‘3 ; sbetsieds ls. sce fie = eistireteteantentitee PRERE teat st : Byrasescieirsg reactsah Ptetiar isis Wise rat eeetts ees Syieretitetnritgnceness beaks te babe MCE ASOT ty ive re terres sotersetred, iciateh aa: se ets eivctestss Satist Sick canis seaistycet spas steeribabsatatt Missouri State Board of Agriculture. COMPLIMENTS OF CL elas Y i Amie 9 owe —> 6 Py Ais? 4 Waly My oe i ‘ by Thirty-Eighth Annual Report OF THE MISSOURI State Board of Agriculture A Record of the Work for the Year 1905 ALSO VALUABLE INFORMATION ON BREEDING AND FEEDING LIVE STOOK, IM- PROVING THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL, GROWING OROPS, DAIRYING, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK STATISTIOS, ETO. PUBLISHED 1906. THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY JEFFERSON CITY, MO. LIBRARY NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN, Officers of State Board of Agriculture, 1906. President—S. H. Prather, Tarkio. Vice-President—S. W. Hudson, Buckner. Secretary—Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia. Assistant Secretary, Miss J. B. Rector, Columbia. Crop Statistician—L. F. Childers, Columbia. Treasurer—W. A. Bright, Columbia. State Veterinarian—Dr,. D, F. Luckey, Columbia. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. S. H. Prather, Tarkio. W. C. Howell, Ulman. S. W. Hudson, Buckner. C. F. Afflick, Clarence. H. J. Waters, Columbia. M. B. Greensfelder, Clayton. W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor of Missouri—Jos. W. Folk. Superintendent of Schools—W. T. Carrington. Dean Agricultural College—H. J. Waters. CORPORATE MEMBERS. Cong dist. Name. Residence. County. (Term expires July 20, 1906.) Pe Charles) Fy A filtek 3.1. 22 Seay Clarence... 2.355 Shelby. gs ARS els RB Ge dS pace rc Geis ate a ae Atchison. go a -erankC. Hayman. 2: as.c0 3 ems. Houstonia....... Pettis. eee Wit A. EIOWelL i. raha as ajers'age't las - <5 sce Miller. Boers pons fq MCI ALE «ier ciejn sae om MeN att. ocr care McDonald. (Term expires July 20, 1907.) cr wit Dcer Wester che ania emusrye Butler. 2. contac Bates. een A. OUS: peels ioe See te arr Mexicoe wo ..5-5- Audrain. eee Pave 13 GEeensielger cc oye cis aes Clayton. =o<- 2s. St. Louis. re. .2votman }. Colmanoc. is. <.. 2. = St. Louis City..Holland Bldg. hooey. At. WWARINSOM en ones sins 2 St. Louis City..212 N. Main St. (Term expires July 20, 1908.) Pa POW o Rete SAUCE MISE ects woe = a 5-20 Janiesport?: 22. Daviess. aeoe meni les f HORIDSON,' 6.5 oc. <5. ox Nashtia : 2 er Clay. Beceey - ELUUSOM. 22. Ss. ccc ss © Buckner) es Jackson. eee ers Paremitett) F.. AS witikis o's 2 wie 2 = = = Farmington.....St. Francois. EAL |). ERCSS.: '- ces/sae.oc ie oars © 2 5c Charleston... .... Mississippi. Maat. «1 Nelson oy. ckaien Ga es mos Bebanon.< ssee5 Laclede. OFFICERS OF STATE FAIR DIRECTORY. President—A. T. Nelson, Lebanon. Vice-President—Frank C. Hayman, Houstonia. Secretary—J. R. Rippey, Sedalia. Treasurer—Chas. E. Yeater, Sedalia. .. Sh “Weare ate Se EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE STATE FAIR DIRECTORY. A. T. Nelson, Lebanon. Norman J. Colman, St. Louis. John Deerwester, Butler. E. E. Swink, Farmington. Frank C. Hayman, Houstonia. C. F. Afflick, Clarence. A. M. Thompson, Nashua. STATE VETERINARIAN AND DEPUTIES. DB, EF; Luckey, State Veterinarian ...... 02... .ce cece enc enns Columbia Logan Allen, Deputy State Veterinarian .............+++-- Columbia Horace Bradley, Deputy State Veterinarian................- Windsor E. Brainerd, Deputy State Veterinarian...............--+-- Memphis W. L. Berry, Deputy: State Veterinarian .........6... eee veces Joplin L. D. Brown, Deputy State Veterinarian...............+.-- Hamilton Henry Boettner, Deputy State Veterinarian................ Perryville James Cullison, Deputy State Veterinarian................ Charleston Chas. Doerrie, Deputy State Veterinarian.....:............- Boonville H. V. Goode, Deputy State Veterinarian. ............-.-+- St. Joseph E. M. Hendy, Deputy State Veterinarian.............. Jefferson City R. B. Love, Deputy State Veterinarian .........0.2.+00-4-- Springfield R.C. Moore, Deputy State Veterinarian ................ Kansas City H. M. McConnell, Deputy State Veterinarian.............. Marshall F. W. O’Brien Deputy State Veterinarian ...............-- Hannibal Boe boace, DepuiyiState 1 Veterinarian. 32%: 2ex1-! -tsle iene lots corse miatars cinta ate 466-478 ANNUAL MEETING. MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS. State Board of Agriculture | Office of the secretary, Uolumbia, Mo., Dec. 19, 1905. { In compliance with the provisions of the law, the State Board of Agriculture convened in the Secretary’s office in 4ist annual session at 7:30 p. m. December 19, 1905. The Board was called to order by the President, and upon call of the roll by the Secretary, the following members were present. Ex-officio—W. T. Carrington and H. J. Waters. Corporate Members Present—C. F. Afflick, W. C. Hutchison, Al- len M. Thompson, S. H. Prather, S. W. Hudson, John Deerwester, Frank C. Hayman, W. C. Howell, M. B. Greensfelder, Norman J. Colman, E. E. Swink and A. T. Nelson. Those absent : Ex-officio—The Governor, Joseph W. Folk. Corporate Members—J. A. Potts, W. R. Wilkinson, Ferd J. Hess, and J. J. McNatt. Upon motion of Mr. Carrington, the Board took a short recess to allow a meeting of the State Fair Directors. Board called to order after the recess at 8:20 p. m. Upon motion of Mr. Waters, the reading of the minutes of the last meeting was dispensed with and the minutes adopted as printed in the 37th annual report. The Secretary read his report, and upon motion of Governor Col- man, the report was approved and ordered printed in the 38th annual report. The State Veterinarian read his report, and on motion of Mr. Carrington, the repott was accepted and ordered printed in the an- nual report. Moved by Mr. Carrington that the recommendations made by the State Veterinarian, with reference to the appointment of one or more assistants or deputies, be approved and the Executive Committee be Io MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. authorized and instructed to carry the suggestions into effect. Motion carried. The State Veterinarian submitted the following order and asked for approval of the Board: “The Missouri State Board of Agriculture hereby authorizes the State Veterinarian to issue a permit to any re- sponsible butcher firm in the State of Missouri to handle southern cat- tle for immediate slaughter; provided, that upon examination of the plant by the State Veterinarian the pens and chutes are found to be so constructed and arranged as to be safely used for handling southern - cattle; provided further, that the person or firm who secures the permit shall first enter into a bond with the State of Missouri to the amount of $1,000.00 to comply with the rules prescribed by the State Vet- erinarian for handling the southern cattle, and to the amount of $5,000.00 to indemnify anyone for the loss of any cattle which may result from the non-compliance with such rules. In addition to this, the person or firm to whom the permit is granted by the State Veterinarian shall, before the permit is delivered, file with the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture a plot of the plant showing all pens and chutes in con- nection therewith.” After a full discussion of the subject, Mr. Hayman moved that the recommendation of the State Veterinarian, relating to granting slaughter permits, be referred to the Executive Committee, who are granted full power to act in each particular case. Motion carried. Mr. Waters called up for discussion the recommendation of the Executive Committee relating to additional help for the Secretary. After some discussion, Governor Colman offered the following motion: That the Executive Committee be empowered to employ the necessary office assistance for the Secretary. Motion unanimously adopted. The Agricultural College Committee submitted the following re- port: REPORT OF COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE COMMITTEE. We, your committee appointed to examine into the affairs of the College of Agriculture and Experiment Station, beg to submit the following report: The College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts consists of the following schools: | a. School of Agriculture. b. Experiment Station. ¢. School of Engineering. MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS. LE The School of Agriculture is divided into the following depart- ments : | 1. Agronomy; one professor, one instructor, two assistants. 2. Animal Husbandry; two professors, one assistant professor, two assistants, one herdsman. 3. Horticulture; one professor, one assistant professor, one in- structor, one assistant. © 4. Entomology; one professor, one instructor. 5. Veterinary Medicine; one professor, one instructor. 6. Agricultural Chemistry; -one professor, one assistant professor. 7. Dairying; one professor, one instructor, one assistant. 8. Botany; one professor, two instructors, one assistant. 9. Domestic Science; which at the present time is without a head. The Experiment Station is divided into Agronomy, including soil fertility, plant propagation, crop rotation. Animal Husbandry, including investigations in animal nutrition and animal breeding. Horticulture, including the entire range of plant production, fruit growing, orchard management and vegetable growing. Entomology, including a study of the life histories and methods of combating insects. Veterinary Medicine, including a study of the important contagious diseases of the live stock of Missouri. Dairying, including the manufacture of butter and cheese and the handling of city milk supplies. Agricultural Chem- istry, including the fertilizer control work, and the soil survey, which is a co-operative effort between the Departments of Agronomy, Ag- ricultural Chemistry and Geology, intended to point out ultimately the exact chemical composition, value, adaptability to different crops, and productive capacity of each type of soil in Missouri, and to point out the best methods of handling the same. The officers of the Experiment Station are, in the main, the same as the officers of the College of Agriculture, and divide their time between instructional work and research work. Their salaries are paid in part from the funds of the Agricultural College and in part from the funds of the Experiment Station, provided by the Federal Government. We find the buildings, grounds and live stock in good condition. We find a new, commodious and excellent cattle barn just being completed for the use of the beef breeds of live stock. We find the old dairy barn of a character unsuited to the uses and needs of an Agricultural College, and strongly recommend that the Board of Curators include in its next request to the Legislature an I2 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. item sufficient to provide adequate accommodations for the splendid dairy herd the College now owns. The experimental work in beef production now being conducted by the Experiment Station in co-operation with the United States Gov- ernment is especially to be commended, on account of its magnitude, its practical plan, the important problems involved, and the excellent quality of the cattle in use. , We desire further to especially commend the Soil Survey of Mis- souri recently inaugurated by the Experiment Station, and to urge upon the Legislature the importance of its continuance and the necessity for providing adequately for its support. We congratulate the Board of Curators of the University upon securing the services of such a capable corps of investigators, instructors and assistants. We find the facilities for work in Veterinary Science and Antnal Diseases wholly inadequate and not in proportion to the importance of the department or to the equipment of the other departments of thie College, and we would strongly urge the Board of Curators to request an appropriation from the next Legislature of at least $50,000 for a suitable veterinary laboratory and hospital. We especially commend the co-operative effort between the College of Agriculture and the Teachers’ College of the University in the prep- aration of teachers to give instruction in Agriculture in the public schools of the State, and we recommend that the Board of Curators employ a special man, whose sole duties shall be to encourage the in- troduction of agriculture and other industrial subjects into the pub- lic schools. Very respectfully submitted, S. W. Hupson, A. M. THOMPSON, W. T. CARRINGTON. The report was unanimously adopted. REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE. The Auditing Committee submitted the following report: We, the undersigned committee, authorized to examine the books and accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer, beg leave to submit the following report: We have carefully examined the vouchers authorized by the Ex- ecutive Committee and the corresponding warrants issued by the Pres- ident and Secretary of the different funds of the Board as follows: MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS. 13 DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL REPORT FUND. We find that vouchers Nos. 117-124, inclusive, for a total amount of $600.00, have been approved and corresponding warrants issued and paid, leaving no balance in said fund. MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND. . We find that vouchers Nos. 322-356, inclusive, for a total amounc of $834.32, have been approved and corresponding warrants issued and paid, leaving a balance in the hands of the Treasurer of the Board of $125.39. EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND. We find that vouchers Nos. 582-612, inclusive, have been approved to the amount of $468.67, and corresponding warrants issued, leaving a balance of $396.25 in the hands of the Treasurer of the Board. FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FU ND. We find that vouchers Nos. 617-692, inclusive, have been approved for a total amount of $3,333.32, and corresponding warrants issued, leay- ing a balance unappropriated of $369.51. In this fund the Treasurer’s statement shows that warrants Nos. 684, 686, 688 and 680, for a total amount of $297.05, have not yet been presented for payment, leaving a balance in the hands of the Treasurer of $666.56. When these warrants are paid there will be an exact agreement with the books of the Secre- tary and Treasurer. OFFICE EXPENSE FUND. - We find that vouchers Nos. 534-574, inclusive, for a total amount of $455.40, have been approved and corresponding warrants issued and paid by the Treasurer, leaving a balance of $103.33 in the hands of the Treasurer. | STATE VETERINARY FUND. We find that vouchers Nos. 1607-1718, inclusive, for a total amount of $6,250.45, have been approved and corresponding warrants issued, leaving a balance unappropriated of $609.66. In this fund the Treas- urer’s statement shows that warrants Nos. 1712 and 1713, for the amount of $134.85, have not yet been presented for payment, leaving a balance 14 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. in the hands of the Treasurer of $744.51. When these warants are paid there will be an exact agreement of the books of the Secretary and Treasurer. The above statement shows an exact agreement as to expenditures and balances between the books of the Secretary and Treasurer, except the unpaid warrants, as above noted. All of which is respectfully submitted. F. C. HAYMAN, W. C. Hutcuison, JouHN DEERWESTER. The report was unanimously adopted. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. Mr. S. H. Prather was nominated for President. Upon motion of Governor Colman, the rules were suspended and the Secretary was in- structed to cast the unanimous ballot of the Board for S. H. Prather for President. Mr. Prather was declared elected President. Upon motion of Governor Colman, the rules were suspended and the Secretary was instructed to cast the unanimous ballot of the Board for S. W. Hudson as Vice-President. Mr. Hudson was declared elected. Upon motion of Mr. Carrington, the rules were suspended and the President was authorized to cast the unanimous ballot of the Board for Geo. B. Ellis for Secretary. Mr. Ellis was declared elected. Upon motion of Dean Waters, the rules were suspended and the Secretary was authorized to cast the unanimous ballot of the Board for Miss J. B. Rector for Assistant Secretary. Miss Rector was de- clared elected. Mr. Hayman stated that he was authorized to say to the Board that Mr. H. H. Banks, the Treasurer, was not an applicant for re-election. Upon motion of Mr. Nelson, the Secretary was authorized to cast the unanimous ballot of the Board for W. A. Bright for Treasurer. Mr. Bright was declared elected. Upon motion of Mr. Carrington, the following members were elected members of the Executive Committee: S. H. Prather, S. W. Hudson, H. J. Waters, W. C. Howell, M. B. Greensfelder, C. F. Afflick and W. C. Hutchison. There being no further business, the Board adjourned to meet in the office of the Secretary on January 11, 1906, at 4 o’clock p. m. Geo. B. Ettis, Secretary. C. F. Arrrick, President. REPORT OF SECRETARY. 15 SECRETARY’S REPORT. Gentlemen of the Board of Agriculture: You are now assembled in the forty-first annual session of your honorable body that you may hear the reports of your officers concerning the work of the past year, and also that you may deliberate and plan for the future welfare and development of the agricultural interests of the great commonwealth of Missouri. There has perhaps never before been a time when all classes so fully realized that agriculture is the mainstay of the country as they do now, and there has probably never before been a time when the general average condition of our farmers was more prosperous than it is today; and I am gratified to record the fact that Missouri farmers have a full share in that prosperity. Missouri, containing only one-fiftieth of the land area of the United States, has this year produced one-eleventh of the corn and one-twentieth of the wheat of the entire country, and had it not been for unprecedented storms, which swept the State during the months of August and Sep- tember, we would have made a much better showing for the industry and thrift of our farmers. With our bountiful crops, and prices for grains and live stock fairly remunerative, the farmers of the State are able to enjoy to a greater degree than ever before those things which make a people better, happier and more intelligent. That our farmers are an intelligent and progressive class of people is, I think, clearly proven by the fact that during the last four years the yield of corn, our prin- cipal field crop, has been greater than for any previous consecutive four years in the history of the State. The total yield of corn for the last four years has been 131.4 bushels per acre, or an average yearly yield of 32.8 bushels. This shows that our farmers are at least maintaining at par the fertility of the land. In making up this average, it should be stated that many of our counties make a much larger yield, and that this average includes every acre of the poorer districts of the State not so well adapted to corn cultivation. For the same four years—1902-1905, inclusive—the average yield of corn in Iowa, one of the greatest corn states in the Union, was only 31.8 bushels, or one bushel less than the average yield in Missouri. In Nebras- ka, another great corn state, for the same period, the average annual yield was 30.9 bushels, or 1.9 bushels less than in Missouri; and in Kansas, on the west, another border state, the average yield was only 26 bushels, or 6.8 bushels less than our own farmers have produced. The only state 16 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. among the leading corn states of the Union showing a greater average yield per acre, during the last four years, is Illinois; but while this com parison is very favorable to Missouri farmers, we, as their representa- tives for improved agriculture, should not be ‘satisfied until every acre in the State is made to yield a maximum crop. By applying well-es- tablished scientific methods, the average yield of corn in this State ought to be raised to at least forty bushels per acre—many farmers in the dif- ferent counties produce a much larger yield. State Farmers’ Conventions——One means through which this de- partment has been able to accomplish much good is through the State conventions that have been held annually for the past several years under the auspices of the Board of Agriculture. It has been thought wise to establish these State conventions in a permanent home; so, for the last two years they have been held in the Agricultural College. State Corn Growers’ Association—The second annual meeting of the Missouri Corn Growers’ Association, which convened in this build- ing January 12, 1905, has resulted in creating widespread interest in the possibilities of corn improvement in Missouri. Through this con- vention, and by means of the work that has been done in the regular Farmers’ Institutes, hundreds of farmers throughout the State are mak- ing a scientific study of corn breeding and a practical application of the scientific methods of tillage and the use of fertilizers. The Board of Agriculture costs the State of Missouri about $20,000 annually, and yet, if the work we are doing in corn improvement will add but two kernels to each ear, we will have added to the wealth of the State for this year alone $177,000—a sufficient sum to maintain the entire work of the Board for several years. The next, or third annual meeting of this Association, will con- vene in the Agricultural building, January 9, and promises to be the most successful of any meeting yet held. The officers of this Association should be commended for their patriotic spirit; they are giving their time and of their means without any remuneration whatever. Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association—The eighth annual meeting of the Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association was held under the auspices of the Board of Agriculture in the Agricultural Col- lege, January 12, 13, 1905, at which time a splendid program was ren- dered, copy of which was published in the thirty-seventh annual report. Missouri has the soil, the climate, the water, the great variety of nutri- tious grasses and other feeds, and the intelligent class of farmers neces- sary to make her the greatest live stock country of the world—a position she is approaching very fast. One object of the Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association is to eliminate the scrub-bred animal from the REPORT OF SECRETARY. : 17 State, and make the quality of our stock such that the fact that an ani- mal is bred in Missouri will make it standard everywhere the world over. The ninth annual meeting of this Association will be held in the Agricultural College during farmers’ week, January 9-12, 1906, and the reputation of the men on the program is a sufficient guarantee that a rare treat is in store for those who will attend the meeting. I would like to suggest the advisability of the Board of Agriculture convening in a body during farmers’ week in the Agricultural College and lend their assistance to the work that is being promoted by the different state conventions. The officers of this Association, like those of the Corn Growers’ Association, give their time, their talent and of their means to the support of the organization without any hope of remuneration. whatever. State Dairy Convention—The State Dairy Association, while not directly under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture, has, for the last five years, been given every possible assistance that we could render. The fifteenth annual meeting of this Association was held in Brookfield, February 15-17, 1905; and, I am pleased to say, was the most successful meeting of the Association held up to this time. Large- ly as a result of that convention, the last Legislature enacted a law pro- viding for the appointment of a State Dairy Commissioner and Assistant. The Governor made these appointments last June, and since that time these officers have been occupied in the up-building of the dairy business of this State. With the proper encouragement from our State Legis- lature, Missouri is destined in the near future to become the greatest dairy State of the Union. The sixteenth annual meeting of the State Dairy Association was held November 15-17, 1905, in Jefferson City, and a most excellent program was rendered; and the proceedings of the convention will be published in bulletin form and distributed from. this office to the far- mers of the State. State Poultry Association.—I am pleased to say that the differences between the factions, existing in the State Poultry Association, have been settled and that organization is now on a good working basis. We have this year lent the assistance of this office to the officers of the State Poultry Association by giving financial aid from our Institute fund for the holding of a State Poultry Institute at Kirksville, December 12-16. In my opinion no better use of the State’s money can be made than for the encouragement and support of the different agricultural associations, A-—2 18 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Farmers’ Institutes. The general interest in the Farmers’ Insti- tute work has been equal to that of previous years. We find, as a rule, the very best and most progressive farmers of the neighborhood at- tend the meetings and take a deep interest in the discussions. One notable feature of the great interest taken is that in many places the public schools—more especially the high schools—have been dismissed for one session that the pupils might hear the institute lectures. Another means of reaching the young people has been to have the lecturers visit the schools where the meetings are held and deliver talks adapted to the schools on practical agricultural topics. The good effect of this work is usually shown in the increased number of letters received from these communities asking for bulletins and other information. Agricultural Education—Last year I made.the suggestion that an organized effort be made to bring about the establishment of a system of county and district agricultural schools throughout the State. While I would renew that suggestion now, I realize that many difficulties are in the way toward bringing this condition about at once, and it may require several years to inaugurate a general system of rural agricul- tural high schools. There is one other suggestion that I would add to the above, and that is that the Board take the necessary steps to have es- tablished in our Agricultural College a two years’ course to which stu- dents shall be admitted directly from the rural schools of the State. Some other states have established such a course in connection with their agricultural college, and I believe it would be a wise movement to provide for it in our own agricultural college. State Veterinary Work.—I do not deem it necessary to go into detail as to what has been accomplished in this department, as the State Veterinarian will report on the work of his office. The general live stock sanitary conditions in the State are good, and with proper precautions on the part of our stock men ought to remain so. During the year 235 calls have been made by the State Veterinarian and deputies, as provided for by section 10545, R. S., 1899. Of the total number glanders was found to be the cause of 96 cases with 112 horses or mules affected. Seventy-four of this number were in Kansas City, where most of the glandered horses have been found for the last three years, and only 29.cases, including 43 animals, were found in the State outside of Kansas City. This is a very considerable decrease in the number of cases outside of Kansas City, and a small de- crease in Kansas City. If it were possible to do so, I think it would be a wise provision to establish a more rigid system of inspection for Kansas City and use more drastic measures for cleaning up the infection there. REPORT OF SECRETARY. 19 Live Stock Inspection—At your last annual meeting the Secretary was authorized, by resolution, to discontinue the services of the live stock inspector when in his judgment the services of the inspector were no longer required. Upon the authority of this resolution and at the urgent request of the State Veterinarian, I notified Dr. Robard, the inspector, that his services would be discontinued after April 1. Early in June the State Veterinarian, after a personal investigation of conditions in Southwest Missouri, recommended to the Executive Board the appointment of an inspector to look after the Texas fever infection in Southwest Missouri, and upon the recommendation of the State Veterinarian, Mr. J. H. Collier of Christopher was appointed to that position. Mr. Collier assumed the duties of his office on May 15, and has been continued up to the present time. The table on another page gives the number of cattle quarantined by Mr. Collier on account of Tex- as fever during the year 1905. The figures show a very large increase of the number of infested cattle above the previous year and indicates the necessity for vigorous measures to prevent the spread of the in- fested area in the future. Last year there was practically no infested territory, the area being confined to a limited area in three or four town- ships. This year the infestation has spread to 21 townships. All except one, however, are found south of Joplin and west of a line drawn north and south through Pineville and Neosho. As long as Southeastern Kansas, Northern Arkansas and Indian Territory are infested with fever ticks, it will require diligence on the part of this State to keep the infested areas completely under control. New Legislation—yYour Board having been made by law guardian of the agricultural interests of the State, it will be wise for you to take such necessary steps as you think prudent that will bring about legis- lation that will protect and promote agricultural development. I would call your attention to what seems to me an urgent need for a law pre- venting the fraudulent sale of adulterated human foods and stock feeds. A law should be enacted along the line of the present fertilizer law that would give ample protection to the people of the State. The develop- ment of the dairy and poultry interests is causing the placing on the market of a great many concentrated feeding stuffs, and it is of ex- treme importance that the farmers should have some safeguard against adulterations of these high priced feeds, else the development of these important industries may be greatly retarded. An important part of the work of this office is the eatheuinee com- piling and publishing of statistical data in regard to crops and live stock. While we think we have a system now established that is reasonably accurate on an estimate basis, yet it would require but little cost to 20 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. place the system upon a more accurate basis, if we could secure a State statistical law such as is in force in some other states requiring the as- sessors to furnish official information each year to the Board of Ag- riculture. The great advantage to the State from a law of this kind would come not only because of the attention it would attract to our resources from the outside world, but in a few years the report would furnish valuable data upon which to base scientific investigations. Another law that would be of inestimable value to the live stock interests of the State is a breeders license or inspection law. Some of the foreign countries have their standards for improved live stock established by such laws. It would take some years to put a law of this kind into full operation, but it could be brought about gradually without injury to any individual and would be of great advantage to the State. At first it might be necessary to offer the services of the veterinary de- partment of the Board of Agriculture for the purpose of examining the pure-bred animals as to their soundness, similar to what is now being done by the State Veterinarian with cattle in regard to tuberculosis. This inspection should eventually be extended to and including the breeding and individual conformation of the animal, and in time only such male animals as receive the State’s approval should be licensed for breeding purposes. With such a law put into force in this State, during the next few years Missouri could easily surpass the world in the quality of live stock, and it would be worth millions to our far- mers each year. Office Assistance Needed—The work of this office has so in- creased that it is now impossible to take care of the work in an efficient manner without additional help. This matter was fully discussed by the Executive Committee at their meeting held in this office October 3, and the following resolution was adopted: Resolved, That it is the sense of this committee that the work of the Secretary’s office has increased during the past few years to such an extent as to require help of a character that is able to assume some of the responsibilities of the office. It is, therefore, recommended to the full Board that if it is possible within the limit of the funds of the Board that such assistance be provided. Legislative Approval—We are flattered to believe by the many commendatory letters received from the farmers of the State that we are accomplishing some good by our work through this office. We are also pleased to note the fact that our work is appreciated to a greater degree than ever before by the State Legislature. Last year, at your annual meeting, you recommended the same appropriations that were made for the previous biennial period. Without any solicitation REPORT OF SECRETARY. 21 on the part of the Board or officers of the Board, the Legislature in- creased the appropriation for the publication of the annual report 25 per cent. The increased demand for the report has more than kept pace with the increased number published, and the entire edition will be exhausted before a new edition can be published. | Respectfully, Geo. B. Exis, Secretary. First prize corn at Olarksville institute, 1905. 22 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL STATEMENT. To the Board of Agriculture: I beg leave to submit the following exhibit of the financial trans- actions of the Board for the year beginning December 19, 1904, and end- ing December 19, 1905, which shows the balances on hand at the begin- ning of the year, the requisitions drawn on the State Auditor, the war- rants drawn on H. H. Banks, Treasurer of the Board, the balances in the Treasury of the Board, and the balances in the different funds remain- ing in the State Treasury: DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND. Date. | War. No. Name. | Dr | Cr: 1905. aftlbe ie pasan peloasialsieeesel| PLO MCOUISI EL Ombre iaecletsteesa cic cloisielatelsteletciieem rite sini $600 00 AMIE a eLerisiesic 117 1S aise s Ba ol lich se cn oemanaenenogn acacneun odaes) | ssassaacance $140 00 CEP TE oS 118 Pacific RH xpressin CO nccrwiasiclelemicicicelceismeleiee | etieeiemiaer 71 16 peta melicrecte s 119 American SERPLESS CO rasatejasisereleeleislsieeieielotesroneleateratets 56 34 Pe aIesope 120 Missouri, Wansas)& Texas she Re. ccccn!| (ca cisicicinc cee 36 83 stole teedRe 121 American ~EXpLressiiCOrniceccsce se sismecicteom lle aisle core 773 Lista 122 Pacific SX PTCSSAG Orns scinin craelarei oases el sieieie oi] Smnctdeieioetaate 174 33 Semel atelcrarete 123 Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R........]...-..cceees 33 72 CG eater 124 [SHB 3 een 0) Shri haamaacadoaacOdeoconeraasoodbal lacbeaceaacoc 10 23 $600 00 $600 00 MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND. Date. | War. No. Name. | Dr. | Cr 1 ‘ WCC PQ eeweccbscciecilencece To DAIANCE) jasectinasis celed oven edoaaseeeuess cts cars $159 71 1905. PATS Wears c's 322 By Eb B aM sic cioirecatcasiduicvotenia'ee o cersteinc'elsl| aiaeiaie mrets $5 00 eae See ar 323 Missounl: Statesman: o.oo osncse seis ciciccicnciilincsanecesnne 400 Mech. 16i.% ae $24 Missourl (Statesman et. owas ccectes ov ccimell saree cients 49 30 Avril Gases 325 Missourt. Statesman bc ciciccecciarcscoc ncnltictell ereurterte cere 49 00 6 Bae 326 © ee RIK saa ae ve cactsiviaicuc cst elec eaeieeell ex eee eeeieen 10 00 a6 Gigecons 327 Si. ER OBIRINGS den cscc run esetiase ccc tees nes | booacceaeeen 5 94 May) {Avene $28 MissourleNtatesman=<2-ccscne coco anee acne ace soe $9 50 Sonera cre ates 329 National? Paper™ Comins cress cacneemseesinsl cousin ean 50 00 en Acecee aL 330 National Paper Co.......... 5 00 SAW A. isos 831 SSoEPSCMIRING osaccectcien seem ke f: 10 (0 See hee cee 332 Columbia Tppewriter Exchange 33 90 a BAR Ae 333 SMES RIRINS. t5 5 ossicamae cone 20 00 ied oy eee 334 SEEMING ie covccseaveaes 2 91 ee elt Bea 335 Gale LONOXxel” ccoueceesenice 19 50 al, PAW versie laeuiatelvc asia Se PLOUPEQUIBL GLO tals colic oc cacvice sesneus June §8..... 336 By Columbia Statesman 10 00 a ROu eee ee 337 Missouri Statesman ......... 2 00 eA Brats sc 338 SH. Kins! ceca vccendeerns 20 00 ee Fee 339 A SE RING odacmnicievcecase er 5 68 MUly. Dicccan 340 Columbia Statesman 78 30 ieee ae ose 341 SBME. 5 vids ceuvecncbecentesss duce cal tameeewesan 14 13 Pak Ocaieclevicuwulncu TO TPEGUIBITION danni ccacrouUecwstunvetevivestiswe'ses ANI | Leases 342 By cS. Ee KING. . ccc ccccccisesestevettecssensaliedeunt A ke nk Silk Sem aera a 343 National Paper Covcciccesaccscesses counsel ocmvesmecess 18 17 Chats AES 344 Columbia Typewriter Dxchange .......].ccceecevees 13 85 Sept. wae 345 Columbia Statesman. ..ccccnccctencvccccmn|ccuarweusue 52 50 7s EBACE 346 SH BDIKIngi.. cia. csc cvreecused. cccsuctuvlubwenbeaneas 88 PT seeeeerereee To requisition veces seeveeeee REPORT OF SECRETARY. 23 MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND—Oontinued. Date. | Check No. Name. | Dr. | Cr: | : | Oeta Sacre. 347 ES Vee PEL rw EMMI Sie. pectclcteteiscote lelaltcieieieitiersieie relate stall etetclosioisre/eiasets 8 25 SO nidislarecics 348 Cioitrorn vy Imes) Boss Skoogopecsennouallooneadeccoos 98 50 Ste A Seles cae 349 See SE Bulicini Sis Mea stare aie i ierotere visis rele «(eel | Siaeraoapeoeas 20 00 CON @igaionel InnOOOCOUD OT Mo GrequisitOMd ieee gies oi wievers ofolelslovelo’s siesetesielets sis 100 00 INOWis) Lircie:siers 350 By yc Oy Ee DVIS, epsoiiare eats saie eislalsts oles ocala viajes diel Raretamreleislare ol 15 10 Cen eae 3a1 SESH MEN ringer teiets crelo s ncecinrs oleae epiaetoiee ws 38 00 oe Sem lSonipoe 352 Columbpiaye Sate SHAG ereletarele tele oles elate(otete nterel |feleteretevelol«lal=is1= 4 00 2Onean Papene 353 PCIE ME XPLESSI COs re tcrotcleleletsicleisclereisis\ sista lteletstareicieleianaae 24 80 Weer We sates { 554 Se ETS SEIT GS siorctaree cre cin civve tere orvie bie sratsiereie: | evereiviojere elalole's 5 00 i ee re | 355 Soi Eis BUTT Stee ore reece eal te leisielersa eras | Beleact cane 15 0 STOLE ates | 356 Columbia Stacesmans seeseteeet ceca soc teie lnieslactilnatets 48 00 en later |Ssameescersies MONT CCOUISLELOIN ore ctarerezloeioicione cisintayelorerniointnia alelstarw lever aise 200 60 if see Or 33/8 | ieaesiiecn cee ES Vesa TCO eee pe eetstatere cle ahaloeeleletloletevoisssictesexeis oyem [oieterasaieronereavere 125 39 | | $959 71 $959 71 EXPENSE OF MEMBERS’ FUND. War. No. Name. | Dr. | Cr | ib Seeace [Eettaizccreiactes ED Ope DAMIAN COs scereeoteeatn eeiserse ngs tases eielasinePasene ns $464 92 582 ES Veo Cpe ED eASViTT] UTA ears, oye sark ots Yaxarsieserssefotsle,siave\esete;a\ | ametorevareteraievere $12 00 £83 Vivo G5 TWO oes ocdoonobenobensspeapooocdEollocaconocdnen | 15 584 Die Die Ni COMA is fps hrs eats Gretel rlotaiaie siatova s wale Seeks Meretyereasorerlara ' 27 45 585 Na Colmanycnprciees nccilecctise cise citer lets. «tesvertere ! 12 co 586 JOHN. WO GEGW ESTEE Picccrcines se icletcloterelcie eiotecereinicll che iekoteeistlerstoe 14 45 587 CS WAPATO KR atortee occas a riectale eisleeierenroyinicl| aeetostorenete avers 12 50 588 Sas (Sie Sa17: Hels) Oop Gogaon ode COC OnOSOORD EE Onnol (GsOCOnenoCrs 25 00 589 ebiet Jie MOINAE teevedapetorcis i tsctota iors sare clei’ sinsaven st acsic oll eYavare oars cietevers 29 40 590 Av Ds. INGISO Me arr e ey verie ote ate leh laters atale aie: creversved ld eteyeveneecorarne 27 60 591 Wi pals, CCALEING LOM ctectowrarectiietaieraisioiare oie tare | Oetraceloeerens 3 78 592 Geo ~ Bie Bulish wetersaiscecinechstevesisiece sisieieleiesaeieie Iedejeycteverstersisists 5 00 593 Ve vdheg CONTRA Gi sere cost cciebinnss anicuicasel mech aaenoee 14 80 594 AY Es se VI LOT GE iy etese cccers atotelopelaseiete,occrs-stoisvece?oiace'l loitveve esloreaitee 3 90 595 GeOtsB ani Sy treet oad coeoieis cores lease procs 10 15 596 iste COTTA Gl eroyaseioscts slo oieleroinisietelstoje eiaasts oteiareeiel isieisbeinarsloroaiere 12 40 597 CESS PA TIT C Kesavan iors ies Galore stelle leieisioieis wisiste wie) | wicisisisiersieinerers 16 00 598 AS aes VEUTINNT ONG ao ss pare cans ters feickartoreraisyete’ apa leieisiatefet lverersisicvocra cies 13 20 599 SWises Cer ET O WO) Hae te areiartjerereretclcreicisi ove ssteigiece?sv oie, el |leiateisrocststernciers 18 50 600 Geos HUIS o amasnccse onesies css esidseell ceeieaceeeees 18 75 601 TDs GOMMAG sz .cpe wacarsins sists mys stalsisvelose siasslaisill @eieie seein Soe 8 18 602 ee EMO llistererscte sacle rofele i Radieteie Slants er silo are ll sbataicievotaie'e lors 15 00 603 USE ee MEIN LOL Cle srsterere cs orefetetevatelersin srcieteiain accra) tomtatoieine louie 12 65 604 Geos BE SHB S 5 5 ccayes sts tale ce ee crave ore sisiaiescioheys:« ent coe 11 30 605 (OFM S89. child Gage asa ae pace canccre renee ser | cited swiorteies 15 00 606 Iie 8” Owe) Srersiaveverays ore. tcte’o are wrvorerave. s nie al stovel| io alayele facies ate 12 00 s5\lbcnocsaonBbe MouMequisitlonwerccraceeacee es sceiese ction ccs ! 607 Bye Co PELO WE] tice ctcteccisterel faistetelovereeinicrweleciw | (eratejaien sisieraiets 16 20 608 ey DONG GE ac hone cating Gre te icistors sie evsieioe revellers ; 18 50 609 Sees IPratneraaiswocs news shes csiiareevines dest He 15 00 610 GOMES HUIS esse scree sisie se calc eieieretars o cieg'e ini are : 13 96 611 Deis MECN DEES eyratemloke oe ctelcic eee eteisinterel ae ; 26 50 612 CSR PA ETT Choe iaer. crecatetateinvs aystoreietciecistets ccs ste : P 12 50 soca llododpocodune ROWE CUIISTEL OM creiielaisretatarstorete/elersvetele) state tote cietatel salele cicre Sotiond|lasoonuecopeo Byy2 Dal aN COs viesnisacis cscs ccie iasivleelorsterocivisis vices ce 2isi|lpreraie sre'ae clare 396 25 $864 92 $864 92 r) FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND. Date War. No. Name. 1904. | | IDG, is snc06 \Hasecasepacd git) [ERNE NTE) < GoagueadsobancoqconoaDAcCOUaDCSoDOSdGC 1905. Jan. 617 EVEL oo EMepe ls AIMS reteteteteetalstersfescieielotcleiers cl slaleseiaie clore ss 618 MISSOUTT Sta LESINAM cts /ieicisis cle se wwiclele ore 24 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND—Oontinued, Date. War. No. Name. | Dr. | | | MCD a lGcexicee 620 Gees, HOA ga ey sictesetn ie ciatu's'ala‘e\e o:stole clainie'eleie||/eitiele'a'cie’eteterete Sot Gaeclers 621 PA Clic SHISPTeSB COs cis cccsisic vcisiniellecleleiciss |laewcteeeticieiers pei Ouersiclels 622 Columbia Telephone Co.........sceseccee|ececcveesees SeueGeeccce 623 GEST CRON oi cero crelncareicictn cle nie creteln ciatorele eiel| ncclde eialeicisia.s 5 (A aooe 624 Barnes: Crosby COs deseclceseicmecleriinccoieee|taiaiele sacle are pee BIOs alo'cic 625 Smith- Premier Dy pewriter Cov... ccnecs |lomaesaecne se MGR) OG. .c6<6 626 MISSOUTI GS EALCHIN AM lars letclalolelclcl= aim clcloinieloteia'=)| (alaistslalai=isleeiere ReMi Bavereicisis 627 js WONG Prcroccetteciencetecte ca viocniacteeal| Naeeaaae eee “4 Gunter 628 Geo. [Mix Dicker te.)4ha. dee. Peco toneels |e ee = Garena 629 Nationale Papern@sactcccente caste cles slelste acaicl|laeteicatdnte atte Garctesiers 630 By ATHCS-CLOSDY CO 'nr csia sioln in o\cleie’s o1e'o1e1e e/e vla]s/=i]/dutaleisielelo e=isis April 6.2. .: 031 Gear BAH see eiein eae sicctsitssejsraclaleisieictetaiee oa] | | Socaiseraletaietntons * (iardan 632 MESS OMT SER LCST AI ee ctorcielcisisinste eicielavefolelclelaivi= la ela'sisiele/aiet-tars © 6. .0606 633 American Wxpress (CO: raccssce sence |p eeedesee = May A eieisee 634 IMISSOTEISSEAECSIMATI 2. occ cic acl tincleleteisell citieiieito eens * Me sticie 635 National VPamert@os nics ce cicnieteniclcctetdelsieieyel| tacriseeieeieias i A ralerateie 636 VF Were RET 2 i atc clare 'e’oleieiviaicle\olelalc'aisictelieierelllnteistaie seems dace | 637 Geox Bi. Wise ciisataosciesinc cence aa l Maceomaeecerc * rea 638 Columbia Typewriter Exchange........]..........+- th A Ooe 639 lay neHOgar|iae (OCs Goasonoococbancoodoucen|loocnonsocoss June Suisenes 640 Columbia (Statesman! caijceeccics ceecteccse ell eeteise esiewletet Sbacose 641 Michaelis: Emgraving, Cosy... <2. ORR ae | 551 J.P RUSSEL WIS tere nee racbeae sacsorines 15 65 ee EE ane | 562 Give Droxell ek otoecdeeaeeceenicns comeieas £ 00 ‘Nae eiearne I srewplestiness To requisition =. .n. se scc comer eer nina ens aemer TitihA Rasgee 553 Biya SHOW GON Willis: asecmite mecca ctiebcomsion 10 00 Sem ely ira, 554 W. > Harshe’ 2 siiscceiccnees oe civet sce came 95 ee pie 555 WIRE PNITODe ER caeacies = see en eee ae 4 75 GR enact | 556 COCO NGwiian ee COrnstean watste eto on: 5 00 Ce acter | 557 Di ee IS Seo sccicc nee acct ec eee 15 49 So a Geciesc | 55S Columblas Statesman saascscccceces cece 5 60 AUT Os lta eo | 559 Se Roe ve cera sinew come rae poetic 17 04 ems Bae | 560 Snowdon Willis. cacact use coeesmece eaten 10 00 bebe les ctetece | 561 John B. Wi'son 5 00 MeDtry linden 562 Snowdon Willis 10 00 CS il aevere 563 Jie. Wa. alll 2S xc ckaitesttoc eter ne victelce cicero 16 18 So aes lite door | 564 W. E. Harshe 1 45 Oe Silsaa earl lseccsesoodcr Torrequisition W.csecceteee ce eeaeeb eos cee eace One Bon | 565 By? He Mi. ‘Hiart eer ected as ca ee a 9 25 aie oe eee | 566 Hemel (7g) OB bE ttae oes @ Ant cic} aemccnorcaeaece feos aneeeoete 18 23 WUOVe) bp dine sees | 567 Je Re. BUS) oo areteies totes en ee tac /airacteleys SEP SAAREE, oe 16 58 acre [eae ere 568 Parker Hurnitures@o-. cnceee dees acces [races cca Gees | 3 50 Set Dist pisets | 569 Columbia Typewriter Exchange ...... |Treremtnicre sewers 2.00 Daas ate 570 Wis Hh lansheseeh.cn. egdess nes scee a ecees ane oe | 2 20 LOLs SAlAee Soe 71 Smith-Premier Typewriter Co. ........ | Sesacts os rete 14 00 eas Bate aoe 572 Jie NEMS RECKON ceccica ntemais Seas sisjesscters seer oe Bestactccocr 8 35 Os Res cea 573 Jin es OTIS) ert cen caen veer ea tence omnis | Siactn ants le she 15 80 Oe ee ge | 574 Wise ELAS HOw. scerace cinicsere winreictoteine oem ica maarciate erento 0 07 December 19, 1905....... By warrants paid and canceled ....:.....[........000- $1,288 77 $1, 288 78 $1,288 78 | Office Expense Fund. December 19, 1904....... Toi Dalan ce). ma cccmrmibiws ce lecitere Delcieletererestone/ne loaders | $158 73 IMA Virds. AOR y are staisiclelsicierslaleie State Gwarranty 6 tess scrciccicecmentersistalclentecinets 100 00 Panes Ws WG aks adscss State warrant 2 cvs ccna ndedemecrerensese 100 00 September a ee LaPoasone State “warrant! 2. iiss s ccicsne seeismoaiiesciscleees 100 00 December 1, 1905 ...... State warrant c. ccccewe eae anche weiter seine 100 00 December 19, We seacesis By warrants paid and canceled ..........]...sseseeee $455 40 December 19. 1905....... { |e EN ees, Mqanagaaconndcnoceco0Gan TuOdgCa dol naouboocose® 103 33 $558 73 $558 73 | State Veterinary Fund fae only bates 5 22 ——s = it x December 19, 1904....... AMG Hap NE RIK, GomecanpeoonoaDasoonncopaSbpnninanece | $860 11 Ii Ce aL a Bgaeaooocgo0ode State Warrant 6 .csccccie nee cisteeacilenemcrleee | 2,000 00 eS DURE eialsictelo\cye aiavers Miata! AWAETAME. Moo sie cerctacielleletelstateloittets oisleleteietelers 1,000 00 ATTICUS 91 1906 mn cicise.s 2 Stated warrant co cece mccccier ces cccme tence 1,000 00 October 3: 1905) vo cccccice State “warrant sc sccccconiis viele wince ccteciecre es 1,000 00 November 1, 1906....... State pwarran ty 25. paseeccieticclactecs vcle/sieictslonie 1,000 00 December 19, 1905....... By warrants paid and canceled .......... | Sale caicteereteae $6,115 60 DALATICO. Hi Gi inc cincrserciereelcte oiccineie creleisic'oreforetell eiemsle cletereletersre 744 61 | $6,860 11 $6, 860 11 Respectfully submitted, H. H. BANKS, Treasurer. REPORT OF STATE VETERINARTIAN. Missouri State Board of Agriculture: Gentlemen—A table on other pages of the annual report gives an account of the visits made by all official veterinarians in doing State control work. Where it has been impossible for me to attend to the control work in person, and in cases where the mileage and per diem of a deputy amounted to less than my mileage, it has been our policy to have the work done by a deputy. During the year I have tried to do all the control work coming in my section of the State, a report of which can be found with the tabulation of the work of other veterina- rians. In addition to doing the control work in my immediate section of the State, I have had occasion at various times to go to extreme portions of the State to make investigations. Aside from the work reported in the table, I have prepared, during the year, a bulletin on the tuberculin test, an account of which is given further on, and have done as much of the tuberculin test work as I could possibly find time to do. During the year I have attended farmers’ institutes four weeks, giving special prominence in my lectures to the subject of the tuberculin test and the prevention of tuberculosis among cattle. In reviewing the State work for the past year, I am able to re- port that there has been no unusual outbreak of any contagious disease among the live stock of the State. We have had about an average or probably less than the average amount of the various contagious dis- eases, and [ think as little as could possibly be expected, considering the amount of live stock traffic in this State. There is a continual shipment of sheep, cattle and hogs in this State for feeding purposes from the south and west. ‘We are so situated in regard to the horse mar- ket that a great number of horses and mules are annually shipped into and out of the State. For years the State of Missouri has been a leader in the production of registered cattle, and for the development of herds large numbers of registered cattle have been imported from all direc- tions, without the consequent spread of any disease except a limited infection of tuberculosis. The dairy interests of the State are today developing rapidly, and while most of the herds are made up A-3 34 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. of cattle picked up from the locality in which the dairy is started, the improvement of the herds will depend largely upon the importation of well-bred dairy cattle. This will undoubtedly result in the introduc- tion oftuberculosis into our herds, and probably, in a limited way, other contagious diseases. While we have no means of knowing definitely just what amount of contagious diseases exist in this State, we gain a reasonably ac- curate idea of the existence of various contagious diseases from our various sources of information in regard to them. It has been the law and custom for years for an investigation to be made by the veterinary service on the receipt of a petition signed by ten freeholders. This privilege is well understood by the laymen of the State and is one of the principal sources of our information in regard to the existence of a contagious disease among any sort of live stock. Four years ago the Board of Agriculture established a precedent of recognizing letters and telegrams from qualified veterinarians over the State notifying us of the existence of contagious diseases, and as a result we have enjoyed the general co-operation of the veterinarians of this State in locating and suppressing contagious diseases. The help that the veterinarians have rendered in this line has been of especial value during the past year. By arrangement with U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, we re- ceive, by return mail, a notice of the arrival at any of the public stock yards of any live stock in a diseased condition from this State. During the past year we have received notices of the shipment to the public markets from this State of 150 cars of hogs affected with hog cholera; 24 cars of sheep affected with scab, and 7 cars of cattle affected with scabies. It being impossible to do anything in the way of controlling the hog cholera by the ordinary methods of quarantine, no investigation of the source of the infected hogs has been made. In the case of sheep and cattle scabies, the investigation has been ordered of the origin of every shipment. The stock pens from which each shipment was loaded were quarantined and required to be disinfected. The veterina- rian making the investigation has invariably quarantined all the in- fected animals found in the neighborhood from which the shipment originated. SHEEP SCAB IN LACI,EDE COUNTY. There is one exception to this rule, and that is in connection with the shipments from Laclede county, where sheep scabies is so widespread among the sheep all over the county that a single visit by a veterinarian would accomplish very little. It will take from 4 to 6 weeks for a man to quarantine all the scaby sheep in Laclede county, and no headway REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN. 35 can be made in this work until all of the sheep are gotten up off the range. This work can best be done between the first of January and the 15th of April. It will be necessary, in order to handle the out- break of scabies in Laclede county properly, to employ a competent man to go there and remain until all of the sheep have been quaran- tined and dipped. TICK FEVER. Arrangements have been made with the Federal government where- by the Bureau of Animal Industry furnishes men to guard the southern border of the State against the introduction of fever ticks during the closed season, and attend to the inspection during the inspection season. Our policy has been to attend strictly to the eradication of the fever ticks at points within the State. There is not enough of this work to justify the board in keeping a man permanently employed for this work alone. The important part of this work falls during the month of jwiy, and if a competent man were on the ground during July he could doubtless find and quarantine all of the infected cattle and pastures in the State. The subseqtient examination and releasing of quarantines would require an occasional return to the infected areas by a deputy. It seems that it would be much more economical to put a competent man on the ground during the month of July and leave the subsequent part of the work to be done by deputies, from whom only a few visits would be required. Any man who is selected to look after the fever infection should be a well qualified veterinarian who not only under- stands tick fever, but who has a thorough knowledge of the nature of other contagious diseases. We cannot hope to get the best results from the employment of laymen for doing control work of any kind. THE TUBERCULIN TEST. As was explained to the Board at the last annual meeting, the most important line of work falling upon the State veterinary service at the present time is the proper control of tuberculosis among cattle. As was also explained at that meeting that the August bulletin of 1905 would be devoted to the subject of the tuberculin test. This bulletin, while not treating in detail of tuberculosis, gives a brief review of the symptoms of the disease and explains the difficulty in discovering its presence in any herd by any ordinary examination such as could be made by a stockman. It also explains in detail the use that can be made of the tuberculin test, and gives the method of applying it. In the bulletin is announced to the breeders of registered beef cattle and 36 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. to the dairymen of the State that the State Board of Agriculure will undertake a veterinary inspection of their herds, including the tuber- culin test, upon their request, without cost to them. A good many more applications from cattle men have been received for this test than we have been able to answer up to the present time, and it will be necessary for the Board to employ competent help to do this line of work which we are able to do with our present supply of funds. While the application of the tuberculin test is apparently a very simple ~ matter it is necessary, in order to be sure of making a success, to em- ploy the most skillful man that it is possible for us to get to assist in doing this work. Conditions arise in connection with the test which requires the veterinarian using it to have not only an intimate knowledge of the nature of cattle but of the various temperatures and of the symptoms that animals show as the effect of other diseases. CENTRAL SLAUGHTER HOUSES. While the matter may not be strictly in line with the preventing of contagious diseases among live stock, the question of sooner or later pro- viding for a system of inspection of meat and milk in the larger towns of the State seems to be an important one. Nothing could be more beneficial by way of promoting the live stock interest of the State than the assurance on the part of the public that our meat was whole- some and free from disease. Investigations of the matter at the present *time will show that the meat which is slaughtered at home towns, say of 4,000 inhabitants, is often killed at as many as three or four or even a half dozen little slaughter houses located some distance away from town. Asa rule the country slaughter houses are so filthy as to be considered a nuisance, and are not usually permitted to be maintained within or near the city limits. There is usually not enough of killing at any one of these houses to justify the owner in keeping it clean. Any one who will take the trouble to investigate the matter will find that even though healthy animals are slaughtered at these places, it is next to impossible to dress the carcass without them be- coming more or less filthy. In addition to this, there is no restraint whatever at such slaughtering houses upon the killing of diseased stock. During the past year there were 150 cars of hogs sent to the public markets from this State diseased with cholera. Lumpy jaw and tubercu- losis and other diseases which would render meat unfit for use are more or less prevalent over the State. There is no telling how much of this diseased stuff is killed at the country slaughtering houses. As they are conducted at the present time, there is no greater argument for the use of dressed meat which comes from the trust packing houses, REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN. 37 where all the diseased stuff is condemned by expert’ meat inspectors. All kinds of food animals are shipped from the various towns of this State to the central markets, slaughtered and shipped back again. If some arrangement could be made for more slaughtering to be done at home the freight on the live animal and on the dressed carcass could be saved. It seems to be a well established fact that the dressed beef that is shipped into the interior of the State by the packing houses, while being free from disease, is inferior in quality to that dressed at home. It seems that it would be a valuable thing if the Board of Agriculture could formulate some plan of encouraging a suitable central slaughter house for each of the larger towns of the State. Such a consummation would doubtless result in good in several different ways. If the killing of live stock at any good sized town could all be done at one plant, only one set of hands would be required to do the killing, and a lot of time would be saved which is now wasted by from three to a half dozen sets of hands going a mile or two to the country to dress just one or two animals each. If there were four slaughter houses in a town, a central slaughtering plant would save the expense of three sets of hands. Another source of economy would be the pos- sibility of utilizing the by-products if all of the animals at an ordinary sized town were killed at one plant. Valuable by-products are thrown away and wasted as the slaughtering is now done, and the loss of these, with the freight to and from the public markets, must come out of the pockets of cattle producers. Another good reason for central slaughter- ing plants is that the premises would naturally be used more and be better equipped for handling the carcass in a cleanly manner, and it would be kept in a more wholesome condition. Still another advantage is that in an ordinary sized town, with comparatively little expense, a competent inspector could be provided by the city, whereby the live stock could be inspected before and after slaughtering and the public supplied with meat free from disease, and which had not been deteriorated in quality by long cold storage. Another reason for encouraging the slaughtering of live stock at home is to provide a greater number of markets for cattle which would naturally tend to increase the prices that the pro- ducers would get. There are a number of things that the Board of Ag- riculture could do to help in the development of the plan of central slaughtering houses in all of the larger towns of the State, but no one thing would lend more encouragement to the proper course in this mat- ter than the extending to such plants the privilege of handling for im- mediate slaughter cattle from south of the tick fever quarantine line. At various centers in Southern Missouri, for the lack of this privi- lege, southern cattle are shipped, in some cases, 150 miles, dressed and 38 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. returned for retail. Either the consumer or the producer must pay the extra freight. In the northern part of the State this privilege would not be so essential, but at certain times in each year there is a shortage of fat cattle in many neighborhoods and for a plant of any dimension to run successfully it must have access to fat cattle at all times. It is with a view of supplying cattle in an emergency that the privilege of shipping in southern cattle would be especially convenient to a slaughter- ing plant in the northern section of the State. It is not probabie that southern cattle would be used to any extent if it were possible to secure natives for slaughtering. It might be contended that the shipping of a car of southern cattle now and then into any town in this State would have a tendency to depreciate the value of the natives of that vicinity. While at first glance this seems to be the case, it is not really true. At any point in the State where southern cattle are liable to be handled, dressed meat is freely shipped in. Thousands of southern cattle slaugh- tered in the central packing plants are sent to such points and sold in competition with the cattle produced at home. There is no way of escaping such competition, and I cannot see that the privilege of hand- ling a few southern cattle at any point in the State could be of any especial detriment. The benefit growing out of the extra number of markets thereby established would outweigh any objections that could be urged against the central slaughtering plants having authority to handle southern cattle. As things exist at the present time the country slaughter house is rapidly going out of existence, and most of the slaughtering is done at the central markets where the buyers are so closely organized that they pay whatever prices they choose for live stock. As to the safety of handling cattle from south of the fever line, I will say that I should not advise it if I thought there was any danger whatever. It is just as safe to handle southern cattle at the slaughtering plants in the interior of the State as it is to handle them at the public markets, and nothing further need be said along that line. RECOM MENDATIONS. (1) In view of what has been said in regard to the prevalence of sheep scab in Laclede county, the extra amount of tuberculin test work, and the tick fever investigation in Southwest Missouri, I wish to recom- mend to the Board, if suitable talent can be obtained, the employment of one, and when necessary, two men to be engaged permanently by the month in doing these lines of work. As has been said, either in tubercu- lin test, sheep scab or tick fever work the man must not only have a good scientific education but must have combined with it considerable bus1- ness ability. The work in all of these lines will keep one man busy, if he REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN. 39 can attend to all of it. If he has any time to spare he can be of valtuabte service to the Board in attending farmers’ institutes, and I therefore rec- ommend that the Board ought to employ for the coming year, at least, one competent man as Deputy State Veterinarian, and in case of an unforseen rush of work, the employment of an additional man. As a further reason for this course, I will say that we find it impossible to get any of our deputies to leave their practice for more than a day or two at a time, and it is impossible to keep up with the State work without the services of another man. The funds provided by the ‘ast Legislature are ample for carrying out this plan. (2) That the State Board of Agriculture make the following order, to stand as a part of the policy of the veterinary service: The Missouri State Board of Agriculture hereby authorizes the State Veterinarian to issue a permit to any responsible butcher firm in the State of Missouri to handle southern cattle for immediate slaugh- ter; provided, that upon examination of the plant by the State Veter- inarian the pens and chutes are found to be so constructed and ar- ranged as to be safely used for handling southern cattle; provided fur- ther, that the person or firm who secures the permit shall first enter into a bond with the State Veterinarian to the amount of $1,000 to comply with the rules prescribed by the State Veterinarian for handling the southern cattle, and to the amount of $5,000 to indemnify anyone for the loss of any cattle which may result from the non-compliance with such rules. In addition to this, the person or firm to whom the permit is granted by the State Veterinarian shall, before the permit is delivered, file with the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture a plot of the plant showing all pens and chutes in connection therewith. (3) That the State Board of Agriculture arrange, if possible, for the manufacture at the Missouri Experiment Station of all the tuber- culin needed in the State work. Respectfully submitted, D. F. LUCKEY, State Veterinarian. Farmers Week in Agricultural College. January 9-12, 1906. Third Annual Meeting Missouri Corn Growers’ Association and Ninth Annual Meeting Missouri Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association. (Held under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture. ) An Abstract of the Addresses Delivered. OPENING SESSION. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. (Dr. J. O. Jones, Acting President, State University. ) Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Farmers’ Convention: In the absence of our President, Dr. Jesse, who, on account of his health, has retired for a brief season from the duties of the University, it becomes my pleasure and my privilege to welcome you to the Uni- versity of Missouri. | In the first place I want to welcome you to your University; it is in every sense the University of the people of this State—supported by them both in regard to money and patronage and from the farmers’ sons and daughters by far the larger part of the student corps has for many years been made up and is yet made up and I hope this condition will continue for many many years. I welcome you to your University that within a month I think (perhaps in a shorter period of time) will enroll more than 2,000 students. I welcome you to the University that has all the consolation of age, because it is not a youth and yet has FARMERS WEEK IN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 4! all the vigor and all the enterprise of youth; to the University with a splendid academic department, the famous schools of law and :med- icine; to an excellent and marvelously growing engineering school; to a young and yet vigorous teachers’ college, and to something that will be of most interest to you—to an Agricultural College that in use- fulness to the State is unsurpassed by any agricultural college in all this land. We shall be very glad, indeed, to have you visit all the departments of the University during this convention; every day from 10 to 10:30 we have what we call an assembly of the students in the auditorium. If you are interested in attending this assembly and seeing the students assembled in a body, we shall be very glad to have you present at the time of this assembly. I hope you will not go away from Columbia without inspecting the work of the University. No one ever comes here and goes away, after looking carefully into what the University is do- ing for the citizens of this State, that he is not pleased with it and proud to know we have such a University in this imperial commonwealth of Missouri. I think it was Bill Nye who said (at least we can put the remark off on him as he is not present) that farming is a very stc- cessful and profitable occupation if you can afford it. Now, evidently, when he made that remark he was not thinking about the Missouri farmer and the Missouri stock grower. He must have been thinking about the New England farmer; not the Missouri farmer who can grow everthing on his soil under the influence of the gentle rains and soft sunshine alone. He evidently did not have in mind the Missouri farmer with his broad fields of grain, with his fertile meadows, with his bountiful harvests. The Missouri farmer of this day is certainly a happy man; and in that connection I am reminded of a story that was told in Columbia re- cently—so recently, in fact, as perhaps to be remembered by some of you—of a king who was afflicted with nervous prostration—a disease that seems to lie in wait for kings and those who have nothing to do; and his physician told him if he wished to get relief from this dreadful disease he “must wear the shirt of a happy man;” so he sent out into all parts of his kingdom to search for a happy man in order that he might procure his shirt and be relieved from this terrible disease. His mes- sengers searched throughout ‘he kingdom, and at last they found the man who claimed te was 'appy—perfectly happy. He was a beggar at the city gate; but whe- :} cy found him it was still impossible for the king to secure the c:. vi -h he so much desired, for lo, this beggar didn’t have anv shirt. ‘ nat a pity the Missouri farmer did not live in that man’s kingdom, for tien he would have had no diffiulty in finding 42 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. a happy man with not only one shirt but with, I dare say, at least two. The Missouri farmer is not only as happy as a king—he 1s a king. His farm is his kingdom and his flocks, his cattle and his horses are his subjects, his family is his cabinet, and his wife his prime minister. He has subjects that never revolt, and a cabinet that never leaves him under stress of circumstances; and if he wants to talk about his prime min- ister when his prime minister doesn’t do exactly what he wants done, he can go out and talk to his subjects without any danger of having the conversation repeated. The Missouri farmer is certainly a man to be envied. It is a trite remark enough that agriculture is the basis of our wealth. That is undoubtedly true, but in looking at that truth, in emphasizing that truth, we have lost sight of one far more important, and that is this: That agriculture is not only the basis of our wealth, but agriculture is also the basis of our morality. It is the conservator of our virtues and the safeguard and bulwark of our republic. It is a fact that if we look back over the history of our world for 2,000 years, we can scarcely find a subject upon which our ideas have not materially changed. In the science of medicine we no longer believe that a man can be cured of epilepsy by swallowing the eggs of a snake, or of fever by cutting up the entrails of a frog and taking at intervals. We no longer believe that the quaking of the earth is caused by the imprisoned giants under- neath trying to be free; in religion we no longer believe that God is appeased with bloody sacrifices or rich gifts; but it is an interesting fact that on one subject our ideas have not changed in the slightest de- gree, and that is this: That the farmer, the man who lives in the country, the agriculturist, is, as I just announced, the preserver of our morals, our virtues and our religion. Two thousand years ago the old Emperor Augustus was so much impressed with this fact that he in- structed his court body to sing the praises of agriculture. He saw that the old Roman virtues had disappeared, that the virtuous Roman char- acter was no longer to be found there, that manhood was gone and virtue was gone, and he was wise enough to know that these things had been preserved by the sturdy Roman who lived in the country, and he said “sing the praises of the farm; sing of the beauties of nature; sing of the songs of country life and make it so attractive that these sub- jects of mine will no longer live in towns and cities, but will go back again to the country which was the nurse of all the old Roman virtues.” Now, what that old emperor saw was true, is true today; and I want to impress this thought on you, because it seems to me to add a nobility and dignity and value to your calling. I would say to you men gathered here this morning, that you are engaged in an occupation that FARMERS’ WEEK IN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 43 is not only the basis of the wealth of our nation in a large measure (especially of the middle west), but you are engaged in an occupation that is now and is to be for many, many years the preserver of the purity of our lives, of our morals, the preserver of our religion, the preserver of this republic. It is one of the bad signs, one of the dangerous signs of the age, to see that our population is gradually drifting away from the farm into the towns and cities. The family from the farm that goes into the city is swallowed up and disappears completely in three years—statis- tics show that—they are swallowed up and wiped off the face of the earth as completely as if the earth had opened wide its gaping mouth and swallowed them up; but in the country these families endure from generation to generation. Now, I hope each one of you will recognize as never before the importance of your occupation to this country not only in a material way, but from a moral standpoint; and I am sure that when you do recognize this you will be conscious that you are en- gaged in a calling which is not surpassed in dignity, which is not sur- passed in worth, which is not surpassed in value by any occupation in which man is engaged from one end of this mighty land down to the other. It is for this reason—not only because you are engaged in an occupation that forms the basis of our wealth, but that you are en- gaged in an ocupation that means as well the preserving of the purity of our lives—it is for this reason that I am glad to welcome you to this institution of learning, which has been founded here for that very purpose by the people of this State. We are all co-laborers, and as such we welcome you to this University. In the name of the faculty and the students of the University of Missouri, I extend to you a most cordial welcome. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. (Dr. H. J. Waters, Dean Agricultural College. ) Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: You will observe by the program that you are to be welcomed here by a number of different people, and on behalf of a number of differ- ent classes of people or constituents, and this I take it is because every- body in this community and everybody in this State wants every man or woman who attends this convention to feel absolutely at home here and, as has been pointed out by the President of the University, you are meeting in your own house, in your own building—you are in fact 44 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. at home; and there is really no necessity for anybody to extend you a welcome to your own palace. Certainly, if the farmer owns or dominates any part of this insti- tution with which you are this week affiliated, it is the department which has for its special purpose the upbuilding and fostering of your pro- fession; and while in the past the farmer has not felt, perhaps, the in- terest that he should have in this department, and if he has been dis- posed to send his sons. and daughters into other departments of the University to fit them for other professions, that has been because primarily it was the fashion and the custom for the young men and women on the farm to leave the farm and to go to some one of the so- called learned professions, where it was supposed there were greater opportunities and greater success, and, perhaps, less drudgery; or in other words, it is the old story well illustrated by the answer that was given to a lecturer on social economy when, by way of introduction, he asked “why is it that a married man lives longer than an unmarried man,” and some weak, hen-pecked man in the rear of the audience said “they don’t—it just seems longer.” It is human nature to imagine that the good fishing is all on the other side of the stream, that the romance is all in the other man’s life; that trials and troubles and trib- ulations are all immediately around us; that the landscape far ahead is beautiful, and that immediately before us is full of blemishes and scars and shadows and pitfalls and dangers; but that is not true—it only scems so. There is just as much romance in your life as you put there; and how many times have we crossed the stream, perhaps at some peril, to find the water only six inches deep on the other side, while you have left good fishing; and how many young men have left the farm with good opportunities for success and have gone to the cities and towns to ‘find, as the President of the University has so clearly pictured here, only disappointment and ruin in other professions. The truth is today, that there is no other business that offers the certain success that is so free from dangers, moral, financial and physical, as farming. There is no other business that is growing in importance like farming; no other property enhancing in value like real estate, and no other kind of property that is so valuable; and the Missouri farmer who owns Missouri real estate and makes the mistake of alienating his title to the same, of selling it without immediately buying more of the same, is making a fundamental mistake. I do not believe in the Euro- pean system of handling the land; but if it were possibie (looking at it from a purely selfish standpoint) to prevent that land from going out of the hands of your children, you would be making one of the best possible investments for your family. If you go into any part of FARMERS’ WEEK IN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 45 Europe, the only gentleman there is the land owner—he is the man who dominates everything—politically, socially and financially. He is the only man who possesses real wealth; and while agriculture—the ethics of agriculture—our conceptions of the nobility of the calling have not changed in the last two thousand years, as shown by President Jones, yet the practice of agriculture has changed materially and is yet chang- ing, so that the man who was a successful farmer 25 or 30 years ago (unless he has kept busy studying and thinking and progressing) is not a successful farmer today; and while I am certain that the Missouri farmer wears the shirt of a happy man, he at the same time wears the shirt (at least this audience) of a successful corn grower and corn breeder, and those of you who have been in this movement from its be- ginning will appreciate, when you see that exhibit of corn in the other room, what progress has been made in the last five years in this State. Missouri really began this subject in earnest less than five years ago, and she is now taking the place as a corn breeder that she has so long held as a stock breeder. Missouri herds have been famous the world over for many years. Ever since Kentucky went out of the business, she handed over to the Missouri farmer that distinguished position; and now it is not to be expected that Illinois will go out of the corn-breeding business, but Illinois will have some good company, now that Missouri has started in the business; and you, gentlemen, who are breeding corn, must earn for Missouri that same reputation that she has for many years held for her live stock; and you will be conferring as great a favor on the State and improving agriculture just as much as the improved _live-stock breeder has in the past, and I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the ex- hibit you are now making. I have seen all of the corn shows held in this country for many years, and there is more improvement manifested here in this exhibit than I have ever seen in that line in the same length of time; and I say I congratulate you; and now I want to say to you, gentlemen, I extend you a hearty welcome on behalf of the Agricultural College. I want you to feel at home, to feel that this is your institution and that you are absolutely urged, and if we can com- pel you, we will force you to see this department of Agriculture, to meet all of the teachers and the students, and worm out of them all the information you can get; and if you find anything here that does not seem just right, then I want you to say so. I want you to feel that this is your institution, that you are aiding in its development, and that you are behind it, and when we have the farmers behind this institution it is going to suceed; if they are not interested, all the strength that can be put into it from the University side cannot make it a success. 46 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. You will find the students of agriculture a live body. I want them to get acqainted with you; I hope you will find the faculty a live body; if not, I want you to stir them up, and I will help you. I hope you will find the Board of Curators a live body; if not, I hope you will stir them up also, and when you make them feel that you, gentlemen, are alive with your importance, then you will have done the College of Agri- culture a great deal of good. I thank you for your presence here and hope it will be an annual event, and that we may come together on such an occasion as this every year. Sweepstakes, 20-ear Exhibit, State Corn Show, 1906, SESSION Missourt Corn Growers’ Association Tuesday, January 9. PRESIDENTS ANNUAL -ADDRESS. (E. E. Laughlin, Rich Hill, Mo.) It is with a degree of self-applause we, the Missouri State Corn Growers’ Association, meet in third annual session; applause of victory, still not conquerors, on the field of battle for good corn. In these campaigns for good corn we find poorly bred samples, which means we must still agitate the doctrine ‘Missouri Corn,” “In- crease the Yield,” “Improve the Quality.” First prize white corn, State Corn Show, 1906. To stimulate these local corn shows, the Association this year gave prize ribbons. These shows have been very complimentary to our efforts. These ribbons have put men to thinking and will do much good in the future. As long as farmers are willing to show corn either for prize or honor, there is a chance for improvement. In fact, everyone should be proud of his corn, always ready and willing to show. Else, if we are ashamed, we should discard our present seed stock and adhere 48 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. to better methods of seed selection and breeding, following closely the propaganda instituted by the Missouri State Corn Growers’ Associa- tion. These local corn shows should be carried on each year, to keep in touch with improvement or deterioration in seed stock. Much good literature has been printed for the Association. The Missouri State Board of Agriculture has given us an audience of thou- sands. On every hand we see and hear the good. Mr. Geo. B. Ellis has been the champion for good corn many years, and has done more for good corn than any other man holding a like position, being tireless to make our Associations successful. Those who were on the institute force three years ago, judging the corn samples for the World's .Fair prizes, going over this same territory this year in every case note the great im- provement in samples shown. This movement for good corn is the most rational scheme for higher development in agricultural and live stock improvement ever in- augurated. It costs but three dollars to buy a bushel of good seed corn. When the crop is grown and we feed this well-bred corn to scrub stock, we soon become “sore” on the stock. Thus the round begins that starts good farming with small investment at first; and at last a betterment to the whole. Our leaders in agricultural education are pushing this one subject, corn, knowing well the effect in the future. The Missouri State Corn Growers’ Association score card was first formulated since our last meeting. This is a move in the right direc- tion, as it sets the rule by which we measure samples at corn shows, but more especially in seed selection. Every seed corn grower, particularly the members of this association, should commit to memory these rules. These rules are short and if learned along with the disqualification we . can soon select what constitutes a good seed ear and will be more chari- table toward it. Those who are the enemies of the score card are generally the casual readers. But as the types develop, the points of scoring can be changed. It is to be assured the score card is the blighting enemy to careless selection. Let every member, one and all, of the Missouri State Corn Growers’ Association heartily support this plain simple rule by which corn in all parts of the State can be judged. It is imperative that we outline types prevalent in Missouri. While we have much good corn in the State, still we have a multiplicity of varie- ties, and as this farm seed problem is new to many in our. State, let us say that our present cattle could not have been improved if we had bred promiscuously. Just think, only four beef types are found that are general improvers. While many have tried mixing to get all the good qualities, yet with no future good. We need seed corn types that are as well estab- CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 49 lished as these cattle, that will be as easily told by the average farmer. This can be done. Anyone who ever grew Reid’s Yellow Dent can al- most tell at a glance the field without the sight of the ear. St. Charles White has its characteristics just as these cattle. But all are not grow- ing these or other pure bred corns but a mixture undoubtedly with a view of improving, as some do in live stock breeding, but in each case failure is the final outcome. Many carry on this breeding under a false conception of the whole and in a few years change seed because of run out qualities. Our great plant breeders cross varieties to get sports. These sports in a majority of cases are very inferior and only one in thousands is equal or superior to the parent plant. We are getting to understand better the laws that have bettered live stock than of years back. It is this: Closer selection in varieties. The deterioration in seed corn is not in in-breeding so much as from faulty selection or out-crossing. At these corn shows corn has been on exhibition that was in the hands of one grower twenty or more years and is prized as pure, while in these ten ears two or three cobs were of a different color from the class. Indeed, these two red cobs in a sample where the others were white is a poor pedigree of twenty years’ standing’ The greatest pedi- gree is in the samples themselves, and uniformity almost to a fault is what all must breed. So if we in the State can have standards, we have gained much. This will benefit the farmer if by pestilence, storm or accident the seed is lost; he will know where to get seed acclimated, whereas if sending north or east several years are lost with getting up the yield or quality settled to his localitv. Many from other states have bought Missouri corn for seed, but as all Missouri corn is not the same, it is proper for us to get types that can give us a note of standing. Our new members should, in buying seed corn, buy some of the standards that are listed as Missouri corn. So if you wish to make sales of seed corn later, there will be but one standard to advertise—yourself. The classes already outlined embrace almost all the principles of good corn, and, as in all new corn, extrava- gance is often indulged in which you cannot afford. Since the organization of the Missouri State Corn Growers’ Asso- ciation, Farmer seed-corn men have become more popular. Ear-corn is taken in preference to shelled with an advance price. Last year one Missouri seed corn grower, from 16 acres, grew two hundred bushels seed ears and sold at two dollars per bushel; but had to return more than a hundred dollars “with regrets, out of seed.” There is room for many such in our State, and there is no more. lucrative business than rais- A-4 50 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ing good well bred seed corn. The Association is ever ready to assist such efforts. While the Association has made an effort to make each corn grower in the State feel he must better his seed for the next year and done much that can never be effaced from the annals of good agriculture, still we have problems that must be solved in the future in a scientific way. Some are storing and testing seed, exterminating of pests, soils and manures in the different phases. All these will come through the proper channel—the Experiment Station. Our station has taken up corn and I am assured more will be done in the future. Let us all grow well-bred seed corn, each becoming enthusiastic. Study corn from spring till spring. It will expand the mind, it is a clean upbuilding subject—one that we can learn from each year. When we consider we have no really up-to-date corn book in print, that the information has developed so rapidly that past editions have become obsolete, it behooves us all to be on the alert, going over the subject that we may be in the present, farming with the greatest grain crop, the greatest commercial crop Missouri has. The Missouri State Corn Growers’ Association is no experiment, and it stands first among associations for good, and we hope will con- tinue the speed from the impetus received the past three years. “Missouri Corn”’—“Increase the Yield”—“Improve the Quality.” SOME ESSENTIAL FACTORS IN: CORN “PRODUCTION: (Dr H. J. Waters, Dean Agricultura] College.) . The corn breeders here will discuss one very important and, up to this time, very much neglected factor in corn growing, and that RY ORT: OD WY ) Li cere Dy (mee FRO. 543 Se + <3 p Soe , OOD GROAN First prize yellow corn, State Corn Show, 1906. ~ CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 51 is the breeding of corn, and I shall therefore not touch upon that, but shall discuss very briefly what might be termed some of the factors in successful corn production, aside from the seed. Feed the Corn to Live Stock.—The most fundamental and most im- portant factor of all is to establish such a system of farming that you will feed every bushel of corn you produce, except what you sell for seed at high prices, to high class stock on your farm. With all the effort and intelligence that the Missouri farmer or corn breeder can put into his business, it will be impossible to produce high and profitable yields on land that is poor; and there is no other very profitable way, as a whole, to keep your land up than by feeding all of the corn and all of the other crops of that sort which you produce on the farm, and so arrange your feeding lots and sheds and racks that the plant food, the droppings from the animals, shall not be carried into the Gulf of Mexico by the first rains that come. It is too often the case that the farmer will not move his manger from one year to another; and you will find a spot there for about one hundred yards around that manger so rich that it will produce nothing, or weeds which are even worse than nothing, while other land in the neighborhood of the manger is starving for food. Then, too, he will put his feed rack on some rocky point that is not worth anything because it is too stony and dry and hot in summer; and in that way there is a prodigious waste of plant food on the farm out- side of the selling, even when a man is pursuing this policy of feeding. So this I need only mention as one very important factor in successful corn production—feeding the land continually and keeping up the fertility. Rotation of Crops—Then I would have a systematic rotation, and this is the first time I think I have ever advised that. I have always advised the contrary; and to the man who would follow the other prac- tice I would say it is undoubtedly better, provided one will put the neces- sary intelligence into it, but the danger is he will not follow any rotation at all. The Eastern farmer isa slave to rotation, as was his father and his grandfather. It is one of the greatest barriers to progress among the Pennsylvania farmers that they have that rotation on their hands which they cannot abandon. It is as much a part of their traditions as anything else in their whole lives. They will not adopt new methods of production or a new system of farming if it in any way interferes with that rotation. They are in a rut. But the Missouri farmer is sinning or erring in another direction—he has no rotation at all. It would be better, for a while at least, for him to get into the rut of this system of rotation. I would advise a rotation of which clover or cowpeas would be 52 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. used freely ; so freely indeed that every acre of tillable land would be in clover at least once in four years and in timothy as little as possible. That is another very essential factor in the production of corn—grow less timothy and more clover on your land and in your rotation. Commercial Fertiligers—It is very doubtful whether or not you can afford a commercial fertilizer on the rich black prairie soil of North- ern and Western Missouri. There are other soils, however, naturally thinner, but which produce a good deal of corn, and which, after corn is grown once in two or three years, are left considerably impoverished ; and on which, in the absence of a liberal application of barnyard manure, an application of commercial fertilizer might yield a good profit. This does not mean, necessarily, that the increased yield in the corn crop the . first year would pay the fertilizer bill and leave a profit; but that before ' the four or five-year rotation has ended the increased yield of corn, wheat, clover and grass might pay a very good profit on the amount invested in commercial fertilizers. As to just what sort of fertilizer to use, of course, it will depend much upon your soil and its previous treat- ment, but I believe a reasonable quantity of phosphorus in some cheap form, like finely ground rock and perhaps a small quantity of potash, will pay a profit, provided you will use plenty of clover or barnyard manure, or both, in order to furnish humus to the soil and to supply the nitrogen. Preparation of the Land—As regards fall and spring plowing, it has been found, as the result of experiments conducted here, and elsewhere, that there is little difference, and that this difference varies so much from season to season, that we may safely say the difference is not so large as the seasonal difference, and that it is more a matter of con- venience with the farmer than it is a matter of good or bad policy, pro- vided the land is not rolling enough so that there will be serious loss from washing. In that case, I would not plow in the fall. I should plow late, so as to prevent the soil from running together, and if the land is thin and shallow I would plow deeper in the fall than I would dare to plow in the spring. That is, by throwing up some of the unweathered soil in the fall to be acted upon during the winter you are really ac- complishing one of the main beneficial results of plowing. As to depth of plowing, that depends upon the soil. In the spring, as I have just in- dicated, somewhat shallower plowing should be done than in the fall. We started out a good many years ago with the idea that we should plow deep, and Horace Greeley wrote a book on agriculture, which he dedicated to the man who would invent a plow that would turn the soil to a depth of three feet and cover twenty acres a day. I do not think anyone has yet claimed the dedicatory honors of that book; and we have CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 53 found that this deep plowing, like subsoiling, makes a good theory and has many theoretical arguments in its favor, but has not been proven practical. Depth of Planting—The old theory was that in this country, where corn suffers from drought, it is a good idea to plant the corn deep so the roots will be where the moisture is when drought comes. We made some’ experiments along this line some years ago and found that no benefit whatever was secured by planting the grain deep, as far as the depth of the roots was concerned. They occupied the same area they would have anyhow, and we went to all the expense of putting our corn deep down into the soil and ran a very great risk that it would not come up on account of being put in a soil that is cold and wet, especially if cold, wet weather follows planting, only to get the roots in precisely the same soil area that they would have occupied if planted the normal depth. Thickness of Planting—This is an old question. Very much will depend on what you are going to do with your corn—more will depend on the soil you have and still more on the season—as to what thickness would give the largest returns. The thinner the land and the drier the season and the larger the corn, the thinner it ought to be planted. The smaller the corn, the richer the land, and the wetter the season, the thicker you should plant. Then the use to which this crop is to be put, i. e., whether to be husked or fed whole, cut up or hogged down, etc., will affect very materially the thickness to plant. There is no question but that one can get a larger number of bushels of corn per acre by planting somewhat thicker than is customary in the average season. By so doing, however, you so reduce the size of the ear, at the same time, of course, increasing the number of ears, that the small increase in yield will be more than offset by the increased labor and cost of husking - the same, provided that method of harvesting is to be followed. In such case thinner planting, so as to give good-sized ears, will be best. If one is going to feed it as fodder, ear and all, so as to put it in the silo—and we do a lot of unnecessary work in taking the ear from the stalk and putting it in the crib or pen somewhere and then later uniting stalk and ear again in almost the same proportion—the thick planting will give the larger return. That is, if you are going to feed it as fodder corn you can follow a somewhat thicker planting than you can afford to if you are going to husk it. The proper thickness must be determined by each individual farmer. The Effect of Suckers on Yield.—In this connection is the matter of suckers which a great many farmers inquire about. The development of suckers is intimately associated with the thickness or completeness 54 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. of the stand. It is also influenced more or less by the season. The corn plant, so far as we know, was originally a very much branched plant, sending up a number of stalks from one grain, much as wheat and oats yet do. By selection of the largest ear for seed, we have to a very great degree eliminated the branching tendency or the tendency to develop suckers. That is, we have selected the largest ear for seed, which means that we have taken the ear from the stalk that had not branched badly. Among the conditions favoring the development of suckers may be mentioned a very thin stand and a very favorable season for growth. The development of a large number of suckers indicates . that you have not a full stand for your land and for the season. Some very interesting experiments along that line have just been reported by the Nebraska Experiment Station, and I will give you figures here showing the influence of the thickness of planting upon the development of suckers. . As an average of several years of experiments— 100 plants, planted four stalks in the hill, developed 8 suckers. 100 plants, three stalks in the hill, produced 25 suckers. 100 pants, two stalks in the hill, developed 76 suckers. 100 plants, one stalk in the hill, produced 198 suckers. Thus as we progress toward a thinner stand the tendency of the plant to cover the ground completely by the development of those suck- ers was very manifest. The question arises what is best to do with those suckers when they are numerous enough to become a menace. For instance, during the time of a drought when the water supply of the soil is drawn upon heavily to develop a crop, these suckers are in the way there just as much as additional stalk would be; indeed, they oftentimes become that. What was originally a sucker becomes another stalk—a little later in coming on it is true—but another stalk with an entire root system. What shall be done with these suckers? Shall they be removed or be allowed to remain? The data and experiments on this point are very limited. Some experiments made at the Nebraska Experiment Station covering three seasons, too short a time for a safe conclusion, indicate that there was no benefit to be derived from the removal of suckers. That is to say, the injury done to the plant in the removing of the sucker was of more consequence than allowing the suckers to stay there. This will need further confirmation, and more experiments will need to be made before we can say that this will be true in the majority of seasons. I should say in passing that some varieties tend much more to produce suckers than do others. The sweet corn, as you all know, CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 55 has a very great tendency in that direction; flint corn has the same tendency, more or less; dent corn not so much because we have developed it in size by selection. There are varieties, however, of dent corn that tend much more to suckers than others, and I should discard varieties that tend in that direction. Corn Tillage —If we had some way to keep the weeds down one of the chief reasons for tilling would be removed. The functions of tillage for growing a crop like corn are two-fold: First, to keep down the weeds; and second, to conserve the moisture in the soil by preventing the evaporation of the moisture from the surface. A third function that was supposed to be performed by tillage was to stir the soil so the roots could penetrate and develop. If the land has been properly prepared before planting, that third use of tillage does not exist since the soil will be porous enough to permit of the fullest development of the roots. There is no necessity for tilling the land during the growing season to the depth that the roots will grow, and by so doing you are doing your corn, your team and yourself an injury. There is nothing better estab- lished in the growing of corn than the fact that root-pruning of corn is a very injurious process to the plant. There is no time in the life of the plant when the roots can be pruned to the benefit of the plant, and there is no time when you can prune those roots without seriously in- juring the plant. The drier the season and soil are and the larger the plants, the more injurious the pruning. Growing corn plants require an enormous amount of water, and at the time from tasseling on to maturity they are growing more rapidly than any other plant we know anything about. This means that it needs a greater root system and greater feeding area than it can possibly have if we are stirring that soil up with a cultivator where the roots are in such a way as to cut these roots and at the same time dry out the soil. There is nothing better established in corn growing than the fact that shallow and level tillage will, if you keep the weeds down, produce one season with another a larger yield than will deeptilling or ridged culture. The difficulties in the shallow tilling are two-fold: The difficulty of killing the weeds and still keep the ground level. Many times there is no practical way to kill the weeds except by covering them up, and in that case the land must be ridged. You need some piling of the dirt around the stalks or _ridging to a limited amount in order to keep the corn from falling down. You will get enough of that under an ordinary system of tillage without trying particularly to do it. In spite of anything you can do, you will have your land somewhat ridged. As I said before, nothing is 56 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. better established than the fact that shallow tillage and level ground will produce a larger yield than deep tilling. The main difficulty, how- ever, is that so far we have no entirely successful shallow tillage imple- ments. No one implement nor method nor system will answer for all sea- sons and circumstances. The safest rule to follow would be to till just as shallow and keep the land just as level as is possible, at the same time seeing that the corn is kept clean anda dust mulch is maintained on the surface to prevent the evaporation of the moisture. To accomplish this most profitably and cheaply will require at one time a very different implement from that required at another time or season. Sometimes the smoothing harrow or an implement like the Hallock weeder will suffice, at other times nothing short of the ordinary cultivator will do. DISCUSSION. Mr. ————: Which would you recommend, drilling or planting, so as to cultivate both ways? Dr. Waters: The experiments thus far made are conflicting on that point, but they indicate that aside from the questions of keeping the corn clean, etc., drilling is preferable. That is, you had better distribute your plants, one in a place, along the row, than to bunch them together. Mr. —————: In land that is inclined to be wet, isn’t it an ad- vantage to hill the corn, throwing up the dirt very high? Won't the ad- vantage that will be to the land in drying it out overcome the advant- ages in level cultivation? Dr. Waters: No, not at that season of the year. That is not a season of the year when we suffer from excessive rains. Mr. —————: I mean for the good of the land afterward. Dr. Waters: In only very flat lands, yes. Those are limited in Missouri. For very excessive flat lands, that would be the case. Mr. ————: It would put more life in the land, wouldn’t it? Dr. Waters: Yes, it would aerate the land better. If the land is rolling, it washes badly, and it would be a very serious mistake on that kind of land. The hilling of the land used to be done with the ordi- nary diamond plow. That has gone out of practice now. It was a bad thing for conserving the moisture. It did not go very deep. That old practice of throwing the soil up, whether the corn needed it or not, was, of course, a bad way to grow corn, and I don’t know but that we are fortunate that the diamond plow has gone out of use; but you take some of these other implements in use now, and they throw up as much dirt as the diamond plow, and pile it up unnecessarily. You will re- CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 57 member you have to put that dirt back. You have the labor of throw- ing it up and throwing it back. You are wasting your effort and your horse-power. : Mr. —————:: In a series of years, don’t you think we have more trouble with drought than with too much water? Dro.Waters:.. Yes: Mr. White: Would you recommend burning off the ground? Dr. Waters: No; I would use fire sparingly. : Mr. —————:: I would like to ask if any harm can result from turning under the sod in the winter time when very wet? I went over my field a few days ago where the men had not plowed. The sod was wet, and I figured that it would not be dry probably until June, so I turned it under and took my chances. Dr. Waters: That would depend largely upon the amount of - humus in your soil. Mr. —————: -I would like to ask as to the killing of cut-worms by fall powing? Dr. Waters: You undoubtedy turn them up and freeze them out. Mr. Wing: I was very much interested in that paper, especially the part which speaks of rotation. I believe you people here are old enough in the business that you will admit that the basic principle of ro- tation is a good crop of clover. I want to call your attention to our farm in Ohio, which we started about twenty years ago. We tiled and underdrained it first. Then, by growing clover and alfalfa on that land by rotation, we succeeded in growing 80 bushels of corn to the acre, and we did that two years in succession. The first year we got 66 bushels to the acre; then by rotating and putting on a slight spread of manure and sowing it back to corn again, we got 80 bushels to the acre. This was on clay soil. We have grown alfalfa on this field for five or six years. Think we could get four crops of alfalfa a year off that land. We have taken off an average of five tons to the acre during the past five years. I was interested in what Dr. Waters said about tile-draining. We have found that true. They did not seem to draw until we got a lot of manure worked through that land, and after that those tile drains worked first-rate. I just know when I break a field whether it will grow good crops or not. I can tell it the way the black- birds follow along after me when I drop the corn; and if they don’t fol- low me, I just scratch my head and say I have got to get more humus into that soil. Mr. Plackmeyer: I plow the ground thoroughly from 7 to 9 58 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. inches deep. We plant corn both ways and use the cultivator mostly. We generally plow four or five times and cultivate fairly deep. Mr. Scott: This is the first time I have attended one of these meetings. Of course, I am simply in the primer class. I am _ here to learn. I can tell you a little about how we do in our county. We list with two row listers and use five or six horses; and we cultivate the same way. The opinion of our farmers is divided in the matter of list- ing. Some think they can do better by listing, while others do not. After listing, we follow with the planter. That makes it so your rows are same width apart, and you can use a two-row cultivator to culti- vate it. We cultivate first with the disk-harrow and use four horses. We throw the dirt out, away from the corn. This makes a broad place where the sunshine can get in to the corn, and it kills the weeds. We have a small attachment to the disk that stirs up the ground and makes it loose, and we turn right around with that same tool and turn the rows back in. In some parts of Missouri, where the land is not rolling and hilly, you do not need the lister so much, but in our neighborhood we all use it. Mr. Sly: Mr. Scott and myself are from the same county. Now we list our corn. Some of you don’t know what a'lister is. It is simply a plow that throws the dirt both ways. In Mr. Scott’s part of the county they use a two-row lister, while we use single-row tools. We use the lister in our part of the county almost altogether. We list the ground for planting about four inches deep, throwing up the dirt and making a ridge about eight inches high; we plant the corn in that furrow about two inches deep, which you see will be under the level surface about six inches. We disk twice with the double-disk. We plant our rows about three and a half feet apart. Of course, if you cultivate it inore, it is still better. I use a two-horse cultivator; 1 do that before anything else, and then list it. A good many don’t do anything, but I do it to stir the ground up thoroughly; and then it is the cheapest way to raise corn. About the same plan of cultivation is used through- out our county, only some use two-row listers and some single-row listers. We use the cultivator first before anything else and follow with the harrow. Then cultivate it twice afterwards. This plan gets your corn down to a depth where there is no danger of it blowing down. By the time you have your corn laid by, we have ours down in the ground eight or more inches deep. Of course, that would not be practicable in some parts of the State. Mr. Weeks: I live south of the Missouri river. We follow about the same plan the others have mentioned. We try to do a good deal CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 59 of cultivation before we plant the corn, and a whole lot afterwards. The most important plowing is the first plowing, because if you leave a strip there not plowed good the first time you will never get the weeds thor- oughly cleaned out of that strip; that’s the reason I plant corn both ways; I never leave that ridge there. Ifa man is going to hire any corn plowed, he should hire it plowed the second time and plow it himself the first time. The second time, of course, you generally plow cross- ways from the first time. I use a steel harrow with slant teeth if the ground is dry. After a hard rain I plow it first—the harrow doesn’t do any good. I use a walking cultivator for this reason: I hire a good deal of my plowing done, and have never yet found the man who would get down from the cultivator when riding and remove the clods; some of them will not even use a stick. Several years ago, before I was rais- ing corn for myself, I was raising it for my father. One year I re- member the corn was away up here, pretty high, and it got dry and be- gan to burn. Father hired a man, and we had to hitch up the mules to the garden cultivator and go over that corn in that hot weather. I thought it was all foolishness. Thought I knew best. When we got to the end of a row, it was so hot we could hardly get our breath; but the corn that we plowed that way grew right along during the dry weather. But the corn that we did not plow that way all burned up. I be- lieve that is a good idea. Don’t stop—just keep right on cultivating. We cannot do just what we always want to do. There is a whole lot in cul- tivating corn; one of the things is to keep the weeds down; we cannot kill them if they get started; keep them down at the first. This matter of covering up weeds is slow work; they grow as fast as you can cover them up. Mr. Laughlin: I would like to hear from some one about detassel- ing corn. Mr. McFarland, do you consider it a success or a failure for a practical farmer? Mr. McFarland: I find it a very particular thing to do. You have got to go over it every day. If you neglect it a day or so some of it will be in bloom. Mr. Laughlin: I tried a row this year and found it an absolute failure. It killed the stalk, it seemed to me. I tried it for a couple of weeks without success. What about storing seed corn? We often find men storing their seed corn in barrels. Has anyone a good plan of storing seed corn? Mr. Plackmeyer: I have a way of putting it away where the rats will not get to it. I put itin a dry cellar, and have never failed to have a stand yet; it always keeps good and dry and always germinates well. 60 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Mr. Terrill: I have a room in the garret for my corn. I spread it across that room in rows about eight inches apart, and have ventila- tion from the window. Mr. Laughlin: I read the other day of a nice plan, where galvanized wire netting was used and put around the crib; that made it mouse proof and at the same time let the air through. Mr. Weeks: I do not think it makes much difference where you put your seed corn, just so you have it thoroughly dry. It makes no difference how cold it gets, if your corn is thoroughly dry when put away—yjust so you have a room with a current of air passing through it. Mr. Johnson: I have a small seed house where I store my seed corn for myself and that which I send out to those who want to buy. I have a door hung on hinges that I can open up when I want to and shut when I want it shut. I have a galvanized wire netting, such as Mr. Laughlin spoke of, to keep the rats and mice away. Dr. Waters: I would like to ask some of these corn breeders what their experience has been with kiln-dried seed corn? Prof. Miller: I have been in touch with a great many corn breeders recently and find that nine out of ten do not kiln-dry. They don’t seem to know exactly how to do it. You simply keep a stove in the room and keep the air warm. Up in Iowa, in the Agricultural College, I noticed they had an electric fan in the room; but, of course, that would not be practicable for the ordinary farmer. Mr. Hervy: I think you are getting right down to a practical proposition now when you speak of kiln-drying. You will find that all the leading seed corn breeders practice that method. If you have a fur- nace you can kiln-dry by the furnace, but if not, use a stove. If you havn’t a room, then use the kitchen. Get your corn thoroughly dried out before freezing season, and then keep it above freezing temperature. Mr. Leffler: Most of you are practical farmers. Now, if there is a way that we can dry this corn, just by ordinary means, by gathering it early and putting it in the barn, or something like that, we would rather get along without this kiln-drying. I have a frame for my seed corn that I hang up in the top of my barn, that is floored. It is sus- pended so that the rats cannot get to it. I have no trouble about the corn germinating. Mr. Weeks: I tested several samples last year of corn that I gathered early and placed in a large room in the barn, and took no precautions but to see that there was a good roof on the building, and that the windows were tight; and I kept a window open part of the time so as to have a current of air through the building, and every sample I CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 61 tested was 98 per cent or over. I took two or three grains from different parts of the ear. If corn is thoroughly dry before freezing sets in in the central part of Missouri, it is all right. It is impossible to keep it above freezing temperature in our section of the country. It got pretty cold there last winter, and went away below zero, but it did not hurt the seed corn. Mr. Boles: I have a plan of storing my seed corn that has proven successful. I gather a lot of it very early. I have a place up in the eaves of my buggy house where I put it, and it dries out thoroughly. Had left some there for two years, and I tried that, and at least 80 per cent of it came up. Mr. Crabtree: I have no objection whatever to my seed corn freezing after it is thoroughly dry. I make no attempt whatever to keep my seed corn above freezing temperature, and it always germinates well. HOW CAN THE PRACTICAL FARMER SECURE GOOD SEED CORN. (Mr. Geo. H. Sly, Rockport, Mo.) So much has already been said on corn, the manner of selecting seed, testing, cultivation, etc., that I hardly feel it worth while to at- tempt to discuss it at any great length. However, I desire to say a few words on “How the Practical Farmer Can Secure Good Seed Corn.” In the first place, we already know that in order to grow a good crop or to grow good stock, we have to have good seed or good stock to start from. In order to get good seed we have to make the best of what we have at hand, get it from a neighbor who may have better than we have, or purchase it from someone who is making a specialty of pure- bred seed. The one object we should have in view in growing corn is to grow the greatest number of bushels at the least expense, and in order to do this we must increase the yield per acre, and I consider the seed we use one of the great factors to be used in bringing about such results. What we want is a corn of high yielding quality and of good feed- ing value. and to get this we must use the best type of corn that we can get. I believe in a great many instances that farmers already have on their farms corn that will produce greatly increased yields if proper attention be given to the selection of seed. There are two very practical ways by which this can be done. One, by having a sced 62 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ~ plot in which each ear is planted in a row by itself; each alternate row being detasseled, so as to cross-fertilize, all barren and undesirable stalks to be cut out. The other way (and I believe more practical for the farmer) is tc select more closely about eight or ten of the very best ears and piait in a square in the field, on the east or southeast side, as it would be less liable to be pollenized from the rest of the field. The seed ought al- ways be tested before planting. There are different ways of doing this, but everyone should have some way of knowing that his corn will grow before planting time. The manner of planting and cultivation, which differs very materi- ally in different parts of the State, is familiar to everyone, so it is not necessary for me to give it here, only to say, give it the best you possi- bly can. There is not much danger of giving it too much care. About the time the corn begins to tassel it should be gone over and all barren and undesirable stalks should be cut out—not detasseled, but cut out. It is not good policy to let undesirable stalks absorb the nutrition that should go to develop better corn. It will be necessary to go over it several times to do good work. Don’t undertake too large a square, as it is liable to be neglected. After the corn is thoroughly matured it should be gathered, and all the best should be put in a good, airy, dry place, free from rats and mice, and either put in racks or not piled very deep, so as to admit of free circulation of air; and get it perfectly dry before freezing weather. The corn should be thoroughly matured before gathering. Except in case of very early corn, I do not believe in our part of the State it should be gathered before about November I. If, on the other hand, the farmer does not have the corn he would like to have, then he should go to his neighbor who has good corn, and get seed, or send to some good, reliable seed corn grower and get a small amount of some good variety that has stood the test, has been well bred, and invariably get it in the ear, so you can see what it is. I would let all so-called new varieties alone, as there are plenty of good, reliable varieties that have been carefully bred, of excellent feed- ing value, that can be had, and the farmer cannot afford to take the chance of getting something that will prove to be of no value. But, I believe a better plan, and the plan that farmers will adopt sooner or later (or should’ adopt, at least), will be to establish corn- breeding farms throughout the State. Let the farmers of a certain locality organize and have some one of their number, who will give corn his particular attention, grow seed for the whole community, the others agreeing to pay a price for the seed sufficient so he can afford CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 63 to get the best corn available. This, I believe, is the only sure way to keep corn pure. But I fear it will be a hard matter to get the farmers ; of any given locality to see the benefit of following such a plan, which, in the end, would be of great benefit to everyone. Let us hope that the farmers of this great commonwealth will profit by the mistakes of the past, work more zealously to bring her agricultural resources to their full capacity, and greater prosperity to all her people. CORN BREEDING METHODS. (Hon. J. D. Funk, Bloomington, III.) Gentlemen of Missouri: I was with you about two years ago, I think, at a meeting similar to this; and I want to say that since that time there has been a great improvement in Missouri’s State meeting. At that last meeting I attended a few men were gathered together and we discussed problems of great moment among ourselves, and we could _ talk in whispers and be heard by the entire audience. I can see that this influence for betterment has been exerted by your Agricultural School and by Mr. Ellis; and Missouri, for hundreds of years, cannot pay this institution and this gentleman too high a tribute. They have done a wonderful work. I am very glad to see it. I have attended many other state meetings of a like character to this, and have never seen more in- tense enthusiasm and interest than is shown here. To all the well-informed farmers it is quite unnecesary, J am sure, to go into details and explain to you the great strides that have been made by plant breeders of the United States and abroad, or to explain the great work that is being done by such men in America as Hays in Minnesota with his wheat, his variety of wheat, No. 65, I believe it is, that raises six bushels more to the acre by its great power of produc- tion than the average wheat in Minnesota; and the great Dr. Weber of the Department of Agriculture, in his breeding of an orange-hybrid, in which he is trying to establish a hardy variety of oranges that will extend the orange belt two or three hundred miles north of the present _orange belt. You have all heard of Burbank of California, the wizard of plant-breeding, who has done marvelous things along the line of flowers and fruits. He is making wonderful progress in the development of plants. You are all familiar with his work, I know. But let me im- press this fact upon you, that plant breeding in America will bring further and more diversified benefits, comforts and more prosperity to the Amer- 64 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. . ican people, and humanity in general, than steam or electricity has ever produced. We are only beginning to understand the vast possibilities of plant breeding. We are only dampening our feet in the great sea of knowledge. We know very little about it, and what we do know places us in somewhat the same position as were the mariners who sailed with Columbus, who, when they returned to Spain, knew that they had struck _ land; but that was about all they knew; they knew nothing of the con- tinent discovered. And the plant breeders of America have struck land. We know we can do something, and something useful, but where it is going to lead to, we don’t know. It is unknown as yet. I want to say to the American farmer that there is no question that they should get closer to than plant breeding. They should learn all they can about the principles of plant breeding, especially the breeding of cereals. And to the farmers of the Mississippi Valley, I will say that nothing stands them in hand so much as to get close to corn breeding. I heard it said here this morning that corn was the backbone of your finances; it fur- nishes 50 per cent of your annual income. By acquainting yourself with corn breeding, you make it possible to increase that income. When I speak of corn breeding, I do not refer to novel or odd developments of certain characteristics of the corn plant. Corn breeding with us means, as an ultimate result, utility. Utility resolves itself at once into the great question of yield. Corn is not sold over the dry goods counter—it does not have to be pretty; it does not have to ap- peal to the esthetic taste. We want quantity and quality. The breeder must take this into consideration first; 90 per cent of his selection de- pends upon yield. I say go per cent; that is simply approximate. But yield must be his greatest aim. Of course, he must note the position of the ear on the stalk, the standing ability of the corn plant and a few other points, but yield is the great question. There are two influences in all nature—two principles, life prin- ciples. One is the external life principle; that is, the environments surrounding a certain individual from infancy to maturity, from the em- bryo to maturity. The other principle is the inherent life principle. The corn grower should deal exclusively with the external life prin- ciple. He should leave the inherent life principle to the corn breeder. We cannot all be corn breeders. It would not be profitable for us all to be corn breeders, but we can all have a knowledge of it, and this knowledge will help each and every farmer in America in selecting his seed. But the corn breeder should deal only with the inherent life principle—by that I mean the influences exerted by the past generations on the next progeny or rather the coming generation. The first step of CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 65 the corn breeder is to establish the breeding block. Next he must make his selection of ears. Let us take, for instance, a man who has deter- mined to make his life-work corn breeding; he has mapped that out for himself; he has only one place to start, and that is at the beginning. He has to make his selection of mother ears. He selects them to the best of his knowledge; say he selects 100 of them. He next plants them in rows in his breeding block, of say, three to five acres in extent, each row representing a mother ear. He knows the rows and he knows the ears, and he sets them down in his record. Ear No. i is planted in Row No. I, and soon. He makes as complete a record of this mother ear as he can. There are a great many things he could say about her that are needless. What he is after is what that ear is going to do in the way of yield, not what it looks like so much, only as a reference when he is selecting the progeny from that ear. Well, he plants his roo ears, and during the season of growth he must take notes as to germination. He must know the germination. Let me impress this on you—(all the corn breeders here know it, but there may be some laymen among you)— that weakness and strength are just as inherent in corn as they are in live stock. Poor germination is inherent. Germination is not af- fected so much by its inheritance as it is by poor curing, or poor storage, but it is inherent, and he must take into account the germination that every mother row makes. He must take into account the growth of _ that mother ear, the growth of that whole row. He must take notes all during the growing season as to its vigor of growth, as to its amount of foliage, as to its standing ability, as to the placement of the ears; in short, all characteristics that he cannot get at the harvest time. He must have every mother ear on the same amount of ground; now that’s a hard thing to do. He must make his rows of equal length, and must ascertain at harvest time the amount of ground taken up by each mother ear. He must count his stalks and his hills and ears. He must weigh his entire row, and then he will find corn production per stalk and average weight of ear; they are two different things. He can com- pute from these the approximate yield per acre that each mother ear makes. That must be his basis for selection the first year, taking the other items into consideration that I have spoken of. From this row that proves to be the grand champion of the block, and from several other rows, say eight or ten, that are the highest yielders in the block (we may call them the eight or ten champion rows), rows that have made the tests and are qualified for champions, he must select his breed- ing ears for the next year. He plants these again in his breeding block. A= 66 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Now, when he has planted his first year’s breeding block, he should save about four rows of corn on the cob of each mother ear. I would suggest two rows from each side. The saving of this corn on the mother ear is very important, because the next year he must plant the remnants of the eight or ten champion ears in a small breeding plot; he mates them together. In this way he brings together the cham- pions and crosses them—and when I say he crosses them, I do not mean he breeds from one variety to another, but he, of course, keeps within the variety. Corn is an open fertilized plant; it thrives under that con- dition; under crossing, if you please. That’s the nature of it. Now, l don’t say that in-breeding is disastrous to corn—that is, confining the family—but I do say that in-breeding to the extent of self-fertilization is very disastrous in corn. By self-fertilization I mean the falling of the pollen from the same stalk on to the silk produced by that stock. I think under that sort of fertilization your corn soon retrogrades. Now, in crossing, these ten mother ears that you have identified as champions in production and other qualities, make five pairs, mating two individuals together, and use one of the two ears that you mate the next year as a sire; use the other asadam. ‘To use it as a dam you have to detassel it. -Let me illustrate this a little. Say ears No. 1 and 50 prove to be the best champions in your breeding block;.they have been high in standing ability, and placement of ear has been right, and foli- age right, and yield the most. Plant ear No. I as your sire in the odd rows; leave the tassels on it. Plant ear No. 50 in the even rows and detassel it. Then, using ear No. 50 as your dam and ear No. I as your sire, save all your breeding corn of these two champions from your de- tasseled corn from your even rows. They will not be self-fertilized. You have eliminated the liability of that disastrous effect of self-fertili- zation. You can be sure on that point at least—that all of your corn has been fertilized from an ear that we know has proven to be a champion, both as to yield and all these other qualifications. Then take your breeding ears from your even rows and confine the family. Breed it in a block by itself. Now, after you select eight or ten mother ears and cross them in this way, you will select breeding ears from four good mother ears of two years before. Do you see what I mean? You will cut your selection down to only one-half of the number of champion ears that you had in 1904. In 1904 you proved these ten mother ears; in 1905 you mated these ten mother ears that were champions; and in 1905, when it came to selection time, you cut that number in two and only saved five of them, the five used as dams, and in a small field— say 20 acres—make five different plots, and plant your four ears that CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 67 were used as dams. This is in 1906. Plant your five ears that were used as dams in 1905, and propagate for more seed. From ear No. 50 of 1904, referred to before, plant as large plots as you have good breeding ears out of the small plot of 1905. Now you are crossing here. Guard against self-fertilization. In-breeding to the extent of second cousins is not disastrous; this has been demontrated. But detasseling your even rows in these blocks, or if you have not time to detassel all the even rows in that 20 acres, detassel some in each plot, enough so that you can select seed for your general fields. -Here again you must keep track of the amount you plant from one strain of corn. This is now a strain of corn, bred from ear No. 50. It has been bred for three years. Save seed from that, if it proves to be the best yielder in the block. Select it from detasseled rows. Go through it the last of September or the first of October and select considerable of the seed from the stand- ing stalks and hang it up in the top of the seedhouse, where it will get good ventilation and dry out eatly; and it will be all right there if the weather does not get to 28 or 30 degrees below zero. It may absorb some moisture previous to the cold, and if so, it will have damaged kernels. Here again apply the old test; the second time we must prove our dam; we must prove that she is champion in all respects. Then again, if you can get enough seed in one strain to plant all the rest of your farm, so much the better. If not, then select from two or even four of your plots. Now in your small breeding block in 1905, in mating these ears, you have to identify the power of production in these strains; then you have to control the influerice exerted on the progeny ; you have to control the influence in both parents, in both the sire and dam. In 1905 the sire has proved himself to be a champion ear; but there are individual differences in these odd rows, and they may vary greatly. There is nothing in nature that varies like corn, and if it were not for that variation, corn breeding would be impossible, because it is on account of that variation that we have the great opportunity for selection. These individual plants used as sires vary up and down, and we take the ones that vary up if we can. By up I mean they produce better characteristics. There will be variations in these even rows, and you cannot tell whether this ear produced on an odd row of corn that looks to you to be the best of the block—you cannot tell whether she has been fertilized from a poor individual or a good one; you don’t know whether the influence is for good or bad; so you must resort to the most technical practice in corn breeding. This is the real work of the corn breeder. He must control the influence of the sire and the dam and he must be able to identify that influence. Now, he must hand- 68 MiSSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. pollinate ears in these odd rows from individual stalks in the even rows. To perform this task you cap the ear before the silks appear and also cap the tassel before the pollen commences to fly; and you take the pollen from the capped tassel and apply it to the silk of the capped ear. Call the capped tassel plant No. 1 and call the capped ear plant No. 2. Now you know that the sire of ear No. 2 is plant No. 1. You know exactly what kind of an ear this plant produces; you know what it has done; you know the influence that is going to be exerted on the progeny. You can count on what these kernels will bring forth. You cannot perform this fertilization as well as nature can, but you can tell what will be the general conformation of ear, whether she. will be a good one or not. You will have to use dis- crimination in this, but it is very seldom that you will do the work as well as Nature. You will have to make different pollinizations three or four times, say two days apart, about the last of July or the first of August, usually the first of August; most all the pollen flies at that period. There are million of grains of pollen produced on a little bit of tassel, and this is so fine that you can hardly see it. You must fertilize a good many of these ears from even rows onto odd rows. You cannot tell what will be a good sire or dam; you must make a good many crosses and you will hit it in some of them, and when you do, you have an ear of corn worth any other 500 bushels on your farm. When you. find an ear that has been fertilized by a plant that has a breeding ear on it, and that ear is a breeding ear in itself and they both came from champion rows, proven to be champions in yield and other qualifications, you have an invaluable ear if you intend to farm any longer than that year or long enough to get enough corn from that ear to plant your farm. DISCUSSION. Mr. Wing: How far out should the silks be? Mr. Funk: You should get to them just as soon as you can after they appear. Mr. Wing: Do you think heredity has anything to do with kernel selection? Mr. Funk: No, I don’t. Every one of these kernels inherits a likeness of the dam. You must take the ear as a unit. The sires may have been good, but their influence upon the dam is imparted to everyone equally, and in this kernel selection you are going to have to know the sire to make an ‘intelligent selection. CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 69. Mr. Wing: Don’t you think the influence of the sire would be manifest the first year to some extent in the growth of that kernel? - Mr. Funk: Oh, yes, certainly. Dr. Waters: How do you tell when you have made that crossing a success? How do you know when you have got a good thing? Mr. Funk: The only way we know is by breeding it down. We know we have the influence of the sire here because this ear was ferti- lized from a plant that produced a big ear. Now, when you are trying to improve the ear, what do you do in the corn field? You simply in- crease the average size of ear. You raise the production of corn per stalk. That is the only way you can increase your yield—that is, by plant breeding. Dr. Waters: You take all these ears you have proved to be champions and grow them in plots next year? Mr. Funk: Not all of them. We eliminate a part to start with; g5 per cent of our work is lost; but that is the only way we can get the influence of a good sire on to a good dam. Dr. Waters: Let me ask you further—in your selection and in your breeding work, how much importance do you attach to the conformation of the ear itself? Mr. Funk: I am sorry you asked that question. The score card is an excellent thing, and it is going to serve a great purpose, and has served a great purpose already, but I don’t pay one bit of attention to the score card when I select my breeding ears. It is what the ear has done that I am after. It is the inherent value and not the apparent value. Now don’t misunderstand me. You must have capacity ears. By capacity I mean store house room on the cob for the corn. You must have that; but I don’t pay any attention to the rest of the score card. But as a commercial breeder of corn I have to for this reason: That if I send you seed corn and the rows are all twisted and look as if the kernels had been put on with a shot gun, you say “what are you sending me?’ It is not so much what you ought to have as what you want; so I have to pay some attention to it myself. Now I have got a strain No. 99, bred from the Reid corn, a very smooth corn like the old- fashioned Reid corn. Now, we are not trying to breed a smooth corn because it does not give you the capacity that a rough corn does. JI mean a surplus seed coat. When you have a smooth corn your seed coat is filled up; you have no surplus of seed coat. Now, your corn fills this kernel up full, and when your season of drying comes on, it is maintained to some extent; it becomes rough. You havea surplus of seed coat. I always try to select a seed coat with roughness on it. 7O MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Dr. Waters: Do you find in your breeding that the tendency to- wards flintiness is associated with a tendency towards shallowness of grain, and that the tendency towards roughness is liable to be associated with deepness of grain? Mr. Funk: Yes, with some exceptions. But as a general thing, that holds true—that in smooth corn there is a shallow kernel, while in rough corn there is a longer kernel; but there are exceptions to that. Mr. Weeks: After you get a strain started, and get enough seed to plant the whole farm, you have got to plant that with a planter, and if you don’t have good ears of that strain you will not get uniform re- sults. / Mr. Funk: That’s a great point. One of the greatest points of utility. One of the greatest points with a strain would be its uniformity, not only of the ears, but of the kernels. Just as long as we have to plant corn mechanically by a planter, we have to have corn that will drop kernels as much alike in size and shape as we can get them; that is, for uniformity. Mr. ————: Do you recommend the grading machine? _ ‘Mr. Funk: Yes, I do. Mr. Weeks: Doesn’t the season have something to do with the size of the cob? Mr. Funk: I rather doubt it. It may have something to do with the length of your kernel—soil and season both; but as to the size of your cob, it may have, I don’t know. Mr. Weeks: I find that the seed corn taken from high land and that taken from bottom land—the same strain invariably has a larger cob on the bottom land than on the high land. Mr. Funk: Is that so? I didn’t know that. Mr. Crabtree: Do you find it to be a fact that in producing an ex- cessively large cob that so much longer season is required to do that? Mr. Funk: If it is the nature of your corn to have a large cob, that corn will be of a later maturity. I would like to grow a corn that will take all my season and no more to mature thoroughly—just take all that season and get ripe; and then I want as big an ear as | can grow, as much kernel as I can grow. Dr. Waters: How much stress in your breeding do you lay upon proportion of grain on the cob? Do you insist on the ears having a very high percentage of grain? I mean, suppose you have an ear of corn that you think will make a mother ear? Say it was a big ear, but did not have quite as high a percentage of corn to the cob as you would like, but had other things in its favor. Would you discard that for an ear CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 71 that had a high percentage of corn to cob, but did not have so many other points in its favor? Mr. Funk: No, I would not. I would have a line, of course, but would not consider those that had the other points over-balanced. Mr. —————: You have been breeding corn for quantity; now have you been breeding it for quality? Mr. Funk: Yes, we have fertilized everyone of our mother ears both for oil and for protein. Now I am not talking about mating ot mother ears. We have what we call a protein block and an oil block of certain varieties of corn, and in one of them we strive for oil properties and in the other for protein properties. Whether it will be practical or not, we do not know. Of course, we feed all of our cattle upon corn we think best adapted for feeding value. The normal percentage of oil in corn, I believe, is about 4 1-4, and of protein 10 1-4. We have strains that average in the plot—taking a five or ten-acre plot and mak- ing a selection of five or eight hundred ears out of the block—13.1 pro- tein and 5.56 oil. Now the German balanced ration has about 13 1-2 per cent protein; but I do not think that is the balanced ration in corn, because I know if we feed such corn to hogs they will not grow with that thrift that they should have. They will fatten, but not with the thrift they should have. Now, whether crude oil is more fattening than carbo-hydrates, I don’t know. About 80 per cent is carbo-hydrates. Whether the crude oil has a tendency to overcome so much of the protein, I don’t know. I hope to produce a corn sometime that three bushels of it will go as far towards fattening and finishing cattle as four bushels of the common corn does now. I think it can be done. Mr. Crabtree: Do you think it wise to produce a balanced ration in corn rather than to feed the corn for its oil and balance that ration with protein? Mr. Funk: I think high oil is better than high protein. There is nothing that will feed like corn oil unless it is more corn oil. THE GERMINATION TEST. (C. O. Raine, Canton, Mo.) Having made a proper selection of seed, a crate is made of some light material, so as to be easily handled, and should be about 20 inches square, with an inch frame around the side. Cover this with a heavy piece of paper, over which place a white cloth, marked into 100 sections or squares, and dampen well before using. These sections will 72 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. be sufficiently large to hold 6 or 8 grains each. The work of placing the corn in the crate is begun with ear No. 1, by catching the ear with one hand, and with the knife (always use the back of the knife) re- move two grains each from the butt, middle and tip and place in sec- tion No. 1. This operation is repeated until crate one is filled. Now cover this with a piece of muslin and dampen well to hold seed in po- sition; this should be covered with a heavier cloth, such as will retain moisture, and over this place a heavy piece of paper, or such material as will retain heat and moisture. During germination the crate should be kept in a room of even temperature, or as nearly so as practicable. It would be well to dampen the crate each day, as the moisture evapor- ates rapidly, and when not given due attention the results due from neglect at this time will be quite disappointing. From 8 to Io days will be necessary to test each crate. In some instances the center or sides are the last to show signs of life; this will depend largely on the amount of heat given the center or the lack of moisture at the sides. The judging of the test is one of interest and requires that we examine closely each grain, as it will be found that the butts, the mid- dle or tips of some ears will test well, while the rest of the ear will be unfit for use. This defect can hardly be detected before putting to the test, as from all outward appearances the grain is sound, and this, no doubt, in many instances is the cause of a poor stand of corn. Again, it will be found that some ears are slow to germinate and are weak and appear to be as much inclined to grow down as up, and what is meant by this? ‘That after the seed has started a day or two the vi- tality of the plant is arrested, and it seems to be battling with nature for existence. All such seed should be discarded, as in most cases, unless under very favorable climatic conditions at the time of planting, the plant would make a slow growth and produce a light crop of very inferior quality. In discusing this subject, some of the results per- haps would be admissible. From a test of 1,400 ears it was found that a fraction of over one- half of one per cent was unfit to be used in planting. This was of the Leaming variety of late planting, but well matured. It made a vigor- ous growth from the start and maintained itself in good order through- out the season. From a test of 900 ears of the Reid’s variety fully 50 per cent was thrown out of one lot, and from the lot retained for planting a very poor stand was secured, not sufficient to replant, mak- ing it necesary to plant again, causing a delay of from 6 to Io days. From a third lot in which a test of less than 2 per cent was thrown out of the last named variety and planted the same time as test No. 2, a uniform stand was secured and produced about 50 bushels per acre of CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 73 good, marketable corn, while that of lot No. 2 gave only about 30 bushels of a very inferior quality. It must not be inferred that because the seed germinates that it will do to plant, as it often occurs that the root germ will make a vigorous growth, while the stalk germ will be weak and often will cease to grow after the first two or three days. It would be well to plant only those ears that make a vigorous growth from the start, as when the seed is placed in the earth nature will not nourish it so gently as when under cover in a room of even temperature. GROWING CORN IN THE OZARKS. (Mr. E. O. Weeks, Eldon, Missouri.) I have lived on a farm all my life, and I have raised a crop of corn every year but 1901; I made a mistake that year; I had in ten acres of corn and hired a couple of men to take care of it; and the first night they went home they took every ear in the field. If I had har- vested it myself, would have saved the crop, but as it was, I lost it. ,Up until the winter of 1903 I had thought all there was to growing corn was to plow and plant and plow, but that year, in January, 1903, I went to an Agricultural College to take a short course in live stock judging, as I was becoming interested in the breeding of pure-bred stock. Well, after I had been there for a day or two, I kind of lost out on the stock judging and became interested in the corn judging business. I got interested in the most interesting subject there; the more a man studied it the more he wants to learn of it. After I had been home for a few days I was very much surprised to get notice from the College that I had won first prize for the best corn judging. Until that time I had never seen a good ear of corn; had never seen an ear of pure-bred corn. The next spring I purchased some pure-bred seed, and the three years since that time I know I have increased my yield 30 per cent with the same land, same cultivation and same strain of corn; possibly I gave it a little better cultivation, as I was more in- terested ; I think we all do that; the more we know about a subject the more pains we will take in it. In estimating the crop, I am positive I have averaged 30 per cent more corn during the last three years than any preceding three years I have been growing corn. Up until 1903, I never raised over 40 bushels to the acre. Now, I wish to say here, that I do not farm river bottom land. But the last three crops I have raised I have measured parts of the field, weighed the corn, and esti- mated the whole field carefully, and I am satisfied that I have made an 74 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. average of 60 bushels to the acre for the entire three years. I haul all of my manure on to the land I intend to plow for corn; then I put in the corn, and follow the corn with oats, and as soon as I thresh the oats I start to plow for wheat; and after the wheat I put in clover and timothy; and I am satisfied that it is a practical plan, and that all my crops are getting better. Last year I had ten acres in corn, and it made over 60 bushels to the acre. This year I threshed even 250 sacks of oats from the same ten acres. It is now in wheat and looks very fa- vorable. I have used commercial fertilizers on wheat alone—never on corn or oats; have used it on wheat alone for five years, and I know that in that five years I have saved enough grass seed—that is, I have had a stand of grass, clover and timothy, every year for the last five years; and before that time I lost enough grass seed during the same number_of years to pay for all the fertilizers I have ever used, and I have made an average of 25 bushels of wheat for every acre grown since using fertilizers. I always try to plant my corn as soon as the ground gets right and the weather gets right. This year I knew the ground was right and thought the weather was right, but I was mistaken. I never planted corn any nicer than I did that. I fall-plowed the sod, worked it up loose, disked it, harrowed it, and planted the corn in good shape; well, for three weeks it stayed in just the condition I planted it; but after a while it began to come up and got a very fair start. I thought then that I was all right. But one day I went out and thought that there was something working on that corn, but did not think much about it then. I went out the next day and knew there was something working on that corn. I had 45 acres of it, and before I got over that 45 acres I was getting excited. I soon saw that worms were working on that corn; I sent some of them to Professor Miller and he turned them over to Professor Stedman and he wrote me he did not think there was much cause for anxiety. The next day I started after the worms; started after them hard; and in a few days after I got his letter the worms were all gone. So you see what that letter did. However, I think there is a little moral to that. I have made it a rule in growing corn never to wait until the condi- tions get just right; if you do, something is going to happen. There is an old man down in our county who says the conditions are never just right except when he is gone to dinner—too wet in the forenoon and too dry in the afternoon. The best thing to do is to do the best you can and get everything as near right as you can. Why, here is the ground, the soil and the weather and a whole outfit of signs; and then the moon and the sun, and, of course, the farmer, to get ready; and if CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 75 they all get ready at the same time, things are quite likely to result the wrong way. This last spring I planted 50 rows from individual ears and made a record of the ears; I got quite a lot of figures and became very much interested. I picked out the best fifty ears that I had—those I thought were the best. I find we must not rank our seed too high; they will not all be perfect. Next year I will breed ears from the rows that produced the most corn this year. And if those ears again next year produce the champion rows, then I will begin to think I am getting started in a good line of breeding and that I am going in the right direction. I have kept a record. Ears No. 7 or 8 had 22 rows. I thought that every ear in that row would have 22 rows; but they had the same number of rows that the general crop had—from 18 to 24; and I began to study that a little more; saw it was not possible unless the whole patch had been planted for several years with ears of 22 rows; because it is impossible not to get a cross fertilization in there from ears that had more than 22 rows; and even if that was the case, it would probably breed back and get some ears with a different number of rows. : I made a mistake last year, cutting my corn too soon. Had been used to cutting my corn by hand. I always began just as soon as I could and put up half shocks; had to do this or it would get too dry; but this year I used a corn harvester with four mules. If you are not careful you will get up too large shocks in a bundle. We had very wet weather and the corn damaged considerable. I think it is a great mistake to start to cut too soon; I am satisfied I would have been many dollars ahead if I had waited until later to cut my corn. DISCUSSION. Mr. Henderson: Has any one present tried a four years’ rotation of corn, wheat, clover and timothy. We do not find it a very profitable one in this section of the State; the objection being that we have to plant our wheat after corn, and cannot always get the ground in proper condition after cutting our corn. I would also like to ask what kind of fertilizer has been found best suited for this section when putting in wheat ? . Mr. Smith: I will tell you some of my experience. In 1900, the dry year, was my first experience in raising wheat on corn land. I went in with my disk harrow in the spring and disked the ground, giving it a double disking; and on the 14th of September I sowed 40 acres of wheat. When I harvested that 40 acres I got 28 bushels to the acre on land which it was said would not grow wheat; then I planted that 40 acres 76 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. to wheat again. The best wheat crops I have gotten have been on corn land. This year I have 385 acres of wheat growing and half of it is on corn land, and is looking fine. Mr. Boles: I want to emphasize one point which Mr. Weeks made in his talk. He said that after he came back from school he felt as if he took more interest in the cultivation of corn than he did before he went. Now, the point is this: the more knowledge we have of a thing the more interest we take in it, and that’s the secret of the whole busi- ness, to take an interest. If we learn what corn is good and what is not, then we will not plant the scrub corn. And this will hold good in everything. I will say to these students, the more you know about a thing the more useful it will be to you. Mr. Laughlin: How do you cut your corn? Mr. Weeks: I set the binder to tie as small as possible, stochad one dozen stalks to the bundle. Mr. Laughlin: How many stalks do you put in a bundle? Mr. Weeks: That depends on condition of corn at time of cutting; if it is green, cut smaller bundles than if dry. Mr. Laughlin: How do you shock your corn with these binders? Mr. Weeks: I used the binder this year for the first time, I shred- ded the fodder. Taking everything into consideration, you can get the fodder ready to shred much cheaper. This is not an expensive way to cut corn. Mr. Laughlin: I have a jack twelve feet long with the legs bolted on; an open place is left in the center, and you can put in about 20 bundles. You will have to tie the bundles or they will fall down-when you pull that jack out. Mr. ————-: I would like to ask if you can cut ten or twelve acres a day with one binder? Mr. Weeks: I have never tried it a whole day at a time; but I have cut about eight acres in three-fourths of a day, using four mules. Mr. —————: I have had some experience with a corn binder for cutting fodder. A great many men object to the expensiveness of this manner of cutting corn; and I thought at first when I began using the binder that it was as expensive as the old-fashioned way of cutting with the corn knife; but this year it was too muddy to cut corn on my farm with a binder ; and I was driven to the necessity of employing men and cutting it by hand; it cost me about $35 to cut my corn this year by hand and set it up, and I know that it was poorly done. It should not have cost me over seven or eight dollars (barring cost of team and binder) to have harvested that corn with the binder. CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 77 Mr. —————:: I have found in the past seven years of my ex- perience that corn can easily be cared for either by holding it a week or haying it placed in shocks; it will keep. I have rotated for the most part with four-year rotations, following corn stubble with wheat. I only use corn on the same land one year at a time; and owing to the fact that in past years it has been very difficult to get help to cut my corn by hand, I have bought a binder; was very much dissatisfied with the work at first, but after becoming acquainted with it and understanding better how to handle it and regulate the size of bundles, and taking into consideration the fact that I cut my corn in such a way that the stubble is mostly out of the way in preparing the land for wheat, I concluded it was the cheapest way in which I could remove the corn for the purpose of sowing wheat. It is true that some ears are knocked off once in awhile, but they are gathered and fed at once. Mr. —————: How many bushels to the acre do you knock off? Mr. —————:: If corn is taken too green, a great deal is knocked off, but if it is just right, it would probably knock off from three to four bushels. That was my experience. I have been following this four-year rotation ever since 1881; the first time I knew of it in the spring I put in a crop of oats. After that time I did not attempt to sow oats after corn stubble, except in a very limited way. I follow my corn stubble with wheat and sow timothy and clover in the spring. I never have used any fertilizers. Have had crops of wheat all the way from practically nothing up to 40 odd bushels to the acre. I find that much depends on the character of the preparation of the soil. I never plow my corn stubble. I always disk it thoroughly, and after I am through (unlike a great many of the farmers) I always harrow; and I have experimented along that line and think I see an advantage in harrowing after the drill. Mr. Sly: Some farmers think it cheaper to cut by hand than with harvester. I think the corn harvester is away ahead. It is not always the expense you must consider. It is the condition you get it done in. With the harvester you can cut it in a few days, when by hand it will take so long you can not get it done in as good condition.. The plan Mr. Laughlin spoke of could not be used in our part of the State because, unless you put up very large shocks, the snow blows in that open space in the winter. 78 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF CORN IMPROVEMENT. (P. E. Orabtree, Hannon, Mo ) It would seem, from what we he heard this afternoon and the interest taken in the discussions that followed various talks on this corn question, that there would be nothing left to say at this time. However, in assigning this subject at this time, it appears (at least the managen.ent thought) there would be something to be said particulariy along the line of the practical side of corn improvement that has re- mained unsaid. After listening to the subject as- handled, I feel that it is next to impossible for me to handle this subject without overlapping or encroaching somewhat on the subjects of speakers who have gone before me. However, I shall endeavor to carry out this part of ‘he prograin. Mr. Ellis has told you that the addition of two grains to the ear of the corn production of Missouri at the present time would amount in increased yield to a valuation of $200,000. I will say that that will be most easily reached—that we can entirely surpass that point, and I will call your attention to one thing (it applies to the majority of the corn that we produce at the present time) that will save many times two grains per ear: That one thing being simply the matter of having more solid, firmly set corn on the ear. Where is the farmer who can handle his corn without wasting—dropping or shelling off—an average of more than two grains per ear? That is noticeable in some of the varieties in particular that we handle. I will say that in institute work, in which I have assisted to some extent this fall, I have noticed some ’ varieties that shell very easily that have been on exhibition. One of them which I recall now is the Cartner corn; a very pretty tapering corn, but very loose on the ear and has to be handled very carefully in order to make a creditable show on exhibition. If we can add to the value of the corn crop of Missouri so much money in excess of the $200,000 per year in that one way, what must we be able to add to it in the various ways that are outlined and that will in future be out- lined in the matter of practical corn production? The farmer is interested very largely in the matter of the aniount of shelled corn that he is able to produce per acre. It might suggest itself to one person that a large grain would be a very good thing per- haps; to another, that a large ear was a good thing; to still another (who hasn’t given the matter much thought), that a particularly large stalk was a desirable trait of character in this plant. Those things» CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 79 the most of them, have been given due thought, I believe, by the various corn associations throughout the corn belt, and they have come to an opinion in regard to those various requirements of the corn plant. How closely those opinions agree is one of the important things that we might wish to learn. I believe it will be interesting for me to read to you from this chart which I have prepared outlining differences in the score card for corn, gotten out by the Agricultural Experiment Stations for the states of Ohio, Nebraska and our own State, compared one with the other. UNIFORMITY. (Oisi0y (a8 ancnsonoaaclocbororeds La MISSOURI© S52 ance sees eae 10' > .Nebraskkaicch™. 2. sees se trates 5 SHAPE AND SIZE OF KERNEL. WIG Wrens ssinis eect cslasacice neaees TSs MISSOUTU cart -cetceene cases TO; Ne brash direc cca) sicisc iste sieia ctae 5 MATURITY AND SEED CONDITION. ORTOY Bee erie ions Seleisecte asta Loe MISSOURI cwy-cicies” steee cet eed Oke INC UPASI AL ret oncctyecmarcisb smiley 5 (Notice how regularly it is making an entire diversity of 300 per cent.) SPACE BETWEEN ROWS AND BETWEEN KERNELS IN THE ROW. CIO eatieeriene ciccce ects clacteiiahs 1OZIMAISSOUTH +3235 feces oie ele ees SreNGDEAS Kass ccre sseickw crt eens oe tells D COLOR GRAIN AND COB. OUI Mesos cers ceierciccerciec'eis sis lO MISSOUT oc eetaecicc teste: ol oe LO GTIN CDE ASKS arate ten siemisicmee actos 10 {|(The only thing the three agree on. ) UNIFORMITY OF KERNEL. ONO saseewicitsisiesysicicy csisle cas sews SY MUSSOUELM mse tirtsloi lolersrac geet: INGDTASKAS nos ncee-leseastanse lect 5 LENGTH OF EAR. OMT ONeraran seyoeielee «\s siaricvanecia LOS Missouri: cccmeetinnadcnaias caren ee INebraskiaerecccse ve bl fare ierevae lO: CIRCUMFERENCE. QOHIOr RS cee ees ene oo nase ewes SAMISSOUPD 3.0205. ceoe sce esses. INCDPASK a. iice a. ccsstessieres ails D BUTTS OHILO se cacsic sae see clarence es Sp Missouricc..--.--- ones ect 1G) Nebraskae.scrr.cneciavecmaseecia: 5 TIPS ONTO actrees aiera ee oe taeacs 5s MissOuriasstisctee cies cic eae Sr NG braSK ae, < cers seseiee’ often sects 10 PER CENT OF GRAIN. OWlOmemeseenee ta csa Cae cestee ecole MISSOUT mes cstiigs Selene tacos 15 INGURASK Ars \eoce ns scsitemece adore 20 (Total difference in extremes of 400 per cent.) Now the thing that comes up before the class of people we have present at this time is this: We need to make an exhibit ear of corn to command all those states. Almost all of the judges who have had considerable experience in the different states all agree upon the in- dividual ear or individual exhibit as being the best one. Then, if that is true, and this is the measure, the basis of our consideration, for those spe- cific requirements, are we not up to that point where we could well afford to devote some time, even considerable time, to the matter of allotting a number of points to those different requirements that would be a little more nearly uniform with each other; otherwise I think they are somewhat misleading. I think work in that line should be carried on by the practical farmer—the man who raises corn for sale by the bushel. I think, to, that a little more detailed work on that line in the experi- menting on the requirements of the score card would be a good line of work to follow out. “Now,” one might say, “wherein do those 80 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. differences exist?” I will say further I believe there are good reasons in some instances for differences existing, and those are differences in location, soil and climate. I think with those differences we can well afford to have a difference in the requirements of the score card; but while all that is true, I think we should adopt some recognized type of corn and let each of the other types fall in the class in which they be- long. I not only believe that to be true as a breeder of corn and as an exhibitor of corn, but I believe it to be true from what I have seen in the holding of these county shows in connection with institute work. It is hard for me to convince a man who lives in the river bottoms and raises that type of corn and says he can raise a larger crop of that corn than by adopting the present corn standard. They will not believe me. They will back up their disbelief by doubting whether there is very much in recognized effort in the line of corn production and still further by remaining away from the corn show. I find the majority of them on upland soil find it more practicable to produce a medium type of corn, not especially large, but a medium-sized ear of corn with good shelling proportions, about 84 to 8 per cent, and would object very seriously to coming down to what I would prefer to call the northern type of corn, which has splendid shelling proportions, has a very small cob, and they tell me, in a majority of localities, is a splendid producer. I firmly believe that producing capacity is the first, and marketable condition the second consideration. And it is to those people we must look for the production of wealth in the way of raising corn in our corn belt. How can we convince these farmers in the river bottom? (Can we make some arrangement through which they will raise the type best suited to their section and not have to compete against the type of corn that is more profitably produced on the upland corn ground of the State? Now, in all the various breeds of corn, and varieties of corn, we should recognize in each and every one a difference in the manner in which it should be produced, and that each person on his. farm select the kind of corn and produce it, in size of ear, type of grain, and all those things that go to make up an ear of corn; let him have his pleasure in regard to that and yet have the stimulus which is af- forded by competing in our corn shows and winning some of those premiums which he cannot hope to win when his type must compete against another type. Further along that line I will say that there is something more practical in the matter of corn production than the majority of farmers understand. When the farmer undertakes to plant his corn in an up- to-date manner, he has trouble to exceed over 86 or 87 per cent; he CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION, 81 cannot do it. He cannot secure uniformity of grain; and if a farmer should undertake to shell seed corn from this, I don’t think he could shell but a small quantity a day—perhaps two or three gallons. This matter of creating a personal seed corn may not be in reach of all farmers. I believe it is a good thing, but as I surely believe you can take an ear of corn with uniformity of grain represented here (holding up an ear), and that all of the enterprising farmers and the ones who are extremely hard to advise can raise corn similar to that in uni- formity of grain. I do believe, as a farmer, that we have got to get this matter of corn showing down to where we can get in touch with the farmer. I believe, also, that if we can show him that there are some varieties of corn in which there is exhibited a great deal of waste space, that the rows on the ears stand widely apart and there is a loss of space, loss in weight, and invariably a larger proportion of cob than is necessary simply because the cob does not carry enough corn, I believe he can understand that. By the way, there are some things which they don’t at present understand. Some time ago on my return home from an institute meeting, a German who lives near me said, “I would like to show you my seed corn; | understand you are interested in corn.” J went with him to his corn crib, where he had the husks stripped up and hung on poles, and he picked out this ear (hold- ing up a very large ear), and he said that was a fine big ear. “Don’t you believe,” he said, “that the larger the ear the bigger crop you can raise?” I told him I would be glad to take that ear with me. I had never seen an ear that exhibited more of the irregularities from a practical point of view than that one ear-—in regard to shelling pro- portions and extreme size of cob. You have tried, no doubt, many a time after damp weather and then freezing weather following, to husk such an ear of corn, and you find it impossible to break such a_ shank. Those are practical features. 1 believe these matters are pretty well understood generally, but I find some who do not understand them. Now in regard to some of the fads carried out in corn production. I believe too often has it heer the case that producing an extremely high shelling proportion of corn to the ear has led the corn fancier away from practical lines. Among the sixteen kinds of corn with which i have experimented here is one kind (holding up an ear), called “Farm- ers’ Favorite.’ The ambition of the person who introduced this type was to produce the highest possible shelling proportion of corn to ear. When that corn is planted it always stands in an inclined position, and any unfavorable weather in the way of a damp morning that corn would lean over so badly that in cultivation you would break off many A—6 82 MISSOURT AGRICULTURAL REPORT. of the stalks; also, in cultivation, if you injured it the least bit, it would invaribly turn so that in cultivating your field going the other Way, you were sure to injure it again. Consequently before you are through with it you have a very poor stand. Another thing: Here is a sample of another corn (holding up an ear). See the lost space in it; it has a shaky tendency on the cob. Those things are to be considered in the line of the work that corn breeders and fanciers have to carry out. In the majority of localities I find that the medium-sized ear, the grains tightly and well set on a medium-sized cob, is what most breeders consider a practical thing— acorn that sets well together, when laosened at one end still remains compact on the ear. It seems to be the concensus of opinion among the various persons who have experimented alohg the line, that such a corn will not shell badly; when you pull off a handful of it and then hand the ear all around, the grains will still stay on the cob. I have mentioned those things in leading up to another point. I suggested that 1 believe that a general corn standard that all of these types might somewhat nearly approach would be a good thing to be adopted. If we should subdivide corn, for the purpose of exhibiting it, for the purpose of interesting all the corn growers, into three divisions, my preference would be to call one kind—the quick maturing kind, moder- ately small—Northern type; the kind most people would raise I would call Central type; and the slowly maturing corn the Southern type. That is only a matter of distinction between the three, a dis- tinction people would readily take to and understand. I am going to say something that some of you will criticise. When a man criticises a thing you have got him interested and got him to thinking, and if he can think to a purpose, if he is criticising something, he will let some- body else know about it, and this will result in good in the long run. I would not advocate making any particular variety of corn for the North- ern, or for the Central or Southern type. I would let a person take St. Charles White, or anything else, and if he found he could produce the best crop on his land by a manner of planting, or which he would demonstrate to be the best in regard to stand, let him do it with an eye single to those conditions and not have to have one eye, or both, on whether he was raising a variety that would be permitted to enter the show. Gentlemen, when we have reached that point, we have reached a practical point that will get almost every farmer in the country to ex- hibit his corn. What would be the requirements of those different types of corn in making the basis of classification? My notion is this: The size for CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 83 the Northern type would be 6x8 inches; Central 7 1-2x1o inches; Southern, 8 1-4x11 inches. I would favor making a shelling test of the Southern type 80 per cent, the ordinary market standard. | would make the Central type 84 per cent, and the Northern type 86 per cent. Then you can show the farmer why he can compete in the show, and you can also show him that he will not be dissatisfied when the rewards are made. I firmly believe, gentlemen, that when you have got every- body who is interested in the growing of corn deeply interested in how to produce a larger crop per acre, you have solved the most serious problem that can confront the farmer of the corn belt. *THE USE OF THE SCORE CARD IN JUDGING CORN. (M. F. Miller, Professor of Agronomy, Agricultural College.) The value of the score card in judging corn lies largely in the fact that it calls attention to those characters which go to make up an ideal ear. With practice it also makes possible a more accurate comparison of samples. In the hands of the average farmer it is of greatest value in teaching the good and bad points in ears of corn, thus enabling him to select the proper ears for seed. At local corn shows it serves a most important purpose in directing the judgment of those passing upon the samples and in fixing the attention of exhibitors on the characters in which particular samples may excel or may be lacking. At the last meeting of the Missouri Corn Growers’ Association a committee was appointed to revise the score card previously used, since experiments had indicated that certain slight changes were necessary. The changes consist, first, in giving somewhat more emphasis to the uniformity of exhibit, since if corn is to represent a type and show care- ful selection, the ears must be alike in every way. Second, the character of the germ had not been mentioned in the old score card, and since it is the purpose of the score card to give us better seed corn, it was thought best to give more attention to this character. The score card here pre- sented is a revision as suggested by this committee, and will be used as the official score card of the Association for the coming year. For the most accurate comparison of samples, it is evident that in corn, as in animals, each breed variety should have its own score card, but as this association has not yet adopted any particular varieties as standard for Missouri, then it is necessary to continue to use a general score card for *Prof. Miller gave a demonstration in corn judging, but this paper is printed in its place. 84 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. judging all varieties. It will be noticed that this arrangement of points, while maintaining certain ideals as to character of ears, allows of such a general use. MISSOURI SCORE CARD FOR CORN. nitoriatty. “OP @xiM DIE steve ein) > Ao ee eae eee 15 Mattrity ‘and smarkets) condition. .iiewennam oe sie 10 Purity (as shown by color) : Od vkernels*icaitviaiask hese epee sneer eee a 5 Ot Coby seh: glee ne we ee eee Mee bia eee Eo 5 Shape of ear 2 eor. iie2. ss ee eee ee 10 Proportion of length and circumference............ 10 Shape and uniiomnity of kernels: > S22... lees ee 10 (Characters obgeenmy crise os Sha eeee re pp te sers 10 : | 87° nee ee aa PE A APA REE Ua LM Fe dB | Piss MSS! Serre nw Seiten ee ot cna cette rani rte cee eae Cee 5 Space DELWEE VOWS ce ee ee ee ee eee 5 Per cent of corn to ear DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE SCORE CARD. Samples of corn should consist of 10 ears each, and for conveni- ence in judging they should be laid on tables or boards so that the ears of each particular exhibit lie side by side for comparison. This allows of a much more careful examination than where the ears are piled. Blocks of wood may be placed between the different samples, or nails may be driven in slightly at either side of the exhibit to hold it in place. In scoring it is usually simpler to add the number of points cut under each subhead and then subtract the total from too than it is to make the subtractions separately. An exhibit cutting the full number of points under any one head should be thrown out. UNIFORMITY OF EXHIBIT (15). The importance of uniformity of exhibit is recognized in the fact that in well-bred corn a particular type must be maintained, and the nearer the ears look alike the better breeding they show. The ears of an exhibit should be uniform in size, color and indentation. Judge the exhibit separately for each of these characters. The 15 points will allow 5 to be given to size, 5 to color and 5 to indentation; or in other words, each ear will be allowed one half point under each of these heads. ~ CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 85 For each ear that is larger or smaller than the prevailing type, cut one half point. For each ear that shows a different shade of color from the prevailing type, cut one half point. For each ear differing in indenta- tion from the prevailing type, that is, if it is either rougher or smoother in the grain, cut one half point. Add these cuts together for total cut of uniformity of exhibit. MATURITY AND MARKET CONDITION (10). It is realized that maturity is not so important in corn grown in this State, especially the southern half, as it is in regions farther north, since seasons are usually long enough to mature even the later varieties. How- ever, corn planted late and for this reason failing to mature will be low in germinating power, and this is to be avoided. Ears should be solid and free from injury or decayed spots. To determine the maturity, twist the individual ears in the hands. Each ear showing a marked de- gree of looseness should be cut 1 point. For ears less imperfect in this respect a cut of one-half point should be allowed. Corn is expected to be dry when shown, and judges usually assume that if corn is not dry it is immature. If early in the fall, some allowance must be made, and the judge must use discretion in this matter. Ears showing rotten spots or injuries should be cut from one-fourth to one-half point each. PURITY. Well-bred corn must be free from mixture with any other variety; consequently a serious mixture in kernels or a variation in color of cobs cannot be tolerated. A. KERNELS (5). Kernels should be free from mixture with corn of the opposite color. In yellow corn the mixture is shown on the caps of the kernels, in white corn on the sides. For each kernel in an ear showing such a mixture cut one-fourth point. Five ears, cutting I point each for mixture of kernels, shall bar the exhibit, except in mixed corn, where this is not considered. B. COBS (5). Cobs should be of one color; in yellow corn they are usually red and in white corn white, although there are ‘exceptions to this rule, such as the St. Charles White, which has a red cob. For each cob opposite in color from the prevailing type cut 2 points. For pink cobs cut one- fourth to one-half point, according to the shade of color. Two cobs of 86 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. opposite color shall bar the exhibit. This is not considered in mixed corn, except in such varieties as run true to type, such as Calico, Bloody Butcher and Red. SHAPE OF EAR (10). Ears should be as nearly cylindrical as possible, unless it is a recog- nized characteristic of the ears of the particular variety under considera- tion to be tapering. A cylindrical ear usually means a greater per cent of corn to cob and a larger number of kernels of uniform size and shape for planting. (Leaming is quite tapering, Reid’s Yellow Dent is slight- ly tapering, Boone Co. White, Silver Mine and St. Charles White are nearly cyclindrical.) Cut one-half point for each ear that tapers too greatly. PROPORTION OF LENGTH AND CIRCUMFERENCE (10). It is believed that the highest yield of corn per acre will be gotten from ears having a ratio of circumference to length approximately 3 to 4, or the circumference measured at a point one-third the distance from butt to tip should be three-fourths the length. Ears that are too short and thick, or ears too long and slim, are to be avoided. A ten-inch ear should be approximately seven and one-half inches in circumference. A tape line shouid be used in making these measurements, although a little practice will enable one to judge accurately with the eye. It is recognized that in the southern part of the State corn grows larger than in the northern part of the State, and the same is true of rich lands as compared with thin lands. The same variety will vary some under these different conditions. No definite rules can therefore be laid down regarding the size of ears of any variety when considering the State as a whole. SHAPE AND UNIFORMITY OF KERNELS (10). The shape and uniformity of kernels is a very important considera- tion. The kernels of the whole exhibit must be uniform in size and shape in order to allow of accurate dropping by the planter. The most ideal type of kernel is one slightly wedge-shaped but not pointed, the length of which is approximately I 1-2 times as great as the width at the widest part. They should have a good thickness carried evenly the length of the kernel and they should be sufficiently wide at the tip to allow of a good development of germ. Remove three kernels from one side of each ear near the middle, laying them at the end of the ear for comparison. For each car showing kernels of poor shape, or kernels CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 87 which are larger or smaller than the prevailing type, cut 1 point. Should an ear have kernels deficient in both uniformity and shape, cut the ear 2 points. CHARACTER OF GERM (10). An inspection of the germ of a kernel of corn will give a fairly accurate indication of its germinating power. For strong germination, the germs should be full, smooth and bright, not blistered, shrivelled or discolored. When split with a knife or broken open, they should show a fresh, brittle, oily appearance. Cut 1 point for each ear showing germs decidedly defective. BUTTS (5). An ideal butt on an ear of corn should be well rounded out with deep, regular kernels solidly and evenly compacted together around a clean, cup shape cavity. The attachment to the stalk for medium varieties should be three-fourths of an inch, or about one inch between the edge of the kernels. The ears should break off clean, leaving no adhering parts on the shanks. Well-bred corn is indicated very readily by the character of the butts, since these are readily changed by careful selection. Cut not to exceed one-half point for each defective butt. aes (5) There should be deep kernels well out to the end of the ear in as regular rows as possible. The ideal tip is completely covered, but if the kernels are deep and regular out even with the end of the cob, no cut need be given. It is realized that the character of the tip is affected largely by season, although selection is an important factor in securing perfect tips. If undue attention is given to covered tips, however, neglecting the proportions of the ear, the result is usually seen in a greater number of short ears, since it is usually the short ear which has the best tip. Cut one-half point for each tip seriously defective. SPACE BETWEEN ROWS (5). Furrows between rows should be narrow. It is not necessary that they fit perfectly tight together, but there should be no great amount of open space. Cut not to exceed one-half point for each ear seriously defective in this respect. 88 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. PER CENT OF CORN TO EAR (I0). The per cent of corn to ear should not be under 84. Recent ex- periments seem to indicate that a high per cent of corn to ear does not necessarily mean a high yield of shelled corn per acre; consequently too much emphasis should not be laid on the property of individual ears to shell a high per cent of corn. What is wanted is a large yield of shelled corn per acre, and indications point toward the -possibility of this being more easily secured with cobs of fair size than with smaller cobs. The per cent of corn to ear is best determined by selling every other ear of an exhibit and weighing, or it may be done with a fair degree of accur- acy by shelling two representative ears. Ordinarily, where the corn is to be preserved, this per cent can be determined with sufficient accuracy by noting the depth of kernel and the weight of ear in the hand. Cut not to exceed one point for each ear markedly deficient in this respect, or where the ears are shelled and weighed, cut 1 1-2 points for each per cent which the sample averages below 85. THE MOST PROFITABLE TYPES OF CORN FOR MISSOURI FARMERS. (Ool. G. W. Waters, Canton, Mo.) The average Missouri farmer is vastly more interested in a type of corn that will yield largely than in one that will score high on the show tables. He has not studied to discriminate as to the. lower feeding values of different corns, as indicated in the varying protein, oil or starch content, but looks only to the bushels of sound shelled corn that any given variety will produce. This is his measure of value, his stand- ard of excellence. And in this he is right. Seek first a maximum yielding corn, and all the other subsidiary requirements may in time be added by judicious breeding. The question then is, what style, size, shape of ear, sort of stalk and blades, what period of maturity and what general characteristics are identical with the best average yielding corn? I have watched the results in the growth of a great number of types of corn, in length of ear all the way from the “Long John,” twelve to fourteen inches long, to the thick, short mastodon in size, from the Giant Normandy, Boone County White, and other extra large sorts to the Cartner, and other smaller varieties. As to size of grain, I have carefully observed from the large broad grain of the Hickory King to Shoepeg; as to number of rows to the ear from the eight-rowed to 30 or even 32 rows; and as to one ear to the stalk, or many ears, as is the so-called ‘“Pro- CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 89 lific” sorts; and I conclude that the medium, between the extremes, gives the best average results. I come to this conclusion first upon the safe theory of the “sur- vival of the fittest.” Since I can first remember, at frequent intervals the extreme types have been introduced and tried, but fully 80 per cent of the farmers have swung round to the use of the medium sizes and one ear to the stalk. J. O. Roberts of Clarksville, who has had a wide and varied experience in raising and handling corn, as a farmer on rich bottom land, on medium land and on hill or high upland, also as a miller for a long period, and thirdly as a dealer -buying corn from thou- sands of crops, said to the writer, “After all, the most satisfactory kind for all kinds of land and all kinds of seasons, and the safest to plant is a medium-sized white corn.” : To be more specific, ten inches long should be the maximum. This would mean that a very large percentage of ears grown on average land would fall short of that from one to two inches. The ratio of three to four for circumference to length remains unchallenged. The size of the kernels is of some importance. Having measured many hundreds of samples of high producing crops, I would prefer the fol- lowing dimensions: Length of grain, one-half inch to nine-sixteenths ; width of grain, five and a half sixteenths; thickness of grain, two and a half sixteenths. The shape of grain should be key stone, as nearly straight on edges as possible, thus filling all the space. The rows should extend three-sixteenths of an inch beyond the cob at the butt, and to within three-sixteenths of an inch of end at tip. The evident re- sult of closely fitting, solid, deep grains, and the extension at the butt is to get the greatest amount of corn possible on a cob of a given size. The reason I would not encourage the extension of grains to the ex- treme tip of the cob is that at this point is the most hazardous place to grow corn. It is subject to all the vicissitudes and damages of weather, birds and insects, and energy expended in growing grains at the ex- treme tip is more often than otherwise lost. The only way to guard and protect it is to have the corn shortened so that the shuck will cover it completely. If the size of the ear and the size of the grain are both to be maintained, then it follows that a uniform number of rows must be established. I have found that eighteen rows gives grains about the right size on ears of normal size. Very large, broad grains, as a rule, are rounded and do not fit closely on the cob. On the other hand, the sharp-pointed grain carries too small a germ for strong germinating powers. Thin, flat grains are objectionable from the same cause. A medium thick grain, carrying a deep, large germ, is the better yielding type. go MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Having outlined an ideal type of corn that any farmer can pro- duce, let us see what it would mean in bushels of corn planted by check row, three feet eight inches would have 3240 hills to the acre. Two stalks to the hill, each stalk bearing a ten-inch ear would mean over ninety bushels to the acre. I say over ninety, for I have weighed hundreds of sample ears, and they will average over one pound each, and if well filled and matured, will shell out one hundred bushels. What does the farmer want with bigger corn than that? But let us drop to nine inches in length and to 14 ounces each, and we get right close to eighty bushels. Eight-inch ears should weigh 12 ounces, and that would mean sixey-seven bushels. But suppose we try raising nubbins weighing only eight ounces each and get 45 bushels to the acre, and we are then five bushels above the maximum average yield of the State for any one year in her history, and fifty per cent above our ten-year average. It is evident then that our weak point in corn production is not want of size of ears, but want of uniformity. It is safer and easier to get uni- formity in the smaller and medium types than in the large. I once got a package of corn from Washington called the “Giant Normandy.” I gave it a good tfial. The ears varied in size from two ounces to two pounds. It had no redeeming trait; in fact, it was a sport without any prepotency toward uniformity. If the Missouri farmer could procure a strain of corn with fixed prepotency to such a degree that every stalk would produce an ear, even a ten-ounce ear, it would beat anything he has now. I repeat, the great need of today is uniformity in pro- ductivity. This trait may be bred into the corn by selecting from the rows producing the greatest number of ears of a uniform size. The idea of selecting the abnormal in size is only aggravating the evil. Uniformity in ear development can only be had from uniform stalk erowth. We often notice great divergence in size and form of stalks all growing along under apparently the same favorable conditions ; some small and spindling and others low and stocky. These differences may be due to one of two causes; first, inherent tendency to variation for lack of fixedness of type, or it may be due, as Mr. Holden contends, to variable vitality in seed planted. The spindling dwarf or runty stalks might be the result of weakened seed, but the abnormally tall stalks and the tendency to barrenness is more apt to be inherent. In either case, uniformity of grain from typical, uniform stalks, grain strong in germinating power to be had by using grain of good size with full, healthy germ, is a means of securing uniform stand and uniform pro- duction. In my judgment it would be well if the farmers would discard the greater majority of various types now in use and use only two varieties, one of white and one of yellow. Or if for feeding purposes CORN GROWERS ASSOCIATION. gI only, then one variety is enough. We are relying too much on far-off and much advertised sorts, and not enough on our own ability to modify our own corn to suit our own conditions as to climate, soil, etc. In the foregoing I have described what I deem to be the most profitable type of corn for Missouri, leaving it to the judgment of the reader to de- termine which of the varieties now in use best fills the bill. Wishing the Missouri Corn Growers’ Association much success and commending their earnest work, I respectfully submit this paper. STRONG: VIPFALITY IN SEED. CORN—HOW: TO: GET IT. (Hon. E. D. Funk, Bloomington, Ill.) I will tell you how we gather our seed corn, and the different methods we have tried. I will tell you how the government is per- forming an experiment which extends over a period of about five or six years on our farm—an experiment of the time of gathering seed corn and the nature of storing seed corn. I will also tell you what the au- thorities at Washington, after a three years’ experiment; have decided is the proper way to store seed corn. We gather our seed corn as early as possible, but, of course, the time depends on the season. We gather just as long as we can before a hard storm sets in; a rain, followed by a hard freeze, or something of that sort, prevents the further gathering of seed corn. We generally expose that seed corn to a natural ventilation, a natural circulation of the air; or perhaps, we have such a constructed seed house that the ventilation will be forced. You can readily construct a seed house of that sort yourself by making a series of doors along the sides, place your seed house well up from the ground; and then putting in the cone of the roof especially constructed windows. We use kiln-drying win- dows, which create a suction up; these are used in kiln-drying houses; and you know that if kiln-dried corn ever becomes dampened again, it is spoiled ; consequently there must be a supply of hot air all the time— no moist air can come in. The corn that is gathered about the first of October and stored either in crates, or loosely thrown in, in such a seed house, or hung up on a series of wires along the roof of the seed house, is the very best germinating corn I know of. _ Now, we attempt to dry the corn as rapidly as possible; we attempt to drive off all the moisture; and then to keep the seed house at a tem- perature of a uniform heat, usually kept 35 degrees above zero. Dur- ing the winter there are cold snaps where the thermometer will go 92 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. down to 20 degrees below zero; and we have had instances where corn will absorb moisture, and a freeze will follow, and the germination is lowered and the vitality is hurt very greatly. We have kept our seed houses at such a temperature during those cold snaps that there is no danger of any such results. We have had differently constructed seed houses; we have tried forced ventilation, and circulation without arti- ficial heat, and we find it does not give us as good results as when we keep the temperature above that very low point. I should say we should not let the temperature get below 10 above zero. Now, in our work, I don’t know of an instance where it has gotten below 20 de- grees above, but 10 degrees is low enough for the danger point. The government have selected what they call four stations on the farm—one being an open crib, two artificially heated seed houses and one the old type of seed house—that is, the seed house without the arti- ficial heat. They have taken three varieties of corn. They start gath- ering about the middle of September; they have a man who does no other kind of work on the farm but this; he gathers twice a week. They have a half bushel of each variety for each station. After gath- ering, the man in charge takes a sample of corn he gathers at that time and also a sample of corn gathered previously, and sends these samples in sealed bottles to Washington, where they are analyzed and the mois- ture content is taken and the germination is taken at that time. You can see that as the season advances this work increases, because he has to take a sample of each gathering he has made previously, Conse- quently, at the end of the season, which last year was about the middle of January, this work means a great deal, takes up all the man’s time | in taking these samples and sending them to Washington. This year they only made one gathering a week and stopped gathering the middle of December. I will try and give you a few of the results from these different gatherings. The germination of the open crib for the gathering up to the 2oth of December was 92 per cent; 94 per cent for the seed house without heat, and 96.8 for the heated seed house. The corn gathered in Sep- tember did not germinate as well as the corn gathered in October ; neither did the corn gathered in December germinate as well as the corn gathered either in October or September. After about the middle of January we received our first blow from the north; it turned very cold, 28 degrees below zero. At that point, the germination in the open crib dropped to 64 per cent; the germination in the unheated seed house dropped to 86 per cent, and the germination in the heated seed house in- creased to 97 per cent; the germination in the heated seed house re- mained practically fixed—just as good after the hard freeze as before. CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 93 They have registering thermometers in all these stations, giving the temperature every hour of the day. The registering thermometer in the seed house without heat went to 24 degrees below zero. In other words, that cold snap brought the germination in the open crib from 92 to 68, in the unheated seed house from 94 to 86, and the germination in the heated seed house remained the same. Now they took ten gather- ings from these different varieties at the four stations and planted them in plots, the gathering extending from the middle of September to the middle of January. In the field the difference in germination was more noticeable than it was in the germination at Washington. Not only was the germination of the open crib very poor, but the vigor with which the corn grew that did sprout was very poor—it lacked vigor and color and strength, and the germination in some of the rows from the open crib went as low as 6 per cent—practically killed it all. The heated seed houses germinated about 94 and the unheated seed house germinated about 80. They are going to continue this experiment, and the data they get later on will be more valuable. I think, however, it will result just about the same as it has. I think the heated seed houses are essential, but I think that the temperature of the corn should not be allowed to drop below 10 or 20 degrees above zero. Mr. Hartley, in a paper read before the American Corn Breeders’ Association last year, made this statement: That from the kiln-dried corn (this experiment extends over a period of three years), they received a yield exceeding the natural dried corn over 15 bushels per acre; that is, the kiln-dried corn yielded 15 bushels more per acre than the natural dried corn. Now, I don’t know whether he kept the temperature up above the freezing point or not, but that was the statement he made. Now, for the ordinary farmer, I think the best method for him to gather his seed corn is to go out early and pick a few ears that are of the proper size and of the right uniformity, and hang them up above the driveway in the barn, where they will get all the ventilation possi- ble, and before damaging weather comes on place them in the house. You can put them in the house some place where they will be out of the way and where the temperature will be kept normal. DISCUSSION. Mr. ————_-: What about that kiln-dried corn yielding 15 bush- els more to the acre than the natural dried corn? What was the reason for that? Mr. Funk: The vitality is stronger and germination more sponta- neous. 4. MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Mr. Wing: Do you think there is such a thing as getting it too dry? Mr. Funk: I think you can apply too much heat, but you can’t get your corn too dry. You know No. 2 corn is dry corn, and the per cent of moisture in No. 2 corn is from 12 to 14 per cent. Now, when we analyze our sample of corn, we always take the moisture test. Of course, that which has been dried merely by hanging up on racks, the moisture content will run as low as 5 to 1o per cent, or below what they would call dry corn on the market. Mr. Funk: I wish some of you would tell me how you dry your corn here. Mr. —————: We, in Missouri, have always thought the open crib did pretty well, but if kiln-drying adds so much to the yield, why we would prefer that plan. Mr. Funk: I did not say that it would. Mr. —————: Do you believe it? Mr. Funk: We should believe everything that Washington says, of course, but we may have our doubts just the same. I think Mr. Hartley is undoubtedly sincere in his statement, and I think that has been his result, but I think he should continue the experiment longer. Mr. —————: Have you ever tried to carry corn over from one year to another ; does that damage the vatility, Mr. Funk: Yes. The germination is lower; and in two-year-old corn it is still worse. We have tried five-year old corn, and the germi- nation is about 6 or Io per cent, starting with the germination of 95 to 98 per cent. Mr. ————-: How had it been kept? Mr. Funk: In an unheated seed house; germination continued to drop through the period of five years until it got to 6 per cent. Mr. —————: I knew a man who had some corn 17 years old that germinated. Mr. Funk: He must have had an awfully vigorous corn in the first place. Mr. Sly: I would like to say that in 1904 I planted two bushels of corn grown in 1901, and had a good stand; made 80 bushels to the acre; it had just been kept in the barn in sacks. Mr. Funk: Of course, we all know that there are times when we have to plant at least one-year old corn, and I think it is safe to do so sometimes ; but I would not follow it as a practice; I would try to plant new corn, unless very much afraid of its germination. Mr. —————: Do you test every ear? Mr. Funk: No, not with the germinator. But would certainly CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION, 95 test it. We test every ear we plant ourselves, but we don’t test all of the seed corn we send out. We test the corn in composite samples from each and every lot that is brought into the seed house. Corn deteriorates very rapidly when shelled, and we have had some very sad experiences in shelling corn too early. It absorbs moisture more readily shelled, and if very cold weather follows, the germination is very low. Mr. Wing: While on the subject of corn and the good it does to kiln-dry it, I will say that my average yield of natural dried corn was 25 to 40 bushels per acre. Well, I kiln-dried it last winter, hung it up in the barn and it got very dry (that is why I asked if it could get too dry). I grew alfalfa on my corn land for four years and spread manure on it and plowed it up and planted kiln-dried corn, and had 100 bushels to the acre on some of it, and an average of 75 bushels over the whole field. So it seems that kiln-drying made an increase of about 40 bushels to the acre. Now, something else about corn. I have been wondering whether you are right about growing only one ear on the stalk, because down in South Carolina they grow four to nine ears on the stalk. You need not laugh at that; because the actual yield on one measured acre of land was 240 bushels—i1o bushels to the shock. I knew the man who planted it and there can be no doubt about it. RESOLUTIONS Adopted at the Third Annual Meeting of the Missouri State Corn Growers’ Association. IT. Resolved, That it is the desire of this Association to extend to the citizens of Columbia a vote of thanks for their cordial welcome and for the hospitality extended to us. II. Resolved, That we express our hearty appreciation of the aid which the Legislature has given the corn growers of the State, through the Agricultural Experiment Station and State Board of Agriculture, and we respectfully ask that these appropriations be continued. We also wish to commend most heartily the untiring efforts of the members of the State Board of Agriculture and the faculty of the Agricultural Col- lege in bringing the farmers of the State to realize the necessity for improving the corn crop, pledging at the same time our earnest co- operation in this work in any way possible. III. Resolved, That in as much as the farming conditions are so different in various parts of the State, we respectfully ask the Experi- - 96 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ment Station to establish branch experimental farms in as many dis- tricts as possible for the study of the soil and crop problem. IV. Resolved, That in as much as the closing of any foreign ports to our meat products directly affects the corn growers, let us respect- fully ask our representatives in the National Congress of the United States to use their strongest influence in establishing reciprocal relations with all foreign countries regarding the keeping open of their ports to our animal products. Soil Session. Wednesday, January 10. RESTORING THE FERTILITY OF A RUN-DOWN FARM. (Dr. Chas. E. Thorne, Director Ohio Experiment Station, Worcester, O.) 1 Astronomers tell us that the earth was once a red-hot, molten mass, surrounded by an atmosphere in which the waters of its present seas were vaporized, and which contained, as carbon dioxide, the carbon now found in its beds of limestone and coal and in the vegetation covering its sur- face. In time the surface of this mass had colored until a thin crust had formed, and the vapor began to condense, at first into a boiling sea, covering the entire surface, and overhung by a pall of cloud so dense as to shut out the light. It was then that ‘the earth was without form and void,’ for no land had appeared—‘‘and darkness was upon the face /otthe deep.” With further cooling and consequent contraction of the interior mass the crust was wrinkled and folded, being lifted into land areas in some places and deepened into ocean basins in others. The seas were shallow at first, and their waves beat upon their shores and ground them to sand, as they are doing today, dissolving out of this sand the soluble portions. It is probable that the earliest living organisms were microscopic, colorless, single celled plants, appearing in the barren, sandy beaches of the primeval seas while the sun was still obscured, obtaining their mineral food from the slowly dissolving sands, their carbon from the heavily charged atmosphere circulating in the upper layers of the sand, and their nitrogen from the same source; plants similar in char- acter to the bacteria which live under the surface of the soil today, some of which undoubtedly still have the power of fixing free nitrogen, al- though now they may obtain their carbon either directly from carbon dioxide or from the accumulated organic matter of the soil, or indirectly A—7 98 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. through symbiosis, as in the case of the nodule formers of the clover roots. With increase of light green plants made their appearance—green algae on the surface of the sands and lichens on the rocks of the ris- ing mountains, just such lichens and algae as we find today in shaded, rocky ravines, and in sandy places where light is dim and moisture abundant, obtaining the mineral elements of their sustenance from sources inaccessible to the plants we cultivate. Having run their allotted course of existence, each generation of these humblest of organisms left behind in the sands of the shore, or of the slowly crumbling surface of the rock, a little additional plant food, wrested from the face of the rocks and sands, and from the inert nitro- gen of the air converted into a form available to plants of a higher order and stored in a substance much more easily soluble than the bare rock, and yet not so readily washed away as are the mineral salts, a substance to which we apply the term humus. In due time the higher plants made their appearance, feeding upon the stores provided for them by the soil organisms, and returning these stores to the soil again in their own decay. To some extent, no doubt, these higher plants have increased the available plant food in the soil by direct action of their root fluids upon the particles of sand and clay; but it seems probable that this action is comparatively insignificant, and that the actual accumulation of both mineral and nitrogenous plant food in the soil in available form, is still largely the work of soil organisms. This view is supported by the fact that the productiveness of a soil is, up to a certain limit, proportionate to its humus content. The washed sands of the seashore, the wind-sifted sands of the dunes, or the clays brought up from deep excavations, support but a meager growth of vege- tation, until manure or fertilizers carrying soluble plant food, both nitro- genous and mineral, are added. If the function of humus were only that of a nitrogen purveyor, we should be abie to restore the fertility of a soil depleted of humus by the addition of fertilizers carrying nitrogen only; but experience has taught us that such soils demand some of the mineral elements of fertility quite as urgently as nitrogen. For example: Twelve years ago at the Ohio Experiment Station a soil, depleted of its humus by many years of tenant husbandry, was put under a 5-year rotation of corn, oats and wheat, one year each, followed by two years in clover and timothy. One plot in this experi-_ ment has been fertilized with nitrate of soda, 160 pounds per acre an- nually on each of the cereal crops, or 480 pounds for each 5-year rota- SOIL, SESSION. 99 tion. This application has increased the 12-year average yield, over that of unfertilized land alongside, by 4.33 bushels each of corn and oats, 1.89 bushels of wheat and 646 pounds of hay. On another plot the cereal crops have received for each rotation 320 pounds of acid phosphate and 260 pounds of muriate of potash, with the result that the yield of corn has been increased by 12.22 bushels, that of oats by 11.43 bushels, that of wheat by 8.68 bushels and that of hay by 997 pounds. In other words, the average increase from the mineral fertilizers has been about three times as great as that from the fertilizer carrying nitrogen only. On a third plot the same quantities of nitrate of soda, acid phosphate and muriate of potash have been combined, with the result that the yield of corn has been increased by an average of 16.18 bushels, that of oats by 18.72 bushels, and that of wheat by 15.50 bushels. This increased yield of corn is practically equal to the sum of the increases from the separate applications of the nitrogenous and mineral fertilizers, but those of the other crops are very much greater than this sum. If we estimate the value of corn at 50 cents a bushel for the grain and $3.00 per ton for the stover; that of oats at 30 cents a bushel and $2.00 per ton for the straw; that of wheat at 80 cents a bushel and $2.00 per ton, and that of hay at $8.00 per ton, the combined increase from the different crops of the rotation would have a total value of $7.80 for the nitrogen alone, $21.23 for the phosphorus and potassium, and $35.88 for the complete fertilizers, thus bringing out very forcibly the need of phosphorus and potassium, as well as of nitrogen, to restore the fertility of this exhausted soil. The humus of the soil is, therefore, the great storage battery of its elements of fertility, mineral as well as nitrogenous. It is in this store, chiefly or altogether, that our crops find their sustenance. When this store is exhausted they starve, and in proportion as it is reduced do they suffer from hunger. This humus is the result largely, if not chiefly, of the growth of miscroscopic organisms, working through eons of time. Under natural conditions it slowly accumulates, but when these condi- tions are disturbed it may be wasted so rapidly that a few years may suf- fice to exhaust stores of fertility that have been ages upon ages accumu- lating. This does not mean that the character of the original rocks, from which a soil’s mineral constituents have been derived, is a matter of no consequence. The superiority of soils to whose formation limestones have contributed is a matter of universal experience, and if these lime- stones have contained phosphatic deposits, as in the case of the famous 100 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. blue-grass region of Kentucky, their owners are fortunate indeed. But it seems probable that the excess of lime in such soils is not required so much for the direct nutrition of the higher plants as for the support of the processes by which the nitrogen of the soil is made available. For instance clover, which stores several times as much lime in its tissues as either of the cereal crops, and which is also dependent upon the help of soil bacteria for the securing of its nitrogen supply, has nearly ceased to grow upon the land used in the experiments just alluded to, and no fertilizer or manure produces a normal growth of clover until lime is added. In these experiments the fertilizing materials are distributed over the three cereal crops, the mixed clover and timothy following without any further fertilizing. Since 1900 lime has been applied to the surface of one-half of each plot, both fertilized and unfertilized, after the land has been prepared for corn; the lime is plowed under in preparing the land for oats, and plowed up again for wheat, thus securing a thorough distribution. The effect upon clover is given below, in the average weight of the first year’s hay, chiefly clover, for the three seasons, 1903, 1904 and 1905: Treatment. peta: pounds. NOrtentilizereno line aescacceres vam mae cade «cop etic nists ieee ra aoe sere oe aie : 1,650 Nowerbilizer; Mimic: arse cntonsae eee eee oe eee Mae Satire tials ates wie nix Mo i ears 2,800 PHosphorusiand: potassinm, «nodime conseneecne ess ace anoekies tenements ounce ani ee 2,133 Phosphorus, potassium and lime... FORCE OLD AEA ON” Sige is BOA bar Cane Ce 3,816 Phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen, no lime ..............2.cccceecevecsceeescescees 3,369 Phosphorus potassium, nitrogen, and limes. ac. ance o.cdn rata ee nde ees neces 4,211 Barnyard manure, no Limee ca hiectaagsbers auc eth sae ee eh eeae ees sere Rates sae aie * 8,035 Barhyard manure andlime: a <2. viccsscs costed ores ke ences Pen es er 4,028 These results demonstrate the necessity of an abundant supply of lime in the soil for the production of clover, but the more fully we under- stand the nature of the forces which make for the maintenance of soil fertility, the greater becomes the relative importance of clover as a part of a systematic crop rotation; hence a soil which is naturally well stored with lime must have a much greater agricultural value than one in which the lime supply is deficient. Under natural conditions, the herbage which grows upon the soil decays upon it again, thus returning not only the original mineral ele- ments which it has drawn from the soil, but a littlke more nitrogen than SOIL SESSION. Io! the soil had furnished; but when the farmer begins his operations he not only stimulates a greater draft upon the soil by cultural methods which cause a larger growth than would otherwise have taken place, but, instead of permitting this growth to return to the land, he re- moves the major portion of it, leaving only the roots and a little stubble. Further than this the cultivation, which enables his crop to secure a larger supply of plant food from the soil, also sets up condi- tions which involve a considerable waste of that supply, unless these conditions are understood and the waste prevented by intelligent man- agement. For example, in the Rothamsted experiments, more than 50 years ago, an acre of land was set aside for a study of the effect of fallowing ; half this acre being sown in wheat each year and the other half being fallowed, the two halves alternating each year. The result has been that the average produce from this acre for 40 years was 8 5-8 bushels, while that from land adjoining, growing wheat every year, was 12 3-4 bushels per acre, thus showing that a bare fallow may consume half as much fertility as a crop of grain. The explanation of this outcome probably lies in the fact that the processes which we call decay, and through which the roots and other remains of vegetation left in the soil are decomposed and made avail- able for future plant growth, are also vegetative processes, dtie to the work of micro-organisms, similar in function to those which have already been mentioned. These are the so-called nitrifying bacteria. They are constantly at work in the soil when the temperature is above the freezing point, and their work is greatly facilitated by tillage and cultivation. Their function is to tear down and decompose the vegetable debris in ihe soil, to convert its inert nitrogen into nitric acid, and at the same time to liberate its mineral constituents. If there be a growing crop on the land its roots will absorb the plant food thus set free; but if there be no such crop this available plant food, both nitrogenous and mineral, will be largely carried into the drainage waters, in humid climates and lost, or in case the rainfall does not exceed evaporation, the unused plant food will accumulate in the soil, the nitric acid combining with lime or other alkaline base to form a nitrate salt, thus explaining the great fertility of the soils of the arid regions and the increased crops which have heen observed to follow seasons of drouth in humid countries. If the soil be deficient in lime, however, or other alkaline base, the accumulation of nitric acid may possibly cause, or assist in causing, the injurious acidity which is being observed in some of our badly worn soils, 102 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Of all the bread plants adapted to our soil and climate, none yields so large a quantity of potential food to the acre as Indian corn. A yield of 100 bushels to the acre,which is quite within easy possibility, means a total product, exclusive of roots and stubble, of 6 to 7 tons of air-dry matter all of which may be utilized as food by man or beast. A corresponding crop of wheat would be 4o bushels to the acre, weigh- ing, with its straw, 3 I-2 to 4 tons. 100 bushels of corn with its cobs and stover, will carry from the soil about 160 pounds of nitrogen; 40 bushels of wheat, with its straw half as much. The too-bushel corn crep will require about 2 1-2 times as much phosphorus and three times ‘as much potassium as the 40 bushel wheat crop. The corn crop grows during the hot summer months, when the nitrifying bacteria are most actively at work; wheat makes its growth largely during the cooler weather of the fall and spring. Not only this, but to stimulate the work of nitrification in our corn fields by stirring the soil at intervals during the season, distributing the organisms throughout the soil and keeping them well supplied with oxygen, with- out which that work would cease. At the Ohio Experiment Station an acre each of corn, oats and wheat has been grown continuously on the same land for 12 years. These acres lie side by side, on land uniform in character, and of low fertility at the beginning of the test. Considering the grain alone, and comparing the yields by 6-year periods, the average unfertilized yield of corn has fallen from 26 bushels per- acre for the first periol, to 14 2-5 bushels for the second, a loss of 45 per cent; that of oats, from: 28 bushels for the first period to 23 1-3 bushels for the second, a loss of 17 per cent, and that of wheat from g bushels for the first period to 7 3-5 bushels for the second, a loss of 15 per cent. The rate of decrease in yield, therefore, has been three times as great for corn as for wheat, and nearly three times as great for corn as for oats. Professor Harry Snyder of the Minnesota Experiment Station has shown that the waste of soil nitrogen may be indefinitely greater than the quantity utilized. For twelve years in succesion he grew wheat on the same land. He determined the nitrogen in the soil at the beginning and end of this period, and found that there had been a reduction of more than 2,000 pounds per acre, or 26 per cent of the quantity found in the soil at the beginning of the test. Of this loss, only 450 pounds could be acounted for in the crops taken off the land, showing that nearly 1,600 pounds had been lost mainly through decay of the humus and liberation of the nitrogen. SOIL SESSION. 103 ie II. When our fathers took possession of the second Garden of Eden, the great Valley of the Mississippi, they found a soil practically un- touched by man since the world began and stored with potential bread for millions upon millions of people. Forthwith they began to plow and sow and reap, and the world was fed. And when they were warned that their soil was not an inexhaustible bank, which could be drawn upon forever without restitution, they hooted at the counsel given and went ahead as before stimulating the soil to its utmost production by the thor- ough tillage which modern implements made possible, implements driven with an untiring industry, and then removing from it the entire crop produced, and if any restitution was made in manure it was so inadequate in quantity and so deteriorated in quality by unwise management as to be but an insignificant factor in staying the course of fertility depletion. In table I is shown the course of corn and wheat production in four states lying in the heart of the corn belt—Ohio,Indiana, Illinois and I.—FORTY YEARS OF CORN AND WHEAT. Average yield in bushels per acre. : Acres grown in (Period. Corn. census year. Ohio. Indiana. | Illinois. | Missouri. TROD (Samos cece: ace ew cee o: eeeeres 36.0 33.0 30.0 — 30.4 13, 860, 000 NSTS-TSBE Fe cae Seco aeae cremate 32.3 29.8 27.5 29.1 21, 538, 000 TESS UY OS Se ne eee rs 29.2 29.2 28.3 27.2 20,711, 0C0 Pane ot NESE? oe ET ne ae 33.2 34.2 e7i7 | 25,465, 000 Wheat. NSOS-1S64 cis ceicst o Sticeseehewes Riiicte 12.0 10.9 11.9 13.1 5, 993, 0C0 LVS REY As AA Re eateries rice eer tS 14.5 13.8 13.3 11.6 , 9, 985, 000 SSH 1894. eh scar Sataee sy asic’ vaio tice 13.9 13.9 14.1 12.9 . 9,027, 000 1895-1904 ialaavaiebeila sdoaYocatettreiereiseeratate tte a 13.4 iN) (a5) 12.5 12.7 10, 469, 0:0 OHIO—STATE VS. NATIONAL STATISTICS. Corn. Wheat. i 4 states, acres Period. corn, wheat State. |National.| State. |National.| 224 oats. TTS ye i ei eerie ee ee Oe 35.4 36.0 11.4 | 12.0 : 22,800, 000 MB FO-1SSAb cris sais ech eee Looe cesninwee 33.7 32.3 14.1 | 14.5 36, 500, 000 WSSS-1894s Sau ae eee sade: Scene oniet 32.8 29.2 14.5 | 13.9 37, 600, 0CO NOG 1NOG eee ee pane teawreee 36.0 34.2 12.9 | 13.4 43, 600, 000 104 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Missouri—for the 40 years, 1865 to 1904, inclusive, as indicated by the statistics collected by the United States Department of Agriculture. The table shows the average yield per acre by 10-year periods, as found by; taking the mean of the yearly averages, and it also shows the total area in each crop for the four states for the same periods, and the combined! area in the three cereal crops, corn, wheat and oats, this combinatiom being added because there has been in Illinois a considerable shifting: during later years from wheat to oats. The figures for area are for the: census years only, and are compiled from the reports of the eleventh census, except for the first period, which is compiled from the estimates: of the Department of Agriculture. These estimates in turn are basedi upon those of crop correspondents scattered throughout the country. To test their accuracy, a table has been compiled, in which they are com- pared with statistics collected annually by the township assessors of Ohio. It will be seen that, while the two sets of statistics differ slightly in minor details, they point to the same general conclusion, namely: that the close of this forty-year period finds this group of states producing practically the same quantity of grain per acre as the beginning. In corn, the averages for the entire state of Ohio,‘as made up from the assessors’ statistics, indicate that, after a steady reduction in yield for 30 years, that reduction has been overcome at the end of the period. A study of these statistics by counties, however, shows that this apparent increase during the later period, is chiefly found in the northwestern counties, where large areas of fertile land have, within a compara- tively recent period, been reclaimed from a semi-swawp condition by drainage. In the river valleys, which have been the great cornfields of the State from its earliest settlement, there has been a very general de- crease in yield during the last 25 years. The National statistics show a stationary yield for Indiana, a small increase in yield for Illinois, and a small decrease in Missouri. In wheat, the State statistics show a small increase in yield for Ohio, but an analysis of these statistics shows that this increase is found practically altogether in the northen half of the State, where it has been brought about by a large and increasing use of commercial fertil- izers in the northeastern counties, and by extensive drainage in the northwestern region. Both State and National statistics show a de- creased yield of wheat in Ohio for the last 10 years, as compared with the two decades immediately preceding, and the National statistics indi- cate a similar condition for Indiana and Illinois. When we remember that these averages include the crops of many good farmers whose yields never fall to the level of such averages; that SOIL SESSION. 105 they cover a period during which the area of new land brought under the plow has nearly equalled that in cultivation at its beginning ; that an immense amount of drainage has been done, adding enormously to the potential productiveness of the soil; that tillage implements have been brought to a state of perfection for beyond that known before, thus further increasing the farmer’s control of the soil; that some thought at least has been given to crop rotation and the use of manures and fertt- lizers—enough in Ohio to lead to an annual expenditure for commercial fertilizers of more than a million and half of dollars during the last decade of this period; when all these factors, which should make for increase of crop production, are set over against the figures above given, we are compelled to admit that if this is the best that can be done the future outlook for food for the world’s rapidly increasing population is indeed a gloomy one. But this is not the best that can be done. Scattered throughout this region are many farms that are today producing larger crops than when first reclaimed from forest or prairie, and whose rate of production is steadily increasing ; and when we study the method by which the fertili- ty of these farms has been maintained we find that it has been based upon conservation and increase of the humus supply, a method as old as agriculture, and yet its importance is so seldom realized, and the means of employing it so imperfectly understood, that the prevailing tendency of our agriculture is towards the steady depletion of this supply. About the middle of the 40-year period under review the use of chemical or commercial fertilizers became common in Ohio. The de- velopment of the great range industry of the west had caused a heavy decrease in the price of meat producing animals, while the extension of railroads had made it easier to dispose of grain, so that our farmers reduced their live stock, sold their grain instead of feeding it, and at- tempted to maintain the fertility of their fields by the purchase of com- mercial fertilizers. The outcome of this policy has been that the century closed with no more live stock on Ohio farms, based upon poten- tial manure production, than was found there 50 years before, while the area cultivated in cereal crops was three times as great. It was soon discovered that, in large sections of the State, fertilizers containing phosphorus would produce a marked increase in the yield of wheat, and especially marked improvement in the appearance of the plant ; phosphated wheat starting earlier in the fall, growing more rapidly and maturing earlier than that nof so treated, The addition of nitrogen and potassium to the fertilizer very ma- terially increased its cost, and, so far as could he judged byy obsexva- 106 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. tion of the growing crop, failed to produce an increase of yield commen- surate with the increase of cost. Farmers seldom carry their tests to the point of actual weights and measurements, and consequently the opinion became general that the nitrogen supply, at least, would take care of it- self. With some farmers, who continued to use considerable quantities of manure, re-enforcing this with small additions of commercial fertili- zers, this opinion was well founded; but many accepted the conclusions of these farmers as adapted to farms where no such supply of nitrogen was maintained. The consequence has been that the land has become more and more depleted of its humus, the phosphates used accelerating this depletion; the yield of corn is diminishing, and that of wheat is maintained only by constantly increasing purchases of fertilizers. III. One of the farms purchased by the Ohio Experiment Station on its removal to Wayne county had been rented for many years before it came into possession of the station and was reduced to a very low state of productiveness. On this farm a 5-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat clover and timothy has been maintained since 1894, the rotation being so planned that each crop is represented every season. In this experiment the land is divided into long, narrow plots, containing one-tenth acre each. Every third plot is left continuously unfertilized, while the intervening plots receive different fertilizing com- pounds, the fertilizing of each plot having been continued under a definite plan since the beginning of the test. The experiment has now been in progress for 12 years. It was so planned that during the first 5 years of this period, 1894 to 1898 inclusive, 5 crops of each of the cereals were grown, with 4 crops of clover and 3 of timothy, the fertilizers being applied to the cereal crops only. The average yields on the unfertilized land for this period and for the subsequent 7-year period are given in Table II. Il.—AVERAGE UNFERTILIZED YIELD. 5 years—1594-1898. 7 years—1899-1905. Oorn ...... ...........+. | 31.9 bus. grain, 1,613 lbs. stover. | 29.1 bus. grain, 1,554 lbs. stover. ORES atatsre voie'd 3s 6 wide eh diane 809 oe < 1,214 .** straw. | 32.5, ‘* re 1,204 ‘** straw. NYORGiska bschee btecdoee|imOstuaees ‘% 979, >" - 8.2. ** va 843‘ - SRLO VOLE sisi x «tirds «0 i ais ee 1,829 lbs. hay. 1,849 Lbs. hay. EXINOUD ire sas.ve cues asa F, Oo. = he 2,156 ‘ aS SOIL SESSION. 107 The average annual unfertilized yield of corn has fallen off 3.8 bushels per acre for the second period as compared with the first; that of oats is 1.6 bushel greater during the second period; that of wheat is 1.1 bushel smaller; that of clover is 20 pounds greater and that of timothy is 178 pounds smaller. The unfertilized yields above given are the average for the en- tire series of unfertilized plots. In comparing the effect of the differ- ent fertilizers, however, the yield of each fertilized plot is compared with that of the two unfertilized plots between which it lies, not with the general average. On this basis the land which has received acid phos- phate only is found to have produced the yields, in excess of those given by the unfertilized land alongside, shown in table III. III.—-AVERAGE INOREASE PER ACRE FROM ACID PHOSPHATE. 5 years—1894-1898. 7 years—1899-1905. CIEL Ge -AnaSeRaEt eee aeeS 3.96 bus. grain, 31bs. stover. 9.67 bus. grain, 304 lbs. stover. RLS gees coc) ch otets. ts ot ee ns 83 ‘* straw. 10544. 0 Se 412 ‘* straw. WING Aire teste Sta | eacck S14 ct re 4267 "s HS 103255 7S ss 884 ‘* Olover ee ee: 389 Ibs. hay. | 285 Ibs. hay. Milmothyss-51.096-.:4. 186 '' | ez -s© one If we value corn at 4o cents per bushel, oats at 30 cents, wheat at 80 cents, hay at 8 dollars per ton, corn stover at 3 dollars and straw at 2 dollars, the increase produced by a total application of 320 pounds of acid phosphate, costing about $2.40, will have a total average value of $8.44 per acre for each rotation during the first 5 years, and of $18.20 per acre during the 7-year period following, leaving a net gain, after deducting the cost of the fertilizer, $6.04 per acre for the first period and $15.82 per acre for the second. On that portion of the land fertilized with both acid phosphate and muriate of potash the increase has been as shown in table IV. IV.—AVERAGE INCREASE PER ACRE FROM ACID PHOSPHATE AND MURIATE OF IROMASHe Sosa j 5 years—1894-1898. 7 years—1899-1905. WOM. casa yiaiefed es ace 7.21 bus. grain, 28 lbs. stover. 15.80 bus. grain, 692 lbs. stover. OAUS eee ae eee also cue we 6.87 &¢ ue 277 «°° straw. 14-7018 aie 623 ‘‘ straw. 1 UU) EE Rey ene ee Dip o ae se AGS "5 a LEER Ns ie 896 ‘* i Clover eect et ae 806 lbs. hay. 526 lbs. hay. TRIMOCNY sates vee oe ee 1130 < ae 20) ge rf 108 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT, Using the same valuation as before, the increase from the com- bination of acid phosphate with muriate of potash has had a total value for each rotation of $18.02 per acre during the first period, and of $26.08 during the second. Deducting the cost of the fertilizer we have a net gain of $9.12 per acre for the first period and of $17.18 for the second. When nitrate of soda has been substituted for muriate of potash the increase has been as shown in table V. V.—AVERAGE INOREASE PER ACRE FRJM AOID PHOSPHATE AND NITRATE OF SODA. 5 years—1894-1898. 7 years—1899-1905. WOU Ee shies wasiiess web eee sc 9.65 bus. grain, 217 lbs. stover. 16.73 bus. grain, 500 lbs. stover. OJICAS Seediaceancatupnarioce 8.26 ‘Ss ee 299 ‘* straw. 19.62 ‘“* id 789 ‘* straw. Wiheattacc:.ccsse tact tee 628ten* ris Sosms < LG207 aes 2 5036 £ AS CONG 2) PoE ercborcensed 1,066 lbs. hay. 916 lbs. hay. DimMOuyeci~ casero ce 7 607 > Se Se ZEB ate es ae The increase from this combination thus shows a total value for each rotation of $19.98 for the first period and of $35.24 for the second, leaving a net value of $5.58 for the first period and of $20.84 for the second. On the land receiving the complete fertilizer, made up of acid phosphate, muriate of potash and nitrate of soda, the increase has been as shown in table VI. VI.—\VERAGE INOREASE PER AORE FROM COMPLETE FERTILIZER. ‘ | 5 years—1894-1898. 7 years—1899-1905. (O10) aR Gnert Eisner pee 10.72 bus. grain, 3823 lbs. stover. | 20.08 bus. grain, 750 lbs. stover. MV EIDS Nett sniaie ceniavthase mers 12293) s0 J 609 ‘* straw. | 22.86 ‘* ve 2 O16) Sunes WGA. orn. cccmeet eines os A ce By WS Sa eh (18.91 ** Me™ es OST" ee s HOV OL en. asses eseinaeics 41015039) LbSe ae 1,121 lbs. hay. Timethiy ce. 6es..2 seo... Blas “as 960" heeech The total value of the increase in this case amounts to $25.72 for the first period and $42.47 for the second, leaving a net value of $4.82 for the first period and $21.57 for the second. It will be observed that in every case the fertilizers have produced a very much greater increase in the cereal crops during the second period than during the first, while the hay crops have shown a marked falling off in the rate of increase during the second period, except where nitrate SOIT, SESSION. 109 of soda entered into the composition of the fertilizer. In 1900 and since, lime has been applied to one half the land in this experiment as it was being prepared for corn, with the result that the limed land has shown a somewhat greater yield of corn, oats and wheat, followed by a very much larger yield of clover and timothy than the unlimed land. It now appears probable that if all the land had been limed once in each rotation, at the rate of a ton of lime to the acre, not only the unfertilized yields but also the total and net increase from the fertilizers on all the crops would have been considerably greater than it has been. Taking the experiment as it stands, we see that acid phosphate has been decidedly the most effective of the three fertilizing materials used in producing increase of crop in the cereals. Ordinarly we assume that the only element of value in acid phosphate is phosphorus, but the ques- tion may be raised whether, in this soil, hungry for lime as it has been shown to be, the lime carried in the acid phosphate may not have con- tributed to the increase of crop. It is true that since the use of lime was begun the limed ends of the unfertilized plots have given an average yield of corn, 10 bushels to the acre greater than that given by the un- limed ends, but this yield has been further increased by 11 bushels per the acre on the limed ends, against 12 bushels on the unlimed ends, on the plots receiving acid phosphate only, thus indicating that the lime in the acid phosphate has played but a very small part in the increase pro- duced by this material. Muriate of potash and nitrate of soda, whether used separately or in combination, have produced a comparatively small effect and have been used at a pecuniary loss unless combined with the phosphate, yet the addition of these substances to the phosphate produces not only a greater total yield but also a greater net gain than that derived from any partial fertilizer, notwithstanding the fact that the cost of the complete fertilizer is eight times as great as that of the acid phosphate alone. The actual total yields, for the two periods, of the land receiving this complete fertilizer are given in table VII. VII.—AVERAGE TOTAL YIELDS PER AORE FROM COMPLETE FERTILIZERS. 5 years—1894-1898. 7 years—1899-1905. ~ WOnMe eee chieetoe s. obs 41.3 bus. grain, 1,821 lbs. stover. | 48.3 bus. grain, 2,160 lbs. stover. CQ) ARES aalien Man ise nator es ABEG. oe s¢ 1,809 lbs. straw. | 55.7 ‘* 2° 2,203 ‘* straw. Whe Bite. scenes. sasiecee ears ZOiS a5 as Pao is ein ae eho G ae = 2,788 ‘S ee OlGVGrnse ata. Sos ctie ccs 2,740 lbs. hay. 3,107 lbs. hay. RTM OH. 225 oso BOOSEE 25943; =S* 5 96 Bee V4 a oe ae 110 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. In other words, the presistent use of a complete chemical fertilizer oi very high grade, on crops grown in systematic rotation, has brought up this run down farm to such a state of productiveness that it is now producing, as a 7-year average, more .than 47 bushels of corn and 55 bushels of oats to the acre, 27 bushels of wheat, and more than a ton and a half of hay, and while bringing the land up to this point the fertilizer not only paid for itself, but has paid a high annual rental on the land besides. y The question will naturally arise, whether the fertilizing materials have been used in this test in the most economical proportions to each other, and especially whether a larger proportion of phosphorus to nitro- gen might not have been employed to advantage. This question is partially answered by one of the plots in this experiment on which, for the last 7 years, the total dressing of acid phosphate has been increased to 480 pounds, and that of nitrate of soda has been reduced to 240 pounds for the rotation, the quantity of muriate of potash remaining unchanged ; this change reducing the cost of the fertilizer to $16.10 for the entire rotation. ° The result is given in table VIII. VIII.—AVERAGE TOTAL YIELD AND INOREASE PER ACRE FROM COMPLETE FERTILIZER WITH MORE PHOSPHORUS AND LESS NITROGEN. 7 years—1899-1905. Total yield per acre. Increase per acre. Corn.. .. .............. | 49.5 bus. grain, 2,361 lbs. stover.| 20.89 bus. grain, 805 Ibs. stover. WRU Mer nisisine ceisisis, wietasicis | Okt.” “ 2,293 ‘* straw. | 23.53 ** oe 1 40yeS) istrawe WIHCLG aot). oon sore aoe BK EI)! OL ae 2,200“ ne 15.48 ‘ nS 1 hey 5 yo as ClO GI chaee oe myee tees 2,562 lbs. hay. 766 Ib. hay. PIM Ob Yee eee cose leno oie se (hy GY a It will be observed that the total yields from this combination are smaller in everp crop except the corn than from the one carrying more nitrogen and less phosphorous. ‘The increase appears slightly larger in the corn and oats crops, but the wheat and hay crops show the opposite effect, and the net value of the increase, which amounts to $21.32, is slightly smaller than from the more expensive fertilizer. On the other hand, is it possible to still further increase the nitrogen in the fertilizer to advantage? This question has been put to test on a plot which has received for each rotation 720 pounds of nitrate of soda— 240 pounds on each of the cereal crops—combined with the standard SOIT, SESSION. . T11 application of 320 pounds acid phosphate and 260 pounds muriate of potash, the cost of the total application being raised to $26.90 for each rotation. The results are shown in table IX. IX.—AVERAGE TOTAL YIELD AND INCREASE PER ACRE FROM COMPLETE FER- TILIZER WITH LARGER AMOUNT OF NITRATE OF SODA. 7 years—1899-1905. Total yield per acre. Increase per acre. (Ol in SqescicHeD BEOOMOoOR TAG 49.9 bus. grain, 2,332 Ibs. stover.| 21.30 bus. grain, 822 lbs. stover. OAT Siarccictsice orsis oes nerrere oso mee ree ee QS (Dy eee SULAW.\noeeess los Ee 1153 Sees trawr. WAN Bi bectis cstay vesetciera | alse: 26 90 44 32 17 42 INDE ALC ORS Be) s53.. 5 wie tess najeieesieioenieh teleioars ck ea one eons. oa 720 Next to nitrogen, potassium has been the most expensive element of the fertilizer. If we compare the increase from acid phosphate alone 112 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. with that from acid phosphate and muriate of potash; or that from acid phosphate and nitrate of soda, with that from the complete fertilizer, we find that in both cases the cost of he muriate of potash has been more than recovered in the additional increase from the fertilizer, but the margin of profit has been small. We have as yet no data from which to determine definitely whether a smaller application of potassium would have been more economical, but the results of the experiment would encourage the endeavor to find a cheaper source of potassium, rather than to reduce the quantity used, and this is equally true of nitrogen. Taking the combination of fertilizers which has produced the greatest net gain, we note that it consists of 320 pounds of acid phosphate, cost- ing $2.40, 260 pounds of muriate of potash, costing $6.50, and 4.80 pounds of nitrate of soda, costing $12.00, or $18.50 for potassium and nitrogen, against $2.40 for phosphorus. The total value of the increase from this combination has been 42.47, leaving a net value of $21.57 after paying for the expensive fertilizer used; but if only the phosphorous had been bought, the nitrogen and potassium being secured on the farm without cost—as they may be—the net profit would have been $40 per acre for the 5-year period, instead of $21. 7 IV. THE FARM SUPPLY OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM. Since 1897 there has been in progress on the same farm on which the experiments above described are located, a 3-year rotation of corn, wheat and clover, each crop in this case, as in the other, being grown ‘every season after the first. The average unfertilized yields in this test have been as wollows: X1.—AVERAGE UNFERTILIZED YIELDS IN 3-YEAR ROTATION OF CORN, WHEAT AND CLOVER FOR THE 9 YEARS, 1897-1905. COORD (OY CAPS). ois Sncwes Gvie wae, ote atnaee et Cee heme Cece tieiss 37.4 bus. grain, 2,198 lbs. stover. Wheat (Sivears)>... 5.0 eee ener ini alee Meicees ded store ec .< FA a a ve L028 75°° alt GHOV ORT. ica Sue's: «-0/, ie slese cane ae ae eet men atiale Cale iF bile core.0/s 1,963 lbs. hay. *Por the 5 years, 1901-1995, Ssy beans were grown tastead of clover during the first 3 years and these were plowed under. It will be observed that the unfertilized yield of corn in this experi- ment has been several bushels larger than in the rotation first described, the corn in the shorter rotation being grown on clover sod, in the longer one on timothy sod. The wheat yields are practically the same in the two tests, if we compare on the basis of the entire 12-year period of the SOIL SESSION. 113 ionger rotation. The clover yields are a little larger in the shorter rota--. tion. Two series of plots in this experiment have been manured for each corn crop with cattle manure, that used on the one series being manure which had lain in an open barnyard for several months during the winter, while that for the other series has been taken directly to the field from box stalls, where it has been trampled under foot while accumulating. If there has been any difference in the feed from which the manure was made it has been in favor of the open yard manure. The manure has been used in all cases at the rate of 8 tons per acre. It is spread on the clover sod in the spring and plowed under. The wheat and clover follow without any further manuring or fertilizing. Manure not only wastes by leaching when exposed to the weather, but it is also subjected to heavy losses of ammonia when so managed that heating and consequent chemical action take place. Moreover, the fact that phosphatic fertilizers produce such a remarkable effect on many soils which have been long in cultivation, indicates that ordinary farm manure is either deficient in phosphorus, or that its phosphorus becomes relatively less available to crops than its nitrogen and potassium. In the hope of obtaining suggestions as to the practicability of diminishing the loss of ammonia on the one hand, and of rendering the nitrogen and potassium of the manure more effective by increasing the supply of phosphorus on the other, the following treatment has been given to lots of each kind of manure—yard and stall—since the beginning of this experiment. One lot of each kind has been dusted with gypsum, or land plaster, and another lot with kainit, a crude potash salt, these substances having been shown to be useful in arresting escaping ammonia; a third lot has been treated with floats, the finely ground, phosphatic rock from which acid phosphate is made by the addition of sulphuric acid, and a fourth lot with acid phosphate itself, these materials being used on the as- sumption that they would probably be as efficient as gypsum or kainit in arresting ammonia, and would have the further advantage of re-enforc- ing the manure with phosphorus. In the use of the floats a further object was to learn whether this material, which is almost completely in- soluble in its ordinary condition, might not be rendered soluble by the fermentation of the manure, and thus obviate the necessity of treating it with acid. These various materials have been applied to the manure in the spring, usually in March or early in April, at the uniform rate of 40 A—8 Il4 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. pounds per ton of manure; manure being taken from the open barnyard where it had lain during the winter, for the “yard manure” series, and from box stalls, where it had been accumulating for several months, for the “stall manure”’ series. After dusting the manure with the various materials it has been allowed to lie in heaps for a few weeks, when it has been spread on the clover sod and plowed under for corn. This method of leaving the treatment until spring has been followed in order to make sure of using the same quantity of each material on uniform lots of manure. It is believed that the better way, as a farm practice, is to use the conserving materials daily in the stables, while the manure is accumulating, in order to have them in contact with the manure as long as possible before it is drawn to the field. This is believed to apply especially to floats, as it would seem most desirable that this material should be subjected for a considerable time to the direct action of the manure. The results of this test for the last six years, omitting the first rotation, as in the other test, are given in table XII. XII.—TREATMENT OF FARM MANURE: SIX-YEAR AVERAGE INOREASE PER AORE, COST OF TREATMENT AND VALUE OF INOREASE. Increase per acre. Value of increase. Cost of 6) : | Whe: Manure and treatment. treat- a | pe Total | Net ven ment. ; ; Hay per per of Ear- Stover Grain Straw lbs. acre. acre. man- See al LDS: | bus. | Ibs. mee: Yard manure untreated.....|........ 15.45 837 | 8.87 924 686 | $18 20 | $18 20 | $2 27 WHC SV DSUM secc- cnt cscs secies $128} 20.99} 1,166) 13.40} 1,314 1,022 | 2627 | 2499] 312 WHGH aint tincctcctect cece ce : 2 %2:| (21.37 |) L,8289)" 12°21 1,174} 1,293 | 2665 | 2393) 2 99 WAUMNOMUS|. Aoslitstciissolasass 128} 22.22) 1,279] 14.51 | 1,384) 1,727 | 28 71| 2743) 348 With acid phosphate. ........ 240 | 23.60) 1,888) 15.70} 1,506 | 1,826 | 34 89 | 32 49 4 06 Stall manure untreated.. ..|....... 21.66 | 1,281 | 11.32] 1,126] 1,309 | 2600) 2600| 325 VAUD SUM nic cin cco cisesieterems 128) 24.20; 1,530) 14.18; 1,502) 1,331 3015} 28 87 | 3 61 Wy eal G, ca wc sc cues ene cts 272 | 26.31 1,736 | 14.93 | 1,611 1,948 | 3447) 3175) 3 97 MVANMOUGR UB ua (lucmenitninc oes 128 | 28.95] 1,768 | 17.23 | 1,697 | 2,504] 3873] 3745] 4 68 With acid phosphate......... 240| 31.94) 1,765|} 17.68 | 1,774] 2,648 | 4193) 3953) 4 94 This table shows that 320 pounds of acid phosphate and 8 tons of stall manure, used in combination, have produced every 3 years, as the average of six 3-year rotations, a total increase to the value of $41.93, or within a few cents of the same amount as that produced in 5 years by the same quantity of acid phosphate in combination with 260 pounds of muriate of potash and 480 pounds of nitrate of soda. Our analyses indicate that the 8 tons of manure have carried about the same quantity SOIL SESSION. IIs of nitrogen as that found in 480 pounds of nitrate of soda, but consid- erably less potassium than would be carried in 260 pounds of muriate of potash. It appears, therefore, that these constituents of fertility are at least as effective in fresh stable manure, from well fed cattle, as in the two chemicals used in these experiments, and which are among the most effective, and at the same time the cheapest of commercial carriers of nitrogen and potash, respectively, provided the manure be re-enforced with a supply of readily available phosphorus. The cost of nitrate of soda and muriate of potash at retail, freight paid to Ohio, is about 2 1-2 cents per pound, so that the 8 tons of manure has replaced chemicals costing $18.50. 3 It is true that it costs more to apply stable manure than commercial fertilizers, but after making full allowance on this point we still nave a value of at least $2.00 per ton for the manure, as compared with com- mercial fertilizers of equal efficiency in crop production. VE THE PRODUCTION OF MANURE. In feeding experiments at the Ohio station, a careful record has: been kept of feed and bedding consumed, of increase in live weight and of manure produced. These experiments have shown that, under average conditions, the increase in live weight should pay for the feed consumed: and labor of feeding, leaving the manure as clear gain. The production: of manure has been 35 to 42 pounds per day for a 1000-pound steer, exclusive of bedding, and the bedding has averaged 7 to 7 1-2 pounds per day. Under average conditions it is safe to estimate the manure pro- duction of a I000-pound steer at not less than 40 pounds per day, in- clusive of bedding, or 3 1-2 tons for a feeding period of 6 months. The manure from two steers, therefore, would give an application of 7 tons- to an acre of land. In the experiments last described, manure has been used at the rate of 8 tons per acre, and it is applied once in 3 years. Untreated’ yard manure has also been used on two plots in the 5-year rotation first described, being applied to the corn and wheat crops, at the rate of & tons and 4 tons per acre. Taking the results from the last 7 years and using the same valuations that have been used in other cases, the larger application has produced a total increase to the value of $34.42 for each rotation, or $2.15 per ton of manure—a value slightly below that found from the same kind of manure in the 3-year .rotation—while the smaller application has given a tota! increase worth $22.19, or $2.77 per ton of: 116 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. manure. In other words, the increase per acre is larger from the larger application of manure, but the increase per ton of manure is larger from the smaller one; hence, when the manure supply is scanty it is advisable to spread it more thinly than when it is abundant, but table XII shows that one ton of manure treated with phosphate rock and taken directly from the ‘stable to the field may produce a greater increase than two tons of the yard manure used in the experiment just described. In conclusion: My study of the soil has led me to the belief that the plants we cultivate have but little greater ability to obtain mineral sub- stances required for their growth directly from the sand and clay of the soil than they have to obtain their nitrogen directly from the free nitro- ‘gen of the atmosphere, but that, in the one case as in the other, their supplies are chiefly drawn from stores accumulated and made available through the agency of microscopic organisms existing in the soil, ‘and whose work has been going on for countless ages. Our statistics of crop production show that the average agricultural practice of our time is tending toward the steady exhaustion of this accumulated store of fertility, while experimental data show that it is possible to secure a very much larger average yield than that ordinarily secured, and that this may be accomplished at a lower relative cost than is now required to produce the average crop. These data also show that, while it is possible to bring up the. rate of production of a run-down soil to a point exceeding that of its virgin condition by the intelligent use of chemical fertilizers, and to do this at a cost which will leave a margin of profit, yet the same result may be attained more certainly and at a very much smaller cost by the production and well informed use of animal manures, re-enforced with such fertilt- zing materials as may be required to more perfectly adapt these manures to the soils on which they are employed. DISCUSSION. Gov. Colman: Do you believe that lime is an antidote for what is termed throughout Ohio “clover sickness?” Mr. Thorne: Yes, it is. Mr. Wilhite: We have some land in this country where clover will not grow. Mr. Thorne: What kind of land is it? Dr. Waters: It is free stone land—the thinner lime-stone land that has been cultivated for a long time. Mr. Thorne: That land has been stirred up and the surface turned ‘over and over again and the lime has been pumped out by hard rotations SOIL SESSION. 117 of corn, oats, wheat and timothy, and the lime is being exhausted, and it will eventually all be exhausted even from limestone soils. Gov. Colman: Have you tried phosphorus on clover land? Mr. Thorne: Yes, but we are not getting a good stand of clover. There is not enough lime in an ordinary fertilizer to take the place of the lime that has been exhausted from the soil. It is more economical to buy the lime than to buy it in the fertilizer. The phosphorus rock costs $8 a ton and lime only about $5, and where lime accomplishes the same purpose it is best to use it. Dr. Waters: Before you leave the lime question, let me say in our soil survey we have found one soil in Southern Missouri, known com- monly as post oak flats, which shows a very little of lime in the first ten inches of soil; and the subsoil shows only a trifle of lime. That soil will have to be drilled for lime before it can be made to grow these legumes, won't it? Mr. Thorne: Yes; clover is the chief crop to show the deficiency of lime. For a crop of clover it takes 50 pounds of lime; for wheat about 7 or 8 pounds. Gov. Colman: Is it possible to get too much lime in the soil? Mr. Thorne: Yes, there is great danger of that. It is possible to apply so much lime as to entirely efface the effect we wish to accomp- lish and make the land unfit for cropping for some time. We are using one ton of lime to the acre; we have soil which requires twice that amount—two tons to the acre. When we go beyond that amount, we begin to see the opposite effect. Mr. ————-: Do you apply lime before or after sowing the seed? Mr. Thorne: As long before as possible. We have strong evi- dence that the proximity of the lime to the seed is injurious, and we want to keep them as far apart as we can. Dr. Waters: Before we plant the seed and before we cultivate the land? Mrs (Thorne: ,, ss/0i0j~ $2 10 420 | 6 20 $1 50 Hom phosphoruSy..---5-eeeee seer eaeeece sae. oir - | $6 30 8 40 | 8 40 23 10 7 50* Boeinursenianie ee ae oe ee oS SS | 350 210 | 280 | 280] 750. *In steamed bone-meal. Notice now, if you will, the effect of treatment on the gray silt loam. (See plates 4 and 5.) The particular field, the results of which are given here, is located at Odin. A four-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat and cowpeas has been followed. For legume treatment catch crops of cowpeas are seeded in the corn at the last cultivation and after the oats and wheat, to be plowed under for the benefit of the land. It should be stated that 1903 was a very poor wheat vear, but notwithstanding that pArcicincrmpbay CMR sthnqanitncmnanemmoiennabipbanimie reer Plate 4.—Wheat Crop with Legume and Lime Treatment. fact, phosphorus increased the yield nine bushels. In 1904, and again in 1905, where lime had been applied to destroy the sourness in this soil, legumes did better, and there was more organic matter to plow under, and the increased yield shows the effect. But phosphorus added to this treatment gave a very decided additional increase (12 bushels in 1904 and 12 bushels in 1905). Ao T30 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. The one increase of twenty-three bushels in 1905 for the lime- legume-phosphorus treatment (from 13 to 36 bushels), has more than paid for the whole three years’ treatment. Two tons of fine ground limestone, costing now about $2.25 per ton, were applied in the beginning (this application should keep the soil. in good condition for growing clover during the next five or six years, when another ton may be needed), and the steamed bone meal has cost $2.50 each year, making Plate 5.—Wheat Crop with Legume, Lime and Phosphorus Treatment. $12 as the total cost of treatment, while the value of the twenty-three bushels for 1905 alone, at 70 cents per bushel, is $16.10. In addition to this we have the increase of nine.bushels for 1903, and of fifteen bushels for 1904, as clear gain. But most important of all is the fact that we are putting on more than we are taking off in crops, and the soil is get- ting richer. Let me call your attention to the decreasing effect of potassium. We have an abundant natural supply in the soil, but not much decaying organic matter to make it available. But where the rotation has been followed and more and more organic matter worked into the soil, the effect of adding available potassium decreases from five bushels for the first year, three for the second, to an actual loss of four bushels for the third. The potassium is there in very large amounts, and it is better farming to work it out than it is to buy it. SOIL SESSION.» I3r TABLE NO. III. Crop yields on Illinois soil experiments. From Vienna Field on Worn Hill land. | Bushels per acre. Soil treatment applied. 1903 1904 1905 corn. corn. corn, IN ONG. o6110/- BOP MOHnGEa ao CNOL OU Se De Sacer ebeUeanateoobed nance romct : 9 3L 38 Mere CALC CLO PSs. misesciners «otis cielole ors ate sors cist nce ais ste wisreloinntcletesivie sisteis 5 36 43 Were ynimmesseere sae ck Pea nacre re ens Sas som Pine aoe anes es a 49 62. Mesimen Limes POOSPHOLUS). sores. osccle ccc ciisesinccis eslcciciosia «ceiey ay 3 7 49 bY 4 Legume, lime, phosphorus and potassium..................0208 ceeeee 11 45 57 Gay Gir Nee WN oocd dee oS Sod Guececsbedes= cee 5 Borceeallsactcbnsdel| yp ik 24 VIITETORSIN CREASE AME ae tare es es cee akin eaaeees Net aack he Ee eon. [KSENSO $8 40 Soil treatment applied. | mere hone! | ene: WER UINC TC abe HiCLODS:.e) maeeemes. closeness Usis.cesine os.itis's =P eee IICI | il 7 1k Men IEMlTGEN ees ona ee aU rck. Re eS OM a 1 105, |) ale SSI CIN Cs DIOS PUONIIS siettteyna -elelas'- eicieisl eatareve ay ees o uresal ciatera elevacc: sleeve) srayaxe 8 15 26 Legume, lime, phosphorus and potassium.... ............ cece eee 11 18 30 : Paes AS eres Gain forlegume, lime and phosphorus. .......... ..........+- 8 8 25 Wal eGrof INCLrEASO ks. sncppesse ceo ncice.ce oases pdeciawisedicesaate: .alevalerere $5 60 $5 60 $17 50 Upon this red silt loam occupying the worn hills of the extreme southern part of the State, the growing of legumes to increase the nitro- een content of the soil, is of first importance. An acid condition exists here as well as in the gray silt loam, and the use of from one to two tons of fine ground limestone is advisable in order to get clover to stand and to grow better cowpeas. The first year the season was the limiting actor in production, but in the second and third year the legume and lime treatment has given a substantial increase in corn; neither phos- phorus nor potassium added to this has increased the yield. The supply of phosphorus is rather low and, undoubtedly, when the nitrogen sup- ply has been brought up, by turning under legumes, phosphorus can then be used with profit. In fact, for the wheat crop, phosphorus can be profitably used from the beginning, as is shown by the increase of seven bushels the first year, five bushels the second, and eight bushels the third. Allow me to say a word in regard to another good form in which to buy the element phosphorus; that is in the form of fine ground natural rock phosphate. This material is being taken in large quantities from 132 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. the mines of Tennessee and other Southern states, and do you know that two-thirds of the yearly output, or 1,000,000 tons, are being exported? The farmers of England and Germany know that it takes phosphorus to produce grains profitably. Most of the output which remains in this country is being manufactured into acid phosphate and then into com- plete fertilizers. These materials are being used in the eastern states where today we have abandoned farms. They act merely as supplements to the plant food in the soil and as soil stimulators. The cost of manu- facture makes the cost of the plant food elements so high, especially in socalled “complete fertilizers,’ that the grain farmer cannot afford to replace, by their purchase, the plant food removed in crops. Then, too, the added acid will, in many cases, only intensify our already un- favorable conditions for clover growing. But in the form of steamed bone meal or natural rock phosphate, enough phosphorus can be bought and profitably used to more than replace the phosphorus removed in large crops. About $25.00 in the one case and $8.50 in the other, will buy a ton of material-carrying phosphorus enough for more than 1,000 bushels of corn or wheat. These materials will not injure the soil, in- deed, we have the rock phosphate naturally in the soil. To be sure, the phosphorus in the ground rock phosphate is not readily available, neither is the stock of phosphorus in our soils available, but they can both be made available by decaying organic matter, and I think it is the business of the farmer to do this. Rock phosphate will not give results upon thin worn soils by itself, it must be turned under with farm manure, second growth clover, or anything which will supply decaying organic matter. In this matter of looking after the plant food supply of our soils, we do not believe in letting others do for us that which we can as well do for ourselves. We believe that it is good farm practice and good business to use the natural raw materials at hand, to draw upon the im- mense supply of nitrogen in the air by means of legumes, and, if we are short in one or more of the mineral elements, to get these in the cheapest form possible, apply them to.our soils in large excess of crop needs, and then to see to it that we work them out by means of decaying organic matter. I am sure, gentlemen, that if we will study earnestly this matter of the productive power of soils, we will be able to adopt systems of farm- ing upon the soils of. Missouri whereby we can continue to do grain farming, do it profitably, by building up our soils, and at the same time establish here, and in all of this great Central West, a permanent agri- culture. SOIL, SESSION. 133 EXPERIMENTS WITH COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. (Prof. H. A. Huston, Chicago, I11.) The last speaker has relieved me of the necessity of making any extended explanation in regard to some of the principles involved in the use of commercial plant foods. We may pass directly to our sub- ject, and perhaps it may be helpful if we spend a few minutes in con- sidering what the crops remove from the soil, using the wheat plant for an example. A bundle of wheat as it leaves the binder, contains, in addition to a variable amount of water, about 10 pounds of material. By a partic- ularly fortunate provision of nature, the most of this material is de- rived from air and water. We may make a rough separation by burn- ing the bundle. Most of it passes off in the form of gases or smoke, and of the ingredients burned all, with one exception, to which we will refer again, were derived from the air and water. There remains a small quantity of material, commonly called ash, and while it is small, both in bulk and weight, as compared with the whole bundle, being only about 3.5 per cent, or one-third, of a pound to the bundle, it is none the less important. There are nine substances present in this ash, which are found to be needed by the plant; two of them, chlorine and soda, are, perhaps, of less vital importance to most plants, but the others are surely essential to normal plant growth. The quantities of all of these mineral ingredients in the bundle of wheat are shown in these vials, in the form of familiar compounds. For our present purposes we might set aside the silica, iron, magnesia, soda, sulphur and chlorine, since every ordinary soil will furnish these in abundance, and they are never applied as plant foods, and when present in fertilizer mixtures no money value is attached to them. The same is true of lime, which is never applied to land for the purpose of furnishing plant food, al- though it is frequently used to great advantage in correcting acidity and in improving the mechanical condition of heavy soils. Used alone, its final effect is soil exhaustion. There remain two substances which are found in relatively large quantities in the ash and are found in most soils in limited amounts and unavailable forms. The first of these is phosphoric acid and the second is potash. These constitute two of the three so-called essential plant foods; not because they are really more necessay than the others, but because of the plant’s demand for a large amount of them and be- cause of the plant’s difficulty in getting them from the relatively in- soluble compounds in which these two substances occur in soils. £34 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. You are all familiar with the substance obtained by chewing wheat; this we often call gum, but it is really gluten, a substance containing nitrogen and sulphur in addition to the elements contained in starch and cellulose. The quantity of nitrogen in the bundle of wheat (shown here in the form of one of its most concentrated compounds, sulphate of ammonia), is quite large and the amount of it in most soils is not large and is subject to constant loss by leaching, as well as by removal in crops. Hence, this element is referred to as an essential plant food. These three substances, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, the so-called essential plant foods, must be furnished to agricultural plants in the right amounts, in the right forms and at the right times if we are to make a proper use of our soils. It is true, that a chemical analysis can show the total amount of plant food in any soil, but very little of this is available at one time or in one season. Moreover, the plant is like the rest of us, it gets its food as easily as possible, and so takes the most available plant food first. A little of the plant food in the soil is available, a part can be made available in a reasonable time, but the most of the mineral elements are in such a condition that by no known means can they be made available in a reasonable time or at a reasonable cost. It is only an irritation to the farmer to learn that there is enough potash in his soil to raise one thousand corn crops and then to find out that it will not become avail- able in ten thousand years. Improved tillage can do much to make soil nitrogen more rapidly available, but can do little to increase the rate at which the more re- sistent compounds of phosphoric acid and potash change : into available forms. Of course, the manurial resouces of the farm in the form of ma- nures and leguminous crops should be utilized to the utmost. But the use of these will frequently fail to make good some marked soil deficiency ‘which is limiting the crop. This lack may be due either to the origin of ‘the soil or to a system of cropping whch has removed nearly all of the available supply of one or more elements and left the soil in a condition in which it will no longer yield profitable crops. Often a liberal use of minerals is necessary to produce a crop of the legume on which we de- pend for the increase of the nitrogen supply. Hence, it very often happens that in spite of the great stores of total plant food in some soils, the application to them in an available form of what seems a trifling amount of plant food, produces most striking and profitable returns. The way to find out whether fertilizers .can be profitably used is to try it. But it is essential that one should -start right in making such a trial. One should use known quantities of SOIL SESSION. 135 standard plant foods and not manufactured brands in the trials. Hav- ing found out what is needed, one may turn his attention to whether he prefers to buy it in ready mixed form or otherwise. Your attention is first called to a wheat experiment on land which once was fine wheat soil, but has been run down by a bad system of cropping. The facts about the wheat test are: eqs : | Uost of | Value of | Fertilizer per acre. Yield per acre. fertilizer: |ineranse: | Profits. Plat: On... 5. eee | AOD ex. n-tyeee ele seins seta APP OUSHOL er = linet a's sono ses Mee eer messin lac sicleeete Plateolis.-c seer Blood; GOMpOUNAS ss concss lines tocse sess «sens Js seer cen celereeeeceeee [oven ee Muriate of potash, 30lbs) 9.5 bushel. | $2.25 $4.24 $1.99 | Plat 312 2. 1 Sea Blood, 60 pounds.......... | 21.3 bushel.....| 3.00 13.68 | 10.68 Acid phos., 200 pounds. PAG toactecisiesere cee Acid phos., 200 pounds...| 22.6 bushel..... 2.25 14.72 12.47 Muriate of potash, 30 Ibs.| | ia Piato0l....-. 4 ~ --|| Blood: 60;poundss.......---- 30.8 bushel.... | 3.75 22.88 19.13 Acid Phos., 200 pounds. | Muriate of potash, 30 lbs | BlatesO8e se ee cee Blood, 60 pounds.......... 24.8 bushel..... 3.38 | 16.48 13.10 | | Acid Phos., 200 lbs. Muriaie of potash, 15 lbs.| COMPARATIVE YIELDS OF WHEAT FROM 7; ACRE. Fertilizer Used. . 1st Sack. | 2nd Sack. 3rd Sack. Acid Phosphate. | Blood. Acid Phosphate. Blood. Acid Phosphate. Muriate of Potash. Muriate of Potash. 136 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. COMPARATIVE YIELDS OF WHEAT FROM x ACRE. Fertilizer Used. Ist and 2nd Sacks. 38rd Sack. 4th Sack. Acid Phosphate. None. | Blood. Blood. | Muriate of Potash. Muriate of Potash. This work was done by a farmer in the ordinary way. The profits ranged from 88 to 510 per cent. A rather instructive lesson is brought out by comparing plats 312, 307 and 308. The addition of 30 pounds of muriate of potash increased the yield 9 1-2 bushels at a cost of 75 cents, or less than 8 cents per bushel. Where only 15 pounds of muriate of potash was used, the yield was only increased 3 1-2 bush- els, at a cost of 38 cents, or II cents per bushel. The farmer saved 37 cents worth of fertilizer and lost 6 bushels of wheat. This illustrates a well-known law that if too little potash is used the straw gets it away from the grain. In terms of mixed fertilizer the experimenter used, on plat 307, 300 pounds per acre of a fertilizer containing 3 per cent nitrogen, 9 per cent available phosphorc acid and 5 per cent potash. On plats 311, 312 and 313, one ingredient is left out. The profits are large, but not greater than can be expected when the right kinds, amounts and forms of plant food are used. Many farmers use from 75 to 150 pounds of a one-sided low grade fertilizer and increase the straw, but do not use the right amount or kind for the highest production of grain. The experiments with corn are simpler, containing only three plats. SOIL SESSION. 137 Ne: c= eS EXPERIMENT AT MARIONVILLE, MO. Fertilizer Used. Ist Ear. | 2nd Ear. | 3rd Ear. | Bone. | Bone. None. Blood. Blood. | Potash. | | EXPERIMENTS AT MARIONVILLE, MO. | =A Cost of | oe Yield per eas Value of | Fertilizer per acre. eros | Saeed Ticeddaee Profit. | zl Plat 1 INONG! sas eiscee cen seees oer | COIDTISHELS:prccrenillccteae= ce. [eeteecarn soe (tae ob ORR o as acgeopnease Blood, 188 pounds........ 29.3 bushels.... $8 50 $4 66 Loss | Bone, 336 pounds. Plat 3 Blood, 188 pounds......... 49.6 bushels.... iby 14 80 $3 10 Bone, 336 pounds. Sulphate of potash, 120 pounds. EXPERIMENT AT RAYMONDVILLE, MO. Plate scccasce cases INONE seo tbat ose coset 16:8) DUSHEIS Pn ec sere sapsleciss |e Se eiteucle ale eters eon esow oreo Platigsscccse. Blood, 170 pounds........ | 24.2 bushels.... $8 34 | €3 70 Loss Bone, 300 pounds. Plat 3 Blood, 170 pounds......... | 47.2 bushels.... 12 06 15 20 $3.14 Bone, 300 pounds. F Muriate of potash, 120! pounds. | | MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. EXPERIMENT AT RAYMONDVILLE, MO. Yield from Plot No. 1. No Fertilizer Used. yon» math t EXPERIMENT AT RAYMONDVILLB, MO. Yield from Plot No. 2 Blood and Bone Fertilizer Applied. . SOIL SESSION. 139 We have selected these two experiments on corn not because they show the most striking profits, but because they show the necessity of using the right things, at the right time, in the right amounts, and in the right forms. Both bone and blood are excellent forms of plant food for some purposes. But bone acts too slowly for corn, and the high expense of the blood is not justified by the corn crop. The corn could not utilize the slowly available bone in its short growing season. The corn needed something more than bone and blood, as shown by the great increase when the potash was added. The potash cost $3.00 per acre and increased the yield 20 and 23 bushels, and converted a loss on the blood and bone into a gain of 25 per cent on the cost of the whole fer- tilizer, and a gain of 360 per cent on the cost of the potash. The amount of fertilizer used in these corn experiments was too large, the phosphoric acid was not in the right form, and in plat 2 the most important ingredient is lacking. On plat 3, doubtless, even better results would have been obtained had the phosphoric acid been in a more available form. A striking thing about the corn from Marionville is that the corn from plat 1, unfertilized, has been practically destroyed by the insects that bore through the kernels, that form plat 2, partially fertilized, has been attacked some and that from plat 3, fully fertilized, shows very little damage from the insects. The corn from the three plats has been kept in the same box since harvest. EXPERIMENT AT RAYMONDVILLE, MO. Yield from Plot No. 3 Blood, Bone and Potash Fertilizer Applied. I40 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Properly used, commercial plant foods may be very profitably used to supplement the manurial products of the farm. If you wish to devote: more time to the matter this morning, it may be better to do so in dis- cussion of questions which you may see fit to ask. THE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF FIELDS AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL MANAGEMENT. (Prof. F. H. King, Madison, Wis.) The managemeni of soils to establish, to increase and to maintain a high productive capacity of fields is one of the oldest and most exten- sively practiced arts of industrial life. Most barbaric and all civilized people have fostered it. No other art or trade engages the attention and absorbs the energies of so many families. With the vast and ever increasing demands made upon the ma- terials for food, for apparel, for furnishings and for cordage, which are the products of cultivated fields, better soil management must grow more and more important as populations multiply. With the increasing cost and ultimate exhaustion of mineral fuels; with our timber vanishing rapidly before the ever growing demands for lumber and paper; with the inevitably slow growth of trees and the very limited areas which the world can ever afford to devote to forestry, the time must surely come when, in short period rotations, there will be grown upon the farm the materials from which to manufacture, not only paper and substitutes for lumber, but fuels as well. Not the complete utilization of the power of every stream which reaches the sea, reinforced by the force of the winds and the energy of the waves which may be transformed along coast lines can meet the demands of the future for power and heat; and hence only in the event of science and engineering skill becoming able to devise means for transforming the unlimited energy of space through which we are ever whirled, with an economy approximating that which farm crops now exhibit, can good soil management be re- lieved of the task of meeting a portion of the world’s demand for power and heat. While the lands which may be laid under tribute by good soil man- agement, to augment future supplies, extend from the shore lines of the sea to the snow lines of the mountains and of the polar zones; each year they are becoming unavailable by hundreds of square miles through the expansion of cities and the multiplication of homes and summer cottages; through the extension of railways, trolley lines, canals and SOIL SESSION. 14! ‘highways; and through their appropriation for military uses and park reserves. To meet the rapidly increasing demands upon these inevitably decreasing areas, the methods of soil management must be improved; the underlying sciences, in their relation to it, must be developed and the practices squared to their laws and teachings just as in great commer- cial, mining and manufacturing industries these have been and are be- ing squared to theirs. This can only be effectively done through or- ganized effort directed by that training and experience which the com- plex and difficult nature of the problems demand, but which no body of farmers has ever been or can be expected to become able to command. Those industries, which from their nature, can syndicate large amounts of capital in their interest may and do, economically and effectively, com- mand scientific methods and skill for the express purpose of develop- ing those underlying principles which good business men are quick to recognize as indispensable to commercial success. But in agriculture, only a few of its commercial and manufacturing phases are any of these means of improvement available, and hence the extreme necessity for and the appropriateness of government aid in bringing to a working basis the knowledge of the underlying principles of soil management and of leading phases of other agricultural practices. Up to the present time the burden of effort has been expended in developing the commercial and manufacturing phases of agriculture rather than upon those conditions which determine and maintain a high productive capacity of the soil. Such an evolution has been nat- ural, rational, and up to the present time, perhaps, most advantageous ; but we are fast approaching that stage when it will become of the greatest importance, not that less attention shall be given to advancing the man- ufacturing and commercial phases of agriculture, but when much more and effective effort must be given to those conditions which tend to increase the yield per unit area on all types of soil. Universally, the world over, under all climatic conditions and for all types, the bad management of soils has been found to greatly re- duce their productive capacity, the fall often being, for some crops, to as low as one-fifth of the virgin productive power. Such great reduc- tions, too, have generally been effected in comparatively brief periods, often during the life and management of a single man. Within my own personal experience, and doubtless within that of many of you, inher- ently rich soils whose normal productive capacities ranged from 30 to 45 bushels of wheat have been reduced, by faulty management, to 15 and even as low as 8 bushels per acre; and this during a period of cropping covering much less than fifty years. Reductions in productive capacity like these are not due to changes in climate, in cultural methods, in 142 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. potency of seed, in varieties of wheat, nor to chang. MORE PLANT FOOD, *.°*. LESS PLANT FOOD, ‘- ‘* 3 LESS MORE ys LOSS BY LEACHING. aey ° >» F, * LOSS BY LEACHING. -: °° w C. ee 9 Fig. 3.—Showing the grains of a fine clay loam soil grouped together in the form of granules equal in size to the average grain in a coarse sandy soil. The dotted circles represent single solid sandy soil grains, the solid black represents the films of water surrounding the soil grains and soil granules and filling the spaces between the grains making up the granules of the clay loam soil. long intervals. The danger is, where heavy dressings are applied, that the fermentation will be carried too far and a very large part of the nitrogen be lost in the form of the free gas. Maximum amounts of stable manure are seldom made on any farm. All the roughage and SOII, SESSION. 157 waste of the fields would be much more efficient as a fertilizer if it could be first used as an absorbent, and to be most efficient when used in this way it should be cut fine. Stable manure is but finely ground roughage, saturated with the best kinds of plant food materials, but stock may be made to sufficiently saturate two or three times the amount they will eat, and thus increase the fertilizer product of the farm at least two- fold. Nothing can increase the yield of the corn belt so much as to shred or cut finely the stover, now wasted on so many fields, and make it into manure by using it as feed or as an absorbent and then effectively applying it to the fields. GOOD TILTH. Good tilth, or a thorough, deep and strong granulation, giving a well marked crumb-structure, is the most important physical condition of any soil. The great urgency of the crumb-structure in soil grows out of the fact that in all but the coarsest sandy soils the individual grains are so small that when they are not bunched together the capil- lary pores are so minute as to make them like the potter’s puddled clay, nearly impervious to both air and water. But when the fine soil particles are collected and more or less cemented into larger compound grains, much as pop corn is made into balls, then there is opportunity for the roots and the root hairs to advance between them, placing them- selves so as to absorb the moisture and plant food materials which sur- round and are contained within. Upon the surfaces of these com- pound grains the microscopic soil organisms place themselves where their products of decomposition have the best opportunity to act as a solvent upon the soil and also where the products may easily diffuse into and be retained by the granules against loss by leaching. When a soil is well and strongly granulated each compound grain becomes like a tiny sponge, which may maintain itself full of water highly charged with plant food materials, to be sucked out by the root hairs when they develop alongside of them; and hence, a strongly gran- ulated soil has a greater capacity for both available soil moisture and for plant food. It will be clear that where the soil is strongly granu- lated, so that the larger particles have a sponge-like openness, these will hold within themselves and away from their immediate surfaces large amounts of plant food which cannot be so readily leached out, for then the rains drop down rapidly through the larger passageways with- out strongly affecting the solution that is within the granules them- selves. Besides, where this structure exists and the action of the roots has partly dried the granules out and at the same time removed a por- tion of the plant food which they had stored, then when a rain does 158 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. come which causes the water to move downward, whether by capil- larity or by percolation, these partly emptied granules will draw the water with the plant food which it may carry back into themselves and thus hold both the moisture and the other nourishing elements up nearer to the surface where they will be more efficient. And so it is that a strongly granulated soil may profitably be more highly fertilized than one which is not and so maintained at a higher stage of productive power. To illustrate, when a solution carrying potash was allowed to percolate very rapidly through the four poor and the four good soils, to which reference has already been made, the soils which were most highly granulated and which possessed the highest productive capacity were able to absorb from the solution and retain within their granules at the rate of 1,736 pounds of potash per acre of the surface foot, while the four poor soils, less strongly granulated and possessing less internal surface, were able to take from the solution at the rate of only 893 pounds per acre. In proof of the greater power of highly granulated soils to hold back against leaching the plant food elements, the same 8 soils were treated with the same amounts of the same kinds of stable manure, and then, after an interval of six months, they were all leached in the same manner and with the same amounts of pure water, to see how much of the plant food elements would be retained. The results obtained are given in the next table. Amounts of manure applied............ Fen eee Ss Alpen 50 | 100 20) tons per acre. | Pobashtinian aaureltccaricectescaeciseeohiee Gu cen cette 109 | 218 | 436 870 pounds per acre. Potash retained— HMOur' FOO SOUS sw rie atte rcitae ee eee ioe ee eee 91 | 182) 384 663 pounds per acre. HOUr POOY:SOUS. Cieeceeaueeneorentcee | eee ue ee 77 | 160] 276 448 pounds per acre. The table shows how different was the power of the two groups of soil to hold back against leaching the potash which had been carried to them in the stable manure. It will be clear also that when the roots of crops spread themselves out over these differently charged soil granules, which are filled with and surrounded by moisture carrying the plant food, they are under the very best conditions to obtain and utilize it. In order that there may be established a strong and deep granula- tion of the soil, the first essential condition is ample under drainage, and it is most fortunate that, in the great majority of fields, natural conditions abundantly secure this. The most universal condition, re- quiring attention on all soils, except in the very limited highly organic types, is a deep and abundant incorporation of organic matter in tlie SOIL SESSION. 159 soil. When the organic matter.is deeply and abundantly distributed throughout the root zone, it acts as parting planes between the soil par- ticles which prevent them from running together during times when the soil is long over-saturated with water. At the same time, when shrinkage comes in times of drought, the finely divided and well dis- tributed organic matter greatly favors the action of the surface films of water in drawing the small particles of soil together into bunches. ie of the most important advantages of growing the grasses like bluegrass, _ timothy and redtop in the rotation, is that, through their immense num- -ber of roots closely threaded in among the soil particles, they greatly facilitate the bunching of the soil particles together. Such crops are mich more helpful in this way than are the clovers, whose great ser- vice lies in their power to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. The two types together, or in alteration, give the best and most enduring effects. Winter weathering, naked summer following, fall plowing and liming are other treatments which greatly influence soil structure. SESSION Missourt Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association. Thursday and Friday, January 11 and 12, 1906. PRACTICAL AND TIMELY HINTS TO BREEDERS. (T. J. Wornall, President Missouri Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association. ) (On account of sickness in his family, Mr. Wornall was unable to be present at this meeting and deliver his annual address. We print the following article in lieu thereof.) There are so many places that need fixing that keep us from having a perfect system, I will only speak of the most important, dividing them into two general classes—“Needed Home Improvements” and “Needed Foreign Improvements’—meaning by the former those improvements that lie within the reach of every man interested in the breeding of pure- bred cattle to make. ‘The latter, those improvements that can only come by help of others, but in the accomplishment of which we all enjoy the same blessings. And for the better handling of my subject I will subdivide the “Needed Home Improvements” into five classes, as follows: First—The tattooing in the ears of the calves numbers so as to dis- tinguish them, and the placing of those numbers in a conspicuous place in the records properly kept. This should be done at the first opportu- nity. Then, when those animals have attained the age of 2 years, the identical numbers should be branded on their horns, where they will re- main indefinitely. All animals purchased—either publicly or privately —of that age, should be branded with your number the day she is re- ceived into the herd. If she is already branded, an additional number LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 161 could be placed lengthwise in front of that already on, which will serve the purposein showing at a glance she is not of your own breeding, even if her individuality does not show itself. When the animal from the herd is sold or transferred to that of another, with the tattoo marks or horn number both on the certified copy of the pedigree and the animal, it is but another safeguard thrown around our business. IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING RECORDS. Second—Better kept records. On this subdivision of “Needed Home Improvements” too much cannot be rightly said, since it is a matter of such vital importance to the industry. And representing as it does the heart and vitals of it, we cannot be too careful of the records. The certified pedigrees should be furnished by the seller and is, of course, accepted as final. It should be carefully copied into your own record and the number given the animal placed opposite the name and branded on the horn. But if the animal is purchased without a certi- fied pedigree and the seller refuses to furnish it, the purchaser should send to the association, inclosing 25 cents, and get one. And in so doing, I will venture the assertion that you will find an error in at least one in five, and sometimes as many as four in ten. And this does not result in any dishonest motives, either. For the changes are not fre- quently of such importance as to materially change the value of the an- imal, but are more the result of carelessness on the part of compilers and printers. Nevertheless, if you are to keep your records, you should have them straight to begin with. Then the produce colunins should be as carefully kept as the calves placed there on the date of their birth. Their tattoo numbers put on record and their sales, or death, noted the same way. By the careful use of these two things a man can lose a herdsman, or even die, and know that his heirs or adminstrators can take up his business and carry it on or close it at will. And in addition to this I would keep a book, just as your merchant does in his business. I would enter the name and number of the animal, date of purchase, whom bought of, price paid, freight and expense. Then I would charge her with so much a year for keep and give her credit for every calf, either sold or retained, in the herd. And in that way you can know at any time just what she is doing for you, or do- ing you for. If not profitable, you will know what to do more quickly than by the old guessing system so much in vogue. A—11 162 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. LIBERAL AND JUDICIOUS FEEDING. In the third subdivision I would advocate the more liberal and judi- cious use of feed. After you have carefully selected your matrons for the foundation of your herd, and still more carefully selected your sire, you will cross on. You should be next thinking of what kind of feed to cross the calf on. And on the improvement we make by breeding we can only carry out by feeding. We have all received the letters of inquiry that con- tained the warning injunction before closing—‘“I don’t want a pampered calf.” And we have all had the same fellow come, and sold him the only fat one we had. But we have not all learned the lesson that we should in doing that. We may have spasmodically neglected to start the others sooner. As an illustration of that I can recall a prospective buyer who, at my directions, within the last year, visited nine herds of Shorthorn cattle and only bought thirty-two bulls; whereas, in four herds of another breed he purchased sixty-eight, when his order was for sixty Shorthorns and forty of another breed. He claimed they were not in any sale condi- tion. I may be wrong in this statement I am about to make, but it is the result of my observations in the Shorthorn business: That there is no need to select the seed from which to breed without you feed. HARM DONE BY UNDERFEEDING, And I am of the opinion that there has been many times more harm resulted from underfeeding than from overfeeding. While the loss would appear to possibly not probably one in twenty-five from the latter, we suffer a loss from twenty out of twenty-five in the former. How does a buyer know an animal will ever get in good condition if you don’t have him that way? Fourth—I would advocate the use’ of the knife more in raising the standard of both bull and the steer market. There are two classes of bulls it will pay to cut. The best you have that will make a show steer (which, if a winner, will make you famous), and the worse you have to keep from making you infamous. The former will bring you $1,000 in prize money if a winner at Chicago. The latter will cost you $1,000 if seen at some places. THE DIVISION OF PASTURES. Iifth—I would like to see improvement in division of pastures, where many herds are kept. In many of our good herds of cattle all LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 163 ages are allowed to run together. If a merchant, in displaying his wares, was as careless as we he would not sell as much. As far as practicable run the aged cows in one, the 2-year-old heifers in another, and so on. They always present a better appearance and much uniformity can be accomplished without much expense. And more especially would I advocate that in selling bulls. One car load will bring enough more to pay for the cross-fencing. There are many more things to be thought of in that same line of needed home improvements, but rather than get wearisome, will touch on the second classification under the head of “Needed Foreign Improve- ments.” Like the other, we will subdivide into classes. The first from which benefit might be had would be in the visiting other so-called better herds. I can speak with confidence along this line, for it has been my pleasure and profit to have visited at some time or another nearly all of the large herds of this country and in the old, as well. I never vis- ited any that I did not learn something not to do, frequently both. And I wonder that more of it is not done. GOOD THING TO BE SOCIABLE. It is not from lack of sociability, I know, for the Shorthorn cattlemen are a set of princely entertainers and have that feeling for each other that no other breed can touch. They are pointed out and referred to in every gathering, so it cannot be from that. They are not too poor nor too stingy, for a man with a good herd of Shorthorn cattle, on a good farm, has a kingdom unto himself. So it must be he is too busy. But is he right in thinking so? Can he not find time to visit, say, one good herd each year, and, by the comparison with his own methods, gain twice what he would otherwise? The general idea of cattle breeding has been well hashed over, but the detailed thought required in successful breeding presents a world unconquered. How many are they who talk so wisely about the outcross in a seemly straight pedigree, that can tell anything of the individuality of the granddam or grandsire of the animal mentioned? Yet might have seen both, for they were likely raised within easy riding distance. THE QUESTION OF SHIPPING. Second in importance is the question of shipping. Railroad rates should be lower to encourage the breeding of good stock on shipments of pure-bred animals, where pedigree is shown in evidence. Outside 164 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. of J. J. Hill of the Great Northern, however, no one of the railroads seem inclined to give it. But there is one arbitrary rule in vogue among the railroads that is sadly in need of correction. That is compelling you to send a man in charge of animal and forcing him to buy a ticket full fare both ways, and a resolution to that effect should be passed at this meeting. It is unjust, unreasonable and unfair in every way. USES AND ABUSES OF PUBLIC SALE. The third thing I would call attention to is the public sale; its uses and abuses. The public sale is the market marker, as the rule we are all sup- posed to go by, and is somewhat a criterion for guide. But the senti- ment for the place for holding it has changed materially. It used to be the people would not attend if it was not held at some centrally located place, easy of access, and we were forced to go, in some instances, quite a distance with the cattle. But now the demand is that you shall hold it at home and the needed improvement in that line is here. For by doing that you can show and be shown the breeding herd and your methods come to the surface, to the best interest of both buyer and seller. And it has practically done away with that “nuisance of nuis- ances,” the “sale pirate,’ for while he might, and did in some instances, go to your city or town sale and solicit your buyers to go home with him, he has scarcely gall enough to come on your farm and do so. POINTERS ON CAREFUL ADVERTISING. Another improvement that carries with it intelligence in business is careful advertising. We will advertise, of course, one or two ways. We advertise in the papers and advertise at home, and we should be very careful that the advertisement in the newspapers corresponds with what you are talking about at home. For it is hard enough to get your buyers to your place once. And if they do not find your statement ma- terially correct, you can be assured they will not return. Another thing is a system of checking our inquiries. How many of us really know what paper, or papers, have done us the most good. It is confusing to ask the field men, for they are hardly a unit on the proposition. And while I’m not a sponsor nor agent for anyone, there is a system that simplifies the matter for you. Another improvement is to quit advertising job lots. Great clear- ance sales and great fire sales are expected from Hebrew merchants, but unless you are badly burned do not sacrifice your goods. LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 165 ALFALFA. (Joseph E. Wing, Mechanicsburg, Ohio.) My interest in alfalfa first began when I was a boy in 1886. I re- member traveling on the train out in Utah, going on a visit to my uncle, and looking out of the window I saw stacks of hay just as green as if they had been painted with green paint. I remember calling to the conductor on the train and asking him what it was. “Why,” he says, “that is alfalfa.’ I asked him what made it look so green. “That's the color of it,” he replied. Well, when we got to Salt Lake City we went out early the next morning and stumbled on to the hay market. There were great loads of alfalfa standing there just as green as could be. I went up to them and chewed up some of the hay to see what it tasted like. That’s my test to see if the cattle and sheep will like a thing or not; it’s a good test—don’t be afraid to try it. Well, that alfalfa I ate tasted good and I said, “Joe Wing, you have struck the best country in the world. If you ever get hard up, just go out to those hay stacks and help yourself.”” I remember my uncle had a big milk cow which he fed on alfalfa; she was extremely wide out and able to eat a whole barrel of alfalfa and drink a tub of water at one time, and the amount of milk she gave was wonderful. And it was from that old cow that I gained my first impressions of the value of alfalfa as a feed and there that I learned to grow it. We fed alfalfa to our hogs and finished them off with a few nubbins of corn; we fed it to our horses. Bought some of the seed and sent it home to father—about a pound I guess. After I had been out there for two years I went home, and after J had seen father and mother, I wanted to know where that alfalfa was. “Why,” father said, “its back here but it is not worth going to see.” “It did not do any good here; it may be a great thing out west, but red clover is the thing for our country.” Well, he took me back there where the alfalfa had been sown and it looked pretty shabby to me when I first saw it; was not more than three of four inches high and there were hardly any leaves on it. I stood there iooking at it for a long time, and while I was looking at it I saw my mother’s chickens come along and pick off each leaf. An idea came to me and I went and got a tub full of water. My father said, “What are you going to do?’ I told him I was going to show him how they irrigated in Utah. I poured this water slowly on one plant; I jerked the top off of a barrel and set it on the alfalfa plant and went away 166 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. and forgot all about it, and when I came back to look at it the stuff had grown almost through that barrel. I called my father to look at it and he was very much surprised, but he said, “My boy, do you suppose I want to grew a crop that won’t grow unless I put a barrel over it?” Well, that was a very small beginning. I used to lay awake nights thinking of the old farm where I had been raised. I loved the old place passionately. I thought if ever I got back there I would make alfalfa meadows grow there; for if I could make one acre grow like that one plant that I saw last year, I could make a million acres grow if conditions are right. So when I came home to stay I brought some alfalfa seed home with me and tried to get father to let me sow it. Finally he said, “You can have that old potato patch if you want it,” and so I sowed, in 1890, my first alfalfa in Ohio. I sowed it in the old potato patch. It was good land—clay soil, well manured, and it grew finely. Next I sowed three acres more, but the alfalfa did not do any good—only got one acre out of three to grow; one acre was wet land and one was poor. I saw that I would have to drain the land, so I started in. We laid, between then and now, fourteen miles of tile underdraining and we hauled a lot of manure. Little by little we got our land into alfalfa—it could not be done all at once. We own farming land now worth to us $150 an acre; it makes big interest on that all the time. It is wonderful what you can do if you just get in partnership with the Almighty. We took up this work of raising sheep in order to get manure to make the fields rich, and little by little we learned to grow alfalfa to feed the sheep. I will tell you how we bring up land to grow alfalfa. We bought sixty acres a few years ago. The physical condition of the soil was all wrong; there was little fertility in it. First we put some tile-un- drains in it—that was adding so much more money to our investment. Then we took our manure spreader and spread manure on the land and also put on some commercial fertilizers, and we got a fair crop of corn. Then we planted it to oats with red clover and put some al- falfa seed in with the clover. We got a pretty fair stand of clover. Then we planted it to corn again and got a good crop. Then we sowed it to clover and alfalfa again and got a much better stand. It will go to corn again this year, and the men were spreading manure all over that field when I left home. Next it all goes to alfalfa. Oh, manure is a great thing. I love to see great loads of it go by. It helps the soil to get pervious. Alfalfa will surely grow on manured land. Now, what are the advantages of alfalfa any way? In the first place, alfalfa is a perrenial plant, living from year to year. In our country alfalfa meadows endure from six to ten years. Then, alfalfa, LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 167 is so deep-roote; as deep as you have any soil alfalfa roots will go down. If the soil is two feet deep, the alfalfa roots will go down two feet; if ten feet and even twenty feet, the alfalfa roots will go to the bottom and even farther than that. And another thing: alfalfa comes up so early in the spring. Soon after you have your corn planted, you have an alfalfa crop to cut. It is green the first of the season when nothing else is out at all. The time to cut it is when the leaves are beginning to to drop off. After it is cut, in only fifteen minutes, up it comes again, and in 30 days you have your second crop ready to cut. We always get four crops in our country. Of course some of the crops may be light if you don’t have enough rain, but you will have them anyway, and you have to take off the light crops or it will not do its best—you will miss the subsequent crop. Your third crop may not be very heavy, but cut it off just the same and you may get a fourth cutting that will be good. We average four tons an acre and sometimes get five or six. Up at Ames, Iowa, they tell me they got seven tons; that’s a pretty good yield. Now, about the use of alfalfa when you get it. It is fine for dairy cows. Down in Eastern Pennsylvania, where the dairymen are trying to do big things, we are sending them alfalfa hay for their cows, and they tell me great stories about it. One man down there who has registered cattle and is trying to make them give all the milk possible by feeding them the best he knows how, said to me, “Mr. Wing, since I have fed your alfalfa hay to my cows they give 20 per cent more milk.” Isn’t that marvelous? Now alfalfa hay is the best feed for working horses and the best for colts. It is the very best thing for all the four-footed babies on the farm. It is so full of protein, it dissolves and goes into muscle and goes to make milk and builds up the animal. Out in California the best thoroughbreds are fed on alfalfa hay; they eat it in the meadows summer and winter. When I first saw those Cal- ifornia thoroughbreds I did not know what they were. They are so fine and well developed. Now, of course, it has a drawback. You are taking food from the soil all the time and leaving the soil poor. You have been told here that you could take off only 1,000 crops and you have your soil worn out. But you know some soils will wear out quicker than that. You remember the piece of land I told you about last night that I bought—the clay soil which I enriched with manure and put into corn in ’85. Then in ’86 I sowed it to alfalfa. I remember that year well, because it rained so much—32 days every month, but I got a good stand of alfalfa. Then during *87, ’88, ’89, and for five or six years, I cut four hay crops every year. Took off all that hay and put nothing back. 168 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Just think how we drained it of richness. Mother used to say, “you are wearing that soil out.” Well, when I planted that land to corn again we got 80 bushels. Just see how it had worn off that land. Now how did we do that? It sounds like a miracle or a lie, one or the _ other. I will tell you, as near as I know. Away down in that soil, just as far as you can drain the ground out, those alfalfa roots will go— yes, just as deep. Now what do they do down there? They are lying up close to the minerals of the soil, bringing up the potash and phos- phoric acid nearer the surface, and on every root fibre are little nodules full of bacteria, and the air coming down full of nitrogen, the bacteria swallow the nitrogen and give it out to the alfalfa plant. It is really true that an acre of alfalfa will produce you as much fertility in a year that would cost you $60 if you bought it in the bag. That’s the way we build up our farm—not by fertilizers alone—but by alfalfa roots and manure. I was down in Kentucky one time, and, as I always do, I was looking for alfalfa fields. I was walking around one day and looking up I saw an old Kentucky farm up ona hill. I thought it ought never to have been cleared for a farm—the fields looked so steep, so bare and pitiful, and there was an old barn and an old dilapidated house. There were still a few old apple trees. A picture came up in my mind of the time when that farm was first cleared—of the young man who brought his wife there and raised boys and had hopes that those boys would stay on the old farm. But where were those boys now? They have probably gone to the city and left the old farm. Then I could imagine the old man up there with his worn face, amid these poverty-stricken surroundings, wondering what he was going to do, and while I was feeling this pity for the old man, I looked up and saw an alfalfa field—only two acres of it, but just green and growing in the sunshine, and I said, “why, see that alfalfa. That old man has caught hold at last. If he will treat that alfalfa right, it will make him manure for starting another patch, and some day, if he keeps on, he can spread the glorious banner of alfalfa over that whole mountain side; and then his boys will have to stay at home and care for it, and that old hill side will never get any poorer than it is now, but richer every day.” Let me tell you more about that old farm of ours. When I began working on it an old lame darky did most all the work. Today I have three married men there at work besides my two brothers; and those three married men work there for $1.25 a day the year around. I pay them that the year around. They have been with me for many years ; they think they own the farm. Their little boys go to school along LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 169 with my little boys, dressed just as well. And on that old farm there are several single men working part of the year. Think what that means. We have increased the prcducing capacity many, many fold since taking hold of that old farm and putting alfalfa on it. I have been asked a hundred times since at this meeting whether you can grow alfalfa in Missouri. Why, of course, you can. There is not a man here who cannot grow alfalfa on his farm. It wants a soil that is fairly dry; not necessarily dry every day in the year, but one that is not water-logged for a long time during any part of the year. You must have that. I am not going to tell you how to get it dry. I tile-underdrain mine. You should manure the ground thoroughly. And you must have the land sweet. Now, on our soils we have not found it necessary to use lime; but on many soils, especially in New York and in Northern Ohio and Pennsylvania, they find it necessary to lime the soil to make it sweet. Now if it is sweet and dry, there is only one more thing necessary to make the alfalfa grow, and that is to get plenty of humus in that soil, plenty of vegetable matter. This humus decaying in the soil makes plant food. You must have the soil rich before the alfalfa will start at all. But, more important than that: the humus in the soil makes a home for the bacteria and they will not grow very well without it. In all the region this side of the Mississippi river, you cannot usually get the inoculation to take place without manure. That’s the experience in Iowa. Now, those are the three things necessary to make the alfalfa grow: the soil must be dry, it must be sweet, and it must have plenty of humus. DISCUSSION. Governor Colman: The subject of alfalfa is one of so much import- ance to the farmers of Missouri that I cannot refrain from saying a word er two in regard to the importance of cultivating this crop. I have had some ten years experience in raising this crop, and I consider it by far the most profitable crop I produce upon my farm. I raise it chiefly for horses. I have a large farm devoted to the production of horses and keep about 100 head. For ten years I have tried this crop. I had some difficulty in getting the first crop established. My farm produces immense crops of crab grass and foxtail which nearly smother the alfalfa-out the first two years, and the only way to prevent that is to run the mowing machine over it frequently. I have about twenty acres of it; I sow it in the spring. My neighbors, who suffer from crab grass as I do, sow it in the fall, or about the last of August, and have very successful crops. My farm is situated on the Creve Coeur 170 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. lake, and that lake was once the channel of the Mississippi; but the river got choked up and turned off at St. Charles and it is what is termed the loess formation. And here I find the alfalfa crop a profit- able one. I cut about five crops each year and 8 or Io tons to the acre. This year, being short of help and not cutting as often as I should, I only got four crops. I like it better than clover because it is not so much injured by rain. Generally when you cut red clover you have a good deal of rain; rain comes at that season of the year, and I have had a great deal of red clover spoiled by rain, but have never had any alfalfa injured by the rain—that is, materially injured. Alfalfa is the best crop that can be grown for the feeding of young colts and mares; and they eat it with greater avidity even than they eat red clover. I am compelled to stack some of my clover and some of my alfalfa and also some oats, and I have one lot in which I stack these different things and I sometimes turn my colts into the lot where these stacks are; and if you should visit that lot,-you will find the stacks of alfalfa almost ready to fall down because the colts will go and take it in preference to the red clover and the oats or any other crop that can be raised; so if you want to please the appetite of your stock, feed them alfalfa; it is the most desirable feed that you can give to your cattle, your horses, your sheep or your swine. I know that many farmers have a good deal of difficulty in get- ting the crop established. Now my fields have been established .for at least fifteen years, and I am almost ashamed to say that I have not put one single pound of manure tipon my alfalfa fields; but I am very care- ful to save all of my manure, and I have a manure spreader which I use in carrying out all my manure; but I put the manure on my corn land instead of my alfalfa land. I use phosphate rock on my corn land, and I find that where I use it my ears of corn are heavier and better than on the land where I did not use the phosphate; and I think that phosphate is an important fertilizer which our farmers should purchase and apply to their lands. I do not want to see our lands wearing out. I want to see returned to the soil that which has been taken from it. The bane of our farming in Missouri and the bane of the farming in the older states of the Union has been in exhausting the land of its fertility, taking crop after crop until it will no longer produce them, and the lands are turned out as waste property and abandoned farms as is the case in Virginia, Maryland and the New -England states; and we must institute a different system here. I find alfalfa to be equal in fertilizing qualities to red clover. Now, I don’t want to be under- stood as going back on red clover. I think it is the farmer’s salvation; but I believe that every farmer can raise alfalfa. I should be glad to LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 7d see a patch of alfalfa on every farm. Would not start it on a large scale at first—but would experiment with it a little. If your farm produces crab grass in abundance, I would say by all means prepare a field for your alfalfa. And to most of you I would say plant it in August so to avoid the crab grass and foxtail. I have seen it tried in the spring again and again without success. In the Missouri river bottoms, during that terrible year of drought, it was a pleasure to pass by those green fields of alfalfa. The drought did not affect the alfalfa at all. So I would say to you gentlemen, if you want to raise hay-in any form, go to work and study up on this alfalfa question. Be sure and get good seed; prepare your ground thoroughly and sow your seed about the last of August, and I believe that none of you will regret having done it Dr. Waters: I dare say there is no point about which we have so many theories as alfalfa; and about the only way for you to learn how to grow alfalfa is to grow it. Start it on a small scale, of course, but grow it. It is being grown successfully in nearly every county in Missouri in a small way. You cannot hope to succeed as well from the outset as did Governor Colman; but by following some suggestions which Mr. Wing has given you, and particularly avoiding sowing in the spring, and by preparing the ground thoroughly, you should be able to get a good crop. I would not plant alfalfa seed later than Sep- tember Ist. Mr. ————: Do you think rain will hurt the alfalfa? We had a heavy rain this fall when I sowed my alfalfa seed. Do you think I should sow it again next spring? Governor Colman: No, I would never sow it in the spring; sow in July or August. Mr. —————: Do you use a blue-grass seeder? Governor Colman: It does not matter. A grass seeder attached to a grain drill is what I use. THE DRESSED BEEF DEMONSTRATION. (i. B. Forbes, Assistant Professor Animal Husbandry.) The people of the United States spend annually about $1,526,000,- 000.00 for meat, and as an average result of a large number of dietary studies conducted by our government, we determine that this represents 37.2 per cent of our entire expenditure for food. In the light of these facts, it is astonishing that we know so little about meat, and it is with 172 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. the object in view of making a general contribution to our knowledge of this important subject that we have planned the work of this dem- onstration. The lean portion of beef is composed of cylindrical fibers about 1-500 of an inch in diameter, and from 1-50 of an inch to 2 inches in length. Each of these fibers is composed of a cell wall of connective tissue or sarcolemma enclosing the muscle plasma. This last is the contracting substance of the muscle. These microscopic fibers are bound together by enveloping sheaths of connective tissue, and these bundles are again bound together into larger ones, so that the whole body of the muscle is made up of a contracting muscle plasma and enveloping con- nective tissue. | The two prime considerations in the selection of beef are tender- ness and flavor. Toughness in meat is caused principally by the thickness of the sarcolemma or other connective tissue. Age and exercise thicken this substance and hence toughen the meat. Acid softens or gelatinizes this portion of the muscle and hence renders the meat tender. Cooking increases the acidity of meat, and this acid and the heat used, change its connective tissue into gelatine. The fineness of the grain of meat is also an indication of the amount of connective tissue present. Coarse grained meat is usually tough. As good a way as I know to test the tenderness of a steak is to take it between the thumb and forefinger and note the resistance which it offers to firm pressure. One may pinch a hole in a tender steak in this way very easy indeed. The color of meat is also to some extent of value as an indication of tenderness. Dark meat is dark because of the amount of blood con- tained in it. The more exercise the animal has had the tougher will be his meat, the more blood will be in his muscles and the darker will be the color of the lean. We see an instance of this fact in comparing the meat of a fat young beef animal with that of a dairy cow. The lean of the former will be a bright cherry red; and the lean meat of the latter will be a very dark, bluish red, and is most undesirable. The color of the fat of meat is also useful as an indication of the quality of beef. Fat that has been put on rapidly, as in successful fattening, is light in color, and the whiter the color the better we like it Shorthorn and Hereford cattle have very white fat if quickly fattened. The fat of Angus cattle is slightly darker, but is still of excellent qual- ity. The fat of Jersey cattle, especially old ones, or those which have been fattened slowly, is very dark and of a saffron yellow hue. The flavor of meat is due very largely to nitrogenous compounds which are easily extracted with water and which the chemist therefore LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 173 calls extractives. The per cent of extractives present is increased by age and by exercise, just as is also the toughness of meat; hence we find that the toughest meat is the best for soup, for it has the highest flavor, and if successfully cooked is really very palatable. On account of the fact that age is essential to the development of the best flavor in beef, we find it necessary to compromise between tenderness and flavor. Veal lacks the flavor of older beef. The yearling does not produce as well flavored beef as the two-year-old. The flavor and tenderness of beef are also improved by the ripening process. A number of days, probably two weeks time, is necessary to develop the best flavor in ripening beef. There is in this process a breaking down of some of the nitrogenous compounds into extract- ives and into sarcolactic acid. The extractives improve the flavor, and the acid, by softening the sarcolemma, increases the tenderness of the meat. These extractives are not nutrients in the ordinary sense of the term, but are merely tonics or stimulants. Beef extract and clear broth contain very little more than this extractive matter and are almost wholly lacking in real food. In skimming from the top of broth the last of the gray scum which comes to the surface, we remove almost the last of the real nutriment contained and leave it little more than a stimulant. We ordinarily consider that meat to be good must be fat and also that this fat must be well mingled with the lean—that is, the meat must be well marbled as we say. Now, just why is it that we fatten meat? First: We fatten meat because lean meat cannot be successfully ripened. Lean meat is very watery; fat meat is comparatively dry; and lean meat will rot before it will ripen, because its watery condition affords so much better opportunity for bacteria to grow. Fat meat is also well protected from bacterial invasion by its surface covering moidty fat. Second: The fattening animal takes but little exercise. From disuse its connective tissue softens and the meat becomes more tender. Third: Fat meat does not shrink, shrivel, lose its moisture and become tough in cooking as does lean meat. Put a lean steak into a skillet to broil and ina moment it will be swimming in the water which has escaped from it. Put a fat steak in the same skillet and it will broil without loss of its juices and without nearly so much shrinkage. In comparing meat from the different portions of the carcass we note the truth of some of the above statements. For instance, the muscles of the neck which are exercised a great deal are very highly 174 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. flavored and make exceedingly rich broth. The tenderloin has not nearly the rich flavor of the neck, but is more tender because it is less used, hence has its connective tissue less developed. Further, the inside of the round, or the top, as the butcher calls it, for he lays the round with the outside down on the block, is much more tender than the remainder of this cut, and on this account in eastern markets is separated from the outer portion of the thigh, or round, and sold at a higher price. The outer portion of the round is tougher because it is exercised more, and is in contact with the ground when the animal lies down. ‘The inner portion or top of the round may be dis- tinguished from the outer portion by the fact that the rim of fat surrounding the cut is thicker on this more desirable inside than on the tough outside. In separating a side of beef into its wholesale cuts the butcher cuts one rib onto the hind quarter; and the remaining twelve are left in the fore quarter; seven ribs constitute the prime rib cut, and the five forward ribs are inthe chuck. | The plate is separated from the chuck by a line running from the point of the shoulder, back along the side horizontally to the posterior end of the prime of rib cut. The flank is separated from the loin by a continuation of this line from the point mentioned to the stifle. The plate is separated into two portions, the forward part being called the brisket and the rear portion the navel end. The cut called the shortribs is between the navel end of the plate and the prime of rib cut, and hence lies along the middle of the side. The round is separated from the loin at the rump bone and the sir- loin is separated from the porterhouse at the hip bone, the porterhouse being the forward end of the loin cut. The chuck is the shoulder. Table I exhibits a cutting test on three sides of beef of different grades. For these data we are indebted to Swift & Company of Kansas City, Missouri. These figures compare a prime steer, a medium steer and a common cow. As will be noted, they differ but slightly in the relative proportions of fore and hind quarters, but there is a marked difference in the per cent of dressed to live weight, the prime steer dressing 61 per cent, the medium steer 59 per cent, and the com- mon cow 50 per cent. The prime steer cost the packer a year ago, when this test was made, $5.25 per hundredweight, the medium steer $4.65 per hundredweight and the common cow $2.60 per hundred- weight. These three carcasses brought the packer $8.02 per hundred- weight, $6.79 per hundredweight and $4.79 per hundredweight, re- spectively, wholesale. ‘The retail prices of these grades of beef in Kansas LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, 175 TABLE I. OUTTING TEST. THREE GRADES OF BEEF. Prime Medium Common Outs. steer steer cow per cent. per cent. per cent. Fore quarter: MONE Keir ote cin otsiniciolopte eieislereloreisteie ot levsvavsieloretele, - worker ant; enlarged eight and one- of course, constitutes the bulk of the in- fourth diameters. 254 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. dividuals in a colony. In figure 13 we have represented enlarged four and one-half diameters, the fully developed, winged female, at the time she is able to leave the nest and fly in the air as a winged creature. The nests of these little red ants will be found in great abundance along paths, roadsides, through fields, and especially in the corn field, where they make little holes in the ground, near the entrance of which one finds a little bunch of earth which the insects have carried out in making their subterranean tunnels, which radiate through the earth for about one and one-half feet in diameter and about seven or eight inches in depth. These ants have the habit of making their nests about the roots of the corn plant, and the roots are exposed in their chambers and run-ways, and upon these roots live the aphids, which lay the winter eggs above described. When they wish to deposit their eggs, they are very apt to leave the roots and wander about the chambers and tunnels of these little red ants and deposit their eggs here and there as they walk along. These ants gather the eggs that the aphids have deposited and store them in masses in their chambers which they have excavated, and there watch them and guard them throughout the winter. During warm, . sunny days they will carry these aphid eggs up near the surface so that they may become warm, sometimes putting them out and exposing them to the sun and taking them down again at night or during stormy weather, and during cold weather, placing them in the lowest chambers, Fig. 13.—Lasius niger alienus, female; enlarged four and one-half diameters. apparently trying to keep them away from the excessive cold. They watch over and take care of these eggs until they hatch in the spring of the year. These eggs always hatch into wingless, agamic females, which bring forth living young without the appearance of males. When these eggs hatch in the spring, the ants burrow down among the roots of smart-weed, which always springs up in the corn field long INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN, 255 before the corn is put in the ground and place the aphids on the roots. These aphids cannot reach the roots of the smart-weed plant by their own exertions, but must be placed there by the ants. They then extract the sap from the smart-weed and soon become grown, bringing forth living young, thus establishing a colony at this place. I might add here that the reason that these ants take care of the aphid eggs and of the aphids in the way they do is because of the fact that these aphids excrete a sweet liquid which the ants feed upon and prefer to any other food. Figure 11 shows one of these aphids greatly enlarged. You will notice two short tubes projecting from near the end of the abdomen. These are known as honey tubes. They are represented: more enlarged at a. While these aphids that hatch from the winter eggs are continually bringing forth living young, in about two weeks their offspring are able to bring forth living young also, these offspring being wingless, agamic females also. Thus in a very short time we have a very large colony of these aphids established upon the roots of the young smart weed. After a time we have produced from these wingless, agamic aphids, by bringing forth living young, some aphids that have wings. One of these young aphids just developing its wings is shown in fig- ___ ure 14, enlarged twenty-one diameters, and a full eee eames 7 grown one with its fully developed wings is shown [3 ot ees enlarged sixteen diameters in figure 15. a These winged aphids leave the colony and fly ES through the air without any apparent thought on | their part as regards direction. They are very # apt to be carried by the wind, sometimes for con- | siderable distances. They may alight in a corn | field or in a grass field, as the case may be, the | whole matter seeming to depend wholly upon cis ere 4.9 chance. If these aphids alight in a grass field, ae = the little red ants that are always found there take Wie 140 2s Coen Baote them and carry them to their burrows and place ee pea ee them upon the roots of fox-tail or pigeon grass, rere which may be found in these fields. On the roots of these plants the aphids extract the sap and bring forth living agamic females, thus estab- lishing a colony. If, however, the winged, migrating aphids happen to alight in a corn field, which corn field may be the first year following grass or other crop, these ants, which are always found there, will also carry the aphids to their burrows, which are down about the roots of the corn plant, and place them there, where they also bring forth living young, which are without wings, and thus establish a colony. 256 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. This developing of some winged individuals takes place more or less throughout the summer, from-the middle of May to the last of October ; but understand that not all of the aphids, by any means, that are produced during the summer have wings—only a portion of them. The others are without wings and cannot migrate so as to distribute the species, but must remain upon the plants where the ants take them. The winged, or migrating aphids, like the wingless ones, are unable by themselves to reach the roots of their food plants or to establish themselves and live without the aid of these little red ants. To go back to where we had the aphids placed by the ants early in the spring, upon the roots of the young smart-weed that was appearing before the corn is planted; later there develops in the corn field the fox-tail or pigeon grass, and these ants will now carry some of these aphids also to the roots of this grass, so that we find in the corn field before the corn is planted these ants attending the aphids which they have Fig. 15.—Corn-Root-Aphis, Aphis, maidiradicis, winged vivaparous female; en- larged sixteen diameters. placed upon the roots of both smart-weed and pigeon grass. Later, when the corn is planted and sprouts, the ants make their burrows and nests about the roots of these young corn plants, and before the plant has shown above ground, they carry some of the aphids to the roots of the corn plant, and a colony is established there in the same way as described upon the roots of the other plants. A little later you will find practically all of the aphids transferred to the roots of the corn. Understand that these aphids are continually bringing forth living young and their off-spring doing likewise all summer long, so that we have the insects increasing with great rapidity upon the roots of the corn. The greatest amount of damage, however, appears to be done INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 257 while the corn plant is small. The fact that these aphids are frequently more abundant upon the roots of corn in the low places in the field is simply due to the fact that the rains have washed the seed of smart-weed and fox-tail or pigeon grass to the low places, and the presence of large numbers of plants of this weed appearing there early in the spring has attracted the ants, and they have placed the aphids in these situations, and when the corn is planted the ants SIDS removed the aphids a short distance to the corn. When the corn plant becomes too old for the aphids to derive ‘nourishment from its roots, the ants, which have during the entire season obtained practically all their food by feeding upon the so-called honey- dew, which has been excreted by these aphids, then carry the aphids from the roots of the corn plant to the roots of purslane, which by this time has developed throughout the corn field. The aphids stay upon the roots of the purslane through the fall, and it is usually about the roots of this plant that the eggs are deposited in the burrows of the ants. In the fall of the year there are developed from these wingless agamic females, which have been bringing forth living young during the entire summer, generationafter generation, without laying eggs and without the appearance of males, in the same way now bring forth cer- tain individuals which are true males and true females. A picture cf one of the males is shown in figure 16, enlarged twenty-five diameters, and a female in figure 17, enlarged fourteen diameters. These true males and females pair, and the fe- male soon deposit eggs, which com- pletes the life cycle of this insect, the eggs remaining over winter, while all the other individuals per- ish. It is an absolute fact that the Fig. 16—Corn-Root-Aphis, Aphis maidir- adicis, male; enlarged twenty-five diam- corn-root-aphis depends entirely up- eters; a, antenna. on these small red ants for its existence. The aphids by themselves would not be able to move through the soil and seek the roots of their food plants. In fact, it has been demonstrated by experiments that these aphids will starve to death when left within an inch or two of the roots of their normal food plant. They must be carried by the ants and AAs 258 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. < put upon the roots in order to survive. It is a fact, then, that if we can do away with the two species of common red ants, the corn-root-aphis would practically disappear. Hence, in suggesting remedies or pre- ventive measures for these aphis, it becomes necessary to take into ac- count first of all the ants. It is a very rare thing, indeed, that a corn field becomes badly in- fested with the corn-root-aphis the first year following some other crop. It is, as a rule, old corn fields that have been continually in corn, or that have been in corn for at least three years, that suffer from these insects. Figs 2 ‘Therefore, by a judicious rota- tion of the corn crop, one can very easily escape any serious trouble from these pests. The corn-root-aphis depends upon the corn, smart-weed, fox- tail or pigeon grass, or purslane, and will not survive to any con- siderable extent upon any other plant. Hence the raising of a crop which will prevent the growth of these plants will starve out the corn-root-aphis in spite of the at- tendance it must receive from the Fig. 17.—Corn-Root-Aphis, Aphis maidir- numerous small red ants that may adicis, Ooviparous female; enlarged fourteen 4 roe. . diameters; a, hind tibia. be in the field. Fertilization of the field so as to help the plants to become thrifty and outgrow the at- tacks of these insects and to withstand drought better than otherwise, will also help them to escape the injury from these insects. Next to rotation, however, thorough plowing and harrowing early in the spring of the field intended for corn and the disk harrowing of such a field at frequent intervals until the corn is planted, which corn may be delayed for sometime for this purpose, will prevent the growth of their food plants and will also practically clear a field from any injury from these insects. This is accomplished by plowing about eight inches in depth and then harrowing at frequent intervals thereafter, so as to throw up and disturb and scatter the ants nests, in the burrows and chambers of which are the little red ants and the eggs of the aphids. _ By throwing these eggs about through the soil and scatter- ings the eggs and ants, the eggs or aphids will, of course, perish unless the ants find them, and the ants are so demoralized and the eggs so scat- tered by this continued harrowing, that they are not able to find but a INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 259 small per cent of the eggs of the aphids, or the aphids themselves, should they hatch, and the great bulk of the injury that would have followed is thereby prevented. Then again, this frequent harrowing will prevent the development of the smart-weed and fox-tail or pigeon grass, which will also do away with the food plants, on the roots of which the little red ants will place the aphids if they can find the aphids and the plants to do so. Good results will follow by delaying the planting of corn about two weeks later than one would normally put it in the ground, and during these two weeks harrow the field with the disk harrow at least twice. NORTHERN CORN ROOT-WORM. Diabrotica longicornis, Say. The northern corn root-worm sometimes causes several million dol- lars’ damage to corn by injuring the roots of the same, but its work is often largely mistaken for that of the wireworms and other root-feeding insects. The wireworms, however, do cause the greatest loss to the corn crop by root injury. Frequently corn in localities, especially in high, dry places, will not grow as fast as the corn in a neighboring area, |, and frequently such corn will be |’. only six inches or a foot in height, |". when all about this infested area |” c it will be four or five feet high. eens It also frequently happens that | corn in infested localities of a field will fail to make ears at all |. or the ears will consist largely of nubbins. Then, again, corn in cer- tain areas will fall down by an or-| dinary brisk rain or wind and re- main there, failing to regain its | upright position. With these symptoms one ,fig,,J%; Nene Corn Hoot Worm, Di cammistrast. the’ presence of the tem diameters. northern corn root-worm, but as the wireworm causes a similar effect, one can only readily know the presence of this northern corn root-worm by pulling up a few hills of corn and examining the roots. The wire- worms eat off the roots and mine more or less through the lower part of the stalk, or, rather, the base of the roots, while the northern corn root-worm mines inside of the root itself and does not, at least as a rule, enter the base of the roots or the stalk at all. 260 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. In pulling up the hills infested with the northern corn root-worm, the roots will be found to be decayed, discolored, and especially the dis- colored roots will be found to contain a dark, irregular line, extending sometimes nearly the entire length of the root, which indicates the bur- row of these insects. On cutting this open one will find this more or less filled with droppings, and the little larva can usually readily be found inside of it. The larvae usually eat the roots some distance from the stalk and mine up in an irregular direction toward, the stalk. After killing the root the larva leaves it and seeks a fresh and healthy one, and soon destroys it also, and in this manner each larva will kill many roots, and as there are frequently fifteen or twenty larvae to a hill of corn, the damage is sometimes great. The injury therefore that these insects do is by depriving the plant of proper nourishment by destroying the roots entirely, or by weakening them and thus preventing the plant from developing as fast as it should in the matter of growth, and preventing the proper devel- | opment of the ear. In bee- tle-infested hills one will Fig. 19.—Northern Corn Root-Worm, Larva, en- frequently find six or eight, larged six diameters. or even twenty, of these larvae mining in the roots, and as soon as they have killed one root and caused it to rot away, they move to another, so that a few of these in- sects may practically keep the plant in check by mining in the roots as fast as they develop. One can also determine the presence of these insects in the corn by examining the worms or larvae themselves. They are white or light yellow larvae, about two-fifths of an inch in length and about as large around as a good-sized pin. The head is dark and there is a dark patch on the last segment of the body. One of these larvae is illustrated, mag- nified six diameters, in figure 19, and another one is shown in figure 20, partly protruding from a root which has been broken off. The adult of the northern corn root-worm is a small beetle, shown enlarged ten diameters in figure 18. They resemble very much some of our squash beetles, and, in fact, are closely related to them. ‘These north- ern corn root beetles are of a beautiful green color when they have fully matured, but when they first appear are of a decidedly yellowish color, the green appearing a little later. These beetles feed upon the pollen of corn, especially where it col- lects between the leaves and the stalk, also upon the silk, and upon the pollen and more or less upon the petals of the flowers of common weeds INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 261 found about the corn fields, and also upon the pollen and petals of clover and some other plants. The beetles appear during the latter part of July and all of August and the fore part of September, and deposit their eggs an inch or two below ground in the corn fields. The beetle either crawls under clods of earth or buries itself in the ground for this purpose. So far as known, these insects do not deposit their eggs in any other situation, and it seems certain that this insect in the larval condition will not | feed upon any other plant | than corn. These facts should be borne in mind when we come to consider methods of fighting these | & insects. The eggs are_de-. = te _| posited in a few weeks after _. Fig. 20.—Corn Root broken off to show larva of the beetle emerges and the Northern Corn Root-Worm within; enlarged. great bulk of the beetles, at least, die before the winter is past. The insects apparently pass the winter only in the egg stage, the eggs which are deposited in the corn field in the latter part of the summer remaining there during the winter and hatching the next spring, sometime after the corn begins to appear above ground. The larvae then move through the soil in search of the roots of e: corn upon which to feed. The eggs do not all hatch at the same time, but appear to vary a month or more, and hence we find young larvae extend- ing through a period of four or five weeks. The larvae will be found about the roots of corn during June and July, and after becoming full grown, leave the roots, and a short distance from them transform to pupae in the soil usually within a 1 r Fig. 21.—Northern Corn couple of inches of the surface. These pupae poct-worm, Pupa: en : larged eight and. one-half may be found by pulling up the corn plant and ginneters ON shaking the dirt away from the roots during July and August. The adult beetles begin to appear during the latter part of July and continue to come out from the ground during August and the fore part of September, usually crawling up the corn stalk and feeding upon the pollen and silk. There is, therefore, but one brood of these insects each year. The adults ‘also have been known to eat the tender parts of the leaves of the corn plant, but prefer the pollen and flowers. It is almost invariably the case that these insects do damage only to fields that have been in corn for several years without rotation. 262 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Where one rotates corn with grain or grass or other crops except sor- ghum and broom corn, these insects are held in check because of the fact that the larvae will not, so far as known, feed upon any other plant than corn. Hence when one finds the corn fields infested with these in- sects, all that is necessary to do in order to rid the field of their presence is to put the field in some other crop for a year or two and use another field for the production of corn in the meantime. This simple rotation of the corn crop every two or three years is all that is necessary to keep these insects within reasonable numbers. — THE SOUTHERN CORN ROOT-WORM. Diabrotica 12-punctata, Oliv. In the southern, especially the southeastern portion of Missouri, the roots of the corn plant are more liable to be attacked by a corn root- worm known as the southern corn root- worm. This insect in the adult condition is a small beetle, shown in figure 22, enlarged five and two-thirds diameters. It is frequent- ly spoken of as the squash and cucumber beetle, and, in fact, is found upon these plants frequently in connection with the true squash and cucumber beetles, and is known to feed more or less upon these plants, as well as upon the fruit, into which it occasionally mines a short distance. These beetles lay their eggs in corn fields and the larvae mine through the larger roots to the crown, and also here and there through the crown © or even the base of the stalk, differing in this ne Rice eee respect in their habits from the northern te thinds diareetere* *¥°8"4 Corn root-worm, which is more commonly distributed over the larger part of Missouri. The complete life history of this beetle has never been worked up. The insects are more trouble- some south of Missou- |ri, and are not found “Jin the northern half of ro "our State. The effect of the. Fig. 23.—Southern Corn Root-Worm, Larva; enlarged Ob atnese 10 five diameters. sects in the corn field is similar to that of the northern corn root-worm. However, we have INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 263 no suitable means of fighting these insects as is the case with the northern corn root-worm, because the insect is not confined in its food habits to the corn plant by any means, and therefore can-_ ae not be starved out, as in the |. case with the other root- |° worm. The insect seems to attack more especially Fig. 24.—Southern Corn Root-Worm, Larva, lateral Scat : ridroma saucia; a, adult moth, natural size; b, normal larva, natural size; ¢, same in curved position : d, dark colored larva, dorsal view; e, egg, eatl . i i Howard. GS: Dane pee y enlarged; f, egg mass on twig, natural size. (From A better idea of these adult moths can be had by observing figures 34, a, and 35, c, and d—b and ¢ are natural size. This color, however, varies considerably with the different individuals, the species being quite variable in the adult condition as well as in the larval stage. These moths are likewise nocturnal in their habits, seeking sheltered places, such as the bark of trees and about rail fences, where they remain during the day, and, like the Preceding species, are rarely noticed by the ordinary observer unless they should happen to take flight, which, by the way, they do not readily do at this time. Their color so closely - resembles that of the object upon which they are resting, that they escape: 276 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. not only the notice of persons, but, undoubtedly, are more or less pro- tected thereby from the attack of predaceous animals like birds that may perhaps feed upon them. Most entomologists writing upon this subject seem to think that this insect has two and perhaps three broods each year, but my observations in this State lead me to believe that the insect is only single-brooded, in Missouri at least. I have never been able to find good reasons for be- lieving otherwise. The adult moths are to be found throughout the greater part of the rWig. 35.—The Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia; a, an egg, greatly en- *farged; b, cluster of eggs, natural size; c, adult moth, natural size; d, adult, twice natural size: the larvae, twice their natural size, in upper right hand corner of plate. {From Slingerland.) INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 277 spring, summer and fall, but these are, no doubt, from the same brood, the moths themselves living for a long time. So far as my observations. go, it appears that these insects hibernate as adults during winter, and come forth early in the spring as soon as warm weather appears, and lay eggs upon the stems and twigs of various trees and shrubs, frequently in orchards, especially where these orchards have become more or less grown up with weeds and grasses, and also laying eggs upon the leaves. and stems of weeds. The eggs are found in large masses. Each egg is semi-spherical in shape and beautifully ribbed and marked as can be seen by referring to figures 34, e, and 35, a, which represents these eggs greatly magnified. In 34, f, and 35, b, we have a cluster of these eggs upon a twig, shown natural size. The eggs hatch in about fifteen days. The young larvae appear during the latter half of March and the first half of April. They feed at first upon the egg shells from which: they have been hatched and then attack the leaves of the plant upon which they have been born and feed there for a short time. They then either crawl or drop down to the ground, leaving the trees and shrubs, and then feed upon the leaves of the various grasses and weeds near at hand. By May these larvae have become from half to two-thirds grown, and they then assume the characteristic cutworm habit of cutting down vari- ous succulent plants. These insects are likewise general feeders, and attack almost any green vegetable substance found in the uncultivated fields in the form of grass or weeds, or in our cultivated fields on corn, wheat, timothy, alfalfa and clover, and in the garden upon almost any vegetable that may be growing there, even relishing tobacco and onions, and attacking berries, squashes, potatoes and the like. During the latter third of the development of these larval cutworms, which usually occurs during the month of May, these creatures do an immense amount of damage to garden crops and also to corn and wheat. When the larva are full grown they measure about an inch and three-fourths in length. They are also fat looking worms, of a dark, dull, brown color, sometimes with a greenish tinge, and are faintly mottled with gray and dark along their backs; while along the ventral surface they are much lighter in color. The head is of a reddish yellow color. These larvae differ considerably in their general appearance. The light form is shown natural size in figure 34, b, anda darker form at d. Two larvae, twice natural size, are shown in figure 35. When disturbed these worms curl up as shown in figure 34, c. Occasionally when these cutworms, and also the preceding cutworms, occur in vast numbers over a comparatively small area, they may tend to migrate more or less or at least scatter about in search of food. 278 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT, Usually about the forepart of June these larvae become full grown and then enter the ground, wriggling their bodies until they have packed the earth away and formed a little cell, and then transform to pupae. This pupa stage lasts from two to three weeks. The adults emerge during the latter part of June and the fore part of July. The fact that these adults appear so early in the summer has un- doubtedly led many writers to suppose that they now soon lay eggs for a second brood, yet no one has been able to demonstrate the presence of such a brood; and there are reasons, which I will not take the time to discuss, which lead me to believe that the so-called second brood does not occur, at least in Missouri, but that these moths now live until cold weather approaches, and then seek sheltered places under loose bark of trees, under logs and in protected rubbish, and there hibernate during winter, coming out early the next spring in order to deposit their eggs. We have, however, some species of cutworms which are known to be double-brooded. NATURAL ENEMIES. Both the dingy and the variegated cutworms are preyed upon, some- times greedily, by certain birds. Fowls of all kinds devour them readily ; crows, blackbirds, robins and bluejays are known to feed upon them; certain species of wasps likewise make use of them, and some ground beetles in both the adult and larval stages likewise feed upon them; but ‘above all, the parasitic insects are the great enemies of the cutworms. Especially is this the case with at least two species of flies belonging to the sub-family Tachininae, and known as Tachinia flies. These insects one of which is illustrated in figure 61, persistently lay their eggs upon the bodies of the cutworm larvae; and the young grubs hatching eat their way through the skin and feed upon the tissues of the larvae, reducing them and weakening them to such an extent that, should they even be able to make pupae, they will never be able to transform to adults. One instance is recorded where cutworms appeared in such immense numbers that they were ruining a clover field, and upon close observation it was found that ninety per cent of these worms were infested with these parasitic flies, and probably not more than one per cent of the larvae in that field ever reached maturity on that account. There are several species of Ichneumon flies that also greatly devastate the ranks of these worms. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 279 REMEDIES. The means and methods to be taken looking to the control of cut- worms and the protection of certain crops from their ravages are similar, regardless of whether we are dealing with the dingy cutworm, the varie- gated cutworm or any of the other species hereinafter described. It is well known that the fields that have been in meadows for two or more years, and are then plowed up and sown to corn or other crops, are much more liable to be injured by cutworms than are fields which have been cultivated for the past two or three years, or even for the past year. Meadows and pastures are very apt to become infested with cut- worms ina year or two. While these insects may not attract any special attention in such places, because of the fact that there exists a great many plants in proportion to the number of worms, yet, when such fields are plowed up and a cultivated crop sown to take the place of the other, these cutworms, deprived of the great bulk of their food, and the number of the substituted plants in the field many times reduced, become thereby proportionately greater in numbers. Hence it is that when these cut- worms feed their injury becomes apparent; and in the case of corn, this is still more true than it is with wheat. It is no uncommon occurrence to have to plant corn two and three times before one can get a stand, on account of the presence of cutworms ; and in the case of wheat fields, it is not uncommon for large areas to be completely cut down by these creatures. It is not my intention in this connection to enter into a discussion of the work or the methods of fighting the cutworms in garden vegetables or such field plants as tobacco, potatoes, etc., and hence the methods here suggested are to be regarded as applying only to corn, and incidentally to wheat. It is advisable to plow the meadow in which wheat or corn is to be planted just as early in the spring as possible, so that the cutworms will be deprived of their natural food in the form of grasses and weeds, and when they come out in search of suitable plants will be forced to abandon the plowed fields and seek other places where a supply of food can be obtained. This applies likewise to the fall sowing of wheat. If these intended wheat fields are plowed early, the larvae there will be likewise forced to abandon those fields, so that by the time the corn or wheat is up, the cutworms will not be found, at least not in sufficient quantities to cause any alarm. The practice, so general in many locali- ties, of plowing the wheat field and sowing it to corn, and later of plow- ing a corn field and sowing it to wheat, is not especially favorable to the 280 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. destruction of cutworms, because of the fact that the various weeds and grasses are growing in the field intermediate between the time the corn is unfit for their food until the sowing of wheat; and as this comes up soon, the insects are not deprived for any great length of time from find- ing sufficient food to sustain them in that particular locality, and hence they attack alternately the wheat and the corn plant, as these two are usually rotated. However, these alternate rotations of wheat and corn in the same field from year to year are much better from the cutworm standpoint than allowing the wheat or corn field to grow up to grass, clover or weeds for a year or two and then to plow it up in the hopes of raising wheat or corn free from the attacks of cutworms. Perhaps the best direct way of fighting cutworms is the following, which I have advised for a number of years, and which has almost in- variably given good results: The corn or wheat field may have certain areas, well known to the owner, in which the cutworms are more abund- ant and destructive. In-such cases it will not be necessary to apply this method throughout the entire field. In other instances the field may be so situated as to suffer more or less along the sides bordering a meadow, especially a newly plowed meadow, infested with these wornis, which would then tend to leave the newly plowed meadow and migrate _to the wheat or the corn. In such cases, it would be especially advisable to apply the following method along that portion of the field which we wish to protect: The method I have reference to is what is known as the poisoned bran method. A bushel of bran and one pound of pure Paris green, or a half pound of pure powdered arsenic, are to be stirred up thoroughly together while dry, and then some sweetened water is to be added in sufficient quantities to make a thick dough. If one needs to use a large quantity, and can get glucose, it will be found to be much cheaper than molasses or sugar for the purpose of sweetening this water. It is well to use a fairly good quantity of this sweetening substance, because it will tend to hold the particles of bran together, so that in drying it wil not fall apart and become lost, as it will if the sweetening substance is not used. This poisoned bran is then to be scattered along in rows, through and around the field to be protected, or in which the cutworms are tu be killed. In the case of corn, this poisoned bran should be placed there before the corn comes up, and in the case of spring wheat, it should be placed there just as soon as warm weather appears, so as to kill the cut- worms before they have had time to injure the wheat. Cutworms will feed readily upon this poisoned bran and be killed, and in some instances they seem to prefer this bran to the plants. Of course, it is necessary INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 281 to see that the poultry and livestock are not allowed access to such fields while the poisoned bran is there. In case one does not wish to or can- not readily use bran, a clover field or hay field may be sprinkled or sprayed with Paris green in the proportion of one pound of Paris green to one hundred gallons of water, and as soon as this has dried, the sprayed portion should be mowed and the clover or hay scattered in little clumps about the field to be protected. From experience, however, I cannot advise the use of these poisoned plants where it is possible to ob- tain bran. THE GREASY CUTWORM. Agrotis ypsilon, Rott. The greasy cutworm ranks about third in importance among the various cutworms infesting the corn. It is a widely distributed and very common cutworm throughout the greater part of the entire world, and infests practically all of our farm and garden crops, as well as some fruit. The insects do not, however, have, the extreme ups and downs occurring} * in certain years in undue Sees and in other years scarcely to be | found, as is the case with some of our other cutworms. Its presence seems to be more uniform. In the Fig. 36.—The Greasy Cutworm, Agrotis ilecrown larval veondition 1b meas? “ot Os natural ieke ures about one and one-half inches in length and is of a greasy, dark gray color above and of a greenish yellow color below. Figure 37 gives a good idea of the general appearance of these cutworms somewhat en- larged. The adult cutworm is shown natural size in figure 36. These larvae do the greatest amount of damage to the corn plants as well as to garden vegetables during the month of May and the early part of June. Like most of our other cutworms, the larvae hibernate in the ground during winter and come out in the spring in search of green plants to cut down and devour sufficient only for the purpose, however, of falling them. As soon as these larvae become full grown they enter the ground a short distance and transform to pupae, emerging as adults from the latter part of May throughout the month of June. These varia- tions in the time of appearance of the adults is due to the fact that there is considerable variation in the time of depositing the eggs and of the maturing of the larvae. The moths lay their eggs during the entire month of July, and also to a certain extent in August, and the larvae 282 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ' feed upon the roots of grass, especially since the adults prefer to seek the grass fields in order to deposit their eggs. These greasy cutworms are more apt to injure the corn plants by cutting them down near the surface of the ground in the spring, so that late sowing of the corn or the second replanting of the corn thus injured does not tend to escape these insects, as is the case with certain other cutworms. The greasy cutworm has similar habits and life history to those which we have indi- cated under the discussions of preceding cut- worms. The larvae, as soon as they hatch, feed upon the roots of grass and do no particular harm and attract no particular attention until cold weather, when they hibernate in those situations, and the next spring, as soon as they revive, seek the surface of the earth at night in order to crawl about and cut down the various plants upon which they feed. They thus cause their depredations until they are full grown larvae and transform to pupae. ‘ These cutworms are all held in check to a certain extent by certain parasitic flies and = 37 The = catwdrm parasitic hymenoptera, both of which have Mo tis ypsiion, Larvae, backand}een discussed at some length under the variegated cutworm. The methods of fighting these cutworms are simi- lar to those given under the variegated cutworm, except that the late fall plowing of the grass field previous to putting in corn does not seem to check these insects as much as it does some of the other cutworms. One of the best methods of fighting the greasy cutworm is to turn hogs into the grass fields in the fall of the year several weeks before one wishes to plow the sod under previous to preparing the ground for corn. THE CLAY-BACKED CUTWORM. Feltia gladiaria, Norr. The larvae of the clay-backed cutworm is about one and one-fourth inches in length when full grown and is of a dark brown or greenish- gray color, with a light colored streak along the back. Figure 39 repre- sents one of these larvae enlarged. They occur in variable numbers, de- pending upon the season, sometimes becoming quite scarce and then again appearing in overwhelming numbers and causing serious and wide- spread trouble. This variation in numbers depends very largely upon INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 283 a bacterial disease, which seems to attack them and kill them off very rapidly, especially when the larvae become unduly abundant. They are also, like most cutworms, subject to the attacks of parasitic insects and of birds. These clay-backed cutworms |. 4 prefer clover in preference to bluegrass, and attack the corn fields more especially when the corn follows the clover field pre- viously turned under ; or where | | the insects are infesting neigh- | boring clover fields in undue numbers, they frequently leave rene fields im erear abundance, sraiie Aunt woke cae sometimes in a body similar to the army-worm, and are then likely to spread to the corn field and devour it, like unto the well-known army- worm attack, eating the leaves of the corn plant instead of cutting the plant down, as is the case with most cutworms. Their work in the corn fields always consists of eating the leaves and the stems above ground. The larvae are most abundant from the middle of April through May. After May they enter the earth, so that by the middle of June practically all of them have disappeared. They remain in the ground in a dormant condition for upwards of six weeks before they transform to the pupae stage, the moths appearing during September, and soon depositing their eggs. Figure 38 represents a moth enlarged. The best method of protecting a corn field from the attack of these worms is to plow a furrow alorg the side nearest the clover field, with vertical side toward the corn, and then dig post holes every five or six “eet in this furrow. When the larvae leave the clover field for the corn, not being able to cross the vertical furrow, they will crawl along and fall into the post holes. One can also kill great numbers by scattering poisoned clover or bran about the parts of the corn field where the larvae are entering. Fresh clover dipped into a strong mixture of Paris green and water is as good a method as one can employ. Where one wishes to plant corn in a clover field the following year, he can prevent these ; : - Fig. 39.—The Clay- adults from laying their eggs nearby by plowing the Backed Cutworm, : Feltia - gladiaria clover field under by the middle of September. Larva; enlarged. 284 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. THE GLASSY CUTWORM. Hadena devastatrix, Brace. This glassy cutworm is another very common and widespread one found injuring grass and corn to a great extent in certain localities, frequently becoming the most abundant and destructive cutworm at certain times. The insect derives its name from the fact that the larva is somewhat uniform in color, being light and translucent, with a slightly bluish-green tint, and can be distinguished from some other closely allied cutworms by the fact that the head and shield is of a reddish-brown color. This larva is represented enlarged in figure 41. These larvae sometimes occur in such quantities in grass fields, especially in low parts of the field, as to attract attention by the damage which they do to the grass, causing it to wither and die when the area not so infested is per- fectly green. They do not seem to feed upon clover, but feed upon all kinds of grass, including the corn, small grains and most garden vege- tables. They are inclined to work under the surface of the soil more than most cutworms, rarely coming to the surface to feed: Because of this fact, they cannot be so readily poisoned as most cutworms are by the use of poisoned bran, nor trapped by the use of boards. They usually cut off the corn plant just below the surface of the ground, or cut Fig. £0=—The. Glossy -Cutworm, Ol the roots of the corm, planta Jittle Ee ee deeper, moving through the soil from one plant to another and doing the work principally at night. The adult moth, which is shown in figure 40, appears the last of July and during August, and deposits her eggs in the grass fields prin- cipally during the months of August and the forepart of September. The young larvae hatching from these eggs feed upon the roots of grass until the approach of cold weather and then hibernate, the same as our other cutworms. In the spring, especially during May and June, these larvae move about through the soil, feeding upon the roots and cutting down and eating through the stem of corn and other crops. They trans- form to pupae in the soil, usually a couple of inches below the surface, during the month of July especially. From what I have briefly given of the life history of the glassy cut- worm, one can see that the ordinary methods advisable for most other cutworms will not apply to any great extent here. The fact that these cutworms work usually below the surface of the soil, not coming to the surface as do most cutworms, will prevent the successful application of INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 28s the poisoned bran method; and the fact that these cutworms lay their eggs almost exclusively in grass fields, and that the eggs are deposited during August and the fore- part of September, necessi- tates the plowing of the grass field during August preceding the year in which we wish to sow it to corn. It is also possible to sow corn late in June and escape the attack of these insects, because of the fact that the . Fig. 41.—The Glossy Cutworm, Hadena devasta- bulk of them make their trix, Cacyae: Saini eed pupae during the first half of July. THE BRONZE CUTWORM. Nephelodes minians, Guen. The bronze cutworm is one of our largest cutworms, measuring, when full grown, about one and three-fourths inches in length. The larvae are alternately striped with olive bronze and yellow, and the head and shield are yellowish-gray. Figure 43 represents two of these larvae enlarged. They can be easily distinguished from the other cutworms by referring to the figure and the description. These bronze cutworms seem to prefer timothy grass, and do not eat clover. They frequently occur in such numbers as to completely destroy the timothy fields, in which case they also have the habit of mi- = grating, sometimes in a mass similar |, to army-worms, and scattering over the neighborhood in search of food. They will also migrate to the corn, in which case they will devour the entire corn plant in a way similar to the work of the army-worm, instead of cutting fone aa Cor ee down plants, as most of our cutworms *!2°- do. These larvae are most active and abundant in April and May, and by the fifteenth of June all of them have entered the ground, where they remain in a dormant condition until the last of July or during August, when they transform to the pupae stage, the adults appearing in August and September and even into October. Figure 42 represents an adult natural size. They then immediately lay eggs in the timothy field for 286 MISSOURI Fig. 43.—The Bronze Cutworm, Nephelodes minians, Larvae; en- larged, back and side views. THE CORN BILL-BUGS. Sphenophrous parvulus; S. ochre The corn bill-bugs are beetles belonging to the family Curculionidae, which consists of our so-called “snout-beetles.” While we AGRICULTURAL REPORT. another brood. The larvae, like the larvae of most of our cutworms, hibernate over winter in the ground about the roots of the plants. Like the preceding cutworm, these cut- worms can also be prevented to a large extent from entering the corn field by the furrow method, or by poisoning them with bran mixed with Paris green and sweetened water. Where it becomes necessary to re- plant a corn field that has been injured by these cutworms, it can be safely done after the first of June. One can also largely prevent the development of these cutworms by plowing under the timothy fields intended for corn by the first of September, thus doing away with the places for the insects to deposit their eggs. us; S. pertinax. have several species of corn bill-bugs, three of them are more commonly found injuring corn. One, S. parvulus, is a small species that infests timothy and grass plants, and the other two, S. ochreus and S. pertinax, are. much larger insects, and are found infesting large swamp grasses and sedges, such as rushes, reeds, etc. One species, S. ochreus, sometimes becomes nearly three-fourths of an inch in length, but they vary wonderfully in size, some of them being scarcely one-half inch in length. These three species of bill- bugs are reresented enlarged in figures 44, 45 and 46. The figure at the bottom in each case will give one a very good idea of the shape and comparative size of the snout or beak, which is so characteristic of the mem- beetles; greatly enlarged. Fig. 44.—The Sphenophorus Corn Bill-Bug, parvulus, Adult INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 287 bers of this family. The mouth parts are situated on the extreme end of this snout, and it is by means of these that the insects do their damage to the corn. These insects vary in color from a light brown to a dark brown, and the body is more or less covered with small narrow grooves and dot- like depressions. These insects pass the winter as hibernating aduit beetles, and are found under rubbish of all kinds in the grass field and also in the swamp land that is grown up with the various large grasses, reeds, rushes, etc. In the spring of the year, as soon as warm weather appears, these insects come forth, and in May and June deposit their eggs at the bases of these plants. The larvae feed upon the fibrous reots, but more especially upon the bulbous roots of various grasses and sedges, mining inside and hollowing them out, rarely eating up into the base of the stem to any considerable extent. These footless, grub-like larvae, one of which is represented greatly enlarged in figure 47, may be found by pulling up the vari- ous grasses and sedges and examining the bulbous roots, inside of which they may be found at any time during June, July and August. The larvae form pupae inside the hollowed out bulbous roots, and transform to beetles late in the summer or in the early fall; these beetles remain in the field in which they hatch and hiber- nate over winter there, not depositing their eggs for another brood until the following spring. When grass lands or swamp lands are plowed in the spring of the year and planted to corn, these various bill-bugs in the adult condition attack the young corn eae Tee plant near the base, and by eating holes pig 45.—rhe Corn Bill-Bug, Sphen- miroveds ‘the leaves and, Stem). enter intoweeer” °COT Adult Beetles is ee and hollow out the inside, and thus feed upon the soft tissues, frequently splitting the stalk and hollowing it out along the split portion. As the plant grows and the leaves which are at first folded about the stem un- fold and protrude, one notices series of parallel, circular or oblong holes through the leaves. While there may be three or four such series parallel to one another across the leaf, yet they were made by a single puncture at the time the leaves were folded about the stem. The chances are that 288 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. the first indication one will have of the presence of these bill-bugs in the corn field will be the peculiarly shaped and located holes through the leaves. The bill-bugs may eat several holes through the leaves and stem, as above described, and in that case may kill the plant outright. These bill-bugs may be observed at work in the corn field with their heads downward, where they will not be easily disturbed. The injury which these beetles do by thus eating through and hollowing out the young corn stalk varies from complete destruction of the corn, even of the second and third plantings, to scarcely a notice- able damage, depending a great deal upon the amount of injury, the fertility of the soil and the rain conditions, as well as the number of beetles which are thus attacking the corn. The most common damage these insects do to the corn is to weaken it, so that it does not produce ears at all or produces simply nubbins; and also in so weakening the corn plant that it does not form proper brace roots and is therefore easily blown over, and when once down, does not right itself. In a great majority of complaints we have received from these insects, the in- jury has come to corn in low lands that have been recently drained, and the large swamp grasses, sedges, etc., that have been growing for years in great abun- dance and have harbored these insects, has recently been plowed under and put in corn. Occasionally, however, com- plaints have come in where injury has been caused by one of these bill-bugs, viz., S. parvulus, on high, well drained timothy and bluegrass pastures. This insect, viz., S. parvulus, is a small bill- Fig. 46.—The Corn Bill-Bug, Spheno- bug, and is able to live in the larval con- Fareed, Pertinaw, Adult Beetles; en- dition in the bulbous roots of timothy and even blugrass. The other species, however, are much larger and live in the bulbous roots of the larger swamp grasses, sedges, rushes, reeds, etc. It is not an uncommon thing to have reports from corn in low lands to the effect that fifty per cent of the corn is a total loss, judging from what the field would produce under normal conditions without the presence of these insects. The only satisfactory method of preventing injury by these corn bill- bugs, which, as I say, is confined to corn entirely, and only by the work INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 289 of the adult beetles in the early summer while the corn is young, is to take advantage of the life history of this insect, as above given, which shows that the insects do not breed at all in the corn field. No larvae have ever been found infesting corn, so far as I am aware, the larvae breeding only in the grass, sedges, etc. The adults, so far as known, will not lay their eggs in the corn field, but will, when disturbed in their natural localities, as will be the case if the field be plowed before the eggs are deposited, seek other fields. Therefore, by plowing the in- tended field early in the fall, before the beetles have gone into hibernating ‘quarters, one will thus turn under the grass, sedges, etc., and in the spring of the year, when the beetles come out to deposit their eggs, there being no suitable natural food plants in this field, they will fly to other fields, and the corn that is put in this plowed field will escape the attack of these beetles. The great bulk of these beetles will leave the plowed field and seek the unplowed ones in order to hibernate, and what few may remain Fig. 47.—The Corn Bill-Bug, Sphen- x £ 3 ophorus ochreus, Larva; greatly en- in the plowed field will, in the spring = larged. of the year, fly to unplowed fields in order to deposit their eggs. The mistake which is usually made is to plow the field in the spring of the year. Such fields are sure to be attacked by these beetles. The early fall plowing is the only successful method of preventing their attack. It is not necessary to plant other crops than corn in a badly infested swamp field, since by the method of procedure above described the in- sects can be kept out, and crops such as hemp, etc., need not follow the newly turned under grass in swamp lands. THE STALK-BORER. Papaipema (Hydroecia) nitela, Guen. This stalk-borer frequently does damage to corn in various places in this State, especially along the edges of the corn field bordering grass. It is a very rare thing indeed that this insect spreads out over the entire field, so that the damage they do is not as serious as that of the other in- sects we have described. Like many of our other corn insects, these also are normally grass-feeding insects and get into corn when ad- jacent to their normal food plant. Very frequently one finds the grass, especially timothy, with certain stems and heads dying and _ turning A—19 290 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. white, while the rest of the plant and other plants about it are perfectly green. This is a very sure sign of the presence of this stalk-borer, or at least of some of its near relatives. When the grass, near a corn field becomes thus injured, one can expect the first few rows of corn adjoin- ing this infested grass field to become injured by these insects. Fig. 48.—The Stalk-Borer, Papaipema (Hydroccia) nitela; a, Adult Moth; }, half grown larva; c, mature larva in burrow; e, pupa. All slightly enlarged. (From Chittenden, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.) The larvae of the stalk-borer, when full grown, is about one inch in length, and varies in color from a very light brown to a purplish brown, according to the age, the older ones being lighter. The body is striped with five white bands, the two lateral ones being interrupted or wanting on the first four abdominal segments. The head and anal shield are reddish-yellow. The stripes, which are so prominent on the larvae before they are full grown, become somewhat obscure as the insects reach the full grown larval stage. A good idea of the general appearance of these larvae when not full grown can be had by referring to figure 48, b, and a full grown larvae in figure 48, c. When these larvae hatch from the eggs, which are deposited in the grass fields or grassy places about the roads, fences and byways, they eat a hole through the stem of the grass plant and make a burrow up the center of the grass stem. The opening through which they enter soon becomes stopped up with their droppings. The plant above the point of entrance withers, dies and turns white, and can be readily distinguished from the other parts of the plant or from other uninfested plants. After INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 29r a time these larvae become too large for the small stem of the timothy, and much more so for the bluegrass, and they then eat their way out of the grass stem and crawl about in search of some other plant that - will afford them a larger stem in which to mine. It is at this time that the larvae will enter the corn field, the corn being from two inches to ten inches in height, and the larvae then crawl up the stem a short distance and make a hole through it, and mine up- wards in the middle of the stalk. This, of course, causes the same dam- age to the corn as the burrowing of the larva in the stalk of grass did, viz., to cause the corn above the point of entrance to wither and dry up, turn white and die, and perhaps fall over, breaking off at the point where the larva entered. One of these larvae is shown inside of a stalk with the opening through which it entered in figure 48, c. The larvae may leave the corn plant by eating a hole through the stem above the one through which it entered, and pass to another corn plant, burrowing in it the same as before described. These larvae, when full grown, are very apt to mine down below the original point of en- trance and there transform to the pupae stage. If, therefore, the upper and dead or injured portion of the stalk breaks off and falls to the ground, the pupae are still left in the healthy, or at least standing, stalk. A pupae is represented in figure 48, e. The larvae become full grown about the last of July, and the adults appear from the middle of August through September and into October. These adults are handsome moths of a mouse or fawn gray color, with the outer third of the wings lighter, and a light or almost white band separating the two regions. One of these moths is shown in figure 48, a. So far as is known, these moths do not lay their eggs in anything but grass. There is but one brood of these insects a year, the winter be- ing passed in the egg stage, hence there is no danger of a corn field be- coming widely infested with these insects, and this accounts for the fact that the insect rarely is found distributed over an entire field of con- siderable size. This stalk-borer, while feeding normally upon timothy and bluegrass for its early larval existence, is forced, as it becomes too large for the stalks of these plants, to seek other plants with larger stems, and in doing so, the larvae will infest wheat and oat fields, as well as corn, and will also burrow in potatoes, rhubarb, tomatoes, spinach, blackberry and raspberry canes near the tip, cockle-bur, rag-weed, bur- dock, almost all kinds of garden flowers, and also in the new growth of currant, peach, apple, grape, and willow stems. In fact, these insects seem to have no especial preference for any one plant, or even any par- 292 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ticular group of plants, so long as they are large enough and tender enough to allow them to burrow inside their stems. From what has been said, one can readily see that it is not necessary to unduly worry about these insects when they are found infesting the. first few rows of corn. Uusually by the time the insects are discovered the bulk of the work has been accomplished, and no economic remedy is at hand for the destruction or prevention of this trouble. About the only thing that one can do is to guard against the probability of these insects getting into the first few rows of corn adjacent to the grass land by mowing the grass and’ feeding it out to stock immediately before the larvae have a chance to come out and migrate to other plants. This can be easily determined because one will notice certain stems of the grass plants dying and turning white, while the others are perfectly green, and the rest of the plant below the point of entrance of the larva is still green. Outside of these simple methods of getting rid of the larvae that one finds infesting the neighboring grass fields, there is nothing the far- mer can do to rid himself or prevent or check the injury from these in- sects. THE CHINCH BUG. Blissus leucopterus, Say. INTRODUCTION. The chinch bug is perhaps the most widely destructive insect affect- ing the corn plant. It is broad in its selection of food, and infests nearly all the members of the grass family. This includes, of course, the wheat and other grains, and the corn et al. While it will feed when forced to, on account of the scarcity of other varieties, upon practically all mem- bers of the grass family, yet it has its preferences, and seems to prefer, other things being equal, such cultivated grasses as Hungarian grass, Panicum crus-galli, millet, Setaria glauca, bluegrass, wheat, corn sor- ghum, broom corn, Bermuda grass and crab grass. It will thus be seen that the insect will live and multiply upon various grasses in regions where there is very little or no wheat or corn. In the State of Missouri the insect does its vast amount of damage by attacking the wheat and corn plants. DISTRIBUTION. The distribution of the chinch bug in North America is confined very largely to that portion east of the Rocky Mountain region, extend- ing from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The insect is found west of the Rocky Mountains in only isolated places. By observing the 293 INSECTS INJUR!IOUS TO CORN. ey q tx CARL eS? * t SOCCS RRS tase ox SRY SAA Se Fro ( g areas infested by Chinch Bug .—Map of North America showin S. Dept. Agric.) Fig. 49 Webster, U. 294 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. map of North America, shown in figure 49, one can see at a glance the known areas of the chinch bug infestation. It should not be understood, however, that the chinch bug does an unusual amount of damage through- out this entire area. As a matter of fact, its region of greatest destruc- tiveness is confined to the following states: Ohio, Indiana, Lilinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Indian Ter- ritory, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Of these twelve states, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, }!in- nesota and the Indian Territory are by far the greatest sufferers. A glance at the map of the United States, shown in Figure 50, will give you an excellent idea of the area of greatest destructiveness. In the states just mentioned we expect a great annual loss from the ravages Fig. 50.—Map showing areas in the United States over which the Chinch Bug occurs in most destructive numbers. (From Webster, U. S. Dept. Agric.) of the chinch bug; but like many other injurious insects, the chinch bugs shave their ups and downs, and will, as a rule, increase in number and destructiveness for two or three years before they reach their highest ambitions in this direction, and then they will drop down to compar- atively normal numbers again, and then gradually increase until the height is again attained. They behave very much like spasmodic waves passing over the country. While the chinch bug has been with us for a great many years, in all too numerous quantities every year, yet in some years, as for instance 1871, ‘the chinch bugs have been unusually numerous and destructive. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 295 It was carefully computed by Dr. LeBaron, then State Entomologist of Illinois, that the loss in the single year 1871, in only seven states, by the ravages of the chinch bug was $30,000,000. Those seven states were Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Wisconsin and Indiana. In the year 1874 the chinch bug was again unusually destructive, and in Missouri alone, Dr. C. V. Riley, then State Entomologist of Missouri, compute the loss in this one State by the ravages of this one insect during that single year at $19,000,000, and stated that for the seven states I have above mentioned the loss for that one year might safely be estimated at $60,000,000. The loss in the United States for that one year has been estimated at upwards of $100,000,000. While these estimates are undoubtedly correct, they are enormous, and cover the ravages of but this single insect during one single season. If we take into account the aggregate losses from year to year, one could hardly realize that insects could cause so much damages. THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE CHINCH BUG. The chinch bug is so well known to most farmers of Missouri that it hardly seems necessary to give any detailed description of it, although Fig. 51—Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus, showing different stages in its develop- ment: da, b, eggs; c, newly hatched bug; d, its tarsus; e, bug after first molt; f, same after second molt; g, same after third molt; at the left an adult which is the result of the fourth molt, much more magnified; h, enlarged leg of adult bug; 7, proboscis or beak enlarged; j, tarsus of same still more enlarged. ‘The lines at the sides of each bug represent its natural size. (From Webster and Riley, U. S. Dept. Agric.) the false chinch bug is very often mistaken for it. A short description of the different stages of the insect, however, may not be out of place, since the insects differ in their coloring to such an extent between the young and adult stages. The eggs of the chinch bug are very small and are deposited in masses, each female depositing upwards of five hundred eggs. The eggs, however, are not all deposited in one mass, but may be scattered in several masses; and are placed, as a rule, just under the surface of the ground near or upon the roots or the base of the stems of the grass 296 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. or the corn plant, as the case may be. The eggs, while large for an in- sect the size of the chinch bug, are really very small, measuring only three-hundredths of an inch in length. See figure 51, a, b, which repre- sents two eggs greatly enlarged. When in masses, such eggs appear of a whitish, translucent color when first deposited, but later become amber colored, and just before they are ready to hatch have a decided reddish hue, due to the fact that the young insect shows through the egg envelope. While most farmers have not observed the eggs of the chinch bug, it is really a very simple matter. If they will pull up clumps or bunches of grass and carefully pull the dirt away from the roots, they will find the little masses of eggs tucked away just under the little clumps of dirt about the base of the plant. Occasionally- the eggs are deposited on the stem or between the stem and leaf, above the ground, or between the earth and stem of the plant, rarely on the leaves or further up the piant. See figure 52, g, which represents the masses of eggs about the roots cf a wheat plant, and also some masses on the lower leaf. The females take from two to four weeks to deposit their eggs. The eggs hatch in about two weeks, but vary considerably according to the weather. In some instances they may hatch in ten days, and in other cases they may take three weeks. From the time the egg hatches until the adult stage is reached requires about forty days. Hence you can readily see that from the time the first eggs are deposited until the first adults of this brood appear would require practically two months. The young chinch bugs when they first hatch look very little like the adult. They are very small, of a pale yellow color, and with an orange spot on the back of three abdominal segments. See figure 51, c, and figure 52, b. In form these newly hatched bugs are not unlike the adult, but of course, they have no wings whatever. As soon as hatched, they lose no time in seeking a place in which to insert their beaks through the tissues of the plant and suck the sap. After a time they have grown in size so that their skin becomes too small for them; it then splits open along the back and the creature crawls out, leaving its first skin behind. This is known as the first molt.- The insect now appears quite decidedly red, or vermillion, with a pale band across the middle of the body. See figure 51, ec, and figure 52, c. After feeding for some time the larva again becomes too large for its old coat, and it again splits open along the back and the creature crawls out, leaving its cast skin behind a sec- ond time. The insect now has a dusky head and thorax, while the ab- domen is of a duller red, with the pale band still distinct. See figure 51, f, and figure 52, d. The future wing pads now become apparent. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 297 iTapmarryahicivorsininioetstplrsprne rennet Fig. 52.—Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus, and wheat plant. On the stems are three bugs natural size; a, an egg greatly enlarged; g, egg masses on roots and on lower leaf; b, c, d, e, young chinch bugs after succeeding molts; f, adult chinch bug. A molt occurs between each stage. The hair lines indicate the natural size of each stage. (After Lugger.) 2908 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. After feeding and growing for a time this young chinch bug again sheds its skin. This is the third molt; and this stage of the young bug, which is its fourth stage since leaving the egg, is sometimes spoken of as the pupa stage, since it is next to the adult stage. But in reality there is no true pupa in this case, because these insects develop by means of an incomplete metamorphosis, and, therefore, these younger stages should all be known as nymphs. See figure 51, g, and figure 52, e. This so- called pupa has a brownish-black head and thorax, and the little wing pads that made their appearance in the previous stage are now larger. The abdomen is dingy gray in color, with a dark horny spot at the tip. When this insect has reached its proper size, the skin again splits open along its back, and the adult insect comes forth. See figure 51, cut at left, and figure 52, f. This adult insect has, as a rule, well developed wings extending practically the length of the body, but in some instances the wings seem to be aborted, so that they are not fit for use as organs of flight. By observing a great number of adult chinch bugs, one can find various stages, from the adults with very short and useless wings, to the adults with long, normal wings, that are of service as organs of flight. The adults are about three-twentieths of an inch in length, and the body is of a black color, with a very fine grayish down. This down can be readily seen under a magnifying glass, but is not visible to the ordinary naked Fig. 53.—Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus. Adults of short-winged form—much enlarged. (From Webster, U. S. Dept. Agric.) eye. The wings and the wing covers are white, and the wing covers have two irregular black lines and a black spot near the margin. By referring to figures 51 and 52, one can obtain a fairly good idea of the general shape and comparative size of the different stages of chinch bug, from the time they hatch, up through the various stages that I have just described to the adult bug. While the figures show simply the com- parative or relative size and the general markings, they do not show the INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 299 color, which differs so greatly between the adult and the youngerx stages. Figure 51, bug to the left, shows an adult with normal wings, while figure 53, shows three adults with the aborted wings of different lengths, the one to the left showing very small aborted wings, and the one to the right showing an adult with wings nearly of normal size. Of course, all of these figures show the insects greatly enlarged. HOW AND WHERE THE CHINCH BUGS SPEND THE WINTER. Chinch bugs always hibernate in the adult condition during the win- ter. While there are possibly no exceptions to this rule, at least in Mis- souri, yet it is a fact that by the time the chinch bugs are forced to seek winter quarters, some of them are not quite full grown or adult insects. It appears that those chinch bugs that seek winter quarters before they reach the adult condition fail for some reason to live through the winter. While this may not lessen the number of chinch bugs to any appreciable extent, it nevertheless is a fortunate circumstance. Late in the fall, when the proper food plants have become more or less dried and cooler weather is approaching, the chinch bugs begin to migrate and scatter, leaving the plants or the fields in which they have been feeding, and crawl about or fly, as the case may be, in search of suitable places in which to pass the winter. This migration usually occurs in Missouri at the time most peo- ple call “Indian Summer.” The great bulk of chinch bugs have by this time reached the adult condition and have fully developed wings, by means of which they can fly from place to place and scatter about the neigh- borhood. But it is a very common sight to see those chinch bugs that are able to fly crawling about, occasionally in large numbers, even in the villages, showing that they have come from the neighboring country, probably by flight. Very frequently they occur in villages at this time of year in such immense numbers as to attract a great deal of attention from the village people, who do not understand the invasion or the name of the insect. Chinch bugs are very apt to leave in great numbers the fields that they have infested during the summer, especially if these fields do not contain a sufficient amount of grass and weeds or shocks of corn, and seek such places as the edge of timber, Osage orange hedges, wind breaks, places where there is plenty of rubbish as along fences, among stone piles or wood piles, hay and straw stacks, and places where there are great masses of rank growth of grass and weeds, especially in corners of rail fences. The insects crawl under such rubbish, especially under leaves and under matted grass, and will collect in these places in vast numbers. They seek especially the above places that are on high, well drained ground, and seem to prefer sandy or rocky soil to mucky. 300 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. They shun to a great extent the low places that are liable to become flooded or become excessively damp. During the winter these insects remain in a dormant condition in these sheltered, protected and more or less dry places, and may be readily found during the winter in great numbers by the ordinary farmer, if he will take the trouble to turn over the rubbish near the groun:! in the places I have mentioned. These insects, however, will become more or less active and sometimes crawl about during warm days that occur at frequent intervals during our winters here in Missouri. No amount of cold seems to affect the insects whatever; at least 30 degrees below zero has no terror for them, that temperature having been reached in Mis- souri. In some of the northern states they have been known to withstand 40 degrees below zero without any apparent inconvenience. They seem to stand continuous cold weather better than they can the rapid changes in temperature, from extreme cold to comparative warm, spring-like weather and then suddenly turning cold again, as usually happens during our Missouri winters. Those immature chinch bugs that go into winter quarters probably perish from the alternate cold and warm weather as well as from dampness. It appears that the immature insects especially cannot endure any great amount of moisture. They seem to have an in- stinct that teaches them to seek dry places, and the shocks of corn that are so common in this State afford the very best places for these insects to collect in the fall and hibernate during the winter. It is no uncommon thing to see thousands of these chinch bugs under a single shock. THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE CHINCH BUG. In the spring, as soon as settled warm weather appears and the grass begins to grow, the adult chinch bugs that have passed the winter come forth from their hiding places and fly about in search of suitable food. In some springs the insects at this time are so numerous that they attract a great deal of attention from people in the towns by alighting upon them, sometimes by the dozens, especially is this the case if they chance to drive out into the country a little ways. It appears that, in Mis- souri at least, this is the great migrating season, a season in which the chinch bugs seems to scatter over vast areas and cover greater distances than is the case with the fall migration just previous to their seeking winter quarters. Of course, a great many of these chinch bugs do a great deal of crawling instead of flying, but it has been my observation that the vast majority of chinch bugs coming out in the spring from their winter quarters fly instead of crawl; while the migration in the fall is, to a very large extent, confined to crawling instead of flying. After the insects INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 301 have found suitable fields or suitable plants for their food, they alight and crawl about, inserting their beaks through the tissues of the plant and suck its sap. Chinch bugs in seeking their proper food plants in the spring alight in immense numbers in our wheat fields. If the wheat fields happen to be near a wood, or Osage orange hedge fence, or a wind break, or a place where there is plenty of shelter, in which vast numbers have hibernated during the winter, then, in this case, the chinch bugs are very apt to come out from their winter quarters and crawl in vast numbers to the wheat field. In such instances they are usually found collected or massed together on the plants nearest the hibernating quar- ters, and their presence will soon be detected by the effect that they have upon the plants. It seems that chinch bugs, when they insert their little beaks into the plants, involuntarily inject a little poison, which poison causes an increased flow of sap to that place, and has more to do with the injury to the plant than the amount of sap which the insect actually extracts. A wheat field attacked in the way just mentioned will appear bleached in the area or strip attacked. If left undisturbed, the chinch bugs will gradually spread from plant to plant, so that the area of infesta- tion will increase and move onward, gradually covering the entire field. While a great many chinch bugs mate in the fall, the vast majority of them mate in the spring soon after leaving their winter quarters, and presently the females begin to deposit their eggs in the wheat fields and grassy places, usually just below the surface of the ground under little clods of earth about the roots and base of the plants. In about sixteen days these eggs will begin to hatch, and presently the agriculturist will detect the little yellow or reddish bugs in his wheat. In about six weeks these insects will have reached the adult condition, and his wheat field wil be literally over-run with chinch bugs. Meantime, the young bugs have been drawing their nourishment from the wheat plants by sucking the sap, and have done more or less damage, according to the number of bugs in the field. Since each female lays upwards of five hundred eggs, one can form an idea of the extent of the multiplication of these insects since leaving their winter quarters. As the females take about three weeks to deposit their eggs, and as these insects hatch according to the weather, we find that new adult chinch bugs are appearing for three weeks or more after the first ones have appeared. At about the time the chinch bugs have become dangerously numerous in the wheat field, the great bulk of them have become adults, and have done a great deal of damage and the wheat plant has become ripened and no longer fit for their food. The chinch bugs in such a field now take it into their little heads to seek green pastures, and they usually do so all at once, and 302 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. migrate in a body, leaving the old field. In this migrating army we find the adults with fully developed wings and perfectly capable of flight, and the young ones in various stages of development. It is a curious fact that in this migrating army of chinch bugs the adults with fully developed wings rarely attempt to fly, but crawl along with the mass the same as those immature bugs that cannot fly. In fact, it seems diffi- cult to induce the chinch bugs to fly at this time, and it is curious to watch such a migrating army when they attempt to cross dusty roads or plowed fields. The adult bugs will struggle along with the immature ones and not attempt to fly, when by so doing they could readily span the difficult places. At this season the chinch bugs are very sure to migrate in the above described way from the wheat field to the corn field, and when they reach the corn field they are tired and hungry, and undoubtedly thirsty, for they attack the first corn plant and begin to insert their beaks and im- mediately suck the sap from the plant. At this time the bugs will cover the first few rows of corn to such an extent as to render it black with them, and especially is this the case with the lower part of the corn plant. The bugs will remain here on the first few rows of corn for a short time and then they will gradually disperse throughout the corn field. The adults now pair and lay their eggs for another brood, and this second brood of chinch bugs, in addition to the first brood which has now mi- grated, infest the corn and cause the vast amount of mischief so well known to the farmers of Missouri. sits By the time the bulk of this second brood of chinch bugs in the corn have reached the adult condition, the time has approached for them to seek winter quarters, and the fall migration begins to occur. If the proper winter quarters are near at hand, the bulk of the insects will mi- grate on foot to those places; otherwise, the winged forms will now readily take to flight and travel considerable distances in search of suit- able places in which to pass the winter. If the corn is cut at this time and stacked in shocks about the field, the farmer has given these chinch bugs the best kind of winter quarters, and they will readily seek them and hibernate in vast numbers in these situations. It will be seen then that chinch bugs have three migrating periods. A period in the fall, during which they migrate by crawling and by flight in search of winter quarters; a migrating period in the spring, when the insects come out from their winter’s hibernation and fly about in search of proper food plants; and a mid-summer migration, in which the chinch bugs crawl in amass in search of fresh supply of food and rarely take to flight. There are, in Missouri at least only two broods of the chinch bug each year, but these two broods always occur. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 303 NATURAL ENEMIES. Unfortunately for the agriculturist, at least, the chinch bug has few natural enemies; especially is this the case with its insect enemies. Most insects are held in check by other insects that are either predaceous (that is, devour them), or are parasitic upon or in them. But the chinch bug seems to be largely immune from the attack of either the predaceous or the parasitic insects; at least, they are not in sufficient quantities to do us any particular good in that direction, and it therefore seems hope- less for the agriculturist to ever expect that the chinch bug will be suffi- ciently held in check by other insects. One of the predaceous insects most destructive to the chinch bug is shown in figure 54. There are some birds, however, that feed upon chinch bugs, but, unfortunately, the birds are so scarce now-a-days that we can hope for very little help from this source. The quail is perhaps the most beneficial bird that we have along these lines, for they devour great numbers of chinch bugs, but quail are sought as a game bird with such diligence that they are becoming Fis ,,>4—A , Predaceous > Bug, Milyos | cinctus, which extremely scarce. Meadow larks also devour im- feedS on chineh bugs by sucking their blood. (From mense numbers of chinch bugs—perhaps as Riley, U. S. Dept. Agric.) many as do the quail, but here again these birds are also killed as game birds. Prairie chickens, red-wing black birds, catbirds and thrushes also readily feed upon chinch bugs. .There are certain fungoid and bacterial diseases that attack chinch bugs under certain conditions, and these diseases do more good towards keeping the chinch bugs in check than all the other natural enemies of the chinch bug combined. However, we cannot ever hope to see the day in this region of the United States when the natural enemies of the chinch bug will ever keep it reduced in numbers to within harmless bounds. We must assist nature with her task by artificial means. From what has been said in regard to the habits and life history of the insect, it is apparent to anyone giving the subject any particular thought, that the chinch bug has several weak points that we can take advantage of. REMEDIES. It is advisable that the agriculturist resort to every means possible within the bounds of reason looking towards the suppression of the chinch 304 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. bug. There can be no doubt that if all or the great bulk of agriculturists will see to it that proper means are taken each year to hold the chinch bug in check and reduce its numbers, that in a few years the chinch bug will cause no more loss than is caused by a great many other injurious in- sects. The great difficulty, however, is to educate the mass of agricul- tural people up to the point of living up to such rules. The farmers are busy during the summer, and, as a rule, do not feel like taking any time to the fighting of insects. They feel like relying more upon some remedy that can be easily applied, with a hope that it will suffice; and in the great bulk of cases, they will not take the pains to do this in as thorough a manner as they should. In the first place, every agriculturist should take advantage of the fact that chinch bugs hibernate in the adult condition during winter under rubbish of various kinds, as before described. If the farm is kept thoroughly clean, and no rubbish of any description or no hedge fences or other places where the insects can readily hibernate are allowed, then there will be little chance of the chinch bug hibernating on the farm. In other words, clean farming will do a great deal towards lessening the number of chinch bugs. If the rubbish of various kinds is gathered from the fields and from about the corners of fences, and placed in piles or in rows early in the fall, and allowed to remain there until the chinch bugs have collected under these for their winter quarters, and these are then burned, vast numbers of the chinch bugs will be destroyed with them. There are a great many hedge fences in this country that contain dead grass and weeds, and rubbish of various kinds, that could well be set on fire late in the fall, and thereby destroy the hibernating bugs. If dead leaves and the like, especially those along the side of forests and other wind breaks in the neighborhood of cultivated fields that are infested, are burned over late in the fall, great numbers of hibernating bugs will be killed. Then, again, if the farmers will sow millet at the proper time, so that the millet will be up early in the spring, it will attract the migrating chinch bugs that are coming out from their winter quarters, and they will collect upon the millet in great numbers, and can readily be destroyed by spraying with kerosene, or by scattering straw over the millet and setting fire to it. This millet trap can profitably be used along the border of those places where the chinch bugs hibernate, or along the line separ- ating an agriculturist’s farm from his neighbors. The practice, which is so common in Missouri, of stacking the corn in shocks in the field, and then cultivating and sowing wheat there, is a very bad one for the chinch bug proposition, because the chinch bugs INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 305 in such a corn field hibernate under these shocks in vast numbers, prob- ably the bulk of the chinch bugs in such a field seeking this place of hibernation, and in the spring they have but a few feet to crawl before they are upon the young wheat plant, and in that way the farmer simply reinfests his fields in as thorough a manner as could be done. Once the chinch bugs are in a wheat field, practically no artificial means can be taken, from an economic standpoint at least, looking towards any help from this evil. We cannot economically kill chinch bugs that are scattered over a wheat or corn field; but it sometimes happens that the chinch bugs in the spring coming from their winter quarters, especially if the wheat field be near a forest, will get upon the first few feet bordering such forests, and collect in great numbers, forming a band but a few feet wide along this area. In such cases, it would pay to spray that badly infested area with kerosene emulsion or ten per cent kerosene, as will be described later on. A great many people send to this office in the spring of the year for the chinch bug disease, with the idea of scattering this disease about the fields of wheat and killing the chinch bugs infecting them. It is a fact that under certain climatic conditions this chinch bug disease, which, by the way, is nothing more or less than a minute fungous plant, will kill great numbers of chinch bugs. But, from seven years’ experience and observation of this disease in the wheat and corn fields throughout the State of Missouri, I am firmly convinced that the artificial use of this disease by the farmers of Missouri does very little, if any, good. This tallies with the experience of other Entomologists, who have had consider- able to do with this matter in other states. While this statment may seem strange to a good many, the reasons are perfectly obvious when prop- erly understood. In the first place, the chinch bug disease is a natural one found in nature, and is not an artificial one. What we did was to col- lect the spores of this fungus and put them in boxes containing a great mayy living bugs. The air and the soil in these boxes were kept con- tinually moist and warm, and, as a result, the spores readily germinated, and the mycelium of the plant found its way inside the bugs and fed upon them, killed them, and produced spores again on the outside of the bugs. It was these white, fungus-covered bugs that we distributed throughout the State to any one applying for them. The persons receiving these bugs were supposed to place them in boxes similar to ours, and keep them under similar conditions, and thereby develop large quantities of this fungous disease, and to scatter these throughout the wheat field. As a matter of fact, I have each year found that over half of the farmers A—20 306 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. do not go to the trouble of cultivating the disease, but simply scatter in their fields the bugs that we send them. The spores for this fungus require for their germination practically the same conditions that the seed of your wheat or corn requires in order to germinate—that is, the spores must have a considerable amount of moisture in connection with heat, otherwise they will not germinate. If the chinch bugs are in large numbers and the weather is hot and very moist, these spores will germinate on the bugs, and the fungous plant will kill them in great numbers. But if the weather is hot and dry, or too cold, although it may be moist enough, then these spores will not germi- nate, and no agriculturist has the power to bring about the proper con- ditions in his wheat or corn field that will enable them to germinate.. Hence you see that, although the farmer may obtain the chinch bug dis- ease and scatter it in vast quantities throughout his field, if the climatic conditions are not right, the chinch bug disease will not take, and will do absolutely no good whatever. But some may say that in obtaining these diseased chinch bugs from this office, and putting them in their fields, they introduce there the spores that will germinate when the proper conditions are right. I wish to say that it is very doubtful whether there is a wheat field or a corn field in Missouri that does not now naturally contain spores of this dis- ease. I have been impressed with this fact every summer; because, al- most invariably, when the person applying for the chinch bug disease sends to this office living chinch bugs that have been placed, as_ they should be, in a tin box containing no dirt, but some green vegetable mat- ter, as, for instance, pieces of green corn, wheat, or grass, and that box closed up as it should be, perfectly tight, thereby generating moisture in the box from these green vegetables, that by the time these bugs reach me the box contains more diseased fungus-covered bugs than we return; thus showing that the spores were already there in his field, and all that was required was the proper amount of heat and moisture in order to en- able them to germinate. Knowing these facts, I can do no other than to conscientiously advise the farmers of Missouri not to trouble them- selves with obtaining and scattering this disease about their fields; but to rely entirely, as they will ultimately have to do, upon nature to bring about the proper climatic conditions for the development of this disease in their fields. Even if it were possible for the farmer in any way to de- velop the proper conditions in his wheat field, then there would be no ground for him obtaining this disease from any other source whatever. Bear in mind that while I cannot advise agriculturists to trouble themselves with this chinch bug disease, because of the reasons above INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 307 given, nevertheless, I am far from claiming that this disease does not do a great deal of good. The facts are, that when the chinch bugs are in the field in great numbers, or massed in places about the field, and warm rains appear, that this fungous disease ff EE spreads rapidly through the mass of chinch bugs, and kills them in great numbers, re- gardless of whether the farmer has ever in- troduced the spores into the field or not. This whole chinch bug disease then is one entirely out of and beyond the control of the agriculturists. I am perfectly well aware of the fact that it frequently happens that with- in a few days after we have sent out this chinch bug disease that the farmer will write back and tell me that he scattered the disease in the field, and that within two to three days the chinch bugs died in vast numbers, and were all but exterminated. Such letters are of daily occurrence during the chinch bug __ , season; and any one knowing the nature of eucopiores 1ilted oy Mie ae gous disease, Sporotrichium. The this disease, and of the chinch bugs, would mycelium is within the bus, and Sie the fungous is starting to de- isiemeatvoncestiat the chineh,” bug disease velo. the” white ee tes oe tt. that he received from us did not cause their ‘fter Lusser.) death, because of the fact that the time that elapsed from the putting in of the disease to the death of the chinch bugs was far short of the pos- sible time for the disease to take. This again simply shows that the proper climatic conditions had occurred to cause the disease already there to develop naturally among those bugs, and before he had introduced it. Another great error that farmers frequently make is due to the fact that the chinch bug, when it comes to shed its skin and transform from the last nymph condition to the adult, does so after climbing down be- tween little clumps of earth and about the base of the plants, and there casts its skin. It frequently happens that this is done by vast numbers of chinch bugs within a day or two; and the farmer, if he has artificially introduced the disease into his fields, and happens to go out to observe whether the disease has caused any deaths among the bugs or not, notices these cast skins, and mistakes them for killed chinch bugs. This mistake is very readily made, and he immediately jumps to the conclusion that the chinch bug disease which he has recently introduced has killed vast num- bers of his chinch bugs. But there is no need of saying anything further in regard to this chinch bug disease. I think that I have said enough 308. MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. now to enable the agriculturist to see the folly of wasting any time in tfy- ing to send for and cultivate and introduce the chinch bug disease into his wheat or corn field. Chinch bugs cause a great deal of worry on the part of the agricul- turist at about the time they are migrating from the wheat to the corn, and, fortunately, this is one of the best times in which to combat this insect. It frequently happens that at this time the chinch bugs migrate in a mass and in great numbers, leaving the wheat field and crawling in the direction of the corn field. When this is the case, whether the bugs are leaving your own wheat field or your neighbor’s wheat field, and are moving in the direction of your own corn field, this corn field can be pro- tected from the ravages of these bugs without any great amount of labor. This is done by taking advantage of the fact that this migration occurs -almost invariably on foot; that even the adult chinch bugs in the migrat- ing army do not readily take to wing; that these chinch bugs have great ‘difficulty in passing over the loose and unprotected soil, such as a dusty ‘road or a plowed field, and that the hot sun readily kills great numbers -of chinch bugs that can find no place for shelter. While it is a well known ‘fact that chinch bugs thrive better in hot and dry seasons and are easily ‘killed or held in check by damp seasons, yet it is a fact that the chinch bugs cannot endure to any considerable extent the direct rays of the sun on ahot day. They are, for that reason, found in fields where plants are numerous enough to give them shelter, and are not apt to occur in fields where the plants are scattering and shelter from the direct rays of the sun not so easily obtained. It is a fact that a migrating army of chinch bugs will be held in check in hot, sunny weather by a dusty road and die in immense numbers before many of them will succeed in getting across. We can take ad- vantage of this fact, and, when we find the chinch bugs are about to migrate from the wheat field to the corn field, plow a belt around the corn field, or at least along the sides toward the migrating army of bugs. This plowed belt should be about ten feet wide. After plowing, the ground should be harrowed with a disc harrow, and rolled so as to break up all the lumps, and then reharrowed, dragging brush after the harrow so as to make this ten-foot belt just as dusty as can be made; then a log or a V-shaped trough should be drawn lengthwise along this dusty belt two or three times, so as to make furrows running lengtli- wise. Along one of these furrows, at least, it is well to dig little post holes, which can be readily done by means of a post-hole auger. When the bugs try to cross this barrier they will have great difficulty in even crossing the dust to these furrows. Once they reach the furrows, they INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 309 will try to crawl out, and, if the furrows have steep and dusty walls, the chinch bugs will not succeed in getting over, but will crawl along the furrows and fall into the holes, where they may be killed by turning on kerosene or tar, or where they may be covered up and other holes dug between. One will see that the chinch bugs find it almost impossible to pass this dusty barrier; that the hot sun striking them without any protection will kill vast numbers of them, and that just so long as it remains hot and dry this arrangement will form a complete protection for a corn field. It is well, however, to have one or two men, as is needed, to at- tend this barrier during each day, and, by means of a hoe, to fix the places along the grooves, where the chinch bugs may find places to escape, to see that the chinch bugs do not occur in too great numbers in the fur- row or in the holes before they are killed, and to do the utmost not to allow any of the bugs to find places through which they may reach the corn field. It is not absolutely necessary to make these furrows along this dusty belt, although it is advisable. If one does not make the furrows, or in case it should rain soon after the plowed strip has been made, or before the migrating bugs have been captured, one can turn coal tar in the form of a band the length of this dusty barrier and a few inches in width, and, as soon as dried, put tar on again, and so on, until the tar will not run down through the soil, but will remain on top, the chinch bugs will not cross this barrier or band of tar. If it should rain after you have made this dusty barrier and the bugs have collected in vast numbers about it, the rain will un- doubtedly start the fungous disease among such a mass of bugs and will practically exterminate them, or you can maintain the barrier by means of the ribbon of tar. When the chinch bugs collect in good numbers along the dusty barrier, or in the trenches, or along the coal tar barrier, or in case the farmer has neglected to make this barrier, and the chinch bugs have collected upon the first few rows of corn in immense numbers, then he should immediately stop all other work and at once spray those chinch bugs with either kerosene emulsion or five per cent kerosene and water mixture. In spraying the chinch bugs that have collected in the trenches or along the barrier, one would do well not to wet the dust any more than possible, but spray those places where the bugs are most numerous, so as not to destroy the dust as a barrier. It sometimes happens, although not often, that where the bulk of the chinch bugs making this migration are adults, with fully developed wings, and find themselves confronted with a barrier, they will take to wing and fly over, and in such cases 310 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. they may collect upon the first few rows of corn, where they can be readily killed by means of kerosene emulsion spray. It is a fact that chinch bugs die like magic before a spray of kero- sene emulsion or five per cent kerosene mechanically mixed with water ; and if we could always be sure that in this migration from the wheat ‘to the corn field, the chinch bugs would collect in immense numbers upon the first few rows of corn and stay there long enough to allow of spraying them, this would be the ideal method of exterminating them from the corn field, or of preventing them from entering the corn. An agriculturist should watch the chinch bugs, and when he finds them collected on the first few rows of corn or in masses along his bar- rier, he should be thankful, because he now has his bugs in the very best condition possible for obtaining his revenge. When the bugs col- lect in such places the agriculturist should drop every other work and spray these insects at once, especially if they are upon the fist few rows of corn, since they will soon spread through the corn; and when this happens, he is barred from any further method of killing them. I would advise the agriculturist to purchase one of the new pumps with the kerosene attachment. These pumps are made by the better manufacturers, and cost very little more than the pumps without such attachments. They save an immense amount of time and labor, especially for such purposes as chinch bug extermination. The pumps do away with the necessity of making kerosene emulsion. All that is needed is to turn pure kerosene or coal oil in the receptacle attached to the pump for that purpose, and set the indicator at five per cent; put the pump in a barrel of water and spray without any further trouble. This five per cent mixture of kerosene kills the bugs readily, and does not injure the plants. In spraying for chinch bugs it is necessary to touch every bug in order to kill it, because these bugs are killed by contact with the kerosene. This necessitates thorough work, and one must, therefore, spray on all sides of the plant that is infested with these bugs, but where the bugs have collected in this way in immense numbers, the agriculturist will be delighted to do the work and see the bugs die so rapidly and in such great numbers. Where one has no modern spray pump with the kerosene attach- ment, then an ordinary spray pump may be used; but one must make kerosene emulsion. This is made in the following way: Dissolve one- half pound of hard soap (in case you wish to use soft soap one pound should be taken) in one gallon of boiling soft water; after the soap has been thoroughly dissolved and stirred through the water, remove thts INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 311 from the fire and add two gallons of common kerosene or coal oil, while the liquid is still hot. Remove the spray nozzle from your pump, put the pump into this mixture and pump the liquid right back into itself. This will churn it, and do so more thoroughly than any other process that we know of. This churning should be done vigorously and kept up continually for ten minutes, at the expiration of which time a com- plete emulsion will have been formed, and the liquid will have increased about one-third in bulk; hence the necessity of putting it into a larger receptacle than will exactly hold it in the beginning. After the emulsioa has been made, add thirty-five gallons of water to it, stir thoroughly, and spray with this. These two methods of killing the migrating army of chinch bugs. when they try to enter the corn field (that is, by barriers or by spraying the bugs with kerosene), if followed out, are worth more to the agricul- turist than all other methods combined. In one day, we, in this way, practically exterminate the mass of chinch bugs in the immediate neigh- borhood, and we do so at a time just previous to the depositing of eggs for the second brood, and, therefore, prevent that numerous increase which would otherwise occur. Hence it would not .be unwise to again call your attention to the fact that when the chinch bugs come to migrate from the wheat to the corn they should be stopped by means of a dlitsty barrier around the corn field, or, if this cannot be done, you should spray them with some form of kerosene immediately after they occur i large numbers on the first few rows of corn. THE ARMY-WORM. Leucania unipuncta, Haworth. INTRODUCTION. The army-worm belongs to the great family of moths known as Noctuidae. There are a great many insects belonging to this family and closely related to the army-worm, which under certain conditions may, in the larva stage, leave the field in which they are feeding and march in a body, and hence it has come about that several distinct species of insects are popularly spoken of as army-worms when these marches. occur. But there is one insect that is known as the true army-worm, and it is this insect alone that we will describe in this article. Let it be dfstinctly understood that the marching of the larvae of even the true army-worm in numerous masses, as they sometimes do, is, like the marching of the closely allied’ species, an entirely abnormal state of, affairs. 312 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. The true army-worm is found in various places over the world, but, with the exception of Australia, where the insects cause some damage, that part of the United States and Canada east of the central portion of Kansas and north of Tennessee seems to be the region in which these insects occur in great numbers and cause such a vast amount of damage. Practically every year the army-worm causes several hundred thousand dollars damage in some portion of this region of the United States and Canada, and occasionally more or less throughout the entire region in the same year. | While we cannot say that the army-worm is on a whole so destructive as the chinch bug, yet within certain restricted areas it does, in certain years, cause more damage. The western part of the little state of Mas- sachusetts lost upwards of five hundred thousand dollars by the ravages of one brood of this insect in a single season. About eight hundred thou- sand dollars worth of oats alone went down the throats of these army- worms in one season in the states of Indiana and Illinois. Just what the damage in any one year in the State of Missouri, due to the ravages of the army-worm has been, I am unable to say, but certain it is that many thousands of dollars are lost nearly every year in some portion of Mis- sour as a result of the ravages of this insect. Fortunately the army-worm does not occur in sufficient quantities to attract the attention of the agriculturist every year. Nevertheless, let it be understood that the army-worm is with us in our fields and meadows every year, but only in certain years do these insects multiply in such vast numbers as to destroy the food plants in their locality and cause them to march in armies in search of fresh food. When these marches occur the agriculturist has his attention called to it at once, and then wonders where these army-worms came from, and what becomes of them. As a matter of fact, very few agriculturists know anything about the life history of these little fellows. It is important, therefore, in order to intelligently understand the control of these insects, that he should at least know briefly the general outline of he life history and habits of these worms. THE INSECT DESCRIBED. The adult of the army-worm is a small, brown or fawn colored moth, somewhat speckled with black scales, and with a distinct white spot near the center of the front wing; the hind wings are of a lighter dusky color, with the outer margin and the veins darker or blackish. The expanded wings of these moths measure about an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters. By referring to figure 57, b, one can obtain a good INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 313 5 Wig. 56.—Army-Worm, Leucania unipuncta, at work on corn plant; nearly natural size. (From Slingerland.) i ; 314 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. idea of the general size, shape and markings of these adults. This figure is natural size, and the one shown at a is also natural size, but has the wings folded, showing the insect at rest. In c the insect is shown twice its natural size. The eggs are small, round and whitish or very light yellow in color, and are deposited in rows on grasses and other places, and smeared over with a glutinous secretion from the insect. Figure 57, d, e, f, zg, shows these eggs as they appear on grass leaves when magnified two diameters. The larvae or worms, or caterpillars, as many people call them, are, when full grown, about an inch and a half in length, of a dark greenish color, with three stripes along each side. The head is of a greenish brown color, mottled with black, and this mottling is found more or less over the entire body. The stripes along the body are greenish yellow, with whitish margins. A good idea of the general appearance of a larva can be had by referring to figure 59, where the larva will be seen natural size, and to figure 58, where the larvae will be seen magnified twice their natural size. The pupa stage, which is passed under ground, is not unlike the pupa of a number of other insects, some of which you have probably removed from cocoons. The pupa is dark brown in color and measures about seven-eighths of an inch in length. Two pupae are shown, natural size at a, in figure 60, and two enlarged in the same figure. THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. The adult moths appear in the spring and seek those places in the fields and meadows where the vegetation grows the rankest, and deposit their eggs in masses under the leaves of grass near the stem. The eggs are placed, as a rule, in a row, and are then smeared over with a glutinous substance that fastens the eggs together and to the leaf. The female, after laying a bunch of eggs in one place, passes on to another suitable place and deposits another bunch of eggs. Each female is capable of laying upwards of several hundred eggs, and herein lies one of the secrets that influences the development of these army-worms at certain times. The moths fly at night, and the depositing of the eggs by the female is done principally in the forepart of the night. During the day- time the moths remain concealed in some sheltered place. The egg-laying season for Missouri varies from the middle of April in the southern portion of the State to the forepart of May in the north- ern part of the State. A corresponding difference occurs as regards the INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 315 ts ie ise Fig. 57.—Adult Army-Worms, Leucania wnipuncta, and their eggs: a, adult at rest, natural size; b, adult with wings expanded; c¢, adult, twice natural size; d, e, f, g, eggs of army-worm moths as they are laid in grass leaves, much enlarged, (From Slingerland.) 316 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT, hatching and appearance of the various stages of these insects through- out this State. In central Missouri the eggs begin to hatch about the first of May, which is about one week after the eggs are deposited. The young larvae or worms, as soon as they hatch, feed upon the leaves of their food plant. ’ The plants that these insects will feed upon include especially the members of the grass family. They are not very particular in their Fig. 58.—Light and dark varieties of Army-Worms, Leucania unipuncta, twice natural size. (From Slingerland.) menu, but, nevertheless, seem to prefer oats, corn, timothy, wheat, barley, rye, Hungarian grass, millet, sorghum and flax. While they seem to prefer these plants, they will eat onions, peas, beans and other garden crops. The worms seem to shun the direct rays of the sun and seek shel- tered places. This is usually provided for them by the fact that the adult moths seek those places containing the rankest growth of grasses and other vegetation. The larvae feed especially on cloudy days and in the evening and night, and when disturbed they have a tendency to drop to the ground. . The grass in which these larvae hatch may be very badly infested without their presence being detected by the agriculturist. When these worms are very numerous, they succeed in eating the plants to such an extent that by the time they are half grown the proper amount of food in that locality has become too scarce for them, and they then take it into their little heads all at once to crawl in search of a fresh supply of food. In doing so these worms crawl in a mass, each one seeming, “Q, INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 317 to have taken it into his little head to perform this march at the same time. This marching of the worms in an army is brought about purely and simply by the scarcity of food in the place they had thus far been feeding. In these marches we find millions of worms massed together and all moving over the ground in the same direction, and it is this habit that has given these insects the common name of the army-worm. No one who has not seen an army of these worms traveling in search of a fresh supply of food can form any conception of the vast numbers, and of the destructive work that these insects are capable of causing. At such times the insects seem to be unusually hungry, and will utterly destroy nearly every green vegetable substance in their line of march, es- pecially any members of the grass family, which, of course, includes our corn, wheat and other grains. When these insects encounter a field of wheat or a corn field, they devour practically every green leaf and cut off the heads of the wheat. An ordinary marching army of these insects will completely destroy two acres of wheat Bieecmy con im one day. When they. gu, 59.Tarva of . sAemy Worth, aude cera field they usually (ese nue | tah aie. march forward as fast as they are able to devour the plants. It is usually th~ case that these army-worms develop in low places about the meadows or fields where the plants are more thrifty, and should their number not be unusually great, they confine their feeding to this locality; but where they occur in immense numbers, as soon as they have obtained about half their larval growth, their appetites become so ravenous, and they devour so much more than they did previously, that the plants in this particular area are not sufficient to supply their food. It is in such cases, then, that the well known migration occurs. Whether the larvae have migrated or not, when they become full grown they enter the ground a little ways below the surface, and wriggle their bodies back and forth in order to pack the earth and make a little cell, and then presently change to pupae. The larvae usually require about twenty-five days in order to become full grown, and the pupae stage usually lasts about seventeen days. At the expiration of this time the adult moths emerge from the pupae. Hence in central Missouri we find these larvae, as a rule, march- ing about the first of June. At this time the corn is young and the wheat plant is in the milk stage, and should an army of these worms encounter 318 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. a corn or wheat field at this time the amount of damage they will do cannot be appreciated by any one who has not actually seen their work. Two acres of corn or wheat will disappear down the throats of an ordinary army of these worms each day. Soon after the adults have emerged, they pair and lay eggs for another brood. These eggs are deposited in the same situations as were s those for the first brood. If conditions are favorable for the development of the army- worms, this second brood of larvae coming from these eggs will be several hundred times more numerous than were the larvae of the first brood, and it frequently happens that this second brood is the one that does the most damage by marching in armies and at- id tacking the corn at this season SS a of the year. The wheat plant Fig. 60.—Pupae of Army-Worm, Leucania unipuncta; a, a, natural size; the other two en- in Missouri usually escapes this larged about three diameters. (From Slinger- land.) second brood, but the corn plant suffers severely. By referring to figure 56, you will observe a num- ber of larvae photographed in the act of stripping a corn plant. These insects are not quite natural size. In due course of time the larvae of this second brood enter the ground in order to pupate, and the moths which hatch from this second brood appear during the forepart of August. This second brood of moths again pair and lay eggs for a third brood of worms, which appear in the central portion of Missouri usually about the middle of August. It is not often that the migrating horde of the third brood of army-worms do very much damage here in Missouri. During the latter part of September or the forepart of October the third brood of adults appear. These adults seek sheltered places later in the fall, and there pass the winter hibernating as do the adults of the chinch bugs. They seek, as a rule, the loose bark on trees, secluded places under logs, and in piles of rubbish. We have no data to show that in central Missouri, at least, the winter is ever passed in any other stage. I have never been able to determine that the pupae ever fail to transform to adults in the fall if they are going to transform at all, neither have [ been able to find that the larvae have ever failed to make pupae in time INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 319 to allow the adults to emerge. It is quite different, however, with the states north of us, where there seems to be a good reason to believe that the winter is passed not only by the hibernating insects, but by the pupae, and occasionally by the larval stage. It will thus be seen that the army- worm in Missouri has three distinct broods each year, and that the winter is passed by hibernating adults only. The army-worm has its ups and downs, but fortunately for the agri- culturists of any given region, it is more often downs than ups. It is a well known fact that the appearance of army-worms in great destructive numbers never has occurred in any given locality for two consecutive seasons. While the army-worm is with us in small numbers every year and can be readily found by a person searching for them in pastures and meadows and wheat fields, yet the insect is held in bounds by a number of foes, some of which will be discussed later on. It appears that it is only about once out of ten times that these natural enemies fail to do their duty, but when they fail, the army-worms succeed in multiply- ing sufficiently to cause the larvae to take upon themselves the habit of marching in great masses, and practically devour every green thing ia their path. NATURAL ENEMIES. While the army-worms are greedily preyed upon by a number of dif- ferent birds, especially the robins and thrushes, and while poultry of all kinds thrive on this luxuriant food, and also while certain parasitic fungi and bacteria also kill numbers of the larvae and pupae, yet the great war id Fig. 61.—The Red-Tailed Tachina Fly, Winthemia 4-pustulata, a parasite on the Army-Worm; a, the fly, natural size; b, same, much enlarged; c, army-worm on which the fly has laid eggs, natural size; d, parasitized army-worms, enlarged. (From Slingerland.) 320 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. waged upon these insects is particularly due to the presence of certain. parasitic ones. Some Ichneumon flies sting the larvae and deposit their eggs within their bodies, and the resulting grubs feed upon them and kill them. Certain parasitic flies especially do an immense amount of good ia holding these army-worms in check by depositing their eggs upon them, and the grubs which hatch work their way within and feed upon the tissues of the army-worms. Probably every agriculturist who has ob- served the army-worm marching in great numbers has had his attenticn called to the presence of vast numbers of flies that buzz around or about the marching army, and have caused him to wonder why and for what purpose they were there. One of these flies is shown in figure 61, natural size at a, and greatly enlarged at b. A part of an army-worm on which you will see the white eggs of these flies is also shown in figure 61, natural size at c and enlarged at d. They are to be found in great numbers wherever the army-worms occur in quantities, such as is the case when on the march, and they may be seen darting down and de- positing an egg upon the body of the doomed army-worm. The agricul- turist then should be delighted to see these flies about the fields that are infested with army-worms, for it indicates to an almost certainty that the next brood of army worms will be so reduced as to not become especially troublesome. — REMEDIES. Ordinarily for any given locality, it is not especially necessary to take any means of fighting the army-worm each year, because it does not ordinarily occur in that particular locality in sufficient quantities 10 warrant such procedure; and from this very fact is due, no doubt, the want of a knowledge on the part of most of the agriculturists in regard to the habits, life history and methods of controlling this insect; while those insects that are injuriously abundant each year, the agriculturist soon learns to combat. Unfortunately the army-worms may be very numerous in a meadow or in the low and rank growing places of a grass field and yet not attract any attention from the owner until the larvae have become about half grown, when he will suddenly discover that the plants in such places are being destroyed, and by that time the worms have undoubtedly taken it into their little heads to seek fresh feeding ground. If an agriculturist be fortunate enough to discover the presence of vast numbers of army-worms in the meadows or fields, he should resort to some means of destroying them there, and not allow them to migrate or march to other places. It is possible to spray the badly infested areas with strong arsenical poison, or kerosene mechanically mixed with INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 321 water, as described under chinch bugs, and in that way practically ex- terminate the colony, but, nevertheless, it is a rare thing that such a discovery is made in time. The next best method is to plow a few fur- rows around the badly infested area. These furrows should be as deep as possible, and should have their vertical sides away from the infested area. Post holes should then be dug every six or eight feet along these furrows. When these army-worms start to migrate, as they are sure to do when they occur in quantities sufficient to attract the attention of the agriculturist, they will not be able to readily get across these furrows. They: are rather clumsy worms, and once they find they cannot ascend the perpendicular walls they will walk along the furrows in the hope of finding some escape, and will tumble into the holes, where they may be killed by sprinkling ‘with kerosene or by burning them. I have seen hundreds of bushels of army-worms captured in such holes. This method absolutely prevents further damage by the army-worms, and, as a rule, up to the time of marching the damage from army-worms is not a great one; hence it is a comparatively easy matter to confine the army-worms by this method to a small area and prevent the destruction of large crops. In case the army-worms are on the march or have escaped from the original badly infested area, or in case they are upon a neighbor’s premises, and you have fear of their ultimately marching upon your fields, then you should plow furrows about the fields you wish to protect, and in this case the vertical side should be towards the field to be pro- tected. Holes should be dug along these furrows every few feet and the same method of killing the worms resorted to as given above. In case there be some doubt as to whether the worms are coming to your field or not, the furrows may be readily plowed and the digging of the holes left until you are satisfied the worms are approaching. This fur- row and post-hole method has such an advantage over the coal tar, the lines of fire or the dragging of a log through the furrow, that it seems to me unnecessary to discuss them. THE FALL ARMY-WORM. Laphygma frugiperda, S. and A. INTRODUCTION. While, as a.rule, the true army-worm does not occur in devastating numbers in the fall of the year, another insect, the fall army-worm, does frequently occur in immense numbers in the fall of the year, and, like the true army-worm, when the proper food in the locality in which it was born gives out and the insects occur in sufficient numbers, they A—21 ~ 322 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. migrate in a mass and march in search of fresh fields. This has given the name of army-worm to this particular insect also, and since this migration in great armies occurs in the fall of the year, it has been called the fall army-worm. ‘The insect is, to be sure, closely related to the true army-worm, but can be readily distinguished from it. The moths differ from one another greatly, but are, as a rule, of a light gray color, with the hind wings more or less whitish and semi- transparent. ‘The insect is a little smaller across its expanded wings than the true army-worm, as a rule, not greatly excceding one inch. In col- lecting a good many of the moths, one will notice that they vary from the color just described to those individuals that have a considerable admixture of bluish white. The markings on the fore wings are quite different from those of the true army-worm. A good idea of the general appearance, size and variation of the fall army-worm may be had by look- ing at figure 63. The larvae or worms are also quite different and readily distinguished from the true army-worm. They are not quite as large when they are full grown. The bands along the sides are broader, and the insect is spotted with small dark or black tubercles, on the end of each of which a short black hair is found. The head has a V-shaped mark upon it, which is not found on the true army-worm. The worms, when full grown, are a little over an inch in length, with a brown head, the body striped with greenish-gray above, and a broad dark stripe along the sides, below which is a band of dull yellow. Underneath, the insect is greenish-gray, and on the back are three lines of yellow.. A good illustration showing tie general size and characters of this larva will be found in figure 62. The eggs are deposited by the parent moth more frequently on the under side of leaves, on small twigs of trees and on bushes in the neighborhood of low meadows, as well as on the rank growing vegetation. There are also three broods of this insect each year in Missouri, but unlike the true army- worm, the larvae of this insect rarely occur ia great numbers until the third or fall brood, by which time the insects may become so extremely numerous within certain areas as to destroy the plants upon which they are feeding, and therefore be forced to migrate in a mass. Fig. 62.—The F< rmy- & ; i i Warn" faghvini tee These insects, if they attract the attention perda: a, larva, natural : i size: b, its head’ enlargea; Of the agriculturist, usually do so in the late ec, d, its body segments, ~ enlarged. (rom Riley.) | Corn and fall wheat, to which they march from INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN, 323 nearby meadows. If the green wheat or other grains or grasses be un- handy, they will attack corn and devour not only the leaves but eat of the stem, and frequently eat their way through and about the green ear of corn. In the great majority of cases, however, these fall army-worms enter the wheat fields in the fall and devour the young green wheat. Agriculturists frequently become very much alarmed by the presence of vast numbers of these worms eating the wheat, but frequently they do much less damage than the agriculturist is, as a rule, disposed to admit. The fact of the matter is, that these larvae may eat off very thoroughly every vestige of wheat above ground in the fall of the year, and yet the wheat suffers very little, if any, from such an attack. The wheat will come up in the spring as if nothing had happened, and may even grow considerably in the fall after the worms have ceased to work. Like the true army-worm, the larvae of the fall army-worm, in their various broods, enter the ground in order to pupate. The winter, however, is passed in the pupa stage, rarely in the adult stage. While the true army-worm feeds upon al- most all the members of the grass family, with an occasional change of diet, the fall army-worm seems to be broader in its selection of food, and while the grasses, including, of course, the Fig. 63.—The Fall Army- Worm, Laphygma, _ frugi- hes imisect has been known ‘to attack, the “fall S2i0¢7 ¢) BON EaO eee 1 : : i variations, natural size. fields of turnips and ruin them, and also various (‘fom Riley.) grains and corn, form its principal diet, yet other succulent garden vegetables and plants, even feeding upon the leaves of certain trees. be Ve ees NATURAL ENEMIES. Why it is that the first or the second brood of the true army-worm is SO great in numbers while the first and second brood of the fall army- worm is so reduced in numbers as to attract no attention is something which we do not understand. One would expect that the birds and pre- daceous and parasitic insects, that succeed in preventing the development of the fall army worm, would likewise check the early development of the true army-worm at that season of the year. The facts are, however, that the fall army-worm seems to increase in numbers with each succeed- ing brood throughout the season, so that it is only the fall brood that ever becomes unduly numerous; while, on the other hand, the true army- worm frequently becomes unduly numerous in the spring and early sum- 324 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. mer broods, and then is held in check and prevented from being too nu- merous by its natural enemies. Some birds that prey upon and devour so greedily the larvae of the true army-worm, also feed just as readily upon the larvae of the fall army-worm. The same may be said of the parasitic insects that destroy them. Like the true army-worm, this fall army-worm does not occur in damaging quantities every year, neither has it occurred in damaging quantities in one locality,in two consecutive seasons. REMEDIES. The fall army-worm may be prevented from spreading away from the badly infested areas in our meadows or fields, or may be prevented from entering our fields, by the same methods that were described under the true army-worm. It is frequently an easy matter to successfully kill vast hordes of these larvae when in the field by the simple process of rolling the field. This should be done when the field is hard enough, and comparatively free from stones or rough places, so that the insects will be crushed while the grass or wheat will not be injured in any par- ticular way. Late plowing will destroy vast numbers of these insects in their winter quarters, and the continual rotation of crops will have a great deal to do towards checking their undue development. It would also be a good plan to turn poultry of all kinds into the in- fested fields and allow them to devour the worms. It sometimes happens that in the marching of the fall, as well as the true army-worm, that they are detected trying to cross a road or lane, and in such cases one can crush them in immense numbers by drawing a roller back and forth over the area over which they are marching. Where these larvae occur in gardens or fields containing late vege- tables, they sometimes do considerable damage, and will also attack the flower garden and devour sweet peas, pansies and other varieties. Where garden vegetables are in the immediate vicinity of fields badly infested with these worms, the garden plants may be protected either by the plow- ing of furrows, or by scattering rows of poisoned bran about the field. This will necessitate, however, the keeping of poultry out of such patches, otherwise the poultry will be killed. The poisoned bran may be made by mixing a pound of Paris green or a half pound of pure arsenic with a bushel of bran. This should be stirred up thoroughly in a dry condition, and then made into a thick dough by means of sweetened water. ‘This should then be scattered about the plants, or along the sides of the garden nearest the worms. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 325 THE CORNWORM. Heliothis armiger, Hubn. The corn worm is the larva or worm found in the ear of corn, and is known not only to the person raising corn in the field or the home garden, but is also known to every housewife who has ever attempted to take the husks from sugar corn. This same insect is also known as the “ear-worm,” on account of its presence in the ear of corn, and is also known as the “boll-worm” in the south, on account of the fact that the insect burrows in the cotton boll and feeds upon the developing seed. These insects not only feed normally upon the corn plant, but they attack and injure, besides the corn and cotton above referred to, the fruit of the tomato, inside of which they will excavate chambers, while feeding upon the pulp, and will also feed upon the tobacco plant, where they injure especially the buds. They also feed upon the bean plant, in some sections of the United States, being the principal injurious insect at- tacking this plant. They likewise feed upon pumpkin, squash, peanuts, cowpeas, peas, peppers, asparagus, jimson-weed, morning-glory, gera- nium, sunflower, gladiolus, poppy and peach. In fact, the range of food plants that this insect will attack is much larger than I have indicated. These insects do more injury to the corn at large than is generally supposed, because we are accustomed to losing a certain per cent every vear from his insect. It is not, however, so much the actual amount of kernels of corn that these insects eat, as it is the damage which they do by causing the ears of corn attacked to decay by allowing the various bacterial and fungus diseases to attack it. They greatly annoy the housewife who, when she comes to take the husks from the ears of sugar corn, almost invariably finds one or more of these “ugly” worms, the presence of which is not only disgusting to her, but the upper third of the ear is usualy injured to such an extent that she is compelled to break it off and throw it away. In most localities of the United States sugar corn is attacked by these insects to such an extent as to make it almost impossible to purchase on the market corn without having the great bulk of it infested with them. The great damage that these worms cause to corn comes when the corn grower tries to cut up his corn and put it into the silo, preparatory to making ensilage. When this corn is cut up it is very apt to contain a great many of these worms, and they are introduced into the silo with the corn. The various bacterial and yeast plants which develop in this corn and sour it and convert it into ensilage, thus preserving it, are not able to convert or preserve the animal matter which has been there in- 326 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. troduced in the form of corn-worms. These insects then start to decay, and as soon as they are thoroughly under way the entire corn decays, and what would otherwise have been ensilage is ruined. My observations lead me to be- lieve that in every case of failure to make ensilage the cause can be traced directly to the presence of large quantities of these corn worms in the corn at the time it was cut up and placed in the silo. The adult of the corn worm is a greenish-yellow moth, with a black spot in Re eae UL a Fig. 64.—Corn Worm, Heliothis armiger; a, b, the middle of the front wings SFE ene Oty) cOnlBNE Sts Caf aTwAg Ms CPURAS eri TeSand with varios Olle lene ings across them. One of these moths is represented, natural size, in figure 64, e, with its wings expanded, and at f, with its wings closed, «s the insect appears when at rest. These moths deposit their eggs in various situations, upon various plants upon which the larvae feed. They also deposit their eggs in the silk of the corn, and occasionally upon the leaves, and the larvae, when they hatch, may feed upon the leaves of the corn plant, or upon the husks or the silk, but more frequently enter the ear and feed upon the developing kernels of corn, where they mine down towards the base of the ear, but, as a rule, do not reach the base, but are contented with ruining the upper half of the ear. There may be more than one of these larvae in an ear of corn, but in the great ma- jority of cases only one larva is found. When these larvae become full grown they are from one and one- half to two inches in length, of a pale green or dark brown color, with dark stripes and with a yellow head. One is represented in figure 64, c. When full grown larvae they leave the corn plant, or other plant upon which they have been feeding, and enter the ground for an inch or two, and then, by wriggling their bodies, pack the earth away so as to make little earthen cells, line them with a little silk, and inside of these earthen and silky cocoons transform to pupae, one of which is represented in its cocoon in figure 64, d. There are in Missouri three broods of these insects each year. The winter is passed as a pupa inside the cocoon under ground. In the spring these pupae transform to adults, which fly about INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 327 and lay their eggs during April, each female laying from two hundred and fifty to five hundred eggs. Two pictures, representing the eggs of this insect magnified, can be seen in figure 64, a, b. The larvae hatching from these eggs become full grown in about four weeks, sometimes sooner, and the pupa stage for this brood lasts from two to three weeks, by which time another set of adults emerges and deposits eggs for an- other brood. Late corn suffers more from the attacks of these corn worms than early corn, because of the fact that the second or third brood is in greatly increased numbers. These insects, both in the larva and adult condition, are preyed upon by many parasitic and predacious insects and birds. There seems to be no satisfactory remedy or means that we can employ to prevent these insects from getting into corn or of killing them once they are in a large field. In a small home patch of sugar corn the matter becomes more simple, because one can more readily pass through what little sugar corn he would be apt to have, and by opening the ends of the ears of corn, take out these larvae and kill them without injuring the corn in the least. By passing through once a week in this way one can prevent any particular damage by this insect, but, of course, such a method as this would be an impracticable one in a large field. The only method that we have for fighting this insect in a large field is the use of the trap-lantern, and yet it is still an open question as to whether these trap-lanterns are, even here, economically successful: The adult insects are attracted very readily to light, but the males are by far the most predominant in these traps, and what females we do get have, in the great bulk of cases, already deposited their eggs, and hence out of the great number captured but few of them are females in the egg-laying condition. aie 3 | One can very readily tell whether these insects are in the field in undue numbers or not, and in case they are, it is advisable not to attempt to make ensilage from that corn. GRASSHOPPERS. There are many species of the short-horned grasshoppers, or Ac- rididae, that get into corn, usually from adjacent grass fields, and feed upon the corn plant by eating of the leaves, tassels, silk, husks about the ear, and sometimes eating through the husks into the ear, thus causing the same to decay. Usually our grasshoppers are not numerous enough to cause any serious injury to the corn crop as a whole. In most instances, where they get into the corn field so as to cause any 328 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. noticeable attack, they do so late in the season when the plant is suffi- ciently developed to withstand any ordinary work of these insects. Once in a while some of our common grasshoppers become unduly numerous, and then get into corn fields in such num- bers as to strip the leaves and prevent the proper maturing of the ears of corn that Fig. 65.—The Red-Legged Grass- would not otherwise have been injured, hopper, Melanoplus femur-ru- - : brum; natural size. and they will then ruin a large per cent of the ears by eating through the husks and allowing the kernels to be- come attacked by fungous and other diseases. To be sure, many cases have occurred where these insects have absolutely ruined a corn field in this State, but the chances are that such a case will not happen again, as the country is becoming so thoroughly settled that the immense develop- ment of grasshoppers is not likely to be again presented. Some of our common grasshoppers occur occasionally in sufficient quantities to leave grass fields in large bodies and fly some distance to neighboring corn fields, where they alight and devour the corn plant, but such cases are rare. Our most common grasshopper is shown, natural size, in figure 65. It is known as the Red-legged Grasshopper. Another grasshopper which becomes more abundant later in the summer, and which is much large in size, is represented natural size in figure 66. This is known as the Big. 66.—The Bird Grasshopper, Schistocerca americana; natural size. Bird Grasshopper, and occasionally this insect occurs in sufficient quan- tities to seriously injure corn fields. The Olive Grasshopper, represented natural size in figure 67, and the two striped grasshoppers, represented natural size in figure 68, are two common species that we frequently find eating of the corn plant, but they are not liable to cause so much trouble as the two former species. Of course, we have a good many other grasshoppers that one will find occasionally in corn fields, but the four I have mentioned seem to be the more common ones. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 329 Grasshoppers lay their eggs in the latter part of the summer by pushing their abdomens into the ground and filling the cavity thus made with eggs. These eggs are usually deposited in grass fields. If not in a grass field, they are deposited, as a rule, in the open and not in or about timber. These eggs | remain over winter and hatch in the spring into young grasshoppers that Z Fig. 67.—The Olive Grasshopper, Melanoplus dif- look like the adults, ex- ferentialis; natural size. cept they are smaller and have no wings. Everybody, however, recog- nizes these insects when they first hatch as grasshoppers. To be sure, the grasshopper eggs are fed upon by a number of parasitic and pre- dacious insects and some other animals, and are subject to injury from other causes, but when placed so as to not be in the shade, they stand a good chance of hatching. It sometimes happens that the early warm days of spring cause a good many of the grasshopper eggs to hatch, and extremely cold weather following will kill them. This was the case to a marked degree this year, where in some localities apparently all the grasshopper eggs of certain species hatched some time before settled spring weather appeared and were killed by the following freezes. These young grasshoppers feed normally upon grass of various kinds, also upon certain weeds, and when in unusual numbers, will injure the grass fields to such an extent as to attract at- tention. They may get upon almost all kinds of grass, farm, and orchard plants, and eat off the leaves, or the fruit, or the bark, as the case may be. It will be very exceptional, indeed, if grasshoppers in Missouri ever become again so numerous as to warrant their capture by means of the hopper dozer. These hopper dozers are nothing more or less than very wide pans, drawn upon runners, and having the back and sides made of canvas or some other material, so that when this hopper dozer is pushed through Fig. 68.—The Two-Striped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus; natural size. the field, the grasshoppers will fly up and back and strike against the canvas and drop down upon one another, where they will accumulate in a mass, and can be dumped out 330 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. on the ground and another collection made. When the grasshoppers are not numerous enough to make this method perfectly satisfactory, the pan is sometimes filled with kerosene and the back covered with kerosene. The most successful method of fighting grasshoppers now seems to be by the use of what is known as the “Criddle mixture.” This mixture is made in the following way: To a barrel of fresh horse manure thor- oughly mix a pound of salt and two pounds of Paris green, or one pound of powdered arsenic. If this mixture is made of perfectly fresh horse manure the salt may be omitted, but if the horse droppings are not perfectly fresh, the salt must be added. This Criddle mixture, so called, should be placed in handfuls about the corn field where the grasshoppers are doing the most mischief, and it will attract them for several feet. They will feed upon it in preference to any other known substance, and will be killed by the arsenic, which has been thoroughly mixed with it. This same Criddle mixture is, of course, valuable in connection with other plants that are being injured by these insects. THE ANGOUMOIS GRAIN MOTH. Sitotroga cerealla, Oliv. This minute moth is well known to all corn raisers on account of its injury to corn and wheat while in the field, as well as to the grain while stored in the granary. The insect was originally an imported one, having come from the Province of Angoumois, France, where its injuries are well known. It has now spread throughout practically all of the grain-growing re- gions of the United States. Two years ago it seemed to be unusually abundant in the southwestern part of Missouri, and a great many inquiries, with specimens of the insect ; Fig. erat Angoumois Grain Moth, Sito- 1 | | roga cerealla; a, larva; b, pupa; c, adult moth: and its work were receivec d, wing; e, egg; f, larva within grain. The lines ; ei near each figure indicate its natural size mos 7 \ i figures being enlarged. (From Howard, U. Ss by mie that at 2 Dept. Agric. ee : eho? The adult moth is a small, grayish-brown insect, about half an inch across its expanded wings. The hind wings are beautifully bordered with long delicate hairs. The insect is represented in figure 69, c, enlarged about three diameters, the hair line just below indicating its natural size. The moths emerge in spring from granaries and other places where seed and grain has been stored, INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. . 331 either husked or threshed, or in the shock, and fly to the corn and wheat fields and there deposit their eggs in the ears of corn, and earlier in the heads of the developing wheat at about the time the wheat is in the milk stage. Each female lays a large number of light-red eggs, one of which is shown greatly enlarged in figure 69, e. These eggs hatch in a few days into minute larvae or caterpillars, which eat their way ‘through into the developing kernel of corn or wheat, feeding within upon the starchy ma- _ terial. When this corn ripens and is cut and stacked in shocks, the larvae soon reach their full development, by which time they are up- wards of a half inch in length, and of the general appearance and shape represented in figure 69, a. They then spin a little cocoon within the hollowed out kernel of corn and transform to pupae, one of which is represented in figure 69, b. These pupae transform to adults during the latter part of July, and the moths work their way out and escape. They soon pair and deposit their eggs for another brood upon the corn or grain from which they have emerged. If the corn after being cut is soon carried into the barn, or is husked or shelled and stored away in bulk in the granary, these moths that emerge from the seed deposit their eggs there upon it, or in case the corn is not husked or shelled, deposit it upon the ear under the husk at the upper end. The larvae constituting this second brood reach maturity during the fall and hibernate within the kernels of corn, changing to pupae in the spring, and the adult moths appear in May or early June, and seek the new corn and wheat fields. If the grain be stored in warm granaries, there may be as many as four broods during the year in such cases. It appears that the adult moths, which de- es gee Of coum as posit their eggs in the wheat fields in the early Grain Moth. summer, come from the nearby barns and other places where grain is stored, either threshed or unthreshed. 332 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. It is advisable not to have the corn or wheat standing in the fields in shocks any longer than is absolutely necessary, because the moths will emerge from such places and be scattered through the neighborhood. Neither is it a good plan to store the corn in, an unhusked condition for the,same reason. If the corn be husked and shelled soon after it is cut and stored in bulk in the granaries, the moths that will come out from the kernels of corn that are situated very far below the surface will not be able to crawl out of the stored seed, and will, therefore, be prevented from pairing and depositing eggs, which will hatch and produce another brood of larvae. Of course, the moths that happen to be in the upper . or outer tiers of the corn will escape and fly about the bin and pair and lay eggs upon the corn for succeeding generations. These moths that can thus continue the species and cause the destruction of the seed can be readily killed by the use of bisulphide of carbon, which you will find described under the head of the Grain Weevil. The amount of injury to corn sustained by these little moths is some- times quite considerable. In badly infested cases the corn has been known to lose forty per cent of its weight and seventy-five per cent of it far- inaceous matter. Corn or wheat badly infested with these insects is not suitable for milling purposes, nor for food for man, and the kernels that are hollowed out to any great extent will not germinate, and hence the seed is greatly damaged for germinating purposes. Figure 70 shows an ear of corn badly infested with this insect. Such corn is not suitable for either food or seed purposes. Where one has suffered more or less from these moths, the careful following out of the plans suggested under the grain weevil will pre- vent future trouble. These insects not only infest corn and wheat, but also other small grains, and develop and breed generation after gcnera- tion in corn stored in cribs and other places about the farm. Fietice it is necessary, in order to combat this insect in corn, to attend to its destruc- tion in other places, especially in the wheat. It must be understood, how- ever, in this connection, that there is no way of combating this pest ia corn or other grains stored in the open bin or crib. For methods of fighting this insect, see under the Grain Weevil. THE GRAIN WEEVIL. Calandra granaria, Linn. This minute beetle is about one-seventh of-an inch in length, and of a glossy, chestnut-brown color; the head is prolonged into a beak, on the end of which the mouth parts are placed, the angular antennae being situated on the upper part of the beak. By referring to figure 71, ¢, INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 333 you will be able to obtain a good idea of the appearance of the insect when seen under a magnifying glass, and just above it the outline of one of the beetles natural size. Tliese beetles, fortunately for the agriculturist, infest the corn only when it is stored, and will not be found infesting it in the field. These beetles eat holes in the grain for food purposes as well as for depositing their eggs, which they push down in some of the holes which they have eaten. The lar- vae hatching from these eggs are small, footless, fat, grub-like creatures, one of which is represented, greatly magnified, in figure 71, a. These larvae feed within the ker- Gok. ee ee ee imino i 2 pupa; c ,adult. All greatly en- nel, mining it out, and when they become (JWT except. the ‘outline of small beetle just above the lar full grown transform to the pupae stage “no. (From Howard, -U. & Dept. Agric.) within the kernel, similar to the grain moth previously described, but not, however, by first making a little cocoon, as do the moths. Presently these pupae transform to the adult beetles, and then they eat their way out of the grain and lay their eggs for another brood. It requires about six weeks from the time the egg is deposited until the adult stage is attained. These insects breed generation after generation in the stored corn, and under favorable conditions in this State we find upwards of five broods a year. These insects multiply very rapidly, the adult female beetle laying a great many eggs and laying these during quite a long period. ‘These beetles are also much stronger and more powerful than the grain moth, and for that reason are able to escape from the stored corn at greater depths. For this reason also they are able to do more “injury. REMEDIES. The Angoumois grain moth and the grain weevil, as well as a num- ber of other insects that feed in stored grains and seeds, may be readily killed by proper fumigation with bisulphide of carbon. The following method should be strictly adhered to: In the first place, it must be - distinctly understood that in order to kill these insects in stored seed or grain, the seed must be confined in a tight room, granary or box, as the case may be. If such places are not tight, then évery crack and crevice must be stopped up with rags or by other means, because the first essential is to have a close place where there will be no possibility 334 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. of the fumes escaping. The door should also be looked after and ar- ranged so that it may be closed without leaving any cracks. “The bisul- phide of carbon is then to be placed in shallow basins, and these are to be placed on top of the seed. The bisulphide of carbon may be thrown on top of the corn, or rags may be saturated with it and these be placed on top. It is absolutely important also that this bisulphide of carbon be placed on top of the seed to be fumigated, because the fumes from this bisulphide are much heavier than the air, and therefore settle. If the bisulphide is allowed to evaporate on top of the corn, the fumes will penetrate down all through it, but if the bisulphide be placed near the floor it will evaporate, but the fumes will not rise and the bulk of the corn will not be fumigated at all. The amount of bisulphide to be used depends upon the nature of the room or bin holding the corn, and also upon the maturity of seed to be fumigated. As a general rule, if the bin, granary or room be very tight, as will be the case if matched boards are used, then two pounds of bisulphide of carbon will properly fumigate every one hundred bushels of corn. If the room or bin be not made of matched material, more bisulphide of carbon should be used. If the room or bin be a compara- tively large one for the amount of corn it contains, then one should use two pounds of bisulphide of carbon for every five hundred cubic feet of space, regardless of whether this space contains corn or not. As soon as the proper amount of bisulphide of carbon has been placed on top of the corn or other grain or seed, the person should leave the bin at once, close the door and keep it closed for three days. It may then be opened and the fumes allowed to escape. It is well to thus fumigate corn soon after it is husked and put in the granary, and if it is badly infested it is a good plan to fumigate again in the spring. This fumigation will kill not only the insects that may be within the room, but will also kill mice and rats confined in such places. There is one precaution in the use of ‘bisulphide of carbon which should not be overlooked. While bisulphide of carbon is perfectly harm- less to handle, yet one should not use it near a lighted lantern or lighted pipe, or near any trace of fire whatever; neither should one enter the room, granary or bin while the fumes of this bisulphide of carbon are there with a lantern or a lighted pipe, because in so doing an explosion would be sure to follow. Do not let this precaution, however, prevent anyone from using this material, since it is one of the best substances that we know of for killing insects that are confined within a closed place. It is hardly necessary to caution a person about staying too long in a INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN. 335 room where the fumes are very dense, because few people would stand the disagreeable odor of this substance long enough to be injured. The bisulphide of carbon is a clear, heavy liquid that evaporates immediately, and will not injure the seed for germinating purposes nor for milling purposes when used as directed. ; Bisulphide of carbon may be obtained from the manufacturers :n fifty-pound cans, which are about the size of five-gallon cans, for ten cents per pound. It is, therefore, a comparatively cheap substance con- sidering the amount of good one can will do. REPORT. AGRICULTURAL MISSOURI oD "GObT ‘41D UOSIOYOL ‘UOTZBIDOSSY ALTBT 9289S LInOsstf, JO FUPJoOoOUL TBNUUR IVI « I. BZuLIpusqyeB SayBZo[ap Jo dnoiz vy Missouri State Dairy Association. A condensed report of the proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting, held at Jefferson City, November 15, 16 and 17, 1905. STATEMENT. The 16th annual meeting of the Missouri State Dairy Association was held in the State Capitol, Jefferson City, November 15 to 17, 1905. A very interesting and instructive program was carried out during the three days of the meeting, but for lack of space only those papers giving the most practical information to the dairymen of the State can be published in this bulletin. | The officers and members of the Asso- ciation deserve great credit for their successsful efforts in developing the dairy business of Missouri. Mention is made below of those persons who were on the program and contributed to the success of the meeting, but whose addresses are not printed in this bulletin: Invocation, Rev. C. E. Patillo, Jefferson City. Address of welcome, Hon. H. J. Wallau, Jefferson City. Response, Secretary M. V. Carroll, Sedalia. President’s annual address, Hon. W. W. Marple, St. Joseph. “Dairying in England,’ Hon. R. H. Pethebridge, St. Louis. “The American Queen,” Mrs. Nellie Kedzie Jones, Kalamazoo, Michigan. “Dairy Industry in Illinois,” Hon. Alfred H. Jones, Robinson, IIl. “How to Improve the Dairy Cow,” Hon. A. J. Glover, Ft. Atkin- son, Wis. “County Road Administration,” Hon. A. M. Johnson, Washington, DC. “Dairying in the Wilderness,’ Mr. J. H. Curran, St. Louis. “Relation of Railroads to the Dairy Industry,” Mr. S. R. Young, St. Louis. “Development of the Dairy Industry in Missouri,” Mr. Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia. “What We Are Doing in Minnesota,” Hon. Edw. K. Slater, St. Paul, Minn. “Dairying in Iowa,” Hon. S. B. Shilling, Des Moines, lowa. “Dairying in the Southwest,” Mr. F. S. White, Springfield. “Social Phases of Dairying,” Hon. D. P. Ashburn, Gibbon, Neb. A—22 338 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. THE SILO AS A FACTOR IN ECONOMICAL FEEDING. (By Hon. John Patterson, Kirksville, Mo.) The economy in feeding cows is not saving feed, for the more you can get her to eat and digest, the more she will make for her keeper. When I think of that I remember what the Swedish dairyman said: “If I feed a half gallon of barley a day, I get nothing for it; she needs that for her own support. But if I feed a whole gallon, she gives enough more to pay double for it.” That means if you feed little, you lose the value of that, but if you feed generously she makes you a profit. That is, she ought to have all she can eat and digest properly. Besides feed, she must be kept in a comfortable place so as not to be exposed to storms, rain and snow; she must be handled by folks that know how to be good toacow. There are some men that it is not possible to learn that. They will roar, swear and beat her for awkwardness and roughness of their own, where a man that would be gentle and kind would have no trouble. The first thing is the procuring of feed. I take it that the dairy- man is a farmer and runs his farm to produce dairy products. Then he wants to raise as nearly as possible all the feed on the farm. He has it before him to consider what to raise that will make most, best and cheapest feed. I think I have studied all parts of the known world for all the different plants to find something good and very productive. I have tried nearly all the new things, such as Pencelaria, sunflower, vetches, sugar cane, cow peas and clovers, and, of course, our greatest of all feeds, the common corn. I say greatest because I think it is best and yields more per acre. But the common way of letting it get dry and hard, then gathering only the ears, grinding or feeding whole, is not the best. When I first begun dairying I would cut and shuck it, run it through a cutting machine that mixed the corn with the fodder and two to four pounds of bran. I thought I did as well as I could to get the most benefit of the corn, but that left a great deal of corn stalks they would not eat with sufficient amount of clover hay that was fairly good. Next I raised cow peas and built silos, cut the corn when it was somewhat green and the corn a little too hard for roasting ears. I mixed corn and cow peas, one load of peas to two of corn. That makes an ensilage that cows will eat better than corn alone. But the ground I had in peas did not produce more than one-third as much feed as good corn. So I think corn pays best because you get the most, and with good clover hay and plenty of ensilage, you get something near a good / STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 33D ration. But for full flow of milk it needs something of what corn lacks mixed with ensilage. This time oats was a good crop and cheaper than bran. A few pounds, say three to six pounds, mixed in the ensilage, seems to give good results. Don’t need to grind oats when mixing with ensilage, as the cow will grind it good when mixed with something she has to chew. When I speak of the economy of putting corn in silos to feed cows, I don’t mean it is good for cows only—it is good for all kinds of stock. All seem to like it and thrive on it, and when you get building and ma- chinery for it, it don’t cost any more to put it in silos than to cut and shock, etc., and it is much more convenient to feed in barns or sheds, where stock can be kept comfortable and all the manure can be saved. That subject will need more and more to be considered. Our lands are showing the need of it, and when applied they make great increase in production. I think it belongs to good farming to make and apply fer- tilizers as well as to cultivate good. ENSILAGE YIELDS RICH FERTILIZER. There is a subject in this that I have never heard mentioned: that any plant cut at the best time for making good feed is also the best time to make good fertilizer, and that corn stalks left standing until they are dead and weather-beaten have nearly no fertilizing quality in them, and other vegetation the same way. I can not tell where it goes to, only L don’t think they are any benefit to land. That makes me think corn put in silos makes more valuable fertilizer than dried stuff and frosted and weather-beaten vegetation. I think silos are sure to come into general use, although the farmers who only aim to raise beef are very slow to turn to it. It seems too costly to build silos and buy cutting machines, etc., but that will be changed. I look for this way of making artificial rock out of sand and gravel, and cement will be the material for build- ing. Such will be air and water tight, and that is the essential in a silo. The machinery will soon be gotten by those who run threshing outfits. The machine is on wheels and can be folded and set up and taken down quicker than a threshing machine. Some experiment station published finding 45 per cent of the food value of the corn was in the stalk, leaves, husk and tassel. That is nearly as much as the corn, and when put in silos at the right time it will all be eaten and be good food, and I don’t know any way to handle corn so it will be eaten so well. So I think it good policy to work the corn crop into the silo, and they that don’t do that allow themselves to: suffer big loss that could well be prevented. 3490 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. NECESSITY FOR GOOD COWS. I can hardly stop till I say something about the necessity of good cows, as almost all farmers will fool away valuable time and feed with what they call “all-purpose” cows, thinking they must have a sort that will bring a steer calf that the feeder and butcher will have. Try to get cows that will produce good quality and quantity of milk. Never mind the steer calves if you aim to make on dairy products. If you feed them well you can make them good to butcher when a month to twelve months old, even if he is a Jersey steer, and the heifers should be raised for cows. If you get heifer calves from unprofitable cows, use them the same as the steer calves. LESSONS FROM EUROPEAN DAIRYING. (Prof. O. H. Eckles, Chief of Dairy Division, Missouri Agricultural College.) The American dairyman who studies dairy methods in Europe finds much to criticise, but learns many lessons that will never be forgotten. After such a study, one can see the strong and weak points of our dairy methods far more clearly, and can estimate fairly accurately our present state of advancement. We are not interested in a discussion of what the European can learn from us, but rather what we can learn from him. My impressions of European dairying, after a year’s study, are more general than particular. I have seen many dairy machines new to me; many breeds of cattle I never saw before; new styles of farm and dairy construction, and new ways of doing things, but I can enumerate very few particular things that I shall attempt to introduce into our dairy practice. My general impressions are very strong. First of all, I have a -deeper faith in dairy farming than ever before. I appreciate now as never before that the dairy cow is absolutely necessary for the highest development of our Agriculture. The most highly developed agricul- tural regions in Europe are the noted dairy countries. The most intelli- gent and most prosperous European farmers are dairy farmers. The richest land and the highest priced fairly swarms with dairy cows. The ‘multitudes of farms there, that are more fertile today than fifty years ago, have been made so by dairy farming. I was strongly impressed with the same fact, which so many Mis- souri farmers have recently found out, that the cow, and not the steer, is ‘the animal for high-priced lands. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 341 In Denmark, Sweden and Germany I saw land, mostly rather inferior by nature, but worth from $300 per acre upwards; in Holland, land worth from $800 to $2,000 per acre; in the Island of Jersey, $1,200 to $2,500 per acre, with an average yearly rental of about $50 per acre. In these countries the fattening steer is unknown, but cows are everywhere. The cow is a cheaper producer of human food than the steer, and must increase as our lands become dearer. Again, the wonderful effect of dairying as a means of keeping up the fertility of the soil is seen to good advantage in Europe. In the dairy countries the land grows better crops than it did twenty-five or fifty years ago. Denmark is the best example of this. Thirty years ago agriculture was at a low ebb there, and the people were coming to America in swarms. Now, after their dairy industry has been built up, very few are leaving home, and the Danish farmers appear to be the most intelligent and most prosperous in Europe, and their lands are richer today than ever before. The same is true regarding the increase in fertility of Germany, Switzerland, the Channel Islands, and the dairy parts of England. It is in America, with some of the richest land in the world, where we hear the most about exhausted soils and decreasing fertility. Preservation of Manure.—Maintaining the fertility of the land re- quires the saving and application of the manure to the land. In Europe this is done much better, as a rule, than here. On the majority of farms there is a careful provision for the preservation of the manure. It is not thrown out under the eaves of the barn to be leached all summer by rain. Generally a cemented pit of some kind, often covered with a roof, is provided to hold the manure. The liquid, as well as the solid, is saved and applied to the land. In Switzerland manure is often carried some distance up the side of the mountains in a box strapped to the back. The Jersey Island farmer, paying $50 to $60 per acre annual rental, uses about 20 loads of stable manure per acre annually, or about go loads of seaweed. Intensive Cultivation—The European farmer farms less land than we do. He does not attempt to spread over all the land in sight, but makes a comfortable living on a piece of land a Missouri farmer would not think large enough to raise a pair of mules. He does not have any fence corners to grow up to weeds, or plow around a small patch of brush. Every foot of land is utilized. Where the land is so rocky or so steep it cannot be cultivated, it is carefully planted to forest trees. I fully believe there are more weeds grown annually in one county in this or adjoining states than grow in the entire German empire. 342 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Economical Production—The farmers of Europe must constantly guard the cost of production. Their land is very expensive, feeds are much higher than here, and the selling price for dairy products but slightly higher than here. In a German town of 30,000 population the ‘highest retail price of butter last winter was 37c per pound, while in Columbia butter sold at 35c. I visited several German farmers pro- ducing the milk from which this butter was produced. It was produced on land worth nearly $1,000 per acre. The grain fed included consider- able cottonseed meal brought from the United States. Their labor bill was, of course, less than ours. Milk sells at retail in the cities at about the same as it does here. Under these conditions it is evident the farmer must produce milk economically, or he could not live. He does this by economical feeding and by selecting the proper individual cow more care- fully than the average American dairyman. The spirit of carefulness and saving of little things is very notice- able in the methods of feeding. I think, as a rule, their feeding methods are rather more rational than ours. Cottonseed and linseed meals seem to be appreciated rather more abroad than at home, and are fed far more generally. For hay, clover and alfalfa are mostly grown wherever it can be on the Continent, and the importance of this class of feeds is fully appreciated. On almost every farm of any size there is a fore- man who understands correct feeding, and he decides the amount and kind of feed to be used. This foreman, as a rule, has taken a course at some agricultural school. | Test Associations.—Of equal importance with the feed is the in- dividuality of the cow as a factor affecting the cost of production. We are now in the midst of a great agitation in America over the necessity of better selection of dairy cows. This is one of the weakest points in our dairy operations, and to better it we should consider the advisability of establishing here what are known in Denmark as Test Associations. Ten years ago the first Test Association was organized in Denmark. Today there are over 300, and the system has spread with amazing ra- pidity for conservative Europe. They are now also found in Sweden, Norway, Germany and Holland, and are spreading rapidly, due to con- stant agitation of the matter in the agricultural papers. Farmers owning about 1,000 cows form a co-operative association. They hire a man, usually a student from an agricultural school, as tester. This man visits each farm about once every three weeks. He weighs the milk from each cow and tests it for butter fat. He also weighs the feed given the cow. A record is then kept, showing the milk and butter produced by each cow and the cost of the feed. At the end STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 343 of the year the farmer knows just what profit each cow has made, and the unprofitable ones are disposed of as soon as possible. Heifer calves are raised from the best only. As a result, the average production of milk by this breed has increased surprisingly within a few years, and probably the breed is being improved faster than any other breed in the world. We need some such systematic method of testing our cows, and I believe we need it more than any other one thing. A farmer can buy a Babcock tester and test his own cows, but he rarely does it, and when he dees it is usually done in anything but a systematic way, and only a little of the possible benefits is derived. Agricultural Schools——Another lesson from European agriculture is the benefit derived from agricultural schools. While they have noth- ing to compare in equipment with our leading agricultural colleges, they have vastly more schools for teaching agriculture. These are mostly purely practical schools, and rank about with the short courses given in our agricultural colleges. Denmark, with an area of one-fourth that of Missouri, has forty- four well-attended agricultural schools. To compare with Denmark, according to area, Missouri would have to have one hundred and sev- enty-six agricultural schools. Dairy Management in Holland—No dairyman can visit Holland without being a cleaner and a better dairyman. Outside Holland, the European dairymen, in my opinion, are behind us in regard to cleanli- ness, but we are not in the same class with Holland. It has been well said that this remarkable country is a cow’s paradise. Here she cer- tainly receives the best treatment of any place in the world. The farm buildings are all of brick and of a uniform style. A common door leads directly from the kitchen into the cow stable. Here the cows re- main constantly about seven months in the year, and are cared for most carefully. They stand very close to the family in the affections of the owner. In summer they are on pasture constantly, and if a cold wind or rain comes they are blanketed in the pastures. At short intervals they are taken to the canals and washed. Behind each stall in the barn hangs a string from the ceiling, which is tied to the bush of the tail, so when she lies down it is not soiled. The Holland cows, called Holsteins in America, although they do not come from Holstein, are a beautiful lot, and respond to the unusual care with immense yields of milk. Holland dairying teaches us that careful, kind treatment and comfortable surroundings pay handsomely when given to a dairy cow. 344 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Lessons for the Buttermakers—The factory operator sees many things of interest in Europe. In dairy machinery I consider we are in the lead, except in regard to pasteurizers. The Danish pasteurizer I like better than any used in the United States. -One is also strongly im- pressed there with the advantages of pasteurization. In Denmark and North Germany it is practically universal for buttermaking. The use of the pure culture is general in the same regions. Pasteurization and pure culture starters, the good milk supply, traveling inspectors and frequent scorings of butter are the factors that make Danish butter of such a high and uniform grade that it has captured the English market. The Danish buttermaker works under very favorable conditions. His milk all comes from within a short distance, and is separated at the fac- tory, and most farmers have enough so it is well cared for. Who could not make good butter from such milk, with pasteurization and pure culture starters? I am sure the American buttermakers could do equally well under similar conditions, and I believe they are doing so now in certain localities where the milk supply is large. Another impression is the difference in the creamery buildings put up here and abroad. There, even the smaller are of brick, and have a brick chimney. They look permanent in contrast to our wooden build- ings, which look more like they were built as an experiment. Co-operation.—An entire evening might be spent in considering the remarkable features of co-operation as found among Danish farmers. Co-operative factories make almost all the butter, and have a central committee that sells it in England without middlemen. Other societies gather and market eggs, buy fertilizers, feeds and seeds, and in fact, all the farmer needs. He escapes the meat trust by selling his hogs to the co-operative bacon factories or slaughter houses, of which there are thirty in Denmark. Similar organizations own most of the improved breeding animals, and, as already mentioned, test the cows. In fact, most of the business, both buying and selling, is done by co-operation. In closing, it may be noticed they are largely the same old lessons which we learned, or should have learned, long ago. Retaining the fer- tility of the land by keeping the dairy cow; keeping down the cost of production by careful, intelligent feeding and constant selection of the individual cow; maintaining the production of milk to a high level by careful, kindly treatment and comfortable surroundings; universal use of pasteurization and pure cultures in factories; making of more and better cheese. These are the strongest lessons learned by the writer, who will teach and practice them more earnestly than ever before. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 345. THE PROBLEM OF DAIRY CATTLE IMPROVEMENT. (By Hon. A. S. Ennis, California, Mo.) There is no subject that can come before this Association of more importance to the people here assembled than the subject of this paper. In spite of the hundreds of splendid cows in this State, the average milk production is stated to be considerably less than 3,000 pounds, and butter less than 150 pounds per year per cow. It follows that the owners of these average cows, and many of the cows above the average, and all of the cows below the average, must be interested in the improvement of their dairy cattle. Their future prosperity in the dairy business will be measured more by the extent of the improvement of their cows than by any other one thing, if not all other things. Several years ago the writer visited one of the dairies adjacent to Jefferson City, and was told before going that this particular dairy ranked as one of the best here. I found cows in very good condition and very well fed—not very well stabled. Amongst many questions I asked was,. if his herd would average a gallon a day the year round. His reply was: “It takes a mighty good cow to average a gallon of milk a day the year round.” Now, my friends, a “mighty good’ cow ought to. average three gallons of milk per day for the year (if a Jersey) and more if a Holstein or Ayrshire. In improving a herd of grade Jerseys. I would set the mark at two gallons per day of 5 per cent milk, and if some other breed, then let them produce the equivalent to this. You can reach this mark, and it can then be set higher. SIX REQUISITES FOR SUCCESS. There are six things that I wish to briefly mention in the discussion of this subject, viz.: Know what your cows are doing; dispose of your unprofitable cows; select a proper sire for your coming herd; (this is the most important of all). Then, your feed, your stable and proper treat- ment of your cows. First—Know what your cows are doing. In other words, weigh and test your milk. If you can not weigh each milking and test each cow once a week, as the most of you can not at the present time, then try to weigh the milk and make a test on the 1oth, 20th and 30th of each month, weighing and testing each cow’s milk separately, and mark it down on a ruled sheet of paper, using a separate sheet for each cow. This is not nearly as big a job as you will imagine it to be, and if you make these tests on regular days three times a month, you will have 346 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. for your own information just about as complete a record of each cow’s year’s work as though you weighed each day’s milk, and you will have only one-tenth of the work. However, it isn’t much trouble to weigh each milking, if you have scales in the barn for that purpose and a sheet of paper fastened to a card board, properly ruled, behind each cow’s stall. But if you just won’t do either of these things, then at the very least weigh the total milk from your whole herd once every ten days (or on the roth, 20th and 30th of each month) and test it if you can, but weigh it anyhow.’ You will then know what your herd has done for the year, but it will be next to impossible for you to pick out the profitable and un- profitable cows. That is the great advantage of weighing the milk of each cow separately. The extra time you take for this work will be more than paid for by the increased production of your cows, for you will take special interest in just what each individual is doing, and without knowing it you will give your herd better care and attention, and get better yield of milk on account of it. Then, also, you can weed out un- profitable cows, and show a saving in this way the following year. SELL THE “BOARDERS.” This blends into the second step: Dispose of your unprofitable cows. With a very little figuring you can tell about what your cows are costing you, and you can also figure without trouble what you are getting per gallon for your milk. When you find that a cow is actually losing you money, sell her—not to your neighbor, however, unless he happens to be a butcher. A neighbor of mine sold me this sort of a cow, but he left the country right away. Two years later this cow was done up in nice tin can packages and sold for choice meat, with apolo- gies and regret for its not being done a few years sooner. There is no use in trying to breed up absolutely unprofitable cows, but keep your cows that are showing you a reasonable profit and you can soon build up a much more profitable herd. These are really the first two big steps toward dairy cattle improve- ment, but the most of you will take, or have taken, the third step before the first two—that is SELECT A PROPER SIRE. If you have already taken this step, then take the other two just mentioned just as soon as youcan. The bull is said to be “half of the herd,” but in a herd of poor grades or native cows he is very much more than half. All of you can afford a good bull, even if you have to buy him when a calf and await his development. By all means buy a registered bull, but don’t buy him just because he is registered. There are a lot STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 347 of them registered that you have no business with, and that ought not to be registered. Get the pedigree of the bull you contemplate buying, find out what his sire was and the dam of his sire, and be still more par- ticular to find out just what kind of a cow his own dam is. Go slow on this subject and buy the very best dairy-bred bull you can. Pay not so much attention to his ancestors’ prize winnings at the fairs, as to what they can do at the pail and churn. Look for steady records all the way back in the pedigree, and do not seek for one or two sensational records ; do not put too much stress on noted animals far back in the pedigree, but look more to those closer up. Try to be sure you are buying from a reputable breeder; get quotations from several of this class and com- pare them; then when you have selected two or three bulls that you think will just suit you, write the owner of each, and get from him (if he has not already sent you) full information regarding the sire and dam, grand sire and grand dam of the bull you think of buying—don’t be afraid to ask him any question you want to know. Remember that it means a lot to you not to make a mistake right here. After you have bought your bull and got him home, give him the best place to stay that you can, and a small pasture to run in, if possible, but do not let him run with your cows. Always lead him with a staff, be kind with him, and you will not likely have a vicious bull to deal with. Only allow one ser- vice when your cow isin heat. It is enough, and saves your bull. Keep this bull until a number of his calves have milked a good part of the first year—and keep all of his first heifer calves that you can out of your best cows. If the heifers show good improvement over their dams you can feel that you are on the right track, and then you will want another bull to cross onto your heifers. My advice is to get a bull out of the same dam as your old bull, or out of her best daughters, and sired by a™ bull that has been bred to them with success before. You will find that your bull has nicked better with some of your cows than with others. Always keep the best heifers and calves from them. You will now grad- ually be selling off your old cows and keeping your improved heifers. About the second cross you make you will find some of the heifers giv- ing more milk and making more butter with their first calves than their grandmothers ever made for you in the prime of their lives. Then you will begin to realize what this improvement really means. Refer once more to the dairy I spoke of having visited. Some of the cows in this herd could have been bred toa proper sire, and in three generations a cow could have been produced that would have given nearly twice the quan- tity of milk, and the actual cost of feed would not have been more, but most likely would be less. 348 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. THE SPECIAL PURPOSE COW. But let me say right here that I am a firm believer in the special pur- pose cow. I would no more think of breeding beei cattle for the dairy than I would think of putting a fine Belgian draft stallion on the track in an endeavor to beat the time record of Dan Patch. You want a cow for the dairy that will convert your feed into milk and butter, and that will not get over fat just because you feed her well. If you are in the dairy business you can’t afford to raise calves to sell at beef prices. Stick to one of the pronounced dairy breeds or one of the pronounced beef breeds, and produce milk and butter or meat and hides. You are not rich enough to mix together these widely different types, pull out a few lottery tickets in the shape of heifers, and wait two or three years to see whether you got one of the few prizes or not. Now, a word about feed. This is a subject you will have to give special and careful attention. You must not only look to the needs of your cattle, but you must endeavor to get their ration as nearly as possi- ble from products of your own farm. Economy is one of your watch words. I strongly recommend to you all the address of Mr. Patterson on this subject. But you must make it a study, and it will take you sev- eral years. Look first to the needs of your cows, and next to the cost of the feed. Your heifer calves should be fed sweet skim milk for about six months, and can have mixed with it a little corn meal and oil meal—or these can be fed separately. After six months, if on good pasture, they will require no feed, but as fall comes on they should not be allowed to run down and get poor before winter feeding is begun. This should consist of bran, shorts, oil meal, etc., with fodder, hay and ' straw for roughage. I would feed no corn. A few weeks before your heifer is due with her first calf you should begin feeding her a mixture of food rich in protein. Do not overfeed her, but gradually increase the feed until by the time she drops her calf she will be getting about all she wants to eat. You will find she has made a very large udder and will start off with a large flow of milk. For a few days after calving feed lightly, gradually increasing, and you will find her responding well to your attention. Keep her in milk for ten or twelve months. There is no danger from milk fever with the first calf, but from then on, and especially with the third and fourth calves, you cannot feed so heavily before calving, but neither will she require it, for by then the habit of milk giving has been well formed. Always have a good warm stable, well ventilated; keep it clean and the cows well bedded. Always keep the same cow in the same stall; the STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 349 same milker milking the same cow, and the cows mixed and fed regu- larly and in the same order each time. KIND TREATMENT A POTENT FACTOR. Buy the best cow you can and give her all the feed in the land and a warm stable, but yell at her, beat and abuse her, and you will get but little milk from her. There is no more essential thing connected with successful dairying than kind and gentle treatment of the cows. You have not reached the proper point in this respect until you can walk through your herd in the lot, swinging a stick and not a cow get out of your way. This is not dreaming, but is an accomplished fact at my place, and I can tell you that we are well paid for it, too, and any of you can do the same. I have briefly touched the six key-notes, which, if you will study and make a part of your business, are sure to bring you success. But I would not have you believe that when you follow these suggestions your succéss will be without a set-back. You are going to meet with disappointments ; some of your favorite cows are likely to be found un- profitable; some of them are sure to drop heifers that, after much care and attention, will disappoint you; some of your breeding crosses will not prove a success. But all of these will only make you the keener in your business, and will only make your ultimate success that much more satisfactory to you. To me (and I think you will find it so to you) the breeding part of the dairy business is the most interesting. Yet we have a class of dairymen (none of whom are likely in this assembly) whose only policy is to buy, milk and then kill. Had I the time I would like to pay my respects to this class of dairymen, but will only take time to say that I have no use for such a policy, even though it may make more cold, hard cash, but this policy also does its utmost to destroy the dairy industry, and if followed to any great extent generally it would destroy it. By all means raise your best calves; you will find you can raise much better cows than you can buy, and you will also be doing good to the whole community. Before closing this paper I want to give you one example of breed- ing, and you will pardon me for taking it from my own herd, but it illustrates a point which I wish to bring out. When I was about twelve years old I began breeding grade Jerseys, the first cow bought being represented as a seven-eighths Jersey, and I then hati access to a first- class Jersey sire. For some years my breeding of this family was quite successful, and when I grew older I began selecting the sire more care- fully. But upon one occasion a descendant of this old cow was taken from my herd and crossed with a Jersey bull that was supposed to be a 350 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. fine one; the result of the cross was a heifer calf, and is now a six- year old cow, so far inferior to her dam in every respect that she would never be recognized. She simply looks what she is—reverted many generations to some back ancestors. And yet she is not entirely un- profitable. I have several times crossed this cow with my own bulls, and her oldest calf has gone right back to the old type and is the very best grade cow in my herd; her next oldest calf is just coming into milk and promises as well as the other. This inferior cow’s dam also has a heifer just coming in milk, and the two heifers can hardly be distin- guished. I mention this simply to warn you of the dangers of promis- cuous breeding, or crossing of different breeds. Stick to a line of breed- ing, and although you need not closely in-breed, yet when you introduce an out-cross, do so very carefully. Often when breeds are crossed the first cross is an improvement, but in such cases the second cross is nearly always a hard-looking specimen. I would suggest further that if any of you are in doubt as to proper steps to take in any matter of dairying, that you write your Agricul- tural College, some good, reliable dairy paper, and any responsible and successful dairyman whom you think could help you out. Just enclose a stamp or stamped envelope and you will surely get replies and sugges- tions from all. Now, some of these may not exactly agree with others, but they will all be helpful to you and you can use your own judgment as your special case seems to require. I know had I followed this policy more than IJ have it would have been better for me, and you will all find the same to be the case with you I am quite sure. Do not be backward about writing your troubles to private individuals—it is true many are quite busy and you must not always expect long replies, but I take it that any honest dairyman, with dairy interests properly at heart, will con- sider it a pleasure to send you, may be just a few lines, but enough to put you on the right track if you have made or are about to make a mis- take. MISSOURI'S FUTURE IN DAIRYING. Now, just a word in conclusion. Missouri is rapidly develop- ing the dairy industry, and beyond doubt is destined to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest, dairying State in the Union. I expect to live to see her lead all other states in this in- dustry. Three or four years ago I seldom noticed the transfer of a registered dairy animal to a party in Missouri, and now I venture to say not a week passes but that a dozen or more registered dairy cat- tle are purchased by Missourians. For the last week in October there were nearly a dozen transfers recorded of Jerseys alone, and I am sorry I am not in possession of this information as to other dairy breeds also. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 35k Very few of the old time native cattle can now be found—nearly every- thing is either good grades of beef, or fair grades of dairy animals. Yet we are not nearly where we should be. But no other state is having such an awakening of interest in dairying, and as our dairy cattle are im- proved in quality as also in numbers our state will gradually and rapidly rank higher and higher until she stands at the top, where she so justly will belong, and she may then well erect a monument of a mag- nificient dairy bull to commemorate the prosperity and happiness his in- troduction brought to her citizens. We will then gaze upon the dairy bull as he proudly and impatiently walks up and down the fence of his paddock, and we will say: “To you, Mr. Dairy Bull, do we owe this- great honor, our good homes, our valuable land, our profitable business. You took us when we were poor and made us well-to-do. In our ad- versity you came to our help and in our prosperity you cling to us.” NEEDED LEGISLATION. (By Hon. R. M. Washburn, State Dairy Oommissioner of Missouri.) You all know what happened last winter. The dairymen united; they wanted something and they got it, and it is time now for the dairy- men of this State to unite again and make further demands. As I go over the State talking at farmers’ institute meetings, and especially at dairy meetings, where the farmers have been educated in daily work. until they know how to feed, know the value of concentrated feeds, and are continually buying feeds containing protein; where the men have- already been educated past the point of why they should dairy and are studying the economy side of dairying; in those sections there is quite a strong demand for some control by the State over the quality of the feeds they buy. It is really not an uncommon thing to go into a com- munity and have farmers complain that the purchased foods give them, very poor results. They do not get from that feed the results they have a right to expect. They buy feed for $25 or $30 a ton and find that it does not do the business that it should. They have had it analyzed. The chemist in the Agricultural College told me that it was not at all uncom- mon for this analysis to show bran testing as low as six per cent pro- tein instead of 15 or 16, as it should test; and that cotton seed meal, in which there was mixed ground hulls and other refuse of that nature, in- stead of testing 40 per cent to 42 per cent, the protein contents go down. to 37 per cent or even lower. It is time that the dairymen of this State, through the Dairymen’s. Association, demanded a feed inspection. 352 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. This is not a new branch in State work. A great many of the eastern states now have inspectors of stock feeds. Practically all of the New England states send out inspectors each spring and fall, who take samples of feed here and there. Every sack of feed put on the market by any firm must have on it a tag giving the analysis of that feed. If the feed does not analyze up to the guarantee, that firm is liable to prosecution. I really do not believe that that would work a hardship on many. I honestly have enough faith in humanity to feel that the majority of men selling these feeds have been forced to adulterate their goods in order to meet the prices of those who adulterated first; for when one man adds ground cob and oat hulls to his bran and sells his goods cheaper than the other fellow, the other fellow, in order to sell his goods, has to bring them down to the same price, which can be done ouly by adulteration. There is already in the State a fertilizer control under the management of the Agricultural Experiment Station. This institution sends out each spring and fall an inspector who gathers samples of fertilizers; these are analyzed at the Experiment Station, and the result is that when you buy any fertilizer on the market it contains the ingredients—nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in the proportion named on the tags giving the analysis. Now, whether this inspection of feeds be placed in the hands of the State Dairy Commissioner or the Agricultural College, it makes no difference, just so we get the work done; but it is time, as soon as the Legislature meets again, that we, as dairymen, through the Association, demand action on that point. There are other adulterations, which would hardly come under that of grain feed. There is a new feed on the market—alfalfa meal— which is an especially fine feed when it is pure, but which, being ground fine, has the disadvantage of easy adulteration, and samples have been analyzed in this State which, instead of being pure alfalfa leaves and stems ground up with a protein content of 16.50 per cent, contained other feed, such as timothy or prairie hay, which reduced the protein content to 12.50 per cent, and which was not recognizable because of the very fine condition of the meal. I would suggest to those buying feeds which have been ground to such a fine state that the original kernel or stalk in that feed is not recognizable, that they have it an- alyzed. So soon as the identity of the grain or stalk is destroyed, adul- teration becomes easy. I was authorized yesterday by the State Chemist at Columbia to say that if you are going to buy any feed in carload lots (would not bother about analyzing a few sacks) at high prices, you first get a guarantee from the concern from whom you buy of the STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 353 analysis of that feed; then get three reliable citizens to see you take a sample from those sacks, do it up, and mail it to the Experiment Station at Columbia and they will analyze it free. Now, of course, even if you do find they have cheated you in representing a high per cent of protein, when there is but a low per cent, you cannot prosecute be- cause there is no law on the subject, but you can publish them, and fre- quently publicity is a sufficient weapon to use. You understand we need to have the support of every man in the State who cares at all for straight business. There is another matter that demands attention. I want to call your attention to the awful bigness of Missouri—the great empire of Missouri; for two men to cover this State and do the things that the bill passed last year commanded the State Dairy Commissioner and his deputy to do, they have to spread themselves out over the State until they are awfully thin. The bill commands the State Dairy Commis- sioner to co-operate with the State Board of Agriculture in holding farmers’ institute meetings throughout the State. I have been doing this. I have attended nearly 100 meetings since the first of August and will continue to do so until New Year’s. Another division of the work assigned the State Dairy Commissioner besides working among the farmers, encouraging and instructing them, is the working with the butter makers and cheese makers of the State, aiding them to produce a better grade of butter and cheese, so that their goods will bring a higher price in the market. Then there is the most disagreeable part of the whole work, 7. e. the inspection—the hunting and nosing around for adulterated goods. Considerable dairy butter in this State is worked over into ladles, so-called “ladle butter,’ and borax is added in order - to preserve it. Milk containing formaldehyde is sold in all the large cities of the State and other milk is skimmed or watered. In order to accomplish what we would like to accomplish and what you want us to accomplish, we should have several more inspectors and a provision for paying them and their expenses. I think that this will put you in touch with the duties and troubles, you might say, of those who have the work immediately in hand, and I trust that when the Legislature meets again we may hear from you all in a definite manner. A—23 354 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. GUARDING AGAINST THE INTRODUCTION OF TUBER- CULOSIS INTO THE DAIRY HERDS OF MISSOURI. (By Dr. D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian of Missouri.) In view of the fact that very little is heard of tuberculosis among the cattle in Missouri at the present time, and very little really exists among them, it can reasonably be asked why we should do anything to guard against its spread. The answer, if given in short, would be a very simple one. We simply want to prevent tuberculosis from ever be- coming prevalent among our herds. Then are our herds in any im- mediate danger of becoming diseased with tuberculosis? The answer to this is positively in the affirmative. There is no accurate way of estimating the amount of tuberculosis among the cattle of any of the states of this country. We have sufficient information, however, to make reasonably accurate conclusions, and we know positively that in older states in particular tuberculosis has become very prevalent among cat- tle. The disease is spread from cattle to hogs, and the great number of hogs that are being condemned at the slaughtering centers on ac- count of tuberculosis is causing considerable agitation among the pack- ers. Their investigations show that the tuberculous hogs are coming principally from the older dairy districts, and they are, I am informed, seriously considering the question of buying hogs from such districts subject to post-mortem examination. PREVALENCE IN OLDER STATES. In many of the older states, notably Pennsylvania and Minnesota, where a very rigid campaign of testing the dairy herds has been carried on for years, so much tuberculosis is found among the cattle that its eradication seems almost a hopeless task. In England and European countries a closer investigation of the subject has been made and more accurate statistics may be obtained. It is found that on an average one out of every four of all classes of cattle in England are affected with tuberculosis. A prominent importer of Aberdeen Angus cattle from Scotland recently gave an interview in which he stated that an average of one out of five of the cattle which he selected to bring to this coun- try proved on inspection to be affected with tuberculosis. In some of the European countries conditions are still worse. At certain slaughter- ing centers in Germany as many as 50 per cent, and in some cases as high as 75 per cent, of the carcasses of cattle slaughtered were con- STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 355 demned on account of tuberculosis. All investigations have shown that wherever cattle have been housed and exchanged from herd to herd for any length of time tuberculosis has become prevalent. GENERAL SPREAD THREATENED. For years past Missouri has been in the front ranks in breeding pure- bred beef cattle. Today the dairy industry is being developed with much rapidity, and a great number of people are going into the dairy business and founding dairy herds. Beef and dairy herds are being established and individuals being changed from herd to herd and the herds are be- ing kept under the same identical conditions as have prevailed in the older states of this country, and in European countries where tubercu- losis has become so prevalent among cattle as to amount to a scourge. Unless the breeders of cattle take some precaution, which has not heretofore been employed, there is but one inevitable result, and that is the general spread of tuberculosis among our cattle. It is not a matter of prophecy to say that we need only to go on as others have done, and as we are doing today, for a few years, and we will get the same results that have been obtained in other states and older countries. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISEASE. In order that we may go about the control of tuberculosis in an in- telligent manner it is necessary for us to thoroughly understand three im- portant facts, namely: (1) Tuberculosis is contagious. (2) It is seldom, if ever hereditary. (3) The disease does not necessarily affect the lungs, but may affect dny organ of the body. The general impres- sion regarding tuberculosis is that it is a non-contagious disease—a sort of inescapable curse. In handling herds of cattle we have had ex- perience with a number of herds where the introduction of one or more diseased animals spread tuberculosis rapidly in the herd. In one case in particular five tuberculous cows were introduced into a dairy, and in six months’ time 51 others had contracted tuberculosis. This same thing happens wherever cattle with tuberculosis are introduced into a healthy herd, and I could give numerous instances and call the names of owners of cattle where this very thing has happened in this State. If the dis- eased animal had not been admitted into the herd the disease would not have been present. ITS HEREDITY CONTROVERTED. As to the heredity of tuberculosis, we can only say that “among the many investigations all over the world, including thousands of post- mortems, the records show only 70 calves that were diseased shortly after 356 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. birth.” (Laws.) In one herd which, on inspection, I found to be about one-half healthy and one-half diseased, I had occasion to go back a few months later and test the 13 calves from the diseased cows, all of which proved to be free from tuberculosis. In one herd a certain cow was in the last stages of tuberculosis and reacted to the tuberculin test, which I shall describe later, and was killed ; on post-mortem examination showed extensive lesions of tuberculosis of the lungs, heart, costal pleura, dia- phragm and throat. This cow was the dam of. two heifers, one 6 and the other 18 months old, which, when carefully examined and tested, were found to be free from tuberculosis. I have had this experience over and over, and I positively conclude from my own experience, as well as the statement of all authorities on the subject of tuberculosis, that the disease is not hereditary. -As to the prevalent opinion that tuberculosis is strictly a disease of the lungs, I need only to say that in the post-mortems which I have helped to make, I have found the disease in different cases in the glands of the throat, glands between the lungs, the lungs, costal pleura, liver, intestines and hock joints, without any other organ being diseased. The intestines and pulmonary form of tuberculosis are probably the most common in cattle, but the disease may be found in any part of the body «whatsoever. DIAGNOSIS IS PUZZLING. The symptoms caused by tuberculosis, as can well be inferred from the foregoing statement, are so different in different cases as to make the diagnosis of the diseases a veritable puzzle: If none of the vital or- gans are affected there may be no symptoms whatever, and the animal may be fat and healthy-looking and still be capable of spreading tuber- culosis. In such cases there is no method aside from the tuberculin test by which the presence of the disease may be known. When the glands of the throat are affected with tuberculosis the symptoms resemble those produced by lumpjaw; when the lungs are affected the cough, and emaciation when it comes, resembles the cough caused by the infesta- tion of the lungs with lung worms or some form of pneumonia; when the intestines are affected the symptoms are those of some forms of indigestion; and when the joints of the limbs are affected the lameness resembles that produced by rheumatism or injury, so that we see that even in cases where the tuberculosis is so far advanced as to produce visible symptoms it is still impossible to decide whether those symp- toms are caused by tuberculosis or by some other disease. It is neces- sary for us to understand all of these things thoroughly in order to go about the control of the disease in an intelligent manner. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 357 SUCCESS OF TUBERCULIN TEST. Fortunately we have an almost unerring method by which we can. detect the presence of tuberculosis in any animal whether or not the disease is sufficiently advanced for the symptoms to become apparent on an ordinary examination. This method is known as the tuberculin test, which I shall describe briefly. A serum, known as tuberculin, made from the culture of tubercle bacilli, is injected under the skin of the animal to be tested, whereupon it is rapidly absorbed and carried into the blood stream. If the animal injected is free from tuberculosis there is no result whatever, from the injection. If the animal is diseased with tuberculosis there will follow in from 9 to 16 hours after the injection a marked rise in the temperature. The rise in the temperature indicat- ing tuberculosis should be the highest at about the 13th hour after the injection, and should amount to as much as 3 degrees and often the rise of 5 or 6 degrees. Such a rise following between the oth and 16th hour after the injection of a cow with tuberculin indicates that the animal is affected with tuberculosis. The temperature of cattle is some- what irregular, and may be quite different in different individuals, so it: becomes necessary in making the test to take the temperature of the animals to be tested two or three times before the injection is made in order to be able to make a correct comparison with the temperatures. after injection. The following brief table shows the various tem- peratures of two animals which I have tested: Date of March 11, before injection. Date, March 12, 1905. Temperature. Temperatures after injection. No. Bijan oes, 6p. m. eae, Te 9'a Mm. 11 a. m. 1p. m. DAS rnetaniers LOUES coe te 101.6 TOL O ere LOLZORe eee WU indase 101.8 OD seratetvae'e LOUD eke 101.0 NOSSO ain LOGS O Bere cer. INOW Seocese 105.2 Each cow was injected with 2cc. or 30 drops of tuberculin at 9 o'clock p. m. March 11, 1905. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE TEST. This table shows the temperatures of animals taken twice before the injection and four times after beginning the roth hour after the injection. The highest temperature of No. 148 before injection was 101.8, the highest temperature after the injection, 101.8, showing no reaction whatever, so the animal was marked healthy. The highest temperature of 245 before injection was 101.4 and after injection 106. These two instances fairly illustrate the results of the test of any herd. Where there are no tuberculous animals in the herd, results. 358 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. similar to 148 are obtained, and the tuberculous animals in a herd are shown by the reactions similar to those of 245. The ordinary fever thermometer is used for taking the temperature of the cattle per rec- tum, and the tuberculin test on the whole is a very simple, inexpensive method of knowing with the greatest accuracy whether or not the cattle are affected with tuberculosis. It is with the use of this method and this alone that anyone can found a herd of beef or dairy cattle with any assurance of its being free from tuberculosis. UNFOUNDED OBJECTIONS TO TUBERCULIN. Certain objections have been urged against the tuberculin test. Some say it is harmful to cattle, that it will produce disease, that it will cause abortion and that it may be used dishonestly. As far as its producing any bad results, I will say that I have yet to see a single sign of any bad effects from the injection of tuberculin. I have injected ‘a one-pound guinea pig with a full dose for a thousand-pound cow without producing any bad effects whatever. I can, if necessary, secure from each of those for whom I have tested cattle with tuberculin a statement that no harmful effects whatever were produced by the in- jection. Some claim that the injection of tuberculin might produce tubercu- losis. This claim has no ground whatever for belief. While it is true that tuberculin is a liquid culture in which the germs of human tuber- culosis have been grown and have charged with their toxic product, it is also true that it has been pasteurized sufficiently to kill all germs of tuberculosis and then filtered through a porcelain filter. It contains no germs whatever, of any description, either dead or alive, and cannot possibly produce any disease. The claim that tuberculin injection may cause abortion is equally unfounded. It is possible that in some cases contagious abortion has been spread by using the theremometer in the vagina. Such results will be improbable if not impossible if the ther- mometer is inserted per rectum, and no such results need follow if the tuberculin test is properly and intelligently applied. POSSIBILITY OF DISHONESTY. It is also clamed that the tuberculin test may be dishonestly used. It must be admitted that it is possible to use the tuberculin test, or any- thing else that man uses, dishonestly. A breeder of registered cattle may furnish a false pedigree or a dairyman may put water in his milk. There is a certain amount of dishonesty in everything, but no more I dare sav in the use of the tuberculin test than in other lines of work. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 359 If a breeder would give a false certificate of the tuberculin test in order to sell a diseased animal, I am satisfied that he would be willing to furnish a false pedigree, so the question of dishonesty is in no manner a legitimate argument against the use of the tuberculin test. DANGER OF GENERAL SPREAD FORESEEN. Coming down to the most important part of the question, I wish to explain that the State Board of Agriculture, foreseeing the danger of the general spread of tuberculosis among the cattle of this State, has decided to do everything in its power to prevent it. The veterinary service of the State is offered free to the breeders of registered beef cattle and to the dairymen, regardless of the breed of cattle in making the tuberculin test and veterinary examination of their herds. Without any expense whatever to the owner, -it is proposed, upon the request of the owners, to make the test of any permanent herd in the State. This test is the only safeguard against the introduction of tuberculosis in our herds, and the matter is left with the owners of cattle whether or not they will avail themselves of the opportunity to know exactly what they are doing. It is not intended to force the test upon anyone. I simply explain the tuberculin test to the dairymen and the offer the State Board of Agriculture has made and trust to the common sense and good intentions of those engaged in any line of the cattle business to protect themselves. BETTER LEGISLATION NEEDED. An important question in this connection is as to what disposition to make of the animals that are found to be diseased. Under the present law it is impossible for the owner of a diseased animal to get any re- muneration from the State, and there is no very satisfactory way at present of disposing of the diseased cattle. The statutes of the State, which provide for the killing of horses affected with glanders and pay- ing the owner something for them, could easily be amended by adding the word tuberculosis, so that cattle found to be diseased could be con- demned and the owner granted indemnity according to the value for as much as $30. It may at some future time be necessary to have some legislation in regard to the tuberculin test. As far as I am concerned, these matters will be left entirely with the breeders of beef and dairy cattle, and I will give my support to the passage of only such laws as seem satisfactory to them. It will, therefore, be necessary for the cattle- men to study their part of this question and take an interest in formu- lating such legislation as they may need for their own protection. 360 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. DISCUSSION. Mr. Glover—Not long since our paper got some statistics directly from the packing houses of Chicago, and they show that the greater number of swine they are receiving that have tuberculosis come from the dairy districts. Now that means something to you dairymen. We cannot ignore it. They begin to trace it right back to the dairyman’s door, and in some cases they are beginning to discriminate between dairymen’s hogs and hogs not raised upon skimmed milk. This trouble can be overcome by pasteurizing the milk. And I want to preach sun- light and pure air in our barns. Are not people cured of consumption by sleeping out of doors in the pure air? It is the same with the ani- mal. A great many of our dairymen seem to think darkness is best for their cow and impure air. If we get the impure air out of our barns we will largely overcome this disease that seems to be creeping upon us. Remember two things—Pasteurize your skim milk and light and ventilate your stables. Dr. Luckey—Mr. Glover is correct, but he is attaching too much importance to pure air and light as far as tuberculosis is concerned. One of the most expensive barns I ever saw contained diseased cows. The disease is found also among the cattle on the range where there is plenty of pure air and light. It is contagious, just as smallpox or any- thing else is. It spreads regardless of air and light. And we must ap- ply the tuberculin test. Mr. Glover—I would not have it go down before this convention that I do not believe in the tuberculin test, because I do. We test our herd; but there are so many people who do not realize the great im- portance of sunlight and air, and I believe it ought to be emphasized. The doctors recommend that consumptives spend as much time as pos- sible in the open air, because the air and sunlight destroys the germs of the disease. Some men are sitting before me right now who have been cured of consumption in that way. Sunlight is the foe of bac- teria. Put an animal in a foul close stable, with no ventilation, no op- portunity of changing air, and his susceptibility to the disease will be greatly increased. I don’t take any exception to what the doctor has said, but I want to emphasize these things. He said that one of the most expensive barns he ever saw had tuberculous cows—and I want to say that one of the most expensive barns I ever saw did not have any light or ventilation. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 361 Dr. Luckey—The barn I had reference to was well supplied with light and ventilation. These things are important, but you must not get the impression that these things are all that is necessary to prevent tuberculosis—that is absolutely wrong. You can put your cattle in the best barn in the United States—the most wholesome barn you can get— but if you put diseased cattle in with yours, you will have trouble, re- gardless of light and ventilation. We want to prevent the spread of tuberculosis, but we cannot do it with pure air and sunshine. Mr. —————. Can I make the test myself on my own cows? Dr. Luckey—I won’t say that everyone can do it right, but so far as I am concerned, there is no objection to your doing it. Every dairyman should learn to test his own herd. The veterinarian or State veterinarian, or someone who thoroughly understands the work, can show the dairymen how to make the test, and then the dairymen can go to work and test their own herds after they thoroughly understand it. This test is one of the most useful things in connection with the dairy. Dr. Connaway—The work which Dr. Luckey is doing to free the infected cattle herds of the State from tuberculosis, and to prevent the introduction of the disease into herds that are now free from it, should have the commendation and active support of every dairyman and cattle breeder in the State. He is not offering to you a new and untried ex- periment, but a plan which the dairymen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden have found to be the salvation of their herds. A few brief Statistics will illustrate. this: Previous to the discovery of tuberculin, and its use as a diagnostic agent, Prof. Bang of Copenhagen had at- tempted to free the dairy herds of Denmark from tuberculosis by separ- ating all cattle, that showed any signs of this disease, from those that appeared to be healthy, and raising the calves of diseased cows on sterile milk. Progress by this plan, however, was discouragingly slow from the fact that a considerable number of the animals that were sup- posed to be healthy, were in fact badly diseased, although this could not be determined by the ordinary means of diagnosis then in use. How- ever, by the aid of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent, the separation of the diseased from the healthy cattle was more perfect. He began the use of the tuberculin test in 1893, and within the two and one-half years following, tested over 53,000 head of cattle and found nearly 40 per cent affected with tuberculosis—an average of slightly more than 21,000 head per year were tested. Compare this with the tests made in the year 1902, the latest complete statistics I have at hand, and you will find in this year a little more than 23,000 head were tested, with only 10.8 362 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. per cent reacting. This marked reduction speaks well for the tuber- culin test and the other measures mentioned. In Norway, in 1895, two thousand herds were tested, containing 25,000 or more cattle, and 27 per cent of the herds and 8.3 per cent of the cattle were diseased. Seven years later over 22,000 cattle were tested and only 11.5 per cent of the herds and 3.5 per cent of the cattle re- acted to the tuberculin test. In Sweden, in 1897, 70 per cent of the herds that were tested were found to be diseased; and 32 per cent of the cattle reacted to the tuber- culin test. Five years later there had been a reduction of 55 per cent of tuberculous herds and 4.8 per cent of tuberculous cattle in the herds tested, a total of 30,000 cattle being examined. The somewhat isolated position of these countries, and the fact that they rear at home most of the dairy stock, instead of importing, are cir- cumstances which have aided in securing the good results mentioned. In contrast to the results mentioned, let us look at the condition in some parts of Germany. In that country tuberculin is not so generally used as in Denmark, and a large percentage of the dairymen purchase their cows instead of raising them. According to Prof. Klimmer of Dresden, from whose address most of the facts here given are taken, there is a gradual increase in tuberculosis in Saxony; from the year 1896 to 1903, an increase of 4% per cent. He is convinced from his own observations that fully two-thirds of the cattle of Saxony are tuber- -culous.. He reports 79 per cent of reacting cattle in eight herds aggre- gating 259 animals, and belonging to a progressive breeder, who had supplied his animals the best hygienic conditions, but had neglected the tuberculis test. On another farm he found 80 per cent of the three- year old cattle infected, and of those under three years old, 67 per cent. ‘On this farm, too, an attempt to carry out what is called the “Ostertag method” of exterminating tuberculosis (from Prof. Ostertag, Berlin,) had been in operation for five years. This method permits, but does not require the tuberculin test; but relies upon the ordinary clinical methods of diagnosis, supplemented by microscopical examination of the milk. If these methods do not reveal the disease, the cow is not con- sidered dangerous to neighboring cows, even though she should react to tuberculin. Thus it is seen that a diseased animal may be kept in service along with healthy ones unless there is ocular evidence that she is casting off tubercle germs from the lungs by coughing, or from a diseased udder through the milk. The case reported by Prof. Klim- mer demonstrates the inefficiency of this method of eradicating tuber- STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 363 culosis. Prof. Klimmer estimates that the dairies of Saxony lose an- nually fully a quarter of a million dollars from tuberculosis. It is not necessary for us to look solely to foreign experiences to teach us lessons in this matter of tuberculosis. The conditions in the older dairy districts of our own country—in Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Wisconsin—are not as ideal as we could wish, as shown by official publications from these states. In this connection I wish to recommend to you as a supplement to Dr. Luckey’s bulletin, a popular bulletin recently issued by Dr. Russell, Bacteriologist of the Dairy Department of the Wisconsin Experiment Station. A request for this bulletin by postal card is all it will cost. The lesson it teaches may be the means of saving your business from ruin. I consider it fortunate that this matter of tuberculosis is being brought to the attention of the dairymen now while the dairy industry in this State is yet in its infancy. The great interest which has devel- oped within the past few years is full of prophecy that dairying is to be one of the leading industries of the State. It is important, there- fore, while we are yet young in this business, to study the experiences of the dairies of the old world, and those in the older sections of our own country, and to profit by their successes and failures. That tuber- culosis is one of the great obstacles to success, the records abundantly show. The vital question, therefore, is shall we neglect the measures which the Board of Agriculture, through its veterinary service, offers us in the way of prevention and eradication of this disease? As surely as these measures are neglected, the appalling conditions which exist in the dairy herds of some parts of the old world are sure to be our pun- ishment. I have already mentioned the fact that the dairymen of Saxony lose a fourth of a million dollars yearly on account of this dis- ease. Shall the dairymen of Missouri give up their profits in so need- lessa manner? I am sure you will not, if you join hands heartily with the Board of Agriculture in this fight against tuberculosis in the dairy herds. Beginning now, the work will be comparatively easy. I wish to say a few words in regard to a new method of combat- ting tuberculosis which is now being much advertised. I refer to the “Von Behring-Bovo Vaccine.” This vaccine is a culture of weakened living human-tubercle-bacilli; put on the market in a powder form. The powder is thoroughly mixed with sterilized water, to which has been added about 1 per cent of salt, and injected into the jugular vein of the animal which it is intended to immunize. Three months later a second inoculation is made. It is claimed that the animal is then protected 364 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. against tuberculosis. Calves three months old or younger are selected for inoculation. In regard to this method, the opinion of some of the best veterinari- ans in Germany is that the method is yet too new to pronounce upon its success. That is, it has not had the experimental test of a sufficient number of years under varying conditions, and undet competent ob- servers, who are financially disinterested, to justify its being put on sale for general use as a means of combating tuberculosis in cattle. Whether these calves will resist the natural infection under all circumstances has not yet been proven. Moreover, since these animals have been in- oculated with living human-tubercle-bacilli, the question naturally arises: Is this not a dangerous procedure for human health? When these sup- posedly immune calves grow into mature milk cows, may not some dor- mant tubercular focus become active, under the stress of heavy milk- production, and give rise to an infection of the udder and milk? The rendering the animal more resistant to tuberculosis does not neces- sarily mean that such an animal may not bear the germs of tuberculosis in the udder and spread them through the milk. In the disease we call Texas fever, we have an example of perfectly immune cattle carrying germs that are deadly to our northern raised cattle. For my part, I prefer my milk and butter from a dairy which the tuberculin test shows to be free from tuberculosis, rather than from one in which the animals have, during calfhood, been inoculated with living human tubercle bacilli, even though these bacilli have been greatly attenuated. While looking at the money side of the dairy business, we should not shut our eyes to the close relation this business bears to the public health. The evidence that kuman tuberculosis is transmissable to cattle is as firmly established as any other fact can be, and that tuber- culosis of cattle is transmissable to man is scarcely lacking in as strong evidence. The tubercle germs, as found in cattle, are much more viru- lent than those from the human body, as shown by inoculation into cattle and in small experimental animals as rabbits and guinea pigs. And reasoning from these facts, the conclusion is that the tubercle germs from cattle are more dangerous to mankind than the bacilli com- ing from man himself. A direct experiment to demonstrate this is, of course, out of the question. But the evidence of accidental inoculation of persons through wounds, while handling the carcasses of tuberculous cattle, is not lacking. Also, the infection of children of healthy parents from drinking milk supplied by a family cow affected with tuberculosis, has been reported time and time again by careful observers. Dr. Luckey has mentioned the fact that in the slaughter houses there has STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 365 been noted an increase in tuberculosis in hogs, within the last few years, and that this has been traced to the large dairy centers where the skim milk is fed to pigs. If pigs contract the disease so readily, why not children? We have been accustomed to regard the pig as a very resist- ant animal. There is a difference of opinion among bacteriologists as to whether the tubercle bacilli of cattle is identical with that which is found in human tuberculosis. This is not a matter of such moment as the fact that both cause disease in the human being. My firm belief is that the extermination of the disease in cattle will be followed by a marked im- provement in the health of the human family. I know that it is the desire of the dairymen of this Association to put upon the market pure, healthful dairy products, but this cannot be done from a herd containing tuberculous cows. In closing, let me repeat and emphasize my belief that nothing is more important for the success of the dairy industry of this State than to free our herds from tuberculosis,, and to keep them free. The aid which the Board of Agriculture is offering through its veterinary ser- vice is timely, and I hope that every member of this Association will call on Dr. Luckey for a test of his herd—and of every animal added thereto. Mr. Marple—I would like to ask Dr. Luckey what his opinion is of the per cent of tuberculous cows in this State. Dr. Luckey—I don’t know how many herds of this State are af- fected with the disease, but I think there is only a small per cent of either beef or dairy herds. Mr. Carroll—Is it a fact that tuberculosis spreads more rapidly among dairy cattle than beef herds? Dr. Luckey—No. Whenever tuberculosis gets in a herd it spreads among them all, regardless of breed. Mr. Carroll—The reason I ask is I saw an article in Hoard’s Dairy- man stating that the disease was more extensively developed in dairy herds than among beef herds. Dr. Luckey—There is no ground for that conclusion. The regis- tered beef and dairy cattle are kept very much alike; and in this con- nection I will say that I notice tuberculosis spreads very rapidly where the animals are fed from a common trough, or where they are fed on the floor, because after eating what one animal leaves is swept along to the feeding place of another, and one animal eats after another. On the other hand, there were tuberculous cows in a herd for five years, and out of 50 head only 16 contracted the disease. In this case they had individual troughs—each cow stayed in her own stall. 366 "MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Mr. What are you going to do with the reacting cow? Dr. Luckey—We expect to require the owner to isolate the dis- eased animal and not sell it for breeding purposes. - If he is an honor- able man he will not want to sell it. He will want to isolate it for his own protection. Mr. Wright—I am very much interested in this question. It is a very serious thing with us if the situation is as bad as pointed out. We always feed skim milk and buttermilk to our hogs. It is quite prevalent with us in the dairy section. When anything goes wrong it is all laid on the old cow; and I am glad to hear the veterinarian take the part of the dairy cow. But I suppose the disease is most prevalent among them because they are kept a good many years longer than the beef cow. SOME SERVICE A STATE DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSION MAY RENDER THE CAUSE OF DAIRY: PROGRESS. (By Hoa. J. Q. Emery, State Dairy Commissioner, Madison, Wis.) A very valuable service a state dairy commission can render the cause of dairy progress is to lead dairymen out of the maze of calf paths in their thinking and practice, and into straight, modern, scientific path- ways. A service that a state dairy commission may render the cause of dairy progress is to procure the enactment of good dairy laws. Among these may be mentioned laws fixing a minimum standard for milk and cream; prohibiting adulteration of dairy products in any manner; pro- viding for cleanliness and good sanitation in barns where cows are kept for the production of milk that is to be sold or manufactured into human food; requiring cleanliness and good sanitary conditions in creameries and cheese factories and their surroundings; requiring that to be mer- chantable, milk must be produced under clean and sanitary conditions, handled in clean cans and utensils and not allowed to become contami- nated by remaining in barns where cattle or other animals are kept; re- quiring all milk dealers, who produce their supply in such a way as to call for the return of cans over railroad or boat lines, to empty those cans before the milk becomes sour, and thoroughly wash and cleanse them be- fore return shipment; prohibiting any false manipulation of the Babcock test or any under-reading or over-reading of the same, or the making of any false determination by the Babcock test or otherwise in the payment of patrons of creameries, cheese factories, etc; requiring that the standard STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 307 unit for testing cream by the Babcock test shall be 18 grams by weight, and prohibiting the measurement of cream by the piepette, where pay- ments are made on the percentage of fat in such cream; requiring records to be kept at creameries and cheese factories that shall be open to inspec- tion, and prescribing a legal form of statement to be made to patrons of creameries and cheese factories in the payment of dividends; and giving the dairy commission authority to enforce such measures as may be nec- essary to secure cleanliness in and around any factory, building, dairy or premises where any dairy product is manufactured, handled or stored, when such product is to be sold or shipped. Having succeeded in procuring the enactment of good dairy laws, the dairy commissioner can promote dairy progress by procuring a com. petent and sufficient corps of assistants and inspectors to enforce those laws. In the selection of his assistants and inspectors the cause of dairy progress can be served by the appointment of only the very best and most competent men available for doing this great work. These men must be experienced experts, and should receive compensation commensurate with their skill and efficiency. As these men are to bear the gospel of cleanliness to every creamery and cheese factory in the State and to every patron of the creameries and cheese factories and to other producers of dairy products, the men appointed to this service should be men who are themselves habitually neat, clean and tidy in their own personal habits and appearance; for what could be more out of place than an untidy inspector going to a creamery to secure cleanliness. To an untidy inspector, the shiftless cheese or butter maker could retort, “physician, heal thyself.” Only such men must receive appointment as have by eminently successful experience in creameries or cheese factories demonstrated their efficiency, not only as the most skillful of makers, but also in what is equally im- portant, as managers of men. They must be gentlemen. Their success in operating creameries or cheese factories should have manifested itself in educating their patrons to furnish the creamery or cheese factory with clean milk that has been properly cared for and delivered always in cans scrupulously clean; for only men of such character and efficiency can be relied upon to lead in the pathway of dairy progress. Above all, these men must be progressive men. They must have a progressive spirit. Their past experience must have demonstrated that they are such men. They must be up to date. They must be twentieth century men and they must be capable of exercising strong and positive leadership. They must not be mere floats along the current of popular opinion. If the blind lead the blind both shall fall into the ditch. With laws of such character as I have indicated and such assistants 368 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. as I have described—and none other shall be tolerated—a state dairy com- mission may render valuable and substantial seryice to the cause of dairy progress by the enforcement of the laws. To this end the commissioner will cause every creamery and cheese factory to be critically inspected, and that frequently. I emphasize the word critically, for if any other kind of inspection is done, it is time and money wasted. The inspector must go to the creamery or cheese factory for the pur- pose of improving conditions there. His mission must not be to promote self-satisfaction with existing conditions. The ever-present spirit and purpose must be that of progress, improvement, for it is unquestionably true that not very many creameries or cheese factories in the land are in such condition that they cannot be improved. We can justify the em- ployment and payment of these inspectors only for the purpose of im- proving existing conditions. That each inspector may be able to do efficient service, the commis- sioner must see to it that each assistant or inspector is provided with a neat case containing the very best implements or supplies that are required for doing up-to-date work. Each assistant and inspector should also be supplied with a suitable case for containing bottles for taking samples of milk to be tested when the factory is not provided with the necessary means for testing or where the apparatus in use is defective. Thus equipped each inspector of the kind described is prepared to render the cause of dairy progress very efficient and much needed service. Butter makers and cheese makers are not all familiar with the use of such instruments as the inspector will carry for making their own work accurate and of the highest quality. The inspector’s business at a cream- ery is to examine carefully and inquire into every condition present in that creamery or cheese factory, to ascertain what is right and what needs improvement. This he does in the presence of the maker, who thereby is many times enabled to make improvement in his own work and methods. It raises the standard in the quality of the maker’s work. . The inspector goes to the creamery or cheese factory early in the morning. He procures a list of the names of the patrons. He has his bottles ready for taking a sample of each patron’s milk as delivered. He examines the scales to ascertain if they are accurately balanced, or are so set as to cheat the patron out of a few pounds of milk each morning, and lay the foundation for the report of a large over-run; for not only does inaccurate weighing defraud the patron, but makes a false report and im- pression as to the amount of over-run and the price paid per pound for butter fat. An over-run of more than 16 per cent in whole milk or of STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 369 18 per cent in cream under average factory conditions should be prima facie evidence that false manipulation of the weighing or testing has oc- curred, or both. The kind of competition thus engendered is fraudulent, and destructive to the best interests of the creamery industry. The in- spector stands by the weigh cans and inspects the work of the man who receives the milk, as well as the milk and cans of the patron. He scruti- nizes the method of taking the samples of milk for testing and how the composite samples are cared for. He observes closely whether or not the man who is taking in the milk receives any unclean, unsuitah’> or unlaw- ful milk or cream. If unclean, unlawful or otherwise unsuitable milk or cream is offered by the patron and received by the creameryman, he warns both alike concerning the unlawful and unwise practice. At times he will instruct the patron as to the proper way to wash and care for his cans and the proper method of caring for milk or cream. He shows him how the quality ‘of the product, and, therefore, the price, and hence the profits of the patron are ultimately dependent upon the clean and whole- some character of the milk furnished by patrons. He discloses to the patron how some rations, fed to the herd at improper times or in unsuit- able quantities, may injuriously affect the entire output of the factory, thus imposing a loss on all the patrons. He notifies the patrons to meet him at the factory late in the after- noon or early evening. With the samples taken, he then proceeds to make the Babcock test for fat, a lactometer test for watering or skimming, _ anda Wisconsin curd test to determine the character of the milk of each patron, as to its cleanliness or the kind of care it has received. When the patrons meet him later in the day, he makes known to them the per cent of milk fat found in each patron’s milk. If he has reason to suspect watering or skimming of milk by any patron, he furnishes a sample to the State chemist for more detailed analysis. He exhibits to them the results as shown by the Wisconsin curd test. This is an actual and accurate demonstration to each patron of the char- acter of each patron’s milk. Here they see from one patron’s milk a curd that is of fine, velvety, firm texture and having a clean agreeable flavor. This is a demonstration that the patron’s milk from which this curd was formed was produced under clean conditions, quickly cooled and other- wise properly cared for. He exhibits the curd from another patron’s milk that has in it many gas holes or “pin-holes,” so called. This has a tainted flavor. This peculiar texture and flavor are due to gas forming bacteria. They have their origin in uncleanliness of some sort or are due to the rapid development of gas forming bacteria, owing to the lack of suitable care of the milk. It has been demonstrated that the presence A—2A 370 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. of only one fly in a can of milk may add 50,000 bacteria to that milk, a large proportion of which bacteria may be of the gas producing variety. He shows them the curd from another patron’s milk that is spongy in texture and has a very offensive flavor or odor. He explains to them that this is due to conditions worse than those of which No. 2 resulted. He explains to them that it is impossible to make the best quality of butter or cheese from such milk, and further explains to them the great loss that is being sustained by the butter or cheese factories, due to bad milk. He lets them see the curds produced from each patron’s milk, that each may see and know for himself that there was a difference in the quality of milk furnished by the different patrons, both as to fat content and cleanliness. He instructs them how the good milk and how the bad milk are each produced, and he warns them against the supplying of bad milk as being wrong and unlawful and liable to lead to prosecution if con- tinued. Having taken samples of the milk from the last gallon or two of the patron’s milk as it was delivered from the cans, and having passed that milk through filters of absorbent cotton or through filter paper, he exhibits to them the actual filth thus taken from their milk on the morn- ing of his inspection. ‘These exhibits surprise as well as instruct them and drive home the truths that the instructor has been teaching. With such kind of work, he is not dealing in abstractions. He is making his instruction concrete. It is real instruction. He illustrates and explains the use and reliability of the Babcock test when skillfully used. He explains the requisite conditions for se- curing accuracy of test. He has instruments and uses them to test the pipettes to see if they are absolutely correct as to size. He tests the calibration of the bottles to determine its accuracy or inaccuracy. He applies his speed-tester to the Babcock to ascertain if the operator is run- ning it at the rate of speed to give accurate results. He tests the sul- phuric acid to find out if it is of the correct strength. He ascertains at what temperature the operator reads the test, and if he measures the fat column from the lowest point at the bottom to the extreme top limit of the meniscus, as he should; and he tests the skim milk for butter fat and also the butter milk or whey. He inspects the weigh cans, pipes and pumps, churns, vats and vat gates and everything connected with the factory to ascertain if they are kept scrupulously clean, and does the same as to the floors, walls, sur- roundings; nor is he to overlook the maker. In his inspection of the surroundings he gives particular attention to the drainage, and where that is defective he suggests the use of the septic tank or other suitable means for securing adequate drainage. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 371 The inspector realizes that inadequate drainage is a prolific source of unsanitary conditions in creameries and cheese factories, and therefore he seeks to correct any imperfections of drainage. Being a competent judge of the commercial product, and to ascertain the quality of that product, he inspects and scores the same. This should become a means of instruction to the maker, who learns thereby where improvement can be made, and how that improvement is to be gained. As he is there to secure improvement, he must speak plainly and tell the truth. He should have a knowledge of the proper construction of refrig- erators, because they too frequently are only small boxes partitioned off from the rest of the factory where some ice can be left to melt. Re- - frigerators properly constructed would stop numerous annual losses from mould. If conditions are bad or unlawful, he warns the maker or manager that they must be changed within reasonable time or prosecution must necessarily follow ; and he prosecutes if the change is not made. He may go to the patron’s premises and point out the changes to be made. The curd tests give him a cue as to what patrons need his inspection. If he finds the milk at the factory below the legal standard of butter fat, or Otherwise unlawful, he visits the farm and takes samples there to test them. When there is a discrepancy between the test of the milk at the factory and that of the farm, he has the evidence that gg times out of the 100 will lead the defendant to plead guilty when prosecuted for furnishing milk below the legal standard as to butter fat. He will report to his chief on blanks prepared for that purpose the results of his inspection. The commissioner’s office may thereby become a bureau of dairy information. A state dairy commission can render valuable service to the cause of dairy progress by making careful and critical inspection of city milk supplies. Samples are to be taken and tested for butter fat content, for watering or skimming, for the use of preservatives, and a curd test ap- plied to determine the quality of the milk as to cleanliness and suitable care. This is a more practicable and valuable test than the bacterial count. If possible, this inspection is to be followed by an inspection of barns and premises of those furnishing milk. This is a field to which much time and effort may be given with much profit to the consuming public. In proportion as the milk furnished to our cities becomes possessed of the characteristics of cleanliness and purity and proper care, will the demand for such milk be increased. The consuming public, however, must re- member that milk of such high quality cannot be produced and furnished them as cheaply as inferior milk. 372 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. A state dairy commission can render valuable service to the cause of dairy progress by issuing quarterly or semi-annually bulletins in which is plainly and truthfully set forth results of the inspections made. This will show to the creamery or cheese factory makers or managers and their patrons the effect of the bad work or the good work they are doing, and its final effect on the quality of the butter or cheese product, and consequently upon the profits. In the great battle for dairy progress and against ignorance, un- cleanliness and bad practice, a state dairy commission can render valuable service to the cause by being at the front and on the firing line sounding forth the bugle call, “Forward,” in tones of such clearness and force and persuasiveness as to be everywhere heard and heeded. But the state dairy commission must be supported. There is no organization in any state which can or should give greater aid and support to the dairy commission than a state dairy association. In my own state the state dairymen’s association has been instrumental in se- curing more effective legislation for the promotion of the dairy and agricultural interests than any other agency. It has secured the establish- ment of the dairy and food commission; it conceived and secured the es- tablishment of the first dairy school on this continent. In 1900, at the meeting of the Wisconsin Dairymen’s Association at Watertown, Pro- fessor W. A. Henry said: “This Dairy Association is the parent of the Wisconsin College of Agriculture. What that college is today and what its ambitions are rests largely in the backing and help it receives from this Association; and as a child we are loyal to our parent.” To that association also is largely due the originating of the Wisconsin Farmers’ Institute. Of Wisconsin farming in the early seventies it might well be said that “Many men wound in and out, And dodged and turned and bent about, And uttered words of righteous wrath, Because ’twas such a crooked path.” The continued raising of wheat had well nigh robbed the soil of its fertility, and the chinch bugs were running riot over the wheat fields, made scant in yield by following the process then in vogue. But in 1872 a few pioneer thinkers became convinced that Wisconsin farmers were fol- lowing a “maze of calf paths” in their thinking and practice. They believed that some of the calf paths in the minds of those farmers should be obliterated and new paths opened as conditions for successful achieve- ment. ‘They determined to do something to make the crooked paths STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 373 straight, and so they organized the Wisconsin Dairymen’s Association. They swore allegiance to their own reason and their own intelligence and they have been true to their oath. All through the successive years they have been putting to rout the enemies of dairy progress. Without a market for their products, they waived the magic wand of their influence over the railroad officials, and in response refrigerator cars were placed at dairy centers to be loaded with Wisconsin cheese and butter, to be borne to the best dairy markets of the continent or to the seaboard, and thence to the great dairy markets of the old world, there by their merits to command the highest prices. In their need and extremity they called for some easy and accurate means for measuring the butter fat content of milk and cream, and right royally did Dr. Babcock, a member of that association, respond with a test that bears and must immortalize his name. They aided in bringing into existence great institutions that have made discoveries and inventions which have revolutionized the thought and practice of the dairy world, and that have been adding to and con- tinually increasing their own productive powers. Their thoughts and experiences chronicled in the Dairy Press, to which their own necessities and their own genius gave birth, have led the march of dairy progress across the continent and have influenced for good the dairy thought of the world. The work of that association has ever been pioneer work; but it has been progressive work, and in my judgment, in its devotion to and efforts to promote advancement in everything connected with the dairy and agricultural interests of the State, is such as to make it in spirit and result worthy of emulation. I appeal to the State Dairy Association of Missouri to be energetic, progressive and loyal in support of its State dairy commission. “Progress” should be the watch-word. We need greater advancement in the selec- tion, breeding, feeding and care of the dairy herd; greater advancement in the production of good, pure milk from healthy cows and in the care- taking of the milk and cream; we need greater advancement in the quality of dairy products; we need greater advancement in establishing and maintaining a reputation and market for dairy products; we need greater advancement in the development of high-class dairymen; we need to make advancement in securing for ourselves better profits by reducing the cost of production to the lowest point by the highest efficiency pos- sible in the methods that are used. We need to catch, and to hold, and to be moved by the spirit of the twentieth century. We need to allow the dairy cow, the gentle-gifted dairy queen, to exercise her sovereign sway over our purposes, our hopes and our busi- 374 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ness destiny, with the assurance that to each intelligent and kindly act on our part, in her behalf, she will respond most bountifully. Nor let us fail to woo her by our most bewitching, considerate and intelligent care and attention, and she will yield to us abundantly of her golden riches. Permit me, in conclusion, to say that that person must indeed be in a “maze of calf-paths” in his thinking who fails to realize that the business of modern dairying calls forth in multitudinous ways those intellectual activities in the tillage of the soil, the selection, breeding, feed- ing and rearing of the dairy herd, the manufacturing and marketing of the dairy products, that develop a strong intellectual manhood ; and that any large success in the very nature of the case calls into constant activity those kind, considerate, attentive, unselfish, benevolent acts that cultivate and strengthen the moral nature; and that the successful doing of all these things brings into activity man’s will powers, and all this tends to the evolution of a high type of manhood, which should be the ultimate end of human effort. DISCUSSION. Mr. Marple—What do you do in your state when you find a man reading the test too low? Mr. Emery—Well, I will tell you what we do. We are trying to improve all the while. We begun only two years ago. It was my own experience as a patron of a creamery that caused me to use my efforts in securing the passage of a bill making it a misdemeanor to in any way falsely manipulate the Babcock test and to under-read or over-read that machine. We got the bill passed. It is not so easy to enforce it in this country. When we send out men to make tests we find they will vary. When we investigate and find a man reading the test too low we warn him what the law is. Usually when they know we have the power to enforce the law, and that we are making investigations to see that the testing is done properly, the corrections are made at once. Mr. Marple—Have you ever had any trouble in having the test read too high? Mr. Emery—Yes, that is just as great an offense as reading it too low. When we learn of this being done in the creameries we send out men to investigate, and usually they are successful in convincing them of the error of their way—but it is a great work. We are improving in it—we have not reached the millenium by any means, but we are working towards it. Mr. Clark—What kind of a stall would you recommend? Mr. Emery—There are quite a variety of stalls, There is the STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 375 Clark modern stall—individual stalls, where the floor is just as clean as can be all the time. There is a chain fastened behind the cow; all the droppings go into the gutter. Then there are the Bidwell and Mc- Cleary stalls. Mr. Clark—Are they all patented? Mr. Emery—Some of them are. Mr. Miller—What is the proper way to tie a cow in a stall? Mr. Emery—That is a matter of personal judgment. I would not tie her at all. Would have individual stall for her and have a chain behind her. In this stall she can lie down and be comfortable. The first thing she wants is comfort—then cleanliness and good wholesome air. These stalls I have in mind the cow is not tied at all. Mr. Miller—I have heard some men say the best way to keep a cow in the stall was by a stanchion. Mr. Emery—If I were to tie my cow I would use Mr. Hoard’s stall; a modern stall where the cow is tied around the neck; a most excellent stall—perfectly clean. It is arranged so that the manger in front slides. When the cow is standing her head comes against the manger and pushes it back; then it is placed right in front of her when she is feeding. She keeps just as clean as those in the pasture. I think this stall is about as near perfect as any I have ever seen. There is no patent on it. Mr. Marple—I think we need to have this business dignified by the endorsement of people who, by virtue of their position, lend dignity to it. Unfortunately, we have an idea in this country that it was beneath our dignity to milk, and it is a hard lesson for us to learn. Unlike the old-time Missourian, who is loyal to the teachings of his forefathers, we cannot get over that idea that it is beneath our dignity to go out on the farm and milk dairy cows. But that has been overcome by the dignifying of the business through the interest manifested by some- body in a position to know and by their interest to give it dignity. So these men, who have come here to talk to us and to encourage us and to make us better and get better results from the dairy, have brought an influence to bear on this business through the dignity they have lent to this meeting and to the dairy business in a general way. Gov. Folk says that’s quite a lot of dignified looking men you have here at the State Dairy Association. We compare favorably with the mem- bers of many other organizations; it is shown by the signing of the bill for a dairy commissioner and by the appointment of a dairy commis- sioner and assistant dairy commissioner; and I am glad to say he took into consideration the wishes of the dairymen of this country in that 376 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. appointment and showed that he is interested in this department and believes there is something to its future. Mr. Emery—This meeting of your State Dairy Asnoniauiee should be a christening occasion, a baptismal occasion, if you please, of the oncoming generation of dairymen, who are heirs of the generation soon to pass away; but this baptismal ceremony should consist of no “mere sprinkling of diluted platitudes.” By this meeting this oncoming gener- tion of dairymen should be led by the speakers who occupy this plat- form and those who take part in the discussion into the great depths of modern dairy knowledge and experience, and upon them should be poured abundantly an ever progressive and conquering spirit. THE NEED OF A DUAL PURPOSE COW. (By W. P. Harned, Vermont, Mo.) The greatest benefactor is the personage who does the greatest good to the greatest number. The most useful type of the domestic horse is the general pur- pose animal. The most popular and highest-priced type of sheep is the one that combines mutton and wool. The queen of the bovine race is the milk and beef cow. The highest price ever yet obtained for a cow was paid for one of the beef breeds and from a tribe with the best milk record in that breed. There is a cow question to be solved. To the average farmer and to the agriculturist, or at least to the large majority of those who live by the farm and stock, this is a very pertinent question. It is a ques- tion of type or kind. The best cow is the one that answers the pur- pose of the majority. Who is the majority? It is the small farmer and his family. It is his best cow for which we plead. We have the labor question and we have the race question and the tariff question, and in some places we even have the boodle question. These concern the whole people. Then we have the cow question—this one concerns the farmer, the stock raiser and his family. Now I venture to say there are many people who know these first problems are confronting the public who did not even know there is a cow question. Even we farmers are not as far along on this last question as we should be. We are not as far advanced on the cow problem as our interest demands, STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 377 How old is the cow problem? If we search the Bible records, we find this is not the latest question of the day. These dairymen and Sunday school teachers at least are fully aware of the account in holy writ of Jacob and Rachel. It started out with a love affair, but it ended by Jacob getting the girl of his choice and also the better end of a large herd of cattle—you will remember how Jacob traded with his father-in-law, wherein Jacob was to have all calves that were ring- streaked and striped—how he placed striped sticks in the watering place and the new born cattle were colored so they belonged to Jacob. This was the beginning of the cattle problem, and from that ancient time down to the present men have been trying to breed certain colors and certain forms and ¢ertain qualities into their herds which they de- sired. Then it was a question of color; now it is a question of quality or a combination of qualities. UNIVERSAL DEMAND FOR HER. We do not believe there is a domestic animal today, as conditions now exist, in more universal demand the world over than the dual purpose cow. No farm east or west but is benefited by her most useful combina- tion, unless we except the exclusive special purpose dairy farm. The strength of her claim is the universality of her sphere. Perhaps her most natural home is on the small farm or the average farm. Her annual credit account is a good supply of milk and butter for the family and a lusty, vigorous calf that matures into a high class carcass of beef. In this capacity she turns to the very best account. When her best working days are over and she is dried off, she readily and quickly fattens off into a fine carcass, and the last account of her on the block is no mean considera- tion. We are far from being at war with any improved breed. The scrub breed is our only enemy. Against him we will combine forces with any recognized breed. We envy not the special purpose breed. He also has his sphere, and certain conditions call for him. But there is a special purpose breed and there is a dual purpose breed. Each will adapt itself to conditions that suit. The dual purpose is for the many, for the masses—the special purpose is for the few, for the classes. I wish to illustrate this distinction by a letter lately received from a breeder whose judgment I regard first class. He had visited a herd of note which I had not seen, so I wrote and asked him about his visit and the herd. He an- swered about the herd in question, saying: “It is a large herd, in fact, it is three herds; breeding herd, a show herd and a herd of nurse cows.” Now, the breeder of real dairy cattle does not know much about a herd of nurse cows, but the breeder of the special beef type knows about them, 378 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. and if he is a successful showman today at the Kansas City Royal and the international, he has had experience with nurse cows without drinking the milk or selling the cream. These fine, fat calves consumed that, and say nothing. You can only detect it by the big carcass and soft coats. Or you can satisfy your curiosity when at the big shows, if you follow these fine fellows, when let out at milking time. This is all right to de- velop the exclusive beef type, but it is not the class of cow that furnishes milk for the family and butter for the board. It is not the class of cow for the small farm. It is not the class for the thousands of large families of moderate means and small estates. I have thought one of the most pitiful sights in a herd is to see a fine, large, fat 1700-pound cow walking around followed by a little half-starved, puny calf, with hardly enough strength to keep up, because the dam barely gave milk enough to sustain life, and the owner did not have an extra nurse cow. A MEDIUM FOR TWO EXTREMES. There are two extremes—one is all cow and no milk and the other is all milk and no cow. There is a happy medium, and it is this medium the small farmer and his family demands. It is the call of the masses. It is the demand of the majority—she is coming to her own, and she will not be turned away. It is the dual purpose. She is queen. I want to refer again to the fine herd mentioned above—I mean the fine herd with the nurse cows. This description is not overdrawn. I have seen just such herds more than once. This class of breeders aim at one thing. They go in to raise high class bulls to go out and head other herds. They succeed in their purpose—these young bulls are bought by breeders and go in service, perpetuating their kind. There is a great evil in this method. These nurse-fed calves are very attractive; they are fixed for visitors. Truly they are on dress parade. The unwary and the new beginner are captivated on sight, the price is also high enough to make the calf attractive, but the nurse cow and the extra work must both be paid, and when the price is published it is a boom both to the buyer and the breeder. The price will be published and commented on far and wide, but the nurse cow will not even be mentioned. She is cheated out of her part of the glory. The big milkless dam gets all the praise, or it may be the sire that is working up a boom. The calf never tells the tale till taken to his new home, minus the nurse cow and put on farm feed where he belongs. It is not an economical process in common farm life, and it is not practical. Normal prices and normal conditions will not justify it on the average farm with average means. The game is worked largely on the enthusi- astic new beginner and many disappointments follow. It is a great injury STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. ; 379 to the substantial and steady improvement of our common farm stock. How pleasant is the contrast where the new beginner falls into better hands and makes his purchase from the conservative, practical breeder of the useful common-sense sort. Real breeders will send out stock that have the innate quality to do well. The more fortunate beginner takes home his purchase and it does well from the start. This will be the case where the ancestors possess in full measure the necessary qualities of the real improved class fed right and nursed by its own dam. BEST MILKERS ARE BEST BREEDERS. Before quitting my subject I want to refer to one phase of it, which is not included in the subject proper, but is suggested by it. I am expected to show the necessity or need of the dual purpose, but some exclusive dairy breeders seem almost to think such a cow cannot be bred. I have seen men worked up to the conviction that such a theory is inconsistent, and I have been surprised that so sensible a class could be so positive in error. Really we are not confronted by a theory—you are confronted by the cow herself. Such a cow exists and we have had her in a high degree for a century. You have the general purpose horse, why not the dual purpose cow? You have a fine mutton and fine fleece in one, why not beef and milk? The Thanksgiving turkey grows feathers with the flesh, and the dual cow grows milk with the beef. While we have no text-book in breeding, there is among the breeders of beef cattle one well-established law—all four of the beef breeds will concede this: The best breeding dams are the best milkers. In the breed with which I am identified I can say knowingly, we do not expect our high class show cattle from poor milkers. The two qualities seem inseparable. It is very fortunate such is the case. If the opposite were true, the small farmer and the dual purpose cow could not be so happily joined. DISCUSSION. Mr. Ellis—To start this discussion, I will say it seems to me there is possibly a place for the dual purpose cow in Missouri at the present time. Our farmers have been educated up to believe that the calf is the primary thing in raising cattle and they have been wasting the milk, but they are now saving the milk as a by-product of beef-raising. We have a great many people in Missouri doing that. It seems to me the dual purpose cow would answer that purpose very well. Of course, if I was going into the dairy business, making that my whole business, I would want 380 = MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. a special dairy cow; but if I wanted to raise beef and wanted to save all my by-product I would certainly follow Mr. Harned’s advice and take a dual purpose cow. I would like to say, Mr. Chairman, that I believe that is the best paper I have ever heard read on the dual purpose cow. Mr. Glover—I think Mr. Ellis has got very close to the situation. He said something we can all sanction. As a newspaper man and as a student of dairying all my life, I know the English language does not always express our thoughts clearly. In other words, it is hard for a speaker to stand before an audience and state his sentiments so that everybody will get the true meaning of what the speaker is talking about. We are confused. We cannot express our thoughts clearly. Now, he said if he was going to be a dairyman he would have a dairy cow;; that’s good—that’s all the special dairy advocate needs. Then he said, if he was going to be a breeder of beef cattle he would select a beef cow that would give enough milk to support her calf; but, gentlemen, the man that keeps that kind of a cow is not, strictly speaking, a dairyman; he is a beef man. Therefore, we cannot say that the special dairy cow has any relation to the so-called dual purpose cow. I have never yet in all my travels found a man that was successfully breeding the dual purpose cow—that is, the cow that will give as much milk as a dairy animal and at the same time produce as much beef as the special beef cow. That is where the so-called dual purpose cow is held up. You cannot comprise in one animal the power of producing the maximum yields of milk and butter and at the same time the maximum yields of beef. That has never been done. I have traveled all over this country, and have never found anyone doing it—no one in Iowa or Minnesota. We will grant openly and above board that there is such a thing as a dual purpose cow, but you have never seen that animal reproduce herself; that is, she hasn't any prepotency—she will not produce a heifer as good as she is. You are dividing her prepotency, if I may use that term. You breed an animal for beef and you get a certain form; you breed for the dairy and you get another form. Now, I believe that the dairyman or the beef man of Missouri should begin with the stock he has. If he wants to be a beef man I believe he should keep cows that will produce him good calves, but I would not class it as a dual purpose animal, but simply as a beef animal, because I think that the idea of the dual purpose cow, the term, if you please, is misleading, and we want to clear it up here. It is mis- leading in this, that she is expected to give as much milk and butter fat as a special dairy cow, and at the same time produce beef calves. Now, if you are satisfied to sit down under a cow that will bring you from 150 to 200 pounds of butter in a year, and are contented to milk her and be STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 381 an average farmer, then perhaps there is such a thing as a dual purpose cow; but we want to see the dairymen of Missouri do more than make a mere living. We want to see them have good homes and educate their children. And if you keep a cow that will yield 300 pounds of butter fat, it will be better for you. Now, have I made my position clear? I believe it is possible for a man to keep a class of beef cows that will yield a reasonable amount of milk. I believe also that if a man is going to be a special dairyman he should choose a special dairy cow; and also be- lieve that the Missouri farmer should begin with the cows he has, and as he grows in the business begin to select cows. Select those that come from long ancestry, that have a record of producing large amounts of milk and butter, and gradually grow into the milk and butter business. It is not beyond your pocket book to have a good dairy cow if you begin slowly and grow into it. I would rather see any man grow in the busi- ness than to go into it. Mr. Ashburn—The closing sentences of that very nicely written paper was a staggerer. It may be true—I will not say it is not true, but it staggered me. It said that the best milkers among the dual purpose cows produced the best beef calves. Now, I believe it is largely a ques- tion of type—not so much of breed nor perhaps of size as it is of type. I believe that the cow that can yield us a large amount of milk is going to be the lean cow; she is not going to carry much flesh; get the cow with a large stomach; that’s her type; don’t care what breed she is. Don’t believe you can have the cow that will give you an equally large amount of milk and carry a large amount of flesh. She cannot do two things at the same time, and she is either going to put her food into milk or beef. If she has got the beef type she will put it into beef; and if she has got the milk type she will put it in milk. But the statement that the best milkers among that class are going to produce the best beef steers is a staggerer. I have handled that class—Durhams—275 of them at a time; high-class Durhams, kept in Northeastern Ohio for many generations for dairy purposes; and I believe I got good results and was satisfied at that time; but I say my best milkers were not my best beefers by a long ways, and I don’t believe it is consistent. I have no objection to a man who wants to take that kind of a cow and wants to have a dairy side to his work and a milk side to his work; but I say stick to the doctrine that is true; and you will find that beef cow will be a great exception who will be also the copious milker, and we want to stay along lines of actual facts and know what to expect, and not expect we are going to get two things at the same time from the same cow, and that she can do two things at the same time with the same food. The trouble with a great 382 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. many is, they will take an old English type of cow that is lean, has high, thin bones, the large frame, the regular dairy type—and they bring her over here and start a herd of that kind. What are they going to do when they want to change sires? They have gone and gotten the best beef sires they could get, and then have ruined their dairy type and have got the beef type. It is the tendency of the American people to do this, and it is the greatest danger in my mind with the dual purpose cow. Mr. Bruns—lI believe we will pull away from the dual purpose cow in time and give our attention to the dairy business. We should follow some special line of business. We are living in an age of specialties. We must do special work; and I believe that is the dairyman’s only salva- tion. Mr. Patterson—Some years ago we had a live stock breeders’ meet- ing at Mexico, and Mr. Harned was on the program to read a paper about the cow that had all these good qualities—a very good milker and a very good beef cow; and after he had said all he had to say I just raised up and said, “Mr. Harned, I wish you would bring us such a cow as you de- scribe.” ‘Well,’ he said, “she ought to be somewhere.” I said, “‘yes, she ought to be somewhere, but she has not shown herself.” When we get to believing in a thing it is hard for us to break away from it—it was hard for me to break way from shorthorns. I liked them; but when I got to using the Jersey animal I thought she was better, and I worked up my herd with them. I say the sooner you break away from that dual pur- pose cow the better off you will be. You might as well make up your mind to it as soon as you can if you want to make any money. Prof. Washburn—I have been much interested in that papef. I am a dairyman. Have been traveling for the past two years among the farmers of this State, and while I find they are frequently wrong in their conclusions, yet I find that in many instances they have a whole lot of foundation for their judgment, and therefore I say I have sympathy and “charity” for Mr. Harned in the conclusion he has reached, as expressed in his paper. Might he not also be right? I understand that he said in his paper that the dual purpose cow, which gives the most milk, pro- duces the best show steers. We all know the young animal liberally fed will grow more rapidly and put on meat more rapidly than the young animal not well fed. The animal well started will show that start for a long time. And cannot the beef animal produce milk enough to raise that calf in a way that she can be used for show purposes? Mr. Ashburn—Suppose you wanted to show her at two or three years of age? Prof. Washburn—I don’t claim to be a beef man; but in two years STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION, 383 might not that first six months of abundance of feeding, or, on the other hand, of scanty feeding, still be perceptible? I think that is a point often overlooked. Mr. Ashburn—He is talking about the dairy type, isn’t he? When we are using a dairy cow, it is not nursing the calf. It is not the nurse calf we are after then. It is the type we can get out of that steer, that is from the dairy side of it. Prof. Washburn—Are you sure he had reference to the dairy type when he said that? Might not the animal of ordinary type abundantly nourished make as good a show steer? I am not defending the dual pur- pose cow at all. Last winter when the temperature was 25 degrees below zero and the snow was deep, in Columbia, a neighbor of mine had a Jersey cow—apparently full-blooded—which he kept in a concern which he called a barn—it had a top and three sides. The snow was deep in there. The cow would either have to stand up all night or lie down in the snow. When aman can give a cow such treatment as that he is not ready for anything better. He is not ready for the special cow. When we can get them to take care of what they have got, then it will be time to tell them what to do next. Last December I was sent up into the northwest- ern part of the State, and had to make a night change, so that at 2 o’clock in the morning I was awake and was looking out the window ; everything was covered with snow; the moon was shining bright, and everything looked very beautiful. But all at once the beauty was entirely gone, for there on one side of the fence, all humped up in the snow, was a cow. We have got to teach the farmers to take care of what they have got, then when they get so they can take care of a dual purpose cow we can land them on the special purpose cow. DAIRYING A PROFITABLE BUSINESS. (By Hon. H. R. Wright, lowa State Dairy Commissioner.) Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen—TI have not come down here to boast about the pre-eminence of Iowa as a dairy state, but only wish to say some things about Iowa which will make you so envious that you will go and do likewise. lowa is the greatest butter-producing state in the Union. We make ten per cent of all the butter produced in the United States. We make nearly twenty-five per cent of all the creamery butter made in this country, and for the year ending the first of July last the state of Iowa has made 82,000,000 pounds of creamery butter, which has a value, at the New York price prevailing, of twenty million dollars. 384 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. The twenty million dollars we got for that creamery butter represents a sum of money that our farmers made more than yours did last year. It represents a sum of money that you might just as well have had if you had milked as many cows and made as much butter as we did, and as you might easily have done. The butter that a man makes is a net profit to him. Consider two farmers situated exactly alike in every particular. They have the same number of acres of land, the same number of cattle and hogs, the same amount of machinery. They pursue their farming operations exactly alike, with one exception. It would seem that at the end of the year each should have the same number of bushels of corn and tons of hay, that each should have the same amount of farm products as the other. But suppose one man milks his cows and raises his calves on skimmed milk and corn, and the other man lets the calves run with the cows; the dairy- man will have just as many bushels of corn and tons of hay and acres of pasture as the other man; he will have just as many calves, and just as good calves, if he knows his business; he will have just as many pigs, perhaps more pigs because he will have skimmed milk to raise them on, and the other fellow will not; he will have absolutely everything that his neighbor has and in equal amounts, and he will have twenty-five to fifty dollars for the butter that he will sell from each of his fifteen or twenty cows. That is to say, he will have somewhere from four to seven hundred dollars more in money than the other man who raised just as many crops, but didn’t utilize them in the same way. The butter that a man makes is a net profit to him. That is why we have twenty million dollars that you people never saw. The butter is a profit to the dairyman, to his county, his community, his state, and makes for high-priced land and good farming. We have 655 creameries and skimming stations. In the past two years the southern half of the state and the western part of the state have developed enormously in the dairy industry. We now have the state pretty well covered with creameries, and it is easy to predict with rea- sonable confidence that the amount of butter we will produce in future years will be still greater, and it is easy to predict that the amount of money that you will get out of your butter production will be greater and greater as the years go on, for this reason—it is the law of the land, you will have to do it. Your lands will increase in value, as ours have, and you will be obliged to get greater returns from them, and the only way to do it, aside from better general methods, is by the practice of dairying. Now, did you ever think of this: The farmer keeps no kind of live STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 385 stock, with the exception of cows, on his farm unless he gets two returns every year. The farmer cannot keep sheep unless they bring him both wool and lambs ; he makes the old mare work and pay her board and raise a colt besides. We could not keep hogs in Iowa or Missouri if they re- produced themselves in the ratio of one to one, as cattle do; and so, if one expects to get profits from cattle on high-priced land, either in Iowa or Missouri, or elsewhere, he must get two returns from them, the calves and the butter. So it is easy to predict that the dairy business in Mis- souri is bound to increase. You will have to obey the law of the land. The dairy business tends to a uniform distribution of the wealth of the community. In the dairy sections of Iowa, or of any other state, you will notice that the farms appear very much alike. They all have good houses and big barns, windmills and well-kept fences, and there is a gen- eral air of prosperity. The farmers all milk cows and send their product to the creamery and they have money in sight. Then visit some section where the dairy is not a large item. You will find, perhaps, a magnificent farm with a large house and a half dozen big barns, windmills and feed lots, sheds and other things of that kind, and then you will ride half a day past farms with small houses, little stables and no evidences of anything more than a bare existence for their occupants. The man with the big barns, by reason of his superior business ability, in feeding cattle perhaps has all of the accumulations these other fellows should have had in the last decade, or longer. This cannot happen in a dairy section. The man that milks the cow gets his money in small quantities and it doesn’t drift into the hands of some fellow with superior business tact. This uniform distribution of wealth in a community is a mighty good thing for men of small means, and it is perfectly safe to urge the farmers to go into the dairy business. Don’t worry about the probability of over-doing the business. There is nothing in that. There is too much confinement and hard work and head work about the dairy business to suit everybody. There are plenty of men who don’t like to work quite enough to be successful in the dairy business, and for that reason the business will not be over-done, and for that reason the business is a safe one for a man who will do the work and submit himself to the confinement. And then, the price of butter is almost a uniform price. The average yearly price of butter, that is, the price for which a man sells the whole of the butter produced by the cow in the milking period, is very nearly uniform, and the average price of butter for a series of years is almost on a dead level, and the price is always high. The money that a man makes from the cow comes to him in small A—2 386 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. amounts, and with them he pays his running expenses. When he sells his hogs or cattle he has money to pay off larger bills. The dairy business is a cash business. It enables the farmer to look the store-keeper in the face when he meets him, because he doesn’t owe him money. The dairy business makes for more wealth, better farms, better buildings, for pianos and top buggies, and education for the children, for general prosperity for the community, for better times for the farmer and his wife, and every- body with whom they come in contact. There is no line of agriculture that is more certain and safe and profitable than the dairy business. QUALITY IN DAIRY” PRODUCES: (Hon. Ed. H. Webster, Chief of Dairy Division, Washington, D. O.) I have heard so many sides of the dairy business discussed since I have been here that I feel you are pretty well on to the situation and don’t need much outside help. However, there is one matter which has been discussed only in a general way, and that is how to get quality in our dairy products. I believe you will agree with me that that is a most important thing to you as the producer of milk, to you as agent who is buying the milk, and to you as a manufacturer of butter. The greatest question that presents itself to you is the matter of quality, and you cannot let it go by without serious consideration. In dairy work there are a few principles we must not forget that will tend to either make for success or failure, so far as quality is concerned. We see a great deal in the papers nowadays about conditions that surround the milk supply of our cities. By some expensive buildings are being put up, and thousands of dollars are being put into plants for the purpose of pro- ducing a pure article of milk. The idea seems to be that all this is nec- essary in order to produce a pure article. It is seemingly forgotten that the production of pure milk does not depend on expensive buildings and machinery, but that it all depends on the man producing this milk. The milk distributor, the butter maker or the cheese maker can do nothing; he is absolutely tied, unless the farmer will produce for him a first-class article to work with. A man can go into our butter factories and make butter out of cream a week old, but he cannot make good butter—that kind of butter is hard to sell. I have been told all around by creamery men that one of the greatest questions that is coming to the dairy business, that is up to the dairy- man, is the question of quality in butter. If our creameries can get a good quality of cream that will make good quality of butter, which will STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 387 command the highest price on the market, the profits will come back to the producer; but if butter is made that brings two or three cents less to the pound, the producer of the cream has got to take that less— he must bear the brunt of it. Now, how can we produce a good quality of cream? In the first place, the matter of cleanliness is all important, and this is something so many of us do not understand. We think that the only dirt there is, is the dirt that we can see and knock off with our hands; sure enough, that is dirt—but there is in our work as dairymen a possibility of putting dirt into our milk that we cannot see. The average milker does not realize this, the average dairyman doesn’t know he is having any trouble _along that line until he gets word from his creamery that his cream is bad. The question of dirt is largely a question that involves the study of bacteria. If we inoculate our milk with germs of any kind, these germs are going to grow and develop in the milk, and it breaks down certain parts of that milk; it is the breaking down of those parts that gives the milk the peculiar flavor we sometimes get; and when we speak of that “cowy” odor, it is caused largely from the dirt that gets into the milk pail; and the butter or cheese made from that milk will have the same characteristics; the buttermaker cannot get rid of it. Must Have Clean Cows.—One of the essential things in getting clean milk is to milk clean cows with clean hands. You may have heard these things time and again, but it is a thing that ought to be em- phasized again and again, because it is a most serious proposition with you. That cow must be clean when you milk her. You will sit down and go to milking when the udder is loaded with dust and straw and, of course, that dirt goes into the milk pail. Now, if the dirt you can see was all that went into the pail, you would not have much trouble; we could run it through the separator and take that dirt out. Some people do that and think that is all that is necessary; but each particle that goes into that milk contains something else besides the dirt we can see. It is loaded with germ life of various kinds. That germ life enters the milk when it is warm, when the conditions are best for growth—they are of minute growth—just as when you put a seed of corn in the warm soil, and under right conditions of warmth and moisture and sunshine, that seed will begin to grow, these germs get into the milk and the con- ditions are just right; there is moisture and food and warmth, they grow very rapidly, they multiply themselves every few seconds, their reproduction is enormous, and just as long as we leave the milk under warm conditions those germs will continue to develop and the milk will sour. The first step is to keep these germs out of the milk, and 388 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. farmers ought to recognize that fact. It is not the dirt he can see, but it is the bacteria on that dirt. The air in the barn, if not kept pure, becomes full of germs. When the cow is fed hay, the air becomes full of dust, which carries great numbers of germs. When the cow is milked in these barns with the air in this condition, the dust falls into the pail and the germs carried by it find the right conditions there for develop- ing; there may be only a comparatively small number, but these few will multiply and develop and make thousands and millions. It is matters of this kind we do not realize when milking a cow. A great many farmers say they cannot milk with dry hands. You milk with wet hands, your hands are warm and moist and the milk on them spreads over the udder, and the heat of your hands is just right for rapid re- production of germs. You inoculate that milk, and it gradually finds its way into the pail; for that reason you ought to milk with dry and clean hands. Cool the Milk Quickly—The next step in getting pure milk is to put-it in condition so that these germs cannot grow. I said that in grow- ing corn we had to have certain conditions, there must be warmth and moisture, or the seed will not grow—simply lie dormant. It is the same way with the germs. If they do not have sufficient warmth they will not grow. Not one farmer in one hundred realizes what this means. Some of the best dairy men, who deliver milk in the cities, claiming to supply sanitary milk, themselves do not know what this means. They will allow the milk to stand for a long time after milking, without cooling, and in that time the germs will multiply into thousands, and thousands into millions. One of the points that ought to be driven into the mind of every dairyman and farmer is that the more quickly that milk can be cooled the better article he is going to have. If the conditions in his barn have not been ideal (which is the case with ninety-nine per cent of the barns) he must realize that if he will take that milk and cool it immediately—let just as few minutes elapse as possible between milking and cooling—he can put it in condi- tion that the germs cannot grow rapidly, and that, if they do not grow, the milk will remain in good condition for a long time. There was a shipment of milk made from a farm in Illinois to Paris. This milk was neither pasteurized nor doped with preservatives. It was simply clean milk, cooled immediately after milking, and fourteen or fifteen days later it was served in the cafes in Paris, and was much better than the milk they could get there. This shows what can be done by cleanly methods of handling milk. It is all-important to every one of you. If you are shipping cream, of course, you have got to pass STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 389 your milk through the separator, and I know a great many farmers who allow their milk to stand in cans without any attention for a long time after milking, when it should be separated immediately after milking. That cream is what is bringing you the money, and it needs attention. Sometimes when you have only a small quantity of cream vou will set it away in a pail and pay no attention to it; it is warm, and just in condition for the germs to multiply and sour the cream. This kind of cream makes rancid butter and gives rise to “fishy” flavors and other undesirable flavors. It is a very simple business when you understand it. When the farmer puts away his cream to cool he should put it in a can that will expose as much of the surface of the cream as possible to the cooling medium. The water that comes from our wells is the best thing to use, or ice water, if you have ice, is better. That water should be pumped fresh and kept fresh, and the cream should be stirred every few minutes, and it will soon be down to the temperature of the water and the growth of the germs will be checked. Of course, this takes a little time, and some will say they do not get any more money for doing it, but you had better do it right now, and stay right, and you will not have to learn your lessons all over. An Important Question Is, How Often Should Cream be Delivered? That depends a great deal on whether or not the farmer follows the pre- cautions I have been setting forth. Some farmers will neglect to cool their cream, and let it stand at eighty degrees Fahr.; then they will cool it down to fifty-five degrees F., and check the growth of the germs and go away and let it alone, and let it gradually warm up again. The temperature gradually rises, the germs, which have been checked by the cooling process, begin to grow and multiply faster than if their growth . had not been checked. That is shown by experimental evidence. These experiments show that decomposition takes place with extreme rapidity and when you cool down the milk and let it gradually warm up again. Many of us have not enough cream to ship every day. We cannot ship after every milking, but we have cream from the separator twice a day, and we have to cool this cream and keep it down to a tempera- ture necessary for the checking of the growth of the germs. Another mistake we make—we will take fresh cream up to eighty-five degrees F. and pour it into the cold cream and warm up the whole mass, and set the germs growing again. This mass will sour very much quicker than under other conditions. After all of that cream has been cooled to the same temperature, it can all be put together with perfect safety, but when you pour the warm cream in with the cold cream it destroys 390 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. all the effect of your former work. Let me impress all these things on youl; you cannot be too strict in observing them. The Cow Barn.—Another phase of the question is the surround- ings for your cow—the barn you keep her in. I don’t want to touch the veterinarian side of this question at all, but I say this simply from a standpoint of producing clean milk—you must have a barn well venti- lated and lighted. I have been traveling all over the country and I take special notice of the different kinds of barns as seen from the train window. Most of the barns you see all over the country never present a window. They may have a little port hole of a door, but most of the time that is closed, no light whatever in the barn. I was very much ‘ pleased to see a well-built barn somewhere down the line of the Missouri Pacific road, as I was coming here. Don’t know who built it, but evidently some one who understands his business—understands the need of light and ventilation. It had windows on all sides—well supplied with light and built according to the modern idea—if there is anywhere you need air and light, it is in the cow barn. It tends to keep the cows healthy, and to the production of clean milk, and the growth of bacteria is checked in such a barn, well lighted and ventilated. Darkness is essen- tial to the growth of germs. They are killed by sunshine—there is no better or cheaper disinfectant than sunshine. You believe in putting your milking utensils out in the sunshine, don’t you? Well, that sun- shine is also essential in the barn. You can have it arranged so the sun- shine can be shut out when necessary, and arrange it so that you can get a fresh supply of air all the time. This is essential from the health standpoint of the animal. DISCUSSION. Mr. Clark—What do you consider the best floor for the cow barn? Mr. Webster—This is a most important point. I consider cement one of the best materials for floor construction. It can be washed and kept clean, and it is better from a financial standpoint, as it will last a life time ; whereas, if you have a wooden floor, you have to be building a new one every four or five years. There is an objection raised by many people to the cement floor; they say it is too cold. When the cow lies down her udder comes in contact with it, the udder is highly congested with blood, and perhaps, coming in contact with the cold floor, when in this feverish condition, is not best. If you cared to you could put in a cement floor and put in a wooden frame where the cow lies down. It does not cost much to fix up the barn in this way. I am not satisfied STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 391 that there is as much importance in that matter as some of our dairy- men think there is. Mr. Jones—I am just beginning in the dairy business, and want to get right at the start. I have been milking twenty cows. In regard to separating the milk, it does not seem practical to me to separate it as quickly as you suggest. I don’t want to begin separating until I am through milking, because I would have to stop the separator to finish the milking; I try to do it as quickly as I can after I get through, but where you have a great many cows to milk it takes time to get around to it. Mr. Webster—Of course, that would depend upon your circum- stances as to how quickly you do it, and upon how much help you have; but it is the principle I am trying to emphasize—do it just as quickly as possible. The quicker the better the results. Mr. Miller—Will the department at Washington furnish bulletins to those interested in dairying? Mr. Webster—Yes; just drop a line to the Dairy Division, stating what you want in the way of information, and the bulletin-will be sent to you. Mr. Miller—Do you send a number to one person, or send to each person, when a list is sent in? Mr. Webster—If you will send in the names and addresses, plainly written, the bulletin will be sent to each person named. We send to each person individually, because in coming direct from the department it is given a personal touch, and will be given more attention, as a rule. Mr. Bruns—Speaking about milking with dry hands—I always brush the udder off clean and then put tallow or vaseline on my hands. Is there any injury in that? I don’t like to milk with dry hands. Mr. Webster—No. Just so the dirt don’t stick to your hands and you have the udder thoroughly clean before milking. RESOLUTIONS. Adopted by the 16th annual meeting of the Missouri State Dairy Association. We, the Missouri State Dairy Association, in 16th annual convention assembled, do hereby resolve: 1. That we feel deeply grateful to the Commercial Club of the City of Jefferson for its generous support and assistance, which has made 302 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. possible one of the most valuable meetings in the history of the Si ciation. 2. That we tender our thanks to the band, orchestra and on who assisted them, for the excellent music furnished. 3. That we appreciate the presence of the gentlemen who are repre- senting the various hand separators and supply- houses, and that we recognize in them able allies in the work of developing the dairy business. 4. That we appreciate the good work done by the various news- papers in giving publicity to this meeting, and that we recognize them as a powerful factor in advancing the dairy interests of the State. 5. That we appreciate the efficient work done by the Agricultural College at Columbia, and especially the Dairy Department. 6. That we again call the attention of the Curators of the Univer- sity to the urgent need of a new modern dairy barn at the Agricultural College. The present structure is entirely unsuitable for housing ie valuable herd of dairy cattle now owned by the college. 7. That we commend the appointment of E. H. Webster as chief of the Dairy Division at Washington on account of his recognized ability and knowledge of the conditions and needs of the dairy interests. 8. That the Secretary of the Association be authorized to express the thanks of the dairymen of Missouri to the State Fair management for the improved facilities for dairy exhibits at the State Fair. 9. That the Association recognizes Secretary Ellis of the State Board of Agriculture as one of the best friends of the dairy interests in Mis- souri and fully appreciates the valuable work he is doing. 10. That the question of securing unadulterated feeding stuffs is of growing importance to the dairymen of Missouri, and that the Experi- ment Station should be given the same power of control and inspection over them as it now exercises over the sale of commercial fertilizers. We ask the Experiment Station to take steps towards securing this au- thority as soonas possible and pledge the support of the Dairy Associa- tion. 11. That we thank Gov. Folk for the interest in our welfare shown by his approving the bill providing for a dairy commissioner and hereby instruct the Secretary of the Association to send him our written word of thanks for appointing Prof. R. M. Washburn, the choice of the Asso- ciation, to the office of Dairy Commissioner. 12. That we approve of the work of the Dairy Commissioner and endorse his plan of work for the future. 13. That we realize the need of a larger force of inspectors to guard the interests of the producer and consumer of dairy products. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 393 14. That we hereby tender our thanks to the distinguished visitors from our neighboring states for the able assistance and splendid enter- tainment and instruction they have rendered us. 15. That we appreciate in the fullest and highest degree the very valuable services rendered by the retiring Secretary of this Association for the valuable assistance he has rendered in making this meeting a suc- cess. 16. That we recognize in our retiring President, Mr. Marple, the principal force which has led and developed our Association out of its wabbling infant condition and placed it upon the sound legs of healthy vouth where it is a potent factor in the life of the State. In our inability to adequately express our deep appreciation for his invaluable services, we thank him and hope we may have his attendance and advice at many subsequent meetings. MISSOURI. (Hon. W. D. Vandiver, Superintendent State Insurance Department, Jefferson City, Mo.) I am proud of the fact that Iam a Missourian. I have traveled a little bit over the country. I have seen many of the other states of the Union, and they are all grand and great—there is not a place between the two oceans that a man cannot live and be happy, if he will behave himself; but I want to say in all candor, I believe there are more of the necessities of human comfort and happiness to be found between Iowa and Arkansas and between the Mississippi river and Kansas than in any other equal area beneath the shining sun. They tell us that during the presidency of Jefferson he paid Napo- leon fifteen millions of dollars for the Louisiana Purchase. Now Mis- souri is only one of the thirteen states and two territories carved out of that great area; and I want to tell you that, although that seems like an immense sum of money, last year alone the single State of Missouri paid into the National treasury in taxes enough money to foot the whole bill and then have a million and a half left over to celebrate the event; not only that, but Missouri last year produced enough mules to have paid the bill, and then paid the whole expense of the World’s Fair besides. Iam not here especially to talk for the Missouri mule, but he is a won- derful product. At his best, he stands 17 to 19 hands high, and weighs 1,900 pounds. The world has heard of the Missouri mule, and it has come to the point that no nation on earth dares go to war without first sending to Missouri for a supply of mules. His supremacy is acknow- 3904 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ledged either in time of peace or time of war. I take off my hat to the Missouri mule and stand at a respectful distance. Besides the Missouri mule, the hen alone could have paid the whole price of the Louisiana Purchase last year, and then paid it over again in- side of six months. Not only the Missouri mule and the hen, but the Missouri hog also commands my respect, for he, too, could have paid the whole price of the Louisiana Purchase in one year, and paid it again before the year was out, and it would not have to be a good year for hogs, either. And then the Missouri cow comes in. Talk about the dairy pro- ducts! Why the Missouri cow could have paid the whole cost of the Louis- iana Purchase in the butter and milk that were sold last year, to say noth- ing of what we ate ourselves, and to say nothing of the beef and cheese. If I knew a little more about the subject I would talk more about the cow and the products of the cow. Some people can talk best about the things they know least about, but I have to know a little something about a thing before I can talk about it. I do know, however, that when I was a boy on the farm I loved the horse and loved to take care of him, and I liked to see the cow out in the pasture, but when it came milking time I did not want to get close to her. I have always thought that whenever some fellow has genius enough to invent a machine for milking cows, I will go into the dairy business. I think I could do the churning, but the milking part I have never been fond of; but, by the way, I saw an illus- tration the other day ofa milking process in connection with the insur- ance business. It was a magnificent cow—great fine specimen of the dairy herd, and she was well fed, and there was a fellow holding a large bucket to catch the milk in, and the bucket was labeled “dividends to be collected ;’ and the policy holder was sitting way back watching the bucket very carefully ; but the fellow that was doing the milking seemed to have a yellow tube that caught the milk before it got into the bucket and passed it off into another bucket outside that was labeled “Insurance of- ficials’ private bucket.’ This is the insurance feature of the dairy busi- ness. ‘ The Missouri cow commands my respect; have always been fond of good milk and butter, and. if somebody gives me a good farm I'll go into the dairy business sure. The Missouri horse also commands my admiration. There’s only one thing in the world that takes my eye off a fine horse, and that’s a pretty woman. Missouri has both. The records show that 26 per cent of all the registered saddle horses in the United States come from Mis- souri; there is only one other state in the Union that can measure up to her, and that is Kentucky. The live stock industry of Missouri in a sin- STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 395 gle year is valued over $200,000,000; the grain product of Missouri is valued at another $200,000,000. The corn product of Missouri is one- tenth of the entire world’s supply. In wheat, Missouri produces more than England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales all put together—produces more wheat than all the New England states, with Pennsylvania and Delaware thrown in. Missouri is the only State in the Union that has granite enough to wall her in on all sides; iron and zinc enough to roof her in; timber enoughrto house her whole population for 1,000 years to come; coal and wood enough to keep them warm, and agricultural resources enough to provide them with all the necessities and most of the luxuries that can be found in the temperate zone; more, I say, of the necessities and com- forts and luxuries than any other state in the Union, more of these things that stir the vitality of human effort and reward the industry of man- kind than can be found in any equal area between the two oceans, or be- yond the two oceans. We have all these things, but we are not through ‘yet. We have tunneled the mountains, covered the land with a net-work of iron rails, built cities whereIndian wigwams once stood, and turned the forests into flower gardens of beauty; but we are not through yet. I want to remind you there are 300,000 farmers in Missouri that are in the mud six months in the year. When it comes to means of transportation, a magnificent system of railroads covers our country, but the country roads are still in the mud. The next great movement that ought to be entered into by the people of our State, and of the whole country, is the building of better country roads. I have heard that in France, in Ger- many and in Italy the tiller of the soil can trasport his products to market at a cost of about eight cents per ton per mile, while here in Mis- souri, and in nearly all parts of our country, it costs the farmer 25 cents per ton per mile to get his produce to market—the difference is in the roads he has to take that freight over. I want to live to see the time when the whole United States will have as good a road system as the countries of Europe have today. We are ahead of every other country in the world in the progress of civilization, in science and literature, yet we are behind every great civilized country on the question of roads. I want to call your attention to one point in that connection—a good road is not only an advantage to the man who lives along it—a good road is an advantage to the man who lives in the city 100 miles away. A good road brings the butter and beef from the farm and dairy just that much closer to the man in the city who wants to consume these products. It is therefore unfair to expect that the man who lives on the road shall bear the entire expense of building the road. 396 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. The farmer is already taxed equally with other people, if not more heavily, and he ought not to be expected to bear the entire expense of building country roads. We would like to see a system adopted, some- what, at least, similar to that adopted for the support of common schools, by which we could distribute the burden of taxation. Thank the Lord, we are out of debt—we owe nobody anything but our own children—our school fund. I would put the proposition in this way—that we will be able, in the near future, to do one of two things—either reduce the State taxes again, or apply one million dollars a year to the building of country roads, and I believe when the alternative comes, the people themselves will favor the latter. Put one million dollars a year out of the State treas- ury in the counties to help the plan of co-operation between the State, the county and the township, and it will not be long before we can build good roads in every county in the State. I also believe that the National government ought to help in the pro- position, too. We are building roads in the Philippines, and even in Cuba and Porto Rico. I want to say that I believe that if the National gov- ernment would spend one-half the money, distributing it among the peo- ple, on this co-operative plan for the purpose of assisting in the building cf roads, that they are now spending in enterprises thousands of miles away from home, not only our own State, but the whole country, would reap a benefit never known before in the history of the country. Last win- ter during my last term in Congress I tried to introduce a bill making an appropriation of eight million dollars for country roads. Of course, they would not pass it, said it was not germain. This is not a political question. I believe the first bill for an appropriation for roads that was introduced into Congress three years ago was introduced by a Republican, and the next by a Democrat; both parties are divided on the subject. I would like to see every Missouri farmer put the proposition up to his Congressman, whether Republican or Democrat, and ask him how he is going to vote on that proposition. I guess I have taken up enough of your time. I always like to talk about Missouri. I could say much more, but this is enough, and [I thank you for the kind attention you have given me. STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 397 ADDRESS OF MR. D. J. CLIFFORD, ASSISTANT DAIRY COM- MISSIONER. (Delivered before the State Dairy Convention, Jefferson Oity, Nov. 15-17, 1905.) Mr. President, Members of the State Dairy Association, Ladies and Gentlemen : It is with much trepidation that I attempt to address you in the closing hours of this convention, as I feel not only a natural diffidence but a lack of ability to fully compensate you for the time that I may occupy in my brief remarks. After listening attentively and instructively to the eloquent and ex- ceedingly felicitous remarks of the distinguished corps of lecturers who have honored us with their presence, from the various states in the Union, supplemented by the magnificent address of Hon. W. D. Vandiver, on “Missouri,” it would be a travesty on your patience and an unwar- ranted presumption on my part to further inflict you with any humble efforts of mine. Nevertheless, I would be derelict to every sense of honor, propriety and the ethics of comradeship were I to remain silent. This meeting has been to me unquestionably one of the greatest events of my life. For three days I have attended every session of the Association, and noted with carefulness and precision the various points of interest, touching upon dairy economy, by eminent authorities from many states. These papers evidenced great depth and exactness of re- search, forethought and large experience along the lines of this special industry. I was surprised that our worthy chairman, who manages and has the exclusive control of one of the largest individual creameries in the world, could take charge and draw into requisition so many experts. This program has been filled from beginning to end without the elimi- nation of a single number. - Notwithstanding the wonderful fertility of our soil, the salubrity of our climate, the abundance of pure water and the millions of acres of unused soil producing succulent grasses, especially adapted for dairy feeding, we have been a laggard in the march of progress in the devel- opment of dairy enterprise. I will state a few of the reasons that have conduced to this result. It proceeds from the fact that the Missouri farmer has devoted most of his time to the raising of live stock and the production of cereals, and only recently he has begun to see the value of the dairy industry. It is only within the last decade that the meetings of farmers’ institutes have been largely attended. I am pleased to note 308 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. that scientific farming is now an accomplished fact throughout the length and breadth of this commonwealth. Inquiries are daily being made through the Secretary of Agriculture for bulletins and other information of value to the farmer. I fully realize that the struggle will not be an easy one, and the State Board of Agriculture, through its executive of- ficers and the State Dairy Commission, are lending every energy to the farmers in the encouragement of this line of activity. There is no rose bush without its thorns; no day without the approach of evening shades; . no life without the menace of death; no compensation without great labor, and it will require assiduous effort, intelligent direction and un- flagging zeal to bring about the most beneficent results. I have been a close student of conditions for the past two decades, at least, having read the current newspapers and magazines, and the best thought of the age, and I want to say to you that I have never witnessed anything that equals the Missourian when once aroused; he is patient, yet intelligent and aggressive. We have passed through a long period of darkness, but the Venus-like god of peace beckons on the morning of our glorious deliverance into a new empire of industrial activity, with its accompanying reward. At this epoch in our history, when every fiber of our commercial be- ing, as well as agricultural life, is thrilling with vivifying force, it is fortunate that the affairs of State are in such excellent hands. At the other end of the capitol, we have as our chief executive a modest, unas- suming gentleman, who is actuated by the spirit of the highest patriotism, and whose love for Missouri partakes of an almost idolatrous nature. In the selection of his appointees, he has been actuated solely for the better- ment of conditions, and no man whose private character is not above re- proach, is called to fill any responsible position. It has been my pleasure, and I consider it a distinguished privilege, to have discussed with him, at various times, the possibilities of dairying in this State, and he has assured me on every ocasion that he will lend every energy within his power to help us in bringing about the most successful results. As the paling tinges of age accumulate, we observe a tendency to re- call the memory of flowers that bloom from the stem of youthful incident and association, and those of the most brilliant hue and fragrant perfume were culled along the path that many of the persons present trod to- gether. Later years lack the vitalizing power of unselfish sympathy and fellow feeling, and we unconsciously turn to the bubbling springs that trickled with the gems of by-gone days. I have listened with unabated interest to the tales related by the early pioneers, telling of the stirring episodes of the past, and I was filled with interest to see the fires of enthusiasm burn as brightly now STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION, 399, among this rugged and worthy class as actuated them in the early days of their activity. You are going to be rewarded for the courage and en- ergy you have displayed during the past sixteen years in Missouri in following up and advocating the cause of dairy industry. I am studying the thing closely, and I must say you have admirable men in Missouri; authorities on the question, devoting their lives and energies to this cause, giving time to this movement that practically should be devoted to something else, but they see a future in it. Among the many eminent gentlemen who have contributed their time, energy and best effort to the cause I wish to include Honorable George B. Ellis, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. A distinguished authority and man of national reputation recently told me that Mr. Ellis is unquestionably the ablest man and best authority on this subject of any secretary connected with any State Department in the United States. _ A practical farmer, with four years’ service in the State Legislature, and a number of years in his present position, he is fortified and willing to be of great assistance to us in the future. As Dairy Commissioner for Missouri we have a man of practi- cal and scientific knowledge; a man whose ability has been commended on this floor by the Dairy Commissioners of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, who all know him personally, having worked with him, and his work is known in the Department of Agriculture in Washington, where his observations have been accepted. Governor Folk has been exceedingly fortunate in selecting such an excellent man for this place. I wish to state to the dairy men of Missouri that if they have any legislation which they wish to formulate for the development of this busi- ness, put it in shape and send to Professor Washburn or myself, and we will endeavor to co-operate with them in bringing about better results, and I feel assured that our Governor will make recommendations that will advance the cause of dairying in Missouri. Since the induction of Governor Folk into office the foot-fall of the lobbyist has been as echoless upon the capitol floor as the resounding tread of Caesar’s tenth legion. I trust that each member of this Asso- ciation, when he returns to his home, will consider the subject discussed seriously, and communicate with our Commission any facts he may giean or absorb relative to the betterment of conditions. As fruit ripens in the autumn time, I trust with each recurring an- niversary of our meeting our recollections will grow more mellow. I thank you for your patient hearing. ” ‘OIN ‘BIQUIN[OD ‘WA4BT 28}B1g UO O[IS 9U0JS MON “[T ans — TPE *« ; : $<; ' Ls vim (ei i> ied Uisey ‘aa vd ; i> a ’ ; P / We ey ~~ THE SILO, ITS USES AND HOW TO BUILD IT. (By R. M. Washburn, State Dairy Commissoner.) It is not given that one man shall have all the useful experience. Every man of deeds has experiences peculiar to his work and valuable to all men in his line of work. Let us then add to our knowledge from the experience of our neighbor, respecting his experience as we would ask that he respect our soundly learned lessons. In these days of books and papers, one man’s success or failure may prove a blessing to thou- sands. Let us, then, live in the present and improve our every oppor- tunity to learn. ADVANTAGES OF THE SILO. j Silage keeps young stock thrifty and growing all winter. It produces fat beef more cheaply than does dry feed. It enables cows to produce milk and butter more economically. Silage is more conveniently handled than dry fodder. The silo prevents waste of corn stalks, which contain about one- third ie food value of the entire crop. 6. There are no aggravating corn stalks in the manure when silage is fed. 7. The silo will make palatable food of stuff that would not other- wise be eaten. whe M 8. It enables a larger number of animals to be maintained on a given number of acres. g. It enables the farmer to preserve food which matures at a rainy time of the year, when drying would be next to impossible. 10. In the south, where the rainy season destroys the exposed fod- der, the silo will be found invaluable. HISTORY OF THE SILO. In Europe the silo has been known for hundreds of years. Ancient writers tell us of the practice of burying grain and green food in un- derground pits to preserve them from their enemies or against a poor year. These pits were ten to twelve feet deep, and often as wide, with bottom and sides made tight by plastering with clay. All manner of green foods were preserved in these pits by pressing well and covering with A—26 402 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. earth. T*oods thus treated would remain succulent and palatable for a year or more. Probably because of the labor attached to this method it had almost ceased to be practiced, when M. Reihlen of Stuttgart, Germany, in the middle of the nineteenth century, revived the practice among his people. The greatest boom that the silo has probably ever had was started by a French farmer, Auguste Goffart, who, in 1877, published a little book, giving the result of his 25 years of experience and observation in the matter of ensiling green foods. In 1875 the Department of Agricul- ture at Washington began to investigate the matter and published its findings. It is claimed that the first silo built in the United States was put up by Mr. F. Morris of Maryland in 1876. From that time on, the silo grew in favor with great rapidity. In England, in 1882, there were 6 silos; in 1884, 600; in 1886, 1,605, and in 1887, 2,694. No later statistics are available. The English farmers, as a class, are more con- servative than their American cousins; therefore, it is probably not un- Figure 2. At the end of the barn is frequently the most convenient place for a silo. Note how close the cutter with blower stands to the silo. (Courtesy Silver Mfg. Co.) safe to say that the growth in number of silos in this country has been fully as rapid as in England. The increase in this country is probably THE SILO. 403 more rapid now than at any previous time. This growth is a natural one, the result of true worth. The progress in the past has been inter- fered with to some extent by the extravagant claims of some overly enthusiastic writers. Now, that more is known of the silo, enough can be said without exaggerating. The silo in America will some day be as common as the cow stable. WHERE TO PLACE THE SILO. In former years the silo was placed inside the barn, but because of the odor that is constantly present with the silo it is now placed outside, but close, within two or three feet, to the side of the stable, best at the end of the main feeding alley. A door is cut through the wall at this point and the stable floor extended to fit against the silo. A cheap chute of boards is then built from the top of the silo to this extended floor. Silage thrown into this chute will drop into the basket or cart at the bottom, and will then be in the feeding alley, where wanted. When done feeding, the scatterings should be cleaned up and the door closed, to prevent a silage atmosphere in the stable. The outside silo usually has the advantage also of being easier to fill. FORM TO BUILD. At first silos were made-square or rectangular, because easier of construction, but it was soon found that it was next to impossible to pre- vent the silage in the corners, and along the sides, from spoiling. It did not settle evenly or firmly. Some old silos made with corners have been improved by cutting off the corners with concrete. A form was made of bent wood, which was tacked to the walls each side of the cor- ner, and concrete was slushed behind it. When this hardened the form was brought up to its width and the process continued. At this day there would be no excuse for building a silo with corners. A cyclindrical silo causes no waste and will contain more silage for the amount of material used in building than a square one. SIZE TO BUILD. The larger the silo the cheaper it will be per ton capacity, but if too large for the number of stock to be fed, there will be a cntinual waste from decay. Silage exposed to the air, in warm weather, will spoil in 2 or 3 days, so stock will not eat it. When once the silo ts opened it should be fed from continuously until empty. Build the silo small enough, so that the animals fed will consume a quantity of silage each day equal to a layer about two inches thick over the entire surface of the 404 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. silage. Silage keeps better in a deep silo than in a shallow one, because more firmly packed. More feed can also be stored in a given space. Mr. Figure 8. A stave silo being filled with the blower. (Courtesy Silver Mfg. Co.) A. J. Glover, formerly of the Illinois Agricultural College, now with “Hoard’s Dairyman,” recommends the following: No. of animals to be fed from silo for 200 days. aiaiieior Helse pyar Saag feet. ; in tons. PARLOR OO teri cenae niacin et bic e 4eici Mec eala sie) aialetnetsin ow ierenavele'r 14 28 8to 9 100 BOnuOusUnaiste ities ebtatsicte ieee alas case's male ealen ei elaisiarste sl 15 30 9 to 10 115 fst 100.13 7 Bioest cbe aide CS OOO S CRICCOE MUO DE RICOO DAE Se 16 52 11 to 12 145 DD MUO TAO ee Fave onions avale s wie were ai slecteny bivaialMeteiee eete eines 17 34 12 to 14 175 MONCORAD I acco cntacar seus Gee cete cased ceeececens sees 18 36 15 to 17 200 BREW NOO Sate otn circ iatnrad wae oie cdl statue ialnaet Kee piece 19 38 18 to 20 250 GUPTA CO aes ehatare adios 6 ence oid oo ocad Bete ed emniylchn mire 20 40 23 to 25 300 “A silo should never be built over 20 feet in diameter. If it is necessary to have more material to feed it is better to build two small receptacles than one larger than 20 feet in diameter. It involves con- siderably more labor to handle silage in a very large structure than in THE SILO. 405 one of reasonable size. Many farmers prefer to have two silos. They feed from one during the winter, and have the contents of the other fer mid-summer’s feeding.”’ CONSTRUCTION OF SILOS. Essential Features—It does not matter what material the silo is made of; it must be air tight on sides and at bottom. Any crack or ~ knot hole or poor joint at the door will admit air, and the silage will rot just in proportion to the amount of air that enters. The receptacle must be strong enough to withstand the lateral pressure of the silage when it settles. This lateral pressure at 10 feet from the top is 110 pounds per square foot, at 20 feet 220 pounds, and at 30 feet, 330 pounds, and at 40 feet, 440 pounds. It is very difficult to make deep rectangular .silos whose walls will not spring enough to allow air to circulate up and down the sides and cause losses. Depth of the Silo—This should be made as great as practical, because, Ist, in this way the largest amount of food per cubic foot of space may be stored; and, 2nd, the silage keeps better because packed so solid; and, 3rd, there is less relative loss at the surface. The top of the silage always spoils to a depth of 2 to 8 inches. No silo should be less than 25 feet deep. A silo 20x40 will hold twice as much as one 20x25, and one 36 feet deep will hold 5 times as much as one 12 feet deep. Summer silos should be deeper in proportion than those intended for winter use, because the silage spoils faster in summer and must be fed down at the rate of about three inches a day to have always fresh silage. Foundation.—This must start on level, firm earth, and should ex- tend about 2 feet above the surface of the ground. If the foundation is started deep the hole should be dug large enough to give ample room outside of the wall to thoroughly tamp the earth up close to the founda- tion. There is a tremendous outward pressure against this wall, es- pecially in deep silos, and if it is not made strong it will crack and admit air. It is also well to build’ into the wall, about 18 inches above the surface of the ground, several heavy wires to keep the wall from cracking. It should be made of stone or brick, laid in cement mortar, or of concrete, and from 12 to 18 inches thick, depending on the height the silo is to extend above it. Placed Partly in Ground.—It is a good plan to dig down 4 or § feet in order to secure good, firm earth on which to start the founda- tion, and also in order to get the greatest capacity in the silo without 406 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. going too high into the air. Deeper than five feet would not be either convenient or safe. Drainage-—Care must be taken in wet places not to dig down much, or else the soil must be drained. In many places even a good wall of stone, laid in cement, and well plastered inside with cement, will not keep the soil water out. In some parts of the south the houses can have no cellars on this account. Protection Against Frost.—It does not injure silage to freeze. Even if the heat of the silage itself should not prevent the portion close to the wall from freezing, that portion may be piled up by itself on the silage and fed as soon as it does thaw out. Floor.——On sandy soil a floor will be needed to keep out soil air, but on clay land there need be no floor unless rats and mice trouble, then a cement floor may be laid. Roof.—tin the southern portion of this State and south no roof is needed. Farther north, where a snow fall may be counted on a cheap roof will be found convenient, not that the snow would injure the silage, but that it would mix with it and be in the way when fed. Painting of Wood Silos——A. coat of paint or tar on the inside of a wood silo does not prevent the silage juice getting into the wood, but does retard it drying out when the silo is empty, and thus hastens decay. The outside may be painted and the inside washed with a wood pre- servative, something that will not hold the water and will destroy the mould plant in the wood. Cement Work.—Every farmer who makes farm conveniences, such as stable floors, fence posts, silos, etc., of cement (and this should in- clude practically all farmers) should send to the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., and ask for farmers’ bulletin No. 235, on “Cement Mortar and Concrete, Preparation and Use for Farm Purposes.” It gives in plain language the kind of material, pro- portions to use, and how to proceed to make everything needed in cement on the farm. THE KIND OF SILO TO BUILD. This will depend very much on the cost of lumber, stone, sand and gravel in the particular neighborhood and on the farmers’ ability to build permanently, even though it does cost somewhat more at the start. On a permanent stock farm, where the farmer has means to build well, there is no doubt that the stone, concrete or cement block silo would prove the most economical, but where there is limited means, and on farms that are’rented for a short term of years, the all-wood stave or the wood frame cement Jined silo would be more profitable. THE SILO. 407 STONE SILO. When stone is cheap and a long-lived silo the object, the stone silo may be the most economical. That portion of the stone work which lies below the surface of the earth should be laid in cement rather than lime mortar. Lime sets very slowly under ground. “After the wall is 2 feet above ground a good lime mortar may be used, but in this case there ought to be at least two months for the wall to season and set before filling.” —— CSS SS <¢ c Figure 4. Shows construction of stone silo. The basement “A” is a little too dee, for any but bank barns. ‘B” shows a cross-section of the silo. ‘‘C’? and “D” the door *Way. “EH” the door in side view and end view. ‘F”’ the door in place. (After King.) © The wall at the bottom should be 18 inches in thickness and at top 12 or ten inches, the narrowing being made on the outside, the diameter inside being kept the same all the way up. See figure 4. The Missouri Experiment Station built a stone silo in the summer of 1905. It is 20 feet in diameter and 4o feet high, holds about 275 tons. The wall is 18 inches in thickness, laid up in lime mortar. Above and below the five openings in the silo one-half inch iron rods are built into the wall in the form of hoops to keep it from springing or cracking. The inside is plastered smooth with Portland cement mortar. For the construction of this silo there were required, ap- proximately, 120 perch of stone. The average cost of labor in con- struction was $3.50 a perch. The first cost seems great, but with an occasional whitewashing with cement inside to fill the small checks, it ought to last a hundred years. This is the silo referred to as having had no roof during the fall rains. See figure 1. 408 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. The Doors.——Doors for feeding should be arranged as in figure 4. The door frames should be made of 4x6 stuff, matched together at corners. A Ix4 board may be firmly nailed on the inside of this frame to form a jamb for the door to fit against. To make the door fit air tight, tack felt on the edge of this jamb. Arrange to have the door flush with inside wall of the silo and have stones projecting into the doorway enough to hold the pressure of the silage against the door. Make the 4x6 door frames 20 by 30 inches inside, then meche the door of two thichnesses of matched flooring, running in opposite di- rections and all screwed firmly together and to two firm 1x4 cross pieces, which are on the outside. Through the center of the door, projecting outward, put a 5 bolt, to inches long. This should have a large washer on the inside. ‘This bolt is to put through a 3x4 cross piece to draw the door up snug to the jamb. The silage above will not press it snug enough and it is unwise to nail it. This makes an exceptionally good structure, though one of rather great first cost. CEMENT BLOCK SILO. Cement is getting to take the place of stone in most lines of con- struction. There are a few cement block silos in this State. Mr. J. O. Bailey, Kirksville, Adair county, Mo., has one 16 by 32 feet, of which he says: . “T made the blocks myself—size 8 by 8 by 24 inches, curved enough so that 25 of them would lay a complete circle, 16 feet in diameter in the clear. Proportioned the cement and sand 1 to 5, t. @, I part cement to 5 parts sand. It took about 50 yards of sand and zos sacks of cement. I also laid a No. 9 wire between each layer of blocks up twenty feet. I don’t think now it is really necessary to use the wire. “T had a mason to superintend making of the blocks, but any one with average intelligence can make the blocks as good as a mason. The main thing is to get sand and cement thoroughly mixed. It does not want to be too wet, just moist enough to pack good in the mold. After the blocks have been made half a day or so they should be wet every day; this keeps them from drying too fast and from cracking. “T hired a mason to lay up the blocks; this is the only skillful work about it, they have got to be laid up true. I did not cement inside of silo. My silage spoiled some around the outside. This is due to lack of moisture in the silage and also in the wall. I should have wet the silage and wall as the silo was filled, but was not fixed to do this. “My silo is built 3% feet below the surface and in the last 4 ot 5 feet of silage there was not a forkful spoiled, THE SILO. 409 “Two men can make go to 100 blocks a day after they become ac- customed to it. I used a wood mold which any carpenter can make and will not cost over $1 or $1.50, at most. “Now as to the doors. I used 2x6 plank for the jambs and set them flush with the outside of the wall; as the blocks are 8 inches thick there are two inches on inside for door to set in. The doors are ship-lap doubled with a good quality of tar paper in between, also a layer of tar paper on the side that sets against the jamb. The doors are 2 feet square and every 4 feet. Total cost about $225.00. The cost for labor to fill it I estimate at $50.00.” This is a cost of nearly $2.00 per ton capacity, but inasmuch as it will last a great many years it may be the cheapest kind in the long run. See figures 5 and 6 for block silo and form of a block. figure 5. Cement block silo. The kind built by Mr. Dunlap of Center, Ralls county. (Courtesy Hoard’s Dairyman.) Mr. Alfred S. Dunlap, Centre, Ralls county, Mo., has a cement block silo 16 by 32 feet inside, extends 18 inches in the ground. He says, “The blocks are 6x6 inches by 2 feet long. Used 200 sacks of Portland or Atlas Brand cement in the foundation and blocks. 1,400 410 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. blocks were required to build it. Just what the cost was I do not know, as my farm help worked at making the blocks, commencing in the spring and working at odd times. It, perhaps, cost $275.00, but I did not haul my sand and gravel more than a 100 rods. [ used a No. 14 cutter and a 10 horse-power traction engine, and did the work of cut- ting to my entire satisfaction. We worked three days and filled it about Figure 6. Form of block used in the silo. Note the manner of reinforcing the blocks by means of 3% iron binders. The hollow blocks require less material than the solid ones, and will not freeze so readily. (Courtesy Hoard’s Dairyman.) two-thirds full, and filled with corn grown on bottom land and very heavy.” Mr. Dunlap here touches a very important point. He got his material in the spring and had his men work at block making when they could do little else, thus saving much valuable time. Mr. Dunlap also mentions having a loss of silage close to the wall because, as he says, he did not cement up the inside after the blocks were laid up. The inside should be well cemented to close all pores possible, then, when the fodder is cut in, water in plenty should be used, especially around the edges next to the walls. CONCRETE SILO. Silos are getting to be made of concrete, slushed and tamped into a solid structure by means of forms. The only one in this State known to the writer is that of Mr. C. J. W. Jones, Roanoke, Howard county, Mo. This silo was built in the summer of 1905. It is 16 by 40 feet inside measurement, it being 9 feet in the ground. He first dug the hole and leveled the bottom. Then started the inside form, which was made of old pieces of fence boards, stood on end around the circle and held_ in place by thin limber boards tacked onto them. He also had a center THE SILO. 4Il pole to guide by and brace to. The bottom wall was made thick ane tamped against the earth bank. When the level of the ground was reached he carefully leveled up the work and started the outside form, which was made of a band of iron,.20 inches wide and 53.43 feet long, rolled to form the circle and was fastened with clamps at the ends. The silo being 16 feet in diameter and the walls 6 inches thick, the form is then 17 feet in diameter. This was leveled and the space between itand the inner wall of boards filled with concrete and tamped. When this hardened the form was loosened, raised and screwed tight again after getting it level; the space again filled and so on to the top. The inner wall was raised as needed, being braced against the center pole from all sides. See figure 7. Notice at the top of the silo the iron form still stands surrounding the wall it last built. ee eae oa ae | a Ales) a S & i ix SS aee Mal piv ae IH OARD SD AIRY PAN 2 Figure 7. Concrete silo of Mr. C. J. W. Jones, Roanoke, Mo. Made by Mr. Jones and his son. (Courtesy Hoard’s Dairyman.) Every few feet a wire rope made of four strands of No. g wire, twisted, was built into the wall to prevent cracking. Iron rods, bent to 412 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. the circle with hooks on the end, as shown in figure 8 are sometimes used in concrete and stone walls. To build this there was required about 40 cubic yards broken stcne, 20 of sand and 50 barrels of cement. Mr. Jones and his son did the work when they could steal the time from farm work. It would be difficult to say how much time was used in the making, but there is one thing sure, there is a silo that will not dry up and open cracks, nor blow down with anything less than a cyclone, and will doubtless last two or three generations. Material cost about $150.00. Doors were made by building the frames into the wall while making. The frames are of 2x6 stuff, made and set same as described under stone silo. Roof.—No roof is provided; nor by Mr. Jones deemed necessary. It is only a convenience in bad weather. Figure 8. Showing manner of putting iron rods turned at the ends into stone, brick or cement foundation. The heavy lines inside are the iron hoops. (After King.) CEMENT LINED SILO. This is a modification of the old all-wood silo, and is known as the Gurler silo, because Mr. Gurler of Illinois brought it into promi- nence. Material Needed.—For a silo of this kind, 14 by 28 feet, (about go tons if filled full), there will be needed, for the foundation, if 12 inches thick and 3 feet high (one foot below ground and two above), 500 brick and 650 pounds cement and two-third yards of sand; ii, HE SILO. 413 or 6 perch of stone and 450 pounds of cement and ¥% yards sand; or 3 yards gravel or crushed rock and 1,500 pounds of cement and one and two-third yards of sand. Mix the cement mortar I part cement to 3 parts sand; for concrete use I cement, 3 sand and 6 gravel or crushed rock—the crushed rock is stronger than the gravel. Imbed in the wall a rope made of 4 strands of No. 9 wire, twisted, or, if more convenient, two or three circles of old barb wire. This would go well in the concrete wall. For the plaster there will be needed about 5,000 pounds cement and 4 yards of clean sand. The plaster is put on about half an inch thick. For the superstructure, not including the roof, there will be needed 55 pieces, 2x4, 14 feet long, and 44 pieces 16 feet long. These are for studs, sill and plate. For sheeting, one-half inch thick and 4 inches Ct Figure 9. A cut showing construction of the cement-lined silo. Onto the 2x4 stud is nailed the half-inch lining, and onto that the beveled lath, then the whole thing is plastered with cement mortar. wide, about 1,600 feet unmatched. Lath needed, 52 bundles plain house lath or its equivalent of beveled lath made of 3-inch batting, ripped and corners on one side taken off. The University of Illinois reports excellent success with common house lath nailed flat against the sheeting 414 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. without any furring. It is still considered better to use the beveled. See figure 9. About 150 pounds of nails will be needed. For the four doors about 34 feet of matched flooring. To Build—On top of foundation made level place 2x4s cut two feet long to form sill. Bed them in cement. Upon this sill stand 2x4 studs, I foot apart, a 16-foot and a 14-foot lapped two feet and well spiked. Toe-nail these to the sill and brace well to keep perfectly plumb. Sheet up to the bottom of the first door, about two feet, put in the door frame made same as described for stone silo except of 2x4 stuff. Continue sheeting up to next door and again put in the frame. Continue to the top, always fitting the sheeting well up to the frames and nailing snug to the studs. Now put on the plate made of 2x4 stutf cut two feet long and spiked on top of the studs. Put on a second layer of these pieces, breaking joints with the first. Onto this sheeting nail the lath securely and horizontally and plaster the whole wall about half an inch thick with cement mortar. The foundation wall, both inside and outside, should be beveled to run the water away from the wood portion. Hoops.—At two feet, six feet and ten feet from the foundation it would be wise to put hoops made of the half inch sheeting stuff nailed firmly to the studs around the silo. The lower one would best be made three thicknesses; the others, two. A roof may or may not be put on. The outside may be covered, but there will be no loss of either quality or quantity of silage if it is not sheet iron painted on both sides makes a very good cover, though stove pipe iron is cheaper. The dairy department of the Missouri Experiment Station built a silo of this kind in the summer of 1904. The work was done by the farm and stable hands at odd times. It would be difficult to say how much the work cost. The material cost about $150.00, including the shingled roof and the stove pipe irom covering. There should be an open space at bottom and at top of this outer covering to allow a circulation of air to prevent the wood from rotting. Freezing will not injure the cement lining, but if the silo is not protected the wind may spring it enough to crack the cement a little, making it best to whitewash with a cement wash occasionally. Mr. H. B. Gurler of DeKalb, Illinois, has six silos of this make, three of which have been in use for 9 years and are still in excellent condition. WOOD-LINED SILO. This silo is built like the previous one, except that in place of the lath and plaster, tar paper and a second sheeting of half inch boards THE SILO. ATS (this time matched and smooth inside) are used. This makes a very good silo as long as it lasts, but the wood cannot dry readily between these layers, rot sets in and in a few years a new lining is needed. This kind was built largely some years ago, but is not to be recommended = DS Tf \ QLLLLVELLL ADL ———_—__ Ps ea RET | YESS = = —~S> WAN ‘| ( WN \ We. 9 << LLLACTDE \s \ \\ oleae SARASSESSSSSSESSS LLL SS ene SSS CLL LLL or Z zy. EE NSNAN PP? Se Figure 10. Wood-lined silo. The second paper and the third sheeting are not needed in Missouri. The outer covering is good, but rather too expensive. (After King.) on account of its short life, unless the silo is to be built under peculiar local conditions. Fig. No. 10 shows method of placing sheeting and paper The inside layer of boards and the second layer of paper are not needed in Missouri, neither is the outside boarding essential. Mr. H. C. Goodrich, Calhoun, Henry county, Mo., and Mr. James Elliot, Windsor, Henry county, Mo., have silos made in this manner. They report good silage and satisfaction thus far, but in 10 or 12 years from time of building a new lining will likely be required. STAVE SILOS. (READY MADE.) — The demand for silos is so great that there are now on the marxct several makes of ready-made stave silos. These are merely immense, 416 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. straight-sided barrels, well hooped to hold the pressure. These being of single thickness, dry out well and will last much longer than the double-layer home-made kind. These ready-made silos may cost some- what more (first cost) than one of equal size built at home, but the writer has found them to be very satisfactory on account of the fact that all joints fit so well that there is practically no waste from spoiling. The silo, though cheap at first, that is not tight and causes a continual loss of 3 or 5 per cent of the silage made, may, after all, be expensive. These come knocked down, with full directions as to how to proceed to set them up. It is always well to follow the advice of the manufacturer in such matters. Prices can be gotten -from the dealers on request. Mr. Jesse Williams, Excelsior Springs, Clay county, Mo., has a ready-made silo, of which he says: “The * * * silo, 16x30 feet, Sa ee LEO EEEESSESSESESSG Figure 11. Stave silo, showing construction. “A,” deep basement; “B,” stone foundation top, showing silo set flush with outside of the wall; “C,” cross-section of 4 staves, showing tongue and groove; “BE,” door fitted in place; “F,” the door; “G,” cross-section of the door. (After King.) with six-foot concrete basement, is entirely satisfactory in construction. We put in about 20 acres of corn, which kept perfectly. We have fed about 45 head, ten calves, and the rest grown stock, for two and one- half months, and have fed about one-third of the ensilage. The * * * ensilage cutter which I purchased at the same time is also satisfactory. We tried it to its full capacity and it never choked.” Mr. Fritz Sensor, Corder, Mo., has one of these stave silos, and is pleased with it. THE SILO. 417 STAVE SILO (HOME MADE). This “Buff Jersey” silo is becoming popular because of its low, first cost, solidity when up, ease of construction and length of life. While it will not last like stone or cement, it will last until it has paid for it- self many times over. Foundation.—Make the foundation same as for the cement-lined or the ready-made stave, except make the sill of 2 by 6 stuff instead of 2 by 4. Material—For a silo 14 by 28 feet, plain straight pine 2 by 4, free from knots and wain edges needed, 132 pieces 12 feet long, 132 pieces 16 feet long and 4 pieces of 4 by 6, 28 feet long, 4o pieces five-eights round iron, 12 feet long, with threads cut a foot on each end. Each rod should be supplied with 2 large washers and 2 nuts. Nails and 6-inch spikes in plenty. Fig2z Fig3 Figure 12. Figure 1 shows Buff Jersey silo complete. The method of placing doors is shown, and also the hoops and the way they pass through the 4x6-inch timber else- where described. Figure 2 shows one of these 4x6-inch pieces with holes bored ready to be placed in position. Figure 3 shows one of the 2x4 pieces with spikes passing through it as they do in constructing the walls. Some parties have reported that they have built their silos with the 2x4’s flatway, making walls four inches thick. They used 12d nails. A—27 418 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. The 4 by 6 are to form the “corners” of the round silo and also act as lugs for the hoops to go through and draw against, as shown in figure 12. Bore holes through these posts through their 6-inch dimen- sion, starting close to one edge and ranging outward almost cornerwise through the stick. Beginning close to the bottom of the silo, make these hoop holes the following distances apart: from Ist to 2nd, 2 feet; 2nd to 3rd, 2 feet; 3rd to 4th and 4th to 5th, each 3 feet; and the next five each 4 feet apart. The 2 by 4 do not need planing, but care must be taken to get straight pieces and clear. Southern pine is excellent for this work. To Set Up.—First set up the 4 posts, brace well, plumb, and toe- nail to the sill. Make sure each is equidistant from the center of the silo to be, or in other words, in a circle. Put in the lower hoops and start the nuts, then stand a 2 by 4 inside these hoops, spike it soundly to the post, using a six-inch spike and driving straight through the 2 by 4 edgewise, set up another and do the same by that to the first stave. | Pe RSA Sa CUE a ae Clin Figure 13. Two “Buff Jersey” silos in process of building. Note the way the 2x4’s are made to break joints. (Cut loaned by “Buff Jersey,” Monmouth, Ill.) Keep this up around the silo, make sure to alternate the 12-foot and the 16-foot stave, so as to break joints above. Figure 13 shows a silo in course of construction. When all staves are in place screw up the THE SILO. 419 nuts snug against the posts. This makes a very durable silo, and one that will not shell to pieces when empty and dry. All this work is, of course, far easier said than done, but can be done by any handy farmer who wills to do it. Doors.—On the side most convenient for feeding nail two strips across five of the staves and saw out these five some 30 inches long, saw on the bevel, as shown in figure 14, making the door longest on the inside. It would be well to have marked out these places when first Figure 14. Cut showing way to saw four or five of the 2x4’s from a home-made stave silo to make doors. Note the bevel in the sawing, the door “C C’” is the largest on the inside. putting staves up, so avoid sawing into any. spikes. Jambs can then be finally nailed on outside of silo and the surface of contact made tight with felt strips. The doors (four would be sufficient) should be num- bered, and each carefully kept for its own opening. Two other 4x6 pieces, one placed on either side of the doorway to strengthen that part. of the silo, would be of value. Bore holes straight through these to al- low for the passage of the hoops. Mr. McNish of Brookfield, Mo., has two of this kind, of which he says: “One is 16 by 24 and cost me $80, and the other is 12 by 26 and cost me $60.” 420 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Mr. Wm. Plummer, Hale, Mo., has two of these “Buff Jersey’ silos and is well pleased with them. One is 16 by 34 and the other is 20 by 34. See figure 20. Mr. John Miles, Grays Summit, Mo., has one 20 by 30, and is pleased with it. See figure 15. igure 15. Silo and barn on the farm of J. A. Miles, Gray’s Summit, Mo. (Courtesy Rural World.) WHAT TO GROW FOR THE SILO. Corn.—For a silage crop corn comes first. It is by all means the most important. It yields heavily and is relished by all farm animals. Some experienced men prefer to plant thickly and not count on getting ears, but the majority of the best men seem to prefer to plant the silo corn the same as the field corn that is intended to mature grain. Plant as large a variety as will mature before frost in your locality, then let it get almost ripe. It should be cut when the grain is in the dry dough stage, or just beginning to glaze or dent. Corn silage properly made is fully as digestible as the dry fodder, and far more palatable. About the only objection that could be raised to corn is the fact that this plant is fattening in its tendencies and not a muscle and milk producing food, or in other words, its nutritive ratio is wide, it being I to 14.4, 4. e. J part of protein to 14.4 parts of carbohydrates and fat. To correct this tendency, cow peas, soy beans and velvet beans are coming into favor. Cow peas are grown and put into the silo along with the corn. Cow peas green have a nutritive value of 1 to 4.7, hence, by putting these into the silo with corn the ratio may be brought down to 1 to 8 or 9, which is about right for feeding steers and nearly low enough for dairy cows. THE SILO. 421 To test this point, Prof. C. G. Williams of Ohio divided his herd into two groups, feeding to one group silage composed of corn, cow peas and soy beans, mixed hay and four pounds of grain, and to the other group corn stover, mixed hay and 13.5 pounds of grain per day. The actual amount of digestible food was as nearly the same in each as could be wished. The two sections were fed this for an entire winter. Each cow was charged with what she consumed and credited with what she gave. At the end of the four months the following results were found: “The cows fed on the silage ration produced 96.7 pounds of milk and 5.08 pounds of butter fat per 100 pounds of dry matter. The cows fed the grain ration produced 81.3 pounds of milk and 3.9 pounds of butter fat per 100 pounds of dry matter. The cost of feed per 100 pounds of Figure 16. Filling 260-ton stave silo at World’s Fair, St. Louis, Mo. This silo is 40 feet high and was filled with blower elevator. Mr. C. T.. Graves, Maitland, Mo., Superintendent Jersey Cattle, stands near the silo. (Courtesy Silver Mfg. Co.) milk was $0.687 with the silage ration, and $1.055 with the grain ration. The cost of feed per pound of butter fat was 13.1 cents with the silage ration and 22.1 cents with the grain ration. The average net profit per 422 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. cow per month (over cost of feed) was $5.864 with the silage ration and $2.465 with the grain ration.” The above record is not quite complete for the farmer, however, until the effect of these several crops on the soil is considered. Corn, like other grains, is depleting to the soil, while cow peas and soy beans add about $10 worth of plant food to each acre each season. They can be sown in drills or broadcasted after the wheat is off in June, and be removed in September in time to allow another crop of wheat on the same land if desired. For the good of the soil and for the good of the cows, these two crops, corn and cow peas, should go hand in hand when- ever possible. Soy beans occupy practically the same place as cow peas as food for stock. Clover has been made into silage with good results, but it is not yet a common crop for the ‘silo. Where it can be cured it serves a better purpose as hay. Alfalfa is also ensiled with good effect in some places. In Callt- fornia some advise putting alfalfa into the silo if it is mixed with fox- tail. This seems to disarm the foxtail, but alfalfa, like clover, is more useful as hay. Sorghum is often made into silage, and is highly recommended, es- pecially for beef stock and sheep. It is good for the dairy cow, but be- ing so rich in sugar, it would call for a greater expenditure for concen- trated protein foods than would corn. Sorghum silage is very fattening and at the same time keeps the system of the animal in excellent con- dition. Sunflower silage has been recommended, and doubtless would be fine if the stock would eat it more readily. Some cows refuse it alto- gether. Grasses have been preserved in the silo, but there is little reason for this practice, because most grasses cure so readily as hay. Beet tops and pulp in regions of the sugar beet industry are be- coming popular as silage. This is especially the case in Europe. Hash. The silo is sometime used as “catch-all” for left-overs. In the eastern states, where feed is high in price and strict economy essen- tial, any Canada field peas and oats left over from the early feeding, later, crimson clover, rye, cow peas and corn, find their way into this preserver. All manner of odds and ends may be made into good food. Alvord once said that “a mixture of equal parts of ragweed, swamp grass or swale hay, old corn stalks or straw and second crop green clover, nearly three-fourths of which would otherwise be almost useless, will male a superior silage, surprising to those who have never tried it.” The same THE SILO, 423 author gives the following as the contents of one New York silo: Ist, 18 inches deep of green oats; 2nd, 6 inches of red clover; 3rd, 6 inches of Canada field peas ;-4th, 3 inches of brewers’ grains; 5th, 2 feet of whole corn plants sowed broadcast, and more ragweed than corn; 6th, 5 inches of second crop grass; 7th, 5 inches of sorghum; 8th, a lot of immature corn cut in short lengths. The silage came out pretty acid, but good forage, all eaten up clean.” The writer has put small quantities of common straw and salt hay (coarse hay from the tide meadows along the sea coast) into the silo along with the corn, and seen the cows in winter eat it all as though it were green grass. FILLING THE SILO. When to Cut the Corn—When the corn has reached the three- fourths ripe stage, the stalks still green and the bottom leaves are dry- ing, it should be cut and put directly into the silo. If the corn is not at all mature and is very watery the silage will most likely be very acid, while if the corn goes in dry it will mould, or “fire-fang,” so that it will be greatly or wholly damaged. Adding Water to Dry Corn.—lf the corn, for any reason, has be- come dry while standing or in the shock, it may still be made into good silage by wetting it thoroughly when it is put into the silo. A half barrel of water to the load of corn will not be too much if the corn is quite dry. Last fall, at the Missouri Experiment Station, two silos were filled with corn from the same field and in same condition. Each silo was air tight and the silage was equally well tramped in each. The only differ- ence between them was that one, a new one, had no roof. Just after the two were filled it began to rain. The sickness of the professor in charge, the resignation of the farm foreman and a general piling up of work caused the silo to remain open to the rain from September 10, when it -was filled to November 15, when cover was provided. The silo is 20 feet in diameter and water tight on sides and bottom. During this pertcd of time 16.68 inches of rain fell. This silage was then forced to absorb 436.68 cubic feet, or 103.7 barrels of water. The silage was only 25 feet deep in the silo. There were then 7,854 cubic feet of silage to absorb 3,266.5 gallons of water, or one and two-third quarts of water per See foot of silage. ‘ This water fell soon after the silaze was put in, scarcely any falling in November. This silage came out hetter by considerable than that from the silo which had a roof. Some farmers niake a practice of letting the corn dry in the field 3 or 4 days before hauling in to make lighter _ work, and then wet the silage well while it is being put into the silo. Mr. Jones of Roanoke, Mo., has no roof on his silo, which was filled 424 . MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. in September and caught the rain all winter. His silage is very good. He says the only use there is for a roof is to keep the snow out while it is being fed from; rain cannot harm it. : Mr. H. B. Gurler of DeKalb, Ill., has one silo in the pasture which he has used for eight years without any roof. It is 37 feet in diameter. The average rainfall in this part of Illinois is 36 inches, yet the silage from this silo is as good as that from his other five silos that have roofs. The water benefits by forcing the air out and packing the con- tents, and thus preventing decay of the silage. For best results, cut the corn when it is pretty well matured, even to the point of beginning to dry, then add a lot of water while filling. When in doubt whether to use water, use it; there seems to be no dan- ger of getting too much water. Tramping the Silage—Even much tramping by heavy men will not do any particular good except around close to the wall, where it should be walked on well. The surface of the silage while being filled should be concave, low in the center and high about the sides. This done, the silage will not settle away from the walls. It is just the reverse process to stacking hay. Keep the corn chunks well mixed with the lighter stuff, so that at feeding time the animals fed will receive a uniform ration. Necessary Machinery.—The silage cutter with carrier or blower to elevate the cut corn to the silo and an engine to run it are needed. It does not pay to “fiddle” around with a small cutter. Get one with knives 14 to 18 inches long, then provide power to make it go. Those who have used both carrier and blower to elevate the cut corn prefer the blower, it generally saves stopping to fix the carrier. The blower will not clog if the cutter is placed close to the silo, so that the wind is almost directly under the stuff carried. The following approximate figures may be of value: Length of No. of knives. knives, inches.| ©°St- Ibs. hour, tons. needed. ® BUS ieshs. tie iece ta tecie ss 11 | $10 440 3-4 2. BS Fee ante aig ile toatl Pola te 13 65 560 | 4-6 3-4 Me ER daid Sta a.0 0 te Peak oR nwelpaine 16 90 620 5-10 4-6 Bee a Mies tee eR pity Savane dance ee aa odenienie 1.4 0.71 Binseedimedl Old processie sca: sescacie nance eee ae ces cote nicceen eer lenis isa 0.90 GEIB MO wT Si catetseiera era vare slate wes eeates ca lotaketolslorevs aidicion @isiciotec arcs soul Se cincica se shared 1.8 0.55 GEGEN Loe deere sare Meco tice ne istata ore ee sciciee icons = aalaro cele Gai os wa binesonimos 1-3 0.71 Germ OUMe aly. secmn coc nae sewiowene ei wie sevneisie a'cie a slvisivms haces sew eewioer 1.4 0.71 BSEOWErS 7 ORAINS 5 Scscisicise sees lca ce reli wistote o ole sine ocien atejan oro cis teldiea id ai aremin te 0.6 1.70 TAGES PROWES = cos. cian os Srocrcnle tye eee einmigh: wie) ie ocie cnet Mae sacle pub 0.6 1.70 WVHA Sebald HAMM raig so crota-o tect cuttepatarsiens Smetepine oT ate ins oi Seals a? aoe einen owiewes 0.5 2.00 Wheat midalings,; Standard a. cccnqcececoe success coeen ened é 0.8 1.25 Wheat middlings, flour....... gOerORCIG! Gad na COO > Be OREO EROCES pine Coat aae 1.2 0.83 OGENAKCEN GIS rece sca decors een ee eich eines Heiavistte seas lve aia eloce 1 Ti 0.60 WORT MCA Fe Fees bce Go eats eee Std wate teal d oe eb che ete t 125 0.70 OorntamGCoprmMealie-cs «5 scccaene cous cae acnloeeetaee cane 1.4 0.67 (Gloyeli 0] 0) fl) SPAR BORA ABO OSORCORers COT COeerC OS ome ner theo aeunice Denne 0.5 2.00 OATKERIICIS Aso b cereale cioai 1s dieren elon tee eatacioete sc aeiouionaecentee 1.1 0.90 ORES OT es me seit ate ntcieaion bce aner he tinction aaa circuiting cca 0.7 1.49 WiNeGAT Kernels.) Baad 22% carte same cctarsice eran sine cia eee ote. bs 1.9 0.53 Ol dainyel CG Cane cae ein sos toe arcio ao oe osc Obs corse ouiaeieie nae e wmienied 0.7 1.43 Quakeridalry/ fede ros se ase aee te ease Caen oh enone ieiin nes kwenebes 1.0 1.00 VAOLOFICOLMVANGIOAtTECO rs gracas ah conecicene sey at cman co wiccctleadacl aeraee 0.7 1.43 440 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. PRINCIPAL FACTS CONCERNING THE LIFE OF COLONEL GEORGE W. WATERS, DECEASED. No greater service can be given to the State than to labor for the elevation and advancement of the industrial classes. The man who amasses wealth and contributes of his means to the support of the gov- ernment is a useful citizen, but the man who gives his life for the up- building of his fellowmen is a benefactor to his race, a philanthropist worthy of the admiration of all mankind. Such a man was the subject of this article, the late Colonel George W. Waters. It may be truly said of him, he was aggressively honest, sincere and unselfish in his work, active and progressive, devoted to the welfare of his family, the com- munity, the church and the State; and no greater tribute than this can be paid to any man. It is no discredit to any other to say that no man in this State has labored so long, so unselfishly and so effectively for the advancement of the cause of agriculture, a cause held sacred by Colonel Waters. Colonel Waters never considered his own comfort when duty called him. The weather was never too cold, the distance too far, or obstacles too great for him to overcome. “Greater love than this hath no man, that he lay down his life for a friend.” Such was the love of Colonel Waters for the betterment of the farmers of Missouri. He sacrificed his life for a cause held sacred by him. The following expressions, from those who were intimately ac- quainted with Colonel Waters, show in what high esteem he was held by the people of this State. From “Colman’s Rural World:” George Washington Waters, born in Ralls county, Missouri, Au- gust I, 1836, died in Hope, Arkansas, February 23, 1906, aged 70 years. The elder George Waters, his father, moved from Wilson county, Tennessee, to Missouri in 1820, settling in Pike county at first, and later establishing a home ona farm in Ralls county, where the subject of this sketch was born. George W. Waters’ boyhood was probably that of the average coun- try boy of the time in which he lived, and after having obtained such an education as was afforded by the public school system of that time, and such as his father, who, in addition to being a farmer, was a minister of the Gospel, could give him, he completed the work in the Fitting Academy at Louisiana, Missouri, and immediately entered the Uni- versity of Arkansas, at Fayetteville, to prepare himself for a civil en- gineer. Just before graduating, in the spring of 1859, he retired from COL. GEO. W. WATERS, DECEASED. Born August, 1836. Died February 23, 1906. The State has sustained an irreparable loss in the death of this great man. MISCELLANEOUS. 441 the university on account of ill-health, and the war breaking out im- mediately thereafter, his university career was permanently ended. He returned to his native State, married Lavinia, daughter of Alfred Smith, one of the early settlers of Ralls county, and lived for a short time on a farm in Pike county, Missouri, then returned to Ralls county and purchased a farm adjoining the one on which his father had settled. He remained on this farm until September, 1892, when he re- moved to Canton, Missouri, to have the advantages of the Christian University for his family, remaining there until December, 1905, when he moved to Hope, Arkansas, to establish a new home. Among the chief characteristics of the man and of his career may be nientioned : He was essentially a pioneer, a pathfinder, a leader. He was among the first men of his community to breed registered Shorthorn cattle and registered Cotswold sheep at first, and later Shropshires and Berkshire hogs. He was among the first of his community, and in the State, to adopt a systematic rotation of crops and a definite plan of building up of the fertility of his farm. He was a student, a man to Whom the intellectual side of farming ap- pealed strongly, a man with a frail body, but a rugged, vigorous mind, a man who, at the age of fifty, becoming interested in the science of agri- culture, was able to master the fundamentals, the underlying principles of the sciences in their relation to its practice, and to teach as sound agriculture as the man who had had the benefit of an agricultural college training. In addition to this, his acquaintance with the practical part of this industry made his teaching of unusual value and importance. He was a peacemaker, and throughout his whole life acted as a buffer between the contending elements of families, neighbors, political parties, etc., a friend to everybody at all times and under all circum- stances. : He was a philanthropist, with no thought or care for personal ad- vantage or gain, and willing to give his best thought and effort to the advancements of the interests of mankind. Above all, he was a true, Christian gentleman, living the simple Christian life, ever ready to lend a helping hand to those in need. He was an elder in the church of his choice for nearly fifty years. He is perhaps better known throughout the country as a farmers’ institute lecturer and an agricultural writer than in any other way. He began his farmers’ institute work in 1886, or seven years before any ap- propriation was made for this purpose by the State, and at a time when it was necessary for him to not only contribute his own time without 442 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. compensation, but to bear his own expenses of travel, of advertising the meetings, etc., yet so earnest was the man in his desire to carry to the people the gospel of improved agriculture that he was willing, out of his very limited resources, to give all of this. Later, when the farmers’ institute service was organized under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture, and the secretary was look- ing around for men who combined scientific knowledge with a familiarity of the practical phases of the subject, and with a disposition and tempera- ment such as would arouse interest and attract favorable attention, he was selected among the first, and had continued actively in the work until a week before his death. During the twenty years’ service in this capacity he visited every county, and almost every community in Missouri. It is impossible to find any neighborhood that does not contain some man who knew him personally. Pe As an agricultural writer, he was best known through his contribu- tions to the Rural World, extending over a_ period of more than thirty years. His articles were always strong, incisive, plain and practical. As a promoter of the State’s welfare, he was always active in con- nection with the expositions, having contributed practically all of the ma- terial that made up Missouri’s agricultural exhibit at the Chicago Expo- sition, having been a commissioner for the Omaha Exposition, and hav- ing collected the bulk of material that was exhibited there, and having been assistant superintendent of the agricultural department for Missouri at the St. Louis Exposition. No man compared with him in his know- ledge of the technique of growing and preparing material of this sort for exhibit, all of which he had mastered in the stern school of experience. It may be truthfully said that he was the father of the good roads’ movement in Missouri. He was the author of several road laws that were enacted by the Legislature, and first the promoter of the use of the drag for the improvement of dirt roads in the State. It may likewise be said that he was at the beginning of the move- ment for the improvement of corn, and has contributed more to the suc- cess of this great undertaking than any other man in the State. While he had lived his three score years and ten, he died at the high tide of his usefulness, in the harness, and still young at heart. It could never be said of Colonel Waters that he had grown old. He drew his inspiration from the future rather than from the past, and kept pace with modern progress. His widow and seven children survive him, namely: Mrs. Lavinia J. Waters, his widow, at Hope, Arkansas; William S. Waters, merchant, Vandalia, Missouri; Henry J. Waters, Dean of the College of Agri- MISCELLANEOUS. 443 culture, Columbia, Missouri; Mrs. John K. Briggs, Hope, Arkansas; Mrs. A.N. Lindsay, the wife of the Rev. A. N. Lindsay, New Franklin, Mis- souri; Rev. Baxter Waters, late pastor of the Central Christian church, St. Louis, at present pastor in Duluth, Minnesota; Miss Julia Waters, Hope, Arkansas, and Mrs. Carl G. Cummings, Canton, Missouri. Hon. Alex. Maitland, Member State Board of Agriculture: “Colonel Waters has been a valiant soldier for agriculture and an excellent man. It is true, he was like a shock of ripe grain, but no mat- ter, the cause will miss him, as his kind never live so long, but we think it would be better for the world if they could stay longer.” Hon. C. O. Raine, Master State Grange: “Colonel Waters was highly respected by all who knew him, and dearly loved by many for his honest, pure, Christian character.” Prof. W. R. Dodson, Director Louisiana Experiment Station: “For many years I have known of the work Colonel Waters has been doing for progress in Agriculture. This good work sustains a great loss in him.” W. P. Harned, Vermont, Missouri: “One who did the public great good without apparent care for self. He will stand as a benefactor to agriculture. While not a robust man, he lived a fair age, and it is a consolation to know that he finished his career in a useful life, loved and esteemed by his fellows.” F. P. Sever, Hurdland, Missouri: “I never knew a man for whom I had a higher regard. His unas- suming manner, his high sense of honor, his open, honest heart, generotis and kindly disposition and other similar and worthy characteristics made him, in my estimation, a great and good man.” Hon. John W. Hill, Member of Board of Agriculture, Chillicothe: “Colonel Waters has been a very useful man, and will be sincerely missed, not only by his family, but by the farmers of Missouri.” Hon. Thos. B. North, Member of Board of Agriculture: “I believed Colonel Waters to be a good and usefil citizen in any community, and I know that he has done a great deal of good for the agricultural and live stock interests in this State, and his death will be regretted by all who knew him,” 444 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Hon. E. E. Laughlin, President Missouri Corn Growers’ Association: “T feel I have lost a close friend. I held him in very high esteem.” Mr. C. D. Lyon, Georgetown, Ohio:. “Colonel Waters was a Missourian, the soa of a minister, and was known in every county of the State as a famous institute speaker of rare ability. He was a practical farmer, fruit grower and stockman, and lis counsel will be sadly missed. He did better work than any other man ever did among plain farmers.” SERVICES OF NORMAN J. COLMAN TO AMERICAN AGRI- CULTURE. (Abstract of an address of Col. Chas. F. Mills of Springfield, Illinois, at the University of Illinois, on the occasion of conferring the degree of Doctor of Agriculture on Mr. Colman, October 18, 190.) Mr. President: The very pleasant duty has been assigned me of briefly referring on this very appropriate occasion and place to the ser- vices of Norman Jay Colman to American agriculture. The honor of my selection for this very agreeable duty is highly appreciated, and I enter upon its discharge with the conviction that the man and his emi- nent services to American agriculture are deserving of a far more gifted compiler. To the student of our literature pertaining to the farm, Mr. Colman is well and widely known as second to none of the active and successful promoters of American agriculture. The very full reports of the highly creditable and far reaching work for good of Mr. Colman, in advancing the best conditions of our agriculture, are well known to this assembly. It is fortunate for the interested student that the results of his labors have been so fully and widely published in the official records of the Na- tional and State Departments of Agriculture, the farm press and in the books relating to advanced methods in rural husbandry. My efforts will therefore be that of a compiler of the historical data necessary to complete the record for this occasion. All present, I believe will rejoice in this fitting opportunity to refer to the familiar and worthy achievements of a patriotic, painstaking man who has merited the dis- tinguished honors so freely bestowed upon him by a conservative, dis- criminating and appreciative constituency. Mr. Colman was born on a farm near Richfield Springs, Otsego county, New York, and his abiding interest in farming pursuits has never been questioned. From an early age he was a diligent student, reading HON. NORMAN J. COLMAN, ST. LOUIS, MO. Mr. Colman has done more for the elevation of the farmers of this country than any other man living. He was the first Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture, haying been appointed to that position by President Cleveland when the department was made a cabinet position. He has been for many years a distinguished member of the Missouri Board of Agriculture, and has always taken an active interest in the proceedings of the Board. He was one of the foremost advocates for the estab- lishment of a State Fair, and was the first President of the Fair Board, and is still a member of that body. Gov. Colman, through the columns of the Rurai World, an agricultural journal which he established and has edited for more than fifty years, wields a powerful influence among the farmers, not only in Missouri, but throughout the entire country. ae hae eye | re MISCELLANEOUS. 445 every volume in the common school library in his school district before the age of 16, and carrying on his other studies in his thoroughly charac- teristic manner. He worked his way through school by teaching in win- ter and attending the seminaries in the vicinity in summer, until twenty years of age, when his ambition to identify himself with the growing west influenced him to remove to Kentucky. Here he taught school in Louisville, and thus provided himself with means to attend the Louis- ville Law University, where he took the degree of Bachelor of Law, and later was licensed as an attorney. He practiced law at New Albany, Indiana, and was elected district attorney. In 1852 young Colman re- moved to St. Louis, continuing in the successful practice of his profes- sion. His love for rural pursuits soon induced him to purchase a coun- try home, and establish an agricultural journal, known as Colman’s Rural World, now of national reputation as an influential exponent of the best methods in all that pertains to advanced agriculture. He soon became a prominent leader and advocate of agricultural progress in the Mississippi valley. He was called upon to take an active part in every movement in behalf of the interests of the farmer, and soon became generally known as a forceful and eloquent advocate of better methods in farming and of State and National legislation needed to give the producer the full return for his labors. His loyalty to his constituency and his unswerving devotion to the farmers’ interest prompted the agricultural classes to secure him the fol- lowing well-merited honors, viz.: A member of the Missouri Legisla- ture, Lieutenant-Governor of his State, President of the Missouri State Horticultural Society, President of the Missouri State Board of Agri- culture, trustee for fifteen years of the Missouri State University, Presi- dent of the Missouri State Press Association for two terms, United States Commissioner of Agriculture, and when the United States Department of Agriculture was created, he was made the first secretary. But few persons appreciate the magnitude of the work accomplished by Mr. Colman in behalf of our agricultural interests. It was more than a score of years ago that he took his seat as United States Commis- sioner of Agriculture, under the appointment of President Grover Cleve- land. At that time the standing of the department was at a low ebb. It was the butt of ridicule of the Washington correspondents of the pub- lic press. The great interests it represented had no voice in the Presi- dent’s cabinet. Not a single government experiment station existed in connection with an agricultural college or university in the United States. Many of the most important and useful divisions now existing in the de- partment had never been thought of, or at least established. At that time, also, that terrible and incurable disease of contagious pleuro pneu- 446 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. monia existed among our dairy herds and in cattle yards in various parts of the United States. It was a critical period in the history of the department, and it needed a man of great administrative and executive ability to place it in that position which the great interests it represented entitled it to occupy. Fortunately, the right man was found to take charge of it and place it on the high plane it should stand. Its elevation could be made only by slow degrees. Congress must furnish every dollar required to raise the quality of the work and expand it. Great diplomacy was necessary to secure the proper appropriations. It was only by showing Congress the value of the work being accomplished that new and increased appro- priations could be secured. Mr. Colman was well equipped for the important work to which he was assigned. For more than thirty years prior to his appointment he had been editor of the leading agricultural paper of the Mississippi val- ley. He had not only discussed with pen, but with tongue, the great problems that confronted the farmers, and that were identified with their interests. He was a forcible and eloquent speaker, and always held the rapt attention of his listeners. But few public meetings in his section were held where agricultural interests were considered, at which he was not one of the invited speakers. Having been born and brought up on a farm, and having been a practical, as well as theoretical farmer, all his life, he was in close touch and sympathy with his brother farmers. He knew their needs and also what was necessary to be done to secure them. He was well aware of the great prejudice existing against theoretical farming, or “book larnin’,” as it is sometimes called, then existing, to a far greater extent than at the present day. He had had legislative ex- perience, which was of much value in enabling him to deal with Con- gress, in order to secure proper appropriations to elevate the standard of the department. He had served as a member of the Legislature of his State, and also as Lieutenant-Governor, presiding over the Senate. We have presented these facts in order to show how well equipped he was to fill the important position to which he had been elevated, and it was owing to this admirable equipment that his great success was at- tributable. _ He repeatedly told us that in accepting the office, his highest ambi- tion would be achieved, if he could secure government experiment sta- tions, or experimental farms in connection with our agricultural colleges, so that practical and scientific agriculture could walk hand in hand, and thus obviate the prejudice which existed against scientific farming. The other object of his ambition was to make the department worthy of be- coming one of the great executive departments of the government, with MISCELLANEOUS. 447 a voice in the President’s cabinet, during his administration. By his wise administration of the office, both houses of Congress passed a bill almost unanimously, creating it one of the great executive departments of the government, and Mr. Colman had the distinguished honor of be- ing appointed the first Secretary of Agriculture. The bill establishing experiment stations in connection with our agricultural colleges was also passed, and the stations put into practical working order during his administration, so that both of the highest ob- jects of his ambition were accomplished. But it is much easier to tell of the achievements of these great ob- jects than of the steps that had to be taken to secure them. And first, as to the establishment of experiment stations. Feeling that it was esential to achieve the co-operation and influence of the agricultural colleges in order to secure the passage of a bill through Congress to create them Mr. Colman, not long after taking his seat as Commissioner, issued a call to the agricultural colleges in every state of the Union, requesting them to send delegates to a convention to be held in the department build- ing in Washington, July 8, 1885. This invitation was accepted, all the colleges sending delegates, forming what history will proclaim, on account of the great results achieved by it, one of the most important agricultural conventions ever held. By unanimous vote, Mr. Colman was chosen president of the convention, and that part of his address relating to ex- periment stations was referred to a special committee, to which Mr. Colman was afterward added, and that committee finally reported the Experiment Station Bill, which was afterwards passed by Congress and approved by the President, establishing experiment stations in every state in the Union. Mr. Colman thought by enlisting the co-operation and active work of each of the agricultural colleges in the different states on its own senators and representatives in Congress, such a bill could be passed, and the result was a justification of his judgment. To secure the passage of a bill evoluting the department into one of the great executive departments of the government was a much more dif- ficult task. Mr. Colman knew that this could only be accomplished by meriting such promotion. It must be made worthy of such advancement. It would take too much space to give a history of the work accomplished by him during his four years’ term of service. We can only refer to a few of the many things secured under his administration. The first matter that attracted his attention was the stamping out of that dread disease among our cattle, known as contagious pleuro pneu- monia. It was found to exist in nearly twenty states of this Union. The disease is incurable, and the cnly way to extirpate it was to kill every affected animal and every animal that had been exposed to an affected 448 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. one Whole herds had to be slaughtered. Of course, great opposition was raised to such action—but the heroic course was the only safe way to proceed. Millions of dollars were required to pay for slaughtered herds, but Congress freely made the proper appropriations, and this dread dis- ease was practically eliminated from this country during his administra- tion. The great fruit growing interests of the nation had been overlooked by the department, and one of his first acts was to take them under con- sideration, and establish a division of Pomology to look after and en- courage the interests of the fruit growers in all parts of the United States. It has become one of the leading divisions of the department. Another of the important divisions established was that of Vege- table Pathology. Vegetable life is fully as subject to disease as animal life. Mildews, blights, rusts, smuts, moulds destroy millions of dollars’ worth of crops annually, and to guard against them, and to give remedies for them, and to recommend such courses of cultivation as to avoid them, were the objects of Mr. Colman in starting this division. The division of Ornithology and Mammalogy was also established by him in order to secure information as to which varieties of birds and smaller animals as gophers, moles, minks, skunks, field mice, etc., were friends, and which were enemies to the farmer and how their depreda- tions might be prevented. The division of the United States Experiment Stations was likewise established by him to take advantage of and utilize the vast fund of in- formation to be secured at the various experiment stations of the dif- ferent states of the Union, so as to make it available to those most need- ing it. But it was not only in establishing new divisions, but in greatly ex- tending the scope of those that existed that commended his work to Congress and to the active workers in the cause of agricultural progress. It was this great advancement that secured the confidence of the mem- bers of Congress and caused them to aid in the rapid elevation of the department. It was, however, the establishment of the experiment stations throughout the states of the Union, and the elevation of the department as one of the great executive departments of the government, during his administration, and his appointment as the first Secretary of Agriculture, that Mr. Colman will be longest and most widely known and remembered. So highly was his work appreciated that the Republic of France, through its Minister of Agriculture, conferred on him la crosse de Officier du Merite Agricole, an honor which but few Americans have received. The University of Missouri, at its late commencement exercises, in MISCELLANEOUS. 449 recognition of his services to the cause of agriculture, conferred on him the honorary degree of LL. D. The Missouri State Horticultural Society, at its last session, created the office of Honorary Vice-President, and elected him to fill it for life, as a slight tribute for what he had done in behalf of Pomology. Such appreciation of his services during his lifetime cannot be otherwise than most agreeable to him. The official life of Mr. Colman, referred to above, covers but a small portion of his useful services to the farmer and stockman. Even a brief reference to the helpful services rendered the farmers of the United States by him in all the departments of rural life would fill several vol- umes. The man we meet to honor today has not only rendered efficient and acceptable services to the farmers of the United States in the various State and National positions he has been chosen with such hearty unan- imity to fill, but he has made an enviable reputation in the private walks of life as a good farmer and a successful breeder of the best types of registered live stock. This brief and hastily prepared sketch would be far from complete without some reference to his long and highly esteemed services as a di- rector in various registration and other live stock organizations, State fairs, industrial expositions, world’s fairs, etc., but the time at my com- mand will not allow me to refer to them further. The distinguished honor bestowed on Mr. Colman on this occasion, by the conferring of the degree of Doctor of Agriculture by the great University of Illinois, has been well earned, without taking into consid- eration the services incident to the various offices he has filled with so much credit and satisfaction to the interests represented. His earnest and successful advocacy of the practice of the best methods in all that pertains to rural husbandry, contained in the weekly messages he has sent through Colman’s Rural World to the progressive farmers of the Mississippi valley for more than half a century, is not the least of his great achievements. His writings and speeches have made him a leader in the campaign of education he has so ably conducted, and his influence for good in en- couraging the residents of the farm to obtain the best results in the grow- ing of crops, breeding of live stock and perfecting the high standard of rural citizenship by the education of their sons and daughters, cannot be measured or overestimated. All the honors that have been conferred upon him have been most worthily bestowed, and particularly that of Doctor of Agriculture conferred by this University. 450 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHING AN AMERICAN BREED OF CARRIAGE HORSES. The Premier Sire, a Missouri Horse, Bred by Hon. Norman J. Colman, First United States Secretary of Agriculture, and for Many Years a Distinguished Member Missouri State Board of Agriculture. An essentially American breed of horses, bred primarily for carriage use, and general excellence of conformation, is the aim of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and surprising progress in the establishment of such a breed has already been made. A small string of Morgan mares has been assembled, and a sire for the new breed has been selected. The’sire is an inbred Hambletonian, Carmon 32917, American Trotting Horse Register, once exhibited by Thomas W. Lawson as Glorious Thunder- cloud. “What the thoroughbred is to the Englishman, the trotting horse is to the American,” said Dr. D. E. Salmon, chief of the Burean of Animal Industry. Taking this as his text, Dr. Salmon will describe the aims and accomplishmens of his bureau in this direction in the forthcoming year- book of the Department of Agriculture. “In the countries of the world where horse breeding has been en- couraged by government assistance,” says Dr. Salmon, “the foundation has been native stock, and the key to successful work has been selection according to a certain type. Furthermore, with all due respect to Go- dolphin Arabian, the Darley Arabian and their contemporaries, the great factor in developing the thoroughbred horse was the method of the Eng- lish breeder, and more credit is due to native English stock and to envir- onment than has generally been acknowledged. * * * The thorough- bred has been the great leavening power in developing English breeds of light horses; the trotter may bear the same relation to the horse stock of America. “The trotter is found throughout the country wherever horses are raised, and any improvement in this breed affects in time the entire horse industry. The light market classes can be supplied from this source, and there is no more effective way to provide a supply of suitable cavalry horses for the United S¢ates army than by showing how the native horse may be improved. FAULTS OF THE TROTTER. “That the trotter has faults no one will deny, and that the speed idea has been responsible for many of these faults and has caused many a MISCELLANEOUS. 451 man to become bankrupt, are equally certain. Ifa horse can trot in 2:10 or better, it is reasonably certain that he will make money for his owner, and it matters not how homely or unsound he may be; but if the horse has bad looks and unsoundness, and also lacks speed, he will be unprofit- able on the track, and cannot be sold at a profitable price on the market, while, if used in the stud, his undesirable qualities are perpetuated. On the other hand, if the horse has moderate speed, but is sound, handsome and stylish, with a shapely head and neck, a straight, strong back, straight croup, muscular quarters and stifles, well set legs, possesses good all- around true action, and has abundant endurance, he is almost certainly a profitable investment. This is the kind of light horse which the market wants and will pay for. If of the roadster type, he sells well as a driver; if more on the heavy harness order, as a carriage horse. “The occurrence of trotting-bred horses of the finest conformation is by no means uncommon; it is so frequent indeed that these animals supply not only the demand for roadsters, but the principal part of the fine city trade in carriage horses, and are conspicuous winners at the horse shows. The demand for such horses has been so keen that dealers have resorted to the pernicious practice of buying mature stallions, many of them valuable breeders, and castrating them, to be sold later as car- riage horses. The famous Lord Brilliant, three times winner of the Waldorf-Astoria gig cup at Madison Square Garden, is a notable instance of this practice; Lonzie, a noted Chicago show horse, is another, and the horse purchased for the department experiments (Carmon) narrowly escaped the same fate. This practice cannot be too strongly condemned. There is reason to believe that if these stallions were used as the nucleus of a breed the type would in time become fixed and their blood be saved to the country. On the other hand, if steps are not taken to mould the blood of these horses into one breed, and preserve the blood lines which produce them, an irreparable loss to the industry will result. The first step should be to select foundation stock strictly according to type; the next to study the lines of breeding which produce these horses. To a certain extent they are accidents of breeding, but there is little doubt that certain families show a greater tendency in this direction than others. For example, the descendants of Alexander’s Abdallah, Harrison Chief, the Morgans and the Clay family have been more or less notable in this respect. Further, certain sires are known to pro- duce handsome and marketable horses with regularity. GOOD PROGRESS MADE. “In view of these facts, the department decided to undertake the de- velopment of a breed of carriage horses on an American foundation as 452 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT, an interesting and important problem for solution. If successful, it will show that we can develop our own breeding stock of horses in this coun- try; it will make light horse breeding less of a lottery than it is at pres- ent, and will at the same time provide breeding animals which can be used profitably on the lighter horses of the country. “After a thorough search, the department has purchased as founda- tion stock eighteen mares and one stallion. In addition, it can command, the services of additional stallions, if desired. The instructions of the purchasing board allowed considerable latitude, but it was required to select strictly according to type. Heredity unsoundness was regarded as a disqualification. Pedigree was not considered, so far as registration was concerned, but the board required evidence to be submitted showing that the animals purchased were from parents and ancestors of like type, thus insuring blood lines that would breed reasonably true. Speed, while not ignored, was not made an essential. Life, spirit and energy, with moderate speed, were considered, while conformation and good action was regarded as an advantage. “The type for mares was one standing about 15.3 hands, weighing 1,100 to 1,500 pounds, bay, brown or chestnut in color, with stylish head and neck, full made body, full croup, muscular forearms, quarters and lower thighs; good all-round action was insisted upon. Any tendency to pace or mix gaits were regarded as grounds for disqualification. In some cases, mares of more than 15.3 hands were purchased, and in others they were less than this. All, however, conformed closely to the type. Some of the mares are in foal; the rest will be bred this spring. “The ancestors of six mares purchased in Wyoming have been bred for five or six generations in that state, the band having been started by means of an importation of horses from the central west, which was largely of Morgan stock. On this stock thoroughbred and standard sires have been used, and the herd has been developed more to produce a horse suitable for carriage purposes than one which had speed character- istics. Some of the six have been exhibited at the New York Horse Show, and the owner of the ranch maintains a stable near New York City, where he sends his surplus from year to year to be finished for the fine city trade. THE SIRE, CARMON. “The search for a stallion to head the stud was the most difficult of all. An almost unlimited number of trotting horses, suitable to get good carriage horses, were recommended to the department, but on investiga- tion it would be found that they were deficient in some respect and could not be considered. A horse was finally selected, which was among the CARMON 32917. The first sire selected for use in the experiments in the Department of Agriculture to develop an American breed of carriage horses. This is a great honor for the State of Missouri, and for Governor Colman in particular, from whose farm this horse was selected. MISCELLANEOUS. 453 first suggested—Carmon 32917, American Trotting Horse Register, 16 hands, weighing 1,200 pounds in fair condition, bay, with black points, and no white markings, bred by Hon. Norman J. Colman of St. Louis. “The points of Carmon’s conformation which deserve special mention are his head and neck and hindquarters. His forehead is broad and full, with a straight nose and face; full, expressive eyes and well carried ears. The neck is clean, muscular and well arched. The illustration does not do him justice in these respects. In the hindquarters special attention should be directed to the straight, broad croup and the muscular quarters and lower thighs. The horse has an abundance of bone and substance, but ample quality at the same time. His action is excellent. “A study of Carmon’s pedigree shows that it is not a particularly fashionable one from the standpoint of the man who is breeding solely for speed. This is a pedigree from which one might expect a horse of excellent conformation. Robert McGregor, for example, was a horse with especially well developed hindquarters, and this characteristic is seen in his sons and grandsons, as shown by Cresceus and Carmon. Abdellah XV. was a horse with a particularly attractive head and neck. The frequency with which the Abdallah cross appears in Carmon’s pedigree and the presence of Morgan, Mambrino Chief and Clay blood readily ex- plain where this horse gets his handsome head and neck and his full quar- ters and stifles. These families have produced some of our handsomest horses. Their blood makes up nineteen-sixty-fourths of Carmon’s pedi- gree. - “The small percentage of pacing blood is worthy of particular no- tice. Further, the prominent trotting sires in it have produced more trotters than pacers, and Robert McGregor, Abdallah XV. and Ethan Allen are noteworthy for the small number of pacers sired by them or produced by their sons and daughters. This is so small that they may be regarded strictly as sires of trotters. Abdellah XV. and Ethan Allen sired no pacers, and of the immediate get of Robert McGregor less than IO per cent are pacers. “The horses purchased are on the farm of the Colorado Agricultural College. In the management of the stud the most rigid selection will be practiced, and no animals will be retained for breeding purposes that do not conform to a high standard.” 454 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK STATISTICS. CROP REVIEW, 1905. Taken as a whole, the year 1905 was a very satisfactory year for the farmers of Missouri. The season started out admirably, but later exces- sive rains and destructive wind storms caused heavy damage to the crops and considerably reduced the flattering prospects of the earlier part of the season. Farm prices have been generally remunerative, and most of the farmers have been able to add a little during the year to their sur- plus bank account. Corn.—Weather conditions during April, May and June were almost ideal for corn except in a few of the north central counties, and a reason- ably good stand of corn was secured. The poor stand in most instances was caused by poor seed, and this emphasizes the great importance of planting seed of good germinating quality and strong vitality. It will be remembered that the season of 1904 was not good for maturing and drying out the seed corn. The general average condition for the State up to the middle of July promised a yield of about equal to the banner crop year of 1902, but excessive rains and wind storms during July and August reduced the prospects and damaged the crop to such an extent that the yield this year is the third largest in the history of the State, being exceeded by the crops of 1895 and 1902. While a great deal of the corn is of good quality, a considerable portion of the crop was badly damaged by being blown down and the wet weather, causing it to rot. There was also considerable damage to corn that was put in the shock. The acreage for 1905 is estimated at 7,076,050, compared with an acreage of 6,646,790 for 1904, or an increased acreage over 1904 of nearly 6 per cent. Wheat.—The acreage sown to wheat in the fall of 1904 for the har- vest of 1905, was 2,383,280. Approximately, 2 per cent of this acreage was plowed up and not harvested, leaving the estimated acreage harvested in 1905, 2,339,410. The yield for the entire State was about an average, and the quality generally good. However, in a number of the extreme southwestern counties the yield was very poor and the quality poor. The cause of the poor yield was on account of the heavy rains during the blooming season, which prevented perfect pollination. STATISTICS. 455 The estimated acreage sown to wheat in the fall of 1905 for the har- vest of 1906 is about 6 per cent below the acreage sown the previous year. The greatest decrease is in the southwest section, and is, no doubt, owing to two principal causes: First, owing to the very unsatisfactory yield in several of the large wheat counties of that section last year; and, second, because of the wet weather preventing the preparation of the soil for sowing. The condition of the new crop on the first of December was 90, which is above the normal condition for that time of year, and which is 17 points above the condition of the crop at the same time in 1904. 456 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. CORN, HAY AND FORAGE. Table giving acreage, average yield per acre and total product of corn and hay and forage by counties for the year 1906: Corn *Hay and forage. > > 8 > 4 S B32 BS S 8g bo | 82) BE | 8 ES © 99 atk : o< Seo umes “3 e deesl o> BS o ome) so 53 = Fa 28 2S Sey CAEN neta aie ok SE de RO a aE aD Oe 7,076,050 | 33.6 | 245,152,245 || 3,456,057 | 3,562,446 County ACE peat eee NTA OUR God aes oF re ee 64,525 | 32 2,065, 120 66, 895 46 977 MOTAR ANTI Tr oso ae ees Rea 121,070 | 32 3,874,240 | 57, 986 40,614 RTA RA Whe Bi aac. aot cen eet ee toe 89.350 | 31 2 769, 850 31,090 37.556 Atchison 168,425 | 42 7,073,850 || « 22,320 43, 668 Barry 51,415 | 31 1,593, 865 14,050 14,080 antiny Oo Se see 95,755 | 30 2.872, 650 59.590 71,515 Bates 143,240 | 32 4, 583,680 78, 600 81; 900 Benton...... 57.705 | 30 1, 731, 150 31,845 34,218 Bollinger 32,955 | 26 856, 830 11,375 13,640 Boone - a 88,535 | 39 3, 452, 865 48, 775 29, 333 Resi chisel Wile we ea ee So eee ee 64,130} 36 2' 308, 680 21, 055 31, 628 Butler csc0c- -.- 00: ahh eaten eae ere me 22,385 | 30 671,550 6, 600 6, ‘Set GIA I ae eae een aed eee 86,040 | 35 3, 011, 400 45, 165 -67, 778 (OPE Ei oe aaa BESO Oe N 84.260 | 35 2) 949, 200 51,466 36, 047 eae eee ke Penmaes tue aR: eeu SE SABOM SSD 972; 000 11,575 9, 383 Caper Ginardeauhessoics-on scctic-ecn ieee es 35,185 38 1,337,030 20,600 27,708 Eire Shy eae eee ek ome tig by ein eet i nae 150,120 | 35 5, 254, 200 50, 914 52, 014 CIRRCRES CO oe te ct iar nn ae 10,755 | 28 301, 140 2. 332 27; 852 Cass. 116,785 | 36 4,204. 260 63, 350 64,010 BREEN An eet ae ee ne nck De ee 54,195] 28 1,517, 460 20,560 21,203 PA EON ee es . E e 77,845 | 45| 3,503,025 57,204 | 58, 208 GERRI hae eee eee eee 43.430 | 30 1, 302, 900 13,780 | 12',402 planners Syberia: Be, FO. rn Sie be 87,270 | 35 3, 054, 450 48, 355 48, 498 layin en es re Ra oe ce 63.815 | 39 2° 683, 785 20, 490 30, 738 Bs rte rea a Matra RB A ae Ale co Ba Ned 94,435 | 40 3,777,400 37,260 | 48,504 (iineee Pah da Stee. Pee eee 24,720 | 40 988, 800 17,300 | 17,300 WOIGUEL race Te she see clad ecto culens cacweseeae ee 77,395 45 3, 482, 775 24, 620 24,620 Gipraartreiis tec Vichc, cae a ee ee 28.915 | 32 925, 13,000. 13,000 Sng RE ein Seon ena tke 65,800 | 28| 1,842,400 19,010 | 19,613 TCL) ces aL anal A fli Se i a Bs ORSAY 41'325 | 30 1,329: 750 19, 430 19.545 WSGLOKS wo. 6 ss-sceas doen 104/635 | 33 3,452, 955 57, 325 69, 154 Dekalb ss... 50. “tee 97,460 | 31 3,021, 360 45,140 51,415 Picts Me ve oseiee nt, Feides vane kee emeeie 30,785 | 32 985, 120 16, 130 16, 130 PIT, ek aa eR RR aes Male 40,300 | 25 1,007; 500 13,274 10,631 Dunklin LOE ane Es DTA ile 43,085 | 40 1,723, 400 5, 066 6, 566 ediitalintse fect eee oe soc eS 49,305 | 41 2) 021,505 245010 28° 810 Bt Ti Ce ee SSeS 21,880 | 40 75,200 13,510 11,018 ESE EAS Se og gE OR eR gE SRR AA Be 90,660 | 33 2,991; 780 55, 880 73,600 Greene 76,310 | 29 9 212' 990 26, 488 31, 794 POR TERUONG eos la ein me cuk es 72,395 | 35 2,583. 825 57,930 59, 412 [SSS aT ae coon anh dee RAR ami 127,375 | 37 4, 712, 875 81,331 106, 054 Henry 116,005 | 32 3,712, 160 48,990 45,515 PROMS ae Ps eee 37,595 | 24 902; 280 16,900 14,010 5 RRR ERIE ee oe AR. Ne 95,515 | 32 3, 056, 430 13,875 174,625 cto birdd .; :cahcuein atten Gone se Sto co 45,555] 42 1,913, 310 27,240 27, 240 ES Vg 1 i Se a 55 ROPE SE Se LEE ng 43,870 | 26 1; 140. 620 13,270 10, 675 0) aR ee ee Aa 28. ME LR 13,210 | 26 343, 460 8.770 | 71,210 VAGUS ON cs os sah scene tae eee cae aes 105,770 | 42 4, 442° 340 42, 755 55, 756 HAE GGY J Wis;.) Eass dene eae 70,550 | 32 2, 257, 600 30, 070 33, 640 OMGESON jus bors. +s heen ameetee. 41,740 | 36 1,502; 640 20; 170 | 26. 212 SOHEBON os\0uc~ «coat t-te eer eee wee 114,120 | 39 4° 450, 680 56,170 | 51,033 Pec eite Saat featacieirte RT dave av 63,340! 31 1, 963, 540 59, 190 47,717 STATISTICS. CORN, HAY AND FORAGE—Oontinued. ~ 457 IAC LOM GM er oicisek cise os scat cv celeacoreke a simipeysicts MatayettOmnw.sce cesses css. scle Wa W RENCE ch ne) esicscieicre MGWISt cus vaertoctscie ID (@0) Itasca Saas dacteon Sere ao me URS aS ae ac NERUN A Ea es eveterl eyoprar Na tehovctevueh ncaserchovohetaicieza=taieretetetnesinns Diab esS 1G) Gao Serge doSeae de oseaceheod.opnorapeac MeDOn alse us eee aa. seeeie ee tb eitiale dae he MACON 34 ee Aultecine: Be aa joes mate EP icsawes Madi SOs Bots iretcesen > Seas Sineet sticetaies NUATIGSS.: ¢ .Sohngaseesen- ones he. Wa acbte ioe oaee NIEETHONG 8 cf ercieaectoeys Ad RIES oR Reece INIGIUOTS EES an 42 Lan See Aer Seite COE INIGINOT mene eee eter eee Sow nes beens Poet MEISSISSIP pI HAS naiiec tex ce Coon Ses cate arbaietee MGMTGECA IN seeetk eotteinle, velco a iictanieia «oe cece ciao. INEOVAT OC). oe ceiioe tote ale axe cles a acti EAGAOnS sec NIGINGTOMONYiestaiccecerce asta s. sace meee cians MON ATE SERS skeeste ns otters Mob ccsee Wetcce Nea MiadiriGs steel. os aceettetnnc: crt ebb o- INOW Verse eesti i asceclsis crsistere cvosie ee Seslersssteis Osage...... oe aS eR ee eS ARR apie sereicle tries ee eieists arse stolen eee es Sales sete UGVINOLAS se caeierla sat eciiita's ste Vewticasie gett s ofa Ripley.... Mee eins Saeed Tee states Saline..... Schuyler. Scotland. Scott..... SLAY 1020) 8) OB odo DROE Oe EIDaOG De OG Eero eeion br SHE Dyer sce ution ootetins Cecio tticeetieia devs eleteeis i SOMA eter cite sees ae isee Coe cere asics Stone ccc: 20. aso aia tte ods eee eth caters Sem eat es Sets te, ale oe isn ate-ciet ae inetcle ga Semis edt a SieetIPANCOISs snesosee: | ctsewisas saieicies eseiaiclelese STOMIG ONG VAG VCs eee eck semanas set nie aicpistarcios HULU Gee are eas mine S as atcanale actors: b wjsic teste Siete WYRE OM octal ete lore oe}, ciziele aroheloratele switele sledta sats ¢ Washingtonccssescinss ibisqer iy citcsenases 2 Wii esa easiness. ect chine a atreereielaiciet aa ciete eit = WIGDSECP ee econ ce cect cece seis izemelaindcaae adtie *Includes both cultivated and wild hay. hay only, Oorn *Hay and forage. Preialvsrlnes o's S ae 4 Oo Oct 4 oct oO AA cf oO a @ © BS a BS cs) E09 ae : Sys! = ik <2 “9 5 Peg om +8 ® oo EU 3 a Se Sys ng 36, 165 28 1,012,620 24,220 24, 280 116, 770 44 5, 137, 850 35, 234 42,346 58, 040 30 1, 741, 200 14,560 15,010 53, 925 35 1, 887,375 49,254) | 39, 936 68, 405 32 2,188, 960 21,508 21. 667 80, 090 38 3,043, 420 83,128 67, 102 93,740 40 3, 749, 600 53, 930 60, 963 27,195 27 734, 265 8,884 8,939 86, 485 36 3, 113, 460 83,470 75, 503 15, 920 32 509, 440 10, 790 10, 790 28,320 30 849, 600 12,265 12, 298 50, 695 37 1,875, 715 32, 889 27,631 61,710 37 2, 283, 270 59, 435 71,644 33,595 3l 1,041, 445 16,670 16, 690 38, 285 30 1, 148, 550 4,565 5, 459 42, 800 a 38 1,326,400 25, 600 25, 650 96, 910 33 3,198, 030 54, 225 48, 829 70,915 30 2,127, 450 31,655 21,846 37,455 37 1, 385, 835 24,590 22,773 40, 080 30 1,202, 400 2,790 3, 834 42,410 29 1, 229, 890 22, 260 25, 638 233, 835 38 8,885, 730 61, 454 92, 676 27,425 29 795, 325 5, 250 5,200 28,840 38 1,095, 920 14, 250 14,250 31,505 24 756, 120 3,670 3, 670 19, 730 40 789, 200 960 1, 152 26,510 35 927, 850 11, 264 14,631 103,195 40 4,127,800 51,703 63, 826 28,155 37 1,041, 735 | 16, 242 16,298 73, 760 38 2,802. 880 42,205 29, 832 57, 860 35 2,025,100 15, 095 22, 652 68, 830 27 1, 858, 410 | 30,700 31, 048 28,060 33 925, 980 11,800 11,800 57,375 BL 1,778, 625 68,570 68,813 63,510 40 2,540, 400 32, 008 32, 008 56, 57U 40 2,262, 800 21,974 19, 971 115, 050 40 4,602, 000 44, 980 45, 712 14, 405 30 432,150 8, 760 8, 760 24, 765 29 718, 185 4,580 5,496 157, 450 46 7, 242, 700 36,270 36, 355 36,540 30 1,096, 200 37, 460 37,598 56, 935 35 1, 992, 725 51,900 52, 041 35, 460 38 1,347, 480 7,250 7,250 22,545 22 495, 990 5,330 5, 330 73, 450 40 2, 938, 000 54, 525 38, 563 52, 605 28 1, 472, 940 8, 065 9,675 31, 085 30 932, 550 7,536 7,539 43,165 40 1,726,600 17, 104 17,195 73, 800 28 2,006,400 | 33, 840 34, 830 19,700 25 492,500 15, 150 15, 150 17,090 30 512, 700 9, 260 11, 106 38,395 45 1, 727,775 32, 085 33, 291 68, 305 33 2, 254,065 95, 500 86, 470 27,280 28 763,540 | 3,545 3,545 50,015 24 1, 200, 360 | 25, 215 20,175 142, 035 29 4,119,015 | 76,570 76, 033 26, 135 36 940, 860 | 10, 166 10,177 26,125 33 862, 125 | 12, 355 9, 887 27,605 30 828, 150 11, 900 11, 900 41,350 22 909, 700 21,940 22,033 51, 055 35 1, 786, 925 27,240 40, 980 34, 985 25 874, 625 19, 482 19, 587 Previous estimates have been for cultivated 458 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL, REPORT. WHEAT AND OATS. Table giving acreage, average yield per acre and total product of wheat and oats by counties for the year 1905: Wheat. Oats ok eiealners Aelheyy == ng |83| 2&6 | Pe | 88 Ee, Bat ae sr | Ba es Bee) ose epee $8 Bi Sete 2 ee = (oieaes oe na © c'd 7 @ ® so is ne Plead )sokcrs ieee! = 5 UBLO ie, crs aresotisins sean ae se eee dees oho aneed | 2, 339, 410 | 13 | 30,335, 980 | 729,090 | 27.6 20, 156, 055 County. LAG IEN FORA Oro eR SIRAE arc cio aCe IE cna roe a PPPS beg 36,040 3.550 | 23 81, 650 AIO TRAN oro sce ccis). Soe ace tesco eieoten 151854) 17 20,14 27,275 | 30 818, 250 FANVOVOW sects cont aioe ee ee re ee caren teetee 4,920 | 20 98, 400 6,490 | 29 188,210 Atchison....... greet ects eee sees eee ee eees 5,850 | 25 146, 250 22,995 | 28 643, 860 PPO Yer toe coon sinlcr coh oe Sees aaie nome revieeten 44,060 6 264, 360 5,505 | 30 166,050 SAR GONE eee esse ace ene ooe beeen waaces 195455) eS 142, 890 12,200 | 22 268, 400 ESC ES eee ose cries cietasticeein, le nara werikomeciictes 14,930 | 138.5 201, 555 14,110 | 31 437,410 SONCON ch chveaiined caste bon an Hall ates osceibeaete 12,365 | 14 173, 110 9,290 | 27 250, 830 BOUIN GETS selenicn.ss doe cesvcepeeac tees ee ieee 23, 770 8 190, 160 5,220 | 25 130,500 OOMGl ek sesaicccee . cone cauivedencce: ac cuee 21,290 | 15 318, 350 7,805 | 28 218,540 BU CHAN BM een cree sisercisyor oncsiacetomese oes 32,595 | 18 586, 710 4,945 | 32 158, 240 BSTC OR ce red rece cn as de sere htoceweceacicntne nen 1,895 | 10 18, 950 1,340 | 24 32, 160 WRTAWSl lc tyesiaranis ores se sere onaecacomesasts 2200s ele, 38, 250 2,885 | 35 100,975 Oallaway. ets 26,450 | 15 396, 750 11,485 | 23 264, 155 CAMGGIN Gs aoc c:c hc oth eee eee 7,175 |- 10.5 75,335 2,990 | 26 17,740 Mane Giragrae@us. vcs tote acon eee cee 63, 305 6.5 411, 485 7,305 | 30 219, 150 Qarroll.....:.. : He ROPAO OH OUO OER oF: 20,640 | 20 412, 800 7,600 | i0 228, 000 OALGOM 5. sek ve amice ae te eerccloceiewiereee cleats 1,200; 10 12, 675 | 25 16,875 Oass.. saan ate 18,750 | 14 262, 500 11,370 | 30 341,000 Oedar Bae eh aie c bee taeees 13,165 | 13.5 177,730 8,300 | 23 190, OHAPIEON fad oklas > cana asm aces. Siest 24,265 | 18 436, 770 5,000 | 27.5 137,500 WHR Stan tease cc cons: Havoncucsecdeenaseee 26,250 8 210,000 6,005 | 30 180, 150 ON ae eh eee ceca Mice crewtten (ciereis oeece dee 7,080 | 18 127, 440 22,875 | 35 800, 625 (0) i PRON ce sae CRRSer MCOMaC eee etnies 8,840} 15 132, 600 2,215 | 30 66, 450 OU ME OMS og oar sc ore eins geese tetliees ston Ne duns 3,360 | 15 50, 400 5,675 | 35 198, 625 QO Geant seth avave cre wn Odes hide etetete witout mer 36,330 | 19 690, 270 4,205 | 27.5 115, 640 WOOP ODR sea e niece mie ce cus acento eden cereale 59,730 | 16 955, 680 7,945 |} 30 238, 350 DPA WLOLG cin ce as cn cect rot ce dcetee nies 15, 320 9.5 145, 540 2,495 | 25 62,375 LOG (SESS Baap aan atte o po Son On ADE DR OCoEE a: 38 ,420 7 268, 940 12,480 | 20 249, 600 LB) UE RS SA ee at ee Re 9,850 | 10 98, 500 6,435 | 24 154, 440 MSW GBS ton ccietugs cculeeicert concern eeteeclene 5,515 7 93, 755 3,560 | 30 106, 800 DOG ctecltittina vance seiieeoictte sa ont eaten 1,820 | 17 30, 940 3,975 | 28 111, 300 DD BVbtecsian teclcleciate swish eee tants inter. ba 13,160 6 78,960 2,000 | 22.5 45, 000 PIOUGIGS ss Soest cule esere ceibeias cece wcetee nen 19, 455 7 136, 185 3,320 | 20 66, 400 PPD FS ig cteiatiames amciasews SoeSe ee 42135) ) 5 72,190 1,040 | 22 22,880 Lbifeiy ed Fel IL RE Fs Ba See SRR a ea 85,860 | 12 1, 030, 820 7,585 | 28 212,380 CRASCONRAG sires wiicc oe Fh faied warecesoie si aatieeicic tis 39,140 | 11 430, 540 4,575 | 23 128, 100 MP OTIUE, cinta toe cas aca etiorceele ask ote oe al 1,420} 17 24, 140 6,110 2 195, 520 IMOTIO sre hite Kt ete a eiv.s hold icin less aa ae bieiorse ba 57, 825 9 515, 925 14,675 | 30 440, 250 MPPIIN Cate tio cial” so'e nasi aaa diane cts w cho aiss se sha 2, 8 17 47,940 2,705 | 30 81, 150 PUOE MISONO Mer teinss See Joie ccichimccuseesece 2,240] 19 42,560 8,465 | 32 270, 880 ERE ge atic is wsin’d te Ne wn ittanieisie.s wienatte aia w nis tm 21,655 | 14.5 214,000 14,445 | 31.5 455, 020 EEIGKORY ite wien sccadt tude deans sakuecelee oe re 1335 97, 605 ‘ 25 131,375 MIRVUUE Momctiaine elvis wie c'vas Setar ances Bow + we 7,980 | 24 190, 320 14,620 | 32.5 475, 150 PUESWUR CL ta PRA oteveln c's... a6 vaie ctattatatates wise atv n Bie 42,955 | 18 773, 190 2,405 | 35 84,175 RCH Ollie Ccbs cae pottemudie fetes wend 28,190 6 139,140 3,980 | 28 111, 440 EVO coat malaise sishbics «. cau MOR eNOS Chick oct ditne v be 2,125 | 1¢ 21, 250 1,170 | 20 , 400 POLSON Eee bits « anes sical data aits bibs uk es 24,280 | 17.5 424, 900 5,865 | 33.3 195, 500 SURE DOL. hatiate aice'sc:c. «numba keh icb 68 as eS = 179 as Sa gee eae pai WO ea y = 2 Bre Peg oo ara Voleentd = & a he 7:8 | oe he) t eS ao : Bias g WMACIOD OMe tm ecisctescny eas. Qslcicieawancleaeerts 10,275 | 10 102, 750 4,910 | 21 103, 110 MEET AV OGL sels siciestiseics sie bainvaicine Ce'eminicneeie ae 52,770 | 18 949, 860 12,825 | 33.3 427,500 Wa WReNCO nce cre reistes, ioc sales sie cine Saat cece 76,245 | 12 914, 940 14,970 | 30 449, 100 MPO WIS Se eee dat Menace clowaetion csv eee eecdee nmas 7,490 | 14 104; 860 6,395 | 25 159, 875 WAIN CO LT ae ene eee ee nich sevecie [cca eae e cteisierc’e 45,860 | 16 733, 760 14,575 | 25 364,375 UNITAS stoic eotrnitcporcacietc sloa.siote xe's Stisinisler toon 3,969 | 18 71, 280 4,05& | 33 133,815 WU VAM STON cciasicrcnte scieis chek Sarees cieiesl sina 7,405 | 18 133, 290 3,925 | 30 117, 750 WIC) DCTS WG Cree BSA eves ee Sei en ef cog a a 17,470 9 157, 230 2,050 | 30 61,500 UEC sa RRA OR AGE. COC CASE MEISE Che eeCmpICE Se 5,430 | 16 86, 880 33055) 30 106, 925 INUECESOM es cioe) Sepretteen coc leiciaye «Mec aateietae Soles 8,030 13 104, 390 1,345 | 21 28, 245 IVR TGS Soca e sah ae oh rete efeie cvelsecttaceess Jette Son 13, 305 9 119, 745 3,030 | 24 72, 720 INARTsTOTI soe phe citer tate ororatovaTsl craves ore'e bravstorewres Kate 17,900 | 16.5 295, 350 3,905 | 28 109: 340 INEGI EC Dee tere ctstotereeit cols, aresiemrelceisele Sorat 1,490 | 18 26, 820 4,470 | 25 111, 750 MED GS ese rercpe tetas cote sioteints stone bok Goosen meal 15,790 | 12 189, 480 3,885 | 30 116,550 IMS SISSUD DE: ersetrere cate rclsiaicra'a Stcroteneve a ieislejaistvines 37,655 | 12 451, 860 175 | 32 5,600 WEOMTLOAND a eucce ce aimee cc oe nis, see eles aj ieetes 29,530 | 13 383, 890 8,760 | 25 219, 000 MONT OO iia sarc hacec ca cteaces ae eelotslvice siewees 7,995 | 14 111, 930 10,505 | 23 241,615 A Aged BoP Sale eirereee ielatele ova horeehiue tice eie.cie 19,225 | 16 307,600 16,295 | 20 325, 900 erate apa MA ata ats celdhctePetoteia a:o\ciaseisicnners cove esis 12,510 | 15 187, 650 6,900 | 30 207, 000 New piiadinid. ESKER UR Peles cies ote ineee so eae 17,735 | 12 212, 820 280 | 24 6,720 WV a cetera, Sin tela atmlaraiciaaiateherarete ayclaveleisva, alsiess 45, 450 8.5 386, 325 7,210 | 22.5 162, 225 INORUER WEL Vile cree etic at: crsielolesci leet “6 Ha yci\eic ais tele Tovernie 5,520 | 22.5 124, 200 25,680 | 30 770, 400 GRC PO Ne ae eee ence ae eral sic cio. sreintsiee siete 10,310 7 72,170 2, 960 20 59, 200 CEA @ pocmadoggcd00 sac doanous dotcnuod CoeeanaS 40,150 | 15 602, 250 2,665 | 30 79,950 OZAT eeyetere eeeee a aiwcie sesu tale wisiewis eases 8, 750 4 35, 000 1,720 | 25 43, 000 IR GUIISC O bia ie ee tice ca. Sa alate ners isielaleutetele 5,220 | 12 62, 640 65 | 24 1,560 12 Aven Gaodme Hooda cedcomooNae5 Fo Senosandon 52,015 | 12.5 650, 190 5,220 | 28 146, 160 CLUS ee occ seeder ate wieciaceP alee an 27,940 | 17.5 488, 950 8,120 | 31 251,720 AMO Ste crsrercsurereinssovetevelcioisrsie’a:s.sia cvaveperais sisteve wiate 10,440 | 10 104,400 3,905 | 30 117,150 PN Oe Rote ores sees niitnts Sarenra calegipaia se claieisis 45,740 | 14 640, 360 12,750 | 22 280,500 UGE ieciocte isis a sinjsisiciorois sxe (a's. sjacarsie sisieysteleiem aloes 44,280 | 19 841, 320 3,095 | 35 108, 325 Polk 26,970 | 10 269, 700 11,575 | 22.5 260, 440 UEC] ig Io aie tse et a se 7,465 9 67,185 2,175 | 25 54,375 PUG IM lees Woe cases Socioweisomieeiieeelcciss 1,580 | 20 31,600 5,430 | 34 184, 620 ER UTS ee rates atace e te ima ied imate BeVNE Ree a ee aia: 12,285 | 16 196, 560 7,445 | 20 148, 900 Randolph Bs Pas aia eases See ats 2,950 | 15 44, 250 Bena) || Bas 81,375 ane aa 13,835 | 19 262, 865 2,660 | 30 79,800 RP VMOlAS Kissin te caicwas cece sic we ee Sicaisistersia sistele 2,450 | 11 26, 950 790 | 18 14, 220 RUD LOY zesteecircaicicwsic ss cic lacinisieve pia cieicisicveleisis seeie 4,540 6 27,240 3,290 | 20 65, 800 St. Onarica HG RA 6HORC AO DOr ou OS cen erele 76,135 | 21 1, 598, 835 9,180 | 30 275, 400 St. Olair 8,150 | 11 89, 650 8,815 | 24 211, 560 Ste. Geneviev 31,850 | 12 382, 200 1,585 | 25 39, 625 St. Francois... 15, 060 10 150, 600 1,910 18 34,380 St. Louis:....:. 53,940 | 13 701, 220 2,915 | 28 81,620 Saline ... 57,580 | 17 978, 860 6,980 | 30 209, 400 Schuyler 2,560 | 15.5 39, 680 4,355 | 30 136, 050 Scotland... z 1,360 | 16 21, 760 10,225 | 33 337, 425 PIG OUP eee icle clolvveiczel hale, eis 0:0 (a erevtlaieteietoe sone erate 55, 285 8.5 469, 925 290 | 25 7, 250 Shannon 3,195 3 9, 585 915 | 20 18,300 Shelby .. 13,875 | 14 194, 250 7,700 | 30 231,000 Stoddard.. 24,360 8.5 207,060 2,425 | 27 65,475 SEO teete ste nas Srerstes tortie o ele sieleie elaysiarat Nalelaalne 9,155 (es) 68, 665 1,650 | 26 42,900 SS THU Diy eh Wiech rata arate ayers oars (aie sidan steel sieeve jaiciaverere S3anie a 14,195 2,530 | 32.5 82, 225 BRNO Vom ecteisicatsonisies! ce sic sisemicie” oe naicateietere 5, 785 Be 31, 320 1,925 | 26 50,050 TE Ge eretet ets oe ccnuscispcts foie cre Stel sist uraparareieiale’veisiore 19, 825 eo 148, 690 3,490 | 18 62,820 NIST TI ees Ones bea roraie tie sajcisiatare eopniei e's wove le wate 11,750 | 11.5 135, 125 10,600 | 25 265, 000 WHERE arom eiesereteran seis slo olt wiavo's Gletoiare’sveytior 28,130 14 393, 820 9,410 | 21 197, 610 Washington = 16,475 | 11 181, 225 2,315 | 20 46,300 EUILG seer iniela te rayeisinrerciciete so oveiaia al Storens(elatercia, crete 7,290 6.5 47,385 E755) |) 2a 38, 610 Wie DSTOR ee acieisteriierarestsreicreete sia s\soe e wawetearasine 20,530 7.5 153,975 7,085 | 24 170, 040 WORLH cecites sien eincsis.e ROedEo0o Lobe dcoD Beas 1,030 | 22 22, 660 Sayin BS 6) 125, 165 Wiriglites scree crn cones cece ves ace seis foes 13, 455 9 121,095 3,500 | 24 84,000 460 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL, REPORT. SUMMARY OF THE ACREAGE, YIELD AND VALUE OF FARM CROPS JOR, DEE, .Y EAR 1905 . FOR THE SLATE AND BY SECTIONS. CORN. Average : Acres 5“ |Total yield Section. planted. yield DEE Sashes Total value. INOTENO ASU. eee chercittiscva cists Hurctsldie«,crisiceis cles 1,342,815 34.6 46, 462,115 $17,196, 410 INGrGN WOES bison fe ere race sa eee See seen cle eteara ec 2,145,145 36.6 79, 561, 185 27, 430, 736 Oentrales 2s 55. Mpetyatcis cieiaatetisteatete rs ale late eieictote Sieh 1, 150, 940 36 43. 537, 890 15, 808,322 SOUbHWOStl joc tone tees sues ae oaercisas celteeees 1, 566, 420 | 29 47,544, 160 15.999, 624 Southeast: 3. te es cece ee ica daieeses 870,730 | 31.9 28, 046,895 10,526, 263 State@sic:.cocmacae acecubetcnnke scenes 7,076,050 | 33.6 | 245,152,245 $86, 961, 355 WHEAT. Average | P Section. Acres sown. 4 ea vee Der Tota Total value. INOnthGasts..o> i. Cae ceceigteoen 303, 460 302, 865 16.7 5,056, 025 $1, 094, 637 IWORERWESG..5. gan % Botlocwic a ae cece 251, 295 250 810 18.7 4, 680, 9*0 3,686. 391 OFETTIGy ins ot a ree O SEEMS SAE 478, 875 475 575 15 3 7, 284,970 5, 758, 898 BOUMbMWEStss aie iio Seen eto eeitas 657,545 637, 115 10.2 6, 482, 960 5, 015, 279 Southeast: . <- sws ce phesec ces cceeee 692, 105 673, 045 10.1 5, 831,045 5, 435, 758 DUACE.< 02. Nee soles pees 2,383, 2&0 2,339, 410 13 30, 335, 980 $23, 990, 965 WHEAT SOWN, FALL 1965. Acreage Average Previous Section Acreage compared | condition /five-yearav- 3 : sown, 1905. | with prev. | crop, Dec. | erage con. year, % 1, 1905. |Dec. 1, 1905. MORENO RStioigos octet Wap okie tsicieaalee saree aiesiew dees 297,920 93 95 89 INGHOHWOSUS Siccc cs sante wee data eee ec cae 245, 265 98 95 93 CON GRAl cijew sey cite o hcarh den cccloeaeieas es sree. seins 451,355 94 | 87 88 SGUURWESE? fos cece hha ob ces deur en neee ee sabe cee 580, 895 88 88 84 WOUMHOASTs Mn sete ne fetes ln de deek ckives.c Daae hates 663,975 96 88 | 87 SUACO tats fs rack ater ofucciiaenteneeleis ea sles ites 2,239, 410 94 | 90 88 OATS. : Average Acres Total yield ree Section. harvested: yee ve bushels. Total value. INGHUUORSL, .larpete Sanite us Obama’ Sninels o actaie 186, 685 27.6 5, 165, 950 $1, 368, 360 INGNG DW OSU. Soc cette etitas nan catueWaes ane sletentenss 154,615 30.7 4, 761, 350 1,347,197 (Oy) 21,4 CS es Se oe ee tees eres! 117, 400 27 3,185, 095 4 SOUIEEWOSEs. ons shi) ohicmee calainio nie ebiait erode 198.540 26 5, 254, 495 1, 456, 809 BOUUUMOCAB UE... coctiectitesns sre cm cedemen bemnccls ween ee 71,850 25 1,789, 165 615, 351 BSUELUG uc smiares setae Tee area eis sien las ait se a 729, 020 27.6 20, 156, 055 $5, 744, 849 STATISTICS, 461 *HAY AND FORAGE. *Includes cultivated and wild hay. Average nti Acres F Total yield Section. yield per Total value. harvested acre, ton tons. PNOCUNCASU.E8 ces cedar ae. cacs oe Go opninoie nente nea ee 997, 893 85 859, 019 $5, 723, 123 INorbhwests, O° 5)... 20.2).: 1 Be Sa ae ape ton 879, 903 1.2 1,114, 606 6,311,000 ernie nce oe cersicceisais ete te ieee 561, 939 95 533, 892 4,532, 321 SOUPMW OS bee feet saWis stone ve cotburss 686, 919 1 706, 133 4,497,151 SOUPMOASh iste rsere Misc. wel Geile a accesses oe 329,403 1 348, 796 3, 465, 016 SUPT orie BEINS OE OS Ree marr mane lanai oe 3, 456, 057 1 3, 562, 446 $24,528, 611 FLAX Acres Average Total Total Section. sown yield per yield. value. acre, bu. INODGRCAS Decision tect cae aelanc ese eases ee 382 7 2,673 $2,459 NORTH WES GS. i ima 2 si factorclen s csicnss Sos Sem adenecenee 550 il 6, 050 5.566 Oentral.... 5 1,826 8 14,610 13, 295 MOUPNWOSE ees oneal acute aces eeeeeten ace: 17,472 7 122, 304 111, 296 OTP H ORS Utrae tayo tae ia cieies clos ale’ ote crststohas aie alee [le Seeheac be Stele cillins ele Coisehohce ocall ee Tekan ee Siete? | entices ae renee NEALO seca ose Tele ast iietetateteets Gis eye nian Seema. 20, 230 72 145, 637 $132, 616 RYE. Acres Average | Total yield Total Section. sown yield per bushels. value. acre, bu. Northeast 13 54, 600 $31, 663 Northwest... 17 130, 900 73, 304 Central..... 18 29, 700 18,414 Southwest 10 24, 000 15, 600 BOULNEASt Mocs eae caren bicee hose wel ssieiece 11 33, 055 23, 799 State 14.4 272, 2355 $162, 785 Acres Average | Total yield Total Section. sown yield per bushels. value. acre, bu. INOEDREASG .ce ose. aetecieeises cacrins Bailie oelse a eatery 1,055 13 13,715 $10, 286 INORG WOES tos canes earaiel ioe sie tiemvseterswaeciel (ich. 488 17 8, 296 6, 222 MOWER A Soh ce ccatioe se ike veceetacieiees eee Meee 123 12 1.476 1,107 SOMES Cosi enyee iolsiners onze ous cme ean wisi eae oes 495 14 6, 930 5,197 DOMME AS bas ascii naa sectls soci s. ae-c new cle Rus atele wins 40 14 560 420 ISLIE WINES Benn te Mey CAS RCSRCS UC eT EES AB OREmee 2,201 14 30,977 $22, 232 BARLEY. Acres Average | Total yield Total Section. sown. yield per | bushels. value. acre, bu. INGEEHGAS Essie oeaca cic csce cous), cfs cme ne cilecaclesreeos 130 19 2,470 $1, 457 INGEE WOES brood cis cas oadnccslaetlce” Aas osmacya ser 1, 203 22.5 27, 067 13,533 Gera alee arco aoe tia sataloranamaolny masa rave Secsincavele 130 22 2,860 1,716 SOMGMWOSUmic csc cce eee Coeancenn see! Goseeeleraas 215 23 4,945 2,967 SOUGHEAB UM os emcer er cisct site onee et dene sees. aes 352 23 8, 096 4, 857 SUAS meet een avaieidies ssi obiseiae seat Sos seanee 2, 030 22.3 45, 438 $24, 530 462 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAI, REPORT. BROOM OORN. AVaragS. Total ee Section. Acres sown.| yield >!Total value. acre, He pounds. INOFENeaSt..acstysb fare cise eh ee eee bere Bente or 473 366 173,118 $5, 626 INORGHWESUs cc cee icechsc slave Cagtele te One oe cle baer bas 483 400 193, 200 6, 038 OCenbrali\....di:aeccsesone a attie.o-o abe lala is luelviate Statate tajasste 773 325 251, 225 9 421 BOULOWOSE ls. oie tere No cob ce Sak aches clerelatoac alee 3,367 425 1, 430, 975 48. 652 BOUTHEASErieeelese pei seielciete okstcleknicies EA ao afecaietore 170 318 54,060 1; 838 PGA DO sre cater ietsion wecc Reece ease han-sa aislasies 5, 266 399 2,102,578 $71,575 COTTON. Average | Total yield Section. Acres sown.| yield per >/Total value. acre, Ibs. | Pounds. INORDHOA SE sec pass ao. b oe, n 0:06 0010 siessieie.c) co aleise.dea\el| (Seo cetsreces@ e'e'|ls. ‘eles eteleic.e sie atelllerolscic clan eraaels | meee arn Northwest Sel aleieie- whaibin'S carelain(ecese pistatare ateleToll oe lw. /alere:#ia'erw:atersl| lavay ave sia’ otale’exo:ate's'| sore oye ttereie rete eto | eae tea Oentral.... ..... ws w sialoloinie S10/d ale diere eb oteie'e} sie e(o, asll ae winlsloce case acest || cro's faieie/etelete: ste miliale veleraretele eteletaetel | aiseat neat SOUbENW.OStin ch os ceatencsins Sat asisleiosicn, sole eeeiecae 5,403 250 1, 350, 750 $135,075 SOUGHOASE wee aden crews ce A icine this calak eatlenehee 60,524 290 : 17, 551, 960 1,913, 164 WEATOR mots Sacer occas ce etic siete ceneeee 65, 927 287 18, 902, 710 $2, 048, 239 TOBACOO. Average Acreage Total yield, Section. 1995. pe ee pounds. Total value. INOTONGAS bees iscieut aap eid cieis<= cilbsiciers sun ee adie ate 6 600 781 468, 600 $46, 860 IN ONGILW CS bnie 4 cone cae bhcoieraoee oan cole een te wanes 606 925 560, 550 56,055 WENT CA ee bsascicicens vane aaiceuia caciecotieaees 1,050 1, 036 1, 087,800 119.658 DPOWMbMWESL jh atstee divin iis cca sero ma se cone taelet oe 525 700 367,500 36, 750 NOULHEASD ce tarcet mcs cee a Nereis oot a eaca 2 654 750 490,500 53, 955 SUMEO eee teog oseiincesinenolleeshemns bam aaiee 3, 435 866 2,974, 950 $313,278 POTATOES. Section Acreage visa ee Total Total value. 1905. cel P yield, bu. RMINGUNG AS bi delstenisli-tcisine ..c-sieid vale Bia, o/eieinse te athe’ aleteres 13, 301 | 85 1, 130,585 $667,045 Northwest... 20, 751 82 1,701, 582 901, 838 OOnmgnals 8.5 Syee aes SIO CC Oe ECC We Sec 12, 127 90 1,091, 430 589, 372 BGUUMWEBE acts oe ccids cams chem onl tavewicateteitsmies ae 15,132 84 1, 271, 088 559, 278 DOMUHERSE eis os Sates os eh eee 20, 939 81 1, 696, 959 797,147 BUM PO sera eeivie cia Pos cana ticndated ceca me 82, 250 83.9 6,890, 744 $3,514, 680 STATISTICS. 463 SUMMARY OF TOTAL YIELD AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM CROPS PRODUCED BY MISSOURI FARM- ERS IN THE YEAR 190s. Acreage. Yield. motel teem CGE acts cette eee lsc. csiSciaeeint, ve /oinia) sie claro 7, 076, 050 245, 152, 245 $86, 961, 356 Wih@absajecsiceciccdsateececess, sc. Shaclacs: setters carers 2,339, 410 30, 335,980 23, 990, 965 COPE asd) Heicd ode S ETO COOAE BORE NOG coe tear BR DO Sei aC 729, 090 20, 156, 055 5, 744, 849 eatyi(tamerand wil@yes < cscs csisccdatet cece cet eeriscoeee 3, 456, 057 3,562, 446 24,528, 611 UU ara teaser ice cones ais a Saltiecle bien cin po eines ole eae p.crmerere 20, 230 145, 637 132, 616 IV Ore econ eee) © aivdeins cae toaicet deuieisisiebesaeee 18, 955 272, 255 162, 785 BITC WIG A Uracil ccicc acre owe cao oiea een alee, sisieie/etee 2,201 30, 977 22, 232 RAIL EY cotcteteriee ron, fevers. ais obec jae cicisneteh qaisleigs ois ates 2,030 45, 438 24,530 BOOM CORN Ga chs shinies wins Siok bill bic o oacie Oo omele eee enters 5, 266 2, 102, 578 71,575 QE ON area = cicich aes wewtre adapta tele specie cies eprineee © 65, 927 18, 902, 710 2,048, 239 I OLMGOES fore sis jeiais sais ajnicieivisicisincis Semis. ae /sideclas esis wees 82, 250 6, 890, 744 3,514, 680 JUG ORORC ES co Bepa EN ACE CEOS HORDE REE lene near 3, 435 2,974, 950 313, 278 SOs HUA SVTUP scr ctoiccic cc aseiaieiacoeinasei,c 0 cise ee Sesios *32, 000 2, 931, 200 1,099,200 ARO MOITNSCCO nsec e ete as sens Coase seeicade sedate *32, 000 768, 000 499, 200 LOVELESS e Oke t este cic ans a. waster Goweesc et knceseee ees 36, 000 64, 800 395, 280 Timothy and other grass seeds 55, 000 212, 280 342,176 Kaffir corn, millet, COW DEAS, CASLOF DEANS, CECI naomi. «ciclo le cinle'siela|s> oe ee ialcins #/=) 101216 1, 150, 000 MiscehlancoussvecetaDlesincn a ver aetacn cc seie se alcmen ones comescltiisces MOS seecs 6,500, 000 Hotalevaiue of Allneropsssmanacceet osc tacos. eter sescesll ss ckovecce ee $157,501,572 *Same acreage for both syrup and seed. CROP YIELDS, 190s. MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL, REPORT. AVERAGE PER AORE BY OROP SEOTIONS. Crop. Corny wWusnelssaeecce esses. os WHO Gs ie pe erreurs, gs Oats, ie ( Bimothy, Wai ea aac Prairie hay, ‘* Hay 4 Olover, ee | Oowpeas, Ste LAlfalfa hay,‘' Bee as ee Pushels et eh a Se i Buckw Broom-corn, baa sre harstes Cotton, (inti ee ccc Potatoes, bushel si-ecose-e <2. TODACCO, DOURGS..cseceees ose Sorghum syrup, gallons.. Sorghum seed, bushels...... Kaffir corn, bushels PS otis OCowpeas, Olover seed, tA Timothy seed, He N. E. Sec.|N. W. Sec. 20 21 counties. woe w NDR Qe OUR 00 0 TIT 13 pd counties. me OD eH ee Soe WOO HDI I-IV 11 Cl O-~2 Central |S. W. Sec.| 8S. a Bee Whole Sec. 21 23 State, 114 counties. | counties. anes counties. 36 29 31.9 33.6 15.3 10.2 10.1 13 27 26 25 27.6 95 1 1 1 Ue3} 1.2 1.2 1.3 ies 15 1583 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.5 2.38 2.3 2.3 2.5 8 7 Se Ee 7.2 18 10 ll 14.4 12 14 14 14 2 23 23 22.3 325 425 318 399 alomaeNaaen 230 290 287 90 84 81 83.9 1,036 700 750 866 101 91 94 92.2 22 24 25 24 25 27 20 2a 8.5 15 13 10.7 ay 1.9 1.6 1.8 4 3.6 SHis AVERAGE FARM PRICE, NOVEMBER 1, 1995. The prices given in this table are governed by local conditions, and are the current local prices prevailing in the country. N. E. N. W | Central | Ss. W | Ss. E | State Corn, per bushel............-. $ .37 $ .347 $ .37 $ .34 $ .41 $ .367 Wheat, eis Wale Saireneie 795 ant 786 . 768 - 786 .79 Oats, Ln, RCRD Anco RCE 27 . 287 30 -285 «347 .297 Flax rete” Victoe seautnatarvie .92 1.00 91 «PL allo chres cee .9L Timothy seed, per paahel 1.60 1.50 2.10 1.70 1.80 1.74 Olover seed, 6.40 6.40 6.50 6.00 5.85 6.10 Oowpea seea, ais 1.30 1.80 2.00 1.20 1.00 1.46 Sorghum seed, oe Ars) .60 .60 49 .80 -65 Kaffir corn, : -65 .50 .66 $62) “Vic\ ree Wee weet -58 Rye, ae -58 56 62 -65 7 .60 Buckwheat, iM 61 75 -75 75 -75 72 Barley, on 42 46 60 Rethces . 60 -54 Potatoes, rn -59 .53 54 44 47 -5L Sweet potatoes, te 89 95 .67 aay) 05 -72 Winter apples, oe fe 9 72 ayer =(t) .82 .89 .83 Timothy hay, per ton........ 7.00 5.90 8.60 7.00 9.80 7.60 Clover hay, 7.00 5.60 8.60 6.50 8.90 7.30 Broom-corn, Jl 66.00 62.00 74.00 62.00 62.00 68.00 Cotton (Lint.), per pound... cated pak EERE i POR Se erase ne -10 105 | 108 Leaf tobacco, es 10 10 a 10 wu .105 Wool, as 20 26 26 24 24 .254 STATISTICS. LIVE STOCK—AVERAGE FARM PRIOE PER HEAD, DECEMBER 1, 1905. N. E. Section. Horses. Weurlingsee.n 2. Be ae oS $40. MTN ES sccasee nes cscsws mares ce 60. Two years and over ......... 88. Mules. Spring COMMS cece cscsecie es cis 54. Yearlings.. ... BO Me chats 66. Two years and over . 107. Cattle. NHEOM GAVGSr sce icicles scusten ce 12. ELCITETICALVES Lo. 2 60: diem we neieeces 9.9 Yearling steers......... ...... 21.5 Wearline belfers’.. ssc. - os. 3: 18. Steers, two and over......... 30. Cows, two and Over .......... 23. Sheep. Lambs under one eat erste 3.8 All other sheep... Hee oy 4.9 Chickens. Average price per pound..... .08 Turkeys. Average price per pound.... 12 LIVE STOCK—CONDITION AS TO THRIFT 08 11 Central Section. lo) rt) wm CO cs] 07 -10 Soave Section. 07 -10 S: E: Section. -10 State. -106 AND HEALTH, DECEMBER 1, 1905. A—30 | N. E. | IN Wis | Central, | Ss. W. | S. E. State. MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL, REPORT. + we eeee * *"*Zutples keg 1 ss ‘* TOSI AY Ol rooLeor ja G 0 ” €6 ‘I'M Id ‘1994907 ee es - a pes Senet e5ee OTRO “TM See eeeeeeecees “+ pouruerent) eee ceccceees a tree ees ssg pu Aeq t "9g soe" ** TOSTII®B FL "a 'M Ad ‘1071077 sew essecsees hs 3 ‘shits Ree ererrON Ty ALEEET JCNT o- wee e ewes eee wee “prod eee eeaee o. “++ SlopuRBlLy **99°* OnUl [ "99 “490 eeoe uOS|II® Ff "SAA Aq ‘aeqgory fesse sce OW ‘prvqo1Q plo |*"*" ‘IIBLOGSJIOM “SBYO eeeecee occ ceeee pouyjueient we eee ee ceee rene ‘sIOpUBLy |°*""'** “--Onor TP |*:OT 100) | 2 *ysneqos “°° HIG ‘rovVer] eeeee ‘OW ‘uoysuyme gy * Reena | iciec) iP=eepieici aes syrIVW ugor wr eres cece tocecessescs * DOTITH **SIso[noqeqny, |°°-"°: °°" TNO) 4h | PKA) oe Rees BGs (0) 04 ake ps flies IC aS SO nT ‘a10 seeee *****sa9y0Ng °H ‘A eecees --BVMB UOYe Deed PVH eee eters ceese ne OBEO SBA OcK OO =a, L|'1z dog sere es KOT MOL “M‘O ‘Iq * qe4jeT |stnoy 4s ‘qnUleM POS 920 hae ee ujyaod() some y* See ‘posoa4sep useq pe eee see c cen ees . 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WwW FO6T ‘JO pesodsip MOP, “asvosi( *yo04s JO puly | aye | *poTl[eo MOH *a0uJoysod *IOUMO we eS ee eet ee een ee ee se aE on ee ae a “COT ‘61 NAANWAOAC OL ‘F06r ‘61 VAAWAOAC ‘AVAA YOM ‘NVIUVNIYALAA ALVIS ALNdaC ‘NATA.O “M “AAC 40 LYOdaY TVONNV wae ee eee ae <3 e see seer een eee wer eeerseselewerae teen ** SorTnW “EL ween eee Pe cat | [CoO See ok "89" OTTTASOUN’T "00 aseiodoo0p 199001 erence “TRA TIIB e10joq pred see tence ene See ee i as “e “AON coceee IRI SO[O.L Dee ciccceccerecs © eesee BIO ““SMOUIBIL 3» UEeppRAoN wet www wee eatuRienb pasTery See ee SOCOGOOGOOIOC YH a) 8 [ "OT * - 0 TSTA TINO Cem twee eee e ne ene --uRnydimod “09 cequin'yT aed tod pe eecewee BOGOR COTE COLO Chit, ii ae ssesee ses IQAQT SEXO, ODOC ORO MORO) fl :1@ "6 190 soeeeses CB ISOLOL tees seeeeccererees sees nau y seer "SULA AL To) OSOGOGIS ISG OFOR COIS DSA ININE EG 212 Yq | see ‘sdopuR[s ay arcon aria) eee weeeres ** 9810 T \°"1e 4 enere se299*19q990TT See a) ‘uRydtmod ences “eSaT{[OO eatnbs 0 cesevee eeeee *“peuTyueaen?) “++ Bl ANUTUING[e-SMee A ARG AOU OMUCO Cue hah To). JOO) ( ‘sny seeesseorpISolaL seeeseorscceroseees*n TOU pold tesesseees* SOMIOH d‘°N ea ee prod seen wenn renee fe sleleleseliieceicisite ONTO Ul OE calle see eee coarse 19940 see etme mtn es ee ene ‘uey dog SOG requin'y ueydtuog COHOHGe HHO: OOOO gaye q Ge G ea pakgy (jae ao ORs *'** sSIgpURTY) |*°°°** Ct *SaSdOY Z |''9z Idy sere eens SITT re | ‘ Is 0 Dp 19 q c 86 tt sroy=) 9) ‘ced EIEN G ee ee eee ener ‘jjeqdmrp teeeeess BO kTHON “SOUL PRL OSH a ae ST eee ee See eee ee SS SS ee ee i a “jo pesodsip MOF, “oseosiqd "3009S JO pully *o1Rq | “peT[Ro MOH | “90qJ09S0d *19UM() Bes) eee IF eet =. ECR R ee eae eee el ee ek ee ee ea “co6l ‘6I NAANAOUC OL ‘F061 ‘bl MAANAOIC ‘UVAA AOA ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVLS ALAdAT ‘'NOSITTOO ‘SVf “Ud dO LUOdaa TVONNV MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. 478 9 qjoyavur shor] “4g 09 peddrys se ae janes seen deeys An sosi0 + “So[NUI puke sasIo nA voters seeseegggoy ¢ ee ee veeeee* Qa RUE T i perce eaerOng eee eee sasi0y 7 Me *So[NU PUL SesIOH ee eee “9[NUr f an ‘Sa[NUL puv Ses1oH ng PA eee area A saIqevog ey *“-deoys pele et moay Aayouy iq ‘sasioy pouljur -1enb asevajed OF, BOO OT ee Ce *-Sinqsuyqie yy i ce moesinig See ee ayoied pue ssurids =a epee ose ss ee ssuyadg "Salddiaq eet ee weet eee www e ee . A[19qoW ee er ee ad cere * OOLXOW peel SIQIOY [[ BULB ““SIqQiog led 3 ysng "d ‘uoqued [19g "eu04g *] “ "sszIq ‘¢ nose yooo urqaeuor Jace u0jueg [Taq “+ qgng 13h s1qiog “4 *W peace auolg HOV Ried ie Aalog wed “9009 */ OBRST iced “== TOSI 80 uosHIe A SW “JO pesodstp MOF ‘004s JO pury *pal[Ro MOF ‘a0MjOIsOg Clava) “O6T “61 UYAANAOAG OL “F06T ‘6 WAANAOAC ‘UVAA YO ‘NVIUVNIYVALGA ALVIS ALOdAC ‘HLINS ATINVIS ‘Nd AO LYOdaY IVONNV A Pages. ACen buna Oolese,e TepOLbiONsc ctscascsecs— sl va whic seroeea, Deo odeseck Se AAA bor 10-12 EAN LEER LSE rae staranctete sete ia ar eae fe nee te eae a, PINE cc a Wy ka See OE DL an eh a el ne, 165-171 ASTER SESIOreLOC MIN PES UMTS otters cet ear eel ha ath feral occ ote a Ses a oa ce ee 438-439 ANMUAMMEGh Ne cin lia bEs Olesya aeeetacs® eee ta cleans Lose es, ee ee 9-39 B ESD VADE Ole reed SP en tite BEV em Ph Pte ti aay he ets eh Jr Fat vavareis esc lame esos 235-238 BarlovmAcrear oe wvielatan diy al Gest iets Sah eens soc hahaa tee eee 461, 463, 464 Board of Agriculture— BEKO C UG eNO OMIM GU CEs Nero fors eee Aral iataticrscickesorckc take DONS St at ET EC 3 MeMIbeLs Ol pte oy. eee e ences PYasafalajet store siz steam aieie taba crava-a iM avnicnal ais temta tet Nclate ee ema ore rsa ease 4 VIRUS ALTETUGL nn CO TIMES eo Ne 0 te eay hat oe ae ln I Le ye ho aed ee ee 9-32 OM CorsrOLeren ee tee see oc eetatessateiate ala wal ete citiaroahteiela emake Malays tat eee ota cae CEST eR ME OEnnG 3 SS iVUGEH Ai ACI OCLO IV ere ee eas ers sen ios he ch oias Gese eecoy omen ee Te ee Sade ators 4 State Veterinarian and deputy veterinarianS............ 2 ..ce.ececececececceeee ceeee 5 Buckwheasacrearesvield: and valuG@esc..:< -< c-<00leedsonece Scccceekecco. soe esc c 461, 463, 464 Broom corn, acreage, yield and value.. ........... BRO ater On ae e ae - oe ee 462, 463, 464 C PALHIE BOM CES OLD Y- CLASSES iss m.ec oe saeeis/tecioe Sole ada ai ein Sotels shelvieaed Aaron dee eee 465 SHlckens me Larmiepri Ces. ook ata) aoecoes eos «cae cietees ude wnckis Leaky n XR De eee 465 Gorm production some essentials factors in=s.....' o< tees aa atene eae 462, 463, 464 Crop statistics— PATIO Yc teae: nels teen lene cthe wrens Ls Ae ne ee 5s ola Sade a caltioe ese AoE Te ee eae 461, 463, 464 IBTOOWMUICOMT. Oe. us. he nd ctu cnn pate ee ok ck iis eicet Soviecde ations eee are ara eet .462, 463, 464 Buckwheat...... So dl Obes a a Oe SERN Se ors oe crea ae Nee esie Dalow tweteta sein ate eee 461, 463, 464 OO: 6 tor coho cere s Dae ne Sea C RU een doe aaisee a Rete patton meee 454-456-457, 460, 463, 464 (0 (0) 14100) 1 Re et eet nner Mn ern a MEE yar AAS fe ref Sr sme 462, 463, 464 OlO Ver SCCM. 5. voce wietiig, ise ave eo aw c oie ac oie ps Moree stninialel Oia ao eote se = Slee ore eee OI ore Pn ola 463, 464 LAE ta iiot ve neanee aja cata sitie aren letter aera 83-88 MAG CHOLD; He Bie wists 20:5 80 siete aissajaree ved cis w'sjn sioratn oreteitere aslo wore Uda nice eealanata ee Oia alate eee 191-195 MOSHEY; 2Drs GOO UG. ..cece cones savesicte omac'ees cna enon sate ve en a is nee es oe eee ee 221-222 PAttersOn, JODM ss... one, sscghue sruel !eiv'alubyie'wivereleralt wa ew cosets aeierelole wip ribsin irita's sale omelet eee ann 338-340 Pottlt Prots Ji csecccdtsnccsciace.cunt tos ccnwabccms casas ck une aet tach aunts Cnn ree . 118-132 PRAINSF Or Oise eile sin veiw awe alec'b's winnie cut Sine bie ucieacle ce aislne’b eo station ecole ath pw mtese x ee 71-73 MAGSU ALS, \OIATONCE.: 6 cenc Vewan scence ssa conbeais vveawae ean 9. aki ecieakeek a eee -179 186 Salmon, Dr Di Wiss saccncecycciciaes tice ads cce'oa se ladie Sipe top hibtas ’ git le tin ech sitet tanta Rn 450-453 IS COO SEL, cele ncine sca Dade ce Race SOoRIS e etenie soe ietee B1G=a00 Maropean! dainy in sae ween se cies spans seas e. sag >a kas eset eae eee oan eee eae 341-344 GulardinearaMst MaPeUGWlOSIS sr)... ccc2 oc os feds 4 segs cosnasaause | eae eee ». 504-366 INDESS OUR is 2 eNO TTOA SE 6 ocd hae coc asa bene cinttd ha Lae ocss gece ome geeos 393-396 Neededtleristatioumacssccssas 6 scac cscededs ox cc 5s fa taeenk saat See ee eee eae eee 351-353 Probienvordairycabtleamprovement,. is... o:)éstaeee boeacce deca és taascas-oeeees we teee 345-351 Qualityiotdairy products. \o:.. 222-3 see's Geace te dees Mn eee EE Peri ict" 386-391 FRCSOMMULOM Seer oe falta) ays eke hie sa See ee eek Soto ae eae PB COON aSOSRUOR OLS Aa CUGaSb o> 391-393 Silosartactorin economicalfeeding.)...cecs+ cece. so-s22 see eenee esl case sceee, neeltts 338-340 Some services a State dairy and food commissioner may render.... . ...... --.... 366-376 E MPO CATILG AIP Y [WE ler ens eae eens See ecco h. cing eek cele Soha a ielealoe Se aberee ee oe Mie cardia eahetale stevens S 340-344 Experiments: with commercial fertilizers....< occce.ccceetecess) cmc, s sekeclictcecsinceneras) soekdo-140 RF Farmers’ Week— OMEMIN GSS CSSIOM assoc cceseh oa. Se ce sicicicial, wieieie (elahs eieleteiais pleletotos.(airiela\s asierpes Torsone pein iere alctolalejotelnta tate sie 40-46 NEISSOM TO Ory GrOWELS “ASSOCIATION 4. 5-)0-)- ln sj ae eias el sielae opie eens oe pee stteeienioat= 47-96. Missouri Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association... ... ..........-..+. ++: .--. 160-241 SOUS ANG ehOPUMIZENS: cryacisclan anya satay corse woes, vues) ar enact ep else Tana nelis Ooieidefsiowiertert 97-159: MRC OMIM NT OTS ELAS Onete ©. Urccn Ss tioisy v= aide" fetes waislers wiee reraialatele ce ealclavase's/als Seow ieee a oe eae rae Dee MENG wins oe sic 429 Feeding stuffs, analyses of............ Sageisineis ete saiiew xe Baise eeisie Ls 8a8kk vied See eae Sa oe, 2488439 Heed Sweighpormelven MeCASUTES. as. scso42%,.2 eo rdowaele oonwens eso ps ieins science eee ores eeiaene 439 UIA Na OTe eset = cise th arele a sates oat Selden ao alez aioe 825 See ee Teese ris tie oebeicthake tat eee hoes 52, 97-159 MerMluibycOLs EHO eSOil,- MAINTENANCE, (CLG. «cco au cate v'ecin's Gale aitincinle wien o's slotaleis oieiclor oisisie claims cakes ogee 97-159 Financial statement...... selceiaie eels Spissise ees ves o. of asajayereiepateta atte etoleia’s IAs ere eine fai atalsie cle Gfoln oI Soetoro oe, ove ie Ris ORE MEAG AA MILES FOOT ites foneg ero at 1 (n'oyabs 1Sie eS Spa Se (0S a'o. © ste ale Siwisid Siaiole ae wis arbre Sim srelelers vate cilale e/enioe@ascelaaerns 12-14 ROEM ReNG ACE eTGeyiel diya nce Cemrincenla cas cic ctuccis cebisswecne vecescee sdeeabe cud cc.ecestioer 461, 463, 464 PEE Meee LU TNIA ITI CCO mre rore tae epee eiatotats. 6c. ny bie Sisiale a aG/S Ad sYovuis bin'ere wie Bi ia etera Sixlaw pctbialelsiaial Nieeistelses 464, G Grain farming, maintaining soil fertility.. ............ Sond ocacUapeCECOncebinAoonecuduchod 118-132 H Hayeand forage,-acreage and. yield... . 25-0 ccewle scjslcecieise c/clisiecisnatrs caa'snch.see 400-400, 401, 463, 464 EEA CLONAL O wl ATIN LICE 5 <.n:c'v oie 00 sis:0.5-cisle'sisinieiele rraveia sitielelalefeien since stanen oteiscerisiomiem «aa 0 oS vas he cabanas ice atlcinew ome beet tte aerate ie tenets 252 Comn' Dillpwgesy ooh. este w erste ole aretealnin'a'='e'o o'o's Selcler' sft eee sei aeel eet ena eee ees Bei OPN WOT. ack oo sw cae taints the whe n'a a ajclelosl a's 'v avale nlulsin/olelolpiatw olst¥ wlalolere'ole oe nialate aia tnay tient ena 325 DiIngy CULWOPM ges. ko orem send seta vielelacis wine siele'aini> olan e'al te oisislas EN ot a oa ae eee 272 Glassy CULWORMN® .. 5. cnsccecccccce ses:ecre vinic or © a.01S mem cies Meelete'e Siet= minal ele atelete ae ea GASSHOPPETS 2 c.as.0) «oes eset oc wiecwjaicle'slcacise'ser s.ev.cndaisnds. evicin ciecle= sale += et = set ele eee ee 327 GYCASY. CULWOTIN 56.0000 oe sicececn cc ricecciec oe ocinn cons owleeinic em sieMle pln all om sis'cs seis amie i=in se ais 281 Graln WOOVI ance canes s- Veceeio omens. sieiejas e ngs ilavala orale errstate e'einie aia oils sa 5 eee ae ee ee 332 Northern: Corn: TOOtWOLM. .:.f.cnjc) o> coccens «0 cpse.ceel ian cm Ee aniynt sn eee ene ee emnceee 259 SeediCorn MAG @Ob viaccess oracce os aie 'ocin.c ones stole ese <.a'ojcle,) atelelame sinial vel aeteteetetete atctet ie ele tae 242 SP li 21h, O10 12 oe ae MSc ES LE REOSDORAES” Tibemichansasescomeaca agecc asta us RA Ac Southern, COMM TOOL W OPM ses soo cic os teres niece clas coves aie cine chi iciale\eninaiela barisasieis © hae) —te Pe ee 262 at Whe of) =) DRM OEESE ac Oo aI CRO CEA CROMCaNOnORtn-dca cortoce, cootorisdbdor bac * ssporeeoreeee 289 Viariagated CULWOIM..cccc-ecesce se) cece s enetnci-seioae Bettie peis kD esse ae 275 Wheat wireworm................ Jace Ween Shee ss Sapsle wel a eae d bia oo dts loleetsts = ates aerate WIGS STUDS. Nemec aisveolcwteleth scree viele syst ole wieelaiace » eupoleltars alete/e'sis'o[s(state te:mletaieiatela ial aie ceioia eae 263 Illustrations— Buff jersey silo, complete ...............+.+- didie diet wie aisle e's plete ipsa clothe ie ate ate aioe olan eae 417 Buff jersey silo, in COMStrUCTION.... 6.66. cece cree eee eee eee ee eect eee cere tere tees ees 418 Gement blocks ........: .- yh Baysiele oreiereiai ei tisisialoee wlcle lata Niel stw/ojeiciels ie fe fescinan ata staioin nie t= tis see ene 410 @omont DlOcK Silos... 2s was coerce we ance wewlocmolcieian(aetere eieicio aielaliin ele vie emis aie teteintc sO eee 409 GONCTELS SUlO.<~- F202 ook sac aaa niworcla oie onieceld oes pielisa\ecieialew sinissale'oleral-eie'yuta/ stats Bate nicl y ye atone 411 Corn on peaty SWAMP LandS..........cc cece eee cece cee e eee cee cone teen tenneee eens eeeseree 118a Gonstriction shone: Sil Oss. .5 ae iseia sere cece asia draenei de le vl clelavesaialats ie tetas enor pis he 407 Oonstruction, coment-Wned SiO! Kececiete wciecrecrecle omele aise ee tee astsned “alee See ee eee 413 Glover withwime fertilizer ikaw aoe eee i taste ate tera elle weed ere aia tere 52. SO eee COlover-with lime ’and (phosphorus) oa~ sce sei lars, wapsrcvesiwesalelaicte a forajeteieretatealaiota Meee a) ere eta aiuto aS Comparative yields of wWheat........0. 0. cccceees ac oe Se cacceeens wreees wc Sonee an ou oe Comparative yields Of COPM........... cess cece ee ccee cece ee ne cece cee cee cenessenes 137, 138, 139 Filling the silo (two Cuts)... 2.2.22. ccs cc ccc ce ees oo te RSS OR : Use eae Hirst Prize, WHILE COND we fa.ccsrercrn ce c\o'ateiawie’e’. wiciate aialvia wiale! wie! “ain\ eh wieiel sh ailalnlslolnio'al teleteldteaiaar dalam 47 First prize, yellowcorn.... .......... [Pew va'eialslaie GE n ea bee Se Rea ee eae On ae eee 50 Government stallion Oarmon/ 32917... |. 2's eae Corn wire worn (2. Cuts) esc sissies, sciste vend ois cas Pamscheteputsiee tse olnatein oie oe ean eee 245 Gorn: root aphis (5: Cuts)), 2. , aisharein wieseloteca seal lebotemie"apreieerem 248-249 Wihitetormbsi(22 Cuts) <3. o.cscs asc. seesincins ostinee lobe EEOC ORECS PES Soper raeh wens ts 264-265 Troms rods OrMrCement LOUNGALION se macceme. mec ac:ecles a ajarsieke «:e aia aiotisciote see eine meen) melee mee AL Rime’ s fresh, airiuintaKesns a cyacpastere semis asaietre ao sees sre: cie's wei craeua elegy aS clear ele oy ee ee Oe Oo HOW GOWNEwaArONh chess chosoceceseeey baa scoee ve aae ee Saiaaaete cRinwlaete tsienes Se he oom at SO POLGral besHOU. NOLIN Bia dis COLMAN cerns cciceisecd aitsin.sieiefelseieee opine siqeie en els aa hcatiseaisres 444a, Portrait, Col. G. W. Waters..... SOS SA cee trie COBAH OOS RE ECE ES Up earn Le BANCO ne 440a, PrizeicorngOlarksvillertn stitutes. os. sossccace ean ceace sate se casa coseeeauacee aren eee PA | ROUGH sS ine SGUSL Osa oes actors cle we etl chee ole ais Uaioe Aiere SN 9/4: Cin © dain ia aaa Ha a gee etl 433 SLO MBGU DARN chee So Seacis cs suiseeancelnses i-usleclacsnate \ainsadeccws 402 SLO Ang barns Jie AVer MULCS ceca eiccs meee SP WAG k Slaves aw areitaree wie Sletetaeio te oltre ee aula meatereiere 420 PONG barn aWiMs EMME, oss) cake ewe cea earn ores cee eee testa bes 430 RSRLOUG OO Deseyetserctec Saxe Soria crsise: cae res oaca)e ain ele Blo eisrcinrs erate widow ice Sie. Ste veinieey is Sistas ein Cesta Sinrs Bolaane lee 419 BULAN OF Oe Sp Webbie etree ra ea toizjastarele cre sins © ciota sicis's ,o oro Velaro reise ynianitre Sie aiayplntre aparscae era aia eis ee el 421 BS OAH ASAIN So ewe forces ea fei s Ries cota aiaresn a(ei als: awa corde oleae sl olaves CAO ole o aicenieerae nates 145 153s oe: SEDVE SHO CONSUPUCTLOM OLS, acc: carsets Seecwrs ea onleeeee bs wie wee oaislowiaw lero cele nue ae eal aumisls CoRiee « -416 Stave silo........ ADCO BO ta COREA COBee Sota nee Dandnbe: Hoar pbc sFortuncxeieteve cr tehclofere, sie toicketere rte re ETE 404 Si DTC CULE Se rea ee a ae cig ND Si ves REE Ee RE ty Ne 400 Sweepstakes exhibit corn....... .... Maicereteiniciasisiciniete afa-- prs ofemielaioter saat ieda SNA oa oaniete a's seas 46 Wiheatswith Lesume: and, hime treatm en bic, ccieciss ss iticics1- ic cere ele wis cle sloiovelale(ers clela Seve eveisioen wie ome 129 Wheat with legume, lime and phosphorus treatment..... ...............2. 0 eee eeee sciguenl oO WV Neds ilove aecicec ee Mean aatindes ctiob a awaits PNAC NO NTRS pe Enns: SCRA OR AT Nes 415 L Alen SLO MMM rOVAN OLN SOL see sc oe be sinc gecciztne adie nis c bie aie w alereteate cxacticge obs ciate Aoncletsion veace creersloretins 116-118 Live Stock Breeders’ Association, State— PAD fren iaiegereae cre laa stone erie eroaeih ciecetoiet’a ola USiw cuniateta eat SUPT EENOT Dicis ye tale didieretal. Satsinrd see a BRB TER eS ..- 165-171 [EVID AGES eee caters iat es tne raia le aiciavaie Tie iain on ola etele oloue atta iblove : eee basin ertieic ns eiale Slee ee EE 235-238 Breeding pure-bred stock as a business....... .... Eye dja elate\eleisleie a Gila Siete le orntere stwicl ole eT 179-186 KO AA TEVan HOTSEOS vesetalovs.- so uccinie sisi avnicrarecaralo wiele nia ina iata.islololalerciote lave \orw nom. ae Si tatare desle mrapevecverato mietrere nine 229-235 Dressed beef demonstration— x OIE TTT RCS Ceara ge a eros cteccicraihis) va acsrecele, diate aStevetava lore ulaversiais (o'ere © atm /eh, essielaiah > euaiieiv eines oote triolein ine 135 EriceotediplenmeatineprinG pall Cutseiiccccriciee ci ss)cieles «a0 cistern cleiseeyteateciccn neers 178 INstesil DEMES Oye THES ade dosacbabaocb posbnsenouescaudoueDusEGnoS” Gorbocbosbacde ae ica) Ome Grass and forage pl AES. 0.220220. -e ei ceee eee cee ee eee cect cece entree ee creeee coecees 213-220 Mana rementiOfspure-=DICG{HOLG s <:ajaj2, cscs/srersieisievolcSieie'e alae s o\eishs «1a, +/ atc aol wale, viotelols s/eleieieis/atela eirlstalcieiere sisi storetetale oft = s\cisie ciele/ateiaie 118-132 Missouri Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association— PRMTET TITHE S HN GAO Lene cryars felalsles a la's\alnlcle clele’ lalele'sie's elslo's|nis olnlu's' ole ye eines wei #/sinin siete aleriran Slaltart Sainte eee 52-99 Wlaniingeccsdcsvecsesats capesactass cnea tna sesere Lice ee SoS i eddden cate ccke Sonn stew oe 53 Plowing, fall versus spring............ . PARI ROLCOR CC OORCOCOE CAO UCR LOr IOaSOsa CIR AIGnI. Ct 52 LEIGUIEC) Ses oc SP RED COBO CRED OOLcOOC ed ob aE oa cals saan sa ETE Ee FE ee Potatoes, acreage, yield and Saoh $isendes stages abedicee ce Me cee dk eee oe ee POUL Y LICOS! Ofc 1steiatoisiclota ictal cictaiolels/c'ctacioe'sl ets abelatate's'atacetsts alsin ala’ teint itd alos vig = te me taster 465 PTICON OL AEM CLOPSre > ic clect= Paviceis co te ome cle aclontewateloreu cle a aieele c'a/atetelola'etetta ate aay - ace ae PTICES OTMiVOIStOC Kec. actos ele eiee nicnierrorce tei Reatas sei islem aicts vides ate ctantaivilotate eletarete ROME ome ac: 465 R Report Secretary Board of Agriculture— Agricultural education......... .csc.ssss01- woh va Wieluiklofe'y (erecacees's Sree aineiel ela choices ean 18 @orn Growers’ ASSOCIBHMON: .iss0.c' cm clec.ccis ls ae.nelsis Ts /afais eietciclalgeistein olen eta’e aja aia nr 16 Walry ASSOCAM ON sh. sere vacisicie/ Cobpe esas 97-159 Resolutions, Corn Growers’ a azootation sornnce ela diets watale aleve pivots eis el * sve-clat Airwlwi” gts caren Ne cen 95-96 Resolutions, Live Stock Breeders’ Association ..... ......... esa b305.000 Cove 6226 Stee 238-241 Resolutions, State Dairy Association......... Jivds tue Vade. exp ved caddis scene tian wee eee 391-393 Restoring fertilitg.of rundown TAF... 2... dekwetcnccnc be seveteteeus wh enclei ee teeem me 97-118 MROUEMLON OL GLODN scars cocsvdenacurtaleanesinrnascquvesesone evi uWeede sb rb RUSS EUROS PRESS eMTURS 51 Rye, acreage, yield and value...........6... ov Cen edva nth eas eeuS be Ee soeees Tee en 461, 463, 464 INDEX. VII a Ss Pages Secretary’s report....... Talgaie CeiSislo CSL Ce EN OTe ahsieisla o Siovele [0 6 vis! a ajc ejsiatemeletaielelne ate aero 15-30 SHESD SCADseeeviae ee eee cess LataNe Lisieae oaneee Bacio Tas esi crardicrrerciarrh aa ee eioele wea oe elena 34 CSIC RIEHE (9255 C0) ind eR A gcc a ee ce Oe Eanes eee 434 HEODS DPICCS/ Ol a YIClASSES:® senianeetan eee soso 82 slais Dez op ecco eae oe re San eseeen ees 465 sila‘as afactorin economical fecding =.0-4-.tts 2.4.5. ssscsces

    aiciier esse eae 98 EY DOS OL alse clematis st sale caacisloae sSeieie.ne oreouienyo ate saatels Sanuire ayaa G8™ lo 6, wS/aTe pre) Hote sl eulsveleche Ta EES Fen (22. | SO MMMANALOMOCN G2. seem cas da sos wieeintesioe.o eee sielcte: sisier aslo, eleis o[sisiela{ainceleictsral feeieicloiens|e siclelele eieeWeioeal AU= Dut POLE HMM TACLOLAZO, VIClOPAN CCV AIO... ccce sere cniecte ces seicccliaeiecs sen. edaniicieies setiw o¢40as) 400s eAGk SOMME eS NT OR See 2a, merce eine aiceians Sette sie ce clala la iSite aw Dale pale tesla MURS RI CS PURE ha Ree eOS