erties igre bye Fis Geiornat) Sear aes Bapmeeared CRS ES RNa TTP LT IPTOT IRE ete et pope tr p erecerte eerie pepeteernnrer ter eerpcr ee, aa ht ‘ vt 7 x : ree ee he he ial t a q ; Lak ee ay, FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT, OF THE MISSOURI State Board of Agriculture A Record of the Work for the Year 1907. ALSO VALUABLE INFORMATION ON BREEDING AND FEEDING LIVE STOOK, IMPROVING THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL, GROWING OROPS, DAIRY- ING, AGRIOULTURE AND LIVE STOOK STATISTIOS, ETO. PUBLISHED 1908. eee : 17 I> 463%4.4 OTANICAL THE HUGH STEPHENS .PRINTING COMPANY. JEFFERSON CITY, MO. ae ce Officers of the State Board of Agriculture. President—N. J. Colman, St. Louis. Vice-President—H. J. Waters, Columbia. Secretary—Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia. Assistant Secretary—J. B. Rector, Columbia. Institute Specialist—S. M. Jordan, Stanberry. Treasurer—W. A. Bright, Columbia. State Veterinarian—Dr. D. F. Luckey, Columbia. State Highway Engineer—Curtis Hill, Columbia. State Apiary Inspector—M. E. Darby, Springfield. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. . J. Colman, St. Louis. . W. Hudson, Buckner. . R. Wilkinson, St. Louis city. . J. Waters, Columbia. . C. Hutchison, Jamesport. . B. McRoberts, Monticello. John L. Christian, Rockport. COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ROADS. Governor Jos. W. Folk. N. J. Colman. S. W. Hudson. H. J. Waters. Allen M. Thompson. N. H. Gentry. Geo. B. Ellis. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor of Missouri—Jos. W. Folk. Superintendent of Schools—H. A. Gass. Dean Agricultural College—H. J. Waters. (2) RICULTURE. Hea2A. 1 (Gags, Dean Agricultural College and ATE BOARD OF AG intendent of MEMBERS ST State Super OFFICERS AND EX OFFICIO President State Fair Committee. 3. Committee. 6. H. J. Waters, 1. Norman J. Colman, President. 2. A. M. Thompson, Schools. 4. Geo. B. Ellis, Secretary. 5. John T. Stinson, Secretary State Fair Vice-President. 7. Joseph W. Folk, Governor of Mssouri. 8. S. W. Hudson, Vice-President State Fair Committee. 10. D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian. 11, S. M. Jordan, Institute Assistant. 12. F. G. King, Institute Assistant. Engineer. Rector. Assistant Secretarv. 9, Curtis Hill, Highway 13. Miss J. B. ‘JO}1ISTEL Wier ‘WIIG ‘OM Pazojurg ‘gt “JOMISIP UI ‘URYSMYO “Tf ‘Zl ‘WMISID IST ‘SIMOQOYMOW “A ‘MM ‘TL ‘JOMISIP WIS ‘TOMOTT ‘O ‘M ‘OL ‘3911SID UI0T ‘1OPPJSUBBIH “A “W 6 “JMISIP WIG ‘SOPOT “M “LC ‘8 “JOMISIP UT ‘Sunox “y ‘YU ‘L “JONIS|P pug ‘uosTYyoOINE ‘O “MA ‘9 ‘JOLAISIP IO ‘10]SeMA00q uyor ‘g “JOLI}SIP UIE ‘UOSTON “WL ‘V ‘b ‘“JONISID UIE ‘UOSUINITAA “UM “MA ‘S ‘PMISID UIEE “MUIMG “GH ‘HZ “JOMISIP UI, ‘AUJUCH "ETN ‘T ‘AHO LTNOMSVY FO GUVOd ALVIS SYUUMANAN ALVAYOdUOOD CORPORATE MEMBERS. (Term expires July 20, 1908.) Cong dist. Name. Residence. County. 2...W.C. Hutchison. ...Jamesport....Daviess. 3...Allen M. Thompson..Nashua....... Clay. 5...Samuel Hudson......Buckner...... Jackson. 13...Emmet E. Swink. ...Farmington...St. Francois. aS ag POE 5) 365 oe te Howell. ie. sA. F..Nelson..; s.5... Lebanon...... Laclede. (Term expires July 20, 1909.) 1...Wm. B. McRoberts. . Monticello... . Lewis. 4...John L. Christian. ..Rockport..... Atchison. ieeeiN ld. Gentry... ....oedalia....... Pettis. 8... William C. Howell...Ulman....... Miller. 15...Sanford Mc. Smith. .Carthage..... Jasper. (Term expires July 20, 1910.) 6...John Deerwester....Butler........ Bates. Seeds VW 2 4sOlGS. so 5 occ ne Auxvasse..... Callaway. 10...M.B. Greensfelder..Clayton...... St. Louis. 11...Norman J. Colman. .St. Louis ae Holland Building. 12...W. R. Wilkinson. ...St. Louis ae 212 North Main St. OFFICERS OF STATE FAIR DIRECTORY. President—Allen M. Thompson, Nashua. Vice-President—S. W. Hudson, Buckner. Secretary—John T. Stinson, Sedalia. 00 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE STATE FAIR DIRECTORY Allen M. Thompson, Nashua. J. W. Boles, Auxvasse. -~Norman J. Colman, St. Louis. E.E. Swink, Farmington. "N. H. Gentry, Sedalia. A. T. Nelson, Lebanon. &R. A. Young, Alton. S. W. Hudson, Buckner. (3) STATE VETERINARIAN AND DEPUTIES. DF. Lackey, ‘State - Veterinarian .* ¢-skecien wee aren Columbia Horace Bradley, Deputy State Veterinarian............ Windsor E. Brainerd, Deputy State Veterinarian............... Memphis WE. Berry, Deputy, State: Veterinarianws: a. vom eee a . Joplin L. D. Brown, Deputy State Veterinarian.............. Hamilton Henry Boettner, Deputy State Veterinarian........... Perryville fi.G:' Clark, Deputy State’ Veterinanian. =. cece. os 3 ee Nevada James Cullison, Deputy State Veterinarian........... Charleston A. C. Donahue, Deputy State Veterinarian............ Boonville EK. M. Hendy, Deputy State Veterinarian.......... Jefferson City —it..B. Love, Deputy. State Vetermmarian: o..1:.. 5. 022s oss Springfield J. H.. McElroy, Deputy State Veterinarian........... Grant City R. C. Moore, Deputy State Veterinarian........... Kansas City R. J. Mitchell, Deputy State Veterinarian............. Kirksville A. J. Mufin, Deputy State Veterinarian. <2... 2.20... ...: Fayette EW. O’Brien, Deputy State Veterinariafi-eestesc. . a Hannibal RP. Poage, Deputy State “Veterinaria gone o- emten ans <0 Shelbina J; H. Slater, DeputyoState Veterinarian... -2-ee 2.2 Richmond Samuel Sheldon, Deputy State Veterinarian............. Trenton Stanley Smith, Deputy State Veterinarian............. Columbia JG. starr, Deputy state: Veterinarian... teen. aoe eee Odessa C. E. Steele, Deputy State Veterinarian.............. St. Joseph T.. E:- White, Deputy State Veterinarian... 8.2... eee Sedalia HoH. .-Wolf, Deputy: State “Veterinarian. . <>... 25..22 52. Maryville W. B. Welch, Deputy® State “Vetermarian. 2... 75... Marshall H;-@. Tuck; Deputy State: Vetermarian.<...2. sue. ees Morrisville (4) Associate Organizations. IMPROVED LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. President—Geo. Kitchen, Gower. Vice-President—C. P. Tutt, Bunceton. Vice-President—J. A. Wilson, Carthage. Vice-President—Benton Gabbert, Dearborn. Vice-President—F. D. Winn, Randolph. Vice-President—Tom Harris, Lamine. Vice-President—Harry Sneed, Smithton. Vice-President—J. W. Boles, Auxvasse. Vice-President—J. S. Denham, Rocheport. Vice-President—Dr. S. H. Redmon, Tipton. Secretary—Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia. Treasurer—Alex. Bradford, Jr., Columbia. Executive Committee—W. P. Harned, Vermont; Benton Gab- bert, Dearborn, and above officers. MISSOURI CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. President—C. O. Raine, Canton. Vice-President—H. R. Scott, Tarkio. Vice-President—W. P. Brinkley, Linneus. Vice-President—F. H. Crowell, Butler. Vice-President—Elliott Tucker, Perryville. Vice-President—Chris. Olendorf, Boonville. Secretary-Treasurer—S. M. Jordan, Columbia. Executive Committee—Above officers; also, Dean of the Agricultural College and Secretary State Board of Agriculture. (5) MISSOURI STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. President—Philander P. Lewis, Crescent. Vice-President—W. S. Dille, Holden. Second Vice-President—J. E. Roberts, Bolckow. Secretary—R. M. Washburn, Columbia. Treasurer—D. A. Chapman, Warrensburg. MISSOURI SWINE GROWERS’ AND BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. President—Robt. H. Hudson, St. Marys. Vice-President—D. B. Mathews, Kirksville. Second Vice-President—John H. Neff, Boonville. Secretary—C. A. Wilson, Columbia. Treasurer—Sam Spelman, Sturgeon. MISSOURI SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. President—S. H. Groves, Tipton. Vice-President—Hon. H. R. Brasfield, Unionville. Secretary-Treasurer—M. V. Carroll, Sedalia. DIRECTORS. John A. Rankin, Tarkio. S. C. Haseltine, Springfield. Harry Nance, Pattonsburg. W. W. Waltmire, Raymore. C. E. Bethards, Shelbyville. D. Lee Shawhan, Lee’s Summit. (6) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, ? Columbia, Mo., February 28, 1908. ) To Hon. Joseph W. Folk, Governor of Missouri: Sir—In compliance with the law, I have the honor to trans- mit herewith a report of the work of the State Board of Agricul- ture for the year 1907. The Forty-fourth General Assembly en- larged the duties of the Board by adding the departments of High- way Engineering and Apiary Inspection, and the reports of both departments are herein contained. Very respectfully, GEO. B. ELLIS, Secretary. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Annual Meeting. Pages Minutes . we eee e eect eee e cee ceee ees eeccectenesterecsessnscrssesseersaes wide slat daiouss cw eo so eee 9-17 SCCHCLATYS, AREDOLE cic shs.. lo eate none nie Salers eae Oe ie cies Tae ieee nis Somiselgite ofeaeeneenias 18-25 Minanclal” Statement. « assteacicoiicae oie ciace Utepesaw lee eee oleae e stainless vers alsjsjs:ateiscefey mee ove a otateretaate 26-37 ELECASUTECLES) SREDOL ET Lio cress arc a ciaza tear eioe nr otetere meictereie sem siete raids sree minis wien nets me aleieie\s/oaleleieieeie state 38-40 Meterinarian's > REPO w .acgererecaae chi sotto lente to ooicle ao atcane syaiateTete so tae acacia w3ekateria teeta 41-55 Highway Eingincer’s\ FEPOTE 1.20 «cc se: arem mise corsets stores aie patele ctor: sea nave sisters ssine aieid ate te 56-58 AMIary=INSpectOr7s JREPOLEU, Ratic.as scatterer ech ane ee aiewelneys safes slate ortamiaeee 428-469 Miscellaneous— MRE MEOME: CANNED 0.5. scieieieae xe tase aoeiaisw Daw vie ak eee oe emia t elec nts eleree aie a Aitte ean reeriee 470-473 Morganestallion:- Charles Reade. cat iccccscts acres cnvelerepiteve’e a ojate naialate Cereraiotery/oretolare ela sitar era 474-479 IMASSOUTL Crop: UREVMOW: (aco. o/co/clerws:staisiepain clessteis’siosiainis Siblatete claie stasterole/e erste ctote winicieie ete /aieeeaiane . 480-482 Missourr Crop StagiSties.. ocsc,. cca stele ces oiste nisin e/siavetdeie/niele osteo le araleie Miele clare nee een 483-493 Weterinarians’."Tabulated, IREportsay. comamcts « ac seiner sce let owiciata we ofiette he cess meee teers 494-507 inivelese hans OMagOAD AOU ODODE Cem EnOOge s Aid arelalGpilore,sijsce\erstaibyeinipiavelaisictelelshaiehelaceieeis iareselete oes Socenes 508 ANNUAL MEETING. “MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS. State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary; ) Columbia, Mo., Vec. 17, 1907. ) The State Board of Agriculture convened in annual session in the Agricultural building, Columbia, on Tuesday, December 17th, lla.m. President S. W. Hudson called the meeting to order, and roll call showed a quorum present, as follows: John Deerwester, J. W. Boles, M. B. Greensfelder, N. J. Colman, W. R. Wilkinson, W. C. Hutchison, A. M. Thompson, S. W. Hudson, E. E. Swink, R. A. Young, A. T. Nelson, W. B. McRoberts, J. L. Christian, N. H. Gentry, W. C. Howell, Sanford Mc. Smith, H. A. Gass and H. J. Waters. The following members were absent: W. C. Howell and Jos. W. Folk. Upon motion of Gov. Colman, the minutes of the last annual meeting were adopted as printed in the 39th annual report. The Secretary read his annual report, and upon motion, the report was approved and ordered printed in the 40th annual report. The State Veterinarian made a verbal report, and asked per- mission to file for printing a written report, at a future time, which was granted. Dr. R. H. Jesse, President State University, called during the meeting and was asked to address the Board. He briefly assured the members of his sympathy with the cause of agricultural edu- cation. The Board took a recess until 2 p. m. At 2 p. m. the Board was called to order by Vice-President Colman. The State Highway Engineer submitted his report, which was approved and ordered printed. Mr. M. E. Darby, Apiary Inspector, submitted a verbal re- port of his work, showing very satisfactory progress in eradicating foul brood from the apiaries of the State. Mr. Darby was re- quested to furnish the Secretary with a written report for publi- cation. (9) 10 Missouri Agricultural Report. COMMITTEE ON COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. The committee appointed to examine the affairs of the Agri- cultural College submitted their report, which was unanimously adopted. The report follows: “Your committee has made a careful examination of the buildings, grounds and equipment of the College of Agriculture, and Experiment Stations, and has the honor to submit the follow- ing report: “1, We find the grounds, buildings and live stock in good con- dition, well cared for, and all show a very commendable improve- ment in quality. “2. We have inspected the experimental work being con- ducted in farm crops, horticulture, dairying, animal diseases, stock feeding, etc., and feel that they will be of much value to the farm- ers of the State. . “3. Hog Cholera—We feel the work now being conducted in hog cholera and swine plague to be of very vital interest to the State, and would strongly urge that it be pushed to completion as rapidly as possible. These experiments seem to assure successful inoculation against these two diseases, and the moment this has passed the experimental stage we sincerely hope that steps will be taken to, produce the serum at the college for free distribution among the hog raisers of the State. “Tf equipment of buildings, assistants, pens, live stock, etc., be required for this work, we would strongly urge that the Cura- tors provide out of the funds of the College of Agriculture such ~ equipment. “4. Students’ Judging Contest—Every Missourian should feel a just pride in the success of the Missouri Agricultural College students at the recent International Live Stock Judging Contest at Chicago, where first prize for the student making the highest average score for all classes of live stock was won, where first place was won in judging sheep and in judging hogs, and where two out of five of the Armour Scholarships were won. “We feel that too much emphasis can not well be laid upon this sort of work. We would strongly urge the college authorities to fit a team for this contest annually, and to enter similar contests in other lines as well. “Tt is too much to ask the students who participate in these Minutes of Proceedings. tf contests to bear their own traveling expenses, and we would recom- mend that the expenses of these contestants be paid by the in- stitution. “5. Show Stock—We are especially proud of the success of the Animal Husbandry Department, with its stock in all of the shows this year, and we would strongly urge that provisions be made at once for next year’s shows with animals that are certain to win. The University cannot afford to spare expense at this point. “6. Soil Survey—We believe that the value of the soil survey is not yet half realized. We would strongly urge that this work be immediately enlarged, in order that all sections of the State may receive the benefit to be derived from it. “7, Outlying Experiments—Closely allied with the soil sur- vey itself is the experimental work in different parts of the State. We believe that this work should be expanded and developed along with the soil survey, in order that the results may be brought to the attention of all the farmers of the State. “8. Instruction in Butchering and Packing Meats—We would strongly urge that instruction in this subject be added. The ex- pense of double transportation on all meat products has to be borne either by the producer or by the consumer. “The farmer of the future must be a meat packer, especially for home consumption and for local trade. To make this effective, he must know how. We believe the University authorities would be justified in using a portion of the money appropriated to the College of Agriculture by the Legislature to put this work on a first class basis at once. “9 Poultry Plant—We would strongly urge that instruction in poultry be provided for the next college year, in accordance with the act of the last Legislature in appropriating money for this purpose. The poultry industry in Missouri is too important to be neglected by the College of Agriculture in the future as it has in the past. “10. Building Site—We most heartily approve of the site se- lected for the new Agricultural building, and earnestly urge that the erection of this building be proceeded with at once. Signed. W. C. HUTCHISON, J. W. BOLES, R. A. YOUNG, Committee. 12 Missourt Agricultural Report. AUDITING COMMITTEE. The committee appointed to examine the books and accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer submitted the following report: “To the Board of Agriculture: We, the undersigned committee, authorized by the President to examine the books and accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer, and compare the same, beg leave to submit the following report: “We have carefully examined the vouchers approved by the Executive Committee and the warrants issued by the President and Secretary, and have compared the same with the canceled war- rants that have been paid by the Treasurer, and we find approved vouchers for corresponding warrants in the different funds, as follows: “The following warrants, which had been issued, but had not been presented for payment, at the last annual meeting, December 18, 1906, we find have since been paid by the Treasurer: MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND. Warrants 402, 404, 406—Amount, $34.62. FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND. Warrants 798, 802, 803, 804, 806, 807, 813, 814, 815, 816, 824, 828—Amount, $819.57. STATE VETERINARY FUND. Warrants 1872, 1873, 1880—-Amount, $50.80. This makes an exact agreement in the books of the Secretary and Treasurer on December 18, 1906. EXPENSE OF MEMBER’S FUND. Balance unappropriated December 18, 1906...........cccsesscessccscsvccen $281 02 REGCEIDUS ATOUL MUALS. TLOASUTEIS a .s\cew co msietectels cle isiate lene tetclateetsieeanieiieryamers sie | 700 00 Warrants 669-708, inclusive, issued and paid........... ccc cc eee eees PA | aroisintetaieet eee ’ $666 44 Balance unappropriated December 17, 1907..............cccecsevecccsees © | St eee 314 58 $981 02} $981 02 Minutes of Proceedings. DISTRIBUTION ANNUAL REPORT FUND. 13 Thay GRO Wh BRe Sian aphotv cue Uoceconhooddeuanccoonurocbostcencspuaobooccoocononconce $4,018 84 Sebo att ds 10 Balance unappropriated Decemiber 18, V906... 23.0 see ccc ste e cece eces FICCOLDUSIHEOMD S LALOULECASUL EL cc cisicisjere\crersjorepoleritslcteeieiic vise oe aie cretesedic nig ates wor $800 00 Warrants 185-141, inclusive, issued and paid................c ccc cc ceeeeees ate ceereaiersie’s $696 24 Balance unappropriated! December 17, 1607................0- ccc ceeeeceees [later secant 103 66 $800 00; $800 00 OFFIOE EXPENSE FUND. Balance unappropriated December 18, MODS RN cc nae eed NHL Rete te Meiet $82 91 FO COUDUSHICOIMES CALE! TT CASTIGE I, © sacctercirs o)cietets aisicteieietareteis mists ate oiwicale:ocelsjaveacavclereseie 500 00 Warrants 641-684; inclusive, ISsSueG-and: PAI o....5 ccc cee were sucrose e's spree vie apiece c's $445 57 BAANCeoMNApDpProOplLinvedy December Lise LOOT soc.c cae cisteclecre sincie sips cielets ole « adlalleisicwaece ei ee 137 34 $582 91 $582 91 MONTHLY OROP REPORT FUND. Balance unappropriated December 18, 19C6... 2... 0... cece cee cececcceee $68 31 RCCCUD ES COME SLMUE) “EL ECASTILED or yters ces vere cress wsiaie ie craters. eieicve lieve slacoiete eatery scp | 500 00 Warrants 410-448, inclusive, issued and Balls eres arte e ates || Sen tials Waistorte $464 00 EAlance unappropriated: December Wi U0. . srcecirs «ses ees on os clase anecets Nees a 104 31 $568 31 $568 31 APIARY INSPEOTION FUND. Balance unappropriated December 18, 1906...................2.eeeeeee oes Receipts from State Treasurer.................- Mara a acters Bersusveviciomee one ota eeiae $1,000 00 Wisttrantsi=45 cm ChuSive©. NISSTleOdn AMG sal ss.7.c0 lacie 6.0 cle-c ce cicldis ec cinentece seal ou ch@wercs carer $774 25 Balance unappropriated December 17, 1907.00... 0.6 o eee c eee c sec eects ees |vcctes neces 225 75 $1,000 a $1,000 00 STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND. Ralance- unappropriated: December 18; 1906.0 ccs con cas ces 1c chee ees aoe ee RECEDES COM So bale KLrens UCI o).00 5 ao sisiccisaleere aleamin avi dae ales caineo sites waa $2,000 00, Wyarnantsl-245 1NClIShVe, ASSie dam GA Ges 55.o a jackie yovaielerala/aoharetele« auketelhe etereie lols oiere.efe $1,562 77 SEAWAnNceUnAappropriated- December 17. 90 s.eccccccls so occ cclelas ta seiocleleitrenie |lisleic ols Sielaiaiere 487 28 $2, 000 00) $2,000 00 FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND. Balance unappropriated December 18, 1906...........ccseceeeseeeseeeeeees $1,518 84 RVECELDUSaALOMSS LAVOE LEASING: scr se roc ckscleteicnins sve cotice seelan ernie acta Oe wine 2,500 00 Warrants 830-909; inclusive, issued and Pal... 2... 0... cic. see e sce cree [evecare cee. $8,422 90 alAneounappropriated sD CCM ls: LOOM. caaic cieesciticsciee's.c ood ocinnaecas|( cbulcseoceies 596 84 $4,018 84 14 Missouri Agricultural Report. KANSAS OITY INTER-STATE FAIR FUND. Balance unappropriated December 18, 19086.............cccccvcenccsccseees Receiptsiirom State “Ureasurer i, 2 \c.<'ss15, + 0 eeleieivicleiae selets sloieiateie voterase lcci $4,000 00 Warrants 1-97, inclusive, issued and paid) .. 6.6 .c\ cc deecccncssenccecciocas|s ow tae tablet $3,701 45 Balance unappropriated,, December 7, LOO. irises ats ob viatelelaletelcteraisisicjael|ieieis si neuriaiemiets 298 55 $4,000 00 ~ $4,000 00 STATE VETERINARY FUND. Balance unappropriated, December 18, 1906.............ccccseccccccecesscs $1,331 89) Receipts from Stave Lregsw ver iasicles': aeseeicioitens owls cistsirrermcvlelven a crelieisleleta ise | 6,000 00 Warrants 1-97, Inclusive; 1SSUCG And PAld. 22. - co. lise cite amtrelae eniae lle cers llote o/ninjaloveterateya $6,968 71 Balance WHnAaAppropriaved, DecemIper ls. LOC meet eee eiitacelcleiscials elevelelc ses | ie ese ier 363 18 $7,331 89} $7,831 89 We find that the following warrants, for which corresponding vouchers are on file, have not been presented to the Treasurer for payment: FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND. No. 909—Amount, $38.06. STATE VETERINARY FUND. No. 2011-2017—Amount, $145.37. KANSAS CITY INTER-STATE FAIR FUND. No. 94—Amount, $33.50. STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND. No. 283—Amount, $32.40. “When these warrants have been paid and canceled, there will be an exact agreement in the books of the Secretary and Treasurer. Signed. SANFORD Mc SMITH, A. M. THOMPSON, A. T, NELSON, Committee. On motion of Mr. Christian, the report was adopted. Minutes of Proceedings. 15 ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The election of officers was next in order. Mr. Wilkinson nominated N. J. Colman for President; Mr. Waters moved to suspend the rules, and that the Secretary cast the unanimous ballot for Mr. Colman. It was so ordered. Mr. Waters and Mr. Boles were put in nomination for Vice- President. A ballot was taken, resulting in the election of Mr. Waters. Geo. B. Ellis was nominated for Secretary. Upon motion of Mr. Colman, the President was authorized to cast the unanimous ballot for G. B. Ellis for Secretary. It was so ordered, and Mr. Ellis was declared elected. For Assistant Secretary, Mr. McRoberts moved to suspend the rules, and authorize the Secretary to cast the unanimous ballot for Miss J. B. Rector for Assistant Secretary. It was so ordered. Mr. Nelson moved to suspend the rules and authorize the Sec- retary to cast the unanimous ballot for W. A. Bright for Treasurer of the Board. Motion carried, and so ordered. For State Veterinarian, Dr. D. F. Luckey, Dr. T. F. Arnold and Dr. EK. M. Hendy were put in nomination. The result of a bal- lot showed a majority for Dr. Luckey. Upon motion of Mr. Mc- Roberts, the election of Dr. Luckey was made unanimous. Judge Wilkinson moved that N. J. Colman, H. J. Waters and S. W. Hudson be elected members of the Executive Committee. Motion carried. Upon motion of Mr. Gass, Messrs. Hutchinson, Wilkinson, McRoberts and Christian were elected members of the Executive Committee. Mr. Greensfelder offered the following resolutions: Ist. ‘Whereas, The 44th General Assembly of Missouri on April 15, 1907, in its appropriations for University and educational institutions, deemed it wise to provide in section 9 of said act, for the erection of a building for the College of Agriculture at Colum- bia, in the sum of one hundred thousand dollars. “Whereas, The growing attendance at the University abso- lutely demand increased facilities, such as the erection of the build- ing intended for by the Legislature will afford; be it “Resolved, by the State Board of Agriculture, That the Presi- 16 Missouri Agricultural Report. dent appoint a special committee, whose duty it shall be to take up the matter and push the erection of said building to completion, so that the meeting of the State Board of Agriculture for the year 1908 can be held in said building. “It is further recommended that as soon as the new bids have been received, the Board of Curators meet in extra session to let the contract, and thus avoid delaying the final settlement of the matter until the April meeting of the Board.” 2nd. “The State Board of Agriculture, in view of the actual results obtained by the outlying soil and crop experiments of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station in the year 1907, and because of the interest developed through said experiments, and the education afforded by the lessons in good seeds, fertilizers, drainage, etc., hereby approve of said work and recommend that the soil survey work be extended at least 50 per cent during the year of 1908, and that the Legislature be asked to provide funds for the still further enlargement of this work in the future. “It is likewise earnestly recommended that the number of ex- perimental fields and outlying experiments be increased fully 50 per cent, and that this work be supported in the most liberal man- ner possible. “It is ordered that a committee, consisting of the President and Secretary of the Board, be appointed to confer with the Board of Curators in regard to this matter.” 3rd. “Whereas, The State Veterinarian, in his annual report to the State Board of Agriculture, December 17, 1907, has stated that the tuberculosis discovered in the herds tested by him during the last few years, can be traced to certain prominent herds in- the State of Missouri; and, “Whereas, Under section 10542, it is the duty of said veteri- nary surgeon to protect the live stock interests of this State; and, “Whereas, Section 10546 provides that an investigation of supposed infected or capable of infecting live stock, may be or- dered by the Board, if, upon satisfactory information, it is thought the presence of the veterinarian is necessary to a protection of the live stock interests of the State from contagious or infectious diseases; therefore, be it Resolved, That the State Veterinarian and the Executive Com- mittee of the Board of Agriculture be empowered to take action in the inspection of said prominent herds in the State of Missouri, referred to by the State Veterinarian.” Minutes of Proceedings. 17 Upon motion, the resolutions were declared adopted. Mr. Greensfelder moved that the incoming President appoint a committee of three, to which the Highway Engineer’s report be referred. Motion carried. The Board took a recess until 7:30 p. m, At 7:30 the Board was called to order by President-elect Col- man. Mr. Colman, in a brief address, thanked the Board for the honor conferred upon him by the election. The Secretary read a letter from Hon. C. R. Davis, member of Congress from Minnesota, calling attention to a bill in Congress making provision for Federal aid for the establishment of agricul- tural high schools in the State. Mr. Davis requested consideration of the bill. The time being too short for a thorough discussion of the measure, the matter was referred to the Executive Committee. It was moved by Mr. Greensfelder that a vote of thanks is due the retiring President for the very able manner in which he has discharged the duties of President, and for what has been ac- complished. Motion carried. ; Mr. Swink moved to continue the committee on roads as now constituted. Motion carried. Mr. Gass suggested that an educational exhibit be installed at the State Fair. His suggestions were approved and referred to the. Executive Committee of the State Fair. It was moved by Mr. Thompson that all power vested in the Board of Agriculture be and is hereby delegated to the Executive Committee, and that the said Committee is hereby authorized to act for the Board at all times when the full Board is not in ses- sion. Motion adopted. Upon motion, the Board adjourned, to meet in Columbia, Janu- ary 7, 1908. GEO. B. ELLIS, Secretary. REPORT OF SECRETARY. Gentlemen of the Board: It is gratifying to me to be in a position to report that the work of the Board of Agriculture for the past year has been fruit- ful of greater results than, perhaps, any year in the Board’s his- tory. You, gentlemen, may not have realized the magnitude of the work done, but time will prove that the things accomplished in this year, 1907, will become a mile post in the history of the agri- cultural progress of ‘Missouri. At the last annual meeting, after examining into the affairs of the Agricultural College, as the law requires you to do each year, your Board recommended to the Legislature that an appro- priation of $200,000 be made for an adequate Agricultural building, and an appropriation of $87,000 for betterments in the Agricultural College. Through the untiring efforts of your legislative commit- tee, headed by President Hudson, an appropriation of $100,000 for the building, and $75,000 for the College of Agriculture was se- cured. I am informed that the Board of Curators have approved the architect’s plans for the new building and have advertised for bids, and it is hoped the building will be ready for your next an- nual meeting. The $75,000 for betterments will enable Dean Waters to extend several lines of work that will be of direct bene- fit to the farmers of the State, the most important of which, per- haps, is the soil survey and crop experiment work inaugurated three years ago. Another recommendation made by the Board at the last annual meeting, and which has borne good fruit, was that the Board of Curators provide funds and the necessary facilities for entering students in the judging contests and a live:stock ex- hibit at the American Royal and International Live Stock Exposi- tions. Out of the increased appropriations secured for the Agri- cultural College, the above recommendation was carried out with the most successful results. By reference to the appended report, it is shown that the College farm exhibited stock at the Inter- State Fair, Kansas City; the Missouri State Fair, Sedalia; the (18) Report of Secretary. 19 American Royal Live Stock Show, Kansas City, and the Interna- tional Live Stock Show, Chicago. f It should be stated in this connection that this is the first time the College of Agriculture has made an exhibit worthy of notice, which makes the success of the effort of greater importance. The live stock exhibited was awarded aggregate cash prizes, as fol- lows: inter-state’ Mair, ‘Kansas Citys 2) he OB $238 00 micsourY State Pair, Sedaliat 12 Sl SII as 156 00 PInermicaie hoya Kansas City. ...22002Ueu L) 24 290 00 iiLermational,; Chicage 678 ese ie ee 525 00 SCIEN pb a Rea AA be eg i a eee Se Le $1,209 00 ~In making his report, Prof. Mumford says: “Our exhibit has the distinction among college exhibits (at the International) of being the only one in which every animal shown took a prize, and these prizes were nearly all firsts, seconds and thirds, and the classes were unusually large. Nine champion prizes were included in the prizes won at all the fairs.” In the Students’ Judging Contest the college was equally suc- cessful. In competition with eight of the leading agricultural states and Canada, at the Interational, Missouri won two out of five of the Armour Scholarships of $250 each. This money goes to the College of Agriculture to be used for assisting worthy stu- dents. One of our students—Turner C. Cochran —of Columbia, won first place as the best judge of all classes of live stock, his average score being six points higher than any student has here- tofore made in a similar contest. This ought to be gratifying to the Board of Agriculture, as a result of their recommendation made one year ago. THE INTER-STATE FAIR. The last Legislature appropriated to the Board of Agriculture five thousand dollars for the purpose of making an exhibit at the Inter-State Fair to be held at Elm Ridge Park, Kansas, September 23rd to October 5th, inclusive. This appropriation was made by the Legislature without the knowledge or request of the officers of the Board. At the July meeting, the Board appointed the President, S. W. Hudson, Dean H. J. Waters and your Secretary on a committee to arrange an exhibit according to the provisions of the appropriation. The very short time made it difficult to as- 20 Missouri Agricultural Report. semble a large exhibit, but on the opening day of the Fair your committee had installed a very complete and highly creditable ex- hibit. The success of the exhibit was made possible only by the co-operation of the Departments of Agronomy, Animal Husbandry, Dairy Husbandry and Home Economics of the College of Agri- culture. The Agronomy Department made a fine exhibit of grains, grasses, forage plants, seeds and soils, illustrating the work of the Department, as well as showing the possibilities of soil im- provement and the improvement of crops by selection and breeding. The Animal Husbandry Department made a splendid exhibit of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, and, as stated elsewhere in this report, competed for and won a number of prizes. The Dairy Husbandry Department made an exhibit of dairy cattle and a complete working dairy. The working dairy received much favorable commendation from the visitors, and was certainly very creditable to the Department. Five prizes were awarded to the Dairy Department on dairy cattle. The Department of Home Economics exhibited a model kitchen, showing many conveniences and improvements over the ordinary kitchen. This exhibit was very interesting, judged by the number constantly around the kitchen, and it was certainly a complete success in illustrating some of the work of the depart- ment. In addition to the college exhibit the committee offered the following cash prizes: COUNTY EXHIBITS. For the best and largest display of farm products, consisting of grains, vegetables, seeds of all kinds, grasses, forage plants, etc. RSE SPIO es. 7 oy. Chee aete stopeies Jd Wegibibhs bowel $150 00 Second ewriae yon vos. ORR ee ee tee 125 00 Thitd privé 2 2.24052. CR eee ~ 100 00 OUCH CD EIZG), -ets.3' «olla. aa OW ee dive oneal eaten 75 00 d ENT A 6 0G 0/2 eh RP OIG ry MEER NE TORR 9 SNe 3 50 00 BOYS’ CORN CONTEST. Prizes to be competed for by boys under 15 years of age. Best display of ten ears or more. Corn to be judged by the score card: APS Gs PCM, a | 2 ssc 6 > ne! eke ee eee $25 00 SECON sDYEMIIM |... 0...) abs ideal naa eee 15 00 Thied Hrenigam,.” 9. +. jek cease eens 10 00 Report of Secretary. 21 BOYS’ CORN CONTEST. For boys over 15 years of age. Best display of ten ears or more. Corn to be judged by the score card: CAIDSS| PS UE esc 0 00 0 lea Oo AR leg Ae A | Sn ak ne $25 00 CONG MUTEMIIIM Min coin cae kik elle ds eccte « 15 00 Pardee premium 3.04 62% A ceeded taaed ao ea TANASE. AI: 10 00 COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT. For the best individual exhibit of agricultural products, com- prising same scale of points as in county exhibits: UBLIGRIG | Op #0 20 age RO GaP eee Ee $25 00 SJETEICTING OPS EAE Rca ee a 15 00 DIDCTRG |, VTE 1s SEN NN CRIS RE ae A oO ad 10 00 HORTICULTURE. Best and largest collection of fruit, correctly named and labeled. Open to any county or local Society or one or more indi- viduals in the county in the State of Missouri, fruit all to be grown in the county from which entry is made: LU Tigst hy Oh eh eae i a a POS ates fc atl ane $75 00 SCCOMOMUTIZE ti cite tee eee ts choik 2 tale (Als 2 Rael hah he, 50 00 BPRPEC IEA ON oe erate Mi A SEO | ANT! baer so.” PAO 708 ania prize sy Ceo Bite Ce Pi 10H? oy al! 30 00 Ppt EZ tet, seeeeane ke Me, AAR EOI 25 00 This list of prizes brought out five excellent county exhibits, as follows: Pettis county, installed by Wm. Romig. Atchison county, installed by Geo. H. Sly, Rockport. Cooper county, installed by Chris. Smith, Bunceton. Platte county, installed by C. Thorpe. Lawrence county, installed by Simon Baumgartner, Pierce City. The exhibits consisted of a collection of practically all of the agricultural products of the counties, and were certainly very creditable to the counties and the exhibitors. The Inter-State Fair was not a financial success, and was put into the hands of a receiver before it closed; but the Board of Agriculture was in no way responsible for any part of the Fair, 22 Missouri Agricultural Report. except the installation above mentioned, which was required by an act of the Legislature. THE NEW ROAD LAW. For many years the Board of Agriculture has agitated a bet- ter system of road construction and maintenance, but until this year no material advancement had been made. Last year, as men- tioned in my annual report, this office arranged for and conducted a series of district road conventions, with a view of crystallizing public sentiment in favor of a few fundamental principles in a re- organized road system of the State. The meetings terminated with a State convention, held by the Board of Agriculture, co-operating with the county courts of the State, held in Jefferson City, Janu- - ary 16-17 of this year. The convention was attended by more than three hundred delegates, representing a majority of the counties of the State. After two days’ deliberation, in which many members of the Legislature participated, the convention unanimously endorsed the plan recommended by the Board of Agriculture, and a committee was appointed to confer with the Committee on Roads in the House and Senate. The members of this committee were: Judge J. R. Hairston of Fayette; Hon. J. H. Bothwell of Sedalia; Hon. W. W. Lawton, Osceola; Judge Woods of St. Joseph, and Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia. An agreement was soon reached with the joint committee on roads, and bills were drafted covering every recommendation of the Board, and were all finally enacted into law. The laws which were enacted provide for: State aid to the counties to the amount of $1,475,000. The creation of the office of State Highway Engineer, under the control of the State Board of Agriculture, with an appropria- tion of twelve thousand dollars for expenses of the department. The creation of the office of county highway engineer, for every county in the State, under authority of the county court. A complete revision of the working system, providing for cer- tain work by contract and the maintenance of the entire road mileage. The submission of a constitutional amendment, giving the county courts discretionary power to levy 25 cents on the $100 valuation for road purposes. The submission of a constitutional amendment providing for Report of Secretary. 23 a levy of ten cents on the $100 valuation of all State property for a permanent State Road fund. The road legislation accomplished, together with that secured for the improvement of the Agricultural College, supports with- out question, I think, the statement that the present year has been fruitful of greater results for the betterment of agriculture than any year in the history of the Board. HIGHWAY ENGINEER. In compliance with the law creating the office of State High- way Engineer, the Board, at a called meeting, held in St. Louis on July 6th, elected to that office Curtis Hill, who immediately en- tered upon the duties of the office. Mr. Hill will report to you directly concerning the working of his department. APIARY INSPECTION. The last Legislature enacted a law authorizing the Board of Agriculture to appoint a State Apiary Inspector for the develop- ment and protection of the bee industry of the State. At a meet- ing of the Board held in Kansas City on June 5th, M. E. Darby of Springfield was elected to that office, and through his efforts 215 apiaries have been inspected, of which 82 were found to contain colonies affected with foul brood. There were 3,028 colonies in- spected, of which 297 were affected with foul brood. All of these colonies were either treated or destroyed by the inspector, and the apiaries cleared of the disease. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. The farmers’ institute meetings continue with about the same good interest of last year. A new feature inaugurated this year, with the co-operation of the Agricultural College and some of the State Normal Schools, is to conduct short courses in agriculture in the Agricultural Department of the Normal School, co-operat- ing. Under this arrangement four of these courses are now be- ing given, viz.: Maryville, Kirksville, Warrensburg and Cape Gir- ardeau. A complete course of these schools will be appended as soon as the terms close. Complying with authority given the Executive Committee at the last annual meeting, S. M. Jordan of Stanberry was employed as institute assistant, and entered upon his duties July 1, Mr, 24 Missouri Agricultural Report. Jordan has been employed almost constantly in the field conduct- ing meetings. Under the arrangement of your committee with the Board of Curators, Mr. Jordan will be employed for half the time by the Board of Agriculture and the other half by the Agricultural College. Mr. Jordan is doing splendid work, and I most heartily recommend his continuance. THE YEAR’S HARVEST. A complete report of this year’s harvest will be appended to this report, and in this connection will call attention to only a few statements: Our farmers grew 7,086,059 acres of corn this year, which is 1 per cent more than the acreage last year; but the average yield per acre for the State is 7-10 of a bushel less, and the total yield 600,000 bushels below last year. The average farm price on De- cember 1st this year was 47 cents per bushel, compared with 37 cents one year ago; making the total value of the crop $109,000,- 000, or $24,000,000 greater than the crop of 1906. Of wheat, we produced 28,830,000 bushels, which is nearly 6,000,000 less than in 1906, but the crop this year, based on the average farm price, is worth $19,000,000 more than last year. The hay crop averaged 1.3 tons per acre as compared with only 7- 10 of a ton per acre last year, and while the average farm price is one dollar per ton below last yee the total value is $23,- 000,000 greater. The oats crop is practically the same as last year, but the total value is nearly $2,000,000 greater. FARM BOYS’ ENCAMPMENT. Mr. S. M. Jordan, Institute Assistant, held on his farm in Gentry county, last August, the first Encampment. The object of the Encampment is set forth in Mr. Jordan’s announcement, as follows: “Now For the Boys’ Encampment. “On Glenview Farm, otherwise known as the Geo. Morton farm, two miles north of McCurry, I will hold a farm boys’ en- campment for one week, beginning August 19th and ending Au- gust 24th. “Every farm boy in Gentry county who will join a county Report of Secretary. 25 farm boys’ club is invited. No expense in any way except car fare to and from McCurry. I will take good care of everyone, board and everything free. “The forenoons of two days, Tuesday and Wednesday, will be taken up in our seed corn work, examining methods of sorl preparation, cultivation, selection and storing of seed, with a lesson each day on corn-judging. Thursday and Friday to stock-judging, ete. Some of the best men in the State will be with us, and all lectures will be demonstrated. Tools used in the work will be examined and the work demonstrated on a small plat of ground. “Afternoons will be devoted to sports and games, such as the boys may desire. The place where we meet is northeast of the house on a hill in a fine grove. “On Friday I want each boy to make a written report of the week’s work, and the boy who makes the best one will be given a free scholarship to the short-course, 8 weeks, in the Agricultural College at Columbia, car fare, board, room and all expenses paid. “Ryvery farm boy between the ages of ten and twenty is earn- estly invited to come, and I can assure you one of the best times of your life.” Professor M. F. Miller of the Agricultural College, and D. H. Doane of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., as- sisted Mr. Jordan in instructing the boys. Altogether, 132 boys were enrolled. Atchison and Nodaway counties are arranging to hold a similar encampment next year-in connection with their summer Chautauqua meetings; other counties are considering a like ar- rangement. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE. We should not be satisfied with what has been done, but should be encouraged to place our aim still higher. To my mind, the greatest work the Board could do for the State would be to bring about the establishment of Secondary Agricultural Educa- tion within the reach of every farm boy of the State; and the work started one year ago, looking to the establishment of a State Agri- cultural School, admitting the graduates from the rural schools, should be prosecuted to a successful conclusion. 26 Missouri Agricultural Report. SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL STATEMENT. To the Board of Agriculture: I beg leave to submit the following exhibit of the financial transactions of the Board for the year beginning December 19, 1906, and ending December 16, 1907, which shows the balances on hand at the beginning of the year, the requisitions drawn on the State Auditor, the warrants drawn on W. A. Bright, Treasurer of the Board, the balances in the treasury of the Board, and the bal- ances in the different funds remaining in the State treasury: EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND. Date War. No Name. Dr. 1906. TD Ye7OS, “TUES eae Shs yeas Aone eae To balance®:.. sisowie oss ote aa $281 02 Ua) eee 669 BY J. Ae AChristianle - sie. n- eee onie lei eteaeteners meme Ope vays.< 670 AKojatam Dirrty Kes isn oop eon ol oalladoaaoodode HIQis seats AS 671 We CeHowelligst 2. a4 ae as woe estore ee etertocies “OR ees ole 672 UH Be a (ESOS) erat QSRCHETS OINO EIEO Sis | (06. Glo-GOun o C2» I eae 673 WEB SEM GRIODETUS yar taicte a fobeysrt eraetetell ete etapele oteyenarene 2 9 See 674 Wee CarringtOnnr. «cei. crs. cre rele lo eaevan| ey ekeeeneme ree ene he mm LO} Sy ee. 675 GOWisEtIGSOn er ya. <1 2 cl ouc cterePanets: slapell Masieieneuetoetaueeete ee 19) fevee o 676 INE ya COlMaM eres Dike serene cede ss All. <*eichteve tka tetas em O). ciate a2 677 Me (BSGreensfelder.s <.25<%:. ec auc cietel| atresia = cere Ee O) Sa shed 678 TBS TS WL cee Sere ce sins 2 ape Picnact onl haved vot ae renaietegs Se NOS A Raa. 7 679 Wir RP WiTLKANISOM. was evs soc les us Sere ce ells eo ee sere NO cess 680 FNS Lat WTVC) 875 030) 1 SERIES CLO Se.S OCIS cota S ORI sds 681 INE CHG entry ceirec cis oc iors Beat eo teen eee ere i 0 ee 682 Geos Bes yee erste ssc sunte he fete | hedetmenete shetenets OE Me 683 WG: ERUPGHISON Es :22 5. Shc esete ol aarti eer 1907. EDR Ose. er 684 GS OWESEMIGSON: bis iheteie crete ne ho Rael eie ete ae or eee MASTS, ave e'c.2 685 Geo: Be Biss weiss tales ers,.« Rates trate ate Surat 5 Ws aS 686 Mi. BS Greensteld er .<. oe slaps sieiene ese 300 00 ID Yeo) NG RAY eee ee es Mo Tequisibion "2. b «clam cmieeeieeiees eet 200 00 Semmes cAtY.y StySil\.. saat Nz eee ts li, mi SVe DALANICOS ister ccent co akon eer nade caer ene terete liatovore teastererat tens | | $981 02 Cr. 314 58 $981 02 es ee Report of Secretary. 20 DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. 1907. : MO EGOPBE OE eco s a asl 5 ctelss « susyee.e.e = ‘TO TEQUISIGION «nse 2 ymiareied-ess suse ste si on $600 00 mee MEDS cls: 135 By Se cle ins \c0 ese iees Osi aes sfarys, 3018 oes $130 00 BORE AO ris. s : 136 Soe KITT Stersepeeen saree eertncisy: ||. oi. states ena 120 00 IN ON eeg Useless: 137 Pe SGUTLOC Kesrqar ete ae toe otters || seeta bine reeves 39 03 meta 25-3 138 SOE Ey IKINS ses re teateheiereiceeinemeseeste sill igaatebae cites 180 00 42 ke Bees 139 Re ES SCurlocheteree seeks ss c.c. os: |ls cath oltersie es 25123 Weer 2. ices 140 Pacificsh xpressiCOy soe. oHeties cate ltie: hteteucus ove 145 35 FS De Sears 141 AMETICANT EESPLESS | COsa ite oles ot licic oD newsreels - 56 63 ME eRe a [bee ray es noyaheke 6

Soa Cotonetonea Git dp Up ISS 6G aeattom Pomico nrorne tre [orcas cide ¢ 12 41 28 Missouri Agricultural Report. OFFICE EXPENSE FUND—Continued. Date War. No. Name. 1907. NOWwsmbekte.'s 678 By C: Harvey. eye c cere ate ae ys 1L age eI ee oi Setee rege TO TEQUISIFION s.. BES VASE AN Vis ELL] AS OWN cee sete etes ctr yep ny Stcuvees? | Saree, cae ce 20 50 14 GEOR HEISE iy poops Racket Paeeena mare al Saramroreta ce ionens 5 40 15 CUE IS BETTE IPO ne ste seer met ects all ol si cecbepet ef apenas 258 18 16 SE18 Uhl Bd Bb a=) eeee e ete seces RO SP aa cam leg PLL a gr IR 15 00 17 ColumibiasStatesmman’ 54h eee sche siete|\ ale attain lee le 8 00 18 Wabi REMAN apie cir btseencceh ict cae Saale ences nacelle hav d 247 25 Seeal sways mares ae AROIEQUISUELOM Words 3 isiare Gara eho oracle cro 500 19 ByACowmm Day StaAbeSOUAN several. cco vs eds uicliarct ie el elt 6 50 20 (ORTH AUS) Ts WU La Cs are Ap hae see ee A ee ee Pe 270 12 21 Columibray Statesman serves aes ti crave ae) «che lel es 5 00 22 ALROSE LUN Gr yA TEN err. cusmeneia rhe ere e ste | See aoe cus fegebo sels 52 50 23 Hconomy Drawing TableCoz. 32224) o.. 220 ans 32 40 24 (Ovaries; 1 WU een lee chetoen le tcke circ es nsec REPORT ICI 200 00 Pa sh axata: shatieves ay OPTS QUISIPION As Bias e's agetests eps entyeuen as) shes 500 ake nafesKoyet ets oi Tejy BENE 6 o odtiainnln odoceelaad codlteecnta & hoes 437 23 $2,000 $2,000 00 FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND. War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. Mathie are ovens MOSDAISNCE scien cic sts siedine beraae ot cet | PL (OLS 830 Ye WV GLUES WVALIEVINISI re o\s\cas cvsroy cues axe yar ereih [lo arith, elerreuk @ orp $113 72 831 MEL AID SU OM ea Coad ahr akk aust arate a atresia late Retin’ eh eve pee 42 74 832 REPEAT al ENO reer a bevararc rte tisvaaee alee ON 47 45 30 » Missouri Agricultural Report. FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND—Continued. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. 1907. ALY TO Siete 833 |,” By; Lek. (Childers) serpent neater testi | ieee tein Pecemel (5 Sie. 834 2 Oya se Ofc 'e (cae ene Cao eek Get cestits | een neers Ae “WUE aeetaege 835 D. Ward Wing: Nees eiae cee seis clean nase eee Cpe Oe eee 836 MB, Miller iyase tect See tera |e cies Sena CO Taare 837 BG i Kinpee, oe eee ee: By RaRLOn Neh ER OR are Ole i sc 838 He eKrusekopini ei ae eee See cl Sacieee ee a oa 839 Mi MS "MCCOOl Ns niainocievone me on enn tia Oe ASS 10) aa 840 ME SHerwinhe e824. See ee eee a linens or eon pemerLOuye bo 841 JOUW | READS eed caer ot: ete MRL Oye ss. 842 EAs LUSK ae eee athe tas to eee ede ere ete RON aera 843 TRB OWelln Attest ae Ghee ae Pee et cee 3 ST) ees 844 Vi Priezées een eee ee eee, ee Some Ols ert ate 845 Columbia Statesman, samen cy oel liters eeieeeeeiciene SamrellO) ces 846 AST. INelsOn ek tac eee ee ie koe Oe = DAR Rer 847 Wi Cillowellieecre 2 tare creat cos ot Oailiste ioe ee eee SAIS saree 848 Strawn=HollandiComereriecce cere lore ae eel (lor 5.0 Ps 849 SM Jordan soe se ne oes eal eee eee pralOlS.. 120 850 IP, Ee Crabtree sis}. a cttertra sot SI oe cael nae MAO shah | 851 OHO. Raine 3 paver «terete i an eee pL fess. 852 Me Be MANGr:. ie schacsees ape es cite call susie areeee penal Os ee 4 853 Shields | &/Coutticcccrts se sae eels eee tet ST c “ya 0 ae 854 Geo Ho sBeasley =, ai c.. pee pievo vei sree coll cents edeeaeeyereerete sae (! sans, A 855 Geo: IB MBliS.5.ccre se. see Cola cn eee eee MODS 7B ce se 856 A SEA GT OW brtahs ore eo cerdracatayc Gy wove Fal (ees oeeeate ore * Di aise. 857 (Wiebe et se cies Seon toa 2 ah ce tong llstiecsie cee eee Coo Ser 858 MilestbihiOtioen e.4- sven a lies eee SO Ey 7 De et ape teal Caco ame 7A a Ea 78 GC: (AN SCR Warzer chi oh wien de ciate thaltors. ao os onelterene 74 ae Seat 79 evel Dole NDE ae SPP ete ERPS Oey MeN LY Mote cope ki IO cs oti. 80 Parker Purno@024 ty.de see Ase wrote ENN. Scot ete tet: DG bets 81 | v-°We Read! ait ote eae eis ne Bae Neier cemeten rete DO iNe wees 82 TEE Via tnOte sic eioccpttcdet at ateucislae Sila cathe Wie aan 7) Ae 83 TeWis) AMUGSON. 25 hated meek eo. ot os cepecete epee At *84 MO Maller s* ©. 2: lspad ae bee ahaa Ol Oot e Oeoe 22 eae 85 TES SSW eevee, isthe ices Bye b cre hall ee oN epee ote BB es | 86 Ov-EL; Tackles 5 aig Sela ede one alana Bele mele 2A Nes ben 87 Clas, MOOtOS soi re Crete Pa oe ca i sartn Slice SAY ae Ose. st al 88 EL: Re N@]8OMiic iis secs Brows. @ te Bk ena ae Qe acs | 89 OWA, WHerZzop....0 5m rtsata eteto ues oe as tats miahatoteit: cra 1a) 9 1 eee Report of Secretary. 2 KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND—Continued. War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. 90 By Mar bra SHERWIN se eats aew ees scene sysilna sch = cereale $10 00 91 ASPENS UMNITNCTS tec alters ebay ens he tea erate ayacae a arecan sua. othe 26 70 92 Win bashpiash eon en rn ee oes oiile sit ae ee ae 10 00 93 PACitiGPE PLES. OO mere home Pots, a calc acaqet ee ta he clot 1 30 94 West selachine: SHOD stereo cree are hoes ater Berea 33 50 95 DER RA MCLE DIG eile a crete a tae here retanay ae [ssi ete eon avee Goel 10 00 96 Greamery Pe kes Mie! Com sie ee ves kil. came bana one 12 00 97 IPACIACYXDPESSAO Om as a ste ik te ores oil erate rag icven o6 vs 2 06 nce Re ree IBY MB alanee cia cho cin ele se Seale hte) oirsi| lo calls Basis © o Ofelells 298 55 $4,000 00 $4,000 00 STATE VETERINARY FUND. War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. Sire gtelenite siete oWwalanceys. oy cose erie hee, see! /Sliseole89 1887 By Geonks LrORel oe ee 6 heed eeuersroks & |S cs emebaes gaat $15 00 1888 SMit hy Premier CO cs)sthsmvaeuhe os 2:58 bras Saleen eels eee 25 90 1889 American Express C0.2.2...).- ><. - Woushehe Whe, Sasiere & 2 85 1890 Let AN UIE) they ues yore Geta aie annie | eee 177 66 1891 SE BRAINS Non carota ete evoke Olid are wie < ceatae 7 00 1892 BS es awkins yea eit ake 2 os sera etta ee sae 40 00 1893 Re CM OOLG ey. cad Cathe eae et ee Mone 2 50 1894 SLUM ETemMien Conese oe ae sien lee ou bio ne 6 25 1895 Stanley Smith ae ciere, noe eee one ee [abiateeia ats oat 24 40 1896 Columbia Typewriter Exchange....|............ 1 00 1897 Jo LAE BIS AYROy CTO in, Pid ciceci Ae uci HIER RrokenG Grin eres 8 00 1898 Columbia Statesman Aloe et laos eee ae 6 00 1899 ORY PLM CK Viaatiye etek ate tateteens 4.2 6) [ rie taclete the 194 62 1900 Columbia Telephone iCov.7445 ..22.\|. -2e0ns- 50 - 83 P40) 1901 TASB WIDIECE Aa Rite heer Bork eee ore Se aie Soe 11 45 1902 Win COLOLHCIS sean Geet © ck |rsitia eae Ss ae 10 00 1903 CGE Cullisomeca sya yeite eon oe es (Cao eevee | 74 56 1904 Shieh DOS alae Nhat eos ait eens See dl eecheitoact ering 7 00 1905 Columbia Statesmans a: oe 5 fos 0 oa oe ats ne 3 00 1906 MinimIe MOSEL, vameti cl. eee tie cih ne snvoa tke ahs ale 4 00 1907 Ee ae ATOM es eda ceed aetna xe aetna SANE 196 O1 1908 DOR Buekeyes ss t2- yee cee edccallsbuen stages c 185 54 1909 Ses ELA WACING. ion eae heck ewe areas pat aes Mts: ohare 40 00 1910 Wired, CaLothersigcarn de Nera fret cals ne deeaibe eee 10 00 1911 EE SLAW KING? perenne ee xe tahcvae | aera eaite beets a 40 00 1912 Western: Union: Coys aatnce see sco kok vb Vetelaertionn | 3 89 1913 Columbia Statesmanscancee v5s 510 Poche 28 | 4 50 1914 Oe EE KAT Sty. Fare aes eRe ols ey rat covaillcnshe Ae uaeaatevenshs 14 00 1915 Wan CAROUD CES staeeed torr Te var aise lie ceeronmake raya ais 9 45 1916 Hace xpress Comme weeteee eee a sees sie sielevets| 4 82 1917 Deh VEMEKe ys wpe sonichacver Sees. eles one ieee 189 87 1918 ool s ied DY Ua botany clot tic & Circe ice aeons PecneNs crite eee 5 00 1919 Minnic MOStCL., 5 avarice taloses cack leasceeetle scares | 1 00 1920 ELS SEL O1LC> peReeiee: at «Raines aera oe late ae ka teers al 19 43 1921 Hn Cy MOOLG Wi). scteavae oe PACU geer (ro (dea eee | 15 00 1922 EIOLACOWSTAGIEY: Greveeitiaectacinnes whe alte a biersisws 2 | 9 30 1923 Aes Ions) EM its) CB eee Beh gt ON Girre a OEY eEe nent & ceo 16 35 1924 WED AMPH A sotene Ye vPase ion | Bia SAbieirts ora 207 21 1925 BGO NG yee et an oe au mense. t| . ahchetteale cuehe 3 70 24 1926 Sie EIN S Samp eieie ea eeevets a cole taalie mie oeeelmtounie. a's 22 00 34 Missouri Agricultural Report. STATE VETERINARY FUND—Continued. Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr 1907. BOWIE o>. cts 1927 By Bai. Hawkins...< sce ceemes < olen serine eee $40 BME M LS delay a % 1928 Columbia; TelephoneiCo..-. ee alee ee 9 ne ie ecu 1929 NationalPaper' Coes saves s an Ollie toe anne 50 Oe ee ee 1930 DF MLW CK CY, 370 nterettsvcrstet ousyehorere cists |oe.s Siete it ie ee 187 pe pee erated 's aie ot Mave? TOMeGUISILION: -urerroe eee ee $1,500 00 May —9)...... 1931 By Horace !Bradley.. 05 siseieeo tells ieee eae 24 beet 1D). ou See 1932 Columbia Telephone: Coren ace see eee nee 3 EO) pe tects, 1933 By PP OBZ Crs. hai cxevus crated hecelor elimi ee) aren epee 15 “ Ores. 1934 NW; 2B 5 SBOE oo elects, cis cuestaredee Oe va: oe | scenes okae ates 100 So eats 1935 BW inf OMBTLOM feo c-ss sor meuenan ates ete, ocal|ltistatatena © Pelee 11 SENS inet sts. 5 1936 Rie. CAMOOLE. ciel terete thos moe otal leet eee Wee 73 oD 4 aah eee 1937 SV BIUARS 0,2 hee ceo © eae lloateia a torerets 7 UO etches 1938 Rs Allens sh cc icercee even honest oaths here ctor 234 MORO. oF, at 43 1939 BSS EDS eet py cin ss Riayc.a ase arouse sets, ae, | hans oyare rare 40 CreRO) cress (14 1940 DAR SUCK EY suet: fone tae teeta eel lates Seta eae 247 Ore 1941 SWhs de Cabo terse steeper eke tutuess siete lO eee Uf Samm awe All = .5e¥ es -atelels Seen TOITEQUISIELOM sce ietoteveie nue cl eroeoete trator stoke 500 00 Ais Se eee 1942 By Bi. pawns 56 aos). aetertans ten Goscay]l what el vote anes 40 Se as, Seta 1943 SE BIKING sek eee, cictec erences oe ree 53 “ Dre oGore 1944 Ri C.IMOOLC Ns anced s.s, ccs cee eet toie ese hee cele nee 15 SMO atc totems 1945 Sie SMSO ia ik cheeses Re ee MET lel a> nes aerate 10 eMAE RO = cicie's 1946 EL WEL AWOL: -oi20d store es Per ehh cee A eintaeire ote tO 17 OO eae 1947 1 Gel Dea 33 0) | ae ER C/G. aie ero beeen Gain 19 ON 2s ae 1948 Js, EL MCHILOY soe 2% She ual ere arad| he eee roma oer 6 MP ONG c sicciles 1949 EL SBVAMerdic Ans cic. corkecte erento Oreerera eal sate 9 MDE: cae ic.3 1950 Did UGK ey s.2°.).'sheget cis aetna etal |e herie meee ros 208 BRP Dc cis, st liehateus Sratca Rhone TO TEQUISHTON Grass c 0 eee eae 1,000 00 ULV WG a e csqcsne 1951 IBY, Hie BEaMer ds A2hcratrarte ota eters ole ol nee eater evece's 11 pom OO eccaye =< 1952 Re CisMOore i.ca15 Notis era retelecottes crates se raxe eke rote tones 29 3 Gueoeae 1953 Dis TUCKEY: 5: i iets boss neers ne eremee | oueoee ete etl 204 RING). 3\-s\-cncr 6 1954 Hehe Boettners’..2 sis<, Aerie es See ese 37 = (Seer 1955 Stanley: Smith. xh ie eareneeterae | ekete Seder ee 12 Pet). wcaeas 1956 EP WeORBTIeN s.. .2: oi BRA. S Dene ava < ss " Cena os PIS ee - Date cate i Dem ene 3 Date aicenss Neal istotrcete War. No. Name. 1985 OHASSDOCKTICR Eis ae cis ats rsanso eet eee 1986 Ee CASI OGI C sreticet efecin aie nde tteraveneetr sashes 1987 EUS Mga AGT ep aire sak onsalosctues-si a1 sitet | 98s, 2uevane 1988 HoracerBradleya. toc. opts ty cce ever ace 1988 Dee E ee a LOL aos ira.tes owl eacer on sae) nickets 1990 DS By pUUCKEY Aris. tyes ethers fi sis ele 1991 DPPEIS SIAGCL A oy sons on doors ce ieee 1992 WABI D ab Ds hii ses cree aikee es Beet ape, siduel oye OWE CUISLDOU er are ees cl siietenticeceei es) ec 1993 IBYA SM WeaELUGSON\ fe ic aa cpsterse eNels oe ie 1994 Ue Dep bard (0) ea ees ee 1995 Jase Cullsionth sersces sree es 1996 TREI@S MOOLG es coreiet nace sane aha) ree yar ee 1997 Columbia Statesman............. 1998 dates 1 EAU ROE =( SEO in xo Gap afore ea er enetors 1999 Heer OS TIGM eyecare cic cysan mittee ouavere 2000 YS Braimerds-n-iye crease spose ote Sl 2001 pal S Cots) EAS) olden tier or reese ae Bn Bare aa 2002 1Rae OL A KOTOLRe Bieto eis eter eee eee ome 2003 a MD LO Wiley eetcteicieiciccto starsista sot 2004 SMe Martenieee se ct. 2 -ee slat caspase 2005 PH SPUCK CV iejans cess ote st Stges eve aan 2006 MBE bOVGmmeises aes Nahe Cet ae ene 2007 SESE UIA Sse ycrspeeo-copareteceRete tere eral: 2008 SHG WIKINGE Soa pee essai e.g 2 2009 WIOISSERMEIS Cys ey crwiesaeeceiexssoraee 2010 Columbia Statesman............. 2011 WE SH BORIY 3 niciensxcrencistaten sheneccnenetokeheye 2012 Hordcesbradle yes. eee eer ee 2013 FA SED WO Lites ats, aftecaicas,ckel ns tehekehersie 2014 HERVE se GOOUCE. aoc eo eo ee 2015 Stanleyeomi bly sepncewe ake eer ee 2016 JE RL AVIOL SY oer see ais 2 ats ete eens 2017 WE EA Dabbst tacts ocisce ome SAG eS ene SROWCEWMESIDIOM ery sy2 cre csnstaccuta aie) sno See ae 2018 Bye Bie aie Mair titiieryes lees eeisvse eecentuese 2019 ER ea CRG yet yore ener oy oe ey onaremereneucec rons 2020 Staley Smithton ce vos crevacseceus retell: 2021 Fe Cae MOOG a carta a caelatauebetate at 2022 MW OF BLICN are s-8.5 arate eels one rs 2023 TPAVi: GOOUEE, Aixsaieicco ce cae ties 2024 ER MELON Giy?s a) =: acta, <, ere ere ae 2025 RMPASCULIOCKsas cro. Seen ee By balancetvactahc tonsil ek ee oe oe \ 35 Cr. $7,331 89 SUMMARY OF SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL STATEMENT. EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND. Date. December 18, 1906... April 1, 1907.. To balance MOLAPDUOPULAGLOM arwacareke alle eichay creda tel Sel ooherarela sie Leh AOU Ais ENOL ne Gm en GG a sodas baste Co oe balance with our treasurer............. Dr. $281 02 1,200 00 $1,481 02 Cr. $666 44 314 58 500 00 $1,481 02 36 Missouri Agricultural Report. FARM#RS’ INSTITUTE FUND. Date. Dr. Cr. MEecembers$+1906-:.|'Tobalancey:|.:.. ceenesen of ae cee ene ee oe $1,518 84 ATA ROOT ce. sacs 2 To appropriations: - Peele ote eon oe 10,000 00 By vouchersspaids fein sai see crear all aa steleets iets $3,422 00 balanceswith ouritreasurers se ane .sciilconu oe sees te 596 84 balance: with State Treasurer... .:.....i/.0....0...0.- 7,500 00 $11,518 84 $11,518 84 OFFICE EXPENSE FUND. Date. Dr. Cr. Hecemper/1:8\41906...| To balances, sxrahecse Aaeien eiisyae roca eae Re te $82 91 April, W907 ci <0 cies TO APPLOPriatiONns hq.) anise aes eye Se 1,000 00 By Vouchers paid soa: Acncnvepeneve tere aie oie ace eee eel $445 57 balances withlour treasurers... oes ee cial ee aoe eee 137 34 balance-with: State) Treasurer. <5 os.)./ L907. .7. . 1... Statbeiwarran tha cece cry cts os selene epenetescretona,e sce 200 00 Ine 1S. £907. 3. w+ Stateswarrantia oe cecte stk oes cleus sates o ele as 300 00 December 6, 1907.... Stavev warranty tvcrtscve ts <2 isle srekeva sie eters cr ecers 200 00 December 13, 1906... By: warrants paid and cancelled\y. <./... <<. <-\l/s- «scr ee - $666 44 December 13, 1907... PY RATICO ae -crspiettetetel Vevey otoe stats c oe locchgns sana e-t)llve sacs arey are eielars 314 58 $981 02 $981 02 _ FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND. Date. | Dr. | Cr. WECERIDCL el GO Gs], LOs DAAC. / Ee m4 periods. eq | 5 2 ea Aes || Se Biche mS 53 Se ers ass | so © & hee aloud 2 3 4|cS=| oR So le) R pes pe ses +0 ie mod ae : 6 55 <2 | March April| May | June |: eel ig ae ® 209 5 ® 4 2S | sy | 18to | 11 to| 10 to| 7 to = pe ; & ae Go | April] May | June | June Pa =e 5 HO ite 10. 21. af&/:% tes @ co ct ay : 7 ao | GO Ui leevests, aia craiioloaia teeters ateiate'eie 7 | 136.3 1.834 1.697 1.779 1.614 | 1.748 | 174.8 311.1 ERD aN hy RraeNah draenei ate hee 8.5 140.2 1.769 | 1.959 1.696 1.643 | 1.786 178.6 318.8 SNES A Aa tale Sloat aseieolseatiess 10 137.1 1.643 1.983 1.880 | 1.900} 1.858) 185.8 322.9 ae CA TCOTMIAION Gre cereeh ce |rieslome. | 134.9 His 1.259 | 1.239 | 1.621 1.163 | 116.3 251.2 Generalaveragze.ccec aces. | Morn showrte Wac-.c2..00 | 440 160) 10.02] 16.08| 42.7] 38 78 | 9 Corn 5, meat meal 1.......... 3 88 | 212) 12.18] 25.82 74.4, 35 75 10, |), Oorn’b, tankage ls... ..0n0... | 4380) 170 | 10.25 | -17.42| 70.4 | 25 (5 r ! From the standpoint of a safe profit, one ration is best of all for the market hog raiser, and that one is corn and clover from the time the pigs are up to 60 pounds weight. At the same time it must be noticed that the supplemental feeds fed with corn on pas- ture gave greater gains than corn alone on pasture. Where hogs are high priced, therefore, swine raisers can afford to use these supplemental feeds, even on good pasture, for the sake of the extra growth secured; and this will apply with special force to the breed- er of pure bred swine, who must have the maximum development which his animals are possible of, if he is to successfully compete in show rings and sales with his fellow breeders. In every test in dry lot feeding the use of barley and shorts, meat meal, or tankage with corn, has increased the rate of gain, decreased the cost per 100 pounds gain, and increased the total profits when compared with a ration of corn alone. There can be no question, therefore, of the advisability of using some of these supplements with corn, in feeding hogs in the dry lot, when prices for feeds are approximately the same as these tests. The minimum prices were: For corn meal, 40 cents per 56 pounds; for tankage, $33.00 per ton; for ground barley, 35 cents per 48 pounds; for shorts, $18.00 per ton. The maximum prices Swine Growers’ Session. 79 were: Corn meal, 43 cents per 56 pounds, meat meal, $37.00 per ton. In the experiments quoted, meat meal and tankage have both varied considerably in composition, but when of the same composi- tion are apparently of about equal value. The highest per cent of protein in either tankage of meat meal was 66.36; the lowest 53.54. That which was highest in protein was of somewhat more value than the shipments with lower pro- tein content. The supplemental feeds used have in no way affected the sell- ing price of the hogs, nor have they, so far as one test of carcasses will show, affected the value of the dressed carcasses. The high value of good clover pasture is the most striking fea- ture of the entire series of experiments. In the one experiment in which dry lot and pasture feeding has been compared the pasture feeding has given the greatest gains at lowest cost. Clover is credited with 400 pounds gain in pork per acre, from July 24th till November 13th. With pork at 4 cents per pound, this gives a return of $16.00 per acre for clover pasture, and this is for but half the season. I think it is not too much to assume that good clover pasture is worth at least $25.00 per acre per season, when utilized by growing hogs that receive all the corn they will eat while on such pasture. . In closing, I desire to call your attention, briefly, to the work done by the Iowa Experiment Station in demonstrating the trans- missibility of tuberculosis from cattle to swine. The losses to the packers from the purchase of swine affected with tuberculosis have become so serious that all buyers buy with a sufficient margin to protect their firms against loss. In other words, all hogs are bought low, in order that the packer may not suffer loss. The result is that the man who ships healthy hogs suffers as much loss as the man who ships tuberculous swine. In the experiments referred to, four lots of ten head each were used. All tests that could be made to determine the health of the pigs at the start were made, and there is every reason to believe that they were healthy at the beginning of the test. Two of the lots were fed some pasteurized milk and two some milk infected with finely hashed tubercular tissue containing virulent tubercle germs. Within four and a half months from the time they re- ceived the first infection the hogs were slaughtered. All lots had received milk, corn and shorts as their main ration. Lot 1, fed on pasture and allowing some pasteurized milk, had two affected 80 Missouri Agricultural Report. animals. Lot 2, fed some infected milk, on pasture, had all ani- mals affected. Lot 4, also fed infected milk, but in the dry lot, had all animals affected. Lot 3, fed pasteurized milk in the dry lot, had no affected animals. The animals most serously affected made less gains than those slightly affected, and these, less than healthy pigs. Of the hogs that received the infection, 30 per cent only were fit for food, 45 per cent were fit only for lard, and 25 per cent were entirely condemned. It is difficult to account for the fact that two pigs out of the pasture-fed lot, fed on pasteurized milk, developed tuberculosis, but it is probable that these two were either affected at the start, or were infected by the droppings of cattle. The test shows conclus- ively, however, that milk containing virulent tubercle germs will produce tuberculosis, even in the generalized form, within four and a half months from time of infection. It was impossible to detect tuberculosis in any of the lots from a casual examination of the living animals. All milk that is not positively known to be free from tubercle germs, should be pasteurized before feeding. ALFALFA AND HOGS. (W. D. Gose, Spickard, Hogs.) In accepting the invitation to talk on ‘Alfalfa and Hogs,” I do so without regarding their production as the chief end of life, but simply as one of the means to that end. Your ambition is, or should be, the grand acme of life, and in order to secure this we are will- ing to devote our time and our thought and our labor to make money. There never was a time in the history of the world when the words “Money answereth all things,” found in the book of Ec- clesiastes, were more obvious than today. Thus, we labor to make money because it answers so many things and purposes. It is clearly our duty to build up our county, our State, and our nation. A nation’s greatest product is man, but men are of no value except as they are virtuous, industrious, and intelligent; and it is to con- tribute to the education and happiness of this class of people that we are willing to raise horses and cattle and sheep and hogs. I make these prefatory remarks to show to you that through all the years of ceaseless toil and arduous tasks on the farm I have not lost sight of the higher things of life for which we labor. Swine Growers’ Session. 81 Professor Miller, while in our county during our institute, wrote me from Trenton asking me a series of questions on hogs and alfalfa. These questions were well chosen and covered about the entire field, and I will discuss them with you at this time. One of the questions is: “About what have you done financially with al- falfa and hogs?” I began raising alfalfa after having read up on what was being done in Kansas in this line. One would infer from Prof. Miller’s question that he thought I had made some money. He perhaps got the idea at Trenton. I went to a real estate office in Trenton a few years ago and asked for a loan and mortgaged my farm. A few years later I went back to the same office and stated that I wanted to loan some money. They asked how the change had come about. It came about with alfalfa and hogs, gentlemen. That’s how I did it. That’s how I reversed matters and had money to loan after having been $2,700 in debt. I will talk on the last part of my subject first, that will be hogs. Prof. Miller asked me, “How do you handle pigs the first two months?” “How do you handle brood sows through the year?” “What length of time do you feed corn before marketing hogs, and about how much?” “How many hogs do you feed from an acre of alfalfa?” Now, I read everything I can get hold of on these subjects and then proceed along the line I think best. The question of how to select the brood sow is one of vital importance if you are going to make money, because in order to raise a hog you. must first get a pig, and you must either buy it or raise its mother. I would say, to select a brood sow, go back a few generations, noting facts closely; that is to say, a long line of breeding is necessary to get an ideal brood sow. Fourteen years ago I passed from the Poland-China breed to the Duroc-Jersey. I liked the Poland-Chinas. I had stock from good breeders and I like Poland-Chinas fine. I have nothing against them. Fourteen years ago I went out of the one breed into the other with the view of increasing the number of hogs per brood sow. That was the only thing I had in view. I sent to a breeder in 1893 and bought two gilts that farrowed in March, and I have never bought another brood sow away from home. I proceeded this way: I would take a sow that was a good mother, fairly well made, and that brought a large litter of pigs, and from her progeny select the best of her sow pigs, and so on down through a series of years until I reached such a point of prolificness in my brood sows that I did not have to pay any more attention to that. I would take any brood sow that would, in my A—6 82 Missouri Agricultural Report. judgment, make a good fattening hog and bring a large litter of pigs. That was my idea. To get a hog that would fatten easily and breed a large litter of pigs. I want to say here that in going out of Poland-Chinas into Duroc-Jerseys I covered a period of seven years; and I learned the following to be a fact, although you may contradict it. I have said already that I like the Poland-China hog. I say this now, that in passing from one breed to another, ~ holding to the Poland-Chinas until I could get a sufficient number of Durocs, I learned that 15 Duroc-Jersey sows will just about equal in prolificness 20 Poland-Chinas. I am building up one herd with another, and my object is to get hogs at the lowest possible expense, and the difference in keeping 20 brood sows and 15 is the difference in the two breeds. Now, as to how I selected brood sows this year. It is pretty hard to get alfalfa hogs not too fat. Alfalfa gives them bone and muscle. I have about 100 head of spring pigs. They are allowed to run in the alfalfa with about 34, of a pound of corn per day. Now, they were fed that way until the new corn crop came in, and all ran together until this period. Then they were in such good order that I could easily determine by looking over the herd the sows that were going to take on fat most easily, and that is the end of hog raising. Get her fat and put her on the market. All I did in selecting what I wanted was to go among my hogs and pick out those that I thought were going to fatten the best. Some will say you will soon get your hogs so they will become chunky. I recognize that. I govern this solely by the sire. I think it very important, if you have plenty of alfalfa, that you have at least 100 hogs and spring pigs to turn on it. ; Now, I come to the next question, how shall we handle hogs until weaning time? All of you who don’t raise alfalfa feed shorts and bran, don’t you? Well, that’s all right. I used to do it, but I don’t now. Until they are three weeks old they get alfalfa through the mother, and at that age they can begin to eat it them- selves. They grow rapidly and then I teach them as best I can to eat corn. I shell the corn. A pig will eat shelled corn about as early as anything else you can give it. It will eat shelled corn quicker than slop. I want to say right here that I have never seen the time when I was afraid of my hogs eating too much corn when they had access to alfalfa. You know you are afraid pigs will eat too much corn and get chunky; but they don’t do this when you feed them alfalfa too. You need not be afraid as long as you let them run on alfalfa. When the mothers are fed alfalfa, their Swine Growers’ Session. . 83 milk will balance all the corn the pigs eat up until the time they are weaned. Allow the sows to wean the pigs themselves. They will do this and soon be prepared to produce the next litter. I feed the sows some corn until they wean their pigs, and then do not give them any more. This year corn was scarce and I did not feed the pigs any at all. They were turned on alfalfa and did not get any corn. I fed the sows some more corn and they grew fat and some of them went on to the market. I gave them %/, of a pound of grain per day and they grew fine. Now, as to the question how long I feed corn before market- ing and how much. I feed these sows all summer 3/4, of a pound per day. As soon as the new crop comes in I increase their feed gradually until they are pretty well on full feed, and then after about two weeks of full feeding I sell them. As to keeping the sows the other six months, I give my brood sows all the alfalfa they will eat, and it would surprise you, too, to see how much they will eat. I shell about 20 ears of corn and sow it over the feed lot, and in that way no one hog gets more than its share of grain. When you are feeding such a small amount, you must do that in order to get it evenly distributed. It is not much but it will do some good. You will please note this fact: Corn does not furnish the proper nourishment for an animal that is ex- pected to bring a large litter of healthy pigs. The brood sow needs a bone and muscle making food, and she gets it in alfalfa, also in red clover and alsike. Now the question of preparing the ground for alfalfa. In the first place will say it has been my custom to sow in the spring. While on the train coming down here some gentlemen were talk- ing with me about alfalfa and said they were thinking of putting out a crop and asked me the best way to get a crop of alfalfa. I told them I sowed mine in the spring, but it necessitates the mow- ing of each crop five times to keep back the weeds—a pretty hard task when you come to think of it. These men did not want to lose the use of their land for a year; and I told them if they had rich land they could prepare it well in the spring and sow it to millet early in April. Millet will mature within about ninety days, and when that crop is taken off the ground will be in good condition with disking for a crop of alfalfa; and in this way the use of the land is not lost for a year. If you can get the moisture you are almost sure to get a crop next year. Of course you take chances on winter freezing; but I really believe that by sowing the last of Au- 84 Missouri Agricultural Report. gust or the first of September, if you have sufficient moisture, you are pretty sure to get a crop next year. ; There are some things which have kept farmers from sowing alfalfa which were not intended to do so. For instance, one of our agricultural papers made this statement a year or two ago: “It is useless to sow alfalfa on ground where posts are heaving out.” Now, of course, many a farmer seeing that statement would be- lieve it. Sometimes we think alfalfa is killed off when it really is not. You have heard the statement that if you have taken off the crown of your alfalfa you have killed it. I have found that is not true. That happened to my crop at one time and I supposed it was gone; but was surprised later to see little white sprouts starting up on the stalks all over the field. So you cannot believe all you hear. Another statement I have recently heard made is, that red clover is a weed in alfalfa. I know that is not true. Red clover is no detriment to alfalfa whatever. In fact it only lives a little while. It dies out in two years, while alfalfa is of perennial growth. Red clover would not stand three consecutive cuttings either, while the longer you cut alfalfa the better it seems to get. If you cannot grow alfalfa, then grow red clover or blue grass. I want to say this, that red clover is not only not a weed, but red clover, alfalfa and alsike make a perfect paradise for hogs. There is no doubt about that. I have it on my own farm and it is splen- did. I sowed five acres of alfalfa last year for my brood sows and small pigs’ and secured a partial stand. I am going to disk the ground lightly in the spring and sow alsike and red clover with it. /T will make it as thick as I can and I will have an ideal hog pas- ture. I could not get a better one. Now as to ground. I began growing alfalfa in an experimental way on second bottom land. Then I increased on the same kind of land until I had five acres sown there. - Then I thought the question of growing alfalfa on our place was settled, and I named our farm “Alfalfa Glen,” and then made my first mistake next spring by sowing 18 acres. That was too much. I had to mow it five times and I lost half of it. Alfalfa won’t succeed on land where water will stand within three feet of the surface all the time. Water may run over alfalfa and stand on it as long as three days, but where the water stands on the ground all the time alfalfa will not grow. If you have upland you will just have to try alfalfa and see if it will grow. I was told that it would not, but it did for me, the difference in the crop being about the difference there would be in a crop of corn on rich lowland and on upland soil. Common sense Swine Growers’ Session. 85 would tell you you could not get as good a crop from the one as from the other. ; But I must hasten on. The question, ‘what I have done finan- cially,” includes hogs and cattle and sheep. I keep a book at home in which I enter a record of the sales I make. I went over this book just before coming down here, and found that from the 13th day of October, 1904, to the 16th day of November, 1907 (three years) I had sold $3,189.99 worth of hogs—an average of $1,065.39 per year. ‘ Before I close my talk, I want to tell you how glad I am to be here. I have read so much about your meetings. All of our boys who have been down here have come back feeling better, and they are talking about the short course now, and one thing they are saying is “Our Experiment Station,” “Our University,” etc. It used to be “The University,” and ‘Down there at the Experiment Station.” I tell you Old Missouri’s Experiment Station is coming to the front. It used to be you would hear more about what other states were doing than about what we were doing. But now old Missouri is coming to the front and the grand old State is educat- ing us all along the line. And in the 60’s when we went out to fight, the country furn- ished 77 per cent of the men who fought. So we are at the back of things, and over and under them, and we should seek to make the very best country possible, and all the obstacles in the way of the farmer should be removed. In conclusion, I say again I love the farmer. ALFALFA IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI. (Simon Baumgartner, Pierce City.) Until about eight years ago this summer alfalfa growing seem- ed almost impossible, but perseverance has won, and after a great many trials, or rather failures, I have solved a perplexing problem. My nine-acre field in five cuttings produced about 614 tons of hay per acre the season of 1906. In 1907 the crop fell short on account of the hard freeze in April. It made about 414 tons per acre. I top-dress my field with good stable manure, about 4 to 5 tons per acre during each winter. In the spring I harrow both ways to pulverize and level the surface. About the middle of May the first crop is ready for harvest. I mow one day and usually put it in 86 : Missouri Agricultural Report. the barn the next. Alfalfa can be mowed away pretty green. It will heat of course, but there is no harm in that. It must be spread evenly as it goes in the barn, and I use about two gallons of salt to the load. Sprinkle salt evenly as the hay is spread, then shut the doors to keep the cold night air out. The result is a very nice green hay, of fine aroma, and free from dust. This is the kind of hay that makes the horses laugh and the cows give milk. As soon as the field is cleaned off I hitch on to the disk or spring tooth har- row, whichever I think best to use, and work up the ground in good shape. Cultivation is absolutely necessary in this section, and in my opinion would be beneficial most anywhere, for it is the only way to keep the field clean. The disk and the spring tooth harrow will keep undesirable plants in check, and there is practically no harm done to the alfalfa plants. In fact, they will do better, grow more vigorously, besides the advantages of a loose cultivated sur- face are numerous and well understood. Ninety-eight per cent of my hay is fed out on the farm, very little sold. This enables me to practically cover my land each year with the very best manure, hauled direct from the stable to the field and spread without loss of any kind and no extra handling. This means better crops, and my land improves every day I farm it. Results speak for them- selves. Twelve years ago, when I bought this place, it was referred to as an old worn-out farm, for it has been in cultivation as long as any land in this section, and in fact would not produce more than ten bushels of wheat per acre, and other crops in proportion. I had ten acres in clover, which was sown on growing wheat in March, 1905. I manured it heavily during this winter; sow it to cowpeas next May. Harvest them in August and disk and harrow the ground until I have it in the very best possible condition to sow alfalfa. I repeat what I have so often said, “there is no better way to prepare land for alfalfa than by sowing it to cowpeas;” but the growing of one crop of cowpeas does not insure success with alfalfa—that depends on the condition of the land. As most of our soils are sour or acid to a remarkable degree, lime must be applied in sufficient quantities to correct that abnormal and un- favorable condition. I hope to live long enough to see some alfalfa . growing on every farm in this section. It can be done, and by do- ing so, you don’t make “two,” but four or six blades of grass grow where only one grew before. So you had better be at it and do something. I was born and raised in a county where alfalfa grows well, learned its feeding value, and its even greater value as a soil builder. In my boyhood days and during the twenty-four years Swine Growers’ Session. 87 which I have lived here I have spent more time, money and work on this than any other one proposition. I have corresponded with the best authorities of both this country and Europe on the subject, and after so long a time have finally succeeded. ALFALFA. (Geo. W. Williams, Humansyille, Mo.) In giving a short paper on Alfalfa, the most wonderful forage plant of all plants, I shall give my own experience and observation here in south and southwest Missouri, for there is not a rule or plan in regard to its culture that will hold good everywhere. I find many failures here can be attributed to the grower try- ing to follow the advice of some one whose environment is entirely different from what it is here. Alfalfa, like many other plants, will adapt itself to its surroundings after a few years growing under certain conditions. There are many mistaken ideas prevailing among farmers that have caused many failures and many more not to try to grow it. If there had been one-third less written and said about how to grow it, there would be three times as many growing it in Missouri as are growing it today. Some man in western Kansas or Nebraska tells all about the kind of soil it grows on and when and how to sow it for a success. The Missouri farmer knows his soil is differ- ent and will not try it, or he does not know that it is different and does try it, and a failure is the result. It would have been much better if that Kansas or Nebraska man had put in his time telling its feeding value, and not in getting our Missouri farmers enthused over it as a feed. Then they would at once set about trying to find out how to grow it, not in Kansas or Nebraska, where it is grown ander irrigation, but here in Missouri, where we depend on the rainfall and usually have a little too much for best results. I have been growing it for fourteen (14) years, 2nd the best crop I have ever raised or ever expect to get again unless we have another sea- son like it, it was the dry year of 1901. That year I fully disproved the idea that alfalfa sent its roots deep in the earth searching for water. I found in the fall of 1901 and the following spring, that the roots of plants from seed sown in the fall of 1900 and passed through the extreme dry season, when all surface moisture had evaporated, were no deeper in the ground than plants of the same 88 Missouri Agricultural Report. age from seed sown any other season. And if the plant roots are going down after water why will they go deeper in an extreme wet season than an extreme dry one? The fact is, the roots are search- ing for plant food and not water. In three tests I have made, by supplying plenty of potash, wood ashes on the surface so the plants had access to it, after three or four years the roots were but little deeper than the roots of many other plants. I have some that has been growing for eight years on upland gravelly land, where there is a solid limestone rock within from three and one-half to five feet of the surface, and this part of the field is in good condition yet. I shall only touch the manner of seeding. I have had the best results to sow it after cowpeas, cut the cowpeas off, do not turn the ground but disk or work up a nice seed bed with a spring tooth harrow, and sow any time from the 15th of August to the 15th of September, when there is sufficient moisture to germinate the seed and keep them growing. If sown broad cast sow twenty pounds of seed to the acre, but with a press drill sixteen pounds will be plenty. Sow enough to get a good stand at first, for if it comes up too thin it is a big job to try to thicken it afterwards. Do not sow any nurse crop; it will take care of itself. It does well after wheat. If sown after wheat the ground should be turned as soon as possible after the wheat is cut, but not turned deep, two and one- half or three inches being plenty. When the weeds and grass start, go over it with some kind of “weed killer,” and do this as often as they make their appearance, and by sowing time there will be a nice seed bed. I have had very fair success sowing after corn. Get the corn off out of the way, feeding while green to hogs and dragging the ground until level, then harrow until the seed bed is good. The seed should be covered about the same as millet or any other seed of that size. Do not sow it on fresh plowed ground. If sown on a very sour soil the seed will germinate all right and the plants grow from 3 to 5 inches high, turn yellow and disappear. After the plants are 6 or 8 inches high, examine the roots and see if there are any nodules, and if not better inoculate with Alfalfa Bacteria. This is easiest done by going to a field where alfalfa has grown for several years, and getting a few hundred pounds of soil and scattering it over the field. Do not pasture it until two years old and never when the ground is soft. Now let us discuss briefly the care it should have after once a stand is procured. I have received many letters telling me that the writer’s alfalfa did well for a few years, but the foxtail, crab- Swine Growers’ Session. — 89 grass, blue grass, white clover, and in some instances, Japan clover, had crowded or smothered it out, and asking what to do to get it cleaned again. Perhaps I cannot answer those questions better than to give my own experience along that line. I had about three acres that got in just the shape these writers tell me theirs did, i. e., foxtail, crabgrass, blue grass, white clover and Japan clover were crowding it to where it was dying out. I saw something must be done or I would lose the piece. I tried the disk, cutting it both ways, but when I would set the disk at an angle that would destroy grasses it would injure the crown of many of the alfalfa plants, and was not a success. I next tried a heavy spike tooth harrow, that I had made to order for a new piece of stump land, and this was no better, in fact, the Japan clover thrived under the treat- ment. I have a spring tooth attachment to my cultivator, five little plows on a side—ten in all. I tried this and in very few moments I found I had struck the key note. I bought a spring tooth harrow at once and went after the Japan clover. After going over it each way I had torn up so much that I was compelled to rake it up in wind rows with the hay rake and haul it off before I could do any more. After another going over I had it cleaned and no injury to the alfalfa was noticeable, as springs are flexible and will either hang and jump over the plant or slide around and cut all the grass right up against the roots. I might mention that there was a cor- ner of that piece that was set with wild onions, and they were so strong in the hay that the horses did not like to eat it, but the spring tooth harrow made short work of them. After every cut- ting I go over my entire alfalfa field with the spring tooth harrow and do not have any more trouble with any foreign growth, and it cultivates the plant and makes it grow much thrifter. The spring tooth harrow is the tool to use on the alfalfa, in fact, it is a good implement to have on the farm for many purposes. Since getting mine I seldom use the steel smoothing harrow any more. DISCUSSION. Q. How many hogs do you feed to the acre of alfalfa? Mr. Gose—You can take a patch of alfalfa, say 14 acres, and 14 brood sows, one sow and her litter to one acre of alfalfa, let them run through the year on the alfalfa, and it will hardly make any impression on the crop. You will find they have trampled it down in a few places and beat a few paths through it, but you will go right on and get your crop off of it, and put your hogs on 90 Missouri Agricultural Report. the market with very little corn; and I maintain that you have made the cheapest pork that can be made in the United States and in the world, and you have got your hay besides. Q. Describe the kind of soil you grow alfalfa on as regards soil content. Mr. Gose—Well, I have no sour land on my farm. You would counteract that with lime. I have never inoculated any soil until last spring. I hauled out 15 bushels of dirt from the low land to the high land and inoculated it. The kind of soil I have sown on consists pretty nearly of every kind of soil in our county. On my farm I am growing alfalfa on what you would call hardpan. Mr. Crabtree—What kind of stone do you find on the higher land that surrounds your farm—limestone, sandstone, or what? Mr. Gose—I do not find any kind. If you will come and show us where to find some you will be right in it. We have prairie land and timber land, but no stone at all. Q. Do you wait until the alfalfa blooms to clip it back? Mr. Gose—No, you will lose everything if you do that. The first crop may never bloom. If I had time I would never let al- falfa bloom at all. That may sound strange to some of you old alfalfa men. I would have five crops instead of four if I never let it bloom. My fourth crop was cut in October. It was about 12 inches high, and it is as green now as it would be standing out in the pasture. I have sixty pigs that came in September. I will tell you how I am feeding them. Those sixty pigs eat all of that al- falfa they want. Then I give them sixty ears of corn in the morn- ing and sixty ears in the evening. In addition to that, in the morn- ing I give them a little slop made of two parts of shorts and one part bran. I give them this slop instead of water. I make it about as thick as buttermilk, and give them three large bucketsful of it. In order to make the slop go round, and to keep the big ones from getting it all, I pour in one bucketful of slop and then shell a half bushel of corn and scatter some on the slop; then put in some more slop, then some more corn, etc. I got 50 of those pigs on the scales 30 days ago and they weighed 2,020 pounds; and I weighed them again just before coming up here, and they weighed 2,700 pounds. Now that is not much, but you know that some pigs in the winter stop on us entirely. If that increase can be kept up through the winter we will be doing well, Swine Growers’ Session. 91 FURTHER DISCUSSION. (Led by T. P. Russell, Pemiscot County. Q. What do you consider to be a stand? Mr. Russell—I sow 20 pounds of seed, and of course a great deal of it dies out. We cut two tons the first cutting. We have five different cuttings, and average one ton to the cutting. Q. What is the most successful time of seeding in your lo- cality ? Mr. Russell—We seed in the spring. We have sown in the fall, but the fall sowing is more apt to die out. Q. Do you sow a nurse crop? Mr. Russell—No, never. Q. What kind of land have you? Mr. Russell—Most of our Pemiscot county land is dark, with a sandy sub-soil. It is Mississippi bottom land. Q. Is alfalfa a successful crop on the prairie? Mr. Russell—Yes. Q. Do you raise alfalfa on gumbo land? Mr. Russell—Yes, we find it will succeed on gumbo. Q. Do you tile drain your soil? Mr. Russell—No, we have a sub-soil of sand which acts as tile drainage. Q. Where do you get your seed? Mr. Russell—We buy it from the St. Louis Seed Company—it is western seed. Q. Is the matter of curing a serious problem in your locality? Mr. Russell—We have quite a good deal of trouble on account of excessive rains; but this year we had no trouble at all in curing our crop. Q. Compared with clover how is alfalfa to cure? Mr. Russell—Alfalfa is more easily cured than clover. Q. Have you had any trouble with water grass choking out the alfalfa? Mr. Russell—Yes, a great deal. Q. Have you ever tried disking to keep out crab grass? Mr. Russell—No, but we are going to try it this spring. Q. Is there any definite height to which you let the young al- falfa get before you begin to clip it? Mr. Russell—No, but we practice this rule; we allow the young shoots to appear for the next crop at the roots of the stalk before 92 Missouri Agricultural Report. we ever clip either the old or the young. I notice Mr. Gose said awhile ago that he would not allow the alfalfa to bloom at all if he could find time to get around to it, but we let our crop get pretty well in bloom. Q. Are you speaking of the first crop? Mr. Russell—The first crop will not bloom very much. We don’t wait for it. We depend on the appearance of the new shoots at the root of the plant. If cut too soon we have found it seems to turn yellow. And it sometimes dies if clipped too often. It is recommended in some localities to clip often, but it won’t work in my section. Q. When do you begin cutting? Mr. Russell—We occasionally begin cutting in about nine weeks. That can only be done on the bottoms. We have got as much as three crops the first year. We sow in April, and in nine or ten weeks begin cutting hay. Sometimes we make five crops in a year. We cut the hay early in the morning as soon as the dew will permit. Then we run the mower the rest of the day. We sometimes leave the hay on the ground until the following day, and then put it in the barn. We never stack anything up. We have come to the conclusion that barn space is cheaper than to stack the hay out. Mr. Crabtree—Right along that line of curing; I take it that you cut early in the morning so that the hay will have the benefit of the sun during the entire day; that’s the point, is it not? I have a new idea along this line, and I would like an expression from the farmers who have been thinking and putting their thoughts into effect. It is the nature of the leafage of plants to breathe out the moisture that has been taken up through the roots in the night. If we would mow a crop of any kind late in the evening so that it would not become sun dried, the leaves will go on and perform their function of breathing out the moisture. When cut just before sun down, the plant being green will absorb no more of the moisture of the air and the leaves will perform their duty, and the hay will be cured better, Mr. Russell—I have noticed no difference. We cut all day. We have a good many acres of ground, and by the time we go over it five times each season we are kept pretty busy. I have noticed no difference in drying in that cut early and that cut late in the day. If anything, we think the hay cut early in the morning dries out more perfectly than that cut in the evening. Q. What about this matter of kiln-drying alfalfa? Swine Growers’ Session. 93 1, Tee ae —That is a little premature yet. We conceived the idea at the World’s Fair. Experiments were made with hay, subjecting it to the heat of an oven, and it retained its green color. ' I asked Dr. Waters what he thought of it, and he said he thought it would be hard to compete with old Sol when it comes to making hay. But we are not discouraged, and have done some experiment- ing with the ordinary lumber kiln. The U. 8. Department of Agri- culture has sent their Mr. McClure to our place, and he has worked with us in curing alfalfa, and we have found some very encourag- ing results brought out in the feeding quality of this kiln-dried hay. The idea is to cut the hay, no matter what the conditions of the weather, just so it is not pouring down rain, take it up with a rake, put it on a wagon, put it right through the kiln and in an hour’s time it will be dried. We dried some hay in fifty minutes and it has kept; but I dcn’t know whether we can make it practical or not. There are many points in its favor. When we want to cut it we won’t have to wait to see how the moon is, or the condition of the weather. As long as it is not raining we will be cutting it. This will enable us to get the whole plant. The best part of the alfalfa is in the leaf, and if it is too dry when you take it up a big per cent of the leaf will be left. Another thing, we will have regu- lar even growth on all of our hay, which ought to demand a better price. The analysis from the government shows a gain of 25 per cent over the barn and field cured hay. Q. Do you bale that hay? Mr. Russell—Yes, bale it if you can, because that is one of the biggest savings in the process. It saves storage and gets on the market 30 days sooner. Q. What is the comparative value of a crop of alfalfa and a crop of corn on your land? Mr. Russell—Well, I’m not sure. Alfalfa is worth six or eight times as much as corn. The table given below shows the chemical ualeae or the feeding value of alfalfa hay when cured by the common method in the field, and of artifically cured hay. The samples were secured and prepared by Mr. A. S. Russell of Hayti, Mo., in co-operation with H. B. McClure of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Chemical analyses made by the Bu- reau of Chemistry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture: 94 | Missouri Agricultural Report. = 4 < we | = et S =| SINS: me ct o oO 5 Q mee tO6 n pars : Gy aes! Bae t+ to : = oe | 6:6 5 wet 2 2:5 BF © . = a -_ » re . a= a Sas ea ie : o : a ete Wh cs al : eS wes . . ! (MOC INS ernie actetete wise o aie Basie ohala, ob a'niateters, ofa 8 Sete 3.08 9.78 27 33 19.389 40.80 72.31 MOG TA ERA of Oo ie cacnu Me mmstiocine 2.75 9.41 27.80 18.94 41.04 74.93 BES EUTUTN tee wate cle g sis ata disigie bie siaiaiarni ae svatele Mere ssesbfelas 2.05 7.03 28.07 14.21 48.76 16.72 BES ERTL Peete rataa re Ore eis aie al ehibie cw. ote latera ie avecstecctelatale ate 2.19 6.71 28.22 13.22 49.76 17.19 JN TE ATW AICO CET) 08 Ps eae te oy ee ee A 2.17 9.50 30.85 17.65 39.17 3.92 PAC CGT EPR ac craters cise craveicteleies eae tine vie eras Oates 3.80 8.75 23.93 19.73 43.75 5.94 PATI CIAllN DEG he sete. scececctentee ee 2.16 6.75 87.01 12.40 41.67 11.72 The green samples were taken as soon as cut and did not lose any of its moisture content. The barn samples were cut and cured in the field in the ordi- nary way and were taken from the barn after being there about one month. The samples of artificially cured hay were taken as soon as cut and cured in forty minutes. The first two were analyzed a few days after curing, and the last sample was baled immediately after curing and left in the bale for eight weeks. It is interesting to note that the samples of artificially cured hay contain on the average a larger per cent of nutritive elements than the samples of the field cured hay. This is very noticeable in the protein content of the samples. The average protein content of the two first samples of arti- ficially cured hay is 18.68 per cent, while the average of the sam- ples taken from the barn is 13.71 per cent. This gives a difference of 4.98 per cent, or, the artificially cured hay contains 27.5 per cent more protein than the barn hay. When considering its pro- tein content the artificially cured hay is worth one-fourth more than the other; that is, one ton of artificially cured hay is equal to one and one-fourth tons of hay cured in the field by the com- mon methods. The amount of ash in the artificially cured hay is a little higher than the field cured hay. In crude fiber the barn hay is lower. In the nitrogen free extract the barn cured hay is from 5 to 9 per cent higher than in the artificially cured. In summing up the results of the analyses, it shows that so far as the actual amount of nutritive elements is concerned, the Swine Growers’ Session. 95 artificially cured hay is much more valuable than the hay cured in the field. The ether extract in the artificially cured hay is, on an aver- age, higher than in the field cured hay. Mr. Gentry—There has been very little alfalfa raised in Pettis county. I raised some two years ago which was quite a success. I tried sowing some this fall, but it has not done very well. I doubt whether it will go through the winter; but I expect to sow more in the spring. I believe we can grow alfalfa if we go at it intelligently. I believe alfalfa is a good feed for hogs, but I don’t believe quite as much in the hay proposition as the speaker who addressed us a while ago. I think hay is pretty good for the hog, but corn is good, too. I never saw a hog that did not like corn. I think that good corn is one of the best things we can.give a brood sow, and in fact we have had better success in giving brood sows corn than in giving them too much mushy food. If a man will select his ration right, he will find corn is good for a hog at any age, and for brood sows especially. Teach your pigs to eat corn. I don’t beliee in a watery diet for little pigs. I like a solid diet. The saliva is more thoroughly mixed with the food and we get a better digestion. Start them on solid food. Don’t be afraid to give them corn; the mother’s milk will balance the corn. Especially in the spring of the year if you undertake to feed slop to small pigs you induce scours and other diseases. I am a firm believer in corn. Mix alfalfa with your corn, but don’t fall out with corn. Mr. Crowell of Bates county—I want to ask Mr. Gentry when he sows alfalfa in Pettis county. = Mr. Gentry—tThe first year I sowed it on the 20th of Septem- ber, which was a little late, and lost about one acre out of the three we sowed. The rest of it did finely. This fall we were late in pre- paring the ground and the dry weather came on and we did not sow it until the first of October, and I am afraid it will have a hard time to live until spring. Q. How much do you sow per acre? Mr. Gentry—Twenty pounds to the acre. Q. I have been told that 10 pounds is just as good as 20. Mr. Gentry—It depends on the condition of the soil. We would rather sow two or three times as much as is necessary in order to get a stand; but if you put your land in proper condition and sow at the proper time I have been told by men in Kansas that 10 pounds is more than you need. It is best to start growing it in a small way. 96 Missouri Agricultural Report. Q. Do you sow the seed with a drill or sow it broadcast? Mr. Gentry—I sow it broadcast. Mr. Crowell—I put in 30 acres of alfalfa on the 16th of Sep- tember. I believe that in the low lands of the State, where you undertake to prepare the land for alfalfa, you have less trouble in the spring than when you sow in the fall. I sowed my alfalfa at the same rate Mr. Gentry sows his—20 pounds to the acre. I doubt if you can be successful with a smaller amount the first time you put alfalfa on your land. I would not advise anyone, in making the first stand, to sow less than 20 pounds to the acre. I sowed mine in the fall and it was the handsomest field I have ever seen in my life. It ran from the high ground down to a branch, and was absolutely level, with the exception of one hill in the northeast cor- ner. The hedge was trimmed evenly, and every one who passed said it was the handsomest field that he had ever seen. I had some difficulty next spring in saving the first crop. I had the whole 30 acres cut, and then it began to rain and rained for a solid week, and that alfalfa lay on the ground. The next Monday I got it up and put it in a rick and put three barrels of salt in the rick, and the cattle ate it all winter. The next two crops I saved; the first averaged one ton to the acre, the second one ton and the third 60 per cent of a ton. I had a great deal of trouble with foxtail and crabgrass. Some parts of that field got too near the water level and I guess got ‘“‘cold feet” and died. Prof. Miller—On most thin lands manuring is essential to raise a crop of alfalfa. Mr. Baumgartner of Pierce City top dresses his land with manure every winter, and he claims that that is very essential in order to get a stand. Q. How can we raise alfalfa on our black prairie land, under- laid with hardpan? Prof. Miller—Our experiments to date on that kind of land, especially that underlain with heavy clay, show that it takes a great deal of care to learn how to raise alfalfa on that kind of land. The land must be heavily manured, and should be just as well sur- face drained as you can get it. If you can under-drain it, all the better. I will admit that under-drainage on some flat lands is a difficult proposition. We have been conducting some experiments on that kind of land. Some of the results are very encouraging, even in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the State. So you will find that on all of this land you must learn how to handle the soil before you can make a success of alfalfa. We don’t say that the soil of this State is all adapted to the growing of alfalfa, Swine Growers’ Session. 97 but I think that when we learn how to grow it, when we learn how to treat the different kinds of soil, that we will be able to grow alfalfa as widely as it is now grown in Nebraska and Kansas. Q. Is it not a dangerous process to put alfalfa on tile- drained land? Prof. Miller—No, I think not. Wing Bros., the big alfalfa growers, have all their alfalfa land under-drained, and I have heard of no trouble. Te conte 2 —I think in the case of the gentleman from Pettis county, he ought to under-drain his soil. It is better than manuring. Under-draining is the main point in any soil of that kind. Prof. Miller—Yes, that is true; and we should always begin in a small way to grow alfalfa. If you sow 50 acres you are al- _most sure to fail. It is better to start with 2 acres rather than 50. IMMUNIZATION OF SWINE AGAINST HOG CHOLERA. J. W. Oonnaway, Veterinarian, College of Agriculture and Experiment Station University of Missouri. Gentlemen of the Live Stock Breeders’ Association: The economic relation of “hog cholera” to the swine industry is so important that the discussion of this subject is always in order at a meeting of this kind; and I am glad to be able to give you some hope that the losses from this plague will in the near future be greatly diminished by means of “preventive inoculation.” With the possible exception of tuberculosis, the ‘infectious diseases of swine’”’ have engaged the attention of the farming pub- lic and of veterinary scientists to a greater extent than any other disease affecting farm animals, Nearly thirty years ago, and before the organization of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, the Commissioner of Agriculture caused important investigations to be made into the nature of these diseases. Dr. D. E. Salmon, who was later ap- ~ pointed Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Dr. James Law of Cornell University, and Dr. H. J. Detmers were appointed to carry on investigations, independently, in different parts of the country. The reports of their investigations left but little to be added in the way of description of the gross objective features of the dis- ease or diseases, which we now know as “hog-cholera” and “swine A—7 98 Missouri Agricultural Report. plague.” Each of the above named investigators conducted bacterio- logical researches, but the results of these furnished no conclusive evidence as to the true cause of the disease, or a safe basis for “inoculation” or ‘‘vaccination”’ methods. Since the organization of the Bureau of Animal Industry, work along this line has been prosecuted with vigor, first under the ad- ministration of Dr. Salmon, by Drs. Theobald Smith, V. A. Moore, Kilbourne, De Schweinitz, Schroeder, Dorset and Niles; and more recently under the present Chief, Dr. Melvin, by Drs. Dorset, Bol- ton, Niles and McBryde. Investigations have also been carried on at a number of State Experiment Stations, of which I may mention South Carolina, un- der Drs. Bolton and Niles; Nebraska, under Dr. Billings, and later by Dr. Peters; Indiana, by Drs. Craig and Bitting; Arkansas, by Dr. Dinwiddie, and at our own Station here in Missouri. A brief review of a part of this work is pertinent, and I trust will be instructive. Much of the painstaking work that has been done has not, from a practical point of view, been rewarded with fruitful results; and some of it, which for a time gave promise of supplying an effective method of preventing hog cholera, proved a disappointment when put to a severe practical test. Such re- searches, however, are not without value; they are often necessary steps in discovering the true road to success. In the earlier investigations of the Bureau of Animal Industry a bacillus was discovered in the blood and organs of hogs affected with cholera, that was regarded by Salmon and Smith as the speci- fic cause of the disease. This bacillus was a short rod-like organism with rounded ends and provided with delicate hair-like processes, the rapid vibrations of which cause the bacillus to move about ac- tively in the culture fluid in which it grows. Later several investi- gators in this and other countries found the same bacillus so con- stantly associated with hog cholera that it was generally accepted as being the true cause of the disease. As to its disease producing powers, it was found that a very small quantity of an artificial cul- ture of the germs, injected under the skin of rabbits, would cause death within a week or ten days; and when injected into the veins death resulted within 48 hours. It was also found to be fatal to guinea pigs, mice and pigeons. Swine die very promptly when in- oculated intravenously with fifteen to thirty drops of a fresh growth of the germs; but as a rule, they do not die when injected simply under the skin. “Cultures freshly obtained from diseased animals are more virulent than those which have been grown for a con- - Swine Growers’ Session. 99 siderable time in artificial media.” This bacillus was found in hogs presenting the common type of the disease, viz.: Congestion and ulceration of the bowels, congestion of lymph glands, enlarged spleen, haemorrhagic spots on kidneys, ete. Later in the investigations of the Bureau an outbreak of hog cholera was encountered in which the prominent feature was an inflammation of the lungs (a broncho-pneumonia), along with some of the disease changes seen in the usual type of cholera. In the tissues of the affected animals that were examined, the hog cholera Inoculating a pig against Hog Cholera, Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station, 1907-8. bacillus as described above was not found, but a short, oval bac- terium was discovered which does not have the delicate hair-like appendages with which the hog cholera bacillus is provided, and does not have the power of moving about in the fluids in which it grows, and when staining fluids are applied to it, the ends or poles of the bacterium become well stained, while the central portion re- mains unstained. This discovery led to the conclusion that we have in this country two highly infectious diseases of swine instead of one. To the disease which appeared to be caused by the newly 100 Missouri Agricultural Report. discovered bacterium the name “Swine Plague’? was applied. It was found, however, that cultures of this microorganism from dif- ferent sources were quite variable in their action when inoculated into experiment animals. In some cases a rapidly fatal septicaemia, “blood poisoning,’”’ was produced in rabbits; while in other cases no serious illness resulted; and especially were the effects on swine doubtful when cultures of the germs were injected subcutaneously, and the feeding of cultures, or even of the viscera of inoculated rabbits proved negative. ; “Injection of the germs directly into the circulation is usually fatal when virulent varieties are employed.” ‘When the bacteria are injected directly into the lung tissue through the chest wall death may follow in 16 to 24 hours, or life may be prolonged and a severe inflammation of the lungs may result.” Following these investigations, efforts were directed towards discovering effective means of immunizing swine against the dis- eases mentioned :— Experiments were made to determine whether the bacteria described could in any way be utilized as a vaccine against these maladies. Success in this direction had been attained in other dis- eases; for instance, in “anthrax” and in “‘black-leg.”’ Domesticated rabbits, having shown a susceptibility to the pathogenic action of the swine bacteria mentioned, these animals were used mainly in the laboratory experiments, and it was found possible to produce a considerable degree of resistance in these animals against the ‘“hog-cholera” and “swine-plague” bacteria, that had been cultivated artificially, and the same was also true in the case of swine; but when the hogs, which had been immunized against the bacteria grown artificially in the laboratory, were exposed to natural out- breaks of cholera they showed no great resistance to the disease; and for practical ends these measures failed. The “toxins” or poisonous products produced by the bacteria during their growth were next tried as immunizing agents. Dr. Von Schweinitz separated from artificial cultures of the hog-cholera bacillus, and the swine-plague bacterium, certain chemical sub- stances (alkaloids and albuminoid products) some of which he found to be poisonous, and with which he produced with graduated doses a certain degree of resistance against the usually fatal doses, that is, in small experimental animals—guinea pigs. Both he and the Chief of the Bureau felt greatly encouraged, and were led to think that in the use of these chemical substances a_ practical method of preventing these diseases would be found. The chemist Swine Growers’ Session. Oo EOE mentioned even produced a substance by purely chemical methods, without the intervention of the bacteria which seemed to have the same action as the substances isolated from the bacterial cul- tures. Later events, however, demonstrated that none of these substances could be depended upon to produce immunity in swine against the natural disease. Following this, the investigations were directed toward the production of an “immunizing or antitoxic serum” by the inocu- lation of horses and cattle with gradually increasing doses of the cultures of hog cholera and swine plague bacteria, somewhat in the manner of the production of the “‘antitoxin,’” which is used so successfully in human practice against diptheria. Extensive ex- periments were made by Drs. De Schweinitz, Dorset and Niles of the Bureau of Animal Industry and by Dr. Peters of the Nebraska Experiment Station. The reports that were issued in regard to the experimental work and practical tests indicated for a time that a practical solution of the problem had-been attained. But, unfor- tunately this method in the end failed to meet the requirements.* The reason for the lack of success in the above mentioned ex- periments is now very plain; and is this: The Prime Cause of the disease had not been discovered; and the several investigators had been working with bacteria which play only a secondary role in producing the phenomena observed in hog cholera (and probably swine plague) .* The unsatisfactory results in attempting to produce immunity by means of the bacteria mentioned, as well as other facts, in re- gard to these bacteria, which were observed in the various investi- gations, led to some doubt as to the so-called hog cholera germ be- ing the true cause of the disease. It had early been observed that the high degree of infectiousness of the disease, under natural con- ditions, and the well marked virulence of the blood of diseased ani- mals, was out of harmony with the low virulence of the germs which had been isolated, and charged with being the cause of the disease. But as these germs were so constantly associated with the disease and were more virulent than any other forms that were occasion- ally found, it was reasonable to regard these as the cause, and to ascribe their low virulence to the unnatural conditions of their *In Germany, Wasserman and Osterag, working onthe same line with the disease, “Schweine seuche,”’’ which corresponds to the American swine plague, claim to have pro- duced a protective serum which is nowin very large use in that country; being actively promoted by a private commercial concern which manufactures it. The reports from dis- interested yeterinarians, however, indicate that this method has not proven an unquali- fled success. The chances of success are more favorable in the case of the German swine plague, since it is not so frequently complicated with hog cholera. 102 Missouri Agricultural Report. growth in artificial media. This view, however, was not entirely satisfactory ; and experiments were made to determine whether the infectious blood contains some undiscovered element that is cap- able of producing the disease, when all the so-called hog cholera germs are removed. Accordingly a quantity of highly infectious hog cholera blood was passed through a very fine porcelain filter. A careful examination of the blood after filtration proved that no bacteria were present, that could be discovered by our present microscopical and bacteriological (cultural) methods. But the in- jection of this filtered blood beneath the skin of swine proved that it had not lost its virulence. It caused sickness when injected into pigs, and the disease produced was identical with that caused by inoculation of unfiltered blood, and similar to acute cases of the natural disease. It was also shown that the disease thus produced could be transmitted from animal to animal without dimunition of virulence, by artificial inoculation of the blood, also that the dis- ease produced by this filtered blood was contagious to other swine by ordinary exposure, as in cases of natural outbreaks of cholera. It was thus proven that there exists in the blood of hogs affected with cholera some living organism that had previously been over- looked, and which the evidence, now adduced, seems to prove is the essential cause of hog cholera. All attempts to cultivate this invisible microorganism by artificial laboratory methods have fail- ed, and the inoculation of rabbits and guinea pigs show these small experimental animals to be insusceptible. Inoculations which we have made at this Experiment Station on horses and cattle with unfiltered infectious blood from swine affected with acute cases of cholera produced no marked ill effects on these animals. The pig alone seems to be susceptible to the pathogenic action of this new- ly demonstrated “hog cholera-virus;’’ and swine alone must be used in testing the efficiency of any method that is proposed for immunizing against hog cholera. The above facts have in part led to experiments on immunization which depends upon the use of the blood serum of swine, that have become immune to cholera, and the immunizing power of which is greatly increased by subsequent inoculation of the immune animal with large quantities of virulent blood. In a number of the infectious diseases, the fact has been de- monstrated that when an animal recovers from an attack of one of these maladies it is, as a rule, immune to further attacks of the same disease. And it has been proven in certain of these diseases that an anti-toxic substance is developed which has the power of Swine Growers’ Session. 103 counteracting in some way the action of the disease producing germs; and, as mentioned in the case of diptheria, this substance can be produced under certain conditions in one animal, and ob- tained for use in protecting another animal from what might other- wise prove a fatal attack. It is well known that a hog that has once recovered from an attack of cholera proves very resistant when exposed again to the disease. It was then reasonable to suppose that the blood of the recovered hog contains an anti-toxin in sufficient quantity to protect itself against future attacks; that is, to maintain its own immunity. Whether the blood of the ordi- nary immune hog contains this “anti-toxin” in sufficient quantity to protect another susceptible hog against the disease, by use of the small quantities of serum that would be practicable to use, was a matter to be decided by actual experiment. The United States Bureau investigators, Drs. Dorset and Niles, found that no great Lotl. Pigs 1to8 “vaccinated.” Pigs Aand B not vaccinated. Pigs A and 8 died. All severely exposed tocholera. Pigs1to7allremained well. degree of protection was produced by this means. And in some inoculations in an outbreak in Cooper county, I found that no ap- preciable resistance was obtained. The Bureau workers found, however, that the protective power of the blood could be greatly increased by a process of “hyperimmunization,” that is, by in- oculating an immune hog (one that had been through an attack of the disease) with large quantities of virulent blood. It was found that the ordinary immune hog can resist amounts of diseased blood sufficient to kill several hundred non-immune hogs; and that after this treatment the blood of these “hyperimmunized” hogs had in many cases well marked protective properties, as was shown by 104 Missouri Agricultural Report. the simultaneous inoculation of swine with certain quantities of the serum (20 to 60 c.c.) and of virulent blood (1 to 2 ¢.c.). At the request of Dr. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, we have been co-operating with the Department in put- ting this method to a practical test; and it is to this work that I shall now call your attention: To carry out our experiments properly it was necessary to secure hogs that were susceptible to the disease and were in a healthy condition. We bought in the latter part of September a lot of pigs, 41 in number, that were raised on a farm that is well isolated from the main highways over which hogs are driven and hauled to market; and is thus well situated to avoid an invasion of the disease. The owner claimed that hog cholera had not been on the farm for a great many years. Moreover this farmer was not in the habit of buying many breeding hogs for improvement of his herd. He was content to add a male hog every two or three years. By this means his herd had escaped cholera for many years and was probably more susceptible to the disease than many of the herds of the country. To be well assured that the hogs were healthy they were kept under observation for sometime before the immunizing experiments were begun. To test their suceptibility, and at the same time to secure fresh virulent blood for use in connection with the immunizing experi- ments, two of the hogs were inoculated with virulent blood that had been preserved for some time in sealed tubes. Both these pigs died from an acute attack of hog cholera, thus showing the prob- able susceptibility of the entire lot. The remaining hogs were divided into four lots and placed in separate but adjoining pens, with close board partitions between. The north end of the pens was well sheltered and the south end exposed to the sun and weather. Close-mesh chicken wire was put over the exposed portion of the pens to prevent birds or dogs from carrying infection out or into the experiment pens. So far as the hogs were concerned the conditions of shelter, exposure, food and general care were the average of those found on stock farms. The test was designed to meet practical conditions. A summary of the results of the inoculation of those four lots is as follows: In lot I (pen 3) 10 pigs, weighing 40 to 60 pounds, were placed. October 22, 8 head were injected with 20 ¢c.c. of serum B. A. I., from hyperimmunized swine. At the same time each hog was injected with 1 ¢c. c. of fresh virulent hog cholera blood. Two Swine Growers’ Session. 105 pigs received no treatment, but were left to determine whether the disease would spread from inoculated hogs to those not inoculated. Another pig was inoculated with the infected blood, used on the 8 head mentioned, to determine whether it was virulent. This pig ‘was put in a pen well isolated from the others, and died November 1 from symptoms of cholera, which was confirmed by the post- mortem examination. November 27, one of the “check” pigs that had not been inoculated with serum or virulent blood appeared sick. Two days later, one of the vaccinated pigs of this lot was also sick. The check pig died after a very lingering illness. The vaccinated pig also died at a still later date from an abscess, and there may be doubts as to whether this pig was affected with cholera, although there can scarcely be any doubt in regard to the check pig. The infection probably did not come in this case from the inoculated pigs, but from lot 4, as shall be explained later. All the other pigs of this lot remained. perfectly healthy, including one Lot. 2. Pigs 1to8 “vaccinated; allremained healthy. Pigs A and B, not vaccinated, died from cholera. All severely exposed to cholera. ' of the check pigs which had not been inoculated. On December 10th all the pigs of this pen were exposed to the natural disease, by placing two sick pigs from a natural outbreak of the disease in the pen with these animals. One of these pigs died the 24th and the other on December 28th. A post-mortem examination showed a mixed type of cholera and swine plague. These pigs were under daily observation, and up to January 24th no ill effects were seen from this exposure. On this date, two pigs of this lot were fed viscera obtained from hogs, which had died from a natural infec- 106 Missouri Agricultural Report. tion of cholera, on a farm several miles from the Station. The feeding of the diseased organs had no bad effect on the vaccinated pigs mentioned, and none of the other vaccinated animals exposed to them have shown any signs of illness up to the time of issuing this report. Lot 2—Lot 2 included 10 pigs, weighing from 40 to 60 pounds, eight of these were injected with 20 c. c. of the protective serum (B. A. I.), and simultaneously with 2 c. c. of fresh virulent hog cholera blood. A larger quantity of diseased blood was used in this case to determine the protective power of the serum, with varying doses of the infection. This blood was shown to be viru- lent when used on pigs not protected with serum. These inocula- tions were made October 22. As in lot I, two untreated check pigs were placed in the pen. Up to November 16, twenty-five days af- ter inoculation, no disease was observed in any of the pigs. On this date one of the pigs which had not been vaccinated became sick and died on November 24th, after an illness of eight days. The symptoms and post-mortem examination showed the presence of cholera. On November 22nd, the second check pig became sick and was killed December 2. Post-mortem examination showed hog cholera lesions. The check pigs, it is certain, did not contract the disease from the pigs of the same pen that had been injected with both serum and diseased hog cholera blood—but probably got the infection from an adjoining pen (see lot 4). December 10 all the vaccinated pigs were doing well. None had shown any signs of illness. On this date two sick pigs from an infected herd were put in this pen. Two days later one of them died. The other, after several days’ illness, recovered. This exposure caused no ill results to the vaccinated pigs. On January 24 two of the vaccinated hogs of this lot were fed diseased viscera from the same source as that mentioned under lot 1. No ill effects resulted to the animals fed, nor to the other pigs exposed to them. All of these vaccinated pigs are, at the present time, alive and in thrifty condition. Lot 3 (pen 4) contained eight pigs—weight 40 to 60 pounds. October 22, each pig was injected with 20 c.c. serum from same source as that used in lots 1 and 2, but the infected hog cholera blood that was injected at the same time was not freshly collected, but had been preserved for some time in sealed glass tubes. This was sent to us by Dr. Niles of the Bureau; but I was advised later by Dr. Dorset of the Bureau not to use this on account of an un- favorable report that had been received. The unfavorable results were at this time thought to be due to changes that had taken Swine Growers’ Session. 107 place in this old infectious blood. I deemed it important, however, to test this preserve blood since in practical work in the field, it is often inconvenient to obtain fresh infected blood each time it is needed. Moreover the delay of a week or more in securing fresh infection may at times prove a serious delay. In this lot, three pigs were injected with 1 c. c. of the ‘“‘preserved” infection and five pigs received 2 c. c. No ill effects were observed from the inoculation of the serum or from the preserved infectious blood, in the different quantities mentioned, when the immunizing serum and the infected blood were used simultaneously. To test the virulence of the “diseased” blood, another pig was inoculated with 2c. c. of the same preserved infectious blood (without the simul- taneous injection of the “protective serum”). This pig died 10 days later from an acute haemorrhagic type of cholera, Lot3. Pigs 1to8 all “vaccinated” and severely exposed to hog cholera. None became sick. The vaccinated pigs which had also been injected with the same diseased blood showed no signs of illness. On December 2, our records show that all the vaccinated pigs of lot 3 have remained in good health from date of inoculation, fifty-one days before. De- cember 12, all the pigs of lot 3 were exposed to natural hog cholera infection by putting in the same pen a pig that was suffering from the disease. December 28th the sick pig mentioned died. The autopsy showed the haemorrhagic type of hog cholera, complicated with broncho pneumonia (swine plague). December 29, two more sick pigs from an infected herd were placed in this pen. Both these recovered. Up to January 24th, none of the vaccinated pigs had shown any sign of illness. On this date two of the vaccinated pigs ' of this lot were fed diseased viscera—spleen, liver, and intestines, from pigs that had died from the natural attack of cholera. Jan- 108 Missouri Agricultural Report. uary 28th, through a misunderstanding on the part of the assistant, this entire lot, including the two that were fed the viscera, were inoculated two days later with 1 ¢. c. each of infected blood, from a pig that had died from a natural attack of cholera,* and in which the typical lesions of the disease were found; as ulceration of the bowels, enlarged spleen, swollen and haemorrhagic lymph glands, and haemorrhagic spots on the surface of the kidneys. Nothwith- standing this very severe exposure not one of these vaccinated pigs - has shown the slightest symptoms of illness of any kind. Lot 4 (pen 1). In this lot were nine pigs, varying in weight from 35 to 70 pounds. Six of the smaller ones averaged about 50 pounds; the three larger ones were gilts, one of which was preg- nant. This lot of hogs was used in an experiment to test the “im- munizing value” of the blood serum of a hog that had become im- mune to cholera through a natural attack of the disease; and had been fed from time to time over a period of two years with large quantities of viscera (spleen, liver, intestines and kidneys), from hogs affected with cholera (from natural attacks), with the view of increasing the acquired immunity. It was to be presumed that an animal so treated would acquire some degree of “hyperimmun- ity” and would produce a more potent serum than the ordinary “recovered” immune. October 22 six of the smaller hogs of lot 4 were injected with 20 c. c. of freshly drawn serum, from the “viscera-fed immune” mentioned, at the same time these six hogs were injected with virulent hog cholera blood; three with fresh hog cholera blood from the same source as that used on lots 1 and 2. The other three were injected with preserved hog cholera blood from the same source as that used on lot 3. The infectiousness of this blood was shown by its fatal effects on two pigs that were injected with this alone, and isolated from any other source of infection. November 4, thirteen days after the vaccination of the six pigs of the above lot, three of the vaccinated pigs seemed to be sick, and seven days later (November 11), one of the sick vaccinated pigs died; this one had been injected with 20 c. c. of serum from the “viscera-fed” immune hog, and simultaneously with 2 c. c. of fresh infected blood. ‘The autopsy showed an acute haemorrhagic case of hog ‘cholera. The other two sick pigs recovered; one had been injected with 1 c. c. of the fresh virus, and the other with 1 c. c. of the preserved yirus, The remaining three vaccinated pigs 66 *Gentry Olark herd. Swine Growers’ Session. i 109 never showed any signs of illness from the simultaneous injection of virulent hog cholera blood. One of these pigs received 2 c. c. of the preserved blood; another, 1 c. c. of preserved blood, while the third received 1 c. c. of the fresh virus. The two “check” pigs, and the pregnant sow, which had been left in the pen, and had not been injected with either serum or in- fectious blood, all contracted the disease in the natural way by simple exposure to the sick vaccinated pigs. The first signs of ill- ness in these “check” pigs occurred on November 16th, twelve days after the first symptoms of sickness were observed in the vaccinated pigs. Three days later (November 19th) the remaining non-vac- cinated hog was “off feed.”” November 21 the pregnant sow abort- ed. On November 23, after an illness of several days, one of these sick pigs died, having shown during this time the usual symptoms of cholera; as, loss of appetite for food, great thirst, emaciation, great weakness, unsteady gait, shivering as if cold, tendency to burrow under the bedding. The autopsy showed: congestion of ot IV | fo me go cog “Cholera ‘Expls, ——_ eae ae as Me Pend ema has ane eee Stator: Lot 4. Pigs 1to6 vaccinated from “viscera fed” immune—pig No. 6 died. Nos. 1, 2 and 3 remained healthy, 3and 4sick, but recovered. Pigs A, B and O not vaccinated. All these “check” pigs died. the lymph glands, small blood spots (petechiae) on the serous coat of the small intestines and on the kidneys—a number of small ulcers on the mucous surface of the blind gut (caecum) ; mucous surface of the intestines greatly congested; small blood spots (petechiae) on the pericardium; the lungs were in fair condition. November 26 check pig No. 2 was desperately sick, and was *T'o the time of issuing this report these pigs have remained inthe same pen over 150 days and have shown no eyidence of sickness. 110 Missouri Agricultural Report. slaughtered to obtain blood for experimental purposes. The au- topsy notes are very much like those reported above, except that the spleen was more enlarged and the lungs showed a slight in- filtration at the inferior borders of the anterior lobes. November 30 the third non-vaccinated sow died; this was the sow that had aborted. The three vaccinated hogs that showed no signs of the disease were thus continuously exposed for twenty-six days or more in very close contact with the hogs suffering from the disease. These and the two recovered pigs were further exposed by putting with them December 9th a sick pig from an outside pen. This pig re- covered after a prolonged illness. In the meantime it had doubt- less added considerable infectious material to the pen. No harm came to the vaccinated pigs from this additional exposure. January 24th one of the recovered pigs and one that had never shown any symptoms of cholera, in lot 4, were fed viscera (spleen, liver, intestines and kidneys) obtained from hogs that had died from cholera in a herd suffering from a natural outbreak of the disease, and in which both the hog cholera and swine plague types were present. The two pigs that were fed the viscera suffered no ill effects, nor did the other vaccinated pigs of the same lot that were exposed. In lot 4 it will be seen that only one of the six vaccinated hogs died, and three showed no illness, while five non-vaccinated hogs of the same breeding that were inoculated or exposed to the same in- fection died. It therefore seems that the serum used in this case had some power to protect against the disease. Its potency, how- ever, was not as great as the serum obtained from supply animals made “hyper-immune” by hypodermic injection of a large amount of infectious blood, as is shown by comparison of lot 4 with lots 1,2 and 3. In the last named lots of 24 pigs only one showed any signs of sickness. This one in lot No. 1, died after a very linger- ing illness. A large abscess had developed under the throat. While the symptoms indicated a case of cholera, the post-mortem in this animal gave no clear evidence that the death was caused by this disease. The non-vaccinated animals in these lots, with the excep- tion of one check pig in lot 1, died from the disease. This one at no time showed the slightest illness. The reason for this resist- ance of the non-vaccinated pig I am unable to explain. Such oc- currences, however, are observed in natural outbreaks of the dis- ease. I think it very probable that the check animals which died in pen 1 and 2 contracted the disease from infection carried into Swine Growers’ Session. . 111 these lots from lot 4 by the attendant, who, in feeding and caring for these pigs passed from pen to pen without any disinfection of his shoes. This was done intentionally (after the outbreak of the disease in lot 4) as it was evident that the opportunity for infect- ing the “check” pigs in lots 1 and 2, in other ways, from lot 4 would throw doubt on any conclusion that these “check” pigs con- tracted the disease from the vaccinated pigs of their own lot, should the latter remain healthy. In this way a greater exposure of all the vaccinated pigs was made than was at first planned. We may also regard the sick pigs of lot 4 as “checks” on the value of the serum used in lots 1, 2 and 3, since the source of the Fig. 5. Hog cholera ulcers—Intestines—Vet. Dept, Mo. Experiment Station. infection in lot 4 was from the diseased blood used in the other lots. I am confident that all of the pigs in these several lots had far greater opportunities for contracting the disease than ever occurs in a natural outbreak of cholera. We had an opportunity of still further testing the value of the “hyperimmunized” serum in an outbreak of cholera in the State farm herd, into which the disease had been introduced by some hogs of the “show herd” which had returned recently from the 112 Missouri Agricultural Report. State Fair. A few days after the return of these animals one of them, the Berkshire herd boar, died somewhat suddenly. The herdsman, not suspecting an infectious disease, and thinking the animal had probably been injured or over-heated, did not call my attention to the matter for several hours after the animal had died; and it was impossible to give a positive diagnosis of the case, since decomposition was well advanced before the examination was made. My suspicions, however, were aroused that the case was one of acute hog cholera. These “show hogs” had been unloaded in an inclosure where the general farm herd* ran from time to time. On November 8 a Duroc gilt that had been exposed with a number of others upon these grounds, died during the day. The autopsy showed highly injected lymph glands, enlarged and soft spleen, great congestion of the mucous membrane of the intestines. Two days later a Duroc sow, “Nokomis,” that had been at the State Fair died. The post-mortem examination of this animal gave evi- dence of cholera. November 13 we inoculated 27 of the choicest of the breeding herd with mixed serum supplied by Dr. Niles from some of the Bureau’s hyper-immunized hogs. In addition to this we inoculated all of the surviving hogs that had been taken to the State Fair—5 head. One of these was very sick at the time, and the other, her bed mate, was not eating well; making a total of 52 of the farm animals inoculated with the above material. We gave to the large animals doses of 60 c. c. of the serum. This had no good effect upon the sick sow, “Lucy Lee,” nor her bed-mate, “Early Rose.” Both of these died from the disease. Two large Duroc boars and one large Poland-China sow of the show herd showed no signs of illness following the inoculation. They were not taken from their pens which were adjoining the pen in which the other animals died. They were also cared for by the same attend- ant who had charge of the two sick sows. We lost out of the 27 of the general farm herd only one large sow. This sow had been inoculated with only 40 c. c of the serum. She was suckling 6 pigs at the time. These also died. A large Duroc sow, suckling 11 pigs, but which received a larger dose, 50 c. c., and running in the same pen, showed no signs of the disease, although all of her pigs died from the disease. Another sow in an adjoining pen which had also received 50 ec. c. of the serum, and was suckling 6 pigs, showed no signs of the disease, although her pigs died from cholera—the pigs of all three sows went back and forth to infected pens near by. None of the other animals men- tioned have shown any signs of illness. Thirteen of the choicest Swine Growers’ Session. 1138 gilts were removed some distance from the grounds for further protection. These were all inoculated with 40 c. c. of serum each. These animals, however, did not escape opportunities for infection, since the same attendant who cared for the sick farm hogs, also fed and watered these. Moreover some of these gilts were driven over the infected grounds to the pens of the boars mentioned above for breeding. During this time a number of hogs that were not injected with the serum died from cholera. Our observations show that the serum is not effective when inoculated into an animal which is showing symptoms of the disease, but it shows a very high pro- tective value in preventing the development of the disease. Fig. 6. . Disinfecting the tail preparatory to drawing blood. A further test of the serum from the hog made “hyper- immune” by feeding diseased viscera was also made upon three other lots of hogs on the State farm. In one lot, No. 5, consisting of four Duroc gilts weighing about 150 pounds each, two were in- oculated with 40 c. c. each of clear serum, and at the same time were inoculated with 2 c. c. of virulent blood from one of the check pigs that had died in lot 4 already mentioned. Two more were inoculated with the blood corpuscles tolerably free from serum, in doses of 40 c. c. each. These were also inoculated with 2 c. ¢. of the same virulent blood. One check animal of the same litter was not inoculated. All of these animals contracted the disease, and all but one died. The post-mortems showed evidences of a very acute septicemia, corresponding to the haemorrhagic type of hog A-8 114 Missouri Agricultural Report. cholera. The infected blood used on this lot was not drawn under the most favorable condition, and there is a possibility that other infection besides the hog cholera virus was also present. The ob- ject of the inoculations in this lot was to compare the protective value of clear serum and corpuscles. In lot 6, inoculated on the same day with the same serum, were seven Duroc boars. Two of these were inoculated with 40 c. c. of the serum, four received 30 c. c.; the fifth animal, a small one, was quite sick at the time of the inoculation. This one received only a small dose as the quantity of the serum available was not suffi- cient to give a larger dose. With this lot three hogs were not in- oculated: One, a Berkshire boar, was sick at the time; the other two, a Duroc boar and a Berkshire barrow, were not showing any signs of illness. All the sick animals mentioned and the two ap- parently healthy animals, not inoculated, died some time later; while only one of the six Duroc boars which appeared to be healthy at the time of the inoculation succumbed to the disease. As these animals were all on infected grounds and a part of them had the disease, the vaccinated animals were not injected with virulent blood. In lot 7 were nine animals. Five Berkshire sows were inocu- ‘lated with 40 c. c. of the serum, one Berkshire sow 30 ec. ¢., one Berkshire gilt 20 c. ¢., one Poland gilt 40 ¢. c., one Duroc gilt 20 e.c.’ As these animals had an opportunity for natural infection, they were not inoculated with virulent blood.- None of this lot died. In regard to the technique of collecting the serum and inocu- lating it into the hogs, the following description and the accom- panying illustrations will help to make the matter clear: After the supply animal is made “hyper-immune,” the collec- tion of the blood is made from the tail on account of the difficulty of tapping the deep-seated jugular vein. The animal is cleaned well and tied firmly to an operating table, made convenient for this work. To prevent contamination of the serum, the tail of the ani- mal is made thoroughly clean by shaving off the hair and applying antiseptics. A bit of the tail is then cut off and the blood collected from the bleeding end in a sterilized vessel, the mouth of which is carefully protected by a sterile towel. A cover is also drawn over the pig in such a manner as to prevent any contamination from the hair and skin. After the blood has been collected the clot is re- moved and the blood that remains is preserved by adding a small quantity of carbolic acid (14 per cent), or the blood may be used Swine Growers’ Session. 115 at once in the fresh condition. As to the keeping qualities of the serum, Dr. Dorset has informed me that he has had samples that have retained potency for several months.* The main drawback to the use of the hog as a supply animal, in addition to the incon- venience of collecting the blood, is the difficulty of supplying large quantities in case of great outbreaks of the disease, since only small quantities of blood can be secured from the hog at one bleeding— only from 300 to 500 c¢. c. can be secured at one time, and this is only sufficient for fifteen or twenty hogs at a:minimum dose. If our attempts to make the horse and ox serve as supply animals are successful, the drawback mentioned will be overcome. But even Fig.7. Drawing blood for inoculating purposes, Veterinary Department, Missouri Ex- periment Station—Niles method, if these larger animals do not prove appropriate for supplying the serum, great service can be done the breeders of pure bred swine through the present method, since the serum appears to retain its immunizing properties for a considerable time and can be collected and stored up for use during the seasons when the cholera is not so prevalent. It is the purpose of our own Experiment Station and College to serve the swine breeders of the State to the fullest extent possible along this line. Our conveniences for doing this *In the Rinderpast inoculations of cattle in South Africa, after which this work on the hogs is planned, Drs. Turner and Kolle had samples of serum that were effective two and one-half and three years after they were collected. 116 Missouri Agricultural Report. work in the most efficient manner are not at present adequate; but I am sure that everything needful for the best work will be supplied, because of the great importance of this line of work. From your knowledge of the fact that hog cholera presents such varied symptoms which suggest varied causes, the question may arise in your minds: Will the immunizing process which we have been discussing suffice for protection against these various forms? As already mentioned, it is my opinion that we have prob- ably only one true cause for the various types of epizootics affect- ing the hogs of this country; but that, associated with this, the hog cholera germs and the swine plague germs acting in a second- ary role, give rise to some of the symptoms and lesions noted in the various types of hog cholera, but it is probable that these sec- ondary causes are harmless in the absence of the true cause, which is found in the “‘filterable virus.” And I think that experience will prove, as our experiments indicate, that we have practically only one disease to combat; and that in the method which I have been describing we have an efficient means. In support of this I recall your attention to the fact that the experiment pigs in lots 1 to 4 were exposed to the “acute haemorrhagic type” of the disease, to the ‘‘slow-and-lingering”’’ form, and to the “swine-plague” type of the disease and proved resistant to them. While there is yet a difference of opinion as to “swine-plague” being an independent disease (and even if it should prove to be so) the losses from this cause will be materially lessened because in most cases where this form is noted, the hog cholera type is nearly always present; and the mitigation of the disease by overcoming the “nog cholera” type will doubtless lessen the force of “swine plague” with which it may be associated. Moreover, in the preparation of the serum, the supply animal is treated in a way which in fact produces in some degree a “‘poly- valent serum” which may be effective against the secondary causes mentioned. In the infected blood, which is used in the inoculation of the animals to be “hyperimmunized,” wnfiltered blood is used. It thus contains not only the “‘filterable virus,” but also the old hog cholera germs or swine plague germs with which the diseased animals supplying this affected blood may be invaded. Another question which may arise in your minds: Is it neces- sary, in order to secure a permanent immunity, to inoculate the animals with diseased blood at the time they are inoculated with the serum. Experiments have shown in other diseases that when animals are inoculated with the protective serums alone, their im- Swine Growers’ Session. 117 munity is of a passing nature; and that for the production of a permanent immunity the animal must be infected either from ex- posure to the disease or by actual inoculation with the virus. If this is done at the time the protective serums are present, no severe results follow, and the animal acquires an immunity which is quite permanent. In practical work in the field I hardly think that it is necessary, where animals are already exposed to the disease, to resort to the inoculation of the virulent blood. In the cases we have already mentioned on the State farm, we did not think it necessary to inject the virulent blood on account of the probability of the animals becoming infected through natural means. Dr. Niles, writing me on December 14th, says in regard to this matter .—“‘The results of our field work have been most encouraging, and we are satisfied that serum used alone in herds in which disease is just starting, will save a very large majority of the animals.” We must not overlook the importance of the ordinary sani- tary measures in the prevention of this disease, for in the history of plagues of all kinds more has been done by good sanitation than by vaccination. In small-pox, diptheria, bubonic plague, and other infections, Boards of Health do not relax in the least the enforce- ment of quarantine and disinfecting measures, although there are vaccines against some of these human maladies; and if the farm- ers would apply the proper sanitary measures in the handling of hog diseases the losses would not be so great. For instance, the good effect of quarantine will be illustrated by the experience of one of the members of this Association, whom you all know. I refer to Mr. Gentry, who tells me that he has a number of times prevented great losses of hogs in his herd by placing in temporary quarantine those that he had shown at the various State fairs. It became his custom, after a sad experience or two with hog cholera, to put the “show herd” apart from the general herd for a few weeks after their return to the farm, and to put these in charge of an attendant who did not come in contact with the other hogs. He has brought the disease on to his farm a number of times, but has succeeded by strict quarantine measures, and thorough disin- fection, in preventing its spread to the other hogs on his farm. The free use of disinfectants like carbolic acid and quick lime are very important in the prevention of this disease, and in stamp- ing it out, when it once invades a farm. TZhoroughness of disin- fection is the important thing. A slight sprinkling of lime here and there does not suffice; you must make the yards look as if a snow had fallen. One of the members of this Association, Mr. 118 | Missouri Agricultural Report. Garrett of Maryville, a prominent breeder of Poland-China hogs, has told me that he has been able to bring in new animals within a very few weeks after he had had the disease on his place, by the liberal use of quick-lime in disinfecting the grounds. But he said, “T did a thorough job of it.”’ It is well in an outbreak of this dis- ease to separate the apparently healthy hogs from those that are diseased; and to divide the healthy lots into several smaller bunches and place them in separate pens on clean grounds. In this way if only a few of the number are infected the opportunities for a gen- eral spread of the disease is lessened. The dipping of the hogs, that have been exposed, in any of the carbolic dips which are in general use, is another measure which will aid in preventing the spread of the disease. The spread of hog cholera is greatly augumented by the neg- lect of the swine owner to burn the carcasses of animals that die of this disease. Many a wide spread outbreak could have been prevented had the proper measures been employed. In the fall of the year it often happens that a farmer who has raised a good corn crop and does not have a sufficient number of hogs to dispose of it, buys a carload of hogs in some distant part of the State. The exposure of these hogs to infection in the local stock yards of the region where they are bought, often starts the disease in the lot within a few weeks. The farmer ascribes the disease to the feed- ing of new corn, or to other causes than the real one. The hogs lie around unburned and the infection is distributed to neighbor- ing farms, by the drainage to lower lying places, by dogs and birds carrying diseased parts away, and in other ways. We have laws in regard to hog cholera and other contagious diseases which provide that animals dying from a contagious dis- ease shall be burned or buried, and that notice shall be given the neighbors in regard to the presence of the disease on the farm. It is also a misdemeanor to permit these sick animals to run on*pub- lic roadways or the commons. These laws, however, are not known to many farmers, or their importance is not appreciated, since it is too common an occurrence to find during an outbreak of this disease, hogs lying rotting in the streams that run through the in- fected farm. In regard to medicinal treatment, I know of nothing better than that recommended in the Farmers’ Bulletin No. 24, issued by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. The various pro- prietory remedies that are on the market are made up of practically the same ingredients. Swine Growers’ Session. 119 In combatting hog cholera by means of “preventive inocula- tion” there is doutbless much work yet to be done, to make this procedure as practical as is desirable. But it is certainly gratify- ing to know that the outlook for an entirely successful issue of the long and arduous labors of the United States Bureau on this line is so bright. And it is certainly a matter of no little profit as well as pleasure to us to have had some part in this work. We wish to assure the swine breeders that the Missouri Ex- periment Station has enlisted for the entire campaign in the war against hog cholera. SESSION Missour1 Sheep Breeders’ Association. January 7th, 1908. THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FLOCK. (EB. B. Wilson, Stanberry, Mo.) The subject, Care and Management of a Flock, is one which has been discussed time and again and very likely much of what I have to say has been said by others in meetings of this kind. My observations of the care and management of a flock have all been made in Missouri. I trust that this will be of some value to the new beginner in Missouri at least. (In starting in the sheep business, whether it be a pure bred flock or grade flock, we should not be satisfied with anything but the very best ewes we can buy. Buy young ewes if you can get them. Look well to size, form and covering. In this day of high priced wool a few pounds per head makes quite a difference in the profits at the end of the year. In selecting a ram, we should buy the best we can find. The best is none too good, and don’t let a few dollars keep you from buying a good ram. When breeding time comes have your ewes in a healthy condition. One ram should be used to every forty or fifty ewes, unless we hand breed. In this case one ram to about sixty ewes. What I mean by hand breeding is to let rams serve each ewe but once. But this would be a great deal of trouble in a large flock. After the breeding season is over we should take rams away from the ewe flock. We should see that our flock has plenty of pure water, also feed them well. Don’t feed too much corn to pregnant ewes. I have seen breeders who thought they were feeding their ewes in the best possible manner by giving them all the corn they can eat. (120) Sheep Breeders’ Association. Lat Corn is all right for fattening lambs, but for breeding ewes we should use but very little corn. Pregnant ewes require feed for muscle and bone building, such as oats, bran, clover hay, ete. By feeding corn and timothy hay the fleece seems to get harsh and dry and the sheep will lose flesh. Experience teaches us that a change of feed occasionally is beneficial. They also enjoy a change of pasture and we find that it certainly does them good. The question of barn room for pregnant ewes is of great im- portance. No class of live stock needs room more than the preg- nant ewes. They not only need plenty of room, but they need and must have plenty of fresh air. Don’t confine them to small quar- ters that are poorly ventilated. If they are shut in close quarters, they will, upon coming out in the cold atmosphere, contract colds, and we find colds and catarrh a source of trouble. For fear of abortion never let ewes crowd through narrow door ways. Another cause for abortion is ewes eating too much salt. This only happens when the ewes have not been regulary and prop- erly salted. The proper way to salt a flock is to keep a box of salt in some part of the barn where they can go to it any time. _We find by experience that a ewe and lamb should have twelve or fifteen square feet of barn space. Will also say while on the subject of close confinement, we should never let our sheep stay in muddy, filthy lots, lest we have trouble with foot-rot. Keep plenty of bedding in the barn and let the sheep have the run of fhe pasture as much as the weather will permit. During the winter time nice bright corn fodder is an excel- lent feed to scatter out in the pasture in the day time. This is a good way to make them take exercise. By having good warm quarters it is best to have lambs come early. February and March is a very good time to have them come. By coming early and teaching them to eat they get a good start by time grass comes, and are less liable to sickness and disease. If the lambs are intended for market, feed them plenty of corn and get them to market early. If they are intended for breeding purposes, feed them bone and muscle making feed. Make them as large as possible without too much fat. By doing this we have a good size as yearlings. Then the yearling ram is ready to do good service. The yearling ewes are ready to breed when breeding time comes. It is advisable not to use the ram under one year of age, and the ewe should never be bred under one year. 122 Missouri Agricultural Report. A SHEEPMAN’S EXPERIENCE IN THE MISSOURI LEGIS- LATURE. (Hon. H. R. Brasfield, Unionyille, Mo. MORE SHEEP OR MORE DOGS—WHICH? If any one thinks it is an easy matter to get a dog law through the Missouri Legislature, he is sadly mistaken. The committee to which the bill for a dog law was referred consisted of seventeen members. I had made a considerable can- vass among them and felt discouraged and called for help from Brothers Carroll and Boles, but when the committee met that night for a hearing on the bill there were only nine members present. After some good talking by Mr. Carroll, Brother Boles took the floor, and in his convincing way told the committee the importance of the law. One of the committee said to Mr. Boles, “If you men want to raise sheep, why don’t you fence against the dogs?” Well, you could see the hair on the top of ‘Mr. Boles’ head rise and turn red and his eloquence erew loud and strong. He failed to convince that member enough to get his vote at that meeting, but we did get it at the final vote and got twelve out of the seventeen on the committee. There were a number of members who wanted to vote for the bill, but were afraid to vote either way, so made a sneak and had business of importance (?) in some other place when the vote was taken. At that committee meeting we got five votes from the nine members present. I learned later on that we got all the votes that we could have gotten from that committee that night— our work had just begun. DOG-INSPIRED ELOQUENCE, I have had quoted to me during this dog law fight every “dog poem” and every great and famous ‘“‘dog speech,” I think, that has ever been made; and one could have heard more dog oratory in both House and Senate than any one could imagine could be pro- duced on that subject. To hear the arguments produced, you would think this great State of ours could not exist without dogs; the business of the merchants, farmers and all would have to be sus- pended if the law passed. I heard one representative say he would not vote for it if every man in his county would ask him to do so. (And I was glad to see that his county was one of the first to adopt this law.) I heard two senators say it was an outrage on Sheep Breeders’ Association. 123 the poor to pass such a bill. I was pleading with one senator and showed him that every representative from his district had voted for the bill, and told him of the many petitions that had come in from his district asking for the enactment of the law. After hear- ing me he said, “Well, Bob, it is a bad law and I can not vote for rt ea POWER OF ORGANIZATION. Well, we got a part of our bill enacted into a law by the aid of the great army of enforcement that I had in the background com- manded by Capt. M. V. Garroll, and the members of that army were the Missouri Sheep Breeders and their friends. Now we can see the advantage of an organization. There were four or five dog bills introduced in the last legislature and all died a chilly death but one, and it was badly treated. One representa- tive, who introduced one of the bills, came to me and said he had a much better bill than I, in his judgment, and he could not under- stand why there were so many petitions coming in for the Bras- field bill. Our organization was young but it did some great work. I was requested by our secretary to secure a copy of the peti- tions that came in on House bill No. 92. I found it would be a big job. I believe there were more petitions came in before the House and Senate asking for the passage of House bill No. 92 than any other bill that was petitioned for during the two terms of the last legis- lature. We could have done nothing without our organization. It means education. To us farmers it is squarely up to us in open broad daylight. Do we wish to protect one of the greatest farm in- dustries, one that will bring wealth to the amount of the capital in- vested if properly cared for? Farmers, do you know that every farmer in this State should have a flock of sheep according to the size of his farm’? His farm would look better, it would be better by having them there. Those obnoxious weeds would not take his place and make it look like some “‘widow woman” owned it, be- sides his land would be reaping a reward by being enriched, and the farmer’s bank account would increase and, at the same time, miss but little that they eat. HOW CONVERTS ARE MADE. I know I have been abused and called hard names over the enactment of the dog law, and I have had to take the abuse. Little do the people know that I was backed by such a great force as the Missouri Sheep Breeders’ Association. 124 Missouri Agricultural Report. In some parts of my own county there has been some dissatis- faction. One farmer, who has long been a successful sheep raiser and who has secured a large tract of valuable land from his suc- cess and had never had the misfortune of having dogs get into his flocks, said some mean things about me and the dog law. I saw him a short time ago and he said, “I was opposed to your dog law but have just had $25.00 worth of sheep killed and, if your dog law was in force, I could get my money back. I am.ready to sign a petition for the dog law, for now I see where you are right. There is no income whatever from the dogs; from my sheep is where I get clothing for my family and money to buy land.” He also said, “T know a number of men who own farms and who always keep a gang of dogs. They never owned a sheep in their lives and do not know their value, but they do know how to love a dog.” I find a majority in the House and Senate are willing to vote, personally, for a dog law, but are afraid of their job. Now, what . we have to do is to go to work and keep this sentiment growing. We have done a great work in a short space of time. The stock law that we now have in most every county in the State was not carried in the county in whhich I live for a number of trials, but we at last succeeded. The votes for very few of the fine court houses that are in many counties in our State were not carried on the first trial, some not even on second or third, but when the people were convinced that was the right thing to do, the votes counted. Now we have only got this enterprise started. We did not get a whole loaf, but a slice, and we must keep the ball rolling till we get a whole loaf. I was satisfied the validity of the bill would be ques- tioned, and it has been by one judge, but he is only one man and not final. I have had the matter examined from one end to the other by competent lawyers, and there was but one point of ques- tion in it, and I am confident that point would be sustained by the Supreme Court on a point of justice and equity, governed by po- lice regulations. The law does not call for a tax but a license. A man has to pay a license to have the privilege to keep a dog. Nearly every city and town ‘in the State has a dog license— if they pay it there, why not have it in the county and make it general? FEWER DOGS—MORE BREAD AND BUTTER. It will not be a hardship on the poor—if they would keep less dogs they would have more for their families to eat. It is the dogs that are kept and not fed that cause us so much trouble. They Sheep Breeders’ Association, 125 must have something to eat, and in roving over the country hunt- ing for something to eat, two or more get together and commence to run stock and do such great damage. It is not always what they kill that makes the big damage. I heard of one raid lately where dogs killed six or seven sheep and damaged and crippled about a hundred more in one flock. Every sheep in the flock is seriously damaged in such a raid, and it sometimes takes weeks to get them back where they were if they are ever as good and gentle as before. Many times great damage is done to sheep by dogs hunting on our farms and scaring the flock when the dog does not mean to do damage. Now, in my judgment the best thing for Missouri farmers is a flock of sheep on every farm. More sheep, better sheep and fewer dogs. WHAT ORGANIZATION HAS. DONE FOR THE MISSOURI SHEEP INDUSTRY. (M. V. Oarroll, Secretary of Missouri Sheep Breeders’ Association. ) In this practical commercial age trees are judged by the fruit they produce, men and organizations are estimated by their capacity to do things, to show results. I am told by Missouri’s pioneer sheep breeders that many years ago—just how many was not stat- ed—there was an organization of sheep men in this State, but what became of it, what it accomplished or what the cause of its demise, Iam unable to state. Certain it is that the decade ending at 1906 was one of sepulchural quietude in Missouri so far as the sheep in- dustry was concerned. True, there were a few courageous, enter- prising sheep breeders here and there over the State whose opera- tions, while measurably profitable, served largely to inspire curios- ity among their sheepless neighbors. While Uncle Sam’s census compilers professed to find within the State a considerable number of sheep each year, our wool production was so much a minus quantity that the Yankee wool buyers would not concede that Mis- souri was on the map. The Missouri State Fair held its first an- nual exhibition in 1901, and possibly, with two or three exceptions, the sheep display at its first five exhibitions came from other states —Missouri sheep were conspicuous by their absence. In February, 1906, when our State Fair Board convened to arrange its premium list, it was requested to provide special classes 126 Missouri Agricultural Report. for Missouri sheep as a means of inducing their exhibition but, owing to the opposition of two members, who contended that “the sheep industry in Missouri is old enough and strong enough to stand on its own bottom,” the request was refused. When the sixth exhibition by the State Fair opened Septem- ber 30, 1906, there were 290 head of fine sheep on display and not a single Missouri sheep among them. Missouri sheep men to the number of a “baker’s dozen” were rounded up on the grounds on October 2 and assembled in a small room in the Live Stock Pavilion where, with the counsel and encouragement of a few of the pro- gressive visiting sheep men from other states, the Missouri Sheep Breeders’ Association was organized. With this humble and un- ostentatious beginning the youngster started to grow—by January 9, 1907, when a special meeting was held in Columbia during the “Farmers’ Week” conventions, its roster had increased to 60 mem- bers. At that meeting a resolution was adopted urging the State Fair Board to establish special classes for Missouri sheep at the 1907 exhibition, also one strongly endorsing the Brasfield bill for a dog law, then pending in the legislature, and appointed a legis- lative committee to aid in securing its enactment. The career of that measure is now history. Strong—not to say vindictive—opposi- tion developed early in its consideration, but that opposition served an unintended good purpose. It aroused the sheep men of the State and aligned a large number of them with the State Association. At the end of a long-drawn-out fight the bill was forced to enact- ment but in so badly a multilated condition that its author and tire- less champion could hardly recognize it. But we had grown with- in a short space of six months from the original 13 to 250 mem- bers, each an earnest and enthusiastic advocate of “more and bet- ter sheep for Missouri.” The force and influence of that motto have wrought marvels for the industry in this State. New flocks have been established in almost every county, scrubs have been replaced with grades and pure breds, and a well informed importer states that of the 3,000 breeding sheep imported into the United States from Europe dur- ing the past year, over 300 of them were purchased by Missourians. Our State Association grew a pace, and by the opening date of the 7th State Fair, October 5th, numbered 335 members, and when the first annual meeting convened on the fair grounds, Octo- ber 9th, our members had the satisfaction of knowing that the largest and best display of sheep in the history of the fair was on exhibition, among them being Missouri sheep good enough to win Sheep Breeders’ Association. 127 prizes in competition with imported animals from the crack flocks of Europe. Then during the afternoon of that same day, when America’s record sheep sale was held in the sheep pavilion on the fair grounds, 140 head of sheep selling at auction at an average of over $50 per head, and every animal but four sold to a Missourian for spot cash, it dawned upon the members of this Association that — organization of their kind does organize, does develop, advance and elevate an industry. That sale did other things—it not only re- generated America’s wool map, but it caused the sheep men of the English speaking world to revise their estimate of Missouri. It was reported and commented upon by practically every agricultural paper in America. Without the existence of the organization of the Missouri Sheep Breeders it could not—and would not—have been held. Such in brief is a conservative statement of the net results accomplished by this lusty infant now 15 months old, and with its membership roster nearing the 400 mark. But its work is only be- gun. There are yet about 1,800 Missouri sheep men not enrolled with it, and there is room and need for five million more sheep in Missouri to give us an average of 20 head per farm. So far as I have been able to ascertain there are now but three State Sheep Breeders’ Associations having a larger enrolled membership than Missouri—those are Wyoming, Montana and New Mexico, each of which has had organizations for many years. If there be truth in the maxim that “well begun is half done,” our members can persevere with renewed courage determined to quadruple their membership, to make the quality of their sheep the equal of the world’s best, and to ornament Missouri’s hills and dales with added thousands of the “golden hoofs.” SHALL WE USE WESTERN EWES? (J. W. Boles, Auxyasse, Mo.) I would not advocate using any except the very best ewes. Whatever I handle or whatever principle I advocate I try to advo- cate something good. I will say there are conditions under which I think it is all right to use western ewes. One of those conditions is if they are the best that we can afford, use them, but do not use them too often. If we were to advocate using western ewes to advance sheep industry in the State of Missouri, we would just 128 Missouri Agricultural Report. as well advocate using Texas cattle, or western cattle and western ponies, and Arkansas hogs, and all that sort of thing; or, we might just as well advocate cultivating inferior ground instead of good ground. We had just as well advocate using inferior implements to farm with, having inferior teams, and having inferior hands to work our lands, having inferior teachers to teach our children, and having inferior schools or any other thing of that kind. All these things it seems to me are along the same line. I hold that we may just as well feed a sheep that will produce a $10 lamb or a $5 lamb or a $15 lamb as one that will produce a $314 lamb, or one that will produce twice as much wool as the other. Our land is too high to use cheap material. We cannot afford to use cheap labor, cheap teams, or cheap anything according to my way of thinking. Now, I am not saying that a man should never use western ewes. If a man has only $20 or $30 to put into sheep, and his farm will carry 12 sheep, then I think he can afford to buy a cheaper class of ewes; but if he can afford it, if he has the money and can afford to use a better grade of ewes, then I say use the best he can, and use them all the time. I have never seen anything too good for the farmer to use, provided he will take care of it. There is only one thing I will say in regard to buying the best. If you don’t take care of them the cheap one will do you just as well as the best. But I do not believe in breeding common stock of any kind. I don’t believe in inferior material of any kind. I advocate using western ewes for one reason: There are not one-third as many sheep in this State as there ought to be, and in order to have sheep on every farm where they should be, I would almost advocate any kind of sheep. Get the best grade of sheep you can afford, but get sheep. Then just as soon as we can we should grade up and get better sheep. We need more and better sheep worse than any other kind of live stock, because the sheep industry in this State has been greatly neglected, and there is not an industry—a live stock industry—in this State, except that of poultry, that pays a bigger profit than sheep. Of the live stock industries poultry comes first and sheep second; they come nearer paying 100 per cent than any other. To all these farmers who are not able to have the best sheep, I say get some kind of sheep. Let’s have more sheep on our farms, because they pay. Sheep Breeders’ Association, 129 DISCUSSION. Mr. Carroll—If you did use a western ewe, how would you use it to the best advantage? Mr. Boles—If I were to use a western ewe, or any other kind of a ewe, I would always use her with a pure bred sire. I would not breed to a grade sire of any kind. If I could not buy the best I would buy the best I could and would want him to be pure bred. I would not have a grade anything. I wouldn’t have a grade dog if I was paid to keep him. I don’t believe in grades. Q. You made the statement a few minutes ago that you would advise a man, if he did not have more than $25, to invest in 12 ewes, to buy those 12 ewes at $25. Would you advise him to do that, or to borrow $25, making it $50, and buy 12 better ewes; or would you advocate the idea of staying out of debt entirely? Mr. Boles—Well, no, if I did I would be advocating something I don’t do myself. No, I don’t mean for you not to go in debt; but if you think you can not afford to invest more than a small amount in sheep, buy what your farm will carry and carry right, and then breed up with a pure bred sire and keep the produce of that and continue to breed up. Q. What kind of sheep do you favor? Mr. Boles—In regard to the kind of sheep to breed, that de- pends on the individual. Some like one breed and some another. Some prefer the Merino, the fine wool sheep; others prefer a coarser wool. Some like the large sheep, others admire those of medium size. Breed the kind you fancy. Prof. Mumford—Is it not a fact that we are keeping the sheep for the profit of them, and is it not a fact that by using the western ewes and raising early lambs from them we derive greater profit than in any other way? Mr. Boles—I don’t know. I take this ground about that: While a western ewe that will weigh 75 pounds will produce a good lamb, a ewe of better quality that will produce a better lamb is worth more and is no more expensive to care for than the cheaper ewe. I have never bred many western ewes. I don’t have any de- sire to do so. I think they are fully as healthful as our native ewes. We can take them and keep them for one or probably two seasons, but this thing of using western ewes and selling off the produce and not breeding up, not grading up, I think is a detriment to the sheep industry of this State. It is not going in the right direction. A-9 130 Missouri Agricultural Report. Q. Don’t you think that the kind of sire we should use de- pends on what we are breeding for—whether wool or mutton? Mr. Boles—Yes, of course, it depends on what a man wants. If you want a dairy cow you breed with that in view, and if you want a beef cow you breed with that in view, etc. And it is the same with the sheep. Q. At what age would you commence breeding? Mr. Boles—At one year of age. Never breed lambs. I don’t think it is the best plan, especially for a man who has pure breds. Q. What age sire do you begin with? Mr. Boles—Begin with yearlings; and I don’t advocate selling lambs and don’t sell more than one or two a year myself. It is not satisfactory to the man who sells them. You have got to protect your business. : Q. I have an idea that it is well for a man, in buying his breeding stock, to buy the young ones and raise them up himself. Sometimes a disease gets among the stock he buys from, but if he raises them up himself he can keep them free from disease; whereas, if he buys an old one he might get the disease in his herd. Mr. Boles—I think most of us make mistakes in breeding to too young a sire than to too old a sire. We very often get rid of the sires of our breeding stock just at the time when I think they are at their best. Now, just a word in regard to selling our sires. We all know that if a man comes to our herd to buy a sire, the good looking one is the one he wants; and if you keep them in just medium con- dition you will never be successful as a pure bred breeder in sell- ing your sires. The buyer wants him to look well. Now in regard to buying these young sires. 'There are a great many men who will buy these lambs and turn them out on pasture and never feed them, and they go down and don’t grow any, and next year some farmer comes along and wants to know where you got that little old scrubby lamb, and of course they don’t want to buy any where it came from. So that is why I never sell lambs. SESSION Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association. January 7-8-9, 1908. PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS. (R. W. Brown, Carrollton.) It has truly been said that “Agriculture is the basis of all wealth,” but as we look over the past and note how each step in the progress of agriculture has become more and more dependent upon live stock production, we may well say for the future that live stock improvement is the basis of all wealth. Upon it must be built that higher agriculture which in turn must be the founda- tion of every other line of industry. This fact is now generally recognized by all men, and there never was a time in the history of the world when greater interest was manifested toward im- proved live stock, than today by men of other callings than that of farming. The tendency to invest in live stock by these men is rapidly increasing. What do we mean by improvement? Improvement by some breeders means only utility. Simply the dollars and cents side of the question, and we can but admit that this is the incentive that actuates improvement in all lines of industry. To prove that it has a dollars and cents value, we need only to refer to the great markets where the animals are sold on their merits alone. The quotations on all markets will average from two to three cents more per pound for well-bred cattle as compared with the scrub of the same age, and with this must be coupled the fact that it re- quired a smaller amount of feed to produce a pound of gain on the well bred animal than it did on the common stuff. It is hard to (131) 132 Missouri Agricultural Report. understand how a farmer can fail to realize this fact and continue to hang on to the common stock, too often found on a great many of our farms. There is no greater ambition in the world than to be of good to our fellow men. This ambition may be realized through the production of improved live stock, because upon this, depends the economical production of the very necessities of life. The breeding and feeding of live stock has a refining influence over man, and develops within him the highest traits of character. In him you have a public spirited man, who is alive to better farms, better buildings, better roads, and better social conditions. No business or profession calls for such a wide knowledge of existing conditions for its successful management as does the management of an improved stock farm. To maintain or improve his flocks and herds a man has not only to deal with living organisms, which are subject to the most subtle influences in the world, but he must also have the highest ideals of symmetry in animal form. Many men are unable to grasp these great principles of animal improvement. An English writer once said that there were a hundred men in England fit to become prime-ministers where there is only one fit to breed short-horn cattle. As to the future of live stock improvement, I see nothing in the horizon to hinder or make afraid. In our pure-bred record associ- ations, we find that the volume of business each year is greater than the year before. We find also that the demand for pure-bred cattle is spreading over all sections of the country, and this demand will increase each year as the country grows older, and the fertility of the soil becomes more or less depleted. Last August while in Colo- rado, I attended a convention of the Colorado State Commercial Association in session at Greely, and had the pleasure of listening to a very interesting address on “Getting Stockmen for Colorado Farms.” In his address the speaker made the statement that in every section of the state, even in the fertile, irrigated valleys, the great problem was: How to maintain fertility of the soil. This question of course brought out a storm of protests from the real estate men present, but it was verified by Dean Carlye of the Colo- rado Agriculture College, who was present at the time. Dean Caryle said that the address just delivered was the best he had ever heard on conditions in Colorado, and that the college had re- ceived a request from every irrigated section of the state to send Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 133 them practical cattlemen. These conditions as applied to Colorado, can be applied to all sections of the country. There is no state in the Union more favorably located for the economical production of all classes of farm animals than Missouri. The ranges and the markets are at her door. Her soil and climate provide for the maximum production of all kinds of grain and for- age. Her pure-bred live stock have long since won for her fame and distinction, and I predict for her through the excellent work of this Association a continued preiminence. We are here for an in- ter change of thoughts and ideas. Let this inter change be free, and without stint. By coming here you have expressed an unselfish interest that can do naught but work for live stock improvement in our State. This is a day of organization, and co-operation. One hundred men working together for a common cause can accomplish much more than can one hundred men working separately for the same purpose.. Through the instrumentality of this organization must come the appropriations necessary for the promotion of agri- culture in this State, and through it must be placed on our statute books, intelligent laws for the protection of our industry. The out-look is bright, and remember you are on a solid foundation, and while there may be ups and downs, if we carry on the work with an earnest purpose and in the light of the knowledge that is at hand, we shall be on the high road to success. BEEF PRODUCTION ON HIGH PRICED LAND. THE PLACE OF BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION AMONG THE PERMANENT INDUSTRIES OF THE CORN BELT. (By H. J. Waters, Dean Missouri College of Agriculture and Director of the Experiment Station.) It may be accepted as final that the permanently prosperous systems of farming in Missouri and elsewhere must be based on animal husbandry, and must involve the feeding on the farm of the principal products of the land and the returning to the soil of the largest possible proportion of the elements of fertility which the plant takes from the soil in growing. Thus it is not a question as to whether live stock shall be grown extensively or not, but rather what particular kind of stock, or 134 Missourt Agricultural Report. what special phase of live stock farming will prove most profitable and enduring. It is true that hogs and sheep possess important advantages over beef cattle, particularly with respect to the cheapness of pro- duction and a somewhat higher average price at which the live animal sells when fitted for the market. On the other hand, cattle possess certain very marked advantages over all other classes of live stock, such as comparative freedom from _ parasites, contagious diseases, injury from other animals, and the ability to convert large quantities of coarse and otherwise unmarketable ma- terial into food of very high value to mankind. Fig. 1. Cattle of this breeding can be made fat at almost any age. Yearlings used by the Experiment Station in feeding trials. These facts become more and more important as the country becomes more densely populated and the diseases and parasites on our farms naturally increase in prevalence and extent of injury, and especially do they become more important when the necessity for manufacturing meat out of cheap and mainly coarse material grows larger. The practice so common now, particularly in the corn belt, of converting large quantities of palatable and concentrated material like corn into meat products cannot long endure. ‘This corn will sooner or later become so valuable for human food that it cannot be profitably converted into meats, and our animal products must then be manufactured chiefly from the coarse waste materials of the farm and the by-products of our factories. It is perfectly obvious, therefore, that cattle utilized wholly or mainly for the production of beef must continue to be an important phase of our agricultural industry for an indefinite time. If, therefore, this class of farm animals does not yield so large a profit as other kinds of animals on our high priced land and in the present state of the labor market, the situation is to be met Live Stock Breeders’ Association, 135 by improving our methods of producing them rather than by going out of the business. BETTER ANIMALS THE FIRST STEP TO TAKE. In no other direction can more be immediately done and with such slight expense to meet this situation and to increase the profits to be derived from cattle than by making a marked improvement in the quality of the animals themselves. MSF 5 ee ; mt eke Tee #3 pt/) Pia PC Rs Fig. 2. The type of mother from which profitable calves must come. Shorthorn cow owned by the Missouri Agricultural College. Some fifteen or twenty years ago, when dairying was really beginning to be put upon a rational basis as an important agricul- tural industry, the first and most important step then taken was the elimination from the successful dairy farms of every cow that failed to produce enough milk and butter to pay a profit. A sort of minimum of production for profit was established, and all fail- 136 Missouri Agricultural. Report. ing to come up to this mark, so to speak, were consigned to the butcher. At first this dead-line was fixed at a very conservative point, viz., about 200 pounds of butter in a year, so as not to have so large a proportion of the average herd fall behind as to be dis- couraging to the owner. Later this amount was gradually raised, until now in the very best dairy herds 350 or 375, and in rare cases 400 pounds of butter per year would be regarded as the minimum production of a cow that is entitled to a permanent place. Precisely the same principle must be applied to the beef herds on the high priced land of our corn belt, if this industry is to con- tinue to hold its own in competition with pork and mutton, and horse and mule, and dairy production. Thus, every cow failing to produce a calf worth $20.00 in the fall and in addition, after the calf is weaned, to produce enough milk and butter to pay for her feed and the labor involved, up to within a reasonable time of calving, should be sold for immediate slaughter as unfit for a herd cow. Applying the dairy herdsman’s method still further, this minimum price for a steer calf at weaning time should be rapidly raised above $20.00, or the amount of milk and butter the cow is required to produce should be rapidly increased. In this connection it may be well to say that it is out of the question to expect very high development of the beef qualities at the same time that very high dairy qualities are developed. These two qualities are apparently antagonistic one to the other, and this antagonism manifests itself very markedly when an attempt is made to carry them both along to a high degree of development. In other words, beyond a very reasonable degree of development, the two have not yet been carried together in one and the same animal. If a very high development of the beef qualities of the animals is sought, it must be expected that the dairy qualities must be somewhat subordinated. Conversely, if the dairy qualities are to be sharply intensified, it is unreasonable to expect the calves to have more than mediocre beef quality. We hear much about the dual purpose cow, which in general is a mediocre beef cow and a fairly good milker, or a mediocre milk cow and a moderate beef animal. Nevertheless, the average cow of the corn belt now kept chiefly for the production of beef calves is so mediocre a beef animal that she ought really to be a high class dairy cow at the same time. Or this same average cow is a poor enough milker so that she ought to produce a beef calf worth practically twice as much as it is without having her milking qualities affected in the slightest by this rela- Live Stock Breeders’ Association. Tat tively high development of the beef qualities. In short, this cow has neither the beef nor the dairy quality very highly developed, and she will stand to have her capacity in one or the other of these directions practically doubled without affecting adversely her pres- ent capacity in the other direction. A cow may be excused for lack of high beef qualities if she possess superior dairy qualities. Or, we may overlook a reasonable deficiency in her capacity to give milk or produce butter if she have the form of a beef animal to a very marked degree, and if her calves possess the qualities re- quired to top the market. But a cow poor in both of these direc- tions has nothing to commend her and does not deserve a place on our farms. The first step would be to eliminate datas one-third of the poorest cows, and to eliminate perhaps a large majority of the bulls now in use, and to establish the fixed policy of using as sires none but registered animals of one of the standard beef breeds, such as the Shorthorn, the Angus, the Hereford, or the Galloway, and to stick to one breed rather than to follow the haphazard and miscellaneous crossing that is now so common. The day has long since passed when any man can afford to use an unregistered sire of any class of farm animals. Not only should the sire be registered, but it should have a good pedigree and should be withal a good individual. This means that to head our grade herds even something better than the culls from our pure bred herds are required. The cattle raiser must be willing to pay for real quality in his sire. The truth is, the culls from these pure bred herds should be slaughtered for butcher stuff instead of being allowed to perpetuate their deficiencies and weaknesses. A really good pure bred sire is indispensable to success and profit in raising grade cattle, just as it is in raising registered ani- mals. This point cannot be too strongly emphasized. In short, let the farmer make a systematic effort toward the improvement of his herd, and in five years’ time his steer calves will bring an average of $25.00 per head, where they now bring an average of less than $15.00. As stated before, there is no one step that is so important to make, and that is so fundamental to the whole beef industry as this one. Upon it depends the entire sub- sequent profits of the handling of cattle. From such herds would be bred steers worth on the market, 6 cents or 8 cents a pound, in comparison with the average of 4 cents or 5 cents a pound for the plainer sorts. It is self-evident that it costs no more to make this high class 138 Missouri Agricultural Report. beef than it does the cheaper sort. If a manufacturer had the choice of making out of the material he was using a grade of shoes, ~ for example, worth $4.00 per pair instead of $2.50 without addi- tional labor or other increase in cost, and requiring only a little closer and more intelligent attention to the finer details of the business, is it not to be supposed that he would make his material into the better grade of shoe? The cases are fairly parallel, and it is our duty to convert our feed and labor into the most valuable and highest priced material possible. AFTER THE CALF IS BORN. The calf is born with certain tendencies which cannot, so far as we know now, be materially changed, and must be accepted for better or for worse. These relate, among other things, to the size the animal will attain when fully mature, if nourished in the ordi- nary manner; the length of time required for it to mature; the form it will have when finished; the predisposition either to grow rapidly and not fatten until late, or to fatten at almost any stage of its existence that a sufficient amount of food is given to supply the requirements of maintenance, growth, and fat. These factors affect vitally the whole financial outcome and are, so far as we now know, controlled by the breeder rather than influenced by the feeder. After the animal is born, therefore, it is © practically beyond control in these respects, and it is of the utmost importance that the feeder adapt his methods of feeding and hand- ling to the peculiarities of form, temperament, early maturity, size, quality, etc., of the individuals with which he has to deal. To take an animal for baby beef, for example, that has a tendency to grow rapidly and mature late, would be just as short-sighted as to keep until it is three years old before being put into the feed lot, an animal that has the tendencies toward early maturity very strongly marked, and that is naturally under size, over refined, and wholly unfitted to subsist on the rough feed of the stalk field and straw stack. To take a miscellaneous collection of steers representing all gradations between these two extremes and give them the same treatment and endeavor to finish them at the same time and in the same manner, would be equally wasteful of feed and labor. To state the general proposition differently, to attempt to market an animal at 900 pounds that was designed by its breeding to be finished at 1,500 pounds, or to attempt to make a 1,500 pound steer out of an animal that reaches its highest development at 1,000 pounds, is committing a deliberate and palpable blunder. SS ee Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 139 In order to economize in labor, it is necessary, of course, to handle all the steers in a given bunch essentially alike, which means that a certain amount of culling is required in order that all that are to be kept shall belong to the same class and respond profitably to the same treatment. Then it is only required that the treat- ment given be that which is best adapted to the type of animals involved. To breed steers of uniform type and tendencies, so that they will not require heavy culling at weaning time or the following spring, is one of the most difficult undertakings of the cattle raiser. The beginner should not, however, be discouraged. Men have suc- ceeded to a marked degree in this direction, but it has taken many years of patient work and watching, and a liberal use of good blood. TWO PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF CATTLE RAISERS. The men who are breeding and raising cattle for beef in Mis- souri may be divided into two principal classes, each requiring for the best results radically different methods of procedure. The one class is on the better corn land of the State, and the other on land not so well adapted to corn, but primarily adapted to pasture pur- poses. The men of the first class must rely upon full feeding operations for their principal profits, while the other must get through the winter as cheaply as possible and rely upon gains made at pasture as the chief source of income. I. Raising Beef on High Priced Land. The first class represents the man on productive and high priced land, with only a limited area of rough, untillable land for pasture. Whatever pasture he has, therefore, is on land that is well adapted to the growing of other crops. This class is by far _ the more important in point of numbers and aggregate investment in Missouri. Such men, as a rule, are long on corn and winter forage, and generally limit their grazing area and facilities for summering stock to the needs of their breeding herds and work stock. They must, therefore, depend upon winter feeding for their main profits. They have more forage and grain than would be required to merely carry through the winter in stocker condition the animals they can graze through the summer. It is true they might increase their pasture area and cut down correspondingly their corn and forage crop areas, but, broadly speaking, this sort of land is more profitably grown in some hay or grain crop than run to pasture. In other 140 Missouri Agricultural Report. words, this land is too valuable to be used extensively for pasture. Or, stated differently, pasture crops do not, as a rule, produce enough forage to pay a reasonable return on this sort of land. By pursuing a systematic crop rotation in which the hay crops are wholly or almost exclusively legumes, such as red clover, cow- peas and alfalfa, and by being particular not to run the land in corn or small grains too frequently, and especially by being care- ful to feed all the corn and forage on the farm instead of selling a part of it each year, and by carefully saving and applying with a manure spreader all of the manure produced, the productiveness of this class of land may be kept up without laying down large areas to permanent pasture. Fig. 3. A profitable type of early-maturing cattle. On lands not of the very strongest type this system of farm- ing may be slightly modified, by giving especial attention to the production of legume hays and buying onto the farm a portion at least of the corn to be fed with these hays. On a still lighter class of soils this latter plan might be modified still further, by making a part of the grain purchased some concentrate rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, like cottonseed meal or linseed meal. It goes without saying that crops that exhaust the soil and possess at the same time a comparatively low feeding value, like timothy, millet and sorghum, would have no place in this system of farming or feeding. They deserve a very small and unimportant place in any system of farming that is adapted to Missouri condi- tions. Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 141 Baby Beef—For this class of men there can be no argument concerning the advantages of pushing the animals along as rapidly as possible and marketing them as baby beef. It is from the stand- point of this man, and not from the view-point of the professional feeder who buys his animals when they are ready to put in the feed yard, that this matter will be briefly considered. It was clearly pointed out in a previous annual report of the Board of Agricul- ture* that these professional feeders prefer animals of reasonable maturity because they fatten more rapidly, more uniformly, more certainly, and require somewhat less attention to the niceties of feeding. These men, in buying feeders, are indifferent to the ques- tion as to what they may have cost the man to raise them, so long as they may buy them ready to be put in the feed pen, dehorned, vaccinated against blackleg, etc., with sufficient margin to fully or practically offset the additional cost in the gains required to be made in fitting them for market. The attitude of this professional feeder toward the matter of baby beef is not a safe guide for the raiser of cattle and should really not influence in the slightest his practice. The two men sus- tain a radically different relation to the problem, and each should be controlled by his own set of conditions. The one thing which has contributed more than any other to the haziness and confusion of the whole matter has been our failure to define sharply this dif- ference. One in buying his feeders can overcome the handicap age imposes upon the cost of gains, but the raiser of cattle has no such recourse and must squarely face the issue of paying for every day the animal lives, whether it gain, stand still, or lose in weight. Obviously the man who raises cattle on high priced land should feed them out as baby beef, and would have occasion to raise and feed in the same connection a large number of hogs, the legume area being especially adapted to the growing and finish- ing of hogs with a minimum loss from disease and with a maximum profit. For a man so situated to try to keep his steers over to be grazed the second summer as yearlings, and especially to hold them through the second winter merely for the opportunity to full feed *For an extended discussion of the baby beef proposition from the standpoint of the professional feeder, as distinguished from the cattle raiser, see an article by the writer en- titled ‘‘Limitations of Baby Beef Production,” 39th Annual Report of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture, pp. 114-166. Also bulletin 76, Missouri Experiment Station, p. 29. Also a bulletin of the Missouri Experiment Station soon to be published, by Professor F. B. Mumford, reporting in detail the results of eight years of careful feeding experiments with cattle of different ages at this station, 142 Missouri Agricultural Report. them on grass as two-year olds, would be wasteful of feed and opportunity. The animals should be on full feed before the weaning process begins, so as to prevent the heavy shrinkage that it usually en- tails. Following this should come vaccination against blackleg, and dehorning. The full feeding should continue until early the following June or July when, if the cattle are bred right, they will be as fat as they can be profitably made under ordinary states of the market, and will weigh from 950 to 1,050 pounds, and will have paid for their feed and raising and left a good profit. Cattle of this weight, when of good quality and carrying a reasonable finish, are never over-supplied on the market, and bring, especially at that time of year, as good a price as any class of cat- tle sold.* It goes without saying that steers to be profitably handled in this way must be well bred, uniform in type and quality, and must be capable of making rapid gains, of fattening early and finishing up smoothly. For a general discussion of the feeds to use and general meth- ods of handling the cattle, the reader is referred to the second part of this paper, which deals especially with these problems. II, Raising Beef on Thinner Soil. The second class of farmers is composed of men whose land is better adapted to grazing than to grain growing, and is too rough, too much inclined to wash, or too thin to be successfully and profitable grown in corn, except at intervals. Such a man is long on pasture and short on grain and, as has been stated before, must look to the grazing period for his profits, and must plan to get his cattle through the winter at the minimum expense and in a moderately fleshed condition, in order that they may graze most profitably. It is true a man so situated might grow an excess of clover and cowpea hay for the benefit it would be to his land as well as for its value in growing stock, and then buy extra corn and feed his calves out the following summer on grass, precisely as described for the first class of farmers. If he be located convenient to a large, regular and cheap corn supply, there is no reason why this practice would not be as profitable in one case as in the other, and *For a full discussion of the influence of the season of the year, weight, quality and fatness upon the selling price of cattle on the market, see Missouri Experiment Station Bulletin No. 76, pp. 42-51. Live Stock Breeders’ Association, 143 the farmer on thin land would have even more reason than the one on the stronger land for adopting this practice, since he stands in greater need of the plant food which would be acquired without cost in the purchased feeds. In no other way can the fertility and productiveness of land be built up so rapidly and so cheaply, except, perhaps, by feeding dairy cows, which would, on account of the higher priced product obtained, justify the purchase of larger quantities of feed rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, such as cotton- seed meal, linseed meal, etc. In general, however, the farmer on the thinner grazing land will not have such a corn supply available at a price that will en- able him to feed this class of stock, and his only recourse would be to make his money out of the cheap gains made on grass. This means that he should carefully save all of his corn stover and feed it with his clover or cowpea hay and a limited amount of corn to his calves through the first winter. The question as to whether it is best to sell as calves or carry them through the first winter and sell as yearlings at grass—in short, the whole question as to when to sell, can only be answered by the individual himself, because he alone is in possession of all the facts with respect to supply of feed, etc. If they are to be sold as calves, they should be carried up to the selling point in a strong, vigorous condition, and be offered with the milk bloom on. At no other time in the life of a steer does it look so attractive and promising—not even when finally fattened for slaughter. But if to be wintered, they should be weaned while the grass is yet good, so that growth may be not checked, or if the grass be short, they should be taught to eat and be fed liberally with some good forage, like bright clover hay, and a limited amount of grain through this weaning process. The dehorning and vac- cinating against blackleg should immediately follow. Calves Should be Well Wintered—It is especially important that such cattle be made to grow well the first winter, which means ' that they should be fed liberally. The rate of growth at this period of their life is normally much more rapid in proportion to the weight than later. Therefore, to restrict the growth process at this stage of the animal’s life, may affect the size of the animal and it certainly will increase the cost of growing it to a normal size. The fact that they are to be grazed the following summer. rather than fattened renders it imperative that they be not so heavily fed as to carry to grass any considerable amount of fat. It is the poorest possible policy to lay fat on animals in the winter at a large ex- 144 Missouri Agricultural Report. pense, to be lost the following summer at pasture.* This is revers- ing the almost universal practice of successful farmers. Gains are made very much cheaper in summer than in winter. Whenever possible, fat should be stored in summer to assist in cutting down Fig. 5. Calves that have been well-bred and well-fed. the expense of the wintering process. It is the part of good man- agement, therefore, to have an abundant supply of grass, so that all the fat possible may be made in summer at pasture, to be used the following winter in helping to carry the stock through in case of a shortage in the winter forage. Fat Not Necessarily Wasted when Animals are Permitted to Get Thin—lIt is a very old, and in general, a good maxim, to “never lose the calf fat.” This is the same as saying an animal should never be allowed to get thin, or should never be allowed to lose its stored fat. Certain circumstances, however, that compel an animal to use this fat need not in the strictest sense compel it to lose it, *For a full discussion of this point, see Missouri Experiment Station Bulletin No. 75, on Wintering Yearling Oattle, pp. 46-53. Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 145 notwithstanding the fact that the animal has disposed of it and is thin. It might be likened to a man with money deposited in a bank. He sees an opportunity to use this money to good advantage, and withdraws it from the vaults of the bank, and in one sense spends it, but really invests it, or exchanges it for another form of wealth which he considers to be more valuable or useful to him. The results of some experiments* now in progress at the Missouri Experiment Station strongly indicate that fat in young and grow- ing animals may be used to support the growth process if neces- sary. It is not to be believed that fat may contribute directly to the growth of the animal, that is, to the increase in size and weight of the muscular tissue, ‘skeleton, hide, etc., but when such an ani- mal is on a limited ration it is entirely possible that the stored fat of the body may be used to supply a portion at least of the animal heat and the energy required in the ordinary activities of the ani- mal, thus protecting the proteids in the food so that they may be used by the animal for making growth. If the animal had no stored fat to use for the protection of the proteids in the feed, or if this fat resorping process, so to speak, could not go on in the animal organism, these proteids would need to be burned to supply fuel for the organism instead of being manufactured into muscle and skin and other body tissue. The outcome of it all seems to be, therefore, that it is possible to lay on fat in summer cheaply and to draw upon this reserve in winter to such an extent that the amount of feed required to carry the animal through the winter is reduced without seriously inter- fering with the rate of growth. Precisely this has taken place on the ranges since animals first inhabited this area, and this is what occurs on our best farms, even when young animals are fed mod- erately in winter following a period of liberal nourishment at pasture. We are perfectly familiar with the phenomenon of young and rapidly growing animals going out to grass in the spring somewhat heavier than when they came into winter quarters the fall before, but thinner, i. e., carrying less fat than they did in the fall, but taller, and materially larger. In general, to carry such animals through the winter without the loss of any of the fat, would require a heavier and richer ration than is ordinarly given to this class of stock, even on our best farms. It is obvious, therefore, that fat that is so used is neither lost nor wasted, but is rather exchanged *Results not yet published. A—10 146 Missouri Agricultural Report. for growth which at the time is deemed to be of more importance to the owner of the animal than the fat. ’ As referred to elsewhere, to reverse this process with respect to the seasons of the year, and store fat in the winter with expen- sive grains to be used in the summer to help the animal grow, is using fat that has been manufactured at the highest possible cost to make a product which at this season of the year is cheap to make and of relatively low value. It is not to be understood from this that too much reliance should be placed on the fat stored in summer for supporting the growth process in winter. In truth, except in seasons of very scarce and high-priced winter forage, it would be safer to attempt to hold enough of the summer fat to keep the animal thrifty and vigorous and support the growth process in winter mainly by the feed then supplied. To make this matter clearer, it may be stated that whenever the body weight of the animal is held stationary, i. e., without gain or loss, and the animal continues to grow taller and larger but thinner, which in the case of young animals always happens, the fat is being used to support growth in accordance with the manner outlined above. When the animal declines in weight the fat is being used wastefully by being burned up to sup- ply the ordinary maintenance requirements of the animal, and in ordinary practice this use of fat is wholly unjustifiable. When the animal is made to gain rapidly enough to prevent it from getting thinner it is reasonable to suppose that sufficient food is being given to supply the insistent demands of the growth process, and under these circumstances it is assumed that no previously stored fat is being resorbed. Maintain the Maximum Rate of Growth—It should be kept constantly in mind that it is growth that is now sought to be pro- duced in these animals. A steer uses its feed for three separate and distinct purposes, viz.: Maintenance; production of growth; production of fat. It has already been pointed out that the nourishing of these animals on such a plane in winter as to cause them to store up much fat when they are to be grazed the following summer is in- advisable. It is nevertheless very important that the highest rate of gain be maintained that is possible, without laying on a consider- able amount of fat. It is not known exactly how far the growth process may be promoted without causing the storing of fat as well. That is, we do not yet know what the upper limit of growth is be- fore the animal begins to deposit fat. Nor do we know how much Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 147 this falls short of the maximum rate of growth of which the animal is capable. Clearly this would vary greatly with different individ- uals, and likewise with the same individual at different periods in its life and in different conditions of flesh. Occasionally we find an animal with the tendency to fatten so marked that it is impossible to maintain a very moderate rate of growth without the deposit Fig. 6. The sort of steer that will grow slowly and fatten easily. Such animals have the early maturing quality so highly developed that they lack in thrift and size. of fat occurring at the same time. In other words, the two pro- cesses, in this animal at least, are in a sense, inseparable. The other extreme is the very vigorous, growthy, late-maturing animal that will when young, and frequently up to the age of eighteen months, eat to the full limit of its appetite of a concentrated and palatable ration and will gain perhaps as much as two pounds a day for a considerable length of time without showing any material deposi- tion of fat. In this case the upper limit of the growth process is reached in the early life of the animal, at least, without, at the same time, having it overlap the fattening process. Between these two extremes stands the average animal as at present developed, which will maintain in its younger life, or say within the first year or year and a half of its life, a rate of growth that will be considerably under the maximum gain in live weight, of which the animal is capable. To feed this animal, then, all it will eat of an ordinary grain ration would require that a considerable portion of the feed consumed be not manufactured into new growth tissue, but be merely stored on the body as fat. 148 Missouri Agricultural Report. The cattle man, however, is only interested in the general . proposition that there is an upper limit of growth without the stor- ing up of any appreciable amount of fat. It is believed that cattle that are to be handled as stockers should be kept in winter as near Fig. 7. The growthy and thrifty type. Matures slowly and makes a large steer. Fattens slowly while young. this point as possible. In summer all the gain that is possible on grass alone is acceptable. Anything short of this will unduly pro- long the growing period and at the same time increase unneces- sarily the cost. Maintain Good Pastures in Summer—Too much emphasis can- not, therefore, be laid on the fact that in this system of cattle grow- ing the profits come from the gains made on grass in summer, and from marketing to good advantage the coarse, rough material, such as corn stover, straw, etc., and the feeding of the legume hays on the farm so as to maintain the fertility. To so overstock the pas- tures that the cattle will fail to make profitable gains in summer, and consequently go into winter quarters thin, weak, and dwarfed in size is to virtually throw away the entire profit of the enter- prise. Or to make good gains in the early part of the summer on the flush of grass and to permit this to be lost through short grass, inadequate water facilities, etc., during the hot, dry months of July and August and early September, is equally wasteful. Besides, to make cattle of good quality, such as we must now produce to pay a profit, means a uniform and liberal nourishment from birth to maturity. Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 149 FEED AND CARE DURING THE FIRST WINTER. Under this system the chief part of the ration of our cattle must be roughage, but calves from weaning time until grass, de- serve, and will pay a profit on, a more liberal ration. At this age they are less capable of utilizing fodders of low palatability and nutritive value than later in life and less than the breeding stock of the farm. This means that a considerable part of the roughage for the calves the first winter must be legume hay, but with the supply of corn fodder on the ordinary farm it is not necessary or even advisable to make clover or cowpeas the sole roughage. Some- thing like one-third of the daily roughage consumption should be of field cured corn stover. When wheat or oat straw is available it is a good plan to let them have the run of the strawstack. Then feed them liberally on bright, well cured clover or cowpea hay. If the pea hay should contain very much grain, the amount offered would, of course, be correspondingly less. Ordinarily the rest of the ration should be corn. Perhaps the best form in which this can be fed is shelled. If facilities are already provided, and it is not too costly this corn may be crushed, cob and all, to good advantage. It should never be fed as corn meal, i. e., shelled corn finely ground, without mixing it with ground oats or bran. These two latter feeds, however, are entirely too expensive to be used for this purpose. The calves will often learn to do their own shelling, and in such cases ear corn is most satisfactory. The amount of grain to give will vary with the season of the year and the weather, but in general, three pounds per head in the fall and about four pounds per head during the worst weather of winter and early spring will be found to be about right. Instead, however, of feeding a fixed amount, it is best to be governed wholly by how the animals do. If they are thirfty and vigorous and yet not showing a disposition to fatten, it is certain that they are being fed approximately to the profitable limit. The moment they begin to show a disposition to fatten, the feed should be slightly reduced. If, on the other hand, while still growing they show a tendency to get thin, and the coat shows an unthrifty condition, the amount of legume hay or grain should be increased. Winter Pasture—In earlier times, when land was more abund- ant and much cheaper than now, it was a very common and well approved practice to save a considerable area of blue grass to be grazed during the winter. So long as this pasture remained good, cattle required no additional feeding, except during extreme 150 Missouri Agricultural Report. weather. In general, however, this is not an economical practice, because the amount of grass produced when allowed to grow with- out being cropped during the summer is less than when grazed. This is essentially an attempt to make hay out of blue grass, minus the expense and labor of harvesting, curing and feeding it. More- over in many seasons a large part of the summer growth is seri- ously injured by rains and freezes, and only the lower stratum which is well protected, remains unweathered and palatable. With the present high price of land and the necessity for getting the maximum crop from each acre each year, this practice will become less and less common. It should not be understood, however, that the pasture may not be so managed as to be strong at the close of the growing season, but in general it will be found best to have it eaten off reasonably close by the time real winter weather sets in. This, therefore, involves the taking care of the cattle from the early winter to the time grass comes again in the spring. The sowing of wheat or rye for winter pasture, especially for calves, has something to commend it, but its value is in many cases somewhat overestimated. Where wheat is grown for the grain and is on strong enough land to stand pasturing without materially injuring the crop, and will at the same time produce pasturage enough to be of real worth to the cattle, it is worth considering. But to sow rye or wheat specially for pasture on land that is not par- ticularly adapted to either of these crops, and therefore, get sparse growth and one which will give the cattle only a taste of green succulent food, and therefore a distaste for dry and comparatively unpalatable feed like field-cured corn stover, will be making winter pasture harmful rather than helpful. It is a common notion that rye is a hardier and stronger grow- ing and altogether more productive plant than wheat, and is most generally recommended for this purpose. According to the writer’s experience, however, wheat for fall and winter grazing is quite the equal of rye and has the advantage of keeping the farm free from rye, which is a very important matter when wheat is to be grown for the grain. Besides rye seed is usually difficult to get. It is true that rye comes along somewhat faster in the spring after vegeta- tion in general starts, but this is a time of year when there is less pressing need for green feed than earlier. In general, cattle on wheat fields or winter rye pasture will require closer watching than when handled in any other way, be- cause they are likely to become very thin and exceedingly weak be- fore the owner realizes it, and will require careful nursing and Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 151 heavy feeding to bring them back to strength and vigor again. The length of time required for a bunch of thin, weak wheat field calves to get well started to gaining, either when grazed or full fed, must have impressed itself upon every cattle man who has had experience with them. All this is intended to be a word of caution against re- lying too largely upon this class of winter feed rather than to dis- courage a reasonable use of it. Of course, there is always considerable winter pasture in the stalk fields in addition to the stalks themselves. The grass that has grown during the summer along the fences, in the uncultivated waterways, etc., cannot be utilized in any other way to advantage than by running the cattle in the field after the corn is removed. We are gradually approaching a system of agriculture, how- ever, which will not have stalk fields for the cattle to run on in win- ter. The corn fodder will be field cured and fed to the stock direct, or preserved in a silo. For the present, however, we are producing more fodder on many farms than it would be profitable to utilize in this way, and the stalk field is the inevitable result and must be utilized essentially as it is now. The mistake is very common, how- ever, of relying too much or too long upon the stalk field, i. e., of requiring the animals to eat it out too closely before they are given anything else. Such practice almost invariably involves a shrink- age in weight. It goes without saying that any shrinkage in weight is, under ordinary circumstances, unjustifiable. WINTER SHELTER. The practice of the farmers of the corn belt has been open to some criticism along this line, but he has not blund- ered so seriously as one not wholly familiar with all the facts might suppose. At any rate, it is not necessary to begin the cattle business in a rational way to build expensive barns. In the latitude of Missouri, the cattle will be well off with free access to a Shed open to the south, wholly closed on the north, and with a windbreak on the east and west. The shed should be so located as to insure good drainage and should be deep enough to permit the animals to keep out of the storm when it comes from the south, but not so deep as to not be almost entirely flooded with sunshine when the weather is clear. It is of the utmost importance that the ground under the shed be kept dry. Under ordinary circumstances, however, cattle should not be compelled to remain under the shed either by confining them there or by having the lots so small, and therefore so muddy that there is no other reasonably comfortable 152 Missouri Agricultural Report. place for them. During a severe storm it will of course be advis- able to confine them to prevent the weaker ones from being forced to remain outside, but in general, sunlight and fresh air, with an opportunity to get away from the odors of the barn or shed and find a sunny slope protected from the wind, will go a long way to- ward keeping the appetite whetted to the utmost and keeping the cattle in the most thrifty condition possible. In ordinary weather the cattle themselves are the best judges of when they should re- pair to the barn or shed and when to remain outside. It goes without saying that young animals require more shel- ter than older ones, other things being equal. It is more strikingly true that poorly nourished animals require more protection from cold than do those that are well nourished. The truth is that the confining of cattle in a warm barn when they are on full feed is detrimental to their rate of gain and to the economy with which they will gain.* To expose thin and poorly nourished animals to cold and storms is exceedingly unprofitable as well as cruel. The comparatively small cost of suitable sheds makes it en- tirely feasible to build more than one on the farm and to make the prime consideration of their location the convenience to the feed. At best it is both troublesome and expensive to handle coarse fod- der. The nearer, therefore, the animals are to this supply, the more convenient and in all respects the more satisfactory it is. A practice all too common is the confining of stock in muddy lots near the house all winter and hauling in all of the feed from even the most remote parts of the farm, then being at the expense of haul- ing the manure back. This is an awkward and expensive arrange- ment that may be corrected at comparatively little expense, by building one or more additional sheds. The proper preservation of the manure and the convenience with which it may be handled and applied to the parts of the farm needing it, must have full consideration in the location and arrange- ment of sheds, feed lots and yards. The Silo on the Beef Farm—One of the most common and yet fundamental errors is the assumption that the silo is profitable only to the dairy farmer. The truth is, the silo is quite as import- ant for the beef man. Particularly is this true of the man who is wintering cattle in accordance with system here outlined. With silage, the grain may be omitted, the corn silage, if prop- erly made containing enough grain. What we have found to be an exceedingly profitable ration is corn silage and a legume hay and *For the results of experiments bearing on this point, see Missouri Experiment Station Bulletin No, 76, pp. 54-61. Live Stock Breeders’ Association, 153 so much field cured corn stover or wheat straw as the animal will relish for a change. Good thrifty calves of the beef type should be given about 12 to 16 pounds of silage and nearly all the clover or cowpea hay that they will eat, with access to bright clean corn stover or a straw stack. Fig. 8. Making silage at the Agricultural College with which to winter the beef herds. FEED AND CARE DURING THE SECOND WINTER. The winter care of cattle becomes simpler as the animals grow older and as their capacity to utilize coarse material of low pala- tability increases. Then the rate of growth in the second winter is not so rapid as in the first in proportion to the size of the animal, or in proportion to the ability of the animal to eat. Moreover, it is perhaps not so vital to the general outcome that the upper limit of the capacity to grow be reached in this second winter as it was in the first. Nevertheless, well bred yearlings will respond profit- ably to a system of feeding that is liberal enough to maintain good gains, and yet these gains will not seriously interfere with their capacity to gain at pasture the following summer. If these animals are to be grazed as two-year olds, they will respond best, taking the whole season into consideration, to one system of handling and feeding, whereas if they are to be put on 154 Missouri Agricultural Report. feed at the approach of grass and fattened as two year olds, they are best handled in another way. One of the commonest mistakes is to allow what the farmer calls the “grass shrink’? to occur. This means that the cattle have been allowed to remain on pasture until the grass is so short, or on account of fall rains the late growth is so immature and washy, that the animals shrink decidedly in weight. It is a uni- versally good practice to supplement the pastures with some sort of feed the moment they become so short as to fail to maintain at least the weight of the animal. It is better to adopt the policy of feeding the animals the moment the pasture ceases to produce good gains. Another common mistake is the turning of cattle to pasture too early in the spring when the grass is yet soft and washy and con- tains really very little nourishment. It is bad both for the stock and for the pasture. As before intimated, the method of wintering should be varied in accordance with what is to be done with the animals the follow- ing summer. If to be Grazed the Following Summer—lIf the steers are to be grazed the following summer, it has already been pointed out that there is a very definite limit to the amount of fat it is profitable to put on these animals in winter, Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 155 In this case the feeds to be used should be essentially the same as recommended for calves, with the difference that more field- cured corn stover and straw, particularly oat straw, may be used to advantage. But under no circumstances should cattle of this sort be wintered on corn and corn fodder, or corn and millet, or corn and timothy, or corn and sorghum, or corn and prairie hay. A legume hay is absolutely essential to the most profitable results. This is very clearly shown by a large number of experiments which have been conducted at the Missouri Experiment Station, of which the following will serve as a fair type: THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT ROUGHAGES IN WINTERING YEARLING CATTLE. Total gain per lot. Slbsesnelledicormtimothy hay. assess oot; ee oe PROGAIS Ao. acects ctele in costed eects 318 Ibs. Gilbsssheliedicorn:cloverNayseis...6 cae one otek aes baek Mota eae ona Sha se eee 641 lbs. Gibssshelledicorn-mullet hays sacs ccledes pala dec see cmoeas ROCA tks aes opp einsGishe soe 119 Ibs. Gupseshelled con Sorehimilayn «= cits acca ticles sts oe coger oe PMOUAUA eteragaciistecoterereny otsysset che 166 Ibs. 6 lbs. shelled corn; one-half corn stover, one-half clover hay. Total.:............. Doe BER Tage With steers of this sort, from four to six pounds of shelled corn per day is as much as can profitably be fed under the circum- stances, and this may be omitted entirely if corn silage made in the proper manner be used instead of corn stover. In that case about 15 to 25 pounds of silage and from one-half to two-thirds of all the legume hay they will eat and access to corn stover or straw will supply conditions most favorable for cheap and liberal gains. If Cattle are to be Fed the Following Summer—In this case it is usually good policy to increase the grain the middle of February or first of March, and have the animals in good strong thrifty con- dition by the time grass comes. The presence of fat stored in winter will not be deleterious to the gains made in summer on full feed, and will materially shorten the summer feed required. No change in the kind of feed to be used would be recommended. Ordi- narily it is not advisable to undertake this heavier feeding earlier than the latter part of February or the first of March, because it is seldom profitable to attempt to make heavy gains during the un- settled weather of late winter. By the middle or latter part of March, however, or about the time the cattle will be normally well started on half feed, weather conditions are very favorable for cheap and rapid gains. When grass comes the animals may be con- tinued on half feed through May and June, or may be even reduced somewhat below half feed. Or, the grain ration may be gradually increased until they are on full feed, depending entirely upon the state of the market, upon whether it is important to get them fin- 156 Missouri Agricultural Report. ished early or not, and upon the kind of grass. If the weather is disposed to be somewhat dry and the earlier growth of grass is very nutritious and palatable, they will make excellent gains and go on fattening on a limited supply of grain. If, on the other hand, the season be rainy and warm and the.grass rank and washy, the tendency of the cattle will be to grow and not to fatten, unless they are crowded on full feed, and even then it is oftentimes difficult to more than make a big growth during these two months. . If the Cattle are to be Sold as Feeders—In case the cattle are to be sold as feeders, it is quite important that they be warmed out, as described in case they are to be fed. This warming process has two very important advantages. First, it enhances very materially the appearance or attractive- ness of the cattle so that they will sell more readily and at a better price than when thin and carrying a starry coat. Second, by this process the alimentary tract is filled and the weight of the animal is increased out of proportion to the cost of the same. For example, in putting a steer on full feed there is an increase in weight of from 20 to 60 pounds, depending upon the size of the animal, that is mainly “fill,” but which brings as much per pound as any other weight when the cattle are sold alive and is of value, as has already been pointed out, in making him look thicker, flank down better, have a more restful and contented ex- pression, and in short, altogether more thrifty and attractive. This applies to cattle to be sold from grass in the fall as well as to those which are to be offered from the wintering pens in the spring. That is, cattle that are to be sold from pasture in the fall may be very profitably fed for 30 or 40 days, or even 60 days, be- ginning with green corn. The gains secured and the improvement in the appearance of the animal are out of all proportion to the cost, and will be reflected in the price the animals will bring per pound and in the weights when driven over the scales. It would seldom be found profitable to carry cattle through the third winter. That is, they should be sold the spring or fall they are two years old at least. With plenty of grass, two-year olds graze very profitably. Gains Made on Grass in Summer by Yearlings and Two Year Olds Contrasted—Sometime ago the writer asked more than a thou- sand of the most successful cattlemen of Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa what was, in their experience, the average gain of yearling and two year old cattle at grass without grain, and the following is asummary of their answers; Live Stock Breeders’ Association, E57 AVERAGE GAIN PER MONTH FOR THE ENTIRE SEASON ON GRASS ALONE. Year- Two year lings. | olds. 53 Ibs DONS. os 6 shen AaB let ond aie thdie ec a eae Ni Re ren en ie bla pe Sen eg 48 lbs. 52 lbs 5201 45 lbs. WISE ONE © aca Geta aig COME SIN Cena Eas AMIR Rite MESS ORR 1c aaa ge ky 47 lbs. DUES Ubi yrs Bt Re eid tags och ORS EAE Re Rens Oa ARR eee Ea ee Se a a This was figured on the basis of a six months grazing period, or from about the first of May until the end of October. The cheap- ness of these gains will be apparent when it is realized that a lib- eral charge for the pasturage of cattle of this sort is from 75 cents to $1.00 per month. Assuming that 75 cents per month be charged for yearlings, the average cost per pound of gain on the basis of the estimates in the foregoing table, taking 47 pounds per month as the average, would be approximately $1.50 per hundred. Assuming a charge of $1.00 per month for pasturage for two year olds, and an average gain of 52 pounds per month, would make the summer gain cost an average of $1.92 per hundred. When these figures of the cost of gains are contrasted with 6 cents, 7 cents, or 8 cents per pound for gains made in winter, the advantages of making all the gains possible in summer are self- evident. PART II. FATTENING CATTLE FOR THE MARKET. The man who fattens cattle for the market is not usually the man who raises cattle. The fattening of cattle has come to be a profession large enough to engage the entire attention of an import- ant class of farmers. As a rule these feeders have no particular interest in where or how the cattle may have been raised, so long as they have been bred properly and may be bought at a price that will bear the expense of the fattening process. In the fitting of cattle for market, the laying on of fat is the prime consideration, and the doing of this in the shortest possible time, has always been regarded as especially important. In the raising of cattle, as has been pointed out in the earlier part of this article, the production of growth is of chief importance. Growth is, commercially speaking, relatively cheap to make, and sells for a comparatively low price. Fat, on the other hand, is from every point of view the most expensive animal product to make, and has a high commercial value, because of the degree to which it enhances the value of the carcass already produced. It is 158 Missouri Agricultural Report. in consideration of this enhancement of the value of the carcass that the fattening process is commercially possible. This is tanta- mount to saying that the value of an animal is enhanced by the fattening process out of all proportion to the value of the actual pounds of gain made. THE PROFESSIONAL FEEDER AND BABY BEEF. The professional feeder of the corn belt is not yet making baby beef. His preference is very decidedly for cattle in about their two year old form. The reasons for this have already been stated, and are more fully set forth in a discussion of the subject in the last annual report of the State Board of Agriculture, by the writer, entitled “Limitations of Baby Beef Production,” and in Experiment Station Bulletin No. 76, pp. 14-31. But the man who is raising his own feeders on high priced land, with a shortage of pasture, as has already been pointed out, will be practically forced to feed his cattle out as baby beef or sell them as calves. . SEASON OF THE YEAR BEST SUITED TO FATTENING CATTLE. The tendency in late years among our cattle feeders has been very sharply toward the abandonment of winter feeding and the general adoption of summer feeding at pasture. It appears, from the experience of these professional men and from very extensive experiments conducted at the Missouri Experiment Station, that cattle may be fitted for market in less time and at materially less cost in summer than in winter.* The following summary of the Missouri Station experiments will emphasize the importance of the summer season over winter for fattening cattle. COMPARISON OF .RESULTS OF SUMMER AND WINTER FEEDING. Summer. Winter. AINE COVETED yee x PELUMICIUL mies toyare (-oias- elon e tetad= on ieney eons oft = ekalon «| PA CITE 3 yrs. 5 yrs. Number of stegts:in'volvedioce FZ ..5/,-1 2 syste te any be ptebarasser harap tapawee © tel. 88 105 Average number days on experiment per lot................+..+.-- 209.3 107 Wiumbersotlotst. ite Sete cite le lel pe hada ot eee ee pee neha seit 5 Dl 5 aod | Ceveiee PLOGA) STAI COMSUTIEM ercie ate le. c.c eis we eve ayes a See Rereke ecto ashame tees oheleie 355,334 Ibs.| 238,872 Ibs. otal TOULNMESS COMSUIICO says, a=) | a eee eat 3.82 lbs. Averare daily: alia Merisreewepiele claus. +i scels\a nba aflae S¥ereieeseke eeteneysieioeioy 2.37 Ibs. pe se 18) *For a full discussion of this subject, see Missouri Experiment Station Bulletin No. 76, pp. 31-42. Live Stock Breeders’ Assoctation. 159 The quality of the cattle used in the different experiments was essentially the same.. The cattle used in the winter trials were about six months older than those used in the summer tests. In other words, the summer feeding began in the spring, when the cat- tle were just two years old, whereas the winter feeding experi- ment began in the fall, when the cattle were approximately 30 months old. This is to the disadvantage of the winter feeding, be- cause the presumption is that the cattle being six months younger when fed in summer were making gains somewhat cheaper. It will be noted, however, that the average length of the feeding period in the winter trials was only 107 days, whereas in the summer ex- periments it was 210 days, or practically twice as long. This means that the summer-fed cattle were made much fatter, and it is fair to assume that whatever advantage they possessed in point of youth was more than offset by the additional length of the feeding period and the extra amount of fat they were made to carry be- fore the experiment closed. If the comparison is unfair at all, the injustice is done rather to the summer than to the winter-fed cattle. Fig. 10. Comfort and contentment are important factors in maxing rapid and cheap gains. It will be interesting to note that the average daily consump- tion of roughness per head in winter by cattle on full feed was 8.15 pounds. This means that each steer ate per month about 245 pounds of hay. Rating this hay at $5.00 per ton, makes the month- ly consumption 61 cents per head. If the hay be worth $6.00 per ton, the monthly charge for roughness would be 73 cents; at $7.00 per ton, the cost would be 88 cents per steer; with hay rated at 160 Missouri Agricultural Report. $10.00 per ton, the charge for this portion of the steer’s ration would be $1.22 per month. The price per month for pasture of steers on full feed would easily fall somewhere between 61 cents and $1.22. This means that the roughness consumed in winter will practically offset the cost of grass in summer. The problem is, therefore, narrowed down to a direct comparison of the grain required to produce a pound of beef under the two systems and the relative amount of labor and other expenses involved. . It will be observed that 10 pounds of grain made one pound of beef in winter as an average of all steers, or that a bushel of corn (for the bulk of the grain used was shelled corn in both summer and winter) made 5.6 pounds of beef. The average of the summer trials shows that 8.14 pounds of grain produced a pound of gain, or that a bushel of corn represent- ed 6.88 pounds of beef, a difference in favor of summer feeding Old per cent on the cost of grain alone. It will be noted that the steers gained more rapidly in sum- mer than in winter, the average for winter feeding being 2.13 pounds per day, and in summer, 2.37 pounds per day. These summaries, therefore, furnish a general answer to the objections raised by numerous writers to the tendency among our feeders toward the discarding of winter feeding and the adopting of summer feeding. Advantages of Summer Over Winter Feeding—The grounds upon which feeders base their preference for summer feeding are various and cover a wide range. The advantages of summer feed- ing, in the light of all the foregoing data may be summarized as follows: ” First. Gains made in summer will require less grain. Second. Steers will gain more rapidly and get fat quicker. Third. Steers can be made thick and prime on corn and grass in summer with greater certainty, more uniformity, and with the use of less expensive supplementary feeds like cottonseed meal or linseed meal, than is possible in winter on dry feeds alone. Fourth. The hog makes larger gains and returns more profit in summer than in winter, and there is a much lower death rate among them. . Fifth. There is a considerable saving in labor in summer feed- ing over winter feeding, in view of the fact that only the grain has to be hauled, and in view of the further fact that as a rule the steers need to be fed but once a day. The manure is scattered ae 2 Eek Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 161 by the cattle themselves, and the hauling of it out upon the ground is dispensed with. Grass is cheaper than hay, as has already been pointed out, and makes better gains. The handling of the rough- age is likewise disposed of. KIND OF GRAIN TO USE. In the heart of the corn belt, it goes without saying, corn must be the principal and in many cases the only grain used. Under certain. circumstances it will be highly advisable to add to the grain some supplemental feed like linseed meal or cottonseed meal, but under these circumstances only in very limited quantities and mainly for a special purpose. Generally speaking, these supplemental feeds may not be profitably depended upon for making gains, but used principally to improve the attractiveness of the animal and to tide him over the finishing period when gains on corn alone are normally slow and high priced. we | Some Supplement Needed in Winter—Corn is deficient in pro- tein. This deficiency may be supplied in practice in winter feed- ing in one of two ways: By using some such feed as linseed meal, cottonseed meal, gluten feed, or bran, on the one hand, or by using a legume hay for roughage, such as clover, cowpeas or alfalfa, on the other hand. Under the head of “Different Kinds of Roughage’’ it is clearly pointed out that the most profitable way to meet this situation is to provide a legume hay grown on the farm. It is not always, however, feasible to do this, and under such circumstances one of the supplemental concentrates like cottonseed meal or lin- seed meal must be used. In twelve years of careful experimenting at the Missouri Ex- periment Station with a great variety of feeds, with cattle of all ages, from calves to three year olds, and of all grades, from western range cattle to the best bred market-topping natives, we have never found a situation in which we could afford to feed a ration so poor in protein as corn combined with a non-legume roughness, such as timothy hay, millet hay, sorghum hay, prairie hay, corn fodder, or straw. In other words, if we do not have a good legume rough- ness to combine with the corn, some supplemental feed rich in pro- tein has always given a return in increased gains, in a higher fin- ish, in a better bloom, and in a better selling quality that has made its use profitable. In short, in winter feeding this extra protein seems indispensable to satisfactory results. A—Il1 162 Missouri Agricultural Report. Our experience has been uniformly favorable with the use of from two to four pounds of linseed meal or cottonseed meal per day in connection with all of the shelled corn the steers would eat when the roughage was one of these non-legume fodders. As al- ready stated, the cheapest and most profitable gains have uniformly been from the use of corn and some legume hay for roughage, but when the use of one of these hays is out of the question, the use of a supplemental feed in winter is invariably profitable. A Supplement not so Much Needed in Summer Feeding—Sum- mer feeding, with bluegrass and white clover as a roughage, is quite different from winter feeding with such material as timothy hay, prairie hay, millet or sorghum for roughage. The grass is rela- tively rich in protein, and being quite palatable, it is presumed that the animals eat enough of it to supply the protein required over and above that which is furnished by the corn. At any rate, our ten years of experiments in summer feeding with various sorts of supplements have shown a very small profit over and above the feed- ing of corn straight, and in a majority of cases this profit has had to be found in the superior selling quality of the cattle rather than in the extra gains made. These experiments have included all ages of cattle, from yearlings to three year olds, and has involved a study of all the common supplements. These definite results have come out of these experiments: A large and long continued use of a supplement has proven uni- formly unprofitable. That is to say, the making of the ration one- fourth or one-third cottonseed meal or linseed meal throughout the entire feeding period of four to seven months has shown poorer financial returns than the feeding of corn straight. The feeding of so small a proportion of supplement as one- ninth or one-eighth of the entire grain ration throughout the entire feeding period has not been uniformly profitable, but has come nearer paying out in all cases than the large use of supplemental feeds. It does seem, however, that the feeding of a limited quantity, something like two and a half to three pounds per day, of one of these supplements during the last 60 or 70 days has given uniform- ly satisfactory results. This amount used over this length of time seems to be sufficient to put all the bloom and finish on cattle of ordinary grade, over and above that which corn and blue grass will supply, that it is profitable to give them. In summer, therefore, there is a very definite limit to the profitable use of these supplements, while in winter, as has already been pointed out, there is no circumstance, except with an abund- ee OE OO ee ee eee Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 163 ant supply of legume hay, in which these supplements cannot be used in the proportions of from one-fifth to one-eighth with decided advantage. Various Kinds of Supplemental Feeds Contrasted—As between linseed meal, old process, pea size, and standard cottonseed meal, there is in general comparatively little difference. Our experi- ence, however, has shown that young cattle, particularly yearlings, manifest a decided preference for linseed ‘meal, and will show a better return and a better finish from its use. With three year olds, the cottonseed meal is slightly to be preferred, the price per ton being the same. Formerly, when linseed meal was selling at from $5.00 to $6.00 per ton more than cotton- seed meal, the latter was universally to be preferred, except for very young cattle, but with the two classes selling at essentially the same price, the linseed is to be generally recommended. In our experience the hogs have done better following the lin- seed fed cattle than those receiving any other ration, Concerning the various gluten feeds, it may be said that they are so variable in composition and character as to be of doubtful value. We have had one car of this feed, for example, to be quite as palatable and apparently as valuable as either linseed or cotton- seed meal, and the next car quite unpalatable and undesirable. On the whole it has not given the consistent and satisfactory results we had hoped it would, and it needs to be further tested before being generally recommended. In general, the value of bran in fattening cattle is largely over estimated, and is far beneath its cost. Except for the feeding of show cattle or the finishing of a bunch of strictly fancy Christmas cattle, the writer knows of no circumstance under which bran can be profitably used in fitting cattle for market. In general, the same may be said of oats, except on farms far removed from the market and where the expense of transporting the oats to the railway and the hauling of linseed meal back would be prohibitive. Even under these circumstances, a good, bright clover hay, or bright, well cured, alfalfa hay would be cheaper and would serve the same general purpose on the ordinary grade of fattening cattle. This, again, does not apply to the making of show cattle, nor to the finishing of fancy Christmas cattle. THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROUGHAGE, The importance of roughness in fattening cattle has in general been underestimated by the feeder. This is clearly brought out by 164 Missouri Agricultural Report. the answers to a question submitted to a large number of our most successful professional feeders sometime ago. The question put to them was: “What roughness do you prefer during the fattening period, and do you allow the steers to have all of it they will eat?” In the following summary of their answers, the most impressive fact is the great variety of opinions there expressed. Every kind of roughness produced on the farm, from the husks on snapped corn alone to the best quality of clover or alfalfa hay, fed to the full limit of the appetite of the animal, is included. Altogether 416 answers were returned, representing forty-two counties in the State. It is interesting to observe that their preferences were as follows: KIND OF ROUGHNESS PREFERRED BY THE PRACTICAL FEEDER. Number. | Per cent. ED oor ycie oie eke cae ces sayoh-e etees ve aI OTe aes ES re ORE ee een ee 54 12.9 Cloverhayeee . Ab se oc see ct eee Re ee ee ae eee nee 50 12.0 Cloyervand MOP <0. .¢-15;5.42 cee ae Eis eo oe Eee 45 10.8 AUN GUY eHAY re hy. 3 ee se ee Ue ne ek eee 42 10.1 EL ay PANG SLOVER cat Rees acity: oo Oe ERR ee site one a eee 24 5.8 SSLOVER Se srttctec ss cites ite oe nee PN eS sc oR ge Ee 22 5.3 Wlovertand (SOVers Ai cie 5 uate FoR ce da teh mee. BR ns ee 20 4.8 EL aaa (St OVElE crass, = cyte te) ico so aes nee ee aes pean ee 16 3.8 AX Slaw ef anol c ces Soke ce ee eee a tee ee eee 16 3.8 Snapped corn — no woughness:. seep eee ade ies es oe ee Eee 16 3.8 PRIMO LY OLClOVED ste viet ease sete ces ee Sie sco eee eee 12 2.9 Ttilerouphness— snapped: Covowaes-.cee See eek. ane Cee ee ee il 2.6 POUL Sate cise rcec site tate ose te Reve sa mE Ie Si ee ee Oe ee eae 11 2.6 LAY ATIC SEL W's s.cheiee s/o .o 2 cece score eae ake ae oo oe Te 9 2.2 Oatistraws ose: dal Xe os.8 ele k Ee rs ee GS EE eee 2.2 Glover‘and smillets iyo,.ccr a ots tgs eee oe Bee ios sie Ere 9 2.2 Limited Toughness—earleorm~ -. 0. Joe eee eee SEA RE. od. 9 2.2 DOLL NUMAN GMA Vioe oe ohh ot ices ab seeks oe ee eae Ce eee Ze Log Hayrand Oat straw. cs cccn st eos 2. Cee tee oe Eee 6 1.4 IMITIEG eoteiwterise che Cia oo fie bake a oe: he Oe ee ee ste ee eee 6 1.4 PT AATIS AY orcs arse Beoie sess HENS Cau he ee Ae eT Iss EE ee RE Toe 6 1.4 Hay, ‘stover and'millet—all they willieat....c2:...+-1-+-+-sseece se eee cee 6 Me Shear Oats iclover and stover.. 2s s.0-eerss saree Gee eee 3 72 Sheal Oats, Cul and Clover hay... . some ee cen eee 2 -48 Hayjand ‘Sheat Oats: SrAy <2 he nee oo ee os Sige ee eee aes ee ee 2 -48 Mawar Gats). 2 Ack oN tte =). Os caste ta cess POS Scr ee OE ne 2 -48 A IGHGE Of TOURHNESS: ooo oe Acie roe oe Cee ee eee 1 24 otal, Mae Pe 4 OL ee es 2s at a Ae he See | 416 | a One would be forced to conclude, from these results, that in the judgment of the professional feeder the roughness in full feed- ing exerts very little influence upon the result, and is in reality a matter of comparatively little importance. Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 165 FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROUGHNESS. Our experiments during the past twelve years with various kinds of roughage, both for wintering and for fattening cattle show, however, that the kind of roughness does exert a profound influence upon the cost of gain and a large influence upon the fin- ish or quality of the cattle at the end. These results for fatten- ing cattle are none the less striking than are those for cattle that are being merely wintered. The following tables will give in a concise form the essential — results of two. years’ work in which timothy hay, clover hay, and cowpea hay are contrasted. These may be regarded as fairly rep- resentative of all the experiments and as an accurate forecast of what will happen whenever these feeds are offered in comparison one with another: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ROUGHNESS FOR FATTENING STEERS. First trial—1889-1900—119 days—4 two year old steers in each lot—full fed on shelled corn. Corn | Roughness! Total | Av. daily | Pounds | Gain per Kind of feed. eaten, eaten, | gain, gain per (grain perlb.| bushel of bu. Ibs. | Ibs. | Steer, lbs. | of gain. | corn, lbs. Corn and timothy hay......... 166 | 3,813 | 02 | 1.69 | 11.51 | 4.87 Corn and cowpea hay.......... 188 | 3,662 1,257 | 2.64 8.31 | 6.74 Corn, clover hay and corn stover| 185 | f ¥*1, 626 | 937 | 1.94 11.29 4.96 1,889 {| | | Second trial—1900-’01—105 days—4 two year old steers in each lot—full fed on shelled corn. Corn |Roughness| Total | Av. daily | Pounds | Gain per Kind of feed. eaten, eaten, gain, gain per | grain per | bushel of bu. Ibs. lbs. steer, lbs. |Ib. of gain.) corn, Ibs. Cornand timothy hay......... 157.5 2,540 789 1.97 11.19 | 5.00 Corn and clover hay........... 176.2 4,768 1,135 2.84 8.69 6.44 Corn and cowpea hay.......... 175.3 4,783 1,134 2.84 8.65 | 6.47 Corn, clover and corn stover..... 176 *2,475 1,140 2.85 8.30 6.74 t 868 | *Clover hay. tCorn stover. It will be noted from these tables that in the first trial the combination of corn and timothy produced in the one trial 4.87 pounds of gain per bushel of corn, and 5 pounds in the other, or an average of 4.93 pounds for the two trials. When, however, clover or cowpea hay was substituted for timothy, a bushel of corn was capable of producing from 6.44 to 6.74 pounds of gain, or an 166 Missouri Agricultural Report. average of 6.58 pounds—an increase of 1.65 pounds of beef for each bushel of corn fed, due to a difference in the kind of rough- ness fed. With steers selling at 5 cents per pound, this means that the feeder is getting 81/4, cents a bushel more for his corn by com- bining it with some hay like clover or cowpea than if it be com- bined with good timothy. If one-fifth of all the corn produced in Missouri is fed to cat- tle, the increased profits from combining it with clover or cow peas, as compared with timothy, would amount to $2,500,000.00. Not only do the legume hays, such as clover, cowpeas and alfalfa, increase very materially the rate of gain and decrease its cost, but the steers show at the end of the feeding period a higher finish, carry more bloom, and are altogether smoother. By reason of these facts, and the further fact that they are considerably fat- ter, they will sell for from 10 cents to 35 cents per hundred more on the market. Moreover, it is shown elsewhere that the hog does better following cattle that are fed a legume hay than do those fol- lowing a hay like timothy. aD PREPARATION OF FEED. This is one of the very oldest questions in connection with the feeding of animals. The first thought in the mind of the average man who seeks to apply better methods to stock feeding is in reference to the manner in which the food shall be prepared. To the novice it is in this line that there seems to be the greatest opportunity for reform. When the Experiment Stations were established, this was the first problem in nutrition to be attacked. Nevertheless, the practice of the feeder is not essentially different in this regard from what it was a quarter of a century ago. Particularly is this true of the feeder of beef cattle. While it has been found highly profitable to expend considerable energy and money in preparing the foods for the highly specialized dairy cow, the average beef animal seems to have time enough and sufficient energy of not a very expensive sort to do the work of dividing and preparing the feed which it was at first sought to spare him, by cutting, chafing, grinding, soaking, cooking, and so on. We interviewed a large number of experienced cattle feeders of Missouri, Illinois and Iowa on this point, putting to them this question: ‘Do you crush, shell, grind or soak your corn, or do you feed it in the ear whole?” — + et Live Stock Breeders’ Association. > 167 METHOD OF PREPARATION OF GRAIN PREFERRED. Missouri. Iowa. Illinois. All States. No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per Rep’rts.| cent. |Rep’rts.| cent. |Rep’rts.| cent. |Rep’rts.| cent. 1 Husked ear whole.,....... 215 29.5 15 16.6 3 8.3 233 20.3 2 Husked ear broken....... 79 10.8 8 8.8 12 3o.0 99 11.6 oS sonapped' ears :....-...-%- 91 2b, 5 5.5 2 5.5, 98 11.4 ME SHEHECUGTY. o.26 wees 0'e,e1e, 2's 68 9.3 11 12.2 6 16.7 85 9.9 5 Ear first half, shelled later. . 48 6.3 a 18.8 1 2.8 66 Cle 6 Ear winter, shelled summer. 38 Ses 6 6.6 1 2.8 45 Re. 7 Bar or Shelled .s..c.05 1.65 28 3.9 4 4.4 1 2.8 33 3.8 a OTIS H EG ates. ole: cicteus, Halls: syouake 47 6.3 2 2...2 4 Let 53 642 PEG EGUIT ls ae ic) fies 0 6 lee sensu) «2 = 24 o.2 4 BEAL Ie cwtea) oor a} Sek nies eons 28 Sane 10 Ear winter, soak summer... 15 2.0 4 Aids WV mR pale eee 19 2.2 11 Shelled, soaked........... lal GG) 6 GAG Tes Sates eekerss eas 17 1.9 12 har soaked }.. ..jesecesc a: 12 1.6 if a Dan | 2 faye ty) 15 iS 13 Snapped winter, ear sum’er. 10 1.4 2 PFE | eat Merced NS A eee 12 1.4 14 Ear winter, crushed sum’er. 9 1.4 2 DESDE NPS 5 seeteen tana vaieteee 11 ler 15 Crushed or shelled........ 10 Wad 1 ie 2 555 13 1.6 16 Ear aged cattle, crush calves and yearlings..... 12 PAG ravaneice-e tel astcnere rete Ii tevoteta te ail Mette tw 12 1-2 17 Crushed winter, soaked SELPIVICT ctor ts) ha foie a eich Sse Rea hea ae na verse 8. ghee oheies SE Deol a dite Riche yeierelt oe ela iets cet B $25.00 per ton. BLAM gs soso a;0/s e/m (oe 167 boat eleleny CTI Pr DiC mec CM Te SCT tC) eee wee eee ee eee eee ee wee oS SS ee MU ne —rowewy yynog *"osulmoqd ojurs o> sas “1 Avy ores qOUeLT Harel eters es -yo4ng Freee ees -ustue ti teeee see eepang sr225+> -JOpeales one 0 08) ene RuRueg “7 BN SBIVOIN, +++ *spimpuoyxq vss -ereuaqyeny "BOY BqISOD —Sajvjg uvoTIOWIY [eijUag ‘IOpeiqey pur pur[punojMEN *-epruro “+ *-*spinpuoy, ysuug eave yele oie atpials epnuliog —volMlouly ION “ * uOpsury payuy “++ uvedoing—vissny **ueapemMg pure AVMION sees e sees Keay terse sere ss apqreaqry *AUBUIIEX) “* g0UuRL *yrrmued **mUNn slag ee cd 0 iotatelieie iw evele (© **SpUvIS]T Vepvyy pu seiozy —edomay *solmjunog ‘9061-G06I ‘Of ANOC ONIGNA SUVAA—SHIMINAOO AM SALVLS GALINA AHL WOU SASUOH AO SLUOIXA 261 Live Stock Breeders’ Association. T86 ‘998 'F 009‘ZE 280'OF VN HN GZ8 ‘FE OOT ‘681 ‘S "IOGVT] PUL BdIGWIMIOD JO JUSWIAILdIG “GS “A ‘UOMVSIARN pur ddoIEWIUIOD JO sjI0dszy»% 6ST ‘SSIS |200'FE 8) elev ies 66 wll ees © vw 8 Cou M iP a LAL 9F0'SP0 ‘OT 008 Wiles vere p(s) se Cetin ede Let ey “Ys 1qI0 “Tag EEE. LN g ** qd kSy—YspyInL “ynog—ysnug —RoWyV “spur[sy surddyiyg see wwe w wee RIULAO YOUALT “* eTUBIDO YSMME 10yI0 ITV sree ss spisppergsny Ysig —RIUTaO ** OVISW—PISSNYy b) Shaped bie oe uvder SUVS YSMMG—solpuy ise Pw a Pu *orrd uy asoulyy —vISV "os" *eTanzoud A ‘we °° ACNSNIQ severe seenag se youeLy °° 17 99NG ysiug—eurmy “++ =pIquIO[og DOSEN FAO TIE TION oats Agricultural Report. UsSOUr? M eer cee sere 069'9 6s 000‘OT 86 oot ‘s g¢ 00€ ‘8ST €st 022 ‘ST 86 I ena ea ara role 2 Sed TEMA Olay ys —rIura009 ee ee i Ce ee srazscazeieKeiell(e Terence eteqe exegelt etal vies) sliSqsi{|azsleKage).seieedy|(exe.eie) s\ekel'ai| (as ae aoe pe | YODA C see OO a catiocedig “velepereie sic.) <1\8 ** BT OTIZOUO At ee ee ee ee Oe e ) see eee CNV OY OREO NGI. O. 0 CAC COORG CREO CC CII KOM ASO COE Fyn Ae Ig eae ee ey . arn) aiphelet = sieie ake MET ATA Iz e see eeeee sce e eer efo reer eee Feleccceses|seencssess(seoverse 1g OL eee uCeE CL Ce WO) eee eene TO Oe ye Gil | got‘2 676 L66‘L 080'T 02'S OLI‘T FIO‘TT TIP ‘T CSP‘s Lict ; Pagel DOE et ae “sess UStyg—euriny ZI ¢ Sn) snr) nnn Dn (9 el RP Pri-rererall Mere iter a are Bacio e ee atc mes susie a iad Cogn tas De Sidi ee tes vIquiojog 6g ig 90% ¢ Breese ark, aecall a epee ees Gil Mtaesicke ropes vost lf eacchoutsevensl| ete Woxtrareueasyol| Misi : Sak ee Bo RE DRG ink Geer BERG Meee + -Tzeag ee ee ee ee 00¢'Z GS OOF P OZE'T 1g 00g P . ee eee oop ewe. cece +++9+ + puTyueSIV —roleury yynog ee ee en ee eee rene siedeusiieceksle/lisueuarexeleieie exe) (ieleeneieielieas) (y¢s e ZI T ee ee ee ee ewww eee ane siere) eles ROIS Gh sp te teteeeeslseeeeeerlag ¢ veeeeereleseeseeslgg eT cz Se De tees eequadg beet eee elon sense elgg cI Be Si ace ota| Firat cior io) Ok eho rca ico | Rice aca tricka | eeoitacen wsto-eea| letenccrtc Pie sa STS Oat sfegectieos vente ee esses -usTUR Zgs‘¢ LOF GILG 98¢'‘T eg9‘gG 600‘ Lge Lg eee eee eee eee oe eee eee ew eee ee 2 SLRS ss Bien lege sey* S50 8 5 eicl* SRT) ogg ‘Tt SLE ‘T PST ‘IT GLEe‘T LLE‘PT Z9L‘T L9G ‘IZ 6938'S 100‘SZ LLG S OPS the 0 Nese ss nS OS AS CL —— SOT DIE ASO AK 982 ‘4 SIL‘s 186 ‘9T T10‘S Gog ‘TT Ges‘s 8hL'6 6986'S LL8 ‘TT 829'F ge OE oy af Pa hea > ig ad Oorxo eee neee Se ee teres rpWeRT 71+" eTRa09 YOUILT +++ + +spimpuoyy eee eee ewes CC ee ee DITO SEF 8 wee e eee eerie ee eeee seer eee see . oie) sis) ace) si-siia, =) 9.6 ICO yey crc “+++ preuayeny ZI VA #G isa GI (s ZL SI ee ee eee eee eee . see see . shsit pisis\sasis sis see oT TN SOG —soivig uvolleuIy [e1]UID 089'9TZ |699°69 |s0F‘S6 gec'sh \sae'sl ZSL'FE 9h ‘SOT GSE‘Sh \§SE‘06 LEY‘ SP ete he Ope ae kt cp ike Mian ite 2 ““""epeuey 09 0Lg‘S see ee eee 008‘ 0z Ss p98 ‘FT g 168 ‘9T SG OSl'Z GL €9L ‘FI **seinpuoy YSuud tee ee ees ppnuneg —Rolauly YION 6F6'SS9'T 92% ‘61S |99T ‘09 9ZT‘SL |LPE*ZOL OSOUSG GGSeOLO Me ISAT e Geile Ol OLGe lan hOGs OSs liste sient 0st ekamenie “sess ss tmopsury peu eoeeeeeeerisseseeeeri|seseeeeen ee Dae i6LerWlal anes) a! Ooeet foe aie a ei mee lege are PCs Oren) GeO Ce . wee eee . . . i re ta vty sielehejers'sh* KTP EIS), O21 ‘> OPP *|0¢ IT eee “UINnLs[eg 262 —adoing sieyjoq |sequinN | sieyoq |sequinyy|) sieijod OO6T siveyjoq | 1equinN joquny | sivyoq | sequinn *sollqunog TO6I 668T 868T L681 ‘1061-2681 ‘ANOS ONIGNA SUVAA—SHIULINNOO AG SHLVLS CHLINN AHL WOUd daaHS AO SLYOdXa 263 Live Stock Breeders’ Association. ‘1OqeT puv sdIOUIUIOD JO JuoUIJIVdIq "S *Q ‘UOTIVSIARN pure ddIBMIMIOD JO Sz10doy% 000‘S6'T |\S26‘'26% |L1 ‘EEL ZLL‘GZI \gga‘ecs OSauSr lel OSSmelce Do |\OGOROO Ta GP OMPeGi lal sh iGu (ie mee ua a: termes ce ce cleciens oe lene un em aT a1 ON} bode eho vens sev ailies ote Evercore | cietenee scenersnril oie) exekeneetnl aye tG 6S Ce i Ce OC Cs ce ee Ce er ry sree ss Bolyy 19440 TV 990'8 1¢ AQOCINOO NAOT OOO tara 99 060'6 °6 008 ‘OT S01 SIO D STH SOGOU COSCO DOGO OOOO OSs ihayojs — in (hal aicay —vonyy ltwral Report. issourt Agricu M 264 sivyjoq STE ‘So Jaquinn 9061 ZEE ‘ZO ST G09 ‘6 €89ELE'T sie][oqd A G eee eee reese T19‘89 * ye 9F8'‘Z GOT ‘Sst IequinN SO6T GG siv[[od LG0‘€Z% G 608 ‘6 Jaquinn PO6T “|G3 LEV ‘PLT sie[[od IequinN S06T sIvjod 061 ST JaquinN BOSS ODD COGENT ayav eiGy eee SH sehsae Pen snirny sec ene spin pera aan CARS OID Oye “"* "qouel a EOD Oe alive @ Ba, 6/0; © exere e/a, wie ee ern “**- YsIyig—vurmy art) epee ee mec ees nes eunlinndie Tene (s tonets! deaolpion ra ae ey © wie) eifelere. miaiei® sas SORTS OD Oo Se A aya —Pvoleuly YyNOsg ej'sie fale \oleiel ef ylia@aam \wfehe! ») 6\(8)/0\ a SOO fa veedae ¢ tees s-uoang Gateteks use le, meanvac caren notes sss -usrmeg tet eeeee Rang I ON aC so PR + -QoIKayy ee fevalulvl el atshers sieves sisilecle= STOPBATES Pitt e essa esse eee eee eeee es -purgueg "7°" * en SBIVOIN Aina perthcheaseshr streets Fetes esses sprpmmaqeny ee eee er “Ses s°poryT 89800 —S91219 UBILIBUIV [e1}UID NETO ET OIE ona ae ++ -epeuRD Ce **-seinpuoy Yysiig teeter eee: ppnueg —ROMOuly WIION TOO CIC “reese ss- TIOpsUry peyugQ eis) © /sliagm) e's s)\e 01-60 (p)e\pelehtipial arena * IeqypRIqIg tresses s-goupag eee oman 000006) (-l | —oduing ‘soqqyunog ‘906T-Z06T ‘ANNE ONIGNA SUVAA—SAHIULNOOO Ad SHLVLS GALINA AHL WOU AAAHS JO SLYUOdXa 265 Live Stock Breeders’ Association. “1Oge]T pu sdIBUIWIOD Jo JuoUIJIVdeg “S "py ‘UOTIVSIARN pue sd1BMIUIOD Jo sq10deyy 060‘F08 069‘ ZF [12e'289'1 leoe's9e 509‘ F26'T CEE MLOGH OFS 290m Tak GGe Ore OOO ORG gilts Os SCC uence srtcrteainnc sicbsldcethcs cesecnche rons) oohresc-to SST 1ONTg 008 ‘ZT LES LPS‘ LT €Sl'P O¢8 ‘FT SFT 129 ‘ZI S6r 000 ‘ST #8 So eo Pe ee oe ee LOS SAB —eolljy 1z e Seep oa ale aoe oe eee eee roe] muaheysgeenl| Rasvenc mitts, cae See ered atin ae rears rll SaoRO esr aNee | Meccan eer etawegs As oats Save vebelgveeters +++ prura09 youarg grape hewn shercll ort ee eae 218) | Feb eC onal =) temo (een elelspeeskel Meee T 19 PC acta eee BRET FAY GY Clo) Sg oe oe were EIEIO OIC WINN 7 421 (NEAT ET Sag (3) GU ASE —vIuva0 266 Missouri Agricultural Report. FARM MANAGEMENT. (Professor J. W. Sanborn, Gilmanton, N. H.) (Professor Sanborn was for several years Dean of Missouri Agricultural College and Secre- tary State Board of Agriculture, and during that time inaugurated some of the most important lines of investigations that have been carried out in Missouri.) I left my home in the hills of New Hampshire to make a round trip of about 3,000 miles for the purpose of renewing old acquaint- ances, and for one brief hour as the guest of the Board of Agricul- ture, to renew, in a measure, semi-official relations with the farmers of Missouri. It is a great pleasure to me, not only to visit these scenes of past labor, and to meet with old friends, but it is also a pleasure to me to listen to the able speakers who have come here to discuss the larger issues of the hour. I am very much obliged to your Secretary for his kind invitation to come here, for the kind words of introduction he gave me, and for your kind reception. I should not be true to my feelings and, it seems to me to my obli- gations as a former secretary of this Board and Dean of your Col- lege of Agriculture, did I not express my gratification at the great expansion of the field of usefulness occupied by the Board of Agri- culture through the industry and organizing capacity of its Secre- tary and the broad policy of the legislators. A record has been made creditable to him and to the State. I should not do justice to myself and to the occasion did I not express my great pleasure in the work being done by Dean Waters, in whom I take some pride as a former student in my classes. I have been with him over much of the work he is doing, and the work he proposes to do. Dean Waters is looking underneath the surface of things. He is doing some deep thinking, which bye and bye will have concrete expres- sion and add to the future welfare of the agriculture of Missouri and of the nation, and his work as an organizer and investigator will have a marked influence in the development of this Agricul- tural College and the art of agriculture. All great people rest upon intellectual development, and the efforts of your Dean and your Secretary and other public-spirited men to expand your agri- cultural educational interests beginning with the primary schools, passing té the secondary schools, and then to the Agricultural De- partment of the State University, can not be too highly commended as the cornerstone of a co-ordinated system of agricultural educa- tion. I note that you have the work of primary and secondary agri- cultural education, not only in contemplation, but already in motion. Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 267 While you know Missouri as a great agricultural State, yet under the power of the intellectual development that a completed rural educational system will give, an agricultural Missouri undreamed of will evolve. On this fabric a mighty State will rise. Emerson said, “In the order of events intellect is primary and nature sec- ondary.” Intellect is the sovereign force of the universe, its creator and controller. Whether we are a spark of the divine intelligence or a separate creation, we, too, are masters, not only of the matter of our globe, but of the natural forces that are associated with it. Just in ratio, as we acquaint ourselves with and master those forces do we increase our productive powers. Somebody has said: “The course of nature is the art of God;” in other words, nature is endowed with laws. As farming, as no other industry, has to do with the laws of nature, so the farmer, of all men, should be most familiar with these laws. This means that he should master the natural and applied sciences as no other industrialist must. As the farmer is an executive in the handling of labor, of mercantile experience as a buyer and seller, a man of fine physical develop- ment from an out-of-door life occupied, as he is in varied work that applies all the muscles of the body; dealing with both art and with subtle, inter-related laws, he becomes a keen observer, and is a home owner and natural friend of stable society, a moral man and the balance wheel of the State. So it follows that the farmer. to be is the man described by McCaulay as “the man of parts,” and the measure of the world’s progress as never before. The farmers of Missouri must stand for a complete agricul- tural educational system, if they would stand for their highest good and for the highest good of the State. The progress of agri- culture has been the measure of the progress of the State in its arts, literature, culture and wealth. Mind is the measure of the output of land as it is of the arts; hence the State is pre-eminently interested in the intellectual development of its agriculturists. Are these mere pleasing, self-complaisant sentiments, or are corroborat- ing facts to be found? While teaching agriculture over there in a little building, now in the midst of a sea of fine, large buildings, I hunted out the statistical crop returns of every state in the Union and of the nations of Europe, and found that the per cent. of literary of a people was the measure of the productiveness of the soil. Missouri, as I recall, had at that time about 87 per cent. of her people able to read and write to about 94 to 93 per cent. in Illinois and Kansas. The crops stood in this ratio. So it was between other states and 268 . Missouri Agricultural Report. sections of the nation. The same truth followed between the na- tions of Europe. Portugal stood at the bottom of the list in literary and in crops. The untutored Russian peasant on the far-famed black soils of his country, stood about next, while at the top was the canny Scotchman living on about the hardest soil of them all. I am making the point that the measure of the production of an agricultural people is never the fertility of the soil, but the fer- tility of the intellect of those who till that soil. We should not live as guests of nature. Nature never meant that man should lean on her, and repels it by dwarfing him as an intellectual force and in the measure of his living. I have yet to learn of a people living on a very fertile soil who have not in the end suffered by that very fertility. This was one of the reasons, my friends, which encour- aged me once ezgain to take up life on the rugged hills and reluctant soils of New Hampshire against the protests of my friends. I make intelligence, then, as of primary importance in “The Management of a Farm.” The second element of importance in the management of a farm to which I invite attention is the permanency of the family onthe farm. No agriculture will be at its best, and no state at its greatest whose farm families do not root back for a generation or generations, in the soil held, that does not bud in present occu- pancy and in expectation to flower in generations to come. Some- thing of the life of the fathers is in the homes and improvements of the farm, and the spirit of their encouragement is at the home portals and hovers around the family fireside. No other occupa- tion gives any security for family permanency and the certainty of social equality, of physical, moral, and intellectual vigor and of material independence. Anchor the family to the soil, and in this immortality in the family line find the encouragement for perma- nent improvements. Every drain, all increment of fertility and of crop yields, better buildings, landscape improvements bordering around them, the creation of a home of refinement, are but the best forms of heritage. Such a farm still compels action, while in- herited money is an opiate to the energies. The camp or tent farmer, who values the farm for only what he can extort for use in the pleasure of a retired life in town is not a constructive but a destructive farmer, a despoiler of land and buildings. He is an enemy to the higher interests of society and of his family. The tenant system now coming into vogue is the menace of western agriculture. The tenant is not the stuff out of which evolves a great agriculture, and a great state as incentive is want- Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 269 ing. In my own farm has been absorbed much of the lives of my ancestors back to the woods from which one of them wrung it. It is to memory dear. Sentiment holds me to it, and out of it I am determined to evolve a farm in scope and character acequate to maintain a sturdy and cultivated race of men and women. I know of no way to serve the family and the state better. Thirdly. Our farm management should align itself up to the very hair with all those modern forces and their results that char- acterize the twentieth century. What especially marks the industrial life of this century? Two things—its depth and breadth. Science and art in other in- dustries exhaust themselves in the effort to secure all the possibili- ties that lie in each unit handled, and to handle all the units possi- ble. Witness the great economies introduced into the manufactur- ing enterprises, and the saving of that which but yesterday was waste. The profit per unit turned out is today less than ever before in history, yet great profits and a high or costly plane of living is secured through the vast volume of units turned out. Scanning the decades, we find that the arts resting on the free use of mechan- ~ ism are selling their products at constantly decreasing costs, amounting, in many cases, to but a mere fraction of old-time hand craft rates. On our part as farmers, in an age of great captains . of industry, we follow the bugle notes of small farming, and are ever selling crops at advancing rates. We buy for less, sell at higher rates, and complain that farming does not pay. Our boys seek the town, both in the east and the west, for broader oppor- tunities. These boys will not and should not remain on the farm until it can be made to yield the cultivated living secured by the better class of industrialists of our day, and find in the farm op- portunities for mental activity and recognition common to those industries requiring intelligence and capital. When thirteen, nearly fourteen, years ago, my father’s hands began to drop by his side, I had to decide whether I should still be led by the boy’s dream and take up the thread of life again on a granite hill farm of a back railroadless town, 414 miles from a railroad and fifteen miles from any market. In eighteen years of absence the farm had gone badly to bushes and woods, and its buildings to decay. No field would cut a ton of hay, many would not cut more than one-fourth to one-tenth ton to the acre. None of the land was under the plow. Farms around it were selling at $10.00 per acre, a mere fraction of the cost of improvements on them. A meager living for hard work was had out of them, The 270 Missouri Agricultural Report. average farm was not giving over from $500.00 to $700.00 income out of which all expenses of labor, grain, teams, taxes, repairs and living must come. This was the history of back farms in New England, where mine was located, and was the history for large areas, but not always true of locations near cities. I dropped a good salary as a College President and staked the family fortunes, where others had lost, on the belief that first, by combining intelligently science with art; secondly, the sacrificing of the present to the future, both in the interest of the latter days of life and the future life of the family; and thirdly, a deeper and broader farming, or in intensive and extensive farming, would justify the change. Your secretary asked me to tell the story of the farm. As some good can come out of it to you, I will do so with little reserve. I have already generalized on one and two, and in a measure on three. The trouble with our New Hampshire farming was that it lacked volume enough to secure the living of the hour, and was hopeless without more output. I do not plead for large farms, but the large use of farms. Volume must be had by either depth or breadth; the former should precede the latter, and the latter ex- pand to the full size of the man and no further. The New England farmer will not average to hold more than thirty or forty acres of field land out of a farm of one hundred to one hundred and fifty acres. His is narrow farming, without depth or intensity. Your farming is broad in acres of tillage, but of small volume, through lack of intensity. It-is broad on soil spolia- tion, of natural fertility, which you too unthinkingly cream. Returning to the new agriculture, based upon the union of the extensive with the intensive, what might a New England farmer hope for? Let us suppose, by the clearing of the better parts of his rocky pastures and woods, his forty acres of tillage is extended to eighty acres, and that these are intensively handled to the last acre, that the farmer, in the language of Carlyle, gives ‘“‘the utmost that is in thee,” and to the end that the economic utmost in each acre is secured. What, then, can be realized? I use a rotation of eight years in which every tillable acre is manured every year, and all the acres together are on the up- grade each year, On the second round of a farm in fair condition at the start (my farm was exhausted, economically speaking), the crops should be as follows: Live Stock Breeders’ Association. pf Dollars, Tons, Eight acres of corn for silage, treated with 10 tons manure and 600 lbs. Ghemicalswinyvare Gey C Ul VAleMM Gierer afere reo eV ene, 1s eresere, sctoneie-c alenera a tyete o'ei||e 0,0 6.le cielo em « 40 Eight acres oats and Canada peas, treated with 600 lbs. chemical fertilizers PE ae CLE rete be eter het re seis se cioh sy okay loath otic hctta® «i(ogwrs'ie, exeziece -avckal alexa @jeneietel evevel oy |'eyeiayeceyaveyaidvere s 24 Hight acres in clover, treated with 500 lbs. mineral chemicals.............).......-006- 32 Hight acres potatoes, treated with 8 tons chemical fertilizers, 2,000 bushels GU PCC US: een fel a ckatone ve.arecicre: aictenareh steve, olevexs: sisters oud: oie ele aus: jasalepevciec ees s $1,200 00 Eight acres Hungarian and some grain crop treated with 10 tons yard MGT ess. tan S6c.dp oper Hp OOC OCDE OI OOt © GUE GMD DC OCDODO ULE OC OO OOlObaoac oD oe Sn 24 Eight acres timothy treated with 500 lbs. chemical fertilizers, 24 tons at $18. 432 00 Hight acres timothy treated with 500 lbs. chemical fertilizers, 24 tons at $18. 432 00 Eight acres pasture, treated with 500 lbs. chemical fertilizers......:......)....-..-- Paes | Enchant ete anes BS COU aN areas vee enc raicelsves ok tral ayek ous (el Siete oats Grohe vchavore.e-0) qe. ‘suepaiouet Sieve: Shogsus $2,064 00 120 One hundred and twenty tons hay, 15 per cent. shrinkage in fhe mow and work stock supply out will keep 45 cows. These, in my back town, 85 miles from Boston, will give $100 per cow for milk for Boston market, by good feeding, or $4,500, or a total cash income of $6,564, aside from house, orchard and garden income. Petite low pressure farming with hopeless income gives way at once to one of possibilities. Forty dollars per arable acre should pay all costs. The new farming is one of greater intellectual motion and elevates the social status of the farmer. It involves capital and employed labor which has a similar influence. The greater play of intellect and larger volume of returns, with less of personal muscular work, and a business more executive in character, is more attractive to youthful ambition than one limited by the dull routine of one man-power farming. The average quarter section of land not the farms of those present having a wider outlook than absent farmers, but of the average Missouri farmer, whose crops are reported at 26 bushels of corn, 12 to 13 bushels of wheat, and 25 to 26 bushels of oats, will not give an income of $1,000 total, out of which comes a long list of running expenses, aside from the family bills. This leaves little, very little, for the bank. What are your possibilities? I used a six year’s rotation when handling your college farm. What ought a farm to do in such a rotation? PACLESICOMMIE UIA) Mae STA PLENUOTs eteretcls) oxo ei euareia. cas io resents ters ieteicier $0.00 $2.00/— $2.00 $2.17 $2.00 GOW DEAS TMLIIC 2 e567 fereae oie ciohohelel atte logs. eyes a= 2.06 2.50|— -44 4.55 2.50 Cowpeas, lime, phosphorus............ 3.74 3.90|— .16 5.74 3.90 Cowpeas, lime, phosphorus, potassium. . . 2.66 5.15\— 2.69 6.05 5.15 BASIS FOR CALOULATIONS. Oorn, 35 cents per bushel. Oowpeas, $2.00 per acre. Lime—2,000 pounds applied. Oost $4.00 every eighth year—50 cents per year. Phosphorus—200 pounds bone applied 1905, 100 pounds 1906-7. Cost $1.40 per 100 pounds. Potassium—100 pounds. per 100 pounds. EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT. Potassium chloride applied 1905, 50 pounds 1906-7. Oost $2.50 Yield in bushels per acre. Soil treatment. ——————_ 1906. 1907. Plo tal Mn COW DEAS agers ai cge ecsnc tec. oe sbceodne, Sie SUS Geet ek se ae Re hue ee 9.3 13.2 Plotv2; wCowpeasy Mme. his ck, Sock oh ots Re cei ok ae ioe ene ene LOET 16.7 Plotese. SNOUSOUGiReatINEMt 12 Seik e cic ee eee oe eR a Cen eeeis 2.6 ial Ledkoipt we (Con poecish MWeaemmolavaaonisinog coca aguboveuaaaastecosacodce L725 22.2 Plot 5. Cowpeas, lime, phosphorus, potassium.................... 18.9 23.0 } INCREASE DUE TO SOIL TREATMENTS. Bushels per acre. Soil treatment. ‘ 1906. 1907. Plotul® .GowDeasivt.2- << cat. w.t vee County g aE cP & as == © So lsh @ go ess = (>) ~ o, r @ ~ ©, : “td oe < eS zo Brg Eo Eg See - 8 5S - & Bane et ech Sn he are de Ne Gx. 65,106 2,066 20 41,320 MTU HIAATEN Go 0) oiforia) ts Satie ecaiseer'e ions 3 1,548 16 | 24,768 || 5,973 30 179,190 SLPS: ON BRS te eae ge 11,665 | 17 | 198,305 | 5,863 | 27 158,301 Ramtelab ae eos 2). Rat a ees 3,377 | 18 | 60,786 2,636 | 25 65,900 Fl. 2 Be Oo eee eee 1357264 17 -| 233,342 | 2,394 | 20 47,880 ery Soest te Stages 2,292 | 9 | 20, 628 | 790 | 18 14,220 Ripley..... yee be ascit oat ya Bee) tet") 61, 224 3,619 | 25 90,475 Si) CLE Ee 70,550 (0 17 1,204,501 | SHOTSaEZS 226,184 So, GSS eee 8,132 | 11 89,452 | 8,725 | 14 122,150 BHEMGENEVICVE. o..,5 fac Hous 3% + 31,768 | 13.4 412,984 | 1,268 | 20 25,360 SIPREITANGOIS << 6.0/0 a.. 2 oes oie oe 15,024 } 13. | 195,312 || 1,528'| 20 30,560 SMIGGUIS SS. chery yates 49,706 | 12 596,472 | 2,478 | 20 49 , 560 SCO Ea sae Ate as Sr 54,153 | 16 866, 448 } 6; 8237 518 122,814 SIG MUN ORG Co cigs cood ace memo 3,096 | 18 |} 55,728 \ 5,488 24 131,712 5.50) D6 ee rr 1,199 | 16 | 19,184 || 10,491 | 26 272,766 BEEN sccic/Sroibie fire ee e.k ts «)- 52,574 9 | 473,166 || 220) 25 5,500 RUAN OMe Ss Sct ord; bed os en 3,060 Re ik 21,420 || $23)| "18 14,814 Sere 437 350 152,950 6,808 N@CTUN ESPs (ops! oss cea ot eA aes 473 . 350 165, 550 7,360 SGT GCOS Sa nae ee Oa nee 2,384 350 834, 400 37,130 PSP PHILE USCS are Miran oF « once ti e..osfn are wileke, é 150 350 52,500 2,332 SRL CM Ure Als terete oe 3,877 350 1,356,950 $50, 367 z POTATOES. 2 Average Total yield, Section. Acres planted. | yield per bu. Total value. } acre, bu. = | | ISU AWVER Sp Ao ae ae Re 13,622 96 PSO és 7 be $850,012 IVETE LON OSES OSes ot eee et 19,708 91 1,793,428 1,291,268 (Eire Se ee re ae Rie) Cet eee 11,904 | 83 988 ,032 701,502 RMEPEDIRUVES bie Since sta ba iicwse otexcie take 15,524 | 70 1,086,680 - 880,210 Southeast So Rigo o> Soe eee Oe 19,654 66 | 1,297,164 1,024,759 ‘State Fob a ee Ce eae * §80;412 81 | 6,473,016 $4,747,751 ‘ SUMMARY OF TOTAL YIELD AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM CROPS PRODUCED BY MISSOURI FARMERS IN THE YEAR 1907. | Acreage. Yield. Total farm value. (CUHE et Aaa GibRe: oh ORCS EEE, eee a ea | 7,086,059 232,541,324 $103,561,401 Wea ee oe A ae een ee a mr. ean eee 2,224,078 28,830,014 24,664,401 OME: 2 ll AERA 2 oie) eR Ree ee eee re aren a 720,412 15,164,714 6,129,561 EMER yell let OLE C correc ea GaSe a Ao ccnos dans aiid © 5 b4 3,288,111 4,200,027 35,318, 402 TRED SIG. CER es pet A ines eee ne ee ae 167,945 194, 227 1,178,988 IMDS. 1. 2S ace ee c Sign nn Ee eee ee ee 18,031 127, 969 128 , 282 PRE Sac pele Dee CIE Ene IER e Sp ee te 16,754 252,948 182,973 Te: CSUR AMER IU Soler 5 Re oe ae a ne a | 2, 1a2 29,848 25,967 PERE Maney MeN, 2G Saran. RN cles he Soe Gee abi o eyel 1,970 39,400 25,610 STEM COL sieves Se, o eh om Fats : CO te ke cera 3,877 1,356,950 50, 367 EIT DODDS eo BAS ECE Oe akc) Eee ea ae bee nie ee | 75,165 21,662,289 2,166, 228 LE UE OOS rewcigg cece MERLIN anc a> EEE oe ee 80,412 6,473,016 | 4,747,751 TIGISEY CCD) Eee eS ata ESRD Rc MRE Se ea 2,657 1,695, 166 186, 468 SHEA MUNNAR o00 he eke ee ae ar ne a 4 ee a 27,520 550, 400 456,832 RIORP UTES VNU eat ade do otek Ae le Cvs aNa a oaks 35, 2 oa! Sjore 27,520 2,339,200 935,680 ABISNGTADEE CO eBeMUN afer title, Scio ie ais) wets cfs « 127Te ese roe 27,800 50,040 400 , 320 TEESE VD TRES TL ea 5 Be ene a 38, 760 147,288 294,576 ath COL mmuet. -Cowpeas, castor Deans; etC:....|\..6 eeu eee PVE} IDUSHEIS* 3). sya.o es coe Buckwheat, bushels....... Banle yen DUSHEIS.tevere ee cecee Broomcorn, pounds....... Cotton (lint), pounds..... Potatoes, bushels......... Tobacco, pounds. ........ Sorghum syrup, gallons... Sorghum seed, bushels... . Kaffir corn, bushels...... Cowpeas, bushels......... Clover seed, bushels..... : Timothy seed, bushels.... | N. E. Sec. | N. W, Sec. 20 counties. 21 counties. 39.5 18.4 26 Cent. Sec. 21 counties. 32.4 13.1 20 S. W. Sec. 23 counties. 23.8 S. E. Sec. 29 | counties, woo AVERAGE FARM PRICE, NOVEMBER 1, 1907. The prices given in this table are governed by local conditions and are the current local prices prevailing in the country. Corn, per bushel. =......- Wheat, per bushel........ Oats, per bushel... . .<'- Plax PLU DUSMOL as cre. ene - Timothy seed, per bu..... Clover seed, per bu....... Cowpea seed, per bu...... Sorghum seed, per bu..... | Kaffir corn, per bu... ...”. UV PDEL Die iers eche rere IBUCKWREAE sentra bres oc ne; Baney-aperDilisn «2.01.30. Potatoes; per bu.w....... Sweet potatoes per bu.... Winter apples, per bu..... Timothy hay, tons........ Clover hay, per ton.......| Alfalfa hay, per ton....... Cowpea hay, per ton...... | Prairie hay, per ton....... Broomcorn brush, perton. Cotton lint, per lb........ Leaf tobacco, per lb...... NWVGOL Er LOZ s ss Oo _ WAnowndre sI a ————— Statistics. 493 LIVE STOCK—AVERAGE FARM PRICE PER, HEAD, DECEMBER 1, 1907. Horses. SMES COLES tae siere dle, ots DYE BEMIUE Sore ierac. oie) sare. ave sie ch Two years and over....... | Mules. PLIST COM Sta cievarcs tiers ols SYGATE ES 55/2, 005.0 sects erect = Two years and over....... Cattle. Siege CHING ageao oer FROMENICAIVESS 2.0 chs, ors cis vs SWearlingsSteels. css es. | Yearling heifers.......... Steers 2 years and over.... Cows 2 years and over.... Sheep. Lambs under 1 year...... All other sheep........... Chickens. AV aaDTICG DEL ND. sites. cals. Turkeys. IAVESDULCE POL ID 32 tn N. E. Sec. $55. 80. 113. 134. 07 -12 N. W. Sec. $56. 81. 120. 74. 104. 06) slit Cent. Sec. $51. 70. 101. 68. 93. 119. 14. 11. 22. Wi. eles 33. Oe -06 sale) S. W. Sec. $49. 73. 97. S. E. Sec. $47. 68. Tie -10 State. $52. 74 105. 66. 92. 127. 12. 10. 20. 16. 29. 3l. oe .06 - 10 LIVE STOCK.—CONDITION AS TO THRIET AND HEALTH, DEC. 1, 1907. N. E. Sec. 95 97 98 94 95 N. W. Sec. 98 97 99 90 95 Cent. Sec. 96 97 oh) 95 96 S. W. Sec. 96 97 98 92 95 S. E. Sec. 95 97 98 86 96 State. 96 97 98 91 95 cultural Report. gric Missouri A 494 7 —— = ee — > ee a *pourjyurien?) *pourqurient? *pouljurienb aqerig “41n09 0} pejiodal pue peuljurrenty “pouluvien? ‘[WATIIv UO pvaq *pouljueient *pourjuvienes *pourjurien? “pourjurien? ‘pourjurien? ‘PIF Useq pey * ‘pourljuriene? “pouljurient “uoT}e1edo paslApy “pauind Ss[VWIUe pasvasiq “pouljurien? “peyee1y, *po.voly *paAoljsoq “JO pasodsip MOTT “+ *srepuely ****srapuRrly **“srepurpy **“srapuRrly *sIopurLy *** “STepurly “'**SsTepurly "** *SlapurRly ** *siapurts pesoddng vgn eh --srapuRtD “**"Srlapurly “***Ssrapurly “*7*""114004 poyeie0[ 9. tS) 9)'s) 6) 06 “onseid ouIMS “****sropurts oTU01yO “UOTJLISIJUL OTJIsvIeg “UOT{RISIJUL OIPISVIvg teres ees eee egiapuepg ‘asvasiq “***Surples vq T “***Surpjes Aeq T Fees e ees egogr077 “**"Surpres Aq T “* SUIpP[as JOVlq T Fe ree ees sgmur J sae *daeys ¢ pvap ST ‘911189 GP “**SuIples AVIS T “***Surples £aq T Pole bit - + QIRUI T Fetes ss sgogzon7 “***Surples £oq T “**Sulples AVI3 T “ayn T ‘asioy T *aslOy T ** QUIMG ‘SUuIp[Os AVIS T Cyd Cie tein One dsaeys prep 02 ‘daays gy Fe ese ses eggroy T “yo04s JO Pury ee veney ZL Z “7 999 tg € "1 S"100 ‘490 "490 ‘0 "490 ‘po ‘po "GL “ydag - QT oung "GG AV oy “+997 +97 ET shez 97 eT Av AVN “1d Vv “Idyv “Idy “IdV ‘00d YT 00q ‘09d ‘09d 906T “92 “"96 ‘ayeq ““uleIsSIOWIUWIeyT “Iq ‘UleIslawWIWey “Iq “sss -qIstA TaNqey “"UleysIoMMey “Id *UleqISIOWIWIeY “Id ““UIeISIOWIWIey “Id **1OJIedSU] “I “V “€ eee * uote “sdq[iyd Iq ‘19}49T “epsoy “Iq ‘104497 * “SIAed “Iq ‘104407 AVIUINIS “IC ‘10149 *"T[ed1v yy “Iq ‘10949, sss -aigta WaNqOY AIMOIN “Iq ‘19940, *-ypo AjuNOD 19449T «, © One ke cs. wee WIe1sI[9 J, “* "VISTA INYOYy -*-“onMeg “"* “monty “yyo AyuNOD ‘19449T *pa[Vo MOF ‘sInoTy ‘smoy * ‘sInoT “OT ‘SOT “OW ‘smoTy 49 “OW ‘sInoTyT 4S “OW ‘[TASjuN SRG Coreen +> -oW ‘omreg “OW ‘smoT 49 “OW ‘sInoy 4g “OW “UO INTOIIVD “OW ‘TATOO “OW ‘snoT “4g “oO ‘smoy “4g #5 OD AO ORS G oW ‘smory “39 = OW ‘oorxayy “OW ‘SuTe[d IS9AA HO Bie -*-oW ‘soy 49 “OW ‘sSINqsuUdIIe A “OW ‘SINQSUdIIV AL OW ‘eyeing on On 5. CEOIAON oy “aotoysog cores oun pV dliss oe-en eon i ersace ae 60. @ 6.6 0 @, 0 6 16,8 Iaf£V] usg ion Of) TRO qSIN MA “* "O09 aSviedoop suIvIIA. tes 2 areata rea "U2MO “H “f ‘Surpooy “MA “¢ chee seo VIVUIBNIW YP [vag ‘+++ aqduiovay “9 “@ “tf “sss -aaduioveTy “9 “Eg “pf SY ope oe --q1aquayy SOT **qniQ [eloreuuI09 BP tate onee “AOAJUTA\ “UAL apne DUN “Wa Linares “JOIN “IN “uvUTOS your *IJUMO WO6h be OA. Ow ‘906T ‘8T ‘(ONC UVAA AHL YON ‘NVIUVNINALAA ALVLS ‘AAMONT A ‘ad ‘Nd JO LNOdAY IVANNY 495 UNATUAN, Report State Vetei ‘[RALIIe UO pvaq *qinoo AjuNOD 0} pay10dey *q1n0d £7un09 04 paqodar puev peuljyueieny *41n09 £4un0) 0} peyiodel pue peuljuvieny *q1n00 AjuNOd 0} paj1odai pue pouljurieny *q1n09 Ajun0) 03 pejiodai pue peulurieny “4So} Ule[[VUl USATS pUue PsUT}JURIeNe *y1n00 4Ayunod 04 pages pue pourjuvient “qyueuIdo[aAVp IOF PIeH *pouljyurien? *y1n09 £jun0d 0} poyiodel pue pouyurieny *41n09 £4Jun0d 04 peyiodal puv paurjurieny “41no0o Ajunod 0} pejiodai pue pourjurien?y “41nod £4un09 04 pey1odai pue pourjuvieny “4894 Ule[[VU USALS pue poulyuRieNy “4.109 £yun09 03 peyiodai pue pounurieny Ce ‘JO pesodsip MOF] t |: terre e sss ssapuRry **“slapurly *-suruosiod poo ***Surluostod poo *“s1apuRls oTUOIYO **slapurls oTU0IYO **slapuRls ITUOIYO *S1OpURLS ITUOIYO “*"siepurls pojoodsng “*"Siopurls dTU01yO tees spurazsaT “sdepurls poyoedsng y ee asvasIp ON beter e reese ptg Aan peyoedsng **siapuryy dIUo0IYO ***slapurls dTU0IYO ***slepurls d1UO0IND “**SlapUur[s IITUOINO tees esses erzreyeg * slepur[s dTUO0IYO paar MEST NALS FeO G23 1 *asvasiq "+ 9s 10Y T ***Qs10T] T "919789 [RIBAS *9[}} 89 [RIBAES codg ***9gs10Y T ***9s10q T * *sasi0y Z 2 OSTOUe | ***9g10Y] T ** -9sI0y T **9sr10y T "SosIOY [VIdAEG *“SesIOY [PIAAVS . . . . . "+++ MOO T ++ *9s10Y T ***9s10q T ***9s10T[ T ee *a[nul Te ** "95104 T * *sosr0y % EOS TOUT *Y904S JO PUNT “97 “TT ew “TL ‘aeW “OT Ie] 9g ey +07 “IBN ‘qed "qed "qed ‘ure ‘uve "gr ‘ure Acct “9 une L061 **9z ‘00 eT ‘20q “0% ‘AON “pT ‘AON "Te “4900 °*@g' 400 -=*6z “490 9061 ‘a7eq “IVIN ; “YISIA UIN}EY "Jas1Vg 0110 **JosIVg 0110 727" TQUMO °°" I9UMO ee neeotea . *pisg ‘Id eumnof "9 “yf see *piskg I@ ‘JauMO Aq “+ '* IQOIJO 9UBUUIN ET ***q90198 UO Puno *pay[@o MOTT Oc Cats O10 Ueten “Oy “4S ATIOH 2F8z “OM ‘UseqeM pur q48E sess on ‘AUD Ue sees OW ‘AUD UTI “***-o7W ‘aouspusdapuy "2 "HM ‘Jse10,q pur pige ‘OM ‘WeH 4110 "OM ‘4S UIST “a 9eeT »» ‘83S Yseqea\ pure yIgE "OM ‘ABMproig ZEst ieeetees son ‘souyong ‘0 “M‘'s}s ‘OuIA pur 1740S "OM ‘'s3s ule, pur pig ‘OM “aav uoqysig eep “**O "MH “4S UIST “A SEs “7 “yy ‘ABMpvoig sos ‘OM “9A YOodsOIg OOLS “* "+ "ST “4S UIST “A OOST "OM “eae purIH FELT "9M ‘Avo “MBBS “AYO ‘suvy ‘seu[OH Z19 *g0MJosog “*"-ueuUuy Jeg “*s[allend so1V ‘sit **saljied [e1aaeg “***"sotqied [elaaeg ““T19uu09,.0 “V “@ “SHOMTY Y Plepid *qdaq SHIOA\ 19IV AL “"UMOIG 2 JIBMAITS ‘alOOT, see eee S[alIeNgd ‘sIj{ “**"T10sIapuRy “a “°C sulepy soles “ydaq SYIOM I0}e Ay OD FMOSTY [BUOTVN e. ***sakeqy ‘aN "te" SIaquiaA qoovr POO aaa Revan IR *JayONquIOH “yA “M veeeeesssezamuyog AruagT see eee *£uedu0g ‘dIg VYsoyNeA\-ooyNVA TY "hteees ss -tosteyT souree sheets) eM OULOTOSIEAT “IIUMO ‘L061 ‘2ZT UAANAOAC OL ‘906T ‘ST UHAANWAOAC UVAA YOM ‘NVIUVNIYVALAA ALVIS ALAdAG ‘AUOOW (0 “U ‘Ud JO LUOdAU TVANNV Agricultural Report. USSOUT? M 496 *q1n0o £yun0d 0} peqiodai puv psusjuvieny *q1no0o £yunood 04 poeqiodai puv peulyueienh “41no0o £4un09 03 peyiodai pur peuljueieny *ynoo £4un09 04 poyiodai pur peuryuriend *yanoo £yun0d 03 poyiodai pur pourueieny ‘[BATIIB a10Joq paxo1jsaq *punojy JOU es1O}{ *41n0o £4un09 04 pajiodai pur peulueiend ec eee sees eceese reeset see eee ese eee *41n00 £4un09 03 pejiodai puev poutjurieny *punoj 4OU sasIOFT eee errr esses eee ee eee eeee Ce *41n09 £4un0d 03 payiodai pue poulueieny *41n00 A£yunoo 03 payiodai pue peurjurieny *41n00 £7un09 01 peiodai pue pautjuerened ‘Jo pasodsip MOFT -PYyIIow9ay *}e 259 **°14004 DIZOIDON ***siopurls dUO0IYNO ****slapur[s ITUOINO ****sr1apurls orm0149O Fereseee ss ssorsunag ****sjopuv[s dTU0IYOD ss *ssrgpurls TUOIYO *slapurls poqyoedsng ‘|+***eureqquexe [e}109 **siopurls peyoedsng *+**-slapurls oTU01yO beeen eee ee eee eRT -oumneyd = [eormeyoey{ “+ *"srapur[s DTMMOIGO ***szapur[s posoddng teeeeeeee + ssognuis jequo1y jo weusfduy “+ 999**punoy SUITION ane artrand “sistjueyde[y “+ **ssi9purls dTUOIYO ohelsyete shevsiseeke siete einding “+ *ssrapuPrls TUONO -asvasiq . **9sI0Y T **9Inw T **gs10Y] T **gsi0y [ **9s10Y T **9inul T +++ +gsI0q T sasi0y [v1aAeg -gsi0y T + Qsi0y T *-asr0y T ** *9s10Y T * *saslOYL arene tei -gs10y T DOE OM Jt *asi0y T Sao moh -asi0y T Hite oro. deg O10 asi0y T **gs10y T **9si10l] T ary POSH 5 “IdV “ez “IeW EZ IR ez IR “Jaoyjo sueUNyT *'USITV “IAL ‘Jaoyjo euvUINy, Och) ‘ AOHON'T “Id “++ €19ATT s,Appousg 88+ 19UMO BSTC OOS ys 10VG) SEEEEEE CTV) Jonripuy ‘our “++ J9Q0qJO dURUIN|;T Avpuny{ “1d IOUIIM “Id "2 **JOUMO | --"quouljiedad elt it arg) Sei teag ARO 60F ‘OO “MW “eAv UOSHICL FOFE ‘OM “AAR 4IOdISAM GCF | {oO “Mf “OAR 4JsalOq ST¢ “OM “eae PION F2SF “9 “st “IS FIGS “M OSET ea GNTi “OAR SOLVPA LZ9G teeeee reese on ‘aso, "9 “y ‘eUeIpUy pur ISTE “OM ‘Joadsorg "M ZIIZ “9 “ME “eae purIn 609 "°°" “M “9S 88H9W EZST “9 “yt “HBO pue 4IZz] ‘O'M ‘purTpooA, Pur 446 "OM “PATA “M 'S €0T “yf ‘[RIJUGD PUv 4STS ‘OM ‘4s TleqdureD FIOT Nae ahs feltee . “OW ‘UMOJARIT Sc Ane iti AYO sesuryy ‘ayjoumpy pue ynuyseyo "Te" YOUMO /O'MAAR URSIYIIW FZ3S | | CA Yar I wi Ae *"aqeL “fAL ee) ole es ier SSO CaT ALOT AOA hee “++ prepog ‘8 ‘a Verse ees: ppry “I Teese e ss TIOTFUTIIGM "095 ahelislishalintate . IasOOyURA ay; **) ob Oe. 6 0 oeee. “***UMouUyUy 5 Narexone ** JayaJUTOOUTT “UIA pin) ahaa conn Te Port Onn *uMOuUyUuy oma ease syooig ‘q A1U0FT cece neces ++ *uRUISsOIy “IN Pea ties OND “+ -q,91IR5 ‘our Phacareomor ++ umouyug see eee . “09 Arpune'y Oo SSE eee eee eee 09 yorsng ‘SOUL senses trees ss *Staeq ‘SIAL Hho Spies +++" -y9uSta ‘H “I AOD ASM OOSe esses surepy *y904S JO pul “paT[eo MOF] *204JOIsSOg *IQUMO ‘ponulu0p9—2Z061 ‘LT UAAWNAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘Sl UAANAOAC UVAA HOA ‘NVIUVNIYALAA ALVIS ALNdaO ‘HUOON ‘0 HU Ud JO LUOdAY TVOANNV 497 Tnarian, Report State Veter *yan00 Ajuno) 0] poysodot pure poutjuvient? 4ino0d | £4un0d 0} poyzodai pur poutwursiend | “4anoo Ajuno) 0} poyiodel puev poutjueieny *qUueUI -dojeAep 10f play pur poulyurieny “41n0o AJUNOD 0} poytodat pur pourjuriene “4897 Ul] [eA *UOT]VSTISOA UT JoyyINJ IOJ prey pue pouryurien? “yIn0o Ajunod 0} pajiodat pue pourueien?) *yano0o Ajunod 04 payiodes pur pouyjuriend *qn0o Ajuno> 0} pajyiodar pue poururarne | a pee Slopurpls oruoIyO “* TOT] RIOVUIS [VIAU9") waaee Y}00}] poyeiodo[ pa eae © ROI} 9109 ey at S1opuUr[s ITUOINO “ """SlapuRts ITUOIYO “-“Sjapurps poajyoedsng oo ssTapuRys ommo1yg “*9sOU Ul YJMOIS MON “"'Sstapurps pojoodsng rears SlopuR[s ITUOIYD ay SIOPURLS ITUOIYO aes SIopurls dTMOIYO asi0y T Avocet ww ovoid asioy T Gud O tuba 6 50 asioy T Road Senco as10y T 56.01 Oo fet asioy T +++ 9g70y T wee ete ee oas1oy T ree Mice asioy T "Sos0y Z *sasi0y % se seeees eggioy T iotsieGes OS TOU | AON “Sny sae *6 Sny soot “sny arg “sny SOG 6) ‘sny 2 EOL) sny 0 oT ‘sny Seow Pe eHG, ATOLL, “*-9¢ Aqne “-"@g Aine “*"4g Aqne "OT Aqne ISOC ON IOS WING) POGOe DTTYG) “***T90TyO ouRUINyT “++ Jgoqgo suvuINn ET Joule IG TSO U OOS GyoiANG) ‘Jonv[puy ‘our POT SIO SOME DANO) oes T SUNG) spimcelle(e) @ sie lees wnt ye **SvIOUDIN “Id oe ony “IT OO CIOTAOT TH i) Sesuvy “QAR Qd2UapUddepU] STs “OO M “4S UIP ISOM 8zs Seo St Ss Oeics os ‘ACMproIg pu YIOT “+9 "HE “4S UIGT “a STE "OM “4S UIZT “A SOOT ‘MOAR SNOT 4S 6ZOT “9 “M 4S WIST “AA 6EF "0 St 4S U6 “Hf OTT POD oo) Sze AwWekSE leet sloyey! 2) SMI Gree sO0E “**) “SI “OAR OAOID) GESTS "9 “yl ‘AroATjap [erduey W (wife pe elvei"e(ieiecerer eis ZS “WL sees ss"O* JojJsuvIy, sSmepYy wos 3 xoq EO T 2 Ly CO fay) 10.00) 8 (9 fP te eeeeesesssupuratog ‘our se eeeeeeeees KEMUINYS “VY "+09 [ROO JuRsIG-ARIDH sess 79q98ZIIMYIG SINO'T Fereeee ss yoroUZyeyE WL . . . . . **AVMUINYS “WV ** > oe as1oy T **siopuv[s pojoodsng |******** “asioy T “**"SIapue[s DITUOIYD |°*** - *as10y T “***sropuRls ITUOIYO HOO Of giooe FL ‘**Slepuels poyoedsng |******** ‘“as10y T +°*-"SI9pUvla OMUOIYO, |" * "°° °° “os1Oy T PORNO Sh yoo pst a Locono(gy || at 2 OG as1oy T EP ASTOPUe La) O MUO S)) oe ees "as10T] T ‘JO posodsip MOF “asBvosid "3[9048 JO PUI NQ ne i= 3) nN “oop -Sny LO6T -aqyrq Uplodaelslsie ser oT ANG) ONE UMOIg “Id wirereneuereiiene 7? *"TOUMO ofayeiieye nln ts “>? JQUMO **TQUMO OB DIG UID OOO eyITNG) ONO -***19UMO **IOUMO *pay[vo MOTT """'O “M ‘erepsuoT goet |" "O “Mf ‘uueg pur Yq9T “OM ‘TesquON ETF “AVI svsuvyy ‘OUILJUNOJoT[9q PUP YIOT **O “Mf 4S UOSIPeNW STIS ‘OM OAV VIUISIIA LIST "OM IS 196 “AA 702 “OM “UOJSUIYSL AA STST "OM “4S OOIUON GEST ‘|OSOAV SMOT YS 60ST "7" *"O “Sf eomu0W! TEST "9 “ME “9s ued 609T sess eegy yp ‘OUT OCPZ ee eT ul @) SRSURYT “9Aev ovUepucdapuy STs “OM “4S BODO FELS “QO YJO SOT "OW ‘pleweys | ; teeesssssupuIpooy soup peewee *[EqQo8zJIMYOS sIno'y— pie lene) eho teiey s! ©) Fie sO LEAL ‘09 100q puv Yseg ‘IoWYy EREEEE Ty aie) Aree” ** OS ISebig Tes "" "O09 [VOD JueAsIG-ARIDH Freteeeses s79qa4) “TE 00D *4)0110U MO CH Siemon 09 [eog Juesig-ArID "ts q29T700M "O “H “+ *0O9 oUIsUM Sed IAqoA, sees *T9q98ZJIMYOS SINOT sre *SUSMO °OO*) 2S “WL Se iie 2 )2SgTOMSTA, OL *IJUMO *‘penulju0p— "L061 ‘2T UMANAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘81 UAANAOAC UVAA WON ‘NVIUVNIYVALHA ALVIS ALNdIAG ‘AUMOOW ‘0 ‘UA "Ud AO LHOdAU TVONNV A99 URArian, Report State Vetei “4.09 Ajunod 04 pojiodel puv poulnurieny *yan00 Ayunod 07 poyiodai puv paurjuraent [BALI UO prod *4S9} Ulo[[VUl IOJ pourljuPieney *y.n09 Ajunod Oj pojiodear pure pourjuriend *qano0o Ajyunod 0} pojiodei puv pourjurviendy *yan00 AjyuNOD 0} payiodal pur pouljurieny *y.n09 Ayun0d 04 poyiodai pure poutjurirnyd *41n00 A4unN0) 03 poyiodar pur peurjurieney ‘TBATIIV a10Joq paforjsaqd ‘ *41n09d 4jun09 03 paj1odai pur pourjurieny “ss "STapuURls OTUOIYO) ° “ss SsTQpUYps DTUOAYO Mab ded Perks oer -ounoyd = [eRolUvepoyy ‘**slapurrs pojoodsng *SlopURLS DIUOIND *SIOpULLs DTUOITO “'"SsTapurls OTUOIYO ‘S1OpULLSs ITUOIYO “SlopuUrls ITUOIYO + “STopuely *stsA[eied [vosudivyg “oe srlapurps OTUOIYO *asi10 T “9s10l] T alos OUP | -9s10Y T *> *9s10q T. “**o9si0yq T **9[NUI T . *os10q T “asr0y T *asi0y T *asi10y T *asioy T "PT “990 . “9-400 “2 990 “0g “ydag “0g “3dag | *ydag ydog *ydag “ydag *ydag “ydag \« "ydag + +gaqR5 “T1949 79H, **JOUMO **IOUMO aq “**") “ST UIST SPH TS0Z ‘OM ‘a Vyurg pur YIZI “9 “y ‘eae puvID ggg )O°M ‘ed BJuURS pur YIST “OM 9Av 952440D SE9T SO OG GY Sor a5 IATIO SIT "OM “9Av purIyH FLO ‘lO “SLOAV 9440UIND BEES “OM ‘euRIpUy pur yIs9 “2+ ey exT “ASIOUTA OPS **** +o ‘aouspuedepuy “yyy ‘AVMpROI_ 106 Ve eeeeeeees sorry MOIpUY ** 009 urery APPA YF TOM see * AYINIL "u0D ** 00 UleID APPA WP TOA reese esmepy “gd ** UOS[olIey “O “A Pa ATES | (F919 [ ‘g “UIVYSUIUUTM 08T UNIRN AL “STW see ciohclois (ILO. NG “IN Rae aoe Taran **UOYDITM 2 STMOT ( o cultural Report. grt souri A us 500 *yaun0o AjuUNOdD 0} payiodel pue pourjurieny *ym09 Ajunoo 0} pajiodar pur pourjurieny ‘yan09 AJUNOD 0} payIoday “4.00 AjuNOo) O} pajiodat pue poutjyurrentdy anoo AjuNoy 0} pajiodar pue pourjurieny “4.109 AJUNOD O} pajiodal pue pourjyurieny “4an0o Aquno) 0} payiodai pue poururiend ‘44in0o | AyUNOS OF payiodat pue pourjyursienty | yIn0d AqJuNOD 04 pays1odal puv peurjuerenty *‘Iooyjo suvuIny, Aq pasorjseq “q1no0o Ajunod 0} pajziodar pue pourjuriene | “4an0o AqyuNOd 0} pajiodar pue poulurientyy *posorsoq “4ano0o Ajuno) 0} pejiodal pure pouljueieny “4.1n.09 Aqunod 04 peyiodai pue peurlurient) “yano0o AjyUNO) 0} pajiodal puke peurluesent) ‘Jo pasodstp MOF, *panunuoj— LO6T ‘LT UAANAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘ST UMAWAOAC UVAA UOA ‘NVIUVNIUALAA ALVIS ALAA ‘AUMOON 0" “Ud Sete c teens yreyeg “sss "sropurps dTUOIYO “"*Slapurls dTU0IYO “""Slopurps oTUOIYD ***snuis yequoly) ul yy IMOIDH “""slepuRls dTUOIYO “**slopurls oTuo1yO “*"Slapurps ITUOIYNO “"“siopuRls dTUOIYD “**SlopuRls OTUOIYO | “*“siapurpls dTUOIYD “**"sjapurls dTUOIYO “““sropurls dTUOIYO ***siopuRls dIU0IYO Fess grapuRpD “**Slepurls dTUOIYD **"slapurls ITU0Iy4O “+ sIapuRlLs OTMOIYO ‘ Qs10y T veer es sss ggioy T anoonera ‘ 9s10Y T aD oct. e ar *gsi10y T ate hep **gsi0y T Geepehese osteo asioy T iometedatere ‘ gs10y T Syeeasns Riess ‘ Qs10Y T ‘ago T aastoteteLsless ‘asi0y T Martone asioy T asioy T VDC ne tes asi0y T abe coens Aes asioy T DOING boa asioy T \ Dioreseen tig as1oy T “asvasi(d “04S JO PUTT "AON “OT ‘AON "6 “AON 5 “AON “AON “AON “AON ‘po ‘~pO ‘~po + ez 490 : 190 ‘po -*"1z "490 “9T 490 ‘po Sea OO) "ET “190 L061 a1ed at slice ae) ev see. *JOUMO we ee oe *LloyIVg SKE 1) TOSPMEL AN LS "5" IOUMO Peeeoud ones **** TOMO ss -Tayaqyey “Iq eiehsueleseie “sag “IC ****"Teoyo guevuINn yy si ee) (oe Les) eis) eie IOUMO * suelo e sisi ***"T9UMO DO COTM Gini) vxecer) els ***I9UMO “poy[Vo MOTT “IAB UOJI[PUIT SIZS “OM “4s JOINS Stes "oy yT “OAR ISIIOT 1866 ‘O'M‘pur[poo mM pure yI9E "79" “ST 4S UV OTST sereeeeees som ‘farqis sor “NT “45 ISNDOT SELT “Os ‘eoRId YIIpooy OZ “9 yy OAR PUBIDN LIOT ‘OC’ OAv ULSIYOIW F237 “* "0 "ST '°4S UIST “A 20S “'* oy ‘aouUepuedepuy ‘OM ATG MA 'S pure TGS avene ‘9 Sv SUS) PATIO C00G “9 “ST ‘URSIYOIA TZST “Oy ‘YsOOLL pus 4Ig¢s "OM “9A pueIH LTOT “++ yy ‘OIOWIII[e_ ST6T “£419 “MH “4s UUad ¢F0Z a0TYOISOg a es RTD AGT, “aA AF "**-9SBaeg ‘Gq ‘g tees s ss ygupaey ‘g soe vaks! $e) Te Oo “) eumrerene “JOM oer tee cee “09 Id qsOX YW srs 1790984 “HM Id POOL (ITS. us) =4 7 See S123 Oa: Ba | ORBAN (2) § 0-1 Ty ait sees TMOTU tereeeeeexpnay *g Sree siecle ONL yor "*+sjonuiesg Avy “¢ “+ TayoI@D “HM IG sees*f9uUDT (LD {cose at merece * pleyssvig "KK “M *IQUMO 10 LUOdaY IVINNY 5OL CVULAPLAN, Report State Vet “punoy SUTJON ‘peddiys [[B@ Ueeq prey ‘pauljueiwnd ‘JO pesodsip MOF, Vawu bie. 5) ele wel ake w S9IqRag Cie PC TT cs) wes) OF ee 32 “snV ia, o,0)4 a) © ve SOOT “4d PY Cl awe ie yy tee ere ie Y “OW ‘OIyIR ae 0/ d fav eveenn a “a w Iayiwig "T HE ate solquag |°*~**--efyqeo oz | “-6z oune |-*°--* -Soyong ag [os opp xeyareg [oo se TOR SaE ae Se seqqeog |°--**-opygeo pH | pT oumg | °° ++ Soyony cag [7+ +++ «soy ‘uogsey |----- >= --soyeg “Hr “09D L061 | *SosBostq “OO4S JO puryy nicl a | “poy[Bd MOF, “dOYjOjsog | “IQUMO ‘L061 ‘LT UMANAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘Sl UAAWHOAC UVAA YOU ‘NVIUVNIUALAA ALVIS ALNdAG ‘AGOOYD ‘A ‘“H ‘Ud AO LUOdAY 'IVANNV *qudUI -dojeAep Jeyjing IOJ psuljuesent “yano09 47UN0d) 0} pey10dal pue pouljueieny “OuT]URIeND WOOL eqejs pesvs[ayy ' “qino0o £1UN0d 0} pej1odel pue pourjueieney ‘ouljuRienbd pasee[ey ‘ourjuRIeND pasea[ary “4ano09 AqUNOd 0} poj1odal pur poulurieny “41n09 4jun0d 0} pajiodai pur pouluriend "4.109 AjJuUNO) 0} poajiodal pue pouljurient ‘ouTJURIeND WOI] posvafoxy ‘QuTjUuvIvnND UOI] aIqeqJs pasvalory *yan09 AqUNO) 0} pajiodar puv pouryueieny *41n090 Ajunood 0} paj1odai pur pauljurrieny *4.n0d 41UNOdD 0} pajiodar pur peulueienr “4.09 £}UNOD 0} pajiodar pur poururieny “**SlepuRls pojJoedsng “**"Slopurts dTU0I1NO “7 “Siepurls aynoy “"*""srapurps ou01yO “*"*-Srapurps ou01y9 **siopur[s “**"Slapurls dTUOIYD “"*"“Siapurps dTMO0I1gO “*"-Srlapuels oTu01yO d= om T seace oar asi0y T pono OR cA as10y T “asioy T oe ees 2 o9810y fT Scat Otpyor as asioy T retees ss sggiog T 9z -Qaq : “AON 67 “AON "TZ “AON "1g “AON JOUMO “2999 HISTA TINJOY cbieaa Da VISTA WIN ory TauMO ears VISTA UaNjoYy FRecr ae ie VISTA WINgay "OM “4s uUEd GFE | “OM “eae puviy ZTOT | aes OM “4S OATO SZT "OM COA VIOLA 80Lz | "OM “PAIG “M S P28z “OM “4s JUOIA “A 100% "OM “ear prong 609T SM PATA “M 'S £382 | oie OM “4S AAO S2T 9) Sassen a Soon SO 1S ie OTe “OM “4s QUOI “H 100 . ted OW ‘uUepuedapuy SO Se ASPs ee ON Ole: "OM 9S UIST “H E00T cee eee . “£90 SUSULY | AoUOTR ‘T94IIBD “H “M Id J SacI suoyT £ AV “duniy ura “yz ‘Ss De eC upseayq A0Y *-duniy urea SI'S sTuUug “VW “D tenes APMUINYS “¥ PLO DAS TS ope eee yong op 7° UIMP[C “Wi “oT ee Oe Siete ra See ATAUINYS “W ltural Report. gricu USOUrL M *poutyuriened *pourjuriend *poutjurien? *pouljuriene? *pourjurieny *pourjuriene? *poutyurieny *pourjurieng? *poulquriengd *poulyuRirnd *pourjurient *pourjyuriend “poutjurieng? *poulurirng? *pouljurirny *pourquriene? *pourjuriend *pourjurirny *poutyurien? *pourjurirnd *pourjurirny *poutyurient *pourjurirn® *pouljurien? *pojval} puv poururieny *pojyvoer} pue pourjurieny *poyvel} puv pouljurienh ‘peyvel} pue pouljuriend “peyeol, pur poururieny *pojvel} pur poururieny *poeyeel} pue poulurienty CC ‘JO pasodstp MOTT ‘IAA SVXOT, *IOAQJ SUXOT, *1OAVJ SUXAT, * OAV] SVX], *IOAOJ SVXOT, *IOADJ SVXOT, *JOAVJ SVXOT, *IOAOJ SVXO] reese ees QAO] SUXOT, tresses + QAQ7 SUXOT, tee IOAD] SUXAT, IOAVJ SVXOL IOAVJ SVXIT, IOAOJ] SVXOT, IDA} SVXIT, IOADJ SVXOT, *1OAQ] SUXOL IDAVJ SVX, JOA] SUXAT, IDAOJ SVXOT, IDA SVXOT, "JOA SUXAT, * OAV SUXAT, PS SNS MASP CH L, *SsaIqRog **soIqvog *Ss9Iqvog *“S9Iqvag *soIqRog Son Tats sarqrog teeteee esses sggiqvag V+ esses ++ ggpastp ON mime --gsnasip ON “aSvasIcT coder (BE) BAND), ***MOO T Sas ort Sete oem ag tT "SMOO Z ss ee OR ee et: eee *MOO "MOO yp ANN 0}9} ** MOO “SMOO ba | ed tet GN ed etd +++ MOO T sptepe yee coir doous 6 See dooys OOT ++ +++ -@aays 99T AL dooys g0¢ “dooys T0Z saan ets vics dooys OFZ ‘dooys OOT *daoys 002 Re cee dooys OF *y04s JO PUTT Hao dtdtdd dtd dd HH a) re) = o ® 72) y aD < ad 3 i= Ss) mM oD of OD 6D OD OD OD “Idy “61 “adv “61 ‘idy 703) 400 = YES) WGO) 9061 ET o1Vq “auoydea,L “auoydeaay, Shes auoydaay, Dalene ‘ouoydeay, *9uoydgay, * auoydea[ay auoydaay, ‘guoydeaay, *auoydeay, ‘ouoydeay, auoydeay sees sss Q00ydeay, > quoydeaay, “9uoydea,L eae auoydeay, Sh Oe eh auoydaay, NE ot auoydeaayL auoydea,, “auoydeay, svare( sus (8, bee auoydeay, auoydsaL Aayon'y “1d ‘avesea)}) a. 5-0 auoydeaL ‘auoyde[aL G. Anitn ye Oe Pe auoydotay, * quoydea + 9u0yde[aL she se 2) OTOUCoTAT, **109)9T hae OO 1V9T ‘paywo Moy aaa aie oW ‘sulidsyoo'7_y ‘sulidsyoo'T, ‘SuULIdSyO0',T ‘SuldsyooT ‘Sulidsyoo0'T ‘sulidsyoo0'7y ‘Ssuldsyoo'T ‘SsulIdsyo0'T ‘SULIdSyI0'T ‘sulidsyo0'7T ‘SulIdsyo0'T ‘SULIGSyOOT ‘SULIASYOOT ‘SsuTIdsSyoo'T verses son ‘suldsyI07T Uae ge ‘PULIGSYIOT | ‘sulIdsyoo'T] ‘SULIdSyO0'T ‘SULIdSIOT ea tena oW ‘sudsyooT sae go) a OW ‘sulidsyooT Gar ay oW ‘sulidsyoo'T,T Cee eae oW ‘suridsyoo'7 ne sen OW ‘sulidsxyoo', Peres on WRT “OW ‘U0JUdTT, ‘OW ‘preyordg * ow ‘uojUdTT, > oW ‘U0JUAI TL, ‘OW ‘u0jUeLL eee ‘OW ‘einyo “OW ‘SUIUMOIg "oy ‘Uu0jUaLL “Q0TOsOo dT a00W “SH ASRS epee tore Avig, uyOor mene Sachse Ay “£0, "TV SR A ee hs oc asIA\ “M “HL ees egrey Ty UINO PIVMOFT no af Mav eee tse ad urSoy “a “AA gee ee Sere uosiepuy “our aWemrhare! shexkueuel ony sonog ysnyy praitay aa eRe eis uoy] ‘Xelv ee ees allysyoolg “AA ‘N aed hcg: uOSspIvYyIIY Yuri SRO eS ISS a1OOW HUB Fires ress syogienog “UAL Septet yoTUUT “a “AA Drategubatec ages ks yasneyoV “Wa bara aeeein ® ++ -azo01g ‘str Fiesesesessessgdnoqy cour Sexess tanedeveaularetats qnoqgs “LT stuacts agai ucketarees dnsttv “DT 0qqV “V “L “qTUvIS “our TAI ge Uae, “"UsIIM “D'S Ceu6, © o's) a.0 6 ueW AIO] “ad ‘H eels s UeW ALTOS “A — ‘yaouedg “yy ‘seyO ***-syooIQ souer Feeds eee ese sguoumg ‘stg *I9UMO “L061 ‘LT UMANAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘ST UMANWAOA UVAA WO ‘NVIUVNIUALAA ALVIS ALNdAC ‘NOG TAHS ‘8 “Ud AO LYOdae IVONNV 503 Marian, Report State Veter >= ‘suljuvIeNnb wooly Posvopey | °° "°° SOROS ay oS Gods O08 “8a 20) i see dISTA DIngo yy | = Pe Sone woh yan | so AOURILOG PUR SIMO] ‘suiojdurAs ONG tase pee Sorquog |o > ayqyR0 OO lS CAL AMAYG) [2 Pee ee Aayon'y ae ees OW ‘uO qT[OIIRD F ER rerer: Pa ee ray mel “¢ *pouljyuRIeNn? Pe Oy dlc eal Py S9Iqvog TG 2S Roh dooys OOT . ‘9% “yda9g pis! 6) biipe ene Aayon'yT “1d 5 8 6 ele a ele OW UH uoqTO |" as (a 4s) oR. e0 See eae OARIV ‘ey =i *pouljurrenty) CP ORG Net it ny acc 25 S9IqBog op erie. Wr ceririen ere doaoyg <8 GS “ydag ie viph, €F 0) 8) 0! C Aayon'yT Id Bp thtalw ers bs 10, 0) © OW ‘u0q[ ed Leth eet AOI a ee ea sIMoT “i tr HEV a) Elton GLO | AKO) [DEIR GE OS BA ee I Se SO OLIGO ee Lhe OSS ae oe sqm 4,909 [°° °° * Oy ‘ATLAS AOyT | et sp “- fInqsajTV seule” Sues ee Sellen eve: ef 6) 0. qye be) ere ss vs eS Bee e) wae jis e ele of we wee “4904 preg seeee “o1eUul Aeq T * OHI “qayq FETE OOD laa STILL A,9a9 a ev bp 0). suéne sus “OW ‘uopusyy | A aveve Weewbuay b) 6) © em SuOT purd LO6T | ‘OSROSIP UIOI] Golf PUNO |**‘SIopurps payoodsng | °°" * Jone e HOS LOR ers Gle eA ONIN tresses tects oh eee edie |e moe eae OW ‘Aquozy | UNG Aay WaTIT A : 9061 | ‘JO posodsiIp MOTT ‘aSBOSICL *yOOJS JO PUTT ‘o1ed “pay[eo MOTT “Q0TYOISO “IOUMO s = —— ——— “L061 ‘LT UMANWAOAC OL ‘906T ‘Sl UAANAOAC UVAA WOM NVIUVNIVALHA ALVIS ALOdAC “UALWIS “Hf Ud 40 LUOdAY TVOANNV 55:0 SS ROCRORL ED Pigeon rece aera ++ suo yeurysequy | sasioyy |p coe [ot sTTE “h,o0g Joo oy ‘psoypag | 7 0 uoqurT “A ‘f Deen ete ete ee esse eee eeeeeeeeslens eggrapogs pasoddng [ts6c7t: days t¢ | tr 990 | -=gayonq aq | ow ‘umeg | --yoorquily, £02 ‘ouTjuvIeNb worl pasvapey jo * °°" OOCrisyourdzyea) ||P 22° PE SOSIO ET Ira = Oh eC IAI een 2 Opies) TwaMIERYE [oP FPO ew ee OJ ‘I1ISMA00 | °° °° UOSTIIOW “LU Scien Seka Ra araiats Masaki he “sees sgigonogaqny, [ott ama | gg cady [oc fayowy caq |e ow ‘uosMeTy [ooo SUDPIVAL “CV “paurjyurreny [oot - srapurpy |ittcs astoy t/t @cady foc seeryqumg [oot OW ‘IHEMO9 [0° ° st UOSTIOW VL “u LO6T ee Se — eee ———————— —_— ‘JO posodsIp MOF sastasid *Y90}s JO PUTT oqed *payje@o MOP ‘QOTYOISOg “IIUMO *4n09 : £jun0d 04 poyiodal pur poururiengy |'**** ‘slapurlLs andy |° °° OSIOW T | FZ AON [oC **19}40T | ap a a OW ‘O[TASHIDT °°" ** "TFOuOdT “LW IG *peddip puv pourueiend |** * ‘setqevos posoddng |**-**(29¢) dooyg |° 0g 3deg |-*** °° AoyonT Aq )'** °°" °° (Oy ‘OJAI, | 7) UedsTM “))-S} gricultural Report, 1A wsoul M 504 TRATIIR a10jaq poring whe deme) ele he ae mere ies heels wa eiw! (S) sitenis. Soe as.10Y eee era 30 spre storia sits Aayon'y “qd ha Mer Tn 2 OW ‘yolupoqd oo ee wees {sng paryony *pourjuRsene dius eile ey pues IDA SBVxa], eT Ce eiefct a[}7V9 FS say a L “ydag ee ae te, ow Aayon'y] "C1; vo some ee oe “OW ‘Teuv'y Slpip a 6 6 @ 4) urs « 04.5 solg. ULIOFF Spa eal ce Pears WGA im, Sle Ve Duos 8 sl a) a ap lentes ws tole, ole ee oie [Uala wy vile ye ete puryls AIRY : -Ixeulqns peseesiq |*°*° "°° *‘es10q Tt |°°"Ps “wey io ° + * Silo A,oeg |°-° > °° **°opy ‘praguaiuig |--- °°: * IoployyIng anyiaty SPoUlPUeTENC)N eee ve SaIqVog | So[NUI Z‘sesioy ST |° "ZT “tw |°° °° °° “Aoyony “aq |°°***°** oy; ‘epeaen |° °° °° °° °° salqred persAoe: Se Spey rag on eee rrreererecs[ecseceessoggaay peg [ots sss sassoy T | Et qag |-:° °°“: eyonry ‘ag |-+++++*---opy ‘amtasseg [°° samog “1-8 LO61 ‘JO pasodsip MOTT ‘asvesiqy ‘yoo}s JO pupy ‘o1Rd ‘payRo MOTT “20TYJOISOg “JOUMO “L061 °LT UMANAOAC OL 906T ‘81 UMAWHOUG UVAA UOT ‘NVIUVNIUALAA ALVLS ALNaATa ‘AUN A 'M Ud AO LUOdAU IVANNY { ‘poutjurieng [ort sarqvog |----°*° deoys ost |°**°§ 990 |°*° °° Saxony “aq |-- °° +s oy ‘aSparyny fee SUIAST HOM “quowiqyeery, oo qoopS [ese | asioy T |-*"Te Aine [occ £yeqaioog TDA WO AG er eT AN | (cumin eatin OW ‘Iejsvoury | *- “"""*""SUuOMIULIC ‘gp *pouTquRieny |fe-cee ne) 0 eel sai sie] 6: «28° soIqRog Clea Tok er ak To wi} daays CZI sae Il Aine Oe Ly Aayon'yT “1d ona Bha Si aleve moe ie lll ‘osRo1UD ah ava, 6 ate e eon! « * “spie x 49098 *pallE{ Pelep1O pues pouMuBIeNns | :° °° "°°" *srepuyyDy [°° °° +: PICO, | See elon |e oP Oe SINEGE tab MORYOY Pees Oc OVA COT EAS SLU Tes |e tet ee JOIN “VW HPOUMMIB ATI Cy al sce eee ioae cbesaes SSIQU@OS) | aeseee se dooys FE |" Ee ALIN |" Wey ONAL SELat “acal ||P SSG Of; Jesvouey: |" 7 as "OTeH VT AR | LO6T ‘JO pasodsip MOF “asvasiq ‘yoojs Jo pury | ‘ajeq poled MOTT “a0TYOsog “FOUKO ‘4061 “41 UAANAOAC OL 9061 ‘Sl UMANWAOAG UVAA WOU ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALNAAG ‘CUANIVUA ‘A ‘Ud AO LUOdAU TVANNY ‘pourjurinn? J. ““SlapuRrls oM0IyO Jost eeeee SesIOy Z% |° "OL JOO | UWeMmeUIIeIaA ofugg |-> <--->: 2+ = OW ‘euapey j--*° °° -°* UVBIPE 9] “ig ‘pouljuviend | °* ‘siepueys omu01y9 | °° °° E Senchoon je Wee (ae. Salcyp | Poe Om SIA OOS ieee ae OW ‘U0339039 }- °° *- ‘oo DURLMOY “AW ‘pexoijsep Weed PeEP |= 2- +> 2So--siepueyls |sopmur sp sostoy. etal? "pp wep || sss 5 ee ne “OW ‘UIpuBIy | OD sure a roquin’y “eRY LOGI : ‘JO pascdstp MOF] | “aSvesi( | -yooqs Jo puny 01°q “‘poy[Bo MOTT “a0 WJOISOg “OEM “LO6T ‘LT UPANAOAC OL ‘9C6T ‘Sl UMAWAOUC UVAA YOU ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALQdSC ‘HAOT “€ “U UdG AO LBOaRU TVWANNY TAP LAN, Report State Vetei ‘S1epuUr]Ss WIOAF VOIJ PUNO *pourjursren? *poutjurient) *peurjurien? “pourjurien?d "Jo posodsip MOP BERETS i (c ats O19) Sonia Seyony “a ‘a oss Kavony “ad “88 Kovony “a a oP Aasyony “7a "+ “sriapuets pesoddng |-- °°" **- SsosIoy % eae) Ge) eke ye gs cag siepur[y |°°' °°" * “sas1oy % LI Av tau rwuersne eae satqvog |i apVIRO “© -IRTW Soin sparian eae satqevag [ot epa9R9 8z “Gag LO6T | ESrmotie co EeOnae saiqvog |---°*-- apyaeg II ‘00d 9061 “asvasiqd *yo0js JO PUTS oyred “poy[Vo MOT OW ‘UeUITINe “-uoTjUNe UOJsuUTAN, t [sss esses egerig “By sug set acneaers eee pavuoa'y ISOM ALIVE AspRig “Sf "os" -surydoy *O “N eee SPUOULL “V “AL ‘ooo ysog - ‘IQUMO “L061 ‘LT UAAWAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘81 HHANAOAC UVAA WOM ‘NVIUVNIUALAA ALVIS ALNdAC ‘WIOM “H “H ‘Ud FO LYOday TVONNV ‘dip ainydyns pur aul] pas Ge as ee ay et SseIqRag « 6. © 6 0) esp. *dosys og jes “ydasg ‘abeve) 26. ele Aoyon'yT Id vLeré, ed. e766) (sire OW ‘Q0UdIRID . . We Ye tec aL ee aTeus g “f ‘dip mydins puv ew] pesg | sorqvag’|-*-->* *daous $6 Cane | aes MEDINA CGE [2° 2S SOs OW ‘eueIRID "S255 91@Ug 2p UOSTIOD ‘YSBM I]VUIT[GNS GAISOIIOD peasy j-**** See ese RRO TOMO | aa as ee OOU Sill" 2 Gif Wein score AOHONG: AG) | sees "OW ‘e0ueIrIO sh eS a sued 49099 LO6L "JO posodstp MOTT “asvasiq, ‘yoojs JO puny ard “‘pay[Ro MOP “20TJOISOT “‘1IUMO | - L061 ‘LI UAANAOAG OL ‘S061 ‘ST UMAWAOAC UVAA YO ‘NVIUVNIYVALAA ALVIS ALNdEd ‘AONVOd d YU Ud AO LUOdAU TVONNY “pley WLeVIS W101, poaourey ‘ainjsed WOly poaowloyy “PIT ‘Jo pasodstp MOP “+ 9SRasIpP Y[RIS UIOD anes AA £q pouosiog Ra Aas at erp s1apur[y “OSBISIC, terres arqgeg Rh ooo atqyeo “as10y T *y904S JO PUI 97 “AON "21 400 “--9z ounce L061 ‘oped “UOTE esecGane * STILL AGE “O9) 2 ETO CON Hama ACG E “paT[vo MOFT Se eee ca OW ‘UOJUIIIT AA ele fete ie sve le oyere © a[LASo Loy sonia Gavan. c sInoy 48 ‘Q0TJO SOT ae owey aq uot, Nate ers ate AInqi9j1V¥ “A “£ Settberiea te suryney “VY “H “1061 ‘LI UHAWAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘Sl UMANAOAC UVAA WOU ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALNdAG HLINS AWINVLIS Ud JO LUOdAY TVONNY ltural Report. Agricu USOUr?L M 506 “pred “JO pesodsip MOTT se eesees + TQAN0T SUXOL, “asvasiq Fees eeee es MOD T [9048 JO PUTYT ey BC ts “sny LO6L | sees * -aToude[aL | °° °° OW ‘eAOID 4OTT_ | “aqyed “paywo MOFT “0NJOISOg **JaWIWIOIg “YT IN ‘IOUMO “2061 ‘LI WAAWAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘ST UMANAOAd UVAA WOT ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALNdAG ‘aAIUUAOd ‘SVHO ‘Ud JO LYHOdAY TVONNV *pourjuriend z *pourjuriend “‘poulyurieney *qUOUIJvaI} Psqiioselg ‘JO pasodsip MOF EP IeTOuUO OL “OsUuRI eee ogueyy ‘STJIIUOIG SNOUTUIIAA ‘asvasiq BIS inh oho tae soy OOT ere ee es sgggr0y etees e+ ssag10Ry PO HOO OG ty Os! SOT *yo04s Jo pury ROT SINO)Nia| Siew sss moa Se STSTUMG) | entaNNs ioies OW ‘IaAueq | * solg SMOTIIVIN SM TPATN (S| AG) AUG LD) [OLS TLO ZT) soon eens oy “‘Arlequeqyg je" UBUISOINIG “UAL oe *8Z ARIN PC Ce cc of *IJUMO owen * “OW ‘AUD queiry nie. Ce Lee keee, Se Jassoig T ‘a oad We ABN “ve =e @ Se. Aayon'T ‘Id ao she sie 8 8 OW ‘AYIO queiy [28s oo ara Aotdiys ‘gd “M LO6T | “ayeqd *pay[wo MOF ‘QOYJOIsSOd “IQUMO "2061 ‘LT UAANAOAA OL ‘906T ‘ST UAANAOAG UVAA WOU ‘NVIUVNIYUALYA ALVIS ALNdAC ‘AOUTAOW “H “C£ Ud AO LUOdAY TVONNV Wisle lea ee le je eae ele 0) 0¢ ee © 04 010, sie) .e.0 9) 5 “‘s1opUuvl[s WIOIJ 91} PUNO “qanoo £4uN09 04 pay1odai puv pounuriend *poyealyL ‘JO posodsip MOP, “++ "Suruosiod osv10.4 *Q9SOUSRIP 0} 9[Ge ION eae AyqIqep [e1euey "++ -si9purys oTUOIYO Ph sees sy iegas ove ehens iBT S -VYyIowley einding Gt AY ies were so[sur1ys “-“srapurls pesoddng “+++ -sjapuels omM01yO “++ -9SReasIp [BUT}SoJUT ‘asvasid “* prot 9T ‘919920 vse eee sgggr0r ¢ Fete se es ggr0y T Fe esess scag10 Z te eeee es sorpuT T +++ +9804 T * * So[NU 2 SasIOFT ‘as1oy T <* *SOATBO OT ‘po ‘po “sny .. “FL “anYV Aine 1dV dy oe ain “1dy Leste [> a LO6T “URTIVULIAJOA 97819 Beha Stee sta 4,099 “site 4,008 erie) OD ORO STI £999 iis) wissi'e (o/eks STA £999 Py CeO. Ce cinta STIL £099 oes tee oe STL £999 Prat Yat eat bit ler oY STU £999 “STE 4,009 *yo04s JO puny ‘ord *paypeo MOF ‘LOGI ‘81 UAANAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘21 MAAWAOAG UVAA UOT ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALOda arpa oot Kane) uepiery) peta OW ‘O[TAUOSTLIe si had Maney yore OW ‘onpey miueatin viele hehe. ow ‘reno “°° OW “U090T OW “UOT micounenite) **-9TyoIVy oe ess? Ternoed “Q0JOISOT pany S.10Y]0 PUR TBM “OL OL ‘*-1490Z2UT “dO 22s sana ped. Adena cele wees sss ige “AIIOG 9 ‘SII yourefod “WV ele « eles 6a is 6.08 soysny aay ve) oe (a/b (0.9 adhe § AVMPBYIOFL ec 9d ote ee ee AVMVYIOFT UUA'T bisects ole quezueA YURI *19UMO dG ‘AWIGVUd AOVUOH UG JO LUOdAU TVONNV *JO posodsiIp MOFT “asvasiqy AO On? Use asI0l T *yoo4s JO pursy “+ "Te Kew | UeWeULIEJoA 04099 [°° °° °°" OW ‘ueyduog LO6T ‘oVqd ‘pared MOTT ‘a0NJO SOT "L061 ‘ZT UMAWAOAC OL ‘906T ‘SI UAANWAOAd UVAA WOM ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALNdAC UY ee en Surry sTuUugy “19UMO HANLLAOd AH Ud AO LUOdAA IVOINNV “UNaATIAN, *poqeoly, "qinod AJuNOD 03 paq10dayxy ‘JO posodsip MOFT etemesrecellcneus tals 1901 peg ES AIC Oe IdA0J SUXAT, “+ *sTopuRis ommor1yy ‘asvasid “310048 Jo UIST 2 BiOYE “ydog m (elferiai Sheu ie sheheife 19197 OceOr amon OW Biivicee ivjdog \eje ese seis ewe UMOOIW ‘a aT L061 oe “eT 29d CPt mela ee) Cd Cac Pa) 191}9'T Bese .a ein) 6 a Aqunoo Sotdy a*aus 00) ei) se en! 8 Om usul a1112O erg aon [cette fey eat - ow ‘urpurry | op Suman 2p roquiny “opy 9061 ; ‘aqyrd ‘palfeo MOTT ‘g0qJoIsog “IOUMO ‘LT UMAWAOAC OL ‘9061 ‘Sl UHAWHOAC UV ‘JO pasodsip MOTT AA UOT ‘NVIUVNIYVALAA “asvasIq. tere ess ssgaTeg * *sosr0y & ‘sso § "9048 JO PUNT ake eg ee reci R ere 8 ‘Qaq AGO uee te, sMerehere ¢, STIL 4,099 | aherbliehereite OW ‘Q[[TASUISSIET LO6T | ‘ayrqd ‘po[eo MOP, | “a0IOIsod ALVLS ALNdAG ‘NOSITTIONO ‘Svf Ud AO LUOdAA TVONNV a AIOMO'T Yai “fe Se a TaxpTyeoH ydesor *JOUMO Report State Veter ‘LO6T ‘LT UMANAOAC OL ‘906 ‘Sl UAANAOAC UVAA UOA ‘NVIU VNIUALAA ALVLS ALNdAC ‘ALIHM “AL Ud AO ‘sued yoo4s pouryurient ‘Teale uodn praqd ‘JO pasodsip MOFT by ii) O. CeO gai sarqvag fe) (9. #16) ONG (8. okie O18 <6 S1apurpy s) €] wltens olre srekee 3004 peg Dire’ weet) wwe e eh are seIqrag S ole cs sles © vsotdeieg “asvosid LUOdadt TVONNV ees Gh avare + +daeyg zt “AON [°° + Souzoggy ‘sorg foo oy teumpa foot COs DRO CeO 1G dsl T oe &Z "qdaq Oe ay CI “STII £,999 e708) 6. (6) 476) ee. “OW ‘sIno'TyT "49 © pxv. s,'6 (0 eee em pins) See “usyoo a | Sie iene elms pie (one INI od el “4dag see ewes “STIL £999 sae ‘OTN ‘sulds sutpreds ee ree ees ewes ar1£R9 ‘Ww rai s.r e ene 6). dooyqg . Bird oune wie aye ae * AOYONT Id Ue) a: 6d) ueene ms xe OW ‘RUIpa aia, Wc 0m ey ae 16. d kb) 4) ©. *suod yoo0IS tee ties (z) apie | 'og cae [oo sme Saag [oc co ‘xedy [°° °° +++ ++ preuoey “Apa LO6T *y90}S JO pulyy “oyUd *pay[wa MOF ‘a0qJoysog “IOUMO “LOGI ‘LT UMAWAOAC OL ‘906T ‘SI UAANAOAG UVAA UOI ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALAM ‘NHIUd.O “M “A Ud AO LUOdHY TVONNV A Pages oe SS EDS EASE CS a 279-284 PAP aaa CLUE WeSC lets f LO WES OUT: Cn OL cc, Setar vaste alin. otrvepa evere aie ole ose) dicte: «7s hela sislw nialeiersiovaleislelstotaia:s oipisierm 67 PTET ET Tl) RPA C 11 OO lperasyn ia stay he Yole aie ab sisse oe cckoram sintokeveys shasta wie is reyaialoin\ajo)vieleisie olsiale: aieiolese' ots ierelelnjora oye leyA vate) 426 Agricultural College— NIGEL So Ve Cla ALTO Ppa eee tova ve fat eae eck stetcts Se ot asa elves laters Uatate/cveis tele save oldidle « eyetereke olesareio dvaee tacotabets 69, 459 ERESTO CH steak) fe CONMIGO) aevelasatesaseiels. im « «\s/ahalels tials!» w'elu{a\s\o/s/wais,s 41s t)x. 55% wos ereicsiemtis.c%s eine Sooo aioe eee nace ria eae OAC re me ieee eee eee 9-40 ATGLINE. COMMILEGEs “-TEPOTE OL Geccte once onda saa od caldaaele cleats ene commana ee meee eee 12-14 WiFiCers “ElECted: Ayal aiste ois s sists Pates ots Sietalele seterongooeae cone eine dees EE net Ge REE eee 15 PRESOLUTIONS score cicicinie dioietcietce cs cusiece Naleiotcloie!n a,c 6,010 aididieiscs aow apa onmideomeegete 459-465 1V Tnidex. Corn— f Pages ACTOASS!. ANG CHTCIA oe wake oe hae he RR Ae eee ita eae es ee ets eta ere eee eens 24 BAT KEN OS tases 5 eck lactase cmene eee tines » lata ieslacial este anne acral aaloeeste sale ant ene 362 EVECRIMES? “POWLESMIS 3 rs tyre eee oA leis wa ge teaate ota ca he oi dR ne eT neo Late es or 336 Breeding Vand . Sl6CtiOny 2) Abie Stes oe ck ioe toe lain ra wre ae Sisk eeeele admis Pete nae ae ata es 362 Contests LORMDOYS hove’. /sars ic bias wei & ep'alesele Folelsicls a olgla. el dhsieleinerde-s Reiter a@inle aineie wnie a eta Senate 20, 21 OT CHVDELONY 5) oz d acidaid ids Aad oa aise nle'e ola dis ale ewtela Soca tra nreibln leis Sloleiataheleltar Sieite fe ata feist (o Siete ato eet tetate 362 TD Yes We Shs(c) 6) 0} aaa ge A PO Re ee ae RS Oe Ae Selgin conte che f 365 IDEN OF to Cae ear ter ae Sere ieee fon tee ee ora as icc edpclddecocne uontdn od dnanc 364 BIA ATOW) vteSt: W Rsas sek stale tp aie tle ssw Uh alee le Cheam 5 clereeed Bib orale CLARE a ela late toe catalan 331 EEDIMIMAVLIOM HAECSEN ez Pet iets ste sctclatale cleiel aahelec eotinaretele’e fataatelotelciace's era lecntetat uletestrelerel there: araiate ante avenetaetetaas 330 GUDAIGINE ISCO! 2 Seale tegtyeiscsngraies oud Bad siovele Heald Uvrais esa sai avai piave the bela layed njalela ch tell ehocalatersfe fe eiatetalern pa ents 366 SPO WINE + AIG» -SCTOCUIME A SGA wa! tata stakesate.a0Ghechie arepestn ete ov ors! aalce Peter ale laterletelohelere’t ssa totais atest 359-369 PURCAD TS ES CUTLER oot Lala tolorey volar sieV-Fat Hte]eiete cl che| Yerishels\aye ystetslaraue el ote}eisichetster etek a feretstate Kees ciswe sae recite : 366 AOS ETAT OTS! teas 1 Le savspeter cto etn cere Ste) tee otoehes slats Sieh syorahsretateteteial Sia seus have teesyerete clasts Ohno eieteis a stene Pert) AION 258 CIO: sO OP esi ch sracresertes ole a¥s(asicna es chase) uate wrstaiste lal adh oray oearainta) claves clatetcveras ote lear te iete tates F 32) MUGS S— CO ELT Cy TSE oa verses rete letoiotep tet =tatata vorat Setoforatol fetal olelo\ehc)-letererofat otallaja/= letelela)eials et terstete ete \oformete 372 ETN SGE TN Leys COUT: Be Mayeyavatebel wie ayoLonefejote¥obat oles} sho avesal cfaiciese arate veiayofotaperce sate aYera¥ere(-\a\elata/slotelaleteta'e eterels[ateletat tester 329 EPPA na ter arava arate a cee ho ove Nayalahateye:alersvaercve] alee wp Qua, epsielelermicietrie eis laleres aiale el meister oiitie reins ce eie Ria niente 5 327 | INfivbaal aero Wohia CepgenboNs) yore lavllik GARB ed Ueeadoneacoues ocUnopeouc cacao Dod soduu spac acredocddne 36L | PETIZES, SEAS SHOW. bey Hels dacesask Mec lecsleislare nei ciers are Subaeialctetlactcle sae ete ee cis oe eee Rae 370-372 7 PA MteISCLE CELIO ip tats holes iaiee eeu viel cyayels ele het eet te athe ci ecelomtotaln ra elarastetalsl elo ein celate eeatararatehe eae 327 . SElSCHOM OL) SECON Fe star citeorercreeiiols wderaterurowle s plabertiatarefosionaieharcinie atone le reel totareleratorctekoral nape mC 326 | SHADEMOL KETV] He ei iiareractetorateraveCctuvaretarsl eves terete eh ctsee oisFatera a osete ar sVelev ara epevercieiemsiotele siettiare aleistoimiers isialetateets F 329 | Shows) TepORG MOE we eke wicca telecine ae,c0a AR ote coca cs eaaalpocpieeson false seems acess 869-872 | AV DITTO WO fas CHAVA OTUIMMCTI Ge tespera late efoere ole veleiets aleisseia/oieveteveratale evel tevaletere efoteieteloteraictelsioietciciaiestateimetetebe ate 325 BVVIETE ots (OL Cara hes xo ciceeine aie are ce sitrcse Oro ebony eas vias Siero eA ATEN care ereiNrore eteel sorte Sh cee estleee 329 BOW IOS TL SS CLINE raw Ura teie cy-reve-ofs x cist cere orerele a orssats fe venstotetolelstatayetoaermtortletiolelsierorrtele ail ddlacaghaeeeneaels 229 Corn Growers’ Association— ‘ WATS SES OES a 2 Fa crorslovatercse oie7elaiatate & stereo, sheteralatsierstels'ars/eiacaiaretohe\clcretanelatstopoiora slows neatcte ete lee etal letters ae ets 5 PATTI AN MIME SUIIIES a) FGsiere’s se saceiaiaiers wie enetsicie dite to lererateigteisuieinte cis niston eeclae leh een ciara . 821-372 PLESIGEN tS HANMU Al! HAMALESS hx so wicwwics arian ss 1 elolotiee slowly teereielelere adualele aneole eee eee ee kets 321-324 Improving the corn crop by selection and breeding.............ceecscceccvccecccs 324-341 Mine; IMpPOrLANes: FOG (COM, WLECOUAL Se osciecelalo(ota eioisis lela ase laate teletoloteleteletelaiaeiniersieveielee sie aes 341-343 SOME MEX PSuIIN SNLS MOMs IMISSOLMT NE SOUS) jiein sisi oiclersieleleloiatorele «ai detotoie siete alalaierssietaje aint ietetele leas 343-359 Growine. andl selectine: SCE) COTM sas ckawistainarsiecisiers cele eleine sles enineinttee aes atoa Rctaisereere « 309-369 RepOLt cOls State; wdadctsical sie arb clavate SOND ovale also aiclaa tre Rei wiaiete SR En Ce eae TOR : 492 Orop review for 1907—Continued— Pages. Broom corn, summary of acreage.............-- qgeaAc 50000 saconadocoandoes sdccseaec 491) MaTM ss DEICC ccc cs.cce Saletwiors cols Soncogscaqanas esicistes A poopdodnSadnccsooonsaee> SaDNeodcnac 492 BE OLALOESpa SUMMArY “Of ACTCAZE:...ccececcascuveeces Sopcurcnde natatoletsays ac accoencsoc Seen 45% BLES TICC rc, a cisitiec aie eae = Sasedsan Soeeca0es agacondccr mewinscniaacts jaodsac SOromassGacee 492 rope rotation. . 5<<..-.0s Baeieteiasteisiein eieisinisiarsieiniaieaeltutetarereie peniaaente aisjate wi stdieiele'e AE Sodcbcoss0006 wees 200-273 D ‘Dairy Association meeting ....... SOOO OEEOOOCACOBENE angécecec sictetatalvis'alsivisieistersteiseistet ceccesece Sla-427 Transmission of dairy qualities by the Sire.................. Salts oe seieieiee eric anremets 373-383 Rwercuot the Un S.. Dairy Division in) the? South, ..<2..ccc..csesse0cewe age ace Stee 384-390 ICELGr=thines) TOF the) GAIFVIMNAN oy csicccccececciccesvccesesccecse io oiaiinieraleteieheretateteteta Sroono 390-399 Aeeeood price. for SO0d HMIlK 2 scsi criss cccccs OMe diate na cneice oe ae del enale Joxcouneeiooo nts Bie Gost Of NeZIECE.. <.c...ccccee sacienmeneanio’ BON Cocbepb ec enorcosrtecmococrocnboapaccc 6 ieee lic! PNET Veo ie na clctaisielaie wiaieie sieleiwre BRIOR OOS ErI CHUM AEA DOGrO BBB CON MOOR ACOSO aisieiel siatstaiclate sisters +» 405-409 Pe Stl asta EO ttt TIS TIA CII C forcio1e.n\n.c,o[n0icinioia’e ciel lare oie /e'e.c'«)sidiejeic\e'e sis sleleveterciaisieini «e.. 409-414 Mndr Ove: Call yarIMCENOOS il sists ciscscsis\c clsivc clnic oisiseiecalecleie clsie cic cl» wielvieiw/civle blelsiiwiele sececeee 415-419 Breeding pure stock and how to make it pay............++eee0 sisal toate cle nas (artete 419-425 A CONCECLE HOUSE) ci feccecnccscccsesices Datcleraaaattelersiovelaiiste Anbonnonnosoacoacoobasiceécoas eoeee 421-425 PRESOUTEIONUS Mu aiiclecce Ge ssiseis.a(o's <'sa eteratstaatovercie siviare’Sare teislalera'starafe\aletayalajsiarela(are ROCOSOGOrELCoonacaodée 425-427 Dairying— Me cnlin meri Ww OLE CSS COWS snislesreiielseis = nie cto = nie asinie slele siatsde=icieieieloreitiojsisieis/elaisieven/e stseleisieat= 390-399 ee Cea eT eCOVGmLOr sOMG COW: cise o\sis'0)o =itrmtejnisia clsic.c/enlejsjosicie sic inn eib@ajere'e's eenin'a Salaceiaeer es 39¥ Mmerem NOs pLOted COMES. ELOM we ole isisieriai eioicle als e'ele clelniale cle’ eleletatelaleretelelefoistaiaters(elei 393-395- BNO FE ORDA) Soto Bete totale atclofaelaicieis cloisieicisisietarereloqe<,aVaiais siale oslo Btoinis,sisie(a\eieyele/e/a/e (ele iezo sia(eleioia/ere eistersjajeleteiet 396 Pore Ari —plamt: TOPs DIVKINE — a cicicicieisisieiwls oocwiclelenio\closisininle vie cisisiniviole.e wals(eieiate(aieiste/siclelccalateiete 400 PUAVOVER IMEEHOG! OF 6 ware ole aicieic aie clein'ee o1sicic.e(o.sisnice.e, «|= wie\e\sinieiele oin|s e\e\sieiv/vivio\e's.e e[sie.e\siejeisisle\siare 415 BENS ST Oso iaeers cis eisieiclels aivie'eieieefe SERIO COOL BBA SD DONE TO CHCCHOGEDOLDprngAcEgcoacoan iniata) staretetetere . 415-416 Dairy cows— Average production . ......... siaterateinicrovere tals nists re ajelelae elemreieratscarsieisieieloreiatateslelaialereies SYaaretsratstotate 5 238 Individual feeding . ....... aineieecisis Pee cei) narcttatslcie cleisieisi ioe losienitata aie aise Setetetcinta eisfoteaiseisia= 416 PAT PLOVAN EEE) DTCCE |< ~-ivisreic cic cicie.cie\e c1o\0)sie\a a/e[en'sinivinivivine nlnie's 6 0\sin « s\eicie/eveie'vie.s vile slo Searewertercere che HUCEGINE Of eee caves csiciesince See eile ie wrerein im nieraLniateia! wis/cTalelsiclotate’ e's ayers ore/eidie’ oie eieraiafe slate shalelelela/afelere! oie 191-206 SPOT. TIPLE B adegneedhac co1EdC gd 76 SOBA COC ODN AGUn HOBO COCETIOODOOTIODOO COC IOOOO 191 Mental SSUMIMeT | CONGUELOMS! ca) « cigce cleioisia's.0/cicla = <[ninielelainie'e’e w velninleleisiulns ele vicimiviaie =e 19% GEA SEC CUMIL SOM IAS LUTE aaielele: stele) olaie a/=icthie el=.o'e <(e'mlale olsiais\n'e =/ein.c'nicie eleieivlvieiniclelelein\njeis/o's niminie 192 SOT Dus DAS TUES tcue sisters cles civiciniein sie/elsie/o1o[e1-1dia/ajcje\e sieseln's nie\elais.c,0.'s s\s'eicipis\v'sja v ele slule(s'e eliv's)»in/=inin[s= 193 Winter feeding . OP TERN et Pon neice BACSOE Siaie,6ib1s)vivisveisieie.e eisiecticie's 195 OMMGIP: THROM 2 SasancéaaGharbscaoacncn seatecd and SoQanE IO BUS U odo ne eno docnmpaacmaaseord 197 Amount Of grain and TouUshness tO fC o.oo... ccc ec cern vcacceccdasscsccsises 200 Sule y orem m Ie mte aterer cla tiara ais otsiete) viele ics siaiele sis\eimiale..« <\s\e-cle]e)s\els'e\s.~]s)0,v 0\s/s{vinie,e/aja'a|e wix/elaiajwie/aTe\s)clelaiaiain's[ole 204 CUVETIA EEN Ve LI AIYs ree otsic « aie siete res ereisie!siefers'ajeleie ajn'e s)a\o aje|s ale /s\e'e.0jols/e)s's s(elels e\sie{eiale'®)siele\oielsin(n vie.e{siwislal ore 204-205 Concentrated FECAS! ¢ Few cccccciceccccviscccns malafaiolsie iaiaielalsislaieteisicie sieheisinteeicioieien iterteciatert= 205 Some good rations. ....... Restate cia erate aiayateta(viainis aletnve’ nie stera/cteratalevaiovs i aisfafeietais\ejeleretalalete(ateleirre 206 Divorce, discussion Of . ........c0s0- sSocebbscooaced Tce snboonoosoncosaasodsococdnesmnocenur 447-451 BO PAW oe ole sisinre-s ices vvsives ae sete seis meleieieisterelseleete = aotcccodeeoonacbacts Appcadcanccb0on[c «- 122-125 E Economics in home . .........ceeee0e« miclastelelaiera:cieisielals ieiale a Soa euicesisieinene them siceidcicnpaccwacsals 457-459 Why it should be taught......... slereeiesie Bfatatcta cin ci ieterals aiaielelate efelaieie'e:inutallel«//averelotel« tYeiejaletomsisivtelsfoetulsieisisrsietere 482 RELIC MRP AT GUTS Cel Cl Mmm tet afc evelalere tela eistaveiaicfaloretevelajetetsle\sie(ele’s Mininis = (cic /eleisleisvelais'a)slainVale'sioteisiaferelalsie cys falta 32 OCMC Taee O bn CORT aatstateete reloiiatetnictel eisiels nicteialetsicicieis'elejods/etols piprsininielsisis/aislele’bieteln/e,cleln elelere einivis(ciciahtele 323 (Clayeral’ ial povorere LeroModdndo ccodadecid GaDOO AGO OOOO HOO ODCCODUDOOUOUOUCONCHOEONOOULE Hoda ueaSOUcG 399 EEO OL IMC iE Cyn ee O OC CUI eUILG Ifa erie’ cicteisisis siela/s/elaiatelaia(ciclelnisia's sic\o/e\a\sie/bieisieia(s sisiclarsfeleic.se/ateiets 176 Group of sheep. ......... Anat OCTOSOUCOBOLG MTelonic cie sraretejeicverelerslovernccre’o.s cic el erat afore roletererarsiotamaretereye 178-182 Hog Cholera imOculation . ...ccssecceeceeeecee eens ecg eceeneetecssecseeeeeeeseeeccsees 99 LOS MOMO LET baat CONS ict werselete eine cise ere(e sle/v(0)0/ vie einisin(oln/sle(elWisiale\s\eid\ele/e/eleie sine wla\e sioreielvin vein vinlbleicieraiela 111 Hog Cholera, drawing blood . ....... Rateine sjatatela|sletaisisierc’etafeis'o/ola\elp'e) tiers 0,0 'e.etetarsvelele wisteureat 113-115 VIII f Index. Illustrations—Oontinued— Pages Harvesting corn jon College: farm vs; ais.saie a siren speleviolsieleiaietem cic cig ciaiele Were ssities aisierteaiaa 154 Hogs after 1Cattloz 1 ccctessssens saeclnewe tee nbicace aicasbcleltrdsemeteares ee oc aeaecoet Pee Holstein’ cow, -Missouri” Chief Josephine: seceecconsiceceectes doc cesses css cee cs esl oats 194 Hog-house, Missouri Experiment Station............ diatoidlsin pia visio svae se e's eiovaistere ast eeemeta 218 Hog-cote, Missouri Experiment Station . ...........+- Stott ta etole!dlclolaiois'e vine eleisie aistets wane 222 ETOME? CATINMETIN= | piswreeie wales elereleiae aielaleisreliuistelclatsietate’e o‘ste(ainle'steiblatute efotalata's f.alatcinw vi sicie’s ist heee mom 470, 471 John Eames, prize winner . ..........- Stostcecae SdiswWeree sells ae ois amt oer eelnnatdseeetas 366 Jersey. cow, University “Daziey-cnjcew vise nlee vsieie's os ciescicsin saissintasn cidenicels'secaemeeianerna 192 Jersey cow, Bessie Bates..... ais eloiete fe arel eis; ataeyelete' ere dardivarde oO as e'e oe Seisiner © slew misielolse eine 199 Lamar experimental field . ........... FOnOOO DUS Sins. bv Spot ubielce vieteiore we ereleicleate se tama oe 353 Monroe; ‘City experimental feld. sic c.. aise o'cticc'esisie stele tie wastawleyeaseeiencet neem eta 346-349 MEDD MACHINE) \ ORE eee 397 Wearline .cattie, -Hixperiment: “Stations. 2:6 cwsscises cwculccsee ceneeiits cess ceak seeeneaee 134 Wamproved Give Stock Breeders’ ASSOCIATIONS cic esis cfereeicuules «tele ieee es ereishn= ce asieees eee 131-320 Pra LOr- State ATs. eleislciciecioviatic cisiclc eines sigio.e:clalee’he oldiae dS olclae civte isle Soremsie sreleeala sist ene tie eee 19-22 SOUT YaST DIGS oe veisisvelctete'e vlvtoiste eielo'eie wtetala’e sis cieietale/a/eielarnienaimieraietete mieleieiaverielsie striata ote eemeee 20 OVSs COMM eCONTESE er kecepincine’e.cip ein cle viele eleisisiolaraeinislaiataimeiete walaisia via ald vis sleiviemlae sdeae ese Soaldeonte 20, 21 ETOREIGUITUTE ye iiclsineiseaisicre sete eeiateasieiselstsoen te bib wr Saye insohe olds sleaale amie nieictale aicioals Scie lee nica ee eee aL WPTTVUCLOM Gee icccsicle a'e-e'n1e/o15's\eleio.e 012°0's sieis s\e’e cjete\msin(win (oislafjale.e/elevs/o(o.sia,9]a Le ininie i= ifotashin lain ictelatetsietat=tate tote tee 276 K ASIECHEN TA SPIATE LOY ciswaces cwciviciies che SEAR OSOACOS Side nloemire'e ech ofoarbebicn tttamcel cia eee 430, 481 Maquipment (So cscccccces aioiwsioretn e servic slaisle'prawle's visite sinio\sie sieSiste ates ealain 301-319 AUCBOIUITIONS a 'enictove'e ajals Dprelals cis ciate isle cia'vis ie cteinwa loinie,s view sicive:sicicsn asset eaten sine BO ae tt Ne 319-320 Live. stock— TAI BTOVEMENE TOL: visas citelsinstelelviniotereis o\icivie(e cistereisicie orois'w elsipintaleie/slnisisiopr civic a= elapse nies 238 RIOT OCP ALO ton halkis's/cicisteiers ermine cium este ne amicls ore ois ns eivi& ce wistale swe mien’ ie(e: hisieie Sipiistaie le visite leis eral tae 240-265 xports. of. purebreed ucattle, horses, “NORS, (Cte: dcessec casa deus cenweriunen eels 242 Disease in foreign Countries..........scsecccccees Sein 6 a Sis «a reicie ie oes aie mete acre ate * 244 ee ee _ Live stock—Continued— Pages EAUAS IM DCOISTEC 5 civic ucie siviccie acic’s vives atest asics saciid Site stareiete lara wieletels retantieeete 245 FROME ea RES POLE CEACGS oicie sicisicisic cloicicicie's siv7e'e sie/accia cer eeic.eislelscsisiaisiecisieeioee cicisjals wats 246 PRIMGTICAN) St VMS lll SDIOOG HUES: «csicieieee sc ac beis o1c.0s clsis ceases sie dele aitisisislelWiaiaieieseleleieleieiniele 248 RSGTEETOM Se ciclo ataisiviecin.s's, see Sadao josoonwasca6 Sd0c6¢ Bobocdonpaccudocsueducccdd: cemocsicencaenrc 493 PAPI DEICG) 6 ciscsc.cscere' aavaleteieiolere aieteiolare oe ereVoismrotarecevercinicistets’& cisialeiovela:olaiarsieTelataispelataretars wieietaletaratatere 493 M Manure, value of. ...... Soasadereacgsc5e BEIGD SCO COCORDA OCH OR CHO COOCHORCECOOHODOC Orn aacne 236 PSA PNCA TL TOM NOLS! oie ciscisc ceca saiciecteisis ve slersloinictersels Wisre a ois eiaraisiovs's a1'sis:s\elare,s warts wiwtaielafarerataye a BUSEY LOST SEAGIG 4 “SaeSnodreson cageao sad oossabogsoucocencons dao On odtcnde upesodor eas ssoncis - 41, 42 Milk—the pure milk problem.............sssseeesees Malas aistaleralale Siete o/aiat ovleieraysie her tenaiapietoecee 443-446 BIO ed PE TTILONIN EG: oi cc cess vc cPvce ceaseless cvccesess Yer ckelel ares cie Pee aie ciaie Sis clei o aiorasaiaraimmeiareraoicioce 413, 415, 418 UPECn PCCOTOS) 222 s...cc ek s0cces cinesnis sfaleide slots siete ovis eisiciseieie stciete SABRC CEST SIOnO RE Loe acum CURUGEUT 374-377 te? POO PVICE TOY s oin.cv ciccve vivjooes e's,0cins voces cucisie's vee .esicsiisie'ec.csies vivias.sisisjvivis's ciscsit sess : 399 Missouri crop review for 1907.......csseceseereceece aia iaactalaie nts ojeicimicianinrcfassierae seacieereisiaclsreerte 480-493 PESO Airy. “ASSOCIATION c) ceccc cuceccwccccecs sce cucnne SCO ERO OURO ICT GDC wee Ol0-427 OMICErS Of Ss. .c.esecccs ddidoobedacnecon] do don coc raisin time cieroieiais sw ciele(etareinsiste nareinis eimjacw Meisiathie ee 6 Missouri Corn Growers’ ASSOC{iation ........ccccececccccscccecccces eee ate oue ace sees Ool-ot Mules—farm price and condition:..............scecceses Satvicre Gale Sainte sintelyecdeuie’s sroeieenee dts 493 oO Wats | value. Of CrOD.:.....s S GOREORON CAC COGS CSOGCE Rian wictelelerareiavorstelalele eld ete; cretateoielateloreterevera siararsi stars 24 Acreage and yield . ......... Se cc cetacuce toaaee esata ste Cubans Bed eek Shier es 483 iE SESE TERS AL ORIOL treme rae easiceiefe cele civics risic's clei eis eteie aistalcinieioic'e eiaiciele\s clela sinis nels ojelsve'e/a(clelejeiareleseielsietetete 71-79 Pedigree— General GiISCUSSION (Of J scecscecieccccore cece BAS einem ee aiaalseele sel eisiieciaeratcteriavsereisine 231-234 Of Chas. Reade. ..... Scisacudodeccaoee aia ain oe eiala eerie eialetevorcie chcln ctatoin’sieislslsielcjarererace’elserelereete iota 474 Of dairy sires. . .22...6 Meisterewee ee Bieeeioiiere eictelotoreotslersieiaicvetere BD Aeeaacdeteemactecteecnnaiae 373-383 PEC E ys DIANE fis ossc on cc's Soistsecie's NOOR COC DUOOOnDOD Risa cerenoceerlcaas clelsioleeieleinreiesisioniere sions 11 EZ OSV IED, COA CICINITIEE AN LO OLICL Cis cine cielo ciciere]cfule aie dieloleiclots ole! e}sie'e1e\e"0j0\01010\eie/a\a)e/eleielelepieicle oisisis 19 R meape, for fattening SHEEP isec.ccceccccdcvcssccts 3 SOC CIEE COAODE DOL Car Seria aecelo sale onae 188 Reade, Chas., pedigree . ....... aofeieleiew sleleiniereietere aie’ atalsjarsicle tees eisiaie sine swiaicivie sideie te sinectelsierate 474 Report of— CLOLA TVs CANINA ines wocpicccic cic vie ovlcisle cwesie'sis oe SO BSS RACCOCR ORE CACOOL OP SOnE TL dent. pancat aoc 18-37 MGCL = SCC oH MEI te tive cicaiec's vle'cisie ices ie ain’e cle tiale’e cenajeicivie.sicls oe cine pviojs Gieloleiala ere stouaselatelosere 19 PEST WV aAER Vt. Cam EDWWrats ai ctaloieleysieiee.s eisielerecie/e‘ele(olelo\sie(era aleia’ay a byuid isl « sioinyaroraie eisai neiee estat deetre 22 PAD IAIV es ITISDECLIOM Nn merc sialcie/s cfeleicie'e cicle's eie(eie/ais sisiois Holders sis alesis wiv wieisinie. sjersisleisielervie wmicaiveria 23 BE EMOMS a IT SERELIEOS a cave siete tis. aiciccle/sie cle lc'a s\ciatsinia nlcias aisle cia oisie’die shojo) Siecioie sre e.slawiailate siaiaes 23 BAUM ee O Viel CLI CATIEDINICTUE cot cis \c ate(cisia cic'ele cia’v'a aisles’ cbeters eis\e.o's'p eisleleiesleislarsiese cite sineiemtatciets 24 Hinancial statement . 56-58 State Veterinarian . ..... Disleicielaretele\claistelstelsfeteielaisista eiste(sis Sdicicleielo asiateleve eldeicie oni isie clneaanteaioes 41-55 er 6 GecnBGEE Dn DOCOOOUDOBAC UACDOUCONECOCDEIC BOROCCOO COCA COTCUCOORGOCT GIA grr oBsecc 43 FROXAS STEVEN 5 cccicsccce srotpiptslolsl atelo’ois (a alalWiataiatel sieiainieta afeiaieie siatalsis sie lelaleiele’ alate diate aisiermslemarticldield 3 NSE IRCL OT SE ctatetateletalafals atalaicteievisiercic)o/al sieve sais jeieve nis laiaielein viel efeetaleioiaieiviv ais sialviela sibe(camiataievere elete 45 EVOS SGNOLELA, .. ciccweiesiece Sinialelerain’e siete wie nie stele wicisicieeia aaineisin cisiwintereialsieteleiai e's aiatentane idluratttateta 46 PELE OLCTIIOSI Sue te vic'jcisiceicn.s sieie'eciisiesisip ewe’ om virlceibele stele; Gia uietoleie is owmielsie’e planieutee ales einsienione 51 RS EEL OTIS OE cxstavaieiaiaie olalaretotaiatn’s eiels elrlaleie) sicieis's eels) eter siotsieineidia sietelete oreisiejath are, de saieravetaie’s nvatamtales 54 PEVGASTUITEGY veil icsianis's ciaise walcia meislsiolsietulpidie efeiel a ale\a’olctoraleiel sine etale/nieieretaie elsiereininielavele\e'eip/e/ sia Perris eels etate 38-40 BUCLOLINALIANIG Ola cccvacnccavsesces veces eee Sonera Sanita nine nieieie ict alolote ein sigs cate otstewiemr outs 494-507 Resolutions— Ve StOCKs BTCCOGLS < ASSOCIATION oo «.csicias cic uviie seins oc oe vine love webieclea dels clu agisinenreclen’e 319. 320 STATO ASTICULEMEE cise s's ona ank civic ctisicvienslereNales cnet lewis avicien atv ecaidweclt aire ceca «meee 15, 16 StateasDairy “ASSOCIAtion (.) ccccccevscccusscessvens rit ek Be Sas Ghee ceceniny Ouse wine eae ge 425 Pages FROG! SAW. is. ~ 0a de crepe ste trasclcleisiaiaaeie\ sit cre c.sie b siele-ala/ee ore ni asule neat tine ce Bike ena ee renee +4 22 Roads, State cad! LOM Bidics a: wosieeec soos f dale tidice once eele statwcemie stare Hels mare eye eennele eats Bee tac 22 Roads selegislation, Tecommended, .,.3 sta leiwiclars 204 Experience With . ......ccccccscccccscccccsecccscscscccsesscescsecrenscssseneccscscsecese 409-416 Slaughter-housSeS . 0 ....scccssccccsecccccescccctscccrsscccrsscessnsessressssnssesessseseseners 41, 42 Soil— SSUES. So leielotere elcisln lel: chetsretcieisie: saveias wloieinieseisielesslalore cic e/a) alelejejoseiole) s/arnle les] s\sie\sis\ slays eichera ice ria ri << PG FR ret UV Tty mest arco eiesoie store neo lavnlauste oisin(oyioactsloloye iota oleisieleiars cle) als\cls/sjore\ole atere’d/o(e'aseteteja\sla/s/ale/elo\ola\ere (oleae iaiaele = 236 Experiments in MisSOUri ©... 2.5.0. .ceececccreccecnccecaccucscesecsssscessenerssnscss . 843-359 Composition (Of “SOME Fecieies eercin\cie\slaisleleivie eeiejolarsieleiels e/aleisiu elalo(a(e\e\m isin p sieinistele > = a niels a 344 Tr SINOTANECASE: MASSOUTI ) 2) ferelcle\c'e'«\s)e'o\cis's'cls)s sie oivialeie'sin als Sie Sabeletye cise Sets waialele La astoa reine 345 Humus supply and mineral elements..........eceeceeeeeeeeeseeeees San cues cme $51, 352 Tree SOULDWESE a EISSOUIIN ie ociaste sie clots wlete'e wlatcicte ale Sielvlejsiale.s's's nis cleis)a(eleieisieiniereninicteicie seis wolcee . 358 The use of fertilizers........... bi efi aims iutoiete: ot wie eiote are state annyere le teiclele Ge aaretotssintaas SEG 357 Ground limestone . ...... aS uie a eleiolen te beia nimeisiclae mloveromets ote aiclujalete aiatoeie ejole eieile ieramees 4A 358 State Veterinarian (annual report)..............- oveteescd prow ad walewereielwaletaoiate cere sinetate ... 41-55 State Highway Engineer (annual report)... ccccceccccccecsecccccscncerctesereseceees . 56-58 State Apiary Inspector (annual report).......... pile nwa cictare See-are'e Oats Oia pis almeeelatatem . 59-66 Swine feeding (see hog feeding)..........ececccccccccecscccecrcrescecs se cewotes cane woes 216-231 Swine Growers’ ASSOCIATION . ..ccccccccccccrcceccccscccceeseeses sasawceuineePncaite easels «e- 70-120 Towa experiments With NOgZs.......csecceccecccccvccccceccscccccsescsansssssesseeseses 70-80 EEE ll Index. XI Swine Growers’ Association—Oontinued— Pages J PALE SCAG TS Soe ee i k iied tere Pe eee CARAS. 80-85 eee tee Te OULU CS EMIS SO UML -taie\ais tole a'eis afaisis cicjeieisi