe oes eRe Rs cecaw. vad coon Pace ee oe eee 24 00 24 00
ATSC CO ANCA soc since inn scm sinister“ aie s Sate atop atelsrorolt foe Sree 25 00 26 00
MQPEMITIO GAGS § oss. ccias clote.s sic, qereieiatoya + cls aw sooner ecw ole elo oeelniet ee oe lee omen as 22 00 20 00
POM CODES. Bede. otieleafa ccs coms s.c cw cincswe bac caitenie sam Meclneeicn eomeaemes 36 00 36 00
Galen Teed 2... 52.20 Nae. cclescae MS i aaiaseeicie ore isted wlotale ae erate ats ioe ey ree 16 00 20 00
DESAI EKS 2 PLAIN soc core crore c o'sisieiscinslele silo tie steisiesioreeiseueisinele cme ole Seinmicrrele 24 00
LOR cu soy crs fr Bet ren een bk Moen ICRO SOE COGE emer Orc Or monance c econtcacrnci a ciccs 17 00 20 00
Wise T piey GDI eS sapeoop Soncopcaceedoncneocu spas onda anode aon oS sH5e 19 00
MAIEISDEOULS ccc ratinened aerate aie tal Jelsteie Aisle wosenie tee eto taste ateemme ne 10 00 18 U0
Oorn hearts for Shorthorus and JerseyS..... ........--sscsececcsces: 16 00 20 00
Oormphearts FOr PLOWS teins ire se ciccs-cjs slop clstsioie's o,crarselesalo a wetysiacice sanonewia 12 50 1s 00

The table of values for the first sixty days was established before
the beginning of the demonstration by the representatives of the various
breeds. Before the beginning of the second sixty days the supervising
committee decided that the values found in the second half of the table
were more nearly an average of the market values for all parts of the
country. Throughout the whole test the feeders were permitted to feed
whatever feed thy desired in such quantities as in their judgment would
produce the most economical results.

The two “checkers” were assisted in their work by the Jefferson
Guards, three shifts of these being on duty during the twenty-four hours.
They were under strict orders not to leave the barn or permit the cows to
be fed except at the prescribed time. They also saw that strangers did
not enter the stalls of the cows. ;

The question that naturally presents itself to our minds is, “what
are the practical lessons to be learned from the test?” The first is, use
good cows. No other kind will, at any price of feed, net the best returns.
It is a trite saying but no less true that this kind of a cow requires little
more actual work in her care than one which is being kept at an actual
loss. True, the cows in the demonstration were selected individuals,
but a large proportion of them came from small working herds. Al-
though Missouri does not boast of being a strictly dairy State, it is
worthy to note that seven cows came from Missouri herds and it is not

MISCELLANEOUS. 349

unfair to assume that there were others among the herds of the State
which, had they freshened at the right time, would have done equally as
well. If these could be produced and developed on Missouri soil, others
equally as good can be.

Of course many of the details of the work, as done in the test, are
not applicable to practical dairying, but the principles hold good, and
many of the methods are the same that have been used to build up suc-
cessful herds. The only way that a man can build up a herd in produc-
tion is to know what his cows are doing. The only way to determine
whether a cow is yielding a profit or not is to know how much her keep
costs and what her product is worth. The scales played an important
part in obtaining this information. The cow’s feed should be weighed
at intervals to furnish a fairly accurate estimate of the amount of feed
which she consumes; but more important is the weighing of the milk.
Do not trust your judgment. Of all the milkers in the test, some of whom
have had twenty years’ experience in the milking and weighing of milk,
not one could guess the yield of a cow at a milking to a pound. This
may seem close, but the doubtful pound is the one that counts. Particu-
larly is the total yield for any period of value to the feeder in compound-
ing the ration. A slump of a few pounds is a warning to him that the
machine is not running smoothly. Perhaps the limit of the cow’s capacity
has been reached, or if she has been steadily on the same combination of
feeds, he is warned that she is tiring of them, and that her system de-
mands a change. On the other hand, the effect of a gradual addition
of any feed can best be determined by the resulting milk flow. It is
impossible to remember the small amounts by which each of a large
number of cows in the herd varies from day to day, and finally the record
becomes of particular value when it extends over a long period of years,
forming, as it does, a basis for breeding operations.

The Babcock test is, of course, the most convenient way +o deter-
mine the yield of butter. Of course the test need only be made at regular
intervals, as once a week, or even once a month. To show that these
methods are practicable we need only mention the fact that four of the
Missouri herds represented in the demonstration have been built up by
judicious use of the scales and the Babcock test. It is also of interest
to note that three of these herds have been successful in the leading show
yards of the country during the past decade. From this it appears that
high production is by no means absent in prize-winning herds.

The greatest lesson for the dairyman taught by this test is that he
must study his cows not as a breed, or as a herd, but as individuals. No
breed has the monopoly on all good cows. When one cow makes 330

350 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

pounds of butter in 120 days and another only 143 pounds, it is apparent
that individuality counts even in selected herds.

During the 120 days the best cow gave a net profit of $67.75, while
the poorest cow gave a profit of only $21.85. It is apparent that if one
would receive the maximum profits, he must work with the individual
cow as a unit.

AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK Sia List ies
CROP REVIEW, 1904.

The crop season of 1904 was one of the most unfavorable in the
history of the State. During the greater part of the season for planting
and cultivating the crops, the weather was cold, and there was a great
excess of rainfall which prevented cultivation and growth, and we con-
sider it remarkable that we have produced as much as we have under
these unfavorable conditions. The wet season prevented planting a full
acreage of spring crops, and the total acreage under cultivation for 1904
was considerably below the average.

CORN.

Corn is the great staple in Missouri, usually representing a value
greater than all other farm crops combined. This year the corn crop is
estimated to be worth $73,476,280, which is approximately 48 per cent
of the total value of all farm crops. The acreage was reduced for the
present year 6 per cent. In a few counties in the extreme southeastern
and northeastern sections a good yield of corn was produced, but in all
other portions of the State the yield was below the average. All flat,
wet lands suffered from the excessive rains and only on well drained or
sandy soils was there anything like good crops. The poorest yields by
counties was in the western portion of the State, and in that section in-
cluding Jackson, Pettis, Johnson, Cass, Henry, Bates, Vernon, and St.
Clair counties. Much of the crop was planted very late but the fall was
very favorable and practically all the crop matured without damage
from frost.

Where the World’s Corn Crop Grows.—The United States produces
upon an average approximately 75 per cent of the total corn crop of the
world. Of the remaining one-fourth, Europe produces about three-
fourths or about 19 per cent of the world’s crop. A small amount of corn
is raised in Mexico and a very little in Africa, Canada and Australia.

The five-year average for the world is approximately 2,700,000,000

STATISTICS. ae}

bushels. The five-year average for the United States is approximately
2,031,000,000 bushels.

These five states, viz.: Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Ne-
braska, produce on an average 39 per cent of the corn crop of the world
and 51 per cent of the corn produced in the United States.

Where Missouri Ranks.—For the same five-years period, 1899-1903,
inclusive, the State of Missouri has produced 6 per cent of the total
world’s corn crop, 8 per cent of the total crop of the United States and
16 per cent of the total produced by the five corn states named.

Missouri's Yield is High.—The following table compiled from the
Year Book, Department of Agriculture, for the years 1902, 1903 and 1904
shows that Missouri outranks, in yield per acre, all the great corn states
except Illinois. Missouri produced for the three years named, an average
yield of five bushels more per acre than Kansas; 2.2 bushels more than
Nebraska; 1.7 bushels more than Iowa. If the corn acreage of the
mineral belt of Missouri could be eliminated and only the corn belt of
the State considered, this State would take first rank.

CORN YIELD PER ACRE.

From Year Book Department of Agriculture.

| Average
State. 1902 1903 1904. for 3
years
Uililing ois Meseenterstccaciee otic ais Pee ein cee ae izaa daca aes 38.7 32,2 BG. Deel 35.8
|
LOT FRR Hs do. ee ae ett See. 5 pe | ee ee re | 30.8
METS © URE palste te aie sistas {edie aiatrtentess ieleraisiss sieeve Ba\l) wee ee, 32.4 26.2 32.5
UD ERES CL Co S08 ce ae | 32.3 Aiea |e ieee 30.3
ERS AS Peete ses sarees oie ston Cason oss. vee sateoeen 29.9 reste Ihe ane 25.5
Wihole: WinitediStates sci2,.1 ac scsanecrc2<secaanceecen ets 26.8 25.5 26.8 26.3

Can You See These Figures?—Missouri produced in 1go2 an aver-
age of 39 bushels of corn per acre for the whole State, a higher yield
than any of the corn states for any year of the period mentioned.

Missouri's Acreage Too Low.—The total corn acreage of the State
in the above comparison is taken from the Year Book of the Department
of Agriculture. The report of the State Board of Agriculture shows a
much larger acreage. From the Year Book of the Department of Agri-
culture 1896, page 559, we find that Missouri is credited for that year
with a corn arcreage of 6,546,987, while in 1904, eight years later the
State is credited with only 5,783,307 acres, a decrease of 763,680 acres,
or nearly 12 per cent, notwithstanding that during that period there has

352 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

been a considerable acreage of timbered lands in the State put into culti-
vation, and in the southeast part of the State a large acreage of swamp
lands has been drained and is now in cultivation, most of it in corn. The
acreage for the crop of 1904, as estimated by the State Board of Agri-
culture was 6,646,790 acres, which is more than 14 per cent above the
Government estimate. Compared with the Government estimate for the
year 1896, however, the acreage, as estimated by the Board of Agricul-
ture, is only about one and one-half per cent greater, which is a very
small increase for the eight years.

HAY AND FORAGE.

The crop second in importance based on value, is hay and forage.
The most important hay grass is timothy. Farmers generally have grown
timothy mixed with red clover and the clover greatly increases the feed-
ing value of the hay. Under hay and forage is included timothy, red
top, clover, alfalfa, sorghum when raised for forage, millet, cowpeas, etc.
The total acreage in hay and forage was 3,335,780 acres and the total
product was 5,177,650 tons, valued at $32,958,175.

W HEAT.

The wheat crop made an excellent showing and promised much more
than an average yield until a few days before harvest, when on account
of wet weather many fields were badily infested with rust or blight, and
ihe final yield for the State was very unsatisfactory and the quality gen-
erally poor, only a small per cent of the crop was good enough to grade
number two. The yield in some fields would be good with good quality,
while in adjoining fields the crop would be almost ruined with the rust.
The average yield per acre for the 2,444,760 acres harvested was II.1
bushels, which is 2.5 bushels per acre more than the average yield for
1903.

The estimated acreage seeded for the crop of 1905 is 2,383,280, which
is about 7 per cent less than the crop seeded the year before, but it is
less than 3 per cent below the acreage that was harvested in 1904. The
crop has suffered from drouth to the greatest extent in the southwestern’
section. ‘There has probably never been a season when good preparation
of the soil showed to a greater extent than it does this year. Where the
land was thoroughly prepared and the wheat sown reasonably early, the
crop does not show much damage, although it has not made much top
erowth. The average condition for the State on December Ist was only
73, which is twelve points below the average condition one year previous. |

Grand Champion Jack, ‘“‘Orphan Boy,’’ 696, bred and owned by L. M. Monsees & Sons, Smithton, Missouri,
the most successful breeders of jack stock in the world. They won 70 premiums at St. Louis, 1904.

STATISTICS. 353

Where the World’s Wheat Crop Grows.—An average wheat crop of
the world, taking the five-year period, 1899-1903 as a basis, is approxi-
mately 2,927,000,000 bushels. ‘This makes the total wheat crop of the
world 227,000,000 bushels more than the corn crop for the same period.
Of this grand total of the wheat crop, the United States produced an
average annual yield of 625,000,000 bushels, or approximately 21.5 per
cent. Missouri for the same five years, taking the estimates of the United
States Department of Agriculture, produced approximately 4% per cent
of the total crop of the United States, or about one per cent of the total
crop of the world.

The following table gives the average annual wheat crop of the
leading wheat producing countries of the world, together with time of
harvesting, for the five-year period 1899-1903:

Average annual

Country. Time of harvest. yield bushels.
[DIGESTS SVR RSS c oo Seocioo ep adda CoC Oona Taree ined ates, di Asocceaecen 625, 000, 000

ae { Northern, October ~
PIMPLES ST Abacos Serre rae he Ae teh akaaTe aio oe ED we eee } Southern, July.... 541,497, 000
ECON rates a es lemcnie ee laneaels aces teeigeessictsis Sullivan scetice ats: ees 338 ,975, 000
ES TUDLS Mag Merh Oleh erste aictarelepeelctasin ea tase lost ee.<aiares ero February... <:-.:-:--- 249, 095, 000
this livanmemrcR Pee cteetctee taee. a corictic votole oae bce Sale <b xidierei Gers ADA Se tcc se on Boke 151, 380, 000
AUTEN Bate dere tereva ass aeaere ou ocoeeea esr Sel Gao teeea ee Ail n Gen pees C CATS CET 147, 853, 0C0
Genmanyerr se sstatet., teceta «doc secssbeiax = ae cbse asace ASE USt See ae seco 129, 653, 000
SIO coc one: awe aa oon OOH RPI O EEE: ae Seas ae ee Tike Berk errrs © Soneee He 105, 606, 0C0
AE SOUGheARM eri Gay spun eee eres nce ee ta sas eiotios tear Nov., Dec.. Jan... 105, 594, 000

i North, Mar.. Ma) =

DUET Cae see ne ieon cert ee 3acnd eal jigonthe Nonouber. 45,915, 000
LAN STUENIIB IST Vio) iene ie cB CREE oo RE Dae Recer Hace ee HATE c\ oso nteeesaecunes 45, 459, 000

Missourt’s Wheat Belt——Most of the counties bordering on the Mis-
sissippi and Missouri rivers grow considerable areas of wheat. A group
of counties including Jasper, Newton, Greene, Dade, Barry and Christian,
all in the extreme southwestern part of the State, grow a large acreage
of wheat. Johnson county also has a large acreage. Lawrence county,
in the southwest, grows a larger acreage of wheat per square miles than
any county in the State, and St. Charles county, in the eastern part of
the State, is second in the acreage per square mile.

OATS.

Only a few counties in the State grow more oats than are used at
home. As a rule oats are not a paying crop in Missouri on account of
the damage caused by rust. The crop is raised to get in the necessary
rotation and because oats are excellent for balancing up other rations.

A—23

354 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

The crop this year was damaged from the same causes that damaged
the wheat crop. The acreage harvested this year was only 694,190 and
the average yield for the State 21.7 bushels per acre compared with an
acreage of 755,800 and an average yield of 23.5 bushels per acre in 1903.

FLAX.

The cultivation of flax in Missouri was largely brought about to
get a crop that could not be damaged by chinch bugs. The acreage sown
to flax for the last few years has been greatly reduced, and it has not
generally been a profitable one. Most of the flax is raised in a few of
the western counties, Bates and Vernon being the largest producers in
the State. The total acreage for the State has fallen to 24,790, and the
total yield for this year is estimated at only 144,855 bushels.

COTTON,

That the quality of the cotton grown in Missouri is of the very best
is proved by the fact that the only bale of Missouri cotton exhibited at
the World’s Fair at St. Louis received a grand prize for its high stand-.
ard of excellence. The exhibit was made by Mr. W. N. Burns of Gib-
son, Dunklin county.

The State produced in 1904 on 74,988 acres a total yield of 24,45r,~
690 pounds of lint cotton, valued at $2,272,660. Dunklin county pro-
duced 60 per cent of the total for the State. It may not be generally
known, but it is true, nevertheless, that in quality and length of fiber
and average yield per acre, southeast Missouri excels the other states of
the Union.

For more detailed information concerning the acreage, yield and
value of the crops produced in 1904 reference is made to the following
pages giving statistics by counties.

THE FRUIT CROP, 1904.
(L. A. Goodman, Secretary Missouri State Morticultural Society.)

The fruit crop of the State of Missouri for the year 1904 was a
light one. Owing to the late frosts and the cold east rains during the
blooming time of the apple and peach, these crops were cut very short.
The injury to the strawberry crop was very light and this crop turned|
out to be a full one. All the strawberry districts of South Missouri,,

a

about Neosho, Peirce City, Marionville, Sarcoxie, in Howell and Greene:

STATISTICS. 355

counties, through Webster, Wright and Texas counties, we find that the
crop was a full one and taxed the refrigerator car lines to their utmost
to handle them in season. About 1,500 car loads of strawberries were
sent from these districts during the summer, each car containing 600
crates of 24 boxes each.

Strawberry growing is getting to be one of the great industries
of our State, and Southwest Missouri is now known all over the United
States as one of the largest, if not the largest district for the growing
of strawberries. The crop of the State will bring, and does bring, two
and one-half million dollars each year. The largest acreage in straw-
berry fields is to be found in Missouri, and this is the third in the list
of fruits, apples coming first and peaches next.

The apple acreage has grown more rapidly than that of any other
State since the Government Report of 1900 was made, showing Mis-
souri with over twenty million trees, five million more than any other
State. Since that time the increase has been more rapid than ever and
today ewe have twenty-four million apple trees in orchards. While New
York is far ahead of us in value of orchard products at the present time,
yet when all the orchards now planted come into bearing, we shall be
far in the lead of any of our sister states. The apple crop for the year
has been a light one and yet has brought to our apple growers some-
thing like four million dollars. A full crop would bring to the State
twenty million dollars.

The peach orchards have kept pace with the apple orchards and
we find that Missouri is fast becoming the peach district of the United
States. The crop of peaches last year was one of the smallest for years,
and yet we find the crop a half million dollars in value. A full crop
would bring four million dollars.

The number of trees now in orchards has so increased that Mis-
souri will soon occupy the first place among all the states in peach
orchards, as it does now in apple orchards.

Apples, peaches, strawberries and grapes are the four great fruits
of the State. The vineyards along the Missouri River hills and on the
top of the Ozark Mountains are increasing year by year, and a large
portion of the fruit is made into wine. Many millions of pounds are
sold in the markets of the State, but no great quantity is shipped out as
in the case of the apple, peach or strawberry. Only an estimate can
be given as to the value of the grape crop, because so many are made
into wine, but a million dollars would no more than cover the full grape
crop of the State.

The other berries, the cherries, plums, pears, and all other fruits

356 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

do so well in nearly all parts of the State that Missouri is becoming
noted the world oyer as the great fruit State of the Union.

At the great St. Louis Faiy, Missouri occupied more than double
the space of any other State, and the results show how well we kept
up the exhibit. During the season we showed six hundred and forty
varieties of fruits of twenty-two different kinds, and forty-eight kinds
of nuts. This wonderful display used over one hundred thousand
plates of fruits during the seven months. Our awards were justified,
surely : ;

Three grand prizes. (One for extent of exhibit, one for beauty
of installation, one for educational features of the exhibit.)

Twenty-two gold medals.

One hundred and fifty silver medals.

One hundred and ninety bronze medals.

The above samples of corn were shown at Steedman Institute. All the corn was
planted after June 20 and yielded from 40 to 75 bushels per acre. Courtesy of Jas. O. Erwin.

STATISTICS, 357

CORN, HAY AND FORAGE.

Table giving acreage, average yield per acre and total product of corn, and hay and
forage by counties for the year 1904.

Corn | Hay and forage.
teense We go
@ =e op 3 a
L & © 25 w 5
, She Sel ; ies
= 2 ~= : Sy
5 | Q | +a,
3 Zo Pg Sc
= Bast 7 § H Be
Bide Cences ae eae ice dd oe nah Sicls pwubes duteled | 6, 646, 790 | 26.2 | 173,867,460 3, 335, 784 5, 177, 650
County.
REE A aterat SS Rac tse 8 Sawa Se ate Sate esas .58,670 | 30 1,760, 100 65,645 98, 62.5
PUTTER EMO s ooo ck ok eee Sade os acne eka ee ° . 112,100} 21 2.354, 100 57,946 85, 760
PTIERBESW Son as See ne ne sae Oe en oe ecw ieate bane sis 77,695 | 24 1,864,680 || 30,471 52,105
PBUCMISOTM es cen aes Savion Some tease pec aetieeeehe 157,405 | 31 4,879,555 || 17,881 30,575
IBBEN Yee) ost ceases se vcks Seen coeisie oeajamete tine 51,415 | 30 1,542, 450 || 13, 942 20,355
Barton....... SER ee ie tote ee Se aeis e's Suenees ae 88,660 | 19 | 1,684,540 29, 756 43, 445
EE EC Sooo oe tee ons oer as Seen ee bce shew nOeh s 132,630 | 12 1,591, 560 67,589 98, 680
IBGRGOM ey Saat c seca eee ee Seek cancins int aide Seite } 54,440 | 20 |. 1,088,800 27,103 46,075
BOUIN. OR Ses = ots te Jace te Sos bares Ae te Salateeares sc 31,385 | 28 878, 780 11,324 15, 855
BODO ea Seo e as os eee een Soe, cae esos 81,225 | 26 2,111, 850 || 48,713 82,810
THGITe Chr dea co eons Eee San ene ames } 61,665 | 26 1, 603, 290 20 ,607 35, 340
ERIRGN@ eget ee oe ert cee eniac os as ee Socie ces 23,565 | 29 683, 385 6, 601 9,240
|
Opldiwieliess2 48 soso cn. 35 2 dese cs Street ce sas 78,220 | 24 | 1,877, 280 45, 057 77,045
COR LLE TEA 52 foe irae MR eens GES oae ae eae 75,910 | 25 1, 897, 750 51, 435 87, 440
Oarneeringtat seen cso Sena Os Bibs cess, seeceeees 30,855 | 25 771, 315 11,396 19,370
CapenGamerd Cats a sen cose sl aden eve e ances 34,495 | 40 1,379, 800 20,539 28, 755
(CATE OU se caiesstoe WISSeOcDORE Oe Ones 130,540 | 22 2, 871,080 49,079 83,925
GETiR och AuW CAR, Beebe coer ar ne nee eee 10,775 | 25 268, 875 2,322 3, 250
DAS Sr ere oe te eee ee nacsiije code od de 106,170 | 12.5) 1, 723,125 || 61,148 89,275
3 CO Cee 61,125} 15 | 766,875 |, 18, 390 26, 850
67,790 | 27 | 1, 827, 630 55, 597 94,515
43,430 | 30 1,302,900 | 13, 780 20,120
79,335 | 43 | 3,411, 405 47,880 70, 865
66,170 | 27 | 1, 786.590 20, 465 35, 490
85,850 | 25 2, 146, 250 37,038 63, 335
24,720 | 31 766, 320 17, 286 29, 285
75,140 | 33 2,479, 620 24,618 41, 850
28,915 | 22 636, 130 | 12, 997 18,195
63,885 | 24 1, 533, 240 16, 967 24,77
41,040 | 27 1,103, 080 19, 165 32,580
; 95,125 | 24 2, 283, 000 5A, 415 96, 470
SGA Dy sarvcn sees ha catebeias tea oko sc Ok ode 92,820 | 23 2, 134, 860 41, 535 71,195
[OTST Soe Ee eee We eae te ee ae 29,320 | 27 791,640 16, 131 22, 585
Douelasinceceaics- See O aanpe Tavs Aeaaieele 5:5 40,300 | 29 1, 168, 700 13, 251 19,345
DD APIGN ET ries Se ae oan oe Perl patn StaT Sieh lac icls sate 42,240 2 1,351, 680 5,000 7,000
Iie Tal anh AS CA eee ee See ee ee D 46,955 | 22 1,033,010 23, 888 33,445
|
GASCONAAC. aneetin. eshte sae oe ee oereden ate 21,880 | 21 459, 480 12, 456 17, 440
GOHGRY os sence ste toss Soc oo ee eres Forsictets a(atets alate 86,345 | 22 1,899,590 | 52, 495 90,535
GREECE ere e aoe ae Sn as eee Sek so 72,675 | 35 2,543, 625 26,405 38, 550
Grundy.22.. aa Weialola.e/<iataaloiniwieictaein cralst= ote o.cfhke <x 65,815 | 30 1, 974, 450 5a, 462 94,840
IVARRISOMS Vales asaa coca se eee A cee eae cl 124,875 | 35 4, 370, 625 80, 255 137, 235
EEGTER Yo soei-o coe fos ea eee toes 103,575 | 17 1,760,775 * 45,430 66, 330
ERIGE OLY .s-.sce0 see Tl lnelaatan alstoig Tosco Sistas rock 37,225 | 17.5 651, 440 16,180 27,505
HOlGte sa oceeian. waipieVeleiseee Sascieels oA: wcie acc 86,380 | 22 1, 910, 260 11,373 19, 450
18 Gh TU aes en eed Be rose Paper bee Meeks § 42,975 | 36 1,547,100 || 27,243 46,315
TYOWEH Soa. boas ees, cab Poe echo eesti 43,870 | 22 865, 140 12, 947 18,125
PROV fase ae ie Bhs le vise leWaadigeleiesnoee: Ba 12,825 | 22 282, 150 || 8, 684 12,160
DAC SOM operate cerewetoeraetolccie de See ee. 100,735 | 25 2,518, 375 | 42,175 72, 120
|
JASDCE sce os wee en weee| cae geeane Ase ed 67,190 | 32 2, 150, 080 18,171 26,530
Jefferson ...... RAE Dinka sie os eilasieee eee cee aeits as 40,135 | 35 1, 404, 725 || 20, 138 28, 195
elise ae, rl so) ic kee od ee ao 98,380 | 21 2,065,980 | 54.971} ~ 80,260
RONG RH epee rests iekuszessee Suse. acteeeee. 57,580} 30 | 1,727,400 || 58, 460 86, 520

358 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CORN, HAY AND FORAGE—Continued.

Corn | Hay and forage.
Ben leek Lemme 5 ae
¢ |ss| 5 @ os
3 © is Bee = Beg
aE ee ae
5 ts om se
rc macy she] Le]
, ze a= 78 : 22
County.
TiaClede =: casxeanece caer aeieis xpi cis =e sieee anette’ > 35,455 | 28 992, 740 24,109 40, $85
WIAA VRULe eer tee sie alan cele ane aecins moetetinas 111,210'| 31 3,447,510 35,071 59, 970
Wa WTOC. Oe taaine coc boosie etacs tos ere tees 53,740 | 30 1,612,200 13, 062 19, 070
WO Wisin ood. cuentas cnt eens chee es wach 49,930 | 34 1, 697, 620 48,188 71,320
Tincoine ens: A eS ON Tate oe AL eo e 63,340 | 30 1. 900, 200 20,978 31,045
AI ahi ef rae meet Acee ss Baictin eee eee 76, 27 32 2,440,800 81, 928 121,255
AB inal sy +25) 100) Wao te Seen GOB EES: BOLO ABE A mer cone 86,795 | 32 2,777, 440 50, 653 86,615
MeCDOTRIGS ees ett ee Bese eee 26,405 | 25 660, 125 8, 706 12,710
WCKC(G) tS nein =" O Anes Sam gee AOA Ean eer ind cee ogs= 80,080 | 30 2,402, 400 82,520 122, 130
WV E Sin ri 8035 beet one atelet cae sae cies hme ‘ 15,160 | 28 424, 480 10,780 15, 090
Miawieg ys. + Sie cuae fh. Beri es pee Mees 26,970 | 22 593, 340 12, 192 20,725
NESTON Nocti emai across asiecere secretieae cee eee ie 49,220 | 30 1,476,600 29, 989 44,385
IMIGHCOP oct hi sdrcs ands shale eeu cece foes ee 57,675 | 33 1, 903, 27 58, 632 100, 260
ILLS Tee SRE oye) eg serapar ais Ate Ree 32,305 | 25 807, 625 16, 631 28, 275
Mississippi 38,385 | 35 1 339, 975 4,469 255
Moniteau....... Rmiet 40,760 | 32 it, 304, 320 25, 506 43, 360
WWONTOG reac aelcicn hoe cots nee cc esses che muradies A . 84,130 | 28 2,355, 640 54,159 80, 155
Montgomery 68,850 | 20 1, 377,000 27,579 40,815
OT Ril ers ee ee Ae eee ae eee deere VAL P-7¢ 1,011, 285 23, 523 39, 990
ING wihlad nid) tea, ais. eRe Rebus cen) cee 40,900 | 33 1, 349, 700 2,612 3,655
ING LONI) crete tease met leree store Rarsicietotie Sister cree 40,010 | 25 1,000,250 10, 986 16, 040
INOGSW AW Tote SONS ero he eee een tae 220,600 | 20 4,412,000 56, 502 96, 620
OROPOD sa os.i2 Seale tatsaasie cts Sele ce Rare talon sence 7,425 | 30 $22, 750 5, 167 7,235
OSARER ois RRS ees Cae eite inet eee 28,555 | 31 885,205 14,248 24,220
OZ Ea oye) Lote ewaa neato eaaets Seen ee eee 30,585 | 26 795, 210 3,668 5,355
POMmUISCOUts ates Seee oe ee ee eee 19,930 | 30 597. 900 955 1,335
PRED Yet Re. Nowe) pasa nee ee eens 26,510 | 40 1,060, 400 11,224 15, 715
1g 31) oa gee ARE ie OA Oe epee ee =o 95,550 | 17 1, 624, 350 45, 763 77,795
DEUS eee ietics 4a eco eet om ee ate tate 27,070 | 25 676, 750 16, a! 27,415
PAB pieces cae kee a tse eee ee ee 70, 925 | 35 2,482, 375 | 41,7: 61, 755
Platte...... Nipttne, Sotetccen's ds Diave tee telswee ee wate eet 57,860 | 30 1, 735,800 | in gis 25,600
OU petacretie aatncttoe = Sic alacle rca ae reo 67, 480 21 1,417,080 | 29,540 43,130
URS lease. cei rare. wee tt aie cc eae cee Ee 26,225 | 28 603,175 11,793 20,055
PUUEITA sory oe. cles oo atsoam eae: oes 51,230 | 30 1,536, 900 67, 756 100, 280
TBGeu Siete Saiee. ha avec teen Ce BR eins ate eee 59,915 | 27 1,617, 705 32, 007 47,37
Randolph.. Watoe sc cle SOE aoe ev son amen 49,190 | 26 1,278, 940 21,649 70,805
1 At op I aS Se eA PSE eens erste BS 100,045 23 2,301,035 43, 759 74, 830
IOV MOLAS cc.) caec ote asec cete ee eee 14,405 | 20 288, 100 8, 732 12, 225
EI DLGV es eavn cece sc Lees te ved caweic ko: aes 24,765 | 27 668, 655 4,576 6,405
GUM arcs oe atctoke to edose cee cicte cen ae ceee 143,135 | 32 4,580, 320 36,104 61,375
PCHUVIORS otic see auec es nee eer uke cat cele eeen 34,800 | 32 1,113,600 37,017 54, 785
SCORMAN GC witnsa cok t atecdsusiase suis ofeeete 51,760 |. 25 1,294, 000 51,429 76,115
SCOtie tence neue soe Be ae Boar te age eSB 35,460 38 1,347,480 7,238 10, 135
PHAIMNON: v5 pict coe eos ete en oan Rees 22,545 | 21 473, 445 5, 826 “
SOU Yi suis crs aeeees we wo ae ea bee estat baron 68,010 | 32 2,176, 320 53, 863 79, 715
BtodGard--cascc pcs ettere aaeee ce ee eee 53,135 | 32 1, 700, 320 8,051 11,270
StONG}s. occ .y set tebe te «ap sees Siais. lece a eey 31,085 | 28 870,880 7,525 10, 985
BECONATICS. bites seracesea, sass Wee Tae eee $1,505 | 30 1, 245, 150 16,792 , 850
St. Olair....... Ass wntg Aetion pis gees aaah’ C1 en 983,990 || 80,537 44,585
Done LANCOIS) 2. ccc seer auales webu wee Sab 19,700 | 30 591,000 | 15, 144 21,200
Ste. Genevieve... .......... 17,090 | 30 512, 700 |) 9, 228 12, 920
SIUSMOUIE: osc. fi ncea nc cles cue eee nse 36,920 | 30 1,107,600 | 32, 057 . 880
PO MAUD CE ccaies Bictnle tein Canees Paley Shien) see en 62,095 | 32 1, 987, 040 94,212 139, 435
BON ies cota tee oS ess CRM MARR ORD. ae ee 27,280 | 30 818, 400 8, 543 5,175
ORAS ato ey ticlctiel sis usidatidee Ute tse Ge Oe aaa 50,015 | 27 1, 350, 405 25, 194 35, 270
MV BENON seuss 5s Salva acca < ck ces ies ae oe 135, 270 13 1, 758, 510 58, 771 , 805
WHEPON ini caved inbosciaeuush aalte vont ees 25,275 | 30 761, 250 10, 1382 14,995
WiRRDULN SON. ce hee an ett ener Stee Ae ls i 24,880 | 30 746, 400 12,344 17,280
Wayne 26,800 | 27 725, 760 10, 862 15, 205
Webster 38,285 | 23 880,555 21, 628 31,575
WEF as ioc wt apnea eens aot ae tes ae 50,055 | 24 1, 201, 320 , 039 44,525
Wright.. Fas knk we py lwe ie Wash Rea eRe 33,320 | 23 766, 360 19, 400 .

STATISTICS.

WHEAT AND OATS.

359

Table giving acreage, average yield per acre and total product of Wheat and Oats by

Counties for the year 1904.

Wheat. Oats.

a> oP od > ae ae

° < ° Ae 4 2

eg |s¢| gs Be |Se| 25

ces 2 > [Si ee a jen

Qaq is! Gag gs

r | ¢e = Be | ge 5

5 od ei 5 ot a

cues Eo a) Teen lcs c

eee a g Bette set a
Saiteertasa ee istalaynerece stctanciefa eo: crevsiortietareisiaiele sicyeieiers 2,444,760 | 11.5} 28,242,955 || 694,190 | 21.7) 15,087,655

County

AMWOanainnc secre Aa ects Ais oe 1,125] 11 12,375 || 24,795 | 19 471,105
{AGI N iag gape tae OSb bs DORR OOCe: eC Cee en 2,140 | 12 25, 680 | 2,840 | 28 79,520
AOE We ieee os eee kane Memddslows cease 5,310 8 42,480 | 5,900 | 20 118, 000
INECHISOM Rec E citietessiere Seine oe ace ot melee. satel 7,135 8 57,080 20,905 | 15 318,575
LSS Ae poeine saa WGer DCA AC CRED OOS O CROC rnc ae 58, 460 9 526, 140 5,825 | 25 145, 625
SA GOs tereiostoeie reek ier ole cite aio et wren wares 10,805 | 13.5 145, 870 12,840 15 192, 600
Bates Aye aioleves ie 18, 850 10 188 ,500 12,825 15 192, 3875
IGMO Weise tn crt ciaeieey ows kien eae: ose Se 10,010 | 10 100, 100 7,740 | 22 170,280
IB olilinrs erie a caers tats cole < saisin ons sieie acts 27,780 | 12 333, 360 5,800 | 23 133, 400
OONCE jcytccicisthycideninccnaice wie cere wecctlloactec'e 92) 755 | 10 227,550 7,095 | 26 184,470
weha naar Mate secrete sone ota miseenires : 30,115 | 10.5 316,210 4,945 | 19 93, 955
BINDLOT neat eine stam cata eon ttelas ele: shiae ¥ 895 | 11 20, 845 1,275 | 25 31,875
@Caldwelles eke aoe Actos eaecnel 2,140 | 10 21, 400 2,405 | 18 43,290
@allaway..ce cee |... Dee eae ae Saounaces 26,585} 11 292, 435 10,440 | 28 292, 320
Cam eny sn tie ce teeh aie sooner ein neonates 7,570 8 60,560 2,990 | 18 53, 820
CapeiGirard eau waee.cesccckeee ee oan eens 70,890 | 13 921,570 7,160 | 20 143, 200
Warr olllasecienk tehete at obs dae pele 21,205 | 11 233, 255 6,335 | 2 158, 375
OBBH OT esas fiten ciclo aelsts cgc.clente Me ceralcle aeeseios 1. 060 10 10, 600 673 |- 25 16, 825
Walssmeonice hemes poectiaocen szeed acta secs 20, 330 | 11 223, 630 8,745 | 22 192, 390
(CEG On gcotadon So BAEC He oRnE BE Sree aes 13,740 9.5 130, 530 7,905 | 15 118,575
Oaritonees weet Re ties: eemke Sate: 20,010) | 13 342, 875 4,760 |. 23 109, 480
(OMT BEN Tea a oso adele Sep ca noeee Roots Seer meee 36, 460 9 328, 140 6,005 | 18 108, 090
ork SAAS Satie GON Outs TAOS TO DEE LH Gee tC Meme ame 6,050 | 15 90,750 |} 18,300 | 33 603, 900
OIE ac oad Ga OSB a aE ASCE CSE oe Se aeL tees 9,720 | 11 106, 920 2,215 | 25 55, 375
Olinton Pee ceindsis 3,675 | 12 44,100 5,405 | 25 135, 125
Choy SURG T A Oris es Be Na mA hc. Merah ae ur Ae 36,330 | 11 399, 630 4,005 | 23 2,115
WHOPST cee see occu bos Monae aoeeasae 69,730 | 12 716, 760 7,790 | 25 194, 750
4 18, 950 8 151, 600 2,495 | 18 44,910
33,810 | 10.5 355, 005 14,135 | 25 328, 375
11, 400 6 68, 400 6,435 | 22 141,570
4,955 11 54,505 3,235 | 25 80, 875
2,035 | 13 26, 455 3,895 | 26 101,270
15, 480 8 123, 840 2.220 | 16 35,520
21,110 6 126, 660 3,495 | 20 69, 900
| 3,525 | 18 63, 450 802 | 20 16,040
84,125 | 15 1, 261, 875 7,985 | 20 159, 700
39,140 | 10 391, 400 4,573 | 15 68, 625
1,370 | 12 17,640 5,820 | 21 122, 220
60,340 | 14 844, 760 16,306 | 20 326, 120
2,970 | 13 38,610 2,165 | 32 69, 280
2,130} 10 21,300 7,695 | 25 192,375
22,375 | 10 223, 750 13,755 | 20 275, 100
7. 305 8 58, 440 5,530 | 18 99,540
8, 545 8 68, 360 13,925 | 14 194, 950
42,070 | 10 420, 700 2,405 | 25 60, 125
31,480 7 220, 360 4,190 | 20 83, 3800
2: 325 9 20, 925 D115) |) 8 20, 070
£5, 630 | 13 333, 190 5,865 | 25 146, 625
WASDOI se ccrmis tonoat seen se ke eon oelaaraaeees 73,935 | 16 1,182, 960 17,009 | 20 340, 180
ETO ESOM tee tinea Me ctee aOR acioe 3 32,235 | 14.5 467,410 2,740 | 28 76,720
NOWNSON ec aales sine d oicicies Seatac ace 2 : 49,315 9 443, 835 7,455 | 28 208, 740
LEGO). AROSE DEE G COUR COCOCN EE Saar a Sees ae 2,375 | 14 33, 150 4,930 | 30 147,900
WiAClGMOsecectato ch lvne Sem ans Ake Oe ees 12,840 7 89, 880 4,465 | 20 89,300
MALAY CbbOrteeeciecieeisis ce <aers Pie (cgi sate os 42,215 9.5 401,045 11,660 | 30 349, £00
a WECNCE Me oe eer et ieee or ere ee 94,350 | 14.5) 1,368,075 15,758 | 24 378, 140
EOWA Seat icin evee cece an acle Se seteneearelaces 5 8,320 | 14 116, 480 5,815! 28 162, 820

360 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT,
WHEAT AND OATS—Continued.
Wheat. Oats
eee Nich aly Pace as pee
£3 |$8| ge | 83 | 83
ae o= i y= ad
Ne 8% a= > | S83
= o = = fe)
4 hd o= 4 <td
3 vo =) o |co
tf Fs ey a BS
County.
WAM CONE toe tee see etn de cone Ma aacinciny oom see 45,860 10 458, 600 13,880 | 19
Ty Wr Os ak Re 8 eee aeons Geer eOcone 3,840 | 10 38, 400 3,685 | 25
ital vq ea Ase saeetoeoe dsoccdesseh Bomeco 7, 950 9.5 75, 525 3,740 | 28
WTCIDONGILG! Sou iteracleeins onic ace itoaiece «nisl uae os 22, 755 9 204, 795 2,27 20
MES CONE. cmd sce des satarchwdere es eraeeation oe clas 6,170 | 13 80,210 2,910} 30
Madison sab aetleles switeventin vente eo sane 9,200 | 12 110, 400 1,580 | 20
1a) | CE a cen aide eee 13,590 6 81,540 3,030 | 18
MariGris ects nels eaten aes tent en inee 19,899 | 12 238, 680 3,550 | 22
MRONCBI Sc. fesse arin tinca [he Soares aeeee 1,655 | 10 16,550 4,255 | 20
VPS Ne tek seen ean em Revere sl oie fo eto areictcieyatae atone 15, 955 9.5 151,575 3,885 | 30
NIISSISSID DI ects wie Sestentee ke sa ieee eee eee 35,735 | 19 678, 965 176 | 25
MOM ILGATL. shee ites On taco bein tes 27,845 | 10 278, 450 7,965 | 22
IROTER OG ware cy vaceten so Sie eteid rere <iare eltiot si eesese ae 7,995 | 11 87,945 8,405 | 22
MIGHTEOMEODY, cones oct so ortielew cinjenecen neds 18,740 | 14 262,360 15,520 | 24
INTORG Anes See ote ces ornate ona 12, 260 9 110,340 5,750 | 20
INGOT. File cfc de dle deren se.niersiisemelscltec 16,670 | 15 250, 050 280 | 22
INTERN UO NS cob Ai eSHE SUS POE AS corer cs 55,155 | 14 772,170 8,010 | 20
IS (OG LEC a Dhaene ce bee sOGpeoiics ark coneaE cs aes al eG 83,175 23,345 | 18
Oregon 12,505 | 11 137,555 3,287 | 20
OBC wcrc. ce esa date acs oad) setetete = sisients 39, 315 9 353, 835 2,805} 19
Opa eaic swe nas eeioueis 252s, Amram wiote niinrere 13, 850 wep 103, 875 1,809 | 18
PGMmISCOU. 2) soae sack caeioo sess LAR) obese merethare 5,220 | 14 73, 080 65 | 20
|e Slr Ae cee a ee eS ua ee 49, 955 | 10 499,550 5,070 | 20
POGUE coe c) ops ote co cnith cae ann eonismeeiance 25,770 | 10 257, 700 7,960 | 21
Lie {0-1 Be ae RSS Ona Rome Oh eSOHOe DEE s bgt sear 13, 365 7 93,555 3,905 | 22
ike. 44,375 | 10 443, 750 10,625 | 22
N21 Ce ee CORB CM OS aF.5 CeRaee Aeinc aomeere 46,250 | 13 601, 250 || 3,095 | 32
Polen oP ites cettn paw cece anrceeiotes 26, 685 7.5 200,140 || 13,620] 18
PPV oo... hore Geloe. a, cde ns ejaciees ere ste are vache 9,845 8 78, 760 2,175 | 2
Birra). 24, eG ike sadn doa nce eeeneewnr cictat 1,380 ll 15, 180 4,935 | 21
RAD oie fee bet fe Lioecinssbrstatoromaeie eae elena cars 14,740 | 10 147,400 6,205 1 28
Ramdolyh::.csos eo: dees oe cla TheceWetieb eccaate 3,275 | 10 32, 750 2,905 | 20.5
ROD Osea a cars ent Soeia tine ness cto tee teiers cer ford 12, 450 2 149, 400 2,420 | 20
Hesnolds SERA CORE OC MnO C nT ay ice Cece 3,000 | 10 30, 720} 15
[RAL] Oe nee Ge. PRE oe Cine Det Inna on 5, 515 10 55,150 2,431 23
SS PUL Nee ok wis os Brot A eieere ews ose eale aetiae Seine 62,055 | 10 620, 550 6,980 | 27
BGDWGION hc dis an. poe ovis ne sth emermene «seh. 1,920 9 17, 280 3,485 | 25
PCOULANG: «ston tetre t WOWuis wes incde ese cache 1,435 10 14,250 9,225 | 28
DGGE oe a .0's tte SS ote oes calcio th Pein meena 52,450 | 16 839, 200 305 | 31
SAMIEIGT scoala Ueto 8 See sccsiae idea een stlas Sitvo | 11 41,525 913 | 15
BOLO G case scat. 14,180 | 10.5 148, 890 6,695 | 34
Stoddard 24,945 16 399, 120 2,425} 2
Stone... .. Bic 11, 580 9 103, 77 1,834 | 25
St..Oharles.|...c...i.00- 74,615 | 15 1, 119, 225 9,180 | 2
PUR OLBU Tae. chen vetn totes is cnnyaitiote Fy Ee 9, 780 9 88, 020 8,995 | 18
BinpHEenCOlG ty . ftw ouecsm lsitelfae cnbremaiskh 15,060 | 13 195, 750 2,010 | 20
Ste. Genevieve. ext 35,390 | 12 424, 680 1,585 | 20
SipsOIS>. nda ch bh veeiice ness dcteteceees see 52,745 | 15 791,175 2,535 | 25
Sullivan..... 880 | 10 8, 800 2,300 | 31
Taney..... 8,895 Ill 97,845 2,138 | 26
Texas 22, 260 7 155, 820 3, 420 16
Vernon.... 15,195 10 151, 950 10, 16
WV ERIM RLW ene tig Ewoui.s's tien his ente’s ava Sma sianelae ae 29,610 | 12 355, 320 9,410 | 22
VEST COM Ew cen rck eo cece ahebas phate cine 16, 980 9 152,820 2,815} 15
Wie VA wakes Gu ce Or ek end |e tece ete sab ba 7,615 9 68,535 1,950 | 20
WUGRDUET cu oc hc dace asftueail. wevite emubbr unk cee 21,840 8 174, 720 7,08 | 12
VSG 9) Seahgus Sxbeokw ok sive cneweue eee en 1,085 |, 11 11,935 3,575: |. 28
SV OLICIEU: oop ches Som ndateee, Gules ode Uplc ats as Me 13, 590 7 95, 130 3,890 | 13

nq ‘fqanoo
aad plolA [RIOT

184, 910
372, 480

115,000

6, 160

160, 200

420,210
65,7
53,295

32,560
1,300
101,400
167, 160
85, 910
233, 750
99, 040
245, 160

201, 960
161,910

MISCELLANEOUS.

301

Summary of the Acreage, Yield and Value of farm crops for the Year
1904, for the State and by sections.

OORN.
Average :
‘ Acres * Total yield
Section. planted. yield per bushels, |L0tal value.
IN OTE OAS Giese ee eae wets aioe cigars clatelars aloleleie’ers 1, 245, 125 29.8 37,117, 605 $14, 637, 230
INOrthwest.cc occ ees cszene 1, 994, 330 26.1 51, 899, 065 21, 278, 220
Oontrale.-ceenccssmsm cas oes 1,073, 890 26.6 28, 608, 015 12,997, 700
Southwest.. ne 1, 473, 180 21 31, 000, 910 13, 049, 560
SOwmbWeaASsbie ce ccieisre, coerce ate 860.265 29 25, 241, 865 11, 313,570
Whole State 6, 646, 790 26.2 173, 867, 460 73, 476, 280
WHEAT.
‘ Average : |
Section. Acres sown. er yield per Boral viele Total value.
acre, bu.
INOTGMCASD ae aeemec cece eteseciisees 314,545 305,640 12.1 3, 714, 825 $3, 451, 935
PVOnENWOStste ee oe eatksaat cio tiok aie 265, 585 244,185 ih al 2,720, 835 2,475, 555
Membr alia seciasiertocrsieiereis lets cisis. Secetersre 502,065 486, 245 9.9 4, 836, 385 4,788, 020
Southwest cscnnicccececmone oe ccine 740,325 710,785 11.4 8, 080,27 7,415,455
Souuheastiacere cree ee 727, 680 697, 905 12.7 8, 890, 640 8, 466, 115
Wihtole!Statesccenc eee a. 2,550 5200 2,444, 760 115 28, 242, 955 $26, 637, 080.
WHEAT SOWN FALL 1904.
Acreage : Ever ASS , Five-year
. per cent. ofjcondition o average
Section. Acres SOWN.|" previous | crop, Dec. | condition,
year. 1, 1904 Deest-
INORGN GAS tao a oS oes ac aie moe secien sae 303, 460 97 75 93
INGR ELCs Gwe eee nS. Se Se mR 251, 295 95 80 94
MGIC Ta eet sacs cleats cree sials eee’ eidiineleustke saree 478,875 95 76 91
DOUG MNWiOS brake ences ore aren pctateneicnih Ais foie farnveratece ler evsiersiavayers 657,545 89 58 90
SOTA CSC ig cae Ouercee BOP Strain One aOR Orion pei 692, 105 95 76 93
Whole State.. 2, 383, 280 93.5 3 ey
OATS.
Average 5
is Acres : = Total yield
Section. : yield per se Total value.
harvested. acre, bu. in bu.
Worthedsthcctece Sorter cote eniinsoseeees 166, 760 24.8 4,145, 800 $1, 285, 210
INOLthiwes Ussise clos ose ee sete cies 142, 800 - 21 2, 996, 910 988, 990
Oentraleereaecseaa nh wsstecaels wero 111,015 22.9 2,546, 970 840, 505
Southwest.. 201, 320 19.5 3, 928, 220 1,178,470
SOuphGastrc. Seeds ce coiemo cect eis 72,295 20.3 1, 469, 755 485, 020
WINOLESS tates. see cae mclsoneeeetiaciersrert artes 694,190 21.7 15, 087, 655 $4, 778, 195

362 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

HAY AND FORAGE.

Average
Section. Acres sown.| yield per
acre, tons.

Total yield
tne: Total value

WoOrtheast 75h. cycle ets an ores ees case cas 981, 206 1.48 1, 452, 180 $8, 858, 29
Hebd ae eles aed a Ne Be tho Socccabes eg ee eg
ON GRA ees acdeniens cacicy'e: un ronnes aoe ee ace iM 2, 845 j _aoee
Southwest x 1 857, 265 5, 665, 525
Southeast 1 457,775 4,577, 750
Whole State 5,177,650 | $32,958,175
FLAX.
Average |motal yield
Section. Acres sown.| yield per | + 9b@) ¥1€1@ Imota) value.
are tae bushels.
INORUN ESS Uren ene ce ca he Seems oe stan cease : 415 6 2,490 $2, 600
INOREMWEBSI niche sce cnAosse poke ane na ee et 550 7.6 4,180 4,220
COST Tr) ot7H Been iepein See a eee it oe ee Aare te ee, ER 1, 985 8 13, 880 15, 720
OUCH WGS bonuite lacie tert se erase cs con aneeee eee 21,840 5.6 122,305 118, 635
RIOMEMOAS Us ucat cae ccacre seh at cacy cnectencr iaeaccrs terete neta Sac Pee ee ee AP,
WMOLO SEAL Gare Arce dooce eee nee 24,790 5.8 144, 855 $141, 265
RYE.
Average | Total yield
Section. Acres sown.| yield per | ~9U@4 Y1€1@ |not9) value.
Seba, | bushels:
WWOTDMORS Des ieececcuten onic acines mua oeecc ee oe 4,570 12 54,840 $34,550
Northwest........... eee 8, 295 14 116, 130 75, 485
Oenitrales ccc cane, ot Awte 1,730 13 22,490 14.845
Southwest .. Wes a ta tae ees 2, 655 10 26, 550 19, 645
SOUUNORSUire caer eee cae e ee eee 3,335 il 36, 685 25, 315
WHOS States. co ccc.. ce lca tena bee eneee 20,585 12 256, 695 $169,840
A |
BUCKWHEAT.
Average
Section. Acres sown. yield per dle hha Total value.
acre—bu. ‘
INOUVEMCAB Lace ck aos concen Falseshnines accu ost wae 1,135 18 20, 430 $14,915
INDTGAWESL 6 G9tsc0b orn. clean acunoavdomeeres 525 19 9,975 6, 985
Cearitr a isnt a6 tet c Leesan es Soe eam boren some dame 165 15 2,475 2, 625
ICN NW CB Lae eta aires ev cutanacistie <wiawanet'eia oa saaires 70 12.6 7,180 7,180
BOUBNERSU. «sects try who wte elale wat tueentiarae eet 40 16.2 650 565
WWHOLEHSU TG i. 4) ocdanie som ctee celeste eames 2,435 16.7 40,710 $32,270
BARLEY.
Average Total yield
Section. Acres sown.| yield per | *0%% Yl€!¢ otal value.
fea, #2 bushels.
INQUUNOROUL bias ui five dete Vebeccess ok Me eraaeee 130 | 16 2,080 $1,375
Northwest... 1.125 14 15, 750 9, 450
Oentral..... 130 16 2,080 1,600
Southwes 215 16 3,440 2,270
Southeast.. 440 16 7,040 4,225

WHOL SURUD antes hector waa sCkvcksenemnee 2,040 15 30, 390 $18, 920

MISCELLANEOUS. 363

BROOM CORN.

A |
Average 3
' Section. Acres sown.| yield per Hobaly fold; Total value.
acre—Ibs. | P ;
WOTTHOASUE soos et cit eee Taain ioe sinensis ste 3 520 533 277,160 $8,315
Northwest... ......, SAB eae HOn OBR AOU OCUIOLE CODE 525 244, 650 7,950
GOOG alae ce eicsers Sac sisichste hia etos a vere sc eloe bevels sie b +2 221,375 6, 860
Southwest....... 1,801, 900 60, 065
Southeast sc-- ee reet eos e ta ' 79, 200 2,535
\idleval @) Sir Ieee Soak aphesoenccOneDcos bane 5, 730 458 2, 624,285 $85, 725
COTTON.
Section Acres sown dies Total yield, |pota1 value
acre—Ibs. | Pounds.
MGR LEED ET on bg gonens Bebe os Ua men Da Oocoriticaaa Gr cecnobacnocd oaricnonpenoued Horossoncatenn jaodrroddsnccoh
IM Ont EWE tin aeawediad apc obs Concer OACeCOnCODaOnG| omecldescced Bas era oid araei orn a*”| oahevatae bam Oecae || Rovere lom tenet
CE TTHIIS , ets Sco ua see en tar EaAde appa apo etinn dal loncome es popeod facet —lavejateso'e/o'O | caso See Sate aa aTed hala oat see
S(Or i) PES HAS Seca ae ke oe ric DOD OCND OTe Somos 6,210 218.5 1,356, 925 $124, 840
Sari Gy Ci Sesoco Cones Capen Sasn DOU acoCuooaS 68, 773 335 23, 094, 765 2,147, 820
AINSI IKebasa ohodoo eon iO OCooopEOr rT 74, 988 312.7 24,451, 690 $2, 272, 660
TOBACCO.
Average A
eee Acres F 5 Total yield
See ‘ E
ection planted. yields per pounds. Total value
NWT AS Geer a hap’ leans oltiaars eieredoleteuneie.t issee 560 742 415, 520 $45,705
INGE TAN CS ier les sad) wetionsnisrs vajseictelees ia iets _ 562 650 365, 300 40, 184
Centrale Se. .55-% BsnibaS Aa doce ocean Metre 3 1,207 700 844, 900 92,940
SOMPMWOS te aoe nt e5 = coc oceicsleetiecccldna eesiawecves 590 435 256, 650 28, 230
POLO AS Dieter ie ees coi cw opois volta ctawe ne sPacitytetnaie cise 719 665 473, 100 52,040
WOME SGA Ue nie.0 ateinin, cheba’ arene afais' lalove}e « cone 3, 638 647.4 2,355, 470 $259, 100
POTATOES.
: Average ;
. Acres 2 Total yield,
Section. ; ‘ yield per . '|Total value.
planted. iene tat bushels.
NIGEL OAS bicteractalretge ee oe icin entelele serine’ e Sanja ie'e 13,170 114 1,501, 380 $630, 580
NORD CS URi er acien anette emcee. Saha se 22,075 91 2,907, 825 823, 210
Genbralisessea ac sae se eoteteevs Lowesieesteree ae) ss as 12, 765 90 1, 148, 850 597,415
SOMBMWESUsteerukce cheltcciccneie oe arene oh sieve) dierent 2 tie .ele 15, 660 = 86 1,346,760 686, 850
SOMPH GAS tine cerprcten ee aaisaiece nee an ern ctelsiere le oe sized 21, 150 107 2, 263, 050 1,244, 670
WITOLGESUALOE ce ein canietiesinccice hace eed ince 84, 820 97 8, 267, 865 $3, 982, 725

364 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

CROP CONDITIONS AND PRICES, DECEMBER 1, 1904.

OROP YIELDS, AVERAGE PER AORE, 1904.

N. E. INS AV¥. Central S. W. S.E “Whole
Section. | Section. | Section. | Section. | Section. | State.
Gorn, DusShelsases-<ce-nsaa oe 29.8 26.1 26.6 21 29 26.2
Kaffir corn, bushels.......... 18 30 27 21 Seat ethno 24
Sorghum seed, bushels....... 21 18 16.5 18 16.4 18
Sorghum syrup, gallons..... 73 84 105 78 95 7
Broom corn brush, pounds.. 533 466 275 487 440 458
Tobacco leaf, pounds........ 742 650 - 700 435 665 617.4
OOtron lint POuUN Gses ose esse esate: ste ae | eas steers ster Sarees omerere 218.5 335 312.7
Olover seed, bushels......... 2 a leit 2.6 1.85 2.17 2
Timothy seed, bushels...... 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.2
Flax seed, bushels..... ... 6 7.6 8 546: ‘le concesctenee 5.8
Buckwheat, bushels......... 18 19 15 12:6) isc aeeeeee 16.7
Cow peas seed, bushels...... VES Ar pe 10.5 8.8 14 11.5
Trish potatoes, bushels ..... 114 9 90 - 86 107 97
Cow pea hay, tons ..... .... 1.8 1.66 1.5 1.88 1.83 1.73
Olover hay, pons............. Ne 1.73 1.75 1.66 1.54 1.68
Alfalfa hay, tons............. 3.6 2.86 Sel 2.5 2.3 2.8
Timothy hay, tons...... .... 1.48 tent eu 1.46 1.4 1.55
Prairie hay, tonss..2. i <.2. E97 1.53 1 4 1 A Nh A 1.41
AVERAGE PRICE OF PRODUCIS ON FARM NOV.1.
Oorn, per bushel........ $ 39 $ 41 $ 45 $ 42 $ 44.8 $ 42
Wheat, per bushel*’*** p 9 91 99 92 9 94
Oats) per bushels. .22 2.22.55. 3L 53 33 30 33 31.7
Flax seed, per bushel... ... TOS Bie cont Pee srapea 99 | QT) Nissin a teen as 97.5
Timothy seed, per bushel... 1 36 1 46 es 1 65 201 1 65
Olover seed, per bushel..... 5 90 Dina 5 85 5 80 5 55 5 77
Cow pea seed, per bushel... h lee) 1b i SEAR Sette 1 10 1 2 110 1 29
Sorghum seed, per bushel... 81 _ 53 91 60 80 73
Kaftiricorn, per bushel ©... .)225. ...:605- 50 7 Doe) nae Rate 60
Rye. DOr DUSHEMA che. cs cee. 63 65 66 74 77 66
Buckwheat, per bushel ..... 73 70 1 06 1004 uc cece toes 79
Barley. per bushel...) 225 sss|os.6 A eee 60 Wen ore 60 620
Trish potatoes, per bushel.. 42 41 52 51 50 48
Sweet potatoes, per bushel.. 81 90 70 72 55 74
Winter apples, per bushel.. 57 50 72 73 67 64
ees. lay, per ton....... 6 10 5 10 6 60 6 61 10 00 6 37
Olover hay, perton. ........ 5 20 4 70 5 80 5 93 8 90 6 10
Ata NAV, “DOP GOs... 26.0 lec mee aaeeens 6 25 7 00 6 00 10 00 7 31
Oow pea hay, per ton........ 5 60 5 00 4 25 6 11 8 20 5 SL
Prairie hay, per ton. ....... 3 90 4 25 4 25 4 71 aa 4 28
Broom corn brush, per ton. 63 00 65 00 62 50 PO iGO- 1. a senor ete 65 34
Cottons lint, mer pounds -o Sl cas. cecwideeincles cose ee esl ale a stews ewe .092 - 093 .093
Leaf tobacco, per pound.... il il 11 Ml Ly ul
Wool, per pound.. .......... 21 20 20 WwW 20 20
LIVE STOOK, CONDITION AS TO THRIFT AND HEALTH, DEC. 1, 1904.
97 91 96 94 93 94
98 91 96 94 95 95
98 97 98 95 95 97
96 86 89 93 89 OL

MISCELLANEOUS.

LIVE STOCK, AVERAGE PRICE PER HEAD DEC. 1, 1904.

365

INGE: NEW: Central. Ss W. S. EB. Whole
Section. | Section. | Section. | Section. | Section. State.
Horses. |
|
Spring coltss-as-c-seeeenenees $37 97 $37 00 $38 03 $34 14 $34 00 $36 23
Mearlings! 2 cen ccetocmeceain 54 66 55 00 54 00 49 41 48 00 52 00
Two years and over....... .. 80 72 81 00 76 32 | 66 71 72 00 75 35
Mules.
Spring coltsmereerce nacre eee 47 11 48 50 48 93 48 10 4200 | 46 93
Mearlin gs essere cae sa arateie recta 66 14 71 00 68 04 | 66 45 6000 | 66 73
Two years and over.......... 98 60 100 00 9596 | 9605 86 00 | 95 32
c |
Cattle.
Steer calves.............. 2.24. 13 06 12 00 11 41 7 48 700 | 10 19
Heiferiealvieserr crs iecn scone ss 9 61 9 00 8 7 5 70 6 00 7 80
Yearling steers... 225.00: 3.2... 20 88 20 00 18 07 14 67 11 65 17 05
Yearling heifers....... ..... 16 04 13 00 13 45 10 74 10 16 12 68
Steers, 2 years and over...... 30 64 | 30 00 26 75 20 86 18 51 | 25 35
Cows, 2 years and over. ... 2423 =| 26 00 21 66 S| 18 24 17 36 | 21 50
Sheep. | |
Lambs under 1 year.......... 3 20 3 00 280 | 2 38 232 «| 274
AUWother Sheep.ces. sos os css. 3 95 3 45 3 38 3 07 3 00 By Bi
|
Chickens. |
|
Average price per lb. ........ 7.6 | i 7.4 | 1 ii 7.3
Turkeys. |
Average price per Ilb......... 13 12 12 | 10.7 10. 11.6
Honey. |
Average yield per colony, lbs 37 29 a7 | 38 28 34
Average price per lb......... il i 12 | 12.5 13 12

SUMMARY OF YIELD AND VALUE OF ALL FARM OROPS FOR THE YEAR 1904, FOR
THE STATE.

Crop Acreage. Yield.

(OLOTR) Caden cago oC GSSE peach Eee T ee enG aarts 6, 646,790 173, 867,460 bu.
Wile aitier crs oc ban oes ntem Jane cee cence tame sists 2, 444, 760 28,242,955 bu.
(ORNS se aad Ben en hia ae ee a a 684, 120 15,087,655 bu.
TRUST Coie een Gree LOT Reet are fee aor Sone at ene 3, 335, 784 5,177,650 tons.
ERE ASK e Nore PN a Ree cee Se acs 24,790 144,855 bu.
LRA Bis, coset ites DOE Oe RS SEIS SER sen acetone Aan One 20,585 256,695 bu.
BUC kawihGabencerwcen satis sac here cia\yorl bate tens 2,435 40,710 bu.
WRG yee sot aoe re ees c ctw ahies Beas 2,040 30,390 bu.
EMO ORIN COTM Bctyse moe oneness eine oietk seine 5, 730 2,624,285 lbs.
OOGtOM sere hetero ciens nce ccd ee tolnas 74, 988 24, 451,690 lbs.
ROB ACCOR areata ne aati hate enh eicws 3, 638 2,355, 470 lbs.
RO PAUOCS aa ase iisiosee coon ete eee usar dose hobs 84, 820 8, 267,865 bu.
SS ONGHMIMISY TI Pleeee en see canoes cacn ln ateeen oe 32, 000 2,784,000 gals.
NOES MUM GCOOM ere oe tetnancisna nic nciooes ce nose aon 32, 000 576,000 bu.

= (ONO Elis co nse ocanndebdonsona ce caaenese Aacce 40, 000 80,000 bu.
Timothy and other grass seeds....... ......... 80, 000 336,000 bu.
Kaffir fcorn, millet seed, cow peas, castor

RADOATISBCLCME scm ase itise core aecek ebook ae senccdsocotecollesntcoghoadenccatier oot

Miscellaneous vegetables.... ..... ......2..0-- ATO} OOO Isat ye ctatelers disie sav latsrevelarera

Value.

$73, 476, 2€0
26, 637, 080
4,778, 195
32, 958, 175
141, 265
169, 840
32,270

18, 920

85, 725

2, 272, 660
259, 100

3, 982, 725
974, 400
420, 480
461,600
554, 400

1, 000, 000
6, 000, 000

$155, 216, 590

*Same acreage produced both seed and syrup.

366 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

MISSOURI COUNTIES.

Table giving total number acres of land listed for taxes, acres in improved farms, acres
in cultivated crops, number of farms and average size of farms.

Nuniheriot Average Acres of Acres in |Acres in all
Bitacae sizeof farms land listed | improved | cultivated
: ; inacres. | for taxes. farms. crops.
DP MUDS aeiee senate Ses Vineet sjnccine's 284, 886 119.3 42, 448, 686 22, 900,043 15, 388, 290
Cou Paes
Adair.. 2.696 118.4 360, 600 240, 892 148, 034
Andrew.. eto Ralle a aylassoieyé Matete 2, 562 | 104.5 273, 988 292" 664 144, 246
Atchison . id EC eer eben: Mele araene 2,149 | 156.6 336,473 302; 117 234, 736
AMOPAINA £62 Mees. pa beeeuaee 2, 770 149.9 433, 155 372, 861 220,048
BRTT Ysera tls eee eines sects 3, 709 91.5 470, 926 202,178 144,271
Barton 5.15. Coieeet les cl senienuees 2,590 134.2 375,878 311,024 174, 403
1342) 020) Ps eR CE ICE Sete eee cices 4,07 126.6 537, 512 444,528 287, 623
Bentonite he: een occa coas 2,575 142.8 469, 123 190, 928 122, 261
OMIM GON hee Wee e. Lied) cieeris (os 2,298 119.4 384, 667 129,470 81,903
IBOONOs, «55-5. eel Aceee ON C ORE 3,540 115.3 422, 426 301, 732 171, 681
PSCHAT Aliens sot nce cc ee teniasneets | 2,584 90.3 245, 240 177,312 138, 219
Leyte Sa Seen nian Sete Bo ooeae nee | 1,577 97.7 428, 364 55, 664 | 37, 405
|
Jaw elle ca.o Abe ae Renate 2,329 118.9 * 272, 725 246, 077 146, 856
OUT RIWAY bane sien aicteic’scscustomateise 3,585 135 514,475 340, 989 179, 132
Camden.. ele taalsie merereievete 2,069 137.4 382, 472 82, 857 59, 619
Oape Girardeuu.... ....0:..--.. 2,576 135.5 258, 566 211, 544 139, 688
Carrollars OF tasers «Gs aoa eerss meee 3, 692 113.6 442,157 371, 073 234,095
@WBrterinn i) (ceo es helice ovenienae 554 115.7 217,374 _ 22,873 15,578
MORES Reae tates aoe wo nk cj os Ste bee Sell 3,225 127.7 442,165 363, 474 243. 035
Op Gams bn aae snacmcas Sains ee 2, 765 101 315, 619 185, 840 113, 900
MNaATILO Misa ence shihacce coerce 3, 805 118.4 475, 764 350, 567 | 186, 606
WHPIStIAT Cc. ees. «drescece? Swaine 2,648 97.5 344,106 149, 140 100, 209
(OLE SRR Se een een een er 2,514 122.3 319, 489 224, 651 151, 289
OLE ay ae aes ike SAME OAL Ete 2,203 107 251, 123 197, 550 113, 60L
(Ohh) iio) eer Ser BAAN aaa sat acrics. 2, 024 135.2 265, 000 251, 250 152, 861
ADO Green as ae mierar sieeve tno ean ate 1,700 132.2 233, 886 119, 476 86, O18
MOOODSe etic kr cntokatackic bes kaleees } 2,664 127 350, 876 264,760 | 182, 292
OPawiOrdssc. bose. waco peiertiecse 1,914 139.1 456,911 | 100, 045 | 62, 692
TIAN Otte es) xe & pacar eb ookice Le 2, 732 | 107.8 315, 358 | 207,537 | 140, 586
MIDAS A eee whee Uae Soe eae 2,397 107.5 316, 687 | 125, 231. | 81,418
PRE WGLGHS cots cleo ua sid es ets Cote cea nee 3,308 | 106.9 357, 399 279, 050 186, 390
MPISCLULY ak Ansa d Daa cence ce 2,377 | 110 272) 726 222, 284 153, 854
OMe ne Cees ace ervoreew ces 1,748 157.2 470,058 101,513 65, 984
MOMMIES et ica.. abe eter 2, 738 | 127.1 469, 235 126, 885 SL, 437
Dunklin 2,542 | 56.5 330, 061 101,173 96,033
Franklin 2,853 121.1 633, 572 263, 71 183, 550
ASCO NAIG «kv. sn6 ded ahacaalee 1,799 Cy 321,059 109, 491 84,177
Gentry......... piniAc etata cunts Mets,! 2, 699 111.4) 310,216 227,449 160, 970
CARN its) bicc ste. Soe £,320 | 85.4 | 416, 783 278, 721 198, 741
MST TITOUY 5v ay, fo koe ioe ae Chana 2,298 | 118.6 | 278, 407 197,381 133, 411
MATHISON,. |i: ley tte MeN lemces| 3,826 | 117 458, 933 328, 598 | 219,595
PIG Een carves cotau eae pene a 3,447 127 469, 839 370, 976 | 218, 997
EUIGOryeoach hxc ets ec ow csbee bees 1, 768 123.3 252, 245 LOL. SUT 71,677
OMT Renee wel ce ere bis asars lop aiaies moran snasenesll 2,256 117.9 2S1, 643 224, 996 151, 985
|
PU O UALR va nre ait pe ivinisi< sytoctivic-wne ereteell =, O87 140.2 | 289, 208 213, 894 | 130,340
MANS OES Uberett ols We wiahina's c pec(acem soles 3, 065 136.1 | 573, 623 153,710 | 103, 796
DEUTER ne Wat eewlac dh eiucs'sae eae | 880 116.2 233,316 41,784 | 25, 290
‘GUC 400) EE ips Se ee eee) 3, 681 97.5 358, 990 284, 122 | 198, 493
ARAN Noise: odie to lein ketene 3,054 2 | 401, 084 270,236 | 197, 659
MELO MON iat lne tira wtan' lesa stats 2,596 | 132.6 397, 247 | 156,055 | 96, 551
SUCH ORER s Me nits valve nate enna of cea 3,869 126.2 517, 543 411544 263, 264
Io eee Seen ewer tae ate rao mater Ral a 2,133 | 145 321, 103 252, 685 146, 875
DIBCMPL Glo uis ccensctanlesiecee ees 2,614 | 110.9 425, 100 | 131, 942 88, 884
PREY BUEGiow boc niece ex 3,043 120.8 387, 271 | 326, 718 232, 725
_Tawrence........... 3.44 | 103.1 388,804 | 284,343 192) 462
SSCS se oa te eeu cies 2 2,277 136

319, 330 | 235, 437 131, 107

MISCELLANEOUS.

MISSOURI COUNTIES—Oontinued.

367

_ Average
size-of farms
in acres.

IVINEStON: reer sors eee me sca
Wik DYopa key Vo he Se maceeanaasanneooot

Maries

IMUSSISSIPpI: 2s. (oy saan oo le ei bies oe |
MOnTtG@ at) tise cite sae sctes sinsio one

WIGINOe sda: Se punneuepearnaeresaoe
Montgomery....... Rakes eae ele
OTIS Thane bo ACoe RUBE TE OBC AaaES

SiG ONE TT ee Seeecnc so soeeeacteoraas
Star HranGCOlsseeeeeke oe seicisbrisere
Ste. Genevieve .............. :
St. Louis

Schuyler! ssc. Re ave econ wate ts
SCOMMMNG iron pee mesos cect a ere
SCO. sees onsen cetines c ie wieeres

Sine tials, ebosccn Seno Bade cree
SHED yp. ce a1 on ceatocinis cc elsiteae act
SPO Gard yt cee sone nce eecte newer:

WiadyNl@sss caaetiaak nico aan
WiGDSLCT rhs wacacmeeh

WiORtHi sesh ease
Wirl OLiths o:sc/./anreretisiesr ote a cigasteis

_
Ww
ww
envelenie
wou

_
ow
ao
wo Www

_— _—
ww ci)
or =)
oe .

om

=
rw)
_
mmm

—
for
i=
Tal ics wee ah bate eal
CO m 0 6S G> WO TIONS

Acres of Acres in |Acres in all
land listed | improved | cultivated
for taxes. farms. crops.

390, 811 252, 984 160, 612
384, 231 304, 720 176, 342
334, 902 246, 638 | 152, 184
302, 643 87,712 66,171
534, 873 364, 444 198, 375
289, 351 67,225 39; 816
329, 522 92, 440 59, 576
276, 212 199, 145 112, 830
285, 786 235, 774 133, 359
384, 636 116, 683 77,918
259,890 97, 453 | 86,473
258, 410 183, 348 117,175
422,033 331,911 | 180, 584
334, 658 207, 008 137,818
386, 600 139, 649 89, 748
428, 460 90, 635 75,945
351, 698 193, 560 126,375
554, 360 486, 462 339, 613
484, 298 86, 426 57, 699
368, 727 137, 186 92, 960
343, 755 79, 085 57,105
299, 279 47,361 42,135
295, 750 139, 945 95,910
426, 909 344, 869 212, 839
393, 459 106, 241 | 65, 600
421,419 294, 947 127,615
259, 009. 182, 567 142,719
406, 359 234, 426 151,188
269, 825 75, 660 56, 629
338, 783 | 246,194 137, 233
302, 490 | 230,319 130, 217
305, 200 224,515 107,370
355, 658 | 288, 627 187,829
502, 760 | 50,271 | 28, 567
379,127 | 63, 496 42, 982
339, 949 220, 491 165, 241
437,462 | 219, 404 | 145, 966
280, 382 | 97,765 | 53, 664
306, 968 94,600 64,477
297, 255 206, 863 | 146, 198

11,523 OF B05: Mie -pem ee nee
459, 463 | 334, 236 | 215, 414
194, 505 162, 867 | 87.516
278, 031 | 222, 498 | 130,346
263, 259 125, 094 | 99,044

|

625,158 | 50, 665 | 32,599
316, 461 245, 638 156, 473
519, 425 | 142, 759 | 105, 634
271, 921 43,127 52, 461
413, 135 323, 868 | 170, 594
287,500 66,988 | 45,245
691,774 185, 681 | 110, 412
530, 045 408,694 | 250, 845
258, 656 116, 770 84, 353
465, 150 93,743 60, 528
478, 204 83, 022 53, 344
360, 351 143, 960 92,223
169, 545 119, 169 85, 700
407,575 189, 272 79,374

368 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

MISSOURI COUNTIES.

Table giving area, population, assessed valuation of land, assessed valuation of town
lots and total taxable wealth by counties.

(State Auditor’s Report, 1903-4.)

Area in | Population | Assessed Assessed

3 A Total tax-
square | U. S. cen- |valuationof; valuation
miles. | sus 1900. lands. town lots. able wealth.
SUMS Saree Peete esac ale mmoles | 68, 735 | 3,106, 665 | $361, 133,833 | $506,523, 829 |$1, 284, 294.571
Oounty :

PROGAT Sw rais.cctcnlereste ae case semuawoe siete 570 21,728 | $2,530,900 $1, 207, 810 $5, 945, 675
PTO WSs oc tee orice Soon 420 17, 332 4, 083, 880 468, 385 7,306, 788
ASGCUISOM Ss oscars asc cavaeeisse emcees 560 16,501 4,918,550 747, 630 9, 070, 402
AIG aAN Hs eo cee sce eae 680 21,160 4, 138, 630 1, 384, 140 10, 160, 747
OME Vise woes eter te seitoe ow Scotter 810 25, 532 2, 107, 702 546, 455 4, 239, 713
1 2F25 1100) 0 Re en eet 612 18, 253 3,154, 663 736, 125 6, 140, 134
Bates 874 30,141 5, 622, 742 1,126,679 10,117,014
3X2) 71170) 7 (ae Re A HAR GRAM Ea Bere eO mace 744 16,556 2,726, 659 202, 560 4,260,511
PS OUMN PON Sa ices aac aeia cece toecleceenee 616 14, 650 1,301, 660 98, 945 2,526,201
Ite 0G cape dee ance SR SCRAE RT oO Cea 680 28 ,642 4, 262,135 1, 940, 030 10, 014, 102
SCD ANIATL ole cite cilia nictles sa Muiteah an 420 121, 838 6, 630, 410 21, 506, 331 38, 674, 096
PSTRGVON panes eee oie ne otc cavmee nae ctas 716 16,769 1,546, 585 992, 923 4,146,371
Waldwelllie- cs oaceerdse cha co ecceee stacey 430 16, 656 3, 473, 990 567, 870 6, 977, 831
OAL AWRY: sch era ch mews he xcome ors 760 25, 984 3,261,590 838, 640 7,018, 102
WO QING Oia wt: teases cates foot clecie eens 692 13, 113 1, 237, 030 54,175 2, 052, 940
540 24,315 2, 604, 425 1, 227, 605 6,175,874
690 26,455 5, 097, 653 1,010, 685 10, 241, 225
500 6, 706 822, 737 34, 089 1,570,817
688 23, 636 5, 160, 290 858, 949 9, 938, 298
496 16, 923 2,291,109 423, 176 3, 859, 606
Chariton... 740 26, 826 4, 489, 404 606, 084 8, 368,540
Ohristian.. 556 16, 939 1, 753, 003 193, 000 3, 160, 056
(OLE rc gael ene a ey es 510 15,383 2,559, 850 _ 417,190 5 , 991
Olays....- 415 18, 903 3, 725, 355 1,181,119 8, 727, 157
(ONT i170) ea ey tse rae Pes 5. oe 440 17, 363 3, 432, 360 889, 575 8, 035, 072
CCT ereton iene ECAC ROR Ect Aare 390 20,578 1,586,815 1, 773, 805 5,349, 413
CIGOD EM Caen ce tues eetenee se MetnCae eae 562 22,532 3, 995, 650 1, 142, 450 8,678,551
CPE WLOLG sea vente cc centedacwdeenotices 710 12, 959 1, 691, 804 204, 435 3, 012, 495
MAA Seis Ne Areawide acdc cates eee 500 18, 125 2,097, 080 363, 580 4, 034, 833
1 82 op U2 ane ae eee ee eae SE 530 13, 903 1,110,598 119, 855 2,019,184
PSEOROSG se aics ete asec asaeie te iouier ane 576 21,325 4,470,234 624, 644 8, £76,442
WEN eater te peso ml eres Paneer e heer 440 14,418 3, 143, 251 351, 550 5,966, 365
DBM eo care te atoan ics coisa eames anes oe 720 12, 986 1, 288, 676 217,890 2,419, 780
MSDs LAG cow Peete ice ctecel econ eae 792 16, 802 1,425,001 43, 369 2,092, 083
MRTUNN AMET ces x sree Sete le law Ca aa nome amie e 500 21, 706 1,916, 523 685, 450 4,547,840
PPRUUIIN uxhveniveracisiexy sm ndaea dec cue 866 30, 581 3,945,105 1, 012, 635 8, 108, 848
GARCONRAG.:..c21m weave uote wane neeme cs 510 12,298 1,756, 057 417,462 4,042, 449
ST BNIEEY eaeotvsuin aves es hogan ten ctw 450 20, 554 3, 765, 360 752, 560 7, 628, 821
ANON e sche gerecacinice vent eceiham sen 688 52, 713 3, 456, 681 6,282, 181 14,342,141
CORTE OG: sare cis Hasnain cece Ge het eels ce 460 17, 832 2, 613, 893 953, 078 6, 240, 344
PUPUSEIBOM s csteclaeinwitonuies stusemakaie see 730 24,398 4,445, 040 677, 721 8, 500, 083
LEN) 1 on ay Ea en ain a as Ae 740 28, 054 4, 878, 840 1, 373, 060 9, 486, 702
LTO Wises he and ee kia toes pceome ones 415 9,985 1,192, 155 91,200 2, 232, 245
LE co lirh Pe eee gee Grenier pert At eae 462 17,083 3, 640, 660 731, 525 7,444, 765
EEO AUN GL din ce sect aa" cikcwe te nceeee ae 450 18, 337 2,971,915 877,815 6,634, 802
RII ILE. <eciMha feces cf ouebccnane 20 21, 884 1,797, 165 497,505 3, 804, 135
MCatemeedih « Sakae tats s oc dat hed eric 550 8, 716 1, 206, 872 198, 418 2,558, 750
BOOTY Satcate actrees dcp wee So rela ee core 630 195, 193 14, 029, 400 66, 536, 029 112, 895, 131
URS Sal tit Cae ate PGR PEPE ee one 672 84,018 6, 052, 215 5,770, 225 18, 419,544
POMOGLAOM pitivaciesnddn ane sccee cents 640 25, 712 2,643, 460 957, 999 6, 064,502
SECUAIINCI ES Iaicdaeener, clebiees coccinea 800 27,843 5,503, 780 1,444. 090 11,421, 531
rile me sien ee chis So cexiatesau cy ch vcee 510 13,479 2,518, 135 | 267,205 4,643,010
PENAL Os Gavaveshat=duees toalacbed une 740 16, 523 1,510, 535 310, 440 3,125, 744
Lafayette 622 31,679 5, 386, 325 1,445, 155 11, 402, 953
MMEOIICE.L sc hincnteesenatieneetiwanKs 606 31, 662 3,001, 291 908, 623 6, 323, 367
GEA SrA Cet os Gig de S5c ka sattndinke rnids Bake 510 16, 724 2, 528, 970 615, 690 5, 391,309

MISCELLANEOUS. 369

MISSOURI COUNTIES—continued.

Area in |Population,| Assessed Assessed

: : Total tax-
square | U. 8S. cen- |valuationof] valuation
Sileee sus 1900. land. town lots. |@ble wealth.
County. :
Bincoly.37! 445. see aee eee 2a. 598 18, 352 $3, 158, 560 $391, 460 $5, 406, 686
MUTA tees ce au sania ace arose ero anata 620 25,503 3,571,027 1, 264,752 7,544, 766
VINE StONn oc aseeecesoee wore ooo eee 520 . 22, 302 3, 309, 765 1,141, 701 7,361, 658
IOI DYOSFY Ve ERS ee = Se nee te ees 580 13, 574 1, 275, 224 119, 312 2,259, 319
INA COM eeaessocrsces sere rate cto chose vsreator 820 33, 018 5, 946, 773 1, 282, 846 11,364,373
Madison.. 492 9,975 1, 061, 240 373, 700 2,318, 117
Maries.. Se TO TEIECT BC Dn cc eSosG 515 9,616 1,103, 224 77,350 1, 836, 293
NIATIOMM Crain neice). rey soe 420 26, 331 3, 107, 160 3, 002, 260 9, 678, 025
Mercer. Nan Seek cp ateeteare Bers ice hie 484 14,706 2,993, 553 203, 200 5, 070, 947
GUD Key Sekai Bice Si Ine eRe 590 15, 187 1, 443, 555 182, 105 2, 719, 990
MAISSISSIP PIs acon eeonteuee eee sarec ote 430 11, 837 1, 395, 300 412,955 3,191, 685
MIGMIGSAUTS sone ceca ese e nc aae cates 420 15, 931 1,816, 230 633, 580 4, 865, 743
MONROE seriseeecs) oon salt ices « octs aol 644 19,716 3, 811, 900 630, 440 7, 337, 369
INMONTFOM CTY. os-ceea dees chines. Uecis 546 16,371 2,438,745 519, 350 5, 155, 260
INGO at ary on Seren ieee apse cae ac sche 638 12,175 1 546,275 161,915 2,756, 115
NewneMadiridte 20 i. sbajsieteor. ss osite 320 11, 280 1,917, 135 234,815 3, 410, 456
ING WECON Searle dates eo tS i eH os ceenetec 648 27,001 3, 242, 630 731, 380 6, 192, 368
IN OGAWA Yieris setsicnts cowhide Eis cars oars etched 848 32,938 6, 806, 035 1,268, 968 12,439, 425
OROLON ea eeeer en) Gehiakh seceaeee 780 13, 906 1,244,118 206, 470 2,147, 516
ORD Rnbc lott Se SeCGSEE Ce tad aaee ere rt 586 14, 096 1, 909, 215 274,530 4, 070, 444
OT eae taeia Seren carercle teefofas cbafe & cies ne aloe 780 12,145 801, 984 8, 537 1, 332, 317
Pemiscot 480 12,115 1,514, 355 342, 670 3,330, 215
IRGERY sce tees 436 15,134 1, 473. 230 257, 265 3. 195, 689
IGUGI Steele chee nce coh. jee aieinwic es aeles 688 32, 438 5,148, 820 3,191, 140 2,095, 585
IPiReMpSkaccras Sasene iiSheteleeae bie scteg wiessts 640 14,194 1, 412,984 382,107 2, 887, 132
Pike¢.cs:>. PE csi oxed EOE cise aisles wl ais 620 25, 744 5, 088, 350 1, 662, 280 10, 187, 006
] MIEN) Sontote Cou OeCOEUET en Cen EnEe 410 16,193 3,594, 730 444, 650 6, 708, 008
121liKawdedenaes sa cSSOreS late eeene ee 640 23, 255 2,154,450 | « 535, 775 4,811, 363
anil sepctamageverns ts.chteis a0 Es eels-e-sio 520 10,394 929, 205 178, 260 2,123,111
PAULO ATM romain eek gees cian www sae ciee 542 16, 688 2,584,597 320,515 4, 643,027
LSU YS sooty Oi oC eno 8 CoRR Cerra 490 12, 287 3, 218, 120 255, 380 5, 139, 258
ANC OM Meare Soc ae ce ete ek acae el we 470 24,442 3, 366, 404 1, 721, 133 8,185, 495
UA Yislotis creel: « CORtS Ae ae an ee 584 24, 805 3, 887, 270 718,340 9,004,810
Reynolds....... Ce a ote ic. Beers &30 8,161 1, 110,398 22) 037 1,712, 864
UE GVire caries noted chivas sacle 640 13, 186 1,492, 297 219, $53 2,346, 730
SisOhWarlesien.y cis saeosce Sebacette 520 24,474 4, 548, 430 1,840,000 11, 701,340
Siew Olale Gace O20 eet th tat ccoe ee cies 690 17, 907 2,304, 550 332, 600 4,360, 794
SHepMraAnGOISr fers, saee wine isis sets. ce ici 410 24,051 3, 888, 895 596, 850 6, 468, 398
Ste..Genevieve.............2... ae 450 10, 895 1, 140, 480 327,500 2,216, 741
SEROUS eRe ok eeckirn e. 492 50,040 | 20,274, 100 6, 646, 210 35, 552, 012
Siselouis Oitiyien. coe. se 2 eees oe a 48 575, 238 14, 230,600 | 329,395,160 457, 735, 457
AIM Crysis seine 1s s/t afore ets diss oertas 760 33, 703 6, 379, 960 1,554, 410 12, 622,665
SCHUVIEP A sine = co aac BISa. sieinaret cute 336 10, 840 1, 458, 392 237, 955 3, 150, 866
SCoplanmdtert ces. soe conse ce celecae nee 440 13, 232 2, 346, 000 . 393,970 4,741,976
S(O GNI Haare nc Be aeeientead 56 cc eee me 434 13, 092 1,914, 945 484, 969 4, 467, 862
Sea O Mee cea asi sap ele osaseeeicl~siekeimts.s 960 11,247 1,304, 748 64, 928 2,178,576
SHED Yes aeSeee oh cae stace te B stevotelar ctets'a 514 16, 167 2,877, 663 507, 455 5, 954, 559
SoOGGaTde ey eet ee ncn ose ae neers 840 24, 669 2, 388, 335 562, 402 4,959, 169
Stone cose hiieisscc. teakasae petesieeeis 516 9, 892 1,012,794 34,309 1, 586, 656
656 20, 282 2,674, 953 322, 413 5, 755, 691
660 10, 127 771, 673 49, 050 1,329,172
1,145 22, 192 1, 997, 227 139, 678 3, 388, 816
850 31, 619 4, 862, 090 1,394, 844 10, 111,562
435 9,919 1, 633, 495 162, 020 3, 701, 677
780 14, 263 1, 769, 410 193, 770 3,068, 412
800 15,309 1,129, 787 173, 930 3, 033. 510
630 16, 640 1, 650, 335 224,670 3, 564, 547
270 9, 832 1,774, 606 250, 980 3,341, 362
700 17,519 1, 422,648 24, 780 2,877,120

A—24

370

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK.

The following table compiled from the State Auditor’s report 1903-4, gives the number of
horses, mules, asses and jennets listed for taxes in the various counties of the State; also

the assessed value.

The number of stock listed for taxation is consicerably below the actual

number, because the rule is not to include in the list stock under one yearold. The valua-
tion of live stock is about one-third the actual value:

Horses. Mules. Asses and jennets.
Number. | Valuation. | Number. | Valuation. |Number. Mek
State..... 782, 670 | $21, 560, 383 | 242, 463 $7, 502, 084 | 7,960 | $401, 253
County

PRA RDS Ar tee ite sateen see } 8,437 $222, 655 999 $30, 668 82 , 090
ANNE Wires cinticccthiew ee orca e'elere 6,059 158, 305 1,738 58, 149 91 6,120
AST OHISOW s/c esa acmate ds cbiclne 8,055 214, 860 2, 785 90, 280 35 2,210
AOA Tre. sone norcasiese 8,927 261, 626 3, 725 135, 270 191 8; 355
BANU sede se csivmnn ceca ee rea 8,245 200, 824 2,132 61,317 87 3,075
VAN GON N.c ceeaeee oe meee re ee | 9, 343 202, 132 2,148 55, 512 81 3, 430
PAL OR pee < cto cisiec e fore aiwse'aic/ele sie 14, 258 357, 836 2, 945 88,318 149 6,534
BSrUOMeccacaae ne cee ee stele opie } 7,235 164, 700 1,543 47, 957 8% 3,710
Bollinger 4,324 127,989 1,978 69, 669 35 2,555
WOON C2 seasick 7,541 224,890 3, 204 109, 285 121 §, 715
Buchanan 9,296 265, 060 2,446 78, 639 83 3.350
RSTO sor seater cere eines mOste 8,151 86,120 998 29,970 23 1,205
Maldiwelllicccc tos<c toe eenecnae 7,509 181,343 1,270 34,295 41 3,640
WaWaway. sk 2.5, ace cmerree 8, 668 214, 210 3,970 124, 660 258 12,840
Oaniden.. -cficcd. warawelstiee. 4,181 121, 050 1,177 35, 963 36 1,945
Oape Girardeau............. 6, 123 171, 120 2,620 83,710 79 4,175
OBETOL Acco sce cok acted Select] 11, 063 279, 018 4,192 121, 865 117 5,232
Demier easels jon aw seca wnctecbs 968 28, 189 705 24,580 16 350
(OFS 5 AROS Ee Rea ec Seer 11, 682 307, 033 8,026 92,211 104 6, 250
(CIC ty a ae ee ee Rea oe eee 7,638 213, 696 1,550 52, 969 53 5,149
@iiariton.. 2.3 cesiecto~ re ee 11,173 289, 308 2, 957 93, 225 93 4,760
OlUyIsilams te orcs ae ets 5, 664 158, 792 Leo 2, 115 103 4,151
(Glarkeets- ods. cet saece ts 6, 745 186, 810 79 29.561 17 1,555
CO aes ee Pasty rer 6, 386 186, 500 1,610 50, 325 61 8,345
Giiione esses cee Scarier 6, 850 190, 108 2,285 73, 442 59 3,355
| Of0) (2-2 3,78 91,100 1,107 32, 760 15 410
COONS haw ain casas witveiee 6,978 189, 925 4,061 150, 071 101 4,950
WEEE LOL sane dias oie 'ce wple oie wlem’s 3, 141 87,928 1,441 46, 368 23 1,170
6, 881 165, 466 1,883 54, 254 97 4, 795

5, 946 148,554 1,477 36,799 §2 2,701

12, 127 320, 476 2,496 76, 822 120 7, 235

7,149 210, ¥88 1,163 36, 588 59 2,900

3, 607 106, 491 1,614 | 50, 885 63 2,916

5, 025 134, 904 1,016 30, 664 44 1, 498

DU RIRIS TEs «cite oe cae see 5, 134 137, 155 3,518 122,028 21 1,475
| iafs ada fr) Reo ai gaa See RR a 5, 913 162, 485 2, 834 838, 725 31 1,540
GASCONHUG:..c.0e cece stecosene 3, 193 93. 230 2,107 66, 840 39 1,335
ClONOnY ain vate dae Aes ct wioas 10, 385 284, 730 1,893 42, 090 89 7,310
SPEGHAY, sec csc ehtes le anderel 12, 325 340, 483 3,410 102, 856 98 4,350
CPUC Ys sscede cower ews lacks 7,430 183, 603 1, 220 2, 655 -91 2, 670
EURMPINON 5 adden webs ah eee he 14, 678 365, 858 1,811 49, 129 110 5,950
MEGIRING fate osha clone gis Ane vals aie 9, 901 312,015 2, 366 79, 148 52 4,340
PION U a cote ca evecertes 4,908 142, 082 1, 182 35, 992 54 4,040
ERG es rks ode ast ec kaneak wee 7, 666 201,476 2,100 61,610 36 2,510
MUGIWEERULD et cic betes Seeidiscn's's be 5, 835 157, O41 3, 229 | 103,520 102 5, 305
(SL oS eat ee dae meres 4,658 125, 728 1, 470 | 48, 347 2,365
Iron.. 1,515 41,451 652 21,824 23 770
Aut 210) USS! 9 ee ee 19, 122 628, 635 3, 320 148, OBI W) .in6 ss ness llon sieneieene
MRI Gy cas ox ck onsen | 42, 242 499, 599 2,168 72, 982 66 3, 850
SIGIKORSOM « ob us caves vaasee cd 5, 122 137,544 2,263 66, 358 58 2,065
WDOHNSON. .. 00 csc08 a 12, 085 374, 390 4,121 144, 675 171 9, 065
ROOM ers u've eaten aha ; 5, 807 146, 593 1,276 34, 526 84 3,670

MISCELLANEOUS.

MISSOURI LIVE STOOK—Oontinued.

371

Horses. Mules. Asses and jennets.

Number. | Valuation. | Number. | Valuation. |Number. Mela

|
County.

MaAClOMS se cease ol oleae 5, 810 $159, 128 1,679 $54, 222 110 $2, 924
FEEAyeUbe 10, 836 319, 505 4,707 164, 174 106 6,785
Lawrence.. 9,108 243, 3886 3,111 94,774 93 4,655
IieKwalSs S2scc4asceo0 Sodobecoan 6, 741 186, 710 1, 640 50, 235 51 2,905
Mime one catowcsceies etnswieesce 6,504 162,510 1, 067 34, 485 13 1, 065
IMM eA Soha tdecam eates 9,877 248, 424 1,197 33, 187 40 2,625
Livin: gston . 9,789 256, 374 1,321 38,750 52 2, 305
MeDonaldern. siwcncsdesens 4,472 112, 520 1,304 36, 025 30 1, 230
Macon. 13, 498 410,505 3,384 102, 960 223 8,540
NEACHISONM ct! c ook tetecaieeane 2, 340 66, 770 1,244 41,925 33 1, 73u
Maries... 3,129 75, 543 1,710 54,954 31 1,265
MERTON stars isc sete seeeccical 6, 258 162, 635 1,010 33, 045 46 2,355
IMGECOT aah iio Suit eas 7, 255 159, 356 853 30, 830 30 1, 982
MM OT 255 Serec tanta to assta'ce eatcts 5, 126 139, 680 1,534 46,505 35 1,445
MISSISSIPPI cesses ne: E 2, 042 62, 135 3,560 123, 948 23 1, 465
IMOIUG OAs crete cise shcrec seis e= 5, 144 129, 016 2,318 61,545 69 3,310
MONTOCiicecertecee = sce) cietces 8, 704 243 ,660 3,099 86, 390 121 7,850
Montgomery .........-.-.... 5,193 158, 035 1, 767 59, 603 7 2,570
Morgan . 0 SARORREC pete 4, 759 127,410 2,026 56, 985 86 3,190
New M adrid.. BN ie Seino Saas 2, 226 50, 240 2,946 71,110 17 520
IN OWA) itogaang cana aeCeee aSeern 8,776 212,010 1,477 39, 140 53 1, 665
INOGA WEY. «cscs ame terctoce esos 16, 429 410, 846 2,473 75, 028 84 3,040
Oregconee tos eecren acc 3, 466 ue 375 1,320 33, 682 33 725
OBALC ia sor setae aseleieies SiS Soest 3, 224 0, 720 2,676 94, 445 23 1,510
OZaM es reed soon se asernels 3,094 86, 334 874 27,951 25 1,710
IRSMUISCOLimamenert sac e ete 2, 382 59, 490 3, 234 109, 407 25 1,420
ORV saccrssenicn sy asec eee as 4,377 124, 250 2, 536 77, 758 43 1,680
PObEISe aero eh tess sccee te 10, 415 286, 065 3, 397 105,610 132 6, 060
Phelps 3,444 96, 549 1, 296 43,030 66 2,000
PEAKG Reta cose tree occe's. oe othe sic 7, 430 228,008 2,132 75,627 249 21, 450
VEG GS Oe 5 ar cee ae aie 5, 272 155, 270 2, 159 76,512 67 4,825
Polk. 8,515 240, 327 2, 200 76, 554 102 6,220
AS lac emie tereicis ca shee ws 3, 503 82,275 967 24, 650 49 1, 380
PUGH Mee owt cmoces=neeee 9,480 233, 848 1,131 30, 291 60 2,405
WISE) po steht prensa cess dares 3,864 121, 635 1,069 35, 975 58 2,890
AMT OUD Us. at segters se lcialaoeieise 7, 230 216,392 1,678 62, 480 159 9,705
UA Nateyaotow tenets ee c wc ee whe 9,697 285, 590 3,205 124, 835 131 7,180
Beerolds OCDE Sones 1,953 58, 575 1.264 41,570 11 915
FEM Virerecl | serciseve creole cerart 2,011 66, 068 1,124 37, 099 26 1,313
St p@ianies Bw Neeaper sa sis aca aissezs wie 7,211 208, 086 2,460 92, 592 37 2, 463
SomOllaieosasoe.ccace as bacse 8, 258 231, 430 1, 637 45, 460 hk 3,360
Sta HranGOistecc ssn. csc see eee 3,040 78.015 918 27, 680 13 600
Ste.Genevieve... ........... 2,646 75, 560 1, 100 34, 505 23 1,585
Pits ILO NII bos ee eee 7,153 252,405 3,328 P35; 880: Fase ace caleiewete ete

StemuOuisOlbyaos.. assess. 12, 250 390, 000 1,060 BES OOO! lente Stee | toreceoereceeae
Salintez. sss cece cee as 10,899 317,170 5, 567 202, 692 137 8,600
DCHILV IO nts ee Sees. 6,263 171, 295 1, 049 30, 985 36 1,450
Scowandrystae.cm ot aeee ee 6, 689 187,565 1,000 29, 310 67 2,135
SGObUs pie wycae case at coeeee 2,976 91,031 3, 768 121, 677 19 1,170
SNA ON eases eae nes iA 2,166 60, 044 999 31,955 33 1,310
Shelby Selneye afeiloranoeaie oi anenice 8, 687 245, 775 2, 656 78, 007 144 6, 480
SCodadardi jack oe eee 5,841 163, 454 3,110 110, 566 62 2, 832
PB LOUNG tiecicesetee nen acoeeeeee 3, 234 94,616 928 30, 384 27 890
LULA. Nantes. ce eee 11, 246 276, 677 1,373 36, 055 125 4, 733
FRAN OV on. cals ae eens ee 3,101 80, 112 809 25, 931 55 1,350
PG xa spa ees ces aaa 6, 202 166, 226 1, 903 61, 949 120 4,277
EMOTION corn cm rien ea isurserce nent 13, 269 369,348 2, 864 84,915 122 5, 943
Wid Clin: s jomaaeet cass eee 3, 242 78, 025 1, 270 38,190 26 935
Washinetonsiccccscnceen 2,891 65, 810 1, 435 35, 255 19 865
DYMO scrote seikelectarsordia ola.cbciewls 3, 280 96, 415 1, 839 55, 565 25 1, 420
WIGDSLOD ae phe csecccne ec aess 5, 863 163, 985 1, 987 63, 545 123 3, 625
IWiOLGHeaaesP sta canis ohn tect 5, 989 156, 620 » 457 13, 004 29 1,085
9 (28 POURED A eee eae te 5, 134 188, 896 1, 487 46, 234 83 3,045

3/2 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK. |

The following table compiled from the State Auditor’s report, 19034, gives the
number of neat cattle, sheep and hogs listed for taxes in the various counties of the
State, also the assessed value. The number of stock listed for taxation is con-
siderably below the actual number because the rule is not to include in the list stock
under one year old. The valuation of live stock is about one-third the actual value.

Neat Cattle. Sheep. Hogs.

Number. | Valuation. | Number. | Valuation. | Number. Ya
SG BLON casos ciatite nic ee ccteaitid 2,544, 824 | $34, 515, 537 | 656, 878 $1, 002,572 | 2,215,581 | $5, 722, 421
County.

GRID oes Vas an ick btrcts 29, 026 $382, 974 4,421 $5, 880 12,101 $46, 405
TAT OT OW: </c5.stte oie co espa 33, 012 538, 655 2,272 2,340 27,221 94,470
MNECHISON sb Secs veh fe eta 36, 098 614, 725 922 1,810 42,279 120,725
Andrainsst eo. ccc Behe 31,728 525, 910 13, 142 24,545 25, 073 90, 905
BAUR ao coe rae as coche ttee as 20, 486 193, 407 6,215 6, 629 20,496 33, 867
PAGEONY sa ik wa ceic od ates 27,208 292,549 2,740 | 2,835 15, 680 35,547
EREOS sac coat aetalsic oe cchereee 39,597 492,158 2,895 3, 681 29, 432 81,896
Benton yoke. sec Oba 25, 406 344, 450 6,421 9, 080 16, 602 49,440
Bollinger.) feces. costes 14,348 137, 245 8, 951 12,140 18, 804 28,175
IBGONGs sire baie ce cc cuotoad 21, 288 323, 685 7,577 16, 725 20,335 47,520
SUCRAM ANS sancneccictetes 20, 391 324,819 1, 633 3,774 20, 225 63,316
BUDO Mico. si dene voce de ete 12, 235 92, 672 894 982 11, 239 14, 583
Waldwell: i fi. ac. a detes 28, 640 424, 679 8, 640 13, 021 29, 307 91, 755
MALTA WAY 2c fee wsccn te ate 21, 295 299, 215 16, 399 29, 253 15,257 57,504
WMamaden. 2b Hessian tees 18, 050 260, 803 10, 984 21, 809 14, 067 30, 439
Oape Girardeau.......... 14,298 136, 064 6, 795 10,315 | 22, 676 40,990
WErroll 2, eee dees 33, 161 499, 499 3, 636 3,704 | 31,539 81, 877
GBRtED 6.6 ee oc ce ete oetak 5, 841 62,347 589 767 | 7, 004 9, 528
RTGS ones crcisb ckttinciaceclorda Watrae 37,328 506, 663 4,014 5,713 38, 705 104, 223
OLE) eS <0) See Ae | 18, 920 277,949 3, 763 6,125 24,912 64, 222
Chariton. 5s. 2-6-0) | 33, 259 505, 067 6, 651 11,143 23,109 60, 405
@HTIstian.c Webs ox caret deers 17, 984 196, 165 6, 432 9,214 21,560 33, 805
OUR TICe eae cc cdota tat 21,427 298, 830 4,993 7,235 10, 036 48, 655
OIG Fn SEE cos of ede 23,940 368, 197 6, 204 11, 765 ; 22, 006 64, 530
MOITUEONs 05 do bte bonis 01a ott 31,142 524,056 3, 954 8,346 24,028 82, 082 4
(OT APC RS | Pro See ee 9,938 116, 930 2,115 2,435 11, 405 21,437
WIG ODOR: <5) coin eic’crs ha eet 22,682 328, 970 5,535 11,195 28,599 80,910
PINWLOLEL: batten x ves, fe ears 12,507 172, 704 5, 864 9, 271 11, 798 24, 190
HIRO S cs oic2t Peo cn vote BRE 19, 612 216,053 3,480 6, 047 | 18, 485 40, 936
LULU 9 APO = 17, 884 180, 438 10, 297 13, 074 | 18, 326 27,319
IEGLOSS! bc Pires sce uth fortes 41,722 629, 203 13, 122 21,644 37,477 95, 855
(DEKGIDS: sf, seus On cnds F, 35, 090 557, 304 4, 204 7,109 | 25, 429 76,217
DONT crscy. Etecetaie ls doses 14, 464 156, 953 7,11 8,915 16,579 24, 458
MG uP lass. sk wus. ntesas 15,637 175, 587 13,471 20,133 16, 858 27,876
MBI. AWe ccs ww eee eeat 20, 065 189, 084 334 490 27,546 41, 486
AUTEN As Sab esse tieet 13, 905 207,421 3,342 4,484 21,118 48, 283
SRRCONAUGsanewnuyectetcres 10,848 122, 580 3, 231 3,267 12,846 26,482
CROIELIY. ..20 ceecccnccctteres 38, 647 5738, 688 7,837 11,265 25,613 7,150
rcone...., Pbk is. ai 26, 713 329, 505 5, 585 7,947 22, 7 48, 959
En bc 8 ae Oe eae 32, 072 473, 916 8,124 8, 367 15, 652 52, 641
EUSURIBOMG. © dee we, attics o ces 54, 042 885, 717 10,565 20. 699 38, 687 143, 078
BLO cs cc okidet oe sea One 30, 980 448, 035 1,967 3,590 23,178 84,135
RARCIOYY: cn db. cn wevccteces 18, 985 242,516 5, 584 8,351 16, 793 44,791 .
eo) | Re 2 See ee | 22, 469 332, 600 1,178 1,860 30, 949 153, 260
BLOW OAL. . fda cen edu Oelee 19, 873 311,080 5, 102 10, 425 15, 123 46,150
EG WOll sea itry scick aces ce ke 14,638 157, 607 8,247 8, 257 20, 975 21,017
MBI ec ss te Pls muse tee oe 6,423 72, 129 2,395 2,607 | 6,428 8, 738
SAO BON a cle Gute'eisle ceca: Gite ba 29, 780 488, 057 5,053 8,240 28, 998 119, 142
ASSN ie cio Pets cccc vaeetialdee 25, 012 377, 053 2,671 3,309 16, 041 44, 905
GALOLSON. os filaenis dn'y bloat 16,215 168, 005 2, 3, 086 16,519 34, 075
PGMOSON ss to wc ck pdoes Facaw es 39, 560 576, 135 5, 630 5,630 34, 059 109, 420
Lb el} PA Peers bse SS mire = 25,585 361, 355 5,663 6, 252 15,311 41, 398

MISCELLANEOUS.

MISSOURI LIVE STOOK—Oontinued.

373

Neat Oattle. Sheep. Hogs.
| Val
Number. | Valuation. | Number. | Valuation. | Number. ii pak
County.
Macleod eveanscucwsadess saeee 18,171 $228, 396 11,010 $14, 953 18, 190 $31,024
Haha yetibed sds laden sap 33, 561 551, 500 3, 601 6, 535 30, 229 11,195
TGA WTEN COs os o.osfe.e/crerelaie were 18,007 237, 736 2,921 3, 213 16, 935 46, 112
Wi StecBctret occ c eeinwtc deen 22, 054 328, 020 9, 642 10, 060 15,303 70, 335
TANGO = lo ccontabeecs slehen 18; 435 267, 790 4,111 5, 665 16,785 47, 635
IByimMbaace ne mace sobouiwss 44,146 531, 873 7,908 9,227 16, 304 42, 535
bivinestens-ssacc ete oeee 29, 012 412,516 5, 293 7, 728 22,910 59, 326
MeWMomaldit ree sen enor cease 14, 871 164,119 5, 038 5, 038 14,363 18,027
INCOM eee ead vice BAS eh ereoe 43, 057 665, 100 8,055 12, 425 24,782 63, 275
WitdiSOnime As mesa ccckeeacc 9, 247 102, 536 2, 981 3, 322 9,716 13, 488
MEAT ARES TSS > Bik Pepe iN re BR A 14, 344 153, 378 6,390 6, 390 15, 679 15, 679
INUATTO VR grees con acres ace 13, 022 201, 215 7,356 15, 165 10, 260 40,850
MGBTGCOr NSE a sg cce tierce es 34, 864 543, 346 2,977 135) 14, 852 59, 785
Miller..... Sars sielareted, &Yewis 19,519 201, 035 10,914 12, 105 16, 125 29, 900
NMASSISSUD plheeeevce jamie o atexes 10,976 100, 701 281 345 13, 750 24, 707
NO TIbC ATS niente coe bk s-yaos 16,549 198, 874 2,665 4, 380 18, 938 42,760
IMINO st cetias sessleloanate 25,720 383, 310 22,189 33, 480 19, 465 61, 030
Mon tS OMeryygn..<- ter yee 18, 420 276, 017 4,885 9, 455 19, 212 59, 130
NORE AN et ertsie Saisie eisrs 10, 281 156, 230 5,944 7,416 9,789 26, 469
INGwa Ma dnidias scan. o ness 10, 834 68, 956 456 640 13, 721 14, 204
IME WibOM pear ers/owisccstoc tee. 17,497 226, 592 451 535 11, 386 28, 624
INGA Wil V 7 at ccuct, oa slotecstee yes 65, 141 837. 327 2,877 2,818 57, 564 146, 493
Orexones sce cdeculeoee 17,543 174, 534 3,679 3,679 16.918 16,918
OSA Peres ceca ecidaes tesagee 14,522 164, 059 3,678 4, 694 15, 672 28, 748
OZARK et oeeny eis tae mises 18, 258 211,141 6, 240 9, 947 15, 099 28, 029
IRGINISCObM eas pooese score. 15, 334 154, 138 351 676 19, 980 39,700
OED Vga eeicice ccincse: abi Seles 10, 958 108, 340 {eae 9, 162 24,625 33,915
IGhbisees sa ssbece. Sec taree 35, 568 536, 516 4,797 7, 671 23, 467 79,041
Phelps, 15, 103 179, 720 6, 772 7,343 13, 624 19, 859
IR a es sb ics tae Ra ees Be on 20, 041 300, 470 8,270 17,910 17, 820 68, 160
Platte 14, 652 239, 200 3, 639 5,105 16, 113 48,180
LOE ee Rorercote are Nemmerae 21,117 297, 450 9, 230 10,210 27, 984 42,295
ATIC algeey Baa eaten os ie oni 13,610 146, 790 8, 681 10, 465 12, 156 18,385
IPGL a a sehabes appenes Beene 37,151 500, 150 7,709 8, 362 14, 839 37,005
LE GHIA Ee ORC EABe es eee ae 14,504 206, 090 7,467 12,345 7, 585 27,230.
RAMON At sesaeccs asteseiees 19,874 331, 380 7,470 14, 680 10, 367 39, 845
IM Beccdige Wes aaa eee 30, 354 505, 385 3,881 5,520 43, 080 122,160
Reynolds Bh vatgeye oie ahareid arcleytrars 12, 335 129, 091 3, 733 3, 787 16,019 21,439
Ripley 2.5.2.5 SRS IPE 11,612 122,321 3,341 4,485 43,191 22, 636
PROT AE LOS cttherass tere oale ats cele 15, 037 197, 556 2,966 6, 5387 23,675 77,276
Sp aOlainenteertss cece oe 26, 479 295, 680 3,717 4,765 17, 496 45,720
St. Francois Reo ed Naeccc 8,506 87, 900 1,001 1, 480 3,757 7, 265
Ste. Genevieve Leas Ba aoe 7, 762 77,896 2,870 3,470 1u, 975 14,894
SEepeMOUIS ese eos aac ciasts 9,423 158, 655 612 1,040 12,467 41,585
St LiouisiOlbyacc. aase nce: 6, 420 LOSSSLON asap eet ots eens Coes on eat nee Bipkeen
SAINGirer seer neacas seas 44,073 659, 240 2,972 4,905 29,019 113, 760
Sehwylor pene. ses ceccot tee 18,335 266, 616 22, 140 22,140 12, 287 34,281
Scotland ee soveeeene 26,578 358, 355 6,475 7,870 12,518 41,600
DECOR s Vetoes creer: 11,896 111, 861 vais) 799 18, 863 25,947
SWannOnee tenon ceases cee 12, 421 136, 083 1,880 2,002 14, 47 15, 467
Sitelipyeine cn scse tele cule mene 25, 707 367, 097 12, 134 17, 308 16, 622 21, 904
SOOO MAEGN Us pec cs codec 17, 784 171,814 2,547 2,608 25, 625 26, 463
SUONM EG parteridcache ese sagas ces 11, 400 136, 921 3,110 55, 938 13,123 22, 820
STAM van et ec. sated tes 51,851 714, 514 10, 334 11, 835 18, 902 54, 652
TRANG Yacee nes oaene etlcor ee 15, 454 167, 560 5, 237 7, 365 10, 483 15, 976
“Rep eih Re A RA ees 8 eee 21,513 244, 094 18, 357 27, 382 24, 934 35, 765
WMIGTHONEM ) aoe 39, 535 566, 395 2, 050 2,471 23, 955 68, 239
Warren...... 9, 407 97, 260 2, 224 2,465 13,140 20,750
Wiashingtonv.ce sacccscte. 12,006 116, 567 2,530 2,889 9; 984 13, 729
Wayne.... 16, 905 180, 415 3, 182 4,531 18, 480 28,345
WIG SLOR et coniaoeaeen ase 17,618 175, 814 13,811 20,080 19, 128 34,135
Worth. See 20, 484 319, 725 3,046 4,521 14,021 82, 050
Wine toseecisce ce ocd cots. 15, 615 188, 148 17,770 27, 250 19, 587 32, 850

374 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

MISSOURI COUNTIES.

Average number of cattle. horses, mules, sheep and swine per square mile in each
county; also total average value of all live stock per square mile.

° Average number per square mile in each Total
county. average
County. value per
square
Cattle. | Horses. | Mules. | Sheep. | Swine. mile.
NORA Sane exerted porns otc ta eal ae ee 64 21 2 11 64 $4,119
ATIOTOW . sere acec os ee DRO Dene etiae 102 27 5 ll 189 7,418
ATCHISON Sateen cook eee Soe eee 94 | - 21 is 6 214 7,105
AOR GIN Soyo soe cisco BAe seni oon 58 19 a 49 75 4,559
PS ARLV ees sone eck on Gee eo ee ae 24 10 3 10 35 1,829
Barton. FES es Ce ac ORC E ae 50 17 4 9 44 3, 202
WS ACCS oer. = pices loss ae seas Seen een 55 20 5 7 96 4,488
PRG GO Meet Meee ee oer se ns, ede ee 38 12 3 15 38 2,318
Bollingen” Seka...) s ec omc 21 8 3 14 48 1,678
GONG esa) <i. Bere. vote eee eee 53 18 8 29 75 4,357
BSN CHAM AN Fein fete hae cce es Soke aoe 67 22 rk 8 je i114 5, 324
SSTTLON tee eee trae armen 13 5 2 2 29 958
CAA WOlIs; Secrets stcet oct eats aeee 87 26 4 62 158 6, 606
RUA EY. tae oat o es lena sees 43 17 8 53 63 3, 935
MISTHRO GH sees ce es fo aL eee aoe 21 if 2 15 31 1,467
OupeiGirardean.c!..-) eoccts eae neee 29 1s 6 17 66 2,592
CAPPOUM Meer aoc tee oe Eee oie 57 21 8 14 114 5, 006
OAPLOR ceo eiskiseas soe edee 9 2 1 1 23
CO FOT hae Sn ae A na ae fees Bd ee tee 60 21 S 13 125 5,040
(2)5 10 k:1 i eS AAA aeeSG EP cee pe eeen So 40 17 4 10 61 3, 037
WR ATIGON. ears Se atite eee sae SAA Se 64 20 vg 13 7 4,537
(OMe Wa E46 a lias Sora Be lies eee i ee 29 ll 3 11 50 2,129
Oa al SSRE Seeees 2 Se Leg Sed 64 22 3 20 74 4,516
OT aaa AY oes Se ca mile ie eR GN feb 83 22 5 37 187 6,504 ;
CUNEO Feate. seen oe he he cae oe nee 98 24 5 16 17 6,914
CIO Cpt ants oa chara as ie www a ee ae cee a bee 32 12 3 14 51 2,570
WOODEEs ces hates eae sceee ante) Sabon 53 16 9 i 102 4,611
MUON (Ls Pe viele’ fe parses iu wanna ees oo es 22 6 3 12 29 1;
10}:73 (YE eS Aces eee Sere ee een ed 42 16 5 8 60 3,126
MP EOURSUS: wrists rata tetceiiornen the see ite come eae te 27 12 3 18 40 2,054
Daviess 7 25 5 27 127 5, 923
(IOI DS o's DeueelcGatianulers orc. ems tees 89 24 4 10 142 6,2 ‘
DSM eden a hsidd see t.c wtats oesis «sieht eee 21 6 2 il 27 1,288
OES o's, Panne eric sth easeinee! cae OA 16 7 2 4 33 1,310
POU EGLENA Seto trot a We cM taeioia ane cb Meee 26 9 6 1 78 2,298
Franklin... SO Fe Ce ae 29 10 4 9 56 2, 292
TBNCON AGGL. oe cae usaybineceonae was See 29 3 5 14 40 2,070
FON UNG ac es Feo ails <a Gk ete alee spon cael eee 101 29 3 42 153 7,136
GRPOEMG oo, tc deine soe te visto deeres sere Coat 37 17 4 8 49 3,099
[ORF Le Re CBee RS AGENE RE ch RIGO 7 22 3 26 82 5, 034
Harrison: *;..2%..<-. 88 25 3 2 27 5, 780
OUYY spon wecneace 50 17 5 5 74 8, 874
RAN CARON cash «casas tse an dawns exe bale wot, See 35 12 2 14 49 2,408
ELC ils na S akider ty ioe p aes Vee cae Come 64 20 6 9 214 6,042
EIS) GY EUI Cle eis Buti lo.s/ofo'erelovs oa ee sie sc istcicic eamen 58 18 10 26 92 4,777
STM GOW opie ve Ge va. dakar cee ae ecotme be 17 7 2 il 31 1,320
RI PrN eet es esin a isle pn wae eels 16 3 1 5 15 774
BEIs EBON Bonito) sae vas Sipla Pa eeoces Oe 80 23 é 28 118 5,819
SPH DETWtET ead Gubk vcs tu pinccateeumethe tatie 35 17 3 5 35 2,597
Ue) (0) 0 pi eae eee eee 33 9 4 a 37 2,030
RURSPATUEIUTS Pacis mole casks dic; law'G’ «cn la Oo 52 19 6 14 82 4,264
Gil ay pee SSS is wee Tee eon Ons cee oak ee 67 22 4 29 96 5,
PERCAEULG SS siecle diene ai netsh ae x ces boil 23 9 2 14 B4 1, 657
DAA OTOUUC by ids ve Riau Shan pieans Gowkine Kee 62 21 8 14 125 5,335
EW POUIGO: | cctv <p pues ats Hea role wowace Cee 82 16 6 q 43 2,809
ROO WB Tete Los so vacant cen eben 56 19 4 32 74 4,192

MISCELLANEOUS. : 375

MISSOURI COUNTIES—Oontinued.

Average number per square mile in each Total
county. average

County. value per

square

Cattle. | Horses. |; Mules. | Sheep. | Swine. mile.

PAM COMH Reece msie se oeisws-cod eee ees -aaes 43 Sealy 3 18 | 81 $3, 608
US ee Py ie eactene Maes efereeeis esis Sovans sc es 88 | 21 3 24 64 5.136
I Bri pues Hel 8h 2 Ce ceeiecoe Shc orice AU See aap eR 71 22 one} 21 105 5, 166
1 PED Yop 07 5 0 bh an en Re On 5 iy ane 8 2 -} 11 40 1, 483
WIP Oo ti BS SOkp pase Ee Sern Retort eneoe 59 19 5) 20 52 4,130
MAGISONE, sec ociiecele- Pease cnet oes ses 18 5 2 10 28 1,148
WEA OS rates cctecin tive e clere tronic’ se mw aiaisiaie'caese 24 8 4 14 | 41 1, 734
WANTON oc.) 2 cht ate e sate Caste aes piss 47 20 5 39 7d 4,103
IWEECOR scons teeta ae notes sa SG ae sad 95 22 3 11 82 5, 606
VERMEER nore ee se tisr eee Clarretins ceic cbse 28 | 9 2 19 | 41 1, 947
WH SSISSID DI oeteees en sot Satine e eens Ome 21 5 i 1m] 51 1,776
Livorenivet yo ie te 5 Soke aa eee ee Age. || 16 7 | 69 3,519
WEG YER ODP er orien nes, Toisiniclsyeetinw Oe so, arenas 59° 22 § 75 7 4,919
NOME OME Yrs ast oo)- aieccl cee sein ces 42 | 14 5 22 7 3, 112
INO EED Spa oa Ose ee Don ORO aime tees ise 32 9 4 17 3L 2,132
Mews Madrideteer see (SE eecda ceo, 13 4 5 1 35 1,208
27 13 3 1 24 1, 957
106 28 3 6 206 7.697
14 5 2 6 32 1, 090
29 | 7 6 13 41 2,080

OZ ANKE eed nt alt soe ieee ee os ea eels 20 5 2 9 28 1,21
IBEMNMISCODA so ciete cc cotes ste teme ss. aaitees 19 4 5 1 31 1,314
IRGERYP ce eaccke sos ne leaeaes Soe Aeaee 26 10 6 18 65 2,345
EO HiT irs BRE Cat os aoe ae fee Pees 58 18 6 9 68 4, 169
23 7 2 13 31 1, 487
53 19 5 34 val 4,225
63 22 7 17 152 5, 621
37 20 4 20 51 3,160
23 7 om 17 39 1,563
80 23 2 25 53 4,895
56 18 4 Gy 65 3, 328
63 20 6 42 53 4,447
66 21 8 11 145 5, 624
15 3 2 6 2d 848
14 5 2 6 33 1,143
33 14 5 85 71 3,173
40 14 2 ai 48 2,822
23 8 2 8 | 47 1, 683
PIPPLUPATICOISS. soft ost ooeneic ode) mec nes 32 8 3 9 | 32 1,843
St. ois: 3... eee oS Bee eee ee ae eas 2 17 8 4 | 46 3,021
Salimoser ces acess. a sdecse tees ose ohee 65 19 9 6 120 5, 293
SGT NGOs 3352 So ROPERS pOCe oe ae eee 66 21 3 81 71 4, 687
Op Lani Cees staae ceed fe wee cee ewe 78 25 1 33 87 5,404
SC Obti ee eee meer es os sem caetide sess ve.ceie 25 7 8 2 54 2,075
SAMO Met reetee See aes cad Sine oa oe ete bare 9 3 1 2 19 623
SHOULD y cence Necisee nal en acon toleee ayadebiones 57 22 7 46 78 4,721
DOCG ALG sy were eet con soa sce. atone 19 3 4 3 47 1, 668
SOME aie els tenes ene ae oa cwioee Z 21 8 2 9 36 1,512
SHUM eli s. po atee otresecinem Sains on teens 96 22 3 23 46 5, 284
SINANTO Vee net ern one ad SOE ict Sores 23 6 ne 9 33 1, 362
TRONAS Se ste tes ciaaieaete citoreiotee eee dee 16 if 2 16 28 1, 267
MORMON. Jases) Cores (esas teeta one Age: 48 18 4 7 60 3, 667
AEN Or) thee Sas pn te et tae el Cae 27 i) 4 9 44 2,200
Wish netonise. ces. siscne nse ee oa eee 20 5 2 8 26 1,197
AN TIGs > a biais soe oe wearer ee ats eons oat 18 3 2 5 34 1,061
SVebSbeI =<) oe ee Pate aes Seo... 23 10 3 21 33 1, 823
Worth KSBHnS ttliche =a abo carrot er se sper 39 27 3 33 135 6, 408
V/s fa] 69 eae MALS Ay Rn ee toe 19 8 2 24 29 1,453

376 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

MISSOURI COUNTIES.

Table showing number of apple trees, number peach trees and value of annu
forest products per square mile in Missouri.
No. of ap- No. peach Yaluees
. ple trees | trees per
County. persquare square Drone
mile mile |P mile

PNGRAT setle o stee ale vie eee Ne eae. Che tic. cals een cna dans he othe eae REE 214.80 28.07 $60 40
TAO PO Wines Be cccle Seay ta s,sco nak aids ce actos Noe Geena bajdenus oan cence 959.60 119.14 157 00
PRTOMISON . 3 erecc cree s Lathes saaeatte ae cle ona reomOrne t ANeOeP wlemam etter 399.5 120.75 63 93
iat Mes foe 6 WR cess cto wae vee an a warcclach oe Coe cRaR 98.11 12.71 20 77
JEDI ie ales Ses GOS CRC ee Tae SMe? 1a - emer s Gm omen ts i 467.14 79.28 70 73
RADEON sere te Sica oi Seu sec acne mode aire bce oantane sina aris a Dee een eee ee 351.46 15.12 819
PaO Sees wisfu cia aa .cie Reet N oe tee b with te oa caesar ne omne at ebe 224.42 26.40 24 30
IBONTONE ete Wien Nore see eeeetbcieccine. Cae be ce tee patos teases 90.32 34.20 70 11
IB OUATE OT be tila il cai hoe soe wind eta tfcts Stele Mele! mia ne etn ate) cs een 211.60 102.60 79 82
BOOM oie erie niccnin=: rctetaeins Saanie, Maser stance tees: Bee eee 289.18 33.73 94 11
SMG H AMA eke vk acces eek es odes <, Cake ene anes tee eos eens 864.35 109.94 116 14
Fei plemer sec ta S ay as hhc tta ce Moe etree | Sane Dace tete le ope ao ae 102.98 7.31 57 U1
CE ale GUS e Yee ante ae See ene See anes Ai nee aS oe. a Sate sere 220.82 36.21 53 40
AE yee. cod cae es tact ee oe a acne or aas cha Thabo h ae eee 217.50 35.68 100 40
(Olea) © 12) ole he 2) Seana ey Seats a ae | OR Mee, Mee MSIE ong) ila Done 191.26 48.91 90 81
Ganetirard Gants soe Seas ecards tee Pe cot Weteaieue a rae 233.0 51.42 155 94
ORO lac. fa cee meerelce.s 378.42 52.87 45 08
(OPEN) id ee Rae eee aS Cee ae eC Si 90.37 29.23 23 49
ORBSE wie. fs Pe die ott tea traee slr aa 174.7 38.57 33 43
OBO AT Sa? ect teres oe hee 349.55 42.85 58 90
OAR GON it cliratesin dati ecae teceeea eee 315.17 36.47 60 75
GIDIEISU EH etalre sacetinte. cc onuiie rete ween 352.71 40.97 71 21
Clarkes 3. ae 137.13 30.57 86 90
Gott ain chat sere cokes lake cte droves bin wee use cle Aten oo, ener 359.15 64.84 56 47
Olinton 27 42.37 122 37
WTO Reo ta cate octets 179.43 48.35 120 98

Oooper ; 331.43 30.75 825
WOREWLONG 3c 0.) Om ac sce ec this Seceneceenceee ch citecaadsaee. 514.64 46.7. §1 12
ELE oe iad tnd UR ota reat Merah’ Sacco WW oe tei Maite Leeroy tears : 362.08 14.95 22 10
Dallas.. mt | 280-80 49.75 57 98
Daviess .. | 323. 11 67.22 105 33
IDGSILLD Serco eM gy eas oie Sem a aie le Sec hw mows Rt See cette, LOPE aia pens eee 256.7 32.37 43 89
PRE erase tc cialectch i Bocce ates terete ae Werke itis ie a nee ft ass & SEER 44.34 51.05 55 90
WOU LAG eine Reade id a eee cent ate mbebten bax Semtemt ate. sea names 856.16 137.97 39 00
GYULA Ne tes AOS wornve Seat beh tine cine hte wine lon Bia eeca sen ee eee wo ee ater 75.73 34.93 38 16
HUI MLC LEN scala Do teenies akistae so hee teinnasoahehiosiec caceebcioen. sabre 224.21 76.40 123 20
RAACONOUO Ja. (earns. i teics ie Meee Meo ee Oa. Raat LOREM Vet seh G 168.7 39.7 98 57
MOM ie Ci aed cpa wreee.d graves: venie teak eee ater Metacclaes cate il tears anos Meniae 430.71 69.52 | 139 11
MOREL TE Mest stats Siecle Co oe hams isc tri eotu ee wale shoe mide clas eee Gelverans saw ben 784.43 50.41 | 84 42
CRT certs tai snes, bE ev Pchile Abt 'calue Pstra nae! oe el Rees Ween ees 346.18 38.73 | 92 36
EUAEEIS OM 5 cd, Me aie ae bs tyisis'= 0 o'sinfan Oe « Cina eabw GICs lanes atv c MON Sle Dore tabs | 240.78 42.11 90 43
PRE NEC Ree ees earch Sia wir Usd Sadie'y A ne Moen COC Ee bai rss waaenn s tees 153.71 29.14 51 08
EEE IOM) ied Pe ecw Sasa. the hate sin bciclae MRIONS 0 ab Mirren me aettiattete nee coaaee } 138.42 37.96 | 50 14
bai he Pe ae See ee, Bees Soe eee rt oe: PE e, ree ieee 762.61 10. 92 76 12
OE EA EE Oe ere at Weeen ss) Aber om) te een ene 309.25 40.81. 133 04
PUCROURRU REN evn GINS Iisa v taoa ee alae oa ce MADR o's a ete wale Senne aetiews Coad hee 878.98 595.94 40 94
HO) See DBE Rao OL CRIED GaP eiCnt AK Pirie fe 185 An saree Pe 69.03 18.98 20 44
DBO cans vothe isso 654.14 108.39 527 7
DABDOM snes ca cb ew sven tech ves welee bene pu ccesed te seepee niwviacey gee el 428.28 22.13 | 51 85
A REMRIUITN GICs aathtde a fein Usctes's adic, tis tv aes odd Jew eOreMaCOeGt cates wanes 289.68 161.38 80 59
PFU EUA ID ira Seal win’ wt widiacs Beta -c ot tia: tielptn ts nen ige WA CeO RIN MEIN eof aaliacdieess « 240.27 51.22 59 03
RICSNNAT RRMED Cpe opin cou eua's biod ne ¢dcw.s nus Rasbioe eI EMCK Sais. coke Se 152.96 47.96 96 16
I LGN SE en eh ee RI ey PS See 387.7 86.34 30 83
DAMM EUCORe ane chgn” Ov Okb tain Wess hk > cidec'en Nee eRe tired «am aipre wv mel 524.40 42.83 6L SL
BNC MEACOn fwid im dade knw sv Wn aussiae las be vues MRR OPEONMETOMEY UNRURe ey ee 355.11 25.94 115 44
EIT Octaa nis, <'a nisl ve cia ug we eka md vee miee Me ee one cam 104.24 23.52 64 52

a

STATISTICS.

MISSOURI COUUTIES—Continued.

377

No. of ap-|No. peach Naluelot
; ple trees | trees per
County persquare| square Deegue es
mile mile matiice
Nuinycolnieeycnee sos eck 171.93 19.33 78 36
iit is sarigaoader ae 329.04 42.6 73 23
IDiahVeColless Seco Guodaced cud 65.9 56.82 76 40
Ie) IDYOVAAN YC]: 4 Gn pei Ge Sau REUOs 6 OA er ASOD so bce OIE CDEO ne S ES enne does Hees 495.94 87.53 79 73
NT OMe tape eee ee eactatere coin ol oro ei the on) canioloiatictaieleseiatects(o/e(s,s shele’e’steteys 391.49 34.62 81 19
TW LYO NES OY a ie oe So I SES a cee re onic Cork a DIO CIRC ICIS 92.6 19.43 86 26
Maries 112.03 35.72 59 67
Were Orie ese cse See cee itice s Celis aeee se opaaeeey ce cesses 154.72 50.75 181 02
WEG Her etre a oe aie OSE Hc sinicicts Bi teh oisd Dee tae oes e eens bees 508.26 90.50 141 83
VED UL GSae se ceeeecie ecu ete mice ae, eerie oes ote ayers Clo iela he, svat a Ma es cieW isle ela lara istete's 186.42 38.94 32 91
WUBESIRET yo iones be cade dee Suadoct CUCP Sane BSDGL mane: (asco) tccr DeBeaOBRAnaS 29.73 9.24 47 06
NEG HUEG aie ota ec ee ee oe scctslon nabs 1d Some Solateacisie valence 248.48 Sei! 99 28
VEG TOC eas eater clara rate eeate Sie SSIs Bib wiwinis le Bicte cies e:siciucelns pe aiaia-s' 170.67 25.57 47 57
NEOMESOMEr Ye caseeac ese sence tin ciccc cle clgatns Peamecaleses Occ: cele 133.45 16.09 46 30
VNR ced senate isto sie he so ticios osieaiceciicie sctie sep wetislajec aisislsreic 110.95 29.60 71 12
15.79 5.24 22 68
518.16 34.51 66 11
329.84 93.85 65 89
205.24 212.66 50 84
115.63 31.83 66 21
(OTTO A Cie agp ete UASSEC Ga OR (ROCHE ID Sas Sce ae aCe S Ee oenaErs 74.55 49.99 13 89
BETIS COD Sere ee Spt nee S)) Bh aete eda h be a eomiatce se ee eer 19.59 9.36 53 81
ETS orci aes saosin eRe Sct ate Smacic ech meteors sieidcpe af near tayes cimalem ere 196.70 86.07 133 00
IPEtEIS) ceive tcc ates oa pees 267.72 47.20 54 44
BGI Sree rch cee cae Pies nas hla waist aed, sdadend men st aclsas ae eer 182.62 22.68 53 27
PCr ee eee eee tetcneeesaes dB ee 292.78 55.59 93 72
Platte 825.77 53.36 1 82
Oreo otra Uhh cies Pee Ee wlio cles Ge Uhioainesie sieges Moin aisisves) Geek 399.57 34.85 44 10
Pulaski.. 332.16 60.44 33 04
PGT T Dept rece es aoe cioe fc SASS. wlotetetsainds cia) aele Sesto eis es eid tins 261.54 45.78 47 23
ERED IG Pena sat ee roed tee eee Noten ss cbiseee cls Lot ce ht ae Sai cies 256. 46 37.88 61 16
VAL O Up Diente cathe ec sete eRe ea ca wt, sotto s cljamesaacjam ois sierra store 210.71 27.77 85 72
LEE NE oe Piy nis MRO Hic oaIgeO? 6 UGE HSE hol OGRE Sec octets Beirne ae ate aaa 275.41 39 52 50
RENO LAS Hee siete cats race ts Cee ae oat eee calc boaters olny sein tetra tielahe ot egies 73.98 11.21 19 73
PRTG pc ss che ceases ha seinen hat soa ooh ours scl atin Du cin eacies swe nee 110.5 47.58 42 16
SGMONAPI GS, ch abrrcisad mer desntee cbc! chattetan Puce Medeeess Latte 241.08 30.79 87 06
Semen lireepensr ee Mca cays Se A OeRe IN wala me Ane avon aisles ea SES 184.05 26.83 49 16
MEORR ONE VIOVOls He wc cacctiem soe jelese sheets aelagettas ue 115.02 74.43 59 04
SCAT COLS iat Aine eo ee OR A. ects ae as ee cle cert ta cman! oe 191.15 46.32 102 68
Shem Seen peta tde aA tiecals sce aoe Seb e eM ce clagocterea waa Decnees 564.41 962.04 71 66
Sabla Ceem erie frst perc kins.c torts ot es side viataie b CoA cw ahs ecto pawn mmes canes 298.28 51.14 62 31
SOM reek anes Hence Oder Noses rnd tat aat bt caches welll sadeae 144.26 33.21 39 96
SCOp aN eect eee tess aeteedobcsaloes Goeeies Lista We 51.68 62 21
SCO Ute ere eee a nee erase ee rete veins b.e lg abet Lo oclemiae Sic esccweeens 42.58 18.39 61 10
ICV DIT ORB e aces Gun CEO BAHe REC ont RAR BBe RD Sak conS BLOnECHe BEBE aEr eats 131.82 33.17 25 80
Sie Ty ees orale wa cts esi elo Na awe cco chee Be. Cate elses celtecwe es lees 150.99 20.3 82 21
SHO CUIOE ors crates ars MAST RORIM Ss cred ce RMR ain cs totes oub cieemiodese 73.53 45.94 80 56
NGO MGaeeeeracetccere serene ono nce ncied cco emlcd cue pessaiccotescails 161.44 87.06 42 80
SUT Mekal sterete ax etter cist ct sess tea ete a a Sates te eins oi Sinica oe ys aloruie isiaeian sisiware arte 213.92 26.57 74 28
VENI OY eperereciaalctepeercca et taseicte rine etrieler fo sala col cicthcreb cidle aie eid ha Gini sea Siew widlere 53.98 64.52 22 02
TOMAS ealece cticiss esis eet + Patereisee Wise cizbie bine wanibin Bada mebtecahkaodes 420.43 140.40 40 51
SMC ENON e cee area roaie a eae ota eta ailepule ale eie tines afdine aAtaies 454.42 17.16 25 13
VEG Les foe eects Sea cee eee eee: Wete beocunidiceeee come 185.45 41.97 99 36
IMMER SUMMIT OC OTM a reteccratatensce sistetase savy ar terete tate setars eee cle cious so arSais grcieesaoles ae 94.73 23.35 37 04
Wayne....... A 134.94 48.58 34 50
Webster. 913.58 84.62 50 96
WW/GiH #Y Sooo Yodn aire ada sdea cub odens babe ous Cc OS BCE RS Re Ree eR enE eas 288.38 62 152 58
Wright......... 642.24 210.21 49 35

378 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
= > Ve cr
CORN CROP OF THE UNITED STATES—1904.
(From monthly crop report U. 8S. Department of Agriculture.)
Corn.
States and Territories. :
Yiela Price
Total farm
Acreage. per | Production. per
| acre. u. value.
| Acres. Bu. Bushels. j|Cents.
We Ke rare uiis ates aetheines Reetene cons 12, 871 39.7 510, 97’ 81 $113, 893
New Eampshirey ccs-.cnieass menses. 27,597 27.3 753, 398 72 542, 447
WERINOTE recientes see cane ce tee 59, 427 35.9 2,133, 429 73 1,557, 403
MASBACDUSCUESin. cnc ~ Sanit cee sce bene 44, 355 36.0 1,596, 780 7 1, 149, 682
inode ISlaN Gens cis. tease neee rs ones 9, 912 34.1 337, 999 84 ,919
OovnmectiCuty ac. -220 bas -eee sc ee 54,505 38.9 2,120, 244 73 1,547, 778
ING we MOTI 2S (eke oachoinareees oaks 625, 615 27.3 17, 079,290 64 10, 930, 746
WB Wi ONSOY une aris <ccusm te ec ancices once 274,999 38.0 10, 449, 962 58 6,060, 978
OHMS ULV AM Ua ce ecient: Nerte faeries mares 1,427 ,522 34.0 48,535,748 59 28, 636, O9L
IDBIAWATG.. hae sac ccc cnte Sas a Resa eaae 197, 116 30.4 5, 688, 326 49 2, 787, 280
RAV LANCE ca ote siesectcir te, shee ote oe 635, 146 33.4 21,213, 876 50 10, 606, 938
DMN ERT oe ce crass ces are rete Peisiote isin miacove 1,841,198 23.3 42,899, 913 59 25,310,949
IMOnth MArOliin dacccce ccc ccegeen tenes cele 2, 677, 992 15.2 40, 705, 478 62 25, 237, 396
South Oarolina: cae. cone ioc ceces tee oe 1,789, 503 12.4 22,189, 837 70 15,532, S86
BONE ILA =. mae ctece se nuene oa eess oses 3,977, 707 11.9 a7, 334, 713 71 33, 607, 646
Florida Mewiia emmadehne siete takes 620, 592 10.7 6, 640, 334 75 4,980, 250
PAMie ba SuIN ah. Coe okies © chid ts Soe ae eeinte eee 2,791, 811 15.0 41, 877, 165 60 25, 126, 299
MISSISSID pL ce ccc s 2, 079, 040 19.1 39, 709, 664 56 22, 237, 412
Louisiana.. SARRLEM titan pasamenoer 1,369,771 19.9 s 277958, 443 57 15, 537, 313
MPO MAG ccirs Ga bisieiies Gosek sninasemascinees 6, 048, 792 22.6 136, 702, 699 52 71, 085, 493
NMI ADRAS ose ee cone ee eeTaS eae eee 2, 237, 621 21.6 48, 332, 614 53 25, 616, 285
FRENMESHOC) a vente taie'j>.cishaure aicint weed veree 3, 235, 601 25.0 80, 890,025 50 40,445,012 ©
West Virginia. 757, 961 25.3 19,176, 413 64 12,272, 904
GOW GU CRY mavacrcinls ovale Aeersens cere 8,227, 345 26.9 86,815, 580 49 42,539, 634
OVIOR Feecas 3,065, 494 32.5 99 628.555 46 45, 829, 135
WUTC MID AIT. oom clecceure.ck ilscemimelete 1,293, 373 28.6 36, 990, 468 52 19, 235, 043
indiana). = 5.;-7 ote 4, 552, 281 31.5 143; 396, 852 41 57, 792, 709
TNs) (gees = he Serre eae Oikos 9, 428, 320 36.5 344, 133,680 39 134, 212,135
WHSCONBIM: secs aoc ees ane caschtaicc spe taie 1,519, 189 29.7 45, 119,913 46 20,755, 160
MIM CSOLA feats cae eae 1,554,241] 26.9 41,809, 083 36 15, 051,270
NO Wal eee Sen ee 9,295,683 | 32.6 303, 039, 266 33 100, 0U2, 958
WHSSOUTN siscc co ceieac.c cre sthinnceeeeeacten ve 5, 783, 307 26.2 151, 522, 643 44 66, 669, 963
DSU ie eet rane ve. ican WE ce aie 6, 446, 654 20.9 134,609, 669 41 55, 189; 964
GD MASHD osewioec sic as) oceania’ lee 7, 955, 559 82.8 260, 942,335 33 86,110, 971
AOU GH DAOC. se ses. Ratemercebiocs Serre 1,560, 678 28.1 43, 855, 052 36 15, 787, 819
North Dakota....... gh eee Soa ioes eee 90, 308 21.2 1,914,530 40 765, 812
IVES IN ELT ios Cami oan ones eines a aniae 3, 902 22.2 86, 624 68 58, 904
Ny CONNIE Soc an clan > felasipscteicls,s a aati 2,218 82.5 72),085 57 41,088
OOIGRAU O- srcaiescascucinsoaiehiesniemoniaeee 117, 837 20.5 2,415, 658 54 1,304, 455
ING WL SLCOn series soc vt hus miele eet. 34, 281 22.7 778, 179 78 606, 980
PV ZOUMPG ord neta wiel, we ke bea Seale me cane 6, 091 23.8 144, 966 OL 131,919
HOLL, coro ee ws paceneam oe catia Weeicn acto 11,468 83.2 380, 738 72 274,131
OVA R yc cdeen sae: scmie reac turn teas ceisell ets corcsaisimicen bes eeee ek lielne-enuan seat Ceol ee
116 CH aYo Setpererecery ip aiale' afi aNatarelaleie cre Siete eer 5, 346 29.3 156, 638 70 109, 647
WHS TOK ay crete reins sloapesisliecie siete 9,815 24.7 242, 430 66 160, 004
(ROROMGa cotton veces uae) Caled n ep he eee 17,212 28.8 495, 706 61 302, 381
ORTITOMITL Mca rs secss a ac exes owl Sroaicnioc Oe 54,415 28.6 1, 556, 269 78 1, 213, 880
OUIRNOMIG acoustics netics Soke en eens 1,729,953 28.1 48, G11, 679 39 18, 958, 555
Inavoh Fe Wid uh (0) «A (ae ete ACE ers 1, 685, 957 32.4 54, 625, 007 40 21, 850, 003
MOnited States, ...%. 6 scscacec cece 92, 231, 581 26.8 | 2,467,480, 934 44.1) $1,087,461, 440

NOTHE—The acreage for corn in Missouri as given in the above report differs con-
siderably from the acreage in cultivation as shown by the report:of the Board of Agri-

culture.

While the reports of the Board of Agriculture and the United States Depart-

ment of Agriculture on the acreage and production of crops in Missouri usually agree very

closely, we are inclined

accounted for by the fact that the U.

fo think that the wide difference in corn acreage is perhaps
S. Department has failed to take into account the

increased acreage in this State on account of the new lands that have been brought into
The figures for Missouri as shown by the State

cultivation during the last ten years.

Board of Agriculture are:

Yield.
26.2

Acreage.
6,646, 790

Production.
1738, 867, 460

Price.
$0.42

Value.
$73, 476, 280

STATISTICS.

379

CORN CROP OF COUNTRIES NAMED, 1900-1903.

(As reported by the Department of Agriculture, 1904.)

Countries. 1900. | 1901. | 1902. 1903.

‘ Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.
WmibedsShatesie-cepectonte ciccinctenvarewter fe 2,105, 103,000 | 1,522,520,000 | 2,523, 648,000 2,244, 177, C00
@anadan(Ontario)anccpcseec cece occ. <se 27, 947, 000 25, 621, 000 21, 159, 000 30,211, 000
INGxI COs cee Soa Sseicere ot eeetes 5.6 36 2, 204, 000 93, 459, 000 78, 099, 000 . 90,000, 006

Total North America. .........| 2,225,254,000 | 1,641,600,000 | 2,622,906, 000 2,364, 388, 000
Gail . .Aeewias Games de koe ce canoe 8, 000, 000 9,000, 000 9, 000, 000 9, 000, 000
PAP POTD IN Coe crt= sition sah essicess Se uate oe 55, 612, 000 98, 842, 000 84, 018, 000 148, 422, 009
LOWER he see 6 ooo Sees Sen OSe Reba seDEan 3, 035, 000 5,576, 000 5, 060, 000 5, 289, 000

Total South America............ 66, 647, 000 113, 418, 000 98, 078, 000 162,711, 000
TAU CO Wexsis-ci- jv. citeisioi nese xis Heciveeicie veterans 22, 232, 000 26, 393, 000 24, 928,000 25, 000, 000
SSP eet tees eee orci sic s cites = siasbiiateie sre avere a [abe 26, 016, 000 25, 759, 000 25, 272, 000 18, 759, 0U0
ROGGE A eeracrtocaainay Fa cise Qe micitieleleisie bisisle:e 16, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 14, 000, 000
IRIE icine SOS DR BCE SCs EeeEE anon eee 83, 286, 000 100, 455, 000 71, 028, 000 88,990,000
PSA SOTL AT ere ee oii coae dee Sakae ah wise eee 15, 446, 000 17,535, 000 13, 462, 000 16, 056,000
EAGAN Sb TS eee (oad neers oe eiee's ere 127, 656, 000 127,389, 000 104,546, 000 135, 748, 000
Oroatia-slawonlarnis. os. sbasa-c tess von. 18, 691, 000 20, 469, 000 15, 255, 000 23, 918, 000

Total Austria-Hungary......... 161, 793, 000 165, 393, 000 133, 263, 000 175, 722,000
RGUITIVANIT ee se eat sce Sicte pear caicte cielo « 85, 047,000 116, 945, 000 68, 447, 000 80, 272, 000
Bulgaria and E.’Roumelia....... ... 18,000, 000 25,000, 600 18, 109, 000 20, 000, 000
Gul ae ee ea eS soa 18, 472,000 18, 849, 000 18,396,000 19, 479, 000
ISESS Tae sae casisoie cciot one. Metetacesss 34, 256, 000 68, 400, 000 48, 647,000 50, 732, 000

GGA EMTODOsaic< tines stants else wise 465, 102, 000 562, 194. 000 | 424, 090, 000 492, 954, 000
AMIGA. sacha Bea es aes ae ~ 350, 000 350, 000 350, 000 350, 000
IBIRVaU aerate lesa s cee: Se cicie’s < cyayotars nieces 25, 000, 000 30, 000,000 30, 000, 0CO 30.000, 000
CATS (CONC SRS eeBeaeo TRS Ogeetaeeeennee 2,000, 000 2,000,000 2,000, 000 2, 000, 000

OO Ga Me ACh TAGCA «,<sice ef ele srarststsiers sce 27, 350, 000 32,350, 000 | 32, 350, 000 32, 350, 000
FATIGUE PA ASU Aree ret oon clovsotde Lurasisictnl. 2 ayaa 10, 025, 000 | 10, 168, 000 | 7,847,000 5,615, 000

RECAPITULATION BY CONTINENTS.

North America

= B5c0es6 -cbnoseooee 2,225,254, 00e | 1,641, 600, 000

2,622, 906, 000

66, 647,000 113, 418, 000 98, 078, 000
465, 102, 000 562, 194, 000 424, 090, 000
27, 350, 000 32, 350, 000 32, 350, 000
10, 025, 000 10, 168, 000 7, 847, 000

2,794, 378, 000

2, 359,730,000 | 3, 185,271,000

2. 364, 388, 000
162,711, 000
492, 954, 000

32, 350, 000
5, 615, 000

3, 058, 018, 000

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE WHEAT CROP

OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1904.

(As reported by the Department cf Agriculture, Washington, D. O.)

Winter and Spring Wheat.

States and Territories.
Yield Price
Acreage. per | Production. | per Tot a
acre. bu.
Acres Bu Bushels. Cents. Dollars.

Maine. +7, 725 23.3 179, 992 104 $187, 192
WERINOMU ee ct ecaseican's totic Sateeee 41,606 | 25.1 40,311 113 45, 551
NG WaVOLKerst hone tea coe he emer *474, 572 11.3 5,362,664 109 5, 845, 304
INGWiJIOESCY 22 csnum snes fase och seep ay *104,673 13.3 1,392, 151 110 1,531, 366
Pennsylvania spices cialcee: sete We *1,550, 210 14.1 21, 857, 961 108 23,606,598
(OUR WENC se ce Ec ser pine ca wicks Cewteeiste “112,537 14.9 1,676,801 | 108 1,810, 945
LIES ECE AVG LAr At eS AS AAEM Seas Aya *770, 710 13.4 10, 327,514 106 10, 947, 165
Sli PLN One 2 felons sree ares anit's aie'sitciop atest *711,477 | 10.2 7, 257, 065 109 7,910, 201
North Oarolina.. ene Meese eee *571, 228 8.6 4,912,561 119 5, 845, 948
South Oarolna: . ck wcrc eve vee *279, 926 8.1 2,267,401 126 2,856, 925
CRCTN Se neon en nee nih icc see cb ean eae *291, 370 8.8 2,564,056 | 126 3, 230, 711
TMS, OF 17s CCL aoa IIe Ae ECT ere *102, 926 10.3 1,060,138 | 115 1,219, 159
AVUISGISSUD DLs serestoene metemut es man ty erabeieraier-taree *2 909 | 8.8 | 25,599 | 101 25, 855
PRESS ene csieleve ines .crereie ete oiptaieiaesinto acatslertes *1, 166,688 10.7 | 12, 483,562 | 110 13, 731, 918
Aricarsas):. 2.5000 Se acntty eeromse *217, 674 10.1 | 2,198,507 | 101 2, 220, 492
THOTT OSSE EG foie clei taints fosntet acne acters toareote *£08, 558 12.5.} 9) 298, 417 | iit 10,321,243
WHESEMVAR SIMIAN onc ces semee ceubiocen ccs *312, 755 10.1 | 3,158,826 109 3, 443, 120
HGnEnGYy.. oc. aN ee eens cade *644, 678 11.4 7,349,329 109 8,010, 769
ORIOF rosea ce Ate Ee. |. Sepa *] , 527, 259 11.5 | 17,563,478 | 110 19, 319, 826
WHE RT aNI. Sai fetse Geese clnaesaaheeet *701,827 9.8 | 6,873,005 108 7, 422, 845
idianaces econ SIROTA Coote ooo *1, 361,521 9.2 12,525, 993 106 13, 277.553
TUMOUR FTS.< ae RS eh *1,561, 045 13.8 21,542,421 | 101 21, 757,845
WASCONSID: =. c00eh cc s. seieceneomee eel *115, 543 a 2,045, 111 98 2,004, 209
+367,463 | 14.8 5, 438,452 © 98 5, 329, 683
NINES OVA wa. on PAS SRE i << wate Seah as +5, 339,395 | 12.8 6S, 344, 256 | 87 59, 459, 508
Ty AiR Ot ion. SG eek. occ. shay 455, 944 15.6 872, 726 | 90 785, 453
'911, 710 | 11.4 10,393, 494 | 90 9, 354, 145
Missoni nls: 2. cos cae Riess « foahee cee *2,321,636 | 11.7 27,163, 141 96 26, 076,615
SEAS RR eae corcteit a. t sae re ed omntctch voretemre(o oie otaletwl *4,989,621 | 12.3 61,372, 338 89 54,621, 381
1241,532 | - 15.1 3, 647, 133 89 3, 245, 948
INGA SG e cia code oats sinlota- sie¥, Siniehectelateats *1,880,394 | 14.4 97 "O77, 674 87 238,557,576
4433, 294 10.1 rh 376, 269 87 3, 807, 354
SOMPHMDAKObA:. mareanscs cu elemeae cael +3, 287,165 | 9.6 31,556, 784 79 24, 929, 859
EU UK OUAid Hy. ate acters arcdre cunts ieee rere 44, 567, 135 11.8 58,892,193 81 43, 652, 676
INS pan ORGS SS ELE e Aen ae UE OP aM BRO A +108, 608 23.9 2,596, 731 80 2,311, 091
VPRO EEIN Ogoy se titreie ts cle. ceisie tins sieacloisists. os 423,574 | 22e1 520, 985 90 468, 886
Galorada, ee eee ee 4259, 546 | 22.8 | 5, 917, 649 91 5, 385, 061
New Mexico....... ete nese rneree| +34,428 | 12.8 440,678 106 467, 119
AEDES adh och oes wr ewe Uwe evento | +13, 964 25.56 356, 082 113 402, 373
TINGS Con OEE eS he tah aie | +180/219 | 26.6 4,793,895 | 86 4, 122, 690
Wd 0 Ce Ae Ake eth ae | 425, 283 26.2 662,415 | 92 609, 422
NCI Oaths te te candy abit wos cae eees *154,919 22.3 3, 454, 694 80 2,763, 755
+143, 137 23.6 3, 378,033 80 2, 702, 426
Wi DUIMIO LON: crete icscleles ete creme remine *521,451 28.1 14, 652, 773 80 11, 722, 218
+925, 282 18.9 17, 487, 830 80 18, 990, 264
OVEVORcestenaces bata a) Peake eee eae ts *402, 296 21.4 8, 609, 134 81 6, 973,399
4337, 954 16.1 5, 441, 059 81 4,407,258
CEM 0 cae AA ie ee EST ODOe rc *1, 618, 043 10.8 17,474, 864 88 15,377, 880
CP MOGs Pett eeaie siete odie me acter une Koh. *1 285, 527 pb ey 15,040 ,666 93 13, 987,819
Indian RSrvitory 7s lows seve os . ota oti Old *246, 438 14.1 3,474, 776 98 3, 405, "280
hObaliwintensy: flu) shine cogeye be 26, 865, 855 12.4 332, 935, 346 97.8 $325, 611, 373
PROUBL SDYUM RB Wat tie din anc ou binblation 17, 209, 020 12. 219, 464,171 84.2 184, 878, 50L
RRP CFOTA ONG OMEU Ls ne ca: sruscrwiste's cine wahaain A43074, 87D easasrns 552, 899, O17 |i. .s ane $510, 489, 874

*Winter wheat.

tSpring wheat

ant @ 42 447M. ¢ ot

|

THE WORLD’S WHEAT CROP.

STATISTICS.

(In Quarters.)

(From Trade and Commerce, St. Louis, 1904.)

381

Official returns are taken when obtainable, excepting in the ease of the U. S. A., where
recognized commercial estimates are adopted in preference. The returns represent the crops
harvested in July and August of the years named, excepting in the cases of Argentina, Uru-
guay, Australasia, and the Cape, which are harvested fifteen weeks subsequently; and in
the same cases of Chili and India somewhat later. For the current year forecasts only can be

given for these last six.

A quarter equals 14 of a bushel.

Oountries. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901.
Europe—
LDRHAVEG) Sins 66 Soot Grn EOI En ee eearene meet 37, 200, 000 45,400, 000 44, 000, 000 38, 900, 000
IRISH TOVROI NETO 5 ogee. oO. Sb eo ddadeeaposemuc|sene, copeeocedallacncseho- moron racer ots abmero 40,000, 000
Ol ANG eraser otic sen oetiias somanee ee 64, 000, 000 77,000,000 |a@ 76,000,000 1,800, 000
WISE OAC ASIA et ee cuen paurmeiace tac oallic: | Maa eletsletuare\clere' ae <rauecarercta@lata tend limemtaetaele aecanerstory 8, 400, 000
ISITMAEE TAY 5 cobdos ceo JeoCCOceC opcode DT pOnEae 17, 000, 000 20, 200, 000 21,300, 000 15, 400, 000
ASIST eee os cies etecle aed eawicinnsawecievsidere 4, 700, 000 5,700, 000 6, 000, 000 5, 200, 000
Oroatia and Sclavonia............. ....- 1,300, 000 1, 800, 000 1,500, 000 1, 300, 000
Frerzopeyan es Aan dU OSHA.) e-meeea 250, 000 300, 000 350, 000 300, 000
Ttaly.. eae stk oaaniass cana tes siateanaras 16, 000, 000 22,400,000 |d 16,500,000 | d@ 20,000,000
Germany. Eykeie atom siclotereevers 18, 000, 000 16,330, 000 17, 900, 000 11, 500, 000
Sy alia eye aces sistas latelerals é 11,000,000 | e 13,000,000 | e 14,000,000 13, 500,000
BOR eal hier siesies ceisia siete cree Be DOOKIE 500, 000 1, 000, 000 1,300, 000 1, 300, 000
FROMIMATT DE ons 5 aco. foteg-eemok apes whens 6,300,000 8, 950, 000 9, 200, 000 8, 800, 000
ISNWERIS, ~ cos edbdanobeonoas Ob ddul Docddoans||Sb0dG cut nebos on) Sodpopeseance sol! oeonoonccs bogs 3, 000, 000
HAShOnMeOMM Ola. ose secisieoe ca eciacicce « 6,500, 000 7,000,000 | f 5, 500, 000 800, 000
PE Tal a ie is reais ownsaus Ee iSpape.s a/tcie piwis), Naibials 1, 000, 000 1,300. 000 1, 500, 000 1,100, 000
LUPkey-—inyHUrOPOrs..s.seeeccoessse seine 2,000, 0U0 2, 500, 000 2) 500, 600 2,000, 000
GRECO} COM ences stencil eet cispeis asians fw Caer aoe 500, 000 800, 000 400,000 400, 000
United Kingdom) [352c..ccccecsmocss weer 5, 000, 000 6, 100, 000 7, 300, 000 6, 700, 000
IBS) oan seta lecisicns soeet ietaas nosy es 1, 400, 000 1, 600, 000 1, 600, 000 1,700, 000
JeVoll Er eVel ben Wer eton ieee Bes ae eee Leer A 700, 000 800, 000 900, 000 600, 000
Spvaliezenlan Csacers sa ceisn cca erersiss sie ertnw cle 500, 000 500, 000 500, 000 550, 000
WWOGEM ncn facie. seems aga seat aac: anes 800, 000 673, 000 563, 000 550, 000
GM MVAT Ke. cosas, lacs de se oreae sees 450, 000 500, 000 550, 000 300, 000
IN OM WIE Viste seme ttle ean eisthe-craraste ein tacremies 40.000 40,000 40, 000 50, 000
Wy presss Malitasretetet so. fare 220 oe cee 20, 000 200, 000 250, 000 250, 000
Mota lWUnO DC reso encece nee ane eae: 195, 340, 000 234,093, 000 229, 653, 000 184, 400, 000
America—
WNT CISGateses..ccseh.cd coerce tee ce sine + 66,000,000 | + 71,000,000 | + 85,000,000 | + 94,000,000
Waa Clare cee stasis, we tee seis SGieeneine 10, 500, 000 9,800, 000 11, 700, 000 10, 600,000
MaRIGON | Ft). = Lees. oases 2, 000, 000 2,000, 000 2,000, 000 2,000, 000
PA EGU GIN eres tweceeeOaies ose has) aeicesdles h 18,000,000 17,000,000 | b 13,000, 000 7,000, 000
QHMIPERO De «can Porsiosced sciesorrdask dias. he 1,700,000 1,700, 000 1,700, 000 1,400, 000
Wye ee Nec caon tanec n et onaae te h 1,300,000 700, 000 1; 000, 000 700, 000
MobAWAMTCTIC a ese coe ee eet ee eee 99, 500, 000 102, 200, 000 114, 400, 000 115, 700, 000
Asia—
WAM are caee ee etes Oe. SLR: h 44,000, 000 44.000,000 | e 36,500,000 28, 500, 000
Turkey—in Asia . 4,000, 000 4,000, 000 3,500, 000 3,500, 000
IRGPSUaye Soc Gemer acho ie asad ssabeeddetle cc 2,000, 000 2,000, 000 1,700, 000 1, 900, 000
SERIE Me eee Perey meme inye Sciyarcwere’. homies 2,200, 000 2,000, 000 2,000, 000 2, 000, 000
cre DOG ASi der ceciscxcaenss ee Sacs eccele 52, 200, 000 52, 000, 000 43, 700, 000 35, 900, 000
Africa—
AAT: Sook ass dboseacdonchHoe ade coCKbSG 4,400,000 |g 4,300,000 4, 236, 000 4,443,000
UR bie RS oS ee Banas ace BORE EOE oer ieee pers 1,200, 000 900, 000° 1, 000, 000 800, 000
1 BFA] OAS co aoa oCeek AO ey aeete Serene 1,100, 000 1,000, 000 1,000, 000 1, 100, 000
RH GIO AV Oe rate’ oii tecrath len ereaminu te ae oes 600, 000 500, 000 500, 000 500, 000
Ro tal Atri Ca oss ce nese reece 7,300, 000 6, 700, 000 6, 736, 000 6, 843, 000

382 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ay a
a

THE WORLD’S WHEAT OROP—Oontinued.

Australasia— 7
Victorias... =, :° se: Setetcte eae aeise sei 33 ae pe h 2,100,000 | 3, 600, 000 320, 000 1,500, 000 :
South Australia... ..... yt & Cees 1,300, 000 1, 600, 000 800 ,000 1,000, 000 :
New South Waless..-tesesecs ns ac.cs ee 2,500,000 | 3, 400, 000 200, 000 1,800, 000 ;
Tasmania. .... aati s i 3 tae a 100, 000 100, 000 100, 000 120,000
West Australiacs: “cr on tate num wlecde occ 200, 000 230, 000 100, 000 110,000
Queens Wand. ee Sobesesteeeeee en 2c. ote 200, 000 300, 000 1,000 100, 000
New Zealand s oo eo ace mete woah eine h 900, 000 1,000, 000 900,000 500, 000

Total’ Australasia, s-2-20 ccleews 4 | 7, 300, 000 10, 230, 000 2,421,000 5, 130,000

World’s Totals— z
GITARLETS |. £ casos ch cea sepacetioces cs ee 361,640, 000 405, 222, 000 396, 910, 000 347, 973, 000
Bushels::..>s-cc=.. Be oo eo acme EO 2, 893,120,000 | 3,241,784,000 | 3,175,280,000 | 2,783, 784,000
Gra bell Bye Sas ate ate on an eeetege eerste ciate dace 787, 290, 000 &82, 170, OVO 864, 073, 000 757, 537, 000

PIR OPOR ero er ee etn tae 1,048; 756,000 | 1,175, 146,000 | 1,157,039,000 | 1,009,121, 000

Nores—(a). Most recent estimate of Central Statistical Committee.
(b). Two million below the official estimate.
(c). Revised system.
(da). Revised October, 1903.
(e). Unofficial.
(f). Revised September, 1903.
(g). All former returns revised September, 1903.
(hk). Growing crop.
(t). A conservative commercial estimate.

HARVEST TIME OF THE WORLD.

The following shows the months of the wheat harvest in the dif-
ferent wheat-growing sections of the world:

January—Australia, New Zealand, Chili, and Argentine Repubiic.

February, March—East India and Upper Egypt.

April—Lower Egypt, Syria, Cypress, Persia, Asia Minor, India,
Mexico and Cuba.

May—Algeria, Central Asia, China, Japan, Morocco, Texas and
Ilorida.

June—Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, South of France,
California, Oregon, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Carolina,
Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas, Arkansas, Utah, Colorado and
Missouri.

July—Roumania, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, South of Russia,
Germany, Switzerland, France, South of England, Nebraska, Minne-
sota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
New York, New England and Upper Canada.

August—Belgium, Holland, Great Britain, Denmark, Poland, Lower
Canada, Columbia, Manitoba, and Dakota.

September and October—Scotfland, Sweden, Norway and North of
Russia.

November—Peru and South Africa.

December—Burmah.

STATISTICS.

383

ACREAGE, PRODUCTION. AND, VALUE OF THE, HAY-CROP
OFTHE SUNITLED STATES IN: 1904.

(As reported by the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.)

States and Territories.

Maine.
New EU Ee ME ei SoD ee Res.asiet
Vermont.. BHD NAA

Massachusetts. . PEA cot ote es
RNHGGenis lan: sem eee wees cess bees
Connecticut
New York.
ING Wa OTSOY ssc cbhess. cacmutietacsnedsaet
Pennsylavania
Delaware . Be Ae hay
NAT y AG eye sees cs stasis ec rete vais ohare
Warr Sai hen i panier oe ees eRe ete eae
North Carolina

WHSSISSIP Pits sates. <=

Louisiana......... ; Babee tae heed
TROXGASP On prarchicacin ces wesiee Hewiccines) <e-alele’s
Arkansas
MUGYINTESSE Oe ctae Seo onialeinc tree Mel cee
WVGS UM VALE ONIN ayer cSt ek aycieicinicie:«)-ty ctests
IKCGINTTGAG06 Soe Mebane DG Stee seoenee
Ohio
NE Tal ease eye deriad <t Setolsctelh asrsetiare at cvetes
Indiana
NMOS ME Asc aeticccs Jameehoene «lls
Wisconsin...... ete a SN oa jereioretstio hates
I DUT TBYE STO SR ye apie i ee Ge Oe are eee te
HOW Bs = cgoopadeenod: Senne senaDe cere enoore

LECH GYTIG) se a A ei ea eer tera A cere ie
ANiGirReES celts. bck g Aes eee cvoniserct SS dete
Spach alcOban micas. shackle tele ohes
INoriliel) akOba 22s. csceisese es ce oe aaes
Montana
WWW V. GOs cccesisec) Serweltee'ie cc ae se
Colorado
New Mexico.

teil sifu 'v) dale ate’e {e/a se! alc ejelel> eleiv.els ele vices

Gn manana
Indian Territory

UmitediStates..s522 Sec cease e cent

Acreage.

Acres.

1,290, 852
625,788
870, 617
582, 890
65, 242
484, 751
4,765, 294
424, 568
3,103, 052
77, 091
301, 064
458, 820
128,197
60, 706
89, 851
12,499
56, 372
45,277
21,488
407, 900
78,595
349, 944
533, 276
485, 298
2,713, 453
2,126,883
1, 751, 155
2,747,695
1,772, 271
867, 136
3, 132, 322
2, 992, 267
1,795, 246
578, 821
202, 768
156, 410
348, 980
176,501
671, 945
71, 897
60, 652
354, 820
159, 042
374, 968
325, 705
378,715
583, 286
293, 337
43,495

39, 998, 602

Production

Tons.

1,419, 937
638 , 804
1,088,271
716, 955
75, 681
513, 836
6, 480, 800
590, 150
4, 499, 425
122,575
409, 447
637,760
220, 499
92, 880
136, 574
16, 999
96, 396
77, 876
44,265
721, 983
135, 183
580, 907
783,916
698, 826
3, 880, 238
2, 658, 604
2,399, 082
3, 736 ,049
2,959, 693
1,508, 817
5, 074, 362
4,398, 632
2,998, 061
1, 018, 725
289, 958
245, 564
670, 042
400, 657
1, 243.098
185, 494
164, 367
1, 256, 063
483, 488
1, 151, 152
710, 037
772,579
1,184, 071
442,939
64, 808

60,696, 028

Price
per
ton.

8 66

Word no)

a
IO HS OD UCD RO ONO

ard Nes Pos ee ION He he eat ee

Cr RDF OO ety

Total
farm value.

$13, 801,788
8,610, 721
10,316, 809
11,299, 211
1,315, 336
7,651,018
oe 659, 552
697 ,500
58 183, 204
1, 702,567
5,109, 899
8,003, 888
3,210, 465
1,131,278
2,067, 730
283, 373
1,169, 283
844, 955
540, 033
5, 862, 502
1,327,497
6, 976, 693
9, 728, 398
8, 043, 522
35, 892, 202
24, 166, 710
20, 584, 124
32,354,184
23,351, 978
8,313, 582
27,198, 580
29,118, 944
13,131,507
3, 891,530
1, 229, 422
1, 033, 824
5, 829, 365
2,303, 77
8,341,188
2,118, 341
2,439, 206
7, 925,758
3, 674, 509
6, 999, 004
8,051, 820
7, 864, 854
12, 326, 749
2,170, 401
299, 413

$529, 107, 625

384

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE OAT
CROP OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1904.

(As reported by the Department of Agriculture, Washingion, D. O.)

Yield Price .
States and Territories. Acreage. | per |Production.| per Pos forme
acre, bushel tines
Acres. Bush Bushels. | Cents Dollars.
MAIN Ge ite. dite eaie,cnoe oa me ake we ohaa ee 113, 957 36.6 4,170, 826 45 $1, 876, 872
INGW ELE MPS HIT sents. tices et eeele on)aci ech Games 12,174 33.2 404,177 47 189, 963
WiGHINOU Gs. coh teccraees semen os acti Bee 80, 129 37.9 3, 036, 889 44 1,336, 231
Massacinisetts, oy. G2. .cttee le feces. pateak 6, 637 34.0 225,658 | 45 101,546
MN GAPS ANd seeks SOLS Been cnc om eee 1, 604 25.4 40, 742 47 19,149
MOnMECHICW Et fite. fen. 5.-8 ay PRO ot ram c= ok eae 10, 077 33.5 337, 580 44 148,535
ING WHE Kian on Cine teehee ee dstectecios enose 1, 245, 752 34.1 42, 480, 143 38 16, 142, 454
INGW BIOPSY 25. .aee na. sche lit aess os ctpaldod 63, 143 32.5 2,052,148 40 _ 820,859
PEMA V VAM As. tee es cactie ekbiee cere setachite 1,172,915 33.9 39, 761, 818 38 15,109, 491
Welsvwares oa. bse 2a eee, occ ate, 4,341 28.2 122,416 41 50,19
Wary aiid. he ck acase oe Oke oss cc hoe Meee 35,656 | 29.7 1,058,983 | - 36 381, 234
WTP URULAY © 5a re stertate Lac. LO eit ot cie erecasatnavateacte 183,811 21.1 3, 878, 412 43 1, 667, 717
Nortin@arolinaes. SG) ake fink. fo. Se 205, 874 15.8 3, 252,809 52 1,691, 461
Pong WArolimaey. ol. F eke ew s.c ae 0, ates 191, 336 alreal 3, 271, 846 60 1,963, 108
| CYSTO) 4 ae ty Se ae Lee SE SS Pe 235, 606 14.8 3, 486, 969 55 1,917,833
USING eo oe oe eae oe OD Pee eee koe 32.562 | 12.9 420, 050 60 2, 030
V2 0} 700 tee em 197, 787 44.9 2,947,026 54 1,591,394
MIISHISSUD Dlase:cteche. Mies ase teaee b caaeen, Cees 101,544 19.2 1,949, 645 52 1,013, 815
MGS aN a: <j caeee. 1 ee tbe e coe eke 31,494 18.4 579, 490 45 260,770
HUES eee 4 Oe a i ee ee OE 896, 510 32.0 28, 688, 320 44 12, 622, 861
APHANGAS 2 5:.. JG Wie) Meee 211, 276 22.7 4,795, 965 43 2, 062, 265
FROVINGSSEO!. vo. h. Ste IOP ace co ous bee 155,779 21.1 3, 286, 937 37 1,216,167
WestAvarginiag OF 4.5. Fee Bee oe. aot donee 85, 606 26.4 2, 259, 998 44 994,399
TROT GH OKY 3 on croc fics s MPG nice sot ded 228, 553 24.0 5, 485, 272 40 2,194,109
BIDE aA. Gace Soest MUR AIG vars co toiled 1,215, 979 40.9 49, 733, 541 32 15, 914, 733
MAGHIP an .cc4 Pees. eee Saeed. 990, 002 32.5 32,175, 065 33 10,617,771
JO aV'0 Aya ae ae Pe ecee eon (eae), Se ne Fe 1,279, 720 33.1 42, 358, 732 30 12, 707, 620
1 € fS (0:; (a hb a 3, 666, 926 32.0 | 117,341,952 30 35, 202, 586
OVA SiGOTISIN soso. PO. Bee ASUS Pte ok. eee 2,478, 129 35.0 86, 734,515 28 24,285, 664
WVIDTINIEROLANS «od, teks aon Sees Sete at once». tn aee de 2,172,921 39.2 85, 178,503 26 22,146,411
CIN cased ote Bhan. Stott e isis oe hevelaMteretc 3,822, 600 82.0 | 122,323,200 25 30,530, 800
ALTE} S70) Opie, A ho BESET 5 7) O08 Rg 716,544 22.7 16,265,549 34 , 530, 287
ASAI BARE ole cies ce Fotaee ok beet Gemeietic see-e tet tade 952, 533 17.8 16, 955, 087 33 5,595, 179
INepriasike sos. s2euc...2 2 1, 886, 271 30.7 57,908, 489 24 14,477,122
South Dakotz 713,468 39.0 27, 825, 252 25 6, 956, 313
North Dakota. 829, 154 37.4 31,010, 260 24 7. 442, 486
Montana...... 167,207 37.7 6,303, 704 46 2,899, 704
Wyoming. 41, 787 30.2 1, 261, 967 39 492,167
Motorado,...../.19; 136,563 35.4 4, 834, 330 46 2, 223, 792
New Mexico....... 9, 927 19.6 194,569 57 110,
Arizona..... Pon ae 999 30.1 30,070 74 22 252
Utah... . 44, 966 37.6 1, 690,722 47 794, 639
Nevada S aon Ree 6, 267 37.0 231,879 63 146, 084
RSTO Me clase is eke « se abc Mabie sews pabnece 92,778 39.3 3,646,175 50 1,823. 088
WORDLE CON. (158 a. . eee geek hee SL eee 164, 971 44.9 7,407,198 43 3,185, 095
OPEL ONS «sce codes 281, 842 23.1 6,510,550 47 , 059, 958
OB MEO RDG i. FM s see tt Ueiniec/. an Peicee 167, 084 34.1 5, 697,564 57 3,247,611
Oklahboma....6.02.1 283,117 21.2 6, 002,080 36 2,160, 749
Indian Derrigony:.i 5s teed toe 010s 216, 782 32.2 6, 980, 380 38 2, 652, 544
Wmived States...) hideddasncscc.cuwteses 27, 842, 669 32.1 | 894,595, 552 31.3 | $279, 900,013

STATISTICS. 385

men MAGE PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE: POTATO
CROP OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1904.

(As reported by the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. OC.)

Yield Price

States and Territories. Acreage. | per |Production.| per ae farm
acre. bushel BRU:

Acres. Bush.; Bushels. |Cents.| Dollars.
Maine. SEebo bocce Co ceo Roca araee 91,431 | 215 | 19,657,665 48 $9, 435, 679
New Hampshire. RGQRROc AO Don BCe on ACCP eon 19,922 | 135 2,689,479 56 1,506, 103
MErmIO Museen cf atierccice OP Me Seid ne os oialelas 27,388 | 128 3,505, 664 47 1,647, 662
INMMASSACONISCLUSs cece cceio oe so cinacc store aloe cte ms -aie 29,740 | 119 3, 539, 060 71 2,512, 733
EU NOGOMSANGs tas aonaaseatetesas cost taclseibe 6,832 | 137 935, 984 A 711,348
(ChiTinGy cin eh ASS esoat os Cane aOe an Ben aEeenete 32, 254 96 3, 096, 384 Ber rl 2,229,395
ING WakcO lessens ee eee wccac cae ce odueidickrer-ee 442, 254 93 41,129, 622 54 22,209, 996
INGWi CES O Vere aise cerag sisi salclere'svss wines clajere 62, 876 115 7, 230, 740 61 4,410, 751
Pennsylvania... eile Net Seek = heel ieee 256,261 | 106 27,174, 266 54 14, 674, 104
IWGVA WAGER CR cc eee icstelddaasaene «fale 7,601 84 638, 484 53 338, 397
Mammy land seen ssc. sche hac Seite De. eevee 29, 939 99 2,963, 961 51 1,511,620
VOU OTN = ar siancciea actinic seeicle evielc eel 52, 986 83 4, 397, 838 5D 2,418,811
IMORT HE OAMOUIM Aa. wtasice cicietere ciatcieis sin eo Saye nseis 25, 627 78 1, 998,906 7 1,399, 284
SOUPMOATOMMN AS a1 soca cicwlas slows! cores iculelease §, 726 88 767,888 | 1C1 775, 567
COTO er rethy Seielaie es 2 fe aes ociclewg Sesie Saeiae'ee's 8,542 7 597,940 | 107 639, 796
BFL OTL CL sree saree ler os aicloialcte isietecfaisicic «ateleiad aeiss 8, 454 102 352, 308 129 454,477
LIE] OPTNC EBS O OSB Se MUa Ee OF BORO Ee SORE E ERE oe 9, 450 61 576, 450 99 570, 686
MURS SSHiO og“ Ben os Serete oe Sobeee. Bl Sener enaes 5, 748 82 471, 336 85 400, 636
IL GY EWE SS gees Se COCO Rtg eI sE en ean ees 8,710 70 609, 700 91 554 ,827
TOXAS).. ss. Rate secretes eh cisioe Sia osieleie 31,196 7 2,246, 112 93 2, 088, 884
JN LEDTOASEE NS) = Fics MRS pie oe On ea 22,612 77 1,741, 124 75 1, 305, 843
Tennessee.. Sonn aseosceae Sees. tee 24,583 71 1, 745, 393 62 1, 082, 144
West Virginian.. Bea anataeoe eicebiot tive nites .erctote s 34,036 | 101 3,434, 636 54 1, 856, 323
Pe nay Beets eral clare ai svamicic (ea amen aeloswiafern e's 35, 803 83 2,971, 649 5d 1, 634, 407
COUT OME eee te ie sik aatais oe aie nicledte were delete 163, 566 98 16, 029, 468 7 7,533,580
VIN Otay emercctatc, ciamciate sok/ecise cles dc cals ales 262,865 | 121 31, £06, 665 29 9, 223, 933
TEI SiG Bg so Sele lh Sn ct ea aan aN 80, 225 93 7,460, 925 45 3,357, 416
TURES terse seicte fe: syelstoye: cies ojcis a de ois wceieeieine 147,670 | 108 15, 948, 360 47 7,495, 729
WAS COMB meterge oo: oct aici ciais cidateistcne ov Sls: amas 249,997 | 126 31, 499, 622 28 8,819, 894
WES Udides cee Secs Heisei See caeee ews gece 137,215 | 102 13, 995, 930 29 4, 058, 820
MO WAM eres at osc Sakwronce. cise Shewae wosta. 164,368 | 136 99" 354. 048 28 6, 259, 133
WVU Stotinel osm serc stele ctjere edie steicin, « sropdisieianvars 85,237 96 8, 182, 752 48 3, 927, 721
CTT SEES Meee setts cine ialene hace ERGs ccd Jada. 69, 257 80 5, 540, 560 56 3, 102,714
BNIGQISU ES IGA Speen s. fermectacichre aver oe See fees 85,435 | 120 10, 252,200 26 2, 665, 572
Swi h LDS) ol ea ns Sam 33, 086 96 3,176, 256 30 952, 877
INGNGLMIDA OUR sae. sures ans co ovesettahe adie. ae 24,926 | 111 2, 766, 786 32 85, 872
NOTRE TA) GARR ORS ee Oe Eee es ane ae iY 1, 882, 166 61 1, 148, 121
Wyoming j 619,528 62 394, 107
Colorado.. 8, 645, 449 37 3,195, 116
New Mexico.. . 82. 832 78 64, 609
trainee sess cio oe ors APecrctee e evisu Mes ovinie'e a 5 ‘ 1,710,171 48 820, 852
INGWAC Bi scce seas 356, 844 65 231, 949
UGE Oke camp aae eae aa 1,590, 021 63 1,001, 713
Washington 2 3,599, 850 56 2,015, 933
Oregon..... ie ¢ 3,261,543 | 59 1,924,310
Oalifornia 7 6, 063, 129 67 4, 062, 296
Oklahoma ; 860, 625 17 662, 681
Indian Territory : 678, 960 75 509, 220
(WatlGeEGeStabeSic ccjjanc nec cox. cess aMerse 3,015,675 | 110.4 | 332,830,300 45.3 | $150, 673,392

MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

386

WEEKLY PRICES OF LIVE STOCK FOR 1904.

(From Daily National Live Stock Reporter.)

Sheep.

Hogs.

Cattle.

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Week Ending.

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“ F

MISCELLANEOUS. 387

MERCHANTS’ EXCHANGE OF ST. LOUIS.

(Geo. H. Morgan, Secretary, St. Louis.)

The commercial organizations of the United States are important -
factors in the commercial life of the nation, being composed of active,
progressive representatives of the various lines of trade in the com-
munity, they voice public sentiment and direct public thought in all mat-
ters pertaining to the public welfare. Many of these organizations are
deliberative bodies, their purpose being to look after and develop and
direct, as much as may be, the business interests of the special commun-
ity in which they exist, while others are of a national character and look
after matters which affect the country as a whole, while others are
trading organizations where merchants and manufacturers meet to buy
and sell and encourage business in their various lines.

To the latter class belongs the Merchants’ Exchange of St. Louis,
the largest commercial organization in the Louisiana Purchase and west
of the Mississippi River. It is the legitimate successor of the St. Louis
Chamber of Commerce, organized in 1836, and was the first exchange
organized in this country for the purpose of trading. It is an active,
progressive body of over 1,800 members, representing primarily the
dealers in grain and other farm products, but including also in its mem-
bership every commercial, financial and manufacturing interest in the
city, as well as many of the professions. It has on its roll of members
ex-governors, ex-members of ‘the cabinet, United States consuls, judges
of the State and United States courts, lawyers, engineers and artists, the
active members representing banks and trust companies, the grain trade,
the packing and provision business, rail and river transportation, insur-
ance and all jobbing trades in all its branches, as well as manufacturers in
every line, but the principal business transacted on the floor is in grain and
other products of the farm in the natural state and in the manufactured
product.

It will thus be seen that this organization is representative in every
sense and, therefore, is justly looked upon as the conservator of the com-
mercial interests of the greatest city of the Mississippi Valley.

It publishes annually a statement of the trade and commerce of the
city in all its branches, which is taken as authority by all statisticians
and writers for the public press.

The Merchants’ Exchange owns and occupies one of the most im-
posing and substantial business buildings in the city. It covers two-

388 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

thirds of a block, having a frontage of 233 feet by a depth of 187 feet.
While externally a unit, it is in reality two distinct structures, one
fronting on Third Street, designed for and occupied by business offices,
the other the western portion of the building, in which is located a grand
hall in which members meet daily from 9:00 a. m. to 1:15 p. m. for
the transaction of business. ;

Centrally located as respects the whole country, St. Louis is the
objective point of twenty-four lines of railrroads running in every direc-
tion, which, with the Mississippi River makes it the most accessible city
and best distributing point in the Union.

As a grain market St. Louis holds third place among the great grain
centers. It is the natural market for soft red winter wheat, which is
distributed through the central West and more or less shipped to foreign
countries. .

The receipts during the past year were as follows:

WHER sOUSNEIS : hres | cles vccnastcasscins cactacles Sone a menene eR ate naee Bearer 23, 148, 133

RIN (PUSHELBs Sc ties vecsic sane Ss eee kaetcee’ Soe ow ey bred wees cea c wee Semone 18, 246, 325
WD ESSER US MG LG ths mayo cio ca aie alotere wieia'scvaye’s facie sie cjaieictoratevecets. ss slotee Pots ercteloeiste cher omteatas Rel raisers 17, 109, 265
RUC OUSNEIS 25 wick sacs esee cas cessunem aes Suesernice nes ae eleaaeree ec emotes oe aera nee 674,185
Barley sOUSNOISs ce hcteree sees coe okt etree OR ratte a aaa ACA Se let eee CE ETE 3, 163, 000
LEER 120) 1 ae eer ner eacnce 5 is OP a8 BAC en Ne ep Cec oHaG Icom ronan ate oe _Misfes peje Sisladis Mebelewse 270, 695
Branvand shipstutes; SACKS wo: isseseay ee csece tase on Ok aaa teeter ee Seis sett : 1,568, 410
brancand shipstuits; Cars inepullktnccs-occe ccs arrouiae basa eee see eneenies ao Seeees 669

St. Louis also is a large manufacturer of flour, the output in the
city proper for the past year amounting to 1,102,980 barrels. In addi-
tion to this amount there were manufactured by mills outside of the
city, but owned by members of the Merchants’ Exchange, 2,212,781
barrels.

4

MISCELLANEOUS.

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MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

392

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393

MISCELLANEOUS.

tree ses sqggq UOTTRW—1ano0o
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395

MISCELLANEOUS.

"4809 UTOTLRI
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q,tu9,dde ANOTIT AL po fou: 1s9q

qanog £yun0g
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MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.

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INDEX.

A
Pages.
Agriculture at St. Louis World’s Fair (see Louisiana Purchase Exposition).......... 199-207
Agriculture, board of (see board of agriculture) ...............scccccccccccccoeess III-V, 60, 206
Agricultural college and institute WOTPrkK............ccccccccecsccrcccccscvcscscccscccccesccccers 60
Agricultural college, report Of COMMIETEE..........ccccceccccccccccsccccsccss EB BOCOKC catoeitaricel LO
Novi GH pera ese CAO pie cial = aeslc ol teln\olelo\elo -\alelelsjelelelneieinici-is = «la lalelelal=ieieis\e's FE OCSOOL AROCDOOODODODOSE <snn Ue
Agriculture, prizes awarded World’s air, St. Louis......... sicisiateluntatalsleoeioe sewcscccecccestO-ooe
OTT CHILES: SEATS LICH mers s\< 2\a-10'eaieln!neisiciniele'e.e/e\cisie'e.e« La bOCBOb DOC SOOT NC Senimarseicteis odonbOnOA oeses DDU-3SS
Are ILCrCO.) LOT TK, LCV CIs o/ocic/s aces 'n'coweecivce csiels vice CROC SOO Sa0c0nt acscac wwocvesecoossccOcl-us
Alfaltay tor feeding Gary) COWS <......-ccccsrccccciccenonns Bia lsisieisinin oinislewicverseisclaienierelatsrale 301, 302, 306
Alfalfa for feedings HOGS. ........cccccccceccccccccececeasnccscccces agcondnoscct snigonacacnbecas 140-148
Aifalfa, yield and price ...... pMaeraiateieiaeraterarere elelaialalaicie ops seta icisieistele/ole/atalereie SAeAGOSNGOACS qqaccogodessese 364
Annual meeting board of agriculture...........c..-cscccnseceees paleereote slsicts este Saineniea Sees e Oral
Auditing committee, report Of..............- eee cece reece eee rece reser eeees Sn0000 noniocs 2yeh.
Committee on agricultural Education ...........- cece cence eee e eer eereeece SOBA SABCOD Bao 25
Deputy veterinarians appointed ........... eee cece cece rece e teen tense eeeeeeesncece BAAD OC 02)
MPCCH ON WOT AO LMICCES me aleteleisisiels sieterelelaleiiela|a'elsis/elalsiiele\s’eie BACB ICDOCOE OOOO ODIDONOOLONC SARIOCCOOOON eon 2!
Executive committee elected .......... cece eee eeeee rece cece Gia cle aictarsiere oipisiclete’a’slatatataistolet ste seal Ll
Financial statement ..........0.c..ceccccccccccsnconscccccsccees SECOOOS EOC ABOOSOAIOOCOOOE 19-27
Members Present ..........ceccececceeceeecececreenecsc es cesreceeseceeeeeeesees ROAOOSS COONS 9
Secretary’sS LePOrt ..........0.cccccccncncceccccccccccccccnccencncassnccsscccssscccccesccocce 9-14
NRE ENIAK sae ces oie sieiate s\aisisisisic's sisisle(cisicle c's, ccisieiee pelvis: niseemelees sole son00C episeisiemsicts nano sccocoagoS 14, 396
Antiphlogistine, for milk feVEL...........ceeeeeerer eee ececec ences ececececsecens aia\eielsinicle e'aisieleata 323
PASEN EL @ Ki2M asters ole ote ie 61 slab are eieeieinielscai=' nae Misictsis cone sie cersisieiesialciale aleieiotele Develo ce atietitte esis eicere sa sierecisice ata 166
PAD DICS eee PTICE) ocics oc cece’ vive slnivisivic elvis seem =ecine ee ayn tnn moinia aintala wists clea salon mciclen ise wlelvislele'eis) 355, 364
Apples, prizes awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis.........----.+++sseeeeereee Sinisicieis ouslotstale'= . 240-241
Apple trees, No. per square mile by COUNTIES.........,.-+++eseeeeee eerste erste eeeeteees .- 376-377
Asses and jennets, No. and value by COUMNtICS..........+---eeee sere eect rere te eeeeeee oeee0d00-301
B

Babcock test ........ sebddecodonncobond RAcdoSdadoodasacouonoD Sdodacsaoaooansucdsacaoos ward cis a « 327-332
Ba DYe DEGisetaccs scares ce PAheca ced neds coated aed ased Vheseoees Sacencdead adnue ces sa Face caster one sense® ao ates
ATIC VS SL ALISELCS (OL 0c c1ce'e's'oie'e's'ss'o'e'0'0 Aictniare ntalatereTotate Pe alovalaleie’s ale eibvatee nie otereeieelnae efolp caictele 362, 364, 365
Barley, receipts at St. Louis...... BOC DODCDO DD BUDD LOOT ODTOCODOCDULCORCRCORCOOaS soocececbe eeeces 309

Board of agriculture—
PV MELCRUO fens snes aac canis cafe scenic clecincielces ADO DO DAD BOO BOOLRODEOODORES Boon oD mOOUCTIOL Seescnonboce Az?
Executive committee ............ BOBO DOO Donen DSA OOo OROn SU COOP CODGEOOAD EC OLEOCDUBOCI Bhcoaeneco wit!
MiAIVCRSEOCKSINSDECLOR oases dan ccccciesccccneiclencstesrasenctecemecesesceesess Rabo cess chases es cemrle
Members, ex Officio ....... slaveralotelclateita tarciatale shel siasta ster ctal-ania iste aisictalatel stelareteiicie/otsictermeniatots siete aaoe DLE
MempcrgnOie senna nstnascicisnne cee nice: aoc sinciciesaaseeeocemienascisieccenieeceeres SonocncRoor hocona LN
State fair directory ....... Betis ties Satis nent et bier Soadosdesdaaase Sdaiatets nets’ cele aid Dacioes Ls.
State veterinarian and deputies ....... AOOOGe BOOTOCE OS ood tcc Aoncenoneacre eisictansiclelaee este coe
EAT PeCcelptsy acim: .L0Mis soc cmeceena ame stcccceeoctcce Andddcsccradans Sab ase sees mcletatale Sccecewals OOS
Breed. experiments. (in' cattle LECGiINg)) cerccec.ccc cicisiare icin 01a oo\sleieinisielele civieisieia reisieinivieieiescesics cece sreciewl bc
Breeding of plants and animals........ Masine isle eieie seeie laisse Sasabsses sec uacasetece bisiet nes selene moe
Breed, selection of UT SEY 5 3 SSRN A SO Se ODN Se Le aay La ea aes +22 -316-317
Breeds, dairy, comparative yield .......... Bean Seo aien como inesie ciciatecisine sles) sinisiefnie/cfe'eis 273-274
Broom corn, statistics of ....... ne nee hae DE Seen cidetinc se wsle see sateneleciaeacceees comnts 363, 364, 365
Butter and cheese, prizes awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis..........-.....- hate laeeeels 263-265

Butter, World’s Fair exhibit................ Be seer aie e sinals sloeieis eiein sleisielstsieisie sin a(s\e/eleisie sinie.ele'eisic\s\sia/= 210-216

II INDEX.

e
G

Pages.
Calf, feeding the ty ccteaccotne ccc odcnsccanscvbocubetwscpautcevecace coceen sesame SA 297-298
Canada ‘fleld) peas swith OAtiie ccs.6o Scenes sz eoecota casa wee see sibece eis seen aan Sewewduee 302
Cattle wt. publiessalesiin.cias cm. ase sccsvu cas cecceses aida «daisies 2 s/s Me oiaisio,pinle ak nee eae Sopeees 122-123
Cattle, condition and prices has’awente tee Dak tip ttwss Acct eha seed ee ace ee eee 364-366
Cattle, <dalry bred: Steers: sacccs.. oc voc wdies vse oc cee cin clccluw swe sates oaiacsemee naan same 298-299
Cattle feeding, (cost sOfs PAIN. <./50.0sccicos cnc as acl a ctecisie ice ictevicsaln cet «sls cema ten eenaeem vances 172-177
Cattle feeding, relation of age and ‘conditions... c<cmeccsecemccmenciewscccanenes aay uaeeaeaaas 169-177
Cattle, number and) value, by :countiess cc oi ccn.s osenscinleie stoic cic me ce nineseleisieisiweeinhainio == oie 372-373
Cattle, mumber per square mile; by Countless... cc<cecwssorsceuceserse ce sclqunaseeaasepeeaee 374-375
Cattle.) prizes’ at World's: Bair, ‘Sts TOUS, acc. caenctestcoleiinn sind p pcp nam keane nen eae se nate ene 248-256
Aberdeen) PAMNSUS i iiicscc oc ae acti cnepicidiew cnc sieislen cine iicla/sin<.0's sis w'nie nisin ala boluaatelsa alla oi aon 261-252
ROW eS WVIBA! srcen ice oo nde ods wrorsin/ore bic’ n chssim ate olotalaidlateletsln (cia nivtacaislaieietetaietn'« Siaraia's's(stet diate 253-254
GANTOWSYS: soi Siarahiaraisictaptete as selec 'e eiciniclo\n ele w(sie ofbistcte'sle\ete's o(e| ote oslo nie’ele:s wo tpieie nw el sae easel wa cy otmnas ae 252-253
ROY ETOLOS on wcisiersincvess vleisiesiclote victeiwiolole a aie wo nletoipiseieieiele ejeiel) Selefeisinla’areielolntn ate iain steiatals aie een 249-251
FFOIRGCIN-WTICSIANIS co. ccwicieis onmcicic cls aiciodiasials Vic delsie e's esis u'e's o.dvlele= sinininielow sunsets tars ee nnmns 255-256
WOETBCYA? deiccre'sicin vals vlulsio e's atv 01n vin'orn'viciuins'a'eiateieis'o slavisleie’e aelnla'ne'siein's'ud'alewinlvinineled aa oe manie ecccccce LOT-200
SNOLENOINIG she cn cece delssnes leicis sates oasis cieieaidieiaa vite sistleiee sine keine iets eat soma nm miocc nate eeee 248-249
CI LLIC MW REEKLYEDIICER tices -Yolels ais crete (crclvie'ala'e cla’ eicicleleloleie'vie's inlaw vip nloisin vleisislois| ojeiaielo eeieeeraind clainian wien oactee OU
Cheese and butter, prizes awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis.............-.-esesseeeeeeeee 263-263
@heese: World's Hair exhibit: St: Dioula... ..c.cccccvicvcs dupes em=s ocean cam nn cenv cee cneimece 216-217
ROHOTTISLTY MOL NCOLIN waec'cicrsa'cis\c’s'sin'aisic'c’sisicleiclsieiclsisieisio'clavicisie’s snes mwice sieicieias om/= sccm oxen 66-70, 77-80, 90-95
Chester White hogs ........sssssecessecsceseees eee eeccececseseseccccstenssscnnsins ce ceseases ++ 338-339
ORICKENS ES IDEICES aaisclcinieets lenciaciscles's cicieees aulh cledivicibdlciss sis cere Bons en acin esaian ese ers Emeate BAER 365
CHOLETA AOR) Genie saccswelcts sale aleaiaaiseleieleista eis craaleivie cists s'citin els einis bole ieleteleieisisis oleinin wicis etalk atisietate 155, 156, 168
Clover for soil improvement...... wre Uidiateieicieie’ wise araie's Salsieiecles Saiaisiale aintaip ae eien sata raear aaa eee ed20-32L
Clover, prizes awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis........c..cceccccccecceseccccccececes ASS fe 238
Clover seed and hay, yleld-and prices........0...cccccccscccccccccccscvcccccccasccecsssesees -. 364, 365
Coach horse, French .......+. Juve dpicdebuansmahubfadcicucsuveccercanee eee uee cee tenet ae
GContacious) diseases (of liver Sto0ckcc sec acievc'scsscclenicesies'scscavineciolstdnciles epee el aeiae 153, 389-400
Contagious diseases, controlling by immunization ..........cceeeee cece cece cece ceeeeeeeees 165-169
Contagious diseases, railroads’, Wabililty:. ccncmcs secs cesses ce ios sasine see tenant nannwes yi 153

Contributors—
BelOWS, GeOs, Bic ccivatcic'cnc ssc siein's tele olc/sianle'sieisle/aine be'b'e's\e/s[n(a‘sinininsinie!s'o 6 sinieie'e cine see eee -» 159
BPG Dry FER: IM rare orate ovwieic.aieles-s:sielaicth-o.eioiorc <wtlnreain' s.a'dinip'sie'miplol< dis sla sien atk miele nos ele sie ene 66
@uarroll, HO, Ma) VW sissieinecce'e/e.ac's vowiate o-0 a'cla's's.c1a's'a'n'c'uswia siota cis nies sieencie oon ant ate a ante nt 188
MSOCHO] Wis Acincuiccaciaepeciiciwaiianocsueaaecnc seems chiciniesanccalisl ya pte teccccesaccuceenscoses 339
COLCA SW ices eccavae ap snncgecbas: Sse bb uivete bine Livre. 'y «cinta cielo in naman ede muee an aease aa 333
OPADEPEC, Usb s, plats cadcusdcevaccacads caieanean a miu'aieia'e)d\dinga'e aaa a o'n Sole aA ehh wae Wistar eps ee ce 52
LEW A WY nil bowls vpiscen isu wisp ole diorece'b Iolalewiacois spe shia b1h a eoahikia eunin ces 'Siais pis acetaye tesa. ace piney enete ts e 129
Hillis; ‘Geo: B.,, (‘SCCVCLAT Ys. ccecccsevacdscnecdnesshagncesavcricn chick ween suenieme 9, 199-265, 350-388
FMI OTS: 5095. GBs isc clase e's b oirieyaia v's oie nyo 010% Winiclasts o1e.cv rwsiain.n'o,v.0.0 Ss nie nes apid ne pe sae aia iad hie en 156
Morpes, Prot. We (Bice canneusccncibcinaeele np sccicncb nnn sme''s tae beach M0 alee eee = 6s wits 138
BOGE, Di, (Bie sc ocsc cece c's ese ssisecebioc sain vies au aiinnopsinciseli None pe uaiins's Gnit ta bee nahn sea nee 130
Gabbert; “Benton: «<5. <ceccdsocsccwsecbdepestecccupd aieeldsh ass saeas Wants pcaNa es anen mite Tanne 122
Good elehy, F.C is.0c iis cwrasie.s wre.o'n.o,5 cerplace sluice. 0 o'u crn nied Simei tala sn. new cca a antes a eatin 336
Glover; BOs As Tis cesscveceswesec cates e vas cows seeceeuspeesuci) 0's «0 niechhele suns sgne een 274
Gurler, HON. H. B. oe ccoscectnenaneces ses aviccesucteundpesss aceecvevetscvucqhtepanneusienwnenn 300
Haeckeér,” Prof. 'T.. Lis.ccecccurcanttuwh voc uuvoabdvewersageys esse ces ts nays bape gee e Nene nnn 286
Hall, Hon; Matt. W sic siscccvaevecswetp ents bes omnes sis ssi \se'n bo acinus Guan aan nn 192
Harned, Wo. Piesccavvconeetiesncle vuivoudp daiwa te Gan vp's se'a'sny.ocuine-siace eee skins a aie ee ite een 149
Recher, «Chak ceca deccc vats ccweicaadicmanrcwa sic'a uv 0 os pacousucely be. acinomae ai oieienee nn 343
Holden, Prof. Pe Geikiicsvciccsucvveceedies ovnr ac cc's wx. < yank oe sraueen Vly mene be oeey een 107
Hopkins, Dr. C.. Gis cscsessnchwashevwewiiye rina siege sniss ane ak au eek ewe nhs selene eee . &
~ Krosmer, Bdmundl 0... .cciacwcbcnneseeasass cece oc0teclesane seen iil tienes een neeenieeeas eae 334
Hume, ‘Prof. As Heiss. cccsvewevosascctce ves doacdevdeestess s¥eseoe0ns Kaaneae nce umernes senna 99
Housten, Dr. H.. Ai sisesscicsscceusesinveuspssa> soe eg eae vce ets csuansehelpsulelenees@neuGee eos 45

Laughlin: Biss ssdevccsscnccsehipesapecsspps ste ecatueselesnenkesaukeuee ‘nana’ seen 6éeusaeaenenne

INDEX. Ill

Contributors—Continued— Pages.
THEOREM IAW 5 Gar SOD. 55 aiscccenicec «ves cisaaeeis BS NR STaTe a arava /siohe eta avatatala e elave Svakela te Stes al@elaiee ain Sronieuleiaele Ape Bat!
Three). JO SDSS) Meee ep acsopcochneanodanc Hbocodon SoubDo GTO OONeUUDpnCOOCODUGOCoETnS Rogndonna due
Medics epeUyA SCNT TNT se WWcyen crete Sets aerate ereie sore to al evaloveie’sia/sioieerscclcietate el atelave o/aleloiein|siolelotwls|o'sin-eleinielelelelaie’peisle ane sieeinerenk tal
Nes TEP, CINE I Sade sacemaaceer canon Ganon bo Ona DODO ucDUnE cD base JaccUOODHGAEnOpCago 34, 113
GCS ra IS VOL A ye ee ee Een adc CO ddobGOCD OR DE GOCORECOMnOr COCCUnCOCOBaROC ODoen ADO DeOnOr Sanpete
MVIGIINLOT ee EEO Eee Hees Esa ciereeiaicietiete ciste loses oe arctctetas rain vel ois: aioli svoreiniciote'a'siv's}e\ciwie sjaieiete micls aiesiaiple'e alets .. 82, 169
Tham, Wily Tle cossapgenéassns doccodene esos nc onodeGD Dad Dobe TOSU SUD ae ona ddoUOnasncanOnOoL 180
PngmnaGir. UE AWG Gootsssdsoengootactccudenad: os nno Onno SSO AC COUDEDOCODDOURaH UO conOnUODOeOnS a5 B35)
REC ELE Serco relate rere teseratereicttai sey Celeiniare eeielavatelelatsiole-eislo ere elateTore/vjelo\tajeiejsieleiais's sieelaiealereiore Scmgcosa itl
TMinetiayg:. Tye diy Psebcosoapbcodsce cecsosconsocsboosonoan sane sbesedoboncdod JaneLantadar oceces LOD
PUNE SEL UE TU ek TO Les sw ilera yeti aie ooo ota ac resntolercrey terol eTaerare ciehelnsa(slole\elclajeve‘c o-e\sie wfaseleietsiais,0 Snokoneeas mt
IWetersnn Coles Gi mWiscesnaee wn: SUITE dat atten nn eT ARO EDO oc eG BaSacleai reason nics sore Al

Corn—

Block method of corn breeding .................00. AnDoRoTS AIO OO NOOO DSO ROCSOI0 seccccee O1-38
SLECHIN Seep abe reece crete sioiete oleietaarojsteials ABA OODRUODUNOOAOROAOOG BOOED ORBOGECADSN AE 30-34, 83-84, 95-96
WAT CHOLES SEE Ce rsterre alaeieo\s <i) -loisi o1a'ofalalalaioiere fe So0naTOSaD “sdboonnas asoteaoonneoc se ceseeecceneees Fone IR;
(Oninan@e isi Ss-S6qqq0900s000ndS PEG ORODOUCOOOO TOG IUITIOAO IOS aOCOUGUOLOCOCOOE Sooodascnacotdadooce 73
NO GIMIS HE VatO Cama ects oie aes scion Saisie jete' cto cia cialo\als niers's wicielo cleicia’s = sisinlele/esisiel aeetrocnie 66-70, 77-80, 90-95
Clinvate and’ soil; effect on ‘Seéd.......cceccecsse eleeicteietelsle’s Sramicicsteetels Sactnccesckeih, Were ay:
Ciao neil” \AWOS Git aesoopaubncaddanoacodac aco cuOUCndOOUCUOS oer sinisleieisieie SEEIIO OG TH ODOOSO0C 82-83
CODE DIP CRCOLM Ae ae arsioes co siais sass sate esters Rleiceleccie tote sieve aistaatestete aise oteielemeas cleisteinteeieree em eke
COnmMercial TEMtiIZers, TSE OL. car cistsle 0 cciels cies sere aaonocec sannassadccadgcosnacosdesssoos Gsiil
@aniposieoOn AN ey lle semis ct to ei aie wlnioiaisie/o/aic/=iainlejeiele ale sisie\> Bosstencosses slataletstaieinteiptoielsinta io ater - 8
Cooperative work in corn breeding..............c.0csceeeee Rogaine doaséronne dhoeccton 39-40
COLNE WOLU GAM CE sitle LECUTTL «<tc s1</+.01cleiare elo esis /e(0 ceinieis\cln/s(o\e\eisi/clsieinie aa eis sie Stelaisiete/alsieintcleisiersaerente 83
COLON SCEG Meal TEA! WIEN: (COED a2. access ctiee cic bsersleisens qs/eaae oonsetenic. qe oa p-clsice oe besoetene $3
ETOP E SUDEISEL CSO: clersielatatatascleteletciste a eis c1a/els-sials n'sis'aisleseiels ole) vis s.eis\ele's'elsiels 350,351, 357-358, 361-364, 365
OSE Lyell OO WD eae acts cto fatale olen o's fos sins coiie/eonicie's’le's ie alere-w'siejeie as slale(o.ale'e sieveie'e'eiele eee eis oje.s 53-54, 82, 108-113
Deep planting ..... eielet aeiaisiote toate cisials Sb ose ODD aEOU o0at ob SU noun UdeUDa DognoEcadabeSs sponnedudass 111
PISEEID MEL OTM AO fe CGM WOT GS! CLO P) <r era1oi5:2/1s 0.0/5 10. 61e's ole s/nve wle\o:0/0/eln wie oie aly wisjers elves sees sie’ cintelare 350-351
EDAUMER NV Semts 10 E11 Oe) LONG EEN wees la rccefelare ot oss ova «1a alel nic siete! oi nial sColeleic Grelw e's no's araie's ais Gleis in wsleteseinlais melets aioe 108-111
HOUMEeES S SHTCUGING (Of 7. jeiseicies = 1s eclectic slo en's « Laon cGoR ac daomachonde SoeneaacebesaancaeeSee 85-87
GOH EVALESTOIE ee sete otcle aire sia acic ha Suh os bra-e.aln/avsiessiaein aisles jocie-tie e/sye eVeleiawteie o% erejo Jeibarentgnn es 101-103
(CAGARER STEN OKO Tek “RES ce eee an SU OAd Ap RE HIOC BE DEAC: SAORICRAATO DAGAL AOTC DOOCE APC ESOC EE SCOr Any COE 105-107
Cer ETEULED BETA MED ORauys Pie eeleral so ers ciate slo Sele (ei euarsyalela, fo) cratelela'creih(oiarsinvalw aieislnvt edicts sie este eacielsee 101-102, 114
AE TTIDET ULES Eg TO Le COR Re Seeta ccc at ale ote Stelter a, cre al etasra re eaierosaisia's 0) pisletin lala acrayetd ete ciate s saciersis’e eats a0 101-102
CLOWMANS ROLE DIDVAN ES? SCCU” stiic cece inis vie a se slsartis co a sins cleo oeclosite cls snes aie neibleG eaesisis siecale's +» 44-45
HERES ESE CLIT oem cvale nyalcete,sreis oonicta ciel eiojaseisieis srais’cinisie s alaierele csoiSinielain.s win welmeigen ateiars gue cisievalats aiotetstiaie in elaheioeterstoters 37
SUELOR SS Ey eometerets tote tel sere era ateics« ctsiea ainle ais SM Oia ca sis oie hala sie bit fe'eie einclecia/e's ais eslseeievewanes Sepsecodas vse. 06-09
Mandmoteplante rood neededs. .sc)csc cos cesscnaeosecccces ace a ON et eg a El 46-47
MASSONEMSMEAT KoenVlel Cue aNd “ACLCA LC. sa trer az. eistojers-vis einiereteCcraicis cteliainie nes alae niece nicicloereicinte 351-352
else Pee en A cs os PSS WRT et TeV ALR a Paha Mater, Bee MEN Age on lt . 53
PUNT CHOC KEM RO Le CLIN Cera: oreraya aces atevarcte cseisieloveieyn oe) <Iolciele ies sisieleieerelals «at ehela dorele sotsiersineleigte 84
Pollination ws Crossing, sands INPRCCCING cs aocccisse he casies winteiacion slajoe su anio sas cee 38-39, 61-66, 77
Prizes awarded, World’s lair, St. OUI S Se ee oie cies eA ee es 237-238
eLOntAD LG Siny DCM GIS SCM -COLMS 2c Na dece a celeriac isis oemreiessieieeee oe weer sibeiseicle saicen Goede 42, 54-55
FRE CCLDES FVD UMIGGOER Solera. cysiators nro Sonate vipers altvoik wsiealog Site ois aie s ciclela es Seiaie slave cfa(etate clersreswieteiwie sietaiete 388
OW? METH OG AMM COVE DRECHLN Pd 6 <iais oie 0 cine viele ein ors oielaisieie/oe'o Helorela’areis ols, gale everclers,c cisic siecle nrelsisicins 36-37
Stx«Charlesi swiltiteukenascn ccc. cos terecro nce cas vectors cele ooecanonene snonadtotodoqsaosbsencodénc Ses te
Si Charles s Vellowiecntee soeeciien ce oatews as Sain coeese case g aYetejeiniere asst (onion neta sereicieSe Sisctesierass 30 69
peed (testing importan com otrerccas soci cnicionies edie ols ciclo ins sosionca eaneesoent visite nme sn LUO ON
Seedutestinie smethods totimasaceemcecect cess civccelie eaten emeteeeic Wacissicieeincts eeeee ee 99-107 ,114-115
Seedutesting.. time WSedsinwscs resets oc Sec cisloce eseeones Soncnsoad HHGOEUABOOOCC ++eeee-103-104
melecking and JDLeedin ere. sence atte ee ene cewece conse ccantmen Sore meee weistassiteinioeye 30-35, 87-99
SKATE OL Cri lane on SERA Ct inie Se Scio o OTE OAR OCAS OC COC aE AE AB e eens 58, 70-72
HA NeCmOLe ROTNCIS © viaccess cc eyenasteia iota: iste alolo Sea Greets sialore © Soe IEa p15 bw miclacuaemiae Sian 120-121
PEA RemONCLEAL OE CWO sk Opie neni naeacee netetsiiicte « afou steletrnraisletieicickioioe.« spas ews s Gena ok’ delete So wha
POPU MBOLE ALA PION e525 sercsiesn sisierctactrne somone oe cnc sisters a ntatethet tals iatets aaeiat seater Seer 52-53

Sire cerows: and, eCVveny CheckinG. 5. sccc-4cec osssex coeecoensccecess be casupccecncisccsesssece LEE

IV INDPX. i

Corn—Continued— Pages.
BLOver; USELOL cscseegetcle eyes ald ot enc vn seeker os Cae Ene ne ne . 85
PEUCNESS oO) EVDO one ss'ae's.cnn'ee bcie ere ro aloe cae Se ise ae cea en Cee ne Coe ee 66
WATICHIOS | OLS ea he WS cineca eel Jewels gue Baten ponte eee ROE ne ee 43, 84-85
NMield. of white and -yellow varieties). 5.22 ico2so co accst occ eee eee 82
Nield: inv breeding MOS). «....:.:..5 cases cee 20. ctee coh seem eee cae ae ean eae See eee 73-77

Corn: ‘Growers’ P ASSOCIATION! 1 -,<fo </s01s,c.ccse speicesten saves oes we eee ee OEE VI, 10, 28-87
Chemistry Of (COM Wein. cin a ois. eos cacnets ssl lo oie Belatsioeeunnloncemian tate ne Senne ee 66-70
Commercial fertilizers as supplements to farm yard manures and legumes........ 45-51
COMM a JUALIN Koos syerealasais.enie 2150 5's.0ie\s eieiolorein mye Wrelsieseieisie vide sete Ceisleler ese eee cee ae eee oa 70-71
Cormy Pollimatlomiraw.wres'etscoc « «nial ce ale tcinionineismisiceisieie acts mercies een eS eee eee eae 61-66
GWrabinee Ss wSCOG CALC fea. « - actac estnelieiacinon(anse senile ies sole eee seh eet ee eee eee 58
Indian: corn) <rom ‘a farmer's point of viewsacs.cssnesssaeecseeee eee ceee ce ean eee 52-61
Missourivscore cCArG) 5 oscar deceit oo ncls sa stotee/< 2 ae eae senior aaioar te ce cleat ece cea eae aa eeteey
OPA COV HOLE sora vic.cimnele/o'n alevaie aiele sie'a's aie wie/cie's =istleionjate eiclolo oaicidie slanloisiaaie cs cietere Macatee ieee a Vid
President's: anneal” AAALESS e560 i510 Xe visisie oi0!s wlwioie sw ata Bintan be cisiaimmie cise ie epn ea eee eee 28-30
QMO Y DOK Sioa e aiaieois:cialnra's (ojerera,atovejetvicie Biejniniaterele ns nscle viene reine oie eistelwioieiereie tie ae ene ici eRe Ome eee ee aa 82-87
Work of experiment stations on corn improvement.............ccceccccccunccccceces 3441
What the tarmer may (do sini veorn improyement...-....2.osecsses sce cece ee eeeeeeeneee 41-45

COrmaCharecog! vacate «cienicaciien ve seis ti wcidiceleRiewisleemvceieeele7 eltie boon See be ccecase Ree eee ade eee 148

Cotton Seed Meal Wed with Corm:...-......s-ccccess oe Ulnv sieslv Dec's sen cileleaducee 22 ene eee ee ae eae $3

Gottan, Seed Meal "for Weeding: WNOGS Sats cece sees ve clcisid cc's iwisreles ov wom vleielsis sivie« ercleait alata eae ae 148

Cottons Secdy Meal for: Weeding: Cows sicecc cise «.<ieseiolere.o/elofetasuls eet las niciela ees eters oan ergo 293

COETOM, SCHEIS ELC OL ira rsecmcersloicip r1ecaicla:cte-oisjessiova Sols saversierel ate. Sterejninne islcleeltieeie antclernsiemsaeieiote 354, 368, 364, 365

Cottons aworld’s Mair, (Sts. Whowis:. csi. cimascosjecieielv ciale cicierseratoon mreletae Hie sieteas eS eat oe ee 209

Cow—

Best type. Of, phon chenmiddle / Westies sci «canta «isi a vovenissieaciss cece oae enemas SEA ene 149-150
(OP AG) So Moanbenscaecsesoneogos ajatelave’eiais farm olerdiazatevs/evciele crater Sisievaye’ sis smite clones ore ee 290-291, 312-313 .
COST MOL EEOC ia ai. ctetalers)e claleiavcielclcialsie’e wicista’eleieye nichareva.ataie mia ele le crass ale Pam parse mareiniatnt Se Seat tanseoee 292
Pay AE OTT, <i sicicva’e o:0i<}aiaioro/einiare a(e s/elaiateyale{siessse’a'sipratererele/cterersje/eYausterelovclaraise STAG rere TaTATECREE 287-290, 316-318
TIATEV PECOLABE OLiarctereicrcietnversis siete ctorare cle lsielorars (ola cbeisiessistel staiel ors eroi totale steerte nel eter aieier eee 269-273, 274-285
BM yrwremiecles LOr fora. toiniartereiciaie ale’s'ciaje'ors olelalala.cisialessiciale-sjsista/ale cies oie is ee oir siels pn ee eat eee 323-325
GAN Es REV Oia 2 siete ove. sre xia tieilasc oveseteTetaleia'elaserela,ais/a ave are /e/arelo' afer sraie ais sevaetere aloe Meet Sie etn are SER tee Ee 321-322
ETS GE fare oleic iaieis-cleie v’uis cieie/elsisjecelb\e.s « sigialsialsre e's: siucie nisie rear nieiclolein eis arvta re nine nyc Jare arercrer ne Maite ei - 292
SOWV TICE ELOCA EDEL. ora vis sigia o.<laarelelcin cisiale Ole wie clas © mlainete ales ucala mix 7a-aloe pice eo's SiRtaine Cearee See ae aan 149
RSET 2 iocelnie: ereie'oleieve:s'6 s;0'eva'alerers,o'Siaro/o{e\oje'otw' ciao ars o/alola wratwin;sisraleibiele's hereye & are nieielnllgia en cts ats See oti 305
Wentilstlom: Of. P@rUs so aie 5 cies clots cicro sian gratelaroinin,c scatela' wreie’alu W sjaieiciel steleraietei oe ature cielo n See a ee eer 312
Cows—
Common, /-CaAlPy WLVECOL dS 5< winstsrosaes cv a.ockenn'cle alsiereyaia nie pierce eis ewe oe efor oiee SRR ee ee ee 274-285
PAI YT At LOS: SLOT ire 0 are\s mivtale <a cist clelslelainicera'a\eiinis/aiaie ae esRala eIstareN ae aate teil sitar oie er sas 276-278, 280-281
Holsteins): “Gairy CCOLE isi icsstes:c's.c:c wisis'sisiwrce'e/sio sisia.n|clslalonierats cfs sina vinle' sw in winlelv at wie eens VRE Ma 269-272
MOLSOVS. f ARIT YE COLGS vic cleats; laicisiews pie /arorstoisiana'y icin starstardllelttetadure ei etcls ah ars/atereta te cle a eiptetetclae terete eaamn 269-272
Red Rolle) dality,, records .nocscciceatenieg cer eter tmenicivs.c cs wns cemen a nihe oe eke eee 269-272
SHOLENOINN GAITY. “LECOLGLE cocs vcs cs clcitietuleisis giv tine slsian cadet pia'e'e cel buslak aeeiteae an een 269-272
Gow Peas; Seed. and)-Hay, Yield) and! Price... sok. vec cexcseesan suguststey vc epi aan teeta 364
Counties—
Area, Population, ‘assessed valuation, jC0C. 20). -cmmuntiaie cecnies nen sn scm pase 5 eee cane 368-369
Number of farms, size of farm, land listed for taxes, improved acreage,
nereage in ciltivated, Cropsessiess x>nsiccetncnes scaenclsae axes a0 s.aciu nS uuerneeeumrae eee 366-3
Live Stock; niimber’ and’ “VAlUGiccvc.csecxcveuseumneceuunsCinvaces cancun menaceeune cee 370-875
SPA TISEIGS AT cole tiv sv tavern c'en.e taints cistecmmcget neta ene inistitie a weet ving te tik on Oona 357-360, 366-377

Crops—

Area in cultivation ‘by countless 22. ctccesscevuaay sce samslents dt ces cei scehmcues tame meme 366-367

Conditions, yields: and Prices. niccs dees cscs cscdesccctaussvemies ane sy tee sh Menaks seam 364

Wields RNG Y VALUE Ceccscccs penceuene Sn volte cece dab ovum ene Sk g QS OM xan sia eeare teen ake sees 300-388
D.

Dairy Association, Missouri State.............. as Mende tae Lic ewacshubmebaeecenned eecese V1, 266-387
Business cow for busimess GairyMan.........cccsccscscccvccsceveccsce Sesnueeseeswahne Ole

Foxpertence: With /COWW: vccieccevecescodtcccretccdscubeccevecsn™ She deveecuaewen soskevees BOOUG

INDEX. Vi

Dairy Association—Continued— Pages.
TmeayeeRS. CRAY s (eOh we Bacdose sonooscuunsoon so soon esooee nocoLEdasanoudsaacdconacqudapodnale 274-285
(Oia) “hr BosouomsooduodoOudosdoduse SHOU CUCHUOD stsTavehe cea arenes iaseie eset ovetalejay staal cpatats erelelelainieletateroiefetecec ie VI
Necessary conditions for successful Gairving.............ccececessccecncecscceeecens 300-315
(QAR ENA, ORK" SG sAgengoascngoboUb cod concadcadoAd ono sehonaseUsoqDbeacbomadnosueaacupssonagac 316-333
Reports y LLOM) MAISSOUTI Gat MEM ee cree ceie\ceiee cle om elaicieleisieise sn cies awisiajelnisie\se nis 'visiois1s.¢\r16 333-32

Daimy Barns) VeWtWatlOn Of sce coc clcleiecleir cle oc wicle + a cle vwieivivie vie\e v'cinis ve vivinjv'e icin 0.9/0 8 sis vio claieiaine sie 312

oy SU aygud OW remem ts 1) Oueinrsyeterefareretalaieretevarsieieieveretaratete avercicieveiclatelateretoia/oveyalalsteicteissois aloiniets ots (olaceleTnlelolelel=tal= (ole (sielo)ai=lsi<ie [= 269-270

TVSMITS VANE COVE lon wait Gummetcte stele clarate etctetate to’ sleieiersi cia valolcialols|eisie,elaie/<)s,01sYelelatotele!nieie\ej0\o7e|\e\e\siclete/ofalelelals/etslereioisin\cleiele’o 299-300

MAIV Ie (SCCM MGA me INCH ASE pels) SOs) lore letciels ete raleist-fors =] ois/<ioleiclajotoieiel=is\eloie1s\ols/oin/x1ajsie(aValef=lot n\etis)ossialsielol> 210-217

Da Tyee MAINA IN Ses SOs MOR GUILE Y sare cataio = eteteinte ofei-ielojelnloiaia\=\o1e\aie/e)ofelaie!slelere/s/eleleial~/e/elri\siel= 268-269, 314

APTA Se NVASS OLE Use eA yA COCR! el OTE oral slorsle<1e folate tale <lelo oleiaieloysiafatetelea/olelailers| aisle’ =:etaisbele|ssa\ele/e]a\n(ei=le\eivic\e fel 268

PLB) ENA V0 Fs Ot Me SaubeT TD evsesye te ene verere atete eietevotereistaroieleterrieyelsteloielersrale ais teiete ale) eiokelelereiafetmfaleter sta! efelstelore/elsjeys erelo(osasol= 333-337

1) GSS HUIN Os eC SSSOC mesa MA Viei IS COG Kensrelat-) slots efoleys:alalaie ole iaja/s/clefasajee)eleleleteielsiciqielele/ «late sle/eis)sohejsieisie/eta\eleraieveloln 153

E

Hducation in Missouri.............. Balsrerataleleveneiere oie roe ce sisissate evel ele ‘cle elstaveiate oitlaveretteyacarafelajetn aisle hobetetatstetereache 229

IDE Goootooacas Sdosenddecdb eon aso sacagbahacoe addon opondcododauNDnoCOUacO ONES DoodameOCKscdr 14, 389-400

HEELS TM SR meee yar tetore tere eve eievetetcial cele foley nisin oreo wists ols <intens) <i eso\eralelowele aisielefeloloisieseisieferels-efeleve ate, sisieleitvalatele/aislasere/s 294-295, 308

Exhibits, Special Agricultural............ BE ay arara ahaa estos cinlale Crossltete siere ia eielsielews lars cro nlekoisioelaieieyaterere 199-200

PST UL UES umes CLC maya arele pete etetetaiey ale ovelorsieya tore ta nts eleicsoyaieretoie a vole) obgintesetateleve\avelelslcle’s alalelelersiviore’siecsicleioheleratelalnietelciaye 201-204

PESPELIMMeMtS mi VECO S MEN O SS -ererstalatelaseis/als.<levelasaleleleialelal<\n[elelelelsjalsieleletels elejs/n\ele efeisfofelsie\oiaisleisielelsie(elsiefe 138-148

F

RU at SLALOM mE LTCC LOL Viartefoteteteraislolerenieiele)atsrefais/=/atajs: nis \aiele a sie/s'olo(s eieis/s niararaverevsie'e a eisie’s elle cite erin tere TAY NY

HAMM CrODS A SUA se Wie wee WOLD SOML P25 s,<1c,c:c.cie c's /sralelereleieie sisiejere ais cleisie valolw elaine trae sonicee eine 187-188

Farmers’ Institutes ...... Mas et lol sias eo ees ae oie exbiolaleastoaidix e1sielslisiaard 65-6 ie ole s crawrae set sleet eens 11, 60, 206

ALIN See NUM DEL EAN GE Size way, iC OUNLLES aes son cetincietias celseelrosinetinechincenieeechetec eee ene 366-367

Ireeding Rations for Hogs..... Borel asa /claloierarcicioisieiais(e\stesisitsicnehelcisteia oeicle lorena rein erator cicteliaetetenete 138-148

Her tal ers COMMER AS caresses eastern aio vors eresmievemtolel ec heretote inla’s ates avovste el niaeioicrereace isabel nines enon 45-51

SOM HEI CLS im OTN n OO IM eactalaleyciafeisteyaicvelssiarotess/stele aicie ove erareisisss isi cietoce aleieieten’e ots oreial oie setersisiere eiaevatetersionsieiateictote 47-56

Hert CTS mOM ae: OLENL OCS ot jcpotie ciavacere yateiaslalas]are/e ois otaVoieis iciereie ateis/eiave ie iele S ajecous crores sraieteinin/aie alae elenlacs etsleterais che 48

EHH STAB SAIN CH Gs Gy ED ITD Choate rar ssa ches iaveve s oiev s/s falero\e'sseletevsis 0/6 «arse s/wisl vets ore) hetate’aiarcisiere/aie/aie leer sist sue slefelere wiele areal 227-229, 236

FEST eRENCommNSS LED tel SUL CS RO Letter eave oy ake vodcrotaverstcivisies ole jeiGictohs(s/crerelaiece svels srese.s nieterevacainnsierctetore aie crac ciate Parle sie 354, 362, 364, 365

FLOATS eee OU Su, UL OU rare cvetevereverarereiereicie’scciavsisceia.cisceratsys a aera aie eiiote oe iecounsstareie ofA arate yale eieye ave aie cca eie esters 388

STK VaeM ER CLIT C GLOGS ier cievetatote oieseieteis (tsi le vareia ic ereieilevs onscals ctarntste 0: cvsvone oi syecete cleraleraletersis algiersieveteleis eieie e's aieisuereleratsicleets 323-325

EGC ASr Mg COTM re STOOL Omar creates arctan ciereracsTape aia are ate. sin'S slesateriysyeiand ove sibsielSisleie-sisisle ocoweietren ce sisigioe 85-87

Herestebroducts, Value per Square Mile bys Conmetyess. ao scree cre ces lcjsintcle cisio cie/sin clnieie leis ice cleo 376-377

LINOIESIAY: ~ceQuocodb ode bea dU DUCE ae COO TODOS ADAO TOC OU BOC SUL GnRp EAC cnccmdaranacacsnemenacnasaccannns 226-227

ORE (CORG To 18 LON adhscaos Capo Can Sauna gOS UnabadeAdhCsdd addon coc armoaeuce acauer onan tc 177-180

PRAT Ur ditas (OSU: OMe tied OS arora te, ccaterste raters re otc Yor nieces creveveteis sie cai acel Nesoreterere(a/aara aveforsveleleiere pad olsraieicisiarate imere moe sists ablatare 394-356

HUIS ee niZeSmeAwArGed . WiOLbLGIS! Hain) Site UaOUSs tee eeyeeteiciele <:c vlereleicleiersisicteleia inlets cletoieeie lore 239-242

QTE Ese es O ULE ae WEL ELLOS Onli sres cra artiejelarerere arene: ssaves ayo sVavere w tituelare clwie Mote sisce,erersitie suaeransle levis lore reid ere amos winieieiers 209

G

CG EMINT Cae tarot s soit chet ataleretetatelaloieierorels(ciersve'elerereiolercisistatstaielsisfavcelaynie’a cle vavsce cleievels ct(ajosel« sere) shel ferass afsieis sis svsiste/siarnone ticinte 227-229

(GilauiKs SESS eadgahesod cov apeaabaDcACntCT OS UOR oc odOORe soe HodOdn oF Dok mone DASE AGL auooSen ating 14, 183, 389-400

Goats and, Sheep erizes) Awarded, World’s: Mair: Ste Wows sc... cscjs.enes esc sere 256-257

Grapes. Prizes Awardedss WOLLG:s) Waime iSite IOUS cries creron cere siciciciclomeiele ee cisleiorsicre mc ooniee 240-242

H

Eanvest, ‘Calendar — Lor sweatin eri yoieietsrsie: viele icravsisic lusts aveis terete sites sleisialeia sce salen ialedleeiiaiie es cies canis 382

EVRA OLA LO ew SLUUISEL CS MO lenclelstelersieice oicieinciecricinice science 352, 357-358, 362, 364, 365, 383

MU VaMac RAL WiEGCO” “ararcisreloiavors sureistereteretcleralereraletscaraveiers fais civ sieiess clei leloveieia es oievalelolasaie te olertors aidiaiave eteiate clersisieleinvs 150-152

iehyeer Receipts: at. Stes Wools ace cect eet esete setcicele ciara sel tor eters ictete iarsicte aie ceeialeleie eicaretarsivarecleleh slates 388

EUV MLN OL s FLAT VeESEINP oramiyctevelayeetalete ectarore lors cvolnv= alexe arcuetctevstateverercinie\clalelelaiela's el sisieieieiele einieisie ciemmertcle 319

Hogs—

ESV POTN IN AU OV GET sersayerercteieeloieloe ee eekereieeiereteta ce te ieiec eter em msi etciceieisieseisienreeie sehen sees 139-158
ETNIES Cte ts cies cic anc teeselarsereia cisco steer Pate atodae eos farars tala ane lol velonomeateisters Mibineg e's bok ae cistae slimmer 155-156, 168

(Camabinan Chikel jE les soqaccsoonaadcomnondanogndeonanvadaAdooorpoNnantnodnes Aateaers trerrers 804-060

VI INDEX.

llogs—Continued— Pages.
Number. and value (By COUNTIES: a ais cciersonsice ovee vectesicinianes/es seep eee eons 6s 372-3873
Number pervequare mille by ‘COUNELCS 3. oi... c.cemtete dedismitieie sii sisie mianiieea eee ence 374-375
MAISSONEL \CHESTEIS IWWIIECSS «52-0 /a/aio.u a'nlnia'e dials olWein's siclooiebicuise veo a aaiaaree Liseatr ys Sonatas - 338-339
Prizes Awarded, \World’s-Fatr, St: Tiomisccs. sunisnycactencannirecemiacciscle sees eens 257-263
BeerKSDiLes wicca seks varciens ssa ajs'oalere smialsleca teehee nee na a atcieis oeltierd dais Sd aoc 259-260
Chester. WDC yeni. iste 10:0:ciec »,01s va aisarele v/Sniaiaieraie's»ctlpieialetnleiege = fara aveteialotere ave aicteteta sate eee 261-263
PIOFOOMEUBCYS. cies vie cm 01ers .0.0,0\s wrctnin wie erekels Main’ wleratorcinin cmantel unetnee amarante alsiniots eis ee 260-261
OAM (CHINA Sai sece clo otsierainoss = «are eiorclare s(n aco ais aihnin/aye ere ee ares rele laiole ee 257-258
Batons PLOT y Le CONE a sey saaters alele ae c/4 wlelel=/nuc'aloictalnyaje\ereta eintalel stelle eine otht ol atele tntetea ene ata setae 138-148
PHA CIE: Of (GISCA SE ois iuizta\ninteis ie) o'2/a)<)niajnaie'zcicievew pinyeyera sa) sieve ciniolota teed eisiee etees.s anemone oon ene 153
ype OL Loland) Chinas GemanGed «i. ate.cclslclstcistwicieiate'sis s'ereaheieeiele sla = heli Saison nines 129-130
AVV CORY SP PLCOIS ie rescieis:ciorsh oly azera/alavevoravnins0!s ciistatote’ vias atatora/atsharst sroln\ alata cintate(aletnimlasaetstet at actavete tetera tiara eae sees O86
FIGIBLEING Ate (Sts LOUIS = oer eaeine se oie sis diss oiciv aco. a0 metates= sislo,siel Solel aise 'e «See miats 01a) Pevemiw re SScaneade - 339-343
FLOME Ys = Wael G YANG) PPTL C esa eer cte's snrcinte s ieincn one nla reins oleial stella s east aer melee estas osuceeSs cosied avant
Horses—
Condition: (and) prices oircacte csarcls «:eioisiore olsia; Siete eye's sigix 0:2 ots /oracol ata a winless sone eta nae ee seceeeee S04-360
Number and value by counties............ aidniei.c Date wo ei daceoe mets ame ee seen ences - 370-871
Number. per’ square mile’ by \countles:...22..20-<csscccceteccconcs pale apeeacaais occcscee SbtBlO
Rercheron and WM reneh) «Coa enya asec sin sacar eisigiiciewieisisiniwe’s elaieyetelel sine SSCisc AER seine 177-180
Prizes: Awarded World's airy "Stl UE Otis ss ccco- weciewls orcas ccrsneew cucu enmeecemeclenens 2438-247
SGT Lamy) DAE Es. e-arcrete:cfele'a's ia tajore:0,oloreiajors yo. cvelnialste’nirayara:em eloverainveseleoein @ are cle vale Simao se eToeieeeeaeEne . 245
CON CH CONC Miuacamate sites aavaveee cianiniciecie neisiecisiemere Peete ene eeeeweeeees Haldia SScha cS
BION Ch OPAL so cccesninieo\sioiniare o's sos tie <x teala di siclels ain alsicleinyhiepmeisten a/Se nial Sa eine eet ee ee . 245
EPCEM CY, isetaiel ola: sta/e «oo osla1s.0/alaleipiciotcle,ictass/s eieielotsiele'oieloloweraiciaisiewhate/<jolete lorena tt eraiate eet aie anna ». 243
IPELCHETOUS i: aacmaiieemsmaiicinnmitaslsseracieerea 4g oinisiecateiniale:elerelalevere aieisinte ra Sows aele tae oe Seen +. 244
BSAC Gye cco einie Aus ie ioashacasele retat™ ie re/Yova crane wieae nie verchets ctateted a eyoieestaisioisiarsrerste(e Pic RE ac Aa 244
PHOCIANS DOMMES Mie arose cin ioia le sieisiote ofal-ste einieliotofeieiel sta crete aiateietcteln: oa ale lalate iets eae te eiswiaiaie Mace ain 244
Stan Gard!) DrOELSIS Ys miaisictereieceleioie;ssjox0hxioteuimatel& sieve ererersicisialmntoicic/stetiae ane. ielptace oletatae teen 243
Morticulture at World's Hair, St Louis) (see Ee 2. Wxpo:) cs... cic cccsueasmectts 207-209, 239-242
PPV EHOPHODIA «aslo esate rere stesso! ote iel ofa alecelclers/atd o/ainh ixic aie\ajetatelalelerel@niei=ifolers elmiaielsiaiaieisiste(steiseie aa ea eeenerete +». 153-154
F I
Ilustrations—
Aberdeen anes, AYSEMriZev SLOW ant. otai=) ais .c vinie in etersinle wl atwiniiatnialsia via wetmainiete ane eaters teeters sees 184a
Brown Swiss! Cows; Herds csscseccsnan voces vel Saddles eae colle caas alone Oa eRe ee ee 272a
CATENEL COMM sk teisieis ofan stdin e nieces entra naclahin at 'sts stole cieaerme: cis ei enhanc ike a ait ene ei eek ante BR et!
Chester White boar, “Jackson Chief,’ grand champfon...............ssecsecsses anda te’ leeeal
COD GCVIDE TCOLD oxlo.s sie: sieie sic ews alorete a ovate cle asiae'e satin eee pieeit e's /alaeicicle sine ee eta eee Rus waniel vada mnies
Corn, cars Showine shane! Of Kernel cccicv.c: scene coche sus cuse one mrarcich ant arasenaeene 116
Corn, ears showing space; between OWS. xedene ccs vee wsaumalls wee be cicaiae news nnn - 118
OLN 4 *KELTOIS — sein mains susie a/c we ar a's'cuin & Cvinin nine eens Sas Mikes DERN Roce ees cine ca Ras ire met enn 121
OTT. bs COATS WOLCC wiv dave asians ocam'a's veieiein ome cinelen eee tava Gnisie nae fh orattieais aac eh si ae 74
Corn, St. Charles” Velldwe.iont<ncw.as na sfuicra ute Bia. isitts CSG eC ae aYanieni0-e p's alee vie nt testene neem 69
Corn, Vlps And Dutta scccateoccics ememiee caw esas wins OP ¥isiana Uh ealies Ga INA ale Gain diss te a eene 119
Corn. towers, Missourl eXHIDIt: nnn. wanes athe se. en's since ¥sin'sin cette enn pees selena 200a
Duroc Jersey group, prize WINNMETS.......ccccevrcccccccccsenccncnccvenssponaussonveussine 136a
French Coach stallion ‘“Torrent,’’ grand champion............sceeeeeeseceseeneeseeees 176a
Galloway cow, “Evaline 2nd of Avondale,’’ grand champion..........secceeeeeeeees 2328
Hereford bull, “Defender,” first prize) winner... ccarsssces sos scccvut.cesuccacnmes Wee 182a
Floletein ‘bull, “Sarcastic Dad’? + 2civadessctusssussceletcasss 5.00 cwu<'siciesewyuden erence 210
Holstein. cow, . “Shadybrook ‘Gerben, sic six cise nes sin scene tle'vise cb.0b psles't abu es awacaws may een 285
Jack, “Orphan Boy,” grand champlonirins scssevcs suns av nave cre rinse senenSennienaaae 352a
jersey ‘cow, “Onan of Riverside” “srivecancstae 6c00> es cstununwheseusee ss see eant eae 212
Missourl’s (butter: exhibits)... 4.0 sc cca auiiedirwe’s »<r um see cecnebehusn een ears sees <a eee 2640
MUIGSOULL BS DIS “CNOCSC 6 cave vcacenw ted aces suse ioeic< cans van gan sicenni GecanehtnAaeeey ae eee 216
Missourl’s agricultural -exhiblt. «sc cnonsewacdate sss <x0.cvewohaenn naan cents sane frontispiece a
Missouri's: COM DAlACE >. 5c. ccsevunsncleeenekmarmalwes so hidkas Manem gate eal ad emieeee frontispiece b
Misscori's; horticultural - exBibit....sohsesesscuc ccsvcecccvalssacknedescveeeheyeseme unm sees 2008
Mile “LA first prize winnet.ccse.s cea sness cya ks en eaueee seems Pe re ery enc 219

REIGT SRODNY) tcccuwen eames avewusaneeiic taeots 6 Ree ree pasate meee 6: bis web GW alaleis s andatee maa

INDEX. vii

Illustrations—Continued— : Pages.
Mules, four first prize WiNNCTS............c2.ce cece ence cece ence eect e teen recs cncenceceree 217
Poland China boar, “Corrector 2nd,’’? Champi0Nn.............eceeccereccceccccccccccces 256a,
Poland China boar “Medler,*’? champion............ceecceceecccceccsccecccccessscccces 1284
Roadster, first PTiZe- .2.c. seve sccccccs dn sncescescccceccciestceccccccecesscccsrccetsarcorns 16a
Roadsters, Champion team .........cceee cece ee eect eee eset eet ereceeesesteceecceesaesseaes 96a
Seed corn germinating DOX...........ceeee cere cece rece e ete eee e ett e ec eece cs caesseeseseaes 114
Shorthorn bull, “Choice Goods,” grand ChaMpion........seeeeeeee cere sere seeeerecsees 152a
Shorthorn bull, “Lord Lovell” .........0..eceeeee cree eee c cere ce eenceeeessseteceercaes cose D408
Shorthorn cow, “Rowena,” and Calf.......-.-sseeeeeeeeeee rete eeesenes Ade ssoadoe sooeee- 1688
Immunization for Controlling Contagious Diseases..........++++..+: abel sispsteatatsista’e\p\olsisinin\/eisi= 165-169
Inspector, Live Stock ............+s+sees Nay nace oiake shalsisieioieta saeeuee viele SO SDESO SUCRE CODHODOCE 15
J

Jacks, Jennets and Mules, Prizes, World’s Fair, St. Louis.........ssceeeeeeeeeees .2-- 245-247
K

Koitir Corn, Yield and. Prices... .20.2-..0s00--00snss03: ew ca comers anata mas oe Saget 364-365
L

Maindsetisted tor axes fin: Cultivated’ Crops. < siccc.cc ccc owes.ccs 0 0.0.c0inse ote clciaivciesice 50 seeeees O00-307

lmecigintion Tor erobtection) Of Vive StOCK. cea. o- cco =e oes os viens sicieicis selsev cise eslevislelwisrl= 152-156

AE iLO Smee ET TASTED EEE Mee cyarattapct octal cate’ of ciate artheYols sicrase as! eiaie exsTale oveai<1 ala oie avalejoraieva a\ainiavee’aielala elctersfaialein ateletetele Vil

Live Stock at Louisiana Purchase Exposition (see La. Purchase Expo.).......... esee 211-223

iver stock “Breeders? ASSOCIATION. « «2... /jnij<)- 0 sere one ceesncce ra siaayseutaleieiateieie aieiaistoloreniale VI, 10, 122-198
Best type OL. Gow, Lor fhe MAGS GWeSb so. ate cece s vain cie'p ~ieisinisielnlelvlaicjein slsinivieve'vls v\s\eia ninielels 149-152
Buying pedigreed swine on mail OLder............. eee eee eee cece cece eect et eeteneeeees 130-138
Controlling contagious diseases, immunization as a means Of............-..++- 165-169
Farm crops, feeding vs. SING... 20.0. cnc ccccsccecccncceccsceessessccveccevesecsce 187-188
Legislation needed for the protection of Missouri live stock...........-++..-.++-. 152-156
More lean meat and larger litters demanded in the Poland Chimas................ 129-130
ING pra NIG HOG Sune ee ee tm etroneec oe ces one we on wieiine seals Seieas ster isie ce Dereeioninanaanae fe 188-192
WEI COTS Ola camcsa deine seinen als. cisisieleleinic sfe/tieje.e PAS DOU DOC An SO nOn eo Cabana. Cea Dacboennocrar VI
Curie TAGES, Goncasuens ondcs sonopedc OC Deen OOO CO Onn Monon sa0no poder oneCer Ue un uoCondanaanoane 156-159
PACKErS AN Ge LNG EA TIEOS OS erate clereiei'> ole ieloisio'~ opabieiniwie-ain e1nn/o'cic-eiciele\c « nelelure\nin'vieieio\vin v/s/e'e n.ols]o\s vinie 180-187
Percheronearid, Wienche Coach HOrsesaccsrccce. «ses es oeci-sicies socio es visiemaacinaisionanie tel (ALOU
IPresIGeni Ae anal SACATESS: «rise eles eccls eiw cet wlersieicle savin s > se eee aelo nerianiastseciaer erie 122-129
Publie sale in pure-bred live stock breeding............--.+.+eseeees SSAA CED OCI NG . 159-165
Relation to age and condition to profitanle cattle feeding...........-.+....eseeeeee 169-177
Some rations for feeding NOgGS......2.....ccecsccccccscccercerscsersncsscsscesccccsere 138-148
What has the World’s Fair accomplished for MisSOUri?...........+.seeeeeeseeeeees 192-193
Vive Stocks Warman. oo csc. 222.0 cnc sce ceeice since sce tecie nisin vescineiccicncissiecevnsicnvclssee™ 162-164
vO SLOG MICENO GSS eeacicc. clam onc eceia aigias = sie ie om slocs o.vie « winisie avi e\nin\e/sjala\eieleisle\n/aieiniale oininleisiatsisie 190
Live Stock, Number and Value per square mile by counties...........-+s+sessees 374-375
Isive Stock. Weekly” Prices. <i. 2. on cccn cn cie swe criss nite as cin'ssiee cis ociciein ones cic vere cle vewieies 386
TE IS LOC Kee CEH OORe science citiere caine esclotel sieve, <iicis «isin aore {eit <6 a0 556.0 0\cwie.vis'ale'ala ainla.nps'w'e,n\siels\ainio(nsie\e/s 190

MIG CKVISW | << scsmce sic a ot PP oe Sites et ta oietn ols faye-as oi sharers ainic isleiSre ta) ewido: aid te ioe Sie wis dielere wieleiershejs[npierele 166

Louisiana Purchase Exposition—

NOTA CUIUGUNE? oie aie) aicteetalsieisioeietaieia)elois <)ce.)s1>:01m]n eleie/a\w ale o-eie]eivinininie -)ncisiem sinlawieiwicis + + [oir slanine = 199-207, 236-239
Mericnlturall DUM mesic < cnc «oc oiecin ce cisieee sevens ve cncsieininsiesiciscssecilenceccinsieser serve 199
Awards ........ Seer Metate ioe etateiotneteteteision ate ainin’ sania lavelefe n\aivie|olsleleiete'e‘e/nie'1a)«/sie\\ele)nieiels/0\~ 206-207, 2386-239
Cotton ........ Sialecaisielesya Rebate relore easietateniaicisiasela ol olas vist orele|«\s(einiaisisieto\» wie}=/o10/ni0\s\niaisielaia\o\n'aln)vlalaia(e\els sien sisie 209
MERHIDIES ATG) CRIMI UCOLS weet retelele ayeiotanisiateieiclais!s/e/ayol<i2’e/oiol ete miwielelola'e\s|<lete!»)=\sisini=)sle(eln[=\vie,e/e/sini019 sle(n(0\s . 200
Missouri in comparisan with other States..............ceccee eet cece cece reer eences 203-205
MMESSOUEL) COMMISSION srojciecicretetesc islets czctereiateis/ole/arai> «1a /alsiv clole:stsiewioisieleleleipis.« «ie/sie.e\e/0\e/e.s'e v.v.al0)sinie, ein nie\o 205
PVCS (OM NtALG CXTIDItSs cotec)cn orci aisle ele esis inioirisrei ol ols c elelolaicie/elslelereisielsisleie's = vis «]sisiasieleiajle - 202-203
Special Gisplay ..2.-.cec0scccccccnacaacnccevesccerccenne ccc ncsccerscceneencascessacvcns 199-200
State exhibits, general ..........0...cses.seecesceees> cote ee eee eee eee sere teat teeeeeeeeeees 201
State exhibits, special ........5.....ccccccsccescecssecscsccasccccccens Ae sd 5eG085 sees. 201-203

Variety, agricultural exhibit............seeeseeee eres seers SES ODEDOOCHONAO OC ROCIO DCCC ah

VIII INDEX.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition—Continued— i Pages.
Marie y le so <4an be fob saree rece nk One se ee nNOS aentiolee Menace aRetteate vera ems 210-217, 236, 263-265
AWALOS sh ccsrcstraccedsreoesees hel cates tevesie ews Spwicnle lide ne clot cist pis Uete nn Oa ealeimepte.s 236, 263-265
Butter display ........221:.ccceecccecceenccccneccenccsncetecreccesncssnscencessucsersecvere 214
Cheese Gisplay cco. ce eles cec cc's’ cole's cain scine scisae vie vnrcicie sieiseisierr.sinim an icinsee* aivisisi= sisims/e 216-217
History of development, ......0.vs+ccvec+cce-tour ssn celaeiicessitensl ataestsecsewsteseeee 210-214
Records of private AairyMen............ceee cece eee cece cette ee cee ste eeeeeaneees pees 213
UCR ELO Nn oko ae occ mle ae corcaccls oo cio aheecauttee wialcislaiatain e's. eleiebe(e tei vinta! sleiel acoipinter Siete otmiatete els aie i serena 229-236
IA OCHS! \oh Se victte ee se ee ee ic sra olelole aloe Bua lctans ebeteiele tabu lalstetatclerale eresalsselsieteratetaiehe(s s,N erste cralere io eeee 230-236
Colleges and academieS ...........+:.eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Loe cei clei nina ciety ste alate nied - 230
POXPENGUGUNES. Semel cs oe cae wieiciainn sci oninin's/s cinies eeloswiele sie cinjmielelrinlsmn deniusin gains swinee ins eee. 230-236
Graphophones and mutoScopes......cceeeccceee cece cecseeeesttetnseetseccscceeeees eee 280-231
Model rural school house............escececceeccectcecsceccceeeteeneseees Selec ci ence an eem
Social economy eXhibit............cceee eee cree ence eee e tees eneetececeees Apr occ eeeeee 204-235
Stator @xhiDlty scsmsiisedesnccletcierstverslclsie ciule «aiciein\cjslelala'te/a clolninlels «i's = iaiasine oh, Bia bats ore wa re pee eee
State’ University ........c0.cecccccccncscccccccsscccarcocccesccscscccsccsssccsscune eevee 232-234
SEP THOUISs CXDIDIC cigs cctlew ccs a oe s\wslsicie cisie(eisiaicisleleie no vialsisin v vina'au/eievwcials al=inoleisiniaae eoceees Ldl-2da
Fish and GAME ......-..scccccccccsccerseseccscccccesscccerscccececsssccccescssersccees 227-229, 236
DAVOS os ected wre’ svspate eo. ale tere ie erate olote al ops ceive orton eieleteielenale Veh wei \ehnze aleve a\ele\e/aieie.s asa seins ata cathe 236
IOreStry. cece Pe Re tae Si Be TRG en Ro SCORE CSOD Or IO OUR ISELIN CARINE IO ICS 226-227
MUMISheA GWOOGS) ccmdectsviciec cceeatettnceieciec ou cis vels e(6 ona Sinln.ele'n,o ole)s'> wie Rinlols einielsis.eieie as Salar sineaes 227
WAPTOTICS IT oats no fais od civietere 6. ape see aie sin aieis\o seis) nici siesta e/efoiels sinele sie ein.eie'e'w 2ivie(a me Mm meiaera eee 226-227
[SGaale hain. SRBC SESE DOAnOOCBEACOEDOTOCOBDO LM CODCUCCCOBDDCRDDUCDORODUOCOCo Ic 5C 207-209, 286, 2389-242
PACU UTS ss hs cs caitatSter cae aisinie eee cieia « wlaitoleleio/slete sfelsjsistaetors) siniele:e w[sicin/atete let /oinlure alm iayoreeefelstemisise isis 236, 239-242
Horticultural building .............ceee cece cece cence eee e cece nec eeccncesceensees Scene oe eee
Missouri in comparison with other states........sesceeeeeee reese eee eee rere cece ig aneene 209
Missouri’s display .........--.cccccsecceeccceccteccccnnccccseecccesesseecsnccees eecees 207-208
Most popular varieties of PU Ged bloace ue Red soe duane deiee metas wig viel ealtaartelalely sin(slo(eintales aetna 208
State displays .........ccseccccccecccceccssccrerescscsccscscsccenccsecccsscsccscwers ote seca
Warieties: In OxDiDite ck sac ec 6.0 jcc cece «emma cic nislvinciieicietssinin nc vjolerelelelmpinieisiatsaininie/s6/ Seen os 208-209
IW KEE yard £6) “Gas qogooacoongecce ele etaveetse site w elaine act = =a =ietotslaletalaynielstelel stern ciereiee'= atatn so 217-223, 243-263
Awards, COTLIOU Fadccdc racecars colds sctelate sole satel sid ctdew elalsig e)kalaler oe ase e)e\ntatm stale 8/efalpn]e torte ieee 248-256
Awards, horses ANd MUICS......... cece cece cece eee ere eect eeteereresescesesasecncnses 243-247
Awards, sheep and goats......-..cccecceececee eee ee een eeeeeneetseseneesncnneseeeeeeass 256-257
IRWATUS. SWAME cee cactaw a cceloe cots elses clettarviatcia Site claus cyshershe slates a'siuia/o/='4 te n)k.cle Sta eeeiie 257-263
Champton prizes .......c.cccccessscesencececscrccccscereccecereversnstesesccccsaccesne 221-222
Grand champion prizeS .......cces cece ee ee eee cee cece ee eeeeeeeneseeeseseceesceseeeee 222-223
Money appropriated for premiums..........eeeereeeseee eset e tees renee sss eeteseeeees oe 220
Missouri poultry ............. Pea eSee ernest Seana ee ak opin Sed ae dceek okies ebb ean seems 223
Mines and Metallurgy...........ceccecceccecceccneceetteencsnesessnccesssccesceeeenees 223-226, 236
SASWEETGR' | chsie cole clan oe sewetareaic sls cumah tion's oe See @ Oe mieiaee Bs isles F.C 8 Sine minA As mete ae se ea 236
Cabinet speciMens ..........scecceneececsscceeeesctersccsescccatescesssccsscsceccenesesens 26
Mining Gulch ......0...cccccccccnesseneecseenccceccccsccecacereseneceeesceseunsnsicnesenede 225
Minera] reSOULCES .....e veces cece eee c ct cnt c cect tense etenseeteesesencceeesesceseesescsceaness 224
Moving features ......ccccccsceceecceecneceesccencccesncesccemecvseusscocnsonececusoass 224-225
PHD]HCATIONS *sicccncoeccvescocdocccepracecesivess sctcssdeverbasbnnbss0tsmseecntt ageics whine SaMMRaNE 236
AWTAYOS’ oe. toe vcacw oe nckinreb vie Obes vite’ « eb nisigida be mele ais Mmrahisine ese a ORR s\6/8b 5 S50 Senta See 236
Women’s Work .ccseccccess sa ne dieiuic sisi lelaie’e aie ein d wis nin Wal SRLetale pees /es (0 Win'e Ki #\e]s'o\0 see Oe botanists ee Om 236
AVES wc cic ncn vvn esivnsccsiueccaecviey alles pe oulela/tsleislela/aleisbetateleslu'n o\e\b!qia's 0ib'pinin wia’s/eibin’ eins, 01s SIs sam 236
M

Merchants’ Exchange, St. Louis.......ccecceee rere cee ee een eee en ee eencnnreeneeeees cececenes BOlsaee

Milk—
COTTA: ccc vicce es cocvcccwapccvecdoc’edwicmgeccsuvced sue ctneptapane dana SN sess > esas comm 325-327
COOLING Of oo cccsesseeveccsos tess suueewhn esse sbosvcccl shes apupos ues sueusnns seme ess wenger 314-315
TOAVOL. ccvccicc cine vcceicas ssh’ dene y's olb Seip bipcetstatsinie'slsn's nin't)q uigsieterdalgters heels eeinin ha OO Ss se enenen esses J21-323
WIQVOUS IDL. .ccvecvactosrcbenscccedutcueescctunueddededeauscuaivice svaemmecveney calinebeossnee 308-310
Prices Of cccccccccccveccccceeccecnccusceenseses seccdcccanscesanseseunvcemecs cedeete ene Raa 310
Standard quality Of .......scscecccccceccceeensaceneceeesscceesauseccsscnssecessccusaseass 318-319

WELALIEY <OL ! Siicrsicsysvieh's v'aver neseas edly’ py pyinayarv cy dewstusce eds eiedsh iain kts ina

INDEX. 1D:<

Pages.
NG RET em IeAITIG ES OU WC OH oye) cis cere nieier te vier yo me sieleleteatetore) ake cin everaie ((elaiate ints «)s\cle vinsejesele ei vie(olnic, vielolelovelsiaie 332-00:
AVELYASSSS ed Ta Ne VEE Cred LTA Poy iv etelayetnerctererntn altar nie beetle eceieiavoleiahovele oiciwie/ele’=)=/z\elcta)s > (elvseye io teieinlnra! #\6 wine ~/nia'e(ol= 223-226, 230
IVES eATN TN eR NTOE Liner te eres yaa TC eee eins aati baiaisie ae catennterrle(e.s cieielels siersTeiS SS SOOT
RASS OUTLETS WWOMLGLC SH cH evil Ie facets terete te sfalete tate ole clo ets vreisi ais) o/sielsts) = alsieiciels isis /cie wns isis|o\e/e\elclocnie}qle/sie\etolois 199-265
NaSSour Corns Grow ers? ASSOCIATION ss .cistcrcisics'., cic o cin cle aielsie.sia ojale viclelelenwciscevieeccescsciesicisiseue 28-87
(See Corn Growers’ Association).
RUSSOUTT SEDEOR DAILY) “ASSOCIA HOM sme ccieaiciers «isis @ sie > <tainiaie ela cela ele «1+ oe\s|ole/miv sivisielelele wsieye cic eis = VI, 266-337
(See Dairy Association, Missouri State).
Missour Wive Stock Breeders? VASSOCISGION <<. .).cijctecc ccc nic oc voces cles cle clnigecles a4 VI, 10, 122-198
(See Live Stock Breeders’ Association).
Mules—
Come hiaign) Sinyel fyBKeS=) SconneaoonemoGoncanccone secon ou coupecodeuCCUDOSuabeocabaNan janocouct 364-365
Mules, Jacks and Jennets, prizes awarded, World’s.Fair, St. Louis..........-.-- 245-247
Number and value by COuntieS...............ccccce cece cc erecscrccnctcnccceesssccceseces 370-371
Number per square mile by COuUNTICS............cccccecec ec ecececnscreeencceteeccecere 374-375
N
NasalnGleet Ammon oe GHOLSES i nciclsicc. o.2 1010s nicl cielo sitio ane s/sle eleinlciclsloinin oviv/o,s 01s/n\ns\eln oie\s\e.0)01s10,6/5 158, 389-400
New Methods ........ Rae acted Sorter tT rin E ODA Sie ers eerie is sisioicieta wietolelalefelainsleisaletetare 188-192
oO
ORS ATT Ch Ey RIN sete cota arate elaine aie iano tei ts/e sie\c(cis.c\sievetalere:stcieiecsic'eleysrele ere a ofelejein) sfeis eie}aieleieleleleicle/elavie}sin(eleialelninia 306
(Daes) cial JEGAG se seaescesoaddcocodacdc a cadGud nda GOO CCUSOHaOOAE noe ou ao appa aoconocoooDnocCEdqacus 302
(OP ASE COLES NE) ss Gop SOULS = toyoh-Yoycle arate tolale!=)otere(olelsieseislols aie ofavels)sjolvt-/"1si=.nlsferale a\eis\e/=[s/elajele,a/ele/sinle. eroialele s/eis(o)alete 383
GASH MSEDEISTLGS) Olielcareinlels iors cicleleinte le cielo ete ele ieletereicleletsi=(° SeRaaatoaaeoae 353-354, 359-360, 361, 364, 365, 384
Oui Wiel szore Neves hteves 18 (oy-4SJoqoqgocanoosormanosoo0deon nc ododon - asdebeecbdoToUgseEnoMocEocdQdooac 140-148
Oxygen Treatment for Milk Pever..............2.cccec es ce seers cece ee tec e ee teceececccessces 321-322
P
FUSS WCET: SUR ERTA Chk Oia ePIC OS ara teic czas ov ensa oleic las eietevois iain oternss]svaisisxaysiote{atssayaisistajets sa(ata(oieiejsioinleiele,syoidiels(clafelatel=inle 123-126
EET KES EAU ED ATO 59 See ceeerepa oleiete capa eo oteiete vole is atererete sinse ainha alajaiale = s!diesn|etn'ea/Statoye/aipiotai sloie elaiclsloie's *eeiale 180-187
TOnmiminiGrayr JEG ASE soc popaedeccunpuecoutoodosdaaccodenccuccundeacoss jade desod08cd0500 soc0C 321-323
POP ACHES EOD: (OL OVE ie orc eejetcse o's ole onnlo!n visio ciz'eieielninin etsinis o \e\0;e Afniviejslniereieleie'=/© silo slele'« siaieisistteislolelste sistem ate 355
Peaches, Prizes Awarded, World’s Fair, St. Louis.......-..-.--..---0.esseeeee ee ececeeees 240-242
Peach Trees, Number per Square Mile by COUuNTICES.....-..-.... se see e eee e eee eee e eee eeee 376-377
Pears, Prizes Awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis................-. sees cece eee e ence ceerceees 240-242
SESE IVE OTTM MET OL SOG eterc ce srercte ale eect elare oat le a overs is isicte c)siscaietslavoeteistels]arsie‘ats'ais-slnle.s/sje\alaisteisiote'e.s'visjviele wlsieieiale 177-180
iene ohacl Amiel 1epeerastiines sp oosaouoonecondoed sade coobecous JAOcoeT De oor oconEobob Do ponponcDoGGor 84
Plums, Prizes Awarded, World’s Fair, St. Louis.............-ces se ee neers eer v een nsecces 240-242
Poland Chinas, More Lean Meat and Larger Litters Demanded.....................- 129-139
MLE AERO OL e eee Sea os Ses ee enee aeons Soe beats Seas cake be obedeases 38, 39, 61-66, 77
WEG RALOCS MEG CATAS TI CSO Lae irre soa ccioainn coas olclarets laos Me eile eal taco ieciatel helenae ce ree BOB AMO Ot e IOUD sae
Potatoes, Prizes Awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis......-...-....-. sees eee cece ence eee eeee 238-239
Potatoes, Sweet, Prizes Awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis.............-.-.-. ses e eee e cece ees 239
Erairie Hay, Yield and Prices 2.00. .cs0cces occ cess cs cc ceccicceatcene se ccree sien sncecresinnscsvricess 364
Public Sales, Prices of Pure Bred Cattle...........c0c. cece ese e cece eee ce eee rece cceeee 122-123
Public Sales, Pure Bred Stock Business..............ccc cece eee c eer e cece cece te seseseees 159-165
Public Sales, Influence of............-....... BS SES ROD COAL TOnL hah L DBE opemopoonenoccacanecnaodn 192
Pumpkins, Prizes Awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis..............-..s ese see eee e cece cree ceeee 238
: Q
Quarantine Regulations .........cc.. cece eect eee e cette eee t eect tere atte nace teeeete ences 14, 153
R
FF SSa ES LESTE a cae oho ose Ne OS AE TET TE eTIGIO layers ches s)ave:eacistoeiele bie ora esaicseveraleru/aavwletwralslaje eeistoistel ees 14, 153
Rag Weed) Hay «2:22... 0... scene tec mae ncn erisccnieccc cece cs ee occa ecie die sie wicle vinisisieieisje si clelelnieieie eb ele 150-152
niin Gna) TEN ay Gonannsusbusdose:coscccga sudanoonagusccdonADanoouasePbansd vo. Ssounoada. 180-187
FREPOLE Of SCCECtALY oi. oes cc oe cee cccisncn acces ccnscicniescccccisicsieccgeccssnsaenseasvceviceieiscesis 9-14
Agricultural CAuUCAtTION .........cee eee c cece cece cece ence nee nceeen ee sece erect esceeencnees 12-13

WWATIMErS IIStILUTCR) coco cc ccccccccccccccesyevccccesovectcepeccgecccces sy eecccerse NobaddoO 1-12

x INDEX.

Report of Secretary—Continued— Pages.
Mature proDlermig) ce ccriccaecccias.ccc nivel’ sn Suis ace cece oeitsuiceatets Secasiond sinlaigits 3 Setea aie oins'< ca ree ilt
Review: of Che "Works, cere cers «sve a0.0% am vie crore 0. aioe sic\ote eens nie coe Paeem lean ieee aan eee 9-10
State Veterinary swWOUk:. .o..<.ccsccs cic ve bescccaviowsemuee casecenusemeneee Sera seas cisWWpteicelems) Shae ee
Quarantine. rer ilationg ©..i0.0'. 5 <1 ae 0 0a cre Dae we satin nite demic meee ae ete eee ne =e ee 14

Reports (of) private dairymien 2.25 csc occccami eats sures eis ainineis'o ma valde waaien secon careers 333-336
Se, We Coleman (235 sre moretascraisis s\clete’s(0'0resa,c0iale'ajcieloicioie ainsio afelela, saleiets aisialominiesnctelseisiisee oc vente 333
Edmund Hosmer ...... aula a\e/n’c\s cis\e/a'a sioipinselelaie'a\e eyeisievaleve:e\ 5/076 Sip eta etait ateeteneteclera Telarc cian ae een 334
ABS WC sadeeSecies-secpodecdsodc paces eoiswecne sees veveasenseeeesansesneesie cies ranneuveme neice +. 304
DodWie VUINM OF 2550) separa icteialetorersheretn «!eiuiera sy siosarstere evolsso\e sat oUsTe sin (aia azateler ie aeiata terete aietetee ala ake ee ae ae 335
FAS Ce SGQOOAPICH < aisie'ats:c.e1c.« 0/0)0;8\n1 010, o1slausieeie's7sis'e oselofeieze's \e erp ioinjajalo ok a¥are;3 leiainteleidinvele eee = oaks sini tatremn 336

RMOuUSEE (Swine, GISeASeS) | cvice:s <iajssarsiorsm nisin 's es sialele b,sioierore 0\v, ofotsleielelaleielale= isis eimioeile errr ciaeicieiisietaie = eee 169

Rye, Statistics of......... APRACC iuioleiain cio tayain\elein)a\e oretafaletslaiaia(olsYela/metatsiemistalaig cates iioieet ete eiaia tora 362, 364,365

Rye, Receipts at St. Louis..... siarare (at clsia/eielevaratsientasiaate wae terse sacs aiardidisrais nOetenat Same eee asa pas -- 388

Ss

CH DICH Waimea clean Aoucaosoen dood condsenssaGocuAadad shanna OsaaonaoASonGapaoraos s550or 14, 153, 389, 400

Score Card for Corn....... iS inj0' ola(o Sie vaie, cis cleiove aittaraerorelelalsie’s Aineivicwlelcie nate oer aseae emis naciee Bae inet 58, 70, 72

Sheep, Conditions and Prices............ Sa eiejee since eraiaeise a sismiss Semin Aias ease sshancisaggzowats - 364-365

Sheep and Goats, Prizes Awarded World’s Fair. St. Louis....................0.20+--200-200
ANTIZOUA MP ORES Welaeian cielenYasis'e sieiors selcie\cielatsoicrecste Salve) sareieine isisietals Sia Aeo oes wie iste le aoe te nee 257
OES Wl Cb ialcsate'orsje:o,sinote:e/0’«ia/a(e's o'nsu"afo’e:c! olulole’stojeraiu'eiolersVelale/ataieuie aces iaverats(oa sista alse aielaten Neier aia anion 256-257
SG SELON WEN a Getdeooe ooCBOr SIOUCHAGEOCHD SAO SOO San oc doosecodbaosoansnds eMC CH aA OS “aaaeic -. 856

Sleep, wtb eL ANG eV alue, Dy> COUMELGS : erejelcctern </n1m ain lel-taiolatsle are ote tate elareis inte tenets Siecle ister , 272-273

Sheep aNumper pers Souare pNitle: Diy) COUNTIES <1 ale siae oc laiciniame nel mianinae oem ete eecees 314-875

Sheep i: Weekly” Prices! iii. saece sist ct ces cmielews sc ole salen alustoree stercicrsie mie iat trete eee ita ae ae 386

SS TO cy pat AVE pe MELLIN CE: Wi Odiaie pein ain ers ets clei oye ate (al chelosetele ela tate ete telorelalare/atatoretelotaleteie stats ctetefetetcr helceateliattiats htetee tale mea 192

IST] OM eieciceicietn em’ elalels' ie cpeesaaccs SonBOOSCOBEAO OC Se roictayare: bye /arelesaie's e-olwslane Gyalcimtnahs afepceutats Mu ee cae 295, 307-308

BOUIN SOLON misma ster clos sc steicte SartavasonncaAcccoasencecn i pbrevcratlarah wystererasers ae cesta ele Shaiaboeane av arate ean a ne ee

SOUP OREM yas cere ctecereicns ster latevernialaleta erela:ereteretetoveratererelsietalaleta itetcteieiatela etnies 187-188, 268-269, 314, 320-321

MOUS SAT ISCO sss sins xcs ora aiete seid ovcie dl olele cveleisla visisle'old'aie's sitrereizis'ei laid dinjule’e’s svi cieisle telat cusistctaete steeaemens 190

S{USINUNTL | BpQng dea DdNOEOnGsoae GosnoOoL acocor cbobaseddccstanosn> cosonescasscosa-orsoctte ote 303-304

Sorehum) Seed sand Syrup, Wield: and PErice ce tec cre miericeinictaleraloiets ele leila sie eieie eiatars om rete 364-365

BGra WHEELIE) ccjeja.c: claiels's o'a'stelalcie nfs cslatarsje'e'sle valelelslebeionciwicta ns teehee ay ak sae eenieren elena iat se kane anaes 355

Strawberries, Prizes Awarded World’s Wair, St. Dowis...c.icccs.. ccs tecceccwsacic vesieuls 240-241

CALeM Als DPILECTOLY.<« aicjcle'sis'ssiee'viarcinicla’e einja'alave Cla vererareeaaye arse aie elbteeie eteinis Sito Wn: a niet CRIS ear IV-V

State: Veterinary SW Okc. ose waco s'e\ewcrejere cinia co vjoieiareiiaielnls o’e'a lb pia) niaje lelo ele aluialwigie Sul eteia'e's e'aeinianei een 13

Swine (see Hogs).

es

MADE MOD COMLEIES .10,<1. sein oinie vinloveaiese's cisia'e Rove, ohana Reinier tetaayetate POL OOO ICCC ICH ae tic Ec. VIII

PIVEN TIVIES ee chess, Susia ts oraicivros 8 oie stares Anal eset oleelel cin oie eiataaneeret slo aictaceistors cman Fommeatatrrelevohe ale (0/0 Celtin a oie ere a= erate ene 166

FISCAS I AVIOL iniare are, aiatelovouetslwvele\elersjalasele\nie) ave Sie bin'uielateiaiii stare @eiben a ete valerale'sts einie <icitiais <staMitatsicrere fk cee ranean 14, 389-400

Timothy, Prizes Awarded: World's: Halreist. uO Seis c. once comtsmiesnes cea ter eg eo 238

‘TMmothy. Seed and Hay, Vield amd Price. oc. isis cincewiccc on scinewic.cen sacs cca vnieNsipe Vice mete 364-365

MOVACCO, WAS LAVISELCH AOL eeccjereic’dsieiniece nis clsie: c1ste,01c(eo\eieinin’e 6 velatalelayvintals ol misieieie win meaiaiatets nies oie(eigeteeeaa 363, 364-365

PTSTY Bb GNC TLS ucaosdieco a/c wie, oie seco iw ehera a wb fo citin) nibs tis ote ni or epprscato wisi jay DR Sie ial gARIW dee a RAR StS ene las eas oer i 14

TuIKCYS, Prices ...cccs.scccrscccecccsnvceeucccurcsccccscccessccesesesionsceses aw ves slbinie raisers sie isons 365

\"f

Vaccination ...... Sven mains a4 nweiees Seaaaihite saudteasotetencs “BA COCOE CL CLE OT ES ics edutcesece - 166-169

Vegetables, Acreage and Value...........+.. Resbveuoerkecee ous betestuceee se vibeecvisnses csieect eoeee 365

Vegetables, Prizes Awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis............eeeeeeee ecsepxres ex's Sk OVE OREO

Veterinarians, Deputy <...sscacvcssersccussencne CREE outa Waele Pac hence atone sekabenetces ccwe cuentas e's

VECRLINAIY WOLK: ccvvcscsccccvccsccuccectlevnlusnys nels cie'sc's svi Velnsyis sinetis ees Usieisisie eee o¥ewitwce scene 18

Veterinarians, Deputies Appointed........ Bre W Oiler etn! v's: s otoutaetastenteclaraitay siete eeeene enita he ackee Ppt 15!

Veterinarians, Reports of..... aeeeeneee 8S eaUG Ee SR ua RA ued <SORRR ERS PRON RE eR eRe eevees OO9-400

Veterinary “Practice, Regulation: OfiscccevagvoscssnstescusvechcnasOavcscesuccesuaecs chen este 154-155

Veterinarian, State ........... ty sa VDC diaiaiw’ old uuu Sul ore nase ore cactelse do anole dene Mice eta ete ee iee tana aes

—— ee Pee eS Se ee

~~.

ee ee ee

INDEX. XI

Ww

Pages.
Watermelons, Prizes Awarded World’s Fair, St. Louis...... siateinteiaisielersictointe isle eretesatereiateietele 238-239
Wheat Belt of Missouri: ..ncc.c.cessseccces ARSC OBE SOCHOODONOCNAOnE mip ulelbinielolelaiaielelelalniarsie(a/alsivletaiaietemrsten coo
West. Cropaofe Che: UNTTCH States niccscrcecssleesclce scecisleves cvcies aietela cinjetvisters siviarerstatainicveinte wooce GOU
Walenta Oistribution) Of GHE -WiOLlG’s OLOpP sc caccccc's «.su'atieisicic vie'sic «ciesie d vice cect saisteseee 353, 381-382
Wiheat= Harvest, Calendar =. oc.cccccssesc oe stelaletaetpialera ste nic oratolarsicstalaialoie eisistetetersietarnimcleeraitasiteaie coece O02
Wheat, Missouri's) Rank. ...65-..-+seessscossessss« SSB ee a Sao TOE TET CS ES Pen ON GAO AS PE ae 353
Nyneat. erizes) Awarded Worlds Hair, (St TOuiSiis sec cacccccccccesieceenceces miepretcials eccee Ld1-209
RUDE Cran tree ECC COLT GS UGS Gos ea OULLS,<:ereiwie/-pa\nlofcls(otsje ini cle/e7s\ a=, sie/s) si velpla’s:siale\sje lore eCeieieielele(eata ese soasgo0005 Ssnodco0 eZ
Wheater Naeldaoruerincina lm CO mNtTiCs te snjsroca cies celsiss cciesancisisincinaie einea ans ealacipiaceicewecceciles see) Od
Mea Fees) ASTICSOlliaiece,s/elc/e stsieiisinieinsisiarseareisieiee view aisle ee nee 352-353, 359-360, 361, 364, 365, 380, 382
Wiool-s- Price @pel) KPOUNGs wee. -cicieeeiece ere oda soooRoTooDaATsUes.OUSONE sOisnacodae Socoodooneasacoases 364
WOnldisiet air St WOuls ss (SEG) Taw. HAXPO.) sieve ate alc ales eter siesiovasc occa sister e ald bed eisnere cess 199-265
World’s Fair, What Has It Accomplished?..... ale atarayatnyara clerare aya wlelwia vetele ela feontevsalelasisie’evere nie eee 192-198

Woman’s Work, Prizes Awarded..... HAC ORCOTOH TARO COD Con EC REO ER SCHORR OCT OBR OCECCCSEenEne rt 236

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