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Missouri State Board of Agriculture

COMPLIMENTS OF

‘c GB. W, J
Secretary

PORTY-FIRS I ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MISSOURI

State board of Acriculture

A Record of the Work for the Year 1908.

ALSO VALUABLE INFORMATION ON BREEDING AND FEEDING LIVE-STOCK,
IMPROVING THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL, GROWING CROPS,
DAIRYING, POULTRY-RAISING, ROAD-MAKING, HOME-
ECONOMIOS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE
FARM HOME, AGRICULTURAL AND
LIVE STOOK STATISTICS, ETO.

PU BLEISELE DB: 1909.

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN.

THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY,
JEFFERSON CITY, Mo.

Ps BLEU
yabea Si TeouNC
= es

OFFICERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

President—H. J. Waters, Columbia.
Vice-President—John Deerwester, Butler.
Secretary—Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.
Assistant Secretary—W. L. Nelson, Columbia.
Institute Specialist—S. M. Jordan, Columbia.
Live Stock Assistant—F. G. King, Columbia.
Treasurer—W. A. Bright, Columbia.

_ State Veterinarian—Dr. D. F. Luckey, Columbia.
State Highway Engineer—Curtis Hill, Columbia.
State Apiary Inspector—M. E. Darby, Springfield.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

H. J. Waters, Columbia. John Deerwester, Butler.
W. B. McRoberts, Canton.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS.

Governor of Missouri, Herbert S. Hadley. Superintendent of Schools, H. A. Gass
Dean Agricultural College, H. J. Waters.

CORPORATE MEMBERS.
(Term expires July 20, 1909.)

Cong. Name. Residence. County.
dist
I SSrardaae Webs MeRobents: 2 ae. 5 a5 Cantona siat ds Lewis.
Aree eck John byChristian . 2.0... ee see OckpOrls oamees ts - Atchison.
eens SRN ots lind OMG EN Guts caes sd aot Sonia les Sedaliaias S552 apsrecctae: Pettis.
Sites. 22 WEE EVOwyellsarC cw. hh. cudnt ress S(Ullitta cinaneaiste de 05 weatPegesast Miller.
Eee SAM rorde Mice STmibla.. vsmracunte dR CCCS teen tie asa ese Jasper

(Term expires July 20, 1910. )

Gieecye Iie JohnelWeerwester 95s. a. sates Butlers ce:0s setae Bates.

Doan orate FW BOLE is aeetes: nec Auxvasse............Callaway.

HIQE Seas M; iB. Greensfelder: 9:32. 222 -. Clay tonge esr sate) ta St. Louis.

et Sees Norman JeaComan< s 922 --8 t. Sta bOUIS? caiman teem ae 821 Holland Bldg.
1 eeereee Wo S Wilkinson... ciety igs a: Ste outs. 570)s. > 2 ese 202 5N. Main Street.

(Term expires July 20, 1911.)

DR oa WeeG os Eutehis Ones: ee. ear BNE NOMS bao msc eBled Daviess.

Bete aac Mel ROmapSOMe ¢2-Fae. eam cs IN ASUIMIES ae og -te orobiee > Sa Clay.

BP oleh: Ul, AF> WANIPSOW) "520.6 Voda ee Ibee’s Summit... : 2 Jackson.
MS Peeee nis: ABs 9 ice yak Hedges. No Sualere he. te Hamminatonee. ce seeac St. Francois.
ARs es ee ASe NOUN Oe eeeemort. acs ae sf ANNO) Dyas ate oreetene Be eer Howell.
Ghee ee aw INC SOMEe ovate gatas stops as Lebanon #oaon.< — -.”. Vacledet

OFFICERS OF STATE FAIR DIRECTORY.

President—W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis.
Vice-President—R. A. Young, Alton.
Secretary—John T. Stinson, Sedalia.
Treasurer—C. W. MecAninch, Sedalia.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE STATE FAIR DIRECTORY. s
Norman J. Colman, St. Louis. A. T. Nelson, Lebanon.
W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia.
R. A. Young, Alton. E. E. Swink, Farmington.

A. M. Thompson, Nashua.

STATE VETERINARIAN AND DEPUTIES.

DA lhuckey,: State Veterinarian M02. «5b veo oid. onc ee ee Cee Columbia
Horace bradley, Deputy, states Velerina ramen) -taeye tase Sie eta Windsor
5. brainerd “Deputy. State Vetermarian. 0) c+ 38 saps Ao Sh cee oho Memphis
Wire kewbersy. Wepuity. states MGterimarramys is ae site ete ne cece rn eed een Joplin
i): Brown; Deputy States Veterinarian: 5 7. Soa. sds Aaiee be eee Hamilton
Henry Boettner, Deputy State Veterinarian... 2-2. .2.-...s5ss00-4- Perryville
Pee Ga Clark— Deputy State Victenmarian. 2 0. .scsticc) oan cla cnn. cl se eee eee Vevada
James Oullison, Deputy tauemy eberimablalls- tthe sr weeyenes es eae Charleston
AU CrPDonohew, a Wepling Suabe: Weber Aran: ert a) ieereesterens enn an ee Boonville
heeMes Hendys Depuitiya statem\Vebetimariaie ni a isor resem sa yume Jefferson City
Ree aliovie mDepuby soLvabes VebenIneranie cet eri e esc et rae ene Springfield
Jeeta MekiiroveeD epuitiyastabe-w everinaniamy emeee i -yaee meena aoa ercnene Grant City
Race oore sD epubys soles V Guerin n alesse eee eet eee Kansas City
Riad se Vitehell’ sDeputya states Vieteninanian: tsetnac sat oe ene eee Kirksville
AS de Munn. Deputy. State -V eberinarian® o...2 Pa. oleh ec te ee Fayette
FW OzBrien) sD epuiyas vabemVGuerin cyl aliyem ise pega) ee cn ere Hannibal
Ke 2s Poage Deputy.state= Veterinarian \..s::2:. <sie-neh so tcesk eee ee Shelbina
Jenkin Sater, Deputy. stapes VeCLeLiMariam icc. a.ae a ae coer ae Richmond
pamuel Sheldon; Deputy State Veterinatian=< 4.3. 5.500. 22. oh <5 eee Trenton
ptanleys smth Deputy State. Veterinarians: <324 06.65 to. as ke ee ee Columbia
Je Gy Stare sWepulys states Vetermanian®) 9-s...2 eee) oe. eee ie ee Odessa
GE. Steele, Deputy. State Veterinarian. . 2s..00s. «ss dee a ee St. Joseph
Ee. White, Deputy-State: Veterinarian <.% 0: -S..0i «ete 2s eee Sedalia
H. H. Wolf, Deputy State Veterinarian...............-.......-..).Marywaille
Wists. Welehy Deputy State Veterinarians? 2: .s -fsc-vte os nee eee Marshall
H.C. Tucks. "Deputy ‘State: Veterinarian’.<. 6-020 lee oe ee Morrisville

(IV)

ASSOCIATE ORGANIZATIONS.

IMPROVED LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—N. H. Gentry, Sedalia.
Vice-President—Hugh Whiteford, Guilford.
Vice-President—Paul Culver, Plattsburg.
Vice-President—R. M. Brown, Carrollton.
Vice-President—John R. Potts, Mexico.
Vice-President—Dr. G. M. Laughlin, Kirksville.
*Vice-President—H. R. Brasfield, Unionville.
Secretary-Treasurer—Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.

MISSOURI CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—Frank M. Crowell, Butler.
Vice-President—Christ Ohlendorf, Boonville.
Vice-President—Elbert Thompson, Butler.
Vice-President—Elliott Tucker, Perryville.
Vice-President—Geo. H. Sly, Rockport.
Vice-President—E. L. Newlon, Lewistown.
Secretary-Treasurer—S. M. Jordan, Columbia.

MISSOURI STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

President—P. P. Lewis, Crescent.
Vice-President—J. E. Roberts, Bolckow.
Vice President—W. 8. Dille, Holden.
Secretary—F. L. Austin, Columbia.
Treasurer—D. A. Chapman, Warrensburg.

MISSOURI SWINE GROWERS’ AND BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—G. M. Laughlin, Kirksville.
Vice-President—C. B. Adams, Grandview.
Vice-President—W. S. Cotton, Smithton.
Secretary—C. A. Willson, Columbia.
Treasurer—W. E. Bradford, Columbia.

*Deceased.

(1)
A-—l.

MISSOURI SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—S. H. Groves, Tipton.
* Vice-President—H. R. Brasfield, Unionville.
Secretary-Treasurer—M. V. Carroll, Sedalia.

DIRECTORS SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

John A. Rankin, Tarkio. 8. C. Haseltine, Springfield.
Harry Nance, Pattonsburg. W. W. Waltmire, Raymore.
C. E. Bethards, Shelbyville. D. Lee Shawhan, Lee’s Summit.

MISSOURI HIGHWAY ENGINEERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President—James M. Clack, County Engineer, Nevada.
Vice-President—E. B. Borron, County Engineer, Butler.
Secretary—Curtis Hill, Columbia.

Treasurer—P. 8. Quinn, County Engineer, Columbia.

MISSOURI HOME-MAKERS’ CONFERENCE.

President—Mrs. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia.
Vice-President—Dr. Edna D. Day, Columbia.
Secretary—Mrs. C. 8. Blackmar, Columbia.
Treasurer—Miss Alice Kinney, New Franklin.

*Deceased,
(2)

LIBRARY
NEW York
BOTANICAL
GARDEN,

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, )
olumbia, Mo., March 20, 1909. \

To Honorable Herbert S. Hadley, Governor of Missouri:

Sir—I have the honor to transmit to you a report of the work
of the State Board of Agriculture for the year 1908, including
the work of this office, and that of the State Veterinarian, State
Highway Engineer, and State Apiary Inspector.

Trusting that the work of the Board and officers will prove
to have been valuable in the development of the great resources
of our State, and that the same may meet with, your approval,
I am,

Very respectfully,

GEO. B. ELLIS, Secretary.

AUG 14 1909

3
Pa ie 4
< Bee

res

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages.
Annual Meeting—
IMamiieSiss meets create crete tear ne aco serton peasy et tosneae se eae Lee 11=20
RE POERVOL SECretalynney attest) Os ye ities <a Sena EE) ots 21—28
Secretanyseuimanteial pstabemlenmt = oese se traiey eile rere eerie eenentene rt 29-43
METCASUTSr SUC M OG UN IE cat aiss ase wo eral ase sacha 7, ee oom hee ores 44—46
Reportcom stabestuichwayeHmoinececins. ae ae | ae eta aS 47-52
Aplatyelicpectol sn MepOnt tes <ctac oc aes Ste. Ee a eens Ste as 53-55
Reporttor stabe aweverimaniall. yc > tu. 2a pieces G ree a eee ees 56-68
Farmers’ Week—
Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Meeting................... Beene (G30
CormeGeowes.- MeChin Sect e tye stot ake gies wae, oak <a eee ee 131-217
Dgiieyrime is SSIES GENE tere aes cee res ee ge Scag eee eee eee 2 DP Pn Eee 218-288
SwiNenGrowels mMCetiaMe sei. Oech ecw ade ene. ees eee ons) ee ese eee 289-346
SheeppbrecdelssMecewny arene G./.2.Setetye fen smh t het ee Senha ee cages ame 347-397
Miscellaneous—
RoultuyaeroblemstandeProfitsic.<-3-40 eens en aa nee ieee. O99—444
Financial Report of State Fair........ eee pe, ee oer MRC CAT ere: 445-446
IMISSOURIECTO DaleyieWerssaniais sete cs eaats cae eee ee 447-448
Missmumieroprsbapistiesins oot n ae or caer ie wate tp Mees Tt 449-466
WVeberinanansesLabulatedsRieportsey.-- 1 ee i ale noe leer oe 467-483
Ta CUS erator ae ase ee ces Rese ak ea ee pe RE mC ee fal ong 484

(5)

SAMUEL W. HUDSON
Born 1842. Died 1908.

SAMUEL W. HUDSON.

Born near Sibley, Jackson County, Missouri, March 2, 1842.

Honorable Samuel W. Hudson, the subject of this sketch, began a career of
usefulness as a citizen of Missouri that is equaled by very few men. Mr. Hudson’s
father died while he was quite young, leaving the care of the family and the respon-
sibility of managing a large farm upon him, which he very successfully accomplished,
He entered Masonic College at Lexington in 1857, and William Jewell at Liberty
in 1860. In 1862, at the age of twenty years, he joined the Confederate Army and
was in the battle at Lone Jack and other engagements of the Civil War. In 1865
he crossed the plains from Omaha to Fort Bridges, Cal.

Married, in 1871, to Miss Mary Gilbert who died in 1873,

He was an elder and prominent member of the Christian Church which he
served until his death.

In 1881, Judge Hudson was married to Miss Emma D, Walker, to whom were
born three sons and two daughters, all of whom are now living.

He served Jackson County two terms as County Judge, and was an important
factor in every needed reform and public enterprise pertaining to the county’s wel-
fare.

Judge Hudson was appointed a member of the Board of Agriculture by Governor
Folk in July, 1905, and during his term served as vice-president and president,
and at the time of his death was vice-president of the Board of Directors of the
Missouri State Fair. He took a deep interest in all the affairs of the Board and
was a staunch friend of the Agricultural College. It was largely through his untiring
efforts, aided by his warm personal friend, Senator Thomas J. Wornall, that an
appropriation of $100,000 was secured from the 44th General Assembly for the
new Agricultural Building which is now almost completed and ready for occupancy,
This building, built of Missouri lime-stone, is an enduring monument to the per-
sonal sacrifice and untiring energy of the devotion of these two men to the cause
of a better agriculture for Missouri,

Few men have lived who were as universally loved and respected as was Samuel
W. Hudson, and whose labors were of greater value to the State. His death occurred
at his home, April 26th, 1908, on the farm where he was born.

The following resolutions were officially adopted by the State Board of Ag-
riculture:

“Whereas, The State Board of Agriculture has just been notified of the death
of one of its most distinguished and useful members, Judge Samuel W. Hudson,
which occurred at his home in Jackson County on the 20th day of April, 1908; therefore,

“Resolved by the Board of Agriculture, now in special session, That we have
thus sustained an irreparable loss, During his three years service as a member of
this Board, and as vice-president, acting-president, and president, no member or
officer could have manifested greater interest or have accomplished greater good
for the cause of agriculture in the State of Missouri than he.

“Resolved, That we express our very deep sorrow on account of the death
of our greatly esteemed member and that we express to the bereaved family and
to his many warm friends among the farmers of the state, our sincerest and deepest
sympathy in their great loss.

‘Resolved, That the secretary be instructed to spread a copy of these resolu-
tions upon the records of the Board, and that the same together with a suitable
obituary be published in the annual report of the Board.

“Resolved, That the secretary furnish an engrossed copy of these resolu-
tions to the family of the deceased.”

GEO. B. ELLIS,
Secretary.
(7)

JOHN RICE RIPPEY.
Born 1848. Died 1909.

JOHN RICE RIPPEY.

Born in Schuyler County, Missouri, November 25, 1848.

Educated in the public shools of his county.

Married to Elizabeth Dickerson, of Macon County, October 10, 1867.

Member of the Constitutional Convention in 1875.

Member of the Thirty-first General Assembly of Missouri, 1881.

Member of the State Board of Agriculture from 1883 to 1893.

Member of the Board of Curators of the University of Missouri from 1891 to
1897.

Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture from June, 1893, to January, 1901.

Secretary of the Missouri State Fair, January, 1901, to January, 1908.

A successful farmer and breeder of registered Shorthorn cattle and trotting
horses.

Editor of ‘“‘The Lancaster Excelsior’ from 1898 to 1909.

Died at his home in Lancaster, Schuyler County, January 17, 1909.

Such, in brief, is the story of the life of a man who has left a lasting impress
upon the State. These honors, numerous and rich as they are, came to him without
solicitation and without effort on his part. He was a man who could always be
relied upon to plead the cause of a friend, but never his own.

Colonel Rippey believed in Missouri and considered no labor too arduous that
would promote here interests

While Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, he prepared for distribu-
tion at the Omaha Exposition, in 1898, a statement of the State’s resources, which
has become a classic. It was he who coined the phrase, ‘‘Missouri, Imperial Mistress
of States,” a title so appropriate as to be at once adopted.

He was a member of the Board of Curators of the University at the time of
the great fire in 1892, and helped to guide the institution through the stormy period
of its relocation in Columbia and through the days of the reconstruction of its build-
ings. On a tablet in the main corridor of the Academic Hall at the University,
carved in enduring marble, is an expression of the recognition of his services to
this, the foremost educational institution of the commonwealth.

While Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, he brought this important
work of the State into much closer touch with the people and developed it along
lines of greater usefulness. The Annual Reports and bulletins he edited were filled
with practical information and were widely sought.

When called to the position of Secretary of the State Fair, that institution
had just been established and was without buildings, or other equipment. In the
seven years of his administration as Secretary, this institution became one of the
foremost of its kind in the country.

One of the most characteristic traits of Colonel Rippey even unto his death
was his interest in and fondness for young people. He was a man who faced the
future and had faith in what it would bring.

H. J. WATERS,
Dean of the College of Agriculture.

(9)

ANNUAL MEETING.

MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS.

State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, ?
Oolumbia, Mo., December 15, 19(8. §

In compliance with the provisions of the law, the members of
the State Board of Agriculture convened in the office of the Secre-
tary in forty-fifth annual session.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Hon. Nor-
man J. Colman, and a roll-call showed the following members
present: Messrs. Colman, Howell, Hutchison, Deerwester, Boles,
Greensfelder, Nelson, Christian, Wilkinson, Sampson, McRoberts,
Gentry, Smith, Waters, Gass, Young, Thompson, and Swink.

The reading of the minutes of the last annual meeting was the
next order of business, and upon motion of Mr. Gentry that was
dispensed with, and the minutes as printed in the 40th annual
report were adopted.

The Secretary’s report was submitted, and upon motion of
Mr. Christian the report was received and ordered printed.

Mr. Greensfelder moved that the Chair appoint a committee
of three, to whom should be referred the recommendations of the
Secretary. Motion carried. The Chair appointed Messrs. Nelson,
Young and Smith on the committee.

The State Veterinarian, Dr. Luckey, read his report, and, on
motion of Mr. Boles, the report was received and ordered printed.
Mr. Greensfelder moved to refer the recommendations of the
Veterinarian to the committee on Secretary’s report. Motion car-
ried.

Mr. Hill, State Highway Engineer, submitted the annual re-
port of his office, and, on motion of Mr. McRoberts, the report
was received and ordered printed.

The State Apiary Inspector, M. E. Darby, submitted his re-
port, and, on motion of Mr. Greensfelder, the report was received
and ordered printed.

(11)

iz Missouri Agricultural Report.

AUDITING COMMITTEE.

The committee appointed to examine the books and accounts
of the Secretary and Treasurer submitted the following report:

To the Board of Agriculture:

We, the undersigned committee, authorized by the President
to examine the books and accounts of the Secretary and Treas-
urer, have examined the financial statements of the Secretary and
Treasurer, and find that the vouchers on file and the cancelled
warrants with corresponding numbers in the hands of the Treas-
urer, agree.

The following warrants, which had been issued at the last
annual settlement, but had not been presented for payment, we
find have since been paid:

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND.
Nor 909= Amounts xis i 3 ee ee ee Se $38 06

STATE VETERINARY FUND.
Neste 20s =2 ON (Amount: tetanic. oo seca a aoe ee ree $145 37

KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND.
INO 9A SS Aa ounit? eek oe erciigion soe hee ee eee $33 50

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.
ING 923 AGM OU Mtisas se gphes sk AG aaeY oie Stak hogs Ee ee eee $32 40
The following warrants, for which corresponding vouchers
were on file, have not yet been presented for payment:

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND.

No ee 20) Aa OTE oer oe ns 8 8 ee eno eee Ro re ee $3.15
1022 Ai Ounce ee Ee 2 00
NG ZS ATMO UME Gs aot eee oe EN oe a on es Ee 96 54
£O25= Amount, Suse pede Gack Gh eee, eee eee 20 66
LOZS == Ami Giamtiet ye a aeees ties Belo ee Rees Ree ea eae 30 00
AWG He net eh aes ek SN ae Ui eat ee SIA eg Re eat tk wee eR ce $152 35

Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) J. W. BOLES,

JOHN DEERWESTER,
M. B. GREENSFELDER,
Committee.
Mr. Nelson moved that the report be accepted and the com-
mittee discharged. Motion carried.

Minutes of Proceedings. 13

. ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The next order taken up was the election of officers for the
ensuing year. ;

Mr. Howell moved that the rules be suspended, and that H.
J. Waters be elected president by acclamation. The motion unani-
mously prevailed, and the Chair declared Mr. Waters elected.

Mr. Smith moved to suspend the rules and elect Mr. Deer-
wester to the office of vice-president. The motion was carried
unanimously. The President declared Mr. Deerwester elected.

Mr. Gentry moved that the rules be suspended, and that Mr.
Ellis be elected secretary by acclamation. Motion prevailed, and
Mr. Ellis was declared elected.

Mr. Waters moved to suspend the rules, and that W. L. Nelson
be elected assistant secretary. Motion carried.

Mr. Gentry moved that the rules be suspended, and that Miss
J. B. Rector be elected to the position of head stenographer, and
that the annual salary be fixed at $780, to be paid monthly. Mo-
tion prevailed. 5

Mr. Christian moved to suspend the rules, and elect W. A.
Bright treasurer. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Howell moved that an executive committee of three be
elected, and that the President and Vice-President-elect shall be
two members of said committee. The vote on the motion stood
9 ayes and 7 noes. On motion of Mr. Boles, the vote was made
unanimous. Mr. Christian moved to elect Mr. McRoberts to a
place on the executive committee. Motion prevailed.

The Committee on College of Agriculture submitted the fol-
lowing report:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE.

Your committee appointed to examine into the affairs of the
College of Agriculture and Experiment Station have discharged
that duty, and beg leave to submit the following report:

The buildings, grounds, orchards and herds show a marked
improvement in condition, and are, so far as they extend, well
worthy of the institution, the State and the industry which they
represent.

The New Agricultural Building.—On a beautiful site on a
corner of the horticultural grounds, midway between the main

14 Missouri Agricultural Report.

University campus and the Agricultural College buildings on the
farm, is now in process of erection the handsomest building in
the University group, the new home of the College of Agriculture
and of the State Board of Agriculture. This building is 266 feet
long, three stories high, constructed of native limestone quarried
on the College grounds, and thoroughly fire-proof. It is well
adapted to the uses to which it will be put. It contains an audi-
torium with a seating capacity for 500 persons, to be used for
farmers’ conventions and for the accommodation of large classes
of students in the College of Agriculture. It is a matter of con-
gratulation that so large, well planned, well constructed and so
handsome a structure is to be secured for the appropriation made
by the last General Assembly. This building will be completed
within a few months, and will need to be equipped with labora-
tory desks, hoods, scientific appliances and furniture, and we would
recommend that the legislature appropriate for this purpose the
sum of $15,000.

More Liberal Support for the College of Agriculture and Ex-
periment Station.—Missouri has not been as liberal with its Col-
lege of Agriculture as it should have been. The last Illinois legis-
lature appropriated nearly four times as much money to its college
of agriculture as Missouri has given hers in its entire existence
of thirty-eight years. Kansas last year appropriated to its col-
lege of agriculture more than twice as much money as Missouri
has given hers since it was founded. Even the new state of Okla-
homa has already expended on her college of agriculture much
more money than has Missouri expended on hers.

It should be realized that money appropriated to the College
of Agriculture and Experiment Station and the Board of Agricul-
ture is not money spent in the ordinary sense, but is money most
wisely invested. For example, in-an experiment conducted in
South Missouri by the College, by proper fertilization the yield of
corn was increased from 18 to 45 bushels per acre on thin land.
This is 50 per cent more than the average yield per acre of this
county, and showed a net profit over and above the cost of fer-
tilizer and treatment of $4.67 per acre, which, when applied to the
95,000 acres planted to corn, it would amount in a single year to
$441,750, or more than twice as much as the State has given to
the College of Agriculture since it was organized in 1870. Re-
ducing this increase one-half, and applying it to the 7,000,000
acres normally grown in corn in the State, we would have a net
increase in the farmers’ returns of $15,850,000—enough to con-

Minutes of Proceedings. 15

struct ten macadam roads across the State, or to macadamize all
the roads in four of the largest counties of the State each year.
This would be sufficient to erect an $100,000 agricultural high
school in every county in Missouri, and the extra yearly increase
would provide similar sums for their support.

We consider the work of the Veterinary Department of the
College of Agriculture and Experiment Station as of prime im-
portance to the live stock industry of the State, and this Board
has previously called attention to the important services this De-
partment has rendered to the country, and has urged that proper
facilities be provided, in order that greater efficiency may be at-
tained. But notwithstanding the valuable work done by this De-
partment in the past and the valuable work on hog cholera now in
progress, we find that this Department still suffers from the handi-
cap of very meager facilities. We regard it as unjust to this De-
partment and to the live stock industry that such conditions should
continue.

The value of the live stock of Missouri exceeds two hundred
millions of dollars, the value of swine alone being not less than
45 millions. Investigation of the diseases of animals and the
means of prevention should therefore receive every encourage-
ment. It is unwise economy to hamper this work with poor quar-
ters and meager funds.

We deem it essential that the students of Agriculture who
go out into practical and scientific work should be well drilled in
the elements of Veterinary Science, which are so closely related
to the work of stock breeding, stock feeding, and stock judging,
such as veterinary anatomy, veterinary physiology and veterinary
hygiene, and such instruction in the simpler things of medicine
and surgery as will enable the students to handle in a rational
manner such cases as do not demand professional veterinary aid.

We find that the work of this Department is now carried on
partly in the live stock building and partly in the dairy building,
much to the inconvenience of these departments. The dissecting
is done in small rooms in the live stock building, within a few feet
of the live stock judging room. These rooms are now overcrowded
with large numbers of students; and with the increase in the at-
tendance at the Agricultural College, which will come from year
to year, the difficulties will grow.

We also find this Department has no shelter for its demon-
stration and investigation work on diseases of stock, and as a

16 Missouri Agricultural Report.

greater part of this instruction work occurs during the winter
season the importance of adequate shelter is apparent.

We, therefore, recommend that an appropriation of twenty
thousand dollars ($20,000) be made by the General Assembly to
provide for a proper building for the accommodation of the work
mentioned. We further recommend that a special appropriation
of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) be made for the erection and
equipment of suitable experiment barn and sheds for the investi-
gation of contagious diseases and particularly for carrying on the
work in hog cholera. And an appropriation of five thousand dol-
lars ($5,000) annually for the purchase of experimental animals—
hogs, horses and cattle—for use in the hog cholera investigations,
and to cover the expense of producing and dissemination of hog
cholera serum.

The Soil Survey.—We are pleased to learn that the soil survey
work has progressed so far as to include a careful preliminary
study of the whole Ozark region. The northeastern prairie re-
gion of the State is partly surveyed, as is also the western prairie
section. A detailed survey of four counties has been completed.
The report on the Ozark region is in the hands of the printer, and
will be published in the very near future. Too much emphasis
cannot be laid upon the importance of this work. At the very
foundation of a rational system of crop growth and soil manage-
ment must be an accurate and detailed knowledge of the soil itself.
This survey takes account of stock, and tells each farm owner
what is the future as well as the present value of his farm. The
survey should be pushed as rapidly as trained men can be found
to carry it out, and continued until each county has been carefully
surveyed and reported upon.

The Board of Curators should not ask for less than $20,000
for the support of this work during the next two years.

Outlying Experiments——The work of the Department of
Agronomy in testing the fertilizer requirements of soils in dif-
ferent parts of the State, in studying the effect of different crop
rotations, different varieties of corn, wheat, oats and forage crops
upon different sections and soils, in studying the feasibility and
profitableness of tile draining on some of the flatter prairie soils
of the State, cannot be too highly commended. This work should
be continued, and should be materially enlarged. We find experi-
ments already under way in more than 90 of the 114 counties of
the State. It should be immediately extended so as to include
every county in the State, and the scope of many of the experi-

Minutes of Proceedings. 17

ments now under way skould be enlarged. The counties should,
wherever possible, bear a portion of the cost of these experiments,
authority for which was granted under the Nelson Act of the 44th
General Assembly.

Not less than $20,000 should be provided by the legislature
for this phase of the college work for the next two years.

Origination and Dissemination of Improved Varieties of Farm
Crops.—Several million dollars may be added immediately to the
wealth of the State by the more general use of improved varieties
of corn, wheat, oats, etc. The College of Agriculture and Experi-
ment Station should originate, propagate and disseminate new
sorts better adapted to Missouri’s soil and climate than any we
now have. For this purpose more tillable land will be required
than is provided on the College Farm, and we would recommend
that the University authorities ask the legislature to provide an
additional farm for the College at the earliest possible moment that
the revenue will permit.

We find over 100 students crowded into one small building
studying the propagation of plants, and when the short course in
Agriculture opens, in January, another hundred will have to be
provided with room. The present facilities for this work need to
be more than doubled immediately, and we would recommend that
the sum of $3,000 be provided for this purpose.

The horticultural grounds, where the orchard experiments are
conducted, should be tile drained, in order to be at all well adapted
to the growth of experimental fruits.

We would recommend that the Horticultural Department be
provided with $5,000 with which to conduct experiments in the
fertilizing of bearing orchards, the methods of suppressing fungus
diseases, and of packing and marketing fruit in different parts of
the State.

A similar sum should be provided for experiments and demon-
strations in the methods of combating insect pests by the Depart-
ment of Entomology, particularly for the checking of the ravages
of the San Jose scale.

Animal Husbandry Work.—The herds of live stock on the
farm are to be especially commended for their quality and condi-
tion. The numbers should be somewhat increased and this high
standard maintained, and we would recommend that the sum of
$5,000 be provided for this increase in numbers.

We would strongly recommend that the exhibit of fat steers
at the leading State and international shows of the country be

A-2

18 Missouri Agricultural Report.

continued; that the student stock judging contest be participated
in, and that the stock judging contest at the State Fair be empha-
sized, and, if possible, enlarged. It is gratifying to learn that more
than two-thirds of the best county fairs and livestock shows in
Missouri availed themselves this year of advanced students and
graduates of the Agricultural College as expert judges in their
exhibits.

It is equally gratifying to be able to report that during the
past two years the College has won 225 prizes on its fat cattle,
fed mainly by students, at the principal State and international
stock shows of the country in competition with the leading herds
of America. The University should provide ample funds for
maintaining this work on its present high plane.

We note the crowded condition of the present live stock judg-
ing pavilion, and appreciate that it is wholly out of the question
to undertake to carry this important work on with even the pres-
ent enrollment without additional facilities, and we would recom-
mend that the sum of $10,000 be provided for the erection of an
additional building for this purpose.

A suitable horse barn costing not less than $7,000 should also
be provided.

The Dairy Department.—Your committee points with special
pride to the achievements of the College herd of dairy cows during
the past year. It has already taken rank as one of the best dairy
herds in the world. Of most significance, the animals have all
been bred by the College. Eight Jersey cows have made an average
butter record of more than 700 pounds each per year. The Col-
lege has put more Jerseys in the registry of merit list than all the
rest of the State combined, and these cows have shown the highest
average of any in the record of merit list in the United States.
One of its cows has established a new world’s butter record as a
three-year-old, making 715 pounds in twelve months. Another cow
stands second in the world’s butter production for a cow of any
age, and is also second in milk production.

The College herd has likewise put into the advanced Holstein
registry a larger number of animals than have all of the other
Holstein breeders in Missouri combined.

It is to be regretted that this valuable herd is stabled in an
old, unsanitary barn, and we would strongly recommend that the
legislature provide not less than $12,000 for the erection of a
suitable dairy barn, which should be a model in arrangement and
construction for all of the dairymen of the State.

Minutes of Proceedings. 19

The dairy industry in Missouri is developing at a rapid rate,
and we would recommend that additional instructors be provided
in this subject to meet the increased demand at the College.

We would also recommend that a sufficient sum be provided
for the publication and dissemination of literature on this subject,
in order that this new industry may be upon a permanent basis
and may develop along rational lines.

Secondary Instruction in Agriculture.—The increase in the
number of students in attendance upon the College of Agriculture
is exceedingly gratifying. The character of the instruction is be-
yond question. Now, that it has its collegiate instruction on a
good basis, it is the opinion of your committee that the College
should give serious attention to secondary instruction in Agricul-
ture and to its introduction into the rural schools. We would,
therefore, suggest that steps be immediately taken to organize in-
struction in Agriculture and Home Economics of a _ secondary
grade in the University, in order that the boys and girls may come
directly from the district school to the University and acquire the
necessary information to become better farmers or farmers’ wives,
without being required to pursue a course in a high school prepara-
tory to admission. The Board of Curators should, therefore, ask
the present legislature for the necessary funds for employing
teachers and for providing whatever facilities may be necessary
in the way of buildings or equipment to begin this work at the
opening of the next session of the University.

The Department of Home Economics.—This Department is
crowded into quarters wholly inadequate and unsuited, and we
would strongly recommend that the sum of $35,000 be provided
for the erection of a special building for this purpose, and for
the proper equipment of this Department.

We would recommend that the sum of $2,000 be appropriated
for the expense of making a first-class educational exhibit and
demonstration of the work of the College and Experiment Station
at the State Fair, and at the leading county fairs of the State.

We would recommend that the student judging teams sent out
by the College in other lines than live stock, such as grain judging,
judging dairy cattle, etc., be continued, and that the University
encourage this in every legitimate way.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

(Signed) A. T. NELSON,

R.A. YoOuNG;
SANFORD Mc SMITH,
Committee.

20 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Mr. Greensfelder moved that the report be received and
adopted as the sentiment of the Board, and further that the com-
mittee already appointed to act on the Secretary’s report be au-
thorized to present in person the report to the Governor. Motion
carried.

Mr. McRoberts moved that Mr. Greensfelder be added to the
committee. Motion carried.

Mr. Thompson moved that the committee already appointed
be constituted a legislative committee to recommend legislation
along the lines approved by this meeting. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Nelson moved that the President and Secretary be added
to the membership of the legislative committee. Motion carried.

Mr. Gass moved that the legislative committee have full power
of the Board in all matters of legislation, and that they may con-
fer with any member of the Board when deemed advisable. Mo-
tion prevailed.

Mr. Gass moved that the President appoint a committee to
which should be referred the suggestions of the Secretary on sec-
ondary agriculture in schools. Motion prevailed.

Mr. M. E. Darby, State Apiary Inspector, offered his resigna-
tion so that the term might end with the calendar year. The
resignation was accepted, and, upon motion of Mr. Gentry, Mr.
Darby was elected Apiary Inspector for two years, the term begin-
ning January 1, 1909.

Mr. Nelson moved that a committee of two be appointed to
try to harmonize the differences between the Board of Horticul-
ture and the State Horticultural Society. The motion prevailed,
and the Chair appointed Mr. Nelson and Judge Wilkinson on the
committee.

Mr. Greensfelder announced to the Board that he desired to
have established on his farm in St. Louis county, a county experi-
ment station under the provisions of the Nelson Act of 1907, and
asked for. the appointment of two members of the faculty to con-
fer with the county court and himself in regard to the agreement.

On motion of Mr. Greensfelder, the President-elect was au-
thorized to appoint the committee.

Judge Wilkinson moved that all power vested in the Board of
Agriculture be and is hereby delegated to the executive committee,
and that the said committee is hereby authorized to act for the
Board at all times when the full board is not in session. Motion
seconded by Mr. Thompson, and unanimously prevailed.

There being no further business, the Board adjourned.

GEO. B. ELLIS, Secretary.

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

Gentlemen of the Board of Agriculture:

In the cycle of time the day is here for reviewing the work of
the year, that we may know what has been accomplished and make
plans for future improvement. The crops for the year 1908 have
not yielded so bountifully as for some other years, but after all
damage from a bad season, overflow, and the ravages of insects,
we find that the Missouri farmer has produced sufficient for home
use, and some to spare. The aggregate product of all farm crops
is considerably less than for the previous year, but on account of
better prices the aggregate value is about the same. Our reports
show a marked tendency towards greater diversification of crops,
more definite systems of rotation, and the introduction of crops
that will produce a greater food value per acre. These things have
peen taught through the publications of the Board and of the
Agricultural College and Experiment Station, and farmers’ insti-
tutes, and that our teaching has been sound is evidenced by the
fact that thousands of farmers are taking up the methods demon-
strated by the Experiment Station to be good.

During the year, this office has arranged for and conducted
260 farmers’ institutes, at which 35,000 farmers were in attend-
ance. In addition to the regular institutes, the State Highway
Engineer has held a number of road meetings which were usually
attended by a large number of farmers and road officers. Also,
almost every week, articles on timely subjects have been prepared
by some one connected with the office and sent out to the agricul-
tural and county weeklies of the State. The 40th Annual Report,
a book of 507 pages, and twelve numbers of the Monthly Bulletin,
have been published during the year. These publications have
contained information on practically every subject relating to crop
growing, on dairying and on breeding and feeding farm live stock.
The wide range covered by the twelve bulletins is indicated by the
following titles:

(21)

Lie Missouri Agricultural Report.

No. 1—Farm Practice in Northeast Missouri.
Now 2 — he Silo,

No. 38—Highway Engineers’ Association.
No. 4—Boys’ Corn-Growing Contest.

No. 5—Earth Roads.

No. 6—Raising Calves on Skim Milk.

No. 7—Highway Bulletin on Contracts.
No. Ta—Experiments on Missouri Soils.
No. 8—Bridges and Culverts.

No. 9—Roads—Bad and Good.

No. 10—Parasitic Diseases of Sheep.

No. 11—Diseases of Bees.

No. 12—The Poultry Industry in Missouri.

BOYS’ ENCAMPMENTS.

The first farm boys’ encampment, or, more correctly speak-
ing, a summer school for farm boys, was held in Gentry county,
in August, 1907, under the management of S. M. Jordan, the insti-
tute specialist of the Board of Agriculture. The work was so suc-
cessful that it was thought wise to organize a number of encamp-
ments this year, and I am able to report that the work has been
most gratifying to this office. Encampments were held this year
at Maryville, Rockport, Kirksville, Butler and Sweet Springs. At
Maryville and Rockport, the attendance and interest were both in-
terfered with, because the meetings were held in connection with
their annual chautauquas. The largest meetings were at Butler,
with 255 boys present, and at Sweet Springs with 286 boys. The
work consisted of lectures on crop-growing, plant breeding, soi!
improvement, animal husbandry, horticulture and dairying, and
exercises in corn judging, soil work and live stock judging. I con-
sider this work important for two reasons: First, for the direct
instruction of the boys; second, by interesting the boys in the
work of the Agricultural College. The methods of agriculture
could be greatly improved if not revolutionized in a few years if
a meeting of this kind could be held annually in each county.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.

The farmers’ institute work is settling down to a better sys-
tem, and the farmers are demanding instruction rather than en-
tertainment. The greatest difficulty that I find, however, is to
secure competent institute lecturers. The college faculty have not

Report of Secretary. 25

the time without neglecting their class work, and it is hard to find
others who are willing to engage for only a few weeks in the year.
The Board has now two men—namely, S. M. Jordan and F. G.
King—employed for their whole time, and their work has proven
very satisfactory.

The plan, mentioned in my last report, of giving short courses
in agriculture, has been extended this year with good results.
Meetings of this kind have been held, or arranged for, at Doniphan,
Whitesville, Stanberry, Kirksville, Cape Girardeau, Springfield,
Carthage and Sarcoxie. The work given varies according to local
conditions, but the general plan is the same. The following is the
outline for the Cape Girardeau meeting, which will give an idea
of the character of the work:

FIRST DAY—MORNING.

Lecture—The Relation of Animal Husbandry to Systems of
Farm Management—Prof. F. B. Mumford.
Lecture—The Location of Fruit Plantations and Preparation
of the Ground (Soil, slope, elevation, drainage, etc.)—Dr. J. C.
Whitten.
AFTERNOON.

Demonstration in Live Stock Judging—Prof. Mumford.
Demonstration—Age and character of trees, vines and plants
to be set; pruning plants for setting—Dr. Whitten.

SECOND DAY—MORNING.

Lecture—Principles of Animal Feeding—Prof. Mumford.
Lecture—Varieties of Orchard Fruits and Berries to be
Grown—Dr. Whitten.

AFTERNOON.

Practical Demonstrations in Live Stock Judging—Prof.
Mumford.
- Demonstration—Diseases illustrated with specimens and
methods of control of same by spraying, etc.—Dr. Whitten.

THIRD DAY—MORNING.

Lecture—The Improvement of Domestic Animals; The
Animal Machine—Prof. Mumford.
Lecture—Why We Prune Trees and Plants—Dr. Whitten.

24

Missouri Agricultural Report.

AFTERNOON.

Pruning Demonstrations—Dr. Whitten.

FOURTH DAY—MORNING. -

Lecture—Corn Breeding—S. M. Jordan.
Lecture—Hog Cholera—
a. Losses from it in past six years.
b. Immunization of hogs against cholera.
c. Plans to stop all losses and entirely eradicate
the disease from the State—Dr. D. F.
Luckey.

AFTERNOON.

Demonstration—Corn Judging—Mr. Jordan.
Immunization of Hogs—Dr. Luckey.

FIFTH DAY—MORNING.

Lecture—Seed Selection—Mr. Jordan.
Lecture—Tuberculosis of Cattle and Hogs—
a. Its increase.
b. Losses from it.
c. Plans for its control and eradication from Mis-
souri—Dr. Luckey.

AFTERNOON.

Seed Testing—Mr. Jordan.
Testing Cattle for Tuberculosis—Dr. Luckey.

SIXTH DAY—MORNING.

Lecture—Corn Cultivation—Mr. Jordan.
Lecture—Development of the Independent Packing Industry
in Missouri.

a. The great opportunity of the present time.

b. Isa packing house ham better or cheaper than
a country ham?

c. Why country people pay freight on cattle and
hogs to market, and on meat back again
after three or four commissions have been
added to the price of it.

Report of Secretary. 25

d. If meat should be clean on the dining-room
table, in the kitchen and the butcher-shop,
why not in the grocery-store and the
country slaughter-house?

e. The public municipal abattoir—Dr. Luckey.

AFTERNOON.

Post-mortem on Tuberculous Cow—Dr. Luckey.
Demonstration—Mr. Jordan.

SEVENTH DAY—MORNING.

Lecture—The Earth Road—Curtis Hill, State Engineer.

AFTERNOON.

Drag Demonstration for maintenance, provided the weather
permits.

EIGHTH DAY—MORNING.

Lecture—The Hard-Surfaced Road—Mr. Hill.

AFTERNOON.

Drag Demonstration for Maintenance—Mr. Hill.

NINTH DAY—MORNING.

Lecture—Culverts and Bridges for Highways.

AFTERNOON.

Road Conditions in Missouri—Mr. Hill.

PUBLICITY.

For a long time I have felt the need of giving greater pub-
licity to the work of the office, and particularly to advertising to
the outside world the great diversity and magnitude of Missouri’s
agricultural, live stock, horticultural, and dairy products, but for
lack of funds and the necessary help the work could not be done.
The Executive Committee, at a meeting held on May 27th, ap-
pointed, upon my recommendation, Mr. W. L. Nelson, of Cooper

26 Missouri Agricultural Report.

county, Chief Clerk in the office. Mr. Nelson assumed charge of
his duties on the 10th of August, and his time has been occupied in
collecting data on the resources of the State and in preparing
material for the public press. In addition to this, Mr. Nelson has
just completed the material for a large and very valuable bulletin
on poultry raising. Mr. Nelson’s experience in agricultural and
general newspaper work, his knowledge of good farm practice,
and his business experience, fit him admirably for the work.

STATE STATISTICAL LAW.

There is great need in this State for a law requiring the as-
sessors to take a census of all live stock and agricultural products,
that our reports may become positively accurate. The trade of
the country in many lines depends largely on the United States,
and the different State reports, as a basis for business operations.
Under the present system in this State, which is practically the
same as the system practiced by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, there is too much chance for error. I give
herewith a draft for a law that can be put into effect in this
State with scarcely any cost, and which will insure accuracy in
all of our statistical work:

“Section 1. It shall be the duty of the assessors of the several counties, and the township
assessor in counties now having or which may hereafter adopt township organization in this state
in addition to the duties now required by law, annually at the time of making assessments of real
and personal property, to require and take with each assessment list upon separate blanks to be
provided as other blanks are now provided for, a statement from each individual, firm or corpora-
tion:

1. The number of acres cultivated in the leading farm crops of the state,

2. The amount each crop produced.

3. Such statement of live stock, dairy products, poultry products, horticultural, and other
products, with farm prices of same, as shall be designated by the State Board of Agriculture. Such
statement shall be for the preceding year.

“Section 2. Said statement shall be returned by the assessor to the county clerk, at the same
time of returning the assessed lists of property, and the county clerk shall immediately forward
the same to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, at his office, who shall publish an aggregate
statement of same in his annual report, or otherwise, as he may direct.

“Section 3. It shall be the duty of the State Auditor to make out and forward to each county
clerk, in the same manner as forms are furnished for the assessment of property, suitable forms
and instructions for carrying this article into effect,

Provided, that the State Auditor shall include in such forms such questions as may be furnished
by the State Board of Agriculture.

“Section 4. It shall be the duty of the county clerk to furnish a sufficient number of blank
forms to the assessor for taking the statistics required in Section 1, of this article.

“Section 5. By reason of the fact that the statements required by this Act are desired for
the year 1909, creates an emergency within the meaning of the constitution; therefore, this Act
shall be in force and take effect from and after its passage.”

HIGHWAY ENGINEER, VETERINARY SERVICE, APIARY INSPECTION.

For information on these lines of work, I commend for your
consideration the reports of Mr. Hill, the Engineer; Dr. Luckey,
State Veterinarian, and Mr. Darby, Apiary Inspector.

Report of Secretary. aa

i

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE.

The law incorporating the State Board of Agriculture, pro-
vides that “The State Board of Agriculture shall be and is hereby
constituted the body which shall have supervision of all the legal-
ized departments and institutions of the State which are for the
advancement of agriculture.” This is very broad in its meaning,
perhaps more so than has been carried out in practice. I would
like to mention here only a few of the things that have recently
been accomplished and which were first recommended by this
Board. In 1899, the Board recommended an appropriation of
$40,000 for a dairy and live stock building. The money was ap-
propriated and the building erected in 1901. In 1900, an ap-
propriation for a new horticultural building was recommended,
and the legislature gave the money the next year. In 1902, the
Board recommended an appropriation for a new barn, machine
laboratory, and extra live stock, all of which were secured.

The soil survey work was established upon the recommenda-
tion of this Board. In 1906, this Board urged the Board of Cura-
tors to train and support judging teams to represent the Agri-
cultural College at the American Royal, International and other
expositions, and this has been done with gratifying results. Also,
as a result of a conference of a commission of this Board, with
the Board of Curators, a number of the farm live stock have been
exhibited at the leading expositions during 1907-8, and the live
stock shown has won during these two years, 180 premiums, to
the great gratification of Missouri’s Live Stock Breeders.

In 1906, the Board recommended an appropriation for an
experimental poultry plant in the Experiment Station, and the
legislature made the appropriation. At the same meeting, this
Board urged the necessity for a new Agricultural Building, and
as a result, a handsome building is now in course of erection, and
ought to be completed before the next annual meeting.

Perhaps the greatest achievement accomplished by the initia-
tive of the Board, was the enactment of the new road law, and
providing for State aid to the amount of $1,475,000; however. only
$475,000 of this fund has up to the present time been made avail-
able.

I might mention other things, but these will suffice to show
what the Board may accomplish by working for the betterment of
facilities for the improvement of agriculture in Missouri.

28 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Looking to the future, I would like to recommend:

First—that this Board appoint a standing committee whose
duty it shall be to work for legislation bringing about the estab-
lishment of secondary schools and courses of study for the teach-
ing of Agriculture, Home Economics and other industrial studies.
Missouri has a harvest of 15,000 farm boys and 15,000 country
girls ripening into manhood and womanhood every year, and
scarcely any provision is made for training them along the lines
of their future life work.

Second—that an appropriation be asked for from the 45 Gen-
eral Assembly, providing for an immigration agency under the
direction of the Board, to the end that desirable immigrants may be
brought into the State, and assist in developing our great natural
resources.

Third—that following the recommendation of the late Dairy
and Food Commissioner, that the legislature separate the work of
dairy development and instruction from the police and food in-
spection work, and that the instruction be put in charge of the
Board of Agriculture.

Fourth—The precedent of giving State aid for road improve-
ment having been established by the 44th General Assembly the
Board should urge an appropriation of not less than $500,000, to
be used only for permanent road work and conditioned upon the
counties spending a like amount.

Respectfully submitted,
GEO. B. ELLIS, Secretary.

ABOUT THANKSGIVING TIME.

Report of Secretary.

SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

To the Board of Agriculture:

I beg leave to submit the following exhibit of the financial
transactions of the Board for the year beginning December 17th,
1907, and ending December 15th, 1908, which shows the balances
on hand at the beginning of the year, the requisitions drawn on
State Auditor, warrants drawn on W. A. Bright, Treasurer of the
Board, balances in the treasury of the Board, and the balances in
the different funds remaining in the State treasury:

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.

29

Date War. No. Name. Cr.
1907
IDE CoO pe = © .||'Scraceokeste ee. 2 eOLDalanGer ren, cro cca ae coe $314 58
SMBS owt fers 704 By PAS OR oe MOUNME ST cortctcrs cpsyscell wah poreteacicl| exotica etsy cher shoal $32 80
Ori hea eee 705 SHC St EINTASO1IS, ete prrace a en ieee er ee oll Senha ater. ete 21 20
Sees. eG 706 PEO SOLES sh iaynie woe. eye ste ary Sashes chat oe eeecara ep qs
Bo eee 707 JOHN D CERWESTE Retr aes heroes hee ohn | one erirtarereraret| 12 50
Ot) tee ane 708 RUA Vi blah ots(0) all eta tp icren ein eile 10 00
Os Gale rete 709 IN Gal a Ia (Gera Ayighamie oe Biante. er oisers avs eee ee Mero 6 20
eb reaeae | 710 Ae MecCED OM DSOMeeencic ote cra tereelicee eee ere 16 15
LS abcuntons walel SaMtonrds MESuiiihe sya trees metas cesses Ska it out ceeaciorelh 13 75
Ce nd eee 712 Win BeeMCRODELUS. 22.5 aos Sees are Nee cae iets. Cesk | 10 00
pie See ows 7/133 INSU COLI Mc cesuceos-ea ret eee ere Verges. (ats Kec? 11 00
Fee DSi ee 714 JeaTe et COEISULAME 2 anc ays. ohcco eee one erare cles Metcrete 2 sis. 25 00
BRL 5 75 cho (eas: Wie © SSENTE GUIS ON Fyre Seon Cc ete tee SE = enc 16 00
Ce Ne ere 716 Bee Bye WAT eno ceri re ORS reheat ore. cheers | 15 50
care Oe ws Tales ELAM GaSS = Sts aine aa ence cal eaten a eee Ti AGS
SS Marwexe 718 Mea Greenstel dec eshte ag aeke anal ensie webercanicee ore ! 15 34
2, Ct eeeaeemene 719 (Am LIN GISOM es si-aese ate eae neh ioieooanss paw.cie 22 70
1908. |
ReDreale stems 720 18l, Vo WENGE Goteocucooeb as semeud|ebeoocudec au] 14 34
be i eS aera 721 SPA it ELT SOM ee rees Cie eee Sit eel ot linus, eae eves ate 3 60
COE he ae 722 IWisRUSL Wallin SOM pases oe wae odes ke Pia Se, ae ate | 22 00
Merete 723 Ji TSA CHLISH AME a remy erd-cpraerae ety, e eos |e ajerare se anein's 11 00
Si i pepersaetin 724 Wi CS EMITCHISOM Aancrps shen stiavth ati aloo ret eles vie PZe25
pe dliteene ve. 2% 725 Geo eBs Bilis See te ters ee sails SMe ree hells 12 99
OO rt een 726 We BeMGRODEUSHa i Meteo Alva sera orte = 17 00
IMT ATID ceria oasis tone, Sy seense! Spates ALO PLE GUISIGION’:..5- otuactomie causes -netee Pe = 200 00
et Ae (Os 727 IBY 2A: PI NEISOIEES rier estrone ses ict a 23 70
kta tics sae 728 Wire Oc EMITCMISONe a otter ts ke, over ailla hava arbre sare ees 13 80
ED Tots ctee cys 729 SS WV MELLO SOM ameeerte toacn Meet sina a Ky cie-aachene ee Boe | 27 00
Maye OT cane 730 Wis = MCR ODELUSAeReee & atarente = ori: lee sone ste snal: 12 50
Ret eee 731 WEG S EutChisoniaet -ebterterate ee als iscacksh coma | 12 50
“fil ee al eae ae 732 Shieldsr&aCountS sence ab owe a an sscda bas atene ole 3 00
TAUCAS 2 Baier Atmel co eroe OM TE QUISIVION sa7-157< yaa aoe che einen 100 00;
BO Seixas 7333 Bye Wie CH TEheEhisomect: musty etre acel|s ban meee 18 40
mt 1OM a tei 734 Ceo ns Blister racic. erica tise ee fic cenpa Saye elsans | 6 39
Satis Ze aoe se 735 SWVC MET O Wel leamrenstar tet imet arte ny. | dc. B eid, «ee | 13 25
Dae a: es et 736 ice WAGES arin Seeee SARIS See oie tgs Ge wma tae 9 04
eT Pe: Nes en ae 737 (Greyoved oye TOI acto altypaice die: | Seeaeetl eaerainna.s cichchoser! 8 04
OC RN Oee Actes 738 Wie Dave RODents e+ ratrete ads cso slimes ae | 15 00
eaegS lear one 739 Sela Sra COULtS i reetcamesiet syle s-siet ccs |/scers servers Senpons | 6 00
cabs eet cay see 740 (Chyxouleipwl Wns. te ess ae 8 Ge eek eA oe nici © ioe 5 64
4 Ghee 741 Nixes COlMT aie. aeetrte ht ete igs encoun ceomormeeee ert ere 10 00
1D eof ee BS rts renee ree Mo Mequisivionieectyareas ie ao iyenene temo. shal 200 00 |
Bae LED csitsnee oe aie aerate eee IB ya Dalan Cee oe oc Moy eee «chia stl ones als. secopebeneelstone 294 30
$814 58 | $814 58

30 Missouri Agricultural Report.
DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND.
Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr.
1907. |
IDEeS le Reeoeeserd| tices alone eeaaios Norbalances ewer eevee cheeie ewes $103 76
1908.
VAN Wliveecsna 142 BysAmericaneepresstCOn- art cinco dlemciieie cre $11 42
HED esac 143 Scurlock svDranstenrtnrss setuc ssa oo | scien terre ier vere 13 34
ee ee are 144 HloiseeKneisleyaeea eit ce |k:sscibetres Smee ae 1 80
WET ES Bs eee oe 145 poppe sand Oy Lc Taken ain clase pic irre taen egret ce eT 24 00
IMaryae Mitta fe 146 Paciiicsb xpress! Cowman eae ee eee ide ceaeet et s 16 OL
eH feictorenine 147 Se SEE KGIMS aterm tana iecas cee cea eaten 24 00
eH ee ee 148 SEEING A eeeey etree ctesers crocs lSerecateaatcmets tears 120 00
SEO etis D Ae |. mace eae aes Morequisitionepey mie ete eee ee | 300 00
INES Ba ouse 149 ByoMONbisamibeenseecrtr te rte re tar ec RES ee aver 100 00
HUE PR es eae 150 Siris IGM Oll ataisiae cots Ao ts me aie eae | pier es eee 60 00
ee rebels yeahs 151 American) Hxpressi CO). see jeer oles ASE a 29 19
ek Shae g 152 IPACICHE XpLESShCOBe teeta etait es ci 3 49
Oleis Baodoraloooecsugodoe ANC IRATE POM GoeaccosnepenodaG0050N 78 43
hoe AD ciate 153 ByAPacilicihrx press! COM aansneee eis onesie eter 78 94
| $482 19 $482 19
OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.
Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr.
1907.
IDE CHAT Giccrseevecsllereatasteo eckee eee A Nop MEME acing AO dims oOo oat $137 34
1908.
DECTWUS iva cteree 685 By Columbia Melephone Com. - sera |oae eee ee $13 90
Janie viene asec 686 Count Harveyewen. oe eerste Cie nee ete 19 51
ere aidCerelp anes 687 SmithvPremier: Cols ovens oar ates eee 13 00
COLES i (eee 688 Jey TEMS oe 8 8 heii ea ae este ep neha AN cay site tens catego 10 00
Reb seelnccccac 689 DEUS EDILIS: Wesievs evecare Brains en etceabal| esos oit ss lara oe 10 00
IN (GY een tage es 690 DR AUIS: A reseucie rape urna waik cea aac! | Osean etes eee eae 10 00
Rem U fokatesehions 691 Wieliosblarshe tke ome Ee | Ge ata roe 2 30
MOMS. sock Ke 692 NationaliPaper Com soe ener Jocoodsoncods 2 75
Some (hare aici 693 AT Me SChweilchii hs Asincas cedteeiereenns lene eae epete ro tereleale 1 50
COMO iecote tors 694 iBarnes=Crosby2COi-ae samen tee ete) | eke ates eater 6 90
LS APH een aes 695 TEARS BIS Aes aie a ee ioe he entree 10 00
(May tile es 696 ColumbiarStatesmanee sacs ares anteater arate 17 00
CE SSR ot 697 Columbia Pfelephone!Comenesat oe eee ee eee 2 60
see alien 382 698 r\' "feel Chey a Ech go} OU eee tear ate, Fa oies.cy choneatane Series ookcuEDDieee Ole enc 2 60
pee Dir yates 699 Barnes=Crosby= Cows, © sis cas eiaheresese | la ausdete appears 8 98
ee tal a 700 Feil Sarat 01 Db Semraeinte eee ich on ier he Acai Sasieaal erciom eel ei Gh Ot 10 00
te Wary Sh 7OL Western (Uimionin.sonusathee rain shove os ai lene ance ae eieemeliole 2 65
ne aks er eae 702 Count Harvey oss tt ectrsicoe erent | | ie Sis eae 8 80
we ott BL Horses | Sromscostboneterene%eas TOMSQUISIPION: ae. -cre sere et eae er eae ee 100 00
Se (aie ae 703 By oi SRS YBUIS(. 2 2 orsieec sce aac a ene pees lohan 12 00
OH (ear Sa 704 Alex Stewartismanccc che cate smerecn Sera coors mamas mares 3 00
ESD Ticratenence 705 Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe'Co.5j52.-|-...-=-4+4.- 23 00
oe SD [etree ee 706 AimericanvExXpreSSHCOm ms acters satis |leeeienier ete eel 8 95
Sey omerenions 707 Columbiay Telephone Come me nme sea lee isis erate 12 40
Ee Dice sree 708 CounteHarveys,- .. orcs scream Cen eee eee 11 00
Be Die See 709 DSP PHOMSOMi se sew keene eee eral Cact eres a 1 50
5 Toca teive coe Ilevencne teers ohenenere TOWECUISITION na conn cee eee nee 100 00
June 24...... 710 By Rs Bi SCUTIOCK in see eter e rh aie ecd oneliaka el taherene tose 19 76
dwihy athe oo 5-09 7 HS: \Gladteltens.nctrjctastorseshar ove ba ahold [fu soan toratial nator 10 00
Gea aeoer (ae ES EUS Vann Oni secs yu see erences tere Gi ore ate vemoneIe 12 50
Be MMs: Arve 713 Columbia Telephones Cores coa-t-neeie | eects ersienores 6 60
eg PMOL Ea ES oma 714 Wi Blarshe:. rhc nccete a etcte toto sails dorartetoererorene 2 50

Report of Secretary.

ol

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND—Continued fe
Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr.
1908.
PAU Le reer cuava|| yenetcaenara} hss (ite ROME GUISIPLOIIESS ie. - oh ee oie temeia env elele $100 00
Soro shone 715 Columbiaistatesmianises cs seis tie ce |aiceheiereiercrereters $3 50
Seat gl Octet cy x sts 716 Barnes-CrospyaCOne sre eickrserokec ose cier vebetoe tar ee eu 18 75
COONS aa eee 717 Ce CUNEG WIA dei CO ermerctoere eee lee ceolen ste lene 155
CoG che aratis? 718 ACE NAD Gomess) COs soe osc ocuc doltcen obuaodds 1 65
SO A RACE 719 Witch). SED aT Sh Ge ctepeys nu eaccaler tate aietan te, (= ei ahartnene sonra 1 00
Septse4e crac 720 Webs ionbervennrarrpormtachcc. cecal Icncirseie iclerens iS} is)
SON: terra 721 Wi SE ETOTSHC Sa-)e Shortt shar earegs oie | oneterelkarar a sierau ens 1 30
AE ty. ono 722 ENIOISE PEGNCISTE yisereces Sasuetoret wack sieeve ey ohake ec icvcke ns 9 45
pete Asa e ges 723 Columbiansfatesmanteewgyacre sry ee-verarche cle taciere 5 00
Se Soro 724 1 Fel ese VG Tic ALO} dps esptoi oias cee Oe croc oles Ercaall aceoag ar ORATOR 16 00
Sebel Tictshvve ss 725 Aiifije) 6 gull Biko) ol oa drnive 6 Orn ntetanen’o occa meen [Amato cc Cleicanine { 9 60
OCinie once a. 726 Eloisembneisleyer eter han enon cn 2 65
SON are ee TONE Nationale Lapers COnsra-trcts deer -ceharnersie'|(sisneecvekep el yer oie 2d
Pe wt Arita yee 728 | Count Harveyiser ccs sreeeeis cts steak a elee Hotes pakeBapetis axe .ch | 13 60
CD ers aes 729 SESE KIN Si peeterret kre cs ee oe lo ee bacon 45 00
OAR eae 730 | Ra ESO CUnIOC Ke ee reied es Retin cet coke aisere oy cetera 19 73
Seeaited Oe fers leah ctrarce cal errersiesie1 a}| (LO! DE QUISILION =, <,ccacts out eheie cusserevoteeste er cae 100 00
ae Secs .a 3 731 By Columpianstatesma nearer cern eerie crorinc: 42 15
20 BB 3) et res 732 CountehlanvevAre eee tn kat eee teenie 4 cee 17/348)
SAA! OS Sintra 733 CROMNEWMAN sa cacsibes tee paver cetcl| aca ntas cnatsidese 1 80
pomerotlinrs tree 734 Proxellivdow hime yuserarsur monn tees acl cresteeic ses ance | 31 00
See eA ae a aS Momequisitioneer. tons oe ee ee ee ae 100 00 |
Decal excnk 135 BygC oh Baldiwitleecac cence rere one eee Sil 5 30
Pre O Rc sesS| ciswsne v4, wats e PROUD allan Ce berate stad ty tet Notary cee eral to aetna 99 32
|
| $637 34 $637 34
|
MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.
|
Date | War. No. Name. Dr. | Cr:
1907. | | |
IDEs ts ao oeallsaccaboacaas MOyb allem COM yararet sya akcast spay cre oheennt sss | $104 31
So era 444 ByaColunmbianstavesmianbe ress rin erie ects $3 00
BOE Sir sncee Suc 445 SMithgeremier Coys seees psc asks a eechieo asl 2 48
Sean dl Stovercrerse 446 Serle Bin Sipereyoteeertreccethc eval Se eel iaole tue meee 20 00
1908. | |
Jane 7s Ssck: | 447 MoisesKneisle yaaa e eee eee ene ed ahi dens | 11 02
Te Al a es | 448 Sinith Premiere Congo stee ae chasse ol osbaiciske opiate eats 18 45
BT 449 Sanders’ Engraving Co............ leet ccs 3 90
ED eee lees 450 Simiphyeremicn Comes ener acer emeeres. 7 00
Maryr2 A 451 Sy Ele Hillcing esta eens ee ase ee 5 [Sect Ue rer eee 30 00
Sees a a: 452 SmithseremiersGow eras cere Le eve wee a oe 5 75
WS Bogaaoe jpoosoesoguas TLOMequisitionvistyas se vases | 100 00 |
=) OY leper are 453 IDO ble, PINS peers inc sis 20 Poe iin. nares 30 00
FoR Nateas a. 454 Re PAScurlock@ers 4.4 een: (Sk eaten ta tine 1 52
Maye ills ses .c% 455 ColumbiatStatesmlantres srs. nese ae eosin 5 00
eee ML vera, fas 456 Smithy Premiers Cony. news rene seein aera tece|| 2 46
ee be a57 NationslPaperGon fe. Mo cane 15 77
COS gs arenes | 458 SU lo OUST NS aos AN ren cne Gpaeeen eye Pet en aapren en eetr 30 00
Ae Tis era earn ery. ak aR MOTE quisibioNea ete ee ee 100 00
COON foes Aero | 459 Bivens spelen airs ryeneeatey tote sey knee ra adele ceceae ste es 2565
SCO or 460 SriibhyPremiert Corwen sec. ae cae cll aa roe 19 15
SSR Dina avsite ous 461 Columbiai Statesman ese erie eee 3 50
Sem OTe cect 462 Sheed & Lendl OU fao fs | Sears onc oat ore ncncCrO NORE eee ace ROR oe 32 00
LU Vae ely sreicteners 463 Smithy Prentiers COM emt: © Scroll necator eke ne 2 55
ss Ie a cic 464 ered BE kan segews ate re tee oe ie fers tees line seesee ee saceees 32 00
eam leet chi : 465 BarnesiCrosp yi CO weer ses nos hace, woe ee 4 11

32

Missouri Agricultural Report.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND—Continued.

Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr
1908.
a ye Giletoe: fe cs otilloret or caer sane etre NO; TEGUISITION! L220 er eee eee ey hese $100 00
Ce Sal M2 466 | ABV AS SEs liking ee ere nen marae oiaiaicke alison eee ee $3 40
BoE State aes 467 R= PAS CunlOcki sn ateeee ae ede ca aoe oe 6 41
ANTE Gore sac 468 ColumbiayStavesmamern. cea ale este ees 28 50
Pe Gctrsars 469 SMith-eremicrComeessie set ess. oiler koe ee By ly
cee GY A. 470 Sie Hein se eetaeetart een ce ees aire 2 ol omaha rene bie 32 00
SEP Gaia oe 471 NationalsPaper (Comers a ae oe HGecherche ther wee 12 90
parrots Olt yc ever 472 Siero DUA Ta Re pre s aeris mie ah ee oR all eee, 6 ie 1 15
cdl Mabe 473 Columbia Statesman.............. Iieasyehsrcesesra cig tice 3 00
SO St Cee ee 474 IVE RAS Ace eter ieee ate heen aia) steie lecaeew ears cence 32 84
(ASD Orne, amen rete oer LGIOMeqUISItionieep ese eee 200 00
DED bwas cree 475 VomJ aN Ate dale J DIN oo atone meee o ORT a Dros leer Snaeetin othe pacts 32 00
CO at: US ate 476 ColiumbiasStatsemanserta seer neers oe rites 18 50
HEI UY Cree ee oa 477 Rewer CULLOC Kea a ytae terete) ce everei oiex-vall lave etausg ote Gummer: 23 43
Octheoiet eh 478 SMithePremicrCOme. ses wees eka ee ee eee 7 45
a) RENE 479 ATH CTIGAIUPEE PRP LESSHCOM sain enone |e ceca ee ee 26 75
al 1 me 480 Smee Gi SE Rieter noes Pavone: naps c cll ce eee ee 20 00
CO aI a eestoge 481 Columbianstatesmanta sae er | eee eee 49 15
DOMES WaT et 5 cn 482 SEE Kaa Siac cetera rc cepey cerca eek vn (spe aaa 29 00
eoeetchilyan Reaacse 483 | Columbia Typewriter Exchange....]............ 1 40
Y2 Slaves Sa aetere eo aes eet TOE QUISITIONS eee tee ee atic ke 200 00
MO Go asnon 484 | By sAmeri canvE xpress: COM rere lei ae | Ninian 10 73
eae NO ony chiar os 485 Se cele Kan Syesretote hs eae chee eee al lan cae eee 8 80
JD YYosiglen Woe Mote vane 486 Columbia Statesman sree satel |eelsieereieas eit 3 00
a ia ae 487 SEs Kins 37. Waker ee bee Coton re Acie teh ecaen ale eet 20 00
Pedi Op veteat ard lnueieicane acs eee Byabalan Cesems: eaumcietsi crm eee me Meee ae 146 47
$804 31 $804 31
APIARY INSPECTION FUND.
Date War. No. Name. Drs Cr:
1907.
MGC sale recta cls ecsietese no Bees Toub alan Cer. Sactyecire cc oer eee ee $225 75
Be eS ie ie ac 5 Bye # Danby nace axe eT ee oe $180 74
1908.
CIP ey os fli nee 6 MeO ar Dye coher aoe cueacckoneeetie Coil be coeored themes rane 45 O1
MA Viele xaos c ats Site oceans heres TO TEGUISITION As acim omeoe Sie = 500 00
dhili iNet sc 7 Bye Mee DAL Dy ines nacrdeasiatre eevee cusuel| air oe eer ree 143 30
GOFF leet 8 MEMES UD EDDY ay tenceatarecaasyereincersceean enone, «| vee RRA eT Ree eee 165 85
FATED eG) crcres oes 9 MOE Darby:s sn tercnarnbioacnc eesti el | hnose tin eee meron 167 45
eM SI ee oc texchcd| frteice sa menetie teretes TOME QUMISIEIOM crs ayecs testes woop neraone eros 500 00
Nepts Aitegeas 10 Bye MGeB) AD aT Diy > cctstouses come wuoragsuencLsn cameo ele oer eee 173 45
Octe 2s so e5- 11 Mes BSD an Divs) ssc, ct. tyosresy ane coe se Meher len oe eee 176 65
INIA, (OB ts coe 12 MESSED ar Dyke ih eer cacnoh eacre eet ene Tol tac cee ae eee 101 71
Decl 5 Nai oe llevan cr omexenoiss ws Bysbalanee rjc hc scusr cree Woe re oll BOs oe 71 59
$1,225 75 $1,225 75

Report of Secretary.

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

33

War. No.

Date
1907
DINOS Whereas
poe linc terse
peel Opceretts
TO sel hel
So, Se eer
SoS eest secs
ised) aati
eT Sie ssc
set :. poe eheoes |
aS aero’ |
see SSP. oiert
meme Sy. iv, 217
1908.
Jains tee
a Therion
CO te (Sate eee
HED sax es |
ee ee |
Maree De Secu cgee
Se ee |
TS ree ia
a SD ens Say Aya
ona ie aera ge |
a a |
EO wcewar
Oa 217 es ore
Ae APA ess eet
OA eS.
eA hens Cries
Mayme ety <3 |
el enna
Ce Elles Rear
OS oa hedeat acai
OG vig A ley Copa rae
CO ore] Loree
Sry rere oe
Coe IL Ga eee
Mee Raines eek
CD eae
dee OH Peete
Ue ON eset
SPH ei eater
See Dike cence
COOH fenton
11 ene te
Mesa ee
3 fw hie bee ree
Oy oA aoa
seer Learnt teh
SS aplictehens
mea ledge ha
shack Abe eetags
AIS GE a eis 6s
See ora es
ea ee Oronne caus
8 AGS Aone
Fae On ars
US haa a eee ae
ats ia o heete
Eek ee eee

|
Name. Dr Cr.
MOWDalan ces Rees sh ice Moree eee beeen tar $437 23
TB yni Ont Smell are ho oe cole es tie fo Beer eee Penton $103 91
Rat ayilisSia syncs ects oe See tates he | ne ancor, Mine te) ee 250
WalliamleRantneysnur cece fn erie oel one woe rio 11 85
SEL SET ONES Meee ee ene ret enced Rar as s eoeel tek ne kes Cece oie 53 50
ERG Hee TUDES ake ori else eel | aaron eee ane 2 00
Hy AUR ELOCMOUSE Hens Hare tae ar toeil texto tena 13 50
IWieeAR a rio hit ae pent ee eet en ee || 6 Pen Ne ote 25 00
GeomB or llis er tree ere era ae Pes aes av ee 8 28
INE ee COlNIa Tee sere eae ere rire eee nee Pee 6 00
SROWies hid SOM eis yy sores aren erst secon | oeucde evens clo 17 00
SSA EMI SO Teme re tte ecient kotere | bets eee ane 10 00
Columbians tatesimane ese ner | ene nee 13 00
Cuntisshalltrs ren eee ee a ee es wee 200 00
IPPOmreqUuISItIONis a. = settee eee tise «ee 1,000 00
| By ADR Wiard Ran chaser tee et ce sal Atay che cra 52 65
COppb ety tS) 8 BN bien sa A tt oa Atl | a pe 261 29
See Ete KIN Sees ee eee ee ere ee eel ee ney rortore: 15 00
| tbat Gil bentie ares scorer eo oe eee | ee oe lohan oe Somae
PAIN ETICAT ART ESS CO meade eee sete siewel licencia eae es ke 5 20
Smith ePremiers COs.) cane teat elle eee 116 00
My ersebunnivures COM en rer eiemte | kena easton see 1 10
InfermmationaloUnsirument Comer aerate ae ae: 314 92
CUEEISMENIIE Ae 5 ee ates Arca neck ast cael [coe Meters os 265 27
OME QUISILIONEL sate hee tee eee 1,000 00
Bye ttatGilbentwrrsn cscs os cee. eee | ute ttice ars 52 90
Columbia Statesmarterst 915 ees | ewan nes nr 13 00
SMIithV Premiers COs: on te eee eases |e ates See ss 2 45
AE) SAV Vein CSCI nee oa erent co et Sealer el RN rs wie a 137 85
GunbiS RET Breeres sete eee ete | epee oe ore Be 355 18
Columbia Typewriter Exchange....|............| 54 47
Dra VV a SK Tiere sree eee eh ee See aera eae a 77 50
imbermational Instrument Co. so. |e ace oe se oe 38 50
NE CaAG IDET t esate anne STi oe ans 50 00
Curtis Sena Seinen ee ree oe ioe Soe yore 277 98
JACSPrit chandesrey. 1 eee erence casera eRe on ae | 121 39
pote & [he] 3) DLC A tore, ieee Nel tebe areal (ARNE Rei eeniismtoc | 10 00
TOE CUISILIO ME ean PA etc s ecient 1,000 00 |
By HittarCilpert semper nee e Ieaatemner es aeons | 50 00
Columbia Statesman.............. |[Aessewerstce oe] 7 00
Herring-Hall-Marvin Co........... Neitvereneeen tee ee 20 00
Barnes-Crospya Comers see stoke [5 eect wt > re PB fll
CuntiseHil asieires et asc ote | teeta ina 261 60
ICE Pritchardigectoreracns seek ora- = anertaw) eens 139 77
Sieben Kins secre sot 7 eae weeny An we 20 00
TOwequisttiow ss. eh se eae: 1,000 00 |
Bye Rae sOCULlOG Ket. pape sao oe ell ach rota. she orev | 10 04
Sey eb SED ints Sense etree nena cow ee ei et yaa cast ga 15 00
Ey LCarGilbenieesser ers sete ans kot cee ee eet ee 50 00
Cur IS SEV Bee ncay ee ne hte once rors, cet ch eee ee 234 42
TRC SETiLChardecr shy ara tree Se teh ekoere caer 144 41
Americangh xpress CO; en) see be ome a bs eae hetoes 7 00
PACiHiC wi xXpresssCO) meee cer Shae link Seat Bert 12 06
Columbiaysvatesniany seen eee re eine cates means 10 00
Nationals Paper! Copy ste cine a se [eerie Meco 12 90
TCs CP ripChW ard eesen ty asra eke eke eas eel ose ewe eeaee 157 38
HMGtasGiubertias stearate ccna ae eae ers | 50 00
Gur bis ei yh versie sista et se Ga st.te note Nea Ae a eee ee 255 97
Columbia Typewriter Exchange....|............ 5 05
Tre SO ABE W al] DY Ace. crac ISS Ber ARRAS Cea Mieaxe| LeU ce tuts ae cineca 50 00
HONTE GINISIEIO Mer crete ere geste | 1,000 00

34 Missouri Agricultural Report.
STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND—Continued.
Date War. No. Name. ID}. Cr.
1907.
Septer4cmi. scr 79 By Barnes-CLrosp yO teccscecie ocak ol oie ere perso $61 12
SOS el concle tar 80 Wit tan Gilberts oepslo cach swcvoce ei oeapaata | he eeteoeroinge: 50 00
ON ie ete 81 DECOM ETit Chandra ce. Strciee lee orshe mall arses tees 132 72
So ee ete 82 (GUE bIS DEA See seesete ees wer ear ellay one ant Ratan stop hee 244 26
Lac: Daan re 83 Columbia PelephoneiCommnnoaae oe aoe oe ae 5 30
we eee 84 Sse EATS Se era resem ee eras oe orci all ed een ese 15 00
Oca ee 85 fo Page Enoel 2 Deh nS one at eee is ak pene ag eae eae 60 00
(OXeRe 2745.5 mraiaic 86 Barnes=Crosby; Com svemite too ate ect lieis Soko ome 19 05
aS eee 87 ENT Gas Gill ent iversmvecaeest on weeks horas | Het ereeene gee ee 50 00
Std kg bee 88 oer a Lae Sy Daiigichicy 8 aatn eer ae Races, areola, chase ence 2 50
See Dice cree 89 Pacific@hyxpresst COs aus manic o) several meets 37 91
Spt PED NoTs Sree 90 Wis ED SETA SHG Are caer oat causes ot stein Re eee 7 93
CONF ee ee tra 91 Cutis Seta Er ee ie doh Sire aoe CP csar eee oes 229 28
Soe iD oe seca 92 IRE AS CULLOCK Hava tence ec oleh eee 22525
SON res 93 PAC ME Tit Chand iar ews avn scaler oteeai a soaetanee eae oe 216 27
SSE SD triste 94 Shale lg Bina aa eee re nae Sora ia eter ce 30 00
HE DT ie shite ll avtaiteles,conaneaeha te vee MORE QUISIFION Et sore eis cores oe $1,000 00
ro ery ook 95 ByAColumbianstatesmanee eis iets ain cere aioe 22 50
spiel Okeamwecie 96 ColumbiaiStatesmatinneaessocern oe loner cree PPT
Od Tile wetecs 97 SERN Sie. pW werent eta see Aa ae 30 00
el Ga ee 98 d Dries yel CHU OY SNe Hea eereeerns Rit Rec try oe tone! Sol eee eee A erst 50 00
ul le veneers 99 PMithePremienCone ac, oh ys leone 12 67
een Cieraiore 100 Nationalebaper CO: naam acti 5 can ere 10 16
Sat ays eeeerenens 101 J CPETICCHATE Send acct eerie orl Pere eee 144 72
Ho 53) ae teats 102 RAP SCUnlOCKaNe scriae tn oe ool ee ore 2) oy!
SO Pr ilraaee eee 103 SERS IIS Ee See fe iccage st nels uonteotoe Ca aero 45 00
Go AS Re errs 104 Curtis! ae hee oc he is wei acer I 306 63
INOWene Gere 105 Columbia Statesnianee serene Tekin 12 50
eSNG ths eos 106 ColumbiastelephonerCopen eee ees 13 20
1 DY Yenr rt haar 107 FC Prit chan dhe ce, eee Rete eos tse Sete UPA
retail estore 108 Columbian Statesmianressimre erie ice eter iene 45 00
Oo) Cee 109 Ht taGilbentine vases ian eee tere ee ae tal nee eno cae 50 00
See lis ee testeien 110 Sh (Ep AG is Signa COOL gp aancdooec|bocwoadogoec 14 50
Oeil eg nee care 111 Wi Bright ey om ates rustcpmeeceaterall a oa baenetaeleacich 35 00
Wp 7. aire ial} Gurtish EMI Say. eeeasretese ieee aero al at eee ree 310 13
Moe ©) ee eee 113 Ree JONES nae concer orac reread | note nck oe 45 26
Aca Leet 114 ColumbiarStatesmianten saseiet eet |(cnceatere ee nal 24 50
noe eiliowa Seayed 115 SoH olin ses Seen we costacanepree eons a | Maaco erm eben: 20 00
Sot ace eect cA] shania taney frees Ose CUISTELOM a. eaeneiche eect en ee ee 1,000 00
Site rare rt 116 By Count Har veyicrcracc-inta haere cn vorsen ei re 14 08
GS Ge Sats chy | eankeet aon RCRA Tow alanGen Ponce crore Pee eae E eee cs eters 645 51
$7,437 23 $7,437 23
FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND.
Date War. No. Name. Drs Cr.
1907.
ID TEXe ea llr (Acces tees | Mom istatree atta TOIDRANCOsaoeieke ei see Siero $596 84
Ge USS rs Ronee 910 By _National#haper Comes dsy. es peieieralie ie eles aire $8 60
Seam Sie, 76, Aaa 911 CE DL VOM actiukete tvs) ote ona || Svastsanaeaysees naire 180 66
“igual [fs en 912 Var H Child Ors.t:) eesne ot nespeteuca ho rer | Mateaeeeeeuanens 19 08
SDSS wc rcieh ie 913 CORY en ADU Eto Wem cae Sota & cicea amininal Measartc Bioraroinen« 10 97
Os Taro te ae 914 He AD) SEIU ENES s.. sonra tyeie tiie eiboonerll rkertoiiorsr thor 5 50
Soha ste foarte 915 Cheb Mar Dubs horned mittee arte acta |oceeaestemer ont 25 00
Seal clearer 916 EN Di, WiAEELSiic oe ous sreus fe locaver orion: ketesenewonl| (SepetyeucwReneneeste 16 97
peat alll Sirens, suave 917 TL AD SEIU SHES +t ryares theccrchel oaecae Secor | exe an rere Re 14 60
oP lc ie arrer ee 918 EW) AG IBTIS ta era cuneloreeek as ol leraal eno stake Roe 25 00

Report of Secretary.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND—Continued.

Date. War. No. Name. Dr. |
1907.
Sean es 919 LBW AS wed sla Oy UG bashes aa oir otttGon peo rod Beal aieeaea crater ore
Skee RAs 920 Pye AL SLOW DTG Les aceep ee sent cucneren. eno [lene cate eer
See seaiall\= pitcicheu-Relenel shes ROME GUISILION,s v4.0) ee cre ene ee $1,000 00 |
1908
Vheenaceee 921 By CME CKIeS hy tinae eaters Sick a xtelhn nioeae bcetes
(ae aero 922 Doyle yod HOG TOI Ole ae 5G hora Ooloks Soe eiothe Canin caer
Tecate 923 ULCER ATA au FLING Re eet he Crepes ays cose MONE a Coercion eee
Hine seen ce 924 JAW) COMM AW ON Anil ite cets sis os lie ty oe cvener sate
netenscenec: 925 Columbiarstatesmanicewcercereice|| oe ieiesacanet
ibe oir 926 SHAME LOLCat tes cxshere. ee neck ee aa ee dae) noe aeaaue coitens xe
Tables leks 927 Da EMASC IU Alyswey acarehetan RRA vom relsavckens | chimena Mie eosachens
Ws 8 ORO 928 Wee Eitehisome nett maces actouae | [enasiharetoucuemecrs
Westar 929 BBN CUO st re tee One era nye Serre al
{bcupcae 930 Ae WEES OIES Ay dar nate pemei ess Sal actonsee onl ee tor ete een ores
Watters 931 TUS S A GOLRd On Gera tacit cee eae ees acral penceminee eave eee
Genre: 932 IMISSOUT IPB ATC Roe ewes ee toe tel |oeas tener ay Sere
Wien staewets 933 IW is ISO TIN © Oi yesce ocr aes hese ie eee loz ithe lee aston
Y ( ee os 934 yer COLG OME eres ee ele aca aie Seo icons ters =
Utrer 935 IWialyMenDInSMOReis a sees hese cas ee [Ma een tate ae
pet aete: 936 iSreauTortal MUSTO #5 .45 ne aogacaseloadooccoo note
(oat aes 937 We SIG OSC lect tr chet OE aoa Pyrat ac ON | ie Wena el cee rs
asee poate 938 i) PASS Galanin tz poten meter ep ntti, elem ie hae ewe.
Cea aan 939 PB OLab breeyy ss aera ee teins Bes [eco a cease eee
ee pean 940 MASH Ment Me trccest eRe kee tires eee greta. So.
Fh rea 941 eB AC One ea ray ache eet row ee eas meee make eee cere
Teta 942 SAD AVENPORb sae yen eee ea ieee en illecnce tere eres
Utneaete 943 DES SAM DORN Aca cites ce Nut Meee lae Se cuca eta
erat 944 ee BC raineets 2 ne teat Men tell bake nome aa oe
ihe eae, 945 AT CHPRIC DE eee, haere ce Nene overs tes eee Aes ieee
Dees irs 946 THennyeOhlenGdoniseei sera eicte cokers. ccalloeotaeeeteus ca
1 Gaara 947 Res RIED ele nore mien ecient eee cial | Ne Paice
1 Dee case er 948 Abert JOWMMNYV Creeps cate ceee cere le toc en eueieie cose
1 oan ae 949 HarliClaytont apm ciel. cto ractae
1 Beeencern 950 TS Wize WiLL G ONE fe rtrores: stereo antony |e Mee ener bccn
i Geer 951 For aymike Ate Cube lsetcnsked eae ote ee oes eas oll che eenvem reins: ioe
lieeeer es 952 IA CO] WAVY ase lise ee rt RE rey ee IE Pee eee te os cone
ie ae 953 EVO DE Marr yan anes weet weeks, cists ie eusen (hrm Sate masa sites
Nias ae 954 ING JET G em tivaetetap-ge rae eae dn aoc targ lo catetobe hotos cece
Teme, Saeyce 955 UD ober DR ID ER AL nue coe ols Udio, be oad crete’ ieticis ciclo prorat
Ne perear wee 956 pd hd EZ Dg al ales ee betes Segre crsee Glaetieees Bl | abetcaet neta reeieee
ee oe 957 Desa C el SGT ave pe ae oe Oe a Bla Gintean ell meicros Gao ae
1S ceeiors 958 DSP VWidT GIS ep eae en ee see ae lies avreiooes sels
WAS s,s 959 SAMS Jordan vr eee ere oe the 243 lr etreeeke aed
iL 5 See teal suamenoer acocecee TOE GUISILION. er eicu ee eet cae ences 500 00
een Acs be 960 ByeJ ohn eBames meray vacate meee ctencteies | aeuenee ere, cvesos
Poe Se | 961 IP SEIN ING ob oon co gbue dono 6.9 0I0.5||oan cacooboc
1 eae ies 962 ColumbiaiStaresmaneee eerie ene inieee
Dee) we 963 iWieiaB RASC Eine et eat pre ie ee kal se Re eck rare ten .
Deere Sw 964 Sie Miron ari tes cease doce val ayaie es acerca eee ara oes
Diese i 965 BAB Crabtree: a avenseeehn nn ae as llssini nadernet
Pel pease 966 ING Co INS Ge daagccbagscaasonddbulloaovaccoauac
Dae tetas 967 Wiebe LOW aR eS sivas vets cates aeensceh oral lle aren revere fee ese
DEE ee. 968 CHOMRAINC iy sete Levees CRC Sas sareteinci lla a oSeanee eerste
De mle ance ene eles, Sies TOE CUISILION Ea Cacpet yeas here te, one 500 00
Ol Nae 969 Byori eaMa ery dares cen aceasta aie eel earo asin ere
DY namena ae 970 Coltuimbigistatesnianeeprice ct. ateke oie (lere erten lens
PAE a eee 971 ESAS LOW DELO SOs wet a acct heyses hheu ly iansenterstotexe tens
Dire susie 972 CRS EICKIESRarrcstevtucel aac sso. 3 Ua Does. 2i| Recs See eon ets
Diego tars 973 Tie CHU GETS epost ee esc, & see | lee euete meee
Py (ie Snes 974 IBarnes-Crosbiya Copa eco cheers s cell itemeswces Cher
A (renee 975 ie CAWIU bE Titer etaeeeiststat octave. saatetsllceacei mnete aie erenors
Pah ies OO 976 Is} Cdas\ ony (Co), 6.5 oes ound eno Do|lbuoakoue ost. |

36

Missouri Agricultural Report.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND—Continued.

Date | War. No Name. Dr. Cr.
1907.

Maye lhe ce. 977 By Columbia Statesman. a0. sees. lege sete cctsrons $35
ee 2 Lhe Ae 978 Jie Wes CONTA Wayinerctoe mecca le eel | on eh ie once 21
SAMs teense 979 SH IMEGT ORG aed ect e ee tee eared le cemeceeeree oe 14
a ee 980 Barnes: Crosby Cognit. cc icles occ) eee er er: 10
A oats 981 Barnnes-CroshbyaGorn ene eee lithe oreo Same F< 8
Sa od nar eeeeRe 982 Herring=Halle Marvin sateaCOu. 2:5 -cllla ea erente seks 20
ra de Spon este ae 983 Barnes-CrosbyeComen sect elo eae eee 20

AIRE Glockers 984 NationaleP apertComean terse aint ollie eis acter: 12
Tee 8s 985 SUEC Akins == ine oe pee ely ie Serer. a 60
meee elke eho, 986 Wises Chan Glens arian ee Soe tion erie 8
ott) ee eee 987 GeOAB SBNNISEs epee ee ei eee eres \eu5/isnctreieeenyings as 14
Se) eran 988 Be Gea en, Me acce icp aoa a Ni ett 23

SCD bh 2iaatye 989 Siz 1a Brey dbase aww oies 68 mae ncorMeaee leeeirrntacece-cictese 10
eae AP fo <0 990 1 Siok Ghee) Gib aes CARE Aart sh aN toni ee he An A We trae Acres te 47
JT ALG By ea meicie 991 PB Mum Lond igen mn oe ase Pays alttaes ae eee ase 10
OS ee 992 SAS EP HIM hetero & kt Ne era crea Sea eee notte res 10

O Cth 2a ter 993 Tee STE GG ee ee re caster oeseees teal Greate tetera rene 4
SE) lah eee ae 994 CRE SI CKIGSie ne ee os eel aia ere veg cee aatN Zi
Sang asics 995 AMETICAN SER pressi COP er setae nee Rarer sa etek 26
eG he ry oe 996 DRAG GTC eo et et ee Bean [eed artnet aa 17
PRD Nes arche ns 997 Columbia Telephone Co........... enn core ecemiees iS
Oo wey atm oe 998 By AY SE TOWDEGGem ere. ener cnn ote aoe eee mre | 10
OmmeeD ae pate 999 IW SEEING IS OMS cae ot eee Wee or lls vec ecu Ie 15
SNe ecco 1000 SVE On Gain pee eee ropes ene arr Nee 217
PEO! Reh. 1001 et eece EoMGiniG ss Sas co ee on ate earns 2 WOrafelgrorsecete 30
CORD tat ave del | Pirarart Bom atente dos ROFLECUISITION areal c oer ct cre ee he $1,000 00 |
rae} leaner 1002 By C/E Picklesseamne: nerck om cmee rae alts one nee | 34
enh Gol lear Ane 1003 Wi NeISOMa soe pce cehe ie se ciel Die axce ener cis sone PATE
GS Chie ae 1004 1 (ea Obes GSU Seer tele re jee s Aeeyre cual seencarks, ea | 12
SOEs int 1005 SiH Elita & Seep nee a= Soma a Ras oe os | 30
SE oa Leen 1006 Paulliauchilinteies ee, eee low secaneraaeaa 2
UF Si ee 1007 Roy: Cl Baker .n aso eer ae: kes IPAS ase bs Aces 2
Seay, we 1008 Be GERI Pte eee SNe eee eee err [nee ee bere 60
SMS II. 1 anv 1009 So Me Jordan: sateen eee | bets Biases be 30 | 150

Nove 624. -<: 1010 Si Mi Ordainteg ce tee ee tain de ae ON Re | 48
BSI GI uth icdatrces 1011 Geor Wis Willian oe eaten Cea ltataastetener a act 80
7) ee 1012 A Oe & Ga sD Naas ath Seegeaeere pemereyeeiec. cost deceit ncmectbmc a eee oe 50

IDYs(C, an LA ee 1013 Bes Coal Gb anh mae emer a Marcu dcty Soir [ee eR 44
Obs Ns eset cee 1014 GeorBs lisesi oe Sa nates In eee ar eee 30
5 he eee 1015 SoMe Jordan ee mere Cee eer scateeseh te | 209
kc i ee aaa 1016 Wis AB rishitt -3. ee Sentence eae NORABE MPR ba Sgeetiecrtee 35
Aor aa lees Oa es 1017 Cx. B.abutchisong Were = centro ce haa ete eae 30
ican (remeneate 1018 AW SeILINGIS6 Ta se es eee att seat ae | ocr ceeeenene ae 8
Set pen y. 7. 1019 IMEDIWes OMESE ove Botstein sie eke 4: | cesgasieetebe ere test oe | 6
ere NS ecto 1020 a chveg! 5 Ome & ON ca: bo Meena tarey Ale nie pies Meee Mal [oecertra a Ac chin) c'o | 3
Cre (aa 8 | 1021 Mid Be Maer speak a eee eaten hes ean al Bors eee eee 18
Om le de eee | 1022 AW) s, Fels, (Adie -,.05 pYertinys cee et sno eis Nee ches cteera be 2
SER Dee Eh 1023 DS Ward Kine maitre fis cit sce seal weitere toe 96
Pomel iba cecrogeh 1024 ANS S Prather’. mcear taut cer eee cease 70
Ol Les aa 1025 ASL MGD Owelle os 520 aoe cee es eae ea | eee oe cro once 20
ee AL rare soaks 1026 14 Fal reve) GU CS aR ate A Pe lets Ay ec | cc) coher pee ONS mee 31
hie ll been 1027 Mi BEN ller cree ae Stak ohtec ee ee laters ete oe oe 20
Boas ul Leen ete 1028 Se eHelsinse CA Ae ee ts ore teeth oy ait lncetere tenes wees 30
See ene = ope 1029 Mo. Corn Growers’ Ass’n........-. RRMA UNA B: = le ¢ 235
PPE Sts ceca |Prnee eee teste eee Tore quisibioni-</4.W ase kecee earner: 2,000 00
Cae Ml er 1030 Joga sled had s HUE) alae Ve neler 5 bing cee.8 8 ceo cel chOloMoso ole ODS 35
SUG SyRon Aaaicgenl (ater Pearecn est By AD ala Carrer tacntien eerste aes oe [ower eee ee ee 1,366

$5,596 84 $5,596

00
28
85
87
13
00
37
90
00
09
69
89
00
il7s
77
00
15
74
75
68
80
54
56
12
00

40
04
50
00
50
50
09
00
30
88
00
97
23
03
00
19
40
50
15
31
00
54
64
66
05
00
00
00

67
48

84

Report of Secretary.

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Date War. No.
1907
1 7S Se ern] |e ee ee ee eee
ESR ee 2026
US ei crens: 3 2027
ee stots 2028
US ease oh: 2029
USAR rts 2030
WSs52 in: 2031
US ater 2032
Oil raiccayco a lleval ciche Sawa ereyene
1908.
Uc foterere 2033
Ue thence 2034
Canes Se 2035
eee | 2036
Cities fc | 2037
(eee ie 2038
(hel traces 2039
Femi tennt te 2040
i femeyceoree 2041
Tf ee 2042
ie eS 2043
Des sirens 2044
1 Sie Os 2045
Lee Sh 2046
pa ae tes 2047
Pitan atation’ 2048
estat te, ows 2049
ett oe creccll Rhone laregomanshe eles
Oe ane 2050
74 2051
Dae eait 2052
Does ee 2053
Deycyn eet 2054
ARLE 2055
De ee 2056
Dr stave vous 2057
Oe nian 2058
Deer Asai 2059
OXIA Foe 2060
7d eee Se 2061
O17 (oa eae 2062
Dilfate cinsers 2063
i eee 2064
DTW bis coy ance 2065
Bah iecsha awe 2066
PN asec ab 2067
Pi fees tres 2068
Dd neRi evs cans 2069
Di arre a3 3 2070
240 tote Facd pee Cee ae
eet 2071
1 ee 2072
ee cite 2073
| Deron 2074
bps sate 2075
i |b nee 2076
een ee 2077
ue aes 2078
| eer 2079
ASM cea are 2080
1 LR 2081
5 een 2082

37

Name.

Mop Dalamcess cataaaa cs hes Breeton one

Byte soneld One wat tare ae acer aes see nada as
RUBE a VOLE eo) nes ee eee
Eattonn ce oniehita. meetin ene
RESP OP OALCy pasa. ete Mee ess as
AEDS ANA GU eyes Gon Beer a AP ena os CORE
WatA SB rig hitter st oprenceat cree. cen
WS: MeL wm Sst & oetarete esereeihcteme ters. sees

MNO} TEGUISIDIOW ms. se ele eae ree ee

ID Fre

Cr.

$363 18

| 1,000 00

IBySR Mie Marten errs.) ps eiccis toa cee Eeeeed extract oace

L. D. Brown

1 DEI Fag o We) 010 ee yp She sce ace lest hicne REL O HERG or [icone chcyeeencrtae

R. B. Love.
H. V. Goode
R. C. Moore
Horace Brad

ICE dee Sel oes sera Nereis Pec cena | iets Lame eee

Columpbiawstatesmanerias 2 ee | OYA, Dati
PRP ani CkKke ys. taes etre soe eee eee eqoteeacesia tr eet

Columbia Te

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LE) RBS AEC KE Yeni tegee toe eee ore 1S ee TEN vA:
(eee Mamie nin er conc Ape totter etcrens cs nnctociaeee mieten

J. H. Slater.
Ral:
University C

Moore.

OO} sO a5 eee tec do plow on O-cudnan core |

ComuntimHanvey.: =e ort aea lle Cake acters |

L. D. Brown

To requisition. .

IB ye) He CKe ys tet amen cee ete ta es teas [te eet step wa ays |
GCounie@llany.c yee etre ara acess ee

BK. M.

MAG ATIS peters one ok ett Pat ae, eats eo a ea |

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SS Sel sO MG resanen tia pe eee tree
Columbia Telephone Co..........
(Ey 5M Een diy; = tsar ace etna aetna ee
University Co-op. store............
Columbia Telephone Co..........
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Gs {Steele sercirtaccece. eee:
EDS Bron ees. ciel she se ah le
American EIXpressiC Om ones <a

Missourt Agricultural Report.

STATE VETERINARY FUND—Continued.

Date War. No Name. Drs Cr.
1908
Mais (Wisc. 2083 By Ep MerMantemtc. sear pers vice aciey tate riers otec hea atts $50 00
a AR measles 2084 DS Ry Mek Gy es sacceateewepe ie one ole basaichl Seo mek ees cree 233 49
Co era 2085 TGC lariceecencra kobe man reek tke tevs ets [lsc eee mena 8 06
etal eerayts tons 2086 TY AC MIMO OLE meme racehorse syttedoadek tonal oe al a etal See e e 3” 70
a 1 Deere 2087 Fe a1) SESE OWING eevee s cae ee Ieee A cc | hos ee eet 53 57
Bo Bs He, Ms ire 2088 SeeMCSmiithasacee renee see lo ste.e aller canae eeasectners 13 50
SCosiear lt tees) 2089 Jee Christiania eee seek. caus owner oe cadre Ie 20 00
HOt nei 2090 WiC SE UtChISOMs awseratlre creche ol ool Serene 18 22
eae Deen ee 2091 (AM AEM OMP SOM Ss crncnardtees Sroodes haa ke ne alee 7 30
EN ete 2092 Wi pO SHETO WEISER bere csusycrsperctans ecco boon | eke nereaere oe 12) 3s
MLA oe 2093 JTOHNADEERWeSsteIeyamc ie eal ea oe 7 80
Go Aes ain 2004 IRE AG AY OUNS sector yeroon ar rere cota cteud [ok eet Shee lees 23 00
OS a eRe 2095 IN edit COMM AM Fusco sta anes enacts Soe cree ann otter ane e concrete 11 50
Bt erro 2096 frye o Lex CLE ANS Re crore a cet ceccreiel oer bee here bic, Ob ernie 3 00
Seb pliy scot 2097 18 Ia JEeA ISI ISIe wv oeec cto mee toatices ices cetera (a cickera ots aneat e 6 39
Hera eee geet 2098 We BAM CRODELESS sar ati aich Seon | ee cee 12 00
oe A yee cans 2099 JEW OLESS eres aictewerafoniata =o sc cach [tc etek ee eae 8 50
ne Balin ci, 30 2100 Wi RES Walkin SO nega ere iaes erates lle Srorse epee 10 87
CS eee 2101 Geo@ Be bllissnsen acest eka eee eee ee 5 64
oF HE eieyieteve 2102 A PACS GASS ers ora tae oe eran oral lho aece AE 3 52
LAr Weiler reat 2103 Be PSS willlce prsiea epee hese pars here eet 18 60
fetes eck. 2104 AEA RaINGISON temo akon Cane hh aoe 19 10
Soe tS ea 2105 ColumbiasStatesniankeray cerereeieie alee ene 19 50
Kp D less sais cork 2106 laemaingals Cul enAatia (C0), ooccncacuell: nono 5od00 00 20 00
See Tihs oy sateen 2107 FES COCK Prec iear coy wear tedr esate. seal hoc oe ee ee 178 30
Et ie tenes 2108 TGs Cla tke & annie eir na ae cuakale keeae etal ae nee ae eae 8 02
pete De licisierieees 2109 MeeAGil berteresecharck ele ek eee a leo ee ee Siz G0)
Pee ateistnen 2110 Jie Wes IWiBG Teh han Sopa etcetera usin ee lect eins deere 6 00
EO oacisvetine 2111 ID) SB AGU CK EY: sven Seer tae eer 212 78
ESD hs cntahore 2112 Bleés=Moore.Inst-sCOnimaeeiie. e cilias eee 12), 35
OO OA AE 2113 18 Gan OA NUKe) Soper tan A aot at ar a Rane em, PgR a) A Ren cae 100 00
he eeOlae cts: 2114 SiN S ial OW erate tee eae is a bk Goel ibstorsl | Seine e preheat 20 92
oF eee leora sates a 2115 PASHCUMISOMS dks ea aeie Pete he ieee | eae a eo ee 5 00
BSS OMAR sve sss 2116 MESHeN GY a 2 tatoos ee elncos nate clea 18 17
Soe Be Ppa cafe ter sa em cusa ayia tees oa oases TOE CUISIONEe ae sss eae $1,500 00
ey Af aeiepctre 2117 NB egal Dyed DE id KO) Dae oes seme SNES Ss ney GUNIRCSG | ler tae Set teas 24 00
LOE DL eee mere 2118 AS Je ELaMMersteinis oictosta eters corse oerae ee eee 5 00
UMMC ae raye eke 2119 RPA SCublock tris oak sere ere lias eee ae 7 97
ill yim lee tees 2120 DEVE Cail Oe) ol neers omy Gbios 5.0)n Gh [eae Sook eho. 50 00
Sih eee Sverre 2121 Smith Premier Cosas west ers eee ee Zio
SO NAW eta 2122 Jas CullisOnie cc erscrssee eee eee hee ee ae 41 19
Poem Nba east 2123 Lie) BLOW sec. oe ee aaa are 32 50
She ww lero ecie 2124 Det He Ta VOL sicycck cece eee Fo ea | oh eae ae 27 00
Be OAR, ae 2125 Columbiai Telephone!@o@.. 4.5 224-4 aes ee 4 65
OOS i Verne tier 2126 Fi Bradleyzas anos apse ie eae cee ee ee 14 92
mk Wier AS i 2127 Rw a lene) cH aioe momen Maren eh.a-sa5 18. cubes, Broutote:||ocdkeete o's coxoreee 14 20
ss Mishevare pees 2128 Hat tonics, Knight: pees Aeweeete iy: aol Benice ea ewe 6 00
ty Perea 2129 ELC RUCK 6 yok aeons RO Sere Ise eeneieea aeons 57 87
Le Miler eae erre 2130 iC 2 IMOOLe ws. tacnsictsectohs orl ee ae See 55 00
pe Wee See seeds 2131 | Oe Olena Acts) lena ca enn ty Riera eich teal Piaraan ee vee 129 78
Se asi ie ne 2132 Sa EE Bins 's ooo. veoh acne eaceeraree ea | asec areas 15 00
Bots laeteton: 2133 RCD MOORE tence one Ce EA Cees ee eae 60 00
a Mtr eaenes 2134 Ta Gew Clarkes. exc oa Ne eee al ace eee eee 11 00
Sap waa le coer eck 2135 DSR: abu elkiey iy 253 accord esta ereten casoa oid een eae 246 93
Ute anes 2136 ED ES BOWE ada: 3 see eee Ch Re eee | RA ee 176 09
Ge ts recone 2A] Soaaonedoatrere awe te AMO IEOTUENHOING Sonoodorgoucopoudomoce 1,000 00
Sop el Gaieeen ae 2137 Bye CSTs. 25 erates ee eal re eae hee 198 80
Seep lia Sear 2138 Be PB rade. 2c). tise ees Ger Oem |e ease tee 29 21
as 1 eae tee 2139 el fos Tete Hs) Dees ee een ins ott, SHB aa ate batts, aro oedon ame 11 46
AIT Ae: sia tier s||lstersnsenene seats yeus To Tequisition =..c emotive 1,000 00
ele Olbte each 2140 BY SW: WEIGH Sasi nce a Xe nonce tray cho ree pets 14 00
Oe Ore era 2141 ColumbiaiStatesmante see se | ae eee eer 13 50

Report of Secretary.

STATE VETERINARY FUND—Continued.

39

1908.
AUER. (3) aitaoere
FoR Oloyetey atc
peti Opa seri
pS Oe sat co
odie Ose eve, ah
pemeOaeiecs s3
PAWEL OM sera 4s
BoP Gis shies
SSPaB Gers dereiaste
4 IOS oe
me Oe rencrees
Soe AG ireneseP ss
peed Gorse 3
Oo TENG gore rete
memes Olas a3hs
Sole Give tons
pple Ofwstel cs. «
oS tac
= loin ae
SMe Silas es
SleDis tho cones
FcR AS Shentet
pte AE sce 5.
Hae A Bien:
see RAs oy
SoMa 8 oh
ane: Cohen Eee
IC. Ee re
OS le mre
SOR, 4 relies
Cie et. Erie
ne APN oder
pt tod rat,
SOUR Aik mee cet:
OCitpe 2s.
Oem
Aa ee
Sy DD tse
CC RAD La epee
CoO) ee
ceed Mone chaste
SO ean na
Fee rate ors
OS et See
Se ED! Saya:
Cain; ye eee
Be ee yates
SRD ent cs
eee OTS eh ay
Fee Dirt hare
SD see) arel:
os S(O Re eae
caer Oslewebecs.<
ama hl Le care
Pai lemia eae
GE AGT legac
Sem Silsisvass ei
EO OS! Laer eee
SOO Lape oe
easy | ee
Gy eragede
He Far hl ee eae

War. No. Name. Dr. Cr:
2142 leh ls ledadee eh aKe ales aca oocin Siar GtorbecoRe | |DNIGS G.OFO EERO $13 73
2143 a Go C lamers tape acre wd ios el| en erent e te ous 8 65
2144 He Me MET OM Givi gees & scene te ep eevee cell orsiesoaieis es, hes 8 00
2145 UMD NUT CHEM poset Fates seo oh RT| haere ei ies P35) (074
2146 else OUllISOME.< cascsecnetom eters eS Oe eed | em honeueecans 8 25
2147 HeeuGilbentic cies ote oe AAC Loeeotiin ethos 50 00
2148 CRE StCClie Scare arenes “Pat a ona tn omarion clin 25 09
2149 National Paper Commaceta crac ae-cl| meicteneteincis ce 12 90
2150 A J SELAaMIMNersteliay ware the exe nee beeteeretoe 25 00
2151 A ell DS Bio hia dleeat eet ctmiot chs ena Orc cee ed| MCR oc eae 190 88
2152 ED Cee INT CK oe an cach eae ee 2 A eal sls emma eee 1S) U7
piles Ug a did Ren Aly eae cache cb ho o.com Cts arora! [Stouts CHeTSIORS 42 00
2154 Columbia helephonesCotenaemar ce laos ieee aes 10 25
2155 REG MOOR Hue ete eRe rea oneel seeks abe Grade 59 10
2156 ACT) MELAMIMELSLEIM se ee: een eer line. saree eet on 4 50 00
2157 Smuithyeremiers© on carpets ces een ee 3 45
2158 TD) PRM CKE Yee a Tia oo tothe sane |e hoe ewete nc 278 21
2159 Columbianstabesmanen eee aie oerenenie ieee 3 50
2160 WY AG) & leg! DEER call O}ycestens bone tavee aeicane sere ee laeetcne ch Serena 50 00

Fated. Geto core LO We quisition eee |) ole O00 00
2161 ByaiWesterny Union Com stecie aah crs ae secutive 1 65
2162 eer Gilbertyst cee ee al cee alee 50 00
2163 CHB AaStee lt sas wero rire bce a clad Smee see 21 50
2164 Da pE) STUCK yas ee eee econ |e Seas oe 219 19
2165 FI EO BOCtUNeI ace meant saree ree et Node eons 30 37
2166 HES) © EMO OLE aiareu spaced eis og |e eee 25 00
2167 DS IDE CANO OURS resect becca ied teen aa a aO aicaelmeceemore cen eroro 13 18
2168 Jewels la beter rcrscnse Maat accent en Aci tee cl eevee aces 13 94
2169 eee b) STO Wilner teeter ckerae seine Celta al meee ue 195 55
2170 HME ELET Gyre Po nee see Moe ot cee arc Sema 39 75
2171 ESC SUCK eee ee tata ere, Serene sovaliteicc sera 203 60
2172 Sha SCID iaChare ae a ce nm Grondio cil cipiwe cha] lela oat Cee 20 00
2173 ASC UIISO tiger wept iraore ol icaccay acu eee one 8 50
2174 SAVE oH lamp pe thea cece ciste tay cecaellle ah ettices 3 Saebee 100 00
2175 Geer GilWerteytey ue eer eel on enn acre ees SANs 50 00
2176 ATIC DON ONE Weer eCmEnren ein micae ll lnecete ee ae we lanes 15 00
2177 ET AB rade yisepsce oar isan kee egal hans See Cree ae 58 60
2178 I Rese Biss EXOYEY Ce ay As sel cick Onset ie a OVERDO Coca | sec ER CE ROR 8 50
2179 1 Erpaeh Oa O) Ere Pi ica eee ene ear eee eecA ete eter rarer eee 15 58
2180 AGT Jie ELAMIM CLS tel wewe yews cite ono |uaceuceshe: cos hea 55 00
2181 TAD ELA lOLe ee ere ee reed Soe noe eae 126 40
2182 EDM B raid levies ten tea eee er iors reel Sl Ueki eae 18 29
2183 LCDS BO Wile cairo eh eae tein ein eis sea eos 188 31
2184 Tass Cullisonen seer en oes laser ere shales 9 00
2185 iPACI CHE XPress! COMIC EEE to an ocmities arias s 37 92
2186 ELS HEM BOSE LME Tree eee roe ees tooth el Stowe royce Ss os 37 98
2187 Rt CIM OOLC Meee Aee ate carte mi neck al sisahee enna eos 42 50
2188 | DSR TU CKE Ypres cee eee a eta hee 2a | the cere Gaon 264 47
Poco Or ORO OMe CuISItIONNe Nesta oe eee eS 1,500 00
2189 Vaio abs (Ol ING) Lana tea ae at cae bce tere t eeneneettal hr eaten cee aries 197 65
2190 Columbianstatesm aniston tee site| ciel tae ener ere eae 5 00
2191 ColumbiatStatesmantere. eae ee |store eee 13 45
2192 Tes (Gee CLamleg oe eee retirees conc sereh sasucrosere | opeuscat tee haansiaae 8 70
2193 EAH senVVi Ibe paccee Pee wench an ics she elect | ok casoe ase rete 17 70
2194 Batnes-Crospye©Ore, errsccitatiee eo | ae eens 5 52
2195 Meee Gilbert ery ae ee oer aah ori shal Chae eet Ue charters 50 00
2196 Aral Disa Wie wy lKOI Pans tien) ORAM RSENS CR EAC (ROMO eRe Lar Onone oes 107 99
2197 Stanleys Smith wee spsr. secs 5 she + ssi olleiue stats ciel 10 44
2198 RU Jee Mi CHel erate et tanto cxe ct satar aol | ute este eters 6 64
2199 AVS tLamMenrstelnine neces ove conc e=|(iahe siete toep et 10 00
2200 AVS Sep MITT aratetere gers ore tob ace ae aee coo ov lliaoeated ose oleteoe rs 4 80
2201 DS Palls (ae D1 Oba in. oaeetec hrc pear eR RRO RAR (micas ckcueur en Omen 30 00

40 Missouri Agricultural Revort.
STATE VETERINARY FUND—Continued.
Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr:
1908.
OCRESIe 2202 By .3D SBrowniss oot eee oe RSV do Ble oe $100 00
rweRS lla yeteye a 2203 EEC HAMIOCIR: Ais crs Cae eNO SOE coe. | iets Marte ete cay? 100 00
eRe tre ee a'l|ta uae, Bree Moats LOSTE QUISIGIONS a cee eee coe eee on $1,000 00
INOWAN Oe ae. 2204 IBY RC MOOTe as Hee oe Geo Tefeaek ic ato ieee 76 40
BPO Bi ahs. 2205 Hie GEIR SWiOltteary ete oe tee ssaaeate ae rena 8 35
SE Ge tere: 2206 Te DLA TO Wall ce ee eae ee eee SE Se 105 97
BEING Peyereieic 2207 EC ADI Ce shi aaron eee icrrectn avec ele ae eee 98 15
ae Oa cok 2208 BE BTS AUT CGNs akties aero oes ohne) see en at te 196 54
SVN G) doer 2209 RB bile yes ante etter ats ellen haere oe 7 08
Dees) le ea 2210 ColumbiayStatesm anatase eee ereee ee ere oe ae 45 00
a eater ee 2211 IWEECOBETE ye reer o aco seine ecco ieee 22 00
a Pee ae 2212 JP Slater eaves aeet or Last tous cle eee fone
Fol Ral et 2213 TRGEK Gil bentieteycmeactty. ote a teas amore. Soh Sethe AA year 50 00
La (entoeicen 2214 IWiSTACIBRICNt se cere ae ee I uecbicheermeesncts 61 30 00
Se alt eae ee 2215 JER O)OV C4 dt SGNUEE Miso og oa wloudiehs welo Ore recep cca. ce en 12 00
coer | See rs. 2216 PAPAS SCULLOGCKS patisesa neice aa terick hall Gee eI 4 40
COS. 1 ieee rene 2217 Fl fel she ot Desai (0) beams Sas ye Rent Pe are all Onis = ZF CA re nIZE Sie
OG ors (Siena 2218 ti: Ge Clank State odsc Get oe et ee Lee 8 60
UC Ea eee 2219 AS Haminersteitivers oc aoe nen eee ae | 37 55
st 1 eeR iS hy 2220 WB SAWeleheieaa ne cuore eer onl oduct oases 16 50
th ee ee 2221 FERC 5 MOOLEH CEN wae ee Teh ere See ee ae 52 50
Co eae 2222 FDS BROW: casco ns ee eae Oe || ne ae G2e5o
BI De eye 2223 SEL aS siya Stes Pisce ee Nat 2 Che ro Sl lene a ene 5 70
ia * il, ee a 2224 DME AUC Keys: oe c eee e errno hee lean oss ae 174 33
poe Qsigct ctecbed ee tayichs ene. erase -EOITEQUIStIONSs..8 oh cera eee eens | 615 26
ioe 1 te emecots| (ri ticeetencte Sack eee Biv; Dalene ns Gee Oe eee aig ell asa eet ne 600 82
$10,478 44 $10,478 44
KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND.
Date War. No. Name. Drs Cr.
1907. | |
DYE cya Wy emeeonsie Nernicieee ea cemkore 1 TOw Dalam CO ks ea. chstandis clause eae eee ea led > $298 55
GS Titsee eee 98 |MEBaWi Ani Bri chic 640 ate ee peasantry see oor $15 00
1908.
JN te Zferromose 99 | SieH Gn 6 he etc a oh a eal sky carey 35 00
Hebi ees 100 A OS Crain css sete dw cla ch anchors Oe Oe Ie aa eee ae ORE 4 90
eee -aulec tee 101 dl Sherer Basi] B12) OY2) LE peneE ger rea rh eNeae | Reenter oleln ie 4 68
See alte, oe 102 Boe Newt Ont: 20 vec teesok eee in cee ae ae 4 44
oe! Allene ae 103 er CemWAz oN POM. seeeuc ae ee aeae en Catal | bee eer 4 39
CO al Deen ee 104 He Macke yet a ierdtaereaieere: | eras sn ee 4 36
Selmi ieee rs) 105 WE SCOP WiAtSONS res% alec errr ne ealeacne, saeco neomertene 4 18
Oe) eeeetnnee 106 QOSFAE YB ATM OS ooeaaia ss gcdeyaicck tote cen cot etal hence ete 418
Ue Ee ae 107 RUG Weep USI OIY scsesisue ste ot uadoeemonsper= deter IF echo ionne, Sareea 4 03
oS ie ee 108 DAS SIUC SOM 42,8 dioee ens nas Jee ee ol coceasdes oa erie 3 94
HOPI aig Ney age 109 (ORs ee s Chass ieee een ICL ato ca olemeic ol ciceenctc ooiata hicic 3 89
OG Wileraeeeras 110 ET SCE DA or Meagan eatcy a eae ence oral Ree meu 3 83
Pe! Lamers am 111 WhittensHardwarer Conse mescee od eee ee 3 78
Oy a La Si 112 1B TO yee ede Seat niet Se mee arty ca Al Gn ora oe obec 3 66
sales be N= rsa 113 Aa Cid Ob i giel (s aeee gene ee en Seon geome Siar inv ears Ore 3 66
a WB ec 114 ClaytoneS cotter acide ace avin osesacos 3 62
Co a8 hel ea ae 115 1D SX OR Bees ate (CN zope era ca coc aa ee ol haber Geer cicke 3 52
Be Lereephore 116 Pa iChapmant i. 2s, <cregaceuiesse cis sal |taer nate gere vest 3 52
Ee Lerche ate 117 Je Eis Mat en yn rescc, cusmoisnsusteutalteus| oases erereleuceoee 4 03
ee BO ete ern 118 ( Ole DEVS Icio) A amen eR ae mse Seat eumeaerct oe eo A 0 3 35
Go pl tes cee 119 CAs Haynes!) nok nb Sea cal vee keene 2 89
Sol Deere 120 pee Opal & RT) oats peed iy ee Snes Ceuenmeeciciy| [reiemcrcictcis craic 3 83
SO OAL eo 127 FEB IS NOS as crve ne dies eictaic pee teyeasllo ented lotions Ss 3 00

Report of Secretary.

KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND—Continued.

41

Date | War. No. Name Dr. Cr.
ep. eee: 122 Biya wliasMan stash ot mya aac ict erts al Savana womrene « &2 00
a A auees-s 123 ELE EU SCORER AE eenOe heath ie SEG ic oS sikc ns By GP4
si le eee 124 CAR Gricsnauer ayy. cence oer aed ae 3 25
eeme liaes. 327... 125 GeOr PEE Sy eo ant ere ets Se ell eee one 3 66
CaO. inl Ween eet 126 Wins, Johnimeyers sates ints aetatoe all cies Susp ees, - 1 04
ein alas ie Sa 127 Chriss mit hiss eas reese ere er tiicie eal Mies Paketie, wer seach 85
RU Licaess ioatae 128 VOU MOT aM ety ee ee oA eee eat 10 00
ACY) bey ae earee 129 et 0 Uy Ore) Wo eater eet ans Osa cease lear emer eae toe 9 00
eae ili a, Bee 130 Cardi CUBIC aps tots ee eat eevee coverages Serax, nts 8 00
Si ll lee there 131 MincenteBOndnreamiy pecs) siaciekieys eiiel ereacetckerseraie a 7 00
mee lice. eieis 132 Geo= Oblen Gorton acricicchoroe Otro rane | kas exons ence see 6 00
CONT ea re 133 ClarkaRie Dele set cos crea oti scant stascine leh cs aie 5 00
Cosy (ean 134 VEO S WIP eyiet arcsec crsrornnk oops seaheas J ohe al l(ops Shaye atalete an 4 00
ES eer. 135 WialtertOhlend ones tanec: «ches a oatene’ || ardent. 2 3 00
lee 136 Bredh@hilen doris se meqecs te yao eoceets eco 5 all erst ocactienee sce enc 2 00
eS Teaco ee 137 Joloee. Crai smiley 2 <3 anon aie Sarai orrel| (sein sehen ete aye 1 00
Hoh a beeen 138 ChestersMathemyanarcxsseeticcsyee cee eoses eres eeereencnciies 10 00
SE) RES Aree 139 Herbertebre tiyimanes ty terete tis dees |nconttae een aus 9 00
TS) becmregeer a 140 Chalmeri Clay tonieessescesacier ie: auc elle nema ae sie 8 00
ema eye 141 UAV IN ONG AWASE line: Mette epee oes a Reel lt je ater ace ena 7 00
mote Let ircrd one 142 CET Currie try set Schwere theres cor oee ko | Sea een ee ea 6 00
a! aes 143 ClarkeRiebelees.syaccscetc cee heater del | Mesicueee haa cha 5 00
Se Leesa 6 sie 144 Robt Mantze lees ache ac nner eee neaeteee nell 4 00
Seem MO. Mee eo 145 FEA erp OTD laeeiie athens Me voicae pe arate dis Sl eis pees ae mnceeca re 3 00
SO basset 146 Claudews.. Bryant?) crtacvacieastsss Govalle.s 5 Stet are epee 2 00
Oo (1 Ua Meera 147 (Gene MWallliain sic Aer ce cer teks teracn al eemoqosalle oe eats 1 00
on die ieee 148 feist) [ent O) sa hake pen utara Seateke inten nine all eet hamee 3 Rep ONE oe 38 55
OGis ~PMedesion 149 De VATICN OG rears a eterers scacerstoka sbore-cil lone erence ganar 39 00
SE Ese eect | (pierre chcenenss Nowrequisitione 4 yea codercies a coke cies $39 00
$337 55 $337 55
|
SUMMARY OF SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.
Date. IDI. (Gir
December 17, 1907...| To balance in State Treasury................ $500 00
December 17, 1907...| To balance in Treasury, Board of Agriculture’’ . 314 58
December 17, 1907, to
December 15, 1908.| By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of
AGTICULGUEC Seite ne tae erent eee ete oat Gun ecctiei| Sa spenel i evel sea eusee $520 28
December 15, 1908...| By balance treasury, Board of Agriculture...)............ 294 30
$814 58 $814 58
MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.
Date. Di Gre
December 17, 1907...| To balance in State Treasury................ $1,500 00
December 17, 1907...| Tobalance in treasury, Board of Agriculture... .. 104 31
December 17, 1907, to
December 15, 1908.) By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of|
INGTICUILUTE cee rete ee re ieee eo tec anata $657 84
December 15, 1908...) By balance treasury, Board of Agriculture...|............ 146 47
December 15-1908...) By balance State Treasury... . 72... 05...2 cls o2- ene nee 800 00
$1,604 31 $1,604 31

42

Missouri Agricultural Report

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND.

Date. Drs Cr.
December 17, 1907...| To balance in State Treasury................ $7,500 00 |
December 17, 1907...| To balance treasury, Board of Agriculture. . . 3) 596 84 |
December 17, 1907, to |
December 15, 1908.) By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of)
A STIGUIEUTC Lj tortlafie eles Caan ete nek | etal eeeat as tees $4,230 36
December 15, 1908...| By balance treasury, Board of Agriculture...|............ 1,366 48
December 15, 1908...| 7By balance State Treasury................ | Nk Reser 2,500 00
| $8,096 84 $8,096 84
}
OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr.
December U7, 1907-55) Lo balance! State’ Dreasuryc sccm wether s sas $500 OO
December 17, 1907...| To balance treasury, Board of Agriculture... . 137 34
December 17, 1907, to
December 15, 1908.| By warrants drawn on Treasurer, Board of
ASTICIUEUTO hye to cake OEP Te eee al eae ere: $538 02
December 15, 1908...| By balance treasury Board of Agriculture....}............ 99 32
$637 34 $637 34
STATE VETERINARY FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr.
December 17, 1907...| To balance State Treasury.................. $10,200 00
December 17, 1907...| To balance treasury, Board of Agriculture.... 363 18
December 17, 1907, to
December 15, 1908.| By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of
ABTICUIGUNET Say etevecccaceta cases aie oyetemeuette tele bayer de ls Beedeustar meron $9,877 62
December 15, 1908...| By balance treasury, Board of Agriculture...|............ 600 82
December 15, 1908...| By amount paid for printing Bulletin, Vol. 6,
No. 10, account with Printing Commission.}|............ 84 74
$10,563 18 $10,563 18
STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.
Date. 1D yes Cr:
December 17, 1907...) To balance State Treasury.................. $10,000 00
December 17, 1907...| To balance treasury Board of Agriculture..... 437 23
December 17, 1907, to
December 15, 1908.) By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of
AleTIGUIUUTE Ys: coir te scaell o alee tecratanenedotomctate |e Gstthee celle Gees $6,791 72
December 15, 1908... By balance treasury, Board of Agriculture.|}............ 645 51
December L5; 1908:5-1) By, balance State Abreasutry yr. ys cts reesraratetens|l tele = ne eet r= 3,000 00
$10,437 23 $10,437 23

Report of Secretary. 43
APIARY INSPECTION FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr
December 17, 1907...| To balance State Treasury.................. $1,000 00
December 17, 1907...| To balance treasury, Board of Agriculture.... .| 2259 No
December 17, 1907, to
December 15, 1908.| By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of
INSTI CUIEUTC aacsns oieo ge eret oo a ere tee Paste lia aerate e nian $1,154 16
December 15, 1908...) By balance treasury, Board of Agriculture...|............ 71 59
$1225 75 $1,225 75
KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND.
Date. | Dre Cr:
DWecembersl7..1 90745. -Lo balance) State Lreasury . 2. s-< t.ho ee - $1,000 00 |
December 17, 1907...| To balance treasury, Board of Agriculture... .. 298 55
December 17, 1907, to
December 15, 1908.. By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of
A OTICULEMEC nc cleric athe aide sie bie 8 OO ee [Pekeerrerehstat ey oneter $337 55
December 15, 1908...| By balance State Treasury................. be tals Nawerard ays as 961 00
$1,298 55 | $1,298 55
PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTING ANNUAL REPORT FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr.
a
Decembers'7-190722-|' Lo: balance: state DMreasury:s....-. <6. 9-1 $4,026 37
December 17, 1907...| To balance treasury, Board of Agriculture... . .| 103 76
December 17, 1907, to} | |
December 15, 1908. By warrants drawn on Treasurer Board of|
ASTICUEMC Re ence chen ee ree peclos Gi coacr $482 19
December 15, 1908... Bysbalance State -Lneaslitynac. ss. see coe Ieee evo ok eee 3,647 94
$4,130 13 $4,130 13

|
|
|
|

The amounts paid for printing bulletins and the annual report are allowed by the State
Printing Commission, and the moneys for that purpose are not drawn by the treasurer of the Board
of Agriculture; hence the exact balances will be the amount charged for printing less than the

above figures.

Respectfully submitted,

GEO. B. ELLIS, Secretary.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

To the State Board of Agriculture:

I, W. A. Bright, Treasurer of the Board of Agriculture, sub-
mit the following report of the amount of money from last state-
ment, and received from the State Treasurer, including balances,
and the amounts paid out on warrants presented against the several
funds of the Board of Agriculture, and the balances now on hand,
all for the year ending December the 12th, 1908.

PRINTING ANNUAL REPORT FUND.

Date. Dr. Gr:
1907.
Wecember 10}. - 4.4. - | To balance, transferred from last statement... $103 67 |
1908. | |
AMUA VAS ete oe Tor StatecwaLranitia sco. niece ere ie 300 00 |

Siateswarpanitesciene aac on

Octobentimnce starts ‘
On erdrattisels 25 te hices ica: cote eee ee 10 |

December 125-25 4-1 By warrants) paid ‘and cancelled), 220-4. eel-sa.oee ean | $482 20
£482 20 | $482 20
MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.
Date. Dr. | Gr
1907.
December 10........ To balance from last statement.............. $104 32
1908.
Man chain eee STAVE Wala nitinn esse eee -u-a-ie wee rece eee 100 00
Maye ae ceri. cat any 2 Statenwarnramilen nes nen mecn-utene ot acesal/aren seers cenie rote 100 00
UIE Gi aroeeectgene ie aeet Sbate waLlranitistery sheet sweets cicveme fetoteas eeeieee 100 00
September 2........ Stateswarnrantns = enoct. oo acehpets ceweeete ke ea 200 00
INOVEIMDERS Te aciecr cL IS UALCRWATROI\t nbeuses chcettom ceed an eka seem mene nee 200 00
December 12........ By warranuspaideancdncancel led ss qeies sien terenieiene eines $657 85
December 12........ 1 of} eh aKer se aerceatcnos RCt NERA nce Mpc Ono oc ctotallGvclozc ae onOs 146 47
$804 32 $804 32

(44)

Report of Treasurer. 45

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.

Date. Dr. Cre
1907.
December 6......... To balance from last statement.............. $314 59
1908.
Mair clataiecs cea stole = StatewwvaLranitr cert lsns ove ach ccerko ari 200 09
ANISUSE: 4 ota. eel es SCALEGAWAlLVaMtieAs Peters = ces, eeu, eon eee wee 100 00
Mecember/... a2 SUAS WaTaie canbe te soe wc, core aeneney etapa esyeeMen 200 00
Decemberl2) ses. - Byawalranus) paidvanducancellediss: sersaractiees il crete secers once $520 29
December 12........ RY AIT CO Seay rg ce ceen cet atten suey nes Seiea tala set aah el | ames Ravkscayteetiaa Ste 294 30
$814 59 $814 59
STATE VETERINARY FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr.
1907.
December 13......... To balance from last statement.............. | $508 56
1908. |
Jnmens7; 256. ees oak IRS batCewialramt ec. umn y Omer iw sh cep erten eh tei wa | 1,000 00
Bier ary cae epe ee ere - PSO UALS WALA ote ccoctapshencweicks) = cpetereretn eect hentia | 1,000 00
ATU S ie cvs okay as teks DS LAUESWanraltsysgerewcwstaycmehevalenttusy seen atk cueieua es 500 00
DMMETSe 6.5 yeas cae een SUES WRB ¢cgo0c5acgavacansacoobeoceal 1,500 00
clfiullivé Says Seperechs eercr cee SLabenweanlamiiera sys ese, oe cece ieccuseen sts oe | 1,000 00
JNO, Coos OHIO 4 Bae Ore |e SURE WENN ino a keacia heros is ote c ad eoede | 1,000 00
SED tere meee rciceatna Statenwiannanteeseren St apne ete ee a / 1,000 00
Octobeniia-sue eee HMA T at CVV AET MIG S oeaee cwcnten sa thin Seelam toner hchesebens 1,500 00
INOVEI DERE Merete), OS CALOAWALLAM Upon. oh tonen Mrelsicslsacsuaieiras elev uene auth: 1,000 00
December 12........ Staberwarramtsystan esc cel sme ort areas io Suels © 615 26
December 12.....:..| By warrants paid and cancelled............ | eadame beeen sk: $10,023 00
December 12........ Dae Cee eee ei arescatse teem ete tere ta ae seas Baer pe io cueParon eis 600 82
| $10,623 82 | $10,623 82
FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND.
Date. | Dr. Gr
1907. |
Mecempben Us nase To balance from last statement.............. | $634 91
1908. |
AVIA, Ae cers anes oe een SPatewalra nit ccieva cate screro act, rorya 1,000 00
ebDruUaTy 4 os << : SUAPSEWaDDaTG oo te csaceiye racy seoteremar eins ee eaeeS ees 500 00
Manehicas sm. oeveccoe Late, wWanraniban cna ceive cess is are ee, - | 500 00
(OXON Takada netor Stateswarramtin asides coc cteyesasis seta erecere es evans | 1,000 00
December 7.0.2.5... Stave hwarkantser ic soy meee ta oat eee hte | 2,000 00
December 12. ... 55. By warrants paid and cancelled............ Weeeh atetieirdae icetesate $4,116 08
December it2y se. 5. [or eh aelevrery boryaboae Rea a pecene das eortnn cao aioe [ices eis seen 1,518 83
$5,634 91 &5,634 91

46

Missouri Agricultural Report.

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

Date. | Dr. Cr:
1907. |
December 10........ To balance from last statement.............. $469 63
1908.
eats ha lye eacioreia ceed Statenwarranitapwercactce retrace nerelarerciehen to usi te 1,000 00
MAT CHUA Syersyarais en teleeee: Stateawalraniys-ccnia se ecto lekey aah ee ace 1,000 00
May <A ha mvehay sya sie, eke a Stateswarnait seccserre coe tte tort iedst cree ction olen 1,000 00
AUTOS peters ct ay ote cares Statexwartant atten [-ack aererenciren cto moe 1,000 00
September 2........ Staterwarranmtpe ney tc cttetc cine aire aroner | 1,000 00
OClObeEr ieee ees eske: Statenwarramtirs nate ce ck cere deterred aera 1,000 00
December sere. seas State waren tee scc. iets robicrcnsreuerasrsises Ole ecnse i> 1,000 00
December 12 ByawattantsipaidcandscancGelledirerr:-yaircterte| (a enetertin hort itl $6,824 12
December 12........ [fs EMV eteh acne ect nia hay Dw O Oreo obo cero oral neve eiomineciomn ad 645 51
| $7,469 63 $7,469 63
4 J
OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr:
1907.
DECEnIDeR eee To balance from last statement.............. $137 35
1908.
IMaty ad tries np cteue shceei: Statetwarrantaete en ac trae eyes 100 00
UME Bierce g.0 6.0.0 dn ladal| Stateswantamterrs yr tieetna ketenes terror eas 100 00
J NWCA DIS Nao 5g Curren ore State warrant. .< scstraciecn een ines sie eas ee) 100 00
Octobersoee eee ln Stat enwannamitenny a yatta teri peste iene nree 100 00
November4....../. | Stateuwartlianita > se: cacceetee tessa de air eootoc oie 100 00
Wecember 12.5 5..... | Ss Byawarrants paidvand *camcelle dee cee rt- lett ieneneyorenaletene $538 03
December 12........ | Balan CG er hndhe Stcumirom te coroner ere ere acre eral tae tsse ate rages ore 99 32
| $637 35 $637 35
APIARY INSPECTION FUND.
Date. Dr. Cr:
December 10........ | To balance from last statement.............. $225 75
1908.
UME V Storie ete tca lel: State warrantiis't salt Seok Gece tone eee 500 00
September 2........ Stateswarranit. Savsitan 0 occ ares oe eee tere 500 00
December 12........ By warrants) paidksand cancelled rycrscy-reencis|lselonsn-e ert ete $1,154 16
Wecemberel2 seers Blam Ce acs he ove rate aeera te Sree ade een ei | ese orem 71 59
$1,225 75 $1,225 75
KANSAS CITY INTERSTATE FAIR FUND.
Date. Dr Cr:
1907.
December 13........ To balance from last statement.............. | $332 05
1908.
Octobermlar seis ee Stateswarnantartsewss tcc eet ene ee: 39 00
December 12... By watrants paid and cancelled......-......|...-...--:-- $371 05
$371 05 $371 05

Respectfully submitted,
W. A. BRIGHT, Treasurer.

REPORT OF STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER.

Columbia, Mo., Dec. 15th, 1908.
To the Honorable Members of the State Board of Agriculture:

Gentlemen—Looking back over the season’s work, a decided
improvement is evident all along the line. Many things can still
be seen which might be improved upon and many more which
should be improved upon where the conditions will not permit.
No man’s foresight is so good as his back-sight, for it is only by
the past that we can judge the future. The best results are to be
obtained from a study of the scrap pile. Road officials are there-
fore advised to look back over the season’s work and to study the
scrap heap.

Reviewing the past year’s work of the State Highway De-
partment, I find that the Department’s representatives have visit-
ed about 100 separate localities for the purpose of attending meet-
ings, making road addresses, or for investigating and giving
advice upon road and bridge matters. Few hard surfaced roads
have been made under our supervision, the greater number of our
calls being for consultation upon earth roads, culverts or bridges.
The Department has sent out 15 steel bridge plans, aggregating
2,600 linear feet of bridging at an estimated cost of $37,000.00;
72 concrete bridge and culvert plans aggregating about 760 lin.
feet of bridging at an estimated cost of $25,000.00. A total
ageregate of 87 structures—3,360 lin. feet and $62,000.00 cost.
These plans were made for and upon request of the County High-
way Engineers, and about 25 per cent have been contracted for
and built.

At the instigation of the State Department, the county engi-
neers have formed a highway engineers’ association of the State,
the object and purpose being to secure uniformity of methods, the
establishment of closer relations and the advancement of knowl-
edge pertaining to road building and maintenance among the
county engineers.

(47)

48 Missouri Agricultural Report.

We gave all aid possible to the road overseers’ schools of in-
struction, and I am convinced that the law requiring that all over-
seers of a county be called together for instructions at the county
seat by the county engineer, at least once a year, is one of the best
features of our new road laws.

The machinery for testing road materials was purchased last
spring, but has only recently been installed in the engineering
building of the State University. We are now prepared to test
any kind of road or bridge material which may be sent in by the
county officials, at no expense to them save for the shipment of
the materials to Columbia.

The road exhibit put on by the highway department at the
State Fair last October was creditable, and consisted of road tools
and machinery and models and structures in concrete and steel.

In my report last year I advocated the use of some of the
State convicts upon the public roads, which advocacy I wish to
renew. I do not advocate scattering the convicts out along a road,
but would keep them confined strictly to quarrying and crushing,
leaving the hauling and other work necessary to the completion
of the road to be performed by the community for which the road
is being made. With a systematic order of distribution and ap-
plication for such work, much assistance can be given in the form
of State aid to road work. Road material of average quality is
accessible in almost every county of the State, and in a number
of counties it can be found within reasonable hauling distance of
any road. I would have the State own portable outfits for quarry-
ing and crushing, with an average output of about 100 ¢. y. per
outfit per day, to be manned by State convicts. A steel cage
mounted on wheels with bunks, which could be lowered and raised
on the plan of Pullman coach, could be purchased to accommodate
16 or 18 men. With crusher, cook and guard outfits on separate
trucks, the whole could be transported to the railroad, shipped to
the next place where wanted, and again hauled out to the road or
quarry. This quarrying and crushing should be in some form of
State aid, the county or road district having done the grading
necessary to prepare the road-bed for receiving the rock and also
having made arrangements to put on the rock after it is crushed
for them.

I beg to call attention to Greene county, Missouri, where the
road officials have this year succeeded in putting out a convict
rock crushing outfit with county prisoners exactly like the plan
I have outlined. The county convict outfit consists of a traction

Report of State Highway Engineer. 49

engine, the convict cage, cooking tent and guard outfit. The crew
of a team, two guards, an engineer and 12 prisoners with an out-
put of about 80 c. y’s. per day at a cost to the county of about
$15.00 per day. The convict outfit does only the crushing, the
road district doing everything else. So successful has it proven
that the demand for it from different districts is great enough
that two or three such outfits could be kept busy. The cost to
the county is so small that the taxes on the increased valuation of
property caused by the improvement will pay the county a good
interest upon the capital invested.

The work of a large number of our county highway engineers
cannot be too highly praised. In some counties it has required
the man to be philosopher, orator, politician, economist and engi-
neer. It has been a hard position to fill, and even with a dis-
couraging season the roads have been improved. The haphazard
way of attending to the road interests is fast disappearing, and is
superceded by order and system under the supervision of the
county highway engineer. There is a saving in handling and buy-
ing tools, implements and materials; there is better and more
permanent work and better maintenance. More hedges are
trimmed, more poll-tax collected, and men and teams are worked
to better advantage. Small things, as opening ditches, placing
culverts in the right place or abandoning others, putting fences on
the established lines or clearing the right of way of obstacles have
been attended to. Many things which any sensible man knows
how to do, have never before been done simply because there was
nobody whose business it was to do them. This is the result of
supervision, and in every county where it has had a fair, honest
trial the results are good.

The roads of the State have been gradually improving for
years along with the natural growth and progress. But the year
just past shows more advance and improvement in the roads than
any other one year. With the plans already made by the county
engineers for next year’s work the end of another year will see
the most decided advancement in road improvement that has been
seen in any other one year. The efforts of the State highway
department shall be for the improvement of the roads as a system
and not for an isolated road here and there. In order to accom-
plish this, it is necessary:

Ist. To give whatever assistance we can to any place or
community showing a spirit for improvement and a desire to im-

A—4

50 Missouri Agricultural Report.

prove. In this way we give aid to the isolated road because it is
a part of the road system and all cannot be improved at one and
the same time.

2nd. To have road laws which can and will be complied
with. Our present laws are good, but need to be made consistent
in a few inconsistent minor points. Because there has never,
until this year, been anyone whose business it was to see that the
road laws were enforced, the average citizen has not respected
them, but has felt at liberty to ignore them.

3rd. To obtain uniformity in methods and a system of work,
and in keeping records. Records of contracts and of the roads
themselves have been kept in a very careless manner, if kept at
all. We find there is no record of at least one-half of our public
roads, and some of the records which are found could have but
little standing in the courts. One of the greatest disadvantages
our engineers have in the enforcement of the road work is the
lack of any record of the roads themselves.

4th. To give attention to the maintenance of the earth roads.
Over 95 per cent of our roads are earth, and it will be some years
before as much as 10 per cent of them will be anything more.
Hard surfaced roads are too expensive to build and maintain to
plan a very rapid progress in their construction. The largest
mileage will, and should be, earth roads for a long time to come,
and in the meantime the best should be made of them that the
means and natural conditions permit.

5th. With this care of the earth road, attention must be
given to the construction of good, substantial and permanent cul-
verts and bridges. The highway department should be given
more control over this feature of the work in order to prevent the
substitution of unsuitable, unsubstantial or unsightly structures.
Not so much to procure the structure at a less cost, but to obtain
a suitable one, worth the price paid for it. As the roads improve
the loads increase, and it is both safety and economy to build per-
manent bridges and culverts. Well maintained earth roads with
good bridges and culverts is the solution for the majority of our
road difficulties.

6th. Where the travel converges upon our main roads, mak-
ing the traffic too heavy to maintain earth roads, they should be
hard surfaced as fast as possible. These roads are of enough im-
portance to justify the increased expenditure. This is another
feature of our road work over which the State department should

Report of State Highway Engineer. 51

have more power of control. A road is not made by piling on
the material in a haphazard way without attention to the founda-
tion or drainage. Using more material than is necessary is
another waste. Money is being wasted in all these ways in Mis-
souri. It costs too much money to make good roads for the work
to be done in a careless manner or without attention to the
principles of road-building.

7th. Many people advocate expensive road building without
a thought for maintenance. Any road will wear out and as soon
as a road is built provisions should be made for maintaining it.
Maintenance is second in importance to construction, and we must
not lose sight of the fact that a good earth road is largely a ques-
tion of maintenance. Before we can have a good system of roads,
we must have a good maintenance system—a continuous main-
tenance. Our road district might be of a suitable size to own an
outfit and employ a man to do nothing the year around but keep
up the roads of that district. It is the most economical in the end
and will eventually develop a class of men who make it their busi-
ness. It will be their duty to care for the roads while other men
are attending to their own particular line of business.

I wish, also, to do some research work or investigation this
year, to begin as soon as I know what funds the department has
for expenses.

Ist. Demonstrate the use of tne road drag for maintaining
hard surfaced roads. I know that the drag properly used upon
gravel roads will keep the surface smooth. It ought to do the
same with roads surfaced with chats. I do not know what might
be the result upon a macadam road, but I am arranging to give it
a thorough trial in several places in the State.

2nd. Make a study and test of road material of the State,
taking up those sections first which promise to need it first.

3rd. An investigation and census for the amount of travel;
the kind and size of loads; date and length of time of heavy, wet
roads; and the effect of bad roads upon public school attendance.

4th. Collect interesting and historical data concerning the
old State roads opened years ago by the State. This is valuable
from a historical standpoint only, but will soon all be lost—much
of this history is gone beyond recovery now.

5th. Add a little each year to the State Fair road exhibit.
It helps to keep up interest and is a feature for instruction upon
road affairs.

52 Missouri Agricultural Report.

6th. Make field and laboratory tests upon paints and pre-
servatives for steel highway work. It is a feature of maintenance
which has been neglected. Well directed attention to this ques-
tion will mean several years added to the life of steel bridges.

Respectfully submitted,

CurRTIS HILL,
State Highway Engineer.

Monchey Rh

A LAWRENCE COUNTY ROAD.

REPORT OF THE STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Board:

In presenting this, the second annual report of my work as
Inspector of Apiaries, I wish to state that the work is yet largely a
work of education, and will necessarily remain so for some time to
come, for so few people understand and appreciate the real value
of the honey bee to humanity and the necessity for guarding it
against disease and harmful influences.

I will first refer to the work done during the past year, and
then call your attention to a few suggestions which I think would
greatly aid future work.

Total number of apiaries visited during the

SOAS OMe Ole OU Sretcas coos chats sis ce typi a's 340
Number of apiaries diseased............... 166
Total number of colonies inspected........ 5,155
Number of colonies diseased.............. 469

Much more work has been done during the season just closed
than in the one preceding.

During the season of 1908, 2,127 more colonies were inspect-
ed than during the season of 1907. Some localities are now pretty
well cleansed of foul-brood, where two years ago we found disease
widely spread, and the conditions favorable for the wholesale dis-
tribution of the infection. Work has been started in several new
localities with gratifying results. Greater good could have been
accomplished during the season just closed had the weather been
more favorable in the spring and early summer. The cold, rainy,
weather was not only hurtful to the bees, but it caused the work of
inspection to proceed very slowly, this work having to be regulated
by conditions that affect the bees, such as cool weather, rainy
weather, and a scarcity of nectar to be gathered. Failing to
observe these conditions would result in harm instead of good.

(53)

54 Missouri Agricultural Report.

There is much territory that-remains yet unvisited simply for the
lack of time. I have reports from several new localities where
disease is thought to be in existence. These places will be visited
when the proper season comes for that work. I do not expect to
find disease in each locality so reported, for the uninformed are
often likely to be mistaken in their conclusions. If they find dead
brood in their hives they are alarmed and at once report a case
of foulbrood, but when investigated it frequently proves to be
nothing but starved brood. A little honey or sugar syrup given
at the right time would have saved them, and saved a trip for the
inspector also.

People are not always to be blamed for these mistakes,
especially where they have had no experience with bee disease.
In such cases I take pains to explain the nature of bee disease and
its treatment, so that next time they will know better how to
diagnose the trouble. JI find many who need instruction in the
general care and management of bees, before they are capable of
treating disease. I have tried to give such information as best
I could in the limited -time I had.

The work of the past two seasons has demonstrated the need
of making provision for some additional work in this department:

First—the inspector should be given the authority to appoint
deputies to look after special work when, during his absence, he
deems it necessary; so that diseased colonies will not remain un-
treated from the first visit until the second. Only a few days
would be required for this special work, and it would greatly aid
in the work of eradicating disease, and also enable the inspector
to get over more territory.

Second—provision should be made so that the inspector’s
duties in the development and protecting of the industry,
should cover the whole field of agriculture in such a manner that
any work for the good of the industry could be taken up. This
would make room for some experimental work which we have
sadly felt the need during the past season. In the management
and treatment of the trouble called ‘‘pickled brood,” a trouble
which in many respects closely resembles European foulbrood, it
is difficult at times to tell just what treatment is best. This
trouble has been very severe in some localities during the past
season, almost wiping out of existence whole yards. Some cases
were found where two troubles seemed to be working together. A
few careful experiments would have told whether or not the
trouble was of a contagious nature; then we could have applied the

Report of State Inspector of Apiaries. 55

treatment more intelligently. By experimental work, I don’t
mean that the inspector should take up scientific work in bacteri-
ology. It is the practical tests, by inoculation and otherwise, to
determine the nature of the trouble that we want, so that we may
know whether the disease under treatment in some certain locality
is contagious or not.

Some careful investigations along the line of spraying during
fruit-blooms would also be of value, for many do not understand
the true relationship existing between bees and _ horticulture.
Many do not understand the value of the bee as a pollen distribu-
tor, a work that is probably worth more to humanity than the
crops of honey produced. Any work to educate the people along
these lines will be well taken up, for this neglected branch of agri-
culture is one of the undeveloped resources of the State, which
with the proper protection and encouragement will add largely to
the State’s wealth. The crops of honey and wax that are annually
produced are worthy of our attention; yet these crops could easily
be doubled, and that without increasing the present number of
bees, if every owner of bees would give them the care and manage-
ment they deserve. Then give this worthy cause the recognition
that it deserves, and let it grow and continue to bless mankind in
performing its double mission in life.

For treatment of bee diseases, see monthly bulletin, Vol. VI,
No. 11.

Respectfully submitted,

M. E. DARBY,
State Apiary Inspector.

QUEEN BEES

REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the State Board of Agriculture:

A statement of all the official visits made by the
State Veterinarian and deputy State Veterinarians has been tabu-
lated by the Secretary of the Board and will be printed in your
annual report. Reference to this statement will show that the
principal part of the control work during the past year has been
done by the deputies located in the different parts of the State.
The work at the office has increased to such an extent that, if prop-
erly attended to, it would require all of my time. In addition to
attending to office work during the past year, I have, however,
devoted a large share of my time to making tuberculin tests of
herds of cattle and studying the situation with regard to the
spread of tuberculosis among cattle and hogs. I furthermore, took
personal charge of the tick eradication work in South Missouri,
and, altogether, devoted about two months of my time to this line
of work. By way of educational work I put in three weeks at
farmers’ institutes and prepared a bulletin on the subject of “Para-
sitic Diseases of Sheep.”

The continual traffic in live stock in this State tends to cause
repeated outbreaks of contagious diseases. In order to keep these
diseases under control, it is necessary to keep up a running fight
against them. The funds provided for the veterinary department
have heretofore been entirely inadequate. On account of the lack
of funds we have had to neglect many outbreaks of diseases during
the last year and have been compelled to make hasty and incom-
plete investigations in others. However, with the exception of the
rapid introduction and spread of tuberculosis in our herds, and
the extension of the losses from Texas fever, we have done fairly
well in our efforts to hold all contagious diseases in check.

SCABIES.

During the year 1908 there were 53 shipments of scabby
sheep from Missouri to the public markets. Other reports of out-
breaks of scabies were received from different sources.

(56)

Report of State Veterinarian. 57

Up to July 1st, a deputy was sent to the point of origin of
each of these shipments to investigate the extent of the outbreak
and to quarantine all diseased sheep and the shipping pens. In
some of these investigations scabies was found to be wide spread
and its suppression required considerable time. On account of
the veterinary funds running low, we had to discontinue this work
on July Ist. Since that time, we have simply written the shipper
a letter and sent a notice, through the mail, quarantining the rail-
road stock pens. We have no way of knowing whether or not the
shipper or other owners of scabby sheep in the neighborhood paid
any attention to the letter, or whether the railroad companies
properly attended to the disinfection of their stock pens. To say
the least, this is an unsatisfactory and loose method of handling a
contagious disease that may do great damage to the sheep industry
of the State.

FOOT ROT.

During the spring and summer, foot rot broke out in two
bands of sheep in Chariton county. One of these contained 300
head, and the other 600 head. Before the owners were aware of
the dangerous nature of this disease it had spread until more than
75 per cent of the sheep in each lot were affected. The treatment
was slow and tedious, and even after its use these flocks were worth
less than in the beginning. The source of infection seems to have
been a lot of sheep shipped from Linn county, Mo., but no com-
plaint has been received from that county. Both of the herds
which were affected with foot rot were placed in quarantine and
will be held until completely cured.

TEXAS FEVER.

The Texas fever spread over more territory during 1908. than
in any previous year. The past winter was warm, thereby allow-
ing the fever ticks to live through. There was a heavy crop of
acorns in the timbered areas and, to save these, fire was kept out
of the woods. The leaves protected the ticks and they have conse-
quently been abundant in territory heretofore infested and have
spread to new areas. There has been a heavy loss of cattle from
Texas fever in Newton and McDonald counties. There was quite
a severe loss in the neighborhood of Richards, Vernon county,
which apparently resulted from the shipment of cattle from Mc-
Donald county. The movement of cattle from Newton, McDonald,

58 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Oregon and Ripley counties was more or less restricted by the
Federal quarantine to the detriment of the cattle industry in these
ccunties.

In past years we have attempted to control Texas fever by
haunting up and quarantining all the ticky cattle. It was the cus-
tom to release such cattle from quarantine as scon as they were
cleaned from the ticks, with the understanding that their owners
should keep them clean. This method for several reasons failed to
produce satisfactory results. It was impossible to locate and ex-
amine all the cattle at the times when the various crops of ticks
were on them. It was difficult to enforce a quarantine. (In one
case, the prosecuting attorney of Newton county advised an owner
to turn the cattle out and ignore the quarantine). The re-exami-
nation of cattle for release from quarantine consumed too much of
the inspector’s time. It was often found, upon re-examination,
that the owner had only partially cleaned his cattle of ticks, or that
he had not done it at all. It was the rule rather than the exception
that, when cattle were once released, the owner would neglect to
keep them clean. The repeated examination of herds under obser-
vation, and the explanation of details to their owners, required so
much time that the inspectors could not cover the ground. There
were general complaints that it took too much work and expense
to keep the cattle free of ticks, and, in some cases, it was claimed
that the oil used damaged the cattle. In fact, every imaginable
reason that could emanate from a lazy man’s mind was advanced
against the eradication of the Texas fever ticks.

To get around these various obstacles we set about at the be-
ginning of the last season to carry out some more effective plans.
We asked the U. S. Department of Agriculture, out of the tick
eradication appropriation, to furnish a spraying outfit for each in-
fested county in this State. Our request was granted as to outfits
for Oregon, Newton and McDonald counties. The spraying outfits
consisted of a wagon and team, two men and a supply of soap and
crude oil, with which to make an emulsion that is the most effective
agent known for the destruction of ticks. Arrangements were
made to cover all the infested area every two weeks, if possible,
and spray all the cattle. All the owners had to do was to get their
cattle up in a convenient lot, upon receipt of a notice of the time
that the spray wagon would be along. The State inspector, work-
ing in co-operation with the crew furnished by the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, was instructed to attend to notifying cattle
owners when to have their cattle up and to compel delinquents to

Report of State Veterinarian. 59

fall in line. We sought to reach those who were averse to tick
eradication by appealing to the statute which forbids an owner to
allow “cattle infected with Texas fever to run at large.” This
statute authorizes the sheriff, under a warrant from the justice of
the peace, to round up such diseased cattle, to hold them in quar-
antine at the expense of the owner, and, if necessary, to sell them
to pay all fees and costs. Fortunately, it was necessary to invoke
the law in the severest manner in only a few cases. In two cases in
McDonald county the owners, after due notice in writing, allowed
tickey cattle to run at large. A severe loss of cattle by death from
Texas fever was generally credited to one of these herds. On pre-
sentation of the evidence in these cases, by Dr. H. C. Tuck, cattle
inspector, the prosecuting attorney of McDonald county held that
the law would not apply unless the cattle that spread the disease
were themselves actually showing symptoms of the disease. This
occurred towards the last of the tick season. The moral effect of
this case will greatly hinder tick eradication work during the com-
ing year. Unless the law is remedied so as to cover the cattle
that carry the Texas fever ticks, whether or not they actually show
the symptoms of the disease, we cannot hope to secure the best re-
sults in tick eradication work.

In one case in Newton county, an owner neglected to get his
cattle up to be sprayed and allowed them to run at large, while
they were constantly carrying and spreading Texas fever ticks.
The necessary papers and notices were served on him and prepara-
tions made to have the county authorities round up the cattle and
Cisinfect them. In this case, the sheriff ignored the justice of the
peace order to round up the cattle and the prosecuting attorney
failed to appear, or send an assistant, to attend to the prosecution
of the owner. The case ended up by the owner giving bond to get
his cattle up and keep them free from ticks. The moral effect of
tiiis case was not wholly lost.

To represent the State in tick eradication work, Mr. J. E.
Taylor was appointed to act as inspector in Oregon county, Dr.
L. D. Brown, regular deputy, was assigned to Newton county, and
Dr. H. C. Tuck, regular deputy, to McDonald county. Owing to
the lack of funds, the extent of the infestation, and the lack of
co-operation in Ripley county, no eradication work was undertaken
in that county this year. In Oregon county it was possible for the
spray wagon to cover the infested territory with something ap-
proaching regularity, and the work was begun there early enough
to promise good results. Practically all of the cattle in the in-

60 Missouri Agricultural Report.

fested areas in Oregon county were sprayed time after time from
July until after frost. The burning off of the range was not as
complete as it should have been, but, altogether, this county ought
to be almost free from Texas fever ticks.

The spray wagons were started in Newton and McDonald
counties in the latter part of August, entirely too late to get com-
plete results. However, a great deal of good was accomplished.
While the fever ticks were not completely cleaned out of these
counties, something was accomplished towards that end and the
spread of ticks to other counties was prevented. The eradication
work in all of the tick infested counties ought to be started in April,
1909, and at least two more men added to the force. The law ought
to be amended to make it a misdemeanor for an owner to allow his
ticky cattle to run at large, after he has had due notice from an
inspector. Without such a provision, there will be a partial waste
of all time and money spent in tick eradication work.

GLANDERS.

During the year there were found 159 outbreaks of glanders.
Every one of these was promptly investigated and controlled. As
soon as any petititon or any other regular call was received, indi-
cating an outbreak of glanders, an investigation was ordered, even
in the most inaccessible parts of the State. Every animal found
to be diseased with glanders was placed in quarantine, entirely
away from other horses, and, in due course of time, was destroyed
by a county officer. The owner was given written orders and
directions for the disinfection of his premises. The number of
outbreaks of glanders was as small as could be expected with the
immense traffic of horses and mules into and through the State,
continually going on, and the dangerous watering fountains still in
use in Kansas City. Public sentiment has always been in favor of
the eradication of glanders and suitable statutes are in force for
their control. The results that have been obtained in controlling
glanders, under conditions of trade that may be considered adverse,
plainly illustrate what could be accomplished in the eradication of
tuberculosis with proper public sentiment and the necessary law.

HOG CHOLERA.

Severe losses from hog cholera have continued during the last
year. The total loss of hogs in this State since 1902 has been at
least $10,000,000. Heretofore there have been no efficient means
for controlling it. Fortunately, a method of immunization of hogs

Report of State Veterinarian. 61

against cholera has been discovered, which, if properly applied,
can be confidently relied upon to stop the disease. The serum for
immunization purposes can be prepared at a very reasonable cost.
This serum may be kept indefinitely. The supply ought to be
placed in the hands of every deputy veterinarian in the State, so
that quick action can be taken in case of any outbreak. By the
owner of a herd of hogs notifying the secretary of the board of
agriculture by telegram, and, he, in turn, promptly ordering a
deputy veterinarian out by telegram, an outbreak of hog cholera
can be taken charge of before there is time for it to spread. Asa
rule, the deputy veterinarian can be on the ground within twenty-
four hours or sooner, after the owner makes up his mind to act.
By simply giving the sound hogs in the herd an injection of the
serum, requiring only a few moments of time for each hog, protec-
tion against cholera will be immediate and almost complete. Sev-
eral hundred hogs can be thus injected by one veterinarian in 4
day. Those hogs which are injected with serum, before they show
any symptoms of the disease will almost invariably remain well.
Those that are found sick can be rounded up and either killed and
burned or kept in a small pen and frequently saturated with an
antiseptic in such manner as to prevent disease from spreading
from them. In this way some hogs can be saved out of the dis-
eased herd and the disease kept from spreading all over the neigh-
borhood. By being in a position to attend to these outbreaks
promptly all losses from hog cholera can be stopped and the disease
stamped out of the State. If the cholera continues in the future,
and there is no reason to doubt that it will, there will be ample op-
portunity, within the next twelve months, to save single counties
more money on this one proposition than the entire state appropri-
ation for the veterinary department for two years. This plan was
recommended by Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief United States Bureau of
Animal Industry, at the last annual meeting of the Interstate As-
sociation of Live Stock Sanitary Boards and unanimously approved
by that association.

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

Foot and Mouth disease has again appeared in several of the
northern and eastern states. This disease is of such a nature that
it can be stamped out only by killing and burning all of the dis-
eased and exposed cattle. It is of such dreadful sequence as to
make such a drastic course necessary. The law of this State is
deficient in that it makes no provision, whatever, for controlling
an outbreak of foot and mouth disease if one should occur. It is

62 Missouri Agricultural Report.

more or less accidental that the present outbreaks occured in other
states instead of in Missouri. In view of the fact that the infec-
tion may spread into this State from points of infection now in
other states, or an outbreak may occur at any future time from
unknown sources, this department ought to be ready to take
effective charge of an outbreak at any time. The law ought to be
amended, as early as possible, to cover foot and mouth disease, and
to provide for the disposition of affected cattle.

TUBERCULOSIS.

Tuberculosis is spreading rapidly among hogs and cattie in
this State. The tuberculin tests during 1907 showed 4.5 per cent
of the cattle tested to be tuberculous. The tests of 1908 showed
8 per cent to be tuberculous. These tests, although limited in
number, seem to fairly represent the average condition among the
permanent herds of the State. The increase in this State, as shown
by these tests, has been in almost exact proportion to the increase
in the number found tuberculous on post-mortem examination by
Federal meat inspectors, which, in 1907, was 29,833 head, and in
1908, was 51,838 head. The total number of cattle coming under
Federal meat inspection has increased 24 times as fast as the num-
ber inspected. These tuberculous cattle, through their milk and
droppings, have been the principal source of infection among hogs.

While the total number of hogs inspected by the Federal gov-
ernment has increased only about one-half since 1900, the number
found tuberculous has increased 160-fold. The number found
tuberculous has increased 320 times as fast as the number in-
spected.

The increase in the prevalence of tuberculosis has been so
great that the shipment of affected hogs and cattle from this State
to the public markets is now a common thing, whereas such ship-
ments were practically unknown only a few years ago. The tests
of 1907 showed that many badly tuberculous herds were contribut-
ing to the genera] milk supply of the large cities. Tests in 1908
showed that tuberculous herds are plentiful around the smaller
cities of the State. Tuberculosis is already so thoroughly scat-
tered that it seems hardly possible that any creamery company or
milk dealer in the State can be getting the supply of cream or milk
which is not contaminated by the products from tuberculous herds.

On account of its great prevalence the work of stamping out
tuberculosis among cattle will require well laid plans, several years’
time, and the expenditure of a large amount of money. The longer
the beginning is delayed the more time and money it will require

Report of State Veterinarian. 63

to do the work. If eradication work is undertaken in the right
manner and carried forward unhampered, we may reasonably ex-
pect to clean it out of the dairy herds within four or five years.
At the beginning we must confine our principal efforts toward
cleaning up the dairy herds. This is deemed advisable for several!
reasons. On account of the way in which they are handled tuber-
culosis is not apt to spread so rapidly among beef cattle. It does
not reduce the value of beef cattle as much as it does dairy cattle.
A tuberculous beef animal may be more profitably kept in quar-
antine for breeding purposes. Such an animal is used for breed-
ing as long as it does not go down with the disease. The additional
expense and trouble of thus keeping beef cattle in quarantine is
not very great. Meat inspection and a thorough cooking of the
meat protects the human family, from tuberculosis through beef
cattle, almost altogether. The danger to the human family being
largely eliminated, the losses from tuberculosis among beef cattle
are confined principally to the matter of financial profits. Under
present conditions, and until owners of beef herds show a disposi-
tion to co-operate with the State, the tuberculosis situation among
beef cattle men will be left to take care of itself.

On the other hand, dairy cattle are, of necessity, kept confined
and in close contact with one another. Many instances are at
hand to show that, when a tuberculous animal is added to a dairy
herd, the disease spreads among the cattle and ruins the herd in
an incredibly short time. When a dairy cow is tuberculous she is
practically worthless. She is no longer useful for milk and her
carcass is worth very little for beef, even though it should be only
slightly diseased and pass meat inspection. To keep the dairy cow
in quarantine for breeding purposes will require a visit to a sepa-
rate lot twice a day to feed and milk her. Her milk must be steri-
lized before it can be safely fed to calves and pigs. The only profit
will be the calf. The additional expense and trouble of keeping
her in quarantine is so great that the calf, even if from a regist-
ered cow, is seldom worth the while. Furthermore, the State is
practically in its infancy in the dairy business. Hundreds of
farmers are going into the dairy business every year. <A large
per cent of the newly founded herds are not yet tuberculous. In
many herds the disease is still limited and can be stamped out at
a small expense. It is absolutely essential that the beginners in
the dairy business should start with sound herds, and that the
State render every possible assistance in enabling them to do so.
Every effort should be made to go through the herds that are

64 Missouri Agricultural Report.

slightly tuberculous to rid them of disease before it is too late.
For the protection of the human family and other herds of cattle,
those herds which are already rotten with tuberculosis should be
put out of existence. Above all, the dairymen of this State are
alive to the situation. They have shown a most commendable de-
sire to co-operate with the State in the eradication of tuberculosis
from their herds. They have shown a willingness to do everything
in their power to protect the health of their own cattle, the reputa-
tion of the dairy industry, and the human family from one of the
most prolific sources of infection of the Great White Plague.

A thorough study of the dairy situation in this State leads me
to believe that the veterinary department should be provided with
funds to employ capable men for the purpose of testing any dairy
herd when requested to do so by its owner. It is plainly the duty
of the State, when such work is carried on for the public good, to
pay a part of the loss on account of cattle that are found diseased
and condemned. The law of the State should be amended so as
to provide for the payment of a small indemnity for condemned
cattle, and for their shipment, under suitable restrictions, to
slaughtering plants having meat inspection. An appropriation
should be made for the State Veterinary Department sufficient to
enable it to employ men to make the tests of dairy herds as fast as
the calls for the tests are received. An appropriation should also
be made for the prompt payment of the indemnity granted by the
State. Under these conditions we have the assurance that the ap-
plications for these tests will be as numerous as any force of men
which the State is liable to provide will be able to answer. The
practice of granting indemnity and allowing the shipment of con-
demned tuberculous cattle, recommended, is followed in all states
and countries which attempt to control tuberculosis. Such ship-
ment is considered safe by the most eminent scientists. Granting
indemnity by the State is especially intended to benefit the poor
dairyman who has his whole fortune invested in a few head of
cows. Now and then all the cows belonging to one of this class
are found tuberculous and when they are condemned, their owner
is left penniless. The uncertainty as to upon whom such ill luck wil!
fall has heretofore made all of the poorer class of dairymen afraid
of the test. The wealthy dairymen who are able to stand the loss
of diseased cattle, are going ahead of their own accord, and clean-
ing up their herds. Unless the State comes to the assistance of
the poorer class, the dairy business will tend to drift into the hands
of the wealthy people.

Report of State Veterinarian. 65

If the State stands ready to answer all voluntary requests for
the tuberculin test and will provide an equitable method of dis-
posing of the cows that are found diseased, there is nothing to
hinder the rapid progress of eradication work. Immediately any
owner can feel safe in having his herd tested and rid of tubercu-
lesis. Any city milk dealer can justly demand the test of all of
the herds from which he buys his milk. Any creamery in the
State can do the same thing in regard to herds from which it buys
cream. Any of the smaller cities of the State can have their dair-
ies cleared of tuberculosis by simply passing and enforcing an
ordinance requiring the test. There will be practically no opposi-
tion on the part of the dairymen to delay the work. Thus, test-
ing the dairy herds about one after another of the smaller cities
oi the State, we can soon cover the whole State and have those
dairy herds free from tuberculosis. Taking the herds of one
creamery after another we can soon have all of these herds clear of
tuberculosis. Within a very short time we can test the herds selling
to one or more milk dealers in each of the larger cities and thereby
put milk from healthy cows in reach of all those citizens who are
interested in the matter. Working along these plans we will event-
ually cover the whole State at the least possible expense and with-
out stirring up the opposition which has delayed similar work in
older states to the end that in some of them it has already become
a hopeless task.

SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

There is still general lack of cleanliness and sanitation about
the slaughter houses in this State which are not under Federal in-
spection. There is nothing whatever to hinder slaughtering of
diseased animals for human food. The rigid inspection in the
plants under Federal supervision prevents the purchase of animals
that show evidence of disease for slaughter in such plants. The
buyers for these plants inform themselves as to the localities where
disease, especially tuberculosis, is prevalent. They try to avoid
the purchase of animals that show disease or come from badly dis-
eased areas. The natural result is that the owners of diseased
food animals will sell to butchers who are not under meat inspec-
tion. The most of the butchers avoid the diseased animal, but
there are enough unscrupulous butchers, who will slaughter them,
to make the uninspected meats of a very uncertain quality. Think-
ing people, especially those who are financially able to pay good
prices for meat, are rapidly drifting to the exclusive use of inspect-

A-5

66 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ed meats. The bulk of our inspected meat comes from those firms
which are generally understood to be in the packing house trust.
Conditions, at the present time, are driving business into the hands
of the already financially powerful packing firms. Through our
own neglect we are indirectly strengthening the packing house
trust.

During the coming year I hope to take the matter of meat in-
spection up with the mayors of the various cities of this State and
try to secure an organization which will formulate intelligent and
practical plans for the regulation of the slaughtering of food ani-
mals and the production and sale of milk in the cities. I cannot
now give any definite outline of the probable plan, but will submit
the matter to the board from time to time during the coming year.

INVESTIGATIONS.

Without much more delay, investigations ought to be made
(1), to ascertain whether or not animals that are diseased, or
otherwise unfit for food, are being taken from the public stock
yards in this State to nearby slaughter houses, or, in case of milk
cows, to be added to dairy herds; and (2), whether or not breeders
in other states are culling out their tuberculous cows and shipping
them into this State.

The Federal yard inspectors have no authority over animals at
the public stock yards, unless such animals are for interstate ship-
ment, or for slaughter in a packing plant engaged in interstate
business. Any animal, no matter how badly diseased, may, under
present conditions, be taken from a public market in this State
to any other point within this State for slaughter or for addition
to a dairy herd without let or hindrance. Many such animals are
doubtless now being added to our dairy herds. There is consider-
able evidence to the effect that diseased cattle and hogs are continu-
ally being taken from the public stock yards to nearby slaughter
houses to be slaughtered for use as human food. A thorough in-
vestigation of this matter ought to be made at the earliest moment,
and, if it is found necessary, the State ought to supplement the
Federal yard inspection to the end of completely preventing the re-
moval of diseased animals therefrom for slaughter or for addition
to dairy herds.

There are a number of well known cases of the shipment of
tuberculous cows into this State for breeding and dairy purposes.
This of itself is enough to justify the State in requiring certificates
of health for all breeding and dairy cattle imported into the State.

Report of State Veterinarian. 67

If it should appear from an investigation that tuberculous cattle
are being imported in considerable numbers, or that breeders in
other states are unloading their tuberculous cattle on this State, a
suitable law or quarantine regulation ought to be passed to prevent
if. J will, as far as possible, closely observe this matter during the
coming year, and will submit recommendations to the board as may
be necessary.

LEGISLATION.

In my opinion, the following laws should be secured and I
recommend that the Board of Agriculture urge their passage by
the next General Assembly: 1, a law authorizing the Board of
Agriculture, whenever necessary, to put an inspector at each of
the public stock yards in this State with authority to prevent the
removal therefrom of diseased animals for slaughter or addition
to dairy herds; 2, a law providing for the disposition of cattle that
are found diseased with tuberculosis or such as may become af-
tected with foot and mouth disease.

APPROPRIATIONS.

For each of the last five biennial periods the appropriation for
the use of the State Veterinary Department in the control and
eradication of contagious diseases of live stock has been $16,200.
This is only $8,100 per year for the payment of the salary and
expenses of the State Veterinarian and the per diem and expenses
cf twenty-five deputies. The amount of money appropriated for
this purpose has not been increased to meet the increased demand
tor control work. With the limited sum available, it has been abso-
lutely impossible to attend to all the work. Many outbreaks of
centagious diseases have, of necessity, been left without any in-
vestigation whatever. During the year 1908, there were some
forty-three outbreaks of scabies among sheep which we were com-
pelled to neglect. Numerous calls for the tests of herds of cattle
for tuberculosis had to be neglected. No attempt was made to at-
tend to the control of the various outbreaks of hog cholera. We
could not employ men enough to prevent losses from Texas fever
ir Newton and McDonald counties and had to neglect Ripley coun-
ty altogether.

As further evidence that this biennial appropriation is not in
keeping with the vast live stock interests of this State, I submit
herewith some comparative statistics.

68 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Biennial ap-

Number of Number { Total value propriation for
State. horses of of control of con-

| and mules. cattle. | live stock. tagious

| diseases.

| |

NEASSACHLISCEUS iat cove e ss eesrsee oes 75,332 | 285,944 $14,730,169 | $154,000
Penny LvVaMidel.s.). - ves sucnerete eye 629,040 1,896,847 | 97,424,119 | 185,000
MMSE OM bs GA bes Os Corea 704,808 | 1,871,370 | 86,620,643 | 108,000
ING Wi IOLK A). Geto aar Geis ae sales | 631,761 2,596,389 | 120,673,101 | 150,000
MASSOUTL Pree coe tens | 1,250,556 2,978,589 | 154,295,363 16,200

It is false economy to withhold the expenditure of money in the
eradication of a contagious disease when the loss from the disease
is a hundred-fold what it would cost to prevent it. With methods
now available of immunizing hogs against cholera the prevention
and. eradication of any and all contagious diseases of live stock
is an absolute certainty. Once completely eradicated, the loss of
stock from contagious diseases and the cost of their half-hearted
control will be stopped.

Heretofore, through lack of funds, we have had to confine our
efforts toward the control of contagious diseases to work on gland-
ers, sheep and cattle scabies, Texas fever and a few diseases that
it has been the custom for years to try to control. The Texas
fever work alone, incomplete as it was, took $3,600 of the $8,100
allowed for the past year. It will require all of the $8,100 to prop-
erly control Texas fever and prevent losses from it. The appropri-
ation for the lines of work that we have heretofore undertaken
should be increased from $16,200 to $20,000.

In addition, an appropriation of $20,000, making $40,000 in
all, ought to be secured for immunizing hogs against cholera and
answering calls to inspect dairy herds for tuberculosis. The finan-
cial gain from the former will amount to enough in a single month
to repay the entire State appropriation. The eradication of tuber-
culosis from our older dairy herds, and starting the thousands of
beginners in the dairy business with sound herds, is a matter of
too vast importance to admit of any estimate in dollars. It is
enough to say that unless the spread of tuberculosis among dairy
cattle is promptly stopped it will ruin one of the greatest indus-
tries of this or any other state. With tuberculosis prevalent among
the cows in our dairies we can never hope to stop the loss of human
lives from this disease. I therefore recommend that the State
Board of Agriculture ask for an appropriation of $40,000 for the
control and eradication of contagious diseases of live stock.

Respectfully submitted,
D. F. LUCKEY.

Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College.

JaNUALY0,-O.01¢.0. 1900.

Siath Annual Meeting Missouri Corn Growers’ Association,
Twelfth Annual Meeting Missouri Improved Live Stock Breed-
ers’ Association, Nineteenth Annual Meeting State Dairy Asso-
ciation, Third Annual Meeting Missouri State Sheep Breeders’
Association, Second Annual Meeting Missouri Swine Growers’
and Breeders’ Association, Second Annual Meeting Missourt
Housekeepers’ Conference, and First Annual Meeting County
Highway Engineers’ Association.

(Conducted under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture.)

AN ABSTRACT OF THE ADDRESSES DELIVERED.

This was truly a great convention. The estimated attendance
was 1,200 farmers and farmers’ wives, representing all sections of
the State. This was the most complete programme carried out
during the history of Farmers’ Week, and the good influence of
the work done here will be noticeable throughout the State.

It is impossible to print a full report of the proceedings, in-
cluding a discussion of the demonstrations that were made during
the week; but we have selected the papers and discussions which
are thought to be most useful to the farmers of the State.

(69)

Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Session.

72

cesday, January 5, 1999.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.
(Dr. A. Ross Hill, President of University of Missouri.)
Ladies and Gentiemen, and Members of the Convention:

It is a pleasure to me, as President of the University, to wel-
come you here this morning as you gather to discuss matters that
affect interests that are more or less personal to you, and which
are also of vital interest to the development of the wealth and in-
telligence of the State. The agricultural interests of the State are
our greatest economic interests, and you who gather here at this
time to take part in these discussions, have at stake in your dis-
ussions the most important issues that affect the State, and also
the nation, because our agricultural resources are the greatest re-
sources in America.

Your chairman has said that I am a farmer’s son. I was also
a farmer myself for a good many years—during the formative
period of my life when I got my first tastes and habits developed I
lived cna farm. I could not attempt to speak this morning about
farming in detail, because I find that as I recall the days that I
lived on the farm, and compare the conditions then with the agri-
cultural activities of today, I am already a prehistoric creature in
the matter of farming. The farming community, as I knew it, was
a community in which not only the farming activities that you
know were carried on, but all the processes of manufacture from
the raw materials were carried on right there on the farm. For
instance, I used to help to take wool from the sheep’s back and
wash it and spin it, and afterwards wear it on my own back; so
yeu will realize that I am plainly an ancient creature in the matter
of farm life, because today, so far as I am able to gather informa-
ticn, the farmers are speciclists. They are concerned with only a

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Live Stock Breeders’ Association. (fal

certain phase of the activities that were formerly carried on, and
they get in return for the products of the soil the manufactured
articles that are made for them sometimes in remote parts.

As I can not speak to you this morning in regard to any topic
that directly affects the work of tilling the soil, or the rearing of
stock, in any way that would be interesting or eniightening, [ am
gcing to say a word about the rural school, a subject which 1 know
is of interest to you, because you are also educators. We are all
educators—all interested in the development of youth. Our eco-
nomical activities, and the economic results of our labors will, after
all, turn in the main in the direction of rearing and educating chil-
dren, and as I had my first experience as a teacher in a rural
school, I want to take a moment to call your attention to some prob-
lems that we are facing in that phase of our rural activities and
rural life.

The rural school, at one time, was counted the typical and
natural school, and I claim that it is still. Education began in the
home or perhaps at times it was even less formal than that, but
wes brought about through the plays of the children—carried on
at moments when not busy with something else; but with the earli-
est dawn of civilization the family had to begin the education of
the children, and they got in the home the best and most funda-
mental training.

The next step, where the community grew large enough for
the people to wish to unite, and when civilization advanced enough
so that the family could not carry on all the education of the chil-
dren, then a few families united to employ a teacher and bring him
into the community. He boarded around from house to house and
was, as it were, a representative of the families that had united.
My older brothers went to a school of that sort, and I can remem-
ber hearing my father tell of how they had employed a teacher and
paid him $8 a pupil, and that he came into the community when a
certain number of pupils were guaranteed him, and he lived from
house to house.

The next kind of school was the rural school to which every-
ene in reach of the school could send a pupil whether they could
pay anything or not. Our city schools, with their graded system,
with two or three different stages in the first grade and two or
three for each of the grades, making in all 16 or 17 grades—all
that is a product of recent times, and I want to say I think the city
school as usually organized, is abnormal. As the family is the
natural educational institution, so the rural school, where boys

12 Missouri Agricultural Report.

come together from the ages of 6 to 14, and have the privilege of
the experience of those older and younger than themselves, is the
natural type of school for the person to attend during his growing
years; and it seems to me that this is one of the problems that is
of interest not only to farmers, not only to those who live in the
rural communities, but to those who are interested in American
civilization—this question of rural schools and what is to be done
about them.

When I go to teachers’ associations, I hear the discussions
turn on grading that school and keeping the records in that school,
and make it like the city schools, and I say to myself (although I
care not say it aloud) they are forgetting that the rural school is
ene that should be adapted to rural life and ought to be made better
adapted to rural life instead of trying to make it like the city
school. One of the best things IJ can remember in the old rural
school was the association with pupils older and younger than my-
self, and another great thing was the very fact that I was thrown
on my own responsibility, and was forced to work independently.
There was often only one or two persons in a class, and then the
teacher came into direct, sympathetic touch with the pupil. The
whole school was in a sense a class, and the pupils got individual
help, and I claim that the rural school, although more or less un-
graded and without system, even chaotic perhaps, is the most valu-
able place for the real, vital education of boyhood; and it seems to
me that we ought to turn our attention first to improving the vital-
ity of our rural school without changing the whole organization.

Another trouble with the rural school is that it has failed to
change and advance as the life on the farm has advanced. The
work in arithmetic, for instance, that I had in the rural school, was
based upon commercial methods and business activities that were
carried on in England about the time the American colonies were
planted, and arithmetic books of today are still to some extent
based upon such out of date methods and conditions entirely dif-
ferent from what they are today.

It has not occurred, apparently, to the teachers, that the best
way to make the schools successful in the country districts is for
the teacher herself to understand country life and be in sympathy
with it, and utilize the opportunities in the school hours to make
the pupils better able to interpret life around them. That is what
education is for. It is for the development and growth of minds,
but, as I understand it, it is also to provide an appreciation of the
life that is lived around us today; and so the rural school, in order

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 73

to be a helpful institution, must be a school that inspires, gives
insight into and leads to an appreciation of rural life and rural
activities. The idea that I have advanced, then, is that our teach-
ers are better prepared in the problems given in the text books
than they are in the knowledge of rural life itself, and this is get-
ting to be more and more the case because we are drawing today in-
to the rural school teachers who have attended a town school or a
city school, whereas, in realty, we should have, and I hope that in the
near future we shall have, teachers in the rural schools who have
grown up in rural communities, men and women who have ceased
to live for a time in the rural community while in training for their
profession, but have entered into it again.

The whole problem, then, is that of vitalizing and making more
significant that type of school. This can be done in several ways:
One way is to teach agriculture in that school, but there is one
trouble with that—offering a course in agriculture two or three
times a week, or daily, for the last year of a country school, will
not make very much change in the pupils’ problems and outlook;
it simply adds another subject to the already over-burdened course
of study, and adds another subject to the overworked teacher’s
duties. What is more important, is that the whole education of
the school should be directed towards the community in which the
school is located. Take, for instance, the subject known as geog-
raphy, which is defined as a study of the earth as the home of man;
instead of beginning with some remote parts and studying about
the various countries and then coming down to the American conti-
nent and dividing this up and studying it, and perhaps in the course
of two or three years reaching the home county, why not have a
study made first of the streams, of the drainage of the soil, of the
forests, and of the animals and plants that grow in that community
in which the school is located? JI heard much, when I studied geog-
. raphy, about the various animals that inhabited the Andes and the
Valley of the Amazon, but never one word about the cattle and
horses and hogs and sheep and mice that are to be found right
around home, and therefore I failed to get any concrete or natural
basis from which to understand the rest of the world. In our at-
tempt to give pupils a knowledge of the world as a whole, we lose
sight of the fact that the way to get a correct knowledge of the
world is to understand our own part of it first. We are still making
that mistake. Those of you who are responsible can help by letting
the teacher know that you want that work done; that is not teach-
ing agriculture in one sense, but it is bringing the children into a

74 Missouri Agricultural Report.

closer sympathy with the life around them and enabling them to
understand it better.

Another thing: Take the teaching of arithmetic. It is a
simple matter of fact that most people know enough about numbers
to be able to use arithmetical calculations if they would, but very
often they fail to do so, they fail to apply what they know to the
work that they are engaged in. Now, that comes naturally from
the fact that during their school years they did not learn how to
inake use of what was taught them. How often in the rural schooi
will the pupil and teacher be found at work on problems that would
help farmers to understand whether a certain line of farming is
profitable? Now, I have known a farmer who did not know whether
certain lines of farming were profitable or not. You know, because
you have studied the matter. But I expect that some of you know
farmers who are carrying on lines of farming without ever having
made an estimate as to whether the cost of production is greater
or less than the returns. That may come from the fact that while
children at school, they never learned to make use of the principles
they were taught in arithmetic, whereas it is tiie most natura!
thing in the worid. That is what the school is intended for: To
enable the pupil to make use of these simple numbers in daily tasks.
tf the community is one in which there is lumber and the manu-
facture of lumber is of fundamental importance, then the arithmet-
ical work should be directed toward that, and this will not tend
in the least to detract from its thoroughness, but will give it greater
significance.

But the pupil in the rural school must also be taught what is
going on outside of his neighborhocd. We don’t want to have school
work confined to the activities in the country district, or in the city,
or in any particular community. The school must not confine its
cperations to the conditions that affect its own community. The
pupil in the school needs to know something about the farming ac-
tivities and farming possibilities of other communities; he needs
to know something about where the articles he uses are manufac-
tured and made into the finished product, and he needs to know and
understand about transportation from one section to another. But
nevertheless, this simply serves to show how important it is that
the school life should be centered in the community. I had an ex-
perience in teaching history in an ungraded school. There were
two boys in one class—twin brothers working together—and they
were supposed to study colonial history. It is usual for a teacher
to begin teaching a subject by directing the pupils to get books.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 75

In this case I was prevented from doing this, as I did not believe
that the children would get the book nor that the father would
buy it. So I had to devise some other way of teaching. We were
in a community which had been settled among the early settlements
ot America by the French, and it was a place where tne tide waters
of the Bay of Funday rese high at certain times, and then for about
two wees they would not rise so high, so that the tide brought up
with it a de_osit which settled there, and this was left bare during
low tides; then the tide would come up again and overfiow every-
thing, and then recede again. When the French settled there, they
had placed dykes around these tracts and made thousands of acres
ef land the richest on earth by thus keeping off the tides. I was
teaching in a community with much land of that sort. The father
of my pupiis had to deal with this kind of land. I saw that the
best way to teach these boys would be to make them understand
that they were studying the history of their own community. So
I just gathered the boys about my desk and began to talk about
their own farms, and found that they knew much about them—
they knew more than a teacher would who might have attempted
to teach them agriculture. I began by raising questions as ts
what their soil was best adapted for, and why and how drained,
and finally about this matter of the dykes and who erected them.
Cne boy said his grandfather had owned the land—that he had
come from another point and bought it. Finally one boy said: “I
think the French diked it.” I inquired who the French were, and
he had a vague notion who they were. Thus our work in history
was started and these boys made rapid strides in learning colonial
history. I tell this to illustrate how the life right at home may
open the way and lead the pupil to take an interest in human life
in general, and lead him to an appreciation of the larger life of
the world outside. I don’t believe we need to abolish the simple
rural school—we should improve it.

But there is another phase of school work that I want to touch
upon: We used to think that when a pupil had passed through the
seventh or eighth erade of the district school that he had an educa-
tion. We have ceased to think that now. The world today de-
mands a more extensive education than that, and I am sure that
those of you whose children are going to stay on the farm want
them to know mcre about the world and how to improve methods
of farming in which they are engaged. That will call for the
development of the high school, and the high school in the rural!
community can also be easily gotten. We already have a law pro-

76 Missouri Agricultural Report.

viding for the consolidation of a few districts in order to form a
central school, and we want to look forward to the development of
country high schools that will bring high school instruction, es-
pecially in agriculture for the boys and in domestic science for the
girls, right near the homes of the boys and girls. We can never
get that until it is possible for the State to give aid to the indi-
vidual community, because it is only in a few communities where
this provision of our present school law is worth anything. In
Jackson county, I believe there are three or four of these schools,
and I take it that it is possible to have them now in the best farm-
ing districts of the State, but in a great many districts it will not
be possible until the State comes to aid us in the establishment of
these rural high schools, and I hope that that will be a step taken
in the near future—the development of high schools adapted to
training the youths for life on the farm and also to train them for
teaching in small rural schools, and in some case enabling them to
go on to the Agricultural College of the State University. We in
the University are, of course, specially interested, in rural schools
and the development of country high schools, because, as anyone
knows who observes university life, our very best students in the
University are to be found among those who come from the rural
communities and who by hard work and indirect methods have
reached the university course. In my college days, I observed that
of the men who stood out as prominent students, three-fourths of
them were from the farms, and I am afraid that with the lack of
high school facilities in the rural communities, this situation is
likely to change because our towns are developing high schools
rapidly, and the boy on the farm is now at greater disadvantage
compared to his town brother than formerly.

We are interested in this matter for other reasons: One of
our departments here concerns itself directly with the life on the
farm, and we are at present cut off, except for our short course,
from direct touch with the rural communities so far as the coming
of students from those communities is concerned, and this agri-
cultural college is therefore vitally interested in seeing the con-
necting link established in the way of these country high schools
so that we can have a direct connection with the rural pupils who
wish to take an agricultural course here as well as the indirect one
through the town high schools. It seems to me that if the Agricul-
tural College is to do the greatest service to the agricultural com-
munities of the State, it will have to find an opportunity to teach
not only the adults of the farming population by sending them

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. Uh

bulletins from the experiment station, but it must find an opportun-
ity also to teach the enthusiastic growing youth, and that J think
will best come through the development of rural high schools taught
by graduates of the Agricultural College. The rural high-school
may come either by the consolidation of rural district schools or
without that.

How are we to get competent teachers? I know you are in-
terested in getting such teachers if it is possible to do so. We have
lLere every winter courses running for three months known as the
short courses for young men living on the farms. It seems to me
that we might devise some similar plan for training teachers for the
rural schools. We might devise some plan of giving an opportunity,
curing this period of three months, to young men who have gradu-
ated from district schools and who think of teaching in district
schools. If I were employing a teacher for a rural school, I would
prefer a young man of 17 or 18 years of age who had passed

hrough one of those country schools and then had come here for

the winter course in general agriculture, with perhaps a summer
here afterwards to take up other subjects, than one who had gone
away from that rural school to a high school and had come back
to the rural community with the conditions and methods of the
town school in mind. There needs to be some way provided by
which we can get the boys who grew up in the country district
back into that district to teach.

Again let me say, I welcome you here this morning, not only
because you are here to discuss these questions bearing upon your
own farm work, and upon our instruction in agriculture, but be-
cause I have this opportunity to speak to you about that which
interests all of us—the development and improvement of our coun-
try schools, and thereby the enrichment of our country life and the
development of our country youth. I trust the days you spend here
will be found to your profit and interest. Anything that the uni-
versity can do for you will be gladly done, and I hope you will take
away from the convention new inspiration, and that you will bring
to us an inspiration for the improvement of our work, because
really in the university as well as in all other educational institu-
tions, we need to keep in close touch with the conditions of the
actual life around us. I am sure that these meetings will give our
men in the Agricultural College encouragement to take fuller ad-
vantage of the opportunities they have to adapt themselves and
their work to the needs and conditions of the farming life of the
State.

78 Missouri Agricultural Report.

THE TIME TO HARVEST TIMOTHY FOR THE LARGEST
YIELD OF THE MOST NUTRITIOUS AND PALATABLE
HAY.

(By H. J. Waters, Dean College of Agriculture.)

The experiments and careful observations conducted at the
Missouri Station on which the following conclusions are based have
extended over a period of twelve years. In this brief summary
of the practical teachings of these investigations, it is impossible
to present much of the tabular data. The reader who is interested
ina more detailed and careful study of the subject is referred to a
bulletin on this subject soon to be published by the Missouri Ex-
periment Station, which will report in full the results of these ex-
periments. |

Hay is the second most important crop on the Missouri farm,
standing next to corn in value, and far ahead of wheat, oats, fruit,
ete. For example, what might be termed at this time a fair aver-
age acreage and production of the principal crops of Missouri
would be as follows:

Corn, 7,000,000 acres; 200,000,000 bushels; worth $75,000,000
to $100,000,000.

Hay, 3,000,000 acres; 4,000,000 tons; worth from $25,000,000
to $35,000,000.

Wheat, 2,000,000 acres; 30,000,000 bushels; worth from $23,-
000,000 to $30,000,000.

Hay is a bulky product, relatively expensive to put into condi-
tion for transportation, and in proportion to its value, very expen-
sive to ship. On this account a large proportion of all the hay
produced in Missouri is fed to live stock on the farm where it is
grown; a larger proportion than of corn or oats, and necessarily a
much larger proportion than of wheat, which is primarily a sale
crop.

Viewing the matter from the standpoint of the producer of
hay, the following important factors are to be considered:

ees eld:

2. Palatability.

3. Feeding value.

4, Convenience in harvesting.

5. Keeping qualities.

6. Permanency of the stand.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 79

7. Selling quality. (Only for that portion which is offered
for sale.)

The influence of the time of harvest, or the stage of the de-
velopment of the plant when harvested, upon all these factors has
been studied. Selected areas of pure timothy of uniform develop-
ment were harvested at five different stages of growth, and the
cured hays were carefully weighed and analyzed. Digestion ex-
periments with cattle were made, and in some instances actual
feeding tests were conducted to determine whether the early-cut
hays were more palatable to the animals than the later cuttings.

The five stages of development which we sought to approxi-
mate in harvesting were as follows:

First cutting: When plants were just in full head, on the
average about June 12th.

Second cutting: When the plants were on the average in full
bloom, about June 18th.

Third cutting: When the seed were formed, or when the
bloom had all been shed, usually about July 1st.

Fourth cutting: When the seed were in the dough, about
July 8th.

Fifth cutting: When the seed were ripe but had not shat-
tered, about July 16th.

1. YIELD OF CURED HAY PER ACRE.

The yield of cured hay at the time of harvest is a very un-
reliable guide. The hay is put up at one cutting with more water
than at another, and will therefore weigh heavier. As would be
expected, there is therefore no consistency, one year with another,
in the yields of cured hay, cut at different stages of maturity. This
is one reason why the farmer’s experience has not enabled him to
tell more accurately which cutting has given him the largest re-
turn. The reader’s attention is especially invited to the yield of
dary matter and of digestible material obtained from the various
cuttings as given a little further along in the paper. In the mean-
time he may be curious to know which cutting gave the largest
return of cured hay at the time of harvest. This information
follows:

The first year the second cutting, or when the plants were in
full bloom, showed the largest yield of cured hay, and the third
cutting, when the seed were just formed, the next largest. There
was no difference between the fourth and fifth cuttings, but they

80 Missouri Agricultural Report.

showed 600 pounds less hay per acre than the second cutting. The
lightest yield of cured hay was from the first cutting, which was
1,240 pounds per acre behind the second cutting.

The next year the last cutting, or when the plants were fully
ripe, gave the largest yield of cured hay, while the first cutting,
or when the plants were just in full head, was a close second, being
only 240 pounds per acre behind the last cutting. There was
practically no difference between the yields of the second, third
and fourth cuttings, they being about 400 pounds per acre behind
the other two.

In the third year of the experiment, only two cuttings were
obtained, viz., the third and fourth. This time the fourth cutting
gave the larger yield of cured hay.

In the fourth year we had all five cuttings. The fourth cut-
ting, viz., when the seed were in the dough, showed the largest
return of field cured hay, and the third cutting, with the seed just
formed, a close second. The first cutting, when the plants were in
full head, stood third, and the second cutting, when in full bloom,
fourth, and the smallest return of field cured hay came from the
fifth cutting, when the plants were ripe.

In the fifth trial the first cutting was lost on account of rain.
The third cutting showed the maximum yield of cured hay, with
the second coming second, but 480 pounds behind; the fourth cut-
ting ranked next, being 580 pounds behind the third, and the fifth
cutting, when the plants were ripe, gave the smallest yield of cured
bay, being 840 pounds per acre less than was obtained from the
third cutting, when the seed were just formed.

As stated at the outset, these returns show no consistency, on
account of the difference in amount of water that the hay con-
tained at the time it was weighed and put up.

2. YIELD OF DRY MATTER PER ACRE.

The value of hay as food is determined by the dry matter it
contains and by its digestibility. We are therefore interested to
know at what stage of the development of the plant we may ex-
pect to secure the largest yield of dry material.

In the first year of the experiment the largest yield of dry
matter was obtained from the third cutting, when the seed were
fermed. The fourth cutting, with seed in the dough, came as a
close second, being only 130 pounds per acre behind the third; the
second cutting, when the plants were in full bloom, stood third,

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. ro

with a yield of 200 pounds less than the third. The fifth or last
cutting, when the plants were fully ripe, stood next in order of
yield, being 280 pounds per acre behind the third cutting, and the
smallest yield was from the first cutting, when the plants were
just headed, the difference in the yield between this and the third
cutting being 870 pounds per acre.

In the second year of the experiment the largest yield of dry
matter per acre came from the second cutting, when the plants
were in full bloom. Following this was the fifth cutting, when the
plants were mature, the difference between the two cuttings being
crly about 80 pounds per acre. Closely following was the third
cutting, when the seed were just formed, with a difference of 106
pounds per acre, and following this, the fourth cutting, with a
difference of 120 pounds per. acre, while the smallest yield was
again the first cutting, with a return of 360 pounds less than the
second cutting.

As stated before, only two cuttings, viz., the third and fourth,
were obtained in the third year of the experiment. In this case,
the fourth cutting, when the seed were in the dough, showed the
largest yield of dry matter, the third cutting being practically 109
pounds or some 4 per cent less.

In the fourth year of the experiment the third cutting, or when
the seed were just formed, gave the highest yield of dry matter,
with the fourth cutting, when seed were in the dough, a very close
second, the difference being so small as to be easily within the
limit of error, and the second cutting, when the plants were in full
bloom, taking third place, with a yield of 175 pounds or some 4
per cent less. The fourth place fell to the fifth cutting, when the
plants were ripe, the yield in this case being some 675 pounds or
15 per cent less than the maximum yield for that year. The first
cutting again gave the smallest yield of dry matter, showing a
difference of nearly 925 pounds, or 21 per cent less than the third
cutting.

The fifth year of the experiment gave essentially the same
results as the previous years. The third cutting again showed the
highest yield of dry matter. The second cutting followed, with a
difference of 265 pounds, or 11 per cent. This was followed by the
fourth cutting, which showed a decline of 400 pounds per acre, or
17 per cent, and the smallest yield came from the fifth cutting,
the decline from the third cutting being 555 pounds of dry matter
per acre, or 23 per cent.

A—6

82 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Taking the average of the three years in which all five cuttings
were made, we find that the third cutting gave the largest yield of
dry matter, as well as the largest yield of field cured hay. The
fourth cutting, when the seed were in the dough, stood second, the
difference being only 134, per cent, or 50 pounds less of dry matter
per acre. The second cutting was third, with a decline of 3 per
cent from the third cutting, or a difference of 125 pounds of dry
matter per acre. The fifth cutting, when the plants were ripe,
ranked fourth in yield of dry matter, being nearly 350 pounds, or
814 per cent behind the third cutting. The first cutting, with the
plants in full head, showed the smallest yield of dry matter, being
1614 per cent, or 680 pounds behind the third cutting.

INFLUENCE OF MATURITY OF THE PLANT UPON ITS DIGESTIBILITY.

After all, the stockman is interested in the amount of digestible
material his feed contains rather than the yield of cured hay or
dry matter.

Digestion experiments were made with yearling and two-year-
cld steers, and it was found in every instance that the first cutting
was the most completely digested, and that there was a steady
decline in digestibility from that time on.

3. YIELD OF DIGESTIBLE MATERIAL PER ACRE FROM THE VARIOUS
CUTTINGS.

Considering the yields on the basis of the amount of each that
the animal is able to digest, as determined by our trials, the first
year showed the maximum digestible material at the second cut-
ting, when the plants were in full bloom, with the yield for the
third cutting practically the same. There was then a decline of
8.5 per cent to the fourth cutting, when the seed were in the dough.
The first cutting ranked fourth in yield, being 10 per cent behind
the maximum or second cutting, whereas the fifth cutting, when
the plants were mature, showed 15 per cent less yield than the
second cutting.

In the second year of the trial the hay when harvested in bloom
or at the second cutting, again showed the highest yield of digestible
matter. Unlike the previous trial, however, the first cutting, with
the plants in full head, was a close second, being only 1.5 per cent
behind the second cutting. There was then a heavy decline to the
third cutting, with the seed just formed, the difference being 250
pounds of digestible material per acre, or 10.5 per cent, followed

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 83

ky the fifth cutting, with a decline of 14.5 per cent from the
maximum yield, and this closely followed by the fourth cutting,
with the seed in dough, with a loss of 15.25 per cent.

In the third year of the trial the second cutting again showed

he highest yield of digestible material. The third cutting, with
the seed formed, stood second, with a decline of 4.25 per cent, with
the fourth cutting next, showing a decline of 9 per cent; the first
cutting stood next in rank, with a loss of 12 per cent over the
second cutting, and the smallest yield of digestible material was
from the last cutting, the difference being 23.5 per cent or a loss
cf 520 pounds of digestible material per acre.

In the fifth year of the experiment, as before stated, the first
cutting was lost. This year, for the first time, the third cutting,
when the seed were formed, gave the maximum yield of digestible
dry matter; the second cutting stood next, with a difference of 3
per cent; following this there was a heavy decline to the fourth
cutting, the loss being 21 per cent, and a still further decline to the
fifth cutting, the loss from the third being 27.3 per cent.

Averaging all of the trials, it was found that in digestible dry
matter the rank was as follows:

Second cutting, maximum yield.

Third cutting next, with an average loss of 120 pounds, or 3.5
per cent.

First cutting, third, with an average loss of 165 pounds, or
7.5 per cent.

Fourth cutting, fourth, with an average loss of 245 pounds,
or 21.25 per cent.

Fifth cutting, last, with a loss of 475 pounds, or 27.75 per cent.

In short, if no other factors were involved in the problem than
the yield of digestible dry matter, the farmer, in order to secure
the largest yield, would be forced to harvest his hay when in full
bloom, which, in Central Missouri, would be about June 20th.

If he had harvested it eight or ten days earlier than this, or
when the plants were just in full head, he would have sustained
a loss of 7.5 per cent of his yield. By harvesting eight or ten days
later, or when seed were formed, the loss would have been 3.5
per cent. By waiting another week or ten days, he would have
harvested only about five-sixths as much digestible material as
when the plants were in full bloom, and by waiting until the plants
were fully ripe, he would have harvested a little more than four-
fifths as much digestible matter.

84 Missouri Agricultural Report.

4, PALATABILITY OF HAYS CUT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY.

The notion is somewhat prevalent that the late cut hays are
more palatable than those cut earlier, and that if cattle, horses or
sheep were given the opportunity to choose among these cuttings
they would manifest a decided preference for the maturer hay.

SHOWING HOW CATTLE PREFER TIMOTHY THAT IS CUT EARLY.

The top picture shows the racks filled, 100 lbs.in each. Beginning at the left with the green
cut hay. The lower row shows how it was eaten out of the racks.
To settle this question, we put an equal amount, viz., 100 pounds, of
each cutting in a long rack, and gave two yearling steers that were
being fed exclusively on timothy hay free access to the rack. Only
two animals were used, because we wanted to avoid any possibility
cf crowding and of the stronger animals forcing the weaker ones
to eat hay that they might otherwise have discriminated against.
This experiment was continued through two years, all of the
cuttings having been harvested and cured without rain, and stored
in a barn until required for this trial.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 85

In every case the animals ate the hay in the order of their
cutting. They did not always clean up the first cutting before they
would eat considerable out of the second and some out of the third,
but in every instance, and the experiment was duplicated several
times, they practically cleaned up the three first cuttings before
they began on the last two. In other words, while these animals
showed a preference for the first cutting over the second and third,
the discrimination against the fourth and fifth cuttings was very
marked indeed. As between the last two cuttings, there was a
sharp discrimination in favor of the seed in the dough, or the last
hay to be cut was the last to be eaten. Thus hay that was allowed
to stand until the seed were in the dough had lost much of palata-
bility, and if allowed to stand until the plants were mature, had
declined still further.

The accompanying illustrations show very strikingly the
preferences of the animals.

It is to be borne in mind that the experiments referred to
above were made with animals having nothing but timothy hay,
receiving no grain or other feed. When animals that were fed
more liberally were given the opportunity to choose between these
hays, they did not show so decided a preference for the earlier
cuttings as did the animals that were making their whole ration
of hay. ;

For example, two registered Jersey cows in full flow of milk
that were being fed rather liberally on grain and having all the
silage they would eat at the barn, when turned to the rack filled
with these various cuttings, in the middle of the day when out for
fresh air, ate one of the first three cuttings with apparently as
much relish as the other. They did, however, discriminate sharply
against the last two cuttings in every instance.

In the case of some fat wethers that were on full grain feed,
when turned to these five hays, ate one with as much apparent
relish as the other.

The accompanying photograph of the sheep rack filled with
these hays shows that they did not seem to discriminate against the
late cuttings as did the animals that were not so heavily fed.

Unfortunately the trial was not made with horses and mules.

5. CONVENIENCE OF HARVESTING.

So far all of the results have been in favor of the earlier
cuttings. The yields were larger, the hay was more completely
digested, and was more palatable to the stock. In matter of con-

86 Missouri Agricultural Report.

venience of harvesting, the balance tips heavily the other way.
The greener the grass is cut, the longer the time required to cure
it, the more easily it is damaged by showers and heavy dews, and
the more readily it will sunburn. Moreover, the weather at that
time is not nearly so settled, the ground is not so dry, and none of
the conditions are so favorable for hay making as later. Of more
importance than all of these, in the corn belt, the farmer is not
ready by June 20th to harvest his timothy. He has just finished
his wheat or clover, or both, and is then somewhat behind with his
corn. It is imperative that his corn be cultivated just at this time.
On the average farm, therefore, a larger loss would be sustained
by keeping out of the corn at this time than by allowing the timothy
to stand until a little later to be harvested. It is simply a question
of choice between evils. Loss on one or the other crop must be
sustained, and the lesser loss is in allowing the timothy to stand
until later to be harvested than to allow the corn to go uncultivated.

6. KEEPING QUALITIES.

It goes without saying that the later cut hay will stand more
exposure to the weather and will turn rain better in the stack than
will the earlier cut hays.

7. PERMANENCY OF THE STAND.

This is almost as much of a mooted question as the original
one as to which gave the largest yield. The consensus of opinion
in the corn belt, however, is that by cutting earlier, the life of the
meadow is materially shortened. This has led many farmers to
adopt the practice of allowing the plants to become fully mature
so that enough seed would be shattered in harvesting to keep up
the stand.

MENDEL’S LAWS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE
BREEDING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

(By W. J. Spillman, U. S. Department of Agriculture.)

A dozen years ago the subject of heredity was usually not
taught in our colleges; we did not know enough to justify teaching
it, Even yet the subject is rather poorly organized from a
pedagogic standpoint, but there is plenty of subject matter for a
strong college course. This matter is rapidly assuming form, and

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 87

is even now, in some of our leading colleges, one of the most im-
portant and most popular biological courses.

The discoveries in this domain during the past decade are
nothing less than epoch making. We do not even yet appreciate
their full importance, yet important applications of this new
knowledge have already been made in the improvement of crops
and domesticated animals.

During the last two years of the past century, five men,
working independently of each other, discovered three highly im-
portant principles, or laws, which enable us to predict the results
of the crossing of two distinct varieties for the second and later
generations of the progeny. The discovery of these laws was
hailed with much enthusiasm, as it was the first inkling we had had
that there are any laws governing the transmission of hereditary
character from one generation to the next.

After the discovery was announced, Correns, one of the men
who had made the discovery, in searching through the literature
of the subject to see whether the law had been recognized previ-
ously, called attention to the fact, then not generally known, that
these laws had been worked out in very great completeness, by
a monk in an Austrian monastery, and published in 1865, and they
have very appropriately been named ‘‘Mendel’s Laws,” for this
was the name of the recluse who, working with varieties of the
common garden pea, had made discoveries which enable us now,
Iam tempted to say, to produce almost any type of plant or animal
we desire, provided we can find the characters we want scattered
amongst races or varieties that can be crossed with each other.
There are, however, many limitations in the application of these
laws, but new facts are being discovered concerning them almost
daily. We do not know that all hereditary characters obey Mendel’s
laws, but many hundreds of them do, and it is barely possible that
alldo. The highly significant fact is that we have discovered laws
which hundreds of hereditary characters do obey. It is now my
task to give an exposition of these laws, together with some of
the important results which have followed their application in the
breeding of plants and animals.

Suppose we cross a bearded wheat with a smooth (beardless)
wheat. (Fig. 1.) Experience shows that this gives a wheat which
is smooth, or only very slightly bearded. In this cross we bring
together two naturally antagonistic characters. For some reason
one member of this pair of characters prevents the other from de-
veloping. The biologist expresses this fact by saying that smooth-

88 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ness is dominant over beards, or that beards are recessive to
smoothness. Generally speaking, one member of a pair of antago-
nistic characters is more or less completely dominant over the other.
For instance, if we cross a polled breed of cattle with a horned
breed none of the progeny will have perfect horns. About 5 per
cent of them will have what cattlemen call “scurs,’’ that is, imper-

Figure 1.—Bearded wheat crossed with beardless.

fect horns. The other 95 per cent will be as perfectly polled as
their polled parent. Thus, the poll character is said to be dominant
and horns recessive, though the dominance is not absolute in all
cases.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 89

The cases cited are illustrations of what we call ‘““Mendel’s law
of dominance.” We have many beautiful illustrations of this law.
For instance, if red tomatoes be crossed with yellow the fruit of
the hybrid is red. - If white hogs be crossed with black or red the
hybrids are nearly always white. If the white faced Hereford
cattle be crossed with cattle having a colored face the crossbred
animals have white faces. If a red rose be crossed with a white
rose the hybrid is red. If a pink-eyed albino be crossed with an
individual having no albino blood, none of the progeny will be
albino.

DOMINANCE NOT ALWAYS PERFECT.

The dominance of one character over its opposite is seldom
absolute. In many cases there is some indication of the hybrid
character of the progeny. Even if there is no other indication the
hybrid is usually stronger growing and more vigorous than the
pure bred. But frequently the recessive character itself shows, at
least partially, in some individuals resulting from the cross. As
stated above, the cross between bearded and smooth wheat shows
a slight tendency to be bearded. The cross between polled and
horned cattle in a few individuals develops imperfect horns, or
scurs. Recessive characters are especially likely to show when
age comes on.

In some cases, however, we have a very different result. There
is a certain red primrose which, when crossed with a certain white
primrose, instead of giving red progeny gives a beautiful purple
flower. This primrose has for years been sold on the market under
the name of “Imperial Primrose;”’ but it is a hybrid and does not
reproduce true to seed. We shall later see why this is the case.

In some crosses, instead of having dominance of one character
over its opposite, the hyprid is intermediate between the two
parents. For instance, in my work with hybrid wheats some years
ago, I crossed several varieties of the ordinary types of wheat
with the extremely short headed club wheats grown on the Pacific
Coast. While the hybrids produced club shaped heads with the
characteristic dense growth of the club varieties, these heads were
nearly always longer than the original club heads, so there could
not be said to be complete dominance of the club character. Prof.
Castle, of Harvard, crossed long-eared rabbits with ordinary
rabbits, and the progeny had ears intermediate in length between
those of the two parents. On the other hand, when dwarf peas are

90 Missouri Agricultural Report.

crossed with standard sorts the hybrid grows even taller than the
standard parent.

These illustrations are sufficient to make clear the law of
dominance and the fact that this law is not universal. We come
now to a more important law, the law of separation of character
pairs. It is this law that is ordinarily meant when we speak of
Mendel’s law, because it is so much more important than the law
of dominance.

It is part of the irony of fate that Mendel’s discoveries were
utterly ignored and even forgotten during his life time. He never
knew he had made an epoch making discovery. When the whole
world went to breeding improved varieties of plants these dis-
coveries were made again. Now we are building a monument to
Gregor Mendel at Brinn, Austria, in the little monastery garden
in which his epoch making work was done.

MENDEL’S LAW. OF SEGREGATION.

We have seen what happens when a pair of antagonistic
characters are brought together; that is, what happens during the
life of the individual bearing these two characters. But what
happens to this character pair in passing to the next generation?
The bodies of all plants and animals are composed of small parts
called cells; each of these cells is, in a sense, an elementary plant
or animal. Our bodies are in reality colonies of very minute
organisms, each of which has its particular work to do. Some of
these cells manufacture the digestive juices, some form the bone,
others become muscular tissues; some of them become red blood
corpuscles, etc. While growth is still in progress it is these cells
that do all the growing. When one of them reaches full size, i
splits into two, and each of the new cells thus formed in turn
grows to full size. The internal structure of the cells is very
complex. Indeed, it is a wonderful structure, but I can not here
stop to describe what we know about it. It would take more time
to do that than is available for this whole lecture. Prof. E. B.
Wilson has written a 500-page book about these cells, and what
has been learned since that book was written would make another
book as large. Suffice it to say that when one of these cells reaches
maturity, and splits into two new cells, each of the important
organs in the cell divides also, so that, speaking in a general way,
each of the new cells is provided with the same organs as the old
cell had.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 91

Every cell has in it a nucleus. But the important thing for
us to remember here is that those cells which are used for pur-
poses of reproduction have only half of a complete nucleus. For
this reason the reproductive cells, generally speaking, are incapable
of growth until they have united with another reproductive cell,
and thus acquired a whole nucleus.

The reproductive cells, with their half nuclei, are produced
by a very different kind of cell division from that which occurs in
ordinary growth. Instead of each of the parts of the nucleus
dividing, as is the case in ordinary body cells, the parts of the
nucleus separate into two groups, so that the reproductive cells
which are formed at this division have only half of a nucleus in
them. Now it is in this peculiar cell division, which results in the
production of reproductive cells, that we find the cause of Mendel’s
law. Let us now return to our pair of antagonistic characters.
Suppose we have a plant which is a hybrid between a red pea
and a white one. Every cell in this hybrid plant has both of these
characters present in it. But when the reproductive cells are
produced, when the nucleus is separated into the half nuclei, we
find the red flower character in one of these half nuclei, and the
white flower character in the other. Thus half of the newly
produced reproductive cells contain the red and half the white
flower character. We thus see why we call this law the “law of
separation of character pairs.”’ Every pair of antagonistic charac-
ter present in a hybrid is thus separated at this particular cell
division.

Let us see now how many and what kinds of seed our hybrid
pea produces. Our plant produces reproductive cells in two
different places. In the little pod in the center of the flower it
produces certain cells called ovules. These contain only half a
nucleus, and can not grow and divide in this condition. Half
of these ovules contain the red flower tendency, the other half the
white. The pollen grains produced in the anthers are likewise
reproductive cells. These are also half red and half white; by this
Wwe mean, of course, that half of them contain the red flower
character, the other half the white flower character.

These pollen grains fall on the stigmas at the top of the
little seed pod, and grow down into the tissue of the pod until
they come in contact with the ovule. Then the half nucleus of
the ovule united with a half nucleus from the pollen grain, and we
have a new cell with a whole nucleus. This cell then begins to
grow, and soon a seed is produced.

92 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Figure 2. RED PEA X WHITE PEA.
2ND GENERATION.

Thru Thru
Ovule Pollen.

%R

LW

ml
(a2)
[ov

Ph
a
=|
=)
m.
=
oO

Fig. 2 shows us how many kinds of seed our hybrid plant can
produce. Half of its ovules are red and half white. We can readily
see that the red ovule is just as apt to unite with red pollen as
white pollen, hence, on the average, half of the red ovules will
unite with red pollen and half of them with white. Likewise, half
of the white ovules will unite with red pollen and half with white.
We thus have four cases, namely: red uniting with red; red with
white; white with red; and white with white. Each of these four
cases is as likely to occur as another. Hence, on the average, they
will occur an equal number of times, especially if the number of
seed produced is large. Thus we see that the progeny of our
hybrid is one-fourth pure red, one-half hybrid between red and
white, and one-fourth pure white. But since the hybrids also
produce red flowers, the progeny of the hybrid we are considering
will be three red to one white. This is the well known Mendelian
ratio found in the progeny of a hybrid plant or the progeny of two
hybrid animals.

We must now get acquainted with two very big words, because
we have no little words that fit the case. The first kind of seed
shown in Fig. 2 is formed by the union of red with red. This
seed, and the plant it produces, is said to be homozygote, a word
derived from the Greek and meaning “like things united.” The
fourth kind of seed is seen to be homozygote for white. The second
and third types consist of unlike things united, and are therefore
said to be heterozygote. We shall have to use these words fre-
quently in what follows.

As the separation of character pairs is highly important, I
will take the liberty to use another illustration. Suppose that the
parents of a family of children are both heterozygote for brown
eyes and blue eyes. Since brown is dominant to blue both these
parents will be brown-eyed, but each of them will transmit brown
eyes to half the children and blue eyes to the other half. (Fig. 3.)
The possible types of children in such a family are illustrated in
Fig. 3. The first group consists of children which inherit:

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 93

Figure 3.—2ND GENERATION OF BROWN X BLUE EYES.
Br-Brown; Bl-Blue.

Palen NE Sete MB ey noe NVR a Shy

Bie den INS Oe Beis NUNES SIE
fr oh - é Bre irs | M-BrBir

Bit Ecos Dents BIBT:

es

p 8 DD +
ee)

(1) Brown eyes from the father and brown eyes from the
mother. This group is homozygote for brown eyes.

(2) Brown eyes from the father and blue eyes from the
mother.

(3) Blue eyes from the father and brown eyes from the
mother.

(4) The last group inherit blue eyes from the father and
blue eyes from the mother. Being homozygote for the blue they
will be blue-eyed.

Each of these four cases is equally likely to occur. The first
three of them give brown eyes, the last blue; hence, on the average
of a large number of such families, three-fourths of the children
will be brown-eyed and one-fourth of them blue-eyed. Many of you
will know families in which this law is illustrated. It must be
remembered, however, that in such families all the children may
inherit either brown or blue from both parents, but such cases
will be rare. It is possible from the law of probability to calculate
in what proportion of such families any particular combination of
brown and blue eyes will occur.

Let us now return to the case of the Imperial Primrose. This
beautiful purple flower originated in a cross between a red and a
white variety, the heterozygote being purple. Now, when this
purple plant produces ovules and pollen, half the ovules carry the
red character and half white. Likewise, half the pollen carries
the red character and half the white. The chance union of these
pollen grains and ovules covers the same four cases we have con-
sidered above in the case of eye color. One-fourth of the seeds
produced are homozygote for red; one-half of them are heterozy-
gote; the remaining fourth are homozygote for white. We can
now understand why this primrose, grown and sold by an English
florist for a period of fifteen years, always produced some red,
some white, and some purple progeny. Generally speaking, one-
fourth of the seed produced red flowers, one-fourth white, while
half of them reproduced the beautiful Imperial Primrose (Blue
Andolusious).

Experience has shown that it is impossible to fix the type of

94 Missouri Agricultural Report.

a heterozygote by selection, and we now know why this is the case.

t is because of the law of separation of character pairs when
reproductive cells are formed. How, then, shall the breeder of
plants and animals secure any advantage from this law?

LAW OF RECOMBINATION.

We come now to a third law which is immensely more im-
pertant than either of the two already considered; but since it is,
in part, a direct consequence of the second law it has not usually
received separate treatment by writers on this subject. This third
law is the law of recombination. It may be stated as follows: In
the offspring of a hybrid there will be found every possible com-
bination of the characters of the original parents of the hybrids.
This presupposes, of course, that the progeny are numerous enough
to permit each of these combinations to occur.

For example, Hereford cattle are horned and have white faces.
Polled Durham cattle have colored faces and are hornless. If we
cross these two breeds, the calves inherit both white face and red
face, both horns and no horns. Because of the law of dominance
the crossbred calves will exhibit white faces, and they will also be
polled, i. e., hornless.

Figure 4.—PROGENY OF HEREFORD POLL DURHAM CROSS.

Colored face and horns.
Colored face and poll character.
White face and horns.

White face and poll character.

Bw Ne

Now the calves of these crossbreds will present every possible
combination of these characters. (Fig. 4.) For instance, some
will have colored face, with horns; some colored face, without
horns; others have white face and horns, while still others have
white face without horns. It will be noticed that type 2 is like
the original Polled Durham parent, while type 3 is like the Here-
ford. But types 1 and 4 are entirely new. Type 4 has all the
marks of a pure Hereford except that it has no horns.

The importance of such a case as we are considering is easily
seen when we remember that horns on cattle are worse than useless
ornaments. Buyers at the great cattle marts pay half a cent a
pound more for hornless beef cattle than they will for horned, for
they know that a carload of horned steers will show many bruises
that injure the meat.

Many breeders of Shorthorn cattle long ago recognized the

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 95

value of the poll character, and the Polled Durham cattle is the re-
sult. These cattle are simply Shorthorns with the horns bred
off. Hereford breeders were slower to recognize this point, but
we now have a breed of Polled Herefords produced exactly as de-
seribed above, i. e., by crossing Polled Durhams with horned Here-
fords. Fig 5 shows a calf of this breeding. Good individual Polled
Herefords sell for twice as much as the horned kind.

fe; Figure 5.—Hereford—Poll Durham Cross.

There have always been a few polled animals amongst pure
Herefords. Breeders of these cattle formerly considered it a great
misfortune when a polled calf was born. Now these pure Polled
Herefords are almost priceless, because we know that by means of
them horns can be eradicated from the whole breed; and this is
being done as rapidly as possible.

We see, therefore, that our newly acquired knowledge is not
merely a scientific curiosity. It is already being applied with highly
important results, though it is only eight years since knowledge of
those laws became general.

There is one other very important point about the law of re-
combination that must be made clear. Let us recall that according
to this law the progeny of hybrids will present every possible com-
bination of the original parents of the hybrids. In the Hereford-

96 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Polled Durham cross one of these combinations was white face and
no horns. But that is not all; some of these white faced calves
will be homozygote for white face; that is, they will have inherited
this character from both parents; others will be heterozygote. The
homozygotes will transmit white faces to all their progeny, while
the heterozygotes will transmit it to only half their progeny. The
total number of combinations in the second generation of the hybrid
is shown in figure 6. Here we have nine types, but they can not
all be distinguished by external characters. For instance, types
2, 3, 5, and 6 will all have white faces and no horns. But these
nine types ali differ in their inheritance, and hence no two of them
will transmit exactly the same characters to their offspring. The
most important point of all is that every one of the four visible
types shown in Fig. 4 is found absolutely pure in one of these
nine types. For instance, type 1 (Fig. 6) is homozygote for both
face color and horns. Similarly, types 3, 7 and 9 are all pure

Figure 6—PROGENY OF HEREFORD POLL DURHAM CROSS.

Face Horns

1 WW HH
Ze WW Ph
3 Waa See
4 Wr HH
5 Wr Ph
6 Wr PP
7 RR HH

types and will reproduce true to type. We may, therefore, add to
the already important law of recombination the still more im-
portant fact that, in some individuals, if the progeny be numerous
enough, every possible combination of characters will be found in
a pure form that requires no further selection to fix its type. Noth-
ing more important than this has ever been discovered in the whole
realm of biology.

This phase of the law is beautifully illustrated in some recent
work in the breeding of tomatoes done by Professors Price and
Drinkard of the Virginia Experiment Station, the results of which
I am now able to show you in the lantern slides.

The parent plants used in making this cross differed in three
important characters. One of them had green leaves, the other
had yellowish leaves; one had yellow fruit with a neck on it, rend-
ering it pear-shaped, the other had red fruit which was round, or
without neck. We thus have three character pairs, namely, green

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 97

and yellow leaves, red and yellow fruit, neck and no neck on the
fruit. The possible combinations of these three characters that
can occur in the second generation of the hybrid are as follows:

First, we may have either green leaves or yellow leaves. In
each of these classes we may have yellow fruit or red fruit, and in
each of these subclasses we may have the neck or its absence. This
gives eight types. The second generation of the hybrid consisted
of these eight types, and of nothing else. Two of these types were
like the original parents, the remaining six represented new combi-
nations of the characters of the parent varieties. The great value
of our third law lies in the fact that by means of it we are able to
secure any desired combination of characters that can be found in
plants or animals closely enough related to permit of crossing.

Let us now return to the case of the hybrid wheats mentioned
ahove. In the State of Washington, which is a great wheat grow-
ing region, the only wheats the farmers had ever found satisfactory
were three varieties of spring wheat. The winter wheats that had
been tried would not stand up and would shatter their grain easily.
These three varieties of spring wheat were nearly always sown in
the fall, because when they did go through the winter they would
yield 50 per cent more from fall sowing than from spring sowing;
but about every third year they would freeze out. Farmers were
eager for a good variety of winter wheat. At the Washington
Experiment Station, with which I was connected at the time, we
secured a large number of varieties of winter wheat, tested them
five years to determine which were best, and then crossed eleven of
the best winter varieties with two of these spring varieties, hoping
to combine the winter character with the stiff straw and hard chaff
of the spring varieties. In this we were completely successful.
The Washington State Experiment Station is now growing a large
number of these hybrids, having selected out the homozygotes, thus
securing new and fixed types of winter wheat eminently adapted to
the peculiar climatic and soil conditions of that region. Last year
a few of the best of these hybrids were distributed to the farmers.
The reports this year indicate that they outyielded all other varie-
ties against which they were tested, and the farmers are very en-
thusiastic about them. Twelve thousand acres of these wheats have
been sown this fall (1908). Thus, Mendel’s law is not simply a play-
thing, but is a discovery of fundamental importance. It has al-
ready had important applications, and that it will have many
others can not be questioned.

7)

98 Missouri Agricultural Report.

The next figure (Fig. 7), shows some of these hybrid wheats.
In the top row are shown the two parent varieties, Little Club and
Valley. On the left hand Little Club was used as the pollen parent;
on the right hand Valley was the pollen parent; but the results in
both cases were the same. At the extreme left are shown three of

WHEAT HYBRIDS—FROM WASHINGTON STATE EXPERIMENT STATION,
PULLMAN, WASHINGTON.

Figure 7.
a—Little Club, Male parent. A—Valley, male parent.
b—Valley, female parent. B—Little Club, female parent.
a’ a” a/’’—Hybrids (a x b). A’,A”, A’’’—Hybrids (A X B).
¢:1—Cs—First generation from a’ Ci—Cs—First generation from A’
di—d.—First generation from a” Di—Ds—First generation from A”
ei—es—First generation from a/” E,:—Es—First generation from A’””

the hybrids produced by using Little Club as the pollen parent. To
the right of each of these three is shown, in the left half of the
picture, the progeny of that particular plant. It will be seen that
part of them are long like the Valley, part short like the Club, and

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 99

part intermediate. The long are homozygote for length, the short
are homozygote for Club character, while the intermediates are
heterozygote. In each of these three classes based on length, some
individuals were bearded and some were smooth, and this occurred
in the descendants of every one of the first generation hybrids.
Exactly the same conditions are seen in the right half of the figure.
It was, of course, not possible to illustrate in this figure the valuable
winter character which we succeeded in engrafting on wheats
which otherwise can not be distinguished from the Little Club
variety. It should be stated that these new wheats are of better
quality than Club wheat, and sell for one cent a bushel more.

—
“= a

Figure 8.—Twins—a sheep and a goat.

The last of our lantern slides is of peculiar interest. These
two animals are twins. One of them is a sheep and the other a
goat, of course a heterozygote. I have the complete history of this
pair of twins and the photographs of their dam and of the two sires,
and there is practically no doubt of the correctness of their history.
There is no particular economic interest attached to this case, but
there are several points of great theoretical interest, which I have
not time here to mention.

100 Missouri Agricultural Report.

CONCLUSION.

It is now clear that we have discovered three important laws
which apply, if not to all hereditary characters, at least to prac-
tically all which have been studied. First, we have the law of dom-
inance, the one of the three laws which is most limited in its ap-
plication. According to it when two naturally opposite characters
meet, one of them shows and the other does not. Second, we have
the law of segregation of character pairs, according to which an
individual transmits to half of its progeny a particular character
received from one parent, and to the other half the corresponding
form of this character received from the other parent. Third, we
have the law of recombination, which is the most important of all.
According to this law the grandchildren of two individuals, if suf-
ficiently numerous, present every possible recombination of the
characters of these individuals.

We do not yet know all of the characters in any species that
chbey the above laws. One of the important tasks of the breeder at
the present time is to ascertain what these characters are; that is,
to find those characters which pass from one generation to another
viithout going to pieces. When this has been done, we shall have
placed in our hands the power of creating many new and valuable
forms.

We have seen that these laws apply to the physical character-
istics of man. Let us also see whether they apply to intellectual
and moral characters. Fortunately, we are not without evidence
on this point. Dr. Frederick Adams Woods of Connecticut has
devoted many years of patient study to an investigation of this
question, which has recently been published under the title ““Hered-
ity in Royalty.” He chose the royal families of Europe for this
study for two reasons; in the first place, the ancestry of royal per-
sonages is carefully recorded; furthermore, enough written record
has been left concerning the individuals to enable us to form a sat-
isfactory estimate of their intellectual ability, and of their moral
character. After long and patient study, Dr. Woods was able to
grade some 800 of these personages, either for intellectual or moral
character or both, thus giving a basis for comparing intellectual
ability and moral character of parent and offspring. This second
reason for choosing royal families for this study lies in the fact
that environmental influences may be assumed to be more uniform
amongst these people than amongst any other class.

Now for the results. He finds plenty of evidence, though Dr.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 101

Woods does not recognize this himself, of the law of dominance.
For instance, either genius or insanity may be transmitted from
grandparent to grandchild without appearing in the intermediate
gnerations, presumably because in that intermediate generation it
met its dominant opposite. The law of segregation of character
pairs and of the consequent recombination is fully recognized by
Dr. Woods. For instance, if the individuals in the pedigree of a
family of children are uniformly of high intellectual ability or the
opposite, then all the children will be alike in this respect. On the
other hand if some of the ancestry is of one type and some of an-
other, then in the family of children we find some individuais of
both types, which is just what we should expect from the law of
recombination. But the evidence is even more conclusive. Accord-
ing to Galton’s law, which was developed from the study of physical
characteristics, such as color of hair, color of the eye, stature, etc.,
the degree of resemblance between parent and offspring is known
to be on the average 30 per cent. Taking the grades assigned by
Dr. Woods to the various individuals he studied and applying the
formula to them, the degree of resemblance in intellectual ability
between parents and offspring is exactly 30 per cent. The cor-
responding degree of resemblance for moral character is 29.57 per
cent, which is so near the exact result called for by theory as to
answer all practical purposes. In other words, the difference may
be set down to experimental error. It is clear, therefore, that the
native ability and the natural impulses of human beings are as
much a matter of heredity as are any physical characteristics.

The following striking fact immediately confronts us when we
recognize the truth of the above statement. Prodigious effort has
been made by the human race to better its condition, but this effort
has been wholly in the direction of improving the environment.
While Dr. Woods has shown that this is really an unimportant
factor in determining character and ability, it is true that when
environment is unfavorable it may prevent the development of
natural tendencies or may warp them, and it may also result in
great natural ability remaining practically useless for a lack of the
implements which a full development of intellectual powers would
place in its hands. But improving the environment does not from
generation to generation give better material for our schools to
work on. We have been dealing with the wrong problem. The
plain and evident course to pursue is for us to be more careful in
the choice of our parents and grandparents.

It may be of interest to know that one state at least, namely,

102 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the State of Indiana, has during the past year, taken steps to make
direct application of the principles here stated, at least in prevent-
ing children from choosing as their parents idiots, imbeciles, and
certain classes of criminals. This is an important step and one
whose general application can not much longer be delayed in the
interests of future generations. There is reason, therefore, to hope
that when we get through improving plants and domestic animals
we may progress to a point where we can apply these important
principles in improving a certain wild animal known to biologists
by the dignified title of Homo sapiens.

LIVE STOCK AND AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS IN
ARGENTINA AND HOW THEY AFFECT THE AMERICAN
LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY.

(By Prof. H. W. Mumford, University of Illinois.)

The attention of the entire world has been called to Argentina
as a rapidly growing and exceedingly important factor in the
world’s supply of beef. For many years the United States of North
America has been the chief factor in the export trade of this com-
modity. Today the Argentine Republic must be looked upon as an

Figure 1. Frigerificio cattle of the Export Chilled Beef type.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 103

equally important factor in the world’s market. “There is perhaps
no other area in the world possessing so vast an area of rich land
on which, owing to the exceptionally favorable climatic conditions,
live stock is born, bred and fattened entirely on the prairie without
need of artificial shelter, and there is scarcely no other where ani-
mals feed exclusively on natural grasses the soil of which can be
tilled at any time of the year.”

The beef cattle population of the Argentine at present is vari-
ously estimated at from 26,000,000 to 30,000,000. In the United
States there are 50,073,000 cattle other than dairy cows. The
Argentine Republic is about one-third the area of the United States
and by some is believed to possess two-thirds our capacity for pro-
ducing food products. Then there is the significant consideration
of the relative population of the two countries. While the United
States perhaps has 80,000,000 inhabitants Argentina has approxi-
mately 5,500,000. This forces Argentine farmers to depend very
considerably on foreign markets as an outlet for their products.
Whatever may have been the condition of the past, indications at
present point strongly to the fact that Argentines are alive both to
the necessity and privilege of developing foreign markets for their
large and ever increasing surplus.

In 1880, the only exports were the by-products of live stock.
Exclusive of meats only sufficient food stuffs were produced to feed
its meagre population. Today their exports to Great Britain of
beef, mutton and wheat exceed our own, notwithstanding the fact
that less than fifteen per cent of the arable lands are under culti-
vation. It is estimated that there are over 250,000,000 acres of
arable land in the Republic. According to the latest statistics
(1907), the area under cultivation was but a trifle more than 36,-
000,000.

Traveling through the country by train or coach the impression
that there is but little agriculture as compared with what is possible
grows upon one. Examples of good farming in the light of methods
followed by the more progressive cornbelt farmer are seldom seen.

Cattle men of the United States are vitally interested in the

_question of the extent and nature of Argentina’s export trade in
beef and to how great an extent will their production influence the
demand for our cattle abroad. First let us examine the exact con-
dition of their trade as compared with that from the United States.
The following statement will show the exports of beef to Great
Britain for the years 1905, 1906 and 1907.

104 Missouri Agricultural Report.

|
Year. | From United States.| From Argentina.
QE oe retest cvaceteiatainyniava late e rare Leics r1clevs tarute- ata s (ey als ieteftlafecelis, oravaierote 2,231,206 cwts. 2,580,152 ewts.
THT TS ay Ae Ra em a in on Er Wietget at N Comey PR 2,426,644 ewts. | 2,795,918 ewts.
LOO TAR ety cet soicis ore acaa state ana sem Cmte cle c aeminnae 2,417,604 cwts. | 2,691,544 cwts.

The figures for United States exports include live cattle and
chilled beef, those from Argentina only chilled and frozen beef as
the ports of Great Britain have been closed to live cattle from
Argentina for about five years. At that time the danger of such
cattle causing outbreaks of foot and mouth disease was so great
that the ports were closed (May 1903) to all live cattle from Argen-
tina. While the opening of the ports would undoubtedly aid the
Argentine cattle raisers it is not probable that they will ever be
epened again and from the standpoint of the beef producers of the
south land, there is far less need for the restoration of this live
cattle trade now that there are at least thirty-two steamers equip-
ped with cold storage accommodations.

Vigure 2.—Purebred but unpedigreed shorthorns,' Estancia ‘‘La Pastoril.”’

Only the highest grade of cattle produced in Argentina, that is
the well bred and well fattened, are used for export. The best of
these are chilled and the remainder frozen. Abcut 28 per cent of
the beef exported from Argentina is chilled. All of the Argentine
export mutton is frozen. It is estimated that Argentine slaughter-
ing establishments have practically three-tenths of the killing

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 105

capacity of the world. The plants which slaughter cattle which are
chilled or frozen for export are called frigorificos. In 1903, when
the British ports were closed to live cattle there were but three of
these establishments in Argentina, now there are seven. The
saladero or “jerked beef” establishments of twenty years ago have
been gradually disappearing as more modern methods of handling
meat have been introduced. This indicates the progressive tend-
ency of the country and the great improvement that has been
wrought in the cattle. As late as 1894 2,000,000 were killed in the
saladeros of beef salting factories of Argentina; in 1901 only 403,-
000 and in 1907 about 270,000. It is true that much of the sala-
dero industry has been transferred to Brazil, Uruguay and Para-
guay. However, about one and a half million cattle represent the
entire number of cattle slaughtered in these establishments in the
four countries named.

While the number of beef cattle in Argentina, the most pros-
perous southern republic, does not seem to be increasing, improve-
ment in quality has kept pace with the extension of the area under
cultivation. During the past ten years the area under cultivation
has increased 167 per cent, railway mileage 36 per cent and the
population 42 per cent. Many Argentine estancieros have spared
no trouble or expense in attempting to improve the common stock
of the country. This has been accomplished chiefly by importa-
tions of high class pedigree beef and dairy cattle from Great Britain. |
It is an historical fact that the cattle breeders of Argentina, and
more especially the breeders of registered beef cattle, have bought
the best Great Britain has produced, without much reference to the
prices it was necessary to pay. As a result, in place of the old
rative cattle estancias are stocked with mestizo (half breeds), and
in many cases more highly improved stock. In several instances
large herds of cattle were seen which were being bred for selling
to the frigorificos that were practically pure-bred.

Shorthorns (more frequently called Durhams in the Argentine
Republic) are by far the most numerous and popular breed al-
though some fine herds of Herefords and Aberdeen-Angus exist.
The luxuriant pastures in many sections seem to be especially
favorable for the production of most excellent beef cattle.

There is considerable strife among the principal breeders of
pedigree beef cattle occasioned by attempts to bring out prize win-
ners at the live stock shows, the chief one of which is an annual
affair at Palermo, Buenos Ayres. This exposition, in point of num-

106 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ber and quality of its exhibits, ranks with similar institutions in
the principal live stock producing countries.

Of the cattle produced for slaughter the best are sold to the
frigorificos, where they are either chilled or frozen for export. There
is no absolute standard set by these establishments as to the quality
and condition necessary for their trade, as considerable variation
in the quality and degree of fatness occurs, owing to available sup-
plies and foreign demand.

Demands in the way of breeding and finish in cattle for con-
sumption in the Argentine Republic are not exacting, and as a rule,
a cheaper less improved half-fat class of cattle is slaughtered to
supply local butchers. Discarded cows and work oxen are frequently
important factors in this trade.

The municipally-controlled new mataderos or market and
slaughtering establishment in Buenos Ayres is creditable. The
government veterinary inspection at this plant, as well as that at
the frigorificos and fabricas, is to be commended as contrasted with
the slovenly methods in common use in isolated sections where
competent government inspection is unknown. Ample provision
has been made for slaughtering cattle, both for domestic consump-
tion and for export, and these establishments are conveniently
Iccated both for caring for the bulk of the city and export trade
and for providing sanitary conditions.

Cattle raising in Argentina is distinctly a pasturing proposi-
tion. The feeding of corn or other grain to fatten or finish cattle
for the market is not practiced. A few years ago, some experi-
ments along this line were tried by estancieros or ranchmen, but
the practice was abandoned because it did not pay. Frigorificos
would not, perhaps could not, afford to pay enough more for cattle
so fattened over the grass or alfalfa-fattened cattle to make it
possible for the estanciero to get market price for the corn used in
finishing.

An abundance of well bred cattle and a good and increasing
supply of corn in the country simply await the time when condi-
tions are favorable for converting the corn into a higher grade of
beef instead of exporting relatively such a high percentage of the
crop.

Cattle raising for beef in that country, especially in the temp-
erate zone, is a much more favorable industry than in the United
States. The climate makes it possible for the entire life of cattle
to be spent out of doors without shelter and generally without
shade of any kind. The suitability of a very large acreage for the

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 107

growth of alfalfa and other nutritious grasses and legumes, to-
gether with cheap land and labor, make it possible to produce beef
cheaply. To any one unacquainted with the possibilities of the
country the degree of fatness which the cattle acquire on grass or
alfalfa alone is a marvel.

Figure 3.—Ranch and Cattle scene, Estancia ‘‘Los Algarrobos.’’

There is quite an extensive area well suited to, and at present
partially.used for, the growing of corn; but as yet, and probably
for some years to come this product will either be exported or used
for horse, dairy cow and pig feeding. If the time ever comes when
slaughterers will pay a sufficiently high premium for corn-fed beef,
it is believed the country can produce ample corn for this purpose.

A statement of the distribution of cattle throughout the vari-
cus provinces of the republic will serve to show what parts are con-
sidered best adapted for cattle raising. In some instances these
statistics might be misleading, as for example, in the province of
Buenos Ayres and other favored sections of the country more
cattle might be kept, but agriculture is more profitable.

From the accompanying map it will be seen that the Provinces
of Buenos Ayres, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Santa Fe, and Cordoba
are at present the leading cattle sections. These five provinces
contain upwards of 80 per cent of the cattle in the Argentine Re-
public. Cattle ranches are large, those of from 12,500 to 25,000

108 Missouri Agricultural Report.

acres in extent being common, while those of 200,000 acres are not
unknown. Alfalfa, which grows luxuriously over a large part of
the Argentine, is yearly becoming more and more the cattle raisers’
mainstay. Approximately 9,000,000 acres are devoted to this crop
and this seemingly large area by no means represents the extent
of its probable use, as its growth is rapidly increasing. Alfalfa is
pastured with cattle, sheep, horses and hogs. As a rule only the
surplus is cut and stacked for hay. If the entire crop is left for
hay it can usually be cut five times and will yield five tons or more
for the season. Ranches well set in alfalfa and intelligently handled
will graze 4,000 cattle, 1,000 sheep and 100 horses the league of
6,672 acres. Alfalfa is by no means a new crop and notwithstand-
ing the rapid extension of its growth, its wealth producing possibili-
ties are not yet fully appreciated by our southern neighbors, eise its
culture in Argentina would be universal.

To emphasize the importance of this crop to the Argentine beef
producer, a single instance will suffice. A progressive English-
man assumed the management of an estancia of some 140,000 acres
in extent. That was thirteen years ago. At that time the pas-
tures were simply of the native grasses. As the estancia was
owned by a stock company it was divided and subdivided and parts
of it were sold until today but 55,000 acres remain. This is all well
set in as fine alfalfa as it has ever been my privilege to see. This

Figure 4.—‘Conquerors Crown’’—An Argentine-bred bull which would look well in high-class
company in any country.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 109

55,000 acres supports as many cattle and sheep as the original 140,-
000 acres before the adoption of alfalfa.

As seen from some points of view it would seem that the
Argentine Republic is not favorably located for developing an ex-
tensive and profitable export trade in beef, closer study shows that
their slaughtering establishments can be and are located within
easy access to the most-favored cattle-producing sections, and also
at or near seaports having direct and frequent communication
with British and European ports. It costs no more to deliver a
carcass of beef from Argentina to the London market than from
Chicago.

It should not be expected that the beef produced in the Argen-
tine on grass alone will grade in the market as high as English,
Scotch, or corn-fed beef from the United States of North America.
Notwithstanding this beef is being produced and in the manner
mentioned, that sells in the English market within two to three
cents per pound of the corn-fed beef from the United States.

Some discouragements await the Argentine beef producer, al-
though they may be of a quite different character than those else-
where experienced. For example, a few years ago, owing to an
outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease and the consequent supposed
prevalence of this disease in the Argentine Republic, the ports of
Great Britain were closed to the importation of Argentine live
cattle. There is very little, if any, of this disease in Argentina at
the present time. In fact it does not seem to be a serious handicap
to cattle raising there except as mentioned. Cattle raisers there
have even gone so far as to suggest the possibility of its being prev-
alent in a herd without its presence or effect being especially
yaanifest. Other discouragements are found in the way of ticks
and a form of anthrax commonly spoken of as carbuncle. Added
to these diseases the estanciero may wisely anticipate more or less
frequent drouths. Notwithstanding all that may be said with
reference to the difficulties encountered in cattle raising, it is still
a favored and favorite industry in the Argentine Republic, as is
shown by the number of men engaged in it and their prosperous
condition.

110 Missouri Agricultural Report.

THE PROBLEM OF FARM FINANCE IN ITS RELATION
TO PERMANENT AGRICULTURE.

(Byron McFarland, Monroe City, Mo.)

It seems to be the policy of those in charge of arranging the
programme for these meetings, to enlist the services of all the
talent available; but sometimes they are a little short on talent
and a little long on time, and then it is that they are compelled to
eall in a few time-killers. That explains why I am here today. I
have come over to help you while away your time, and to try to
whet your appetite for the more weighty mental problems to which
you shall be treated; and if I can serve you to no other purpose
than to create in you such a hungering and thirsting after knowl-
edge that you will be able to digest and assimilate all the good
things in the feast to follow, without an acute attack of intellectual
indigestion, I can not feel that I have spoken in vain.

Now, I have been asked to speak upon the Finance of Farm-
ing, but as I am not on very intimate terms with finance in any
form, I have thought it well to make the mystery more complete
by adding a little to the subject. In this way I hope to be better
able to fulfill my mission as a time-killer. I have decided, there-
fore, to try to talk to you a while upon “The Problem of Farm
Finance in its Relation to Permanent Agriculture.”

It is with considerable hesitation that I undertake to address
you upon this subject, because I feel that what I shall have to say
will prove a disappointment—that I shall not be able to say what
you have a right to expect me to say; and greater is my hesitation,
because I feel that what I shall say will not only not be accepted,
but may subject me to general, perhaps severe criticism. And
while I do not expect, or even desire, you to accept a new doctrine
too readily, yet I have thought a presentation of the subject, as I
see it, might not prove amiss at this time.

The conclusions at which I have arrived are, with me, at
least, strictly original; and, I may add, they may be just as strictly
erroneous. So that all I ask of you tonight is to lay aside your
own views for the present, and to try to look at the subject from
my point of view for a few minutes.

The fundamental facts upon which the problem of farm
finance rests, are the cost and the selling-price of farm products;
and all of our investigations so far, have been in the direction of
reducing the cost by improved methods of production, or of increas-

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. fcieh

ing the selling-price by indirect methods of selling. But our
investigations have been based upon the assumption that the
farmers themselves have it in their power to solve the problem
in a satisfactory way, and, according to our present popular point
of view, if the farmer fails to prosper, the fault is his, and his
alone. Now I should like to talk to you a while about whether or
not the average Missouri farmer is really prosperous, and if not,
whose fault is it.

The cost of farm products is measured and determined by
three factors: (1) interest on the investment; (2) labor incidental
to growing, harvesting and marketing the crops; and (3) soil
fertility removed by the crops.

As for interest on the investment, I am of the opinion that it
is no more than common-sense and business justice that the man
who puts his money in land is entitled to as much interest on it as
the man who loans his money on gilt-edged land security. The
present rate of interest the farmer has to pay, with ample se-
curity, is from 514 to 6 per cent; that is, the man who loans money
clears about 50 per cent above taxes, and ordinary justice would
indicate that the farmer who invests in land should be entitled to
50 per cent above taxes. Now this, remember, he is entitled to
without labor. The money-lender draws his interest without any
special labor, and so should the land owner; he should get the
amount of his interest over and above the price of taxes and labor.

As for the labor part of the proposition, I believe it fair to
suppose that the labor of the farmer is worth at least as much as
that of his hired man, especially if his head work is thrown in for
good measure. This needs no argument, for it is a truth as old
as humanity that the laborer is worthy of his hire whether he
works for another, or for himself. It is so regarded in other walks
of life, and it must be so regarded in agriculture.

The question of soil fertility removed by a crop is compera-
tively new to most of us. It is a question not thoroughly under-
stood even by experts. With fresh, fertile fields, the question of
lost fertility never arose, but time and failing crop yields have
brought the matter home to us; and the idea of including lost fer-
tility in the cost of a crop, is rarely met with. Now, if fertility
were inexhaustible, if our soil never could wear out, then, and
then only, could this important item be left out of our calculations.
But the fact that soil fertility is limited, that a fertile field may
be made poor even in a single generation, makes this item a most
important one in our considerations of cost. Indeed, the problem

1b Missouri Agricultural Report.

of maintaining our soil fertility has recently become, and is today,
the paramount problem of American agriculture; for if we can
not keep up the fertility of our soil, our days as a nation of agri-
culture are numbered; not that the total amount of plant food in
cur soil can be cropped away in a few years, but that reduction
in fertility is followed by such rapid reduction in crop yields that
the element of profit disappears long before the soil is completely
exhausted. So that, to make agriculture permanent, the fertility
must be maintained.

Now as to the manner of keeping up fertility, there are some
very vague and erroneous ideas. The popular idea is that rest
restores land. When we crop a piece of land pretty hard, and it
becomes unable to produce a satisfactory crop, we say that it is
tired, and needs a rest; but recent research has shown that it is
not only tired, but hungry. When we work a horse hard all day
we say that he is tired, but we have learned by experience that it is
a pretty good idea to give him some corn and hay to help him rest
up on; and we have also learned that if we rest him every night
and give him plenty of feed, we can work him right along the year
round. And so it is with our land—it does need rest, but it needs
feed as well, and it takes both to keep up its ability to produce.

The next step of progress in our idea of maintaining soil
fertility is the idea of rotation of crops. The reduced yield on
land continuously cultivated to one crop, was explained by saying
that the land was “sick” toward that crop, and that a rotation with
other crops would make it well again. This idea is, in substance,
like that of the man who takes his horse out of the plow at night,
and drives him to town, without feed, to rest him up. What the
horse needed most was not so much a change of work as a change
of diet. A horse was never made fat, nor a field fertile, on a diet
of aqua pura and atmosphere.

Another important step of progress was the idea not only
of rotating the crops, but of including in the rotation a crop like
clover or cowpeas, that has the power of taking nitrogen from the
air and adding it to the soil. It has been observed after a crop
of clover or of cowpeas has been grown on land, that its productive
capacity is greatly increased. This discovery was hailed as the
final solution of the problem, but recent investigations have shown
that even this will not suffice for, although clover may add nitro-
gen to the soil, it takes away potash and phosphoric acid the same
as other crops do, and the seemingly good effects of its growth
may be misleading on this point. Professor Hopkins, of Illinois,

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 113

says: “The only kind of soil treatment in common use (in Illinois)
that is even believed to benefit the soil is a crop rotation, including
an occasional clover crop. It is a fact, however, that a crop rota-
tion is a means of depleting the fertility of the soil, and clover used
in this way in grain-farming serves only as a most powerful soil
stimulant, leaving the soil poorer with every passing rotation, until
the crop yields become reduced, clover being the first crop to fail
in this system.” Allow me to quote, also, from Bulletin No. 109,
Minnesota Station: “A rotation of crops removes more total
mineral plant food from the soil than when a grain crop is grown
continuously, and thus a rotation may hasten the exhaustion of
fertility.” I have quoted these passages from others, because I
feel that were I to make the same statements on my own authority,
they might not be accepted.

Now, the next step of progress was this: Not only to rotate
the crops, with a legume as one of the crops, but to save and
apply barnyard manure to the soil. But a chemical analysis of
barnyard manure, and of feeds, shows that under average farm
conditions only about 50 or 60 per cent of the fertility taken from
the soil by the crops can be returned in the form of manure made«
by feeding the crops on the farm; so that if we feed out on the
farm all that we raise, we will still lose nearly one-half the fertility
taken up by the crops. Hence, feeding our crops and applying the
manure will only retard the loss of fertility, and will not prevent
it. Allow me to quote again from Bulletin No. 109, Minnesota
Station: “A rotation of crops, with the occasional use of farm
manures and the production of clover will not indefinitely main-
tain the fertility of soils.” In this connection, Professor Hopkins
says: “Light and infrequent applications of farm manure and
cnly occasional crops of clover act to a greater or less extent as
soil stimulants * * * * and thus enable the crops to remove
much larger amounts of fertility than are actually supplied by the
manure or clover.”

We have seen, then, that rest does not restore, that rotation
Goes not return, that clover does not reclaim, that manure does
not maintain soil fertility. None of these methods, then, either
singly or in combination, will entirely answer the purpose. How,
then, are we to maintain the fertility of our soil? There is only one
way left—buy it.

If you have followed me closely, and have accepted what I
have said, and the authorities whom IJ have quoted, we are now in

A—8

114 Missourt Agricultural Report.

a position to take up the rational method of studying the cost of
farm products. Whenever we sell a bushel of grain, a load of hay,
or a pound of flesh from our farm, a certain amount of fertility
has been removed; and under present conditions, so far as we are
concerned, it is gone forever. But for agriculture to become per-
manent, this fertility must be returned in some form or other; but
in whatever form, a considerable part of it at least must be bought
directly or indirectly with money. So that, in view of this fact,
I feel compelled to put the fertilizer question upon a cash basis;
and in my calculations I have used the prices the farmer has to
pay in the open market.

Now, it must be remembered, that there always has been, and
always will be, a large amount of grain and feed sold directly from
the farm. The advice we so often see in agricultural papers and
bulletins to the effect that we should feed our grain and hay and
sell only live stock from the farm, is based upon the theory, I sup-
pose, that the genus homo is a purely carnivorous animal; but
modern research has confirmed the ancient suspicion that the
human organism needs both bread and beef, mush and mutton,
pork and pie!

I have prepared a table showing in detail my method of cal-
culating the cost of four staple products of the farm—corn, oats,
wheat, and timothy hay. I should like to invite your attention to
it for a few minutes, and earnestly request a careful study of it
both as to method and as to results. Now, as I have intimated
before, I do not claim that the figures on this chart represent abso-
lute accuracy. I have been unable to find satisfactorily reliable
data upon the matter of soil fertility removed by these crops; and
it is barely possible that the figures I have used are a little high
in some instances, but as there is always more or less fertility
unavoidably lost beside that taken up by the crop, I have thought
these figures may approximate the truth in actual practice. For
instance, an experiment (reported in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 78)
in continuous wheat culture showed a loss of soil nitrogen of over
five times that removed by the crop itself.

I have looked up the average yield of Missouri crops in the
Year Book of Agriculture, 1906, and have used a ten-year average
both for prices and for yields. I have put the price of average
Missouri land, that is, the part that is tillable, at $50 per acre,
which I believe to be reasonable enough with improvements in-
cluded. I have made my calculations on a basis of one acre. For
the prices of fertilizers, I have used 5 cents per lb. for both potash

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. LS

and phosphoric acid, and 15 cents per lb. for nitrogen. Another
point I should mention is labor, for in this table I have included
enly the time actually put in on these crops which will average
about 120 days. I have not included the remaining 180 work days
of the year; that is, I have allowed the farmer wages for himself,
bis hand and his teams for only two-fifths of the time. One other
point we should not forget, is that the yields and prices are taken
from the most prosperous decade in American history—1897-1906.
Now, if any period could show the average Missouri farmer to be
prosperous, it should be this period. With these points in our
mind, let us now run over the figures of this chart, and see what
results we get.

TOTAL COST OF FOUR FARM CROPS.

Corn, Oats, | Wheat, Timothy
cost per | cost per | cost per | hay, cost
acre, 28 acre, 23 acre, 13 per acre
bu. av. bu. av. | bu. av. 1 ton ay.

Interest on land, $50 per acre at 5 per cent....... $2 50 | $2 50 $2 50 $2 50
sax esenten COSMEL CHI Ika aH toes een He CIE ne See 50 | 50 50 50
BTeAkKINeseTOUNG FOL CLOPe cjsu emcee nici cineca AOU les ape eee WOO leave Aaceeistcc
Wiorkins downland seeding... os. «cases ola. e.. 1 00 | 1 00 1 50 | 10
COO aa REN ey arnt ener nt eiine cians Je enthersah ots ei ae ot ees 20 1 00 1 25 15
Cultivating (4sbiMes) itis -aa.8 sectecreicrapaienrds cars coterie 2HOOk | RatAastecea ee jaan SANE ee ogee A RTT
Harvesting and threshing or stacking............ ie ee Zia LO 2 20 1 10
EL auiline PO MMA Ke tre a cer ccvepe tice tecs a icietans wise eee 70 46 | 32 1 50
Potash removed at 5 cents per lb...............- 1 10 1 19 57 | 1 50
Phosphoric acid removed at 5 cents per lb........ 96 42 44 | 50
Nitrogen removed at 15 cents per lb............. 4 98 Sela 3 28 | 3 30
PoOtaliCOstyMErACKe sper os sndees siotstoay Sore a eal $16 06 | $12 32 | $13 56 | $11 15
|
Cost per bushel grain, ton hay.................. 57 53 | 1 04 | Tdi k as}
Average price received by farmer................ 35 | 28 | 70 | 7 50
Cost for investment and labor alone............. 32 33 | 71 | 5 85
Cost with yield increased 50 per cent....... gee 49 46 | 87 10 06
Cost with nitrogen at 5 cents per lb............. 45 | 44 | 87 8 95
Cost with nitrogen at 5 cents and yield increased |
HORDETSCEN Dee ern eee. het 2 ne ae 37 37 | 71 7 86

We have seen from these figures that the present method of
calculating the cost of farm products includes only two items of
expense—investment and labor; but the new problem and necessity
of maintaining soil fertility, and our inability under any known
process to do so without the purchase of mineral fertilizer, compel
us at once to change our method of calculation, and to include also
the fertility lost by growing a crop. This is, so far as I know, the
only rational method. It is also, I may add, the method of common-
sense and business necessity. It is a method that should meet with

116 Missouri Agricultural Report.

immediate and universal adoption, because it represents a nearer
approach to truth than the present method.

Now in applying this method to present conditions, we see that
if these figures are based upon anything like fact, if they represent
even approximate truth, they show more clearly and more eloquent-
ly than any words of mine could show that the average farmer of
Missouri is not truly prosperous, and more than that, they show
that his lack of prosperity is no fault of his and never has been.

It has been argued that the farmer does not prosper because
he follows faulty methods of labor; but I have calculated his labor
at a maximum efficiency and for only two-fifths of the time, and
yet he plays a losing game.

It has been argued that the farmer does not prosper hecause
he is too wasteful with his crops; but I have shown you that if he
sells every grain of his corn, his oats and his wheat, and every
straw of his hay, without the loss of a single pound, he still loses
money on every crop he grows.

It has been argued that the farmer does not prosper because
he neglects to take proper care of his tools, implements, stock,
buildings, etc.; but the figures I have used in this chart do not in-
clude a single penny for the purchase of implements, work horses
cr anything of the kind.

It has been argued that the farmer does not prosper because
his average crop yield is too small; but I have shown you that were
he to increase his yield even to the enormous extent of 50 per cent,
he would still be losing money on every acre he cultivates.

And, finally, it has been argued that the farmer does not
prosper because he is ignorant; and our whole system of state and
national work in the various departments of agriculture is based
largely upon this theory. Millions of dollars have been spent, and
train-loads of literature and advice have been sent out to the farmer
for the purpose of enlightening him so that he may learn how to
prosper. The idea seems never to have occurred to us that possiblv
after all, the real truth might be better stated by saying that the
farmer is not poor because he is ignorant so much as he is ignorant
because he is poor. Why, if American agriculture were what it
should be, if it were put upon a profitable basis as many of our
other big businesses are, the colleges and universities of this land
would be filled to overflowing with the sons and daughters of our
farmers.

Now the reason the average Missouri farmer is not truly
prosperous has never yet so far as I know, been told; but it doesn’t

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 3a ly

seem to me to be such a stupendous question to answer, after all,
In my humble opinion, he is not truly prosperous because he is not
truly making money. And he is not making money because, under
present conditions, he cannot make money; and he cannot make
money for the all-sufficient reason that he has to sell his products
for less than they cost him. And in this connection I should like
to suggest that the most vital and pressing need of American agri-
culture today is not a bigger yield, but a better price for the yield
we already have. To put agriculture upon a truly prosperous
basis, is the one supreme duty of our country today.

Now I am quite aware that a great many farmers claim that
they are making money; and in this claim I know that they are
entirely honest. But if there is one question in all the realm of
finance upon which a man may be, and is most likely to be honestly
mistaken, it is the question of Finance on the Farm.

Every farmer should realize that he has two bank accounts,
one which we may call his checking or cash account, and the other
his reserve or soil fertility account. Now each of these two ac-
counts, like two ordinary bank accounts, can be increased or de-
creased at the expense of the other; but it must be remembered
that transferring money from one account to another is not a pro-
cess of creating wealth, and the farmer who draws upon his soil
fertility account and deposits it with his cash account, is very liable
to imagine that by this process he is really making money. It is
poor policy for a business concern to have to draw upon its capital
stock in order to pay dividends and it is poor policy for the farmer
to draw upon his fertility account in order to make himself believe
that he is prospering. Now this is the very thing that has been
done, and is still being done by the average American farmer; and
just as sure as no business concern can long continue its existence
when it is forced to draw upon its capital stock in order to pay
dividends, just so sure is the American farmer destined to ultimate
ruin, if he must continue to draw upon his soil fertility account in
order to show a profit.

Now, I have taken up a good deal of your time in trying to
bring you to the point I wish to make clear to you. I have tried to
show you that we cannot permanently maintain our soil fertility
by any known method of crop rotation, or of feeding our products
cn the farm; but that even under the best possible farm manage-
ment, we must buy at least a part of our fertilizer; but if the
farmer receives for his products only the cost of his investment and
labor, and nothing for the fertilizers in his products, how is he

118 Missouri Agricultural Report.

going to buy back these fertilizers? If he does not buy them, how
is he going to keep up his soil fertility? If he does not keep up his
soil fertility, how is American agriculture ever going to be put
upon a permanent basis? And thus the paramount problem of our
country, the problem upon which rests the future welfare of every
citizen in all this land, the problem of permanently maintaining
ovr soil fertility, becomes and is, under present conditions, practi-
cally an impossibility.

If there is one thought in all that I have said, or in what I may
yet say, that I would have you remember, it is this: If agriculture
is ever made permanent, it must first be made profitable; if we
are ever to adopt systems of soil improvement, it must be done
while we are prosperous.

Now it may be argued that profitable agriculture would not
insure permanent agriculture, that if the farmer received more for
his products, he would not spend the increase in maintaining soil
fertility.

Doubtless this is true to a certain extent, but we must remem-
ber that whether or not he would keep up his fertility if he could,
is not an answer to the present question of keeping it up when he
cannot. The situation is this: If agriculture were truly profit-
able he could—as it is he cannot; and common-sense insists that
the first means of securing permanency in agriculture is to make
this permanency possible, and until we do make it possible, we are
of necessity wasting both time and talent in giving the farmer ad-
vice along this line. As good as our advice may be, it is a prime
essential that we first put the farmer in a position to follow the
advice.

Among the many good results that would follow the adoption
of a system of profitable agriculture, would be the rapid increase
in the number of farmers. The American people are not slow to
recognize a good thing, and if they saw that farming was really a
good and profitable business, a large number of wage-workers in
the cities would come out into the country, buy a few acres and don
the “‘hickory hay.”’ In a few years we should see inaugurated the
intensive system of farming—that system which is universally
recognized as most nearly ideal—that system which not only yields
best returns, but which does most to maintain soil fertility. And
thus we should approach that ideal national state of society with a
more uniform distribution of population, and with the greatest pos-
sible number of independent producers of wealth, each working to
the best possible advantage.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 119

The large and ultimate duty of the farmer is to feed the
hungry, and clothe the naked of earth. The rapid and inevitable
increase in population necessitates a corresponding increase in the
products of the farm. In the past we have met this necessity by
broadening our fields, by reaching out into new territory; but with
the taking up of most of our tillable land, and with the end of
the distribution of public lands already in sight, the question of
increasing the yield on the land we now cultivate becomes at once
a vital necessity and whatever means we may adopt to secure this
larger yield, whether by better cultivation, or by better seed, it
must be confessed that no means will prove permanently effectual
that does not maintain the fertility of our soil.

It is not right that one class of our citizens should bear the
whole burden of perpetuating our national prosperity. It is a duty
and a privilege that should be shared by all alike, and our people
will gladly pay the price of this permanent prosperity when once
they have been shown the necessity of it.

We as a people have had experience in the wasting of our soil
fertility. We have tasted the bitter fruits of that old but empty
theory that our soil is inexhaustible. Those vacant, crumbling
homesteads of our older states have been stern but effectual teach-
ers and America is learning her lesson. We are seeing more and
more the wisdom of conserving our most valuable national asset;
and our moral conceptions have so awakened that we can now see
that our old system of thoughtless destruction is not only a hazard-
ous business, but a crime against our country. But the old system
is doomed. It has had its feast and its revelry, and it has seen
the handwriting on the wall! And oh, hasten the day when the
abandoned farms of New England shall lift no more their warning
voice, but shall stand the silent sepulchres of a policy dead forever
in America!

Our national industries have well been likened unto a tree;
manufacture and commerce represented by the branches and leaves,
agriculture by the roots. Now that part of the tree which attracts
the eye, is the part above ground. It receives the credit for all
that is good and loved init. It affords the sweet shade and the de-
licious fruit. But we forget that the roots reach down into the
earth and patiently gather the raw material out of which the
beautiful fabric of branch, of leaf, and of fruit, is fashioned; and
any injury or benefit received by the root is shared by the rest of
the tree. And I have thought that if we as a people cared for this
our tree, as did of old that keeper of the vineyard who spared the

120 Missouri Agricultural Report.

barren fig tree until he had dug about its roots and manured them
well, that of us, also, it might then be said, ‘‘They shall be like a
tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth its fruit
ii its season; whose leaf also doth not wither and whatsoever they
do, shall prosper.”

Perhaps you are wondering what J mean by making such a
talk as this—wondering what can be my motive or mental mood.
Now, I do not stand before you as the incarnation of calamity,
not as a wailer of woe, nor am [ a charter member of the Chronic
Kickers’ Club; but neither am I a follower of that creed of the
fabled Prometheus who thought to lift the burdens from humanity
by planting in the hearts of men false hopes. But I stand before
you as the professed follower of a diviner doctrine, of a more cheer-
ful creed; and I have tried to preach you a little sermon on my
favorite text—‘‘Know the truth and the truth shall make you free.”
And I leave it to you to say how far I have wandered from my text.

I have not uttered a single word for the purpose of discourag-
ing any farmer, or of making him dissatisfied with his business.
I have simply tried to point out to you some of the new problems
that we must meet; and great and difficult as these problems may
now appear, I look forward to their successful solution with the
fullest assurance of hope. Never was the future of American agri-
culture brighter with promise than it is today. The resourcefulness
and ingenuity of the American people have overcome every ob-
stacle; and when we remember how American manufacture with
such humble beginnings has, in these few years, leaped to the fore-
most rank in all the world, who can measure the possibilities of
American agriculture when it is, like manufacture, put upon a
profitable basis? . I cannot believe that the American people will
knowingly do that which will prove their national injury. <A peo-
ple who have voluntarily imposed upon themselves a tax in the
form of a protective tariff in order that American manufacture may
prosper, will not permit the more fundamental business of agri-
culture to suffer.

No, I am not an apostle of pessimism but rather an avatar of
optimism; not a prophet of evil, chanting the doleful jeremiad but
rather the voice of one crying in the wilderness, “Make straight
the path.” And I believe the time will never come when the farmer
will fail in that broader and diviner duty of feeding and clothing
the world. Whatever obstacles may arise, they shall be surmount-
ed; whatever clouds may cross his skies, they shall be lifted; and
there shall be more sunshine than shadow. And the farmer shall

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 1

push on and on in the fulfillment of his noble vocation, seeking not
the greatness of men nor the glory of this earth; but content to
stand in that countless throng over yonder, and to be worthy to
hear those words of his Christ, “I was naked and ye clothed me;
I was a hungered, and ye gave me meat.”

MISSOURI’S OPPORTUNITIES IN FORESTRY.

(By Samuel J. Record, Forest Supervisor, Arkansas National Forest.)

It is time every state made inventory of its natural resources
with a view to their perpetuation. Our future prosperity depends
in large measure upon the care and conservation of our present
wealth. Where there is waste, measures are desirable for its pre-
vention; where depletion, there should be plans for replenishing;
where exploitation, there should be conservative use.

Missouri is a grand State of many and varied interests. Her
seventy thousand square miles support a population of nearly four
million people, whose main sustenance is agriculture. Thirty-five
million acres are in farms and the value of one annual harvest is a
quarter billion dollars. She takes first rank in horticulture, and
millions of apple, peach and other fruit trees are yearly adding to
her wealth. The natural advantages of favorable climate, fertile
soil, and accessible markets are especially conducive to the raising
of live stock. In mining, the State plays a most important part,
especially in the production of zinc, nickel, lead and iron. Thor-
ough knowledge of these industries is essential to the proper de-
velopment of the State whose every foot of soil should be devoted to
its most paying production.

Missouri’s forest wealth is one of her greatest assets, and if
properly handled, will prove a source of perpetual revenue and
profit. After making due allowance for all the needs of agricul-
ture, horticulture, stock raising and other industries, there remain
millions of acres of soils capable of growing forests but worthless
for other purposes. It is then paramount that these absolute for-
est soils be put to a remunerative use, that they prepare to supply
Missouri’s future timber demand.

MISSOURI'S RANK IN THE TIMBER INDUSTRY.

About three-fifths of Missouri’s area was originally covered
with timber. The wooded area in 1900 was estimated to be 41,-

122 Missourt Agricultural Report.

000 square miles, or about 60 per cent of the State. Recent inves-
tigations indicate that about 27,000 square miles or 39 per cent is
at present timbered.

It is to be regretted that there are no reliable estimates as to
the total present stand of merchantable timber. My own guess
as to the total amount is five billion feet board measure. The
amount sawed into lumber can be closely approximated. In 1880,
400 million feet; in 1890, 402 million feet; in 1900, 724 million feet.

Estimating an average cut between census dates, it may be
safely estimated that the total lumber production of the State
since 1880 has exceeded fourteen billion feet. In 1907, Missouri
stood 24th in rank, producing 1.4 per cent of the total lumber cut
of the United States, amounting to five hundred and forty million
feet, an average yield of 32 feet board measure per acre. Figuring
the present stand at five billion feet, continuing the present rate
of consumption, the end will be reached in ten years. Virtually
all of the standing pine timber will have been removed in five
years. Admitting the general unreliability of such prognostica-
tions, at best it is but a few years until Missouri ceases to be im-
portant as a timber producer. On the other hand, her agricultural
and other interests increase many fold, thus constantly increasing
the demand for wood material. The proper use of the absolute forest
soils of the State would prove sufficient for necessary future de-
mands for timber.

FOREST REGIONS.

There are two main topographic divisions of Missouri, com-
monly called the Ozark and the prairie regions. The northern
and western parts of the State are mainly smooth, the southern
part mainly rough. In a general way, the line separating these two
regions follows the Missouri river from its mouth to the vicinity of
Miami, Saline county; thence it runs southward to Windsor, Henry
county; and thence southwest to where Spring river crosses the
State line in Jasper county. South and east of this line lies the
Ozark region, north and west of it the prairie. There may be
also included a third division known as the Mississippi bottoms.

The elevation of the country around the foot of the Ozark re-
gion is about 800 feet above sea level. The elevation of the top
along the central part of the axis varies from 1,400 to 1,700 feet.
The central part of the Ozarks is not extremely rugged, though
rather high. Around this central part is a region much more

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 123

rugged where the valleys are deeper and narrower and the whole
country cut up with innumerable deep ravines, although the gen-
eral elevations are not so high as in the central region. To the
outside of this belt of rough country, is the border of the Ozarks
which is less rugged and slopes down to the prairies and the Mis-
sissippi bottoms.

The Ozark region comprises most of the absolute forest land
of the State which should be largely devoted to the growth of tim-
ber. Although the heaviest timber is in the Mississippi bottoms,
in the extreme southeastern portion of the State, it is only a ques-
tion of a few years until it is removed and the soil reclaimed for
agricultural purposes. The remainder of the State is mostly prairie
with trees occurring only in groves along the streams. Hence it
is the Ozark region which is naturally fitted to be the source of
Missouri’s future timber supply.

THE MISSISSIPPI BOTTOMS.

In the Mississippi bottoms are dense stands of excellent tim-
ber. The cypress, which is one of the oldest and most important
trees known, has been largely cut out and there is small chance of
her regeneration. Red gum and tupelo are still in abundance but
enormous waste has resulted because proper methods only recently
have been devised for the handling of these timbers. There is also
the rapid-growing cottonwood of large dimensions, giant oaks and
numerous trees whose rank and importance may not be questioned.
The alluvial soil is deep and rich and if drained, will prove valu-
able for cotton and other agricultural crops. And yet a large
per cent of this land can be profitably devoted to the growing of
timber. The red gum and cottonwood, the willow and catalpa,
each on its favorite site, finds conditions suited to most prolific
growth. So rapidly do these trees develop that successive cuts of
merchantable timber may be obtained at intervals of 20 to 30
years perpetually. An improved method of cutting the timber in
strips has been devised which permits clean cutting of alternate
strips and assures natural reproduction. For large companies the
plan will prove eminently successful.

THE OZARKS.

In the Ozarks most of the commercial forest has been cut
over. At one time shortleaf pine was the most important tree in
the mountains, but its originally limited distribution has been fur-

124 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ther reduced until it has almost ceased to be an important factor in
the lumber production of the State. The oaks—black, white, red,
Texan and others—compose the bulk of the forest and have con-
tributed extensively to the manufacture of lumber, ties, posts,
cooperage, wagon stock and furniture. The black walnut and white
oak have long since been removed, one to furnish gun stocks for
our soldiers, the other, oars for our navy. What remains today,
of the Ozark forests, is but a sad reminder of what was or might
be.

In parts of Arkansas the shortleaf pine reproduces most abund-
antly. This is not true, however, of Missouri, where pine is followed
by black jack oak, post oak, pale leaf hickory and other scrub
species. The fires kill the young pines but the more hardy oaks
sprout up and form a dense thicket, smothering out the valuable
species. In time, the pine may reclaim the land, but it will re-
quire centuries for nature to do it unaided by man. There are
practicable ways of doing this, but time forbids details. Protection
from fire, leaving of seed trees, girdling scrub oaks, and artificial
replanting, are means which, under wise direction, will make the
rugged Ozark hills pay tneir tribute to man’s enterprise.

FIRE PREVENTION.

The prevention of fires may seem to many neither practicable
or desirable, and yet forestry can never be a complete success until
adequate fire protection is assured. Fires are very common over
much of the Ozark region, being usually started by the farmers to
improve the grazing. There is absolutely no doubt remaining in my
mind after my experience in the Ozarks, that fires injure and may
destroy the large trees, kill seedlings and young trees, and impov-
erish the soil. Instead of improving the range, they gradually de-
stroy it by robbing the soil and causing a dense growtn of hard-
wood sprouts which choke out nutritious grasses and herbage.

These fires may be largely controlled. JI have found by ex-
perience that it is not so much regulations against them, as favor-
able public sentiment for their suppression that minimizes the
danger. Adequate laws, backed up by systematic enforcement
and accompanied by a campaign of education that will make such
law enforcement popular, will solve the problem. Keep down
fires and nature herself will restore the forests.

Fire protection is essentially a function of the State. Though
the amount of State and Government land is so small, compara-

- Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 125

tively, that the direct loss from fires falls almost wholly on individ-
uals and lumber companies, yet, owing to the hardwood character
of the forest the direct loss is usually considered trifling. The loss
in soil productiveness and the prevention of desirable reproduction
are more important to the State than to the private individual who
owns the land, but has no thought of a second crop. An active
campaign of education should be begun and vigorously prosecuted
until public sentiment favorable to forestry and forest protection
results.

PRAIRIE REGION.

The vast prairie region of the State, embracing as it does
much of the finest farming land of America, has also ample room
for the practice of forestry. The problem there is concerned
mostly with wocd lots and small tracts, for the farm is rare in-
deed that contains no portion chiefly valuable for timber growing.
If properly managed the wood lot will supply the farmer with
posts, fuel, building material and some timber for market.

Every farmstead should be provided with protection from
winds. For the live-stock grower, shielding the barnyard and
feedlots will economize the grain necessity to fatten animals, since
less food will be required to maintain the body warmth of the stock
in winter. In summer, a small part fenced off from the wood lot
will afford cool shade to fattening animals, which lose flesh in very
hot weather. <A belt of forest trees will greatly reduce the danger
of late frosts to the fruit blossoms of an orchard.

The woodlot should occupy the waste land not suitable for
farm crops. Steep hillsides, ravines, swamps, sand dunes, creek
banks, rocky slopes, and corners cut off by ditches, creeks or rail-
roads, will sustain a good growth of timber and become an im-
portant source of revenue. Forest growth on steep slopes and
river banks protects them from erosion by heavy rains and fresh-
ets. On the farm without waste land the woodlot should be so
located as to afford the best protection. Strips at least five rods
wide should be maintained along the windward side, usually the
north and west, and in addition there should be a shelter belt
around the house and farm buildings. Such timber tracts add
materially to the attractiveness and sale value of the farm.

While this is for the private individual, it remains for the
State to assist, direct and encourage his efforts. The details can-
not be given here, but the general plan for such assistance would
include educative propaganda, experimental and demonstration

126 Missourt Agricultural Report. :

woodlots and plantations, and expert advice upon request to all
who need it.

PRESENT FOREST POLICY.

The forest policy of the State has been wholly destructive.
The work of the future should be wholly constructive. One or
two large concerns of the State have made some recent attempts
to improve their methods with a view to a second crop of timber,
but the efforts have been rather spasmodic and aimless. During
the year 1906, an investigation of the Ozark region was made un-
der my direction by the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Ag-
riculture, in co-operation with the Missouri State Experiment Sta-
tion. Some good data was secured as a basis for future activities
but the funds were too limited to permit of an exhaustive study.
I am informed that Governor Folk has appointed a Forestry Com-
mission consisting of Dr. W. H. Black of Marshall, Dr. Hermann
von Schrenc of St. Louis and Mr. David A. Latshaw of Kansas
City. I am not familiar with the plans or scope of this commis-
sion.

Considerable interest throughout the State has been recently
manifested in the forestry movement. Part of this is due to the
general awakening over the country to the necessity for conserving
our natural resources. Special credit is due the University of
Missouri and to the Missouri Federation of Women’s Clubs. The
time is opportune for a definite constructive forest policy.

A PROPOSED POLICY.

Assuming that the advantages and necessity for forest con-
servation and extension are clearly evident, the important question
arises as to proper means to the end. It is characteristic of the
American people to be long suffering until, as it were, the limit of
elasticity is reached when we suddenly undertake to change tha
work of decades by summary legislation. In such times, there is
danger of going to extremes and of following ill advisers.

My advice to the people of Missouri on the forestry question
is to begin at once, but proceed slowly. The methods of a cen-
tury cannot be revolutionized in a day and it cannot be expected
that a people who for years have been busy destroying the forests,
should suddenly concern themselves with forest protection and
tree planting. This change must come gradually, but because of
the slowness of the movement, there is all the greater reason for
immediate action.

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. Wh

My report of 1906, covering my investigations of Missouri’s
resources, contains this recommendation which received the ap-
proval of the United States Forester: ‘To devise and direct a
permanent policy along the lines suggested, the establishment of
a regular course in forestry at the University of Missouri is recom-
mended. The instructor in charge of this department should be
a technically trained forester who, besides his regular duties of
instruction, should have charge of the forestry work of the State.
It should be his duty to assist land owners in establishing planta-
tions, to aid timber owners in the conservative management of
their lands, to lecture at farmers’ institutes and other public meet-
ings, and to publish and distribute reports concerning State forest
problems and their solution. During the summer months he could
conduct field work, employing his forestry students as assistants.
This same plan is now being successfully carried out in making a
soil survey of the State. It is believed that better results can be
secured in this way at first and at less expense than by the estab-
lishment of a salaried forest commission.”

The two years which have elapsed since that report, have
served to more firmly convince me of the wisdom of that recom-
mendation. Since education in forestry is now most needed to
prepare the people of your State for an impending timber famine,
where better can the start be made than at your State University?
Thousands of students pass its portals to take their place in the
progress of the nation. Each will become in some degree a leader
in his community and play no small part in the molding and direc-
tion of public sentiment. How important it becomes that these
men and women, whether farmers or physicians, lawyers or teach-
ers, should carry with them an adequate knowledge of the prin-
ciples of forestry, to be able in the impending crisis to choose the
true from the false, the practicable from the visionary, the sensi-
ble from the sentimental.

Let the instructor be chosen because of his ability and knowl-
ledge of his profession, untainted by political patronage. Give
him time and means to organize his department, conduct experi-
ments on the college lands, extend his investigations to the entire
State, devote a large share of attention to the aid of farmers and
timber owners, and in a very few years he will have laid the sure
foundations for a practicable and sane forest policy for the State—
quietly, systematically, and economically.

128 Missouri Agricultural Report.

THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
UNION.

(Prof. C. A. Zavitz, Ontario Agricultural College.)

I will speak to you on the work which we have been carrying
on in the Province of Ontario during the past few years. I assure
you that it is a pleasure to me to meet you who are here in connec-
tion with this great institution, you who are connected with the
agriculture of this state—to meet you here in convention. I al-
ways feel very much at home when I meet those who are endeavor-
ing to advance agriculture, whether found in homes throughout
the country, or in connection with an institution of this kind. I
have been connected with an institution somewhat similar to this
during the past twenty-four years. I went from one of the farms
of Ontario to our own Agricultural College in 1884. I became con-
nected with the work there some two or three years afterwards,
and from that time to this I have been trying to do something in
connection with the advance of agricultural education and the im-
provement of the homes throughout the Province of Ontario, and
I think possibly some things have been done which have had an
ennobling influence not only upon the farms but also upon those
who are connected with the farms. We have an Agricultural Col-
lege, started in the year 1884. The experimental work of that
institution was started just two years later, in 1886. At that time,
we started work in the field in our plots with the object of trying
to find out some of the best varieties of farm crops, best methods of
cultivation, selection of seed, etc., in a small way. The first year
we had some fifty-six plots altogether. That number increased
from year to year until we have now about 2,000 plots, field plots,
where we are experimenting on different varieties year after year,
the results of which experiments we are hoping will be of real value
to the farmers who are engaged in farm work throughout the
Province of Ontario. After this work had been going on for about
ten years—the value of which should be of great service to the
farmers, (we sent this information through our reports and bulle-
tins and newspaper articles to them) we thought that there was
great room for co-operative experiments. Therefore, we started,
some twenty years ago, a small system of co-operative experimental
work through what is known as the Ontario Agricultural and Ex-
perimental Union. I wish to say a few words in regard to that

Live Stock Breeders’ Association. 129

organization. It was started in 1879 by the ex-students of our
College, who felt that they wished to get back to the institution
once a year to meet their associates, to come in touch with the in-
stitution, with their alma mater, and to keep abreast of the times
from an agricultural standpoint. After this work had been going
on in this way for a few years, we felt that it would be an asso-
ciation through which we could carry on our co-operative and ex-
perimental work throughout the province. Therefore, in 1886, we
started, with this association of ex-students, a small system of co-
operative experiments. The first year they were twelve in number.
We wrote to the ex-students and obtained the consent of twelve
of the numker to conduct experiments upon their own farms.
From those twelve experiments, we obtained eight reports. The
next year we secured sixty experimenters, the next year ninety-
three, and the work has gone on from year to year until we now
have 4,420 farmers who are conducting experiments upon their
own farms, in connection with cur work at the College, with
farm crops. Then we kave about 3,000 men carrying on experi-
ments with horticulture, some in poultry-raising, and quite a
large number in forestry. We have altogether work being carried
on now along some six or seven different lines, and that work has
all had a very wholesome influence. It not only keeps the ex-
students in touch with the institution, but it also enables the Col-
lege to place a piece of the Experiment Station in homes all over
Ontario; it enables the farmers to conduct experiments on their
own farms; it gives the farmers something to think and study
about, in a way not thought of before. Therefore, I say that it
not only has an influence in keeping the ex-students in touch, but
it encourages the farmers to increase the profits of the farm, ‘+
introduces upon their farms a number of the best varieties of
crops, and shows them improved methods of cultivation.

Then, it has a very wholesome influence in the advancement
of agriculture throughout the province. I do not know of any-
thing which has had a greater influence in elevating the people,
enabling them to think for themselves, than this work. We see
the results of our work now all over the province. We find that
by sending out improved varieties, showing better methods of
cultivation, through the influence of that work, and through the
influence of our other experimental work, that the output of the
Ontario farms, during the past fifteen years, has been doubled,
which is a statement, I think, which means a great deal. The

A—9

130 Missouri Agricultural Report.

output of Ontario farms has actually been doubled in about fif-
teen years. We find that it has created great interest all over
the province; it has filled our College of Agriculture to overflow-
ing. We had 1,000 students last year connected with the College.
During the summer, we have in the month of June from thirty
to thirty-five thousand farmers visit our experimental grounds—
two hundred to three thousand every day from the 5th to the end
of June. I am stating actual facts, and not saying this boastfully.
They are interested in this work because they are conducting ex-
periments on their own farms and they want to see the same ex-
periments carried on on a larger scale. They come in groups of
five and six and seven hundred. We take them out into the fields.
We ask and answer questions, we keep moving over the experi-
mental fields, talking about the different experiments, and after
they have spent a full day, they return to their homes at night.

I believe that you have here an organization of the ex-students
of this institution. If you could work through that organization,
and through the experiment station, you can bring about results
of this kind throughout the state, and I believe you would find
that it would pay and pay well and have a very wholesome influence.
When we started in the work, we did not know how it would turn
out; but we kept up the work until now we have between seven and
eight thousand experimenters altogether. It is having a wonderfui
influence all over the Province of Ontario, not only giving us in-
creased yields per acre, but also increasing the interest in agricul-
ture, creating a greater love for agriculture and a higher education,
and a greater development of the profession.

Missouri Corn Growers’ Session.

Friday, January 8, 1909.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF CORN BY BREEDING.

(By Dr. Louie H. Smith, Assistant Chief in Plant Breeding, University of Illinois.)
Illustrated with Stereopticon.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF BREEDING.

In plants, as well as in animals, improvement by breeding de-
pends upon selection and selection in turn depends upon variation.
In our ordinary field crops we have been so accustomed
to consider the crop as a whole that we are apt to
overlook the individuality of the plants that make up the crop
and the great variations that exist among them. Go into any

Figure 1. Champion ten ears corn, 1908, National Corn Exposition, Omaha Neb.

field of corn and observe the differences in the various character-

istics; there are plants with tail stalks, short stalks, abundant

foliage, scant foliage, erect ears, deciining ears, productive and

unproductive, growing side by side, all under apparently the same

life conditions. Every single plant is possessed of a distinct indi-

viduality, just the same as every animal, and the transmission of the
(131)

132 Missourt Agricultural Report.

characters which go to make up this individuality in plants is just
as certain and definite as it is in animals. In selection we simply
pick out those individuals having the desirable characteristics and
propagate them to the exclusion of others.

VARIATIONS IN PRODUCTIVENESS.

There are great variations in productiveness as well as in
other characteristics and this is particularly noticeable among

Figure 2,—Row No, 12 and row No. 13 of the breeding plot, each row planted from a certain seed ear.

Corn Growers’ Association. Gy

the different ears of corn. Take a number of equally good appear-
ing ears, if you please, like those splendid specimens, the ten cham-
pion ears of the recent National Corn Exposition, illustrated in
figure 1; such ears as satisfy all our notions of perfection in corn,
including proper proportion of length to circumference, size,
form, shape of kernels, proportion of grain to cob and so on
through the ordinary score-card points; put these ears to a per-
“formance test in the field, make them show up their yielding quali-
ties, and it may be that you will find that some ears out-yield
the others by two to one. There is no way of discovering this
difference in productiveness from the appearance. We must put
them to the actual test in the fiel\d—such a test as is given in the
“ear-to-the-row” breeding plot.
Extreme variations of this sort are not uncommon in our
breeding plots, but an instance occurred a number of years ago
which was especially interesting from the fact that a good ear

ROW 12. &
40° Pound

7

Figure 3.—Row No. 12 and row No. 13 at the harvest time.

and a poor ear happened to be planted side by side in adjoining
rows, thus making the comparison especially striking. Figure 2
shows the condition of the two rows planted from these two ears
as they grew in the field, and figure 3 tells us the result of the
harvest of these same two rows. There was nothing in the appear-
ance of the seed ears to indicate that row 13 would produce more
than twice as much as row 12.

EFFECT OF SELECTION UPON CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF THE GRAIN.

Corn improvement should embrace quality as well as quantity.
No other crop is made to serve such a variety of purposes as
corn, and in consideration of these many different uses is sug-
gested the question of special adaptation.

Purpose of Increasing the Protein.—In the nutrition of man
and beast, protein is the most expensive nutrient. Of all our
American food-stuffs corn is the cheapest, because of its economi-
cal production. But because corn does not contain sufficient pro-

134 Missouri Agricultural Report.

tein for most purposes of feeding, it must be reinforced by other
more expensive food-stuffs in order to obtain the proper ratio of
this important nutrient. It is from these considerations that
farmers, and especially stock feeders, recognize the importance
of breeding corn for increase of protein content.

Purpose of Decreasing the Protein.—On the other hand, there
is a demand from the manufacturers of those products which
are derived from tke starch of corn, such as glucose, gum, dex-
trine, syrup, and alcohol, for a corn having a large proportion
of carbohydrates and not so rich in protein. The practical effect
of decreasing the per cent of protein is to increase the per cent
of starch; therefore, for such purposes there should be a place on
the market for corn which is bred for decrease of protein content.

Protein.

a cannnEESRSEE
pd = e P
dl
peas
ey &
j
on a = Sear He pe es ncael
45 lbs. m
56 lbs corn. carbo-hydrates 6 Ibs. 23 Ibs. oil. 2 1b. ash.

(mainly starch.) } )
Figure 4.—Composition of one Cee ee ey ee as ete photograph the crude fibre is miss-

Purpose of Increasing the Oil_—The oil of corn has in recent
years found such a wide commercial use that under the present
market conditions, it has become, pound for pound, by far the
most valuable constituent of the grain, and, whereas, formerly in °*
the glucose factories and corn mills the germs containing the oil
were almost a waste product, there is now an actual demand on
the part of these industries for corn which is richer in oil. It is
proposed to meet this demand by breeding corn for increase of oil
content.

Purpose of Decreasing the Oil.—There is also a practical use
for corn with a low oil content. It has been found by investiga-
tion that in feeding swine, the oil in the corn tends to produce
a soft, flabby quality of flesh, which is very undesirable, especially
for our export trade, where the demand of the market is for a

Corn Growers’ Association. 135

hard, firm product. A remedy for this lies in the reduction of
the oil content of the corn which is fed. Thus here we have a
very important practical object for breeding corn for decrease of
oil content.

These special purposes mentioned for which corn is being im-
proved suggest the possibility of many others demanded by the
various industries which utilize the corn crop and which require
different qualities in it.

| +

hit

i BREEDING 1 FOR A HIGH AND Tow PROTEIN ~—y
i Series Of Specimens Represents The Progress Of The Work Of The INInois Experiment Station in The of
Corn For The INCREASE And DECREASE of SRUTee CONTENT Through sae Ba
In fach Bottle Is Represented The Amount 0 ratted Jas Bushel Of Com PASS tin cas
anged. Thei The

he Bottles pes ans is « High Procein And 1 The Low Protein Breeding Plots Of Fach Season Aro
Represent ed Side By :

Figure 5.

The average composition of ordinary corn is shown in figure
4, where are represented the different constituents and their rela-
tive amounts in one bushel of the grain.

It is possible by selection of the seed and breeding to alter
the proportions of these various constituents, and following are
indicated briefly some of the results which have been obtained in
breeding corn to change its composition.

The effect of breeding for increase and decrease of protein
content is illustrated in figure 5. In this case we have our quan-
tities based upon one-tenth bushel and in the large bottle there
is one-tenth bushel of corn. The amount of protein in this quan-
tity of corn is so represented that we may compare the high pro-
tein crop with the low protein crop of each generation. Begin-
ning on the left with the crop of 1896, and following it along
through the ten generations, we find comparatively little difference
in the first two or three years. It seems to require a few years
to get under good headway but as we follow along the series we
find that the difference between the high and the low gradually
increases until after ten generations the high strain contains al-
most double the amount of protein as the low strain.

136 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In order to show these results in somewhat more detail, the
following table is given:

INCREASE AND DECREASE OF PROTEIN.

High protein Low protein Difference

plot, average | plot, average between

Year. percent in crop | percent in crop crops,

harvested. harvested. percent.
TINS © Gears eee ee ae RTs ep ee eee 10.92 10.02 0.00
AUS KOY/ Bee tete capa ete ES CS rare Aiibeote nae Nese aie 11.10 10.55 0.55
SOS suis cae eevee Dotan Yehy aalanseacetae aera fer aPealerre crepe ercs 11.05 10.55 0.50
Oe te oe wea neg epi hes ed cel tetetincena Te id ta Spee nas eee | 11.46 9.86 1.60
US OO ee iacccth cheese ony Shari Melee Sere pe ater LaBare 12:32 || 9.34 2.98
MG Oiler ubetrere coe atee excreta wigs ene ore eee cba PEE Ee ee 14.12 10.04 4.08
QO Dae peaches oie eee ae Ghia ae Lea ashevaie eke Ue Es 12.34 8.22 4.12
OOS eet cee ede A a aie aap oa 13.04 | 8.62 4.42
ILS eh Ae Ste SEEPS Meech Da Soule tao rahisee ner ores ROME eared eee H 15.038 9.27. 5.76
TUS YOFS Sacre oe SA SERIES careers Sa et eRe Aenea i Arete 14.72 8.57 6.15
TKS OLS eeisiep he sageeniace oleae pens aie noe ecient ea aeseeen | 14.26 8.64 5.62
UO Tay cone Spier, ile es Soe latrg ean ae Sata Pamela 13.89 7.32 6.57

A glance through these figures shows that it has been possible
in eleven generations to increase the protein content from 10.92
per cent to 13.89 per cent, and at the same time, by breeding for
low protein, it has been possible to reduce this constituent from
the original average of 10.92 to 7.36 per cent. In other words,
starting with a single variety, we have been able by ten years cf

: CORN BREEDING FOR HIGH AND LOW OlL

This Series Of Spec) nent Staton In The Breeding Ot Corn For
i The INCREASE And Dect nf iL CONTE

Bnttie
Meet we ¢ | Of Core Of. Ine Crop Pro

oy Plots Of Each Seas

Figure 6.

breeding to produce two kinds of corn, the one of which is almost
twice as rich in feeding value as the other.

Even more striking have been the results accomplished in the
breeding to influence the oil content as illustrated graphically in
figure 6 and numerically in the table following.

Starting on the left, the amount of oil is shown in the crop of

Corn Growers’ Association. 137

1896 with 4.7 per cent, and following along through the series we
notice how the oil increases or decreases in response to the selec-
tion, and how the difference between the two strains is constantly
widening until finally after ten generations we have in the crop
of 1906 about three times as much oil in a bushel of high oil corn
as in the low oil strain. That is to say, by selection and breeding
we have produced from a single variety of corn two kinds, the
one of which is about three times as rich in oil as the other:

INCREASE AND DECREASE OF OIL.

= | ,

| High oil plot, | Low oil plot, Difference
| av. perccnt | av. percent | between
Year. | in crop | in crop crops,

harvested. | harvested. percent.
LS OG ene. ere OE Sea ee eae Maen orca a 4.70 4.70 0.00
IS OTME See eee ene ia a ios ae | 4.73 4.06 | 0.67
ARE Rieger a eat men 1 ta ee ty aha tes 5.15 3.99 | 1.16
TESHOL) Be. Stale dibedes hore sioe ap een eto Re Pee eee 5.64 SE82 | 1.82
1QUOP ES oe pe On en ee ee 6.12 | peor eal 2.55
QO en ttse ee hn Rc lee a eed erties eee 6.09 | 3.43 2.66
VO OD ea tege ai secnspopen ate te susys <1 ep ect tstace ene nvec sane geaene 6.41 3.02 3.39
QO SR Arey earth Pre oe sears Sung een ee eRe | 6.50 2.97 3.53
LO OAR ec tee ores 2S eh aca atte Harcone mn es 6297} 2.89 é 4.08
TIS LBV ac, rae Ebechea Sets Deca tetiia ROP ie: PRCnOn Te ahora I re | 7.29 2.58 4.71
UG OG eater ge pen ta © Se bec hs Ee | Tapiiood 2.66 4.71
OG tae sora eas eS ema aoe Tio w eae geht weormeus TEAS | 2.59 4.84

EFFECT ON TYPE OF KERNEL.

That selection for certain chemical constituents has a very
noticeable effect upon the physical characteristics of the kernel
was observed quite early in this work.

Selection for high protein has developed a type of cael hav-
ing a relatively larger proportion of that part characterized by
its horny structure the soft starchy part which surrounds the
germ and runs up into the crown of the kernel being less promi-
nent. In the type of kernel resulting from the low protein selec-
tion this condition is reversed and here the soft starchy part pre-
dominated. Viewed externally the high-protein kernel has a
somewhat glassy appearance while the low-protein presents a
milky effect. Figures 7 and 8 which are diagramatic representa-
tions of a high-protein and a low-protein kernel respectively illus-
trate very well this distinction. In photograph 9 the kernels on
the left were taken from an ear analyzing 14.92 per cent of pro-
tein while those on the right are from an ear which contained
only about one-half as much, namely, 7.76 per cent.

138 Missouri Agricultural Report.

GR x2
fi : yy Ks ; ©,
SoReeane ss C
SAGO) Ae: S frown
ea :
aoods: ca | Starch
ofpeleko ies zat
I O)\ My
raoo ot > Sx nee
Noooc é: EXG
Wolalalo ie eX is
Roo Gl Co seule; ; ein
vo ooo BIN OY a O53) rales
seal lNa (ca) St Seeees ee i ole ok Horny
Rapenaas... |: SO CY roa atom |Starch
paagsoas, (YOU osonccnstn:
® 3 wee WA0goo ahs,
rll aislee Op DEO gerciolalelr pace
pas Sood BM Ay bpeacwcoes) |Horny
alse Oe, OM pas So5oon% —
we. Bost eo A) 5 Onset oa See (Gluten
Raodbooo | KED é pests
pale letetelelelts O)ci5) 60S ralclnn
be nous Te ge’ ot Hull
D eleieistale J S} = ag 500) sielel B a oy
5. o\a Gist
Ys a ppeeialsia
Ooy
Spates ae -Germ
atsislellsy
wl?) fajolrte
4 oouyy
pOa SY
pocay
po ry
ie] fais
so
set g
Box) Tip
1 oy Starch
omy eS).
Cap
Figure 7.—Diagram illustrating structure of High-protein kernel.

Following the fact that about four-fifths of all the oil in the
kernel resides within the germ, the selection for high-oil has re-
sulted in a kernel having a relatively large proportion of germ,
while the low-oil selection has produced a kernel whose germ occu-
pies a relatively small proportion of its bulk. These relations are
brought in figure 10, which represents kernels from high-oil and
low-oil ears, on the left from a high-oil ear testing 6.08 per cent;
on the right from a low-oil ear containing but 3.64 per cent of oil.

Corn Growers’ Association. 139

EFFECT OF SELECTION UPON PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF THE PLANT.

Other interesting examples of what may be accomplished by
continued selection for particular purposes are furnished by a
number of experiments designed to influence certain physical char-

acters of the plant.

St ie Crown

Starch
Xf Horny
ie
1G: Starch
fp
aLsloL Horny 4,
‘aoe y |Gluten
766 Cian
<7 :
i &6>/, —Hull

or r J JX
XG
pO
ci

Embryo ——-—---- 7
Root a

Figure 8.—Diagram illustrating structure of low-protein kernel.

BREEDING FOR HIGH AND LOW EARS.

Six years ago from an ordinary field of Leaming corn two sets
of ears were selected, one of which represented ears growing high
on the stalk, and the other those borne low down on the stalk.
These two sets of ears were planted in separate breeding plots

140 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Figure 9. High-protein and low protein kernels.

and selection for high ears and for low ears from the respective
plots have been made each year since.

The first year there was produced a difference in average
height of ear between the two plots of over thirteen inches. This
average difference has increased until after six generations of

Corn Growers’ Association. 141

Figure 10. High oil and low-oil kernels.

breeding the ears in one strain are borne, on the average, about
three feet higher than in the other, as an inspection of the follow-
ing table will show:

142 Missouri Agricultural Report.

BREEDING FOR HIGH AND LOW EARS.

AVERAGE HEIGHT OF EARS IN INCHES.

|
Year. | High ear plot. | Low ear plot. Difference.

18) 0 Bye eae ieiticne Sots ORE Lord Cael Olona Fic cnoie Saar oreo 56.4 42.8 13.6
OWA tech Biie-ttcrtvas shove he tee Uhre uk elena aens one ecnae 50.3 38.3 12.0
Oo) OFS 8 ee arts Sede acai ica acer Ais tee epee LSS i Fa une Miedo 63.3 41.6 PASTS
HILO 0 Gia toen ter meee ceisTin nate persia ko nt Mice tere canna aon gh chee 56.6 25.5 ayia
1 Daca atect hens Gon rten eRe ot WU he aipte, rennet eran tas cn Bh ors 72.4 33.2 39.2
DO OS Fs Recast ta: ceea Sos caged Oe eee hone fel eapeicae es 57.3 231 34.2

i

Figure 11.—High-ear and low-ear breeding plots in the fifth generation.

Figure 11 shows the two plots in the fifth generation. The
white tape shown in the picture was fastened at the middle of
the ears in the front row.

Photographs 12 and 13 were taken the same day and they
give a closer view of these two plots.

It will be noticed that a remarkable difference in the size of
the plant has been induced by selecting simply with reference to
height of ear. With this difference in size of plant there is a
notable difference in time of maturity between these two strains
so that at the time of tasseling the low-ear plot is now about a
week in advance of the high-ear plot.

It is of especial interest to note that in spite of the much
smaller size of the low-ear plant, in production of grain this strain
is thus far yielding fully as well as the high-ear strain. This is
very significant, for one of the most important questions before
the attention of the corn growers and corn breeders today is that
of maturity. The demand is for grain that will grade better in
the market, keep better in storage, ship better in exportation, ger-
minate better when planted, and our problem is the difficult one of
inducing earliness without sacrificing yield.

Corn Growers’ -Association. 143

Figure 12.—In the high-ear breeding plot in the fifth generation.

Some of our leading corn growers are advocating a reduction
in the standard size of ear in the belief that a longer growing
season is necessary for the production of the large type of ear that
has been set for the ideal, and that striving to attain this ideal has
resulted in lateness in maturity of some of our best varieties. This
is to some extent plausible; but it would seem that the lesson
brought out by these experiments is that attention should be given

144 Missouri Agricultural Report.

to size of plant as well as to size of ear and that by selecting well-
developed ears borne comparatively low on the stalk of smaller
plants we shall accomplish more in inducing earliness at possibly
less sacrifice in yield than in attempting to regulate the size of
ear alone.

Figure 13.—In th low-ear breeding plot in the fifth generation.

Corn Growers’ Association. 145

BREEDING FOR ERECT AND DECLINING EARS.

Among the very noticeable variable characters to be seen in
any field of mature corn is the manner in which the ear is borne
with reference to the angle which it makes with the stalk. <A
few minutes observation will discover all degrees of declination
of ears, varying from those which stand almost perfectly upright
to those that hang straight downward.

It has been found by experiments covering five generations of
breeding that the angle of declination of the ear is also a character

; % < .
Figure 14.—The average angle of decli- Figure 15.—The average angle of decli-
nation in the erect-ear strain in the nation in the declining-ear strain in
my fifth generation is 46 degrees. the fifth generation is 883 degrees.

A—10

146 Missouri Agricultural Report.

that can be modified by selection.
experiments is given in the following table:

The summarized data of these

AVERAGE ANGLE OF DECLINATION FROM THE STALK.

Year. Erect Ears Declining Difference

crop. Ears crop. | between crops.
ToOdE eae Soeuns inte eee eee unin ie amon 42.0° 45.° 3.0°
TO OB creel aes Seta RTS) ele RS oh AO SIDS 62.2° NZ 1° 54.9°
TO OG ic ec acer eo esas, ia ge, autela en soheh apie ices 49.5° 76.2° 26.7°
SY OY fa eh RO naa Pea erEA aA tion cictnn AeEAororcha aia 42.3° 81.6° 39.3°
OOS METRE Ae ee eee See ene ac ee 46 .0° 885° 42.5°

Figure 16.—Ripe anthers bursting open and pollen grains escaping. (Greatly magnified.)

(

Corn Growers’ Association. 147

Figure 17.—Pistils (silks) with pollen grains adhering.

It will be noticed that in the ‘first generation the response to
_ the selection was very slight as indicated by the results in- the last
column, where the figures show the average difference each year
between the two plots. In the second year this response was very
much greater, in fact the results show that it was more marked
that year than it has been ‘since. The conditions. of that season
seem to have been exceptionally favorable for declining ears as
seen from the results in both plots. After the second year the

average difference in. the crops has steadily increased. On the.

whole, we find that we have been able to influence this ‘character
to a considerable extent in the five. years of breeding; and, with
the exception of 1905, it has responded almost as faithfully and
regularly to selection as in the case of the:height of ear. |

Figures 14 and 15 represent the average angle of declination
in each strain after five generations, and a comparison of the
two pictures shows at a glance what has thus far been accomplished
in this line of selection.

RRA wl a oe

148 Missouri Agricultural Report.

No significant effect from this selection is yet apparent upon
the yielding capacity. From the practical standpoint the thing
desired is the declining ear, the advantage being found in the
better protection from rain and the greater convenience in handling
at harvest.

THE FLORAL ORGANS.

All of this work in the breeding of corn is beset with extra
complications because of the fact that corn belongs to that class
of plants which is said to be “open-fertilized,” as distinguished
from “self-fertilized.”’

The next two pictures represent the floral organs of the corn
plant. The tassel is made up of the male flowers of which the
essential organs are the anthers which produce the pollen. Figure
16 shows a pair of such anthers highly magnified in the ripe
condition. The anthers have just bursted and the pollen grains
are seen escaping.

yy POLL! NATE
IN-BRED

Figure 18.—Planted from in-bred seed.

Corn Growers’ Association. 149

Figure 19.—Planted from cross-bred seed.

The female flowers are situated in the ear and the develop-
ment of the kernel results from the fertilization by the pollen
coming in contact with the silks as shown in figure 17. In this
process the pollen grain germinates, throwing out a little tube
which finds its way down the length of the silk and finally comes
in contact with the reproduction cell of the kernel. There then
follows the fusion of a tiny quantity of substance from this cell
and from the pollen cell, and as a result of this fusion the kernel
develops. If, for any reason, this fertilization process does not
take place, the kernel does not develop.

EFFECT OF IN-BREEDING.

As stated above, corn is by nature a cross-fertilized plant and
in-breeding appears to have a decidedly detrimental effect upon
the yield and vigor. In the breeding plot where the plot is all

156 | Missouri Agricultural Revort.

planted from closely related ears we have eonditions for more or
_ less close-breeding.:

A comparison of figures 18 ae 19 demonstrates this detri-
mental effect of in-breeding. The plot shown in figure 18 is planted

..« frora seed which has been continuously inbred for five genera-

tions, while that shown in figure 19 is planted from seed of the
same origin, but which. has been continuously cross-bred during
this same time. These two plots are otherwise under the same

— conditions, planted the same day on-similar soil, cared for alike and
. ° photographed the same -day,

CONCLUSION.

I have tried to present in outline a few of the experiments
which illustrate the principles involved in the breeding of corn,
and with the hope that they may suggest something of the possi-
bilities for the improvement of this all-important crop by the
method of continuous po for definite purposes.

SIMPLE METHODS OF SEED IMPROVEMENT.
(By H. J. Webber, Professor of Experimental Plant-Breeding, Cornell University.)

The speaker’s reason for selecting this subject for discussion
is based on the observations he has made in various parts of the
country. He finds that while great advance has been made in de-
vising improved methods for the breeding of our important crops
the great mass of the people remain as yet indifferent to the im-
portance of the subject. The conclusion to be drawn from this
indifference must primarily be due, he thinks, to the fact that the
methods usually advocated are so complex that farmers generally
consider them to be impractical for ordinary use. Indeed, this
we can but admit is true in the case of general farmers. It seems
to the speaker that what is most desired at the present time is the
general use by all farmers of some systematic improved method
of seed selection which will be only slightly more complex than the
methods they now use. It is with this in view that the following
simple methods of selecting seed for poteines and corn are pro-
posed.

SELECTION OF SEED POTATOES.

So far as the speaker’s experience goes few farmers are giving
attention to the selection of their seed in the case of potatoes, and

‘Corn Growers’ Association. 151

yet experiments which have been carried out here and there over
the country show very clearly that striking improvements can bé
made by the simple selection of seed from the best yielding hills.
Here we have the opportunity of using very simple methods of
seed selection which, if put into operation generally, would prob-
ably increase the crop nearly one-fourth, and yet scarcely any
farmer is giving this matter any attention. The following method,
the speaker believes, is applicable for general use, and he believes
that we can conscientiously urge it upon every farmer as an im-
portant practical method.

SELECTION OF SEED TUBERS.

Probably every farmer knows a good seed tuber, although we
are frequently inclined to look upon the largest tuber as the best.
This is clearly an error, as too large a tuber is almost as bad as
too small a tuber. Probably the best sized potato for general use
is one weighing from seven to eight ounces. A potato of this size
does not have to be cut when served, as a single tuber is about the
right size to serve to an individual. Again, this sized tuber is
well fitted for cooking as it is small enough so that the interior will
cook nearly as quickly as the exterior.

It is important that the tuber should have a certain shape as
well as a certain size. Probably the most desirable shape is one
where the tuber has a major axis, or length of about three and one-
half to four inches, with a width of possibly three to three and
one-quarter inches and a thickness of from two to two and one-
quarter inches. In a tuber of this shape the center of the potato
at any point is only about one inch from the exterior. If potatoes
are round and thick the exterior becomes well cooked before the
interior is thoroughly done, and if they are mealy, as is desired by
Americans generally, the exterior is liable to fall apart and cause
waste by the time the center is thoroughly cooked.

In starting the selection the speaker would advocate that
every farmer select tubers for planting of as nearly the ideal shape
and size as can be obtained by going over a large part of his
crop. He should give special attention to getting correct shape.
size, shallowness of eyes, etc. These tubers should then be properly
preserved, a point which will be emphasized later, and should be
planted in a special part of the field the next season; planting as
nearly as possible pieces of uniform size. The seed tubers, if
properly selected, all of about uniform size, can be cut into quar-
ters, and these pieces will be nearly enough of the same size to

152 Missouri Agricultural Report.

answer all practical purposes. Plant these in the seed patch in
exactly the same way that the ordinary crop is planted. It would,
of course, be well to have them dropped at about an equal dis-
tance apart, as each hill should have the same comparative amount
of land for its development. They should also be cultivated the
same as the general crop.

SELECTION OF HIGH YIELDING HILLS.

The next factor of importance in connection with the seed
selection is a selection of the high yielding hills in the seed patch,
which should, of course, be done at the time of digging. To do
this properly it is necessary that the hills should be dug by hand,
and the product of each hill laid out separately at the side of the
row. If feasible, the entire seed patch can first be dug and laid out
in this manner, or the selection can go on while the digging is in
progress. To make the selection the speaker would advocate that
in the first place all of the hills be examined hastily and the low-
yielding, poor hills be taken out. The problem before the man
making the selection is, of course, to leave only the best hills.
The best hills are naturally those producing the heaviest yield of
proper sized tubers which are regular in outline. Hills which show
a tendency to produce some very large tubers and many small
tubers, are, of course, undesirable, though the total yield may be
large. Hills which show a tendency to produce tubers irregular
in shape, budding out at the sides, are, of course, undesirable, and
should be discarded where this condition is marked. Having these
factors well in mind, and they are factors which are well recog-
nized by the majority of potato growers, the operator can pass
down the rows and throw out the poor hills almost at a glance,
leaving only the good high yielding hills.

After this first process of selection the operator should go over
these goods hills and select from among them what Professor
Stone calls the “Gilt Edge” hills, that is, those which are the very
best in the field from the standpoint of yield and uniformity of
product and from each of these “Gilt Edge” hills take the best
tubers and retain them for planting the seed patch the ensuing
year. After the tubers from the “Gilt Edge” hills have been re-
moved, the good tubers from the remaining good hills should be
retained for planting the general crop the ensuing year. This is
practically all there is to this method of seed selection and the
process should be carried out year after year in the same way.

The proper application of this method will mean that a suffi-

Corn Growers’ Association. 5s

cient number of good tubers should be selected in the first instance
to plant a seed patch of about one-tenth the size of the general
crop grown. This ratio of size of seed patch to general crop would
probably hold in ordinary seasons. Ordinarily about twenty bush-
els of seed per acre are planted, and one tuber divided into quar-
ters and planted in four hills snould produce about twenty good
seed tubers. The increase, so far as good seed tubers are con-
cerned, being therefore, about one to twenty. Therefore, by ar-
ranging for the seed patch to be about one-tenth the area of the
general crop, we have provided for discarding about one-half of
the hills in the seed patch. All of the tubers from the discarded
hills and all of those which are not retained for seed even from
the best hills, are placed with the general crop and sold, so that
it will be seen that the only extra trouble and expense connected
with growing this seed patch is the planting and digging by hand,
and the small amount of trouble required in making the selections.
As a matter of fact, this entails very little extra trouble and every
grower who is depending for his living upon the crops produced
should be willing to take this amount of time to insure good seed.

STORAGE AND CARE OF SEED POTATOES.

The factor of proper storage of the seed is also one generally
neglected by growers and is probably no less important. Very
few growers give sufficient attention to this matter. It has been
found undesirable to store potatoes in large amounts. If they are
dug and placed in large piles soon after harvesting, when the
weather is still warm, there is danger of their becoming heated
and injuring the vitality. If they are placed in large piles in cel-
lars, which is commonly the case, any rot which starts in one tuber
is likely to spread rapidly to the others, thus injuring their keep-
ing qualities.

The best way to hold the seed potatoes is, of course, in cold stor-
age, at a temperature of from thirty-five to forty degrees Fahren-
heit. Should the temperature fall below freezing for a short time,
there would probably be no very serious damage done, as living pro-
toplasm seldom freezes at exactly freezing temperature. It is bet-
ter, however, not to subject them to freezing conditions. Most
farmers probably do not have facilities for putting their seed po-
tatoes in cold storage, and ordinarily fairly dry cool cellars form
good alternatives as storage places.

As the select potatoes are dug in the field it would be well to
place them in open slat boxes or crates of uniform size which may

154 Missouri A gricultural ‘Report.

be piled on top of each other. These can be transferred into the
cellar and piled up in a comparatively compact space, and yet the
crates will allow a free circulation of air, which is desirable. This
method of storage furthermore, allows the grower to examine the
seed occasionally during the winter and take out any tubers which
may have started to rot before they have had opportunity to affect
any of the adjoining tubers. Every precaution possible should be
taken to keep the tubers cold, and therefore free from sprouting
until about two weeks before planting time. It is of the highest
importance that the tubers should not be allowed to sprout in the
darkness previous to planting, and if the cellar becomes too warm
in the early spring, as is liable to be the case, to hold the seed
tubers dormant, they should either be put in cold storage, if such
means is available, or they may be stored in pits in the fields, and
by proper management kept dormant until it is time to expose
them before planting. -

It is probably not generally understood that it is eepORtANE to
expose the tubers to light a short time before planting. They
should be taken out of the cold storage or cellar from ten days to
two weeks before it is intended to plant them, and exposed to the
light in some fairly dry warm place.” Several experiments which
have been carried out at the Cornell Station indicate the effect

- which may be expected from such exposure of seed.

‘Professor Gilmore in.1903 carried out an experiment with
Maine-grown stock of the Sir Walter Raleigh variety, which was
rather interesting. About. May 5, this stock, which had been
kept in excellent condition, was separated into two lots. One part
was simply stored in a cool place in the barn and the other part put
into cold storage, until July 6, when both parts were planted. The
barn stored seed was considerably wilted; sprouts from two to six
inches long had formed, which were most broken off in the course
of planting. The cold storage seed was just beginning to sprout
into growth. The yields of these two lots of seed from equal areas
were as follows: Barn stored seed, wilted and sprouted, 42.5
pounds. Cold storage seed, solid, slightly sprouted, 111.0 pounds.

These figures show a gain of 159 per cent in favor of the solid
nearly dormant seed.

Another experiment carried on in 1904 by Mr. S. Fraser of
the Cornell Station, is also interesting in this connection. The seed
tubers were stored from November to May in crates in a cool
cellar. No sprouts had started May first. They were then di-
vided into four lots, one of which was put into a dark cellar, fifty

Corn Growers’ Association. 155

to sixty degrees in temperature; another in a cold frame open
above, bottom temperature eighty degrees; another in a barn
window, temperature near out of doors; and the last in a green-
house, temperature seventy to ninety degrees.

The following table shows the comparative yields and the in-
crease obtained by allowing the seeds to slightly sprout in the
light. The seed in each case being stored by the methods indicated
for thirty-six days, May 2 to June 7:

Seed stored 36 days (May 2 to June 7) in trays as below:
| {
| In dark | Cold frame | Barn clear | Green
cellar, open above |window temp. house
50°-60° bottom near out of 70°-90°
Av. of 4 80° lbs. doors, Ibs. lbs.
plats, Ibs.
GarmaneNor a ee, keh ee ee tee tk. 15.44 26.50 21.25 16.25
SimpWalter Maleigh. 04.2 +osnoeen saa | 16.74 17.00 20.13 20.25
ANCEDZ ECOL DOLHAS ate ee ete ern ee 16.09 21.75 20.69 18.25
Increase over seed stored in cellar....... 5.66 4.60 2.16
Percent gain over seed stored in cellar. . .| RS ere t osat 3 335), Jl 28.5 13.4

The sprouts on all of the tubers exposed to the light were
strong, dark green, but were only from one-half to three-quarters
of an inch long. On those from the cellar, the sprouts were three
to four inches long, white and brittle.

The results of the above two experiments and the results
which have been. obtained in numerous other experiments, show
that it is desirable to expose the tubers for a short time in a light,
moderately warm place before planting. If they are to be planted
by machinery they should be exposed to the light and warmth be-
fore planting only long enough to allow the buds to begin to sprout.
If they push out for any great length they will be broken off and
injured in the planting. Under ordinary conditions, exposure in
a light warm place for from eight to ten days is probably suffi-
ciently long.

The very largely increased yields which have been obtained
from seed properly handled and properly selected: indicate that
there are no other factors more important in the production of a
large crop, and potato growers everywhere should be urged to give
these factors very careful attention.

156 Missouri Agricultural Report.

SELECTION OF SEED CORN.

Few methods of corn breeding have been suggested which are
simple enough so that farmers generally will put them into prac-
tice. The methods of corn breeding which have been devised by
experiment station workers, true, are by no means complex, at
least not for experiment station workers, to manipulate. They
are, we may conclude, practical for special corn breeders. But
the fact that they are too complex for the use of ordinary farmers
is testified to by the fact that there are very few farmers in the
country who are using such methods.

It is important that farmers grow their own seed corn or at
least use the seed of some variety grown in their neighborhood
which is known to give good results. Seed procured from a dis-
tance may not be good seed, or may have been grown under en-
tirely different conditions. It is usually shelled so the grower
does not know whether it has been shelled from good ears or not.
The only way, therefore, of getting good seed is to raise it oneself
or buy it from a local man known to be growing a good strain
adapted to the locality.

Following is an outline of a simple method of corn selection
which the writer believes to be applicable to general conditions
and not too complex for farmers to carry out. The method is
not advocated as a careful breeding method, but simply as a method
of seed improvement.

FIRST METHOD OF CORN SEED IMPROVEMENT.

The grower should select twenty-five of the best ears of corn
Which he can find by a careful examination of a large quantity of
ears of a known gocd variety. These ears should be solid and
heavy for their size, of medium lengtn and of medium diameter.
They should have deep kernels and moderately small cob. The
kernels should be firmly set on the cob, not moving readily, thus
giving a feeling of solidity to the ear. This solidity indicates
thorough maturity of ear at husking time. The ear should be
cylindrical, have straight, regular rows and be well filled at butt
and apex. The grower should study different ears until he has well
in mind the best type of ear present in the variety he is growing
and each of the twenty-five ears selected should be the best repre-
sentatives of this type.

If the field of corn is standing from which selections of
ears are to be made, the work should be done shortly after the

Corn Growers’ Association. LDF

first light frosts or whenever the corn is thoroughly mature. The
erower can pass slowly along row after row, stripping down the
husks and examining each ear that from outside appearances
looks promising. A considerable number of very good fully ma-
tured ears should be selected in this way and from these the best
twenty-five can be selected for the seed improvement work.

If the corn has keen cut from which selections are to be
made, it should be husked before any severely cold weather has
occurred, as no opportunity should be allowed for the seed to
freeze before it is thoroughly dried. After husking, the twenty-
five best ears can ke selected as before, the early maturing ears
being judged by the solidity of the kernels on the cob.

By whichever method the twenty-five ears are selected, when
once they are selected, which should have been done before any
freezes have occurred, they should be hung up in a warm, dry
room, preferably in a room where a fire is maintained for a por-
tion of the day at least. It is important that the ears dry quickly,
as this improves the germinability and vigor of the ensuing crop.

Preserve these twenty-five select ears together. When ready
to plant, first shell off the imperfect kernels at tip and butt of each
ear and then shell the twenty-five ears together, and plant them
in a seed patch at some distance from any other crop of corn of
any kind. This insures that individuals from good ears will be
pollinated and fertilized by individuals from similarly good ears,
which is one of the most important factors in the improvement of
any crop.

When this seed patch matures it may be husked standing, or
cut and husked from the shock as the farmer desires. Whatever
method is used the seed should be ready for selection before any
severe freezes have had opportunity to affect its vitality. From
the corn produced on this patch select again the twenty-five best
ears to use the ensuing year in planting a seed patch and select a
sufficient number of the best ears remaining to plant the general
crop.

All of these ears saved for seed should then be hung up in a
heated room where they will dry quickly. Quick drying is such
an important thing ordinarily that this should not be neglected.

The above method it will be observed has in it but one pro-
cess not now followed quite generally by corn growers; this is
simply the planting of an isolated seed patch from the best ears
so that plants from good ears will be fertilized by plants from good
ears. This seed patch need not’ be very large, only from one-

158 Missouri Agricultural Report.

quarter to one acre, depending upon the size of the corn crop
grown. If a farmer is planting a large corn acreage and twenty-
five ears are not sufficient, a larger number can be selected each
year and the seed patch increased in size.

This methed is not so complex but that every man who is
growing from ten to twenty acres of corn could well afford to put
it into practice. It requires little time and extra expense and no
note keeping. The seed patch could be cultivated alone or in
connection with some other crop, such as potatoes. If planted in
hills, the seed patch should be thinned to a regular stand of either
two or three stalks per hill, according to the richness of the soil. Iz
drilled it should be thinned out so that there is only about one
stalk per foot in the rows. In other words, the stalks in the
seed patch should not be crowded.

The general application of even this simple method of seed
improvement throughout the country would doubtless mean an
average increase of some five bushels per acre in our corn_crop.

SECOND METHOD OF CORN SEED IMPROVEMENT.

Select the twenty-five best ears obtainable in the beginning
as indicated above, preserving them carefully under the best con-
ditions. When ready to plant, shell these twenty-five ears, dis-
carding imperfect kernels at apex and base, and keeping the
grain from each ear in a separate bag. Number these bags 1, 2,
3, etc., up to 25. poe

1909 OPERATIONS.

We will assume that planting operations begin in spring of
1909. Select a small field where the soil is uniform and which
is at some distance from any other corn field, at least from 500
to 1,000 feet, and which is large enough for fifty rows twenty-five
hills long. Plant twenty-five hills in each row with five kernels
per hill. Rows 1 and 26 should be planted from bag one, rows
2 and 27 from bag 2, and so en until rows 25 and 50 are planted
from bag 35. In this way the grower will have left over about
one-half of the seed of each ear numbered the same as the corre-
sponding rows. Save this seed carefully, keeping each lot in its
numbered bag. > een ees

After the corn in this. seed- patch-is well up, thin uniformly
to three stalks per hill. Should land be poor, thin to two stalks
per hill. Cultivate just the same as an ordinary crop.

Corn Growers’ Association. 159

In the fall when the crop is mature and before any severe
freezes have occurred, husk each of these rows separately and
weigh the product, determining which rows have given the best
yield. Remember that two rows were planted from each ear to
average up the soil conditions. The total yield of- the two rows
planted from the same ear should thus be taken as the pri-
mary measure of the value of the original ear. Considering both
yield and character of product determine which of the twenty-
five ears planted has turned out the best and select the eight or
ten best, making note of the numbers of the rows so selected. Half
of the seed of each original ear has been retained, it will be
remembered, for further use.

After determining the ten best rows select the best seed
ears from these rows and enough more of the best seed ears pro-
duced in the remaining portion of the patch to obtain sufficient
seed for your entire crop in 1910. This seed should then be dried
quickly by hanging in a well ventilated room artificially heated.

1910 OPERATIONS.

Select again, in 1910, a small field at some distance from any
other corn field and prepare for planting. Of the seed retained
from the ears planted in 1909, take those sacks numbered to corre-
spond with the rows which were selected in 1909 as superior, mix
the seed from these sacks together thoroughly and plant in the
isolated plot.

By this method it will be noted all of the seed planted will be
known to have come from an ear of high producing power and good
general character, these points having been determined Dy: test.
the preceding year.

__. The general crop this season is planted from the ears se-
lected from the trial plot in 1909. - ; j

When the small isolated plot from the select ears ripens-in
the fall, carefully examine and select the best twenty-five ears
which preserve carefully as in other cases for continuing the se-
lection.

After these twenty-five best ears have been selected, sort
over the remaining ears and preserve a sufficient number of the
best to plant the general crop in 1911.

1911 OPERATIONS.

The twenty-five best ears selected the preceding year should
be shelled together in sacks numbered from 1 to 25, the poorly

160 Missouri Agricultural Report.

formed apical and basal kernels being discarded. This year the
isolated test plat should be planted as in 1909, of fifty rows, twenty-
five hills long; rows 1 and 26 being planted from ear 1 in bag 1,
rows 2 and 27 with seed from ear 2 in bag 2, and so on. The por-
tion of the seed of each of the twenty-five ears not planted should be
retained as in 1909, for planting seed plat in 1912.

When this plat matures in the fall, the product of the prog-
eny from each ear being in two rows in each ease, should be
weighed up and the separate progenies carefully judged, the eight
or ten best being determined as in 1909. After which a quantity
of the best ears are selected to plant the general crop in 1912.

The general crop in this year, 1911, should be planted with
the second select seed taken from the isolated plat of 1910.

This method of selection it will be observed is a two-year
method, which provides for selecting and testing the yield of the
best twenty-five ears the first season, and then the next year grow-
ing the select seed, as determined by this test, in an isolated plat
together so that known gocd producers will be crossed with known
good producers. It provides each year for taking seed corn for
the general crop from an isolated plat, where only highly select
ears have been planted.

The only element contained in this method which is not also
contained in the first method sugzested is the growing of a por-
tion of tke seed of the select ears one year in numbered rows
and testing their transmitting power, so that when the isolated
patch the second year is planted it will be with seed of ears of
tested producing power. This second method is rather more com-
plex than the first method, but it is still simple and is doubtless
preferable where growers will take the time to carry it out. Either
of these two methods, however, will certainly give desirable re-
sults and may be unhesitatingly recommended, the speaker be-
lieves, for the general use of corn growers.

MAINTAINING THE FERTILITY OF MISSOURI SOILS.

(By M. F. Miller, Professor of Agronomy, Missouri Agricultural College.)

The soil is the most valuable asset of the State of Missouri.
Upon the fertility of the soil depends the prosperity of the people.
A fertile soil insures a prosperous country while an impoverished
soil means abandoned farms and an increase in the mortgages of

Corn Growers’ Association. 161

our land holders. It is a fact too well known to need comment
that our soils are not so fertile as they once were. In fact, with
the increasing price of land, coupled with the decreasing productive-
ness, the time is already upon us in many parts of the State when
a different system of agriculture must be adopted to make farm-
ing profitable on the average season. And what is already true
of these parts of the State will soon be true in the best parts of
Missouri, if we continue to farm as we have been farming.

The Missouri farmer is in no way to blame for the present
conditions, as they are simply the result of economic conditions
and of the farmers’ early training. Pioneers in any new country
have their homes to make and on a virgin soil little thought need
be given to the effect of any system of agriculture upon the soil.
The important thing with them is to subdue the land and bring
it into cultivation. And so it was with our fathers, who in turn
taught their methods to the younger generation, and we have all
been imbued with the idea that the most important thing is to
get crops off the soil with little thought as to the effect of crop-
ping on the soil itself. The result has been that our methods
have in almost all cases been destructive; that is, they
have tended to tear down rather than to build up. It is
quite true that so long as a soil is supplied with soluble plant food
from year to year this is the most remunerative system so far
as the immediate profits are concerned. It is equivalent to skim-
ming the cream, as it were, but such a system cannot last. It is
now time that we adopt a different system, that we establish a
new ideal in our agriculture, if our lands are to continue to yield
a satisfactory income, and if the farming class is to continue
prosperous. In other words, we have a new conception of the
handling of our soil slowly coming into existence-—a conception
which looks to the building up and to the maintaining of the soil
fertility rather than to the tearing down of the soil for the pur-
pose of securing an immediate crop, which has been our conception
up until recent times. It is quite true that this new idea regard-
ing the handling of our lands is being forced upon us, and the
only reason that it will appeal to the average farmer is that
through this constructive method of agriculture only can he expect
large profits from now on. In other words, the man who expects
to farm for the next twenty years will find that he will make more
money by following the system of keeping up the soil than can
possibly be made by the old system. It is well enough to talk of
the importance of soil conservation for future generations, but

A—i1

162 Missouri Agricultural Report.

it takes a direct appeal to a man’s business judgment in order
to be sure to gain his attention. It is just such an appeal that
the new idea in the handling of our soil will make to the man
who considers the matter with an open mind.

There is another phase to the matter of maintaining fertility
which should appeal to every farmer who is interested in the wel-
fare of the future citizens of Missouri. I like to think of the
land which we own as just so much of the State’s domain for
which we are responsible during our lifetime, and, if possible, we
should manage this so as to leave it to our children in as good
or in a better condition of fertility than that in which we found
it. If a man can do this he has shown himself a public benefactor
—a true citizen of this State. If, on the other hand, his land is
left to his children in a poorer condition than he found it, such a
man has not fulfilled his duty as a citizen. If the man who builds
up the fertility and the productiveness of his land is a public
benefactor, then he who willingly and knowingly tears down the
fertility of his land and leaves it to future generations in a poorer
condition than he found it could almost be termed a public curse.

I do not mean to say that there is never an occasion for a
man to practice what might be termed the destructive system of
agriculture, for I realize most fully that it is sometimes neces-
sary, even for the man who is sufficiently well informed on agri-
cultural practice, and who would prefer the constructive method.
A young man going on to a farm with a heavy debt must fre-
quently farm the land hard for a time; he must meet his interest;
he must pay for improvements; but the great difficulty is that too
often when men begin in this way the habit becomes so firmly
fixed that it is impossible thereafter to change. We, therefore,
have the man who continues to skim the cream from one farm that
he may buy another, and then continues the same practice on this
that he may buy a third, and so on. Such has been the practice
of the so-called progressive or prosperous farmers, and while I|
am not laying blame on such men for the ideals which they have
held, and while I realize that such men have been largely instru-
mental in giving us our present prosperity, I do contend that for
the coming generation this ideal is wrong, and that these methods
are no longer suited to the conditions which we must meet in the
rapidly changing order of our agricultural development. What
the young man needs to do, after he has his mortgage lifted, is to
begin again to build up the land that he has depleted, and his
ambition should never be satisfied until the land is again as fertile,

Corn Growers’ Association. 163

or more fertile, than when he first went on it. If it is ever neces-
sary to follow the destructive method for a time it should be
replaced as soon as possible by the constructive system, and the
land left to one’s children in a high state of fertility. A fertile
farm is a much better legacy to leave our children than a worn-out
farm and a swollen bank account.

But there is another class of farmers which must be men-
tioned in considering this constructive ideal of modern agriculture,
and these are the men who, either through lack of knowledge or
lack of business ability, are not able to build up a farm and make
it pay dividends at the same time. In fact, with lands already
padly worn, it requires all the business judgment and the knowl-
edge that a man can bring to the management of a farm to make
it pay its way while it is being improved; but it can be done, and
it must be the business of our agricultural colleges, our schools
of agriculture, our agricultural high schools, and sometimes possi-
bly of our common schools, to so train our young men that they
will be able to farm in a constructive way, and at the same time
make abundant returns from their lands. The average farmer
of today can not do it; the farmer who has passed middle life, as
a rule, will not do it, so that it falls upon our young men and boys
to be the ones who shall lead us out of the difficulties into which
our destructive methods have led us.

I do not wish to paint too gloomy a picture or to be too pessi-
mistic, for I am not a pessimist. I believe that: in this gradual
change in methods which will come, a great many who do not, or
who by reason of circumstances or training, cannot, heed the signs
of the time, will suffer; yet I believe that the thinking Missouri
farmer will see that his sons will be so trained in those things
that have to do with his business that they will, as a rule, be
able to handle the problems which present themselves, and I look
forward to the coming generation of American farmers as the
most prosperous in the history of the world. It is high time, how-
ever, that we were up and doing, if this goal is soon to be reached.
Every year of the old system sees a further wasting of fertility
and throws added hardships upon the generations that are to
follow.

But the practical question which will at once be asked by
the man who wishes to practice a constructive system is, How can
I build up my lands and make a profit at the same time? Most
of us are not farming for amusement, but for the profit; and the
thing that always appeals to us is the business side of any prac-

164 Missouri Agricultural Report.

tice. It is well enough to talk of building up land, but we are
not, as a rule, philanthropists, and we must find a method by which
this can be done economically.

Naturally, there is no one method adapted to all soils, to ail
conditions; in fact, there are scarcely twe farms where exactly
the same methods will apply. Consequently it is the fundamental
principles that we must know and be able to apply to the particular
conditions under which we are required to work, and the man who
is willing to experiment the most, to read the most, and who is
able to observe most closely, is the one who is to go forward most
rapidly.

Four years ago the State of Missouri began a systematic study
of the soils of the State, including, among other things, the map-
ping of the soil types as they exist, accompanying this work by a
careful study of these various types to determine not only their
character, but through field experiments in the various parts of
the State, to find the systems of cropping and method of soil treat-
ment which shall be most remunerative and which will at the
same time serve to build up the land from year to year. These
experiments have now been in progress for four seasons, and while
this is entirely too short a time to allow of sweeping conclusions,
yet some very valuable data has been secured. It is some of the
general conclusions from the results of the various experiments
on these experimental fields, together with the studies of the soil
types which have been made, that I wish to bring before you.

THE COMPOSITION OF MISSOURI SOIL.

The investigations into the composition of Missouri soils,
while showing a very wide variation in the proportions of nitro-
gen, phosphorus and potassium present, bring out certain features
that are true quite generally of all soils. The first of these is the
almost universal lack of humus and nitrogen, due, in most cases, to
excessive grain cropping, to a lack of systematic rotation, and
the wasting of farm manure. It is a well known fact that when-
ever a soil is stirred, as in plowing and cultivation, the decay of
the humus is hastened, and while this decay is absolutely essential
to the making available of the nitrogen which the humus contains,
as well as in aiding in the solution of both phosphorus and po-
tassium from the mineral particles, some means must be provided
for replacing from time to time the humus which is thus removed
or the soil will soon show a lack of humus and a decreased produc-
tiveness. Exactly this thing has happened over a great deal of

Corn Growers’ Association. 165

Missouri, and our lands are showing a decreased productiveness
primarily because of the lack of humus and of nitrogen. The
building up of the humus is, therefore, the first and most funda-
mental principle that must be adopted in a constructive system of
agriculture.

A second general feature which characterizes practically all
Missouri soils is a deficiency of phosphorus. This lack is an
inherent one, due to the character of the rocks from which the
soils were formed, and to the methods of soil formation, rather
than our system of cropping. It is true that our constant grain
growing has tended to intensify this lack, especially through the
removal of the available portion, and it is, therefore, the deficiency
in available phosphorus, rather than a lack in the total phosphorus
supply, that is limiting our crop production. The fact that the
best system of agriculture we can adopt still tends to a graduai
loss of phosphorus through the bones of animals as they are sold
will, doubtless, sooner or later, drive us to the returning of some
phosphorus to our soil in a commercial form, and in many parts
of the State this practice is already highly remunerative.

The potassium is abundant in practically all Missouri soils
excepting those of the Ozark upland, and it is simply necessary
to practice the proper system of agriculture to make it available
and to maintain it indefinitely. The feeding of crops, the main-
tenance of a high humus content, good drainage and proper culti-
vation will maintain the available potassium supply practically
indefinitely except in some of the Ozark uplands mentioned and
on certain of the more sandy soils of the State.

The lime content is also sufficiently high for the present, in
most cases, and thus far only rather limited areas—notably those
of the flat prairie land of Southwest Missouri and some of the
Ozark uplands—seem to be in need of this element. Any intensive
system of agriculture tends to a gradual removal of the lime con-
tent of the soil, but most Missouri lands are sufficiently well
supplied to obviate the necessity for its use for a considerable time
to come.

METHODS OF MAINTAINING FERTILITY—CROP ROTATION.

The first essential to any rational constructive system of agri-
culture is a more or less systematic crop rotation. The following
table shows the results of seventeen years’ cropping of the upland
soil at the Missouri Experiment Station under different systems:

166 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Yield in Bu.

Rotation. per acre 1905.

lO Hela Cornhelisyvieal sissy cisenc re hea tenal keraue aataie Re te Peace. Sten aortas eae hae ete obese 11.8
Plote2Corneawheat «Clover u/evears aq vcicts, ster cintevele elavarersucion ste svenero castekenn ee) scorepe te 50.7
Plot:3-Corn, oats; clover, wheat; timothy; iv yearsis. cio. cide ae << vo sie siecrene ae 54.2
Plotra (Cormawheat, clover, Gnanured) 7, yealSmere sie met pie ine ake os eee enor 77.6

These plots lie side by side, the only difference being in the
system of cropping, and, in the case of plot 4, to the addition
of manure.

The benefits of a rotation arise mainly from a better main-
tenance of the humus supply, and not to a saving of plant food.
As a matter of fact, a rotation of crops is usually more exhaustive
of phosphorus and potassium, especially, than is straight grain
farming, but the nitrogen that is added through the legume crops
introduced, such as clover and cowpeas, tends to maintain the
nitrogen supply somewhat, and the larger amount of humus main-
tained tends to keep available larger amounts of plant food of all
kinds. It should be remembered, however, that no crop rotation
will maintain fertility indefinitely if the crops are continually
removed. It is, however, the first method we usually adopt in
the building up of our lands, and many farmers, seeing the imme-
diate benefits that are derived, conclude that a “change of crops”
is the only essential to a permanent productiveness. This is far
from true, and there are thousands of farmers in the east who
ean testify most truthfully to this fact. A crop rotation is only
the first essential to the maintenance of the fertility of our lands.

THE USE OF LEGUMES.

No rotation is complete unless it contains a legume crop,
such as clover or cowpeas, once in three to six years, and the more
often such crops occur the better, providing they are put to the
proper use. The immediate effect of the legume is to set free
available, soluble nitrogen as its roots decay in the soil, and thus
supply to a considerable extent the crops which follow. Hence
we get the great benefit of a clover crop preceding corn or a cow-
pea crop preceding wheat. Analyses show, however, that the
large portion of nitrogen in all legumes is in the tops, rather than
in the roots, and that a certain share of the nitrogen even of
legumes comes from the soil; hence the growing of legumes and
the constant removal of the crop as hay does not tend to build up

Corn Growers’ Association. 167

soil permanently. The immediate benefit is due to the soluble
form of the nitrogen left in the legume roots possibly to the better-
ing of sanitary conditions of the soil, and to the fact that the
amount of nitrogen is somewhat larger than in the roots of other
crops, so that the effect is very perceptible on the crop following.
The actual effect upon the soil, however, is to cause a more rapid
removal of the phosphorus and potassium supplies due to the
larger crop yields secured, and thus give a stimulative action,
rather than a permanent building up of the soil’s productiveness.

THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS.

The consideration of the effect of legume crops as well as of
grain and grass constantly removed from the soil, suggests the
next essential in a constructive system of agriculture, namely,
the feeding of crops on the farm. No rational system of agri-
culture according to our present knowledge omits the feeding of
farm animals and the return of the manure to the land. When
crops are thus fed, the resulting manure will contain approximate-
ly 80 per cent. of the nitrogen, 75 per cent. of the phosphorus and
90 per cent. of the potassium existing in the feed, and if this
manure is carefully returned to the land, either by the animals
themselves as they run in the pasture or by the manure spreader
when fed in lots or stables, the farmer is saving approximately
four-fifths of this plant food which would be removed if the crops
were sold. And in the case of legumes which secure from the air
a large share of the nitrogen found in their tops, when these are
fed back on the land there is an actual building up of the nitrogen
content of the soil. It is not for me to enter into the economic
results of a system whereby every good farmer is a stock feeder
but I will venture the opinion that an over-production of meat is
very unlikely with the increasing population. Be that as it may,
the fact remains that the man who is to farm most constructively
and intensively for the next twenty-five to fifty years must be a
stock man. The time may come when science will change our
methods in this respect, but for the present there is no way for
the general farmer to build up land economically without the feed-
ing of animals. In a word, all our roughage and all grains except-
ing possibly wheat, and of course such small seeds as clover and
grass seeds, should remain on the farm and either be fed, or as
in the case of the coarsest material such as straw, they should be
used for litter in stables and thus returned.

168 Missouri Agricultural Report.

It has been the policy of too many of us to feed cattle or
hogs when the live stock market was high and sell grain and hay
when the cattle market was low, and according to the old point of
view this was good business. With the constructive idea of soil
handling we continue to feed regardless of the market, the price
of stock affecting our farming operations only in the selection of
the kind of stock to feed, whether we shall specialize on sheep, for
instance, or on hogs, or on cattle. In other words, we must feed
as a policy from which we never err, although markets and various
other conditions will determine whether we shall handle one line
of stock continually as a pure bred line, or whether we shall handle
several lines, whether we shall finish animals or sell young stuff.
All these things must be determined by conditions, and herein lies
the opportunity for the farmer to succeed or fail depending on his
business judgment and his ability; but the policy to keep his grain
and roughage on the farm should be practically ironclad, after he
has once become so established financially as to make this possible.

THE SAVING OF MANURE.

In order to maintain soil fertility most readily we must give
more careful attention to the saving of farm manures. Too often
where a system of feeding is practical the manure is allowed to
lie around in the lot until a large share of its fertilizing constitu-
ents have washed away and on hundreds of farms the manure
piles are entirely ignored. The manure spreader is as necessary
on a well regulated farm as is the binder or the mower. The old
method of hand-scattering manure on the thin spots only must
pass. Manure must be made to go farther and the policy should
be to cover every acre uniformly once in the rotation. There are
only two methods of doing this economically; one is to allow the
animals themselves to scatter it by feeding directly on the land,
a method that can be adopted with only partial success, and the
other is by means of a manure spreader. There are three im-
portant reasons, in my opinion, why we should adopt a manure
spreader as a necessary implement on the modern farm; first,
manure spread evenly and rather thin over a large area brings a
greater return ton for ton than when spread irregularly and
heavily; second, when a man owns a manure spreader he is much
more careful about saving manure and putting it on the fields at
the proper time; and third, the spreader saves labor. Most farm-
ers consider the last reason very important. In my opinion it is
the least important.

Corn Growers’ Association. 169

Manure should be hauled directly to the fields as it is made
where this is possible as in this way there is the least loss by
fermentation and leaching. If it cannot be hauled every day it
should be hauled every week or as often as possible. Where ani-
mals are fed in stables a manure carrier that dumps directly into
the manure spreader is the modern thing. Where cattle are fed
in large sheds the manure may be allowed to accumulate and be
hauled when most convenient in the year as there will be very
little loss under such conditions. Manure kept tramped com-
pactly and mixed with a fair amount of litter and liquid manure
under cover will as a rule, lose a minimum amount of fertilizing
materials.

THE USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

The increasing use of commercial fertilizers in Missouri is
a cause for alarm among those who are interested in the future of
the State. The reason for this is found in the fact that as ferti-
lizers are used it is for the effect upon the immediate crop with
no thought of the future. Moreover, when they are found to pay,
as they usually do on worn soils, there is a strong tendency for the
farmer to continue their use year after year, to the neglect of his
farm manures. It should be remembered that the chief function
of fertilizers is to supply soluble plant food, and where a soil is
lacking somewhat in one or more of the elements of fertility in
soluble form, due to too much grain farming or other cause, the
addition of such element or elements in the form of a fertilizer
may bring large returns. Consequently the farmer becomes en-
thusiastic in its use and continues the practice, depending far too
largely upon the fertilizer for his crop. The final results of such
a system is exactly the same as the growing of clover and remov-
ing it from the land ;—the soil is stimulated to larger production
of crops following, the humus supply is neglected and burned out,
and the fertilizer at once assumes the role of a soil stimulant
rather than a soil builder, with final disaster to the farmer and to
the land. In other words, fertilizers thus used may postpone for
a time the failure of a soil to produce satisfactory returns, but
only for a time. Such a use of fertilizers is perfectly legitimate
for the man who is just paying for his land and must meet his
obligations, but it must be clearly understood that this is a tem-
porary expedient and one that cannot be continued if his land is
to permanently maintain its productiveness. The proper use of
commercial fertilizers, on the other hand, is a constructive one.

170 Missouri Agricultural Report.

That is, the fertilizer is used as a soil builder rather than as a
temporary ameliorant, and such a use is in connection with the
best system of crop rotation, or legume growing, of animal feed-
ing and of manure saving that a man can practice. When a man
has done all that he can to maintain the nitrogen, the phosphorus
and the potassium supplies of his soil by intelligent soil manage-
ment and still finds that he is not quite maintaining the supply of
any one or more of these plant foods, he can resort to the use of
commercial plant food and be assured that he is practicing a con-
structive system, one that will not only increase his profits but per-
manently benefit his land.

METHODS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT. ~-

It is always of first importance to understand the reasons for
doing things—the fundamental principles—but it is also of im-
portance to know how to do. Unfortunately, in a business as com-
plicated and as dependent upon seasons and upon soil differences
aS is our modern agriculture, only very general directions as to
exactly how to manage our soils can be given. Nevertheless, from
the results of the various soil experiments, we are coming into a
position where it will be possible to give very concise directions
regarding the handling of this or that soil.

In the first place, in building up the humus or nitrogen sup-
plies of our worn lands, we are resorting to the growing of legumes
—mainly cowpeas—and plowing them under. There is no more
rapid method of building up humus. However, where a man must
have some immediate returns from the land, the next best system
is the pasturing of the crop, in which case approximately 85 per
cent. of the nitrogen and a large share of the humus is returned
in the manure and stalks of the plants. Such crops are as a rule
grown both as a regular crop in the rotation, and also thrown in
as catch crops wherever possible. Cowpeas sown in the corn at
the last cultivation to be pastured off with hogs or sheep can be
used with very great profit to the land. Sometimes cowpeas may
be sown alone after a crop like wheat and pastured off, or they
may also be planted with the corn in the hill or row and both
corn and peas hogged down with excellent results.

A practice we have found especially adapted to the building
up of thin land is to sow to rye and pasture up until May, then
plow and sow to cowpeas, pasture these, disk the land, harrow and
again sow torye. Two or three years of such pasturing will rapid-
ly build up the humus and nitrogen. Wheat may be used instead

Corn Growers’ Association. Gal

of rye in this case if desired and it makes even better hog pasture.
Wheat and rye can also frequently be used to cover corn land in
winter and spring and thus prevent washing, saving nitrogen and
building up humus.

A rotation which we have found of special value as a soil
builder on many of the worn uplands of the State is as follows:
Corn the first year with early cowpeas sown at the last plowing
with a five-hoe drill, and pastured off with hogs and sheep. It
the pasturing is done early, rye or wheat may be sown after the
cowpeas are off and pastured until May, when the land is broken
for a regular crop of cowpeas the second year. The peas are cut
for hay to be fed back on the land or they may again be pastured and
the land prepared for wheat with disk and drag harrow. The third
year the land is in wheat, the fourth year in clover, while the fifth
year it may either be returned to corn, or if timothy has been sown
with the wheat it may stand the fifth year as a mixed hay or
pasture. The value of this system, however, depends absolutely
upon the returning of the crops to the land by pasturing or feed-
ing, and since all legumes add nitrogen the more often they occur,
providing they are fed back, the more rapidly will the land be
built up in its nitrogen and humus supplies. In other words, if a
liberal use is made of legumes, all crops fed on the farm and the
manure scrupulously saved, the farmer is independent of the ferti-
lizer dealer so far as his supply of nitrogen is concerned, while his
humus supply will likewise be maintained.

PHOSPHORUS IS PROFITABLE.

Attention has already been called to the fact that the soils
of Missouri are almost universally low in phosphorus and high in
potassium. It has also been shown that in feeding crops only
about 75 per cent. of the phosphorus is returned in the manure,
while practically 95 per cent. of the potassium is thus brought
back. Evidently, then with a proper system of feeding and manur-
ing, the need for potassium, at least on all soils heavy in clay, wil!
probably never be felt, but in the case of phosphorus, the very best
system of animal farming that can be devised, unless it be one in
which considerable amounts of feed are purchased from outside
sources, allows of an appreciable loss of phosphorus each year
through the bones of animals, or more rapidly through the sale of
grain. Hence we are losing to an appreciable degree the very
elements in which our soils are naturally deficienf. The result will
be that sooner or later we shall be driven to the purchase of some

172 Missouri Agricultural Report.

commercial forms of phosphorus to make up this loss. Indeed as
our experiments plainly show our soils will already respond more
quickly to the application of this element than to any other and
on the average Missouri upland that system of farming which will
ultimately prove most profitable will be one in which the phos-
phorus supply is thus maintained. The form of phosphate to use
will depend somewhat upon the system of farming, but in most
cases some cheap phosphate, such as rock phosphate or basic slag
applied with manure, will be most remunerative. The Tennessee
rock phosphate can be secured in Missouri for about $10.00 per
ton in car lots and where a man is feeding in a shed or stable the
phosphate may either be scattered over the manure from time to
time as it is made, or it may be scattered over the manure in the
spreader as it is loaded, applying it at the rate of from 50 pounds
to 100 pounds per ton of manure. Bone may be used but it is usu-
ally better to apply this bone with a fertilizer drill directly to
the soil shortly before or at the same time the crop is put in.

I do not maintain that it is necessary to add phosphorus on
any soil of the State to secure fair returns from it, if the proper
system of rotation, legume growing and cattle feeding is adopted,
but I do maintain that on all soils that are strikingly low in phos-
phorus its use will in most cases pay immediate profits and that
where the phosphorus unavoidably removed in the best system
of agriculture is returned in some commercial form or in feeds
purchased the productiveness of the land will be measureably in-
creased.

I am very well aware that many of the methods I have sug-
gested will be considered not only impractical but unnecessary by
many men who have all their lives been practicing other systems.
1 know many men, too, who having gone on land that was not in
its highest state of fertility and who by simple rotation and only
partial feeding have seen the land increased in productiveness
until it is better today than it was fifteen or twenty years ago.
Such men think they have solved the problem of maintaining soil
fertility, and, so far as the span of their own lives is concerned,
this is doubtless true; but should their boys continue this same
system for another generation its shortcomings will become ap-
parent, just as they have become apparent on thousands of farms
in the east. And whatever may be our theories, or the observa-
tions of a single lifetime, the history of the farms of the eastern
states has shown:-us that no system of agriculture is permanently
profitable which does not maintain fully the humus supply as well

Corn Growers’ Association. 173

as the supplies of nitrogen, of phosphorus, of potassium and of
lime in the soil. The exact system of rotation, of feeding, of farm
management which will bring this result with the greatest net
profit each man must work out for his own conditions. And as
time goes on a man’s success will depend more and more upon his
ability to do this. Shall we not, therefore, train the rising genera-
tion with the ideals of a constructive system of agriculture and
in so doing make it possible for them to reap the fullest rewards
from their labors and to thus insure the future prosperity of this
great State?
DISCUSSION.

Q. I would like to ask Prof. Miller what he calls an average
soil.

A. The average soil of Missouri, all over the State, would con-
tain around 3,000 pounds of nitrogen, 1,000 of phosphorus and
5,000 of potassium. In Barton county there are 445 pounds of
phosphorus to the acre near Lamar; and near Adrian, Bates county,
there are 698 pounds. But the above is an average for the State.

Q. How much phosphorus did you say to use on an acre of
average Missouri soil?

A. Sixty to seventy pounds of phosphate rock per ton of
manure.

Q. Would that be enough to supply the needs of a five-year
rotation?

A. Yes, if you feed everything back except wheat.

Q. Do you apply manure once in five years?

A. Yes, once in a five-year rotation, and that before corn.

Q. Do you have to buy rock phosphate in car loads?

A. Yes, to get the price of $10. If you buy in small lots
it will cost you in the neighborhood of $15 per ton, freight in-
cluded.

Q. Is one form of phosphate rock better than another?

A. Yes, there is some variation. We have been buying from
Tennessee.

Q. After you have succeeded in getting a crop of cowpeas
how do you treat the land to get the best results?

A. Either “hog” them off or take off with sheep.

Q. Would you advise burning stubble off of lands?

A. No; it is never wise to burn off anything. It depends
semewhat on the system you are figuring on. If you want a crop
the next year it will sometimes pay; but if you are figuring on
crops in the future it never pays.

174 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Q. Suppose we fed more back on the soil than we raised—
would we increase the fertility?

A. Yes; if a man is able to do that, he builds up the fertility.
One of the ways you can keep up the fertility is by buying feed,
although it is tearing down the one man’s farm to build up another.
If you can adopt a system whereby you can make money by buy-
ing feed it is all right.

THE RELATION OF SOIL TO ALFALFA GROWING IN
MISSOURI.

(By C. B. Hutchison, Assistant, Dept. of Agronomy, Missouri Agricultural College.)

Alfalfa is one of the most important forage crops that the
Missouri farmer is growing today. Its wide adaptability for feed-
ing to all classes of farm animals, its high feeding value and its
renovating effect upon the soil make it a very desirable crop to grow.
In many sections farmers are realizing this and are sowing more
of it every year. With the increased interest taken in it the char-
acteristics and requirements of the plant are being better under-
stood and it is now grown successfully in many sections where a
few years ago it was thought impossible to grow it. Every year
it is coming to occupy a more important place in systems of farm
management in those sections of the State best adapted to its
productiveness, and there is no doubt that it will soon be grown
to a greater or less extent all over the State. Alfalfa can be made
to grow on practically every soil type in the State but there are
some on which it is not a very profitable crop.

ALFALFA—EFFECTS OF CULTIVATION.

Notice the crab grass on the uncultivated plot and the rank growth of clean alfalfa on the

cultivated plot.

Corn Growers’ Association. 175

A few years ago the Experiment Station, co-operating with
the farmers of Missouri, started a number of alfalfa experiments
covering all of the soil types of the State with the idea of deter-
mining the best methods of securing a stand on these different
soils. The results of these experiments show that a distinct rela-
tion exists between soil types and the successful growing of this
crop, and it is the purpose of this paper to discuss this relation.

ESSENTIALS ARE: DRAINAGE, RICH SOIL AND INOCULATION.

There are perhaps three essentials to the successful growing of
alfalfa—drainage, rich soil and inoculation. This crop needs a
deep, loose, well drained soil. Alfalfa roots go deep into the soil and
the plant gets moisture from below. For this reason it thrives so
well on the semi-arid regions of the west. On wet lands where
the underground water is near the surface the plants never do
well and soon die. Alfalfa is not grown successfully on our flat
prairie soils, which are poorly drained. These soils are underlaid
with a stiff clay subsoil in which the water level fluctuates, often
rising on the roots and drowning out the plants.

Another requisite for the successful growing of alfalfa is rich
soil. Especially is this true in starting the crop. It may bea
started on thin land deficient in humus and nitrogen but which
contains a sufficient supply of mineral elements of plant food, but
under such conditions it starts very slowly and will rarely pro-
cuce profitable crops. In practically all such cases, however, crab
grass and foxtail will come in so thickly as to crowd out the alfalfa
before it can develop a good root system and become supplied with
nitrogen-gathering bacteria sufficient to make a thrifty growth.
In Missouri, where the conditions are not so favorable for alfalfa
as In the west, it is necessary for the plant to get a good start
from the first, and hence a rich soil is necessary for its growth.
Alfalfa is a heavy feeder on nitrogen and phosphorus—two ele-
ments that are deficient in most Missouri soils. It is also a rather
heavy feeder on potassium, but there is an abundant supply of this
element in most of our soils, so nitrogen and phosphorus become
the limiting elements. On the upland soils, then, an application of
manure, and in some cases manure supplemented with bone meal,
has. been found necessary to secure a good stand. Manure fur-
nishes the young plant with nitrates until it can become wel!
established in the soil and supplied with its own nitrogen-gather-
ing bacteria. On the better soils, however, where the plant food

176 Missouri Agricultural Report.

has not been so depleted, a good stand of alfalfa may be secured
without manuring or fertilization.

The third and perhaps the most important factor controlling
the growing of alfalfa is inoculation. By inoculation is meant
putting into the soil the nitrogen-gathering bacteria that live in
the rcots of the alfalfa plant and furnish a part of the plant food.
Many soils on which alfalfa has never been grown do not contain
these bacteria and hence it is necessary to supply them before the
plants will thrive well. Inoculation is essential on practically all
upland soils in Missouri. Tiic most practical way for the farmer
to inoculate his land is to scatter soil from an old alfalfa field over
his ground before seeding. This may be applied at a rate of 300
pounds to 400 pounds per acre and should be harrowed in im-
mediately since exposure to light kills the bacteria. The bacteria
which soil contains multiply very rapidly and soon the new field
is thoroughly inoculated. If it is not practical to secure soil from
an old alfalfa field some taken from patches of sweet clover found
growing along roadsides or railways may be used. The same
bacteria that live on this plant live also on alfalfa. There is no
need of fearing to infect the land with sweet clover as this plant
is an annual and may be readily killed by mowing before the seed
has matured. Artificial culture of these bacteria are now made
which the farmer may secure, sprinkle over his seed and thus
inoculate them in this manner. This method of inoculation is
still in the experimental stage, however, and we have not found
these cultures a success in every case, so that their use is to be
recommended only experimentally. Only about 25 per cent of
our fields on which this culture was used have shown any benefits
from inoculation while soil from old alfalfa fields has given results
on 85 per cent of the fields inoculated in this manner. This may
be due to the improper methods of handling, but the average
farmer will secure better results by using the soil rather than
treating the seed with this culture.

LIME IS REQUIRED.

Perhaps a fourth essential to the production of alfalfa is
abundant lime in the soil. In many of the eastern states an ap-
plication of lime is necessary to secure a good stand. However,
most Missouri soils, except a few that are poorly drained, have an
abundant supply of lime and our experiments show that only in a
few cases is lime necessary. It is sometimes beneficial for correct-

Corn Growers’ Association. ik

ing the acidity of the soil but only in this way. Lime is not a con-
trolling factor in alfalfa growing in Missouri as in some states.

These experiments have shown that some soils of Missouri
are much better adapted to growing alfalfa than others. In some
sections it is a profitable crop to grow without an application of
manure or fertilization. In others an application of manure and
bone meal have been found beneficial while in still others manure is
essential to its successful production. This is due to the fact that
some soils are naturally much more fertile than others and some
that were once fertile have been run down by continuous crop-
ping for a number of years.

ALFALFA SOILS.

Alfalfa is best adapted to a deep, loose, fertile and wel!
drained soil. Probably the best soil in the State for alfalfa is
the land which has from 12 to 15 inches of rich black sandy loam,
preferable bottom soil, underlain with a layer of sand. Such soils
eccur along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and it is on this
soil that alfalfa reaches its highest development in Missouri. This
land produces in favorable seasons from four to five cuttings,
averaging from 1 to 114 tons per acre to the cutting. A good
stand is readily obtained in these sections with no soil treatment
other than good preparation of the seed bed.

The next best alfalfa soils in Missouri are the heavier bottom
soils along the creeks and rivers within the State. These soils,
while fertile, are hardly so well drained as those underlain with
‘sand, hence hardly so well adapted to alfalfa. However, where
well drained, alfalfa is grown on these soils without manuring or
fertilization.

The loess soil which comprises the river hills along the Mis-
souri and Mississippi rivers is also well adapted to alfalfa. This
soil is fertile, deep and well drained and usually contains a suf-
ficient amount of nitrogen to produce good crops without the use
of manure. This is the best upland soil in the State for alfalfa,
and experiments in Andrew, Holt and Saline counties indicate
that in most instances manure is not needed. The loess soil, how-
ever, does not generally contain the nitrogen-gathering bacteria
and responds readily to inoculation.

The next best alfalfa soil in Missouri comprises the prairies of
the northwest part of the State. Our experiments indicate that
most of the soils respond to an application of manure, which,

A—12

178 Missouri Agricultural Report.

though not always necessary to secure a good stand, gives sufficient
increase to make its use profitable. The humus and _ nitrogen
content of these soils is somewhat lower than the bottom lands
and hence manure will often give good results.

The Northeast Missouri prairie soils do not generally grow
alfalfa as well as those of the northwestern part of the State.
Here the nitrogen content has been run so low by continued crop-
ping that there is not a sufficient amount of nitrates present to
start the young plants off well, hence an application of manure is
necessary in most places in this part of the State to secure a good
stand. The alfalfa on the untreated plots of our experiments on
these soils seldom succeeds in becoming established and soon dies.
An equally important factor, however, in this part of the State
is drainage, many sections being too flat and poorly drained for
alfalfa,

The poorest alfalfa soils in the State are found in South Mis-
souri. The ridge lands of this section are the poorest of all our
soils and hence are the least adapted to the growing of alfalfa.
With the liberal use of manure and inoculation it can be success-
fully grown in many places, even on the slopes of the Ozarks. But
generally speaking it cannot be said to be a profitable crop for
this section. However, one field sown on a southern slope in
Phelps county which has been standing for four years produced
three cuttings last year averaging a ton per acre to the cutting.

The Missouri farmer is learning to grow alfalfa quite success-
fully. With a better understanding of the requirements of the
plant it is only a question of time until it will be grown in prac-
tically all parts of the State. In North Missouri it will be grown
on practically all well drained soils while in Southern Missouri its
successful cultivation will doubtless be somewhat more restricted.
It is generally true that the longer alfalfa is raised on any farm
the more readily it grows and the easier it becomes for the farmer
to get a stand. This is due largely to the fact that he learns better
how to seed and handle the crop, and the land becomes more
thoroughly inoculated and better adapted for growing alfalfa.

DISCUSSION.

Q. Have you had any reports on the soil testing work on the
Vandalia prairie?

A. Yes, we had some experiments on that soil, and have not
as yet found alfalfa to be grown there very successfully. One
experiment there has shown that lime is especially beneficial to

Corn Growers’ Association. 179

that soil. Much of that Vandalia prairie soil is acid and we need
first to apply lime to correct the acidity before we can grow al-
falfa. The matter of drainage is another important point that
will have to be worked out there before alfalfa can be successfully
grown.

About how much lime should be applied per acre?

About two thousand pounds of ground limestone per acre.
How can you thicken a stand of alfalfa?

It may be thickened by cultivation, but it is rarely if
ever BraGe le to try to thicken alfalfa by sowing more seed.
You had better plow it up and sow again, and the second time
you sow it on that soil you will usually get a much better stand
than the first time, because the land seems to become better
adapted to the crop, more thoroughly inoculated.

Q. Is it possible to inoculate ground by seeding alfalfa on
it, and placing manure on it which is from alfalfa-fed animals?

A. Yes, in a way. In curing alfalfa there is more or less
of the bacteria from the soil get on it; and when exposed to the
light so much so many of the bacteria are killed that I should
say that there is very little inoculation in that manure.

Q. How can you tell when the bacteria are there?

A. They produce small nodules on the lateral roots that go
through the soil nearest the surface. They are never found on
the tap roots.

Q. In inoculating this soil, you speak of sowing it on the
scil and harrowing it in; would it not be better to sow with a drill?

A. That would do just as well. If you will dry it out thor-
oughly, you will get it fine enough to run through the drill. Dry-
ing will not kill the bacteria, but the light will, and if you scatter
it on your soil broadcast and let it lie for more than one-half hour,
if the sun is shining it will kill bacteria.

Q. Is there any difficultly in growing alfalfa on tile-drained
land?

A. No, I think not.

Q. What plan would you suggest to kill crab-grass in al-
falfa?

A. We have found that the best way is to go in with a disk
or a common spring-tooth harrow, and cultivate after each cutting.
That gets rid of the crab-grass, and at the same time it loosens
up the soil and conserves the moisture and brings the next crop
of alfalfa on in better condition.

POPS

180 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Q. Do you find any difference between the usefulness of the
spring-tooth harrow and the disk for this purpose?

A. Not a great deal. If there is any difference it may be
in favor of the spring-tooth harrow. There is a regular alfalfa
disk put on the market now which consists of a spiked disk, and
this machine is used quite extensively in the west; but here in
Missouri it would hardly be profitable for farmers to buy a ma-
chine especially for alfalfa, when the work can be done just as
well with your disk.

Q. Don’t the disk cut the joints off of the alfalfa?

A. You should disk after each cutting. The disk will spade
up the ground, but that is just what you want—it thickens the
stand, and that is one of the benefits of cultivation. You do not
want to turn the disk as many times as you would on other land
that you wanted to cultivate thoroughly; do not set the disk
straight, because then it won’t get into the soil.

Q. Is it a wise thing to put the disk on before you get a
stand?

A. Well, you get the first stand so early in the season, that
the ground is not in a condition for the disk. A few years ago, at
the experiment station here, we were ready to cut the first stand
by the last of April.

Q. Is it necessary to apply manure only at the start?

A. In the first place, it is necessary to have a good seed-bed,
end the manure is perhaps of not any more importance than the
inoculation. You must have both to get a good stand especially
on our average upland. If you have a good, sandy loam bottom
soil, you will not find either of these necessary.

Q. Do you top-dress every year with manure?

A. No, we do not find it profitable to let alfalfa stand more
than four or five years. If you want to apply manure, put it on
before you plow. Plow deep and turn it under, and work down
well so as to get a good seed-bed.

I might give you Mr. Wing’s rotation: It is corn and alfalfa.
After alfalfa has been standing for four years, he plows it up and
puts in corn the first year, then the second year he gives a good
coating of manure, puts it back in corn, and sows alfalfa in the
spring, and cuts a good crop that year.

Q. Do you advise spring or fall sowing in Missouri?

A. We have found fall sowing best adapted to Missouri con-
ditions—about the first of September. It may be that when we
get our plains here so well adapted to alfalfa growing, so thor-

Corn Growers’ Association. 181

oughly inoculated as Mr. Wing has his, we will find spring sowing
profitable, but until that time we will get better results by sowing
in the fall.

Q. What brand of alfalfa is best for Missouri?

A. That grown nearest home—in Kansas or Nebraska.
While the varieties grown farther west are hardier, and can with-
stand the heat of summer and the cold of winter better, it has
been found that in the west and central parts of the State that
our home-grown seed is the best.

Q. What would be the effect on the soil if kept long in
alfalfa?

A. It would be depleted. Alfalfa is a very heavy feeder,
and its continued use, as in the case of clover, would deplete the
soil particularly in potash and phosphorus.

Q. Do cattle bloat by pasturing on alfalfa?

A. Yes, it is a hard matter to pasture alfalfa successfully.

CORN VARIETY TESTS.

(By H. D. Hughes, Assistant Professor of Agronomy, Missouri Agricultural College.)

For years men have recognized the distinct varieties of farm
crops and the distinct breeds in the animal world. The sheep
man has recognized a distinct difference between the Merino and
the Shropshire; the horse breeder has recognized the fact that a
Clydesdale is distinctly different from the Percheron, and each is
bred for a different purpose. We have certain breeds of cattle
which produce milk very much more abundantly than certain other
btreeds; and again, one breed of dairy cattle produces cream in
much larger quantities than another. And we have probably recog-
nized these differences in our live stock more than in our farm
crops. The study of breeds is an old study—probably 5,000 years
old, at least; while for certain well known reasons, a study of corn
is practically new, and, therefore, we have given it so little atten-
tion that many of us have not realized that there were as great
and distinct differences between our varieties of corn as between
the different breeds of farm animals.

That this difference is even more distinctly and closely defined
than with our farm animals can, I believe, easily be shown. In
looking over the reports of the experiment stations of 32 of our
states wherein over 200 varieties were reported, I find no one

182 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Figure 1. Good ears of Reid’s Yellow Dent, a particularly good variety of ‘yellow corn for
North Missouri.

sees
Sao! Sree
‘e ee SS

Figure 2. Ears of Boone County White, the variety of white corn preferred by over twice as
many co-operators as any other variety.

variety named and recommended by more than nine, and most of
them by a far less number. The Leaming corn, which is proba-
bly our oldest variety, was named by 9 different states; Boone
County White by 4; Champion White Pearl by 4, and Reid’s
Yellow Dent by 3. No other of the 200 different varieties
was recommended by more than 2, and most of them by
cnly one. Thus, it would seem, this example shows more
or less specifically that the adaptability of each variety of corn
is quite limited. One variety develops best and produces the
largest yield of marketable corn under one condition, while an-
other variety will be found best under another.

There are many ways in which yields can be decidedly in-
creased; one of these, of course, would be by the use of commer-
cial fertilizers; another by a more thorough preparation of the
seed bed, or by more attention to the conservation of moisture

Corn Growers’ Association. 183

and more thorough cultivation. An increase secured in any of
these ways, however, is at a considerable expense, so that the profit
is limited. On the other hand, an increased yield secured from a
selection of a better variety is clear gain after the seed has been
secured; and the increase in yield as great, and often much greater,
than by any of these other methods—in some cases one variety
yielding over twice as many bushels per acre as another.

Within the last year the question has been coming with ever-
increasing frequency, ‘““‘What is the best variety of corn for me to
grow on my farm?” Sometimes this question comes from a farmer
living on the rich flat bottoms in Southeast Missouri; again, it
comes from a farmer on the lighter, colder upland soils of North-
west Missouri; and, again, from the Ozarks, or from the central
west. The question which must be decided is whether or not these
men will all be given the same answer. The purpose of co-operative
corn testing has been to answer these questions and, if possible,
to answer them rightly.

Missouri is a large state, made up of many distinct and differ-
ing types of soil, and with a wide range of climatic conditions, so
that results secured from a variety test in one part of the State
might not be at all representative of other parts. While practi-
cally all of the different varieties which gave any promise of use-
fulness in the State have been tested at the Experiment Station
at Columbia, yet one can not know from these tests that the varie-
ties which produce the highest yields here will give highest yields
under other conditions.

The plan has been to test these varieties which give the greatest
promises of value, on all of the soil types of the State; in every
part of the State; in every county in the State. How well this has
been accomplished is shown by the accompanying map. Here it
is seen that practically every county in the State has in it one
or more men testing, in co-operation with the Agricultural College,
these different varieties. These men are testing the different varie-
ties of corn on their own soils; on their own farms, so that at the
end of the season they may know just what variety will give the
largest yield of most marketable corn on their farms. It would
seem that a test of this sort would be of practical value to every
farmer and to every community. The Department of Agronomy
furnished each co-operator with enough seed of the 12 different
varieties to plant one-fourth acre each. These were planted side
by side, great care being taken that they be placed on soil of equal
fertility, the different varieties usually being planted in a few

184 Missouri Agricultural Report.

long rows, as this generally gave more uniform soil conditions
than shorter blocks. The intention has been to have these varie-
ties planted on soil of only medium fertility, in order that the
results would better represent a larger number of farms. As the
season advanced each co-operator made careful observations and
careful notes on the character of the stalk, leafiness, height, num-
ber of days to mature, etc., and when the corn was mature each
variety was husked separately and weighed carefully, in order
that we should have exact information as to the yielding power
of the different varieties. After each co-operator had done this, he
was asked to name, in order, which, in his judgment, were the
three best varieties. These answers are here tabulated, and you
will note the results. You will observe that the Boone County
White was preferred by at least twice as many men as was any
other one variety; and the Reid’s Yellow Dent came second in
total preferred values; though a comparison of this chart with the
yields secured by the co-operators shows that these two varieties
were by no means the highest yielding varieties for the entire
State. This, it seems to me, means that there must be considered,
beside the total yield of ear corn, the quality of the corn, the
size of the ears, and the hardness and roughness of the kernels.
All these must be ‘given due consideration.

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF CO-OPERATORS PREFERRING THE DIFFERENT

VARIETIES.
First Second Third Total
Variety. choice. choice. choice. preferred
Boone-County «white acces cece aoc teat ee 24 7 6 1530*
Reid? spy ellow Wen ita pecsevo alesstaree tie acto eins eto ae 10 10 9 980
Sia ChanlessVellowis sac scent cacesan ees alors as 4 11 4 610
COMIMERCIalSWiibe ae cretion ee eee nuawe lee oe 7 6 4 610
AGC AMMIIMNA More veces eheeecei ae ren tu eeio eo lah celle sie aie aero oe 4 7 4 490
StaCharles*Whiteeiotarcs. cise cia cole en Rocke eee 3 4 7 410
JOMnSOnCoOuniiya Wiaib essere tenes le eps trerereie ys ene ees 1 3 9 320
Mildreth?sevVellowaWentms cack ctersrcnrevoleiueretertkece arate 1 5 5 300
Wlimors | Silver WMbim pen sai etecrsie ce rareys cdehege Stahl oy celia nese 2 2 6 280
Towa Silver Mines. traney: seists eraete Gieusiae celsius oaehens 2 3 3 250
Hozueis Yellow Dent ice cia mets ese creas ea does 2 3 3 250
eval Meander y stefani coker stoge eae es yal tora aes oa 1 2 2 150
Caremene 2 Sorte ctre-sncceect nie We tiete RO oe REPO NEN: re One 2 0 1 120
RISTO WI VALICTIV: ere aPoece tare eo neeeee aee seenateeani Gy sores 0 0 1 20

*In figuring this column the value 50 is given for first choice, 30 for second, and 20 for third.

In comparing yields of various varieties for the whole State
we find a range of from 38 to 47 bushels. While one might expect
a greater difference than this, yet when he considers that these

Corn Growers’ Association. 185

yields represent all these varieties on all the different soil types of
the State he must readily see that even this difference is quite re-
markable. For while one variety will give the best results under
one condition, under other conditions another may stand at the
head of the list. In view of this the chart shows very clearly that
there are a few varieties which, considering all conditions, give
the largest yields of ear corn. Such varieties have a wider range
of adaptability than others, also in the list, which give particularly
good yields under certain conditions, but under another set of
conditions produce a very unsatisfactory yield. Noting the aver-
age yield of the entire State, we find that Commercial White heads
the list with 47.4 bushels per acre, this being 2 bushels more than
any other variety and 9 bushels more than some of those tested.
The Boone County White gives the second largest yield with 45.4
bushels per acre, while Reid’s Yellow Dent, St. Charles White,
St. Charles Yellow and Johnson County White come next in order,
very close together. While this data is valuable, it does not defi-

*AVERAGE YIELD OF ALL VARIETIES FOR THE STATE. YEAR 1908.

| IL GENIN SE Aicig clon ooo Ob Boe sae ean 42.

Commercials Whiter... esse steerer 47.4 9
Boone County, Whiter. 2..22 2.2.0.5 + - 45.4 | Keegal Pender we ses-kew ech ese eae 42.9
Reidis! Yellow Dente. o -.s0= 2) eke AA AGL HaLMenr.s Oxyis Viable iycese sere wena eae AN
SPeC@hanles Wihiteses. micas cs buses |= ene ooaye eles 4496. |vHorue!s = vellow Déent=s — er. cee els cere 40.5
StmGhanleseVellowamcsr-cses acme aie csostesea AGRA Cathie sernnterae ieee eee re ie 39.1
Tohnson County: Wentuer wenn ane les eae 43.5 | MOWAT oI VET sVIMe yt hsctins moconencrats ke eee 38.¢
aldreth'ssyellow sD enibee.. ssse ocho cheeses 43.2 | MinorsySilviets Manertey asec oer iet eke 38

*This table includes more reports than those given in the table as presented Farmers’ Week.

*VARIETIES ARRANGED IN ORDER OF YIELD FOR NORTH MISSOURI FOR THE
YEAR OF 1909.

|
No. of days | Quality of corn} Yield of ear
Variety. to mature. | in per cent. | corn per acre,
bushel.
Gomimniencials WiWute mes peyessver sr ye ys eteveee syne Se 1364 | 74 47.03
Reid: seVellowelWemnticaa.ctoe ac aectsetens cheuate over 1204 81 46.0
Boone County aWillteber acess cies crsetebe etree sccle 1273 | 78 45.86
StaGharlesmwVinite scars aerse:-c cususieis: +s honetetellouate 128 72 45.72
Stm@hanlessy Cllowessyereice ih sentra eve erenesel scnoats 128 | 73 45.5
Ge Pall POMC CT aresasi fo el seocete ce coee eee negsneter tua tsueter eae e 122 75 44.98
Tobwson County» Wihite 9s <, oie estes oie ele ss nue = 128 77 44.37
Ieee Weide o Nooo ote eou lone Rue Lesnar 122 | 82 43.83
Eiuldrethisevellows Dents. -n.. 2 coe seie ee: | IBY shee 64 43.58
inhi ac(ereSPA En OlIhYy Gena eed co, OG Pace oreRO ran Glomimeciceo ac 133 | 78 42.31
Horne ss VeloweWent=acu 4< cr ae stirs ioe e 12) 74 42.26
Lowal silvery Miners. niet acess oc evttoototeten teres 120 75 39.56
UATUICT ee eee rae Th es ee Oo ebe me, nl cif) suchounaie 129 71 39.42
MUMOISsSIVEr MING cadmas yaacces oe < sien ote eco ate el 121 75 39.26

*This table includes more reports than those given in table as presented Farmers’ Week.

186 Missouri Agricultural Report.

*VARIETIES ARRANGED IN ORDER OF YIELD FOR SOUTH MISSOURI FOR THE
YEAR OF 1909.

| ; [ |

No. of days) Quality of corn| Yield of ear
Varieties. to mature. in per cent. | corn per acre,
bushel.

Commercial WING pane sere cases eta bebs cevanses omecacuesene 2 CALS || 48.6
BooneiCounty Whiter ceee teen sae aan | 121 82.3 | 44.2
Maldreths vellow Deniten -.:ceeiecisestcchacee ssteseees 132 fae Fe s|| 42.5
StuCharlesswWihitesn jn. ccie enters foe tone sre 126 75.8 42.1
TOhnSoneCountyaawWihitieren rae sree cane ears eee 126 ieee 41.5
StreCharlesw@wVwellowe. sance cece i cicesntesuetzs abe eee 125 81.6 41.4
TEAMING Wee wen co aicce Gane ereeeeee mk aciouy ars aia 120 75.9 40.5
Reid Sevellow saDentateeons kos ace eepenaieatic mete 118 (alps! 38.8
Hane LsSe Valet vinecue he reheat ataare come acorn 135 | 88.5 38.7
Cartmense cach ee cies a ee als eee Meee 123 69.4 38.6
Silvers Miney ClOw.al)i cS aikecascess sheers eiene a chavevesiees 118 atl 37.3
eecalkTenderc ones ore Ge ee eal 123 | 69.2 36.3
Horie sey ellows Dente: «clear l-wocvecvarsns mse cmonceee 121 | 67.5 36.2
DimOissSilvVeraMinee ecw aes cele eee 116 | 68.3 | 34.7

*This table includes more reports than those given in table as presented Farmers’ Week.

nitely answer the question as to which is the best variety for the
man in South Missouri and the one in North Missouri, each of
whom encounters different soil and climatic conditions.

In order to come a little nearer to solving the problem we have
divided the State into 2 sections which, for convenience, we shall
call North Missouri and South Missouri; the dividing line lying
south of Bates, Henry, Pettis and Cooper counties to the river,
then following it to the eastern boundary of the State. The con-
ditions in North Missouri will be very much more similar and uni-
form than for the whole State, and the same, of course, is equally
true for South Missouri.

A comparison of yields of the various varieties in South Mis-
souri with those in North Missouri discloses some very striking
differences, and also, some striking similarities. First, it will be
seen that Commercial White stands at the head of the list, both
in North and South Missouri; the yield in North Missouri
being 47.03 bushels and in South Missouri 48.06. This again
indicates that this variety has a very wide range of adapta-
bility, and is a very useful and valuable one for the State. But
now, to note the second highest yielding variety in North Missouri,
we find it to be Reid’s Yellow Dent, with a yield of 46.8 bushels;
though in South Missouri we find Reid’s Yellow Dent eighth in
order of yield, with only 38.8 bushels. We, therefore, conclude
that Reid’s Yellow Dent is particularly well adapted to the rolling
prairies of North Missouri, while in South Missouri, averaging all

Corn Growers’ Association. 187

conditions, it is not so well suited, and its range of usefulness
throughout the State is, no doubt, more or less limited. However,
we have in South Missouri a yellow variety which, perhaps, may
supplant Reid’s Yellow Dent for those who want a yellow corn.
I refer to Hildreth’s Yellow Dent, which gave the third largest
yield in South Missouri, while in North Missouri it ranks ninth
in order of yield. Probably that variety of corn most widely known
in the State and of all improved varieties most widely grown is
the Boone County White. In South Missouri it stands second in
order of yield, coming next to Commercial White, and in North
Missouri it is third, the Reid’s Yellow Dent outyielding it a little
for this year. For the past season the St. Charles White seems
about equally well adapted to both North and South Missouri, which
is also true of Johnson County White and Leaming.

Now, while these results are well worth the careful considera-
tion of, every man producing corn, yet we should not give too much
emphasis to this one year’s results. This data clearly shows that
the different varieties are best adapted to certain well defined con-
ditions, and that with the conditions met with the past season cer-
tain varieties very much outyielded certain other varieties.
Though it is entirely possible that if these same varieties were
tested next year (as we expect they will be) the order
cf yield for some of the varieties may be very materially
changed. In fact, former experience has shown us that under
different seasonal conditions we may expect considerable varia-
tion. And most of the men who are carrying on this co-operative
work no doubt recognize this fact, for some of them have made this
co-operative test for three or four years, and consequently know
pretty thoroughly which variety in a series of years will give them
the highest yield, and will, therefore, be the most profitable for
them to grow.

We must no longer be satisfied with just growing corn—white
corn or yellow corn. We can not afford it. It has been demon-
strated that some varieties very much outyield others, and that
the cost of producing these high yielding varieties is no greater
than that of less desirable ones.

We can safely conclude from this work that Boone County
White, Commercial White and St. Charles White, for seasons like
the last one, are of the highest yielding sorts. That Reid’s Yellow
Dent is a yellow variety particularly adapted to North Missouri,
while St. Charles Yellow and Hildreth’s Yellow Dent are better for
South Missouri conditions.

188 Missouri Agricultural Report.

SUMMARY FOR THE YEARS 1906, 1907 AND 1908.

It has already been said that one must not place too much
emphasis on one year’s results. They represent a comparative test
cf a number of varieties under an existing set of seasonal condi-
tions. With other seasonal conditions we might expect to find
other varieties with different adaptabilities doing best and giving
the largest yields. This has been true in some cases in this co-
operative work in the variety tests of corn. For this reason we
here add a summary of the variety tests for the years 1906, 1907
and 1908.

In comparing the yields of the various varieties for the past
three years we find, in general, the same varieties giving the larg-
est yields and the same ones giving the smaller yields as in the
test for the year 1908 alone. There are some marked exceptions
to this, however. In noting the place in which Reid’s Yellow Dent
stands, in the average for the whole of the three years, we find
it to be below Leaming, St. Charles White and Legal Tender,
while for 1908 alone it stood third in yield. This is, of course, a
very great difference and shows that while the Reid’s Yellow Dent
was well adapted to North Missouri under the conditions existing
the last year, in a number of years so high a yield could not be
expected. While this variety seems not to be particularly high
yielding in an average number of years, yet we note, in the table
giving the number of men preferring the different varieties, that
it stands next to the top, showing that it has very good character-
istics, which makes it desirable, perhaps, aside from yield; the
actual yield of bushels per acre, however, is of course the most
important factor. One other variety which is worthy of note is the
Legal Tender, which in the average for the past three years stands
fourth in order, while in 1908 it stood ninth.

Comparing the yields of North Missouri for the past three
years with that of the last season we find Commercial White,
Boone County White and St. Charles White at the head of the list
in both cases. St. Charles Yellow, which gave very satisfactory
vields in the year 1908, it will be observed gave very unsatisfactory
yields averaging the three years. This is probably the greatest
difference to be noted in North Missouri.

In South Missouri again we find Commercial White and
Boone County White at the head of the list in both cases; also
Hildreth’s Yellow Dent stands up well for the average of the last
three years as well as the past season. One very marked excep-

Corn Growers’ Association. 18)

tion in South Missouri is the Cartner variety. For the past sea-
scn it will be noted that it was tenth in yield while averaging the
last three years it stands fourth in order of yield in South Mis-
souri.

In comparing the tests for the years 1906, 1907 and 1908 with
the past season we can not but be impressed with the fact that
each variety is particularly adapted to a certain set of conditions
and the variety which does best one season may not do as well as
some other variety with other seasonal conditions another year.
The Reid’s Yellow Dent the past season compared with the aver-
age of three years, also the Cartner brings this point out very
strongly. After this has been said, however, one should again
consider the fact that taking the yield of all of the different years
together there are two or three varieties which have been shown
to be very high yielding ones under all conditions whether in North
Missouri or South Missouri or with varying seasonal conditions.
These varieties would, of course, be the Commercial White, Boone
County White and St. Charles White. Most of the other varieties
seem to be influenced more or less largely by seasonal conditions,
climatic and soil differences.

AVERAGE YIELD IN BUSHELS PHR ACRE FOR THE STATE FOR THE YEARS 1906,
1907 AND 1908.

Variety. 1906. 1907. 1908. Ay. yield.
Commercial awihitlGlus oats ioe so sreiteera #499 56.6 47.4 lie
Boone County White. ---..0...:..:-... 49.2 55.88 45.4 50.16
Hildreth’s Yellow Dent...... ...... Bee *47 39 53.8 43.2 48.13
meraleMenden sec cvs cicteisiore tw oo. ee eae 47.6 49 68 42.9 46.72
Sta ChanlesmVWalnibertans wee: irises ck a ones 45.9 48 27 44.6 46.28
AGATE Ser she ci cc R eh Ter ore ee Soka ei acontualie 45.1 50.2 42.9 46.0
Reid: SavellowsMentiacest erase. ce 43.1 50.7 44.0 45.9
EHozues rellowsDentnema seein antic 44.7 48 .96 40.5 44.72
Johnson County: Wihites acs. 2 ee 39.9 50.6 43.5 44.6
Car tneneei On ete oe ee Re *43 6 49.56 Ol 44.1
Sti Charles Yellows asaccer sais chaees: 36.2 49.39 44.4 43.33
KOWapoilvere Mailers ccc cie enc sisean the ane oie 43.6 45.0 38.9 42.5

* Yields calculated from 1907

190 Missouri Agricultural Report.

AVERAGE YIELDS IN BUSHELS PER ACRE FOR NORTH MISSOURI FOR THE YEARS
1906, 1907 AND 1908.

Variety. 1906. 1907. 1908. Avy. yield.
Commenrcialewhiters zee cele sree eee tp 265) 64.6 47.03 54.37
Boones Countya Whites) acre scm oem ae ee 51:5 65.6 45.8 54.32
SteCharlest Whiter syccsce oe Aecceetens oyooae 2a 61.7 45.7 Dawe
Besa Mend ers a seecaeret lw soe e Aen eee 49.7 59.0 44.98 51.22
Lee cat aticls Ruse cs etnee eae nets Sh oremo mnt n Gicue See Oe 50m 59.0 43.8 50.97
Reds ev ellow2eD enitinecshanienacsecnceiereen 46.2 59.6 46.0 50.6
Johnson Coun yaw Ween. cosas erence ee 45.0 59.1 44.3 49.49
Hildreth?sey ellowmDenib--- cu tere eeleeier *46 2 57.9 43.5 49.22
Hocues Yellow, Dentete eee eee 46.0 58.2 42.26 48.88
St. Chanlespviell Owita cite sce tosesonee nee 39.9 58.0 45.5 47.8
Carbnens 2 en ween es etree eae 44.5 55.8 39.42 46.5
Lowaysilver, aM pies rer ccsasasekecsesce oe 42.5 49.6 39.56 43.88

* Yields calculated from 1907.

AVERAGE YIELDS IN BUSHELS PER ACRE FOR SOUTH MISSOURI FOR THE YEARS
1906, 1907 AND 1908.

Variety. 19065. 1907. 1908. Ay. yield
Commercial AWihiber wa ace iss eure oie tel | serie ceeeane 39.5 48.6 44.03
Boone: County White: seme. ceeds es 40.3 46.5 44.2 43.6
lahikohucie lacy NaeMONs I DYellitteys 5 aco Sisteno oo Gellee nmaabo ooo 42.9 42.5 42.7
Wanbneneeccteckcr et te ete a eis ke hea El oho teen esi 45.1 38.6 41.8
LEE) Cou Tee eer eea hc BNI Mons RRS, eRe Sie eGiSt ie 39.6 44.5 49.5 ees)
SUP Charles Wihitemnisc wien see 44.5 33/40) 42.1 41.36
JoOHNSoneCountiy Wihitew. wu. aes os ee ee 39.6 42.5 41.5 41.20
ReidismvVellowesWent=s- cite cee eek 36.1 42.1 38.8 39.0
Wega MMenders arses se ohare ce 40.0 39.7 36.3 38.6
St. Charlessviellows1 2... een em omar con 33.4 40.8 41.4 38.5
iHosue%s Wellow Dente: acme se cheers iit 37 if 36.2 37.0
TOW AM OUV ET NIN Ceo Sir ttge cae noe ea oe | eek wate oieee ac 33.88 Boe 35.59

WHAT ARE WE TO DO WITH OUR SOILS?

(By Hon. Milton Whitney, Chief Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture.)

I have heard with interest what the State of Missouri is doing
in the direction of soil investigations and surveys. The soil, with
water, is the one great inexhaustible asset of the nation. If the
forests are not kept up, if the coal and iron are exhausted, we have
the soil to depend on to furnish food, clothing, heat and habitation
for the nation. It is the greatest of all our resources, and, for-
tunately, it seems to be inexhaustible.

At the recent Conference of Governors at the White House
to consider the state of our natural resources, the question of the

Corn Growers’ Association. 191

deterioration of the soil was discussed. It will not be possible for
me, in the limited time at my disposal, to follow out all the lines
of thought that were presented as a result of the discussion at
the Conference and subsequently by the commission that was ap-
pointed by the President.

I think, however, that you will be interested in the main re-
sults of such investigations; that is, that throughout all history,
so far as records go, the soils of the world have never yielded
larger crops than they are yielding now. We find through research
in the historic works of foreign countries that in Germany, so
far as statistics taken from the old family records of the baronial
estates can be relied upon, the yields three hundred years ago
were about one-third as large as the yields today. Taking the
records of the countries of the world who have by agreement
adopted the same general methods of statistical research, we
find that the records for the past thirty or forty years (which
have been accurately obtained and recorded) show that the yields
of the crops of Europe, on soils that have been cultivated for at
least a tnousand years—that the yields during the past fifteen,
twenty, thirty, forty years have increased more rapidly than they
have on the newer soils of the United States.

ARE OUR SOILS WEARING OUT.

There is a general impression that the soils of the United
States, or particular portions of the United States, are wearing
out, that they are becoming exhausted, that we are having now
abandoned farms. One of the results of the investigations into this
important question—for it is a question of the utmost importance
to the nation, the question as to whether the soils are wearing out
and how long they can be expected to last with an increasing popu-
lation—is that we find that so far as statistics can be relied upon our
crop yields are increasing, that on the average our farms are better
tilled, we are paying more attention to seed selection, to crop adap-
tation, and to fertilization, with the result that we are getting
more from our soils than we were forty years ago. Forty years!
Our records have been kept for forty years—that is almost as
long as the life of a large part of the people of the United States.
Many of you here can doubtless remember the settlement of this
part of the country. Many of you will remember when the prairies
were considered useless for agricultural purposes—they are now
producing magnificent yields of corn. But the impression has
gone out that our virgin soils are declining in fertility. The

£92 Missouri Agricultural Report.

fact of the matter is that on the soils of Europe, which have been
occupied for agricultural purposes for a thousand years—yes, for
two thousand, and for three thousand years, within historic times
and with historic data—that the soils of Europe are producing
more than the virgin soils of the United States.

Now, we went further than this in the investigation of this
question of the permanency of soil fertility. We asked ourselves
this reasonable question: If, on the soils of Europe which have
been occupied for agricultural purposes for a thousand years,
which are yielding more annually per acre than the soils of the
United States—if there was a question of an ultimate deterioration
and loss of plant food through finite times, the history of the
chemistry of the soils of Europe should show the fact to us now
so that we could prepare for our future state.

WE ARE PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR SOIL MAINTENANCE.

We have collected and collated the results of all the soil analy-
ses that have been made so far as they are published in the litera-
ture of the world; we have examined particularly the results of
the analyses that have been made in the past eighteen years since
modern methods of analysis were introduced. We find that there
is no significant difference between the chemical composition of the
soils of Europe today and the chemical composition of the soils
of this new country that we call the United States. There are
variations in the composition of our soils, there are variations in
the composition of the soils of Europe, but the variation is as
great in the one case as in the other; the minimum is as low in
the one case as in the other and the maximum with any of the
plant food elements is as high in Europe as it is in the newer
soils of our own country. What does this mean? It means that
we are, each of us, personally responsible for the cultivation and
the maintenance of fertility of our own farms. We cannot sit
back and shrug our shoulders, as we are inclined to do, and look
at the old fields grown up in weeds, and evidently deteriorating,
and blame an “unwise Providence.” We cannot say, as we have
been too prone to say, that the trouble is that the soil has been
robbed by our predecessors. We can just as well agree now to
face the situation and understand that the fertility of the soil is
as permanent and as free to all who own the land as the atmos-
phere is to all who breathe air. While we can defile the air with -
our manufacturing plants, while we can impede the ventilation
of our rooms and suffer diseases or impairment of our powers by

Corn Growers’ Association. 193

lack of sanitary conditions, so we can abuse our soils and make
them run down and fail to produce as they should through lack
of attention, through lack of knowledge, through lack of appre-
ciation or through lack of energy, and we have ourselves to
blame, either through our ignorance or through our incapacity,
when we talk of abandoned soils and impoverished land.

It would be a matter of the utmost interest to me if I had
the time to tell you of some of the advances that we are making in
the investigations of soils. Up to within twenty-five or thirty
years ago, I think, we knew a great deal more about the composi-
tion of the sun than we did about the composition of the soil of
our own earth. We certainly knew more about the laws of the
heavenly bodies than we did about the laws of agriculture, and it
is not surprising, for all human knowledge has begun by a study
of the far-off, the vague. It comes in in recent years with more ma-
ture thought, with more intelligent action, and we now look at
things close by; and one of the latest subjects attacked by science
is the soil upon which we walk, and still further back than that
is a subject of equal importance that we know still less about
than we do of the soil, that is common to us all, and that is water.

COLOR IN SOIL.

We know almost nothing about the properties of water, and that
is a Subject which is going to be attacked by scientific methods now
before long, as the soil has been attacked within recent years.
It is one of the most fascinating subjects of today; of course,
it is of great interest to me, as I have pushed myself along in it,
and I find that whenever I get a chance to talk about the subject
of the soil, the advances that have been made, the knowledge that
we have acquired always appeals to anyone who is at all interested
in agriculture; but time will not permit the discussion of it this
morning, except just briefly to bring up the important points of
the soil survey. One of the things that science is attacking is
that the color of the soil is to some extent indicative of its fer-
tility and crop adaptation. It is a very simple thing. We see here
a red soil and a red subsoil, and next to it a black soil and a black
subsoil, and in another field a yellow soil and in another a white
soil. We know that they are different, that they are adapted to
different crops. We know that if we put the same crop on each
of these soils that the plants will function differently; they will
grow better on some of them than they will on the others. Now,

A—13

194 Missouri Agricultural Report.

has the color anything to do with this? The color is probably
indicative of a subtle difference—a chemical or biological differ-
ence—what you will; but that difference which is indicated by
the color shows you the best crops and the best treatment to give
your soil as compared with another soil.

Now, science is trying to determine, if possible, what it is
in this red soil, what it is in that black soil, apart from the plant
food, that makes the plant’s activities grow, the something that
builds up the system, makes it want to grow and live as we do
when we are feeling in first class condition and our digestion is
all right.

CHEMISTRY OF THE SOIL.

The chemistry of the soil, as we are working it out today, is
not the chemistry of the mineral matters, as Liebig told us. His
work was all right so far as it went, but it stopped just short of
this: That there is a chemistry of the minerals, and there is a
chemistry of the organic properties of the soil; and we are find-
ing now that the chemistry of the soil is running parallel to the
chemistry of our human bodies. The soil chemist and the biologi-
cal chemist for the study of the causes of diseases, are running
right together in a parallel line. We are finding the same prop-
erty in the soil that they are finding in the animals which causes
fatigue or exhaustion, and, if carried too far, the death of the
organism. We are finding in soils substances that produce sickly
or weak plants, that produce plants that are easily subject to dis-
ease, just as we find, as a cause of our own ill condition, sub-
stances that are injurious to the proper functioning of the body.
The subject is of immense importance.

As a result of this investigation, we are beginning to learn
the reasons for the special adaptation of soils to particular crops.
We are beginning to understand for the first time, as we never
would have understood if we had persisted in the lines of soil
mineral chemistry, why it is that the pippin will grow better on
one kind of soil, that the Winesap is best adapted to another soil,
that the varieties of tobacco are grown on their separate and dis-
tinct soils; we are beginning to understand now the fact that we
have realized, in practice, that our different varieties of grapes,
whether for wine or for table use or for grape juice, ete., are
adapted to different soils, that they do their best and develop as
we want them to on different kinds of soils. These matters we are
beginning to understand, and they are forcing us to realize that

Corn Growers’ Association. 195

the first and most important subject of the soil survey is to de-
termine the particuiar type and distribution of soils so that we
can adapt our crops and our varieties of crops to each soil. We
have found in the south that the variety of cotton that is adapted
to a particular type of bottom land, that in such a location will
grow normally and produce a bale of cotton to the acre, if planted
on upland out of its environment, goes to pieces, fails to produce
the yield of lint that we have a right to expect from the history
of its production in the past. We find that the crop that has
adapted itself, through selection and breeding, to the uplands, until
it will produce a bale of cotton to the acre on what we call a Nor-
folk sand, goes all to pieces on the uncongenial, unrelated condi-
tions in the soils of the bottom land. That fact has made a differ-
ence of $20 an acre for some of the farmers of the south, who are
working out this one simple problem of adapting the type of cot-
ton to the particular type of soil which they possess.

WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE SOIL SURVEY ?

The work of the Bureau, throughout the United States, has
brought us in touch with so many illustrations of this kind, so
many opportunities of adapting a soil to a crop or to a variety of
crops, that it would weary you to hear of the number of cases.

In any soil that you take up, in any locality to which you go,
the question presents itself—what is the value of the soil survey?
Professor Marbut, when any one asks you what is the value of the
soil survey, ask them what they are proposing to do with their
soils; if they are satisfied with their soils and what they are do-
ing, then the soil survey is of no value. But we have never been
less satisfied with all the progress we are making, the farmers of
this country have never been less satisfied than they are today
with what they are doing with their soils.

Twelve years ago, when Secretary Wilson wrote his first an-
nual report to the President, he gave the value of the farm crops
of the United States as three thousand million dollars—three }11-
lion dollars. This last month, when he wrote his twelfth annual
report, the value of the farm cops of the United States was eight
billion dollars. That one man has seen the growth of the farm
crops of this country in his one administration of twelve years ad-
vance from three billion to eight billion dollars. The people are
not satisfied. We are doing better and better. We are doing bet-
ter every year, and each individual to keep up with the procession

196 Missouri Agricultural Report.

that he sees, not only in this country but in foreign countries, is
less and less satisfied with what he is doing with his soils; and I
find that the demand for the soil survey is growing so fast that
the Bureau of Soils, with all its resources, is unable to keep up
with the work. The Bureau of Soils has surveyed about 400
areas, aggregating about 180,000 square miles; that is larger than
Great Britain and Ireland (120,000 square miles), larger than
the Empire of Japan, nearly as large as France or Germany. The
map here (showing map) shows you the distribution of the work
and shows another very interesting thing which, as it stands,
seems a very embarrassing thing to me: That the amount of work
we have done is still but a small proportion to the amount that
will have to be done to make a soil survey of the United States.
If Congress, in its wisdom, continues the survey until it covers
the United States, and we snould decide to complete that por-
tion of the country east of the 100th meridian on a scale of one
inch to the mile, and this portion of the country (pointing to the
map) on a scale of six inches to the mile, then we have finished
about 13 per cent of the area east of the 100th meridian that will
have a detailed soil survey. However, while it seems to us who are
responsible for the work, that we have done great things in covering
so large an area, while we will this year, if the appropriations by
Congress permit, cover 40,000 square miles—an area larger than
England, on a scale of one inch to the mile, and 100,000 square
miles of reconnaissance work in the Great Plains region, there
are none of the foreign governments that have undertaken what
seems to them so stupendous a work as to make a soil survey
of their own territory—a work that this country is doing in a
quiet way, and has in the short time that the work has been carried
on, surveyed areas equal to or larger than several of the European
countries. We compare our country in its financial standing, in its
bank reserves, in its foreign commerce, in its battleships, in its
agricultural productions, with Great Britain, or France, or Ger-
many; but when we come to the soil survey we find that the
area of the United States is not comparable with the size of Great
Britain or with Germany, but the whole of Europe, and what we
have undertaken to do is to make a soil survey not equal to one of
our foreign countries, but equal to all European countries com-
bined. Now, that leads us to think of the possibility of develop-
ment of this country if we shall produce upon our soils what
they are producing in these older settled countries of Europe.
The time will come, if we develop in the future as we have

Corn Growers’ Association. 197

in the past, when the United States will be compared not with
one country of Europe, but in its resources, in its wealth, in its
agricultural productions, it will be comparable only with the com-
bined strength of all the European countries—it will be com-
parable only with Europe itself; and the State of Missouri, with
its 59,000 square miles, largely an agricultural state, must take
its place, must do its part in the development that is going on,
that has gone on rapidly and satisfactorily in the past, but that
must be helped and encouraged in the future as it has been in the
past, and I think the State is to be congratulated that this great
university, that we hear of throughout the east as one of the
leading institutions of the country, has taken up and is pushing
so energetically this question of the soil, its characters, its dis-
tribution, and its adaptation to crops, and the cultural methods
adapted to the different types; for these questions are important
to the State, as to the nation, for in the aggregate they make the
nation’s wealth and the State’s welfare, and it is necessary be-
cause of the lack of possible lines of organization, as we have
with commerce and with mines and minerals, it is necessary for
the State and the nation to help in the development of this, the
greatest resource of them all, and the most permanent resource.
And further, the national government, so far as I can speak
through the limited powers given me by Congress from year to
year in our annual appropriation bill, will be only too glad to
co-operate with the State of Missouri and try and arrange a defi-
nite and consistent basis of work, so that the work can be con-
centrated and finished sooner than either could finish it alone.
The many demands that are made on the National Bureau of Soils,
from all parts of the State, from all parts of the country, make
it imperative that we give our attention to different places, that
we scatter our work to satisfy the demands of the different states;
but the time is coming, if Congress is willing, for me to take the
position that where the state appropriates some money to carry
on this soil survey and soil investigations, that the government
will meet them with an equal allotment from our appropriations,
and with the national forces and the state forces working to-
gether, we can evolve a plan, a continuous plan, that will enable
us to get this information for a state, such as Missouri, in eight
or ten years, instead of leaving it to the development of the gen-
eral national policy which, while satisfactory to the nation as a
whole, does not give an adequate service to any particular state.
And this is one of the messages I have brought to Missouri: That

198 Missouri Agricultural Report.

we in Washington are glad to see that you are doing so much
for yourselves, and would be glad to see you do more. We would
be glad to see your Legislature make an appropriation of eight
or ten thousand dollars a year, that we would, out of our funds
derived from Congress, be glad to put in an equal amount and, by
doubling our forces, maintain a constant service in the State of
Missouri, so that the classification and survey of the State can be
finished in eight or ten years; and that is what we would like to
see done because we are interested in it from a national stand-
point as well as from the standpoint of the State of Missouri.

DISCUSSION.

~Q. When you speak of Secretary Wilson’s report showing
that the value of farm crops advanced from $3,000,000,000 to
$8,000,000,000, do you mean that the farm crops alone advanced
that much, or do you mean live stock and other things?

A. It means both—the total value of live stock and farm
crops.

Q. I would like to ask whether the yield per acre has very
materially increased in the last twelve years.

A. The records show that for the past forty years, if you
divide the period into four periods of ten years each, that the first
decade and the last decade have been rather high, have given
rather high yields, and the two intermediate have been rather
low, so that there is apparently a falling off and then a rise for
the past thirty years; but as a matter of fact, in statistics of this
kind, forty years is too short a time to eliminate seasonal differ-
ences. For example, in the past ten years California has seen
two of the lowest crops on record, and the last year of the perio:
they got the third highest yield on record. Now, when the differ-
ence between the minimum and maximum yield in a ten-year period
is greater than the average for the whole period, the average does
not mean much; but so far as we can say safely the indications
are that there has been a rise in yield of crops during the past
forty years, but it has not been very marked.

Corn Growers’ Association. 199

THE MISSOURI SOIL SURVEY.

(C. F. Marbut, in charge Missouri Soil Survey.)

A soil survey is a fundamental investigation of the nature,
origin, distribution, relation, and utilization of the greatest natural
resource entrusted to the use and care of man by the Creator. It
is at once a scientific and economic organization. It should con-
cern itself with the soil from the point of view of pure science
as well as from the point of view of its practical value to man.
The two relations are inseparable. The study of the practical
utilization of the soil can be carried on with intelligence only
when it is thoroughly known as to its character, composition, dis-
tribution, location, and other relations. The latter characters are
the more fundamental and must be determined before any im-
portant progress can be made in the investigations of the former.
The determination of the best method of soil management can
often be made by field study alone—by mere field observation of
the action or response of a soil to the many different kinds of
treatment it receives at the hands of farmers. Even where ex-
perimental methods are used for the purpose of controlling the
conditions, observational results can not safely be dispensed with.
Experiments, however, cannot be conducted, by the state at least,
on every tract of land. The determination of the best localities
for experiments in soil management is therefore wholly a ques-
tion of the knowledge of the soil in its physical, chemical. organic,
geologic and geographic relations. The purely practical side of
all soil survey work, therefore, may take the form of observational
determination of the soils, capacities and capabilities under ordi-
nary field conditions and experimental determination, both of
them being based on a knowledge of the nature of the soil itself. A
soil survey includes the fundamental work of determining the
nature of soils and their distribution and the practical work,
based on the latter, of determining the most permanently profit-
able method of soil management.

Advance in civilization is invariably accompanied by a great
broadening of the range of man’s requirements for physical com-
forts. Each and all of these must be supplied from the natural
resources of the earth so that the advance of civilization increases
greatly the demands made on the earth by man. It is probably
not far wrong to say that without the possibility of supplying

200 Missouri Agricultural Report.

these increased requirements for comfort civilization could not
advance. While true civilization is accompanied by an improve-
ment of man’s moral and spiritual nature, yet moral and spiritual
advancement is conditioned absolutely on a degree of physical com-
fort. The material basis of civilization must be acquired before
the spiritual improvement can take place.

The country with slender natural resources stands always at
a serious disadvantage in the upward struggle for social, spiritual
and intellectual betterment. The country that has been blessed
with abundant natural resources, but has allowed them to be ex-
hausted by use and abuse, is not only at a disadvantage, but its
rulers have committed a crime against nature and their own peo-
ple in allowing such exhaustion to take place. It is, moreover, one
of the most imperative duties of the authorities in any country
to take measures that will insure the preservation, so far as that
is consistent with the daily requirements of the people of the
country, of its natural resources. It is as much a duty to make
use of the material resources of the earth as it is to preserve them.
A balance between no utilization at all on the one hand and prodi-
gal waste on the other must be maintained. This is not to be
accomplished by deprivation. Probably no land has ever been
seriously impaired in natural resources throtigh the legitimate
though abundant use of man. It has occurred in particular in-
stances, no doubt, but waste has occurred more as the result of
lack of care and the failure to take precautions against loss through
the operation of natural forces.

The invididual citizen is, as a rule, not vitally interested in
the preservation of natural resources. His life is short and his
interests are immediate and personal. He does not concern him-
self to a great extent with the problem of the future of mankind
or its means of maintaining an existence upon the earth. Human
society, on the other hand, is, in some form, perpetual. It lives
indefinitely and its demand for physical maintenance in the future
will be as great as in the past if an equal degree of civilization
be maintained. While the individual, therefore, may not feel a
vital interest in the preservation and proper use of the material
basis of human civilization, human society and its personification,
human government, should and must be vitally interested in it. It
is unquestionably a legitimate function of the government of every
civilized country to take measures toward insuring the permanence
of its existence. One of the most evident means of doing so is
to determine the nature and amount of its resources and on this

Corn Growers’ Association. 201

as a basis determine the best means of insuring their preservation.

This has long been a recognized function of governments with
however limited application. For more than half a century the
determination of the mineral resources of many of the states of
this country has been a recognized function of the state govern-
ments. Our own national government and practically every other
civilized government in the world has done the same thing. Mis-
souri has spent within the last sixty years more than half a mil-
lion dollars for geological and mineralogical investigation. It has
been only within the last decade or two that any attention has
been paid similar investigations of soils, the source of man’s most
important income. More or less spasmodic work on the nature
and composition of certain soils was done many years ago, but the
beginning of systematic investigation of soils in this country is
recent. While a good deal of data has been accumulated on many
different kinds of soils, yet the actual field relations of those soils,
their geologic and geographic distribution (especially the latter),
are still, to a great extent, unknown.

The 43rd General Assembly of Missouri included in its appro-
priations to the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station a small
amount of money for the purpose of starting soil survey work in
this State. The survey was organized in April, 1905, by the Board
of Curators. It was placed under the general direction of the
Director of the Experiment Station and the work planned under
the following three heads. (1) The Field Division; (2) ‘The
Chemical Division; (3) The Soil Experiment Division. The work
of the first was to cover the differentiation and mapping of the
various soils as they occur in the State, to take samples of each
type for analytical purpose, determine the physical character of
each soil by means of physical analysis and to prepare the reports
on the general character and distribution of the soils.

The work of the second division was to consist of the deter-
mination of the chemical composition of the soil samples collected
by the first division and to analyze and discuss the results.

The work of the third division was to include all the work
connected with the determination, by the growth of various crops
on the several soil types, of the best methods of handling the vari-
ous soils under actual field conditions. It was at first thought
that the study of actual agricultural conditions in the areas sur-
veyed by the field division should be carried on by the second
division, but that has been found impracticable, since the same
men must do both classes of work. They should be under the

202 Missouri Agricultural Repost.

direction, however, of only one man, in order to avoid confusion
and hesitation among the survey corps.

As originally planned, the soil survey was an organization with
three main departments. In the actual carrying on of the work
it is gradually splitting into two organizations: A Soil Survey
with a field division and a chemical division, and a Bureau of Crop
Experimentation. In the following description of the work al-
ready accomplished by the Soil Survey, the meaning of the latter
expression is understood. The work of the soil survey proper, as
now understood, includes the identification of the various soil types
in the field, and the mapping of their distribution, the study of ex-
isting agricultural conditions in the areas studied, and the de-
termination of the physical and chemical composition of the vari-
ous soils. By far the greater part of all the work is the identifi-
cation, differentiation, and mapping of the soils in the field. The
field work of the survey is carried on with two degrees of accuracy
and detail. A particular region, usually one of the main physical
regions of the State, like the southeastern lowlands, the Ozari
regions, etc., is gone over first in a rapid survey for the purpose
of determining the general character of its soils and for grouping
them into their groups according to their origin or some other
relation. This work is done rapidly and the results are intended
to be used for purposes of general information about the region
and as a guide for future work. General soil maps are prepared
for the regions studied. They are published with an accompany-
ing report, which describes the main soil groups and the general
agricultural conditions as well as offers suggestions for the treat-
ment of the various soils. We designate this work as reconna’‘s-
sance work,

The other character of field work is detailed work. An areca,
usually a county, is taken up and mapped in great detail, Every
type of soil in the county is identified and its distribution deter-
mined accurately. An attempt is made to determine the charac-
ter of the soil in every ten-acre area in the county. Samples, usu-
ally several, from each soil type, are collected for study in the Jab-
oratories of the survey. A county map will be prepared and pub-
lished, showing the distribution and area of all the soils of the
county. It will be accompanied by a report describing the soiis
and agricultural conditions and giving practical suggestions for
treating the soils. We designate this as detailed work.

The progress of the two grades of field work that had been

Corn Growers’ Association. 203

reached up to January 1, 1909, is shown on the accompanying map.
The Ozark region of the State was covered by the Reconnaisance
work in the summers of 1905 and 1906. The general map was pre-
pared in 1908, and the report on the region was about ready for
the printer January 1, 1909. Reconnaisance field work was begun
in North-central and Northeastern Missouri in 1907, and continued
in 1908 as far as our small appropriation would allow. The field
work was just about completed in 1908, and the general report is

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in course of preparation. Some Reconnaisance field work has
been done in the prairie region of Southwestern Missouri, and a
few days spent in Northwestern Missouri, and also in the southeast-
ern lowlands, though these latter two regions are practically un-
touched. Very little Reconnaisance work was done in the summer
of 1908, on account of lack of funds for field expenses.

In detailed work, four counties have been covered: They are

204 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Barton, Audrain, Sullivan and DeKalb. Barton and Audrain were
completed in the field season of 1907, though Barton was begun in
1906. Sullivan was begun in 1907 and completed in 1909. DeKalb
was begun and completed in 1908. The soil maps of all of these
except DeKalb are ready for the engraver, and the data for the
reports has been collected, though the reports have not yet been
written.

The result of this work shows great variation of detail in the
soils of the different parts of the State. In Audrain county, for
example, large areas of country are underlaid with the same kind
of soil. In the whole county there are only three or four main
upland soils. In Barton county, on the other hand, there are io
areas of more than a very few square miles with a uniform soil.
There are also many different kinds of upland soils. The soil map
of Audrain county, therefore, is simple, while that of Barton is
complex.

This amount of work has been accomplished at an expenditurs
of about $10,000. The planning and supervision of the work is
done by the regular Experiment Station staff, and nothing is paid
these men in the way of salaries for soil survey work. The ex-
pense of the survey, therefore, consists of the salaries and field
expenses of the field men and the field expenses that are incurred
in supervision. In addition to this is the expense of publication of
the reports and incidental expenses of supplies, instruments and
other field equipment.

Up to the close of 1908, this work was done by the experiment
station wholly, and appropriations made for that purpose by the
State Legislature. The Station got no aid in soil survey work
from any other source. Soil survey work of an intermittent char-
acter has been done in Missouri by the United States Bureau of
Soils. Their work consisted only of detailed work with a county
as a unit, but the detail to which they have carried it has not been
so great as that of the detailed work done by the Missouri survey.
The general plan of their detailed work, however, and the end
sought, was much the same as that of our own detailed work. In
the past ten years they have covered some eight or ten counties.
While the Missouri survey has not worked any of the counties that
have already been worked by the Bureau, yet it would be necessary
at some time in the future to do this, or else have a resulting soil
map of the State, part of which was done under the direction of
one institution and the rest under that of another. Such a result
could hardly be satisfactory. The resurvey of the Bureau’s work by

Corn Growers’ Association. 205

the Missouri station would also be to a very great extent a waste
of money. To avoid either of these results the Missouri Station
approached the Bureau of Soils with a plan of co-operation in soil
work in Missouri in January. The plan was accepted, and has been
officially agreed upon by the directors of the Missouri Agricultural
Experiment Station and Soil Survey and by the Secretary of Agri-
culture and the Chief of the Bureau of Soils. By this plan of co-
operation the Missouri station is given general charge of all the
soil survey work in Missouri, the Director of the Missouri Survey
being made Special Agent also, of the Bureau of Soils. The
Bureau of Soils agrees to furnish and pay the salaries of half the
field men, the Missouri Station the other half. The field expenses
of the survey parties are to be shared equally by the two organi-
zations. The Bureau agrees also to pay for the engraving of al!
maps, except those to which the Missouri Station may desire some
extra data added, and to pay for the typesetting of all reports.
The Bureau agrees also to pay all expenses of supervision.

By this plan of work the Missouri Station will be able to do
the work according to its own plans, which will be based on the
intimate knowledge of the needs of the various parts of the Svate
possessed by the Experiment Station officers, and the State will be
required to pay less than half the total cost of the work.

A TWELVE-ACRE FARM.
(Hon. Matt. W. Hall, Warden Missouri State Penitentiary.)

I will tell you what I have accomplished with twelve acres cf
land in Jefferson City, owned by the Missouri penitentiary. In
1905, when I took charge of the penitentiary, I found there a
small tract of land owned by the State. There were about twelve
acres of land that could be cultivated, if you could prevent its
washing off. This entire tract of land was rented, with a good
house and barn, for $350 a year. In the fall of 1905, as soon as
the man who had it rented, got his crop out of the way, I began to
fertilize it by hauling all the manure that I could get about Jef-
ferson City, and distribute it over this piece of land. The twelve
acres of ground I decided to put into a garden. The first year I
planted it in various garden truck, and raised $1,200 worth of
vegetables, aiming to estimate their value at the current wholesale
prices from time to time. As soon as I got some of the early veg-

206 Missouri Agricultural Report.

etables off, I sowed all of it that I could in cowpeas. They grew
up, standing two feet high, and in September I turned the whol:
crop under and manured it again that winter. The next year I
planted it in vegetables, and I gathered off of it and sent to the
provision store of the Missouri penitentiary $1,800 worth of vege-
tables. I continued the same process the following year; and
what I did during the year 1908 is almost an incredible story. If
I had not done this myself, I would be inclined to think that the
story I am going to tell you was “fishy; but these vegetables have
been gathered, and have gone into the dining-room, and I will now
proceed to give you the proceeds of that garden for the year 1908.
I hope that you, gentlemen, will not be misled by anything which
I may say here, because the first essential thing that will enable
aman to succeed on a garden of this kind is to have a market. We
have always heard that the man was farthest from the market who
had nothing to sell; but if a man has got plenty of stuff to sell he
needs a market, and must have it, and when in this country we get
rapid and safe transportation and a system of good country roads,
then we are going to prove a great blessing to the people of our
great cities, and the people of our great cities are going to prove a
blessing to us because there is so much land and so much oppor-
tunity in this country to produce fine vegetables, fine fruits,
and everything in fact that tends to make mankind happy, that
when we can be brought close enough together, why then both
city and county will profit thereby. The people in the towns and
cities of Missouri have to pay too much for many farm crops. We
want good roads, quick transportation, so that every farmer in
this State can get to the great cities with his commodities.

In the year 1908, we gathered and fed the prisoners 9,040
green onions at $6 a thousand, making $542.40; we gathered off
of this same garden 45 boxes of onions, at $1 per box. (Each of
those boxes held 114 bushels.) The green onion that I first re-
ferred to is known as the winter onion, the one that stays in the
ground all winter. It is the easiest thing raised that I know of;
it will multiply as rapidly as buckbrush if you will give it the
chance. We gathered 32 bushels of yellow onions, at 75 cents a
bushel; that onion was raised from seed. We gathered 55 bushels
of German onions, at 75 cents, making $41.25. We gath-
ered 88 bushels of Red Globe onions, at $1 per bushel; 981 bushels
of tomatoes, at 75 cents a bushel; we raised and sent out of that
garden 70,120 pounds of cabbage at $1 a hundred; we raised 185
bushels of lettuce, at 25 cents a bushel; we gathered and fed 13

Corn Growers’ Association. 207

wagon loads of pie-plant, with 14,000 stalks in each load, making
$260; we gathered 250 bushels of green beans (the ordinary snap-
bean), at 50 cents a bushel. And I want to say that if I could
have had three good heavy showers of rain, which I did not get,
I would have raised 600 bushels of those beans, because I gathered
this 250 bushels and only got the beans matured from the first
blooming. We gathered 162 bushels of sweet potatoes, at 75 cents ;
178 bushels of early Irish potatoes (which I set at 80 cents a
bushel, and I bought some the very same time, which cost me
$1.10 a bushel; so you will see that I have tried to keep these
figures within the range of wholesale prices). Therefore, I find
that aside from the rental of the two pastures, I raised on these
twelve acres of land fresh vegetables to the amount of $2,966.75;
and there are millions of acres of land in Missouri that will do
better even than that.

Now, of course, I am from Saline county; my home and farm
are there. I am temporarily in Jefferson City, and everybody thinks
that Cole county is one of the poorest counties in the State for
agriculture. There is a great deal of poor land in Cole county,
but this particular spot of land on which I raise these vegetables, is
as fine as any piece of land that you can find in any part of this
State. It is a rich, yellow, sandy loam, and when properly culti-
vated and properly seeded, it is, I think, the best piece of vege-
table land that I ever saw in my life.

ONE METHOD OF HELPING THE FARM BOY.
(F. H. Crowell, Butler, Missouri.)

When we held this Farmers’ Convention two years ago we
had with us a gentleman by the name of Grout, from Illinois, who
gave us a description of his Farm Boys’ Encampment. I was very
much impressed with his remarks, and after he left the platform
I took occasion to interview him as to his method of holding en-
campments. It did not seem wise to me at that time to put that
plan into operation—TI did not think we were ready for it. But I
went to work to try to get some boys from Bates county to come up
here to Columbia and get in touch with the Agricultural College.
We hold a county fair in our county, and I got some of the bankers
interested in my plan and got them to offer premiums enabling the
boy or young man who showed the best corn at our county fair to

208 Missourt Agricultural Report.

come here to Columbia and enter the two months short course.
The young man who won came up here and took the course and
made a good record. Another bank in our town did not want to
be left out on this, so I told them they could send some boys up
here for Farmers’ Week; they did so, and the boys went home fully
enthusiastic over the new methods of agriculture.

THE FARM BOYS’ ENCAMPMENT.

Last year when I went home from this convention, I had a
plan in my mind which I discussed with the banks and with the
farmers, and in which they became very much interested. I
wanted to hold a Farm Boys’ Encampment, but as it costs con-
siderable money to hold one of these encampments, I began to
look around about the financial end of it. We had a banker in our
town who had sent a boy here to the Agricultural College, and
when I explained the proposition to him, he said that it looked
good. He took it up with the Board of Directors, who were all
farmers, and they all fell into line, and we began to get ready for
the Encampment. After the bankers had promised me that they
would finance the plan, I had to hunt around for a place to hold
the encampment, and one day as I stepped out on the sidewalk I
saw my friend Thompson and I said to him: “I have got the
bank to put up the money for the encampment, now, but where
can we hold it?’ “Why,” he said, “you can hold it right on my
farm.” I saw that that was a fine place to hold the encampment,
as all of this man’s stock was thoroughbred, everything on his
farm was thoroughbred.

We have in our town a company of State militia. They
thought now it would be an excellent plan if they took their men
out to camp for several days before they went out to Riley to get
some instructions—and so they did that; the company went out to
camp on Mr. Thompson’s farm exactly where we wanted to hold
our boys’ encampment. You can see the bearing it had on the en-
campment, but of course we impressed on the officers not to work
their boys too hard—two or three days would be enough, and we
would not need the tents until Thursday; and so on Thursday morn-
ing we took possession. We had the camp in a beautiful place,
with everything laid out in military precision, and we had all the
paraphernalia of the militia for going into camp. We had three
colored cooks and a commissary of the company, so that every-
thing was carried on in military style. When the boys arrived that
morning, we formed them into companies; each township in a com-

Corn Growers’ Association. 209

pany by itself, and we thought best to elect a captain for each
company so that he would be responsible for the presence of the
boys at the lectures and for their conduct while in camp; and I
want to tell you men right now that in all my experience I have
never seen a better behaved, more orderly lot of boys than we
had.

We had a bugler from the militia who called the boys together
for meals. The boys marched to their meals assembled in com-
panies. Each township, as far as possible, was given a tent to
itself. The tents were big and roomy, holding about twenty-five
boys each. The biggest representation from a township was from
Summit, from which thirty-five boys came; and I will say that
the young man who took the short course here last winter was in-
strumental, with the help of two or three of his friends, in bring-
ing in that large number from Summit township. There were
268 boys registered, and not a boy within the corporate limits of
Butler was allowed to register—they were all farm boys. A school
teacner in the northeastern township took his whole school (four-
teen boys) and loaded them up in a wagon and brought them to
the encampment for the whole three days. That shows what an
influence the teachers throughout the country districts can have
for the good of agriculture.

When the mess call was sounded, we issued each boy, after
he had registered, a tin cup, a knife, fork, and spoon, and told
him to look out for them, which he did. The companies were
arranged in military style at a long table, and each boy was given
his food on a wooden plate (those plates don’t cost very much
and are extremely handy in camp life) and tnen went to his tent
and ate his meal. If he wanted more food, he went to the table
again, and if he had all he wanted he took his plate to the cook’s
tent and it was burned, which was quite an idea in a sanitary way.
Then the boys had time to play games. One method we had of
punishing them if they did not behave in strict military style
was to throw them up in a blanket.

When the bugle sounded, they all came to the big assembly
tent, which seated about 800, and were instructed in different lines
of farming. The encampment lasted three days and the boys re-
ceived a great deal of instruction.

Mr. Jordan was there and talked to the boys on soils and corn
and farm life in general; Mr. King was there and gave the boys
instructions in judging horses and cattle and hogs and sheep. As

A—14

210 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the cattle and stock of all kinds on the farm where we were camp-
ing were purebred, we had good stock to judge. Mr. Chandler
was there to talk on horticulture. The time was all occupied from
morning to night, and the boys were much interested. We did not
work them too hard, but mixed in a little fun as we went along.

On Friday night the bank invited all the boys to come down
town to the show and paid their expenses, and the boys behaved
beautifully.

EVERYBODY’S DAY.

On Saturday we invited everybody to come to the encamp-
ment—that was Everybody’s Day. We had a big crowd and a
grand picnic. We served dinner that day to the boys, and I
suspicioned that most of the mothers sampled the food to see
what the boys had been getting to eat. They had an abundance
of things to eat. We furnished them an army ration of coffee,
snap beans, bread, meat, potatoes, tomatoes, and one night we
served ice cream. We had a general picnic on Saturday and had
a basket dinner. We were fortunate that day in having with us
Mr. Robinson, a great horse breeder from Kansas, and he gave
us a splendid talk on horses and what he had done and what the
boys could do if they follow out legitimate lines of breeding. And
so we had a very interesting time with the boys.

More of us ought to take up this plan in our towns. You
ought to induce your bankers and business men to finance it. The
people at Sweet Springs held an encampment after we held ours
and it was very successful. There are some things that you ought
to look out for. In the first place, the sanitary conditions ought
to be good. Our camp was located in a place that drains well, so
that in case of rain the boys did not suffer from the wet ground.
Then, we had our boys under military discipline and none of them
could go away from the grounds without permission. While that
was not absolutely necessary, it gave them a touch of militay life
which they liked. All the boys were required to be at the lectures
when they were in progress, and we had no trouble with them
after they understood the proposition.

The expense of this encampment was considerable, and I am
sure that the boys appreciated the efforts of the banks in their
behalf, and the unanimous opinion of all the boys is that they want
another encampment next year. It is my opinion that if we have
another encampment next year we will have 1,500 boys, and it
seems to me that the University here could arrange with the State

Corn Growers’ Association. Pail

Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College to send a de-
tachment of its cadets out to the various parts of the State and
let the boys at the encampments see a touch of military life and
get in touch with the University. It is impossible for a boy to
get enthusiastic over anything until he is brought into contact
with it.

I will give you an illustration of how the trip to Columbia
impressed one boy, who was up here last winter. At our encamp-
ment this fall, I asked him if he had some corn to bring to the
fair and he said, “No, I haven’t.”” (He did not have any that he
thought good enough,) I told him he had better bring some along
and we could find some place to put it underneath the rest, ana
so he consented to bring some. I found that his corn was not good
show corn, and I showed him where to put it. After the show [I
asked him if he wanted the corn, and he said he did not. The
last night of the fair when everyone was packing up corn and
taking it away, I noticed a man standing outside. I knew that
he had no exhibit there, and I asked him if he was looking for
some corn. He pointed to the corn that this boy had brought?
and said: “I want to find the owner of that corn so I can buy
it.” I told him that I knew the owner and that it would be all
right for him to take some of it home with him. A week after-
ward I met the boy on the street who had exhibited that corn,
and I told him about the incident, I told him the man said that
was the best corn he ever saw and he wanted to grow it. ““Humph,”
he said, ‘‘He had better go to Columbia and learn something.”

So you see the good the bank did in sending that boy up here;
he was in Columbia just one week, but he learned that he did not
know what good corn was. He told me that he was going to raise
some corn for the next fair, and that the other boys would have
to grow some good corn if they beat him. So you ean see the
good influence that the Agricultural College had on the boy.

I hope this idea of the Farm Boys’ Encampment will grow.
It is one method of reaching the farm boy, and in my opinion
it is one of the best. It makes them enthused with the agricultural
ideas, and they don’t want to leave the farm and go to the cities,
but they want to leave the cities and go back to the farm.

242 Missouri Agricultural Report.

THE BREEDING PLAT.

(S. M. Jordan, Institute Assistant, Missouri State Board of Agriculture.)

I do not know the chapter in which the text may be found, but
these are the words—“‘You may be able to get show corn by selec-
tion, but you must look to breeding to get the yielding corn.”

If there is truth in the above statement, is it not plain that
we are greatly in need of more breeding plats? No man ean tell
by an examination of two or more ears of corn as to which of
them will be the greater yielder when planted in the field side by
side and cared for in every way the same. Would you not rather
be able to go to your field or crib and be able to select the heaviest
ylelders than all the other things that you do know about corn?
A man who could do that would be an expert indeed, would he
not? No man can pick out the yielders, and no man can tell when
he has picked out his corn which of the ears will grow the more
vigorously when planted under the same identical conditions. What
would you give if you could go to your seed pile and pick out the
ear that would yield the most and those that would grow with the
most vigor? Can you think of any two things of more value than
those two things would be? If you should imagine that you can
do either one of these things, I will bet a coonskin against your old
hat that if you will just try it and then plant these ears in a breed-
ing plat, one ear in each row, and care for them the same, and give
each the same chance, you will wake up to find that you will be
sadly fooled, and you will have much less faith in your judgment.

Now, if these things are so important should we not find them
out, if they are to be found out? Is there any way to tell the heavy
ylelders from the poor ones, and the vigorous growers from the
weak ones? If this can be done, will it not pay us to go at it as
that is the road to corn improvement?

We can find out just these things. The object of all this talk
in the above lines is to start us to thinking right, and to let in
light on the importance of “Corn Breeding.” So the breeding plat
will be the discussion in this article, and J shall endeavor to make
it as plain as possible. There are some few methods as to the way
certain things are done by different breeders, but the essentials
are all the same.

The first thing that will be considered is the ground for the
plat. I am inclined to the opinion that it should be rather good

Corn Growers’ Association. 2s

soil as it will take reasonably good soil to put good vitality into the
corn to be raised. If the soil is the richest you have, it might
not produce seed that would stand adverse conditions of poor soil.
Also, the ground should not be too thin as that will not produce
vigorous seed to plant in the richer soils. It will, no doubt, be
best to select soil that may be the nearest an average to that in
which your general crop is to be planted. The ground also should
be as nearly alike all over as possible. If soil differing to any
great extent were used it would not give all the ears an equal
chance, and that is important as that will be the only means of a
true comparison,

As to the amount of ground to be used, that will depend much
on the amount of seed you need for your general crop and on the
help you may have to do the work. From a half acre one can
generally get enough seed to plant at least from 80 to 100 acres,
and that is quite enough for our average farm. The same mistake
that I made in the start is the one that is common in nearly every
case, and that one is that we attempt too much. Do not try more
than a half acre to start on, and you are more likely to get satis-
factory results. Don’t try more than one-half acre at first.

As to the selection of seed will say, that it is now too late to
do that the very best way. To begin the selection before the corn
is fully ripe is best, as an examination and a study of the plant
can be made at that time, and the plant is the machine that makes
the ear. By getting into the field before the corn is quite ripe and
marking certain plants that meet the requirements it will be a
great advantage. An ear should not be taken for the breeding plat
that has not grown on a plant that has a good root system—and
that can be determined to a great extent by the system of brace
roots that appear. The corn plant cannot be any better than its
root system makes it. It is further desirable that a stalk have
strong short joints as that will give to it a better leaf system. The
root system takes of the plant food as it is in solution in the water
in the soil and it is thus carried to the leaves and there combines
with the plant food in the air and in the leaf is where the plant
food of the soil and of the air is manufactured into plant tissue. It
is then very evident that the plant is well worthy of study to the
corn breeder. A _ well-developed plant is necessary to vigorous
ears. I prefer that the stalk also be of only medium height as
that makes it less likely to go down in winds, and grows an ear
lower down, which things are very desirable. The ear should be
in height from the elbow to the shoulder, and when ripe it indi-

214 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cates that the shank is too large, which indicates a large cob, and
also makes the ear hard to break off in husking and thus retards
the rapidity of that process. Again, when it points upward the
husks will often open up enough to let the rain into the ear and
that will, no doubt, injure the vitality of the ear.

I would start with as good seed as could be secured as that will
hasten the results that much. Any corn by selection and breeding
can be made a good corn, but the better it is to start with the
sconer will big results come. There are many corn growers in
the State that have most excellent corn, and good seed can in most
all cases be obtained from them.

Now, I would especially test every year and use no ear that
had not shown in the test 100 per cent germination. Your work
would be much of a guess after all if you used some ears that were
weak in vigor or vitality, and much of the value of your work
might thus be lost.

Then after the ground is well warmed up the planting will be
the next thing in order. Many breeders prefer to drill, but I
rather like to place it in hills. There are the good and bad features
of both ways, but I think I prefer to hill as it will let me know
that I get exactly the same number of grains in each hill and the
same number of grains in each row. I think best to mark off the
ground and drop the seed by hand, putting the same number of
grains in every hill, then it may be covered with a hoe. So far,
you see we have no guess work.

When the planting is ready to begin, I have my ears ready
and plant one row from each ear, or as some prefer to plant at
least two rows from each ear, as that will make us doubly sure
as to the fact of no accident, for if results from the two rows
somewhat remotely planted are similar, we feel that it is no guess
work again.

Shell enough corn off the ear to plant the row, leaving the
butt and tip and some rows entirely on the ear. Now take a small
piece of card board and mark the number of the row on it and
with a nail put into the butt of the ear fasten the cardboard to it,
and that will keep the ear so that it may be found at any time
for reference and comparison. Treat all the ears the same way
and then lay them away in a box where mice and rats cannot get
to it, and it will be a source of pleasure as well as surprise in
many cases to see the ears that have made a good record or a bad
one, as the case may be. We find in many instances that the ears
that we thought our very best have proven to be perhaps our very

Corn Growers’ Association. 215

poorest, and some that we thought only common will surprise us
by being among our heaviest yielders.

Now, the next thing in order is to arrange a chart of the plat,
that anything of importance may be noted on the chart. After
the corn has been planted two or three days it will be well to see
the plat every morning and it will be seen that certain rows will
be coming up much ahead of others. All the slow rows should be
marked on the chart, and mark them to be among the ones to be
detasseled. No breeding is desired from the plants that lack vigor,
neither should any seed be saved from such rows that are lacking
in vigor.

It will also be noticed that certain rows grow and thrive much
better than others—a fact to be noted on the chart. Also it will be
noted that some rows seem to grow much taller than others, and
if the height becomes too great, that row also should be marked
for detasseling.

As to the rows to be detasseled it is evident that that fact
cannot be determined until the work is about ready to be done.
Many seem to prefer to detassel alternate rows, and for certain
reasons that would be well, but in many cases a row intended to be
left as a sire will be found to be sadly wanting in the things most
desired in a sire.

Others allow the ears at planting time to determine the rows
to be detasseled, but it is evident that that will not be best.

It might be well to state that the object of taking the tassels
out of certain rows and stalks is to prevent undesirable breeding.
The pollen or dust from the tassel is the male element of the corn
plant, and the silk is female organ, and it is necessary that if the
elements come in contact that the grains may form. When the
tassel is removed from a corn plant it is the same as when the
knife is used in our live stock. In our herbs we take out the bad
individuals and thus prevent breeding from them, and the same
laws hold in our corn work, and the results will be just as gratify-
ing.

The time for detasseling will now need to be considered. It
will need to be done as soon as the tassels begin to appear from
the blades, so if the pollen has become dry enough to fall it is
then too late, and the work will be of no consequence and perhaps
work an injury in the bargain. At best the detasseling may do
some harm to the yield as well as injure the growth of the plant,
as it is a wound and the plant is very likely to suffer to at least a
small degree on account of it, especially if the weather conditions

216 Missouri Agricultural Report.

are not favorable. It will be necessary to get into the plat every
day for a few days at tasseling time, as they do not appear all at
the same time, and it is not desired that they do all appear at the
same time as that condition would prevent the corn from filling
well, as all the silks do not come out at the same time, and also the
weather has much to do in the complete pollination of the corn.

The most approved way to detassel is to pull it out. It comes
off at the last joint very easily, but the reaching up so long is a very
tiresome job. I have found a good and an easy method is to take
a gentle horse, muzzle him, and by riding at the side of the tow
it puts one in easy reach of the work. :

Now, as to what to detassel will have to be determined by the
record as shown by what the various rows have done, any row
lacking in vigor or showing anything not to be desired is to be
detasseled, as no breeding is to be done by such. It is agreed that
all undesirable plants should be detasseled, as that will eliminate
the scrub individual. There are other rows also that we will want
to detassel; at least half that show fine performance, as we want
some seed that is not self-fertilized. There is a wide discussion
as to what the effect of self-fertilization may be in the corn plant.
It is naturally a self-breeder to a certain extent. Some of the
pollen fertilizes the ear on the same stalk, and to limited degree
will be inbred. The fact that it is naturally a self-breeder makes
it best is very flimsy argument, to say the least. Only a casual
glance at the things in which man has made improvement by
diverting or changing the current of nature will settle that line of
argument. It is the generally accepted idea that from the highest
quality of the detasseled rows we will get our strongest breeders,
those that will give us the most vigorous producers. The seed
from all the rows of high quality should be carefully cared for, as
the poorest are far better than the seed taken from the general
field: All the bad breeders have been removed and that cannot be
said of the rest of the field. Then for the ears for a breeding plat
next season, let us have the seed from the highest detasseled rows.
When the detasseling is done no further note need be taken save
to watch for the effects, perhaps, of the detasseling, until the time
comes to search for the ears for the next season, as is mentioned
toward the former part of this article.

At that time we should note the time of ripening, the position
of the ears, and anything else that we may see that might be of
interest or profit.

Now in looking forward to the harvest several things should be

Corn Growers’ Association. 2G

considered. Count the stalks in the rows and determine how
nearly a perfect stand has been matured. Note the number of
ears as compared with the number of stalks in a row. The num-
ber of suckers may also be noted, and many other things that most
any one will notice that may be of interest. One of the most im-
portant as well as one of the most interesting parts is yet to be
played, and that is the harvest. Each row should be gathered
separately and a careful weight taken, and a record made. Note
the number of well formed and well developed ears as compared
with those of inferior shape and quality. The highest yield of the
best quality is the issue. It will be found that some of the “pet”
ears, some that we may have taken to the show, and on which we
won a prize, have fallen below the “dead line,” while some of those
that made no great pretensions have won out in the final and
crucial test. Folks are sometimes that way, you know.

The corn that has given us the best results should be well
dried out and put away for the general crop next season, and the
finest and best ears should be carefully preserved for the breed-
ing plat next season.

There is no question but that this method of work carried out
for a few seasons will be a great help in vastly increasing our
corn yields.

I have tried to make this lesson in corn breeding plain enough
that any of the boys can understand, and it is hoped that many
will go at it and put out a breeding plat this season. This has
been a source of a big profit to me, and it will prove so to others.

First prize bushel of Boone County White exhibited at the State Corn Show, held under the
auspices of the State Board of Agriculture in Columbia, January, 1909.

State Dairymen’s Session.

Tuesday, January 5, 1909.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
(By P. P. Lewis, Crescent, Mo.)

Members of the Missouri State Dairy Association, Ladies and
Gentlemen :

It is with a great deal of pleasure and not without some pride
that I am permitted, at this time, to call your attention to a few
of the many good things that this Association stands for and has
accomplished during the nineteenth year of its existence.

In the beginning, those who fathered this Association ap-
preciated the adaptability of this grand old commonwealth for
dairy purposes. They felt that in the organization and coming
together of the dairymen at least once in each year, great and
lasting good would be accomplished in the exchange of ideas,
experiences and observations, and in this manner they would be
enabled to secure the best results from their chosen avocations
in the shorter route of experience, in that they would profit from
that of others.

Since this organization was launched, the best men in this
splendid work have met together and have accomplished great
good for themselves, their neighbors, and their State. By con-
stant agitation and by advocating this phase of farm life they
have brought it to the attention of the thinking men in every walk
of life, having lifted themselves, with others, who have engaged
in this business, from the common “mossback’’ or hayseed to what
is now considered to be one of the most scientific—and when prop-
erly handled—profitable businesses in which a man on the farm
can engage.

Year after year this Association has brought into our State
men who are abundantly well qualified to speak upon the various

(218)

State Dairy Association. Pad tS)

sides of the dairy business, men who are recognized leaders in
their several lines. Those who have been fortunate enough to
attend these meetings have been caused, by coming into contact
with and hearing these able men, to return to their homes and
take up their work with higher ideals and a better appreciation of
their business and with a desire, not only to make money out of
the business, but to accomplish something that will be of more
value to their homes, their communities and their State.

Through this Association and its influence our young men
have been encouraged and made to look upon the farm and its
work, not as an irksome and undesirable task, but as an avocation
of which they can be proud. In fact, they have been lifted out of
their former selves and made to feel, that after all, the farm means
far more than drudgery, bent backs, aching hands and endless toi!
of an unremunerative nature, and that which has heretofore been
looked upon as undesirable can be made, through proper applica-
tion and enlightenment, which is afforded by the experience of
others who have from time to time been before this Association
and through our Dairy Department under the able and efficient
Prof. C. H. Eckles, a splendid source of uplifting and upbuilding,
not only from the financial standpoint, but from that higher stand-
point which we all love to feel, that we have accomplished some-
thing which stands for good.

This Association has advocated laws that have been enacted
for the control and the protection of a clean, pure and honest
product, whether it be the manufactured product—butter, or the
pure milk for the consumption of the thousands within our larger
cities. It has advocated and has succeeded in having a dairy
commissioner appointed, whose duties tend to the instruction and
uplifting of the dairy interests.

Those interested in dairying in Missouri at this time number
something like 35,000, about 5,000 having embarked in the dairy
business the last year.

While in the past we have accomplished may good things, it
seems to me that we are now just upon the eve of an awakening of
greater interests and opportunities, and that this Association must
zealously push forward advocating and protecting the interests
of this great business.

I feel that the needs of this hour are educated dairymen, men
who understand the feeding and caring for the cow and making
and marketing the product, and this Association should advocate
a change in our present laws covering the dairy and food work,

220 Missouri Agricultural Report.

and should ask our Legislature to separate the office of Dairy and
Food Commissioner, giving two or more dairy instructors who are
competent and able to teach the business from all its standpoints.

Year after year we have passed resolutions asking for an
appropriation for the building of a dairy barn commensurate with
this great interest, also other needed improvements, and we should
now insistently demand an appropriation covering these import-
ant points and should give our every effort to the end that we may
accomplish these results.

During this year we were unfortunate in losing our able and
efficient Dairy Commissioner, as well as Secretary of this Associa-
tion, Prof. R. M. Washburn, who accepted a position that suited
him better. We should remember his work in our behalf and
should at least tender him the thanks of this Association.

We have been fortunate in securing the service of Mr. F. L.
Austin, who has taken the position vacated by Mr. Washburn, and
wno has so industriously given us his time and labor without any
remuneration excepting the sincere desire to do good for our As-
sociation. I would suggest that, as this office is important and
entails not a little work and some expense, as well as an ability
to do the work, this Association should take some steps to secure
for this important office some remuneration of a pecuniary kind,
at least for the services rendered.

Our Association is also greatly indebted to Mr. George B.
Ellis, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, and to this Board
for its interest in our behalf, not only for experience and ability to
impart same, but also for financial aid.

I believe also that this Association should advocate a larger
display of its interests—cows, butter, milk, cheese, and other
products at the State Fair, held annually in Sedalia, to the end
that the people of this great commonwealth may see the growing
developments in the dairy business. Last year I noticed a very
poor display of our business, so poor, in fact, that our agricultural
papers have commented on the lack of interest evidenced by
dairymen in this great work.

In closing, I wish also to add that we, as an association,
should bring out the undesirable side of our business in a manner
that will leave no wrong impressions, and should profit thereby.
There seems to be a tendency on the part of our people, and es-
pecially is this true of the daily press in reporting our meetings,
that the lot of a dairyman is one of roses without thorns. Every
business of any moment has its reverse side and to accomplish any-

State Dairy Association. 22k

thing one must fit himself for his chosen avocation. Education is
a need in every line of work.

The successful dairyman is the one who takes an interest in
his business, who tries in every manner to improve upon his pres-
ent surroundings, and who studies it from every side. The im-
pression that an old cow turned loose upon the commons, brought
in at irregular intervals, and milked once or twice a week and
curried with a milk stool, with a milk can and a small farm wagon
for transportation, is all that is needed to embark in our business,
it being only necessary to take life easy and draw dividends—is a
wrong one.

Our work in any line is exactly what we make it. Our ef-
forts in this business are to bring it to a higher plane and to take
from our paths some of the many thorns that are now strewn
therein, and in this manner make our chosen vocation brighter,
better and grander from every point of view.

I thank you for the honor you have conferred upon me, and
can only ask your indulgence in my expired term of office, stating
that I have tried to fulfill the trust as best I know how. I shall
now turn over the mantle that I have so poorly worn to my suc-
cessor, promising him and the Association my continued support
and interest.

FEEDING THE DAIRY COW FOR PROFIT.

(By A. J. Glover, Associate Editor Hoard’s Dairyman.)

There is probably no question that is any more perplexing
than the subject of feeding the dairy cow for profit. It is not
enough to state the kind and amount of feed to give, but we must
take into consideration the individuality of the animal, the amount
of milk that she is giving, her care, her environment, her breed-
ing and her owner. It is a dairy-bred cow, to be sure, that we
shall have under consideration, but there is a great difference in
dairy cows, not only in the production of milk, but in disposi-
tion and otherwise. It is a well-known fact that breeding for a
special purpose tends to develop an animal that will be in har-
mony with her function. The dairy cow whose function is to
make milk and who has for generations been bred for that pur-
pose, does not retain and carry as large an amount of flesh and fat
as the beef animal. This is due to the fact that her energies, and
those of her ancestors, have been turned to the production of milk,

222 Missouri Agricultural Report.

and flesh has been made subservient to heat function. Because of
these different functions, the dairy animal tends to become spare
and angular while the beef cow tends to become square and blocky.
Temperament governs form, and form governs functions. The
dairy cow does not need very much meat or fat on her back in
order to perform her function of making milk. If she carries
much flesh it is an indication that she will consume a large amount
of feed for the milk produced. In other words, the cow that car-
ries more flesh and fat than is needed to indicate a thrifty con-
dition is using more feed than she ought to for maintaining her
body. The cow is not always to blame for this condition—the
feeder is sometimes over-anxious to see his cattle look fat and
sleek, and feeds them more grain than they are capable of manu-
facturing into milk. This practice is more or less injurious to the
cattle, and it is a costly luxury. It is the observing feeder that
watches these conditions and does not feed any animal more than
she will consume economically.

A MAINTENANCE RATION.

Every living creature requires food to sustain life, whether
it works or not. The loafing man eats, the resting horse consumes
a certain amount of feed and it is none the less true of the cow.
The steam boiler requires a certain amount of fuel to maintain the
steam to a given pressure wnen it is not working. The cold air
which surrounds it is constantly cooling the water, and in order
to keep up steam some feed must-be added. In animal life the
surrounding atmosphere is constantly cooling the animal’s body,
and to maintain the body at a normal temperature, fuel must be
constantly added. Moreover, it takes a certain amount of feed to
supply energy to do the work the animal has to perform in extract-
ing the nutriments from the feeds and to carry them to the differ-
ent parts of the body. The fuel which the boiler requires to keep
up a given pressure of steam corresponds very closely to the feed
that the animal demands to sustain life, and bodily health, without
gaining or losing in weight. The feed thus used is called the
maintenance ration.

THE WORKING RATION.

When an animal is fed enough to support her body properly and
the steam boiler enough fuel to raise and sustain a given pressure
of steam, if either is required to do more to exert additional energy,

State Dairy Association. 223

éach must receive more fuel. As soon as the engine is started i%
begins to take the stored-up power from the boiler and transmits
it into active energy. The boiler will supply steam for some time
to the engine without the addition of fresh fuel, but the time is
short, and, if continued power is needed, more coal must be added
to the fire. The harder the engine works, or the more steam that
it uses, the more fuel will the boiler require. It is just so with the
cow, for as soon as she begins to produce milk she requires more
feed, and the more she produces the more feed she will demand.
There is a limit, however, to the amount of work that can be done
in either case. For instance, if the boiler is only 10 H. P. and there
is a demand for 12 H. P., it will be necessary to crowd the fire
with coal and increase the draft in order to produce the extra
amount of energy. Every engineer knows that that is a wasteful
way of producing energy. It is not only extravagant, but the
boiler lasts only a short time when it is crowded to and beyond its
capacity. It is generally understood that any piece of machinery
should be stronger and capable of doing a little more than it is
required to do under ordinary conditions. The cow should have
the capacity of producing more milk than she is called upon to pro-
duce in ordinary herd work. It is not profitable, as a rule, to force
a cow to the limit of her capacity. She should be fed all the feed
that she will economically convert into milk, and at the same time
retain her health and produce a strong calf. The working ration
therefore does not mean crowding the machine continually to its
normal capacity, and sometimes beyond, making it short-lived, and
the cost of production unnecessarily high, but rather a ration that
keeps the animal in good physical condition, produces a strong
calf, and gives the most economical flow of milk.

A BALANCED RATION.

A balanced ration is the proper amount of feed to sustain the
animal for 24 hours and supply her with ample nutrients to do her
work economically. In calculating a formula for a balanced ration
there are no hard and fast lines to follow. We have tables, to be
sure, that are based upon the results of experiments; they are help-
ful in calculating our formulas for rations, but they cannot be fol-
lowed to the letter or we will make serious mistakes.

A few years ago, I was on an institute tour through the Red
River Valley of Minnesota, and I advocated the balanced ration,
as it was taught to me in school. In other words, I formulated a
ration, for a cow weighing 1,000 pounds, containing from 2.25 to

224 Missouri Agricultural Report.

2.50 pounds of digestible protein, 12 to 138 pounds of digestible
carbohydrates and .75 pounds of digestible fat. The next winter
I visited many of the same places and I found from the questions
that were asked, and through the discussions, that very few farm-
ers had increased the flow of milk by feeding the ration that I
had proposed to them the preceding year. What was the trouble?
After investigation and considering the subject, I discovered that
the cows to which this ration was fed were not dairy cows nor
kept under dairy conditions. It was a waste of good feed for men to
give much to a class of cows that were not bred for dairy purposes,
nor cared for,by men who had no. knowledge of handling dairy stock.
If I had teld them first to put their cows in a warm, well lighted
and ventilated stable and give them all the hay they would con-
sume and from four to five pounds of ground feed, I would have
given them some information that would have started them on tne
way to become successful dairymen. But a ration containing
from 10 to 12 pounds of concentrates, and roughage accordingly,
was altogether too much for a cow housed in a poor barn and giv-
ing from five to ten pounds of milk per day. A balanced ration
is correct enough, but it must be balanced to meet the condition
for which it is fed and according to the amount of work that the
animal is doing.

FEEDING ACCORDING TO YIELD OF MILK.

There is no better system of feeding the dairy cow than to
give her a ration according to the work she is doing and to nourish
properly her body. Let us be specific in order to illustrate clearly
this point; supposing we have a 1,000-pound cow that is giving
25 pounds of 4 per cent milk daily, or is capable of doing this with-
out crowding, and there is on the farm clover hay, silage and corn,
which is worth $13.00 per ton, and barley worth $18.00. In the
market we can purchase bran for $15.00 per ton; gluten feed for
$25.00; oil meal for $30.00.

In calculating the amount of feed necessary, we first refer to
our table to see what kinds and amounts of nutrient are required
on the average for a dairy cow weighing 1,000 pounds, and pro-
ducing one pound of fat per day. We find it requires 1.8 pounds
of digestible protein, 12 pounds of carbohydrates and .5 pounds of
fat. The next question: What combination of the named feeds
will supply these nutrients the cheapest? We know from experi-
ence that corn silage and clover hay are good feeds for dairy cows,
and they supply a large part of the nutrients at a reasonable cost.

State Dairy Association. 225

An allowance of 40 pounds of silage is none too much for a cow
weighing 1,000 pounds, and in 40 pounds of silage there is 10.6
pounds of dry matter containing .53 pounds digestible protein, 5.6
pounds of carbohydrates and .28 pounds of digestible fat. An
animal of this size will consume in addition from five to ten pounds
of clover hay, consequently, we will suggest that seven pounds
of clover hay be added to our formula. In seven pounds of clover
hay there is 5.9 pounds of dry matter containing .48 pounds of di-
gestible protein, 2.50 pounds of digestible carbohydrates and .12
pounds of digestible fat. By adding the total amount of nutrients
in the silage and clover hay together we find that we have 16.5
pounds of dry matter containing 1.01 pounds of digestible protein,
8.11 pounds of digestible carbohydrates and .40 pounds of digesti-
ble fat. So far, our ration does not contain enough nutrients to
support the cow and make one pound of fat, or 25 pounds of 4 per
cent milk per day. The question may come to you, why not increase
the silage and the clover hay, until enough nutrients are supplied,
for these feeds are cheaper than milk stuffs. A cow cannot eat
enough of these feeds to produce the most economical flow of milk,
unless the prices of milk feeds are exceptionally high and the
price of butter fat comparatively low. Under such a condition it
might pay better not to feed any concentrates but feed all the silage
and clover hay the animal will consume without waste. She will
probably keep up in flow of milk for a short time by drawing from
her system the stored up energy that she created when dry, just
as the boiler with a pressure of 150 pounds of steam will run the
engine for a short time, without putting in coal enough to supply
the engine with all the steam that it will use to advantage. The
cow, like the engine, will adjust her work to the amount of latent
energy or feed that she is given. Therefore, under ordinary con-
ditions, some grain should be added to this ration. Experience
and tables which have been tabulated from the results of experi-
ments show that from seven to eight pounds of grain will have to
be added in order to supply the cow with ample nutrients for do-
ing her best work. What grains shall be added? In our silage
and clover hay there is 16.5 pounds of dry matter containing 1.01
pounds of protein, 8.11 pounds of digestible carbohydrates and .40
pounds of digestible fat and we need for this cow about 1.80 pounds
of protein, 11.94 pounds of carbohydrates and .47 pounds of fat, or
there is needed the difference between the nutrients in the silage
and clover and the amount required; which is .79 pounds protein,

A—15

226 Missouri Agricultural Report.

3.84 pounds carbohydrates and .07 pounds of fat. Since we have
learned from actual feeding experiments that corn has about the
same feeding value as barley, and one can be substituted for the
other, it is only business-like to note which is the cheaper. Corn
costs five dollars less per ton, which makes considerable difference
for:feeds so nearly alike in feeding value. This indicates that it
often pays to exchange some home grown grain for milk feed.
How is it to be determined that barley or corn or any other feed
stuff is needed at all? This is largely ascertained by chemical
analysis and digestion experiments, the results of which are com-
bined in feeding the tables found in books and periodicals, and is
one of many illustrations of the benefits conferred upon the farmer
by science and scientific investigations.

Whenever clover or alfalfa is fed it requires at least half of
the concentrates to be rich in carbohydrates. Corn and barley
contain a high percentage of carbohydrates and are comparatively
low in protein. We take four pounds of the corn chop, for I said
we needed from seven to eight pounds of concentrates. In the
four pounds of corn chop there is 3.6 pounds of dry matter, con-
taining .32 pounds of digestible protein, 2.67 pounds of digestible
carbohydrates and .17 pounds of fat.

Corn chop is a heavy feed, and since a ration for a cow should
be made bulky, a rather light feed ought to be added. I have as-
sumed that bran is worth $16.00 per ton, gluten feed $25.00, and
oil meal $30.00. In order to determine the total amount of nu-
trients that is already in the feeds which have been chosen, it is
well to put them in table form and the formula so far is as follows:

Feed Dry Matter, | Protein, lbs. Carbohy- Fat,

Stuffs. lbs. drates, lbs. lbs.
LASS in ces top aceeeniny Oa sero 40 lbs 10.6 BR! 5.60 .28
Clover haye si. ..55% nsec 7 Ibs. 5.9 .48 2.51 .12
CorniChopAs mace ataeee 4 lbs. 3.6 .o2 ~ PIO WEG
TOGA a ic. ces ete ee Sie eee leita 20.1 INS) 10.78 oT

This supplies enough nutrients for a cow weighing 1,000
pounds, and giving 15 pounds of 4 per cent milk, but not enough
for an animal producing 25 pounds of 4 per cent milk. The cow
may for a time produce even more than 25 pounds of milk on this
amount of feed, but she will draw on her system for extra nutrients
and will, in time, decrease abnormally fast in milk flow.

To make this ration complete for the cow in question, we need
about a half of a pound more protein, and a little more than a

State Dairy Association. Pet

pound more of carbohydrates. In four pounds of the gluten feed
we have .93 pounds of digestible protein, 2.03 pounds of digestible
carbohydrates and .11 pounds of fat. This amount of gluten feed
furnishes more nutrients than is needed, so let us try three pounds,
and we get the following: .70 pounds protein, 1.52 pounds carbo-
hydrates and .C8 pounds of fat. This would do very well, but it
gives a little too much protein and costs a little more than four
pounds of bran, which has 3.5 pounds of dry matter, containing
.50 pounds digestible protein, 1.54 pounds of digestible carbohy-
drates and .12 pounds of fat. This gives the proper amount of
nutrients needed to balance the ration for a cow weighing 1,009
pounds and producing 25 pounds of 4 per cent milk. It gives the
following formula:

Dry Matter, Protein, Carbohy- | Fat,

Feed Stuffs. lbs. Ibs. drates, lbs. | lbs.
Bilge eSBs os ats Seen aa 10.6 53 5.60 | 12s
RONGVERAN DA ViriplDSercrke, ie capeveecd oars antes le ee ey 5.9 .48 Peas 4 sie
CommChopeAllbster cece ae ae te ee 3.6 B32 2.67 17
RBA S Be eter Ne tale cee tis. mys Search a eee: 3). 5 .50 1.54 12
ROUAIS Senge che. yale oy Aone aston Sa oer aes 23.6 1.83 12.32 57

If the animal produces more than 25 pounds of milk add one
pound of the grain mixture for each three pounds increase in milk.
It is probably well to consider a ration made up of timothy hay
and corn stover for roughage in order that we may note the kind
of concentrates that will have to be selected to supply the proper
amount of nutrients to a cow producing the same amount of milk.
I will not go through the process of formulating this ration, but I
will give the formula, which is as follows:

| Dry Matter, | Protein, Carbohy- Fat.

Feed Stuffs. | Ibs. Ibs. | drates, lbs. Ibs.
Winiothy bay, 10108;..;-\.202+0..)-et<: | 8.7 28 4.34 14
ESTA Ateae DD Sieveates, Solver enue aoe RS aisha 2.6 .38 1.06 09
Giitereteed y2Ds mass iris tee ee on 47 1.14| 05
Cormmrchops QDs: yarns eee ee ites | silts ees | .09

Oilsmealy lle cseeee setae ae ate | 9 .29 Eso 107

Totals without Stover......--...-..- 15.8 1.59 8.20 | 44
Com=Stovet; MOdDSaesa > os he hank 6.0 ra fed 3.24 .07
MObvalsincie Rete oe se PALI 1.76 11.44 | 51

Corn stover, as a rule, is fed ad libitum, but I have shown the
amount of nutrients in 10 lbs. This makes a ration nearly as weil

228 Missouri Agricultural Report.

balanced as the one containing clover hay and silage, but it is
not as good a ration, notwithstanding it contains more expensive
concentrates. It lacks a succulent feed, which is much appreciated
by the milch cows. Moreover, timothy hay is not as good as clover
when there is an abundance of corn raised. It is perhaps well to
compose the composition of clover hay, timothy and alfalfa in tab-
ular form in order to see why timothy is not a good hay where
there is plenty of corn, and why alfalfa is such a very valuable
hay for all kinds of live stock. In the following table we have
shown the amount of digestible nutrients contained in 100 pounds
of timothy hay, alfalfa and clover.

Dry Matter. Protein. | Carbohy- Fat.
| drates.
eran O Ghyll iy eae enteee ec oko nee co ree See ce 86.8 2.8 | 43.4 1.4
(Clan erm lai aera tre aco tae oS as Bae ORO 84.7 6.8 | 35.8 Tae
PAN Pat apy fale cd icatncies te ctesuctesaeteceee eles ese 91.6 110 | 39.6 1.2

Clover hay contains about 214 times as much protein as tim-
othy, and alfalfa 4 times as much. In 1090 pounds of corn there
is 89.1 pounds of dry matter, containing 7.9 pounds of digestible
protein, 66.7 pounds of digestible carbohydrates and 4.3 pounds of
digestible fat. Since corn contains such a low per cent of protein
and a high percentage of carbohydrates, it goes well with alfalfa,
because it is richer in protein and contains much less carbohy-
drates. Let us make a ration of alfalfa and corn for a cow weigh-
ing 1,000 pounds and giving 25 pounds of 4¢ milk:

Dry Matter, Protein, Carbohy- Fat,

lbs. lbs. drates, lbs. lbs.
PSR b SEAN MaMa as a8 ec Nee pare thega cedncna hear | 16.5 1.98 : 7.08 .22
Subs connmChopir carci stots Sueea eto reel .63 5.34 34
TOURS: BS cetera are ees hea teste eee deen P43) 5) 2.61 12.37 .56

Corn and barley are about the only grains that will make a
balanced ration with alfalfa. Corn and alfalfa not only make a
balanced ration, but the combination seems to keep the cow in
exceptionally good order. It is generally thought that it is better
to feed at least two kinds of concentrates, not that the ration wiil
be balanced better, but for the sake of variety. If corn is the only
concentrate fed with the alfalfa it is well to mix some cut alfalfa
with the corn, for the cow does not do well on so heavy a feed as
corn if fed alone. She is built for a bulky ration.

State Dairy Association. 229

We should ncte that there is enough protein in this ration to
produce 35 to 45 pounds of milk, but only enough carbohydrates
for 25 pounds. It is not so objectionable to have an excessive
amount of protein as it is to have too much carbohydrates. To
illustrate this let us make a ration of timothy hay and corn chop:

Dry Matter, Protein, Carbohy- Fat,
Ibs. lbs. | drates, lbs. lbs.

PRIIMOLMyohayeulS US see eta bets mecescs ne 15
ConmeChop ys lbSracmiccre sie yn ie eee a

HINO Tell See MOET GRR Bre ag Se ee ee pao nk al 27 | ilieel, 13.15 .59

In this ration tnere is enough pretein to produce only 19
pounds of milk, or about one and one-half times less milk than the
ration containing 18 pounds of alfalfa hay. A yield of two tons
of timothy hay per acre is considered very good—at this rate an
acre will produce enough timothy hay, when fed with corn, to
produce 2,200 pounds of milk. It is not uncommon to grow four
tons of alfalfa per acre, and four tons of alfalfa, when fed with
corn, will preduce 11,000 pounds of milk. In other words, aa
acre of land, when sowed to timothy, will produce 2,200 pounds of
milk, and if sowed to alfalfa, it will produce 11,000 pounds of
milk; that is, one half an acre of alfalfa and 888 pounds of corn
will produce 5,500 pounds of milk, and one acre of timothy and
888 pounds of corn will produce 2,200 pounds of milk. Does not
this illustration show that it is more profitable to raise alfalfa than
timothy hay? There is another point which we have not consid-
ered, and it is this, that the timothy hay and corn make a very
poor combination, not only for making milk, but for keeping the
animal in good physical condition.

Feeding the dairy cow for profit involves the study of each
animal in the herd; it requires that a man should know the amount
of milk and fat that each animal is capable of producing; the
dairyman should grow alfalfa and clover hay, instead of timothy,
to feed with corn silage and home grown grain; a farmer should
understand the relative composition of feeds, so that an intelligent
combination can be made; the relative market prices should be
ascertained in order to know whether it is advisable to exchange
home grown grain for mill feed, and it is well to understand the
relative prices of feeds and dairy products that we may know
whether to feed concentrates liberally or sparingly. High-priced
feed and low prices for milk or its products is an undesirable com-

230 Missouri Agricultural Report.

bination, but it is sometimes economy to submit to a present loss
if probably profit in the future will more than counterbalance it.
Bear in mind also that the food of maintenance must be supplied
and only that which is fed in excess of this should be considered
when the market runs the wrong way.

DISCUSSION.

Q. What breed of cows have you?

A. We have the Guernseys; but I don’t think there is any-
thing gained in a meeting of this kind by discussing the different
breeds—I would rather say dairy cows. It is a matter of your
own personal taste; you should select the breed you like best.
And I don’t think we should pay any attention to fancy points
about the cow, either. Professor Spillman spoke to you last night
about the cow with the stripe around her body being so much in
demand. Now, that stripe doesn’t mean anything. We have a
cow in our herd which is almost a solid color, and some buyers
would pass her by when looking through our herd; and yet she
stands there year after year with a record of 400 pounds of fat—
449 last year. Now, that’s a pretty good cow, and she is one of
the most economical producers we have. Last year she only ata
$50 worth of feed, and returned a profit of $100; and yet if you
were a Guernsey man you would not consider her at all. She is
willing to take the grains that we raise on our farm and those that
we buy, and give us over and above all the cost of her feed $109
in profit. Now, we should not let a little thing like that stripe in-
fluence us.

Q. In speaking of the profit from a cow, you do not in-
clude the cost of labor, do you?

A. No; just the amount of feed we put into that cow and
take out so much milk.

Q. How can we tell when we are feeding too much?

A. You will notice that the animal is leaving part of her
feed. And then you will notice it in the excretion—you will no-
tice that the cow is not right constitutionally, that there is some-
thing wrong with her digestion.

Q. Does clover hay answer the purpose of alfalfa?

A. Yes; clover hay is also rich in protein. Alfalfa contains
11 per cent and clover practically 7 per cent. But don’t misunder-
stand me to say that carbohydrates are not important. But here
in Missouri, where you have plenty of corn, you are more con-
cerned with getting protein feed, and when you buy feed you think

State Dairy Association. 231

of buying that which is rich in protein. But those of you who
raise alfalfa are more independent; you don’t need to go to market
to buy. It very often pays to exchange home-grown grain for mill
feeds. These glutinous feeds are improved in many ways by havy-
ing the starch taken out. Very often the selling of home-grown
grain and the buying of mill feeds can be done at a great profit.

Q. In figuring the profit on your cow, have you figured in the
value of the skim milk?

A. Yes; at $15 per cow. The manure is not taken into con-
sideration.

Q. Do you think that testing a cow once a month for 12
months and weighing the milk, is a fair test?

A. Yes; a very accurate test.

Q. I should think that there would be a difference in the re-
sult by weighing the milk every day and weighing it only once 2
month.

A. Your cow will not vary very much from month to month.
She will not give this month 50 pounds and the next month drop
down to 20, but will produce right along the first few months 390
to 35, then perhaps 29 and then 28—there is a gradual decrease.
We had one cow that produced as much in the 12th month as in
the first; she produced 49 pounds the first month and 40 the last
month in the year. There is not very much chance in making a
great mistake in that cow. If you go all over our records you will
see a gradual decrease.

Q. Will you give us a balanced ration?

A. Six pounds of bran, 6 of corn and oats, 6 gluten feed, 3
of oil-meal, 12 of clover hay.

We feed corn silage and alfalfa hay, 30 to. 40 pounds of the
first and 10 of the last, and what corn stover she will eat out of
that given her for bedding.

Q. How much grain do you feed a cow?

A. The most grain fed any cow last year was 10 pounds.
Our average is 7 pounds of grain per cow. Don’t crowd them.
But you must remember that the feeding of good alfalfa hay in
connection with silage gives a lot of nutriment; and you can get
along with 1 pound of grain to 4 pounds of milk—that’s enough
here in the corn belt. In Wisconsin, when we get an inquiry as
to that, we tell them to give 1 pound of grain for 214 pounds of
milk.

232 Missouri Agricultural Report.

CLEAN MILK—WHY ?—HOW?

By Dr. Geo. M. Whittaker, Dairy Division, United States Dept. of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

Few people know what the word clean means. They think
they do but they are mistaken. How many of you have a carpet
on your living room floor which the good house-wife goes over
daily with a sweeper, and which you take up and beat for her once
a year—or two? Do you consider that a clean way of living?
Contrast that method with a system of rugs which can be rolled
up and taken out of doors weekly for a thorough sweeping.

Not many weeks since, I stopped at the leading restaurant in
a bright enterprising city. The day was warm and the whole front
of the place was open. At the end of the lunch counter not a
dozen feet from the street gutter stood a row of uncovered pies.
They were in the same air as that of the street; whenever a pass-
ing car or a natural breeze raised a cloud of dust, with all which
that implies, the particles would settle on those pies. But more
than that, a host of flies having taken a hearty meal on street
manure and refuse were having pie for dessert. As far as I could
judge I was the only one of those eating at the restaurant or
passing on the street who considered the conditions as bad. If I
had told the proprietor that he was running a dirty place, he would
have resented the charge, possibly to my physical injury, for was
not the white tile floor scrubbed every morning? How often do
I hear dairymen boast of the number of times they strain milk
as proof of their cleanliness, ignorant of the fact that the more
milk is strained the dirtier it may become.

In defining the word clean, we must not belong to the class
who having eyes see not. Our visual organs must be alert to
visible dirt, even in out-of-the-way places; but we must also under-
stand that there is such a thing as invisible dirt and lots of it; it
is there just the same even if we can’t see it.

The demand for cleaner milk has been a familiar sound in
my ears for a long time. Many years ago, when connected with
the Massachusetts Dairy Bureau, I frequently heard creamery
buttermakers grumble at the dirty product sometimes furnished
them and complain that they could not make Number One butter
if even one farmer in twenty furnished dirty cream.

More recently the subject of cleaner milk has received in-
creased prominence, and has come to the front all over the country.

State Dairy Association. 23a

This comparatively new movement has been inaugurated by physi-
cians rather than dairy leaders; its official machinery has been
put in operation at the instance of health boards rather than agri-
cultural departments; and its object has been better market milk
rather than higher flavored butter, although clean milk helps one
as well as the other. This modern dairy agitation is not in uni-
versal favor with milk producers. The attitude of antagonism
where it exists is to be deprecated because it is sure to end in de-
feat, for the agitation in favor of cleaner milk is based on proven
facts, and truth always prevails. Further than that, these milk
producers place themselves in a false light before the general
public and create a bad impression by facing backward and oppos-
ing progress; though it is only natural that a milk movement
originating largely outside of agricultural circles should be viewed
with suspicion. It is a principle of law and logic that the pre-
sumption is always in favor of the existing order of things and the
burden of proof is on those who would make a change; but many
kealth officers know so emphatically the danger from contaminat-
ed milk that they do not make plain to others what they see so
clearly themselves and they enact radical regulations without
taking the producers into their confidence. In addition, the en-
forcement of these orders is sometimes entrusted to people lacking
tact and employing unwise methods.

Milk producers as a rule are reasonable, intelligent ‘people
who desire to produce a proper article. But they don’t under-
stand why customs and conditions which have been approved for
generations should suddenly be forbidden; the why of things
should be explained to them. They can be led better than they
can be driven. They should be approached in a friendly and help-
ful way rather than with the bearing of a policeman. But they
must be in a receptive frame of mind. The successful farmer is
receptive; is on the alert for new facts and is ready to receive
and adopt them. Let us receive the new light about milk in the
same spirit. Let us remember that physicians know more about
health matters than we do, and receive their assertions as we
do the statements of other investigators and specialists.

WHY CLEANER MILK.

What are the facts which warrant such increased attention
to the Nation’s market milk supply and so many new rules re-
garding its production and distribution? Speaking broadly this
new phase of dairying rests on bacteriology which is a compara-

234 Missouri Agricultural Report.

tively new science. It is a science which has thrown a flood of
light into many hitherto dark places, and has revolutionized a
number of lines of work—notably surgery. The old time surgeon
would perform minor operations with his jackknife—if he were
very clean, he would wipe it on his pocket-handkerchief. Such
things would not be tolerated today. As the search light of the
bacteriologist is turned on to dairying, we see why the word clean
is so misunderstood, why conditions that existed unnoticed a few
years ago are condemned today, and that dirty milk produces worse
results than giving a bad flavor to butter.

What has this knowledge of bacteria shown us in regard to
the milk supply of our towns and cities?

First, it is now an established fact that tuberculosis can be
conveyed through milk from the bovine to the human race. This
was the unanimous conviction of the delegates to the recent Inter-
national Tuberculosis Congress in Washington, D. C., as shown
by their vote.

Second, it is now absolutely proven that typhoid and scarlet
fever and some other ailments are due to specific germs, and that
many epidemics of these diseases have been caused by the scatter-
ing of the germs through a community, in the milk suppiy.

Third, and by far the most important of all, it is now known
that the presence in milk of excessive numbers of bacteria even
if they are not specific disease germs, may cause derangements in
the digestive tract, specially of infants and invalids. It is
proven that much of the mortality of babies is caused by undue
quantities of bacteria in the milk they consume. “Often the action
of this milk with infants is not that of milk but of poison” says
Dr. Jordan, Boston’s milk inspector. One-third of all the babies
who are born, die before they are five years old, says one authority,
and Dr. Darlington estimates that one-fourth of the entire deatn
rate is due to the bowel and stomach diseases of infants. Vital
statistics of Rochester, N. Y., showed an average for nine years
of 222 deaths per year, during July and August, of children under
five years of age. The introduction of a better milk supply cut
the number down to 89. At the infant asylum on Randall’s Island,
N. Y., the death rate before attention was called to the milk supply
was 40 per cent; with better milk the rate was reduced to 16 per
cent. Hence the question you have asked me to discuss is im-
portant as a dairy problem, but it is also one of broad economic
and social concern. McClure’s Magazine for December says:
“Barring the anti-tuberculosis movement, there is no line of hy-

State Dairy Association. 235

genic endeavor that has enlisted as wide-spread and hopeful ar
interest in this country as the problem of obtaining pure milk.”
The milk of healthy cows is practically sterile on leaving the udder,
and much of the subsequent contamination comes from the dust
or dirt always floating in the air even in the cleanest places. Other
bacteria get into the milk from unclean utensils and many from
fles. Many of these bacteria are harmless in their proper place,
but there are weeds in the world of bacteria as in the world of
visible plant growth—a weed is merely a plant out of place. The
forms of bacteria which are particularly active in causing intest-
inal and digestive disturbances are intimately associated with the
so-called harmless ones. You cut your hand and bandage the
wound because you say that if the air gets at it healing is delayed:
really it is the bacteria in the air that do the damage. The cut
may develop into an ugly sore- because in common language dirt
got into it; but really because bacteria got into it. These bacteria
getting into the milk may make it unwholesome or dangerous.
Bacteria are intimately associated with dirt. Bacteria and dirt
may be regarded as Siamese twins in any milk discussion. The
cleaner the cow, the milker, the stable and the milk room, the less
bacteria-laden dirt or dust in the air, and hence in the milk. Be-
fore leaving the “why” of my topic I want to speak a word of ex-
planation:

In connection with the danger from unclean or contaminated
milk is a point not always explained to producers in clear, untech-
nical language. At meetings where clean milk is discussed it
frequently happens that after the leading speaker has concluded,
a gentleman in the audience will rise to take part in the discus-
sion. His face is intelligent but lines of skepticism are evident—
his bearing indicates that he is going to annihilate the lecturer. He
tells the audience that he has used milk freely all his life and is
alive and well to tell the story; that he has brought up a large
family of children who have drunk milk in large quantities and
all are ideals of health; that he has retailed milk for many years
and never knew of a case of sickness due to his product; in short,
if what the speaker has said were true the human race would have
perished long ago, and he is “tired” of all this bacteria talk.

You have all heard this kind of talk—sometimes a sharp
talker will use ridicule and sarcasm and bring down a hearty
laugh on the lecturer.

What are the facts regarding bacteria and health: Health is
man’s normal condition and nature does much to keep him in

236 Missouri Agricultural Report.

health. She gives him power of resistance to help withstand the
attacks of disease germs and other bacteria. But these resistant
powers are very uncertain and unreliable. ‘They differ with dif-
ferent people and with different periods of life. They are less
in babies than in adults. They are not the same at all times in
the same individual. As a rule they tend to decrease as we live
an unnatural or artificial life. All the mysteries of life and death
it is not given us to know, but we do know that one person may
violate almost every physical law and live to a good old age—while
another under apparently favorable conditions succumbs to
typhoid fever or tuberculosis. Not every unvaccinated person ex-
posed to smallpox contracts the disease. Many survive an epi-
demic of cholera. Not everybody who drinks unclean milk goes
to an untimely grave. But it is wise to avoid as many chances as
possible. It is not good judgment to cross railroad tracks in front
of a moving train because you have never yet been run over. Be-
cause every cry of mad dog is not followed by a case of hydrophobia
shall we lessen our efforts to eradicate rabies? If only one baby
in 500 contracts tuberculosis through its milk supply, if that baby
were yours or mine, would we not favor the compulsory use of
tuberculin? Shall we allow sanitary science to keep company
with the lost arts because many people are tough enough (have
sufficient resistant power) to live in spite of bad conditions? Shall
we feed the babies of our cities with poisonous milk because it
does not act with the quickness and certainty of arsenic?

CLEAN MILK, HOW?

The remedies for the three forms of bacterial contamination
of milk are prevention: First, all cows producing milk to be
used raw as a human food should be tuberculin tested. This test
will not only result in a safer supply of milk, but it wiil help the
producer by saving him from loss. Tuberculosis is a menace to
the cow raiser and owner, subjecting him to great losses, and it
should be exterminated to prevent these losses even if there were
no question of public health. Tuberculosis is a formidable enemy
to animal husbandry. The annual tuberculin test is based on the
same principle of economy as the purchase of an insurance policy.

Second: No person should have anything to do with milk
who has any contagious disease or when any such disease exists
among his immediate associates. Take typhoid fever as an illus-
tration; the seeds of this disease come only from the feces of some
person who has or has had the disease, and these germs get into

State Dairy Association. Zot

another person only through the mouth, with food or drink. These
germs are frequently spread by getting upon the hands of some one
who has had the care of a sick person or the bedding or clothing
of such person and who, without washing them so that they are
bacterially clean, touches food or handles utensils in which food
is prepared or stored. The disease may be spread by flies crawl-
ing over infected excreta, getting the seeds of the fever on their
legs and bodies and then visiting the milk pail or can. Recent
medical papers are reporting an epidemic of 53 cases of typhoid
fever in Denver, Colo.: Every family in which it appeared had
milk from the same dairy. The wife of the dairyman was found
to be sick with the fever; the excreta were not properly guarded,
and it is believed the infection was conveyed by flies.

To avoid infection of milk from contagious diseases take pre-
cautions as to the health of those who handle the milk and milk
utensils as well as the associates of those employed in the dairy.
Sterilize bottles and utensils everytime they are used, keep flies
away from the milk and every thing with which milk will come
in contact. One hundred thousand fecal bacteria have been found
on the legs of a single fly.

Third: Practice the greatest possible cleanliness in every
detail relating to the dairy. This brings up emphatically the How?
cf my subject.

If clean milk is desirable because dirty milk is unwholesome,
then we want to come as near as possible to clean cows, clean milk-
ers, clean barns, clean milk rooms and clean utensils, remembering
that cleanliness has a new significance now-a-days. But there
is so little realization of the meaning of the word clean that were
I stop here I fear you would take from this talk very little in
the way of helpful suggestion.

The modern sanitary milk movement is so new that as I have
said, many do not know what the word clean means, and that
many time-honored practices are bad. Within a few months |!
visited a dairy and found the proprietor an intelligent, successful
farmer, who began to apologize effusively for his old barn, saying
that he intended to build a new one as soon as he could get at it.
It was not very good, but I found the interior of the barn dark,
damp and dirty. A pile of mouldy hay in one corner sent out a
stench to mingle with odors of horse manure and cow manure in
an indescribable blend. Men were milking with filthy hands and
pouring the milk through the foul stable air into cans about which
myriads of flies buzzed in anticipation of a balanced ration of

238 Missouri Agricultural Report.

manure and milk, sometimes coming to an untimely end in the
latter. That man was ignorant of the fact that his methods were
bad in the extreme and he apologized for his barn.

(a) Remember that most of the contamination of milk comes
from the dirt or dust in the air; that all air contains some im-
purities constantly settling on or in every exposed substance, like
flakes of snow in a snow storm; that the dirtier the room and
surroundings, the more dirt there will be in the air and in the
milk. Hence, milk should be exposed to the air as little as pos-
sible, and what exposure is imperative should be in air as clean
as possible,

In order to meet these requirements provide yourself first
of all with a small-top milk pail. An opening one-half the usual
size will keep out one-half the usual amount of dirt.

Then the cow should be clean; that is, she should be daily
brushed or groomed, the long, dirt-retaining hair on the udder
should be clipped and the udder itself carefully washed before
milking. Don’t assume that it is clean because you can see no
lumps of dirt on it.

The milker should wash his hands before sitting down to milk
and should wear clean overalls or apron.

To further eliminate dirt and bacteria from the air, the stable
should be constructed with smooth and tight floor, walls and ceil-
ing; and the mangers and supports should be plainly built and
simple, giving the smallest possible opportunity for dirt to lodge
with the chance that some will be wafted into the milk pail by
stray currents of air. All of the stable should be kept free from
dirt and cobwebs, and whitewash should be frequently used.

When a cow has been milked, the milk should be removed at
once; every instant it remains exposed in barn air it gathers con-
tamination. It should be taken to a clean milk room. A place
with cement floor, tile or cement walls, smooth ceiling, no rubbish
and storage, and with fly screens, can have purer air than the ~
stable. But even here there should be no delays by which the milk
is unduly exposed to the air. The milk should be promptly strained
and run over a cooler. A word as to straining; dirty milk can-
not be purified by straining. An occasional hair or straw or bit
of saw-dust may accidentally get into the milk in spite of the
greatest care, so some straining is necessary. But much of the
filth that gets into milk is soluble and microscopic and goes
through the strainer. The gospel of clean milk is not a cheese
cloth gospel, but a gospel of prevention.

State Dairy Association. 239

The importance of prompt and efficient cooling of milk can-
not be exaggerated. As bacteria multiply rapidly when warm,
but cease activity when cold, the ideal way of handling milk is to
cool it to 50 degrees F. promptly after milking. Then bottle or
can at once, and cover promptly. Avoid unnecessary contact with
the air. Don’t leave the cans uncovered under the mistaken im-
pression that this is necessary in order to allow the animal odors
to escape. Clean milk has no animal odors. Finally store the
milk where it will keep cool till delivered.

In the delivery of milk avoid contact with the air and with
flies. The cleanest and best way of delivering milk is in glass
bottles. Dipping from the can is very objectionable. Drawing
from a faucet-carrier has less exposure to street dust than dipping
from a can, but is far from ideal and has the further disadvantage
of the impossibility of thoroughly mixing the milk; hence some
customers get less than their honest due in milk solids, and some
may get milk which is illegal from the chemical standpoint, sub-
jecting the dealer to the liability of a court summons.

(b) A second source of contamination of milk is the utensils.
Tf not perfectly clean the dirt is full of bacteria which will con-
taminate the milk. When made of tin, utensils should have no
crevices or seams, hard to get at in washing and concealing mil-
hons of bacteria in the dirt and decaying curd. A superficially
clean pail or can may be disgusting when you examine the seams.
A liberal use of solder should render the inside of all pails, cans,
dippers and strainers perfectly smooth and cleanable. Battered
and rusty tinware is to be avoided. Utensils should be rinsed in
cold or lukewarm water, washed in warm water and soap or soda,
rinsed again, sterilized in ample steam or boiling water and in-
verted in pure air to drain, to air, and to keep out dust and flies.
The bottles should have the same treatment. The water should
be bacteriologically pure; many epidemics have started from im-
pure washing water.

To get a proper city milk supply a campaign of education
must come first. Consumers must know what to demand. Pro-
ducers must know how to supply the demand. Prof. Dean of
Canada says: ‘Ideals attained by means of education are possi-
bly more valuable than those attained by force, but the latter make
much better time. The ‘please be clean’ campaign has been large-
ly a failure, and it would seem as if something sterner is neces-
sary in order to obtain clean milk for use in the home.”

My experience and judgment differ from his. Too much

240 Missourt Agricultural Report.

anxiety “to make better time” may cause disaster. A campaign
_ of education first; next, invoke law to prosecute and exclude from
the market the minority of producers who are wilful or negligent
and cannot or will not clean up. There must also be sound public
sentiment endorsing such action by the health officer.

A Rhode Island farmer, president of a local agricultural so-
ciety, in his annual address, said:

“Tt behooves the milk producer to read the signs of the times
and so to improve his product that he will not fear coming legisla-
tion, which, on the ground of public health, may be expected to
exclude much of the milk now sent to market.”

It is one of the functions of an association like this to push the
educational phase of the work; to explain these “signs of the
times” to milk producers so that the progressive ones may vol-
untarily clean up and practice satisfactory methods. This asso-
ciation can in this way be of great assistance to Missouri milk
producers who should loyally sustain it.

Considerable experience, not a little of which has been in your
own State, has convinced me that an ideal combination of educa-
tional and police work with a minimum of friction can be secured
by the score card system of inspection. A certain number of
points are assigned to each of about 60 different subjects and the
inspector expresses his judgment on each one in turn by a figure.
He secures the most helpful and friendly results by talking with
the farmer as he scores. To illustrate: Six points are allowed for
cleanliness of the barn; the inspector can call attention to dirty
windows, to cobwebs on the ceiling, to manure spattered on the
walls, to dirty floors; the farmer sees all these, no controversy can
arise over their existence; perhaps the inspector says to the far-
mer, “Now, sir, calling 6 perfect how many points do you think
it would be fair to allow you for cleanliness of stable?” Hight
times out of ten, the farmer himself will place a correct estimate
on his own conditions. The inspector proceeds similiarily with other
topics on the card. When the whole card is filled out the figures
are added in the presence of the farmer. There is no mystcry
about it, and nothing arbitrary. The final rating is incontestable,
and at the same time so manifestly fair that no criticisn: can he
made. But should he feel that injustice has been done hini it can
be easily proved or disproved by a comparison of his promises with
the permanent record on the score card. I have made hundreds of
inspections in a score of states. In only two instances have I met
with any but the kindest treatment. Very often my work is re-

State Dairy Association. 241

ceived with thanks, and a pleasant invitation to call again. An-
other advantage of the score card is the greater simplicity of regu-
lations resulting from its use. Instead of burdening the farmer
with remembering a lot of rules, instead of irritating him with a
multiplicity of ‘‘Thou shalt nots,” we can have this simple rule:
any dairy scoring below a certain point, say, for instance, 50, will
be regarded as unsanitary, and its product will be rejected by the
city health officer. The score card, instead of drawing an unex-
plained, mysterious dead line, constantly holds out a temptation
to progress. A Tennessee inspector told me recently of a pro-
ducer, saying to him: “My score is 60, but it will be 65 the next
time you visit me, for I see where, without much trouble, I can
gain 5 points.”

From the official side, the score card is valuable, because it
furnishes a good record of the work of the inspector. It requires
a written statement of his judgment in such a way as tends to
thoroughness, fairness and impartiality; and the file of these cards
has no superior as an office history of the work of the inspection
department.

HIGHER IDEALS IN DAIRYING.
(By Dr. D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian.)

People are beginning to recognize the fact that agriculture is
a big, broad, deep science. Its pursuit requires skill, common
sense and energy, but in dairying there is a greater latitude for
the use of brains than in any other department. Of all the special
branches of agriculture, dairying is the most complex. A success-
ful dairyman must be a judge of real estate in order to strike a
bargain in purchasing his farm. He must be a judge of the dairy
cow in order to intelligently select his stock. He should have some
knowledge of horses, hogs and sheep, all of which are often profita-
ble accessories to the dairy farm. He must understand hygiene, in
order to keep his cows in a high state of-health. He must under-
stand pedigrees and the principles of breeding, in order to propa-
gate a profitable herd. He must understand the chemistry of the
soil, in order to properly rotate his crops and keep up the soil fer-
tility. He must understand seed selection and crop cultivation.
He must understand animal nature, in order to coax his cows into
their best efforts, and human nature, in order to get his hired help
to perform regularly, faithfully and efficiently the work about the

A—16

242 Missouri Agricultural Report.

dairy farm. He must almost be a bacteriologist in order to prac-
tice cleanliness necessary to make his product a blessing, instead
of a curse. He must understand business methods, in order to
find a profitable market for his products. In short, the most suc-
cessful dairyman will possess the qualities of the real estate man,
the live stock judge, the hygienist, the breeder, the chemist, the
agronomist, the physiognomist, the bacteriologist, and the mer-
chant. Love and gentleness must rule his nature, for an ill-temper
is a misfit in a dairy. He is making merchandise of motherhood.
He is putting on the market an article of food fraught with won-
derful possibilities for the production of life, strength and health
or weakness, disease and death. Is it too much to ask dairymen to
have a high ideal?

Good, pure milk is a precious food. It gives life and strength
to the babe and to the invalid. To the laborer who goes forth in
the full strength of years, it gives more energy than other food
that he can purchase at the same cost. To the professional man
it is ever a restorer of his wasted nerves. To the housewife it
is the ultimate consummation of convenience and usefulness. It
is the one perfect food of the Divine Chemist. In the great plans
of nature there is no substitute for it. The man who produces
it should have a clear mind, clean hands, and a pure heart.

Bad, impure milk may be dangerous food. If any of its
natural properties are removed from it, or water added to it, it
loses, at least, a part of its food value. It may only fill space at a
time when nourishment is most needed. If it contains either filth
or preservatives, it may actually become poisonous. If it is from
diseased cows or is contaminated with disease germs on its wav
to market, it may produce disease and even death. It should not
be produced and handled for the human family like a scavenger
gathers offal for hogs.

There is room for higher ideals in all occupations. Perfec-
tion can never be reached in any of them. It will probably be more
difficult to approach perfection in dairying than in any other
occupation. Nevertheless, dairymen should have high ideals in
view, and strive and strive, and keep on striving for greater per-
tection.

Dairymen should never go on record as opposing reasonable
reforms in the dairy business. No one can deny that heretofore
there has been a general lack of cleanliness and sanitation about
dairies. Long practice of watering, skimming and adding preserva-
tives to milk has apparently led some dairymen to believe that

State Dairy Association. 243

they have an inherent right to practice such fraud. * * * There
can be no doubt about it being wrong to sell milk from tuberculous
cows; or to sell skimmed milk for whole milk; or to use preserva-
tives in milk; or to sell filthy milk. When a few dairymen stand
out in the open in favor of these fraudulent practices they cast
serious reflections upon the whole dairy industry. The public is
led to believe that dairymen are a lot of crooks. The respectable
dairymen should be the most severe in reproof of those who. are
bringing disgrace upon this, the most honorable of all industries.

Dairymen should not only discountenance practices that are
palpably wrong, they should take active steps to right all wrong.
It will pay. If the dairymen do not correct their own faults the
public will do it for them. The public is already aroused on the
milk question and are demanding corrections. Opposition by a
few crooked dairymen to reasonable reforms not only brings the
dairy industry into bad repute, but turns people SEC the use of
dairy products. ee |

Good milk is the cheapest article of food now in use. Filthy
milk from diseased cows is dear at any price. The demand for
the highest priced milk in the cities, on account of its high class,
is greater than the demand for the cheaper grades. Dairymen
should strive to produce nothing but milk of high quality, free
from dirt, preservatives and disease, and then ask a profitable
price for it. The public has already shown a willingness to pay
a profitable price for good dairy products. Instead of trying to
produce milk at a low cost, even at a sacrifice of its purity and
quality, dairymen should go to any necessary trouble and expense
to produce wholesome milk, and then ask a profitable price for it.
A pint of milk is said to equal in food value four eggs, one-half
dozen oysters or a pound of steak. It is available as a food for
infants and invalids. It is easily digestible. It is little trouble to
prepare for the table. It can be used in a great many different
ways in cooking. Altogether it stands alone for convenience and
usefulness. Compared to other articles of food and drink, milk is
selling too cheap today. If dairymen will stand together and dis-
countenance the dirty, filthy practice of some of their own num-
bers, make an effort to secure absolute purity in all their own
products and educate the public up to the real value of good milk,
they will not only command better prices, but are sure to create
an increased demand for their products.

Another point might be raised here. It is not so much one of
higher ideals as of business foresight. Dairymen are allowing a

244 Missouri Agricultural Report.

public slander of skimmed milk. By a few dairymen trying to
sell it for whole milk it is being brought into unjustifiable dis-
repute. An inspector recently stopped a shipment of skimmed
milk which was sent to market as whole milk and the papers spoke
of it as though it was poisonous. The truth of the matter is thal
the principal food value of milk is in the skimmed milk. I believe
it will be found wholesome for more people for drinking than whole
milk. Skimmed milk has a great food value, is palatable and
digestible. It produces fine pigs and calves, and has made a fine
physique out of many a baby boy. Dairymen should present these
facts to the public and put skimmed milk on sale, but should not
fall into the fatal and detestable practice of trying to sell it for
whole milk.

Suppose two cases: First, a city in this State undertakes
by ordinance to require that milk shall be from healthy cows; that
it shall be kept at a temperature unsuitable for germ propagation;
that it be kept clean; and, if it be called whole milk, it shall be
whole milk. Then a few dairymen about the city object to com-
plying with these reasonable requirements. They hire lawyers
and go into court. The facts go from the courts to the newspapers.
Consumers read the papers, and many of them quit using milk.
Many of them use it with only fear and trembling for the safety
of their children. What impression does the public get of the
dairymen? What is the effect upon the demand for milk? Who
is to blame?

Second, the dairymen around the cities in this State go to
work of their own accord, and have their cows rid of all disease.
They agree to keep their milk clean and to have it just what
it is represented. They evade nothing that is fair and right. They
take pride in their herds, and invite their customers to inspect
their cows and the way the milk is handled. They cpenly advance
the price to cover the extra expense of keeping things in a proper
condition. They make a milk inspection ordinance unnecessary.
What impression does the public get of these dairymen? What
is the effect, in this case, upon public opinion and the demand for
milk?

In conclusion, I would like to urge that the progressive dairy-
men of this State, assembled here to day, take the initiative in
correcting existing evils in the dairy industry. Now is a good time
for this association to go on record as favoring all that is right
and fair in dairying. It is not sufficient for a majority of dairy-
men to live up to right principles. The majority should urge the

State Dairy Association. 245
minority to do the same thing. If, in due time, a few dirty
crooked dairymen fail to catch the proper spirit, State laws and
city ordinances emanating from the dairymen themselves, should
be passed requiring rectitude of them. There can be no gain-
saying that voluntary action upon the part of the dairymen to
bring about perfection will lead to a better demand and better
prices for dairy products. What is better, it will win for dairy-
men the universal esteem of all mankind.

BETTER DAIRY FARMING.
(By C. T. Graves, Maitland, Missouri.)

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

In consenting to take part in these exercises it is more than
likely that I failed to appreciate the magnitude of the meeting.
I regarded it as a sort of “experience meeting,’ where a sma}!
number of farmers would assemble and recite the ups and downs
that we experience on the farm; but upon receipt of the programme
I find that we farmers are to mingle with the leading talent of
our State and of greater places. In the quiet of the little farm
home, or on a blue grass carpet, among the cows for inspiration,
I can tell to a visitor the things that have cost me time and money
in handling live stock the past twenty years, but before an audience
of this character it is different, and I feared to trust myself to
make a talk.

My remarks are intended to apply to the small dairyman or
farmer, who does not milk to exceed fifty cows and preferably not
more than twenty. I will make no attempt to advise the two hun-
dred cow dairyman. I can see how cows can be made profitable
and the business be made gratifying so long as the owner does not
have to become a slave to the business. Let us not censure the
son or the hired man for his inability to see fascination in groping
about in a cramped, dark, filthy, cheerless building filled with
cows plastered with their own voidings. Marvel not at the lack
cf appreciation of milk products so long as you see the fields being
robbed of fertilizer that is so frequently found in the bottom of a
glass when the would be consumer of milk is about to empty his
glass at his city home or boarding house. Have charity for the
packer and grocer who has undertaken to sell as human food much
of the butter that finds its way from the country store to the city

246 Missouri Agricultural Report.

grocer. I have been a country merchant, and can still see and
smell the vile stuff that made up the larger portion of our ship-
ments. Contemplate, if you will, what pleasure or profit there is
in milking cows and caring for the product on the average Mis-
souri farm as it is usually handled. Why are the boys leaving the
farm, and why does another man’s son hesitate to take the place
of the one just gone? Who is entitled to the credit for that stable
aroma in that milk? Who is to blame for the conditions that exist?
Should we wait for officers of the law to enforce reform? Let us
take up the cross and bear it cheerfully. Let us build up respect
for the business in which we are engaged. Do not wait for a
neighbor or a community to begin. It is a thing that we can do
alone. If it is your wish to sell cream, prepare for it, and strive
to excel in that line.

I am at a loss where to begin this reform. Some say get better
cows. In defense of-the cows permit me to say that comparatively
few cows in our State have ever been invited to participate in a
reform. They have had sentence pronounced upon them without
a trial. Some say practice better feeding. To this we can all
agree if it be made to read more intelligent feeding, but other
factors are of equal importance. Some say there is no profit, unless
we can get a better price for our product—a view that I once held.
About that time when I was dreaming of getting a customer for
fancy butter at about sixty cents a pound, Ex-Gov. Hoard of Wis-
consin, to whom I owe so much, said in the Dairyman, in reply to
a question along that line, ‘‘study not to increase the price of your
butter, but to reduce the cost of production.” This impresses me
as the essence of the whole matter. It remained for me to deter-
mine the many factors that influence the cost of production, and
T continue to find them. The problem will afford any man ample
opportunity to exhaust all his mental forces, and I do not wish it
understood that I have proven more than a few of them. My
advice is to begin the new order of things with the stable or a
place to properly care for cows with comfort to the attendant. If
you are milking five cows on the run in a barn lot sell two of
them and use the material which the money will buy, as I direct,
and you will be well repaid. If you are milking ten cows in an
apology for a stable, six of them can be made to vield more net
profit. Assuring you that I have no patent on stables or appli-
ances, will pass the stable matter, except as it may be mentioned
in a general way as a highly important factor in the economical
production of milk, cream, butter or animals. The same sort of a

State Dairy Association. 247

place that will enable a cow to work good, remain healthy and give
birth to a vigorous, healthy calf, will afford the attendant a cheer-
ful place to work. If you expect the best results from a cow, you
must not stop at making her comfortable. She must be surrounded
with conditions that will insure to her her full powers, and if she
is not afforded all the pure fresh air that she needs to breathe ana
the invigorating influence of every day’s sunshine she will suffer
io that extent, and the owner will pay the penalty. I have entered
many an expensive cow stable on a winter day, and found it more
cheerless and uncomfortable than the outside. About a year ago
I was the guest, for a day, of a man in a high position—a man of
honor and of education. He had recently erected a new dairy barn,
and invited my criticism. The main posts in that barn cost ten
Collars each in the nearby city. It was an expensive structure, and
housed a lot of stuff. The cows stood in long rows, the very nar-
row passageway in front serving as a manger, feed box and walk;
the walk behind the cows so narrow as to make a man squeeze
through. The cows were stabled about three o’clock that afternoon,
but even at that time, they were examined with difficulty. The
hay shut off all the light in front, and the few holes in the low wall
in rear of the cows were the only sources of light. If practical
experience had only guided the designing of this cow house, less
than half the money would have provided a convenient and har-
monious arrangement, enabling its grand owner to get results not
worthy the attempt in present form. They were milking sixty-
five cows. Only seven miles away another man was milking
_twenty cows in a cheap structure. Both had access to the same
market, and the twenty cows were returning within a few dollars
as much as the sixty-five. As to net profits you can draw your
own conclusions. When I told this friend that I could sort out
twenty-five of his cows, discharge two men, reduce his feed bill
and supply the same amount of milk, he took it as a joke. Let us
emphasize the value of sunlight and an abundance of fresh air—
and I do not mean the sunny side of a wire fence, but a warm
stable that admits the sun and well provided with ventilation.
Not ventilated by open doors or windows, but as Prof King has
most perfectly worked out. It is not a hobby of some “book far-
mer,” but a reality. It is of equal value to your best feed under
the proper conditions. It is of value not only to the cows and to
the fall calves that wise dairymen have, but will bring better re-
sults from your men doing the work. You can clean your stable,
brush your cows, prepare their feed and draw their milk in com-

248 Missouri Agricultural Report.

fort. Provide your cows with a warm and thoroughly ventilated
stable, if you have to sell half the herd to do it.

After you have provided facilities to keep the cows in full
vigor, and to economically feed and care for them, having provided
against waste of feed and bedding, take up the feed question. Al-
falfa and corn silage should come first on the list, but this is a
fitting time to urge the necessity of a good variety. Cows should
eat with a relish, and it is important that their meals be made
palatable. Alfalfa and silage will not satisfy them. They like a
change of diet the same as a person. When you decide on silage
do not strive to grow the greatest amount of fodder, but select
a variety that will give you a generous amount of foliage with the
largest per cent of grain possible. Silage is very bulky, and there
is a limit to the amount a cow can consume. You may fill her up,
and yet she may lack the essentials necessary to produce a liberal
fiow of milk.

Alfalfa hay is unexcelled, but very bulky, and the cow can not
reach her limit on it for this reason. With silage and alfalfa hay
some concentrated feeds like oil meal, cottonseed meal, ajax flakes,
eluten feed, ground barley or oats must be fed to do her best. If
you have twenty acres of clover and can not put it up right, cut the
piece in two. Cut it early when it will make prime feed and cure
it under caps. With most men clover hay is good enough when
cattle will eat it, but that is not enough if you are after results.
It is a rare sight to see a load of good clover hay, that is, good
milk producing feed. It pays to prepare a good seed bed for clover

as it does for corn and to put plenty of seed in the ground, insuring

a larger crop of finer quality. We are inclined to attempt more
than we can do exactly right, and with cows it does not pay. The
details decide the matter of profit. Be particular to grow choice
feeds, and buy the byproducts of mills to properly balance the
rations. Along with the feeding problem do not underestimate
the necessity of inducing a cow to drink large quantities of water.
Tt pays to warm the drinking water for your cows, but the next
best thing is to place a trough at the well and drop everytning else
at regular times twice daily to coax the cows to the well and pump
as they drink. Ice cold water is responsible for much indigestion
in well fed cows. Last winter, for a time, I took the feeding at
the barn and wanted to increase our milk flow without buying
any cows. The cows were thought to be doing fairly well. During
the coldest weather we got more milk than in June on the best of
blue grass and some grain. I have a steam pipe leading from the

State Dairy Association. 249

boiler in the dairy room to my water trough. After the cows finisa
their breakfast they are turned into the yard and the live steam
turned on. The water would be positively warm, and with all the
cracking noise of the steam the cows would drink right up against
the discharge of the steam pipe, their heads being enveloped in
the vapor. I prefer this plan of watering to any stable plan. At
this time the cows were being fed corn silage, corn meal, gluten
feed, oil meal, cottonseed meal and alfalfa hay run through the
cutter. The cut alfalfa would be placed in the mixing bin and
thoroughly wet with boiling water, and allowed to stand a few
moments, the other feeds then added and well mixed. In less than
two weeks the milk flow increased nearly twenty per cent for the
herd, the cows that freshened late showing the best gain. This
plan was not new to me, and I mention it only by way of illustra-
tion.

You may think it about time to connect some cows with this
dairy problem, but I have found that cows are only incidental to
profitable dairying, unless accompanied by controlling factors. One
of the small ones that has proven of value to me in working cows
is the keeping open of the pores of the skin by gentle grooming. It
assists in promoting the health of the cows, but accomplishes an-
other purpose. It establishes a very friendly relation between the
cow and her attendant, a very valuable asset. If you are trying
for a record which every dairy cow owner should be doing, this
little feature should not be ignored. You can add still a little and
cfttimes much to the work of a cow by the manner in which she
is milked. It is not necessary that a cow be milked with lightning
speed, but rather steadily and gently. Avoid too much teat pull-
ing, but instead get the hand well up against the base of the teat
going further up on the udder as the udder is being relieved. It
encourages exhaustive milking and gets the last of it containing
the most fat. After all that can be said, our hope is mostly in
the beginner, and not in the “old timer” “sot in his ways.” Why
do we continue in this slip-shod way fooling with cows, deluding
ourselves into the belief that we are dairying. Let us awaken to
the fact that within our own ranks we have the most uncompromis-
ing foes to profitable dairying—our own indifference and cows
lacking in dairy tendencies. Why continue to milk and market
the product at a positive loss, unprofitable cows that should go
to the packer and cease to figure in competition? A well organized
plan of cow farming will afford interesting and remunerative em-
ployment for the sons growing up and will enable one to double

250 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the earning power of his land. I can go into the average herd
ard select cows that will respond to proper treatment and the im-
provement will not all come the first year. Examine the work of
the cow at Auten farm—Jacoby Irene—and you will note that her
capacity has been steadily developed. For three years in succes-
sion she has been on test and furnishes abundant proof that
with proper care a cow can do heavy work and be benefited. The
best fed cows are the ones returning the greatest net profit and
when I say the best fed, I wish it understood as the most intelli-
gently and most liberally fed, generously fed, a variety of milk
producing feeds that rank high in quality, nearly all of which can
be grown on the farm. Let me emphasize quality, so important
in every phase of dairy farming. Do not strive to grow the larg-
est acreage, but the maximum yield per acre of the feeds that wil!
produce the desired results. Bear in mind at all times that this
machine we designate the dairy cow is profitable or unprofitable as
the owner or attendant wills. You may put a little fuel in the
ctoiler and warm the water, but if we desire power we must have
steam, which means more fuel. Give the cow the food of support
only and she will continue to exist and the additional food beyond
the amount necessary for support will decide the matter of profit.
Select corn for your silo that has the greatest feeding value, and
I advise a kind that has the smallest stalk and smallest cob pos-
sible. No doubt there are parties here who will take issue with
me on this point. Neighbors fail to see this as I do, and I have
at least one friend expected to attend this meeting who is positive
that he can see greater profit in growing the largest possible
amount of green forage to the acre. We are at the seat of infor-
mation—our Experiment Station, and I hope that it will be pos-
sible for me to make my contention clear to the force at Columbia
and to the representatives of the Agricultural Press. If we are to
practice “better dairy farming” as I see it, we are to grow the best
ef corn, clover and alfalfa, all very bulky feeds. I advise grow-
ing some roots, pumpkins and the like for relishes, but the main
dependence to be the three feeds mentioned, the clover and alfalfa
to take the place of high priced bran. The impression that we
can not eliminate bran from our bill of fare seems to prevail. We
should look largely to clover and alfalfa for our supply of protein
and this clover and alfalfa must of necessity be of prime quality
and I mean by this, that it should be cut at a time when it has
reached its greatest feeding value—earlier than my neighbors are
wont to cut theirs—and it should be handled in a manner to save

State Dairy Association. 251

the leaves. It should be cut early and put into cocks when wilted
fairly well, not only to save the leaves, but to prevent the sun
drying it out. Will not attempt to explain to you why hay so
cured excels in feeding value, but experience has proven such to
be the case. Now I have spoken of growing clove, and have done
so mostly for the sake of variety because alfalfa is far more profit-
able and much superior to clover for our purpose. Mind you, I
want the cows to have a change to clover of the right kind that
they may not tire of the generous feeding of alfalfa and silage,
because alfalfa heads the list. Fix the fact in your minds that we
are to grow the maximum yields of corn, clover and alfalfa
through the most careful selection of seed, the most thorough prep-
aration of the seed bed, in soil that has been supplied through the
application of the liquid and solid voidings of our animals witn
plant food, and then by approved methods of cultivation. Now
returning to the point that I hope to make clear: The three main
feeds are very bulky. There is a limit to the capacity of a cow’s
iumen, and to the energy that she must employ to keep it working.
We may choke the machine and cut down its capacity. To reach
the assimilative capacity of a cow she must have the required
amount of fats, carbohydrates and protein in about the right pro-
portions and in the three feeds mentioned, the excessive amount
of dry matter renders it impossible without the aid of concen-
trated feed like oil meal, cottonseed meal or the like, abounding
largely in protein. I have tried to avoid the use of scientific terms
likely to confuse the average farmer. In other words the cow can
not eat, digest and assimilate an amount of these three bulky feeds
sufficient to enable her to appropriate for the manufacture of
milk in the largest possible amount. Cows differ in this character-
istic, each cow being a proposition within herself and for this rea-
son in order to get the best results from each and every cow in
the herd it is necessary to feel an interest in the work and live
very close to the cows. The good feeder will closely watch the
trough, the eye, the coat and the voidings of his charge and soon
experience a fascination for the work. Imagine the keen delight
that Mr. Gillett experienced in making Colantha 4th’s Johanna
yield more than 27,000 lbs. of milk in one year. J derive much satis-
faction in the unquestioned record of Jacoby Irene, the cow that
will soon complete the third year of a continuous record having
produced in thirty-five months the equivalent of 2,613 lbs. of
butter. Similar results will reward those who will put their best
thought and their heart into the work.

252 Missourt Agricultural Report.

With the hope that it will prove an inspiration to some youn’
man present with a liking for a dairy cow, I will briefly tell of how
a son of poor parents was permitted to remain out of school and
idle his time away on the streets of the little village where I make
my home. He is a worker by inheritance, but saw nothing that
he could do in our little quiet farm town, so I took him to do little
errands. I made a cow man of him of the first rank. I taught
him to appreciate the little things that influence the work of a cow.
I have seen him so interested in the results that he would cry when
his cows were down in their milk, and I have yet to see the person
who could get more milk from a cow. He grew in usefulness and
T secured a place for him where he now lives amid beautiful sur-
roundings. He has made some exceedingly creditable records and
it is rumored that he is bringing on a cow that will make the best
of them look well to their laurels. This young man has not haa
the benefit of even a common school education, but has learned to
cater to the whims of his cows. How I would like to see a scientific
education combined with his “horse sense” and his love for a cow.
I again refer to that feeding question, wondering if I made it clear
why I want to leave the big coarse stalks and the big round cod
cut of the silage. Why I plead for the early cut clover and alfalfa
cured under caps and urge that it be made to grow as thick on the
ground as possible, that we may have the small fine stem instead
cf the large woody stem.

About the kind of cows with which we expect to get the best
results: Unlike many breeders of pure bred cattle I feel able to
look the proposition square in the face. I like all the special pur-
pose cattle—dairy and beef. For our purpose it is folly to con-
sider any breed of beef cattle. There are good and indifferent:
cattle in all the pure breeds and in all our dealings with cows 1!
urge that we consider them as individual propositions. If the
Ayrshire appeals most forcibly to your personal fancy you can
accept her with the full assurance that well selected specimens will
prove profitable under proper conditions and this statement will
apply to the other breeds. If you have a weakness for the soft
and pleasing colors of the Guernseys you can find a market for her
product that will add zest to your enthusiasm. Her milk is
especially high colored and she is a very economical producer. To
an admirer of the breed I would say that she would be second in
profit to no breed for his particular use. The Holsteins are enor-
mous producers and if you like the massive blacks and whites they
will do the work with possibly a trifle more indifference to condi-

State Dairy Association. 253

tions. You may have to do a little more work for your money.
Select the breed that you like. Personally, I am well fortified with
reasons for the faith that is within me. Life is too short and too
strenuous to make new breeds or to dairy with cows not of dairy
temperament. I would say to the beginner buy a son of a very
superior cow. Go your length on a bull. If you must curtail ex-
penditures do it elsewhere. In the selection of a dairy bull I like-
iy differ from some present. I recall reading the views of a
splendid authority recently not fully in accord with mine. The
first bull that I owned was the son of a cow with a large record
that I believe to have been true but of indifferent type notwith-
standing having won highest honors at the great St. Louis Fair
when at its best. Individually, he did not please me, but I was
after records and bought the bull on records. It took ten years
to recover from that deal. Records are still selling a lot of bulls
that will do no better. I now look for a cow that is a superior
individual—briefly the cow that is deep, long and wide of body
with an udder that extends from near the vulva in rear to near
the navel in front—smooth and symmetrical and closely attached to
body; ornamented with four teats of proper size set wide apart;
a cow of striking personality; hips prominent and wide apart;
neck thin and slender and with a head indicating intelligence of
high degree; last, but not least, that she have large, long and
tortuous milk veins, and still better if her udder is well decorated
with them. A cow of this type has never deceived me through
a son if I can grow that son. You may have discovered this cow
in some neglected spot and there may have been something in her
early life that interfered with a record. She may never hove
been afforded an opportunity to show her latent powers but is a
neglected example of the relation of form to function. Where all
these signs of maternity are present there is little to fear, but on
the other hand I have seen cows lacking in dairy conformation able
to make a large record but unable to endow their progeny with
their dairy temperament.

I hope to be able to show you plans of a very modest and in-
expensive stable suited to a herd of any size, one that can be
added to at any time without affecting the general arrangement;
the most effective in keeping cows clean and providing at the
same time for the greatest degree of comfort. It will make bed-
ding go further than any plan known to me and at same time in-
sures a gcod bed where needed and not behind the cow. It renders
the cleaning of the stable more agreeable than any form seen ir

254 Missouri Agricultural Report.

my travels. It can be built to serve the purpose by a saw and
hatchet carpenter and yet so elastic in this feature that the same
principle can be employed and admit of the rich man making it
just as elaborate as his fancy prompts. It will save feed over any
form met with in my experience. It will admit sunshine as no
cther plan does. It is not patented and is so plain that it will not
appeal to any save the man hampered by lack of means. While
here I will be glad to explain to any interested. In visiting breed-
ing plants and farms from the New England States to California
I have been struck with the force of a remark that I once heard a
real estate man make in speaking of the dwellings and other build-
ings of farmers. In commenting on so-called improved farms he
referred to the buildings and arrangements as “‘models of incon-
venience.” During the past three days you have listened to so
many good things that in nearing the conclusion of this splendid
programme I feel that I should thank one and all for kindly bear-
ing with this test of your patience in listening to this paper of a
‘moss back”? Missouri farmer.

THE VALUE OF THE SILO.

(By C. J. W. Jones, Roanoke, Mo.)

In 1905 my son and I, without skilled help, built a concrete
silo 16 feet in diameter and 40 feet in height. We have filled this
silo four times and we have had splendid results. The method
and cost of construction was written for Hoard’s Dairyman and
was published by that paper at the time of construction and has
been republished by that paper twice since. This silo stands as
perfect as when built and it is believed would endure for centuries
with but little repair.

This silo has no roof and when we fill it we pile on top all that
will lay on. Indeed, this year we placed some weather-boarding
on top and thus gained several tons of silage. Filled in this man-
ner it will hold 200 tons. Last year it took just ten acres of
drilled corn and cowpeas to fill it. I give you some comparisons
of value of this 10 acres of siloed corn.

The basis of comparison is taken from a table of nutrient
equivalents given in a recent number of Hoard’s Dairyman. The
200 tons of silage from this ten acres was equivalent to 70 tons of
timothy hay, which at $8 a ton would be $560 or to $56 an acre

State Dairy Association. 255

for the silage and at one and one-half tons to the acre—a large
crop for Missouri—would require 45 acres to grow the hay.

This 10 acres of silage was the nutrient equivalent of 1,420
bushels of corn, which at 60c a bushel would be $850, or $85 an
acre. It would require 35 acres of ground to produce it at 46
bushels to the acre.

Again, this silage crop equaled in value 58 tons of bran, which
at the present value would be $1,400, $140 for each acre.

Once more, this ten acre silage crop was the equivalent of 45
tons of cotton seed meal, which at $30 per ton, equaled $1,450 or
$145 an acre for silage.

A farmer adjoining me owning an 80 acre farm wished to buy
20 acres from me, but I advised him to put up a silo and he would
have larger return from his 80 acres than he could get from the
100; however, he has not done it. Sometimes a Missourian re-
quires a good deal of “showing.” These are some of the values
of silage:

1. It stores well. When properly housed it will keep with
less wastage than corn or oats in the crib or hay in the stack. I%
also keeps longer.

2. It is harvested when corn (the greatest food plant that
erows) has reached its utmost development. When nature can
put no more into it and before she claims anything back out of
it, then it is cut and stored and sealed for future use. It is put
away in its own juices and is so soft that even the cob is thorough-
ly masticated and thus digestion is easy and most complete.

3. Cows eat it greedily. ‘The proof of the pudding is in the
eating of it.”

4. It corresponds to the nature of the cow. It is a bulk
feed. Cows have big stomachs. They were made for grass. The
corn plant is a big grass and cut up fine for her in the form of
silage. It makes her winter ration most like her summer blue grass.
Concentrated condensed feeds contract the stomachs and must
work a very radical readjustment of the internal cow, but con-
centrated feeds can be fed with great advantage mixed with the
bulkier silage.

5. There is absolutely no wastage in feeding when judicious-
ly fed. I feed my cows from 40 to 50 pounds of silage each daily
and they “lick the platter clean.”

6. There is practically no waste in harvesting; the stalk, the
blade, the grain, the cob, the tassel are all utilized. The usual
method is to save the ear and largely waste the rest of the plant.

256 Missouri Agricultural Report.

7. It is the best solution of the problem for the drouth and
short pastures of summer. It is a fine substitute for bare pas-
tures, and the farmer forearmed with a few acres of corn in his
silo is safeguarded against drouth.

For these and many other reasons I especially commend the
silo to dairymen and also to farmers on small farms. It seems
to me an absolute necessity to the success of the dairyman. It
multiplies the possibilities of the small farmer. Instead of his
attempting to rent more land, or buy more land at $100 per acre,
let him, with the silo, make his 80 acres double its product. Then
he will know how to make $100 land produce a profit.

In conclusion: From that ten acres of siloed corn I fed, from
the 1st of November till grass came, 30 cows and 15 head of fall
calves; and from the 1st of March, 20 head of yearlings, and after
all that when grass came J still had four feet of silage left. How
else could I have gotten so much feed from so little ground at so
small a cost? In coming down from Centralia on the Wabash I
was talking with a lady who informed me that a man near Spring-
field, Mo., built a 400 ton silo a year or two ago and more than
gained the cost of silo in the first year’s feed. This speaks for
itself.

THE DAIRY COW AND HER REQUIREMENTS.
By (By I. T. Van Note, Herdsman, Missouri Agricultural College Dairy.)

When we speak of the dairy cow we speak of an animal whose
mission in life is to produce milk. Her value is measured by her
ability to produce a paying quantity of milk in one year. In order
for her to do this, she must be a persistent worker. A question
now arises in our minds as to the kind of an animal it takes to
perform this duty. We may differ a little on this, but I think
that our ideas are getting to be about the same. In late years we
have learned a great deal about the dairy cow.

I will give you in brief my idea of this animal. She is angu-
lar and spare fleshed; has a broad muzzle and heavy lips; head,
clean and all lines distinct; eyes, full and oval—flashing with energy
and intelligence; ears, medium and showing good secretion; neck,
lean and length in proportion to size; shoulders, thin at withers
and loose, wide at lower points; chest, deep and wide; barrel, lone
and wide, well supported by heavy muscles; ribs, well sprung, of
good length and showing good spacing; loin, broad and not too

State Dairy Association. 25

thick; hips, broad, flat, and of good length, with hooks and pin
bones well apart; udder, large, well attached, extending well for-
ward along the barrel; hind quarters, broad and reaching well
above the thigh ovals; mammary veins, large and tortuous, enter-
ing the cavity through large wells; legs, of medium length, strong
and well placed under the body; size, large for the breed.

The dairy cow is not a product of an accident, but is an in-
vention of man, as much so as is the dynamo, circular saw or steam
engine. Her success in life, like the mechanical inventions, de-
pends largely upon the wisdom and experience of her keeper. Her
keeper should have a natural liking for his animal. He should
know her in a physiological way, should be quick to learn her likes
and dislikes, her pecularities, know how to teach her to have con-
fidence in him. These are points that should be well considered,
especially among the heifers that have just come in milk.

Next in consideration would be her feed. This is of import-
ance, but of no more than a great many other things that must
be done in order to have her do her best. In her feed we furnish
her with material for building tissue, for heat, energy and making
milk. In order to supply these demands, she should be fed a
balanced ration, that is, a ration that carries digestible protein,
carbohydrates and fat in proper ratio and in the most accessible
form to supply all ‘requirements with the least possible energy.

The concentrates should be well ground, and hay and silage
should be properly cured and put up to contain the greatest
amount of digestible matter. Hay for dairy cows should never be
left standing until over-ripe, nor left to cure too long in the sun.
Mouldy feed should be avoided. The feeder must be the judge
as to the amount fed. This is especially true with the cow that
has just freshened. Highly concentrated food should be withheld
for three or four days, and then given in small quantities, and
watched close at this time. Udder troubles are often the results
of bad feeding. Never leave it to the cow, as she will eat accord-
ing to her appetite, regardless of what she actually needs.

Along with good feed, she needs abundance of pure water,
not too warm nor too cold, and furnished her in a clean tank or
bucket.

Sunlight and pleasant surroundings are great factors in
stimulating milk secretion. Her stall should be provided with
abundant sunshine, her view should be unobstructed, as she is an
animal that wants to see everything she hears. The lot should be
kept clean and free from mud and manure, her pasture should not

A—17

258 Missouri Agricultural Report.

be too large and all brush and weeds kept mowed. She is an
animal that follows in the wake of civilization. She never goes
ahead. Conditions must be made suitable before she is of any ©
value to speak of.

Kindness is a virtue that should never be overlooked. Her
maternal disposition is of a high character, probably the greatest
of any dumb mother. In our care for her she understands us.
Grooming to her is a great satisfaction. The friction of the brush
and comb is a pleasing and stimulating way of showing kindness.
A gentle stroke of the hand while in the lot or pasture has a great
influence in creating confidence in her for you. I believe where
kindness is most appreciated by the dairy cow is at the time of
Grawing the milk. I have seen milkers sit on a stool with a
bucket between their knees and pull the udder from its natural
position in order to get the stream of milk to hit in the bucket. I
have seen others pull down on the teats until they looked like a
piece of elastic. I speak of these practices because I know they
are altogether too common. The milk should be drawn carefully;
the milker should sit so that the pail can be milked in with the
udder in a natural position. The teat should be taken in the full
hand and the pressure gentle and just enough to force the milk
from the teats.

Milkers who do other barn work should wear gloves or mit-
tens, I prefer such as you buy three pairs for a quarter. This
keeps the hand soft, does away with cracked and chafed hands,
makes them easy to wash and clean and affords a great deal more
comfort to the cow than the rough calloused hand. The milker
should keep the finger nails trimmed short. I have known cows
made kickers by milkers who milked with long finger nails.

Our success depends largely on the faithful execution of our
duty in the small details that are required in caring for the dairy
cow.

PROFITABLE FEEDS FOR THE MISSOURI DAIRY COW.
(By Jas. N. Price, Trenton, Missouri.)

Among the important things to be considered in the feeding
cf dairy cows are the composition, palatability, variety and cost
of feeds. The ration should be made up of such feeds as will
furnish the required digestible nutrients in the proper propor-
tions to maintain the body and produce a profitable flow of milk.

State Dairy Association. 259

Palatability is essential in a ration because unless the flavor and
condition of the ration is pleasing to the appetite of the cow
she will not consume sufficient for profitable work. Palatability
also aids digestion by stimulating the flow of saliva and other di-
gestive juices. We find that individuals in the herd differ in
their likes and dislikes for foods. These individual peculiarities
in eating should be recognized and catered to by the feeder. The
cows should be fed as individuals and not as a herd.

Variety, like palatability, increases the consumption of food,
and therefore the flow of milk is increased. In fact variety
makes a ration more palatable. Animals will always do better
when a variety of feeds is furnished than when confined to one
kind of grain throughout the season.

The cost of production must always be considered. The
profit in dairying results from the difference between cost of pro-
duction and selling price of milk or butter.

While it is always important to secure as high a price as pos-
sible for your milk and butter, it is still more important to strive
to reduce the cost of production without lowering the grade of
your product. This can be done by reducing the cost or increas-
ing the efficiency of your ration.

In determining the best ration to use for economical produc-
tion of milk and butter we must consider both the composition and
the cost of the feeds to be used. It is not always the feed that
costs least that will produce milk and butter at least cost. It is
not an act of economy to feed corn and cob meal as the only grain
with corn silage and corn stover as roughage simply because corn
and cob meal cost only 40 cents per bushel when wheat bran costs
$1.20 per 100 pounds. The straight corn ration will not produce
enough milk to make dairying profitable nor will it even nourish
the body properly; while the addition of wheat bran or cotton-
seed meal to the ration, although it increases the cost of feed per
Gay, will increase the flow of milk enough to more than pay for the
extra cost of feed.

The economy of a ration depends, therefore, not upon the
actual cost of feed per day, but upon the cost of producing a gal-
ion of milk or a pound of butter.

To illustrate this point, let us consider the value of the Mis-
souri ration of corn and timothy as compared to a ration in whicn
some protein feed is used as a supplement to corn.

Here is a dairyman who has raised timothy hay and corn thi:
year and thinks he cannot afford to use any other feeds becaus2

260 Missouri Agricultural Report.

they are too expensive. How is he going to succeed in economy
of production? If he believes in a liberal allowance of feed (quan-
tity and not quality considered) his ration will likely be about as
follows: 15 lbs. of timothy hay; 10 lbs. of corn stover, and 8 lbs.
of corn-and-cob meal. This ration will furnish enough protein
for only 4 or 5 pounds of milk although there are carbohydrates
and fat enough for 30 or 35 pounds of milk. We cannot, there-
fore, expect a cow receiving this ration to yield much more than
4 or 5 lbs. of milk unless she does it at the expense of her body.
This ration at present prices will cost about 11% cents per

day; and if the cow produces 6 pounds or 3/4, gallon of milk it wil!
cost 15 cents per gallon of milk.

Now, suppose we substitute wheat bran for corn-and-cob meal,
using the same weights of grain and roughage as before. This
ration of 15 lbs. of timothy, 10 lbs. of corn stover and 8 pounds
of wheat bran will furnish protein enough for about 12 pounds
or 114 gallons of milk. The ration will cost 15 cents per day but
will produce milk at 10 cents per gallon.

The carbohydrates are still in excess of the protein, so let us
substitute 15 pounds of clover hay for the timothy, which is not
much of a dairy feed, anyway. This gives us a ration good for
about 20 lbs. of milk. It will cost 15 cents per day the same as
before but produce milk at 6 cents per gallon instead of 10 cents.
Why, then, wouldn’t it pay to sell that timothy and invest the
money in clover hay? And some of the corn and invest the money
in wheat bran or cotton-seed meal?

This does not mean that if a cow is fed 15 pounds of clover
hay, 10 pounds of corn stover and 8 pounds of wheat bran she wil!
give 20 to 25 pounds of milk. That depends on the cow and the
time in the period of lactation, but it does mean that a cow yield-
ing 20 to 25 pounds of milk should receive digestible protein,
carbohydrates and fat in about the proportion furnished by this
ration if she is expected to keep up her milk flow. One great
mistake sf dairymen the country over is to feed all cows in the
herd the same amount of grain regardless of milk production. To
produce milk economically, the dairyman must know how many
pounds of milk each cow is giving and feed her accordingly.

It requires a certain amount of feed to maintain the body and
the cow should receive sufficient feed above this amount required
for maintenance to enable her to produce a full flow of milk. If
she is not given sufficient feed to maintain her body weights and
to produce a full flow of milk she will convert her surplus flesh into

State Dairy Association. 261

milk. This process cannot be kept up indefinitely, however, and
the cow soon shrinks in milk flow until she yields only in propor-
tion to the feed received. On the other hand, if a cow is fed in
excess of what she requires for maintenance and milk production,
the surplus will be converted into body fat.

A cow should be fed so that she will produce a full flow of
milk and maintain practically the same body weight.

There is no doubt that the dairyman should produce most ol
nis feed on the farm if he wishes to produce milk economically.
The proper feeding of dairy cows and the maintenance of the soil
fertility go hand in hand. Those crops which should be grown
on the farm to maintain and improve the fertility of the soil pro-
duce that class of feed necessary to furnish a properly balancec
ration for milk production.

The custom on many of our Missouri farms is to raise grain
continuously or in rotation with timothy hay, and the cow re-
ceives timothy hay from the hay ‘bunk,’ corn stalks in the stalk
field, straw from the straw stack and a few little “measly nub-
bins” night and morning to make her stand still while Ma or one
of the girls does the milking.

Such methods are injurious to the soil, to the dairy cow, and
to the financial condition of the owner.

The maintenance of soil fertility and the proper feeding of
Cairy cows demand a system of crop rotation including one or
more legumes, such as clover, cowpeas, soybeans, or alfalfa.

The value of clover is recognized by many farmers, and should
be grown whenever possible. In some sections of the State clover
cannot be grown successfully; and in such cases the cowpea offers
an excellent substitute. The cowpea yields a larger amount of
hay per acre, that is equal if not superior to clover in feeding
value. In Bulletin No. 73 of the Missouri Experiment Station
the average yield of cowpeas per acre in Missouri is given as 1.6
tons, while the average yield of all other hay crops is 1.2 tons; a
difference of only a little less than % ton in favor of cowpeas. The
same bulletin states that the average crop of cowpeas is worth
more per acre than the average crop of corn. Besides producing
a crop equal to or more valuable per acre than corn, the cowpea
improves the soil and enables us to grow better corn, while a crop
of corn reduces the fertility of the soil so that each succeeding
crop yields less than the one before.

The soybean is not so well known in this State, but deserves
more attention.

262 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In recent work at the Tennessee Experiment Station an acr:
cr soybeans produced more beef and at less cost per pound thar
either an acre of corn or an acre of cowpeas.

In feeding trials conducted by the writer during last winter
e+ the Tennessee station soybean straw and soybean meal fed in
proportion as they were grown in the field proved superior to al-
falfa hay as a supplement to corn silage and corn and cob meal
for milk production.

I am better acquainted with the growth of the soybean in
‘Tennessee than in Missouri, yet it seems to me that it should do
equally as well in Southern Missouri as in Tennessee and should
be successfully grown throughout the State.

In Tennessee the soybean adapts itself to late planting better
than the cowpea, and for that reason it seems that it would be
better suited to our short season or as a catch crop after smal!
grain. It yields as much or more forage than the cowpea and
yields more seed. The entire plant cured as hay is about equal
to alfalfa hay; the threshed hay is superior to corn stover, and
the beans ground in meal are equal to cottonseed meal for milk
production. Alfalfa is now being grown in many sections of the
State and promises to become a general crop with us. It furnishes
ene of the best feeds for all kinds of stock, and should be growa
wherever it is a success.

A system of cropping in which clover is used as the main hay
crop and corn the main grain crop and cowpeas as a catch crov
between the main crops of the rotation should prove successfu!
in this State. The cowpea can also be sown in the corn at last
plowing and will make fall pasture after the corn is removed
from silage or can be plowed under as a green manure crop.

If the corn is being grown for silage cowpeas may be drilled
-in beside the rows of corn and harvested with it and put into the
silo. This combination makes an excellent silage. Allow me toy
emphasize the value of silage in the dairy ration. The silo has
not been used in this State as generally as it should be.

The greater milk flow during the spring and early summer is
due to the succulent nature of the grass. Succulence gives to a
feed a feeding value above the actual digestible nutrients it con-
tains. This value is due largely to the better condition of the di-
gestive system, which keeps the animal in better health. Silage
will furnish succulence to the winter ration insuring better healt!
of the herd and a better milk flow than with dry feeds. Silage re-
duces the cost of feeding, since it furnishes the bulk of the ration

State Dairy Association. 263

and costs only about $2.00 per ton to produce and put in the silo.
The advantages of silage may be stated as follows:

1. It furnishes a succulent feed in winter which is beneficial
to the health of the herd and increases the flow of milk.

2. It saves a large amount of feed which ordinarily goes to
waste in the stalk field.

3. The use of the silo is the most convenient method of caring
for the corn crop, and silage is easily and conveniently fed to the
COWS.

4. There is scarcely any waste in feeding silage of good
quality. If not over-fed, cows will eat it up clean.

Corn is the most common crop used for silage, but sorghum is
used to a considerable extent. Cows seem to relish sorghum silage
a little better than corn silage and the feeding value is otherwise
about equal. A mixture of corn or sorghum with either cowpeas
or soy-beans makes an excellent silage. The cowpeas may be
planted in the corn or sorghum and harvested with it; but the
sorghum should be grown separately and the two crops mixed
while filling the silo, since the soybean will not grow well if shaded.

If the corn is to be grown for silage on rich land it should be
planted a little thicker than ordinarily, so that the stalks will not
be too large. It will give a better yield of silage per acre and there
will be less waste in feeding. Do not plant too thick, however, or
you will reduce the yield of grain, thus decreasing the feeding value
of the silage. So much for the subject of raising feeds; but how
shall we use the feeds we now have on hand? That is the ques-
tion that is up to us today. We cannot raise any clover or cow-
pea hay until next summer, and if we did not grow them last sum-
mer we will have to depend upon the market for our protein feeds.
If you have timothy hay sell it and buy clover or cowpea hay.
The clover will not cost you any more than you can get for your
timothy, and sometimes not so much. Cowpea hay may cost you a
little more. If you cannot buy either clover or cowpea hay of
some of your neighbors it will pay you to buy it on the market, even
at more per ton than you get for your timothy. Alfalfa hay can
be bought at points in Kansas for $10.00 per ton in carload lots.
The freight on a carload will make the hay cost you about $15.00
per ton. You can afford to pay this price rather than feed tim-
othy hay alone for roughage.

Alfalfa is equal to wheat bran in feeding value, and the bran
costs $24.00 per ton. Cottonseed meal and wheat bran may be
substituted for part of the corn. They will improve the ration and

264 Missouri Agricultural Report.

add variety. The following rations will give good results with
the average Missouri herd:

1. Clover or cowpea hay, 10 pounds; silage 30 to 40 pounds,
and a grain mixture of equal parts of corn and cob meal and wheat
bran or oats; or of corn and cob meal three parts and cottonseed
meal one part, fed at the rate of 1 pound of grain to 3 pounds of
milk.

2. All they will eat of clover or cowpea hay and a grain
mixture of five parts of corn and cob meal, three parts bran or
oats; or three parts corn and cob meal and one part cottonseed
meal, fed at the rate of 1 pound of the grain to three pounds of
milk.

3. All the alfalfa or cowpea hay they will eat and 1 pound
of corn and cob meal to 3% pounds of milk.

If you have corn stover allow the cows to have access to it
through the day or combine it in small amounts with any of the
rations given.

MY EXPERIENCE IN BREEDING UP A PROFITABLE DAIRY
COW.

(By Wm. H. Bruns of Concordia, Mo.)

My first stock was Shorthorns. I read about the high prices
they brought in New York, so I obtained a roan bull calf. His
calves were nearly all roans, so I thought good calves would result.

They gave good milk for about five or six months. Some of
them did not give enough to raise a good calf. Then I began to
look around for something else. One day in August my wife and
I went to see one of the neighbors and took dinner there. They
had some butter on the table that stood up straight on the dish.
Our butter would do that when first brought out of the cellar, but
would soon melt down. I inquired the cause. The lady answered:
“We have an old black kicking cow that is the cause of that; I can’t
milk her.” I inquired if I could get a heifer calf of that cow.
“No,” she said, “her relatives had already spoken for more calves
than the cow would ever have.” But in a year or two this family
had a sale and sold off everything, so I bought that old black cow
and bred her to a Shorthorn bull and raised three heifer calves, but
not one of them had milk or butter like the old cow. I then learned
that the calf would take more after the sire than the dam, in the
matter of milking qualities.

State Dairy Association. 265

After this experience I bred my cows to some Galloways, but
still failed to get good milkers. Then I got some Ayrshires. They
did very well, but I became afraid of them. We did not know
liow to take off the horns, or I would have kept on breeding them.
By the way, I want to say here that cows now have no more need
of horns in this civilized country than a man has need of a gun
in church. The horn ought to be killed the first day the calf is
dropped. A drop of caustic potash or common lye is good for this
purpose.

I then went back to Shorthorns. Again I was told that there
was a strain of Shorthorns that were good milkers. I bought a
roan cow, and though she was thirteen years old she raised five
calves for me. One heifer calf, with a sire of good milk stock, de-
veloped into what I thought was a good milker. Then our creamery
started up at Concordia, and a man there offered to test my milk
for me. It tested just two per cent. I was told that a good cow
ought to test four per cent, so I found again that my work had
been useless.

In 1898 the dairy test started in Chicago, and I watched
Hoard’s Dairyman, which gave a correct account of each cow.
The Jersey Bulletin also charged each cow for what she ate and
gave credit for the butter she made, so I saw that the Jerseys
made butter cheapest, for the butter of the Jersey breed cost less
per pound than the other breeds. There were twenty-five Jerseys,
twenty-five Holsteins, twenty-five Shorthorns there; the best cow,
a Jersey, made $73 clear profit in six months, so I thought I would
breed up in Jersey cattle. JI procured a pedigreed Jersey bull
and bred him to my Shorthorns. The first cross proved to be a
paying cow. Our first cows made an average of 140 pounds of but-
ter a year. Our half-blood Jerseys made 250 pounds a year, and
now our herd averages over 300 pounds.

You can see my mistakes in trying to get a good paying cow,
and my success in breeding a good paying cow. The main thing
in breeding is a good dairy sire. “The sire is half the herd,” is
the old saying, but I think the sire has three-fourths of the power
to increase the value of the herd, and right here is where the
secret is that so many fancy breeders do not understand. The
dairy cow has two purposes—one is the milk and butter-fat she
will produce, and the other is the traits she will hand down to
her offspring; the first dies when the cow dies.

But there is no inherited value in the single-purpose cow. There
is no certainty in the heredity of the scrub. That is the reason

266 Missouri Agricultural Report.

why the special dairy cow of the thoroughbred foundation breed-
ing is worth more money than the cow that would be equally pro-
ductive but does not hand down her characteristics to her off-
spring. A cow with a record, a tested cow that will make two
pounds of butter a day and over, is the kind of a cow that you
want to breed, and sired by a bull that is out of a good founda-
tion breeding. Then you may be sure you are on the right road
to success in breeding up a paying herd of cows, and as our land
grows in price so must we raise our standard of butter produc-
tion. Don’t be afraid that it will be overdone or that it will not
pay on high-priced land. On Jersey Island and Guernsey, land is
worth from $600 to $1,750 per acre, and they have a cow to every
acre of land. There they take the best care of them. We don’t
think enough of our cows, nor do we take good enough care of
them, They furnish the best produce on earth, the best drink
there is, a balanced ration for man, and should, therefore, have
the best of care. |

HOW I MAKE MONEY DAIRYING.
(By 8. H. Pile, Glasgow, Missouri.)

My talk will be more on how I spend money dairying rather
than how I make money. However, I believe and hope I am on th:
right track and eventually will have some money. Here, at the
Experiment Station, the foundation herd of cows was just ordi-
nary stock, while today they have a number producing over 700
pounds of butter per year. Such cows are valued at perhaps sev-
eral hundred dollars. This gives me encouragement, and I have
aspirations that in time I can produce just as good by following
the same methods of breeding, testing, selecting, feeding, etc.

The money-making dairy farmer might be one of two kinds.
He might spend neither money nor time to achieve greatest re-
sults but put up with old and inadequate buildings, poor cows,
cheap feed, and refuse to test because it takes time and necessi-
tates spending some money for a testing apparatus. He gets along
with very few farm implements, and economizes in every possible
way. He never spends a dollar except for something absolutely
necessary. Is this making money? We have neighbors who rarely
ever sow clover seed because they are afraid they will lose the
seed. It is almost useless to add that in time they and their farms

State Dairy Association. 267

get so poor that they can’t buy seed if they want to, because they
haven’t the money. We have other neighbors, who, by close ana
careful economy, by never spending a dollar for anything short of
dire necessities, have taken good care of their land, have invested
and loaned their money and have accumulated quite a sum.

One old gentleman of this sort was remonstrated with by his
wife for not buying sufficient harness for his teams. He replied,
“By George, harness cost money. Let the men tie the old ones
up with binder twine.” His team sometimes ran away because
the lines were not strong enough to hold them if they became
frightened, yet I suppose he considered it economy to spend no
money for better equipment.

Another man with a fine four-hundred acre farm owned but
one pitchfork, depending on borrowing from neighbors when he
needed more. He was afraid to hire anyone to husk corn or stack
hay for fear they wouldn’t do the work right, or was too stingy
to part with his money. He thus allowed much of his farm to
grow up in brush, because afraid to rent to anyone.

We often see the economical dairy farmer who thinks it a
waste of time to read or talk about his business, who refuses to
buy books or subscribe for papers devoted to his calling, and gets
along with a scrub bull and worse than scrub cows. This man
often gets back 39 cents for each dollar’s worth of feed, and works
for nothing, boarding himself. He is the man the President has
been inquiring about, desiring to make his condition better. It can
be done by waking him up. He is no better nor no worse than
those people in the towns and cities who barely make a living.

Now, we do not make money in any of the ways mentioned,
for we do not think them the best way. To acquire the greatest
results is our aim, and we do not hesitate to spend money to help
accomplish this. Our farm is five miles from town, the road is
quite hilly and sometimes gets very muddy. Ours is a great stock
feeding community, therefore but little of the feed raised near-
by is offered for sale. To save hauling, time and money, we try
as much as is possible, to grow all the feeds we need on our own
farm. Corn is perhaps the cheapest feed and is usually grown in
the quickest time. We have a brick and stone silo that cost $700.
Have a silage machine, a ten horse power steam engine and all the
accessories which have used up all our money. We paid $3.00 per
bushel for seed corn, having every ear tested for its germinating
qualities. We do about three times as much work in preparing
the land and at least two or three times as much cultivating as

268 Missouri Agricultural Report.

our neighbors. Some years I think it pays—some years I don’t
know, but have a fool idea that good farming will pay in the end.

Our second crop in importance is clover, but we usually have
more acres of clover than corn. We try to cut the hay early ana
sometimes get a profitable seed crop afterward. In about twenty
years’ experience in farming I have had a very few failures in
getting a stand of clover. The few times have hurt, but the many
successes have been glorious. I often sow a little timothy with
the rye or wheat in the fall to make a heavier scd, if I expect to
pasture, and then sow clover in the spring.

Cow peas are another valuable crop in case we are short on
clover, and many times I have sowed them in every unoccupied
corner, in the cern on thin land, and elsewhere, and think it has
always paid. One winter our cows had nothing but cow peas and
corn and we got fine results—as much as the previous winter when
we had to buy bran and cottonseed to balance up with corn and
stalks.

Alfalfa is another valuable crop, but we haven’t begun to
grow it very largely; however, we believe that in time we can
make it the best farm crop for dairy cows.

We think it wise to grow all our feeds, yet when necessary to
balance the ration we do not hesitate to buy. The question of feed-
ing economically is as great as farming economically. The man
who contended his cow could live on fresh air didn’t quite suc-
ceed, because she died about the time he got her down to one
straw a day. No doubt he was feeding economically, yet it didn’t
pay. We have various tables showing analyses of feed stuffs; we
work out a ration that we think best, then usually have two or
three authorities criticise same. We use our best judgment, stud:,
the capacity of the cow, weigh and test her product, then feed ac-
cordingly. We make mistakes, lots of them we never know, no
doubt, yet in the main we are constantly increasing our herd; our
land is getting richer; we are getting more buildings, more and
better equipment, etc. Whether this is economical dairy farming
or not I leave for others to say. We have no bank account be-
yond our everyday needs; no money loaned out; no bank stock;
no railroad bonds. Yet it is as much satisfaction, perhaps, to se?”
our nice heifers, colts, fat pigs, and to know that we are trying to
carry on a progressive and up-to-date line of work, even if we
can’t count our profits in dollars. To farm economically is much
like any other business. One must spend money to make money. A

State Dairy Association. 269

good building, a fine bull, a valuable mare, will often pay more than
6 per cent on the investment.

We sell much of our product at retail and believe in advertis-
ing. We have been able to sell our product more readily and ai
higher prices because people knew about us from seeing our ad-
vertisement and had confidence that tney would get what they
wanted and needed.

Economy in labor is practiced by many. I have been accused
by some of making fools of the hired help of our community be-
cause I pay higher wages than any one else (and regret often that
I can’t pay more than I do). I go on the theory that by paying
more, the thrifty, intelligent and steady men are attracted to me
on account of the extra wage. By having plenty of men, by doin
our work on time, I have more time for planning and making im-
provements, more time to devote to selling the products; do not
need to keep myself constantly grinding, and can rest easier and
more content knowing that my work is being done properly, be-
cause my help is reliable and trustworthy.

Nobody would willingly burn up a ten-dollar bill unless crazy
or a fool, yet many dairy farmers, and others, waste this muck
and more every month by not properly caring for the manure. A
little more care, a little more work, would work wonders. I once
heard T. B. Terry say that he was confident his manure and
method of handling it paid or saved him at least $100.00 per year
over and above what his nearest neighbor realized, and this, alone,
in twenty-five years amounted to $2,500—to say nothing of the
interest on it—which would have more than doubled it. $5,000.00
is a nice little competence for old age, and worth saving. I have
often thought of this, especially when passing a farm near us
which is divided by a creek. On account of convenience of water
and other reasons, this man’s feed lots and barns are located along
this creek. He has been a large feeder of cattle, mules and hogs
for at least fifty years. They make butter, raise poultry of all
kinds and all the manure goes off down this creek. If he had the
value of this manure in the bank or in the increased fertility of
his farm, he would have been able to wear diamonds as big as
walnuts, instead of being just fairly well-to-do. I presume he
thinks he is practicing economy because he doesn’t have to hire
any manure hauled, the spring rains thoroughly cleaning up all his
feed lots without pay or board.

The dairy farmer has no business to loaf every Saturday
around town, nor spend time swapping lies or horses; because the

270 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cows must be milked, the butter made, or the cream delivered, rain
or shine, hot or cold.

Your Secretary wrote me to dwell more particularly on what
feeds to grow and what to buy. Each man can best work out
this problem according to his soil and seasons. I have tried as
best I could to tell how I hope to make money dairying.

Another essential for successful dairy farming, and to keep
il running in the proper manner, is to have a clean woman some-
where near the balance wheel, to keep things bright and shiny, or
else the accumulation of dirt and cobwebs is sure to over-balance
any effort that we men might make. A dairy farm should also
have boys and girls growing up along with the business, or else
it is apt to go down hill as we grow old. Yet it is not wise to
try to grow high priced cows and cheap boys. I am endeavoring
to teach my boys to know more and do better and gain by my
experience. These boys are only seven and nine years old, but the
firm name is “S. H. Pile & Sons, proprietors of Seven Hills Dairy
Farm,” and I hope to have it remain thus. I want to educate these
boys for the farm, instead of away from it, as so often happens.

There is more in life than the mere accumulation of dollars.
We want to keep ourselves bright and young as long as possible,
to be able to enjoy some of the pleasures and luxuries of life, to
leave behind us better men and women in our children than we
are ourselves.

Wise spending of money, I believe, will result in greater re-
turns than niggardly economy, and even if we do not hoard so
many dollars, we will have had the satisfaction of keeping them
in circulation.

One profitable cow will eat but little more than an unprofitable
one. It may cost a little to find the right one, but it pays to do so.
It may be necessary to spend some money to find the people who
are willing to pay extra prices for good butter and cream, but the
money comes back many hundred-fold. Clover seed, silos, ma-
chinery, all cost money, but not like high priced mill feeds. It
costs to care for the manure, but think of the extra crops resulting
therefrom. <A good barn costs more than the “dome of heaven,”
but isn’t the barn worth while?

State Dairy Association. 2a

THE BABCOCK TEST.
(By F. L. Austin, Secretary Missouri State Dairy Association.)

Any farmer can test his own cows with the Babcock test and
learn definitely what they are doing. It is not a difficult operation,
but, like all things that are worth while, it requires careful and
systematic work. It takes but little time to make the test and
a half dozen cows may be tested nearly as quickly as one.

4-Bottle Babcock Tester.

The outfit necessary is as follows: For a six to ten cow dairy,
one 4-bottle Babcock tester; four milk test bottles; 1 17.6 ¢. ©.
pipette; 1 17.5 ¢. c. acid measure; sulphuric acid and a number of
glass jars holding the samples of milk. For a larger dairy than
ten cows the machine should be a 12-bottle machine.

For taking composite samples a “milk-thief,” or sampler
should be included. This is simply a brass rod about a quarter-inch
in diameter by thirty inches long. The sample is taken by insert-
ing the rod to the bottom of the bucket and closing the top by
placing the thumb or finger over it. A spring balance scale for
weighing the milk should accompany the outfit.

SAMPLING THE MILK.

First, determine just what cows are going to be tested and
make a list of them. Then prepare the jars for the samples by
labeling each jar corresponding to the cow for which the sample is

Ze Missouri Agricultural Report.

to be taken. Pint fruit jars make excellent containers for the
samples. Plan to test each cow’s whole day’s product. Sampling
may begin morning or evening, just so that one directly follows
the other. For instance: Tuesday night’s milk and Wednesday
morning’s milk or Wednesday morning’s and Wednesday night’s
milk in the composite sample.

Pipette Cream Bottle. Acid Measure. Milk Test Bottle.

When ready to take the sample the cow should be milked clean,
and, immediately following the milking of each cow, the milk
should be poured at least twice from one bucket to another and the
sample taken at once. Use the ‘“‘milk-thief” in taking the sample
by inserting it to the bottom of the bucket, covering the top with
the thumb, drawing out and letting it run into the proper sample
yar:

MAKING THE TEST.

When ready to make the test have a kettle of hot water handy.
The sample should be thoroughly mixed. This should be done bv
pouring from one bottle to another, letting the milk run down

State Dairy Association. 273

the sides of the bottle instead of in the middle or instead of shak-
ing, either of which causes air bubbles to come in the milk which
will make the test lower than it should be.

When the sample is thoroughly mixed, insert the pipette in
the sample and draw the pipette nearly full of milk, being careful.
not to get milk into the mouth. Draw the pipette from the
mouth and quickly clap the first finger over the top. Then let
the milk run out gradually by lifting the finger slightly until it
falls in line with the 17.6 c. c. mark. Place the lower end of the
pipette in the test bottle as far as it will go and blow the milk into
the bottle, allowing it to drain out well. The sample is now ready
for the acid.

ADDING THE ACID.

The acid used should be commercial sulphuric, 1.82 specific
gravity, which can be purchased at any drug store. Great care
should be taken in handling the acid, as it is very powerful and
quickly burns anything it touches. Its action can be counteracted
by cold water. The proper amount to add to the sample of milk
is 17.5 c. ce. The acid measure is marked to contain this amount.
In adding it to the milk, pour it down the sides of the bottle’s
neck slowly. Then mix with a rotary motion until the mixture is
a dark color. It will ordinarily take on a dark purplish hue, Then
let stand until all the samples are similarly prepared and place
them in the machine and make the first run of five minutes. Be
sure that the bottles are balanced in the machine. If there are
but three samples to run, put a bottle of water in the machine,
so as to make two bottles on a side, and preserve the balance. Keep
up the speed of the machine according to directions given on the
handle.

After the first run of five minutes add water nearly boiling
hot to the bottom of the necks of the bottles and make a second
run in the machine of two minutes. Then add hot water, the same.
as before so as to bring the butter fat into the necks of the test
bottles so that the top line is not above the 8 per cent or 10 per cent
mark and the lower line is not below the 0 mark. Run one minute,

READING.

Then read immediately. Do not let the tests stand for even
a few minutes, for the fat will contract and the test will be less
accordingly. The number opposite the lower point of the butter

A—18

274 Missouri Agricultural Report.

fat column subtracted from the number opposite the upper line
of the butter fat column gives the reading and the proper test. A
pair of dividers or an ordinary compass will be found handy for
quick and accurate reading. Record the test in a record book
where it will be used in connection with the amount of milk pro-
duced by each cow. This completes the operation. The glass-
ware should be thoroughly washed with soap and hot water and
rinsed with hot water and kept in a clean place ready for the next
test.

THE DAIRY COW.
(By Hon. W. W. Marple, Chicago.)

A lawyer once said he would rather defend a guilty man than
an innocent one, because if he lost the case he didn’t feel so badly
about it. This explains my situation exactly on this occasion. The
most eminent surgeon never presumes to perform an operation on
his own kin. His sympathy unnerves him and his fear of a mis-
take unqualifies him for doing good work, so I ask your indulgence
tonight for any mistake I may make in presenting the claims of
“The Missouri Dairy Cow,” on the grounds of my close relation-
ship to her and her keeper. A darkey was asked once if he
could have three wishes granted what they would be, and without
hesitation he said he would take, first, ten barrels of whiskey,
then he would take ten boxes of tobacco, and then he hesitated for
some time and said: “I believe I would take another barrel of
whiskey.” If I could have three wishes granted, in the interest of
Missouri, I would make my first choice a dairy herd for each
farm in the State; my second choice, a silo for each herd, and my
third choice, a few more cows. I acknowledge as an additional
cause for embarrassment tonight the personnel of this audience
who demand a reason for the faith that is within them and I re-
alize that the influence of your verdict will be felt far beyond the
confines of these walls, and the ultimate decision of a question more
important to this State than we can conceive will be materially af-
fected by this verdict. If any further evidence of my position on
the question of the dairy cow for Missouri is needed, I would
say that I believe a failure to encourage the most generous intro-
duction of dairy cows into this State is absolutely criminal, and
that any citizen of this great commonwealth to whom has been
given a position of trust, in any way discourages the develop-

State Dairy Association. 205

ment of dairying to the highest degree should be punished by
eternal ostracism from the arena of politics; for my opinion to-
night is exactly opposite to that of the boy who was one of a family
of ten children, and who was called into his mother’s room one
morning to welcome the advent of the eleventh. He looked at
ihe little fellow intently and with a serious expression for awhile,
when his father said, ‘““‘What do you think of it?” He answered:
“Well, I can think of a good many things we need worse.” I am
honest when I tell you I can think of nothing Missouri needs
worse than the dairy cow.

I am not here tonight to introduce the dairy cow to Missouri
and Missouri people, for she is no stranger to this great State,
but I come to you with a message of interest in her behalf because
of what she has done and because of the rich promises she makes.
I come to protest against unfair discrimination in favor of her
brother and to demand recognition that will enable her to fulfill
her promises and her keeper to reap his reward. I look forward
to the time when her advocates, who have for years defended her
and sung her praises, will be made to feel like the boy who in
saying his prayers always prayed to God to bless Aunt Harriet
and make her happy. One night his father was listening to him
and he heard him pray for everybody but her. He said to him:
“You forgot to pray for Aunt Harriet.” The boy said: “She don’t
need praying for any more; she is engaged now.” When Mis-
souri, as a unit, has become engaged in dairying, then will the
dairy cow’s entry into good society be made easy and her in-
fluence courted by the office seeker and her rights protected by the
office holder.

I am impressed that some of the characteristics of the dairy
cow are modesty, fidelity, patience, constancy and industry, and
for these qualities she commands our admiration and is entitled
to our most generous consideration. It is interesting to note her
prominence in making history and the absence of any mention of
her in recording that history. It is seldom she gets her picture
on the front page of a newspaper. Mark Twain once said about
the Platte river, that it was a mile wide and an inch deep—a
stream of wide circulation and but little influence. While the dairy
cow has been regarded as indispensable on every farm and her
product a necessity in every family, my observation has been that
as a rule she has had seemingly but little influence in the socia},
commercial and political field. The agricultural press devotes
about half its space to corn and wheat, half of the remainder to

276 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cattle, horses, hogs and sheep and the rest to advertising, except
one or two columns devoted to the performance of a record break-
ing cow or the failure of a scrub herd, that was half fed and had
no care. Something over thirty years ago a dairy cow got some no-
toriety and her picture in the leading periodicals of the United
States by kicking over a kerosene lamp and starting a fire that
cleared off a patch of ground preparatory to the building of the
greatest city of modern times, one that is commensurate with the
demands of a great and growing country, thereby making herself
a benefactor instead of the instigator of a calamity. It has not
been long since she succeeded in getting her picture in one of
the leading magazines because of a successful campaign conducted
by her personally in favor of Peter Porter of Niagara Falls for
Congress against the old time and popular politician, James Wads-
worth.

When notice was served on me that I had been placed on the
general evening program for on address on “The Dairy Cow” i
appreciated that my audience would be composed of those whose
interests were varied, and I appreciated keenly the responsibility
of introducing and chaperoning this member of the world’s animal
aristocracy, and yet I say to you, in all seriousness, that it gives
me great pleasure to present tonight the undisputed claim this
noble animal has on each one of you. The dairy cow is akin to
every phase of the commercial, industrial and social interests of
this great State. Notwithstanding this, because of your varied
interests and the different vocations of this assembly, I feel I
would not have done my duty if I failed to acknowledge the grati-
tude, not only of Missouri dairymen, but of twenty millions of
people who depend on her as a prominent source of revenue, for
the recognition you have given her in this meeting, and if I suc-
ceed in presenting a single thought that will cause any one of
you to hold the Missouri cow in higher esteem and_ that
will cause you to surround her with environments that will extend
her field of usefulness, I will have accomplished my most earnest
desire, and the reward will be more than commensurate with the
effort.

On the outside of the cover of the elaborate program pro-
vided for this week you have noticed the picture of a beautiful
team of mules and under this picture is written: ‘Missouri stands
at the head, the only safe place.” I would that I might tonight
paint another picture that you could take home with you and
preserve on the tablet of memory. It would be the picture of a

State Dairy Association. OAT gE

dairy cow, and underneath would be written: “Missouri stands at
the other end, the only harbor of safety from financial panics and
crop failures and industrial paralysis and commercial depression.”

It would seem impertinent, almost, for me to attempt to give
this intelligent and well informed audience the definition of «a
dairy cow, and yet, I apprehend, if each one of you were asked
to give one, there would be a marked variance in the answers, for
I am convinced that to an extent we each make our own dictionary.
A man goes into a blacksmith shop, picks up a piece of iron and
drops it without being told. The blacksmith asks him, “What’s the
matter?” And he says “It’s hot.” He says: ‘No, that isn’t hot,” and
he picks it up and handles it without inconvenience or annoyance.
Their definition of hot is not the same.

This same principle might be illustrated by a similar refer-
ence to everything, and among the many animals that are the
subject of discussion at this convention, there is probably none
that presents so many types in accordance with the different ideals
as the cow. I admit that to the cattle man and to the casual
observer the dairy cow is the least attractive, and yet to Mr.
Reipbrock of Milwaukee, whose cow produced 1,000 pounds of
butter in a year, a Guernsey cow is the most beautiful animal in the
world. To the man in Holland, whose cow produced 1,100 pounds
of butter in a year, and W. F. Gillette, whose Colantha produced
nearly 1,200 pounds in a year, a Holstein is the ideal. Your Prof.
Eckles and Mr. Austin, when thinking of a beautiful cow would
see in their minds the picture of a Jersey. Dr. Niles of Lansing,
Mich., would decide on an Ayrshire, and to these men these cows—-
that the beef man would make fun of, with long, thin necks, large
paunches, large udders extending well forward, long, high rumps,
dish face, broad loins, lean shoulders, deep chest, large girth, wedge
shape and full, bright eyes, are the most beautiful specimens of
the animal creation. It has been said of Bostonians that if every
house in Boston was swept away by a cyclone and there was not
a building left anywhere, to them Boston would still be there,
and the reason given is that Boston is a state of mind. We are
forced to believe that beauty is strictly a state of mind.

I can presume on the state of mind of many to whom I am
talking and in consequence I will not attempt to introduce this
noble animal (with all of her excellent traits of character and
acknowledged usefulness) on the basis of beauty. While I will
reserve the right to exhibit her in the sweepstakes ring, for the
present I will enter her in a different class and in this class I am

278 Missouri Agricultural Report.

sure she will appeal to the beef man and the horse man and the
hog man and the sheep man and the mule man and every man as
being meritorious in the highest degree.

If you think the dairy cow homely, I ask you tonight to remem-
ber the most beautiful song that Missouri ever heard as she came at
eventide from across the prairie and the winding paths of the
forest along the banks of the historic creek, swinging her head
with the proud air of a prima donna, and chanting in low, solemn
tones an anthem of hope to Missouri mothers and Missouri chil-
dren and keeping time to the music of silver dollars at the ratio
of 16 to 1 as they dropped into the banks of Missouri to be drawn
on as necessary to supply the wants of a people over whose des-
tinies she seemed to have such wonderful control.

Is beauty the only standard by which you are governed in
your consideration of friends? I answer, no. Do you know of
anyone whom you regarded at first sight as being so homely your
sympathies were aroused, and when you knew them better they
seemed to get better looking until you couldn’t detect anything
homely about them? We have an old horse at our house, and if
you will promise not to tell, I will confess to you that he hasn’t a
beauty spot on him, and yet when my wife takes the children and
drives down the lake front she compares old Tom with ever;
horse she meets, and her universal verdict is that for actual beauty
Tom beats them all. I tell you beauty is a state of mind, and in
any event there is something more substantial that appeals to
our better natures. Usefulness is pre-eminent over all other attri-
butes. Individuality is what we are impressed with.

Abraham Lincoln was a statesman, whose equal we have no
knowledge of. He was a general such as the world never knew.
The whole nation knew him to love him, and yet he could doubtless
have emptied a house or dismissed an audience of his most loyal
admirers in three minutes had he attempted to sing a solo. Henrv
Grady of Atlanta electrified and held spell-bound his hearers when
he made that memorable speech at the banquet in Boston, the in-
fluence of which hastened the reuniting of a divided people and
made us a unit with one government and one flag, and yet had he
prepared with his own hands that banquet, I doubt not he would
have been in no condition to talk, and the rest would have been
too sick to hear. Jenny Lind electrified the people of two conti-
nents with her wonderful voice, and I would not forget that she
got her inspiration from the vast audiences that greeted her every-
where and people who couldn’t sing a bit.

State Dairy Association. 219

Now, in discussing the claim of the dairy cow, let us decide
whether she has any pull or not to make her welcome. Some of
you may say, “Who is she?” “What claim has she on our time?”
“What influence has she?” “What good can she do us?” Listen,
are you a politician? She controls more votes than any other
industry represented in this convention. Are you a banker? She
deposited more money in the banks of our country last year than
came from any other one source. Are you a merchant? She
bought and paid cash for more merchandise last year than any
other item of agriculture. Are you a stock raiser? She is stock.
“She is the steer’s mamma. She is the steer’s sister. Her product
is the foundation of a good hog.’ Are you a farmer? Exclusive
of stock-raising as a specialty, she has made more good farms out
of poor ones than all the other influences combined. She has
changed more 6-bushel wheat land and 15-bushel corn land to 25
bushels of wheat and 75 bushels of corn to the acre than all of the
combined effort of modern science.

It seems to me that above all professions the farmer has had
the most pronounced recognition. Did you ever stop to think
that the first farmer was Adam? Did you ever think that when
God Almighty made this wonderful world, when He created this
wonderful habitation of ours, when He had completed it and pro-
nounced it perfect, when He had finished this universe with its
majestic mountains, its extensive plains, its towering trees, its
rippling brooks, its noisy rivers, its placid lakes, its rough oceans,
its dense forests, its innocent flowers, this beautiful piece of ar-
chitecture and workmanship, over which the inhabitants of the
globe have gone into ecstacy for over 6,000 years and have con-
tinually found something new to admire, when, after this thou-
sands of living creatures were created, when finally the climax was
reached in the creation of man in God’s own image, a perfect
creature, that man was a farmer, and placed on a farm?

This is not all. Do you remember years after this, when God
desired to recognize His children in a substantial manner for their
obedience, or when He made them a promise of a rich reward for
fidelity and compliance with His requests, in His desire to make this
gift valuable, did He offer corner lots in some city, bank stock,
mines of rich mineral, blocks of fine houses, droves of horses or
beef cattle? No; He offered them farms. That was the most
valuable heritage He could give them, and I want to call your at-
tention further to the fact that He made this proposition just as

280 Missouri Agricultural Report.

attractive as possible by not only promising farms, but promising
dairy farms—a land of milk and honey.

In conclusion, I would leave these thoughts with you tonight
as reasons why the dairy cow should be most liberally introduced
into Missouri, and at all times be the object of special care and
consideration. She is entitled to this consideration because of her
long years of usefulness. She is worthy of it because of her
money-making power and by no means least in my estimation is
her influence on the home. Prof. Oscar Erf of Ohio says he
found in that portion of Europe where the most cows were milked.
not only the best farms and the highest priced land, but he found
a higher order of intelligence and more refinement. I believe that
aman is made better for associating with a good dairy cow.

Ladies, if any of you have a man in your family who has an
ugly disposition and hard to manage, I beseech you to get him into
the dairy business as soon as possible. A cow is an advocate of
temperance, she won’t do business with a man who drinks to ex-
cess. If a man persists in swearing and talking loud, or gives
way to his temper around where she is, she shuts off his supply.
A moderate cussing and a lick with a milk stool will tie up her milk
duct in a knot, and it’s a case of visiting the iniquities of the
father on the children, because they have to go hungry on account
of their father’s iniquitous conduct towards the cow. A man
soon learns to quit hitting the cow or swearing at her because it
costs too much. They soon begin to feel like Bob Evans did when
one Sunday, in a strange city, he went to a very fashionable church
and was shown a good seat that was unoccupied, and after a little
while a very elegantly dressed couple came down the aisle and
stopped at this seat and looked a little disgusted, but went in and
sat down. The man evinced considerable annoyance, and finally
handed a card to Col. Evans, on which he had written,“This seat
costs me $25.00 a year. Col. Bob handed it back to him after
writing on the other side, “It costs you too much.” I commend
this wonderful animal to you for her intrinsic worth. For thou-
sands of years she has furnished a table delicacy that is not only
desirable but a necessity.

As I leave this State and all of her interests, in the shadow
of this great Agricultural College, I urge you tonight to accept the
proposition made by the dairy cow. Install her in your cattle
homes and she will improve your farms and enhance the value of
your land; beautify your homes, build up your bank accounts; dis-
pel every cloud of disappointment that comes from ignorance and

State Dairy Association. 281

superstition, and, as her home here at this College is a monument
to the enterprising intelligence of our State Board of Agriculture
and the wisdom of these grand men who are preparing your
boys and your girls for their life work, let her home on each
Missouri farm be a monument to the intelligence of Missouri peo-
ple, and may each Missouri home indicate prosperity and happi-
ness, all through the influence of the Missouri dairy cow.

ORGANIZATION AND CO-OPERATION.

(By Mr. A. J. McDowell, President Ozark Dairy Association, Fordland Missouri.)

This is an era of organization. We find organizations in every
branch of business and every field of labor. Why, then, should
not the farmers be organized? There are many farmers’ organi-
zations which have been and are doing much for the farmer, but
in many cases they have been wrecked tnrough lack of cohesion—
the power to stick together.

Owing to the vast natural resources of our wonderful country,
the American farmer has had a much simpler problem before hira
than has the European farmer. In fact, he has been able to pros-
per in spite of the many parasites which have been preying upon
the agricultural body. But conditions have changed and the dav
has dawned when the American farmer must awaken to his con-
dition and demand a fairer share of the products of his labor.
These conditions have come slowly but steadily and with such
stealth that the average farmer does not realize their presence,
although he keenly feels their sting.

The most successful way to meet these new conditions is
through organization, and one of the greatest lessons for the
farmer to learn is to stick to his organization. If mistakes are
made or abuses creep in, he must learn to correct them througn
the organization, not through the abandonment of it.

Perhaps the nearest to ideal organization among farmers is
to be found in Denmark, where it is only through it that the
Danish farmer can prosper. There is no trouble in holding their
organizations together, as every Danish farmer seems to know that
they furnish the only solution of their intricate problem of making
profits from agriculture. All, or nearly all, of their products are
marketed through co-operation and by that means sold direct to
the consumer, thus the producer receives the highest possible price
without increase of cost to the consumer.

I am told by a former banker of Jefferson county, Wisconsin,

282 Missouri Agricultural Report.

that thirty years ago 60 per cent of the farm lands in that county
were under mortgage, and the average price of the land was $22
per acre. They took up dairying and formed various organiza-
tions to assist them, and now with only 35,000 inhabitants, they
have over 40,000 dairy cows, the average price of farm land is
more than $100 per acre, they operate 70 creameries, most of
which are owned by the farmers, and the dairy farmers alone have
more than $2,000,000 on deposit in the banks.

Such a showing taxes one’s credulity and I feel safe in saying
such results could not have been obtained except through co-oper-
ation. If Northern Wisconsin, with her cold, bleak winters, can
accomplish so much in so short a time, what should Missouri, with
her mild winters and wonderful advantages, be able to accomplish
if thoroughly organized? If Missouri will proceed along the lines
which Wisconsin has proved to be so successful her march to the
front will be amazing in its rapidity.

While Missourians are noted for their pride in and love for
their State, how much will this be augmented when Missouri has
taken her place in the realm of states to which her natural advant-
ages entitle her. And as there are several here from other states,
I wish to serve notice upon them now that when Missouri is once
thoroughly aroused, she will stand second to none. That what-
ever of excellence another state may attain along any line, Missouri
has sleeping within her bosom the resources to duplicate or beat it.

But I have been asked to say something of the Ozark Dairy
Association. It is an organization of about 300 dairy farmers who
own 2,000 cows, and during the grass season sells about 30,000
pounds of butter fat per month. It was organized in May, 1908,
for the purpose of selling cream to better advantage than its mem-
bers as individuals had been able to do. Its first sale of cream
was made on May 19th, and shipment made May 23rd. It is com-
posed of nine stations, each having a local organization which has
full control of all its local affairs, owns its own testing outfit,
makes the tests upon which the sales are made and elects three
members of the general organization.

The selling is done by a committee consisting of one member
from each local station, which has full control of the sales, under
the supervision of the general organization. This plan has proven
to be simple, practical and satisfactory. Through it both price
and tests have been advanced to such extent that the members have
realized about six thousand dollars more for their cream during
tie last seven months of 1908 than they would have received had

State Dairy Association. 283

market conditions remained as they were at the birth of the or-
ganization.

Our association is satisfied, alert, active and aggressive and
steadily growing, new members being added almost every week.

For several months prior to organizing, we sold our cream at
414 to 7 cents below Elgin quotations. The organization sold at
3 cents below Elgin from May to October Ist; since at 2% cents
below. Our tests were formerly made by the use of the pipette.
We now weigh the samples, which has caused our tests to advance
three to seven points, according to the density of the cream. An
average of about five points, but to be conservative, call it four
points.

The average test at my own station is about 36 per cent. I
presume the other stations run about the same. Hence, an ad-
vance of four points is an increase of about one-ninth in the amount
of butter fat, which is an item worth looking after.

We expect to extend co-operation to other phases of the dairy
industry in the near future. Some of the advantages which may
be attained through organization are: The purchase of dairy
feeds in car-load lots, thus reducing the cost to the minimum.

The purchase of the best breeding stock at small cost to the
individual, so we may make more rapid progress in grading up our
herds, and eventually create a market for all the good surplus we
may produce.

Owning and operating our own creameries, as we believe the
most successful dairying goes hand in hand with the local cream-
eries.

And an awakening in the individual of a lively interest in
and respect for his occupation, thus opening the door to better
methods, more reading, more thought, more intelligence and a bet-
ter citizenship.

With proper organization and a united effort, Missouri is des-
tined soon to be one of the leading dairy states in the Union. It is
within her reach, and her best interests demand that she should
accomplish it.

It should bring the blush of shame to every Missourian’s face
to know that every year multiplied thousands of dollars leave our
State to pay for the butter and cheese that we eat, while we should
have an income of many millions annually for the dairy products
which we can produce better than not. Let us rise to the situation
and convert this tax, this drain upon our resources, into a source
of revenue that will be an honor to our capabilities.

284 Missouri Agricultural Report.

DISCUSSION.

Q. How do you support your organization?

A. Each local organization establishes a membership fee for
the expenses of that organization, whatever it may deem proper.
The general organization reserves a membership fee of $5 from
each local organization, and then it has the power to levy assess-
ments upon the local organizations to keep up expenses. The
cream is all shipped through the committee, composed of one
member from each local station, and any station that fails to ship
its cream forfeits its membership and cannot be taken back into
the association without the payment of a fee of $50 for reinstating
and two-thirds vote of the association, so that when once out it
rests with the association as to whether they are taken back. That
applies only to the station. Each local station controls that mat-
ter with its membership along this line—that each member is under
obligations to test his cream under the direction of the associa-
tion, and if he fails to do so he forfeits his membership, and can
only be reinstated by a vote of his local association and the pay-
ment of a reinstatement fee of $5, so that when once he fails to
stand by his organization he steps down and out, and it rests with
the organization whether he comes back. This reinstatement fee
is required merely as a means of holding them together, because
those of you who have had any experience in such matters know
that there are always little troubles coming up, dissatisfactions,
and if there were no penalty attached many of the farmers would
throw the thing down and go his own way; then, when he saw his
mistake, he would turn around and come back into the association;
but where there is a penalty attached he will think twice before
he throws the thing down.

Q. Is the cream sold on your test?

A. Yes, the test is made by the local station. Each local
station owns its own testing outfit, and each station selects a man
to do its testing. When we sell to the creamery we sell on the
test made by those local testers, with the understanding that if
they find any shortage they are at liberty to go to the stations at
any time and have the matter corrected. Each individual’s cream
is tested separately, and he is paid for the butter-fat that is in his
cream, and then the creamery makes a composite test of the whole
shipment.

Q. Who pays the transportation?

A. The creamery. We are at no expense in shipping.

State Dairy Association. 285

Q. In your opinion, what grade of dairy cattle is best adapt-
ed to the Ozark region?

A. I don’t think it makes any particular difference, so long
as they are adapted to our local conditions. I think that dairying
there, as well as everywhere else, should be done with a dairy
breed of cattle, and the particular breed should be a matter of
individual taste. I think that a certain community should all breed
the same breed of cattle until they get a sufficient number of that
breed to create a market for that class of cattle, and it would re-
sult in benefit to the individual—by having a large number of one
breed practically all together, so that a buyer could find in that
locality what he wanted.

Mr. Hughes—I asked the question because we are thinking
of buying some dairy cows.

A. I would not hesitate to bring any breed into your region,
the conditions are favorable to all of them, but for dairy purposes
I believe in dairy cows. If I were a rural mail carrier I would
not want a 1,600 pound Percheron horse to carry the mail; and
in dairying I would not want a 1,500 pound beef cow to dairy with.
I believe that a dairy cow should be used because she has been
bred for that purpose, and we must either recognize the fact that
the dairy cow is better for dairy purposes than the beef animal, or
else we must acknowledge that there is absolutely nothing in
breed. If nothing had been accomplished in all these years in
breeding dairy cows, then we would need to quit breeding them;
put things have been accomplished in that line the same as in
other lines.

Q. Some people think that the largest cows are best for dairy-
ing. Did you not say that you were opposed to size, if other con-
ditions were right?

A. I don’t care whether she is large or small, just so she
measures up to the Babcock test. As a general proposition, no
matter what breed you have, you will find that 50 per cent of the
cows that are best are those of a medium to slightly large build.
A small cow is not apt to be as good at the pail as one that is
medium size.

286 Missouri Agricultural Report.

TREATMENT FOR CONTAGIOUS ABORTION.

Barn Wash—

Corrosive sublimate, 1 oz.; water, 8 gallons; or

Bluestone, 1 oz.; water, 4 gallons.
Directions—

After thoroughly cleaning out and burning all infectious ma-
terial, thoroughly sprinkle the drain, the floor and the stalls with
this solution. Repeat this often.

Wash for the Cows—

Permanganate of potash, level teaspoonful; water, 3 gallons.
Directions—

Clip the hair on the tail and about the genital organs of any
cow that has aborted and is filthy. Thoroughly wash off these
parts with the permanganate solution until clean. Insert one end
of a rubber hose into the womb and hold the other end up some
distance. Insert a funnel into the outer end of the hose and pour
the wash into the funnel. When the womb is filled up with the
wash, lower the funnel down towards the ground and syphon the
solution out. This solution should be used at body temperature or
a little above, and never cold. Wash each filthy animal every
two or three days until clean. Clip the hair from over the sheath
of the herd bull and keep the sheath well washed with the solution.
There is no danger of using too much of this solution.

Carbolic Acid Solution for Hypodermic Injection—

Pure crystals of carbolic acid, 21% ozs.; water, 1 gallon.
Directions—

Boil the water, cool it, add the carbolic acid and keep the so-
lution in a sterilized jar or jug. Treat the bull and all the cows
with this solution by injecting it under the skin with a hypodermic
syringe. It is best to prepare a chute in which each animal may
be securely held for the washing or for this injection. Use a
2-dram hypodermic syringe. Give each animal 6 syringefuls at
one treatment. It is best to inject each syringeful at a different
place on the body, a few inches, at least, apart. Repeat this every
ten days until six treatments are given. After the second treat-
ment, increase the number of syringefuls to the limit the cow will
stand. Give one or two extra syringefuls and wait a few minutes
and watch the cow’s eyes. A dilatation of the pupil indicates that
enough has been given. When a little too much has been given

State Dairy Association. 287

the cow may stagger somewhat on leaving the chute. These symp-
toms will soon pass off. Give the cow as much as she will stand
without causing her to stagger.

This course of treatment should result in ridding any herd of
contagious abortion in 60 days. It will prevent the pregnant ani-
mals from aborting and will prepare those that have aborted for
successful breeding.

N. B. In case any cow begins to show the signs of calving
before time, the carbolic acid injection should be given every other
day to check up the threatened abortion. In extreme cases, where
labor pains have set in, the abortion can often be checked by using
a mixture of 2 parts Fluid Extract Black Haw and 1 part laudanum.
Give 3 ozs. at a dose, and repeat in 3 hours, if necessary.

Def -LUCKEY,
State Veterinarian.

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE MISSOURI STATE DAIRY
ASSOCIATION AT ITS 19TH ANNUAL CONVENTION, CO-
LUMBIA, MO., JANUARY 7-8, 1909.

1. Resolved, That the Dairy Association recommend such
action by the Legislature as will encourage desirable immigration
into the State and advertise the dairy resources.

2. Whereas, The secretaryship entails considerable work;
therefore, be it

Resolved, That the President, Vice-President and Treasurer of
this Association form a committee to compensate the Secretary for
his services commensurate with the financial condition of the As-
sociation.

3. Whereas, It is important that the Dairy Department of the
Agricultural College be brought into closer touch with the dairy
farmers of the State; be it

Resolved, That the State Legislature, now assembled, appro-
priate sufficient funds to carry on work among them under the
direction of the Professor of Dairy Husbandry.

4. Realizing that the crying need of the hour with Missouri
dairymen is the dissemination of dairy knowledge; therefore, be it

Resolved, That it is the sense of this Association that the
State Board of Agriculture should provide dairy speakers at all
Farmers’ Institutes held in localities where there now is, or soon
may be developed, any reasonable amount of dairy interest.

5. Resolved, That the Association should stand by Dr. D.

288 Missouri Agricultural Report.

F. Luckey in the enactment of laws for the control and suppres-
sion of that most dread disease to dairymen—tuberculosis.

6. Resolved, That the Dairy Association recommend and
urge that section 10548 and 10549, Revised Statutes, 1889, be
amended by the 45th General Assembly, by inserting the words
“tuberculosis” and “foot and mouth disease” therein, and that a
new section be added, providing for the shipment, for immediate
slaughter of cattle condemned on account of tuberculosis, to a
slaughtering plant having Government or State meat inspection
and a rendering tank into which the diseased parts may be safely
deposited.

7. Resolved, That the Association recommend that the office
of State Dairy and Food Commissioner be appointed by and placed
under the control of the State Board of Agriculture, thereby mak-
ing it non-political; the incumbent being selected for his compe-
tency and his peculiar fitness for this very important position.

8. This Association is indebted to the State Board of Agri-
culture and its able Secretary, Geo. B. Ellis, for his help and con-
tinuous support in our behalf, and,

Whereas, We have lost during the past year, Mr. Washburn,
our able and efficient Secretary, the Association owes him its
gratitude. And this Association is indebted to the University for
the courtesies extended at all times, and especially for the privilege
of the use of its halls for our annual meeting and for the bounteous
banquet served to all farmers during Farmers’ Week.

9. Resolved, That the Association, through its executive com-
mittee, take some definite action to co-operate with the State Fair
Board and the Dairy Department of the Agricultural College to
provide for a great dairy show at the State Fair, including cattle
and dairy products.

10. We realize that the expense of attending the annual
meetings of the Association is the cause of keeping many, in re-
mote parts of the State, from being present, and, realizing the
need of reaching these people with the good things we enjoy here,
we resolve that there be formed four district dairy associations,
one for each quarter of the State, said associations to be under
the guidance of the State Association, and to receive such aid on
the program from our State instructors as is possible for them to
give, believing in this way we can reach a large majority of our
dairy farmers who have not attended our State Association Con-
vention. We recommend that one man be appointed in each dis-
trict to perfect each organization.

Swine Growers Session.
January 6, 1909.

THE CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA.*

(By J. W. OConnaway, Professor of Comparative Medicine and Veterinarian of the
Missouri Agriculture Station, College of Agriculture, University of Missouri.)

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Swine Growers’ and Breeders’

Association :

At the meeting of this Association held a year ago I gave
a brief history of the researches on hog cholera that had been
made in this country by a number of investigators; some connected
with the National Department of Agriculture, others working in
the State departments. Particular attention was directed to the
more recent and very important work of Dr. Dorset and associates
of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry on the etiology (cause)
cof hog cholera; and to their subsequent work on immunity against
that disease—researches which I am confident furnish a sound
basis for the practical solution of the control of hog cholera. I
also reported in some detail the experiments which we have car-
ried out at the Missouri Experiment Station in co-operation with
the U. S. Bureau in testing the immunizing value of the blood
serum of swine made “hyperimmune” to hog cholera. As this
was published in the last annual report of the State Board of
Agriculture, and in an Experiment Station pamphlet (circular No.
29), as well as by a few of the leading live-stock and farm jour-
nals, from which extracts have been widely copied by the popular
press, it will not be necessary to give the details of that work at
the present time.

The result of these experiments and the wide-spread interest
which has been aroused among the breeders, swine growers, and
feeders not only of Missouri but of a large number of other states,
has brought to us an overwhelming number of inquiries for fur-
ther information, and requests for the “immunizing serum.” I
have thus been very forcibly impressed with the fact that hog
cholera is indeed a live question. It is probable therefore that
nothing which I can present to you today will be more acceptable
than a talk on the practical phases of the control of this disease,
and particularly the part which “‘preventive inoculation” is to take
in that work.

*Revised to include data up to time of publication.
A—19

290 Missouri Agricultural Report.

The experiments mentioned encouraged us to give a more ex-
tensive trial to this method, with the view of testing its practica-
bility when applied under the varied conditions that exist on the
stock farms of the State. Also to attempt to improve upon the
methods of producing the “immunizing serum,” with the view of
increasing the quantity and lessening the cost.

This larger test, which hag been carried on during the past
year, has included over six thousand hogs, in thirty coun-
ties of the State. The results justify us in the opinion that pre-
ventive inoculation by means of this “immunizing serum” is des-
tined to play an important role in the eradication of hog cholera.
I shall return to this part of the subject after considering other
phases of the question, which more appropriately stand first.

For effective work in the control and final eradication of hog
cholera, ‘‘preventive inoculation” must be supplemented by other
measures—which are of easy application by the farmers them-
selves, and by means of which (even without inoculation) out-
breaks have time and again been kept within narrow limits and
great losses doubtless averted. In the past the neglect of many
swine raisers to apply even simple preventive measures has been
mainly due to a lack on their part of reliable information in
regard to the nature of hog cholera—its diagnosis, the manner of
its spread, and the means by which it may be held in check—I am
sure that I can render no better service to those present than to
dispel some of the erroneous notions that prevail in regard to
this disease, and to give whatever is of practical importance for
you to know in regard to cholera and its control. I shall attempt
to give this information in plain, untechnical terms which every
one can understand, for in my opinion the control of cholera de-
pends quite as much on the active interest, and intelligent co-
operation of the farmers, swine breeders, feeders, shippers and
managers of live stock exhibits in efforts to eradicate this dis-
ease, as it does upon the Veterinary Service of Boards of Agri-
culture, or Experiment Stations.

DIAGNOSIS OF HOG CHOLERA.

In the control of any contagious or infectious disease the early
recognition of its presence is of prime importance, in order that
prompt action may be taken before it has gained great headway.
This is particularly true of hog cholera, which is one of the most
infectious of the animal maladies. The common impression among
farmers and many veterinarians is that hog cholera presents a

Swine Growers’ Association. 291

definite, unvarying train of symptoms, and that the “post-mortem”
appearances in one case give a fair picture of what may be seen
in all other cases of this disease; but the fact is that scarcely
any other disease shows such a variety of symptoms, and disease
changes in the internal organs, as is shown by cholera, including
its complications.

Types of Cholera—There are two general types of the disease,
acute and chronic. In the acute form a number of animals of a herd
may die suddenly or after a very short illness; while in the chronic
type the animals often live for several weeks, become very thin in
flesh and die, one or two at a time. The cause of the disease is the
same in both types; the only difference being in the degree of
virulence of the infection, or the difference in the resistance of
individual animals, or herds. In many outbreaks, and especially
in the slow lingering type, the disease first appears among the
pigs and shoats. The very acute type often appears first in the
heavy, fattening hogs.

Symptoms—The following symptoms will be observed in
nearly every outbreak of cholera, but not in every individual hog
affected with the disease. Animals that succumb to the acute form
of the disease show but few symptoms before death. They may
eat well at night and be found dead the following morning. In
other cases they may have a profuse diarrhoea, greenish, black or
bloody in character; vomiting may occur, and bleeding from the
nose, a reddening of the skin of the belly and legs may be seen.
All these external signs may however, be lacking in individual
cases, but a “post-mortem” examination of such cases will as a
rule show plain evidences of cholera. In the more chronic type
of the disease the sick hogs cease to eat heartily, are sluggish, show
an inclination to burrow into the bedding and shiver as if cold,
even in pleasant weather. After a few days the hair becomes
rough, the skin becomes scaly or may show a reddening, either
diffuse or in spots on the under surface of the belly. In prolonged
cases of the disease ulcers may appear on the skin, especially
about the joints. The tips of the ears in some cases slough off.
The eyes become watery or show a “mattery” collection at the
inner corner of the eye. The eyelids in some cases are glued to-
gether. Animals suffering from the chronic form fall off greatly
in flesh, they become weak, especially in the hind quarters, and
have an unsteady wabbling gait. Some of the sick animals de-
velop a cough, and may show increased respirations; some affected
in this manner bleed at the nose, some vomit, some have a pro-

292 Missouri Agricultural Report.

fuse watery diarrhoea, the discharges in some cases being of a yel-
lowish or ochre color, resembling the typhoid stools of man; in
other cases the discharges are greenish or black in color, and at
times quite bloody. Contrary to common opinion, many hogs af-
fected with cholera suffer from constipation; and at death the
large intestines may be found packed with hard lumps of almost
dry dung. Hogs suffering from cholera have an inclination to eat
dirt and gravel, and in some cases the stomach and intestines con-
tain a large quantity of this material. “Thumps” is a sympton
often seen in cases of cholera. The temperature runs high—104
to 107 degrees. The younger animals of a herd often contract the
disease first and appear to be less resistant than adult hogs. This
may be due to the fact that the pigs are more difficult to keep in
an inclosure and consequently range more widely than the larger
hogs and are more liable to come in contact with the infection
from neighboring farms, and ingest a proportionately larger
amount of infection than the larger hogs.

IMPORTANCE OF POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS.

Since some of the symptoms which have been given are com-
mon to other ailments, it is important to not rely wholly on these
symptoms for a diagnosis. I cannot impress too strongly the im-
portance of farmers and veterinarians making a post-mortem ex-
amination of the hogs that die; since an accurate diagnosis of
cholera can by this means be more readily made; and the sooner
it is made the better.

Too many farmers are inclined to think that because they
have not had a medical training it would be useless for them to
make the examinations suggested. In this they are mistaken, for
some of the best descriptions of diseased conditions I have read
were written by farmers who described in plain English the ap-
pearance of the diseased organs as they saw them. They did not
know the meaning of the changes described, but it was easy for
me to make a diagnosis from their accurate descriptions. Every
farmer knows the common name and the natural appearance of
the internal organs of the hog, and they should make themselves
familiar with the changes that occur in cholera, since expert
veterinary aid may not be available at the time when most needed.
If uncertain as to the nature of the disease, they can refer their
descriptions to an expert for interpretation. If the diagnosis is
made on the first few pigs that become sick, much time will be
saved in combating the infection.

Swine Growers’ Association. 293

I shall now attempt to describe as clearly, and as simply as
possible the method of examining the carcass of a hog, and the ap-
pearances of the organs that show disease changes due to cholera.

It is essential to examine the carcass soon after the death of
the animal, in order to avoid being misled by the ordinary de-
composition changes that occur in the internal organs within a
few hours after death.

First, examine the skin; observe whether there are any erup-
tions, ulcers, patches of redness on the skin of the belly (‘‘blood-
shot” spots or patches showing through the skin). The presence
of these signs with the symptoms already given are indications of
cholera. The animal may, however, have cholera without showing
any eruptions or other noticeable changes in the skin.

Make a cut from the point of the chin backward along the
midline of the neck, chest and belly to the tail, cutting first only
through the skin and underlying fat. Peel the skin and fat well
back on each side, examine the fat beneath the skin for hemor-
rhages, or “blood shot” discolorations. In the acute hemorrhagic
type of the disease the subcutaneous fat is often the seat of nu-
merous hemorrhages. In the fat of the flank region the hemor-
rhage is sometimes extensive. Mild cases of cholera show no disease
changes in the subcutaneous fat. At the angle of the lower jaw
beneath the skin will be found rounded glands, called lymph glands,
which in the acute hemorrhagic type of cholera are often engorged
with blood, giving to them a reddish, or even black color. In mild
or chronic cases of cholera these glands may be enlarged, dropsical
and of a normal grayish color. A few inches back of the glands
mentioned other glands are located which may be highly engorged

Fig. 1. Post-mortem Examination. First incision, showing engorged lymph glands (cervical and
inguinal), and numerous hemorrhages into the subcutaneous fat, in the acute hemorrhagic
type of cholera.

Jeterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station.

bo

294 Missouri Agricultural Report.

with blood. Tolerably large lymph glands are also to be found in
the flank; observe whether these are engorged with blood and of
a color varying from red to black. In some cases but little change
occurs in these superficial lymph glands.

Next cut into the abdomen and expose the stomach, liver, in-
testines, etc. Before displacing any of the organs observe whether
there are any hemorrhages on the inner surface of the walls of
the abdomen; note whether the intestines, large or small, show
any spots of hemorrhages. In the acute type of cholera it is not
uncommon to find portions of the small intestines thickly covered
with small points of hemorrhage; and more frequently quite
large ‘‘blood-shot” spots on the large intestines, and in the fatty
membrane which binds together the intestinal coils. The outer
coat of the stomach, in some cases, is also the seat of hemor-

Tig. 2. Ulcerations of large intestines.
(1) Shows diffuse inflammation.
(2) ‘‘Button’’ ulcers in blind gut.

Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station.

rhages. The spleen may be enlarged and softened, or may be about
normal size and show small blood spots on the surface, especially
on the under surface.

Swine Growers’ Association. 295

Fig. 3. Ulcerated small intestine, sometimes seen in hog cholera.

Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station.

The changes that occur in the liver are not such as would
attract the attention of the average observer.

The kidneys in very acute cases frequently have numerous small
blood points scattered over the surface, giving to the organ a
speckled, “turkey egg’? appearance. These small hemorrhages
are more numerous on the lower surface. On cutting into the
cavity of such kidneys, blood clots are often found. In mild or
chronic cases the kidneys appear normal. The bladder may also
be the seat of extensive hemorrhage, especially on the mucous
surface.

In some animals which have died in the same herd, as those
showing the hemorrhagic conditions mentioned, the outer surface
of all organs examined may appear quite normal, and no suspicion
of cholera would be aroused; but on examination of the mucous
surface of the stomach and intestines positive signs of cholera are
often found.

Remove the stomach and intestines and make an examination
of the inner walls. This is best done by stripping away the fat
which holds the coils of intestines together, then with a knife or
a pair of scissors cut open lengthwise portions of the large intes-
tine, beginning with the blind gut and continuing some distance
along the large intestine. Wash away the dung carefully, with-
out scraping the surface of the gut. The mucous surface of these
parts in some animals that die of cholera appear to be in a healthy
condition; in other cases, however, there will be seen, scattered

296 Missouri Agricultural Report.

here and there rounded ulcers varying in size from a fourth to
three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The wall of the intestine
at this point is thickened and the surface of the ulcer is elevated
slightly above the mucous surface of the gut, and resembles a fiat
circular button, hence the term “button ulcer,’’ which is applied
to these ulcers. The presence of these ulcers can often be detected
before cutting into the gut by the presence of a circular inflamed
area on the outer surface. The thickened margins of the ulcer
can be felt through the walls of the gut. In other cases there is
a thick, yellowish, tough, cheesy-like exudate (diptheritic mem-
brane) covering the wali of the large intestine over considerable
extent, and very firmly adherent. This is the result of a diffuse
inflammation of the mucous and submucous membranes. The
walls of the intestines in such cases feel thick and leathery. In
the acute hemorrhagic type of the disease, extensive hemor-
rhages into the large and small intestines sometimes occur. So
that on opening the gut, clots of blood, almost filling the cavity,
are found.

On opening the stomach the mucous membrane in many cases,
appears normal, in other cases it appears greatly inflamed, and
sometimes blood clots are found.

Next examine the organs of the chest cavity. This cavity
can be opened best by removing the breast bone. Cut through the
cartilages where the ribs join the breast-bone, press apart the ribs
and note the condition of the lungs. In health they have a light

Fig. 4. ‘‘Speckled’’ kidney, often seen in the acute hemorrhagic type of hog cholera; due to
minute hemorrhages.

Swine Growers’ Association. 297

pink color and collapse when the chest cavity is opened, and are
soft and pliable to the touch. In many cases of cholera the lungs
have a normal appearance. In other cases the lungs present a
wide range of disease changes, varying from a few minute hem-
orrhages, on one or two lobes, to an almost complete solidification
of both lungs. Frequently there is an extensive, straw-colored,
coagulated exudate covering one or both lungs. This coagulum
causes a slight adhesion of the lungs to the ribs; this adhesion is,
however, easily broken down by the fingers. In prolonged chronic
cases of cholera, white fibrous bands ‘“‘pleuritic adhesions” are
sometimes found binding the lungs very firmly to the ribs. These
lung complications are often mistaken by farmers and by veteri-
narians for an ordinary pneumonia or pleurisy, and have also been
called “swine plague.”

Fig. 5. Diseased lung in hog cholera. The so-called ‘‘swine plague” form. The darkened areas
show the parts most frequently affected. They become solid and liver-like.

Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station.

The heart, in many cases, shows no signs of the disease. In
others the walls are the seat of numerous spots of hemorrhage.
These occur more often on the outer wall than on the inner sur-
face, and at the base of the heart, on the auricles, rather than on
the ventricles.

In an outbreak of cholera, nearly all the diseased conditions
mentioned have sometimes been found in the first one or two an-
imals examined, and a positive diagnosis is quickly established.
On the other hand, the first animal examined may reveal but little
that is regarded as typical of the disease, and a failure to diagnose
the trouble may result if another hog or two are not examined.
It should be remembered that cholera is primarily a blood infec-

298 Missouri Agricultural Report.

tion, and death may occur without any marked visible changes in
the various organs of some of the affected animals. The presence
of intestinal worms in a case of this kind has more than once mis-
led farmers and veterinarians to an incorrect diagnosis.

The opinion has prevailed for many years that two wide-spread
infectious diseases exist among the swine of the country. One
called “hog cholera,” affecting principally the intestinal tract,
showing typhoid symptoms, and ulcerations; the other called
“swine plague,’ and marked by a more or less extensive conges-
tion or inflammation of the lungs. While it has not yet been defi-
nitely proven, the indications are strong that we have but one
disease; and that the differences which have led to the two names
are simply complications of the one infectious malady. In a some-
what large experience I have always found both the intestinal and
the lung complications in different animals of the same herd, and
often in one and the same animal. In experimental cases, hogs
that have been immunized against “cholera” by the new “hog-
cholera-serum” do not contract “‘swine-plague’” when exposed to
hogs suffering from that type of the disease. Moreover, the inocu-
lation of healthy pigs with infectious blood from an animal suf-
fering from one type, may produce the other type of the disease.
I am confident, therefore, that for all practical purposes it will be
wise to quit using the term “swine plague,” and apply the popular
name “hog cholera” to every outbreak of an infectious swine dis-
ease, in which large numbers of hogs die; for it is probable that
the true infectious agent in every outbreak of an infectious swine
disease in this country is the “‘filterable virus” of hog cholera, the
existence of which was demonstrated by Dr. Dorset and associates.
It is, however, probably true that the ulcerations of the intestines,
and their typhoid condition is partly due to the associated action of
the ordinary colon bacillus, or to the bacillus described by Salmon
and Smith as the hog cholera organism; and, that the “pneumonic
complications” are partly due to the associated action of what has
been called the ‘swine plague bacillus.” With the evidence avail-
able, we must, however, regard these associated bacteria as harm-
less under ordinary conditions. They probably invade the tissues
of the body only after the “true virus” of cholera has prepared
the way.

What has been said is probably sufficient to enable you to rec-
ognize the presence of cholera in your herds.

Swine Growers’ Association. 299

HOW THE INFECTION IS PROPAGATED AND SPREAD.

A knowledge of the ways in which the infection is propagated
and spread is essential to the application of rational methods of
control of hog cholera. Every infectious disease is due to a spe-
cific cause, in the nature of a parasitic micro-organism, which
lives and multiplies for a time in the body of the hog that suffers
from a disease. In hog cholera the exact nature of this germ
has not been determined. These facts, however, have been estab-
lished: The micro-organism exists in a virulent form in the blood,
and organs of the body, and in the excretions of the sick animal.
This has been proven by feeding and inoculation experiments on
susceptible hogs. The urine and dung of the sick animals retain their
virulence for a considerable time after passing from the animal;
as shown by the fact that susceptible animals, when put in pens
previously occupied by sick hogs, contract the disease. The dung
and urine of sick hogs, and the carcasses of hogs that have died
of cholera, are the usual sources of infection from which fresh
outbreaks of cholera originate. There are a variety of ways in
which the disease is carried from a focus of infection. The pigs
from a healthy herd often become infected from a diseased herd
of an adjoining farm by breaking through insecure division fences
and carry the disease to the home herd. A sufficient amount of
infectious dung may be carried on the shoes of a person, who has

walked about in apen containing diseased hogs, to start the dis-
ease in a healthy herd. Dogs may also carry the infection from
one farm to another on the feet, or by carrying home a portion of
a diseased carcass, which had not been properly disposed of.
Barnyard fowls often spread the disease quickly over the farm
from the first infected pen. Pigeons and crows, after feeding
among diseased hogs, may carry the infection to the feeding lots
of a neighboring farm. The litter and dung from infected pens,
or portions of a decaying carcass, may be carried a long distance
by the natural streams, or by drainage following heavy rains.
During outbreaks of cholera, it is the custom of farmers to put on
the market the healthy looking hogs from a diseased herd. Some
of these apparently healthy hogs are, in fact, infected with the
disease; and all of them carry at least a small amount of infectious
material on their feet and bodies. If such animals are driven to
the shipping station, as often happens, some disease producing
material is dropped on the public highways to be picked up by the
pigs of abutting farms. The small streams that run across the

300 Missouri Agricultural Report.

roads over which infected animals are driven are also contami-
nated and carry infection to adjacent farms. The small and large
stock yards are distributing points of cholera infection. Many a
farmer, who has delivered a load of healthy fat hogs to the stock
yards at his shipping station, has carried home on his shoes suf-
ficient infectious material to start an outbreak of cholera among
the hogs that were kept for breeding purposes.

The swine quarters at “stock shows,” state and county fairs,
have at times become infected with cholera through the careless-
ness or ignorance of an inexperienced exhibitor or herdsman in
exposing his show herd, in the stock yards at his home station,
when starting on the show circuit, or shipping the animals in an
unclean, infected hog car. During the past year cholera was
brought to the State Fair and the “American Royal” by a herd
from an adjoining State, and was followed by outbreaks in eigh-
teen (and probably more) registered herds, and was carried to
four different states. One exhibitor says that he lost ten thou-
sand dollars’ worth of hogs. Some of the best show animals, and
a large number of his herd died. The losses by a number of other
exhibitors were very heavy. In this case every precaution had
been taken by the State Fair management to provide clean, dis-
infected quarters. This work, however, went for naught because
of the inexperience of one herdsman who had charge of a valuable
herd.

MEASURES OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL.

What has been said about the nature of the disease, the symp-
toms, post-mortem appearances, the sources of infection and the
various ways in which it is spread, suggests many practical meth-
ods of keeping the disease out of a herd; and of limiting its spread
should it by any means be brought into a neighborhood.

In the purchase of breeding hogs it is a wise precaution to as-
certain whether the farm from which the purchase is made has
had any recent cholera infection. The hogs purchased should -be
kept apart from the home herd for a few weeks in well isolated
quarantine pens. The animals should be dipped or sprayed with
some disinfectant. They should also be given several days’ treat-
ment with an intestinal disinfectant, in order to clean the diges-
tive tract of any cholera germs that may be lying dormant. For
this purpose I would recommend giving with the food the mixture
commonly known as the “Government Hog Cholera Remedy” (see
Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 24, U. S. Department of Agriculture) which

Swine Growers’ Association. 301

is a good laxative and intestinal disinfectant. In cases where the
purchased animals have been exposed to the cholera, a quarantine
of 40 to 60 days is advisable before placing them with the home
herd. The quarantine pens should be thoroughly disinfected at
frequent intervals by spraying well with a 5¢ carbolic acid solu-
tion, and sprinkling liberally with air slacked lime.

When it is necessary for a farmer to go into the stock yards
or to an infected farm, he should disinfect his shoes by wiping
them off thoroughly on a grain bag which has been saturated with
a 5% carbolic or creolin solution, or a strong hog dip. This re-
quires but a moment, and is a precaution which is well worth
taking. Discourage the visits of crows and pigeons to your feed-
ing pens by appropriate measures. Look well to the condition of
your fences to prevent the smaller pigs from invading the hog
yards of neighboring farms. Locate the hog pastures so that they
will not be regular passways for visitors and farm hands, who
may bring infection on their shoes. Do not drive your hogs to
market, and discourage others from doing so. Haul them in a
close bottom hog crate, and sprinkle the floor of same with air
slacked lime, or disinfect it with a 5% solution of carbolic acid at
the stock yards before returning home.

Neighbors should report the disease to one another as soon
as possible after an outbreak, in order that proper precautions
may be taken by every farmer in the neighborhood to avoid the
further spread of the disease. There is a law requiring such noti-
fication, which every one should follow without compulsion.

It should become the practice of hog raisers and feeders to
remove at once from the herd every hog that becomes sick, and
put same in a smali quarantine pen, which can be easily disin-
fected, and from which the barn-yard fowls should be kept by
means of wire netting. One sick animal, if kept a few days in the
herd, will scatter the virus widely over the feeding yards and lead
to the infection of a large number of animals. When assured of
the presence of the disease in the herd, if it is feasible, divide the
herd into several small lots and put them on clean grounds. If
this cannot be done, scrape the litter from the old yards and mix
it well with lime. Then scatter quick-lime freely over the hog
yard. During an outbreak of hog cholera, shut the chickens away
from the hog lots to prevent them from scattering the infection
from pen to pen. A few yards of chicken wire is an important
aid in controlling hog cholera.

An attendant who has charge of sick hogs should not, if pos-

302 Missouri Agricultural Report.

sible to avoid it, go about the pens containing the healthy hogs,
but when this is unavoidable, he should disinfect his shoes thor-
oughly before going among healthy hogs.

The carcasses of all pigs that die on a farm should be burned.
If this is impossible on account of scarcity of fuel, they should be
buried deeply, putting in sufficient quick-lime to destroy the infec-
tion. The practice of some farmers of piling the dead hogs in a
ditch, at the back of the farm, to decay and become a source of
infection to all parts of their own farms, and a menace to the
herds of their neighbors, cannot be too strongly condemned. There
is a State law against such practice.

More rigid measures should be enforced to prevent the intro-
duction of infection into the valuable ‘‘show herds” exhibited at
State and county fairs. The officials of the fairs should insist
that exhibitors shall not take to the fair animals that have been
exposed to the cholera within sixty or ninety days, and that the
animals shall be disinfected at the farm before shipment, and
transported to the fair in a manner to avoid all possibility of be-
coming infected en route; that is, the shipping crates should be
new or thoroughly disinfected, the wagon box in which the ani-
mals are hauled to the shipping station should be well cleaned and
disinfected (with a 5¢ solution of carbolic acid,) the crated ani-
mals should be put directly from the farm wagon into a car in
which they are to be shipped, and should not be permitted to come
near the local stock yards at the shipping station. If the animals
are to be shipped by freight a car should be selected that has never
been used for shipping market hogs; a grain or general merchan-
dise car should be used. The disinfection of the wagons or drays
used to transfer the hogs from the car to swine quarters
at the State Fair should not be neglected. If every exhibitor will
take due heed to the precautions which have been given so as to
avoid exposure of his “show herd” to any source of infection from
the time of starting on the show circuit to his return home, the
severe losses that many exhibitors have sustained in the past, will
not be repeated, and the State and county fairs and other stock
shows will cease to be distributing points for this disease. Proper
measures should, of course, be taken, and probably are taken, by
officials of every State fair to thoroughly disinfect the quarters
which are to be occupied by the show herds entered for exhibit,
and have such quarters so arranged that they may easily be kept
in a sanitary condition. During the progress of the fair a close
watch should be kept on all the lots of hogs for the appearance of

Swine Growers’ Association. 303

any illness, and all affected animals should be promptly removed
for further observation and treatment to an isolated hospital sec-
tion in charge of the official veterinarian of the fair. Such hos-
pital section should be so arranged as to shut it off from access to
all except the officials, and the owner of the sick animals.

STOCK YARDS SANITATION.

We should confidently expect that at no very distant time, the
large and small stock yards will be kept free from cholera infec-
tion, so that stock hogs may be purchased at said yards at any
season, for stocking up the farms, which have an abundance of
feed, but are short on hogs. At present, the great stock yards
are considered to be permanently infected with cholera, and hogs
that enter are not permitted to be shipped out, but are sold for
immediate slaughter, no matter how unfit they are in weight and
condition, for packing purposes.

Stock hogs can, however, be purchased in the interior of the
State, and collected in the local stock yards of the towns and vil-
lages, and shipped to distant parts of the State. These small yards
are scarcely less dangerous than the large stock yards of the
great packing centers; and some of them are, no doubt, more dan-
gerous, as they have dirt floors and have been collecting cholera
infection for many years. In many of these yards no attempt at
disinfection has ever been made. Such yards are a menace to a
farming community, as points for distributing cholera infection.
The cost of paving these small yards with non-porous brick or
rough concrete, and providing hydrants and hose so that they can
be kept in a clean, sanitary condition, would not be excessive.
The saving to the farmers in a season or two would more than
pay the cost. It would improve the business of these yards, and
the railroads to maintain sanitary stock yards in the small towns,
especially in sections where many hogs are sold as “‘stockers,” to
be shipped to other sections where corn is the principal crop, and
where numbers of hogs must be bought for feeding.

The local trade among farmers would also be stimulated, since
there is a real need of clean, sanitary stock yards where farmers
can bring their surplus stock hogs, that are unfit for shipment to
the large markets, but are needed by other farmers of that com-
munity who would readily buy, if it were safe to take pigs to their
farms from the stock yards.

The maintenance of clean stock yards would lessen to a con-

304 Missouri Agricultural Report.

siderable extent the need of the thorough disinfection of the stock
cars.

The cars in which swine are shipped should, under present
conditions, be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before they are
returned to the country districts—they are otherwise a means of
spreading the infection, through the litter that falls from the cars
en route, or is thrown out at the end station.

The tagging of cars that are known to contain infected hogs
should be required, to call attention to the necessity for thorough
disinfection, before other hogs are shipped in same car.

This is probably sufficient to say in regard to the ordinary
methods which should be applied in the control of hog cholera.
Let us give the remainder of the time at our disposal to a consid-
eration of protective inoculation by means of the “immunizing hog
cholera serum.”

THE USE OF THE “IMMUNIZING SERUM” AS A MEANS OF CONTROL-
LING HOG CHOLERA.

In the earlier part of this address, I expressed the opinion
that the “hog cholera serum” will come into large use as an im-
portant aid in controlling hog cholera. This opinion is based up-
on the success which the serum has given when tested in a practical
way, on a large number of farms, in various parts of the State;
as well as upon the increasing demands for the serum wherever it
has been used. In one month there were calls for ten thousand
doses of the serum from Missouri farmers—calls for aid have
come from sixty-nine counties during the past six months. Nor
has the interest been confined to our own State; as calls for the
“serum”? have come from twenty-four other states. Only in a
tew exceptional cases mentioned elsewhere have we give. aid to
parties outside of the State; and much to our regret, we have
at times been unable to give prompt aid to a considerable number
of farmers in our own State. But even with the limited facilities
which we at present have at the Experiment Station for producing
the “serum,” we have been able to demonstrate its value in thirty
counties; and at the time of going to press, we have inoculated
over six thousand hogs. This work, with only two excep-
tions, has been done on infected farms, and in herds where some
of the hogs were sick and dying from cholera at the time the herd
was treated. Complete reports from all these herds have not
been received, but those at hand indicate that the losses have not
been greater than 54 of the apparently healthy hogs that were in-

305

Swine Growers’ Association.

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exposed to sick hogs.

REPORTS FROM SWINE BREEDERS.

It will be of interest to give a few extracts from some of

these reports—I shall confine myself mainly to reports from

breeders of pure bred swine and other swine growers who are well

known in the State

Mr. Geo. M. Hoadley, Poland China breeder of Sedalia, Mis-
souri, writes: ‘All my hogs that were not vaccinated have died.

A—20

306 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Only two of the large ones, that were apparently well when vac-
cinated, have died; as these died in a few days after vaccination,
they were probably already affected. J regret that the herd was
not vaccinated sooner. If I show again I shall want my ‘show
herd’ vaccinated before they go. I feel thankful to you for what
you did, and wish you success.”

W. Brook Cully of Bunceton, Cooper county, owner of the
Spring Brook Poland China herd, after losing his herd boar, “Te-
cumseh Perfection” (the winner of the First Prize in the class of
six-month-old boars at the St. Louis World’s Fair), and a few
sows and pigs from cholera, requested us to inoculate his herd
with the “hog cholera serum.’ Several weeks later he wrote: “I
am glad to be able to report favorably as to hog cholera. I have
lost only two since you were here, and these were sick when in-
oculated.” Forty-eight head in all were treated.

Ross Bros., Otterville, Missouri, Poland China breeders, who
had cholera in their herd at the time of treatment, say: “Our
thirty hogs that you inoculated on November 19 have done splend-
idly; they have shown no signs of the disease, though kept on the
infected grounds where others had died.”

Dr. G. M. Laughlin, manager of the Kinlock Farm, Kirks-
ville, now president of the Missouri Swine Breeders Association,
and a breeder of prize winning Berkshires, wrote: ‘Thanks for
the serum which you sent us. I am well pleased with the serum,
and am convinced more than ever that it will not only prevent
cholera, but will cure it if used in large enough quantities. I be-
lieve where failures occur, it is the result of poor serum, or in
_ cases where it is not used in large enough quantities. Our hogs
are all at present in good shape.”

Dr. Laughlin lost some valuable animals last year from the
disease, the herd becoming exposed on the show circuit. .

Mr. Thomas Richards of Vandalia, Missouri, breeder of high-
class Berkshires, for whom we treated hogs last June, and who
has since used considerable of the serum on hogs that he pur-
chased and put on his infected farm, wrote as follows: “All of
the hogs and pigs that were well when you treated them last
June, remained well and healthy and have been so ever since.’
(At the time of my visit he had lost quite a number of hogs
from cholera and several more were sick.) “In July I began to
ship in hogs and pigs and vaccinate them and turn them out in the
infected lots and pastures, and have not lost over 5¢ of all hogs
treated. Have vaccinated, and now have on the farm over sixty

Swine Growers’ Association. 307

head of registered Berkshires that I bought and shipped in since
the outbreak last June. My experience has been that if treated
before being exposed to the disease hogs may then be exposed
to any amount of cholera and not over 5¢ will die. I may be over-
enthusiastic about the value of the ‘hog cholera serum” you are
preparing, but a‘ter losing over eighty head with cholera in less
than thirty days, and then finding a remedy that has since saved
me 954% of all animals treated, either aged hogs or little suckling
pigs, I feel justified in being enthusiastic.”

Mr. G. E. Leslie of Memphis, Scotland County, Missouri, Di-
rector of the American Poland-China Record, and owner and
breeder of some of the most valuable animals of this breed in
America, lost a part of his show herd last year at the close of the
fair season. The others were saved by inoculation. That part of
his home herd that was in greatest danger of becoming infected,
was also inoculated with “protective serum.” Only one of these
became ill and died, whether from cholera, was not definitely de-
termined. Every possible effort, however, was made to keep the
infection away from the main herd by strict isolation of the dis-
eased animals and thorough disinfection. The disease was stamped
out without the spread of the infection to any of the surrounding
farms. Mr. Leslie wrote: “I wish to thank you and assure you
I appreciate what you have done for me.”

Mr. Hugh Whiteford of Nodaway county, breeder of Poland
China hogs, reported a month after inoculation, as follows: ‘Two
of my old sows and several pigs, which were sick when inoculated,
have died, but those that were well at the time of inoculation are
still all right.””’ These hogs all ran together on the same grounds.

Mr. Medsker of the same neighborhood reported two months
later in regard to his herd: “The cholera was in my herd of hogs
and I had lost fifty or more, when you came and vaccinated those
not infected. Not one of the vaccinated hogs has died. I believe
the serum a wonderful discovery, and wish you abundant success.”

Mr. A. L. Perrin of Buckner, Jackson county, Mo., a breeder of
fancy Poland China hogs, wrote: ‘None of the vaccinated hogs
that were not off feed at the time of vaccination have been off at
any time since. On the whole I am very much pleased with the
results of our work.’ Eighty-two head were vaccinated. He
had lost several hogs from cholera before vaccination and a num-
ber were sick at the time. The vaccinated hogs remained on the
infected grounds.

Frank Schlotzhauer, Pleasant Green, Cooper county, Mo., had

308 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ninety head of hogs—good grade of stock hogs; thirteen of these
had died before he requested us to use the immunizing serum on
his herd. Twelve hogs were sick when the herd was treated.
Sixty-five of the hogs appeared healthy when inoculated. A
month later he wrote: ‘‘Not one of the sixty-five head you vacci-
nated took sick, fifteen of these were left in the lot with the sick
pigs and have not shown any signs of disease. The remainder
of the hogs were separated from the sick pigs only by a wire
fence, and the smaller pigs could pass from one lot to the other
and could easily carry infection.”

Hall Bros. of Harrisonville, Cass county, write: “The vacci-
nated pigs in the pen with infected pigs are doing nicely and are
thriving, have a good appetite and stay fat, while those not vacci-
nated are just the reverse. We have lost no brood sows nor boars
since the vaccination. We feel under many obligations to the De-
partment for the assistance, and are glad to have such a favor-
able report.”

W. W. Waltmire of Cass county, a breeder and exhibitor of
O. I. C. swine, reported good results from inoculation of his herd
with the hog cholera serum; also Fantz Bros. of Cass county.

At the close of the fair circuit last year (at the American
Royal at Kansas City) I treated hogs for several exhibitors from
other states—among these were Mr. J. D. B. DeBow, Berkshire
breeder of Nashville, Tenn., who had the misfortune to get his
herd infected with cholera at some point on the show circuit. He
had lost two hogs and several were severely ill when the show
herd was inoculated. The sick as well as the apparently healthy
hogs were injected with the ‘‘Hog Cholera Serum,” and with the
exception of two animals were immediately shipped home. Some
of those which were sick when inoculated, died. The shake-up of
the long journey probably hastened the fatal issue. Several of the
show hogs, however, were saved. He writes as follows: “I am
glad to say that my two great boars, ‘‘Premier Longfellow’s Rival”
and “Ravenwood Masterpiece” were two of those that were never
sick a day. Six of the vaccinated sows were also saved. I am
sure if you could have vaccinated the entire herd before shipping
them from home, that none of them would have gotten sick. I
hope next year to have my entire herd vaccinated before I start on
my trip. It will be a great pleasure to send them back to Mis-
souri, where I was so well treated.”’

Mr. Lester Sturm, a Berkshire breeder of Vandalia, Illinois,
was another exhibitor whose herd became infected with cholera

Swine Growers’ Association. 309

while on the show circuit. Several of his hogs were sick when
the herd was inoculated. Some of these sick animals died on
the way home, from the disease and the disturbance from shipping.
Those, however, which were apparently healthy when inoculated
did not show any evidence of the disease after their arrival home.
He saved his two herd boars and several sows. The show
herd was quarantined on arrival home, but by some acci-
dent the infection spread to the home herd and a few of these
died, the remainder were inoculated with the “immunizing serum,”
and but few more animals of the herd died. Mr. Sturm re-
ported as follows: “I will give you a detailed report soon, but
for the present wiil say that the vaccination has been highly grati-
fying to me and everything in my herd now seems to be healthy
and eat good. My losses after vaccinating were very small. I
certainly feel very grateful to you and your Experiment Station
for what you have done for me.”

If further evidence were necessary to convince you that this
serum has practical value as a means of preventing cholera, I
could add reports from such men as the Harrimans, Ben Harned,
Judge Davin, and many others of Cooper county; the Hughes
Bros. (and neighors) of Glasgow, Howard county; R. F. Aulger,
F, L. King and G. T. Reid of Sweet Springs, Saline county; the
Glendenning Bros. and John Hansbrough of Marion county; S.
P. Emmons, M. D. Porter and others of Audrian county; Bush
Rust and neighbors of Hardin, Ray county; H. H. Harshaw and
W. H. Charters, Poland China breeders, of Bates county; W. F.
Wheaton and others of Pettis county; Joseph Lynes, Matt Turner,
Joe Estes, John Daily, Lewis Young and others of Boone county;
R. T. Lindsay of Henry county, as well as one or two farmers from
several other counties.

I would not have you think that we have experienced no diffi-
culties, and that the results were in every instance as favorable
as those given. In the herd of Mr. A. L. Miller, an O. I. C.
breeder of Jackson county, the hogs continued to die for a week
or ten days after inoculation. The form of disease on this place
was very virulent and no doubt some of the _ ani-
mals that were inoculated were infected at the
time, although not showing any marked outward
signs of the disease. The number, however, that died after the
moculation convinced me that the serum used on this herd was
probably not of proper strength. We had not tested it before
using. Another unfavorable condition was that the weather was

310 Missouri Agricultural Report.

bad and the animals were not sufficiently protected against the
winter storms. It is possible that a large number of the animals
would have recovered if they could have had dry, comfortable quar-
ters, so that pneumonic complications could have been avoided.

Another instance is that of Mr. Bradford of Boone county,
who lost quite a number of his Berkshires. The disease appeared
during the worst part of the winter. The greater part of the
herd was infected at the time of vaccination. Sick ones as well
as those that were apparently healthy were vaccinated, as we
wished to test the curative effects of the vaccine as well as its
preventive properties, and to save as many of his valuable ani-
mals as possible. As has been our experience in other cases,
the greater part of those that showed well developed signs of sick-
ness succumbed to the disease; and in this case, a number of others
which would no doubt have resisted the disease under better weath-
er conditions, also, died, either from the direct effects of the cholera
or from pneumonia induced by exposure to cold while in a weak-
ened condition. It was impossible under the conditions to pro-
vide dry, comfortable quarters for the large number of hogs in
his herd. Mr. Bradford holds the same opinion that we do, that
the unfavorable result was due to the fact that owing to his ab-
sence from home, the herd was not inoculated until most of the
hogs were already sick, and the exposure to the winter storms
caused many of the sick hogs to develop pneumonia.

The unfavorable results in his own herd under the conditions
mentioned, has not caused him to lose faith in the efficacy of the
“serum” as a valuable “preventive,” as he has knowledge of the
good results from the use of the serum in the infected herds of
some of his neighbors.

I recall another case in Marion county, near Palmyra, where
we inocculated a lot of feeding hogs, on the farm of J. W. Mackey,
where quite a number of hogs had already died. (I found eighteen
head thrown in a ditch at the back of the farm. The partially de-
composed carcasses we at once disposed of by burning). Of the
remaining animals of the herd, two, which were severely ill, were
killed for diagnostic purposes. Both showed the acute hemorrhagic
type of cholera. The remaining 67 head were treated with serum;
some of these showed red blotches on the belly, or other signs of
the disease. How many more were already infected at the time
of inoculation it would be difficult to estimate. These hogs were
following cattle on “full feed,” and the feed yards at this time were
deep in mud. The cold storms of January soon followed, and the

Swine Growers’ Association. Sit

effects of the disease and exposure were disastrous to many of
the inoculated animals. The owner reported three weeks later
that twenty head had died and a few more were “drooping around.”
Some of these hogs no doubt died from pneumonia resulting from
exposure to the winter storms while in a weakened condition. Of
sixteen breeding hogs, which received better care in the way
of shelter during the “cold spell,” only one was reported sick;
and this one was in an unthrifty condition when inoculated.

In the same county, and on the following day three other herds
of stock hogs kept for breeding purposes, were inoculated on the
farms of William Glendenning, Thos. Glendenning and Mrs.
Young. In all of these herds a number of hogs had already died,
but following the vaccination none of those which were apparently
healthy at the time of vaccination showed any signs of cholera
afterwards, though left on the infected ground. These herds,
however, were small and received better protection from _ the
storms. They were kept in dry, comfortable quarters during the
severe weather. It therefore seems that in applying this method
to lots of “feeding hogs’ which must run on infected grounds
where the conditions are such that thorough disinfection is ex-
tremely difficult or impossible, the proper method will be to vacci-
nate the hogs before they are exposed to the infected grounds, and,
if possible, have them immune before cold weather begins.

The evidence which has been quoted from well known breed-
ers of pure-bred swine, and other swine growers, as to the good
results of the practical tests of the “hog cholera serum” which
have been made on their farms, and under varied conditions,
strengthens the confidence which previous experimental work
had given us, that we have in this “‘serum,” when it is properly
prepared and properly used, an exceedingly valuable means of
preventing cholera.

The main problems now before us are: The production of a
sufficient quantity of a reliable serum to meet the needs of the
State, and the devising of a plan to be followed in using the serum.
which will secure the best results for the swine industry of the
State as a whole, and which has for its aim the ultimate eradica-
tion of the disease.

We realize that it would be an enormous task to undertake the
production of sufficient “hog cholera serum” to immunize all the
hogs in the State. But to control hog cholera this would be no
more necessary. than it would to immunize every child in the
State against diphtheria in order to control that disease. It will

ol2 Missouri Agricultural Report.

be necessary to inoculate only a comparatively small number of
hogs in any neighborhood, if the disease is recognized soon after
it appears and prompt action is taken. The disease does not
originate spontaneously, but is carried in from some outside source,
whenever it appears in any place where it has not previously ex-
isted; or reappears on grounds that have been disinfected. The
prompt inoculation, therefore, of the first herd that becomes infect-
ed, and a few herds on adjoining farms that are most liable to be-
come infected, will, in most cases, stop the further spread of the
disease, if proper precautions are also taken by the farmers and
veterinarians to quarantine and destroy the infection on the
farms where the disease first appears.

I will mention an instance in my own work where by such
means a wide spread outbreak was probably prevented. One of the
well known swine breeders and exhibitors of this State had the
misfortune to bring the disease to his farm in his “show herd”
that was exposed to the infection at a live stock exhibit one hun-
dred miles or more from his farm. As a precaution against infect-
ing the home herd, these infected animals were quarantined and
inoculated with the “hog cholera serum.” Some of these “show
hogs” were saved, but those that were severely ill, died. The
home herd was also inoculated, and only one of these became sick
and died; whether from cholera was not definitely determined.
The disease was stamped out without a single case occurring in
other herds of the neighborhood. No other cases of cholera ex-
isted in the county so far as known, and none has been reported
since that time. One of the deputy State veterinarians who as-
sisted in this work, has kept a close watch for several months for
the appearance of new cases.

In this case prompt action and the use of a comparatively
small quantity of serum probably prevented a wide spread out-
break that would have resulted in great loss and required much
time and labor to suppress; and which would have required the
use of a thousand or more doses of serum. In this case due credit
must be given to the stringent quarantine and disinfection meas-
ures which, upon my advice, were carried out by the owner.

In contrast to the above, the disastrous results which follow,
when, from any cause, the disease is not recognized early, and
prompt steps are not taken to inoculate the herd with the protec-
tive serum, and to apply appropriate quarantine measures to pre-
vent the spread of the disease to other farms, is well illustrated by
another outbreak of cholera which originated in exactly the same

Swine Growers’ Association. 313

manner as the one mentioned above. This outbreak occurred in a
herd that had been on the “show circuit,” but as the animals ap-
peared healthy when they arrived home, they were not put in
temporary quarantine, but were allowed to run with the main
breeding herd. In a few days the ‘‘show” hogs became ill and
were separated from the breeding herd. They had, however, al-
ready spread the infection widely over the hog yards and pastures;
and the disease spread rapidly through the entire herd, causing
the owner great loss. The infection moreover spread from this
farm to several others in the neighborhood; and from these was
carried by traffic and other means several miles from the original
focus of infection. This outbreak occurred a year before the one
mentioned above, and at a time when sufficient “serum” was not
available to inoculate the herd. Since then, however, the disease
has been kept under control on several of these infected farms by
use of the “hog cholera serum,” and a few of the farms now appear
to be free from infection. Had it been possible to in-
oculate the herd, in which the disease first appeared, at
the beginning of the outbreak, with a potent serum, the
losses which fell upon this breeder and upon many
farmers of the same county, would not have occurred. Nor would
it have required such a large quantity of serum as has since been
used.

The importance of prompt action and proper procedure is
well illustrated by the two outbreaks mentioned. The infection,
however, is at present so widely distributed over the State that
even with the most prompt service, a very large quantity of serum
will be required to control the disease on the farms that are now
infected, and to prevent the infection of new territory. It is evi-
dent that if proper progress is to be made toward the eradication
of this disease, the State must produce the serum in order to en-
sure a reliable product and a sufficient quantity for official use, and
for private use under official sanction. The serum should be sup-
plied either free of cost or at a nominally low charge. This is
necessary to protect the swine growers from “fake” products that
may be put on the market by irresponsible empirics; and to pro-
tect them from extortionate prices by commercial producers who
may put on the market a legitimate product. We share with Dr.
Melvin, Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, the opinion
that the proper agencies for the production of this serum are the
laboratories of the Veterinary Departments of the State Colleges
of Agriculture; which, with their close association with the Ex-

314 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Fig. 7. Showing method of drawing blood from a ‘*hyperimmune” hog for preparation of
‘“*Hog Cholera Serum.”

Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station.

periment Stations, can carry on further researches looking toward
the improvement of methods and cheapening of the cost.

The State, through these agencies, can well afford to produce
the serum free of cost as a means of conserving resources which
are now lost to the State to the amount of millions of dollars.

The production of a reliable serum is a necessity for use in
official work in suppressing this disease, and cannot, with safety, be
entrusted to private concerns or to men who have not had proper
training in laboratory and surgical technic, and a special training
in this particular work; as well as a good knowledge of the path-
ology of hog cholera and other swine diseases. The work we have
done has not been without mistakes and accidents, notwithstanding
the large experience we have had. In a few instances the supply
animals were evidently not sufficiently hyperimmunized to render
the serum protective; in another instance, owing to the pressing
demands from the farmers for the serum, and our haste to meet
these demands as promptly as possible, some of the supply ani-
mals were probably drawn upon too heavily, and the serum weak-
ened. In other cases a few of the supply animals that were about

Swine Growers’ Association. 315

ready for supplying serum died from Septicaemia (blood poison-
ing), due to the contamination of the virus used for hyperimmu-
nizing them. Hence, the necessity for careful bacteriological work
to prevent such accidents. If, with the care we try to give this
matter, some mistakes are made, what may not happen in the
hands of empirics whose ideas of immunity are crude, and whose
technic is faulty?

While the serum as at present produced has, in the great ma-
jority of cases, given excellent results, we hope to still further
improve the methods of production and increase the potency of
the serum in order to cheapen the cost, increase the quantity and
lessen the dosage. In the work of the past year we have learned
how to produce a larger quantity than formerly, and even if the
horse and ox should not prove of practical value as producers of
hog cholera serum, the hog will still remain of sufficient practical
value as a producer of the serum to continue in service, despite the
disadvantages of the smaller quantities of serum supplied. An
animal that will supply every week or ten days from 90 to 100
doses of serum is worth his care and feed, and while the expense
of producing the serum by this method renders it unattractive to
the commercial vaccine producers, its use by the State in an of-
ficial way for the suppression of outbreaks, which would other-
wise become general and cause great loss, makes it cheap, since the
cost is distributed among the many who are benefited through the
suppression of the disease early in the outbreak, in neighboring
herds.

On account of the comparatively limited quantity of serum
which we have up to the present produced, it has necessarily been
used mainly to demonstrate its value under varied conditions, in
as many parts of the State as possible, for purely experimental and
educational purposes, and not in a systematic way to. completely
eradicate the disease in any badly infected district. Under the
present conditions we have deemed it wise, in using the serum, to
give preference to certain classes of swine over other classes, just
as the farmer would do if he were the owner of the several classes;
that is, we have given preference first to the “registered” breeding
herds that were suffering from the disease; then to the breeding
stuff of the common herds, the sows and boars that are to be re-
tained on the farms; next the young immature swine that are
unfit for market; and last the hogs in the “feed lot.” In an emer-
gency, the last mentioned class can be put on the market and some
profit realized, while in the other classes the sacrifice would be

316 Missouri Agricultural Report.

much greater. As a matter of wise economy, it seems to me that
the State cannot do better than to provide the means for protect-
ing all the classes of swine mentioned—the “feed lot’? herds as
well as the “registered herds’”—means sufficient to carry on the
work in a well organized, systematic way looking to the complete
eradication of the disease.

Policy and Plans in Field Work.—The main object in the pro-
duction and use of this serum, from the point of view of the State,
is not so much to aid any particular individual who may be losing
hogs from cholera, as to eradicate the disease in the shortest time
possible in order that the infection may not spread to a large num-
ber of other herds, and thus result in a general outbreak that may
prove disastrous to a large number of tax payers. In the use of
the serum in field work, this main purpose should always be kept
inmind. It is evident that the greatest good can be accomplished
by sending veterinary officials who are properly trained, to the
seat of every outbreak to investigate the extent of the disease, and
locate every focus of infection. In addition to inoculating the
hogs on the infected farm, it is the duty of the veterinary official
to give the owner of the herd such instructions in regard to meth-
ods of quarantine and disinfection as are necessary to prevent or
limit the spread of the disease to other parts of the same farm,
and to the farms of neighbors—such instructions as are given in
the first part of this paper.

The inoculation of healthy herds on neighboring farms may
also be advisable in many cases where, on account of drainage or
other circumstances, it seems difficult to confine the infection to
the farms where the officer finds it.

It has been my practice, when called to a locality where an
outbreak of hog cholera has occurred, to enlist the interest of the
local veterinarian in this work, in order that he may aid in the
suppression of outbreaks of that disease when they occur in his
field of practice. Several veterinarians in the State have already
done good service in using this serum. Some of these were offi-
cial deputies, others in private practice. In some instances good
service has been rendered by farmers whom we have taught how
to diagnose cholera, and how to use the serum. In so large a
problem as the control of hog cholera efficient veterinary aid is not
always available, and the co-operation of the farmers is both nec-
essary and advisable.

Protecting of “Show Herds” by Serum inoculation.—As
already mentioned, fairs have many times in the past been

Swine Growers’ Association. Sve

the distributing points of hog cholera infection, in spite of vigilant
sare on the part of the management—through the ignorance or
carelessness of an inexperienced exhibitor or his herdsman in not
guarding against infection at the home station or en route. Pro-
tection against these dangers, I am confident, can, in a great meas-
ure, be secured by inoculation of the “show herds” with the im-
munizing serum before the swine are shipped from home. This
should be done with a tested serum, made and used under State
supervision.

I was solicited last year by a few exhibitors to inoculate their
“show herds” before they were taken to the fairs; this was not
done because the parties did not apply for the aid until a short
time before shipment. The inoculation should be done two or
three weeks before shipping, so that any soreness, which, in rare
instances, occurs from the inoculation, will have disappeared be-
fore taking the animals into the show ring.

Several exhibitors who lost hogs from cholera last year intend
to have their show herds inoculated this year before starting on
the fair circuit.

Secretary Stinson of the State Fair Board, in a letter to me
on this subject, expressed the hope that all exhibitors will take
this precaution. The offer is here made by the veterinary depart-
ment of the College of Agriculture, to supply free of charge the
serum and the services of a competent man to inoculate all herds
that are entered for exhibit at the Missouri State Fair or the
American Royal during the coming autumn, provided that the ex-
hibitor pays the traveling expenses of the man who is sent to do
the work. By this means the great losses from cholera, such as
have fallen on exhibitors in past years should be prevented, as
well as the danger of spreading the disease to other herds in vari-
ous sections of the State. All who intend to avail themselves of
this service should make this known to Secretary Stinson, or to
us, several weeks before the opening of the Fair, so that we may
provide the serum for this special service, and have time to visit
the farms of all who desire the work done. It should not be un-
derstood that the State Fair Board will make inoculation against
cholera a requisite for entry, but simply advise it in the interest
of the exbibitor. JI am sure that the Fair Board will not relax in
the least the sanitary measures that have been carried out in the
past to secure clean, healthful quarters for the housing of the
swine entered for exhibit.

318 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Fig. 8. Method of inoculating pigs against hog cholera.

Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station.

DOSAGE AND TECHNIC OF INOCULATION.

The dosage varies according to the size of the animal: The
ordinary dose is twenty cubic centimeters for hogs weighing from
fifty to one hundred pounds, and twenty cubic centimeters for each
additional hundred pounds; and ten to fifteen centimeters for pigs
under forty or fifty pounds.

The immunizing serum is injected by means of a hypodermic
syringe—one of twenty cubic centimeter capacity is best. It
should be provided with a heavy slip needle. Pigs and small
shoats are held in the manner shown in illustration. The hind
legs of the pig are elevated sufficiently to bring the inner surface
of the thigh to a convenient height for the operator. The attend-
ant holds the head and front part of the body of the pig between
his feet. The belly of the pig is turned toward the operator. The
site of the injection on the fleshy part of the inner face of the
thigh is cleaned by means of a bit of cotton or a sponge dipped in
a5 per cent solution of carbolic acid; the needle is thrust through

Swine Growers’ Association. 319

the skin into the muscle, and the serum is slowly injected. It is
best to divide the dose between the two sides. The serum is ab-
sorbed better when injected into the muscle rather than simply
underneath the skin. Heavier hogs which cannot be held in the
manner described, are laid on the ground and turned on the back.
The hind legs are held backward, and well apart, and the injection
is made in the same location as in the smaller hogs. When preg-
nant sows are to be inoculated they are not thrown down, but are
confined in a crate, or by other convenient method, so as to avoid
rough handling, and are inoculated just back of the ears, in the
deep vertical furrow which lies between the head and the shoulders.
A gentle sow can be inoculated in this location without confining.
The thigh muscle is ordinarily to be preferred to this location, as
the absorption is better.

Fig. 9. Method of inoculating a large hog against hog cholera.

Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station.

DURATION OF THE IMMUNITY.

When the hogs are injected with the immunizing serum alone
a passive immunity is conferred which probably does not persist
for more than three or four months. If the hogs are on infected
grounds at the time of inoculation, they will acquire a permanent
immunity. If the animals are on grounds that are not infected,
it will be necessary to inject them with a small quantity of hog
cholera virus (about two cubic centimeters). This was called by
Dr. Dorset the “simultaneous method.” In the greater part of
the over six thousand inoculations which we have made, the
herds were on infected grounds, and it was not necessary to use

320 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Fig. 10. Method of inoculating a brood sow heavy with pig.

Veterinary Department, Missouri Experiment Station.

this method to insure permanent immunity. Breeders whose
farms are free from infection prefer to re-inoculate their “show”
animals with the serum alone, rather than use the simultaneous
method; so as to avoid a possible risk of infecting their farms.

Losses From Cholera.—In this connection it may not
be out of place to mention that, although the full ex-
tent of the drain which hog cholera entails upon the
swine industry cannot be accurately estimated, data at
hand show that the losses in many individual herds in this state
have run from $2,000 to $5,000 during the past year; and in one
registered herd the loss amounted to more than $10,000. It is
safe to say that single counties have in some years suffered a loss
of $50,000 to $100,000 from this disease, counting the deaths of
hogs, depreciation of profits from putting immature stock on the
market, and the inconveniences and hardships that have fallen on
many, who, except for this disease had planned wisely on borrowed
capital.

A conservative farmer of Nodaway county estimates that the
mortality from hog cholera in that county in the individual herds
that are attacked is about 90¢; and for the entire county fully
20% of all the hogs die from this disease. Another prominent
farmer of Atchison county writes: “TI think that fully 30¢ of the
hogs of this county die from cholera; this estimate, if anything,
is below rather than above the actual figures.” The enormous

Swine Growers’ Association. Bpall

losses in that one county can be realized when it is known that be-
sides the breeding stock that was retained on the farms, over
75,000 head of hogs were marketed in one year, from which basis
we can estimate, with even a less per cent than that given, that
from twenty to twenty-five thousand pigs died. No doubt quite a
number of the hogs that were marketed were immature, and were
shipped out on account of the disease; on these an additional money
loss was sustained.

Putting the loss from hog cholera for the entire State at the
very low figure of 5 per cent., it is estimated that the loss in money
amounts to not less than $2,500,000. It will certainly not run less
than a half million dollars any year, and in some years four or
five times that amount. The prevention of such a waste of the
State’s resources is well worth the best efforts that can be made
by this Department, and I am sure that the members of this Asso-
ciation, as well as many other farmers and stockmen of the State,
appreciate what we are trying to do and will give us their hearty
encouragement.

If, with the meagre facilities and limited funds with which
we have worked, we have been able to inoculate over six thous-
and hogs in thirty counties, and to demonstrate to the farm-
ers the value of this hog cholera serum in such a convincing way
as to arouse their enthusiastic interest, it seems reasonable that
if this Department is provided with proper equipment and funds
so that the work can be carried on in a proper manner at all
seasons of the year, without interruption, the expectations of the
farming public in the matter of the control of hog cholera can be
reasonably met. Instead of operating in thirty counties in a
very incomplete way, the sixty-nine counties that have called for
aid in suppressing outbreaks of cholera should have been covered,
and in a thoroughly efficient manner. Instead of having used six
thousand doses in several months, we should have used ten thou-
sand doses or more in one single month during the worst part of
the season.

PROPRIETARY REMEDIES.

I think it important in this address to mention certain pro-
prietary remedies, which are now before the public, one of which
has recently been put on the market and has been tried extensively
by a number of the veterinarians of the country. I refer to the
product called Bruschettini’s hog cholera vaccine. The distributor
(Sorby Vaccine Co. of Chicago) claims that this material is manu-

A—21

322 Missouri Agricultural Report.

factured in Italy, and that in that country and in several of the
smaller states of Southern Europe (Roumania, Servia, Bulgaria,
Bosnia,) it has been used with great success for ten years. Such
claims are probably overdrawn; since, if they were true, countries
like Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, England, Switzerland
and Denmark would long ago have adopted this vaccine; as all
these countries suffer from hog cholera, and are far more ad-
vanced in veterinary matters than Italy, and the other unimportant
states mentioned. Moreover, tests made by the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, and reported in circular No. 27, show that samples
bought on the market and used according to directions by compe-
tent veterinarians failed to protect hogs against cholera. I have
had an opportunity to note the lack of value of this foreign vaccine
in neighborhoods where several hundred hogs had been vaccinated,
and have reinoculated with success some of these herds with the
“immunizing serum” which we produce at the Experiment Sta-
tion.

One farmer was of the opinion that this Italian vaccine gave
his hogs the disease; as the herd was perfectly healthy before
vaccination. Such an accident could happen by the use of a “‘vac-
cine” not sufficiently modified, since a vaccine, unlike the “anti-
toxic serum,” is made from disease-producing germs, by various
processes of weakening their virulence. There is the possibility,
however, that the disease was carried in from infected farms in
the neighborhood. Whatever may be true in this particular case,
we should not overlook the possibility of giving cholera by the
use of these foreign vaccines when improperly modified. But a
matter of much graver concern is the possibility of introducing an
entirely new swine disease into this country, namely, the “swine
erysipelas” of Europe (the “rouget” of France and “Schweine
Rothlauf” of Germany), a disease which, up to the present, we
have fortunately escaped. Since ‘swine erysipelas” is very prev-
alent in Europe and occurs in herds at the same time with
cholera, it is quite possible that the so-called vaccines which are
sent to this country for use against cholera, may also contain the
germs of the “swine erysipelas,” and through these vaccines infect
the hogs of America. In my opinion, such vaccines should be as
rigidly quarantined against as ‘‘foot-and-mouth-disease,” until their
harmlessness has been thoroughly established by the proper au-
thorities, namely, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, charged
with the duty of preventing the introduction of animal] diseases
from foreign countries.

Swine Growers’ Association. 323

There is another method called the “Ridgway Process,’ which
consists in feeding infectious material to pregnant sows, which
are already immune, and to the pigs for a while after farrowing.
This is a method that should be avoided for the reason that it re-
quires the use of infectious material in a manner that is danger-
ous to neighboring swine raisers who do not have immune hogs;
and it is questionable whether it immunizes the pigs on the farms
where used. The aim of the swine raisers and the veterinary of-
ficials should be to destroy the hog cholera infection on the farms
instead of propagating it. The theory of the Ridgway process
necessitates the maintenance of the disease on the farm.

We have also been called to reinoculate hogs that had been
“vaccinated” with “Bannerman’s fluid,” which material had proven
to be valueless.

It is hardly necessary to mention the proprietary medicinal
mixtures which are sold as preventives and cures for hog cholera:
the basis of nearly all of these mixtures is the old Government
formula contained in ““Farmers’ Bulletin No. 24, U. S. Department
of Agriculture. Some of the mixtures that vary from this contain
a small quantity of arsenic, or copper sulphate (blue vitriol).
The Government formula was never recommended as a specific.
It is useful, however, as a laxative, intestinal antiseptic, and febri-
fuge. The various proprietary remedies that are patterned after
this formula are, no doubt, useful in the same way; but the farmer
pays dearly for the mixing of cheap ingredients.

DISCUSSION.

How do you disinfect?

By thoroughly liming the pens.

Will not crows and buzzards carry infection?

Yes. Use a “shot-gun quarantine” against these.

What would be the cost to the farmer of having his hogs
inoculated?

A. We do it free of charge. We do it not for your individ-
ual good, but for the good of the community and for the good of
the State, to prevent the spread of infection, just as we handle a
case of glanders or any highly infectious disease. It is not a
matter of individual interest, but of state interest. So we be-
lieve it to be proper that you report the outbreak of cholera
promptly to the State officials, and a veterinarian will be sent to
your place to handle the disease, as if it were glanders or any
‘infectious disease; probably not with that rigid quarantine and

OP OPS

324 Missouri Agricultural Report.

slaughter of animals, but in a manner which we think will best
protect your herd and other herds of the neighborhood.

Q. You speak of burning the hogs. My experience has been
that the other hogs will eat them as soon as they get to cooking.
Will that spread the infection?

A. When the dead hog has become hot enough to kill the
germs it does not hurt at all. The well cooked meat is helpful for
them; but it is probably not best to allow the other hogs to eat
them, especially the intestines, as the heating is not always suffi-
cient to kill the infection.

Q. What do you suggest as to the prevention of this dis-
ease? Do you propose to go about over the State curing the dis-
ease, and then let the hog breeders be careless or indifferent?

A. We expect the swine raisers to do their part in every way
possible to prevent the spread of the disease, by the quarantine
and disinfection measures, which I have already mentioned.

Q. Have you any knowledge in your years of experience of
a herd where cholera had broken out spontaneously, caused by
local conditions?

A. Cholera does not originate spontaneously; the seeds or
“germs” must be brought in and planted. Wheat will not
grow on a field unless you plant the seed of wheat, nor potatoes
unless you plant potatoes. Sometimes cholera seems to come into
a herd spontaneously, but if the matter is investigated thoroughly
the source of the outbreak will be found in one of the several ways
I have already mentioned. A dirty barn won’t produce it unless
you put the diseased germs into that barn.

Q. How long, from the time a hog is exposed to cholera, will
it be before the disease develops?

A. From 9 days up to 60 days. I have known the disease
to break out in some “‘show herds” sixty days after they got home.

Q. How long do you keep the herd quarantined when you
return from the show?

A. Fully thirty days. The disease will usually show up in
that time. If one of the animals should show signs of the disease,
put it off to itself. It may not have cholera, or it may be a very
mild form of the disease like some mild cases of typhoid (called
walking-typhoid). A person may carry the typhoid germs in his
body and spread infection to other people and still not show any
well marked signs of the disease himself; and in hog cholera, a
very mild case of the disease may pass unnoticed and give rise
to an outbreak sixty days and even longer after the infected animal

Swine Growers’ Association. BAD

hag been brought in. A very small amount of the infection being
spread on the ground, by a mild case, the disease does not de-
velop rapidly; on the other hand, if it is a very acute type the
disease develops rapidly.

Q. How long will the germs live in a lot where there is no
disinfection ?

A. Several months, sometimes. Sunshine, however, is a
goed germ killer.

ECONOMICAL PORK PRODUCTION.

(C. A. Wilson, Instructor in Animal Husbandry and in Charge of Swine Investigations, University
of Missouri.)

The solution of our problems in pork production will involve
whole systems of farm management, but we shall only consider
in this short article a possible solution through the use of forage
crops. Data collected from short feeding trials by experiment
stations heretofore would seem to indicate, in the light of present
high priced feeds, that the production of pork is quite an unprofit-
able vocation. A general resume for instance, of experimental data
shows that it requires from four to six pounds of grain to produce
a pound gain, which at the present high prices of foodstuffs would
make the cost of production from $4.00 to $6.00 per hundred
weight increase.

The general conclusion has been that it requires to produce
one pound of gain with steers 7.4 pounds of digestible organic
matter in the ration; with sheep, 7.2 pounds; with poultry, 5.1
pounds, and with hogs, 3.3 pounds. If we can produce, then the
pound gain, in the case of pork with 3.3 pounds of as cheap di-
gestible organic matter as that with which the cattleman produces
his pound gain, with 7.4 pounds digestible organic matter, there
will be no question as to the economy in pork production.

As startling as it may seem, when hogs sell for from five to
seven cents a pound live weight, the farmer cannot afford to seil
his corn for seventy cents a bushel. Under proper systems of
management we may obtain seventy cents per bushel and even
more for the corn that is fed. We shall have to learn that hogs
are more adapted than we had supposed in times past for consum-
ing roughages and forages, and then supply them. The undo-
mesticated hog is not limited to the use of grain as his ration, but
makes use of the succulent roots, herbs, and plants that are within

326 Missouri Agricultural Report.

his domain. If we then can supply him with succulent leaves and
roots we will be supplying him with a food to which he is adapted
and one which will also lessen the total cost of production.

If we can, in the 3.3 pounds of digestible matter required for
a pound gain, supply one-half or two-thirds with such green for-
ages as clover, rape, cowpeas, rye, soybeans, sorghum and corn,
we should be able to produce pork at a net cost at marketing time
of two to four cents. That we can do this is partly borne out by
the results obtained at our own Station during the season just past.
The Missouri Experiment Station found during the season of 1908
that when hogs are worth five cents a pound

An acre of clover may be worth $25.77,

An acre of rape and oats may be worth $28.60,
An acre of cowpeas may be worth $14.23, and
An acre of rape alone may be worth $13.20.

These results show the possible net returns per acre where
pork is produced on green forages.

(The bluegrass lot in this particular experiment gave no net
returns. )

These forages were in each instance supplemented with about
one-fourth full feed of corn, and, supposing the rental value of each
plot to be $3.00 per acre, and pork to be worth five cents, the fol-
lowing prices were obtained for the corn fed: With the blue grass
lot 49.9 cents per bushel; with clover forage, 100 cents per bushel;
with cowpeas, 98.8 cents per bushel; with rape, 77.5 cents per
bushel, and with rape and oats forage, 83.2 cents per bushel. These
figures show in another way the possible values of corn when fed
as a supplement to a forage ration.

To state the results in still another way, it was found for the
season of 1908, that on the blue grass plot the hogs required 5.4
pounds of corn to produce a pound gain; with clover forage they
required 2.64 pounds; with cowpeas, 2.90 pounds; with soybeans,
2.61 pounds; with rape, 3.52 pounds, and with rape and oats, 3.3
pounds. These data show that under similar conditions there is
not much difference as to their value pound for pound of clover,
cowpeas, soybeans, rape or rape and oats, when corn is supplied
as a supplement, and that the value then of one forage as com-
pared with another will be determined by its adaptability to dif-
ferent soils and seasons and to withstand pasturing. The value of
each will be determined by the amount of forage that each will
produce for a whole season while being pastured. Each may have
its particular place in a rotation of forage crops.

Swine Growers’ Association. 327

A seeming lack of adaptability of forage crops to lend them-
selves well to rotation systems has, perhaps more than anything
else, mitigated against the general use of especially provided for-
age crops for hogs. They do, however, when carefully planned,
lend themselves well to systems of crop rotation.

The difficulties involved in planning forage crop rotations are,
first, to meet requirements at all times of the forage season; sec-
ond, to select the forage adaptable to the particular class of animals
to which it is to be fed; third, to so arrange the system that the
amount of labor will be evenly distributed throughout the season;
and, fourth, to conserve and to increase as rapidly as possible the
fertility of the soil. These requirements may be well met under
varying conditions by some of the following two, three or four
year crop rotations.

To secure the best results with forage crops and to build up
the soil fertility to the greatest possible extent, it is necessary in
any crop rotation that there be introduced a leguminous or nitro-
gen storing crop. One of the most perfect nitrogen storing crops
that we have is red clover, which is also one of those most adapt-
able for swine feeding purposes. For average conditions the fol-
lowing rotation will perhaps be the most nearly ideal:

ROTATION NO. 1.

1SO09——COnieanGenyer re ars seers - Yea GeClOVELa seme a Clover.
TOLO— Reverand) Clover. ac +s... CIOVEE SNe Pye etevese orcs te eee eat Corn and rye.
Sit —— ClO Vee er as seas oe hee eee @ourn adh Eyer cunt karte shite Rye and clover.

It is intended that a part or all of the corn shall be hogged
off in the fall. At the last cultivation plenty of rye should be
sown. The rye will add to the pasturage somewhat in the fall,
while the corn is being hogged off, and should be allowed to ripen
in 1910, and fed off without cutting. The clover seed should be
sown in the fall, and if a good stand is not obtained a second
seeding should be made in the spring. This will give considerable
clover forage in the fall of 1910 and clover for forage in 1911.
This rotation may be varied in a great variety of ways. For ex-
ample:

ROTATION NO. 2.

1999—Corm: and VCs chi.0s 5 cts ds Ryerand Tape. sas a.resee | Soybeans.
1910—Rye and. rape®. 2. a. 2. =. «. Soy DGansers stersterse-s oss eke | Corn and rye.
PMI — SOV DCans ssc Meese pes octave Cormand Tyeenar er cr a tee Rye and rape.

328 Missouri Agricultural Report. |

This is essentially the same as the first rotation given, ex-
cept that instead of clover, soybeans is introduced into the system.
Rape is sown with the rye in the spring and lightly harrowed in,
and the hogs are rung and turned in when the rye is ripe.

ROTATION NO. 3.

1509—Sorehtm ss) ors oes | Rape, oats and clover........ Clover.

[DLO — Rape: Oats anancloverene a sk@lOVELSo ser aeie a eicie sii siece iis Sorghum.
HOU ClOV ERS 2 2 ciicy tos ober be see SOGUUM Ate tetera ieee ito Rape, oats and clover.

Rotation number three is again quite similar to rotation num-
ber one, with the exception that sorghum is used in place of corn.
This rotation is perhaps more adaptable to the southern portions
of the State. Rape, oats and clover are sown in the spring as soon
as danger of frost is over, and are sown in the following propor-
tions per acre: Rape six pounds, oats one-half bushel, clover six
pounds.

ROTATION NO. 4.

1509 Cormvandenyeer ena scree ree ee Goel sOy! beans:
LOT SOV DEAN Sha acme eee sine CPS eos oor Corn and rye.

This rotation is a two-year rotation. Rye is sown as before
at the last cultivation, and is used in the following spring for
early forage, and may be used up to June 8th or 10th, at which
time it is intended to be plowed up and sown to soybeans or cow-
peas.

ROTATION NO. 5.

L909 Rameran Goats reece ere eetie eit ie Cowpeas.
LOO COWDEISHemAerise aceite ae eee eal aperancdsoatss

This is also a two-year rotation and is intended for smaller
fields than the other systems given. The rape and oats should be
sown in the spring as soon as frost is over, in the following pro-
portions per acre: Rape six pounds, oats one-half bushel. In this
rotation if it is desired to have something sown on the land to
serve as a soil and fertility binder during the winter, it may be
advisable to sow the rape and oats plot late in the fall to rye,
which may be used early the following spring for early forage,
up to June 8th or 10th, when the cowpeas should be sown.

Where in diversified farming it is desired to introduce a grain

Swine Growers’ Association. 329

crop, not to be fed off as forage, the following rotation may be
advisable:

ROTATION NO. 6.

1900==Conrnee reer Len ee. ie Goran yaoi a eee ae: fli 9 4 ee | Clover.
ONG Crane re eee tea a ROTOM OR ho ng cos heer Corn.

AOI —— COVEN: tae ss scshet wick sees INC OTe ore ete roar ie aoe Grain.

The crops in bold face are intended to be fed off on the field.

Wherever rape or clover occurs in these rotations care should
be taken not to pasture too closely. Rape should be turned into when
twelve to fourteen inches high and should not be pastured off too
closely. Leaves are as essential to the health of a plant as lungs
are to an animal; and, hence, there should always be present an
amount sufficient to produce a maximum of growth. Clover
may be turned into when five to eight inches high and should for
the same reasons not be fed too closely.

The number of hogs that may run on each acre will vary, of
course, with the abundance of the crop, and the amount of grain
supplement that is supplied in addition. Usually, however, where
corn is supplied to the extent of one-fourth of a full ration, rape
and oats sown together will pasture from twelve to eighteen sev-
enty-pound shoats per acre. Clover will generally support per acre
two sows and their litters for the season, their litters averaging
seven each.

In order to secure the greatest returns from forage the grain
which is to serve as a supplement to it should not be fed in too
great quantities. The general rule is to feed from one-fourth to
one-half of a full ration. This will ordinarily be from one to
two pounds of corn per hundred weight per day. If a pound of
corn per hundred weight per day is insufficient to produce some
gain with the forage fed, then increase the grain ration. A suffi-
cient amount of feed should be supplied to produce about three-
fourths of a pound per hundred weight per day increase.

MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION. (1908)

Average Average | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds
| weight weight of | of grain |graineaten
Lot. Rations fed. | of pig at | of pig at grain | per lb. per pig
beginning. close. eaten. | gain. per day.
es rors Full ration and Alfalfa....... | 106 205 1,255 4,24 5.81
II....| Half ration and Alfalfa....... 83 158 629 2.82 2.91
III. ..| Full ration and in pen........ 110 223 1,347 3.96 6.23

330 Missouri Agricultural Report.

From the data just given it will be seen that the hogs re-
ceiving a full feed of grain while on pasture required one and
one-half times as much grain to produce a pound of gain as did
the hogs that were receiving one-half grain ration on pasture.

The supplements to forages should depend upon the nature
of the forage plant. Where the forage crop is a legume, such as
alfalfa, clover, cowpeas or soybeans, corn will make a very satis-
factory supplement; but where the forage consists of corn, sorg-
hum or rye, better results will be obtained if the grain supplement
is made about four parts corn and one part oilmeal.

In the light of the data that has already been worked out, it
behooves us as meat producers to alter our methods and introduce
more economical systems of pork production. The solution of
economical pork production must come through the judicious use
of forage crops.

SWINE FEEDING.

(W.S. Cotton, Smithton, Missouri.)

I am quite sure that I shall not be able to offer a single new
idea in this matter of hog-feeding. I shall simply attempt to out-
line, in as concise a form as possible, my own methods, which are
a combination of what I have been able to gather together from
different sources, our own and other experiment station results,
my neighbors and other friends, the agricultural press, and my
own experience in adapting these different ideas to my own en-
vironment.

The problem of successful hog-feeding begins several genera-
tions back of the hog in the feed lot, but as it works in a circle,
I will begin with my ideas of handling the sow.

My experience is that at no time, except while weaning the
pigs, should the sow be confined to close quarters. If two litters
of pigs are to be raised each year she will lead a pretty busy life,
and will require a large amount of food to keep her in good thrifty
condition, and while she shouldn’t get too fat, it is usually the
other trouble—too thin.

From two to six sows I find will get along very nicely to-
gether when they are raising their pigs; while dry, I keep more
in one pasture, and feed two ears of corn each twice a day, and
in the winter all the alfalfa hay they want—which is quite a
good deal—and if I didn’t have alfalfa I would try to have some
choice clover.

Swine Growers’ Association. Jom

I begin breeding my sows about the 10th of November, and
try to get them all settled during that month, and the closer to-
gether the better. Then, when the pigs begin coming in the
spring, I can make it my special business to take care of them
at the critical time. If the weather is nice there is no trouble; the
alfalfa has kept the sows in fine condition and their digestive
organs expanded and ready to use a large amount of concentrated
food. I begin giving them a little slop of good shorts a week
before farrowing. After farrowing, leave off all feed for twenty-
four to forty-eight hours, then feed lightly—about a quart of slop
and increase gradually until when pigs are two weeks old the sow
is getting about all she will eat with tankage added.

The pigs will begin to eat a little corn when about three weeks
old. I provide this for them in a feeding place to themselves, and
in another week or two begin giving them some slop, and as I
increase this for the pigs, I reduce the sow’s slop and increase her
corn, until about the middle of May it’s nothing but corn and time
to wean and breed for fall litters.

I put the sows up in.a dry lot and feed lightly for a while
and the pigs don’t know they are weaned. If there are any thin
sows I separate them at this time and build them up. I breed
only what sows I can catch to farrow in September, prefering to
have all farrow in spring, even if some are a little late, and then
run those over until the next November for only one litter a year.

I know that some of my friends think I feed pretty heavily,
and contend that a slower method is more economical, but to
raise two litters a year from a majority of your sows and average
around eight pigs to the litter, you’ve got to keep ’em goin’, though
you can’t afford this intensive feeding with only three, four or five
pigs to the litter.

Now, if you want to keep up to the hog limit of your farm,
you’ve got to keep them going after weaning to get them out of
the way of the next litters. To do this, my pigs get just about
all the corn they want twice a day (cutting down the slop as clover
comes) and half a pound of tankage to 200 pounds weight, with
the best pasture I can give them—clover if possible—(and I hope
some time to have alfalfa to use); if there is plenty of clover I
cut down the tankage about half.

I continue in this way until within about thirty days of the
time I expect to market. JI then put the bunch into a lot and keen
up the corn and tankage with plenty of fresh water and salt and
ashes and, if cold weather, good bedding, and at this time I ex-

332 Missouri Agricultural Report.

pect them to average pretty close to 24 pounds a day gain, pro-
vided the lice are kept in check and they have been rid of worms.

Until two years ago I questioned the possibilities of profit in
fall pigs. At that time I had sixty-five pigs of September farrow.
On December 8th they averaged forty-seven pounds and were not
looking as thrifty as I would have liked. I had not found satis-
factory treatment for worms and concluded to try turpentine,
which I did, giving a teaspoonful to eighty pounds weight in slop
three days in succession on an empty stomach, and repeated in a
week. This did the work, and I have since used it, shortly after
weaning, and again when they weigh from 125 to 150 pounds.

I had been using some tankage for nearly two years, but not
in a systematic way, so decided to try it on this bunch of pigs and
keep an accurate record, weighing the pigs on Saturday of each
week and keeping a record of corn and tankage fed.

Twenty of the choice pigs were sold for breeding; on April 30th
I sold twenty head weighing 263 pounds; May 13th the remain-
ing twenty-five head at 242 pounds. The last month the forty-
five head put on an average of twenty-four pounds a day. They
were all less than eight months old when sold. I now raise all
the fall pigs I can. Under this treatment, my pigs are practi-
cally ready for market at any time, and at any time up to going in-
to the lot for the last month’s feed they have been handled in a
manner to develop properly for breeding, and this is the time to
select recruits for the sows’ brigade, but hold onto the old ones
until they show sure signs of deteriorating.

My entire herd are purebred Durocs and I do. some business
in breeding stock—(would like to do more)—but if I never sold
a registered hog I would always mark my pigs so I could tell for
my own benefit when finished what litters and families are doing
me the most good from a purely pork standpoint, and to enable
me to select my brood sows intelligently.

I consider one of the most important things in feeding hogs
never to mix sizes in the same pasture or feed lot, and that is one
advantage in having the pigs come at as nearly the same time
as possible. I try to keep salt and ashes always where they can
get them, and they have charcoal—but not always—and eat all
the walnuts and acorns of course.

I have never fed any patent foods or remedies, but think tank-
age the greatest supplementary food we can get; it gives them a
relish for their corn, and I think they drink a great deal more
water when getting it, and water is, I think, a large part of fat.

Swine Growers’ Association. 333

Out of the bunch of sixty-five fall pigs of which I gave the
history, I kept four gilts and fed to show at Sedalia and Kansas
City a year ago in the under 12 Missouri class. They were never
confined to less than twenty acres pasture, and when I left home
for the fairs, weighed from 440 to 500 pounds, winning first as
four best hogs get of one boar, and the 500 pound gilt being placed
second in a class of 24 head at Kansas City.

I will say in conclusion, as proof of the efficacy of my meth-
ods, that I have at present in the feed lot seventy-five shoats
averaging 220 pounds. These pigs are of average farrow of
about May 15th, having sold my March and April pigs December
1st at 236 pounds weight.

THE TYPE OF HOGS THE PACKER DEMANDS.
(F. D. Winn, Randolph, Missouri.)

Not taking into consideration the offal, which is of secondary
importance, the packer converts a hog carcass into two products,
viz: Meat and lard. The best type of hog from a packer’s stand-
point is, therefore, the one that will cut out on the block the most
valuable meat with the smallest per cent of cheap meat and offal,
and at the same time furnish a good quantity of lard. During
certain seasons of the year the packer looks more to the lard fea-
ture and demands hogs larger and fatter, while at other times he
favors the lighter weights in the production of the best quality of
bacon. This, however, has nothing to do with and does not affect
the general type of hog that will for all purposes make him the
most money.

The ideal hog from a packer’s standpoint, as I see him—hbegin-
ning at the front end, should have a medium short head with
medium to small ear, jow] full but not heavy and baggy, as it fur-
nishes cheap meat. One of the best type Poland China sows I
have seen for some time, both from a breeder’s and packer’s
standpoint, was turned down for championship last fall at three
different fairs, and I think rightly so, because of an abnormai
jowl. The neck should be short and full; shoulders set well in line
with sides and rest of body with no tendency to shields or thick
hide; chest should be full and well let down, with good width be-
tween front legs, and there should be no depression back of the
shoulders, either on top or at the sides. The lower line of chest
should make a perfectly straight line with lower line of belly and

334 Missouri Agricultural Report.

flank. The back should be slightly arched with rib well sprung,
but not beyond the side line. A stick standing perpendicular and
touching the edge of rib should also touch the belly line and side
at every point. The loin must be thick and full and the meat
covering loin and back should be of firm quality, but not hard;
sides perfectly straight and deep with flank low and in line of
belly. In my opinion, no point is more overlooked and is less
considered by hog breeders than the flank. Without a low, deen
flank you cannot have a deep side and middling, and you very
seldom see a good flank without a correspondingly good side and
ham. The two points most indicative of a quiet disposition, easy
feeding, early maturing hog are head and flank. The rump should
be almost level with long coupling and tail well set up in line of
back. A short coupling is nearly always accompanied by a round
rib, high flank and not enough body depth. The ham should be
even with rib and side line and let down well to flank, but not out
of line or proportion with rest of body. You very seldom find a
big, bulging ham on a well proportioned hog, whose top and side
lines are even and where the flank is properly let down. A very
wide ham goes with a high flank and round rib which generally
means not enough depth and width below. A baggy ham at bot-
tom, often termed by breeders a ‘“‘meal-sack” ham, is undesirable to
the packer—all the lower, flabby meat being waste. The rather
general opinion that you cannot get too much ham on a hog is
very erroneous, if the statements of a number of experts connected
with the packing business, with whom I have talked, are to be
considered. This surplus ham had better be over the loin or fill-
ing and rounding up the very usual depression in front of hip
bones and at coupling. Good length is desired—the distance from
root of tail to center of forehead should be about the same as
flank and heart measurement. The legs should set well out at the
corners of body and be straight, tapering nicely to foot with short
pastern joint and toes set close together. The bone can be heavy,
if short, although a medium bone if of good quality—sufficient to
carry a heavy body—would doubtless suit the packer just as well.
A big coarse bone and long legs are very objectionable and hogs
with such legs very seldom have the uniformity and quality to
bring a top price. The coat should be smooth and soft to the touch,
which usually indicates a thin hide and good quality of meat. Prob-
ably the most important point of all is the body surface, which
must be perfectly smooth and free from wrinkles or creases. The
flesh must be firm to the touch—soft, blubbery flesh that puts on

Swine Growers’ Association. 335

unevenly being almost as undesirable as a thick, wrinkled hide.
Evenness and smoothness are the things most desired by the
packer.

While some of the other breeds have been in existence long
enough, possibly, to have established one and a distinct type, it
is not so with the Poland China which I handle and the only breed
with which I am at all familiar. I think the last named breed
could very consistently be said to furnish two distinct types, which
some refer to as the round or “barrel” type and the “block” type.
The former covers the broad backed, round ribbed, high flanked,
wedge shaped kind while the latter is the flat sided, deeper bodied,
lower flanked variety. Of these two types, Mr. J. J. Ferguson,
head buyer for Swift & Co., and who judged all breeds of barrows
at the St. Louis World’s Fair, told me that the block type was
more in favor and would cut out better on the block than the other
type. To make this clearer, I have taken the measurements of the
best boar that I have ever bred from a packer’s standpoint. This
boar has just turned a year and will weigh in only breeding and
good growing condition approximately 350 pounds. His heart
and flank measurements are the same—54 inches; length from
root of tail to center of forehead, 53%4 inches. His hind leg at
smallest place measures 8 inches. He is 9 inches from lower point
of ham and 11 inches from top of flank to ground. The distance
across top between to sticks standing perpendicular and just
touching point of ribs is 14 inches, while he is 19 inches in depth.
For the sake of illustration, take a box 14 inches wide, 19 inches
deep and 534 inches long, round off the edges about half an inch
and you have the shape of the best proportioned and most symmetri-
cal boar I ever bred or owned. Before you can breed a certain
type of hog, it is essential to have that type clearly fixed in your
~ mind, and I would recommend that those desiring to become expert
judges hunt until they find an animal of the type desired and then
study that particular animal until the entire outline is indelibly im-
pressed on his mind. Not until I saw the sow Darkness did I
come to realize how distinct and clear cut an outline of a hog could
be. This sow was more of an educator to me than information re-
ceived from all other sources combined. I do not refer to this par-
ticular sow because I happened to own her, but to strengthen my
argument in favor of the block type. Darkness was the best
specimen of this type the Poland China breed has ever produced,
and she is at the same time universally admitted to have been the
greatest producing Poland China sow that ever lived; indeed her

336 Missouri Agricultural Report.

descendants have done more to improve the breed than any other
six sows. Although quite exceeding the scope of my subject, while
I am already off of it any way, I want to make the suggestion that
the best way to improve the hog and arrive at, as near as possible,
the packer’s ideal is to look first to type and then improve any weak
point or points. Many have hobbies, that is, no matter how per-
fect the type they will not keep for breeding purposes an animal
with a bad ear, head, coat, feet or even color and markings. If I had
followed that principle I would not have had the honor of breeding
and showing the grand champion barrow at the St. Louis World’s
Fair. This barrow’s grand dam, a half sister to Darkness, just re-
ferred to, and very much the same type, had a bad coat. I mated her
with a fine-coated boar of some the same type, but not quite so
pronounced, with the result that a part of the litter not only re-
tained the type of the sow, but had a nice coat like the sire. I
mated one of the sows from this litter with a boar especially good
in coat and got this champion barrow of very much the same type
as his grand dam and with as nice a coat as I ever saw. In the
same manner any other defect may be remedied and the type pre-
served.

So much for the type of hogs the packer prefers. While my
subject only covers the packers’ demands, since this type is, in
my opinion, so near the type that can be raised most economically,
I take the liberty of discussing the subject briefly from the stand-
point of the producer. The hog raiser will say—“all right for the
kind of a hog that suits the packer best, but we’re looking out
for ourselves and want to raise the kind that net us the most
money—give us bone, bone, bone.” This great cry from farmers
for bone was caused by a tendency of breeders several years ago
to sacrifice too much bone and size for fancy points, such as head,
ear, color, markings, etc. Because breeders went to extremes in
the matter of fancy points and got hogs too small is no reason
why the other extreme shculd be sought and size and bone looked
after at the expense of quality, for one is as bad as the other.
Breeders have come to realize that size and bone must be main-
tained, and they are striving to get just as much size and bone
as it is possible to have and at the same time preserve the accepted
type and quality that the packer demands and pays a premium for.
The hogs that are receiving the awards at the best state fairs
under the best judges we have are of a much larger type and bone
than they were several years ago, and the improvement along these
lines will continue. As I stated in treating the feet and legs of a

Swine Growers’ Association. aa

packer’s ideal hog, the packer does not discriminate against a
heavy bone, if short and not rough. I know this not only from
other sources, but from interviews with Mr. Ferguson, the packer
expert who judged barrows at St. Louis. Pardon this personal
reference, which is not made either to advertise myself or the
breed in which I am interested, but only to illustrate and supple-
ment my argument in favor of the smooth, large, medium hog as
against the so-called “big bone” type. It was my good fortune
to show the grand champion Poland China boar and the grand
champion barrow, all breeds, at St. Louis. The barrow was, in
the opinion of Mr. Ferguson, a perfect specimen of this breed with
the exception of length, he being just a trifle shorter than the idea!
type. This barrow was sixteen months old and weighed, not over-
done at all, 500 pounds, having a heavy, short bone of the best
quality and sufficient to carry at least 1,000 pounds weight. The
grand champion boar weighed at a year and thirteen days old, 502
pounds, with a bone that must have measured at least 9 inches at
smallest place. Without telling Mr. Ferguson that this boar had
been made the Grand Champion Poland China boar, and he stated
afterwards that he did not know it, he pronounced him an ideat
hog from a packer’s standpoint, not objecting in the least to his
bone, which was very heavy for a hog of this age and size. He was
stort legged and his bone was of good quality. I maintain that a
hog of this type that can be made to weigh 500 pounds at 12%
months old, without being overdone, that has a short, heavy bone,
but not rough, is the best size and type of hog from both the pro-
ducer’s and packer’s standpoint. It is possible to get a heavy
pone on a hog of this scale, but I claim that it is not possible, ex-
cept in rare instances, and of course there are exceptions to all
rules, to get the finish, the easy feeding, early maturing qualities,
together with the accepted type, in these 1,000 pound monsters
with bone as big and rough as a cow’s. A hog that can be turned
at from eight to ten months old, weighing 250 pounds and the type
I have favored can be made to do this, is large enough and I be-
lieve that the less amount of feed consumed by this type will at
least offset the extra weight of the bone and hide of the big ones
and that the producer will be ahead at least the difference in price
per hundred his smooth, nicely finished hogs bring over the neces-
sarily rougher type of the extra large ones. The packer is certain
to pay a premium for the kind that nets him the most money, and
this type I have in my plain way tried to describe to you.

A—22

338 Missouri Agricultural Report.

COTE SYSTEM VS. CENTRALIZED HOG HOUSE SYSTEM.

(June K. King, Marshall, Missouri.)

That hogs, more than any other of our breeds of live stock, need
shelter is certainly true, and that they get less housing than per-
haps any of our live stock is also true. You hear frequently ex-
pressions like these: ‘““Most anything is good enough for a hog;”
“Hogs do not need shelter;” “Corn is a mighty good cross for a
hog;” “It costs a heap to care for hogs like you do,” etc.

I believe that for most farmers the centralized hog house is
perhaps the most convenient. It should be well located on a high,
dry place, arranged in such a manner that the sun can shine into
all parts at least a part of the time, with water and feed conven-
ient; the pastures should be near; the lots or pens should be as
roomy as circumstances will permit and open into the pastures;
the lots or pens should be concreted or paved.

I have in mind a neighbor who is making quite a success rais-
ing hogs for the market. He raises about 200 each twelve months.
He has two houses that will accommodate about ten sows each,
with a shed or alley-way to feed the pigs in in bad weather. There
is also a corn crib at each house. As yet he has not water con-
venient, nor small lots, but his pastures—some eight or ten, each
containing from ten to twenty acres—are so arranged that he can
utilize any one with one or the other of his houses.

Feeding floors are very essential to the well-being of the hog,
and can be built at a reasonable cost for material; the labor can
be performed by the farmer and his hired hand.

The greatest objection, I think, to the centralized hog house is
disease. Should you have an outbreak of some contagious disease
you cannot so well isolate your hogs nor can you so readily disin-
fect. If one has the means, I would advise combining the two sys-
tems—having one or more larger houses and then as many cotes
and their adjoining lots as you need.

In this section we often have a severe snow storm—which lasts
only for a short time—that makes proper caring for hogs out of
doors almost impossible. At such times it would be convenient to
have a larger hog house where all the hogs could be brought in
from the small houses and cared for with great comfort to both
the herdsman and the hogs. The larger hog house should be built
with an alley way running the whole length of the building with

Swine Growers’ Association. 339

stalls or pens on each side. These pens should be not less than
8x10 feet—the larger the better. The alley way could be used
to feed in. With a supply of straw for bedding, with alfalfa and
clover hay in the loft, and water and grain handy, the larger
house would soon pay for itself, and then when the storm was
over the hogs could be taken back to their cotes and lots. This
is not what we have at Peabody Farm, but what we hope in the
near future to have.

BREEDING OF HOGS FOR MARKET PURPOSES.
(C. B. Adams, Grandview, Missouri.)

Every systematic breeder and up-to-date farmer realizes that
the ultimate end of hog-raising is the pork barrel, and the quicker
the growth to market maturity the more profit there is for the
husbandman. There are two very important factors for the swine
grower to consider: First, the breeding of a type that has the
power of applying food to the laying on of muscle and fat and will
provide a maximum amount of choice pork at a minimum cost;
second, the feeding of the proper kinds and amount of food to get
the desired results—one is as essential as the other. The details
of breeding hogs and caring for hogs are so intricately interwoven
that one may select an excellent foundation for his herd, but, if he
does not feed and care for them properly the work is usually in-
effectual. On the other hand it would be equally as disastrous to
feed and care properly for a herd that had been poorly selected.
As this last point is to be discussed separately, I shall deal directly
with the breeding of the type most profitable to the farmer.

A subdivision of a family in the animal kingdom may be rec-
ognized as a distinct or separate breed when with very slight vari-
ations it will reproduce under the same conditions until it has ac-
quired a distinctive character common to all the members. In
every family of domesticated animals there are numerous varia-
tions continually cropping out. Through man’s interference and
eontrol of these variations there are in all hogdom several recog-
nized breeds of hogs, but all may be satisfactorily placed in one or
the other of the two great classes: viz, the bacon hog and the lard
hog. Each has a distinct purpose to perform, brought about by
breeding and artificial conditions, together with the natural cause
—the different kinds of food found in different sections of the
country. England may admonish us upon the quality of our

340 Missouri Agricultural Report.

bacon, Denmark may beat us to the market, but at present and for
years to come in the seven corn producing states the prevailing
type is and will be the large, early-maturing lard hog.

As to the breed you advocate, that is your pleasure, for there
are more differences in the individuals of any one breed than there
are in the characteristics of the different breeds.

I am persuaded to look upon this as a convention of progress-
ive, up-to-date farmers and stock-growers. There is a kind of
dignity about this that elevates one to a plane above the common
farmer citizen. It requires a great deal of enterprise to under-
stand and realize that pure bred animals have a decided advantage
over common grades or scrubs, and that money expended in pur-
chasing a few high class animals will ultimately bring reward.
You are after the profit, are you not? Then the type that feeds
well and makes the maximum of pounds, that will sell at a good
or top price, is a pretty good ideal for every swine grower. The
old-fashioned, coarse, slow maturing hog is a thing of the past.
They were prolific and hardy, but would not fatten readily until
well on to maturity, thus making the process of producing pork
cost more per pound than is the case with the improved type.

The fancy, fine-boned, dumpy type is not proving entirely
satisfactory. It is claimed that they are not prolific and not good
enough mothers. My experience has led me to believe that this is
generally true. There is some demand for nice, well-finished pigs
of 90 to 100 pounds weight at about 5 months of age, but it is
very evident that the demand and price is not so great as to entice
many of our swine growers.

The best type of general purpose or market hog is the one
that is being evolved by the swine growers of the corn belt, and
by some is designated the medium type, and by others as the large
smooth type, which means practically the same. These hogs will
mature at from 600 to 700 pounds, and with proper care will weigh
250 pounds at 7 months and about 300 pounds at the age of 9
months.

The pure bred breeder caters to the farmer, the farmer de-
pends upon the packer and the packer pays the best averaged prices
for young hogs finished in prime condition weighing about 250 to
300 pounds.

The packer is demanding quality, the farmer is seeking pro-
lificacy and size combined with easy feeding qualities; and if you
will study the characteristics of all the lard hog breeds, it is evi-
dent that the pure bred breeder is striving to supply these demands.

Swine Growers’ Association. 341

In selecting the foundation for the breeding stock, I would
choose the sow that conforms as nearly as possible to the idea!
type. The face should be slightly dished and clean-cut, nose
of medium length and not too wide, forehead broad between eyes,
jowl plump and smooth but not flabby, neck short, deep and of
medium thickness, shoulders smooth and deep and should be of
the same thickness as the back and ham. The back should be
broad and slightly arched to give strength, but of medium rather
than great length, chest broad and deep, flank full and let weli
cown. The ham, for which this type is noted, should be full, sym-
metrical, long and rounding down to the hock, legs of medium
length with plenty and quality of bone, standing well on the feet.

The sow must be decidedly feminine in appearance, possess-
ing neatness, symmetry and style. She should be of a kind and
quiet disposition, an easy feeder, and prove to be prolific and pre-
potent.

The boar should be of the same type as the sow. We should
never expect a satisfactory result by crossing two extremes. He
should be large, strong, massive and possessed with stamina and
constitutional vigor. With his size must be combined smoothness,
symmetry and finish; his expression must be one of intelligence
and kind disposition. The ideal boar is decidedly masculine in
appearance, stately in carriage, and stylish in action.

The description I have given is my ideal type of the money-
making porker; while very seldom will you find an individual that
embodies all these qualities; yet in all breeds you will find many
that come closely to the standard. Pick out your breeding stock,
the best you can afford, and always strive to improve and perpetu-
ate with a little better individuals of the same type and of the
same breed.

It is a rule among the best pure bred breeders to select the
best of the male progeny to develop and perpetuate type, but my
advice to you is that you retain the female progeny that conforms
the closest to the ideal type; as you are then certain about the
qualities and prepotencies of more individuals, and chance purchas-
ing a male of the desired type and breeding. Theoretically, the
prepotency in both sexes is uniform.

It is unsafe to try innovations by cross-breeding owing to the
persistent tendency of ancestral types cropping out.

Perpetuate your type. It is the similarity of the herd that
stamps the skillful, progressive, swine-grower and brings the
largest returns.

342 Missouri Agricultural Report.

SIXTY CENT CORN AND FIVE CENT HOGS.
(Chester Starr, Centralia, Missouri.)

When Mr. Willson requested me to appear before this conven-
tion, he suggested as title “Sixty Cent Corn and Five Cent Hogs.”
Feeding the sixty cent corn alone, I couldn’t figure out much profit
on that basis, but fortunately the corn market has weakened and
the packers have not made good their boast of five cent hogs. By
aid of these two factors, the feeder may still make his work pay.
During the recent years, we have seen corn rather uniformly high;
fortunately save for several months in 1907 and 1908, we have
received high prices for our animated pork barrels. All of us re-
member the times when corn was sold for from fifteen to twenty
cents. Hogs were also low. Personally we have had better success
with the high prices. Still we must figure more closely than we
used to. We must pay closer attention to details and make more
use of our experiment stations—the people own the stations, why
skouldn’t we use them. Their results are very often highly im-
portant to us.

Our hogs are almost wholly fed after cattle. I am more at
home in that phase and with your permission I will confine myself
to that line. For several reasons we have no.accurate figures of
what our hogs do and what they cost us. We buy stockers at ali
times and, when shipping, select a car load or two, weigning the
selected ones only. Our hogs are usually fed more or less, the
amount of extra feed depending on their appetite. Feeding in this
manner, it would require a large amount of time and labor to keep
track of their gains and cost of gains—the results would not pay
for the extra work. We depend largely on our eye as to the con-
dition.

Of course, the number of hogs following cattle vary, depend-
ing upon market, age of cattle, size and condition of hogs and the
ration of the cattle. In times when stockers were low we have
had as high as five to a steer, usually we use two to our two year
old cattle, fed on ear corn or fodder. The more range the hogs
have, the better will remain the health. We keep our hogs just a
little hungry and consequently they trail the cattle all over the
pasture, getting the extra feed found and, in summer, getting
fresher grass. In winter, we use a barn, rather a shed as it is
open on the south and has two twelve foot doors on the east and

Swine Growers’ Association. 343

west. Naturaly the cattle wander very little and if left alone,
the hogs would travel still less. The barn is sixty rods from the
cribs, and every morning just as the feeder drives out into the
pasture, he calls the hogs up to him to be fed. That stone kills
two birds. The hogs must walk, at least, 120 rods, and before
they get back to the barn, to bother by diving in under the wagon,
the feeder is through putting out the feed. Our watering troughs
are arranged to let the hogs have plenty of pure water, but not
muddy the cattle water. We use more or less medicine—not stock
food—buying it in barrel lots and doing our own mixing. The
mixture is three parts of Sal Soda, of Glauber’s Salts, of Copperas
and one part of Sulphur. The principal effects are laxativeness
and extermination of worms. In winter, we keep it out before the
hogs at all times, putting out fresh quantities three or four times
a week. In summer once a week suffices. Our hogs vary in size
and weight. In buying, we like big framed lean hogs; the range
of weight is from 90 to 175 pounds. Fat chunks and slop fed hogs
never do very well following cattle. We ship whenever we can
select a load weighing from 225 to 300, the weight depending
largely on the market. Our gains, as closely as we can determine,
average around a pound and three quarters daily, the rapidity of
gain depending on age and condition of hogs and amount of feed
they receive. According to the Purdue Station, Indiana feeders
report an average of 1.4 pounds and the Missouri Station reports
2pounds. The Ohio Station has gains from .92 to 1.71 pounds, the
hog not receiving any extra feed.

Recently we have been interested in two experiments which
are reported by the Purdue Station and the Ohio Station. The re-
sults of the experiments show striking value for protein feeds.
One when fed to cattle and the other when fed directly to the hogs.
I take the liberty of borrowing some of their figures and present
them. The Purdue Bulletin is numbered, I believe, 115. Thirty-
three cattle were divided into three lots. Lot 1 received corn and
clover ; lot 2, corn, oil meal, stover and oat straw; lot 3, corn, stover
and oat straw. Prof. Cochel says that no extra feed was fed to
the hogs. The hogs following lot 1 cattle, gained 1,048 pounds in
180 days. Lot 2 hogs gained 996; lot 3 hogs 888; quite a differ-
ence in favor of hogs following the corn and clover hay lot. The
author also calculated the pork per bushel of corn fed to the cattle.
Lot 1, hogs made 2.1 pounds per bushel of corn; lot 2 hogs 1.8
pounds; lot 3, 1.78 lbs. The lot 3 hogs were always unthrifty, the
big framed lean hogs doing better than the smaller ones. That

344 Missouri Agricultural Report.

probably can be explained in the different food needs of the two
classes of hogs. The thing especially interesting to me is the differ-
ence in favor of clover hay over both the other rations. The nutri-
tive ratio of the rations of lots 1 and two are 1:10.7 and 1:10.4. Why
did the hogs do better after the clover hay fed cattle? In other
words, does protein feed as roughage do the following hog more
good than feed as a concentrate? If this is true, we have an addi-
tional reason for growing our own protein feeds in the shape of
clover, alfalfa and cow peas. It might be that more of the nitrog-
enous part of the clover escaped the cattle’s digestion and might
be used by the hog and the lot 1 cattle did better than lot 2. I
would like to hear ideas on that subject. If true, it is a valuable
point to the feeder.

The Ohio Station fed tankage to hogs following cattle; each
lot had seven steers; lots 1 and 3 received corn, cotton seed meal,
stover, mixed hay and silage; lots 4 and 6 received the same ration
except silage. The hogs in lots 1 and 6 received 1-3 of a pound of
tankage daily per head, in addition to what they could glean. The
first 60 days, three hogs were in each lot, the last 56 days, four
smaller hogs replaced the first set. The gain of the hogs receivy-
ing tankage was 1,230 pounds, the gain of the hogs not receiving
tankage was 808—a difference of 422 pounds. The total amount
of tankage fed was 259.5 pounds; that would cost at $45.00 a ton,
$5.85. The extra pork, 422 pounds at 6 cents would be $25.32.
How is that for profit?

We are using meat meal this winter. Just now we have 16)
hogs after our cattle, they are getting 50 pounds of meat meal
daily. They would eat a ton if in a place where they could get at
it. They act very much as a lot of boys do towards a neighbor-
ing unguarded watermelon patch. Our feeder, says that the hogs
do not seem to care for the medicinal mixture as much as in former
years. The Ohio Station observed that their hogs receiving tank-
age did not care for salt and ashes. The tankage seems to fill their
want for something besides corn.

DISCUSSION BY C. M. LONG.

The question of making 5 cent pork with 60 cent corn is a very
vital question with all practical farmers. In other words, it is
about the same question as what shall we do with out high-priced
corn? We have been taught that the hog is about the cheapest
meat producer, and if we can not feed 60 cent corn to him what
can we feed it to? It is a question that is foremost in almost every

Swine Growers’ Association. 345

mind. Then, there is a general practice of feeding straight corn,
but most of the results show that it is a losing game. It takes
about 500 pounds of corn to make 100 pounds of gain. When corn
is worth 60 cents, or more than one cent a pound, we ave certainly
losing out. Most of us are helping to solve this question by hold-
ing our hogs and our corn until hogs become higher.

The Iowa Experiment Station has been able to make pork
from corn only as low as $4.82; I don’t know how they do it. In
Oklahoma, $8.00 was the cheapest we could make it. With meat-
meal and good tankage, Iowa has produced pork at $4.11, a rather
small margin. In Oklahoma, by using cowpea hay at $6.00 and
corn at 60 cents, we were able to make gains almost as cheaply as
with just tankage and corn. Tankage costs $35 per tun, and that
is a point which it seems to me to be of interest to practical men,
and the same is true also of soy beans. If we can use soy beans
and cowpeas and get almost as good returns as from packing-house
products, we ought to do it.

Here is another point: Mr. Ellis reports in the year book of
1903, an experiment that shows that they made pork for $2.44
when they used skim-milk. J wonder if that would not be a solu-
tion to this problem—to feed with skim-milk.

DISCUSSION.

Q. How much corn do you feed to a steer to make the gain
you speak of on the hogs following?

Mr. Starr: That varies. Of course, as I said, we feed more
or less corn to hogs. It depends on environment. If we have
cattle on full feed of corn, it will not take as much extra corn for
the hogs. We never practice full feeding except in the winter
time. We don’t full feed in the summer time. We feed about
i4 pounds of shelled corn during the winter to the steer, and twc
hogs eat after that.

Q. What styie of trough do you have?

Mr. Starr: Just the ordinary trough.

Q. Are you very particular in regard to the type of hog yo
buy?

A. We are not particular in regard to the type, except that
we like lean hogs if we can get them; and of course, we consider
whether they are healthy or not.

Q. That medicine—salsoda, copperas and Glauber’s salt—
do you feed it on the ground?

A. We have troughs to put it in. It has to be pulverized,

346 Missouri Agricultural Report.

especially the copperas, and after it is pulverized we put it out in
small troughs.

Q. How do you prevent waste by rains and snows?

A. Well, we lose some by rain, but in the winter time we keep
it inside the barn where we feed the cattle. Some of the time it is
out in the open, but it only costs about one cent a pound, and we
like to keep it fresh and put out only a little at a time.

Q. What does this medicine cost you?

A. Salsoda and Glauber’s salt, laid down at railroad station,
cost about 95 cents a hundred; sulphur 10 cents more a hundred—
amounts to about one cent a pound.

Q. Will you state the formula again?

A. Three pounds each of salsoda, Glauber’s salt, and cop-
peras and one pound of sulphur.

Q. Do you ever use charcoal?

A. No. It would be quite a job to get and burn corn-cobs,
and J think this answers the purpose.

Q. Do you think charcoal would be of any advantage?

A. It might be. But we use this formula to keep the hogs
laxative.

Q. State the amount of tankage you feed?

A. Thirty pounds per day.

Missourt Sheep Breeders’ Session

Tuesday, January 5, 1909.

THE DOMESTIC SHEEP IN AMERICA.

(Professor F: B. Mumford, Missouri Agricultural College.)

We scarcely realize, at the present time, the place the domestic
animals have occupied in the advance of man toward civilization.
It is scarcely possible for us to conceive where the human race
might have been today if they had been compelled to have worked
out their civilization altogether unaided by domestic animals. We
can easily understand how, in ancient times, people were strong or
weak and progressed in civilization in proportion to their ability
to fight. We can readily understand how, for example, the horse
at one time came to be the great factor in determining which peo-
ple should rule. In the first place, horses were used not for haul-
ing wagons and carts, but were utilized solely for war purposes,
and the people that first developed an efficient cavalry were bound
to rule. In the advance of man in civilization, the domestic sheep
has been one of the most important of our domestic animals. They
have not contributed to the war-like progress of people, nor have
they contributed in the past nor do they now contribute to the
savage instincts of man. Nevertheless the humble sheep has sup-
plied clothing and flesh for unnumbered generations to civilized
peoples.

The domestication of sheep is of great antiquity. We fina
sheep first mentioned in connection with the farming operations of
Cain and Abel. Cain was a grain farmer and Abel a_ sheep
farmer; and we are told that Abel was justified in the sight of his
God, and the sheepmen have ever since enjoyed the protection of
Divine Providence.

In our own country, domestic animals have played a particu-
larly important part. There has never been in the history of the

(347)

348 Missouri Agricultural Report.

world so rapid a development of agricultural resources as that
which has taken place in North America. Civilization has swept
across the United States in an astonishingly short period of time,
and we have today here in the middle west an advanced civiliza-
tion with stable governments and social institutions that compare
favorably with those in countries where civilization has been ad-
vancing and progressing for many generations. Now, I am pre-
pared to say that if it had not been for the help of the domestic
animals in crossing the plains and uninhabited areas of this
country, and in utilizing the products of the land, this could net
have been accomplished. The domestic animal has been a con-
densing machine; he has not only been a condensing machine, but
he has been the only means of transportation in the early p:oneer
days. The beef steer was not only able to fatten himself, but he
was able to carry the manufactured product to the market, and
it was impossible, in the absence of transportation facilities, for
men to develop the country by the production of grain or hay, and
we shall always in this country depend upon the domestic ani-
mals to market the larger part of our products. And the middle
west farmers will always find it necessary to make a large use
of domestic animals. It has been demonstrated that under present
conditions and present prices of farm products, the only salvation
of the American farmer located in the middle west is a large pro-
duction of high class animals.

Now, the history of the domestic sheep in America is one of
great interest to every student of breeding problems. Our atten-
tion has often been called to the tremendous development which
has taken place in machinery during the nineteenth and the begin-
ning of the twentieth century. Our attention is called to the loco-
motive, the telegraph, the telephone, the steam-boat and other
marvelous inventions that have revolutionized our social life, and
we are sometimes wont to think that the farmer and the breeder
have been behind in this great development; but while these in-
ventions have been taking place the farmers have not been idle,
and we have in the American Merino sheep in this country one
of the most marvelous examples of the influence of man on the
development of characters useful to civilized people that has been
seen any where else in the world.

In 1850, the average fleece on the sheep of this country was
2.4 pounds. In 1900, the average fleece of sheep in the United
States was 6.9 pounds per head. In other words, in the short
space of 50 years, the producing power of a sheep, measured by

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 349

the wool yielded, had increased nearly three times in weight; and ic
was the average farmer who had produced these results, the
farmer who pays no attention to improvement. If we take those
examples which apply to the men who have actually and intelli-
gently engaged in improving the Merino sheep, we find that in the
beginning, around 1800 to 1810, there were thousands of Merino
sheep imported into this country that sheared an average of 31,
to 4 pounds of wool per head. Now, on that foundation, the breed-
ers of this country undertook to produce a sheep that would yield
a large fleece of fine wool of excellent quality. In a very few
years, sheep were produced that averaged 10 pounds of wool, and
we have a record of a single sheep that producd in these early
years (1830-35) as much as 25 pounds, and this fleece was gradu-
ally increased to 30 and 35 pounds, and finally a single individual
was produced that sheared 44 pounds and 9 ounces of wool. There
have been reports of sheep that have produced over 50 pounds of
wool; but this 44 pounds record is authentic and is stamped with
the approval of the official registry book of the association. The
Vermont Merino register gives the average weight of fleece of
36 rams as 31 pounds; 54 ewes averaged 19.11 pounds.

The beginning of the sheep industry in this country is to be
found around the date 1800, and in considering the development
of the sheep business in this country, we look first to the American
Merino, because this country became famous for its Merino sheep.
These sheep were imported from Spain. The first sheep, so far
as I know, were imported in 1793 by William Foster who presented
a ram and two ewes to a friend of his, and this friend, not realiz-
ing the value of these particular individuals, had them killed and
ate them. I regret to say that this same man later had to pay
one thousand dollars for a ram not so good as the one he killed and
ate. A few years after this, in 1801, we have the next record of
an importation of sheep into this country, and in that year Seth
Adams of Massachusetts imported a few sheep. In 1807, Ander-
son of Ohio took some sheep into Ohio, which were the first intro-
duced into that state. In 1892, Humphreys, who was afterward
to become famous in Merino sheep history, imported one ram
and 17 ewes from Spain. For a long time, the goverament of
Spain placed an embargo on the exportation of sheep from that
country which made it very difficult to secure sheep for this coun-
try; but small numbers of sheep were sent cut by Col. Humphreys
and Mr. M. Jarvis, then consuls of the United States; these men
were able to secure some modifications of the government rules

350 Missouri Agricultural Report.

-whereby the United States was able to secure some of these sheep,
so that in 1809-10 thousands of sheep were imported into this
country by these gentlemen. It is believed that during the years
1810-11 as many as 20,000 sheep were imported into this country
from Spain. In 1810, this country enjoyed a sheep boom, and
people went wild about Merino sheep. They paid $1,000 and
$1,500 for Merino sheep that were afterwards sold for a mere
song. This boom was disastrous in many ways, but one thing re-
sulting from it was that the Merino sheep were widely advertised
and everybody wanted to buy sheep. In these early years, Merino
sheep were handled in the eastern part of the United States, and
I only need to mention a few of the names of great men who were
famous for the breeding of Merino sheep: Atwood of Connecticut,
Hammond, Jarvis, Stickney and Rich of Vermont, and Dickinson
of Ohio.

In the days of the development of the American Merino sheep,
the agriculture of New England was in a prosperous condition.
The decline of sheep husbandry in the New England states has
been coextensive with the decline of agriculture in New England.
Now, I am not in a position to demonstrate to you that the decline
of sheep husbandry in New England is the cause of the decline of
agriculture in New England, but it is a significant fact, at least,
that as in the days of the zenith of Spain’s power the Merino sheep
industry was her greatest asset, so it is also significant that the
rise of the sheep industry was co-extensive with prosperity in
New England’s agriculture.

However, the American Merino sheep declined. The early
breeders of Merino sheep conceived the idea that the best sheep
was one that could shear the largest possible amount of wool to
the carcass. The unconscious result of this kind of breeding
diminished the size of the sheep. Sheep that weighed 85 or 90
pounds sheared 30 and 35 per cent of their live weight in wool.
That practice was one which resulted in injuring the constitution
of the sheep, and in practically destroying their usefulness for any
purpose but the production of wool, and even for that they were
not successful, because they were reduced in constitution and in
size,

Merino sheep have long been known to herd better in large
flocks than most other breeds. This is undoubtedly due to the
methods of handling practiced by the old Spanish shepherds. The
Transhumantes Merinos were the traveling flocks of Spain, and
these great flocks traveled long distances from one part of the

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 351

country to another. In some places walls were built enclosing a
wide roadway through which the flocks were driven. This practice
must have resulted in a kind of selection which destroyed the
weaker individuals and has given us the hardy Merino.

In recent years, and particularly during the development of
the middle west country, there has been a remarkable increase in
the number of mutton sheep. This has been due to several causes,
but we can not stop to consider them at this time.

The first mutton sheep, the Southdowns, were introduced into
New York in 1803. The first importation of Shropshires was in
1860 into Maryland—only a short time ago, as you will observe.
In 1861, ’62 and ’68 importations were made into New York, and
in 1875 Shropshire sheep were importated into Michigan, and in
1888 into Illinois. Just a short time ago, then, Shropshire sheep
were unknown in this country, and yet at the present time the
Shropshire breed of sheep registers more animals than any other
live stock registry association in the world. The development in
Shropshire sheep has been very remarkable in this country. Along
during the ’80s, a good many Shropshires were imported into the
middle west.

The Leicesters, Cotswolds and Lincoln sheep, heavy breeds of
mutton sheep, have never been very popular in the United States;
they have been more popular in Canada and in England than in
this country.

So much for the history of the domestic sheep in America.

The relation of the domestic sheep to our systems of farm
management is a question that is particularly interesting to those
of you who are managing farms, and is a question which is worthy
of some attention. The question is often discussed as to whether
in this country farms are becoming larger or smaller, and the
statistics do not throw much light on the subject. We are told by
some that farms are certainly growing larger. We are told by
others that farms are certainly becoming smaller. In my opinion,
what observation I have been able to make, I think that we are
passing through an era in which farms are growing both larger
and smaller, if you can conceive of such a paradoxical condition.
What I have in mind is that there are being developed extremes
more than heretofore, the average size farm is and has been for
the past twenty years passing away, in numbers at least. We have
more large farms and more small farms than we have ever had
before.

Now in the past, cattle have unquestionably been the means

352 Missourt Agricultural Report.

by which we could best transport and convey the rough materials
which have been produced on the farms of the west. As farms
become smaller and our methods of farming more intensive, it will
be necessary for us to secure much higher prices for meat
products or greatly reduce the cost of production. Sheep are
economical producers. A pound of mutton may be produced for
about one-half the cost of producing a like amount of beef under
similar conditions. The sheep yields two crops a year—wool and
the lambs. Under many systems of extensive sheep husbandry
the wool pays the annual cost of feeding the ewe and the lamb is
profit. Sheep may be profitably handled on small farms intensively
managed.

One other thing to which I would call your attention is, that
there has been a most remarkable decline in the numbers of sheep
in the world in the last ten or fifteen years. There has been a
reduction in ten years in certain European countries from 164
millions to 121 millions—a loss of 25 per cent in the number of
sheep. In this country we have had an increased production of
all of our domestic animals; but sheep have increased more slowly
than any other animal on the farm.

The demand for sheep and their products is greater today
than ever before. The consumption of mutton is greater and con-
stantly increasing. The demand for wools is likewise increasing.
These facts, taken in connection with the great decrease in num-
bers of sheep in Europe and a relatively slow increase in America
seem to point to the fact that the outlook for sheep husbandry is
very promising, and will undoubtedly continue to be a most profita
ble industry in this country for many years to come.

WOOL STORAGE AND MARKETING.
(J. A. Delfelder, Representative National Wool Growers’ Association, Walton, Wyo.)

The present methods of transacting business in any particular
channel of trade or industry are, in a greater or lesser degree,
accidental, and our present method of handling the wooi clip is
no exception to this general and well defined rule.

As the fortunes of an individual are varied by accident,
energy and determination, so the methods of a great commercial
business are variously developed, in their growth and inception,
by their environments.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 353

It has practically been due to necessity, for instance, that the
cotton and tobacco growers are selling their own goods and ma-
nipulating their own finances, while the wool producer must sell
to a speculator without competition or place his clip in the hands
of an eastern commission merchant who manages his finances for
him and receives compensation for numerous forms of services
which are not necessary, and have a depreciating effect upon the
profits of the business.

The financing of pork, corn, wheat, cotton, and all staple and
kindred commodities of the United States, excepting wool, is per-
formed through loans in which these products are freely accepted
as collateral, but wool, for no founded reason, is regarded with
distrust to such an extent that it has been discredited as collateral,
so that many banking institutions have said that they would prefer
the unsecured notes of a merchant to a note secured by wool as
collateral.

The continuance of this unjust impression of wool credits is
created, first, because it is taken for granted that the loan is ex-
pressly intended for the benefit of the speculator; and second, be-
cause many of the banking institutions are laboring under the false
impression that no clip of wool can be described with sufficient
exactness to make it a desirable security for a collateral loan.

It must be conceded by all well informed wool men, that the
character and quality of wool are so changed by climatic condi-
tions and potent influences, that even when uniformity of grade
and staple are secured, actual value may be either enhanced or
diminished by shrinkage.

The objectionable features are overcome by our storage house
movement. When a clip of wool arrives, should a grower so elect,
it will be graded by an expert grader, and resacked, and when the
certificate is offered for collateral, it will bear evidence of the
exact number of pounds, grade and condition represented in the
clip. By consulting daily quotations, the banker can readily as-
certain the value of the wool.

The growers of live stock and grain can secure immediate
cash and value for their product by taking it to the nearest ship-
ping point, but the wool grower is not even able to ascertain the
value of the product within a reasonable distance from his ship-
ping point, because the few buyers and solicitors who are present
are not always inclined to play fair, and base their offers on the
dormant and ill-regulated condition of the market.

A—23

354 Missouri Agricultural Report.

In every branch of trade and industry there is an active and
inactive period, or in other words, there is a slump period some
time during the year, and the handling and manufacture of wocl
is no exception to this well founded regulation. This period, known
to the woolen manufacturers as the “cleaning season,” ig during
the spring and early summer, and during this inactive period the
manufacturer reduces his force, works up odds and ends, repairs
and overhauls his equipment, solicits orders, and is not in the
market for supplies. On the other hand, the dealer has invariably
disposed of his desirable stock, and if he has wools on hand they
are of an inferior grade and are offered for sale at greatly re-
duced prices. It is during this same period that wool is being
shorn in the western states.

The wool grower of the past finds himself in a very perplexing
position; without an open market for his product and with no
available storing facilities at his command to protect his clip from
the weather, and a pressing need for funds with which to pay his
employes, grow his crops and conduct his business. They have in
numerous instances disposed of their clips at prices ranging from
ten to twenty-five per cent below the market value.

The storage house will entirely eliminate these unsatisfactory
conditions.

With the present methods there is entirely too much waste
and carelessness in the handling of our clips. In the first place
much wool is shorn in a very reckless manner, the shearers’ entire
endeavor being to fleece as many sheep as possible. They haggle
the wool and leave from one to two pounds on the sheep’s back,
thereby unconsciously depreciating the value of the fleece. In the
second place, the wool is collected, tied in bundles and placed in
bags regardless of grade, texture or general character. A little
attention to this particular feature of our industry would have
a tendency to increase the value of our fleeces.

Another matter worthy of attention is the unnecessary
handling of our clips before they reach the manufacturer. Large
quantities of hides are shipped directly from the packing houses
to the tanneries, and hundreds of thousands of bales of cotton go
directly from the grower to the mills without delay or trans-ship-
ment, but wool is not only handled and rehandled and directed
many times from its destination, but is carted and hauled across
the seaboard towns in a most uneconomical and unbusinesslike
manner. Cattle, sheep and horses are delivered at the stockyards;
grain, cotton and other kindred commodities at a storehouse. In

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 355

Boston and other wool centers, wool is received far remote, and
is carted and hauled through the streets to the merchants’ store-
houses. Here it is moved about, handled, hoisted and sold, and
then carted back on its way to the mills. If the wool is largely
sold through our warehouses with connecting tracks from all rail-
roads, the wool will be received and reshipped without rehauling.

Another important feature of our proposed warehouse propo-
sition is that our clips will be concentrated and offered for sale
collectively, instead of being scattered in a thousand different
places all over the inter-mountain region. This will enable the
merchant and manufacturers to dispense with the bevy of solicitors
who go out each year to the farm and ranch and purchase and
solicit consignments in small lots. Just what it costs to support
this method I am not in a position to state, but judging from all
outward appearances, I feel safe in estimating that it is not less
than one hundred thousand dollars per year. Who will be directly
benefited by this great saving I cannot say, but I have reasons to
believe that a small portion would eventually revert to the industry.

By selling our clips through our own agency the result is
advantageous to the merchant and manufacturer, as it enables
them to eliminate many expenses and to purchase uniform lines
as are usually required to meet their demands, and it affords us
the pleasure of dealing directly with the merchants instead of a
bevy of subordinates.

The plan proposed is in accord with the progressive business
methods of the twentieth century and commends itself to the
eastern financiers, and we have the assurance that abundant capi-
tal can be secured for this purpose if needed.

Combinations are arising among merchants and manufac-
turers, and if they combine while we are divided, the producer of
wool will have all the disadvantages which come from ruinous
competition among themselves, arranged against concentration
among the purchasers of their product.

Another matter worthy of consideration is that we must en-
deavor to produce the kind of wool that the market demands.

The individual sheepman who sells his clip to a local buyer or
sends it to the eastern commission house, has no opportunity of
knowing how far his clip corresponds with the requirements of
the manufacturer, or what changes should be made in the method
of breeding or handling the wool.

That there should be an improvement in our present method
of handling our wool, no well informed and progressive producer

396 Missouri Agricultural Report.

will deny. Industrial life in all its channels is throbbing with the
instinct of progressiveness.

A great noticeable and effective improvement has been made
in the handling of live stock, grain and cotton and kindred com-
modities, bringing them to a basis that is in accord with the busi-
ness methods of the present century, while wool, and wool alone,
the most important commodity of the great west, a leading staple
and one which requires the utmost care, exactness and technical
knowledge in handling, has drifted along in the same old rut with-
out change from methods inaugurated through necessity and acci-
dent, tied down by tradition and usages which it is hard to over-
come, and never will be if left to the dealers for revision, or in
other words, wool is the only leading commodity that has been
denied the benefits and privileges of an open market.

It is a well established fact that any method for the improve-
ment of our condition must be worked out by the growers, and
this can be done only in co-operation on a scale large and strong
enough to wield a potent influence. It must be of such a nature
that no doubt can be raised as to its purpose and permanency.
That the producers can handle and dispose of their clips through
an agency established and operated by themselves is no longer an
experiment. Last spring, at the beginning of the shearing season,
the growers of Wyoming were visited by the usual bevy of eastern
buyers and solicitors. They confronted the grower with their
usual hard luck story, of the great losses their houses had sus-
tained the previous season, the stringency of the money market,
the demoralized condition of the wool market, the dread of tariff
revision, and an enormous amount of surplus wool on hand. They
rarely offered to buy, and when they did make an offer, it ranged
from eight to twelve cents per pound, thereby thinking to force
the producer to consign his wool at an advance of eight cents per
pound.

The executive staff of The Wyoming Wool Growers Associa-
tion had foreseen the situation, and in anticipation of this atti-
tude of the solicitors, had arranged during the early part of the
year with Omaha banking institutions to accept warehouse cer-
tificates as collateral, with the railroad to grant a sale-in-transit
rate, and with the Omaha Commercial club to erect a warehouse.
The house opened for business about June first, and without any
apparent change in conditions on the range the buyers advanced
their offers about three per cents per pound, or in other words, this
avenue of escape, opened by the Omaha warehouse, apparently

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 357

enhanced the value of the Wyoming clip of thirty-seven million
pounds, over one million dollars. The growers who stored their clip
in the Omaha house borrowed eight cents per pound and pledged
their warehouse certificates as collateral, and have carried their
wools for a period of six months, interest on loans included, for
less than one-half cent per pound. The clips that have been sold
through this house have brought the grower from three to five
cents per pound more than was offered when wool was shipped,
and the wool still on hand will net the grower a much greater ad-
vance.

The western wool growers generally, and the executive com-
mittee of the National Wool Growers’ Association in particular,
seeing the benefits to be derived, the prestige and importance of
the wool storage proposition, have arranged to erect and operate
large houses at both Omaha and Chicago, and on behalf of the Na-
tionai Wool Growers’ Association, I extend te you a hearty wel-
come and earnestly appeal to you to affiliate with us in this great
enterprise for the betterment of our condition.

THE VALUE OF UNITED EFFORTS AMONG SHEEPMEN.

(Mr. Howard A. Chandler Charitan, Iowa.)

It affords me great pleasure to be with you this morning, and
especially to talk on the sheep subject, because I believe that this
State will be one of the greatest ones for sheep in a very short
time.

I consider that one of the most important subjects before us
at this time is that of the value of united efforts among sheep men.
We have all heard about the founding of purebred flocks, about
feeding too much fattening food, about proper barns, etc., but it
seems to me that there should be a great deal of work done among
the breeders themselves. Up until the past few years, the sheep
business has been considered more or less like the Belton hare
business; but recently the demand for wool and mutton, and the
building up of pure bred herds have placed the sheep industry
clear at the top. Some breeders don’t like to start into the business
by themselves, either with grades or with purebreds; they are
afraid they will not have a good sale for their wool or mutton, or, if
raising purebred rams, they are afraid they will not have a market

358 Missouri Agricultural Report.

for their surplus rams. This is one reason, I believe, why sheep
men should unite. Few breeders are strong enough to stand by
themselves. If producing mutton for the market, if a few breeders
in one locality will get together and produce sheep of a certain
type, they will get a better sale and better prices. When a
breeder wants to ship, and has not a car load, several breeders
can put their sheep together and make a car load, getting better
rates in this way from the railroad. And when breeders unite
and talk things over, they will produce lambs of a uniform type,
and this is very important to get the highest price. In buying
rams, a great many breeders, by themselves, don’t feel like they
want to pay a price for the kind that will bring good results.

I have been spending all of my time in the past few years
in the sheep business, and I find that a great many of the breeders
who come to our farm don’t like to invest in the best grades of
rams, and if they want to start in the sheep business they don’t
like to buy the best, because they feel that they won’t get a good
price in return. Especially in the purebred business (and I be-
lieve that that is the one that appeals to most of us), they must
work together, in order to get a reputation that will draw breeders
from outside parts of this State and from other states. By them-
selves, they might sell part of them around home, but they can not
expect to do much business far from home.

The best lambs will sell readily to small farmers throughout
the corn-belt, but those that are not just up to the highest class
must go where people won’t pay quite such a price, and where
the business has not made such advance, and that is in the west.
The breeders from the west come east to breeders whom they
know, who have a reputation, whose sheep have been of such a
quality that it has created a demand for them. If breeders would
work together and get sheep in larger flocks, and get up a repu-
tation, then they could draw these western buyers to them. The
advancement made in the sheep business in Missouri has been so
great that it seems to me that Missouri breeders could get together
now and work up fine prospects. With the great numbers of
sheep that have been brought into this State, it seems to me that
with the help of this association great profits should be derived
from this industry. It is true that the best class of breeding ma-
terial will tell, and especially I believe that we must pay a great
deal of attention to English blood. Our cattle are as good as those
of England, but their sheep are far ahead of ours.

As I have said, the sheep business up until recently has not

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 359

received much attention, and that is the reason we are behind in
the breeding of sheep. England has been breeding up for centu-
ries.

Of course, pedigree is not to be considered of greater im-
portance than individual merit, but from experience in breeding
we find that pedigree is very important in the sheep. Take the
English sheep brought to this country, and they will breed for
seven or eight generations, so that the lambs are of a uniform,
high class type. Sheep in this country, although registered, may
be bred only for one or two generations of the really high class
type, and when bred longer, the unsuitable characteristics of their
ancestors will be in evidence sooner or later, and even the peopie
in the west want the best class of animals, and they must be of
uniform type. The market calls for more uniform type than ever
before. In the purebreds and grades we must pay more attentior:
to type. Of course all the advancement that has been made in
our grade sheep, I believe is due to the introduction of pure blood;
and the greatest advancement in pure breds has been from the in-
troduction of English blood. Therefore, those breeders who have
at heart the welfare of the industry, and who, apart from making
a profiit for themselves, want to help advance the industry in this
country, will do well to ship sheep from England, and then sell
their produce to breeders of this country who do not feel that they
can pay the price, or who have not the experience that makes them
feel that they can start in the business; and the breeders here
today, who will work together and help each other, both in the
production of mutton and wool, in the grade and in the purebred
business, will accomplish a great deal more than if they work by
themselves.

SELECTION OF A FOUNDATION FLOCK.
(By Donald A. Green, Oakland, Il.)

Before attempting to become breeders of purebred stock we
should consider several things: Are we to become breeders or
just multipliers? If the latter, we have already far too many and
not enough of the first mentioned. Are we capable of becoming
successful breeders? Have we the instinct to select and mate suc-
cessfully? With some this instinct is acquired by experience with
stud, flock or herd, with others it is born in them.

In selecting the foundation flock, we must be very, very care-

360 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ful, for a mistake at the start may multiply a hundredfold, and
mean disaster in the end.

First, we must consider from the mutton and wool standpoint,
for are not the woolen mill and the butcher’s block the final test?

Second, we must take up breed type and the several other
things that together compose the important points in a foundation
flock. As my experience has been with Shropshires—both a mut-
ton and a wool breed—I will use them to illustrate my discussion,
though the same ideas will apply to any mutton and wool breed
except the breed type.

First, the mutton form—for I think this the most important
at the present day. For a good mutton form, we must have a very
wide sprung rib; a straight spine (no drop behind the shoulders) ;
the shoulders smooth on top and wide in proportion to the rest of
the body; the chest deep and full, denoting a strong constitution ;
the loin wide; the hips broad, carrying the width well back to the
tailhead, and dropping much from a line with spine; the leg-of-
mutton full and well-fleshed down to hocks; the neck short and
smoothly fitted to shoulder; also, the body should be well covered
with natural flesh all over, especially the back and loin. The face
should be short and broad, the legs short and straight, setting on
each corner. These latter points denote quality.

To illustrate what I mean by the legs setting on each corner,
T will relate an illustration made by “Uncle Dick” Stone to a city
man who didn’t know very much about sheep. (This happened at
the Missouri State Fair year before last.) Dick was showing this
city chap the proper way a sheep’s legs should set on. Said he:
“See this imported lamb’s legs set on each corner supporting a
good leg-of-mutton, while this here Missouri lamb’s legs all come
out of the same hole and his owner has trained him to stand with
them apart until they have grown crooked.” I think quality
might also be mentioned along with good mutton form, since it
plays so important a part, both in the market and the show-ring.

To have what we call “lots of quality,” a sheep must be very
compact, symmetrical, features refined, but not delicate, the bone
short and strong, but not out of proportion with the rest of the
body. I have noticed that, except in rare instances, our American-
bred sheep tend to have a finer bone each succeeding generation, —
unless very close care is given to the feeding, (then it is noticeable
but not so clearly), while the sheep coming from Great Britain have
a much stronger bone, in some instances inclining to coarseness,
but their offspring show the same tendency as the American bred.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 361

Two things may account for this: Climatic and domestic condi-
tions. Darwin, in his great work, ‘“‘The Origin of Species,” says
that sheep are more quickly affected by changes of climate and
domestic conditions than any other of our domestic animals. If
this be true, we must select animals with heavy bone, even though
they seem to be a little coarse.

As stated before, wool is an important factor; therefore, we
want as many pounds as possible so long as we can keep the quality.
In examining a sheep’s fleece, the first thing we want to look for
is evenness of length, density and quality all over the body, keep-
ing a sharp outlook for hemp or hair and black fiber. For good
weight of wool, the sheep should have as long a fiber and as dense
as possible, with wool all over the body, legs and face.

Breed Type—Something that has been the ruin of more than
one good stud, fiock or herd. Too many people let breed-type and
breeding make fools of them. Breed type must be considerd, but
do not discard an animal for the simple reason that the type does
not exactly suit you, for an animal whose type is right, but noth-
ing else, for neither is desirable. Several points go to make up
the breed type: General form, shape of the ear and head, fleece,
color of the hair, etc., all of which must be taken into considera-
tion. You hear people say that a certain sheep “had the breeding
behind him.” They may have two meanings for this: One that
his ancestors were prize-winners or the producers of prize-win-
ners; the other, that the sheep may have come from some noted
stud flock whose owner had the rare gift to mate and select suc-
cessfully. For instance, at the last International a French Ram-
bouillet ram sold to the United States government for $425. In
everything but breeding this ram was a miserable joke. At the
1906 International, a Shropshire ram lamb sold for $305. This
lamb possessed everything that a Shropshire breeder would ask
for—breeding, type, mutton form, the fleece and the quality. There
were other lambs that went through the sale ring, with just as
good breeding, that did not bring $40. The same day that the Ram-
bouillet ram sold, there were far better rams sold—except in breed-
ing—that didn’t bring $100. Breeding is all right—but be sure to
buy some sheep with it. We often see breeders leaving everything
else out but one, two or three points, but they sooner or later go
out of the business. Take everything into consideration.

Those who have had experience with stud flocks know that it
is seldom that we find a ram or a ewe that are producers of both
good rams and good ewes, while it is common to find a good ram

362 Missouri Agricultural Report.

breeder or a good ewe breeder; therefore, we must let experien*e
guide us in our selection. A ewe showing too much masculinity
or a ram too much femininity are to be avoided, although they be
suitable in every other way; for such animals are apt to produce
offspring that are not uniform.

The ewe should look like a ewe, having that timid, feminine
appearance; the ram should be the opposite, showing a bold, mascu-
line appearance, strong head, neck and shoulders, but not too much
out of proportion with the rest of the body. A little coarseness
is not so objectionable in a ram. I like to see a ram that is ready
to knock his shepherd over, or whip the other ram from the feed;
then I know his lambs will stand the knocks that would kill the
lambs from a ram that is willing to let some other ram have his
share of the feed.

In selecting ewes for my reserve breeding flock, I use this
system: I stand off and note their general form and breed type,
also that they have a determined, stylish action, and feminine ap-
pearance; I examine their mutton form, as described in the begin-
ning—if the mutton form is right, the constitution is sure to be
right also; I examine the fleece for the points described, on the
side midway between the hips and shoulder, on the hip, well down
on the thigh, on the belly, on the top of the head, and on the cheek.
In the ram I look for the same things, except that I watch out for
seurr or horns, and see that he shows plenty of masculinity, as
I have before described. IF A SHEEP LACKS IN ONE SINGLE POINT,
DON’T PUT IT IN YOUR FOUNDATION FLOCK.

Now, in conclusion, a few don’ts:

Don’t stand back because of a few dollars when you find a
ram or a ewe that suits you—the best are by far the cheapest in
the end.

Don’t let any man have his choice of your ewe flock, or he
will be selling you stud rams, the first thing you know.

Don’t go into the business for the dollars alone—if you do,
you will never make a success, either financially or as a breeder.
Go into it for the pleasure of breeding and improving purebred
sheep, and the dollars and success are both certain.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 363

A BOY WITH A FEW SHEEP.
(Hon. J. W. Boles, Auxyasse, Mo.)

When Governor Colman delivered his able speech yesterday
on teaching boys how to tell what they know, I was very much
impressed with the importance of people being anxious to tell
others their experiences wherein they have been successful.

When I received word that I was to give a talk on this sub-
ject, I wrote an inquiry to one of my county papers, asking those
who had handled a few sheep to give me their expertence as to
their success or failure. I got a few answers to my inquiry. From
the information that I have gathered I conclude that a larger per
cent. is made on a little money invested in a few sheep than in
any other kind of live stock.

We handle stock because we like it, and for the money there
is in it. It is hard to succeed in a business that we do not like;
so it is very necessary that we choose a vocation that we like,
and then go after it with the determination to succeed. If you
can handle sheep and will take care of them, they will make you
good money, and do your farm good. I have given the sheep busi-
ness my special attention for fourteen years, and have had the
experience of many who have handled them. I find that a large
majority of them have made a hundred per cent. or more, annually.
The expense of one cow is equal to that of about eight sheep. A
forty dollar cow will raise you a twelve to twenty dollar calf each
year. Eight five dollar ewes will raise you forty dollars worth of
wool and lambs, annually. The cow makes you thirty to forty per
cent., while the sheep make a hundred per cent. A hundred dollar
mare will raise a thirty to forty dollar colt, making from thirty
to forty per cent. A two hundred dollar mare will raise a colt
worth from sixty to one hundred dollars, the same per cent. as
above. A seventy-five to one hundred dollar pure bred cow will
raise a thirty-five to seventy-five dollar calf. Eight twenty-five
dollar pure bred ewes will raise eight twenty to thirty dollar lambs,
all sold as yearlings, and the ewes making from eighty-five to one
hundred and twenty per cent. The higher grade the stock, the
more money you make. The cost of keeping of the above stock is
about equal. A good sow will come nearer making as great a per
cent. as the same amount of money invested in sheep, but will cost
more and is not so nice to handle. Sheep will eat the weeds on
the farm and clean it up generally and make a good sod. Broken
or hilly land is better for sheep than for any other stock.

364 Missouri Agricultural Report.

I bought two ewes at $40 each; one of them paid for herself
two or three times, and the other never made me a cent. Just
here it might be well to say something about the kind to buy.
The ewe that did me no good was shown for two seasons; she was
so fat I could not get her to breed. The other was shown one
season.

It is not good policy to buy show stock or overfeed stock for
breeders. I would not advise a beginner to buy very old ewes to
start with, unless he is able to give them special care, for they
are liable to go down on him and discourage him. Better buy a
few, from two to four years old, and take good care of them and
breed them to a hig class, purebred ram. I would not buy scrubs
at any price.

Before you begin in the sheep business, acquaint yourself with
the different breeds, and buy the kind that suits you best. Do not
buy anything that is called a sheep, simply because it is a sheep.

I read an account of two neighbors who bought of the same
flock and of the same grade at the same price. One man made
good money, the other lost almost all his money. One took care
of his sheep, the other did not. We must keep our sheep clear
of disease if we would succeed. I know of a great many instances
where men have lost money on sheep. I have a neighbor who neg-
lected to dip his sheep, and by so doing, he let the lice damage them
very much. Sheep are nice stock to handle, and will make money
if properly cared for. Neglect will lose money in any business.

FLOCK MANAGEMENT.

(By Edwin R. Stroeter, Kearney, Mo.)

(First prize article written in competition for the best description of practical fiock
management. The prize was offered by the International Live Stock Exposition, 1908,
through the courtesy of Woods Bros. Commission firm of Chicago.)

My experience with “Flock Management” has not been with
pure bred sheep to supply the breeders market, but with the west-
ern ewe, bred to pure bred rams, to furnish early lambs for the
consumers’ market. So under this method of management I have
two important objects in view. My first desire is to secure an
early, quick maturing lamb that demands a good price when
marketed; my second, to get as large a clip of wool as possible
under this system of management.

My breeding flock consists of 100 western ewes, from two to
five years old, that show blood from some of the down or middle
wool breeds, viz.: Shropshire, Hampshire and Southdown. I

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 365

prefer this kind of ewes to the regular western Merino ewes or a
cross of the Merino and the long wool breeds. I select ewes having
a strong constitution, which I consider is absolutely necessary to
make a mother that will suckle her young well. I am very care-
ful to get sheep that are well wooled on all places and with a cross
between the Merino and the middlewool breeds, as above named,
I get a moderately dense fleece and a medium length staple.

My method of managing the flock from the time the lamb is
weaned till breeding time, which is approximately from June the
Ist, till August 1st, is as follows:

Summer care of the flock is easy if you have plenty of grass,
water and shade. I always have good pastures, being either
legumes or grasses. Personally, I prefer blue grass slightly mixed
with white clover, as legumes are apt to get the ewes too fat be-
fore breeding time. I never allow the flock to stay longer than
three weeks in one pasture without changing to new quarters. By
these frequent changes I iessen the danger of infection by para-
sites, which is apt to come from too close grazing of pastures. A
frequent change also gives the flock a chance to select the things
most palatable to them,

My sheep always have access to shade and penty of fresh
water. Jam of the opinion that standing water is always more or
less infected with dangerous parasites. :

My only means of protection against the gad fly is to plow a
few furrows where the sheep stand in the shade.

A close watch must be kept throughout the summer to keep
all tags sheared off and the worms kept out of the wool, caused
by wet tags. I also note the general health, so that parasites will
not get the start of me.

Salt is kept in the pasture all the time. I do not feed salt
alone, but a mixture which I have used and found very helpful in
combating parasites, especially stomach worms. The formula is as
follows:

SEER eS Pane =e seen Ah ace serie a 1 bushel.
AMEESIACKEO NIM Gr sy sae bac e hair orn, oes is sk, 908 1 peck.
SUL EDI OTS eae eae Meee yo Oa ee ee 1 gallon.
EM VORIZEO SP CSIM 5558 108 che ee wt ih cosine Serene 2 quarts.
CLE ETS IES Ee rR 5 a eee ip:

Another good way to combat stomach worms is to increase
the woody or fibrous content of the stomach, which can easily be
done by turning the flock in a corn field, so that the sheep will have

366 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the greater portion of their ration consisting of corn blades. I
have found this treatment very efficient.

When breeding time comes I always have my ewes in good
flesh, but not too fat. About two weeks or ten days before breed-
ing I begin “flushing” the flock. This is accomplished by provid-
ing an excellent pasture and its object being to hasten the ewes to
breed. I also believe it increases the percentage of lambs dropped.

Breeding time depends somewhat on the weather. I always
try to begin breeding August Ist, if the weather is any ways
cool. The flock is divided into three bunches, each bunch being
selected so that it will cross good with its ram. In breeding this
early it is necessary to allow the ram to remain with the flock
longer than when you breed later in the season, so I leave my
rams with the ewes two months and even then some ewes fail to
breed.

With the grade of ewes I handle, I have found that a well-
bred Shropshire ram is hard to beat in producing the early matur-
ing marketable lamb that I desire. I have found the Hampshire
to do real well also, but the lambs are not so early maturing. I
intend to try a Dorset ram in the near future and I believe good re-
sults will be gotten. I have tried the Cotswold and find the pro-
duct to be rather coarse, slow maturing, leggy lambs, with a weak
constitution. This cross certainly makes a poor milking mother.

I want my rams to show good breeding, a vigorous constitu-
tion, a conformation that distinctly shows early maturity and to be
well wooled.

During the breeding period I always feed the rams extra, as
they are sure to get thin if not given extra attention.

After breeding time I provide green pasture for my ewes as
late as possible, which I very successfully do by having blue grass
pastures that have not been grazed during the fall, or by winter
rye.

The dry feeds I use for pregnant ewes are as follows: second
crop clover hay, stover, corn, oats, bran, turnips and sometimes,
pumpkins.

I always allow the flock to stand to hay all night giving them
just what they will clean up and every morning feed one shock of
stover (sixteen hills square). When I feed pumpkins, which is
about once a week until Thanksgiving time, I just cut them in
halves and throw them on the grass. Turnips are fed sliced, mixed
with the grain. Even if sheep have a good late pasture, they en-
joy a change and like to eat good clover hay at night, and a little

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 367

stover each morning also goes well. What they refuse to eat the
cattle will soon clean up.

The amount of grain fed per head depends on the condition of
the pastures. If the grass is short I feed approximately % lb.
sliced turnips, 1 lb. corn and + lb. oats per head daily until two or
three weeks before lambing time, when J take away the corn en-
tirely and feed 34, lb. turnips and 1% lb. oats or 4 lb. oats and + lb.
bran per head daily. The roughness remains the same.

Some of my neighbors have laughed at me and have said that
I feed my sheep too much, but at lambing time many of them com-
plained of their ewes not giving milk, which very seldom gives me
any trouble. I attribute my success here to my liberal feeding. I
never shut my ewes up in a close barn at night, unless it is very
stormy, but they have access to a long shed 16x60 ft. with a hay
rack on each side, and well ventilated with windows and doors.
Good ventilation in the barn and plenty of exercise are very im-
portant factors for the pregnant ewe.

Just before lambing, I give the ewes fresh winter pasture, as
wheat or rye, which gives a healthy tone to the system and in-
creases the milk flow. Here is where mothers are often deficient
at first but I find by giving the ewe winter pasture this obstacle is
overcome. JI also find the young lamb will begin to eat grain soon-
er when given winter pasture to run on than when just started on
dry feed alone.

At lambing time, which runs from the first of January till the
first of March, I nearly live in the sheep barn. I always pick out
the ewes farthest advanced towards lambing and separate them
from the rest of the flock to another barn in which I have a stove.
I do not use the stove unless it gets very cold, so that there is
danger of chilling the young lamb. I again divide these ewes in
lots of five or six each, by means of little pens, so that when a
lamb is dropped it cannot stray very far away from its mother.
Often when twins are dropped the first one will stray off among
the flock and then the mother will not claim it. But where there
are only a few sheep in a pen the mother can keep up with both.
As soon as I find a new comer I separate in a single, small pen for
several days until the mother and lamb or lambs know each other
well. First thing I do when I find a newly-made mother is to
draw some milk from the udder to make sure the milk flow is all
right.

Sometimes a young lamb must be fed by hand for awhile, as
it may be too weak to take care of itself or because the mother has

368 Missouri Agricultural Report.

no milk. When I have to do this I take fresh cows milk and add
one-fifth water and feed quite warm. Be sure the bottles are
absolutely clean and sweet.

Often you find mothers that give more milk than the lamb
can use and I find if this surplus is not milked out you are apt to
have a dead lamb.

Then again, you will find a chilled lamb occasionally. I find
a bath in fairly hot water in connection with just a little mother’s
milk has given the best results here.

I casterate my lambs when from seven to ten days old, pro-
vided the weather is suitable. Never allow them to get larger than
you possibly can help. I cut off the end of scrotum and draw out
the testicles, cord and all.

The docking is done about the same age by means of a docking
pinchers, heated red hot, so this does away with the bleeding. I
prefer a tail docked rather short.

At first I did not dock or casterate either, but soon saw the
casterated lambs did better, very often brought more on the
market and then you can hold them over if you wish, but an un-
casterated lamb must go to market rather early.

For the first ten days after a ewe gives birth to a lamb I in-
crease the root and bran ration some, but thereafter, I gradually
increase the feed until I am feeding + lb. bran, + lb. oats, 4 lb. corn
and + lb. roots (turnips).

I get the lambs to eating grain as soon as possible and have a
lamb creep, in which I have a ration of equal parts of corn, oats
and bran. The roughness consists of clover hay and they also
have access to the winter pasture. I also manage to have about five
acres of early rape on which I finish the lambs in connection with
the above grain ration. I do not let the mothers run on the rape.

The following weights show the gains these three lambs made,
white faced lamb on left of picture:

W hite-faced lamb on left— | |
| |

Weight February 18th.......... Oe ee eens pee ee Semen Cee eat rites courant ees 24 hrs. old.
March [3theecesent1-- SEMIS tape arooreroreta eres oteteyarerayeistavereveiete | otaiol ste ayerelerer create totateletets 30 days old.
March 27th). cece eaten: AS CMOS S omierreevcus cera crete syaleleleiere | elole amie assielersvere orate 42 days old.
2 PAS AS Ula eya-ateiereslere isles GSTS careless srexchetale sierets lave oecarepeeieceie’«l|lolesteietalar el efetctetalere see nialetete 60 days old.
The middle lamb—

WelehtsMarchristheae) (S| Sal sweeney eeaeee eee anes about 82 days old.
BH) Poni bidelesanooooeucouc IDE; DALIDS fay oyevetetaveteravorelokeve ateveretemversie vets |nwciece ne weeree two months old.

Lamb to the right— |
Weight March 13th............ | bbl os eaotcogcunGnonoddddedegdoolsdrassc0Dooded about 32 days old.

|
” /NToyAU! TBA poop9000de6e aWn I cpseeente aaoapeecoriberegcds li cternatayetaeeae CeCe 62 days old.
| |

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 369

EARLY LAMBS.

On Farm of E. R. Stroeter.

I generally shear about May 1st and use the machine clipper.
The wool is tied in cubical blocks by means of a wool press. The
blocks are about eleven inches square and tied with wool twine
three times each way. The thickness of the blocks depends on the
size of the fleece. I am always complimented on the neat appear-
ance of my wool when marketed. My ewes average about 8 lbs.
of wool per head yearly.

I never keep the same bunch of ewes longer than three years,
as I get better results by changing. I also cull out barren ewes or
ewes that have raised a poor lamb every fall. I fatten old ewes
and wethers in the fall, up to about the middle of December. I
usually fatten by turning in a corn field in which rape and cow-
peas have been sown at last cultivation of corn. I prefer this
method but corn and clover hay have given me good gains and
an excellent quality of dressed mutton.

My loss of sheep is not very great, and what few I do lose die
just shortly before lambing time.

I always try and market my lambs as early as possible, but
this year a person hardly knew when to sell on account of such a
change in the market. I marketed my first the second week in
June. This year, 1908, I decided to keep back my best ewe lambs
for breeding, as the market was low and I hated to see such choice
ewe lambs go at a low figure.

A—24

370 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Following is the financial statement of my sheep operations
up to the present time for this year:

FAM Thais, MOTO hen 16) >A XetbulllOs gag daoaenqondevddd cdenvoanoddG0d1ond ddoqnnGouednooedgaas50 0008 $107.19

Gish Cap wpelts cut SC) OAChis.-o.ece easeeterae soba eee os 20 5 ena ce aie lac pnamineetele teeta 4.80
40 lambs, weighing 75 lbs. each at $5.75 per 100 IDS.... 2... eee cece ee eee eee e ence e eens 172.50
40 picked ewe lambs, valued the SAME...........ccee cece eee e ence tere cence eee eee eeee 172.50

36 lambs left. |
116 TObtall nescence | $456.99

Or 116% to my entire ewe flock.

Counting just the ewes that brought lambs, I made an average
of 126 per cent this year.

The 36 lambs I still have are on full feed of corn, clover-hay
and blue grass to run on. They will weigh about 85 lb. So there
is yet quite an item to be added to my financial report for this
year.

SHEEP FARMING IN MISSOURI.*

(By F. B. Mumford, Professor of Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.)

No state in the middle west is more justly entitled to be
called a sheep state than is Missouri. In 1908 Missouri had a
larger investment in sheep than any adjoining state. Her sheep
possessions amounted to more than 300,000 above those of IlIli-
nois or Iowa. Great interest has been aroused in recent years in
sheep production in the corn belt states. The Missouri Sheep
Breeders Association is the largest similar organization in the
United States. There has likewise been marked improvement in
the quality of Missouri sheep in the past four years. The best in-
dication of increased interest in the production of a high class of
sheep is shown by the increased value per head. The average
value per head of Missouri sheep has increased more during the
past four years than in any other middle west state. There is still
opportunity for large improvement in this direction.

THE SHEEP FARMER.

In every clime and on every kind of soil the domestic sheep
has demonstrated its ability to thrive and yield profitable returns
to the shepherd. From British Columbia to Panama, from Tunis
to Cape Colony, and from Brazil to the southern-most point of

*From Monthly Bulletin State Board of Agriculture.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. atl

South America, the sheep has readily adapted itself to the uses of
man.

Its time-earned value as an improver of soils is more and
more recognized by the farmers of the middle west. Its efficiency
in cleaning land of weeds has been clearly demonstrated in every
section of the United States. Sheep will eat 100 kinds of weeds
that are wholly unpalatable to cattle. Among the domestic ani-
mals perhaps no other class of live stock requires so little labor in
its successful care and management.

The domestic animal on the farm is to be regarded as an ani-
mal machine. Its efficiency in the consumption of food is a con-
trolling factor in live stock operations. In this regard the sheep
stands in a class by itself among ruminant animals. The amount
of grain required to make a pound of gain on sheep as compared
with other animals is shown in the following table :*

TABLE. It GRAIN REQUIRED FOR 100 LBS. GAIN—DRY LOT.

Cattle. Hogs. Sheep.
Ration. =
Grain, Hay, Grain, | Grain Hay,
‘Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. |Pounds. | Pounds.
(Cain Ti Sas dy SIN ae A ae 1,080 | 457 500 420 458
OCT RSD as 3 nce aa eo Ce ES OEE ECE Nee (eee epee eechcsthcrtiene 421 331 595
LETS ayia sea ea Oe 2 ne es en Sin a a Qa eres. et odeite 446 BODi leva ctercetovs
CAS ate rer te ew eet he ese Miro 2c eel sh oy one Soke Sto she| sion aec ethers oh acictions 452 549 | Pastured
Varied (with roots or silage).................. 712 572 | 359 370 | 382
WERE Let aais “Sng OI Ate Ree SL Per er eR ene 953 | 292 431 326 | 422
PAV. CT AE Ohmer rere abe aire neste kee te tah sbslcntl auewona ances ata 914 440 | 435 383 | 464
|

TABLE II. YOUNG ANIMALS—GRAIN REQUIRED FOR 100 LBS. GAIN—ALL RECEIVE
SKIM MILK.

Calves c432 lbane hae saa tone Ys: | Pigs, 320 Ibs

the most efficient meat producing animals on the farm.

The disadvantages that are to be mentioned in connection with
sheep farming are that sheep are subject to certain diseases. In-
ternal parasites, such as stomach worm and tape worm, have in the

* Missouri State Board of Agriculture, 1907.
{Table I was compiled from many experiment station reports.

372 Missouri Agricultural Report.

past been fatal to large numbers of lambs. The nodular disease
has probably been fatal in a smaller number of cases. In recent
years, however, methods of prevention have been discovered which
largely eliminate the losses heretofore common in the breeding
flocks of the country.

ORIGIN OF THE DOMESTIC SHEEP.

The sheep was one of the earliest animals domesticated by
man. The ease with which it could be captured, confined and main-
tained, facilitated greatly the progress of its complete domestica-
tion. The fleece provided warm clothing and the flesh a healthful
and nutritious food. All these contributed greatly to the rapid
development of man toward civilization.

European and Asiatic sheep are supposed to have been de-
scended from the Argali or wild sheep of Asia, and the Musmon of
the south of Europe. The African sheep is similarly derived from
related species found on that continent. The Argali of Asia is
larger than the domesticated sheep, being somewhat smaller than
the stag, and possessing enormous horns, three or four feet long,
and sometimes a foot in circumference at the base of the horns.
The color of fur is brown, with a buff-colored streak along the
back and a large spot of buff color on the haunch.

All the wild cousins of the domestic sheep prefer the higher
altitudes, choosing the rocky, precipitous mountains covered with
sparse vegetation. They are exceedingly agile, strong and wary.

The Rocky Mountain sheep is the Argali of America. This
beautiful animal ranges the highest altitudes of the lofty Rockies
and is so wary and agile that none but the most experienced hunters
are able to secure them.

It is probable that most of our modern varieties of sheep
have descended directly from the Musmon, whose native habitat
seems to have been the Islands of Crete and Cypress and the moun-
tains of Greece. They still roam wild in Corsica and Sardinia.
Smaller than the American Argali, less powerful and active than
the European or Asiatic Argali, they range the lower altitudes and
less inaccessible ranges of mountains. They usually roam in large
herds and seem not to be easily domesticated.

Among the varieties of domestic sheep are many of more or
less unusual characteristics. Among these are the fat tailed sheep
of Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, and South Africa. These sheep are
distinguished by an enormous development of fat deposited in the
tail. There are reports of individuals having accumulations of fat

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 373

in the tail amounting to more than fifty pounds. Another some-
what unusual type of sheep is the fat haunched sheep. This ani-
mal is peculiar in having an unusual development of fat on the
haunches. This type of sheep is found north of the Caucasian
Mountains.

BREEDS OF SHE#P.

A rather general classification divides sheep into wool and
mutton breeds. The wool breeds of sheep include all the varieties
of the Merino; the American Merino, the National Delaine, the
Dickinson and the Blacktop. The best representative of the for-
eign Merino is the Rambouillet. The mutton breeds include the
coarse or long wool varieties, the Cotswold, Lincoln and Leicester ;
the middle wool breeds, the Shropshire, Hampshire, Oxford, South-
down, Dorset Horned and others. All of these breeds have their
peculiar value under certain conditions. No class of sheep has
proven more efficient, all things considered, for the ranges of the
west than some form of the Merino breeds. On the fenced farms
of the middle west in recent years some type of mutton sheep has
more often been selected.

IN A MISSOURI FEED LOT.

SYSTEMS OF SHEEP FARMING.

The sheep of the United States are produced under varying
conditions, and these have resulted in the development of certain
types of sheep farming, especially adapted to local conditions. In

374 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the middle west two types of sheep husbandry particularly are
common. The first type includes the keeping of a small flock of
sheep on a general farm, either a grain farm or a stock farm, and
this type of sheep husbandry is very common throughout this sec-
tion. To be distinguished from this is the special sheep farm on
which sheep are the principal source of revenue, and the cropping
systems of the farm are arranged with a view primarily to their
adaptability to the feeding and handling of sheep.

Both wool and mutton are items of profit to the sheep farmer
of the middle west, but it is probably correct to say that in very
few cases are sheep now reared for wool alone in the north central
states. The most common type of sheep farm in the middle west
at present, is one carried on primarily for the production of mut-
ton lambs, either to be sold in the spring as so-called winter or hot
house lambs, or to be carried through the summer and either sold
to feeders to fatten during the winter or to be fattened by the
owner. It is this type of farming particularly considered in this
bulletin.

SELECTING THE EWE FLOCK.

The kind of ewes to select for the commercial production of
mutton on the middle west farm is a matter of first importance in
beginning the business of sheep raising. The available supply of
ewes is to be secured from two sources, first western ewes, and
second, natives. The selection of western ewes as a foundation
flock for mutton production has some advantages not possessed by

HIGH CLASS SHROPSHIRE EWES.

Owned by the Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 375

A PRIZE WINNING SOUTHDOWN WETHER.
4Owned by the Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.

the native ewe flocks. The western ewe is usually uniform in size,
age, breeding and condition. They are almost universally free
from the destructive internal parasites, common to the native
flocks. They may be had in flocks of any ordinary size at most
seasons of the year, but particularly in the late summer and fall.
The native ewes, on the other hand, are apt to be of mixed breed-
ing of varying ages and, owing to small flocks, only a comparatively
small number may be purchased at a time, but probably the most
serious objections to native ewes is that they are usually badly in-
fested with tape worms, stomach worms, and often with nodular
disease.

It has been claimed by men who have had considerable ex-
perience that the western ewes are very satisfactory for a year or
two, but do not thrive well after they have been maintained on
fenced farms for more than two or three years. It is possible that
this result may come from infestation of parasites, but whatever
the reason, the facts seem to be that in extensive methods of
sheep production it will generally be found most practical
to dispose of the western ewes every one or two years
and buy new flocks.

For the production of winter or hot-house lambs, it is un-
‘doubtedly better to secure western ewes, showing some blood of
the Hampshire, Shropshire, or other Down breeds. Ewes show-
ing, however, a large amount of Merino blood are successfully
maintained, both for hot-house lambs and for ordinary summer
lamb production.

376 Missouri Agricultural Report.

SELECTING THE RAM.

The best breed of rams to cross on ewes, such as those described
in the preceding paragraphs, will probably be found among the
middle wool or Down breeds of sheep. The Shropshire, Hamp-
shire, Southdown or Oxford breeds have been found altogether sat-
isfactory for this type of sheep farming. In selecting the indi-
vidual ram it will be found profitable to buy a pure-bred regis-
tered animal of a high degree of excellence. The ram should be of
good size, preferably one or two years old, showing the true mut-
ton type with broad, well covered back, carrying the width evenly
from shoulder to loin, and comparatively level to the tail head.
The top and bottom line should be straight, the back strong, the
skin a pink color, the eyes vigorous and clear. A broad, deep
chest will be indicative of a strong, vigorous constitution.

REGISTERED PURE BRED RAMS.

At a Missouri County Fair.

MATING THE EWES.

The ewe flock should be in a thrifty and well-nourished condi-
tion when they are bred to the ram. It is highly important that
every ewe should be improving in condition when bred. The best
shepherds accomplish this result by “flushing” the ewes. The
practice of flushing is accomplished by turning the ewes on a fresh
pasture two weeks before it is desired to breed them.

One ram for forty or fifty ewes is the right proportion. It is

Sheep Breeders’ Association. O77

always better to keep the ram in a small grass lot provided with
shade during the day and turn him in with the ewes at night. It
is desirable to have the lambs come as close together as possible,
and the above methods will both contribute to this result.

The period of gestation in ewes is 145 to 150 days, so that if
it is desired to have the lambs dropped in February the ewes
should be bred in September.

CROPPING SYSTEM FOR A SHEEP FARM.

A satisfactory cropping system for a sheep farm must in the
first place be such as to maintain, and, if possible, improve the
productiveness of the soil, and at the same time provide the proper
quantity and quality of feed for the ewes and lambs throughout
the year. In addition, the system of cropping should be such as
to reduce to the minimum the labor required, and be so arranged
as to eliminate, as far as possible, the loss from internal parasites.
In order to give due weight to all of the factors involved, it is best
to provide a main rotation and an accessory rotation, such as is
described below.

In the corn belt the main crop should always be corn. Suc-
cessful rotations under present conditions on land of reasonable
fertility should include more than one crop of corn in a four-year
rotation.

A 120-ACRE SHEEP FARM.

The size of the average Missouri farm is 120 acres. Assum-
ing that 100 acres of this land is tillable, and that 20 acres of it is
suitable for permanent pasture, the following method of manage-
ment will be found highly satisfactory where the principal busi-
ness of the farm is the production of fat lambs.

Every system of farm management should be so arranged as
to provide first for the maintenance of the fertility of the soil.
In this relation sheep fortunately have long been recognized as
among the most efficient of the domestic animals in maintaining
and improving soil areas.

In any system of stock farm management there are two general
lines of effort under which most of the farm activities may be
grouped. These are the production of crops and the utilizing of
these crops by feeding to animals. Considering first the cropping
system, it is suggested that the 120-acre farm be divided into six
twenty-acre fields by permanent fences. Twenty acres of this
farm should be kept in permanent pasture and the ordinary blue

378 Missouri Agricultural Report.

grass pasture of Missouri will be greatly improved for sheep by
the addition of white clover, which may be sown in the spring on
the blue grass pasture, and will be more apt to catch well if the
pasture is harrowed with a spike tooth harrow. Four of the 20-
acre fields are to be used in a primary rotation as follows:

PRIMARY ROTATION—(120 ACRES.)
(20 Acres in each field.)
No. of field. First Year. Second Year. Third Year. Fourth Year.
|
ee ean eee eos Corn and cowpeas..| Corn and rye...... Rye seeded to clover; Clover.
DS elskeetere testers COLMPAM Ge TyiOr cesar 1 R21 re oc nea @loverse: thay ea Corn and cowpeas.
Rac rahe CP eReRS ee UVC Nkeaiceems eis eeess Cloverstetctctiences Corn and cowpeas. .| Corn and rye.
(hee Serom ced eats CIONER sachs crtascienehe Corn and cowpeas..| Corn and rye...... | Rye..
LS soa nT Aas Permanent pasture. |
ees oy aE One Accessory rotation,
See page —.

By following the above rotation there will be each year, 40
acres of corn, 20 acres of rye and 20 acres of clover to be harvested
for winter and fall feeding. The cowpeas are to be planted in the
corn with a one-horse drill at the time of the last cultivation, at the
about the 15th of September, also by means of a one-horse drill, or
it may be broadcasted at the rate of two bushels per acre, and
harrowed in with some implement which will go between the corn
rows. The clover is to be seeded on the rye in February each year,
except in certain districts where the clover may better be sown on
the rye in the fall at the time of seeding. One objection to the
above rotation is that it does not provide sufficient summer feed
for the ewe flock, and to provide for this we have prepared the
accessory rotation, which follows:

ACCESSORY ROTATION (20 ACRES.)

(Five acres in each field.)

No. of field. First Year. Second Year. Third Year. | Fourth Year.
Gabi clesecctenes fact 6 Rape and oats..... Corn and rye...... Rye pasture.......| Soybeans.
6Dita- a. oe || SOybeanS. 2 6.04) Rape and! Oatise.-...||Commeands yess se | Rye.

GCle ata ree, | Corn and rye...... Rye pasture....... Soybeans.........| Rape and oats.
Gd cles: Ryeypasturessoe se. SOy Deans! seysseree Rape and oats.... .| Corn.
| |

ro |
or

The lot divisions in field No. 6 may be all temporary fences,
if more convenient, the fences may be permanently constructed.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 379

DIRECTIONS FOR ACCESSORY ROTATIONS.

Rape and oats should be planted in the proportions of five
pounds rape and one bushel of oats per acre as early in the spring
as possible. Rape and oats are to be pastured off when the crop is
from 12 to 18 inches high.

Rye is to be sown in the corn about September 15, at the rate
of two bushels per acre.

The rye crop is to be left to mature on the ground, and when
the rye stems begin to break down turn in the lambs to fatten on
the grain. If the lambs are taken off early enough there will be
a good crop of volunteer rye for winter and spring pasture.

Following the rye the next year soybeans or cowpeas are to be
planted from May 25 to June 1. This crop may be either broad-
casted or planted in rows three feet apart.

It is intended that all the crops except corn in the accessory
rotation shall be pastured off the ground by the sheep in the man-
ner suggested above. In those years when these crops are not
needed for pasture they may he harvested for grain or hay.

On good land such a system of sheep farming cou'd be man-

A FINE TYPE OF DELAINE MERINO.

Bred in Missouri and owned by the, University of Missouri.

380 Missouri Agricultural Report.
aged to handle 150 high-class breeding ewes and fatten their lambs
annually. In addition four or five brood sows and their litters
could be raised and fed off each year.

Perhaps the best result of all in this system is that the soil
will unquestionably improve in fertility. This applies particularly
to soils that are somewhat run down or worn out.

WINTER CARE OF THE EWE FLOCK.

In handling successfully a flock of breeding ewes it must never
be forgotten that they are breeding animals, and that the kind of
treatment most successful for the production of strong, healthy
lambs is not necessarily the best treatment for a flock of fatten-
ing lambs or wethers. A prime essential for the successful hand-
ling of breeding ewes is abundant exercise throughout the year,
and especially during the winter. It is a grave mistake to con-
fine the ewe flock to limited quarters during winter. Shelter is
necessary, but warm shelters are to be avoided. An ideal shelter
for sheep of any kind is a shed tightly built on the north, east and
west sides, but entirely open to the south. Sheep suffer more
from cold, wet rains than from any other cause in the winter.
If they can be protected from such rains and given a dry place
wherein to lie down they will have been supplied with the best
possible conditions for such animals.

DIPPING.

Sheep often suffer severely from external parasites, as well as
from internal troubles. The most common external parasite is
the ordinary sheep tick (Melophagus ovinus). This pest is near-
ly always present, especially in flocks of open-wooled sheep. For-
tunately, it is comparatively easy and inexpensive to check the
ravages of this mite. In the ordinary course of sheep farm man-
agement it is good practice to dip all sheep on the farm in the fall
before putting them in winter quarters. In order to accomplish
the dipping with the least expense and labor, a dipping tank of
some kind is necessary. Galvanized iron tanks may be purchased
which are made especially for this purpose, or they may be made
of concrete or of any material which will make a tank of the right
shape and size.

A good form of dipping tank is ten feet long at the top, four
feet deep, sixteen inches wide at the top and six inches wide at the
bottom. One side of the tank should be built on an incline, and on

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 381

this incline is placed a cleated board, up which the sheep walk out
of the dipping tank. Suitable pens for holding the sheep before
going into the tank are necessary. The sheep should walk out of
the dipping tank upon a water tight platform, so inclined as to
drain back into the vat. This saves dipping material.

The writer has used many different kinds of dip. Some of
them home-made, but most of them some kind of proprietary dip.
Among the home-made dips which have been successfully used
are lime and sulphur and tobacco. Formulas for compounding
these preparations will be found on another page of this bulletin.
Among the proprietary dips which have been successfully used are
the coal tar preparations, variously named Zenoleum, Naphtholeum,
Car Sul, Hygeno, MacDougal’s Sheep Dip, and poisonous dips
such as Cooper’s Sheep Dip, and others. All of the coal tar prep-
arations are improved by the addition of sulphur. Care should
be taken to follow explicitly the directions on the packages of dip.
and in all cases the dip should be warmed to a temperature of 105
to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. It is better to use soft water, and the
addition of concentrated lye to the water until it has a soapy feel,
will increase the efficiency of the dipping material. The sheep
should be carefully protected from cold until the fleece is dry.

Another time to dip the ewe flock is in the spring, at shearing
time. If the ewes are shorn after lambing, the ticks will leave the
ewes in large numbers and collect on the lambs, and unless the
lambs are dipped at this time the parasites will prey upon the
lambs to such an extent as to interfere seriously with their growth.
The writer has known lambs to die, and apparently from no other
cause than the presence of a large number of ticks at this period
in the life of the lamb.

WINTER FEEDING OF THE EWE FLOCK.

Providing the ewes secure the proper amount of exercise and
are sheltered as suggested, the success of the flock at lambing time
will depend very largely indeed upon the kind and amount of feed
given the ewes. Fortunately, sheep require a large amount of
roughage, and may be maintained at a comparatively small cost,
providing the right kind of roughage is available. No better
roughness for breeding ewes has been found than clover, alfalfa,
cowpeas or soybean hay. If one has abundance of any one of these
nitrogeneous feeds with good corn stover, they can maintain the
breeding flock successfully by feeding a very small amount of

382 Missouri Agricultural Report.

grain. With this roughness not more than one-half pound per
head of grain is required. A mixture of corn, oats and bran, equal
parts by weight, is an excellent mixture. This may be modified
by omitting the oats and feed two-thirds corn and one-third bran.
Sheep may be well maintained on clover hay and shock corn, but
on such a ration care should be taken not to feed more than one-
half pound of grain per head per day until after the lambs have
been dropped.

The feeding of timothy hay or large amounts of poor quality
corn stover without a nitrogeneous roughage or some grain in the
ration is a bad practice. Ewes fed in this manner often suffer
from indigestion, and at lambing time the lambs come weak, the
ewes yield a small amount of milk, and the result is a large per-
centage of loss among the young lambs.

Feeding shock corn is a practice to be generally recommended,
providing the fodder may be scattered widely over a good blue
grass pasture. If it is not well scattered the sheep will soon foul
the fodder to such an extent that they will refuse to eat it. If the
ewes go into winter in good strong condition and are fed as indi-
cated above they will come to lambing time in strong condition and
be able to rear successfully the lambs to weaning time. After the
lambs have been born the grain ration may be gradually increased
until the ewe is receiving one and one-half pounds of grain per day.

LAMBING TIME.

The most important time of the year for the shepherd is the
period during which the ewes are dropping their lambs. Skillful
attention and care at this time will yield greater results than the
same expenditure of time and labor at any other period on the
sheep farm. It frequently happens that ewes refuse to own their
lambs, and in such cases probably the best method of correcting
this is to put the ewe and her lamb or lambs into a small individ-
ual pen. These pens may ke made of two panels four feet long by
three feet high, hinged together at one end and provided with
hooks at the other. These may be placed along the wall of the
sheep barn in such a way as to provide a number of small pens
four by four feet.

This method of confining the ewe and her lamb in a small en-
closure is not always successful in making the ewe own her lamb.
In cases where the ewe persistently refuses to assume her maternal
duties, a stanchion, made on the plan of an ordinary cow stanchion,

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 383

may be erected in one corner of the barn and the ewe tied in this
stanchion so that she cannot injure her lamb. In the usual course
of events the mother will cease to fight her offspring and will usu-
ally in a day or two own her lamb without further difficulty. The
same method may be employed when a ewe has lost her lamb and it
is desired to transfer one of a pair of twins from its own parent
to the dead lamb’s mother. Some of the old English shepherds
practice various methods for making such transfers, sometimes
successfully, but more often unsuccessfully. Some shepherds ad-
vise removing the skin from the dead lamb and tying it on the fos-
ter child. In some cases this simple method will cause the foster
mother to own a strange lamb in a short time. It is also recom-
mended that the milk from the foster mother be rubbed on the
fleece of the strange lamb; however, this is not a very successful
method.

FINISHING THE LAMB.

In the long run it is far more profitable to finish the lambs on
the farm where they are raised than to sell them as feeder lambs
to be finished by others. The cost of finishing the lambs will be
greatly diminished if they are fed from birth to the time of sale.
This applies, whether they are sold early as hot-house lambs or
whether they are kept and sold in the early summer or in the fall.

The cheapest gains are always made on young animals. The

THESE TWIN HAMPSHIRE LAMBS WEIGHED 120 POUNDS AT 50 DAYS OLD.

Bred by the Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.

384 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cheapest mutton is made from grain fed to lambs before weaning.
In attempting to feed grain to lambs, a lamb creep or separate pen
should be provided, into which the lambs may go, but from which
the ewes are excluded. In this way the lambs will early learn to
eat a large amount of grain, and this should be continued until the
lambs are sold on the market.

At the present time there is a good market for well fattened
lambs at any season of the year. The highest priced lambs are
those weighing fifty to sixty pounds, and ready for sale from the
first of May until the first of July. Such lambs are ealled “‘hot-
house” or “winter” lambs, and bring a very high price in the city
markets. In order to produce such lambs, it is important that the
lambs be dropped in January or February.

FATTENING SHEEP AND LAMBS.

The finishing of feeder sheep and lambs has developed into a
business of large proportions in the corn belt in recent years.
Feeders buy in the western markets lambs, yearlings or wethers,
ship them to the feed lots of the corn belt and feed them for a
time until they are fat and send them to market. This has proven
avery profitable practice.

FEEDER SHEEP.

There are two sources of feeder sheep for the man engaging
in a sheep feeding business—the western sheep to be purchased
in the great western markets and the natives which may be pur-
chased in most localities in the State. The most common classes
of feeder sheep in the market are lambs, yearlings and wethers.
The different grades of lambs are variously known as fancy se-
lected, choice, good, medium or common, these names being used
to designate the quality, breeding and condition of the feeder
lambs. Yearlings are graded as choice, good or common, wethers
as choice, good, medium or common. There are also offered on
most markets three other classes known as bucks and stags and
ewes. The most successful feeders have quite generally come
to regard the western feeder sheep as much more desirable than
the natives. They are more free from diseases, more uniform in
size, age and breeding and are fattened in large flocks more suc-
cessfully.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 385

RATIONS FOR FATTENING SHEEP.

The rations to be fed to fattening sheep will depend upon the
season of the year and the size and character of the sheep to be
fed. If the sheep are purchased early in the fall it is customary
to run them on good pasture until winter, and in this way a con-
siderable gain can be secured usually at a very small cost. In
many sections of the State sheep feeders have planted cowpeas in
the corn at the last cultivation, and have turned the sheep or lambs
into the corn field during the latter part of September to eat off
the undergrowth. Lambs will not injure the corn, but other sheep
will gradually learn to eat the corn from the hill, and indeed this
is a profitable method of fattening yearlings and wethers. Lambs
are not to be recommended for feeding off the corn on the hill,
although they are highly satisfactory for cleaning up the under-
growth planted as above directed.

RAPE AND COWPEAS IN THE CORN FIELD.

In planting cowpeas in the corn two methods are common. By
one method the farmer sows broadcast a bushel of New Era or
Whippoorwill cowpeas per acre and depends upon the last cultiva-
tion to cover them. Another, and perhaps better method is to
drill in one-half bushel of seed per acre between the corn rows at
the last cultivation. For this purpose a one-horse drill is used.
One acre of good undergrowth will fatten from five to ten lambs
per acre. One Missouri farmer fattened 177 lambs and 136 year-
ling wethers on 35 acres of undergrowth in corn. They gained 27
pounds each in sixty days. In addition to the undergrowth they
consumed 25 bushels of corn.

Rape may likewise be sown in corn at the last cultivation, but
it requires richer land than does cowpeas. The cowpeas should all
be eaten off before frost, but the rape may be utilized until cold
weather. -It is not good practice to feed lambs or older sheep on
green undergrowth and change suddenly to a dry ration. It is
best to sell them direct from the corn field. It is, however, good
practice to feed corn during the last two or three weeks while
they are still eating the undergrowth. This corn may be fed as
ear corn scattered widely on the blue grass pasture.

A—25

386 Missouri Agricultural Report.

WINTER RATIONS FOR FATTENING SHEEP AND LAMBS.

From Table I on page 371, it will be seen that sheep require
more roughage in proportion to the grain consumed than do cattle.
The successful fattening of sheep will be more certain to result in
profit if a nitrogenous roughness is available. Either clover, al-
falfa, cowpea or soybean hay with shelled corn is an ideal ration
for fattening lambs, yearlings, or wethers. A large number of
experiments conducted at many different experiment stations in
the United States where such a ration has been fed have shown
this to be one of the most efficient and profitable combinations
available in the corn belt.

CORN AND CLOVER HAY.

No one ration has given such uniformly satisfactory results
for fattening lambs as a ration of corn and clover hay. The fol-
lowing table gives the results from feeding this ration at a num-
ber of different experiment stations:

TABLE IV.
CORN FOR FATTENING SHEEP AND LAMBS.
Feed per 100 lbs. gain.
Station. Days Daily | | — Remarks.
fed. gain. Corn. Hay.
lbs. Ibs. Ibs.
IMIGhi@anerss Per earn terete rare ace | 105 sa | 481 334 | 10 lambs.
MICHI@ ane a sist ccna. ceeremre 105 .24 | 607 387 | 10 lambs.
Mia chigaintane to ahaatce terthaiers te ceieenute | 91 .26 518 490 | 10 lambs.
Michi Pan eee Sene at Srey enone eae chee 91 .307) 451 383 | Stover.
WASCONSINergcracescyatee valency ters] 56 .37 411 277 | 5 lambs.
Mini MeSOta< scce tet ttotoeee Deen 84 720) 523 402 10 lambs.
TO Warne cht tee caste ia eee earn 110 .45 | 302 400 | Clover hay, Wethers
ING DIASKA as sckcpeve tee ratous se 98 38 | 353 454 | Alfalfa.
AWAY OUTTA Syeteyer toy an yerenseeecehenenerss)s IK) eo atop a bi 236 457 | Alfalfa.
COMEGCO..ooosancnbeconvoocat 98 29 | 229 988 Alfalfa
ANOLE pe tratecs his ach chee Merete edly balatere Paaills austameey eds | 420 458 |

The figures show that corn and clover hay without the addi-
tion of any other supplementary feed is a very satisfactory ration
for fattening lambs. It is, however, true that rations may be
compounded which will produce larger gains and somewhat better
results than corn and clover hay, but these results are often se-
cured at a higher cost and are, therefore, not as profitable as are
the gains made from corn and clover hay.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 387

FATTENING SHEEP ON RATIONS OF GRAIN WITH ROOTS AND SILAGE.

The English shepherd prizes roots above all other feeds for
the successful fattening of sheep and lambs. Roots are not widely
grown in America, but are exceedingly desirable in all rations for
fattening sheep. Silage is more often fed in the United States
than are roots. The following table will give in a condensed form
the principal results from feeding roots and silage with grain to
sheep at the American Experiment Stations. From table 5 it will
be seen that the amount of grain (370 pounds) for each 100 pounds
of gain is comparatively small, and in this respect rations con-
taining roots or silage appear to be able to reduce, to some extent,
the grain requirements for finishing sheep:

TABLE V.
FATTENING SHEEP ON RATIONS OF GRAIN WITH ROOTS AND SILAGE.
|
| Feed per 100 Ibs. gain.|
Days | Daily | Grain,
Station. | fed. gain, lbs. Hay. Roots. Remarks.
| Ibs. lbs. lbs. |
Mic higanbreretscriemictic 91 .43 233 | 233 1,101 | Oats and bran, 2:1.
| sugar beets.
Michigan............ 91 | 36 282 225 1,266 | Oats and bran, 2:1.
| | | silage.
Michizane ee eer e| 105 | 24 | 398 413 2,277 | Oats and bran, 1:1.
| | rutabagas.
Michisaniesis sees: 105 | 24 | 400 337 1,383 | Oats and bran, 1:1.
| | silage.
(Wolorad orn ae A ae | aI 229 | 779 1,613 | Corn, alfalfa, sugar
| beets.
IMO MAINE op oe on eds |ooswos 6 | BGI | 400 380 270 | Corn, roots, clover
| hay.
MCI S aimee gars e ePaeie, sail as wicheee .31 | 518 | 447 Sill Oats ee lOOlSmemClONEG
| | hay.
Niclioans a5 orci scerel tee toes exes | S| 406 243 700 | Corn, roots, clover
| | | hay.
PASV.CT: ASG ers eeeieacact [Pteracsteskery |patpetots | 370 382 | 991

FATTENING SHEEP ON BALANCED RATIONS.

A large number of stations have fed balanced rations to sheep
and the results indicate clearly that so far as the grain require-
ment per 100 pounds of gain is concerned, balanced rations re-
sult in a considerable saving. It is likewise true that in feeding
balanced rations there is always less risk, the animals maintaining
a better appetite throughout the fattening period, and where a
balanced ration may be fed at the same cost per pound of gain it

388 Missouri Agricultural Report.

is in all cases recommended that balanced rations be fed. The
facts are that it is seldom possible to feed a balanced ration at
the same cost as a ration of corn and clover hay. It is, there-
fore, often less profitable to feed a well balanced ration than one
like corn and clover hay that is not narrow enough in its com-
position to be called a well balanced ration, but is nevertheless
sufficiently effective to produce gocd results and at a cost cheaper
than would be required to supply the narrower ration. Table 6
will show the results from several Experiment Stations from feed-
ing well balanced rations:

TABLE VI.
FATTENING SHEEP ON BALANCED RATIONS.
Daily | Feed per 100 lbs. gain. |
Station. Days gain, Remarks.
fed. lbs. Grain, | Hay,
lbs. Ibs.
IWAYIO INITIO", sa eens oa spec aie eee 95 Oot 320 | 428 | Corn, oilcake and
wild hay.
Wy OMIT Ges savages eae Syere see eke 95 324 240 441 | Alfalfa, corn and oil
cake.
NO SViaiehe Rater ota Sok cee 56 457 345 423 | Speltz, bran and clo-
| ver hay.
JOS IRR Oe ey He aetn a rare aes 56 .407 | 350 | 473 | Corn, gluten feed,
| bran and clover hay.
OWA sea ic eee skccb eee 56 .454 321 421 | Corn, bran and clover
Noe haadyi
Michigan: siepcee ne eit acct Ua | eee ante 34 486 | 324 | Corn, oilmeal, and
clover hay.
NV CT AOC rs acai ey ako Peis oN eee eae vee lea tee 326 422

r . 5
\ Re * es : * *
OR eS Dees :

YEARLING SHROPSHIRE WETHERS.

Bred and fed by the Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 389

FATTENING SHEEP ON GRAIN AND PASTURE.

In many sections of the middle west fattening cattle on blue
grass pasture is almost the universal method of finishing. In such
cases a full ration of grain is fed to animals while on pasture in
the summer. This method of fattening sheep is not so common,
but that it is worthy of greater development in our systems of farm
management will be readily admitted after an examination of the
following table. It will be observed that as an average of many
investigations at different Experiment Stations the amount of
grain required to make a pound of gain by this method is smaller
than by any other method of feeding recorded in any of the above
tables. In some cases the grain requirement has been only 170
pounds of grain per 100 pounds of gain, and the average for all
the investigations is only 245 pounds of grain per 100 pounds of
grain as compared with 326 pounds for sheep on a balanced ration;
370 pounds for sheep on grain rations with roots and silage, and
420 pounds for sheep receiving a ration of corn and clover hay.
This favorable showing means that where pasture is available
sheep may be successfully finished on a much smaller amount of
grain than is necessary when fed in dry lets and in the winter
season:

TABLE VII.

FATTENING SHEEP ON GRAIN AND PASTURE.

| Days | Daily | Grain per
Station. fed. | gain, 100 Ibs. Remarks.
Ibs. gain, Ibs.
|
LOW De ee) eee 63 .46 170 | Lambs on blue grass.
LOW ihe erece trer ere 56 45 241 | Wethers on grass and rape.
OW ee ie 5 tees Sette 56 .41 301 Wethers on blue grass.
IWHSGOMSIM eg tore seers 25 387 170 | Lambs on rape.
\WASGOHGINS ~wars cp abesccd: 70 .28 340 | Lambs on rape.
LUO iain ine ere eon ote 63 -46 170 | Yearlings, corn and blue grass.
LO Wiateero mien arta Git estates ret Oafons 63 | .42 187.5) Yearlings, oats and blue grass.
MC ia ees ns Sis big e ee eee 63 | .39 199 | Yearlings, barley and blue grass.
LOW diese ova 63 -435 204 | Yearlings, corn, oats and blue grass.
SouthsDakota sh etter. oc. 42 44 390 Yearling ewes, corn and grass.
TOWA Ae tac oe eee eee 56 .453 260 Yearlings, corn, bran and grass and
Tape.
TO Wate oy Patna cide ed, esp elon 56 .409 312 | Yearlings, corn, bran and grass.
ApeLARC Satan Sree le cine ie | ares ewe 245.4)

390 Missouri Agricultural Report.

FATTENING WETHERS AT THE MISSOURI EXPERIMENT STATION.

It is estimated that 80 per cent of the sheep sold on the Chi-
cago market are lambs. The remaining 20 per cent are largely
wethers and ewes. The process of fattening wethers is not ma-
terially different from that for fattening lambs, but in general it
is true that wethers are better adapted for feeding off corn on the
hill and will under winter feeding conditions fatten in a somewhat
shorter time than lambs. It is also true that wethers require a
larger amount of grain for each pound of gain. The Missouri Ex-
periment Station in 1906-07 conducted an experiment in fatten-
ing wethers, the results of which are given in the following table:

TABLE VIII.

VARIOUS RATIONS FOR FATTENING YEARLING WETHERS.

Feeding period, 14 weeks. (20 Wethers in each lot.)

5 | Total Total Total | Average| Grain | Cost of | Selling
: Ration. | Grain, Hay, Gain, daily for one | one lb. | price.
lbs. lbs. lbs. gain, lbs| lb. gain,| gain.
lbs.

1 | Cornandtimothy hay..... 2,296 2,608 418 SPALL 5.4 | $0.069 $6.15
> | Corn and clover hay...... 2,425 3), UST 462 28 5.2 0.070 6.35
3 | Corn, oilmeal and clover

a Vaera tative ce eheween Meyers 2,420 3,314 495 225 4.9 0.070 6.35
4 | Corn, cottonseed meal and

Glowershiaiyenci-veceeseiens 2,389 3,409 475 .24 5.0 0.076 6.35
5 | Corn, corn silage and clover

NEN PEM sacar ene Sere ae 2,429 2,498 533 Sal 4.5 0.059 6.35
6 | Corn and clover hay (self

5121210) Seneca eS cero 2,988 2,501 481 24 6.2 0.069 6.40
7 | Corn and clover hay (out-

GOORS) oer ens cet, Mau skeeeiers 2,419 3,339 | 392 .20 6.1 0.085 6.20

SOUTHDOWN SHROPSHIRE PURE BRED FAT WETHERS.
Fed by the Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 391

In estimating the cost of production the following prices for
feed were used: Corn, 39 cents a bushel; timothy hay, $10.00 a
ton; clover hay, $10.00 a ton; oil meal, $25.00 a ton; cottonseed
meal, $25.00 a ton, and corn silage, $2.50 a ton. The resulta of this
experiment may be stated briefly as follows:

1. The largest gains were made by lot 5, receiving corn, corn
silage and clover hay. The next largest gains by lot 3, receiving
corn 6 parts, oilmeal 1 part, and clover hay.

2. The smallest gains were made by lot 7, receiving corn and
clover hay, and fed out of doors without shelter, and by lot 1, re-
ceiving corn and timothy hay, fed in the barn.

3. Lot 5, receiving corn, corn silage and clover hay made the
largest gains for the grain consumed. The next most efficient lot
in this respect being lot 3, receiving corn, oilmeal and clover hay,
followed closely by lot 4, receiving corn, cottonseed meal and
clover hay, and lot 2, receiving corn and clover hay in the barn.

4. The lots requiring the largest amounts of grain for 1
pound of gain were lots 6, receiving corn and hay (self feed), and
lot 7, on corn and clover hay fed out of doors without shelter.

5. Feeding out of doors without shelter is not to be recom-
mended in Missouri.

6. The smallest amount of hay was consumed by lot 6, re-
ceiving corn and clover hay. (Self feed.)

PREPARATION OF DIPPING COMPOUNDS.
Lime and Sulphur Dip.

Lime and sulphur dip has been recommended by the United
States Department of Agriculture for ticks, lice, and especially
scab. It is prepared as follows:

Unglacked limes... ..% .. 8 to 11 pounds
Flower of Sulphur s:5. ssi, 24 to 33 pounds
NAIA 2b eee es ee area A Aer eR aE 100 gallons

Slack the lime to a paste. Add sulphur and mix carefully.
Add to this mixture 25 gallons of water and boil two hours. AIl-
low the liquid to settle and draw off the clear, brown fluid from
the top. Add 75 gallons of water and heat to 104 to 112 degrees.
Be sure and keep the dip at this temperature while dipping the
sheep.

THE TOBACCO AND SULPHUR DIP.

Soak 16 pounds tobacco leaves or stems in warm water for
24 hours. Put it in 30 gallons of water. Boil for 20 minutes;

392 Missouri Agricultural Report.

strain off the infusion. Mix the same number of pounds of flower
of sulphur in water sufficient to make a liquid of creamy con-
sistency. Pour this into the tobacco infusion, stirring thoroughly,
and add enough warm water to make 100 gallons. This dip is ef-
fective but somewhat troublesome and expensive to make. Care
should be taken to keep the animals housed until the fleeces are
thoroughly dry.

BOOKS AND BULLETINS ON SHEEP HUSBANDRY.
Books:

“Sheep Farming in America,” by Jos. E. Wing.

“The Domestic Sheep,” by Henry Stewart.

“Modern Sheep, Breeds and Management,“ by ‘Shepherd
Boy.”

Bulletins:

Illinois Experiment Station: Circular 125, Bulletin 129.

Wisconsin Experiment Station: Bulletin 95, Annual Reports
1893 and 1905.

Nebraska Experiment Station: Bulletins 66 and 71.

Colorado Experiment Station: Bulletins 38 and 52.

Minnesota Experiment Station: Bulletins 31, 57, 59, 75 and
78.

Ohio Experiment Station: Bulletins 117 and 187.

Iowa Experiment Station: Bulletins 33, 35 and 63.

Michigan Experiment Station: Bulletins 84, 107, 113, 114,
128.

Farmers’ Bulletins, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington D, C. Bulletins 22, 49, 96, 98, 117, 119; 1595 162:
224, 226,201.

Missouri State Board of Agriculture Reports 1906, 1907 and
1908. Bulletin, “Parasitic Diseases of Sheep.”

Acknowledgments:

I am indebted to Chester G. Starr, an advanced student in
the Department of Animal Husbandry, for the data recorded in
several of the tables accompanying this article-—The Author.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 395

THE WINTER LAMB.*

(By E. A. Trowbridge, Instructor in Animal Husbandry, University of Missouri.)

The term “Winter Lamb” or “Hot House Lamb,” refers to a
lamb that is in condition to go on the market between January 1
and the advent of warm weather, as a prime young lamb, weigh-
ing from sixty to eighty pounds, alive. He differs from the or-
dinary lamb in that he is ready for market in the early spring,
only twelve to sixteen weeks old, and is still possessed of his lamb
fat and form, while the ordinary lamb sold in the fall is five to
eight months old, and his condition has changed from that of a
lamb to that of an older sheep.

The business of winter lamb production may well be classed
as one of the highly specialized branches of modern farming. It
demands the closest attention to all details, and without such at-
tention success is not attainable. The profits resulting from the
successful production of winter lambs are quite enough to com-
pensate for the extra attention it requires.

THE WINTER LAMB.
Courtesy Wisconsin Experiment Station.

*From Monthly Bulletin State Board of Agriculture.

394 Missouri Agricultural Report.

THE MARKET AND PRICES.

This branch of the sheep industry is very profitable, if suc-
cessfully managed, because of the high selling price of the lambs
and the early age at which they go to market. As has been stated,
they go to market at twelve to sixteen weeks old, fat from their
mother’s milk, and sell at prices ranging as high as $10.00 per
lamb, although by no means do they all bring that price. The price
is determined by the demand and the quality and condition of the
lamb.

The demand for winter lambs ‘“‘opens up after the people have
recovered from the poultry glut of the holidays,” according to Mr.
H. P. Miller, a man who has made a success of the business. It
comes from a wealthier class of people, consequently the high
prices which are paid. The demand is only a limited one, but as
the supply is comparatively light, the market is not usually over-
supplied. Until the present time, the winter lamb has been eaten
more in the east than in the west, but the demand for spring lambs
in our central west cities is increasing.

Spring lambs are usually sold through commission firms,
whose duty and business it is to keep the producer informed a few
days ahead as to how many lambs he can find sale for at a given
time, generally the last of each week. They are shipped usually
by express in lots of from two to twelve, according to the demand.
The frequent shipping of only a few lambs at one time gives op-
portunity for the shipment of lambs just at the time when they
are ready for market.

PREPARATION FOR MARKET.

The lambs are slaughtered and dressed by the producer and
the carcasses made as attractive as possible before shipping. Mr.
H. P. Miller says, “The preparation for market requires some skill,
yet only such as almost anyone can develop after carefully study-
ing directions. It is very important in slaughtering to have the
lambs thoroughly bled out.”’ In dressing lambs for market, the
head is taken off and the entrails removed, the carcass cleaned and
made to appear as attractive as possible. The hide is left on the
carcass. Carcasses should be allowed to hang in a cool place for
twelve to twenty-four hours to chill before shipping them. For
shipping, each carcass is neatly sewed in a square piece of muslin
of suitable size, after which it is packed in a crate, sometimes by
itself, but more frequently with several more, and consigned to the
commission merchant.

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 395

BREEDING STOCK.

The ewes that can be profitably utilized in the production of
winter lambs are those ewes that will drop their lambs in Novem-
ber or December; those that will produce a large percentage of
twins, and those that will give an ample quantity of milk to nour-
ish their young. In order to drop lambs at the above-mentioned
date, it is necessary that ewes be mated with the ram during May,
June or July. At the Wisconsin Experiment Station some diffi-
culty was experienced in getting ewes to mate at this time. This
has been found to be the case in many instances, but the Dorset or
Grade Dorset ewe is particularly adaptable to this scheme of lamb
production. Ewes of this breed are also excellent milkers, and
bear a large percentage of twins. It may, then, be said that Dor-
set or Grade Dorset ewes stand out preeminently as early lamb
producers. Merino ewes are reported as fairly adaptable to such
early matings.

Some producers of winter lambs mate the Dorset or Grade
Dorset ewes with a ram of the same breed, but the majority of
successful men in the business prefer a ram of some of the Down
breeds—Shropshire, Hampshire, Southdown or Oxford. In se-
lecting a ram much stress is laid upon early maturity, thickness of
flesh, constitution, vigor and quality. In other words, a good
type of modern mutton producing ram is used for the production of
winter lambs.

MATING AND CARE OF THE FLOCK.

Even with Dorsett ewes difficulty is experienced in attempt-
ing to mate them in the warmest months of the year. It is natural
for sheep to mate during the fall when the weather is cool, thus to
successfully mate ewes at any other season, conditions as near like
those of October and November must be supplied.

In a small volume entitled “The Winter Lamb,” published by
that veteran sheepman, Joseph E. Wing, the following rules for
mating ewes for fall lambs are laid down:

“First—Have ram with ewes not earlier than middle of March,
not later than the middle of May.

Second—Put the ram with ewes nights, not days.

Third—Use young ram and feed him well while in service.

Fourth—Do not have ram too fat.

Fifth—Do not have ewes too thin.

Sixth—If ewes are not shorn in fall, shear as early as you
dare.

396 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Seventh—Feed ewes green food, such as ensilage, turnips,
carrots, mangels, etc., with some corn.”

After the ewe has gotten with lamb her care during preg-
nancy, which is during the summer months, is comparatively
simple. Good pasture is essential, and this may be supplied by
clover, alfalfa, blue grass or forage crops of some sort. A pasture
of any of these will furnish ample feed, but here, as with the or-
dinary flock there is danger of parasitic troubles. This is with
all sheep best avoided by frequent change of pasture. Good, pure
water is a requisite best supplied by clean watering troughs filled
from an underground source, or a reservoir, which has not been
subject to contamination. Shade must be supplied, but whether
it be trees or shed, the ground beneath it should be frequently dis-
infected to prevent the development of parasites, which are sure
to be present where sheep spend so much time as they naturally
do during summer under shade of any kind.

LAMBING TIME.

Ewes do not need grain before lambing if good pasture is
available. They should approach their parturition in strong and
healthy condition, but not too fat. This care should be similar to
that of any ewe at lambing time. She should be given a pen to
herself. Close attention on the part of the shepherd is essential,
yet ewes at this time should be alone, unless they need help. As-
sistance should be given only after unsuccessful attempts on the
part of the ewe to give birth to her offspring, and, when necessary,
no time should be lost in administering aid. After lambing, the
ewe’s udder should be watched closely, and any milk not taken by
the lamb should be hand drawn to prevent udder trouble.

CARE OF LAMBS.

The care of fall lambs does not greatly differ from that of other
lambs. Mother and offspring should be kept by themselves until
the lamb is strong enough to be turned with the other ewes and
lambs. The object is to grow and fatten these lambs as rapidly as
possible, consequently they should have a grain ration as soon as
they will eat. <A satisfactory grain ration consists of oats, corn
and bran, one-third each, by weight, the oats being crushed and
corn being ground. This should be fed by building a lamb creep in
which the grain is placed. A creep may be made by fastening up-
right boards six or eight inches apart, as a partition between two

Sheep Breeders’ Association. 397

pens so as to admit the lambs, but not the ewes. While the lambs
are on pasture during the day they will eat only very small amount
of hay, but as soon as they are “kept up” they will consume con-
siderable hay. This hay should always be clean and well cured.
It best consists of some leguminous crop, and lambs must not be
expected to eat the coarser stems. Both grain and hay should be
changed frequently, so that no sour feed is ever found in the
troughs. Fall lambs should never be left out of doors through the
cold storms of early winter if proper gains are expected. They
should be supplied with all the comforts possible in the way of
food, water, shelter and attention, and if these are given the re-
sults will be satisfactory and the remuneration profitable.

(Courtesy “The Feather.’’)
YEARLING FORTY POUND BRONZE TOM.

POULTRY PROBLEMS AND PROFITS.

(W. L. Nelson.)

Nature did much towards making Missouri the first State
in the Union in point of poultry production. The people are doing
their part, hence the place of pre-eminence which the State now
proudly occupies.

Nowhere can poultry be raised with more profit or less labor
than here in Missouri, where are thousands of sunny slopes and
sun-kissed hills, making for the hen a happy home; where sun-
shine and shade are present in the most pleasing proportions;
where water, clear as crystal, bubbles forth in abundance; where,
from a fertile soil, grow grains and grasses such as the man
in the business too often has to buy; where are no long wet sea-
sons, conducive to disease, nor months of extreme and continued
cold, to make expensive housing necessary and to double feed bills;
where come no long periods of excessive heat and devastating
drouth; where poultry production may be profitably combined with
general agriculture and especially with fruit and dairy farming;
where transportation facilities are ample, and where large cities
afford the best of markets throughout the year.

The many millions of dollars’ worth of poultry produced an-
nually in Missouri comes almost exclusively from the farms, where
such as is sold represents clear profit—and more, for the eggs
and poultry consumed on the table more than pay the cost of keep.
The Missouri farm without poultry is the exception. In eight
years the value of the surplus of poultry, eggs and feathers pro-
duced in Missouri has more than tripled. With better methods
have come larger returns. Many who once “kept poultry” are now
letting poultry keep them. There is both pleasure and profit in
poultry production, and the more profit the more pleasure.

The State Labor Bureau places the value of Missouri’s surplus
poultry products for the years 1900 to 1907, inclusive, at $214,-
527,835. For the year 1907 alone the value of the State’s surplus
farmyard products—live poultry, dressed poultry, eggs and
feathers—figures $44,866,447. So great are these figures that only
by comparison may they be fully comprehended.

(399)

400 Missouri Agricultural Report.

The value of Missouri’s surplus farmyard products for a single
year is almost three times as great as the price paid for all that
vast territory represented by the Louisiana Purchase, and of which
Missouri is a part.

The 1,388,742 head of cattle marketed by Missouri stockmen
in 1907 did not bring as much by a few thousand dollars as did
the surplus poultry products of the State for the same period. Yet,
Missouri is a great cattle State.

The 3,878,863 head of hogs and the 817,430 head of sheep,
representing Missouri’s surplus pork and mutton producers for
the year 1907, did not equal in value her farmyard products sold
the same year. Yet, Missouri is a great hog and sheep State.

All the surplus mine, quarry, stone and clay products mined,
quarried or manufactured in Missouri during the year 1907 did
not foot up as many dollars as was represented by the surplus
poultry products for that year. Yet, Missouri is a great mining
State.

During the year 1907 Missouri produced 23,929,332 surplus
bushels of wheat, but it brought less than half as much as did the
poultry, eggs and feathers sold during the same twelve months.
Yet, Missouri is a great wheat State.

The estimated yield of corn in Missouri during the year 1907
was placed at 232,541,324 bushels, worth $103,561,401, but large
as are these figures, they are less than two and one-half times as
great as the surplus—not the total—poultry products for the same
period. Yet, Missouri is a great corn State.

If the surplus eggs produced in Missouri during the year
1907 were laid in a row, end to end, they would extend more than
twice around the earth.

Pre-eminent as is Missouri’s place in commercial] poultry pro-
duction, her fame is not alone confined to this field. Her breeders
of pure-bred birds have won high honors in the leading shows of
the land. To a Missouri breeder belongs the distinction of having
raised the highest priced pen of chickens ever sold. Here, too,
is the home of what is said to be the highest priced hen in the
world. Birds of the various breeds sometimes sell for hundreds
of dollars each, and a few have reached the four-figure mark. In
Missouri there seems to be that ‘‘something’”—it may be the cli-
mate, which has much to do with constitution—that gives to the
fancy bird, intelligently cared for, a near approach to perfection.

The large number of pure-bred birds in Missouri is helping
to give to the State a reputation for the high quality and unsur-

Poultry Problems and Profits. A401

passed excellence of its poultry and eggs, so that in every market
frequented by discriminating buyers the State’s farmyard products
find favor.

For either the fancier or the producer of commercial poultry
there is no state that offers better advantages than does Missouri.
The man who is looking for cheap land, suitable for poultry farm-
ing on a small scale, can here find just what he wants. But the
opportunities are not limited to the small operator who seeks a
home in the country where health and happiness may be his. There
are, near the larger cities or on railroads leading thereto, many
places where large poultry plants may be operated with profit.
Great as has been the increase in output, it has been exceeded by
the increased demand, and there seems to be no reason why over-
production should be feared.

WHITE HOLLAND TURKEY POSING FOR A PICTURE.

There is health and wealth in the egg basket, as many Mis-
sourians now know. The figures which so eloquently tell the story
of the State’s lead in the output of farmyard products are large,
but think what they would be should Missouri farmers give to
this branch of their business as much attention as is given to
other, and often lesser, lines.

A—26

402 Missouri Agricultural Report.

HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION.

Most writers on poultry subjects claim that our chickens were
in all probability domesticated at a very early period from the
original jungle fowl, the Gallas Banciva, native in southwestern
Asia and Oceanica. Turkeys are native to America. Guinea fowls
came originally from Africa. Pheasants originated in Asia.
Pigeons used for food have been developed from the wild blue
rock dove. It is believed that most of our domesticated breeds
of ducks were derived from the wild Mallard. Geese, common the
world over, have been used as table birds since ancient times.

Standard Varieties of Chickens—Farmers’ Bulletin No. 51,
United States Department of Agriculture, by George E. Howard,
names 104 standard varieties of chickens, as follows:

1. American class: Barred, White and Buff Plymouth Rocks;
Silver, Golden, White, Buff, Black, Partridge, Silver-penciled, and
Columbian Wyandottes; Black and Mottled Javas; Rose-comb
Dominiques; Single-comb and Rose-comb Rhode Island Reds, and
Pea-comb Buckeyes.

2. Asiatic class: Light and Dark Brahmas; Buff, Partridge,
White, and Black Cochins; Black and White Langshans.

3. Mediterranean class: Single-comb Brown, Rose-comb
Brown, Single-comb White, Rose-comb White, Single-comb Buff,
Rose-comb Buff, Single-comb Black, White Duckwing Leghorns,
Single-comb Black, Rose-comb Black, and Single-comb White
Minorcas; White-faced Black Spanish; Blue Andalusians, and Mot- .
tled Anconas.

4, English class: White, Silver Gray, and Colored Dorkings;
Rose-comb Redcaps; Single-comb Buff, Single-comb Black, and
Single-comb White Orpingtons.

5. Polish class: White-crested Black, Bearded Golden,
Bearded Silver, Bearded White, Buff-laced, Non-bearded Golden,
Non-bearded Silver, and Non-bearded White Polish.

6. Dutch class: Golden-spangled, Silver-spangled, Golden-
penciled, Silver-penciled, White, and Black Hamburgs.

7. French class: Mottled Houdans, Black Crevecoeurs, and
Black La Fleche.

8. Game and Game Bantam class: Black-breasted Red, Brown
Red, Golden Duckwing, Silver Duckwing, Red Pyle, White, Black
and Birchen Games; the same varieties for Game Bantams.

Poultry Problems and Profits. 403

9. Oriental Game Bantam class: Cornish and White In-
dians, Black Sumatras, Black-breasted Red Malays, and Black-
breasted Red Malay Bantams.

10. Ornamental Bantam class: Golden and Silver Sebrights;
Rose-comb White and Rose-comb Black; Booted White; Light and
Dark Brahmas; Buff, Partridge, White, and Black Cochins; Black-
tailed, White, and Black Japanese; Bearded White, Buff-laced, and
Non-bearded Polish.

11. Miscellaneous class: White Silkies, White Sultans, and
Frizzles.

A WHITE BEAUTY—A MISSOURI BRED BIRD.

Common Classification—

The eleven classes of chickens may, for practical purposes, be
grouped into four general classes, as follows: The egg breeds,
the meat breeds, the general-purpose breeds, and the ornamental
breeds. In the European or Mediterranean classes are found our
non-sitting and greatest egg-producing birds. They are smaller,
light-feathered, quicker maturing, have a greater egg-producing

404 Missouri Agricultural Report.

capacity, are less disposed to become broody, and are more active
than the Asiatic fowl. On account of large wattles and combs
they are somewhat sensitive to low temperature. The Asiatic fowls
include the large meat breeds. They are easily confined by low
fences, and are persistent sitters. The American breeds are in-
cluded in the general-purpose list. They represent a “dual purpose”
type, being adapted to those who wish a supply of both eggs and
meat. They are usually good sitters and “occupy a medium posi-
tion between the egg and meat breeds as to size, egg production
and docility.”” The ornamental breeds are popular with fanciers
and others, but “‘are not so well adapted for farm purposes as are
breeds of the other three classes.”

THE BUSINESS AND THE BEGINNER.

It has been well said that “in the poultry business, as in other
callings, the highest success must come from the largest ability
and most unceasing labor.” Eternal vigilance and hustle is the
price of success. Poultry raising for profit is not for lazy people,
but for the man or woman who is willing to work with a will no
other business will pay larger returns upon the investment.

A question often asked by the beginner or one who is about to
embark in the business is, ‘““What is the best breed?” In reply,
it may be said that, in the common acceptance of the term, there
is no best breed. In brief, the best breed is the one we like best.
There are, of course, some that are superior for certain purposes.
The strain may be of more importance than the breed. For in-
stance, some strains are especially improved for egg production.

In selecting stock be sure that it is strong, vigorous and
healthy, and in choosing remember that ‘“‘a hen carries her health
certificate right on the top of her head,” the comb point, accord-
ing to good authorities, being an index to physical vigor. A hen,
to be disease resisting, must have stamina and must come from
strong stock. According to James E. Rice, of Cornell, “Weak
parents produce weak eggs. Weak eggs develop into weak chicks.
There must be health, vigor and vitality at the start. There iSpa
great difference in the natural vitality of different flocks of chickens
of the same breed and variety. Some are big and lusty, others are
weak and sickly—constitutionally so—through inheritance. Their
parents were either weak naturally or became so through improper
care.” The success of the average poultryman will depend in large
measure upon his ability to maintain and add to the vigor of his
flock.

Poultry Problems and Profits. 405

The beginner will soon find that he cannot follow all the sug-
gestions of the theoretical poultry fancier. He may also find that
set rules are not always a sufficient guide—that there are some
things learned only by experience. Some, by following fads too
far, have met with failure. There is danger that in breeding for
unusual excellence in some one particular, other and more import-
ant points may be neglected.

The following paragraphs are contributed by some experienced
poultry raisers in Missouri.

A

CHICKENS ON A MISSOURI FARM.

“The way to start in the business is to build one good poultry
house with a scratching shed attached, and two small colony houses,
6 by 10 feet. These should be light so as to be easily moved. With
these in good shape, poultry raising is a pleasure, and no stock on
the farm will bring in more cash. There will be no store bills
to pay when the wheat or stock is sold, and cash will be coming
in every week in the year. Then when the large, glossy thorough-
bred turkeys are sold a nice piece of furniture or a fine carpet may

406 Missouri Agricultural Report.

be bought without drawing on the bank account. So, Mr. Farmer,
it is much to your interest to help just a little with the poultry.
Chickens need to be fed and cared for as well as other stock. It is
a very poor farmer’s wife who doesn’t enjoy taking up a neat egg
basket every evening and gathering up nice clean eggs.”—Mrs. H.
R. Schlotzhauer.

“In the poultry business procrastination is the thief of suc-
cess. Success depends largely upon not neglecting the small things
that are so important—the sanitary conditions, the proper hous-
ing of the fowls, and the necessary feed.”—Jess L. Miller.

“First regulate the classes and numbers of your fowls in strict
harmony with the size and capacity of your farm and home. Keep
in mind the fact that poultry, and especially chickens, are hearty
feeders and require much nourishment. Especially is this true of
young chickens, which should receive careful attention and good
wholesome food. I have noticed on farms that a large per cent
of chicks perish for want of nourishment suited to their age.
Lack of proper care and the use of improper food subtracts larger
numbers than do all the diseases of the poultry yard. Our best
success comes from keeping the chickens, ducks, turkeys and other
domestic fowls moving at a high pressure rate during the early
weeks and months of their growth. This treatment will perfect
fine birds, which will sell for profitable prices. If you don’t expect
to give your poultry good care and proper food, don’t go into the
business. Having the confidence of all your birds is of much value.
Keep out sources of annoyance—boys and dogs. Don’t alarm your
live stock of any kind. ‘Fear worketh ferment,’ is a Bible maxim.”
—Jasper Blines.

“Poultry raising is not different from other callings, and fail-
ures are usually traced to not knowing or failing to attend to the
necessary details. Success follows knowledge just as surely as fail-
ure hangs on ignorance. Unfortunately, the knowledge necessary
to successful poultry production is harder to obtain than in most
other occupations. It has to come largely from personal experi-
ence. In most other callings there are certain accepted principles
which are well understood. There are no known rules which will
always produce like results in poultry production, yet success is
pretty certain to follow, if stated principles are carried out. The
wise beginner is one, who, having determined to enter the ranks,
is willing to put in long hours all the year, be content with fair
wages and keep ‘everlastingly at it.’ Then results will follow.”—
Mrs. W. B. McCord.

Poultry Problems and Profits. A407

“If one has a natural taste for the occupation, is willing to
work (every day in the year) and pay attention to details, there
is pleasure and profit in poultry raising, but if not attended to
properly, better keep out of it as a business proposition.”—Miss
A. Sargent.

VALUE OF PURE-BRED BIRDS.

There is no more reason why the man in the poultry business
should raise birds of poor quality than should the farmer raise
scrub cattle, sheep or hogs. If it pays to raise pure-bred live stock
of one kind, why not of all? The poultryman who raises beautiful
birds, in which he takes pride, will get more profit and more
pleasure out of his work than does the man who is satisfied with
scrubs. There is value in uniformity. The attractiveness of the
flock on the farm often aids in making sales. Another advantage
of having a flock of uniform kind and color comes in the marketing
of commercial poultry and eggs. We must have pure-bred fowls
in order to insure uniformity in color, shape and size of eggs. It
is also a decided advantage, when marketing dressed poultry, to
have all uniform in size, color and conformation.

“Tf all farmers in Missouri knew the value of a pure strain
of fowls there never would be a mixed bunch of mongrel poultry
to be found in the limits of the State. A little experience of mine
will illustrate the point. I culled out of my flock of pure-bred
birds, last year, one hundred head of cockerels that were unfit
for breeding purposes, and sold them to a local dealer here at an
advance of one and one-half cents per pound over the market price.”
—Gus L. Hainline.

“Tam convinced from my experience that it does not cost
as much to raise thoroughbred poultry as it does the common stock.
It takes longer to mature the common stock, which means more
feed, hence more cost.’”—Harry Sloan.

“T have been engaged in the poultry and produce business in
this county for five years, and have noticed with interest the im-
provement in quality. JI have on every occasion that I could, dur-
ing these five years, encouraged the farmers and poultry raisers to
get the better breeds of poultry, explaining to them how they could
raise and keep hens that weigh six to eight pounds as easily and
as cheaply as they could keep scrubs weighing only three or four
pounds each.”—Elmer L. Finch.

A408 Missouri Agricultural Report.

INCUBATION.

There are two methods of incubation—natural and artificial.
The success of either depends, first, upon the egg itself. Neither
hen nor incubator can hatch an infertile egg. In mating birds
one male should be allowed to from twelve to twenty hens, de-
pending upon the breeds, also upon other conditions. The fertility
of eggs depends, too, upon the health and vigor of the flock, and
to some extent upon the feed and care. Eggs for hatching should
be kept at a temperature of from 40 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Eggs of standard size, rather than very large or extremely small,
should be selected, and the best results may be expected when all
the eggs are of the same kind.

“The whole theory of incubation is based upon the fact that
if a fertile egg is kept for a sufficient period of time under certain
conditions of heat, moisture and position, it will be transformed
into a healthy fowl.”

The periods of incubation recognized as approximately correct
are as follows: Common hen, 21 days; pheasant, 25 days; com-
mon duck, 28 days; peafowl, 28 days; guinea, 25 days; goose, 30
days; Barbary duck, 30 days; turkey 28 days.

Those who adhere to the old, and generally sure and safe,
method of hatching eggs under the hen, may find it a good plan to
have two hens bring off their broods at the same time, then give
all the chicks to one hen. From twelve to sixteen eggs are generally
placed under a hen, the number depending upon the size of the
hen, the kind of eggs, and the time of year, it being safe to give
a hen more eggs to cover when the weather is very warm than
when it is cool. Chicks hatched by the natural process are generally
strong, but are in more danger from vermin, unless the hens and
their surroundings are carefully looked after.

With the use of incubators constantly becoming more com-
mon, the subject of artificial incubation is one of interest to a very
large per cent of the people. “The incubator,” some one has said.
“was the first nature fakir.” To this it might be added that it
has “made good.” The idea of artificial incubation is not new.
Artificial egg hatching was practiced before the Christian era.
Ancient hatching ovens have recently been unearthed by explorers
in Old World ruins.

Poultry Problems and Profits. 409

Dr. Richard H. Wood, in Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 236, United
States Department of Agriculture, says: ‘‘The incubator is an
important factor in poultry raising. It is a success; it has come
to stay; and the time is not far distant when it will be as neces-
sary upon every farm as is the plow, the mower or the separator.”

The incubator is not an improvement upon nature. Nature
is not to be improved upon. However, it may be said that artific-
ial incubation has its advantages. The chicks may be hatched
early and be ready to market when prices are good. The pullets
mature earlier in the fall and commence laying before winter
sets in. The hens, when stopped from sitting, may soon com-
mence laying again.

POULTRY HOUSE AT STATE HOSPITAL AT NEVADA, MO.

The kind of incubator is all important. As it has to deal
with living products, it should be as near perfect as possible. Buy
a good incubator or none at all. Dr. Wood, who is quoted else-
where in this article, summarizes the good points of an incubator,
as follows: “Good material, good workmanship, and adaptability
of parts, or such arrangement of the various parts of the machine
as shall make it efficient, practical, and convenient, are desirable.
Two dead-air spaces, good strong legs, plenty of space in the egg
chamber, good windows properly placed, a good thermometer lo-

410 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cated where it can be read wthout disturbing the machine, are
all necessary and among the strong points of a good incubator.
In addition to these, there are a good lamp—one with a good
burner and a good chimney—a good regulator, a good strong tray
properly placed and a good, roomy nursery tray below.”

A good incubator having been purchased, the place to put
it is next to be considered. The location should be one that is
not subject to too great changes of temperature. A cellar, if it
is well ventilated (pure air being a necessity) and not too damp,
may prove to be a good place. Drafts are to be avoided, nor
should the direct rays of the sun be allowed to fall upon the ma-
chine, which should stand perfectly level.

Next comes care. The best machine, properly placed, will
prove a failure unless carefully cared for. With each machine
are complete instructions which should be carefully studied, then
followed. The operator should do his experimenting before the
eggs are placed in the machine, never after. With this object
in view, the machine may be started some time before it is to be
filled. Care should be taken to see that the regulator is working
perfectly. The eggs should be tested as directed, say at the end
of the seventh, tenth and fourteenth days. Do not handle the
eggs with greasy hands. Beware of too much heat in the machine.
More chickens have been cooked than were ever frozen to death,
and more chicks have been hatched in over-heated incubators than
were ever raised. Keep the lamp filled and cleaned, having regu-
lar hours for the work, and use none but good oil. Finally, re-
member that “too many cooks spoil the broth.’ Let one person
manage the machine.

Dr. J. H. Casey, in writing on “The Science of Poultry,”
touches upon incubation as follows:

“Why do chickens die in the shell and fail | to come to ma-
turity? By some the lack of moisture is advanced as the sure
reason; by others, the variation of the heat in the incubator. Now
both may have a show of reason, and yet from the results alone,
neither may be right. The study of nature’s laws as carried out
by the instincts of the hen is the only positive way by which we
may learn just what is necessary to obtain success. There are
laws which govern this process, and these laws must be copied
exactly to get the same results which nature produces. In this
we are dealing with the problem of life and the vital questions
which produce and sustain it. What are these laws? Heat, as

Poultry Problems and Profits. A411

produced by and radiating from the living body and applied in the
proper manner. The degree of this heat is stated to be 103 de-
grees Fahrenheit, as shown by placing a thermometer under a
setting hen. But the question arises, is the same degree of heat
maintained all the time during natural incubation? And is this
amount of heat as radiated from the hen modified or raised by
any known cause? Has it been proved that this law as applied
by artificial incubation is exactly the same as supplied by nature?
Is the knowledge of this law a positive one and its action a scientific
fact? Again, take another of nature’s laws, moisture. How
much of this is supplied by the hen? Has or can this be measured
exactly during the entire time of incubation? How much is neces-
sary to obtain the desired results? In what way does this mois-
ture affect the growing chick? Is this law scientifically applied?
We know that within the egg nature stores, a certain amount of
air for the sustenance of the future bird, and that when the hen
leaves the eggs to provide herself with food and water, that air
passes through the shell, and carbonic acid gas passes out, but
have we as yet determined positively the exact amount of this
interchange of gases? A positive knowledge of this may aid us
in determining how long we should cool the eggs. As the chick
develops in the shell, by a chemical process, carbonic acid gas is
formed and by the method of exosmosis, this passes off in the air.
Shut up in the incubator it accumulates unless proper exits are
provided. Do we keep the air in the incubator as pure as the
natural process? Here, again, we need scientific knowledge in
order to copy nature.”

CARE OF THE CHICKS.

The problem of keeping chicks alive and healthy is one more
difficult of solution than is that of how to get a good hatch. It
often happens that an unusually fine hatch is followed by the
death of a large per cent of the chicks. In fact, chicks of phe-
nomenal hatches seem harder to raise than are those hatched when
only average records have been made. Such chicks may seem es-
pecially bright and active at first, only to chill, sicken and die
later. They are usually sensitive to cold, caused, some authorities
contend, by the incubator having been kept too hot, and perhaps
too dry. Such chicks may hatch earlier than others, this fact
leading the beginner to believe that he has been unusually suc-
cessful.

412 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Cleanliness and warmth are necessary if the chick is to be
kept healthy. Beware of allowing the chick to become chilled.
See that its surroundings are conducive to comfort. Keep the
brooder clean and free of vermin. Do not crowd the chicks, nor
have the brooder too close or too hot. Remember that the chick’s
instinct teaches it to go toward the heat, rather than from it. Bear
in mind, too, that with the little chick, too much dampness means
death. In operating a brooder be guided always by the action of
the chicks. In this way you can tell whether the brooder is too hot
or two cold.

The chick’s food for the first day or two is supplied in the
yolk of the egg, which is enclosed in the body of the chick a short
time before it leaves the shell, so that the chick need be given no
food for from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and some author-
ities say longer. Do not give the chicks anything that will sour
in their stomachs. Do not overfeed, leaving the excess to sour.
Many chicks die because of sour, fermenting food, fed in filthy
troughs or vessels. The little chicks should always be kept hungry
enough to hunt for food, but remember that a little chick, like a
little child, needs food often. Weak chicks may be started upon
dry bread crumbs moistened with milk. Hard-boiled eggs are
also good. After three or four days well-cooked corn bread baked
in a pone may be added. A feed that is recommended is to make
bread by mixing three parts corn meal, one part wheat bran, one
part wheat middlings or flour, with skim milk or water, mixing
it very dry and salting as usual for bread. Bake thoroughly and
when dry enough to crumble, break up, dry out in oven, and grind
in a mortar or mill. Grain cracked in an old coffee mill and sifted
through a sieve so that the particles will not be too large makes
good chick feed. As the chicks grow older see that they have
plenty of grain, meat and green food and pure fresh water.

To prevent bowel trouble in young chicks avoid all sloppy
food, and if necessary, take away the drinking water and use
scalded milk instead. She so-called white diarrhoea usually at-
tacks the chicks that are constitutionally weak, and seems worse
when they are exposed to dampness and cold.

Little chicks need grit, but the use of sharp, flinty grit is
condemned, for in the newly hatched chick the tissues are soft.
Crushed egg shells are the best grit for all very young chicks.

Some authorities contend that the incubator-hatched chick
doesn’t know enough to select food until it is eight or ten days
old, so may fill up on bran, sawdust or sand. These writers hold

Poultry Problems and Projits. 413

to the theory that instinct is not so fully developed in the in-
cubator-hatched chicks as in those that are hatched by the natural
method. If this is true it may account for the death of many
young chicks, and should serve as a warning against allowing
them to have access to such things as may cause their death in
this manner.

“My choice chick feed is millet, which I buy in the fall when
the farmers are threshing, but don’t feed millet without plenty
of grit. I take a small box and tack a piece of screen wire over
if after the bottom has been removed, making it like an old-style
meal sieve. Then I sift my grits, using the fine grit for the
little chicks, and saving the larger for the birds in the yards.”—
Robert Brittain.

TURKEYS GETTING GRASSHOPPERS IN MEADOW.

“Look out for lice. A few of the ‘big body lice’ will weaken
and kill a chick in a short time. To keep chicks free from lice
take a very little lard or vaseline and put it on the head and below
the wings. Have good dry coops, free from mites and dampness.
The cheapest way I know of to keep coops free from lice and mites
is to paint them with cheap kerosene.”—Dan Oberhellmann.

FEEDS AND FEEDING.

One of the first rules to be observed in feeding is to make
the fowls work for all they get, but be sure that they are paid for
their work. Scanty rations, grudingly furnished, will never make
a thrifty flock. Grains should be fed in light, clean straw. Hens
enjoy scratching, but not in damp, filthy litter.

It is said that the average hen will consume about 110 pounds
of food per year, and that a flock of fifty hens will drink from

414 Missouri Agricultural Report.

one to two gallons of water per day. “Too much stress cannot
be placed on the necessity of having good water, as impure water
will undoubtedly cause sickness among the poultry. The more
green food consumed, the less will be the quantity of water need-
ed.”

The feeding of chicks has already been touched upon. A bal-
anced ration is important in the feeding of fowls. By a “balanced
ration” is meant one in which the protein and carbohydrates is
properly proportioned. Chickens on outside range balance their
own rations. All feeding stuff contains three elements to greater
or less degree, protein, carbohydrates (including fat) and ash.
Protein makes flesh, blood, muscles and tendon. Carbohydrates
supply fat, heat and energy. Ash supplies the mineral needed in
bone and egg making. The condition of the fowl is always the
best guide in making rations. If the birds are getting too fat
reduce the carbohydrates (starch, oil, fat of grain, etc.) and in-
crease foods rich in protein. Skimmed milk is a valuable source
of animal protein. Study both the food and the fowl. In cold
weather, fowls need more fuel nutrition. Laying hens require
more protein in order to secrete white of egg, which is a form
of protein called albumen. A hen that lays 150 eggs per year
will require for egg shell alone, more than 1 1-2 pounds of mineral
matter. Wheat, bran, clover and turnips are rich in mineral
matter.

Cottage cheese is rich in protein, but poor in fat. Earth
worms and grass hoppers contain nearly ten times as much pro-
tein as fat. Fowls are grain-eaters and are also fond of meat,
so they must have animal food to make a balanced ration if they
have not access to soil containing worms, or a range providing
bugs and grasshoppers. One pound of fresh cut green bone is
sufficient for sixteen hens. Meat meal and fresh meat are good,
but too much will cause intestinal trouble. Many a farmer has
found his hens have increased in egg laying soon after “hog kill-
ing time,” the animal matter which they got at that time being
just what was needed. Some have found it a good plan to oc-
casionally buy a piece of cheap meat and hang it up where the
hens could peck at it. Cabbage or other vegetables may also be
fed in the same way, and the more of such food the better. Hens
need green food and plenty of it.

The system of dry mash feeding is one that is now generally
recommended, especially for laying hens. One authority says,
“Feed grain and vegetables, in straw, in morning, making birds

Poultry Problems and Profits. A15

work. Then feed warm, easily digested mash at night, for eggs.”
However, poultrymen are not agreed as to the best time for feed-
ing mash, some favoring it for the morning meal. A good mash
may be made of 3 parts bran, 2 parts middlings, 1 part corn meal,
1 part oat meal, + part meat meal, 4 part charcoal and 1 teaspoon
salt. Another would be 4 parts shorts, 2 parts alfalfa meal, 1
part corn meal, 14, part meal meat, % part charcoal, 1 teaspoon
salt.

Some good balanced rations that have been recommended are
as follows:

Five pounds wheat, 4 pounds corn meal, 5 pounds barley, 2
pounds alfalfa, 2 pounds bran, 1 pound meat meal, 14 pound blood
meal. If alfalfa is not available use more oil cake or meat meal.

Ten pounds wheat, 4 pounds middlings, 4 pounds bran, 1
pound meat meal, 15 pounds skim milk.

Ten pounds wheat, 3 pounds shorts, 5 pounds corn meal, 2
pounds cottage cheese, 1 pound blood meal.

Hens must have grit. “Grit enables the gizzard to prepare
the food for digestion. It is a fowl’s false teeth. When grit be-
comes worn out it is expelled. If the sharp material cannot be
secured, the food must remain unground in the gizzard until it
softens and falls to pieces.”

“Most of the time my poultry has free range, which is always
best at all times. When yarded I try to use common sense in
feeding, following nature as near as possible, instead of form-
ulas.”—Miss A. Sargent.

“T feed wheat, oats, corn, cane seed and sunflower seed. In
winter a mash made of bran and alfalfa meal is fed once a day,
with an occasional feed of potatoes, beets, cabbage, turnips or
and refuse from the house.’”—F. C. Gibson.

“In winter I feed all kinds of grain that we raise; also green
bone, when I have it, and vegetables and milk, with grit and
plenty of clean water provided at all times.”—-Mrs. J. T. Hume.

“For green food use potatoes, timothy, crabgrass, peavines,
sweet potato vines, onions, radishes, lettuce, turnips, corn fodder,
kaffir fodder, carrots, ripe tomatoes and cow peas, and poor apples
and peaches, cooked. For grit, use coarse sand and some oyster
shell. <A little ground flax seed is good for the birds. I grind it
in a hand-mill by mixing a little grain ue prevent oil from clogging
up the mill.”—Elmer Putnam.

416 Missouri Agricultural Report.

‘We feed our hens at night on whole corn, and for the morn-
ing feed, give them a mixed feed composed of wheat, kaffir corn
and cracked corn in parts of ten bushels of wheat, ten bushels of
kaffir corn and five hundred pounds of cracked corn, thoroughly
mixed. I feed about a quart of this mixed feed to every dozen
hens each morning. I feed it in straw or trash. I have a bone
cutter and purchase from the butcher shop, at one cent per pouna,
fresh bones, which I put in the bone cutter and grind, and feed to
the chickens about twice each week. I usually purchase about
ten or fifteen pounds for seventy five or one hundred hens. We
start our little chicks on oat meal, feeding it dry, and by feeding
them on this dry oat meal until they are two or three weeks old
we prevent any bowel trouble among them. After they become
two or three weeks old we feed them baked corn bread, in which
some eggs have been stirred before baking, or we feed them meal
mixed with boiling water and when they are about three months old
we put the feeder out. Our feeder is one that I have made and
it did not cost much. I have a partition in it, and on one side I
put the whole corn, and in the other side I put the mixed feed of
wheat, kaffir corn and cracked corn; I put the feeder in some
convenient, shady place and keep fresh water, oyster shells and
grit close by. For grit I use finely crushed limestone rock and
coarse sand or gravel. In buying grain for feed, I buy the best,
believing it to be cheaper than musty or inferior grain.”—E. M.
Grimes.

YARDING AND HOUSING.

The location of the poultry yards is first to be considered.
This should be somewhat higher than the surface of the land
surrounding it, and never in a hollow. Avoid flat, damp, sour
land if you would have your birds healthy. <A piece of ground
upon which water stands long after a rain is not a fit place for
poultry. A porous soil, slightly sandy or gravelly, is preferable
to a clay soil, as it is more easily kept in a sanitary condition, yet
the soil should be good enough to support plant life. A southern
slope is to be preferred, just as it is best to have buildings front
south.

There are two methods of housing—the colony plan and the
apartment house. Some advantages of the colony plan, consisting
of a large number of small houses, are, no expense for fencing,
less need for scrupulous care as to cleanliness, a wider range for

Poultry Problems and Profits. AIT

the birds, which is an aid to good health, and less need for animal
and vegetable foods to be supplied during the summer season.
Some disadvantages are, extra amount of labor required in getting
around to all the houses, especially in bad weather; greater cost
of buildings for same number of birds that could be accommo-
dated in one continuous apartment house, and inability to care for
as large a number of birds per acre.

The trouble with too many plans for poultry houses is that
they mean too much expense for the average man. However,
there are a few general suggestions which all may follow. One
mistake often made is that we build our hen houses more to ac-

A POULTRY HOUSE BUILT AT LITTLE COST. DRINKING FOUNTAIN SHOWN
IN FOREGROUND.
commodate ourselves than the hen, making them higher than need
be, and sacrificing good points for good looks. One objection to
the average poultry house is that it is too tight, yet not tight
enough. This is to say, that the house should be so constructed
as to keep out drafts, but not air. Should half the front be taken
out of the average hen house and the material thus obtained, used
in closing every crevice in the sides and back, making the building
draft-proof, but leaving half the front open except for woven wire,
with a curtain to be used in cold or stormy weather, the birds
TN

418 Missouri Agricultural Report.

would be benefited. The house should be dry. Dampness is
worse than cold. ‘Better a cold dry house than a warm damp
one.” Too much glass in a poultry house means added expense,
and more—it causes too great changes in temperature, the sun
shining through the glass heating the house in the day and causing
it to cool off rapidly at night. The amount of floor space needed
for each hen depends somewhat upon the extent of the outside
range, as well as upon the size of the building itself, less space
per hen being necessary in a large building than in a small one,
but five square feet is generally regarded as a fair figure. Eight
or ten cubic feet of air space should be allowed each bird. The
house should be so constructed as to allow the sun to shine in and
back across the entire floor, so that there will be no dark, damp
corners. All perches should be placed on a level, and the proper
height from the floor will depend considerably upon the kind of
birds to be accommodated, the heavier breeds needing lower
perches than the lighter ones. From seven to ten inches of perch
room is recommended for each bird. The perches should be built
so as to be easily removed and cleaned. The entire arrangement
of the house should be such as to lessen the labor and to add to
thoroughness in cleaning. Lengthy dropping boards are labor
savers. Every house should have a scratching shed—‘“the hen’s
gymnasium.” There should also be, in the sunniest spot in the
house, a dust box—‘the hen’s bath.” The location of the nests
should be where the hen will have quiet and not too much light.

Of all the plans of housing, that known as the curtain-front
system is proving most popular. This is, as the name implies,
an open front, or in part open front, house in which curtains take
the place of glass in the openings, the curtains being used only
when needed. At some of the poultry stations, these houses have
proved very satisfactory and are coming into general use through-
out the country. The health of birds kept in such houses is gen-
erally good, they are less sensitive to cold, and the egg output is
increased.

PLANS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR YARDS AND BUILDINGS.

From letters received from Missouri poultry raisers, we take
the following:

“T here give particulars of breeding houses, as follows: Ma-
terial, 2x6 sills spiked onto short post set in ground; 2x4 nail ties.
Boxed with yellow pine ship-lap. The cornice I get by boxing

Poultry Problems and Profits. 419

first, then run 2x4 around top edge of building, and sheeting ex-
tending to outer edge of 2x4, thus making it absolutely tight.
- Cover ship-lap with tar paper. Roof with best sheeting and 3-ply
roofing. After letting stand in weather from four to six months
I paint building, including tar paper. Letting building stand a
while before painting makes paint stick. Otherwise paint will
peel off of yellow pine or tar paper within a year. Partition sep-
arating roosting room from scratching department is made of
ship-lap. Floor to roosting recom is of tongue-and-grooved floor-
ing. Scratching shed floor is of dirt. A few things about house:
Both muslin and glass windows, coop up in scratching shed for
broody hens, roosts made of 2x6 set loose in sockets, the arrange-
ment beng such as to make each bird roost by itself. This keevs
the birds from getting too warm, and is the best roup preventive.
These breeding houses I build 8x12 feet, which makes 8x6 roost-
ing room, and 8x6 scratching shed. For entire building the cost
is from $23 to $26, depending upon the cost of material at the time
of building. These houses I like so well for breeding houses that
I would not think of making any changes, even were I building a
hundred more.”—E. C. McClaskey.

“My house is built tight on three sides, with a large opening
on the south, which opening is rarely ever closed except in very
stormy weather. I have an old hotbed sash made to slide over
the opening which admits plenty of sunshine. The roosts are
made of 2x3 lumber with four pieces nailed on for legs, the whole
resembling a carpenter’s trestle, about two feet high and long
enough to accommodate about six hens. I find that by roosting in
small companies the birds are less liable to take cold in winter.
Where there are a number of fowls on the same roost those in
the middle get to sweating at night, and when they come off in the
morning before it is quite light enough to feed they become chilled,
and the consequence is a cold, then roup, then the hatchet. I be-
lieve that this explains why fowls that roost outside in trees with
just a few on a limb are seldom, if ever, troubled with roup.”—E.
J. Lowe.

“Our houses are framed with 2x4, boxed up and covered all
over sides and ends with tar paper, put on with batting. The
roofing is double ply rubber composition. The houses are 4 feet
in the back, by 7 feet high in the front, 10 feet deep, by 12 feet
long. Twenty-five birds are kept to a house. The houses have
curtain fronts and one door, all on the south side. The curtains

420 Missouri Agricultural Report.

are built on a frame, with two frames to a house. The frames are
hinged to the top and on nice days are hooked back under the roof,
converting the house at once into an open scratching shed, as we
keep six or eight inches of straw on the floor all winter, chang-
ing the old straw for new as it gets broken up and trashy. The
openings for the curtain fronts are covered with wire netting so
that in bad weather the fronts can be raised and the birds are still
kept in the shed.”—T. E. Dunphy.

‘Here is my idea of a cheap poultry house: Build founda-
tion two feet from ground and lay on it a double floor of rough
boards. Around the ends and north side of this floor, one foot
back from edge, nail down 2x4’s. To the overhead joists nail an-
other line of 2x4’s. To these, at top and bottom, are to be nailed
the boxing (boards) for inside wall. If the poultry netting is
stretched taut four feet, I think, is close enough for a board. Brace
the corners securely before attempting to stretch the poultry wire.
The outer wall is made similar to one described, except that box-
ing is nailed to sills and plates. The space thus formed is to be
packed with straw or other material of like nature. The loft is
laid of loose boards, or even small poles, and then filled with
straw. The front is built on the curtain-front plan. The inside
may be arranged to suit the individual, though I strongly favor
partitions separating roosting room from scratching department.
The roosts are built so as to touch no part of the building. The
plan here given may also be modified to suit those who prefer a
dirt floor. Roof it both ways and the house will be warm and
wind proof.”—T. M. Polk, Jr.

“Our houses are constructed with a south, open front. In
construction, I use 12-inch barn siding, fitting it close and strip-
ping the cracks with wide batten, or strips. I make the frame
8 feet, 10 inches wide, 4 feet, 9 inches high on the north side and
7 feet, 3 inches high on the south side, and make it any length I
wish. I use these measurements to save lumber. A ten-foot, 2x4, will
make the rafters, which I put on before I put on the siding, and
in putting the siding on, I put it even with the top of the sheeting,
in order to avoid all drafts. Ten-foot boards cut into two pieces
of equal length will side the lower side, and twelve-foot boards
properly sawed will side the ends without any waste. By con-
structing the house 8 feet, 10 inches wide, nine widths of the board
will be exactly sufficient to cover the ends. I put a 12-inch board
at the bottom on the front side so that I can staple the wire front
to it. I board up 12 or 14 inches at the top, on the front side to

Poultry Problems and Profits. 421

suit the width of the wire. I use a small mesh poultry wire and
stretch it as tight as I can. If I can not get wire sufficiently
wide, I get two pieces, which by splicing will make the proper
width and sew them together with baling wire. Any kind of a
canvas curtain will do for the front, in case of stormy weather. I
have known some to use old carpet and it seemed to do very well.
We very seldom have occasion to use the curtain, and our chickens’
combs have never frozen, nor do the chickens have colds, and they
do not stop laying all through the winter. I use shingles for roof-
ing, and put the doors in the ends of the house. I construct the
roosts on a level and put them about two feet from the floor. By
taking 2x4’s and fastening one end to the north wall, and sup-
porting the other end by a wire swung from the rafter, I make
them level. I then put poles on the 2x4’s for roosts. I make my
houses low because I think it is warmer in winter time.”—E. M.
Grimes.

A MISSOURI PLYMOUTH ROOK HEN, WINNER OF FIRST PRIZE AT LOUISIANA
PURCHASE EXPOSITION.

“IT have been using the open front hen house for the past
three years and find it so much better than the closed ones that
I wish others to be benefited by my experience. Besides, I am
doing the hens a great favor, as they are so much healthier and
happier and will lay more eggs. Such a house ean also be built
cheaper than any other, as it requires no windows, which make a
house too warm, and then too cold. Then in the hot summer time

422 Missouri Agricultural Report.

such a house is cool, as the heat from the sun on the sides and
roof passes off at the upper opening, so the hens have a more
even temperature both day and night. My hens prefer it to other
shade in the hot summer days. This house always has dry, pure
air, and even the droppings dry up quickly, no matter what the
weather is. The accompanying ground plan shows two pens, each
12x24 feet with dropping boards at the north end 3% feet
wide, with three roosts bolted to pieces that have legs at one end
8 inches long and the other end hinged to the wall, so that the
roosts can be lifted and hooked up to a rafter when cleaning the
dropping boards. I have very simple trap nests just under the
dropping boards. They are made of orange boxes. The parti-
tions between the pens should be boarded up tight from the north
side to the door, so as to avoid any draft back on the roosts. The
water vessels and dry-mash box I put in the partition on a plat-
form 314 feet by 4 feet and raise it 14 inches from the ground.
The dust bath is 214x5, in the sunny south end. The south end of
the house, both above and below, should be covered with one-
inch mesh wire netting to keep the sparrows out, and on the in-
side of the upper opening should be a wooden frame hung on
hinges at the top and provided with rope and pulley, so it can be
raised and lowered when desired. There should be a good solid
foundation under this house, and it should be raised from 6 inches
to a foot, according to the dampness of the soil, and filled in near-
ly up to the sills with stone or dirt, then three inches of clay should
be spread on top and thoroughly wet and tamped down level,
which makes an excellent warm, durable floor. The frame can
be built with 2x4’s, except that the pieces which hold up the upper
ends of the rafters should be 2x6. Cover the sides and back end
with good inch lumber 1x12, and batten every crack, then thorough-
ly paint it. Cover the top with some good felt roofing. Cover
the clay floor all over with a foot of leaves or straw and feed all
grain in them and you have a healthy happy hen family.”—D. J.
Bliss.

“The average size of our poultry houses is 6x6 feet, 314 feet
in rear and 8-foot front, boxed and stripped, with door and win-
dow in south side. Doors are 2x6 feet, and windows made of four
10x12-inch lights. The roosts are portable, and 18 inches from
the earth floor. In such a house a dozen hens will do well, and
in zero weather we put from 20 to 25 head in these houses, and
they don’t get their combs frozen, but in large open houses they
freeze their combs. We find that small houses and small flocks pay

Poultry Problems and Profits. 423

largest dividends. We advocate plenty of room for range and
house. As it gets colder put more birds to a room, so that their
own heat will keep their combs from freezing. A cloth curtain
over window, when thermometer is at zero, is a great help to pre-
vent frozen combs. In a long poultry house, as the weather gets
colder, a wagon sheet used as a partition to cause fowls to roost
closer together is just the thing, keeping in their heat and letting
them have plenty of ventilation. During the day open glass win-
dows, leaving only the cloth curtains before the openings.’—John
R. Garber.

“T think the cheapest and best house for Southwest Missouri
is a concrete building 8 feet high, 12 feet wide and long enough
to accommodate the size flock one may care to keep. Make floor
of concrete.”—Mrs. J. M. Butts.

“The hennery of State Hospital No. 3 was put in operation
January 21, 1908. During the eight months ending October 1, it
produced for the use of the institution 2,716 pounds of poultry
and 5,201 dozen eggs. In this aggregate the eggs used in the in-
cubators are not counted. The poultry man’s report for this period
shows an expenditure, including his own wages at $50 per month,
of $643.37. The total value of the product at market prices was
a little more than $1,200. The food supplied the hens was largely
table scraps. The appropriation made by the last General As-
sembly for the establishment of this hennery was $2,500. Nine
cement houses were built for the hens at a cost of about $85 each.
These houses are double, each room being 14x18, making the entire
structure 14x36 feet. Each single room carries from 50 to 60
hens, and has a yard of one-half acre. The south side of the
house is about one-half windows and doors, and canvas is used in
the openings instead of glass. An incubator house made much
like the other cement buildings furnishes room for the five in-
cubators and the indoor brooders. The poultryman has a neat
little cottage immediately adjacent to the yards and lives with the
chickens. The hens number about 1,000. Health among them
has been exceptionally good, and they have testified their appre-
ciation of kind attention by liberal laying.”—-A. Cummins,
Steward.

“Our plant is located upon 50 acres of ground, at the present
time, about fifteen acres of which is devoted entirely to the rais-
ing of poultry. A peach and apple orchard of about two acres is
divided into ten large yards or run-ways, in which the breeding
stock is kept. This provides the fowl with ample range and shade,

424 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the shade preventing them from becoming rusty and sunburned.
The yards are sown in a mixture of many grasses, including or-
chard grass, which thrive luxuriantly. Each house is provided
with an apartment open to the south; in this the fowls are fed
during the winter, the floor of same being covered with leaves (oak
and hickory preferred) or straw. The feed is scattered in the litter
upon the floor, the fowls being compelled in this manner to work
for their food, thus keeping warm and healthy. Ground bone,
oyster shell, grit and charcoal are kept in hoppers, where the fowl!
can get them at all times. Green and soft food and green bone
is provided about once or twice a week, depending largely upon the
apparent condition of the fowl. The most important of all, and
that upon which the greatest stress must be laid, is, that water
should be furnished the fowls very often and in abundance. Dur-
ing the winter, the water is heated and given from two to five
times a day. No hen will lay unless she can get plenty of water,
no matter how well she is fed. The roosting house is partitioned
off from the scratching apartment, and is made very warm, but
no artificial heat is furnished. The roosts are made of 2x4 scant-
lings, which have been planed on the edges, and which are set in
cleats so that they can be removed without trouble and cleaned, and
in this manner kept free from vermin. Underneath the roosts are
dropping boards, and underneath the dropping boards are nests.
The hens in this way are provided a dark and quiet place for lay-
ing. The setting of the hens and incubators begins about the
middle of December, and stops the first of June. There are two
places in which the hatching in incubators is done; one is in the
cellar under the main residence, and the other is in a special house
erected at the end of a long brooder house. This latter house being
double boarded, tar papered and made very dark and tight, there
being but one small window on the southern side. A folding door
leads from this incubator house into the brooder house. The
brooder house has a long hallway to the back, and from this hall-
way there are twenty or more separate pens or runways, and in
each one of these is located a brooder of sufficient capacity to
house one hundred chicks. This house has a total capacity of over
two thousand young chicks. This house is heated by a large stove,
which is only used in extreme weather, as the heat from the
brooders is sufficient to keep it at proper temperature nearly al!
of the time. The idea of having the incubator house and brooder
house opening into each other is to avoid the necessity of expos-
ing the young chicks to cold weather, when they are taken from

Poultry Problems and Profits. 425

the incubator and placed in the brooder, as the slightest chill at
this time will cause certain death in a few days. There are other
brooder houses and coops on the farm for the use of the chicks,
as the weather gets warmer. Another building, and probably the
most interesting, is known as the cockerel house. This house is
sixty feet long, with a hallway through the center and with run-
ways leading off on each side, having a total of thirty different
runways. On the side of each runway about three feet from the

COCKEREL HOUSE ON A MISSOURI POULTRY FARM.

ground is located a coop with two partitions. In this way ninety
male birds can be kept separately, in condition for exhibition pur-
poses, and kept in good feather, health, style and spirit, as the male
birds, when permitted to run in flocks, fight each other, injuring
combs and plumage, often retarding growth and appearance of
the more timid ones. This house is considered the most valuable
and important one on the place.”—W. W. Henderson.

426 Missouri Agricultural Report.

EGG PRODUCTION.

Many things affect egg production. Important as is food, it is
only a single factor. Under ideal conditions the healthy, happy
hen is a practically perfect egg machine, but the hen is not always
healthy and happy, nor are conditions always ideal. Food may not
be of the right kind, or given in the proper quantity; the surround-
ings may be unsanitary, or too hot or too cold; too many birds
may be crowded into a single building; they may be frightened
and disturbed; may lack sunshine and exercise; lice or mites may
interfere; the hen may lack constitutional vigor, or may not have
the proper conformity to egg laying; she may not come of a laying
breed, or she may come of a laying breed, yet not of the best lay-
ing strain. Thus does the problem of heavy egg production largely
resolve itself into one of how to keep the laying hen in the highest
state of health.

The happy hen, like the happy man, will do the best work.
The lazy, excessively fat or excessively lean hens have all been
failures as layers. “A very fat hen will not lay well, and a very
poor hen cannot lay well.” We must, then, let our aim be the
happy medium.

Every poultryman is interested in knowing how to get the
largest number of eggs from a given number of hens in the shortest
time and at the least expense—to gather two eggs where only one
gathered before, as it were. The average hen on the farm does
not produce 100 eggs per year, but she ought to produce a gross
of eggs—a dozen dozen—each year, There are a number of cases
on record where hens have produced more than 250 eggs per year,
but this is a record such as the average poultryman cannot hope
to equal.

For increased egg production we should discard drones and
breed producers to producers, mating strong, but not related, in-
dividuals of the same variety. Thus may we develop a laying
strain, for birds may stamp their capabilities on their progeny.
One of the first problems, then, is to determine the layers. This
we may do by using trap nests. A trap nest is an arrangement
for catching the hen that lays the egg. There are many kinds of
trap nests on the market, but the principle of all is the same.
~ When the hen enters the nest to lay an egg the door is closed, and
she cannot get out until released. Trap nests require too much

Poultry Problems and Profits. 427

time and attention to be kept in use at all times on the farm, but
if used even occasionally they may be of great value in gather-
ing information as to the best layers. By using trap nests the best
egg producing hens will not be sold, but the drones may be deter-
mined and disposed of. When trap nests are used, each hen should
be provided with a leg band, and an accurate record of eggs pro-
duced entered in a book provided for that purpose.

The laying hen is the young hen, and in order to have good
winter layers pullets should mature early. Hens that are past two
years old, or three at the most, do not, as a rule, prove profitable.

Some contend that there is as distinct type for the laying hen
as for the dairy cow. On this subject one authority writes, “It
has been said that there is no difference in the egg-laying capacity
of breeds but only of strains. To this a distinct denial must be
made. For instance, a game fowl has no conformity to egg-laying,
and could never be brought up by the most scientific selection to
the capacity of an Italian Leghorn, whose conformity is naturally
adapted to prolific egg production.”

“It is easy enough to have eggs when everybody else has them,
but what we want is eggs when scarcely anybody else has them.”
Eggs are low in price and plentiful in warm weather, and high
and scarce in cold weather. So the most profit comes in winter
egg production, which will depend largely upon housing and feed-
ing. These subjects are taken up in other chapters. In the main,
it may be said that the laying hen requires a highly nitrogenous
ration. To the grains ordinarily used as poultry food should be
added beef scraps or other similar materials. Sour skim milk is
good for laying hens. Plenty of green food is also needed.

“Last February we got 100 dozen eggs from 80 hens. Our
neighbors all around us got scarcely any. Two of our neighbors,
each of whom had as many chickens as we have, claimed they did
not get any eggs in February. They thought we had some secret
way of making our hens lay, and did not want to tell. The fact
is, we only fed our birds lots of wheat and other feed, including
fresh meat, and made them work for it. We also kept plenty of
oyster shell, where they could get it.”—James Grover.

To increase the output of all the Missouri hens one dozen
eggs each per year would be to place no less than $2,000,000 ad-
ditional in the purses of those engaged in poultry production in
the State.

428 Missouri Agricultural Report.

“In selecting fowls for their egg laying qualities and to im-
prove along this line there are several methods that can be fol-
lowed. To the breeder of fancy fowls the trap-nest is the most
reliable and accurate, but to the general breeder and to the farmer
this method causes too much work. Therefore, they must resort
to other methods. It has been proven that pullets raised from a
hen that has proved herself a heavy layer, will, as a rule, be heavy
layers themselves, but we must remember that the male has a
great influence on the flock, so to make a greater improvement in
the building up of the flock we should breed these pullets to a male
that is known to be from a heavy laying strain, and the produce
from this mating should increase in their egg laying qualities, and
so by careful selection on and on we cannot tell just what limit
can be reached. My own experience shows a little what can be
done. From a start about six years ago with trap nests I found
my flock was giving me an average of about 115 eggs per year.
By careful selection by means of the trap nest, I have increased
the average until last year it was 200 eggs for the flock, and some
individuals produced as high as 237 eggs for the year. Am still
striving to beat that this year. This shows something of what
can be done by proper selection; but as I have said before, the
average farmer and general breeder cannot spare the time to look
after trap nests. However, what breeder or farmer’s wife or
daughter is there who likes fowls and works with them, who does
not know just about how ‘Old Speckle’ and many other hens on
the place lay? By a little close observation you can nearly always
tell the hens that are laying the most eggs, and those that lay for
the longest period. Right here let me say, always save eggs from
such hens for setting purposes; keep them separate from all other
eggs, and when the chicks hatch, mark them so that you will know
them, and be sure and keep the best of them for your next sea-
son’s breeders. If you will do this and keep it up for a few years,
always remembering to use a male that you know to be from a
heavy laying strain, you will surely reap your reward by the in-
creased production of eggs that is sure to follow, also by the uni-
formity of your flock that always is the result of close culling.
Cull closely, but try not to discard the laying hen. A little time in
observation around the nests at laying time will soon show you
which hens are doing the laying, and if I am not mistaken you
will soon find in your flock a large number of hens that are scarcely
ever seen on the nests. These drones are the ones that are eating

a

Poultry Problems and Profits. 429

up the profits of the average flock, and the sooner you can market
them, the more profit you will make from the balance of your flock.
Save nothing but the ones that are proving themselves good layers.
Nearly every poultry raiser who will study and observe his flock
closely can soon tell the laying hen by her shape. Study well the
shape of the hens you know to be good layers, and you will find
that all the best laying hens in your flock have nearly the same
characteristics, as far as shape is concerned. There are not many
flocks but which, with close observance and constancy, cannot be

A MODERN AND INEXPENSIVE CURTAIN FRONT HOUSE.
(See page 417).

made to increase in egg yield from fifty to one hundred per cent,
according to the number of hens kept, and if this is done, J think
you will agree with me that your time has been well spent in mak-
ing the improvement.”’—E. C. Branch.

MARKETING.

The path of profit in poultry leads from pen, through market
place, into pot or pan. The paramount question, then becomes,
how, where and when is it possible for the poultryman to dispose
of his surplus products to the best advantage? By “best advant-
age’ is meant, not only the most money for today, but a lengthen-
ing list of satisfied customers for tomorrow.

430 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Each year Missouri farmers and poultrymen lose in the ag-
gregate, thousands, perhaps millions of dollars, because of poor
methods in marketing, yet few stop to count the cost of this care-
lessness.

The poultryman must sell to the consumer or the dealer. In
either case he should remember that poultry, even more than peo-
ple, is judged by appearances—even though appearances may
sometimes be deceptive. “A dirty egg is a disgrace to the one
who sells it.”

Are you going to sell direct to the consumer? If so, there are
many things to be considered. You must know your market, for
different markets have different requirements. For instance, “In
Boston, Providence and other important New England markets
the fancy trade demands brown-shelled eggs. In New York, best
prices are received for eggs with white shells.” Then you will
profit by it if you are able to cater to the wants of each individual
customer. In delivering goods direct to the consumer, a neat
packages, upon which is printed or stenciled the farm name, will
prove a good investment. It is generally true that the seller who
takes pains to prepare a neat package will usually see that it is
filled with goods of first-class quality. To put nice clean eggs in
dirty boxes or baskets is to do injustice to the hen. A neat package
attracts customers. A high-class trade is worth working for, but
it must be remembered that a high-class trade demands high-class
goods. If the goods are not better than can be bought on the open
market the consumer will not long continue to pay the poultryman
fancy prices. Selling eggs direct to the consumer also demands
that the supply be continuous, and not only continuous, but regular.
The best buyers are looking for the man who can furnish them
eggs when eggs are scarce. The ability to supply eggs when they
are hard to obtain elsewhere will often mean a customer through-
out the year. “Extra quality goods, attractively put up, delivered
at the right time and to the right person, means easy money.” The
extra price per dozen which is paid for quality is almost clear gain.
An advance of five cents per dozen on ten dozen eggs is fifty cents,
and on 200 hens, averaging 120 eggs per year, the advance amounts
to $100 annually. In every large city, and in many smaller ones,
are families who are willing to pay a premium for choice goods.
The largest returns come from supplying such customers, but it
must be remembered that not every poultryman is prepared to do
so with profit. Selling direct to the consumer means much more
care and considerably more labor and expense. There is also more

a

Poultry Problems and Profits. 431

risk. “One bad egg will ruin the reputation gained by selling a
thousand good ones.” The poultryman who is able to deliver,
regularly and continuously, goods of guaranteed superiority, will
experience no trouble in securing and holding good customers.
One Missouri poultry dealer writes as follows:

“For the coming season, I have a private customer in Chi-
cago who pays me one cent advance over highest Chicago market,
eges to be delivered at express office at my home town. This will
be six or seven cents per dozen better than local market.”

As a general proposition it is the best plan to sell poultry and
eggs to the dealer, provided he is willing to recognize quality, for
much of the complaint that is heard against him is unjust. There
are two sides to the question. First, a price that is uniform, is
unfair. Second, when a dealer pays for fresh eggs and good
poultry, he is entitled to what he pays for. As to the first propo-
sition, it may be .said that there is no more reason why all the
poultry should be bought at a price that is uniform—the same
price for the scrawniest and the fattest—than that all hogs, sheep,
or cattle should sell alike on the market. Such a system may mean

Pea SL i a se re /
age mene
ee ee ee ae

INTERIOR VIEW OF HOUSE, SHOWING ROOSTS SUSPENDED ON A LEVEL.
(See page 418).

the average worth of all the poultry and the actual worth of none.
It does not offer proper encouragement to the farmer with good
chickens. In many parts of Missouri, most of the poultry and
eggs is sold right at the farm, where drivers of poultry wagons
receive and pay for it, the uniform price for the day being fixed
before the driver starts out on his route. The result is that chick-
ens, good and bad, are crowded into the same coops, and eggs,
fresh and stale, placed in the same cases. So that the farmer who
sells inferior goods gets just as much credit—and just as much
cash—as his neighbor who supplies the best. Some buyers pursue
a different policy, paying a premium for fresh, clean eggs of good
color and size, and for choice, well-fatted birds, but as yet the
practice is not as common as it should become. Shippers and deal-
ers should stimulate the raising of good poultry. One extensive
Missouri dealer is doing this by furnishing pure bred cockerels to

432 Missouri Agricultural Report.

his customers at only a small advance over what he allows them
for their scrub stock. The result is that there is already a marked
improvement in the quality of the poultry marketed at his place.

“T am ready to add my mite toward helping to arouse an in-
terest in good poultry, that it may hasten the day when the market-
man will be forced to discriminate between choice poultry and
scrubs, just as the grocer now does between creamery and country
butter.”—Miss Annie Hoffarth.

As to the second part of the market proposition, it may be
said that the farmer may also be at fault.

One of the most prominent poultry raisers in Missouri writes,
under date of August 25, “Eggs that have been coming to market
for three months have been running from 30 to 60 per cent off,
with the result that such eggs have been selling in case lots at
from 13 to 15 cents per dozen. These same eggs, when sorted and
candled, have been bringing 20 to 21 cents per dozen, while my-
self and other poultry fanciers have been, and are selling our sur-
plus product for eating purposes at 30 to 35 cents per dozen.” This
same writer adds, “Spring chickens, weighing 1 to 14 pounds each.
are ready sale during March and best part of April at $6 to $7
per dozen. They must, however, be fed so as to attain this size
and weight at eight and not over nine weeks. A large poultry
plant, capable of supplying eggs (every egg stamped and dated)
and poultry of quality in quantities sufficient to fill the wants of
our best hotels and restaurants will, in my opinion, be a profitable
venture.”

All stock should be sorted. “A high-priced buyer will not
want the inferior stock at any price; therefore, if different grades
are mixed, the good stock will have to go to the cheap _buyer.”’
Farmers who cannot market eggs every few days, should be pre-
pared to test them and to know that they are selling none but good
eggs. Only a very simple contrivance is needed for candling, the
principle being that the fresh egg when placed at the end of a
tube or funnel of suitable size or in an opening beyond which there
is a strong light, appears clear and bright, showing no dark spot.
Some dealers buy eggs with the loss off, deducting for bad ones
which fail to stand the test when candled.

Cold storage has, by acting as a balance wheel, rapidly revolu-
tionized the poultry business. Eggs no longer “sell for a song” in
summer time. There is also a demand for poultry throughout the
year, because of refrigeration. Most Missouri poultry is sold alive,
then taken to the plants, where it is dressed, packed and prepared

Poultry Problems and Profits. 433

for shipment. The birds are dry picked. Dry-picking is always
to be preferred when preparing fowls for market. As most peo-
ple do not understand the dry-picking method, nor know how to
kill the chickens by sticking, it will, as a rule, be found best to sell
the fowls on foot. If birds picked other than by the dry process,
are torn in picking and are not properly preserved and plumped,
the sale is sure to prove a disappointment.

Sell the surplus cockerels. You can not afford to keep them
all summer “simply for the sake of their society,” as the price gen-
erally decreases with the added age and weight of the bird. Some
have found it profitable to convert the cockerels of the heavy
breeds into capons. On this subject, R. T. Colborn, a Missouri
poultry raiser, writes, “I have no difficulty in raising these birds,
and find a ready market at home, men coming to me from Chicago
and paying as much as $1.04 per head. By the introduction of
caponizing the mischief-making cockerel is transformed into a

A Double House, each side opening into a separate pen. The front of this House is
covered with poultry wire, and it is arranged so that a canvas can be at-
tached and lowered as siding, for protection in stormy weather.

(See page 420). a
tranquil, majestic fowl, moving at leisure about the yard and get-
ting fatter and heavier every day. Asa seller he is the peer of any
fowl, yielding the greatest returns to the poultry raiser, and having
been changed by a process so simple that anyone equipped with the
proper tools can do it.”

The following on the subject of care and marketing of eggs is
contributed by the manager of one of the largest commission
companies in Missouri: ‘‘As every one knows, the egg production
of this state amounts to millions of dollars annually, and all the
writers and institutes urge a larger production; but we who buy
and sell these eggs believe that if the farmers would take better
care of what they now produce, it would make them more money
than to enlarge the production. With most farmers ‘an egg is an

egg,’ but when it comes to the sale of them to the people who eat
A—%8

434 Missouri Agricultural Report.

them, it is found that the consumer does not think so, and we have
to grade them accordingly. For example, in the month of July, I
bought 1,600 cases of eggs, costing about 14 cents per dozen here.
Of these, 70 per cent were fresh, 20 per cent were stale, small and
dirty, and sold for eleven cents per dozen, and 10 per cent were
rotten and were an absolute loss. The August loss ran about 5
per cent higher, the September loss about the same; the October
loss has been about one-half less on bad eggs, but the per cent of
small and dirty has been about the same. November receipts are
generally fresh stock, but in December we usually receive a lot of
held, stale stock that forces down the market price from two to
five cents per dozen, resulting in financial loss to all parties con-
cerned.

“If one firm shows losses as above stated, just think what
the entire loss in the State and the United States amounts to. It
is simply enormous, and that is not all; when eggs are fresh, peo-
ple will eat them and will pay good prices to get them, but, just
as soon as they get a few that are not strictly fresh, they turn to
something else and eschew eggs. I do not believe that eggs would
ever sell for less than fifteen cents per dozen in the country if all
came to the market fresh and firm. We urge the farmers to
observe the following rules, and give us good, fresh, clean stock,
any they will find that it will fully repay the extra care:

“1. See that the hens have clean, dry nests to lay in.

2. Gather the eggs daily and keep in a cool, dry place—not
in the kitchen or damp cellar.

3. Market them at least once per week, oftener if possible.

4. Do not wash eggs; they soon spoil.

5. Do not market eggs that have proved not fertile in the in-
cubator; it is criminal.

6. Use the small and dirty eggs at home; they are just as
good if you know they are fresh, but they lessen the value of the
others when they reach the market.

7. Do not pack in salt or damp sawdust; an egg will absorb
any odor that butter will.”

THE POULTRY SHOW.

With State, district and county poultry shows, no Missouri
fancier should fail to exhibit his birds, for it is a part—a big
part—of his business. The educational and advertising features
are most important. Those who attend the shows become inter-
ested in better birds and often buy, so the exhibitor has first

Poultry Problems and Profits. 435

chance at this business. Farmers and all others who are in any
way interested in poultry production should attend the local show
and, if possible, other poultry shows, where they may see and
study.

Birds need to be prepared for exhibition, and the work should
be commenced in time. First in importance is the selection of the

Pgs

La ated ‘A-

This Ground Plan shows two pens, each 12x 24% feet, with dropping boards at the
north end 3% feet wide, with three roosts bolted to pieces that have legs at
one end eight inches long, and the other end hinged to the wall, so
that the roosts may be lifted and hooked up toa rafter
when cleaning the dropping boards.
(See page 420).

birds. They should come from healthy stock and be strong and
vigorous. Be sure that they have the size, also the style. Look
for swagger in the male bird. Don’t make the mistake of selecting
a timid, cowering cock or cockerel for the show. The females

436 Missouri Agricultural Report.

should all be of one type and shape and should agree as to general
appearances, thus insuring a pen that is uniform. One very dark
or very light bird may detract from all others. Of course, the birds
selected should come as near as possible to the recognized stand-
ard of perfection. Show birds should be kept in celibacy for a
few weeks before the show. A week or more before the exhibition
they should be weighed and if any are found to be under weight,
they should be fattened by being fed lean, raw beef and hard corn,
with scalded milk to drink. Don’t, however, rely too much on fore-
ing your birds, for fat is not form. Handle them frequently, teach-
ing them to pose and to assume the right attitude. Get them gentle.
See that they are not coop shy. Try them out in a coop resembling
an exhibtion coop. Make frequent changes in your clothes, especi-
ally your hat, so that they will not be afraid of strangers. Birds,
especially of white breeds, need to be washed for the show pen.
If this is properly done it will help, but improper washing is worse
than none. First, lather the bird with some good soap—some use
shaving soap—and allow the lather to remain until the feathers
are clean. Then rinse thoroughly in luke-warm water. Follow
with a bath in water to which a little indigo has been added. After
the birds have been allowed to shake themselves they may be
wrapped in a woolen blanket or anything else that will take up the
moisture. Some birds, especially those of black plumage, need to
be groomed by being rubbed with a brush and cloth. The legs
may be greased occasionally in order to keep them clean and
bright. Look well to the cleanliness of the coops in which birds
are to be placed. Keep in mind the fact that lack of preparation,
rather than lack of quality, may defeat an exhibitor. You can
hardly hope to catch up the fowls the day before the show and win
over birds that have been properly fitted.

HEALTH OF THE FOWLS.

Josh Billings is credited with saying, “The best way to cure
anything is to stop it before it happens.” The poultry raiser will
do well to keep this maxim in mind, for comparatively little is
known on the subject of poultry diseases. Prevention must be
the fundamental idea. “A pound of prevention is worth a ton of
cure.”” Disinfectants are cheaper than disease. Use lime freely,
for it is one of the best disinfectants. It is disease, not health,
that is contagious. Absolute cleanliness is the first consideration.
In the poultry business filth means failure, just as dark, damp
quarters mean disease. Birds can no more do their best without

Poultry Problems and Profits. 437

fresh air, exercise and sunshine than without proper food and
water. The hen, to keep healthy, must also have her bath—a dust
bath. “A dust bath is as essential to a hen’s health and happi-
ness as a water bath is to the health of a human being.”

Do not allow droppings and filth to accumulate, nor let drink-
ing vessels become coated with slime. Unless great care is exer-
cised there is danger in having the poultry plant located in the same
place year after year, for to do so is to increase danger from dis-
ease. If the yard cannot be changed it might be plowed up and
sown to small grain. If plowing is not possible sprinkle air-slack-
ed lime over the ground, in the early spring, then, after a few days,
remove it with half an mch of the top soil. Another plan is to
cover the soil with water into which has been mixed some sulphuric
acid or other disinfectant.

POULTRY HOUSE RECOMMENDED BY D. J. BLISS.

(See page 420).

A frequent cause of the spread of disease is the practice of
throwing dead fowls along the roadside. Such a practice cannot
be too strongly condemned, and should be prohibited by law. It
often happens that disease breaks out and the fowls are sold. Those
that die on the trip to town are thrown out, where the carcasses
may be eaten and infection result. Almost every one who has
traveled over the public highways in Missouri has at times noticed
dead birds along the roadside, where they have been thrown by
drivers of poultry wagons or by thoughtless farmers. Another
source of infection is running streams. Such birds as die of dis-
ease should never be thrown where the disease may be spread to
another flock to which a running stream may carry germs. Burn
all birds that die, or bury them good and deep, and do so without
delay.

Do everything possible to prevent the outbreak of disease, but
if it does come, isolate the affected fowls if you would escape the
depletion of the flock.

While it is too often true that the hatchet and the chopping
block are the only cure, there are certain remedies which are gen-

438 Missourt Agricultural Report.

erally recommended in case of sickness in poultry. Some of the
most common poultry diseases and other troubles with which the
poultry raiser has to contend, are referred to in the following para-
graphs:

Gapes.—‘Gapes is a poultry parasitic disease more easily pre-
vented than cured.” It is so called because of the characteristic
gasping movement of the chick into whose trachea, or windpipe,
small red worms, about one-third of an inch in length and with
smooth bodies and pointed tails, have become so numerous as to
interfere with breathing. Young chicks suffer most. Some be-
lieve that the angle worm is the cause of the spreading of gapes.
Cleanliness and keeping chicks on a board floor until they are
large enough to resist the attacks of the worms are the best pre-
ventives. A chick affected with gapes may often be relieved if
a feather, horse hair or a bit of grass is passed down its throat and
worms removed. Another remedy is to fasten the affected birds
in a box over which a thin cloth has been placed and through this
sift lime, but care must be taken lest too much lime be used. A
French scientist asserts that the use of pounded garlic in food
has completely eradicated the disease among pheasants in Europe.

Roup.—tThe first symptoms of roup are sneezing and running
at the nostrils, the discharge having a very offensive odor. Un-
less the trouble is checked the nostrils fill up, the head and face
become swollen, air bubbles appear in the corners of the eyes, ap-
petite fails, the comb turns black, and death follows. The disease
is very contagious, so that the sick birds should be separated from
the well ones. Then seek the cause of the trouble, which may be
overheating followed by exposure, or it may be that the birds have
been exposed to drafts. The curtain-front house is doing much to
lessen the losses from roup. One remedy for the disease is a few
drops of tincture of muriate of iron and a small piece of gum cam-
phor in the drinking water. Some suggest injecting ordinary
kerosene into the nostrils, then bathe head with one part soda and
four parts water. Roup is generally accompanied by a form of
canker in the mouth and throat, which should be swabbed out and
followed by a 10 per cent solution of nitrate of silver. Another
remedy sometimes recommended is to dissolve two ounces per-
manganate of potash in 64 pints of water, then hold bird’s head
in this as long as it can stand it.

Mrs. J. M. Baugher writes as follows concerning roup: “One
of the first signs of roup is sneezing or whistling, or an unnatural
appearance of the eyes and comb. Sometimes the eye lids are

Poultry Problems and Profits. A439

swollen and corruption in corner noticed. Separate the fowl show-
ing these signs from the flock at once, as roup is diphtheritic in
form and spreads rapidly.

“Tt is not wise to let children treat fowls with roup.

“T used a tight wagon-box, placed on the ground, with side
boards and cover, to prevent draft, for hospital, using plenty of
chaff for bedding and ventilating from top. Every chicken show-
ing signs of roup was treated and put in this hospital. The treat-
ment was simple, though effective. The throat, comb, nostrils and
wattles are thoroughly swabbed with a feather dipped in zenoleum,
then burn the feather. Use a small insect bellows to blow dry sul-
phur down the throat. As the treatment is severe, the fowls do

‘se c.

PARTIAL VIEW OF MODERN POULTRY PLANT, BUILT AT COMPARATIVELY
SMALL COST.

not often care to eat before 24 hours, but place pure fresh water
in hospital for them. If at the end of 24 hours they are not ready
to eat of their own accord, treat again and force them to eat some
warm, soft food containing some kind of good poultry tonic.

“Tast winter I was frightened when the roup broke out in
my flock of 250 chickens, but by this treatment I saved every one.
Sometimes I had 20 in the hospital at once. The outbreak was
caused by a draft in the roosting room.

“T find the best way of ventilating a roosting room is to tack
a gunny sack over the openings left for ventilation. These can
easily be removed in warm weather.”

Cholera—Cholera in poultry is a contagious disease of the
bowels. It may be recognized by the green or yellow color and the
frothy nature of the droppings. The feathers assume an unnatural
position, the birds show a disinclination to move about, and evi-

440 Missouri Agricultural Report.

dence an unusual thirst. Drowsiness immediately precedes death.
which often occurs within a few hours, and nearly always within
two or three days after the bird becomes sick. A mucous dis-
charge from the mouth is occasionally noticed. When it is certain
that the disease is cholera, the best plan is to kill the sick bird,
or at least isolate it, so that the bacteria in the droppings will not
mix with the food of the well birds, nor the liquid which drips
from the beaks of the sick, feverish birds get into the drinking
water. Try to eliminate every possible source of infection. To
destroy the bacteria use corrosive sublimate in drinking water, in
stone fountains; but do not use more than one part of this poison
to 1,000 or 2,000 parts water. Sprinkle diluted crude carbolic acid
about buildings and grounds. Ten drops of sulphuric acid in one
gallon of water twice a week in summer is a wise precaution
against fowl cholera.

Limberneck—This disease, which takes its name from the
characteristic limber condition of the neck, attacks fowls that have
had access to carrion or other decaying matter filled with mag-
gots or worms, which often remain alive in the bird’s crop, caus-
ing partial paralysis of the muscles of the neck. When fowls are
allowed to eat decaying flesh in which is ptomaine, limberneck is
almost sure to follow. Some authorities also contend that the dis-
ease may be caused by parasites in the intenstines. In this, as in
every other poultry disease, prevention is better than cure. Do
not leave decaying flesh where fowls will have access to it. One
remedy recommended for sick birds is a few drops of turpentine
and sweet oil followed in a few minutes by some warm sweet milk,
or a feed of grain soaked in turpentine may be tried. Another
treatment proposed is to give the sick bird slugs or pills made of
equal parts pure lard, cayenne pepper, powdered sugar and mus-
tard. Give a pill every three hours during the day.

Tuberculosis—“‘Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused
by organisms, known as tubercle bacteria, which gain entrance to
certain organs of the body and multiply there. The nodular
growths (tubercles), so constantly found in tuberculosis, are
caused by the presence of these bacteria in the affected regions.
The spread of tuberculosis from one fowl to another occurs only
when conditions permit the transfer of the live tubercle bacteria
more or less directly from the diseased to the healthy.”—Archibald
R. Ward.—Droppings from sick fowls may prove sources of in-
fection, causing the disease to spread. As there is no known un-
failing cure, the safe plan is to kill the affected birds.

Poultry Problems and Profits. 441

Blackhead—Blackhead was first noticed in New England,
where it caused great loss to turkey raisers. It is described as a
disease which first attacks the cecum, situated between the large
and the small intestines. It may also attack the liver, which be-
comes very much enlarged. While the disease is generally at-
tributed to microbes, it is believed to be very much aggravated
where inbreeding is too much resorted to. Diarrhea is a common
symptom. The disease takes its name from a peculiar discolora-
tion of the head. Birds of depleted vitality are the ones generally
attacked, so that the addition of new, strong and healthy stock
is recommended. Some have tried introducing wild blood into
their flocks. Treatment of sick birds has not proved very success-
ful. Among the remedies most recommended are sulphur, sul-
phate of iron and quinine. ‘Sulphur may be given, 5 to 10 grains
being combined with one grain of sulphate of iron; or sulyhur, 19

;

PEKIN DUCKS ON A MISSOURI FARM.

grains, sulphate of iron, 1 grain, and sulphate of quinine, 1 grain.
It is necessary that such treatment be repeated two or three times
a day and continued for a considerable time to obtain results.”
Diarrhea—The first thing in the treatment of diarrhea is to
remove the cause, which may be bad feeding, dampness, filth or
lice. A remedy often used is a mixture of equal parts of ground
ginger, cinnamon, cloves and cayenne pepper. This is mixed into
the mashed food, about a level teaspoonful to a dozen birds. Feed-
ing boiled rice and a little charcoal may help. Dry food and lime
water will also prove beneficial. A form of diarrhea, commonly
known as “white diarrhea,” is very fatal to young chicks, especially
to those hatched in an over-heated incubator. It may also be caused
by allowing the chicks to become chilled, by feeding them sloppy
food, by poor ventilation, or, perhaps, most of all, by lack of

442 Missourt Agricultural Report.

vitality in the breeding stock. It is not, as a rule, so bad in early-
hatched chicks. There is no positive cure for the disease, but the
use of boiled milk instead of water is recommended. J. C. Needels,
a Missouri poultryman, writes, “My chief drawback in raising
chickens is what is called ‘white diarrhea,’ which attacks the chicks
when they are very young. I have found no remedy, but the use of
dry prepared chick feeds has lessened the trouble, and sometimes
helped to avoid it.”

Bumblefoot—Bumblefoot is a bruise on the fowl’s foot, usually
caused by the bird flying from a high perch and alighting on a hard
substance. Bandage the foot and apply tincture of iodine. In ag-
gravated cases it may be necessary to lance the: abscess or cut out
_ the corn. Wash the wound with a solution made of one part car-
bolic acid and 50 parts water, then follow with some healing lotion,
such as carbolic salve.

Scaly Leg—This disease is caused by a small parasite which
burrows under the scales on the fowl’s legs. It is contagious in
the sense that lousiness is contagious. Cleanse the bird’s legs with
soapsuds, then dry thoroughly and apply vaseline. Some recom-
mend immersing the bird’s feet and legs in a solution made of
equal parts coal oil and zenoleum.

Chicken Pox or Sore-Head—This is a contagious disease, which
appears as an eruption of yellow nodules about the beak, nostrils,
eyes and other parts of the head. After the nodules reach full
development they emit a watery discharge, changing later to a
thick yellowish matter. Wash all affected parts with carbolized
soap, then apply vaseline or glycerine. Sores may also be bathed
with soap and water or sponged with solution of copper sulphate,
4 ounce to 1 quart water. Tincture of iodine, sparingly used, may
bring about a cure in severe cases.

Apoplexy—tThis is a disease of the brain caused by a rupture
of the blood vessel, and the fowls are usually dead when found.
If the bird is still alive pierce the underside of the wing and let
it bleed freely.

Leg Weakness—Leg weakness is often hereditary, but may
result from improper feeding, especially over-feeding. It is most
common in the heavier or long-legged breeds. To prevent it, feed
bone-forming substance, such as barley, ground raw bones and
meat. A remedy recommended consists of pills composed of phos-
phate of lime, 5 grains; sulphate of iron, 1 grain; sulphate of qui-
nine, $ grain; strychnine, 1-15 grain. Of this make a dozen pills
and give one each day.

Poultry Problems and Profits. 443

Intestinal Worms—Fowls suffering from intestinal worms be-
come thin, indolent and spiritless. A common remedy is one drop
of kerosene oil, night and morning; but it should not be given to
very young birds. Powdered areca nut or powdered male fern
may be given, followed by castor oil. Of powdered male fern give
30 grains or more, or of the liquid extract, 15 to 30 drops. Chopped
up pumpkin seed is good for birds troubled with tapeworms.

Bronchitis, Catarrh and Pip—These diseases are all forms of
cold, so that the main thing in treatment is to remove the cause.

FRUIT TREES DO WELL IN THE POULTRY YARD.

Crop Trouble—At the bottom of the gullet is the fowl’s crop,
in which the food may, from various causes, become stopped. A
piece of string or long blade of grass may close the outlet, or soft
wheat or corn may form into a hard, swollen mass. The result in
such cases is that the bird gets no nutriment, but becomes hungry
and eats more and more until the crop assumes enormous propor-
tions. If the crop is filled with grain, moisten with warm water
poured down the throat, then hold the bird’s head down and work
the mass out a little at a time, holding the bird up occasionally so
that it may breathe. Follow with sweet oil and soft food. An
operation may be necessary. If so, make a small incision. In
sewing it up be careful that the crop and outer skin are not sewed
together.

444 Missourt Agricultural Report.

Feather Kating—tThis trouble rarely occurs in flocks that have
free range. The habit may be due to an insufficient supply of
green food, a shortage of animal matter in food, or too small,
over-crowded quarters. A fowl may try to pick an insect off a
neighbor, when a feather is accidentally pulled out. If this be a
young, growing feather, the blood in the quill end attracts the
fowl, and the habit commences.

Egg Hating—Lack of mineral matter in food is given as one
reason why hens eat eggs. The principal cause, however, is the

In Missouri more than a Thousand Turkeys are often Delivered in a Single Drove
Being Driven in on Foot.

accidental breaking of eggs. In this way the hens get started at
egg eating. Some recommend catching the culprit and, with a
file, removing the sharp end of the beak. Some have tried keep-
ing a china egg in the nest, while others recommend filling an egg
shell with mustard. Prevention, though, is easier than cure.

Favus, or White Comb—In this disease the comb looks as if
flour had been sprinkled on it, hence the name. The disease often
spreads to the head and neck. In severe cases running sores start,
a peculiar “mousey” odor is given off, and the feathers are easily
pulled out. Saturate the comb with turpentine and rub over with
carbolic ointment; or bathe parts, using soap and warm water, then
follow with an ointment of 5 per cent nitrate of silver in lard.

Eye Worms—These are small, thread-like worms found be-
neath the membrane of the eyes of chickens. ‘The eyeball is
likely to be involved, the cornea becomes opaque, and later the

Poultry Problems and Profits. 445

entire eyeball is destroyed and the orbital cavity is filled with a
yellow purulent material. When this stage is reached, the worms
are no longer to be found in the eye. The nostrils may also be
affected and become obstructed in the catarrhal process, and finally
fatal results may follow. The bird becomes somnolent, scarcely
eats, declines in strength, becomes anemic, and dies in three or four
weeks. Irrigation of the eyes with a mildly antiseptic solution,
such as a 4 per cent boric acid solution or a 1 per cent creolin so-
lution, is indicated, together with irrigation, also, of the nose and
mouth, if the nostrils are affected. Anointing the eyes with a
mixture of lard 9 parts and iodiform 1 part, or with carbolized
vaseline, is likely to give good results in some cases. The general
sanitary conditions should also be attended to and stimulating food
furnished as in the treatment of simple catarrh.’—Bulletin No. 60,
United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal In-
dustry.

A Missouri Crystal White Orpington Hen, First Prize Winner at Jamestown Exposi-
tion, and Madison Square Garden, N. Y.

446 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Lice and Mites—Lice and mites are among the poultry raiser’s
worst enemies, and a continual warfare must be waged against
them. They are generally distributed throughout the world wher-
ever chickens are raised. To get rid of body lice provide a dust
bath, and make free use of insect powder or tobacco. On young
chickens apply grease or oil on head and wings. To destroy mites
scald roosts and houses with boiling water, or whitewash thorough-
ly. A little carbolic acid may be added to the whitewash. A
thorough sprinkling and spraying of interior of houses with a
mixture of carbolic acid and kerosene is good.

“To keep mites from my fowls I keep the house clean and dust
the perches and floor with dry wood ashes once a week.’’—R. E.
Wright.

MISSOURI STATE FAIR FINANCIAL REPORT.

For the year, 1908, giving a summary of the receipts and expenditures.

By John T. Stinson, Secretary, Sedalia.

Receipts.

Balances ONsnian Ge salhlab yale OD piece ates 7 cbchiw ee A Se weno, oli dr eh ou ts Sone ca Pv. ans $1,432.16
MVIESCE LATICO OUS TICE IAS creas Means Nee eee ae cepa ene ana Dad coe ee oe etree wll eater kota te) OP eueeoorn-ctee nn } 53.50
AV ENISIN et NCa Pal OL MC rareec aac cus bese tedsies ou Uae anes o gavel She even nano & Silos ae iskovaiovaph Sas Be ces 398.00
TE cai cic eC ONO EG EO NLS Cn. ee lr Re es a 362.41
IPTivileresvalG CONCESSIONS raseaey ne wrttow, tes tease eye ta eaeae Seaton Ohne ae el 4,535.80
PUI GUN VaeUb ye Ce Ser ttn eta ies ernie. ee teers eve tovelot Sonnet nor atarerer nd Oe Ge eel 501.15
TRAY a ipa Cred Bich OGL Cree LL ERE i RENE Os RO SC ERT aeen oe nn Re Fea aces = in teens yt iereeie ae Bre etl 70.00
SASUI MEL TiCeye Re ase meso Gg ee ene Ey RSE RIE A Rea eae ee ocelot ote tee aie nee ieee Mele ae ge eh ee ES RRR | 1,484.25
Bixhibiporsmandawa ZOurbiCKeUS. csti., oss olcteie oc citeth re cocaaiers) sate: MULAN Sree eas owe Sh 647.25
IRSROCIATIONSPEIZES he feyene raster te eee ey Se Nese aes CU ee Leaen IT Se ONS REIN Liosen eas Gado? Oeste 910.14
Entry fees, suspensions and stall rent, speed department.....................-.. 5,098.95
(AAMUSSIOMEGE PALE MLCT bate xeictoea st =e se Tous cSakea = 5 caayes osaare ovtua ei cie ova loea fe nes wiv coher c weve Shae 252 0D
Live stock and agricultural premiums, state appropriation....................... 10,000.00
Transferred from appropriation fund, permanent highway in grounds, to reimburse)

iffoL money, paidout On permanent TOAGway. <->... cece ws seve k coe win eee et ot 5,000.00
Transferred from appropriation building fund to reimburse receipts fund.......... 97 .00

ADCS FT Se ee oe a Se er Te as Ch OTS CERT CAT REE OE CEE ERE Oeste ee | $57,743.36

}
*Stall rent deducted from premiums to the amount of $438.2
Expenditures, 1908.

PREMNIMS ANU SPCC EMEMES Ears coe eats tls cau hace acai eucpemens er ete Tanee eeee ova ae a tone $26,009.24
PAW DNS SCC CoD aS = heats eas oles ra x ence, SON ast OE oe eee ML ahols Tulane ere omens 149.62
Sralierentrand dackeissreg@eemegde.sc5 4. once lee eee cies ac Satin ea Wess, Sores eee 81.50
Collections: ONnCSUSPECNSIOHSE ep stessrencr eee tae eed hws Shea tina woo ete ahs 289.85
SELVICES:. DLCSSADULGA ns paretenens Pesala seks ene meee ee ae hen certs eihatee eels et PABA a)!
TISTE GL WO TD AIG Steen scereset: Pg tenet. eect ey mores a neste Sean we ree Na, Nace Be eae ane dst ane 2,274.00
REIS iTeMPLESS ANG IONAV ALC .rova sistency: creas cis arabepe axes oh swenes oer Ged ore Sic nee atlas ae Siw droipd) uate: s 260.43
MASCEllaMeGUSHLETHSS.s see hres tree tee of cert city ek foe team AN ee eR en eis anes oho akon erca tes ame rai oer 479.81
Superintendents judges and ;ASSIStANUS |< > stu seein ast eel eae Gea wie ieee oa 2,960.71
BMUPMITUTe- aH sfex PUES OLS OT Ce epee ancy hee eee Bile ke ee eet Poor be ree necespay erases sm He 220.65
ClEniGalcaSSISLanCe HNN MiCO we cette eae ee eee Ee re ee Sha Hae eis Rate « 1,115.46
@OMCeISUP PIES ress yee a a ee eee chee ree nse aye hehe Be eda teare 214.63
Janitors anal Janitress “SCEVICeS > TAIT ALWIL. = cectyo cise eicicua de oe eae eo me we see alee whe bi 135.00
IEGITCR SEL Cl ne iit CLUE CRTC Escher scat ec Otoien tne Sanat eee re ead eee ee Sl tele Rae tae 1,044.25
RCL OLUISHA See Reed Bet cepa Te cey seinen een CU hte nae cea EO oa ave Mere atts s Rboest 1,434 58
Priniine=incudine printine Catalogue. as-ae on cvAetioa cies CWS s wes. s wut vete ares os 1,871.34
EAD OT Orbe od OMG Sete mete ices wnat ee coancne census, meayeP ROE andes eM Mes Ld ites aee avai chetehes nae e ah ye 1,095.10
EE PENSE RNCELINGS famine wi Spee pas soe s ca tces ene bcle. siemraie aspen oops seen ensha AES aactanene 4 1,184.00
AGIMISSIONNGEDALUIM EH bar teratt-tc facie cacrtore >) «pare ater arce aes Are ne Welepe a ean oh taeda ace 1,355.94
IPERIMIAMEME ROR A Yih n acres pel oats eee Satine clone rel cle (aia “aplocnroholis daca nie ™s) AAs ae neye Bite 3,224.93
SUP DLMeHTOLSOTO UNAS + ce fatcler Sine. wre eter heats ate tee restos Ge ie ene alten pea Sde Oe aRne wears | 318.73

(447)

448 Missouri Agricultural Report.

EXPENDITURES, 1908—OContinued.

1 BLA =5 WA cee ee neato MgO ee erred Ee en ie Perma ry Cnr, Men tty CRN pi MER APA Tighe atari re IR $36.
Sanitation :departimentsccsc.veric cts evens < are pees omer ene le, 2 he Mle ace ast one 105.
umber, simprovementistand=rep airs. cnr, aicie easter eeu eee meee ee cuss alee ee onavel Siebece 302.
Suppliesstorideparimentsidunin estar, Weekes invert eas ieee chee easier heradeuste rater cal 121.
REPaITS OND Ui GMS Se sea acct teste date artes ar eerste eps eon ee eae ae ao enc he ire mas ol 141.
Postacecandystampedveny clopesteresascpese co eptas ake ommend teiek oe Neaooe eee 608.
Secretary S Salary:svt eee oe coy ste eee ted asl LORE. use aes ets EIS Oe eel Penola aeons ee | 1,983.
Expense speed department, excepting superintendent ..................0.2000-05| 234.
UHSYe(0 BHO) ay] OLOTV ROH oN Aen at eet nes er atine Are aCe emt cee eM a peein tMena CiBicet my CEOS & onions ie | 26.
bightingtairssrounds Gunning Tait weekssa., sere ones eee le eee eeieane ene ane 300.
o-NVAUSI EEE ROLY) OS) oy Apgar Sam Gere aan Tire ty Nt Baca aces eens iar rts. Wel Aen Sia ee Row, Rae Rn ee nS ees 500.
IRIGIIG Ehaoosinton Joyonilolinvs So once ac oobousboocuae aso ceuon eo HodboDeoAds bio toc 350.
Decorating fairib wil dimes Atos ace auarissshens deste eee cece ie ae eee Ree aa ane stem tela | 300.
ROUGE GHEGIES Sr ctetccaie tae. estos eed ose eeie) eats ceirepaee vane tear eiean aa agree Sakae aro cee See aye
Tents tor exhibitsronserounds paneer esos he eo aoe eee taser uae chee rel hare 115.
AMadVertisins: Speed<Gventuss olan sex eave aber eees ashe menehsushcteic cae isu er mie lyr teense RACER aot 183.
Annual dues, American Trotting Association and Association of State Fairs......... 37.
iHinalspayments eeneralCOmtract cy.v- re cecsnecvsjeisce ecle 5 Saco s vee een ithe eee aeet ea aren kore 793.
Hntertainment simvited SUCStS ssi. sia asyncgolteneie’ ss spouts tliat eon a erates Gyerea sea eons) ete ee 95.
MiGaligail Geialeee Ce tO SOM ica ano due b oviwn ac Gab eeeeceoboodmoatawocs | 53.
TAMIPOLAOTHRON CO see pat tact tere eee Cree ee eee EEO SE eR ET a Ea ie 50.
Straw for cattlesand horse barns: eran sicisiseetsttoeia Cobeettns evince tis crskene a deeacen eee ame 429.
City water Companys acest els crt spans hea x ae ee eee eel ee en ee eee | 350.0
@UStOCIAIUSiSalaryomenccse oes oee eee oe Ce ee Airc TORR t= NAR RS en | 860.
OPT CORE eve ice re raha To eae ee et ona Seer e ate tule ENE Se ee eee ee 340.
Secretary -sitraw clinerexpenSesssenesree.ts cece oer ciielcrel ton cee mae Pee se een 126.
Melephonerand telesramisin tose spat nete cc te Noha ioe see aies eaten elite eee neem eee Re 133.
ROTA ae eae seme ee oT ae eR ee Se Al ane Bn Reveal be ican coer iaas $54,687.
——————————
MO tale CSTD ES seo eoeess tei ees aon ae AN toe ea ee Flaunt eIe ene oree ES | $57,743.
TOtalexXpenGitULes sc ak hetssds es Sica Glee to ates eC eee are ET | 54,687.
Balance: onshand>Janian yell OO 9S ex ticca.nens ences wee ne ten caies were eR iorens Gree elec $3,055.

MISSOURI CROP REVIEW FOR 1908.

The weather conditions for Missouri, during the year 1908,
were somewhat unusual, and because of that fact the crops pro-
duced were not large. The season, taken as a whole, was very
similar to that of the preceding year, and excessive rains during
the cultivating season prevented the proper cultivation of crops,
destroyed more or less wheat, and greatly reduced the profits of the
farmers. However, farm prices were generally higher than for
the previous year, particularly for corn. Taken as a whole, the
result of the year’s work among the farmers was satisfactory.

Corn. The season of 1908 opened up very auspiciously for a
large acreage of corn, but later on, excessive rains and overflows
reduced the acreage to 89 per cent of the previous year. Practical-
ly all of the bottom lands along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers
end many of the smaller rivers of the State, -were overflowed in
June, and the corn crop destroyed. Some of this land was re-
planted later, but much of this late corn did not produce merchant-
able corn. The average yield per acre, as given in our corrected
returns, is 26 bushels as compared with an average yield one year
ago of 32.7 bushels. The greatest falling off in yield this year
is in the northwest section, and it should be noted that that is the
best corn section of the State. The yield in that section this year,
it will be noted, is only 29 bushels as compared with a yield of
39.5 bushels last year. The southwest section shows practically
the same yield per acre as last year, but a large reduction in acre-
age.

The quality of the corn, this year, is 81, as compared with
86 for 1907. The quality was affected more by reason of the fact
that much of the corn was planted very late and did not have time
to mature good, sound corn. The farm price, it should be noted,
is not always fixed by the price of corn in the large markets but is
governed largely by local conditions. The farm price this year
ranged usually from 50 to 60 cents per bushel. In a number of
localities, the price ran as high as 75 cents. The average farm
price on December Ist, as given by all of our correspondents, was
56 cents per bushel.

A—29 (449)

450 Missouri Agricultural Report.

By comparison with the report of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, it will be seen that the yield per acre is
practically the same as that estimated by the government, but the
total yield is very much less. The difference in the two reports is
evidently on account of the government having failed to take into
consideration the abandoned area caused by excessive wet weather
and overflows, making a large difference in the acreage estimated
by the two departments.

The new wheat crop. The drought which prevailed over the
State during August and September interfered materially with
wheat seeding, and the acreage sown for the crop of 1909 is very
considerably reduced below that seeded the year previous. The
greatest. decrease is in the southeast section where there is a fall-
ing off of 20 per cent. The southwest section shows a decrease
of 14 per cent, the northwest section 10 per cent, and the central
and northeast sections a decrease of only 6 per cent. The total
estimated acreage seeded this year is 1,878,000 compared with 1,-
928,000 one year ago. The condition of the new crop on December
1st was 79, the low condition being caused by dry weather and late
seeding. This is 6 points below the condition in 1907 and 10
points below the average for the five years previous.

“The annual mean temperature for the State was 56.7 degrees,
or 1.9 degrees above the normal. The highest temperature during
the year was 102 degrees, at Warsaw, Benton county, on August
5th, and at Jefferson City, Cole county, on August 15th. The low-
est temperature was 10 degrees below zero, at Unionville, Putnam
county, on January 30th.

“The average precipitation for the State was 43.68 inches, or
2.97 inches above the normal. The greatest annual amount was
58.27 inches, at Dean, McDonald county, and the least annual
amount was 30.78 inches, at Fayette, Howard county. The great-
est local monthly fall was 17.07 inches, at Unionville, Putnam
county, in May; there was no rain at Albany, Gentry county, in
January; Sikeston, Scott county, and Marble Hill, Bollinger coun-
ty, in October, nor in December at Gallatin, Daviess county, and
Linneus, Linn county.

“The average snowfall, unmelted, was 11.8 inches. The
greatest annual amount was 30.0 inches, at Willow Springs, Howel!
county. The greatest monthly fall was 16.5 inches at Lebanon,
Laclede county.”——Missouri Section, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, Climatological Service of the Weather Bureau.

CORN, HAY AND FORAGE.

Statistics.

A51

Table giving acreage, average yield per acre, and total product of corn and of hay and forage,

by counties, for the year 1908:

Corn. Hay and Forage.

Mae - ; =

= is) @ ° S g ace

3 Se 28 é e=

is) 298 Bee : Bed

= a“ ics So

5 aes a aime

EE ae Be Bo

s : Hae SST SY 5 | % Aig
iba hone nhenar hain oie wen tne 6,487,865 26 Lisi. 42 3,288,111 4,532,019

County
AN LET eaten nee .coee Soecoy ae 62,720 27 1,693 , 440 66,645 73,309
FAASIG DFE Ova ia tae pe ee IR 117,934 28 3,302, 152 57,946 69,535
AUTO LUD sda Gam Ch on Me 70,555 | 29 2,046,095 | 30,470 45,705
PAU CIM SOM cates totes se teas nae 140,884 31 4,367,404 17,880 26,820
ISR pe iets nee nena te mene mca 46,658 22 1,026,476 13,950 16,740
Banton staple Sree ekg ee pa 91,494 22 2,012,868 29,760 29,760
EAS ICSISIR She ot a i ee SP re 129,449 20 2,588,980 67,600 87,880
ISYEVA OVO gh eee Ne cee 52,361 26 1,361,386 27,100 32,520
Bollincerg toes a eee 28,472 30 854, 160 S25 16,987
BOOMER ee Lee ane tov alin ani 72,501 25 S22) 48,700 73,050
IBIICh ania nt eesten een eons 68 , 634 26 1,784,484 | 20,600 37,080
IBUIGle Tape Peps sep c ete aan Sak 20,981 25 524,525 6,600 9,900
Walldiwellee iy en sits Wate Fo SO" | WS 2,260,664 45,060 67,590
Callawayics on ee hoe oe 71,448 29 2,071,992 51,440 72,016
Canndeny Sata (Stee oer sae ot oe 30,164 24 723,936 11,400 66,720
CapexGirardeaus se: abees oes Sls Pal | 725) (enh cers) 20, 540 36,972
|
Garrolle ey renin oni ea nee 123 ,326 32 3,946,432 49,080 73,620
CHISWS PS Gini ere tar DOR Neen ry OM 75Te eel? 214,654 2,320 3,480
(COIS py Seas ayer eae ee oe ae 93 , 433 24 2,242,392 61,150 73,380
(CRUE RS Wien hnmnane Re ree ee merit ey fg) || AS 1,478, 932 18,400 22,080
|

Chait One wre i ein a ek ats ie TOE || Ps) 1,339,225 55,600 83,400
bins Hamar ee ee aes 41,641 PAE 1,124,367 13,780 16,536
(ClEND ERS toa Giants Siete ts Sa aerate 78,834 23 1,813,182 | 47 , 880 71,820
(CEN SORIA GR ae eer Ree 65,629 Af 1,771,983 20,465 30,697
ClintOney Ry kein one ene 102,095 30 3,062,850 | 37,040 55,560
COLE re Shes ees hers SR csi Mee 22,324 30 669,720 | 17,300 25,950
COOD ETA MAREN he rt Ait ha Mew ai 75,657 30 2,269,710 24,620 36,930
Craylondenrg tei eatin ie fends 28,615 30 858 , 450 13,000 15,600
ID EGU ae AeA Soe ce eee meas ec er 58,138 22 1,279,036 | 17,000 20,400
DEVE IS eee oer oat Ghee as eae 45,434 | 21 * 954,114 | 19, 200 23,040
MD AVACSS iowa ee be eer ears oases 91, 573. 31 2,838,763 | 56,415 78,981
IDYS Go era a Ak Sr ee ae 97,805 25 2445 125" | 41,635 62,452
IDYSyaliisn aac Gab Penn AHR Sin RRR oes 30,888 30 926,640 | 16,130 24,195
DOU 1ASS ey tiss na, Se we, Soke canoe 36,382 22 800,404 | 13,250 13,250
1D iba el bale Apes eee ne a a 42,189 0 1,265,670 | 5,000 5,000
UGA TA eer. Matta cece tonics ae 43,241 32 1,383,712 24,000 40,800

A52, Missouri Agricultural Report.

CORN, HAY AND FORAGE—Continued.

Corn. Hay and Forage.

a = Zi eo) 5 fe Q 3

® o & Oop @ os

n As ce an St

2 ac as BS.

= a sek SD:

+ - =] oe 3 ou

omer TO Erg 5v

Se @ ne
Gasconade sn sie oise ee 19, 947 32 638 , 304 12,460 22,428
(GOUT yer sere sro oes oat occa 84,615 25 2), 115,375 52,495 78,742
GTECNC Ihe. se ercicteis ems ene 75,423 28 2,111,844 26,400 36, 960
Grin dyin eerie cine eoisler 73,566 35 2,574,810 55,460 83,190
PV ALTISOME se searciee eee he ciate 130,080 30 3,902,400 80,255 112,357
18 Rey ab ch eae om crear tices Mee ee oper aes 99,793 20 1,995,860 45,430 54,516
EN CKOLYi see pete ee eee tee 34,651 20 693 , 020 16,200 19,440
ELGG ee eM RE oe Tessa 30 2,206,110 11,375 19,337
HOWarlds.s: sepa eS oe 40,555 30 1,216,650 27,240 43 , 584
EVOWeE]l Wig cseu vie ete eke are 45,037 25: 1,125,925 13,000 13,000
TOT eee ee ee ea 12,501 25 312,525 8,700 8,700
TACKSOM Agere er eset aoc re 99,869 22 2,197,118 42,175 59,045
ASDCLN Moe tute dee Meee 68,570 25 1,714,250 18,170 27,255
EMETSOMM eas teaciastate 7 eererek nae 40,872 32 1,307 , 904 20,140 26,182
WORNSON tc aict ae eet 93,888 23 2,159,424 54,970 $2,455
IG MOb eres Goleltcd ao Sun onions day loe 25 1,343,300 58 ,460 75,998
MACIOM Ere eiec dees Veaaek era eee oS) 30 969,690 24, 100 28 , 920
Thafayette sata ee sear ee 104,707 | 35 3,664,745 35,070 59,619
NE AWLOM COs a aspera oe sich ee 56,709 20 1,134,180 13 , 060 16,978
GE WAS sc, Shoe bernie teases eee 48 , 436 28 1,356,208 48,188 72,282
INCOM ra eee oe ee ee 72,776 30 2,183,280 20,978 31,467
MATT sso yerer as Ae keen seaeeces teas Mercere 82,447 30 2,473,410 81,928 106, 506
Thiv Ane stOnses..sicte chaser. eaten cae 91,695 35 3,209,325 50,650 75,975
IMCD Ona dhe a atitetac. Perr as 23 , 524 24 564, 576 8,700 8,700
WERICONAE. 5: See ates moh ees ty ere 80,384 31 2,491,904 82,520 107,276
MAGISOMG Ss Pace Minti es tame ee 14,774 28 413,672 10,780 10,780
IMAI GS Aerts ha gran fone ee 25,092 25 627 , 300 12,200 18,300
IMaTIONG sc 5 omer ccab poms ict: Bee 39,289 30 1,178,670 29,989 35,987
IMETCOEED Aticen eee Oo ote one 64,076 35 2,242,660 58 ,630 70,356
Mallera. cis rsucieaia eee acer se 33, 164 P45) 829,100 16,630 21,619
MISSISSIPPI ta decetoe eye 32,861 30 985,830 4,470 5,364
VEO TAUGE BU eae einen Susceeere ae arama ee 38,154 30 1,144,620 25,500 33,150
Montoee 35 45.48 Maite Sees 86,688 25 2,167,200 54, 160 54,160
IMOnteOMEerVa erie tee tee 67,657 26 1,759, 082 27,580 27 , 580
MOT EAN Seeses it eR Oe ee ete 36,706 24 880,944 23 , 520 30,576
INew? Madnridizy-seier mre ess tone 39,180 30 1,175,400 2,610 3,915
ING WiOMmse akin ic create aeeren 35,827 18 644,886 11,000 12,100
INOGA WAY toate ce char cete S Oe 178, 263 26 4,634,838 56 , 500 96 , 050
OTC LON Base pet eee eee ene 24, 230 20 484 , 600 5,170 5,170
OSAL CS ee nee Beton ee Cee 26 , 233 32 839,456 14,250 24,225
OZarks oa aoe ae hae in epee ae 29,331 22 645, 282 3,670 3,670
IPGMmiISCO terest ee i eh 17,838 32 570,816 960 1,344
PET Yasser. ee ne 23,018 35 805,630 11,224 16,836
IPCC TIS Hae aa se ate selena 96 ,679 22 2,126,938 45, 163 63 , 228
IP HOLD Serra ctercatn sete ease omeeoe 27,249 25 681,225 16,130 24,195
PIKG ge ee oe os cee 74,485 33 2,458,005 41,725 62,587

CORN, HAY AND FORAGE—Continued.

Statistics.

Corn Hay and Forage.

e sf ae is ee

2 58 a3 34.

2 tae) ~ Oo ~ ©

B Ea a ae

a <. a ro)

a co ae] =e)

; ee LE Bie
Pl atteon de itsPe ee te e 5) Or || 8X0) 1,568, 160 15,000 27,000
2 GUE oe BO he 66,074 21 1,387,554 29,540 448
TERA al gee seen ae ce a 27,990 | 25 699,750 11,800 15,340
Pirin ys ga aoe ee ers 66,381 | 30 1,991,430 67,760 88,088
TRENT Ste, 5 eA eace oh eae ae a 56,079 | 27 1,514,133 32,000 38,400
Rand ol phere sees cnn ree 50,875 | 24 1,221,000 21,650 30,310
TEI aie gece ae Oe fa ee ea a 100,687 | 23 2,315,801 43,760 65,640
REVNOLIS Nee tae kee ae 13,959 | 23 321,057 8,730 8,730
Ripleyetee as aa ae eee oD (pal || 2B) 506,483 4,580 4,580
Sulineneeee ra ele erin. cane 148,192 | 30 4,445,760 36, 100 54,150
Schhunvlersememinei arent tie 36,631 | 28 1,025,668 37,000 44,140
Scotland. cept one cee 58,411 | 25 1,460,275 51,430 61,716
SOLER aes Saher e 25,179 | 29 730,191 7,240 8,688
SHannOnersst aera Pees 19,276 | 25 481,900 5, 230 5,230
Sire lb yaw aie Cae he oe 75,850 | 31 2,351,350 53,865 70,024
Sod dandaerete Picea erates 47,532 | 25 1,188,300 8,050 12,075
SfOne Sie ee ae ee eee 29,332 | 25 733 ,300 7,525 7,525
Sim Ohallesses: saeccn noe 28,981 | 40 1,159,240 16,800 28,560
Stan Claire eee acl ctaee wes 68,471 | 21 1,437,891 30,540 39,702
Sth ranCoisze . wasn ee 17,873 25 446,825 15,140 15,140
Nie, CBWEVG 540 esneos aces) 14,919 | 25 372,975 9,230 11,076
SHeaGOUISe oe pases ney ois seat 32,393 | 35 1,133,755 32,060 48,090
STV ANE eee Ses eee as OGRE || Cy 1,960,821 94 , 200 141,300
BL ALIC VER eae Sere ee: 26,434 | 25 660,850 3,545 3,545
TEXAS eae rs nis Reet tae 48,205 | 20 964, 100 25,200 25,200
WeErnOW ess ee Po ie EE eke 132,562 | 21 2,783,802 58,770 76,401
iWiaroi seed aa eee ota 2 20,582 | 32 658 , 624 10,130 15,195
Wrashinetonencs ohmisce ena ees 25,539 | 22 561,858 12,340 12,340
Winivtec rte ere edn. ven: 25,413 | 28 711,564 10,860 10,860
WiehStelia tien ees eee: 34,274 | 25 856, 850 21,630 28,119
Onto ee ene eee 51,837 | 25 1,295,925 26,040 44,268
Win liteeaiel.d. eecoe aia yeaa 32,074-| 24 769,776 19,400 23,280

454

WHEAT AND OATS.

Missouri Agricultural Report.

Table giving acreage, average yield per acre, and total product of wheat and oats, by counties,

for the year 1908:

Oats.

Z 2 Eee eras e 5;

2 BS Sy eel z BS os

i ae ES i fa eo

BS D > od

z e° <8 Bee a5

aS: o ne an

tome) od oo =o}

Fe ale Fa S
Satomi eee 1,927,728 | 10.7| 20,684,819 || 717,286} 16 | 11,901,440

County
Mette k oot tts aoe 2,055 26,715 3,640 | 18 65,520
| ATi 1 pate oan pr de 865 13,407 22,911 | 19 435,309
rire cae eee 4,648 79,016 5,793 | 15 86, 895
Michisone. teat aay ca hs 4,774 76,384 || 22,938 | 15 344,070
J
[Biea ak Se Og an 27,439 137,195 5,363 | 20 107,260
Paria) seine be 12,882 103,056 9,760 | 12 117,120
Dos ee ee oe aes 19, 188 220, 662 14,815 | 14 207,410
entation, sens a 11,801 141,612 7,463 | 18 134,334
|

Bollinger.............. 21,773 152,411 || 4,805 | 15 72,075
Bocner shot es ee 17,845 231,985 || 7,236 | 14 101,304
Buchanan............. 29,509 457,389 3,993 | 15 59,895
Buhler hee ees 947 9,470 || 1,434] 15 21,510
aldwelle men ek tas 2,301 32,214 || 2,544 | 15 38, 160
Callaway........+...+. 25, 528 357,392 11,4560 49 217,664
Ganidens =). S oes Se 5,793 55,033 3,289 | 18 59,202
Cape Girardeau........ 48 427 338, 989 58400 6 87,615
Garipiite as Kast ee 22,814 307,989 6, soir eats 97,815
Catena the ee Oa) 1,369 9,583 540 | 18 9,720
Gans be See 16,808 193,292 || 13,163 | 19 250, 097
Cedana eee 8,384 75,456 || 8,635 | 15 129,525
Chariton acs ke sae 20,974 209,740 || 4,125 | 15 61,875
Ghristinnce et: ta sess: 24, 066 168 , 462 4,621 | 25 115,525
Claricae hae nb ee 5,258 76,241-||>. 31,567 | 13 410,371
Gey ee kes eek ee 6,655 89,842 || 2,038 | 18 36, 684
Clintont eee? 2,272 34,080 || 4,654 | 17 79,118
Glo cee Ie aR ee 35,296 300,016 || 3,785 | 17 64,345
Coane. ek Ghee oe 54,830 685,375 7,294 12 87,528
(rawfords.. i222... © 12,977 103,816 2,134 | 17 36 , 278
Dudes eee ee 20, 986 125,916 9,485 | 20 189,700
AIA ee als 9,229 64,603 5,991 | 15 89, 865
Waviesdes:, fe. 5, 982 95,712 3,139 | 18 56, 502
Dekalbe weer: 2,130 31,950 3,373 | 16 53, 968
Dent seks ae ee 14,210 113,680 2,060 | 12 24,720
Doulas © Vi cee eee 15,953 63,812 2,689 | 15 40,335
Aepalcliness: An ee ea 3,331 39, 972 972 | 20 19,440
Franklin. ac cs<- se soeys 66,556 ! 765,394 6,451 | 25 161,275

WHEAT AND OATS—Continued.

Statistics.

455

Wheat. Oats.

Sop arn Re eee gels 7B

E a8 2 ea |e ef

& a oS. a 23 ree

: 5 <0, : g a5

£ maa 3 @ es

~ o res iE

oo =o] oe og

Sos, ° @ oS (7)

<a Be: a) 4

| |
Gasconade sa ee ee ee 30,027 | 10. 5) wi5e283 4,346 | 20 86,920
Geminis ate sete ees. | IL SHSIE||talsye a} 24,195 5,746 | 15 86,190
(Greene tein roe Weta thas: 37,495 Ss 299, 960 12,914 | 22 284,108
Grim d Aree eterno tre nists | 3,495 10 34,950 3,007 39,091
HamrisO nee tc ce hei ae 25576. | 16 | 41,216 8,762 | 19 166,478
Eeuiyee ses eae ere ates. eee 2 Oe SiO eeetslia| 343,505 || 13,297} 14 186,158
lively 2h 0 2G Garson ett | 6,803} 9.5 64,628 || 4,556 | 15 68,340
EOL Pea eee oe en aes 5,436 | 16 86,976 || 14,328] 18 257, 904
ELOwyacdie weton: cas Une etiam | 36,303 | 13.5] 490,090 |, (SAO eels 33,120
PEVOWRe lhc. arey.h or atcoa moet os. 17,172 10 171,720 || 2,420 13 31,460
THOaES > sock Re te aL aes at aa 2,080 | 11 22,880 1 OOO 1s 18,000
TACKSONG Re Sees eae ASHOSsal Ase 235,079 || 5,416 | 20 108 ,320
JR GDeI se Aaey Ren ae eee Ce 51,287 8 410,296 | 15,199 | 20 303 , 980
ettensOneeae en ee 93E309e|-eni ine) 215,619 || DOP | - AG 41,648
TONUISONS Fee ee re oa | 31,812] 10.5 334,026 || 8,896 | 13 115,648
IRE OX ase eked ek, cee ee 1,479 | 14 20,706 || 48,034 | 16 768, 544
ihaclede een eee 4,501 8 36,008 | 3,965 | 15 59,475
ILA a OR eS ee 45,255 | 12 543,060 | 10,966 | 15 164,490
LA AUDEC Seen ey ee ae oe 65,189 6 391,134 || 11,519 | 20 230,380
TLE Se a pe ee Ret eer 3,642 | 17 61,914 || 6,197 | 19 117,743
Tem COL aise hea ea 37,349 | 15.5 578,909 11,314 | 16 181,024
Tei Pee Ae et Seige 30940| 213 51,233 || 3,564 | 21 74,844
Mya eStOnme meee ete ere 8,072 | 13 104,936 || 3,860 | 16 61,760
iMeDonalden ess 72) ein ine 15,161 6 90, 966 SS Zales 28 , 230
INCOMES ae Ee ere eae oes 4,809 | 13 62,514 3,677 | 20 73,540
Ma dasonieastre manen Sone Daiogtaes oe 6,016 8 48,128 1,022] 15 15,330
NMGLICSee ere raen o eon 12,588 | 8 100,704 2,454 | 20 49,080
Maniouere test so ee 13,269 | 15 199,035 2,929 20 58,580
MW ETCOLA Ae Meese. tes seen ien LS Oil7 je sil 21,087 4,917 | 13 63,921
Nillerspoaeceie gages ceo eee 12,397 | 10 123,970 || 3,885 | 20 77,700
MISsisSi DIE a ates eer 22,195 | 14 310,730 | 140 | 25 3,500
Monitealasc none. enone 23,388 | 10 233 ,880 | 6,701 | 10 67,010
| |
IMOUmOe eet ciice onc wasiattiece as ss 8,445 | 15 126,675 9,530 | 22 209,660
MONUZOMEeLY 82... 20,233 | 15 303,495 14,666 | 16 234,656
MGS ae Ree Mee ARs 13,535 | 10 135,350 5,278 | 15 79,170
INewaMadricicas ae a: sense: 10,644 | 15 159,660 | 203) leet 4,395
} |

INewLOKee rename oseitac cis: 32,205 | 7 225,435 GaTlse| ele, 80,556
NOGA WAVES ee ne oe 3,784 | 14 52,976 20,627 | 15.5 219,718
@Qreconer eis Seti eA eee 9,838 7 68, 866 2,025 | 15 30,375
(OR eee ea se ene 24,810 | 10 248 , 100 DIAS | 0) 47,560
Ozaloneees ee a tee toe 8,728 4 34,912 | fA zat ees 22,065
IPEMISCOts ccc tees Rie ty anentere = 5,220 20 104,400 68 20 1,360
Deira ao EEE ROLE: 46,748 9 420,732 4,463 | 20 89, 260
TICE. (dh Meee SRN IE ee oe RS 24,574 | 11.5 282,601 6,219 | 13 80,847

456 Missouri Agricultural Report.

WHEAT AND OATS—Continued.

Wheat. Oats.
» » 3 2 A 2
a Se 8s a ee 6s
2 Hip —— i) Ao cm
$ ic a 3 BB as.
: 3 ~& : 3 Se
ash iS pes! o
To [=ho} oma) [=o}
aes mas eo | 28
Ihe Seat Peta ee eserat a Ro 10,296 8 82,368 4,081 15 | 61,215
TED ess Dae MALAY eS ea 43,804 | 16 700,864 128 71ND eel] 279,818
PIALLC Meee te ee A ee oe 38,495 | 15 577,425 Dorie || oi 42,624
BOS we res Aa ae Se er 19,417 9 174,753 10,996 | 15 | 164, 940
Tenis ah ee es tis pecs ane chee 8,715 8 69,720 Pe A) 31,822
titan peewee eee ae ee Noe 1,591 14 22,274 65708 |plonn| 105,120
Realist pete Reine eae ee se ee 9,089 | 12.5 113,612 6,156 | 2 123,120
Randolph ere eee 2,978 | 13 38,714 2,900 | 16 46 , 400
Tete hid eS es Se eager? ORS hla 124, 163 2,633 | 15 39,495
IRGWAGGSs 5 50se sons sceaaste 2,176 8 17,408 790 | 15 11,850
Ripleyeeee ieee es ee 6,246 8 49,968 3,619 | 15 54,285
St Charles sey hewieee eh yn: 50,384 | 19 957, 296 8,678 | 18 | 156, 204
SimGlaire ae sore ean en eae 7,888 9.5 74,936 ! CAL SU = 4 111,240
Ste: Genevieve... anes e ne: 20,0 0% 10 263 , 670 1205 is) =} 22,895
Simhrancois sss eee een ee Ie Ste 9 106,317 | LAS fay \h ila. | 20,625
SiMOUISEe ete tee eee: 46,119 | 11.5 530,368 | 2,454 | 15 36,810
Saline wares cas en aes: 54,678 | 10.5 574,119 | 7,505 | 12 90,060
Sehunplercsne aenhe saae ree 2,462 | 14 34,468 | 5,927 | 15 88,905
Scotland \erneeneaa a iE eee 1,035 | 14 14,490 133 0b eel ee 169,950
SCOtiietee tie oro aR Nts eo: 50,914 | 11 560,054 | 220; 20 | 4,400
Shannonneea eee eee 2,907 | i 20,349 | 823 12 9,876
Site l Dyes ciate eee rene WEST IG) 166,873 8,343 | 25 208,575
Stoddardissp use ata Titer re OB BB | SO.) 250,246 PLT eee fara 52,248
Stoneietes cea eer ene Waa) ONG 46,518 | 1,515 | 19 28,785
Stlllivaniereee weiter Seances. Gey I itil 7,601 | ZeswlGa eed 52,972
Maney May went ae ae GBI |< 4 44,184 | 1,646 | 12 19,752
PRO AS ait ate 8 ne ea op EN ee iow 6 104,142 | 3,082 13 43 , 966
VEEN OM yy eats o is aba ee ane Lee 10,427 9 93,843 | ties ose pele 136 , 236
WiSLreN ett Ot aa 20,095 | 12.5 251, 187 7,058 | 16 112,928
WiaShin=tonmey eens IS (OiI7 || =— © 117,153) 1,984] 13 25,792
Win yl Gwee act. ete teen ae 6,691 9 60,219 | 13345 eel 22,678
WICDSteraw aston cei a Lene 14,824 8 118,592 | 5,755 | 20 115,100
WOK cern cine Bete ee 1,209 | 15 18,135 | 3,549 | 19 67,431
Wile hitman dete: teams, he te 13,065 6 78,390 | ay. Oe en 51,156
|

Statistics.

457

SUMMARY OF THE ACREAGE, YIELD AND VALUE OF
FARM CROPS FOR THE YEAR 1908 FOR THE STATE
AND BY SECTIONS.

CORN.
Acres Average Total yield,
Section. planted. yield per bushels. Total value.
acre, bu.
INoniheaster erp swtaeieceire wetienrn s 1,280,920 28 36,341,374 $20,480,826
INOTENKES Homi ren we me boteeiet mean Sistas 1,946, 443 29 56,451,067 32,154,790
(Creamer) PS ee ae aie Rien ab San cr 1,041,321 26 27,578,061 16,184,572
SOMME ems ie ep Meiners asee nee ote eee 1,422,300 22 32,153,720 17,261,403
I OUEM CAS eves. otte om cnct cw eee oo a steontirte 796,881 26 21,049,200 12,526,014
SLAC t er Metts ie ee eae orca 6,487,865 26 173, 573 , 422 $98 ,607 ,605
WHEAT.
Acres Average Total yield
Section. Acres sown. | harvested. | yield per bushels. Total value.
acre, bu.
INOTEMEASTR eis) ses a: 263, 817 242,857 15.6 3,789,509 $3,605,740
INORGMWESti. ci cts see 243 , 264 220,571 13.9 3,068,774 2,880,080
(Cai ney eae Ge ay eee Be 448 , 046 416,862 10.8 4,526,008 4,205,940
SOUPMWESiataccaesine clenecsinor 541, 267 497,139 hac 3,849,301 3,596, 200
SOWDMeUSt ee. es eee ee 588, 549 550,299 9.9 5,451,227 5,224,700
SS DAUCA = semen meats 2,084, 943 1,927,728 OMG 20,684,819 $19,512,660
WHEAT SOWN, FALL, 1908.
Acreage com- | Average con- | Previous five-
Acreage pared with pre-| dition crop, year average
Section. | sown, 1908. vious year, Dec. 1, 1908. con. Dee. 1,
per cent. 1908.
INOGENEAS terse oreo fact esac ee 249,053 94 83 85
INOIRI ONESIES ein Soot Cet ee ok SEO 219,834 90 80 85
(GET AREY ECOG Sikes Sense e eee Sar rere 427 , 067 95 80 84
IOUILIIWIES Greg sys ashes stat ccePeree ate 466,410 86 85 81
SOU ea Shier, sect ake vise sat hones eer o OLS Oo 87 68 84
bate mera uct. ams ous we Be 1,878,139 90 79 84

458 Missouri Agricultural Report.
OATS.
; Acres Average Total yield,
Section. harvested. yield per bushels. Total value.
acre, bu.
INOLPHEAS teenies cee ete eae 227 , 926 17 3,927,383 $1,681,900
INOEEHWESE Fast niece ote tak rece baie | ae 16 2,270,529 1,069,510
Centrale see o sh eee amie ne 104,674 15 1,607,916 754,850
Soutrhiwests. oe po ee ie ere ine 181,945 16 3,035,306 1,306,680
SOUTHEASL ee eC em ree 61,569 17 1,060,306 515,160
S babel eae tee ene ke cee nee 717, 286 16 11,901,440 $5,328,100
HAY AND FORAGE.
Acres Average Total yield,
Section. harvested. yield per tons. Total value.
acre, ton.
INORGH GAS ti ctceteminners tenet seco oe 981,184 | 1b 1,275,930 $7 , 586,540
INOKURWeSt sos ou cee ee ete 846,055 | 15 1,270,084 7,234,025
Centrale ase see ee ee eee 546 , 443 ks 820,663 TAL PADS
SOULE WESts ce eink ray sor 587 , 240 if?) 736,680 4,891,950
SOULDMCASt ae at et eie ce ree 327,189 iho 428 , 662 4,340,527
SUdtOmcaiyoerce tetris 3,288,111 1.4 4,532,019 $29,824,247
PRAIRIE HAY.
Average Total yield,
Section. Acres sown. yield per tons. Total value.
| acre, tons.
INOTRthea ste sess ahi saa arate. oe enor 16,709 1.6 26,734 $106,936
NOrthiwestianecite ceva ee 33,848 1.4 47 , 387 236,935
Gertie Ae ecciy eters sree eared ee pee 15,496 ike 15,496 77,480
HOULMWESEet br skies cence tee keen 99,679 ike 99,679 498 ,395
SOuthedst ve he ae ata eee 2,213 ik 2,213 15,491
Svatierets ty. cient ns eee tiol sevens 167,945 Wes) 191,509 $935, 237

ith a

Statistics.

459

SUMMARY OF TOTAL YIELD AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM CROPS PRODUCED BY
MISSOURI FARMERS IN THE YEAR 1908.

[ |
Acreage. | Yield. Total farm
value.
|

(COT is Bleed 23 hee aeta, Coss is) nano ae Be 6,487,865 | 173,573,422 $98 , 607,605
\AVLRYEEL I Sy) cee SR Ree Soe aE eee 1,927,728 | 20,684,819 19,512,660
(CEN Ct 4 So Soe a nie bh ig Mais abe by a an Se Nad a 717,286 11,901,440 5,328,100
elaine oaval I Way eee eget ue ve ey Me ey ye ee 3,288,111 4,532,019 29,824, 247
er AUT MELA Ve onre eh ce pone Mice EW y teat lel oe gh te rears 167,945 | 191,509 935,237
JEN EDD: ho Bite etn Beem ae cee ee a ea ee 20,000 | 140,000 138,600
TRS thd so eet OOD SREIOS Din er ee ee | 15,000 | 180,000 | 142,200
BUCK WHEL wet ee, crane Ook eee on Misi S| 1,919 | 23 ,025 21,413
IBALle yee Ce Soe Dee ee 1,750 | 36,750 25,725
BEOOIMCOLIE MEE 4 See eo As Pee tole 4,000 | 1,400,000 42,000
WORCOHE nee ne fenre be kas =), Arba Ce EN 76,668 | 27 , 983 ,820 2,378,625
IR OLALOCSPA rere Re eet: a tee Ree ie eee eT! 74,783 6,431,338 4,501,936
ahACcOmer eee eee Nee, Pe gues Kees 2,471 2,038,575 | 244,629
DOL MUMMY SCE ist eet ates a iciay who teehee ese Ga 25,043 425,731 353,356
SOU AON TSN AU ose Gener See aren eee eee 25,043 2,129,080 894,200
GIOVE SCOU meee ee sei tp te? Sait ok att Raa ee 60,300 84,420 506 , 520
TENOR OW PSEC ae eae re nk Merge pant amie t } 75,500 264,250 528 , 500
Kaffir Corn, Millet, cowpeas, castor-beans, etc...|..........-..-- eal ees cetacean ee 1,080,000
Nascellaneouszveretalessseyeet tics Sei chess cee pene ce onan Fata eee ee 6,750,000

Wolalevalnevof-allicrapsrwe peice. aye a ae | ene oe ee oe clrewe le $171,815,553

CROP YIELDS, 1908.

AVERAGE PER ACRE BY CROP SECTIONS.

N. E. Sec. | N. W. Sec. | Cent. Sec. |S. W. Sec. | S. E. Sec. | Whole
Crop. 20 21 21 23 | 29 State, 114
counties. | counties. | counties. | counties. | counties. | counties.
| |
Gorm sbushelsiey..a:- 15 2 | 25 29 26 22 | 26 26.
Wiheav. bushels:.ess.5 5252 15.6 | SO 10.38 Tavis 9.9 LOR
Oatse bushels ose. ee | 17 16 15 16 } 17 16
{ Timothy, OMS See Sei ees ee 128) 13} 1.4
IPTAIGIC = TOMS ssc ae 6; | 1.4 1 1 1 12,
Hay < Clover, tons........ Ihe hats | 13s 1.4 | 1.4 | 115
Alfalfa, tons....... 25) | Siete 2.5 Vee 2.6 | 2.6
| Cowpea, tons.......| 1.6 ESS 1.5 1.6 | 1.5 1.6
WidaewbUShels2,aee wee sleet eases. Nise, 5 Prepsestem [CA Seale ce SP 8R) eee eee 7
eyesbushels:.. sa... 5 os Ss 1 i 14 11.4 10 MOST 12
Buckwheat, bushels....... 16 Nay" 5 12 9 10 12
ARGV eID ISHEIS Shirai: secre, nilleve ode hvcnal s elllictapetonets reectons 12 cee, GENO URS Creer ice Name S| ea arti Ae 21
Broomeorn®, IbsShaae en <5 sl TOO Artes aces =| 175 425 100 350
COOMA MAE se POUMGS eatite lene atatoncserc ree lisvvevehonsie evscal eke reesashen dls! s}| wu isusia lous ofan! | Serer eeu selene's 365
Potatoes, bushels......... 94 104 88 Oman 74 86
RODACCOMDOUNASET. eet elect aociltictee Gaivic co lisvateuememe et |e oa ceiauae Hectares a oe 825
Sorghum syrup, gallons. . .| 80 107 83 69 Sonal 85
Sorghum seed, bushels... 16 17 22 15 17 17
Kaffir corn, bushels....... | 23 24 26 22 15 22
Cowpeas, bushels......... 12 11 14 12 17 13
Clover seed, bushels...... 1.9 2 1.8 tei 15a 1.4
Timothy seed, bushels... . ae: 4 4 3.4 | 3 3.5

460

AVERAGE FARM PRICE, NOVEMBER 1, 1908.

Missouri Agricultural Report.

The prices given in this table are governed by local conditions and are the current local prices

prevailing in the country.

N. E. N. W. Central. S. W. S. E. State.
Corn; per) bushels. 9: -..5. $ .56 $200 $ .58 Seos $ .59 $756
Wheat, per bushel........ 95 .93 .92 .93 .95 94
Oats, per bushel.......... 42 47 47 43 48 44
PAK MP CTMOUSHCL te. act csteiette| sie duets ce ree . 96 1.00 LAO Opes ice eorarae .99
Timothy seed, per bu..... 1.70 2.00 PESO) 2.70 2.00 2.00
Clover seed, per bushel... . 00 6.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 6.00
Cowpea seed, per bushel. . . 1.60 2.00 1.60 2.00 1.40 1.80
Sorghum seed, per bushel.. 67 75 .93 .82 1.00 .83
Kathr Corn, per bus... +... 1.00 58 87 69 1.00 .83
Rive per bushels aac sete. 70 73 .84 .84 .85 .80
Buckwheat, per bushel... . 88 86 .95 98 .98 93
Barley, per bushel........ .70 .60 * OO serhwocie ios 61 .70
Potatoes, per bushel...... .65 .67 67 at) 16) .70
Sweet potatoes, per bushel . .93 1.00 .85 .82 78 87
Winter apples, per bushel. . .95 . 66 .98 .93 .93 .89
Timothy hay, per ton..... 5.00 5.70 (30) 6.60 10.00 6.50
Clover hay, per ton....... 6.30 5.50 7.00 6.60 8.70 7.00
Alfalfa hay, per ton....... 7.60 8.50 8.50 8.00 10.00 8.60
Cowpea hay, per ton...... 8.00 4.00 7.00 6.00 8.00 6.60
Prairie hay, per ton....... 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 7.00 5.00
Broomcorn brush, per ton. 70.00 70.00 60.00. 77.00 60.00 67.00
GCotfonn lint sper Ups yer shone leew cistebet ccs a eae ierat aeekecel are cuatele Seabee .09 .08 085
Leaf tobacco, per lb...... 11 .14 = Us! .12 12 2
WWVOO] BSE ULB Saccte ct tecices tren 18 eles 18 .18 22 .19
LIVE STOCK—AVERAGE FARM PRICE PER HEAD, DECEMBER 1, 1908.
N. E. Sec. | N. W. Sec. | Cent. Sec. |S. W. Sec. | S. E. Sec. State.
Horses.
SPLINE COLUS2 sceneries $48. $51. $44. $50. $42 $47.
WGaplin esc Seiwa shea, he hotels 73. 76. 64. 67. 62 68.
Two years and over....... 103. 110. 92. hile 92. 97.
Mules.
Sprineicoliswrccke cacti 59. 64. 57. ing 52. 58.
SMEAR ES ae en ors cotianr tos 85. 92. 82. 82. 75. 83.
Two years and over....... 118. 133. 116. ide te 118.
Cattle.
Steericalvess ioe. tac eet U5, 14. iS}. 10. 8. 12.
HMeifercalveswanis henson 12 alg ie 10. 8. ioe 10.
Wearling steers)... .5.0..%. 23). 23. 20. 18. 13i. 19.
Yearling heifers.......... 18. 18. 15. 16. 12. 16.
Steers, 2 years and over... 34. 34. 29. 27. 20. 29.
Cows, 2 years and over... . 35. 38. ooF 32) 27. 33.
Sheep.
Lambs under 1 year...... 3.4 3.9 3. 3.6 3.3 Siar s
All other sheep........... 4.5 4.7 4. 4.4 3.7 4.
Chickens.
Average price per lb...... .08 .07 .07 07 07 07
Turkeys.
Average price per lb...... 12 12 .10 10 .10 Salil

—

Statistics. 461

LIVE STOCK—CONDITION AS TO THRIFT AND HEALTH, DEC. 1, 1908.

N. E. Sec. | N. W. Sec. | Cent. Sec. |S. W. Sec. | S. E. Sec. State.
Cates rh tr lnets Gres ores 97 97 95 95 94 95
1EIGHESS 3.5 8 Bo aoe ere 96 97 95 96 93 95
MMIC Rare ee a eats ec eee chen 96 98 97 97 95 96
TORO Ree chinstass ehccttan ee a 91 83 90 91 86 88
Sheanamee eee a: 92 96 90 90 90 91

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK.

An abstract of the assessment of horses and mules as shown by the assessors’ returns June 1,

1907. (Compiled from reports of State Auditor.)
Horses. Mules.
County. Valuation Valuation
No. Valuation. per No. Valuation. per
head. head.

ABI Sar Seeeemererucn tare vis 8,926 $330,985 $37.08 905 $34,795 $38 45
PAMVATO Wi aN Pee) eas 7,845 321,195 40 94 1,810 95,975 53 02
ATCHISON eccsspneis aie tasenct 6 7,911 266,755 oo 12 2,610 97,280 37 27
PAU CIA cee eteettntey sire. 9,567 359,200 37 43 3,627 157,695 43 47
ARGV as ee eee ne aia el 8,660 278,503 Sy US 2.374 77,030 32 85
ATOM Metin Meme itr. cee 8,769 241,038 27 49 2,195 65,660 29 91
ISSN CH eee yes, Wea heed 14,0383 469 , 537 33 45 3,046 109,850 35 63
BeNTONS atey worn: eek ae CAML 234,835 31 83 1,987 75,650 38 O07
GUIS ET ace tens hoestene he 3,182 183,171 57 56 2,317 102,941 44 43
BOONE reat taae sere 9,392 337,425 35 92 4,364 168 ,675 38 67
TOMO ae oe eee 9,326 319,760 34 28 PA tay ls) 98 , 850 39 20
ESI Lee ee oe eet ee Batic meee 3,305 119,775 36 02 1,373 50,565 36 74
Caldwell an ianta es ceemes isons 7,582 235,935 suis) ial 1,505 52, 467 34 66
Callawayic..cnem cent stas 9,858 262 ,035 26 58 4,647 1733215 Sine
Cann Geri ies ca eklens obs 4,976 258,180 51 85 1,484 86,295 58 15
Cape:Girardedie ns. 6s. 6,373 216,405 84 B37 D2 (P22) 99,485 36 51
Carrollbereee ster cee 11,865 402,855 33 95 4,149 163 , 500 39 40
Ganhene eateries hae: 1,095 57,617 52 61 633 37,066 58 55
(OES ON ta erie ee LAS Sam eI 11,949 389 , 962 32 63 2,826 92,905 32 87
Cedars 335 ees oh eens 7,842 269,096 34 31 1,931 78,048 40 41
Chariton son seo aie 11,654 408 , 985 35 09 3,089 128,711 41 66
Ghistian seen te 6,423 265 , 043 41 26 Ele) 76,464 44 66
(C) id ca GR tae ah ei Oe 7,019 255,705 36 43 910 36,965 40 62
Wager Re eon woe OTL 265,310 sit fey?) 1,470 71,865 48 88
Clinton pie ns veal 6,198 196, 140 31 64 1,562 71,095 | * 45 51
WOleRs ser. Ae eae oye 3,109 94,955 30 54 1,278 36 890 28 84
Cooper..... SOG TERESI 8,422 373 ,430 44 34 4,676 291,750 62 39
Crawiordh, 42 eet sae 3,382 130,585 38 61 1,519 65,155 42 81
ADY:\ 0 (eee aman ceyes ae rues Ere ous 6,397 230,124 35 97 1,909 87,369 45 76
AAS te sly econ seat one 5,877 153 , 600 26 13 1,403 36,705 26 16
- Daviess Ara thtey Skate aiaeeacit tare ane 11,820 376,416 31 84 2,382 84,655 35 53
DEKAID es ik bs a Gek a Nhe Wg ASE 241,548 32 273| 1,470 52,368 35 63

462 Missouri Agricultural Report.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

Horses. Mules.
! |
County. Valuation Valuation
No. Valuation. per No. Valuation. per
head. head.

TD CTD AES. ON a oe keaton | 4,583 $191,820 $41 85 1,536 $76,602 $49 87
ID OUCTAST Rs Sake ea tte eee: 5,359 242,615 47 14 895 44,920 50 19
ID (wire kel ae Ra en es ery 4,433 200,465 45 22 3,750 220,470 58 79
Jai C A nls ein eee alee 6,224 208, 285 33 46 2,800 100 , 635 35 90
Gascona Gerace acrer-cale: 3,294 105,440 32 00 1,959 70,021 35 74
Genbryea see ce 10,269 376,900 36 70 ileal 45,210 37 02
GTCETCn as Wace ain ee 13,640 440,280 32 28 3 O21 135,190 38 40
Grundiye Anson ee ae 7,961 239 , 287 30 05 1,785 37,630 21 08
ELATRIS OMG pent aos eee 14,877 440,304 29 59 | 1,640 48,189 29 38
iui ee ea ee eaie218 343 , 547 30 62 3,300 105,561 31 99
EM CKORYs 5 = eersee sire ot 5,401 201,606 37 32 1,321 58 ,355 44 17
PLOUG yer ae, eee aA ee ae 6,689 253 , 160 37 86 1,705 82,560 48 42
ELOWarde os toe eet wets 5,738 160,510 28 02 3,280 119,745 36 50
LO Wels a Reece sree ae 6,198 219,132 35 35 1,706 67 , 464 39 54
IE Oy ate pees ries eee a 1,839 73,357 39 89 844 40 , 220 47 65
VACKSOM Rite nea Ae cee 22,140 864,990 39 07 3,198 169,685 53 06
CGIS| OCIS iain Geian Game ena 17,374 571,286 32 30 | 1,988 83,550 42 00
VEersome tele he ete 53825 169,405 29 08 | 2,446 87,415 35 73
JOnnSOniaee eae thee ees 14,370 498 , 780 34 70 4,333 183,985 42 46
Gn Oe pe re ker ncnc ee 7,448 273,840 36 76 1,357 48 , 700 35 88
ia Gled oA eee ak aca 5, 986 232,585 38 85 | 1,660 62,375 37 57
ahavettencsset eee ae 11,826 424,625 sity 745) 4,770 220,780 46 28
TA WHCTICE Beene ee ee 9,559 284,549 29 76 2,848 98 ,999 34 76
WSC Wis artic ee ee ee ee oe 6,493 256 , 260 39 46 1,460 58,140 39 84
EIN GOT are ere ate 6, 254 174,220 27 85 1,730 53), LO 30 69
UT: fhe ee AISA 10,725 316,756 29 53 1,794 ye yaray319) 29 73
IDO KONG 2s keg eae oe 10,317 343 , 107 333) 2 1,683 62,402 37 O08
NCE D Ona diss ate cle eae 4,922 183 , 290 37 24 997 44 ,053 44 18
VAC OLS. ane, Rotituk eee ae 12,569 463 ,425 36 87 2,734 107,175 39 20
Madisonh steer Deasily/ 87,015 ot 55 ibSeilal 58,921 44 94
IMamMeShi me ain sear fy Ive 2 3,412 102,386 30 00 2,020 72,869 36 07
MamlOmers 2) ethers aK 7,215 253,145 35 08 1,262 54,560 43 23
ICRC I Ris. Hei ee wea 8,756 331,930 37 90 850 30,580 35 98
iy DUS eatin eee ne ae OE 6,179 214,730 34 75 IUARSVETE 76,715 40 87
IMISSISSIp pie ese nica ste 2,455 85,435 34 80 4,099 184,670 45 05
MONS Cape yore se eee ete 5, 587 176,435 31 58 Paes) 84,890 39 48
Mont oer ees oki. ee ais 9,479 359, 550 37 85 3,592 141,000 36 47
Mont zomenryee aes. ssn: 5,293 172,555 32 60 2,041 87,915 43 07
MOTE anit se acon te meee eee 5,879 148 ,900 | 24 50 2,193 61,910 28 23
INeweadinide sree Bsa 64, 280 27 81 3,906 109,740 28 09
ING Wi Ola se Anes See 9,956 227 , 330 22 83 1,438 35,505 24 69
INOGBWaynknies ctettae ce ceiete L3235) 563 ,355 32 69 2,108 65,445 31 00
ORESON As ete eee Coe 4,233 100,109 23 64 1,898 49,863 26 27
Osage re we rate: ome oh: 3,697 121,040 oo 55d 2,480 Be 7a lis} 49 08
Oar eas He ee ne en 4,679 219,898 44 85 We syai7/ 74,588 54 96
Bemnniscot seer eee 2,295 67,100 29 23 3,187 115,730 36 31
IPGL steep eit cee ees 4,718 157,938 33 47 2,646 98,152 37 09
IPELUIS = Sei mes seat eters hee 11,498 369,050 32 10 3,648 168 ,675 46 35

Statistics.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

Horses. Mules.
County. | | Valuation | Valuation
No. Valuation. per No. Valuation. per
head. |} head
WeMEIDS Se vetocis aPoihece Seine 4,186 $138,694 | $33 13 1,350 $53,698 | 439 77
VIO R eR ft are ace eh tei 7,449 287 ,320 | 43 70 Pe fie} 89,980 41 40
Patt Gr Aer creptes Mewes oir 5,817 220, 660 37 93 2,459 109,165 | 44 39
1210) | Cae eee a A ee eee 10,426 368 , 990 385 00 2,959 111,363 | 37 63
IP UaS oyster oh ieee os 3,393 93,550 | PACE ASC 820 28,355 34 58
UETIAI eee mete, ate ohio 9,916 280,529 | 28 29 1,187 29,610 | 24 94
TRIEEN US) a ae ee See Pace a a 5,023 198,495 | 39 55 1,314 54,435 | 41 42
VaTIG Olga Leyes cetees tes see 8,058 293,980 | 36 48 1,769 Goma 41 38
Tat En 5 ts De ie ee 9,777 308,005 31 50 3,408 136,925 40 17
CVTIOIGS eae eo ohaetncasreeereee 2,593 118,976 45 88 1,401 80,903 | Sanh
TR eal ene aeae te i ame 3,381 164,803 | 48 66 | 1,431 80,544 | 56 28
pee Hatlese. 4 cys ices aes 7,718 328 ,690 42 58 PD 53) 128,765 | 50 37
Sie {G/N aie ee eee ee 8,773 261,610 30 00 | 2,441 51,670 | 21 16
Sieh ranCoiss sees sine. = 3,657 90,605 24 77 I pSBYy 57,285 | 43 00
Spe: Genevievesa. cia. <0 nes 3,447 94,635 27 45 1,110 47,990 | 43 23
Spee OIG Sete teat nea peer e te 8,832 449 , 960 50 94 3,672 190 , 040 | hei
St eUOuIS Clive eect sa | 10,820 370,920 34 28 765 31,450 41 11
SLIME Mae eee secant a eee 9,819 384,215 39 12 5,662 295,680 oe,
SGHIEN GIS ie cone eins tee | 6,185 210,375 34 00 808 30,463 | 37 70
SCOUMN Gig aes Crna, on tet Untonity 257,870 34 30 974 36,100 37 06
SCOULMER ee ihe te ie oe Se 107,790 33 45 4,199 159,443 37 97
SITATIMO Te is eee eee teers oes IS NSIC 118,026 39 64 1,309 63 , 793 48 73
STO ON aka ieee acura 9,037 311,490 34 46 2,648 89,665 33 86
Sod Candie see. Siar ee | 6, 967 327,478 47 00 3,866 218,092 56 41
SHON Re ok Cates Serene Ae 2 160, 102 37 48 1024 44,831 43 63
|

SUllincnripest gekeincs = Sri | 11,757 350 , 347 29 79 1,364 39,411 28 87
DMC Vg shes meee, Cyees celtic 3) 702 152,067 41 07 983 45,103 45 88
ROXAS ree Sn legs aks ieye eI 8,450 302,725 39 37 2,291 95,040 41 48
VERNON Soir, se eae: 13,276 356,391 26 84 2,816 95,316 33 84
SWING Iho ee tere Say sys a ae) ote 3,081 98,430 31 94 1,174 49,465 42 13
Wi SHET TOM 5 us stares cee | 3,209 91,440 28 49 1,590 51,805 32 58
IWiAVING = fewoe cites stole 3,038 134,410 38 00 2,050 90,745 44 21
Wiebsferacr rts eaclae onc 6,360 201,570 36 41 1,825 ce OD 40 41
WWiOiey cee teo att cea 5,863 193 ,420 32 97 496 14,990 30 22
WiEIONY Pe ee ectapee Rc arene arate 7,184 289,506 40 29 Al 2 73,860 42 64
RUA C csc chs Suckenctanie ots 845,108 $29,295,461 $34 66 |250,045 |$10,160,496 $40 63

464

Missouri Agricultural Report.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

An abstract of the Assessment of Asses and Jennets and Neat Cattle as shown by the Assessors’

Returns June 1, 1907.

(Compiled from reports of State Auditor.)

Asses and Jennets.

Neat Cattle.

County. Valuation. Valuation
No. Valuation. per No. Valuation. per
head. head.

AGAITS.. seronrooie ein eee 63 $3 ,650 $57 94 | 23,855 $273,910 $11 48
JAMO TOW: Necsus ded he ace Cusine 103 9,925 96 33 | 24,256 345 , 925 14 26
INE CHISOMNe wrsine tere eee 49 4,580 93 47 | 36,225 627,190 iby siil
PANTO AT Se ecccne hedeteecehate 199 11,650 58 54 | 21,294 300,510 eet Sk
TBD) oe are cine eto cher eee 150 5,550 St OOM life il, 151 310 8 54
Barb Omens bet crate ees okie 105 5,130 48 85 | 18,340 177,497 9 18
IB ATES Leis tae eon te eerie 131 8,026 61 26 | 30,958 314,755 10 10
IBEMtOM er ecire aes Snes 96 5,265 54 85 | 21,709 246 ,605 Ma lesial
IBOLINGer tee ee ke ee 55 3,330 60 54 14,512 106 ,527 7 34
IB OOME Hr. sate sehen a 207 8,910 43 04 19,569 290,210 14 83
Bie hanamneteeae cee cic ie. 64 3,800 DI esvenielomn os 243 , 345 15 68
IBUGLET Ss reteset cere 33 900 PE PAU 13,676 103,101 7 54
Caldwell Aer tecrrars ct 33 3,950 54 10 | 20,828 269,968 12 96
Callaway teonnrcocus tere ae 318 20,045 63 05 16,852 239,495 14 21
(amd eles et erie eee 60 3,875 64 58 18,909 247,520 13 09
Cape Girardeau.......... ah 6,415 83 31 | 11,679 103,895 8 90
Garrollhey ce eee te 99 4,945 49 94 | 23,435 306 ,852 13 09
Wanhencesariasre caer seas eres 22 1,165 54 95 Ly Hales} 53,875 9 43
CASS ie ase earns eon phen 118 8,750 74 15 | 26,165 304,576 11 64
Cedar Siete sae ee 78 7,630 GOR (om lifieeloo 201,919 11 74
Chariton st -4-ae are 105 9,220 87 80 | 23,688 | 329 , 983 13 94
Christians wesc 117 5,760 49 23 | 16,277 176,345 10 838
(CEN fl ete nascent ice otoaree Ce 15 1,250 83 33 15,809 200,745 12 70
Clays Peyiak er aay te min ote 72 9,885 137 30 | 21,024 333 ,690 15 87
Clinton eee cao 39 2,840 72 82 | 24,101 384,895 15 97
(GOL rte Sas eee ek eee 34 1,765 51 91 8,574 92,505 10 78
G@OOPeCl > s--c eere e e 117 14,350 122 65 17,358 264,400 15°23
Crawilordw eee See acccas 35 2,025 58 14 | 12,380 149,295 12 05
WAGE yee a sade atciacche oes 104 6,021 57 90 | 15,700 159,702 10 17
ASA er eaten arsecbeca ys» 55 3,480 630278 | lsr a6 109,002 8 27
ID AVS ype seep ios Bes one 126 11,690 92 77 | 26,375 | 360 , 23: 13 65
DelkCallbrere etree as 53 4,525 isfy aye |p Sak ibs 300,787 12 46
1D Ye} 01 gp eeee nee are Hee erent 72 3,050 42 36 | 16,379 | 166,976 10 19
WY OUST AS es prensa rerscole. eee 5) 4,072 74 03 | 13,963 168 , 592 12 07
ID\oboU Nise aa eens oakoneks ans 30 2,045 68 16 14,370 116,710 8 12
br amMicliniyojatieesde arte. s es 31 1,710 5p L165) 12,218 174,310 14 26
Gasconade yeeros PAI IF O23 48 71 9,595 95,090 9 91
(ENGR Yet ee eee 7 6,595 61 64 | 28,484 401,655 14 10
GMEETIC ee Rare veane Motes 02 5,605 54 95 | 23,539 267 , 556 MG beste
Grund yee eee ae ees 2 5,985 49 46 | 22,357 260 , 937 1122
LATTISON Sc sree haste cesteeree eters 99 9,555 96 51 43,899 579 , 282 13 19
ENG TeYa ccapein at onthe eee eet 838 ab alatil 49 53 | 26,045 287,012 11 02
IN CK OTNzeoees cl pena eh as 65 5,195 78 38 15,422 178 , 408 Dt bts
OM rete tee cae ee eee reais 41 2,780 67 80 | 14,3875 224,590 | 15 62

Statistics.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

465

A—30

Asses and Jennets. Neat Cattle.
County. Valuation | Valuation
No. Valuation. per NO Valuation. per

i heads | head.

|
18 ogni | ites Rice Sie ene 113 $6,810 $60 26) 14,150 $227 , 900 $16 10
MLO Wel vagewee ee ce as cen ee 82 3,385 41 28 | 15,244 165,647 10 87
NOME eee ne ches 2 975 48 75 | 6,675 66,408 9 95
CKO Tate tee gen eee Le nerd tenn cts rao) 2 Boot ren Mee, ip seed anata | 24,602 363,975 14 79

|

cLIGEISy CESS Fl se A cle ne 109 6,545 60 00 | 19,77 247 ,607 12 50
ARETE) Se paneer ieee 50 3,050 61 00 | 15,082 131,549 Sie
PT OUESON =r pereete l os 150 8,740 58 26 | 31,420 420,410 13 38
ISSTVOD Se Doth e epaeeT oes eR aeen| 74 3,865 52022 Se Sak 257,890 13 66
MALE event ett ete exch cade: | 101 3,840 38 02 | 15,900 202,545 12 73
abaverver., ase.) sn sence Ua 6,090 79 00 | 25,124 342 ,435 L367
TEA WERETICO Yr eet 3 oe sche acne S81 4,135 51 04 | 15,229 158 , 249 10 39
THE WAS matdonceteerccaos sha tee toll 56 5,375 96 00 | 15,062 193 , 960 12 87
ILaVeO) Nile aoe Be Ob 62 2,270 36 61 | 13,801 184,895 13 39
WAT ee ars oe sees Lee 90 6,625 Hey Gil) Bybee tral 342 ,635 9 94
NGLVATIES TOM ena ee) Loe 54 3,640 67 40 | 22,309 252 , 980 it BR
WVGIDYO ENCE cs hee ors eee 101 3,470 34 35 = =10,543 101,155 9 60
IA COM erg een coer eter | 151 8,980 | 59 47 | 29,623 401,085 13 63
INCAS O Migs eet ne reas sts 22, 1,805 82 00 8,159 72,759 S 80
Maines ide resent hays. Beis | 42 1,750 41 66 ! 14,050 106,486 @ av
IMATION Rate terrae ee 43 4,570 106 30 | 11,710 174,450 14 89
IMIOR COT Beep wep ee fas aes 70 4,075 5Se 2 1265285 A52 ,987 17 02
MN Gree cone eerie its tee Shs cps 45 B35 (ile) SOs Sos li 49) 175,520 9 89
IMUSSISSID Diep teas ee 33 1,475 44 70 leoe 63,605 8 20
MOHIGE Aber: ase where 86 4,850 56 39 | 12,702 136,755 10 76
MONT OCS ween mt Pas: (ae ake 179 10,680 59 66 | 20,089 290,900 14 48
MOntTZOMETYs« est seen cusa 89 7,425 | 83 42 | 14,289 171,700 12 Ol
IMPOR aT ey a ree seye ea sir saon ate \ ala 2 3,180 28 39 | 13,627 115,300 8 46
NGwe Madnidi=.s 5.5.0 22 840 38 18 9,506 49 640 5 22
INTO aos ee eee 8O 1,930 24 12 | 15,180 130,510 8 59
Nodaway Bee auntie ees ota tae 98 4,020 | 41 00 | 56,458 BVT) Alsi 9 384
ONE OM eens See ee 43 1,040 DARTS.) slonoao 128,218 8 19
OSA emi hear Oye i tccsn nen 36 22250 62508) |) 521 115,030 9 98
OVATE ER tr oe er Samet te ie 62 Bin (a 60 67 | 22,068 | 222 ,620 10 09
OMNSCOL MAL oo sitar: 30 760 25 33 | 10,894 60,589 i Ayn
CLL eee ere ee eae 52 2,390 46 00 8,803 85,332 9 69
CRS ae yas taeia ean Gatos 123 5,760 4683. | 27,706 400,15 14 41
Bhielp sm aeeeteeee-. cet acs c 50 2,039 40 60 | 14,254 | 141,695 9 93
JESS pees aes Oe eee eee 264 13,330 50 49 | 14.358 184,480 12 85
LEI AHS gene Speen: ae en 105 6,670 64 47 | 12,135 160,715 13 24
Leta) UN eee pe ee ea 218 12,600 57 79 | 20,169 247 , 580 2 22
i2AU GISTs Sede ieee Beate eae ae oe 28 1,045 Sioa laleneno 125,790 10 24
1? Winans Giese iomeed oe tere 52 Foe PAO) 40 76 | 31.395 | 419,658 13 36
TREE KS oa yee eo ee 62 3,610 59 83 | 10,763 | 149,555 13 90
LR HOO (OI Hol ISG aiecic oe sess 138 8,860 | 64 20 | 15,234 221,465 14 53

| |

|

Ie NES Sas coe: Gree meee one ocr 128 9,315 fea | eho OOS | 306,215 UGH ET
FUE VMOLAS ences ate cr. 19 1,090 57 36 | 14,259 129,650 9 00
TRU Le ye neces. ous cake Gens 50 2,150 43 00 | 12,992 | 121,902 9 38
sie (O)ehd (Gin aera cob orinp 45 2,520 56 00 | 12,308 160, 560 13 04

466 Missouri Agricultural Report.
MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.
Asses and Jennets. Neat Cattle.
Valuation Valuation
County. No. Valuation. per No. Valuation. per
head. head.
| a
SENClaibar eee eee 80 $3, 660 $45 75 | 21,639 $239,005 $11 04
Sti, TRINOOIE, soc cna bot oar 22 1,760 80 00 | 9,135 94,415 13 35
Ste. Genevieve..........- 35 PB. Sx) 67 28 | 7,534 Clo TSS 10 32
BIRO LLG ce ar eh ce ares | eee ee Sere, eer nas | 10,489 171,600 | 16 36
Spam e ois: Cit yceeee ee carl eee | eee eee he eer 5,980 88,640 | 14 82
Saline rman men mature ye kane 158 9,295 58 83 | 34,219 494 665 14 45
Slender ok koe os aee: 37 1,730 46 75 | 14,457 171,675 11 87
Scotland nn aye rena | 92 3,680 40 00 | 21,462 277,470 | 12 92
SCOE eer es ee om welt 12 1,230 102 50 | 7,404 65,345 | 8 82
Shannons.9-ee ee bee 24 1,895 75 20 | 13,977 128,469 9 19
Shelbyeees a eee eee | 138 9,475 68 66 | 17,758 257,505 14 50
Stoddard a wie ene ee 53 3,530 66 60 | 22,061 153,863 | 6 97
SPOTTC RR Ea eet tnte tte 53 2,243 40039812 162 123,588 | 10 62
|

Sullivan seperated cee 117 5,785 49 44 | 34,726 475,551 | 13 69
PRAM Cyree oe eee 82 2,765 33 71 | 16,346 168 , 356 10 29
MEAG Uy aera me Lecce ae 156 8,175 52 41 |°25,560 261,440 10 22
WeTnONH os, eeu eee ee 176 8,874 50 42 | 29,606 304,498 | 10 28
Via The aaah hate ee nery yee: 7 1,985 116 76 | 7,653 66,900 | 8 74
Washinejone sas eee | "43 1,800 41 86 | 12,826 126,770 9 88
VWiaiyinie tee ek See totic ae P27 1,330 49 25 | 15,219 107,855 7 08
WOOSIOR. .cccgseduscsnce 166 6,275 37 80 | 15,141 154,710 10 22
WiORbH Share ty eine: | 24 1,710 71 25 | 18,886 331,010 17 53
Ware te done oe teas peta er eee 98 5,497 56 09 | 18,448 205,167 | eae
Statement ee as 9,206 $546, 504 $59 36 |2,091,559/$25, 148, 134 $12 02

An abstract of the Assessment of Sheep, Hogs and all other live stock as shown by the Asses-
(Compiled from reports of State Auditor.)

sors’ Returns June, 1, 1907.

Sheep. Hogs.
{ } I
County. Valuation | Valuation
No. Valuation. per No. Valuation. per
head. head.

AGATE maby qe ne eee 7,559 $11,435 $1 51) 10,453 $40,535 $3 88
ATIOT OE Witeracys ances orks ene 5,071 12,190 2 40 | 31,826 181,760 iy fil
NE CHISOTIN Site ig eerie: 1,033 2055 1 99 | 46,492 132,750 2 85
PNUUNG Def W NOV ERPS tate tha ere, Oa, cate 21,374 37,770 Ie fey resp 94,725 3 47
ISAT iakane celewtee te eho Paes 4,776 7,134 1 49 | 23,285 34,758 1 49
Barone pe top ee oe 2,170 2,783 af eni bea l(a 41,004 2 38
SAG GOR en ecleg Ae heen eeepc cee 6,642 13,964 2 10 | 39,655 124,751 3 14
BenitOnhess hel wt oer ene: 6,261 10,645 PA ZOS SS Wd 54,895 3 03
Bollineers pene. eel 19,400 16,881 atsy(h |) 245 ils; 34,623 1 56
BOONES eae Met ors tits 12,014 30,725 2 55 | 24,896 65,960 2 65
Bivehanans ss) sapere ee 4,008 8,063 2 OL 2G 62 , 342 2 95
BtbleTy era Gree cy eee 1,060 1,270 119 | 17,263 21,025 ea
Caldiwelle earnestness ae 9,959 24,807 2 49 | 27,010 75,042 Zitat,
Callaway st ee eae 23,465 46,275 1 97 | 18,206 60,990 3 35
Cama@ene esa he tae ete 13,186 26,385 2 00 | 20,067 53,650 2 67
Cape Girardeau. ......... 6,506 11,955 1 84 | 22,653 44,760 1 97

Statistics.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

467

Sheep. Hogs
'
County. | Valuation. Valuation
No. Valuation. per No. Valuation. per
head. head.

(Chriienn(oy | beeper eee dee eee Selo $15,027 $1 84 | 32,951 | $85,118 | ¢2 58
(CHICO Sale etal en SE 754 1,060 1 40 | 10,618 12,419 | th aly/
(CHIN iat cairn, eat me en ri 6E835a\ 136325 1 94 | 41,127 136,414 gf ail
Cedarcte eee eee eee 4,005 9,091 2 26 | 26,243 54,782 2 08
Gharitonm enesiceii en 15,462 41,075 2 66 | 25,453 | 78,902 3 10
Ghinistiankepeen Ghee ase. = 9,420 16, 807 1 76 | 26,036 | 45,718 1 75
Glan aeons eae ee ee ao, 7,925 15,445 i O& | Ge 40,415 | 4 43
CIES 7S Ae Seen ae 13,640 33,275 2 44 | 28,370 | 106, 680 3 76
GlinkOnbyae wks eee oe 3,585 8,577 2 39 | 26,366 | 75,492 | 2 86
Coletta eee oe koe 2,508 2,890 1 15 | 11,163 | 16,635 1 49
Coopers Seis ot. 8,040 20,320 2 52 | 34,191 | 104,650 3 06
Grawiordinescss een nee 6,865 14,040 2 04 | 13,426 | 28,110 | 2 09
IDO Vsy Sk Sone ie ee me 5,715 13,705 2 40 | 16,157 | 47,436 2 93
Mal larshysecest Ate ee see sec ee ae 8,081 10,405 1 28 | 16,055 | 21,925 Bi
Mar (iescee es aicertyn sw cies 17,818 38,320 2 15 | 37,396 | 106,017 | 2 83
Dekalbess fee eee o., 6, 967 19,123 2 74 | 28,793 91,552 | = SST,
Men terse wise ore ee oe: 7,508 11,459 1 52 | 23,552 37,449 | 1 59
LI (017 6 IS oaeege - aa en Ree 10,334 24,684 2 38 | 15,187 33,592 | 224
Dialclineest asso cee ne a 298 350 eati7anle23 "623 42, 538 | 1 80
EAT Nes eee eee nae 3,932 8,050 | 2 04 ,761 52,170 | 2 93
Gasconadem swans ssa: 3,091 6 239 2 01 | 10,910 Ne) OB} 2 03
Gemnitywte pe eae 10,294 17,299 1 68 | 28,908 94,870 | 3 28
Greener ees sents hee. oe 7,752 12,244 1 63 | 28,427 60,591 | 214
Cini eo. cee ee 15,008 27,640 1 84 | 18,499 53,078 2 86

|
SCINARGIe SS clo Gus ood 15,242 51,771 3 39 | 40,208 147,568 | 3 42
OMT pen ye ke het, Ween ae ree 4,560 6,612 1 45 | 30,138 87,898 2 91
EIONGINY 6 Se Semele eee Be 5,535 12,741 2 30 | 15,604 35,100 2 24
LOL Aes sels parted ae 1,236 3,420 7G) Qa, 7a 131,330 5 10
TBION GEG Lee ore sterols oe ,296 16,450 2 25 | 16,205 53,640 3 31
LOW. eon escent oe ce: 6, 984 7,610 ih (OfS% | BHO 26,050 1 14
INO aes eee eee | EB IES 1,658 2,946 eeTivedletnbDSS 9,987 | 1 31
JACKSON ey eee ete ce 8,781 18,876 2 15 | 41,634 119,576 | 287

|
ASWOD ee eee eee ene ae. 2,059 4,168 2 00 | 16,804 51,732 3 20
emerson ss wee seen 2,209 3,335 1 51 | 15,415 35,214 | D Oe
JOM S es RASS Ean oe 13,970 ! 24,755 1 77 | 40,031 130,990 | SBT,
KET OGY pepe cps oe ee ese 10,490 13,210 1 25 | 15,390 43,230 | 2 So
Macledess. thos tak 9,936 17,900 1 80 | 16,191 37,480 | 2 31
IGATAV GLEE tence ceri Std eee 9,791 12,130 1 24 | 33,001 113,610 | 3 44
Wawhenceles cts overs ok 4,775 6,577 1 37 | 21,979 48 ,399 | D220
ILENE Selene ik ah ene 7,418 22 295 3 00 | 13,159 49,320 | 3 74
leiicaln'see fees se ee 5,094 10,112 1 98 | 18,475 41,608 | 2 25
TAT eee ER, aoe eh eo 2 14,114 21,056 1 49 | 20,048 55,182 | 2 75
ILIA. 6 am idee eae 10,418 20,302 1 94 | 29,748 74,400 | 2 53
MED onal dap ts ees ake 5,343 7,790 1 45 | 17,032 36,340 2 13

|
MACON es ee re cnn 11,719 21,075 1 79 | 19,015 54,980 | 2 89
NMiadiscnyey tet Meets vtec 2,753 4,141 150] 9,534 1) ety, | 1 33
Nii isp ee Rae ok at ee TOTS ere 1 00 | 20,531 20,531 | 1 00
ManIOM Merce ta wee ite 10,809 26,095 2 41 | 11,442 46,920 | 4 10

468

Missouri Agricultural Report.

MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.

Sheep. Hogs.
County. Valuation Valuation
No. Valuation. per No. Valuation. per
head head.

IMeTGEn iat het eee 8,021 | 22,701 $2 83 | 18,626 $71,419 $3 82
IMUlLCT AR erin cee econ 8,598 14,185 1 65 | 25,043 48 ,095 1 92
IMISSISSID Plea eee eae eee 143 145 1 O1 | 18,901 26,011 1 87
MOnmiGea ikea see ene eer 3,435 8,025 2733 | 15,828 40 ,465 2 64
MONTOCA Reta rei a Geneon 29,462 | 51,970 1 76 | 24,339 66 , 080 Dimwial
Montfzomerynnse. a2) oe 6,472 | 13,055 2 01 | 19,480 58 , 800 3 01
(MOT ETI 5 hae se ube te. eye 6,480 9,190 1 40 | 13,290 25,870 1 95
iNewalMiadnid serene ene 460 | 460 1 00 | 13,440 13 ,440 1 00
ING witoni a aniacet an eee 1,599 | 1,630 TOTS S057, 27,445 2 10
INO Ga Waivaect onto ie Le 7,707 8,910 Temi GS Oils 177 , 234 2 81
Orercons rere oe 3,800 | 3,800 1 00 | 28,166 28,166 1 00
(ORES Leeds oe Sig as See ae 3,716 | 5,513 1 48 | 16,759 33 , 467 2 00
(OVA ag ote i a are ee 4,746 | 9,368 1 97 | 18,740 29,779 1 59
IREMISCOT ee wee oe te 75 | 82 1 09 | 15,340 28 , 524 1 85
EIS AC eee oe gi LOL 7,197 | 9,078 LS 26) aia 35, 562 1 30
IREGLISH Pete Ant etree 9,616 18 ,825 1 96 | 29,192 91,140 ay
PHELPS Nene. acorn eee 6,361 7,692 1 21 ) 17,054 23 , 933 1 40
IPI Keb aie ae ae eee ee 7,888 16,190 2 05 | 18,920 57,320 3 03
lattes ve exe ea eck 6,653 15,845 Pops) leer! 68 , 440 3 07
BO leans reese Ae ee UPS svi7i 25,103 2 03 | 30,467 74,940 2 45
i ADI ENG] ee ca hee ae ne 7,940 8,205 1035) els. 560 16,565 1 06
LEAD TOKYO, ai cattehd Sete Ee otoiare 9,746 11,970 1 22 | 138,969 36 , 302 2 59
EVEL GER eter hese ent es 10,698 18,505 1 72 | 10,423 34,845 3 24
IRAMAOLOV ON as eal gino bo ele: 10,571 23,000 22D, 8,236 31,590 3 83
Rav Ans chy rca eter 4,624 8,490 1 83 | 35,940 119,035 3 03
Reynolds sees ee ae PAP (3%) 2,770 OZ e E2230 22,023 1 03
PRU Le ya eek ete redler 2,744 4,396 1 60 | 17,9838 25,567 1 42
StaChanlessreeee-s se See 3,345 8,280 2 47 | 21,9838 64,195 2 92
S CMC La Tix 2 aie cue wie oe, cee Seo 6,025 1 78 | 20,062 65,595 Sate
SU LN NVSONIG, eee ok oterde 1,392 3,245 aes 6,980 15,480 2 22
Ste. Genevieve.,.........| 3,924 4,895 1 24 | 10,872 22,4385 2 06
SU -GOUIS! pe ee eh ee 892 1,960 2 20 | 12,991 47,650 3 67
SEH atc yte ed see rae Wath hoo aan ae 5,973 11,530 1 93 | 40,061 122,130 3 05
Schuylens- Pe ee el oe 32,070 47,920 1 49 8,109 23,676 2 91
SCOUaARd ee fae ae see 8,003 13,815 1 Fp eee 38,785 2 99
S COUGAR Rear narra yee ares 630 755 1 18 | 19,538 20, 534 1 05
ShannQnins = se oe eee 2,678 2,87 WORE i ePXule Sis 24,477 120
hello yeree conser ie cee 15,670 29,890 1 90 | 18,4387 65,080 3 52
Stoddandeicy. oe senaeie eset 2,030 2,070 1 02 | 34,710 34,717 1 00
LOLS! axe he tis pe ee 4,726 6,899 1 46 | 17,127 20, 923 1 28
SUMInAn oer eee 13,428 23,875 1 75 | 16,508 44,621 2 70
MAG Vieidcra. He ase ache ee 3,405 etal 1 57 | 17,506 20,523 Walley
ERE Ral Slane yaya eetore, PRs eee 15,567 25,100 161 5) 3422380 41,190 1 20
VETMON css 5 eer ental 2,754 4,123 1 49 | 28,860 74,078 2 56
AWIETTOMISS sarGr rina, Sd, il, 8 yai7/ 3,485 1 80 | 10,390 30,830 2 96
WYialshin i Gnesi 3,038 Btn (t7/ i 8,442 12,320 1 45
AWE ip 0 ae are emai Sand 3,011 4,245 1 40 | 22,123 29,205 132)
W.EDStCER a. atau anne 10,585 18,696 1 76 | 19,519 33,920 Igo:
WOT bie y. Set ae nae 4,607 9, 790 2 13 | 18,569 78,670 5 80
WEL hit er. ete east eee UAE PATS 34,905 2 1029)).233753 41,306 a 7/83
Statesgeeens wae 852,548 | $1,581,034 $1 85 |2,462,163| $6,320,595 $2 56

Report State Veterinarian.

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Aereniiural Colleze-: report. OfsCOMMIttee; OM a. ce-5.c ovies ie siocus eds ons sole ene estes ce oe eie 13
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TIS PRUCHOMMI SAE CICULLUILE cote tere tte ci cher Sleek ier eee ns oA roe nn 19
MEDAL UMETIERO eh OME TCCOROHMCS Heiney sence aioe eae PE CAS eRe cee rE ei a eee 19
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LLTPaaVE: We TITRE LO ores eye eects Pipe SEEDER ne Rice Se eee en eC a ht ee a ieee 176

SOUT STUSINES! FAT 5K Giel GRREEO © CHAU NCEA R SEEN ol aS a ro AR, mR ee eC ts ene ali id,
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NEL Ve LL SDE CLO phe DOLE Olas ste ereche stots nn situa laiiele towtes & a Miedo & Dea aia wtolepetejs cle stares Sensis 53
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LE POLEAOM SLALCMV CLOLIE LEIA EM espe ote outs ie eis oe ne = loge faire cals -hanel’a ms apn. = lotesia Sich senate tahoe! s 56
Reportiohi State highways MneIneers ear-f-ie - cise Seis 2 ine setae = alahalp als ele wleBene aie chests fale 47
ReEPOLOmolateeAPIATYE SPEC LOL spe se see sae aon ots eects os is) <iehieve. one tel etey olay eae lsiieliensayaters 53
Sabogal bs GIMCCCOLY Hester aes Ty ha Nee eee ate erase Sao. athe aahstonotetals, obo oreper eke tee Mayer ee IV
SLALCMVeLETINALIAN AHO GC DUPIES erctaractle hier eras Lava el cs win fa ata tet o seotsheta my otsiobalsvetens IV
BECCGUTE OL DIATE Sa Oi AIIM Sa eee ne ereke eee =. cies = Fo siiatai ic taelln) <1 =) fo atroleayolesetr tcl = "= wists nzele lero atehe 86
EFECCIN Op label OLiCOLEs releeicrere sceneries sae slate! oyiay cx eWopa lattes etn s ovehhncet eel satel Gkedstebere 212
IBKOOHICOLM: Viel dar GeV alUle Olas. 5 4 2 te ee are oi cie cin eats ohne sbells lanabohel je walle iso louelie jel elala wie! vibe 459
Buck wHheaievield andvyaitielOles 0-5 ca ciscl tafe ere sin, yale sue ap elie) |e -Uel <iater ee =l0/'s) -alkin wie 359

C

tet le peAL II TICE Olay a eiseskeene cor che ae ee ee Ais aoe shen suo ageies ol ol cise eal w die wenctfeteten isso tel a aspane 461
IPOUEALDLCCAS ORIGIN Oley aot tate etc enete, erg SUI, wed red Cental oleh so, Suse tases sien aa aa hat ee 95
Other than dairy cows in the United States. .............. eee cece ee tee cere neces 103

ETVPAT COTS LUiey ett see ees oo ciate oatrel eee eat or lave) cries AE co afouolis roller tj cM foie ys a, 3) ciel mints olele tases 102

GC ICKCTIS NT AnDAADTICE Olmsted Meo orate rckete ooye, oi. coal oleh Srelioua, wieloteysorah.cl tiatere\ ol a mately aya aap 460
IROOMMOn TV amMOliniepecey HEIs sass ses Siete = ee cers tists rc) ecele ia Soo, Siahs shad OBlealelelalere re = 413

II Index.

Chickens—Continued— Pages
Water lor amouniyCOnSUMEds carves ctr eesteR ine eters Lor aleeccae cero een a aa 413
Balancediration for phowsmTade cn were eecsele tener hee eee eae nae ae 414
Mineral matter seamount needed ania erecta cock Siesta es see eee Peete ae 414
Perches:forshowsbullt andiplacedya2-8 ces oe ier oe een nee 418

TDi. leneexas(n mainiaalorere ING joie HPs oa dou eoas ob ebsdSaasanuswaaeduueecatGecss 426
Trap mestfor prineiplesand USexseecm) ceo. sia head eRe oe aOR a ee 426
Candlingiegesxcontrivan Ce ioOree aseccestriccaie ceca te heen int sees ace 432
Dry pickine vad VaMtaeesOl veri cece cle ewces cia an Ree Eee. EEL ER Oe Rete ee 433
(GH OL OVA Sarai ap ach Conk rary cent ee MEREEe I Hae rhea eo tia CoS o.arc, REM oe ec oes IRR teas GG tarry tesa. © 433

(See also ‘‘Poultry.’’)

GOLETA PIT OSS Sack tae ae ee sae, eee ra a OIE eee re ane MEAT I oe eS We Tiel eee 60, 289
CONTTO LOD se ee ta cae ee en ee eee Re er rena nk ret ne nce Wa eet ee hs 289
NumberoL hozssinocilat edatons ss sec cen erate wel cena eee ee eee 290
al yA OX StcHR( 0) Cees etes aves a Aen ese oA Pin aD cere ty Cone Dae en a Oe meen Te, Haw? eee ear a Scene, aeneedie. ome fa. ie eae 291
Spread ioimfectromOl ace ses. coe ee eee eee he eee 299
Preventionvand: CONEEO! Ola seis certs eee eels oh ace aa es ee 300
isis. GHeysenuma POR: ioe cena: esol centro te cee cue ae Ra Oneal eRe SIR Lae 304
Reports from breedersiOm ssc oie~ oie ete @ hate ee adole= ce oer oh deat Shee os Te ee 305
Ti OC WIA ELOMET OTe eo cata icone hss Tees ee Re Tn tla eS ar eee 318
Proprietary, TEMeCICSAOLS Cran susie eee AO Tee ae eee ETO Lae ee 321

Clover -sweet-avaluetonmimoculatinecaltaltanttel d Sica. ersse ices. ene ee ie eee ee 176

Clover-sortleeding herd any COW ssn clacton Oe ae ee Eee 261
HOMMaATFEMIMNE SHC] PD frst som sroc eo hesea esl aso aR ee st yak A ae ee 386
svete Vlharry Gib vial ers este el pe ie eee Soe ce a Ne REN Oni ree ie are a ee ore eae a a 459, 460

Contaciousiab onion eee war oe ee Ore eel ae ee ae ee 286

Contributors—

UNG en alsin Cred oa haha eae ae eerer get hp Lan inet Mie (cate eae Pe tava RM An sta ic oath os 339-341
NT UIEST HER Tel chee] Oe a el oy PDs er Me AUR RE AR NR Oe tA RE Nee Rae iA Cae nh 271-274
1 BO) TeNSAC) a ed fe ean ee TA pay AY AMR eee rhea aie Nn cies Sar Cao. Save ans 363-364
TEV ATS TURE ids cent ace Rea Aen Nene yeaa as eens Al ire mpe Miki Reerny) eae a oa lay cen eh 44-46
TES OAS U VSI AAA 00 Loe ts [Ay Stayt drgee Metre e ee Sy Rm Sioa Ree es ron ATR legen naa mal En REM nse w hBie coc 264-266
(©) ater aol LEY chy ot & LS Sopra Ce Annan ie ten oa rar Son Aa ara ening. ean Re Cae ee 357-359
GOTTA Wa ytd NVR eae cae ete eee be oe eee Se aacln a alec Bab Fane U Na I SERIE ote on 289-325
COE GOIN Wise SS Seis estes rece ca ke ree aH ah ST Reale i SERS En eee ee 330-333
Crowell MH Ele eae Bete ches ieee ce SED Nea aa se Vee, ST REE nr ST ae 207-212
Mam Dyes MOH ee fas. Aaa oe eter sopcrap i Apa casaeame ole vo Gute p oases eR: REE oT UE nc Ree 53-55
Deliel der is PA saree were swe Pace ee ach cael sce oat Sa acts a a re Pes cate ge 352-357
ISM GeowBiencth cae eee GF ToL at AH I NOE RAE Re aM ee omen ie ace 21-48, 447-483
GloverscAr eee 2a ieee eas ae ce ae eR et ETO oe Rane Nik BIR ora Lier ela Rah ae eee a 221-232
GTAVIES SCONES atk ae RE en ocean ok ae Breen eT a 245-254
(Eaye’ey otal BS ee meran ett or ey Sarr 3 nines ee one eae Mee te eR es Ne Ere ae es are oT Ss 359-362
DL al STAG te Wis ks cea ge ale EN a ee See nahn es a ee CNS a Ae ety et een ae 205-207
ye Bl a 8X0 ys sot een an ia i ew Re aren eae NEE ER ERE ON PWC eco bh ota aoe 70-77
Ta GUUS Gib te RS eo gee eR CoN, fy ot een Sein es Sale PED bare OB eR pete ee var ee ees Lon Ont 47-52
1 (04 001 oPeael & Ee Deere gern ree eee eur Ar te kag Seren yan eer ON ee NE rim creel oobi Demin ere tn ou, cs 181-190
ANE GHISONEY CoB iitcc sutcecnte otc wa eae ae sled SOR care Ose ea EE eae Pe ER 174-181
ONES CLE VV ei 5m eh teeta te oN a NR ee Pe nr TS ce an 254-256
TOGA SS Micon A. ee te ies Secperet eee Cis 2 iy” ae mica tg Aare eee Se a 212-217
d ECT GVEA GDh a Teel & Conia rk OR es Retemr tee ie RENE cp EN OEE one eS Ee ae Dear meted eT et Ne 338-339
DWI S i IRS. Seep ah Anes Nats Ne Pant ae oak ee ck Ok OES ie TP iee 2 ot peice tne Ney. Seinen Dian Paty RB 218-221
TM CK YL Hie. He acectiger cu nals capa: Rauatee castap scar Ge rae ee eatin eae SEE OOS OS eeu 24 bee Ges
IY (OI Dong Ce) LED NEA [ea See aN Se teat ee aaet SRO Meee ie ene omar Ay Ve eb 4 Mee hae oy to 281-285
MeBarlanel se yt On 2c. Ssovece force a..0 TRS eeu ces Man eee WE TET UNCON aL 110-121
IMT DUG CPR sucht onto cela a ase aye oo eae OL late eae TER eR One gece en a 199-205
Marples Wis WS cos nc ate ra ele ee a aes RS eS On Ia tr Oe Deo ed 274-281
Maer IME Sach eeepc eee irate a a ae co Sater Galt ORS SSeS IEEE ee 160-174
MMA OTE TE Bs a ae oe tn ts et enc eee Bee Sawn anne sey gee tcr a Nc SS nN, oy a 370-392, 347-352
Mim LOT ols SEDs Wi, vec, 375 eisai Ae arcs aan eho ant ook On ne, Se Ee eee 102-109
IN GL SO D5 Wier Lise 3 Fs See ee Se a LS Reed eee ae 399-444
PHO RSS AE ese oer pest ok accrue aorta tee EP eae Aco a a Rt RG a cy 266-270
IPTICO PASS EN cect ye oh ceca ap et Rh eae ee eee es ee ea ey a 258-264
AROCOLG, Sodio esse, space. Suse kone oes eu ee HEE tee oie ek Cara Sa ac et EE yO okay sw an 121-127
Sy OdV GA 0Vee co ONC c Lene one Rew Sah ee armen Ce Ra ees A-Aca tia Se NGtae mia Raia caiecte aoe Pm.o b 131-150
Spillman Wa dic as Cacti hes vhsceer hah Se Sac Seah ee aS dR e e SiSge 86-102
Starr: (Chester yo cs eh ie tes ee oie esa RO ar Se td a ae an 342-346
SCINSOM;, Moka heer rk eae aaa ae ae see Gel tee ae OTe A ee A 445-446

Stroe ter H.. BOy Ranke ac ee eek soa re eee eee ee ene 364-370
TrOwWDTId Ee. Hi Ast esse ais sa colek ook Centr tee EOE eee ee ae Oe Ca aie eee 393-397

Index. Ill

Contributors—Continued— Pages
SVEcDUNR NOG terlema eeepc Beis seeeNor a Miuceh ome wety es SC neta Me cian lod et entice cate ae Meenas beara TS ae 256-258
A/T HEISE. 18 leycc] Fis Sh ee arate ene mee MOL eRene ACTER CRC CECE CEL RR RCIE Rs Rr ie CE occ) Pat nen a Seabee te Ser 78-86
RVI Do ie el ee Be Bos ieee NAS nee enn Sirah eRS EL Nie: shige ain ne gia epee a Boe ROMO Sea Pye 150-160
TA Tan era eayes 10) BOIL as ye Gate ee Hen nach ocey reeot Areca ROR praca, ee IB rch de 190-198
SUV ERIE lil: €3 Iota Gre Chom Vleet tc oe, bn aes Wecce hata t ath ree ap RRO Sc eeper eR, TI AS, mee en emRe owed 232-241
SUVAT TSO) CAV rctennanc fens tees t cet cairn, arena orp UAT ae Sasa SOIT Pee en ates Susceae te 325-330
AUVAUTITA eee) eaeetetetee Peck cae nteica arene hcg tage rancor demas ge ehe ee TE TL tn ae Ne ototnetin 7 BBorOON
VERT AUWR AOR TNS SRE See Bay Seca rR PU Reels DEAR ie Ao Ne ar ty OS 128-130
CO-OPErAONGAM ALONE AMIZa TOM « ayctrmererapencnccache sicrederabere ete sme fic cis SUR isle eis fe sles cals 281
Corn Growers’ Association—
AT COTSNOM Seesetecca ree cote section wi ereviener ee shore te cheer ine dor Side etm aoe clic Meaty rate olra Sle enelcin aus 1
PATNA Tel STAVE CURT ye we ete tes CW ataere uae latlae, arral eet Tulantecatiene he SIE teeta oi Eee Mobaale, Gut cisNe iy Stent Mone 131
Cornkimprovement: bysbreedIng2 nic= casa vn no tee nels esters Sele Sa eke ees a oes ern ale 131
Slim plegmeLhods.OL seeauim provements eeeiswisce ss snes oe ue sae oe eeese 150
Maintaining tertilitvaor MisSOUrUS SOLS 4. ein. en aisle cst le een eee ae 160
hese lahionsOL sollucoraltaltarenO wll Same se cieloiere eiersrsricies eee sie. ere a ciate eee cae ene ote 174
ConmayanletyaleShatrrircrspenceanta sisal oecarcbomersna site ais arene dleieye Soles Sus Piel’ 181
WihtdialemwervOcGdOn wip OUT-SOMS tack sche se Colets stents Soausesten coe cusece ayes Ses eel ave, Ga ayaeetees 190
HGS MISSOUTIESOMSIIIVC Yar coe remem ee ete eRe eer eae Ea eee ete 199
IATSTVELV C= GLO Mr eL LINN domcres Weeg ter dete, coraha state wo oncogene does aloe eee See eee ee ee 205
Oneanethodtorhelpinssthe warm DOyen ore css ele stele: Reseeioe aie aleis, © cpetape elses 207
ERM ERD TES CUMA MLD Leys coer tier cecmet sie cae eae coe rem ern on ca Oe Ie ee eee Ole ean Sot ieseceehleneiers 212
Corn—
JEP NTO RY EO COG, JOSIE C Re ete ain ato ca ate Bn ee oe gg Ie Sen itr eR Er eit es 115
INGTEAPS HVAC] Cra MG sual Une mis matte e tonne deco, & elias. icigd csctetoas shohutesee oe seus, athe eaamchete 78, 451, 457, 459
FMME ROTC CIMT) Ae Ww ops koe nee ten ee ees UL hohe wed ope Relucee cipcueiens suseernostete = 212
JQCOPE USeVO NbaKR OVOYeR ELS in snot eR OF een LSID ES AE OS HRS eae tonionch sicaes Cee 342
HOMMALTETILMG SEC Din etm where ceucta chic eaae asi Siete memati eae at ol leans eras a eee este ne 386
SCCM MIN PROVE IICILG a aismeites setee sis P iol swedol-aiteer cuousifel-sae na shone auines Tanelenetnie ecole ee Guerks ea Geamone ehake ae 156
WENITET THESIS Sec Grape a loa Gots S nreaOir MENS LOIS ONE ES Ca IER eno Sse ied RRL oon acacia ics Searvenas Racicky 181
IMNGRE ASIN ALM OM YACLO er ctoercesechet rete eaealic: ce Sei ere oe iac CIE oh Sache Rau iceelasl Seo a ami sieyevatehcoray sys eies 182
Wail CMe SHDLCLOLUG Ciearae none tassante iciroe eek scien a hs Wacko Se naar cia Peace eit Nae Sl Shel rae oe ere alle decepener's 184
IBGSta yen eva LIE LIeSar coer cewcge ts eatepnca che as Sates oesaie soe ve lie rn Sitacnarone fects to: heaters. Saawine 185
VAeldeper aGrexOmuesteds VATICbIES ss <.2.2)c,qc sranye a Soares © Sree a aan See Gato Seo heb vee. ole 189
MMI PTLOVEMETIi ab Va ONee MU Shee oy ele gsve coca sessed eee oie emewe nuevos 8) ch Gla aye ee Bly Bee royal eee le races 131
RUIN amet ap Lin Clip lexOfebreeGineews fiosecessiscoes yore les ou yenorael cusesne ssa v cscs ister 131
Variations in productiveness........ CR Pe rh Taare meen dr re AAR ATER OR 132
Hifectworselection wponuschemicalycharaGuecsim a: - 20) ce mie Seneca ae 133
IWECTEASIN SALOPEIMUD ys SCLECHIOM Ss ccstetevet oon sore ce allenciane macnteetes Greetne fucose) ther deeus tas) albWane ge 133
JOGVGIRE HSS UD VER (OI rite aa ao en een te Aa ca Ge be ei a PNET croc te CRON Seer eter ee ORE ie 134
SEY DCTOMIKERTE] Stegesaac makers cate sist lorak ase mecnald a Laat Ghee atta ead Gye sean omnia’ 137
Le lieder ave FON een dole eieaceo artis. Gicerme races i Bech ich Ene Cancer erases ene A cine tne tee 139
Anelevomdechnations frome bheystalkeese 22-4 ss nays suc ceslsMelcusus ever ia “eet ens ieetemtinns 145
EVO MEL OTAGO SIS petaae ee haaccire ov oreo .cinel actos Re das sara eee a eariatts eg Rsoye ae. ete eg shee tnpreensede nee = 148
EMT CS CUT Senne seeetere oe aac hee HRS cee fe oocictec cd) ot eats. ce Coabahendiroce apace dears wiaye evel laba name neetons 149
COL Uy Ae] Caan Uikgvall le mermameste eects wae core toes crea yc onaizey cashes ior cteAaiay ea ues) ogo fo nlfeeetiezereons 459
COWACeOING HOLL OIt 3 Sm Pe eTocs eee ieee ee Nake ee ema esis hg epee aVayeyayemnie 221
SOW CAS Mae RR RT Meee cyan accion ne evel eescr ers oie) arent ts fee obs ere, os ore Pariah molope Saneles tie lectauate rapeyausyeke 173, 385
IROTELCO CIN aL ene allay COM asteee cetera cde o SeGun aes silsrca, Sere av Stes susct Shei eh na eee ee seems 261
FAW CLAUSE SVIC Gein mVIISSOULIeciicic a cena terorcas on Sel cies el heecuer o-ccche eh ara cue Miausltele rs sr oak teewecsee 261
GEODELE VLE We mesterte te eeee tare abr acer ACN Pater ines of creschetns ema eke or eactaret sleas opener auenn. Moen shelaps eat car aralaxs 449
(GOP EEO aE ON eye sepa ee scay coon ae Wer citaeliek Seo as Pha eel eyes clash oh Paves veer mirsr saat tng, Syst cy ny obra agioro ashe Vavamelcegas 165
D
DainryinemaimMpemos MiISssounans Enea zed ti. .-). 2. ne ake oes 9 cley-iypepisieebede etal spake 219
DWaivedeparpMenth waALLIC UG UNA COMCLC perce y-leheia\-en-Pral meusy-i- ela Mickie leben tehaiielet mbtteheh systole heels 18
Dairy development—recommendations concerning. .........-.- 2s eee ee eee ee eee eee 28
Dairy Association, State—
(ONTOS. Oe vase ara ch tho Ole BAO OCS Ole ORO Renee EONE OO CREE TING pCR EReNeO. A OIOt Ar Ph, OIC 1
PSTERIHTERL. SHAEYD ECR) toe, cochnens cHOMON Aue Coa Roa cs ee eR eae Oe DAP Oe cin oe esse Mee 218
President Stan tela GC OTESS segs, epee tart Aeon ao Sacer ace pelceae pater reno os ere gs 218
Feeding herdairy7 COs, LOL LONG occas teens Suenos yo eae) els, Sen epopemeue ee cal> Leyapalia ale 221
PAMITIAINTERANCERTA LION ee ie ee ae Gitte eer eecn onus EAR) a iewtiiyalt Lepevameke ts 222
PAM WLOUICIITE Tab lOMenee Siete eRe erate ior hee Secunia owe ars atc abe eae Giles 1eredanies Oonemcitbaltegaut's 222
AN VRP Te(oeY6 lai 8 CO} Soe eee acer OOS TO EG ete aebe een oeeso SES Oko ap Coa eee Ce 223
HeedingsaAccOrdinG tO -ylel@mor mallee cent, none sot cue ecue valence steel eb ste aieuceaet saci 224
(Chiesiascani beens oh deerme eee 4 ri aboe cole dino. helioto Iare coo Or Oui oar Eonar 232

lEiiGAaere TG SANS Thal oli haere eran 8 Gin is eeayO ay ees Onur ees GAO a ee cin Oca 241

IV Index.

Dairy Association, State—Continued—

Pages
Annual meeting of—
Betteridairy farmiin gar. rea cheat ote cee ae KSI ae nnn Se ee ee 245
‘Rhetyvalue of-the sil op eis secre era cee Sacha oxen hen he Rae ne 254
Rherdairyicowraviduher reqiurement se... asin cera ee eee ee ee 256
Profitableteedsitor the Missourildainy cows woreet name ee oe eee 258
My experience in breeding up a profitable dairy herd.......................-. 264
How Timake money Gairyinec «2. cist ere teense I ee ie ee 266
HEB aD COCKStESb cre teres seals he to ce ene eet reteset OP oe ne ee PAL (ak
MHOKAAIT YS COWS A aais Sree Passed eee ee operat ae Ca RT EL a ae 274
Organizationandico-operdiiony.ry- = -esrae eLearn aie oie ee eek ee 281
Treatment: forcontariousiaborvlonee nea eet ne Gliese nara eae eee 286
Resolutionsiadoptedsece a .> oeeiows esos oars Sine Ee eee ee 287
Diseases olive stock*tabulatediata-. sew seis he ies seed soe nel aale ee een Ee 469
Diseases of Poultry—
(G21) 0 2) eR Ceca RoR RCA Urea t RMN I Oa) Sees sen ML MeN: Seer iets te eA Detain ate ta as re SAD OL 438
1540} 5) OSS aOR ROAR en ene nM hens AC ME TE Oe cata Po OEE ania tao dé 438
(©) oY 0} (2) ae ean re Pe Piney Se An ait eh per eg re aan ch PS ert Pe MPN renee ath men erie or Wee fcr acho So 439
Bim Derne kesh Pee) oor gcie aye ede veces Pee RLS aie pean SCs aA an Oa es Se ee 440
MUD OTE ULOSIS® is ie Susaa oy ceore aan ctlaus cab oee, aa ACS AE rae eh SH oy Rs Tak PY FEST A OCR ar ee a 440
184 EVEN aYey- Ko lesrencacnce eee ener aCe MONS CoM ELA EU EES MeN Ae eee SU mr Py ee ome Oe 441
OE a ate Ie rca ec RE SAU aes eee a RG a eR ERC So SREB ye ee Ate ey rN Meme ee 441
JB Xb} dal) Oy L=) RoY0y Hae cnes ahh Cy LEA EGRS (RO as ae Pel eR Ee US aS Mee Ot py orem tab I ae 442
NSLSEE I bd Vo sae reece eat a RS Se A tr Se es hee Tah ae ne ae Si Wr er na ten inl cd 442
(ADO DIOR Ve te tesestnereveie Ot coloboee cio oo ks oie ere od Gear hehe Pena ISe R Teee 442
TTIGES Hina AwKOLMISE acts ay ele cass ci es ce oane eters oan oars SSE les tion EES OS ae 443
BY © AWTS is, aha steno a) 5,75 rey ay nia Ne vtaes Yore TAS Sealey exten ce NGL we yo lene) SMA ane kil Lae REO net OT A ee 444
PACE LAMIONMITMICES), er. crs l eva yee asatencte crs Caer ORAS Cae SS a OS Ia STE ee 446
Drainage: essentialatoralfalfiaverowing, < sei estos eek eka pe oe ache Cie Socios LAS
E
PE SOTO MUCELOM ER sie os sys fe ier Weyer aie 15.2010 pevfogage’'e ey sbond Sn ioie lay teens SUMS nalc ato SGT AETS eee sea oP 426
izes showemarketeds adviceLtrom PUyer os os c.che ici eae ones id eae ee eee tae 434
Derss larsegusmumMber slaiG spere Veale a co cennt st nelishe cee ec oie) os fee aes a eee 426
HNCAMpPMEeNtSLOr DOY'S+: scans cals se sts os oe eee Ak eee ee ee 22,208
BM xperimentastations? COUNEY i) sta:siiake o's nists sise.cva ete cos Preae pitle © Cake Oat a eee 20
EyXtCNSIONVCOUTSES AI! BETICUUE UTC) sic race tase ee ol sucha aba, ore alle e-cheaeltai/el cbosaicicaane esi cieacee ees eerie 23
F
HairyStaterinaneial TOPO. acveetceus itevsyecn 1 e ccoce/tc ce one acetaresa tenet. eevee easy a seis epee eee + co ema 447
Rairs* preventineywhozxCholerai ati. 6135S syecevs, de «oo eras aos wens eae oie des Osco ere ao ee eee Seen acres 302
Harmictopsiand stockof Wmited States: valulevOl. ac. see sae ee ee ee ene 195
Harm sproducrs.;GOStyOL. PLOGUGHION!.jorserte oy oce cle occue 2 Sie, oe ein Sasol etoath eh oer epee es =de apron ee eve 141d aS
Parim product Of a TwelVe=aCre. Ac: susiere 2016 cians iene ese ome eretausherse ne Steve Ge heuer eae eee oiones 205
HATMGCLOPS MMPLOVEG VATICbIES) Oli cicicreierereceisie olla cat icon lo nevae nici ieee CP ee 17
Farmers’ Institutes, number conducted during the year 1908.....................6--- 21
SACLE ANCOVA ciataio ei eie cbergaiss coe oF 1otere phe Stene, Ohonaysnged OR UOne eer Ohe Mee busteus Clana herep nated 21
LOH ig ca ibe hela eee ioe eS Ann Roe tenes each ee eee beer d co ioe oo au Sie Ose a 110
Harmerss week-inaericultural, COMeEe ta. exc an cies seve case pion a ae isco chavs elaine Rencnets 69
limproved live Stock Growers, Association... 70 eee ec eine ee 70
CormeiGrowexrs® ASsOClatlOM er, seers, 5 co csies os lewd wcoieue, He cet Reedyal® «ce lsestete cer susi ate pene tenets 131
Statewainy- A SSOCUELOMNS ctarcieisyet soe eos too ts aaa oc e mene Ta Ts cena onesies ate ies creel a SOL es reenaraee 218
Swine/Growers, angeBreeders! Association: «..5.1s icles We tie-<eeeine ee ee ee 289
Sheep: Breeders) Association? .2:5.6 .fo.2'sc so cls Deve dalev ce ciclo mse ae wise ofa ayesal Moh ete eae eelees 345
Pertilityzol the:soilmaintenance: Ole, « < sic.c, che wicca aus ch tote teasers Ses alles simile) oaelaire taelseestieas 112
TERE TITAGHS ee, 1 eaten, we clg em kare httan) ty Saat He tates A Tore Ie ame eee aa) uO Rew Anco Nea cee rca a fied Renesas 169
Hentilizations valveqorsOn; COLm Vans. ), vx. tesco ene a horouaeve ote ated on uses wasche siete teneicke Chic eae 14
Hinancial statement-bOard Of APTICUILUTEs ae ates cit cis oe eaers oe ee oi ecilis stot teas a ose ie iaieenene 12,29
ax waACheaee ana Vane av pccss atte cde hay hee ies orebactan ceepele eek cee ne te tates Aieg Bee Pal ene seeded 459-460
Foot and mouth disease—
TEE PFUMIEEG STATES a oes crete yee a oso he ree er oe ie Game etrrscine one Renn ate ch Steere ae alley Sireuc eae 61
InvVATFentinesRepuDlWCs ee mas ce ohare ciie em uke smear shuts air ieR\eliecen- ieee 108
HO OLTOG AMISH CED it ices oo aiets a crord syste eens xe ol Sis eaten cer voheweete ce bees ogee ole ser ne case eae eee eee GY
HMOrALe: aACleaBevaNd VaClda we se mes oie vec ope hye On enero ee ie ora ee Sy aienal ee Oke ie ee eon 451, 458, 459
Keedsfomhors:, vallie/Ol hk 25.5 tae 2 sks ee a Re Ee OIE nc, Suet en eee 326
HOLEStrY, 1D MISSOUTI Tyo. aneans eleyaherete iene oe. shareecc sy ee araey Se leararers Peon eS es Gta 121
Morestry-sMISSOUTLS TANK AMS sccscst cteye cesseeet ene cu stenaudiswe tel enctiszsda tolret ece- ya sSpeaeeeteu a) Sacks eed ed a ewe 121
A MEW, DO]MCY I. si%55.3 sie id Shes ce ate), sie wei nl erecanare oe Gm ease Rt Teen cep pea 61 shy cesta eee 126
Forests: distributionsor in. Statet< iysc 5 coe sree fc oe eraeedo ec rcies seins, eases pve tal enacts) aoe 122

BILe PTE VEWEION acc. chaser’ o osee dors eee eee eae eae a ee ORCL Boe PS IEEE cts) Sik el eS ee 124

V

G Pages

CHETTGSES, 5.0 0.3 0 J SUS ERIC ONS ESCECAS ICR Ee oc ane eT oa Re ee a gel 60
H

EV ae CLOAG CAR TLC mC see ct ova redelon elect Palcnestps ome hatch s erel cveints evin= to, sis er ob ee eee wc 78, 451, 458, 459

IMC MMOL AV ESPS ULIMLOLN Vee ctegncregne steno ocak: Petes Ra artis asic RD REAAE 6 Set eae ae 78
VETTE KGS OTE MEN Gt Sis, ery Sea eG. eg Carat coEROR RR ERC RCA Cite ea Rf i ae AR ei OR a 79
DIZ CSD VERE eee Re etmere Ao rere IS CP cee aie eae eee ee eee es 82
alata byarverateseceteremen er yanwacet ove eresvrsncnes seis) 6. Sis oh cases a See ie ages ncn ees 84
Keeping ualtiesro UII OL Vieeatroe ccle ter ooae tee Lot) oe bik pe 86
RemianeucyeotesianasOretimOLlyniccne os. tools sche es oe a ae te cn cede 86

Pichiwayolonein eens) ASSOCIUION,-OfiGELS. «cm. cece ce oe clara cle clic ch occ cece sth we new eectie 2

ein are ee Cer LE POLbIOL acisvctn eke cate Orere ioicke eine ete tent oe Bie eb bance dass A ine coo oe 47

Home eGGNOmics-TeCcOMmmMendafions;CONCEININE ... 25. .sleanoccinne sss. sees oeeeecseke 19

Homemakers, Conterencer Association» OfiCersins . cic esc. ss sede oes debe eee wales nes 2

HAD EMU OUSCS pwnage aPeitene cxcRaiey < oy tiny cp akeen rc vane ots veh avovatorecaee, nes Secs ok ea adie tele Ravanle oy avenepenaed Sabi ece een 338

Hog cholera. (See ‘‘Cholera.’’)

EVOL SE CONOMUECAIIPLOUNCHION Obes eins iecte cieisiocies oe cei oe 2 ohe o) eraa ie aioe & aie loess eit + 6) Oden 325
ICC CSA Oliapr yer ore saya ha Sra ane eee Te Buen ets ate Gace, senate Sieibn a Bese dub itansie « cane ecRee 330
IBTERUIN 1 OMLOTEEIATC Cra cy-rate cs ieee at oe a te nee ee ae idl anes bee. Sela 339
SOMBRE CIOS aL OL ago Petcthe (cry te ror aie ee ae a cers aa ee os SO eee ee he os ban ene estes 327
Nitta DereariGay alia LiOMsn on. tegen cay ate cicies ncaa ca eye erie ahs oles Sie a Riera EPS Erste es 466

TEKDIOSES, FIAT FOROS Seti bee oy RS FS ee re ete ae ete alae a neon, ee = 460
INT eTean eva liatal ON’ Oleet eas ceote Heche sector oe Stee oe wea ata, © SETI a ee opetoan ee, Baer) Prayecace 461

I
Tllustrations—
AN COUR OV AE). OLE TATUM AER ASE rely OtG NOG ERNE cn eMC Reece Rea AIRE any Oa TW i SL ome Poe i ee 444
ASMIssOuUnmerystal aw hite Orpine pon Jens sy.0,.ccreare an) «lel ole: sv evel cha a sesso abyes renee 445
Jake SACU EHO SEN DD is Basten cg Oi RETR CREE DOD ete cittr Sets ere aA EN RS CIERRA erm eri 403
ASLOTUVADOUD GSE LONZENLOMMmcgs tare es erm icants itae Cha acaIe chawa.cne rave bi ota ola) oa deo aan ae 398
AMVMISSOUHie bE LyAOUL HOC Ka Herm alee wna NR ce ar ane aa ein Maen Hacde ache one ye meneeee Ss 421
AMAIOCELHED OLN CTV AT ATi byte etal port Wer wees eer cart caey usp hho Sysfoea a) suessiaie shale eva a vetoes 439
eA DOMigeh DAU KSPUVAT LS MinINe tear lac co mare ee me ety rae ses a tcva ein la taue eoaue ce esereoheae ove 28
A Lawrence county road............ eh LEGA Ey Oars acco Iie oe SONI RAE CME PRN 52
Lali DAC ECLSLOLGUI Lyall OD ates trots yas oi cena eestaovcds ea chee hn ad daseees mayors Rola nee 174
AS DIAZO-WALMINE SOUL OW Tans Ger tats soe leores ta ray Sao ae pale a eae 375
I OOUEIC OMT WHEL NC OL G teasasey sore asta rarer pone ertey so eWave oe wlcas osle 2 oePey Suan pr eday aye) Sane Celera es 182
SB COCKSE CSL Clawson ets cee ee rere Te ko RS nen Son RIA ea hal eee sys Adee ea eye Wleg Syroh clits y's! oS apr eSoitig al ae PH (AI
ComposilOmmOMCcOun year vie ercet in es oe eke Ce Tee te oles co Pees Oye the NS 134
ChamplonreaLssOlCOUrl cs ee segete re eahee acca tote hore Sacre aay one, So ho asia oes eo ene alors 131
Chrekenston ap MaSSOuULieb anny sr, eae tye teks ote) oie aletel ers oncuat siatabales s/s apene Saralo pene 's acueneNeWereears 405
CrOSS=DTeC GS COL I aatS sca) crs eccedaren st aici aa eas ale = cole cal Al ctr hie. eyeal eta euslrenabe pair ope. wi Panes 149
DideTaMeSEDUGHULe. Oi REED ele... & set: euctftes ol does ontoares > oe /ogshel ore Sev eccertaeiake re Pecks. eee, 138-139
MECHA ONMAD SIC OMGOLIMCATG: Pie rciteyanereserete: cos otsiey + a), PSE oleh erro eyene ach renee 145
WSL AIME AM CT ITO feast ioe ree years oe hate tere cose: Bis oo even hate data 6 Mea o eS ole lA Doings 379
Misease ag UNS SiN OLYCHOLELA we x tcisay eye ols sieve! akon is, Soka ches vabd stingaitalte) ctcn-a) abate euntapeya) casnauebelerees 297
EXPOLt Cattle; SVOMRAT LEN EIN A gieq > cio/acc ss aisleie'e ose) oie: sess, 2)s) Glaueavals, « meq) egey ey pie’ oe. sy ayehedals.s 102
Experiments on inoculation of swine against cholera .......................-+45- 305
BI AENV ALBIN Sarat eayetons. wie ho tyetststs.areTal s ouale w tarsi oisuaca soaletare aleneletevs cn, © coe aus, wietaytie ajsieyelereien sls 369
MT OTA OL ATIS A COLI Eeyore vevace chs eve Ss ccoker oi aco le va's,"oxce cofvacce ucten’s Palcan ave fer'ohiai kay ouc VERS epee oad otis welt weycieone a> 146-147
BTM LECCS Il PHEMDOULEDVAV ALG) vee rac yc acl cise s ay« ausmcie o> ols ere ceisye arch emai ao lena 443
GrOUpy OfPPEKITINGUICKSE Hy Ai ony a eye toite Tove san (acs BS ara vmrayaprrey sy olSeede Spake sclobeue was yeteiemeks ie euatey=neuaiele 130, 441
PELL VAE A CVCSET sre eh ces ale te aaa ia oreo ee scat roy oie o, ays istesis’ Srada iba ac ehestudl wleramel eB ateeeme ore ouehata Wowie. 84
EMSC AL aero car eises ceclevene ce, cree ta ae oi'y) Sh ayer giVahaiodovers 1s voysbapalrgatohe = wre A oakeloysqey sate 88
IFETeLOLa MEO MEN ATAY CLOSS Haters ce octet nics 218 ae Mee weno Gun ellen renee ete oie Reo « 95
EAT eH an el Owe PrOLelWNCOLM «svete cols, svey-ecei=\ 6, sce avec iaicuene’= ocr taeaboketons 2) sie eher eon <1 ene ude erent 135
1etran Oieteliten ae Wleo rash pele co be Coote Bee eorEa oo Oe OIE imomrd at ati rley tea tha.c-b ie 136
EC HrAn Ge OWAPLOPELINKCLNEIS 2) aiels/ate aes) sis¢ = coelseale aa recedes alee eleens Wetter sles neler stenais 140
LEXIS HE TTGMO WEOLLUEKCUNOIS ANY ie crsetetere air cee Te atopic 2s ols 'oasae lene rae ieee eneteeumiete ede 141
EnchiermanglowreatapreedinSwplatgs. 20. -v-rals os. sute,2 aoe) le sepa eaustote wis Cele a haters 142,143, 144
MHOC ALIN NPIOS ALANS CHOLES ser reise vee leet = /etani ots pede Sie ei el eyalore ele orb shat sts oraieleesielal = 318
IMmocwiatineiarce NOLS ALaInst ChOlCTa...00 «2. estes wae wives «oe vl vie o we © eels eeiele cleisie == 319
Inocwiatines brood: SOws aeainst Cholera. 5. 3c. cise ase oials ciele © cya ot viet te ererels esse l= Fenel 320
ADE CEC OPM MAILE Sere troy uate elevate tia iet os elaen eye ietpssete.'e o> Syecis oor ole lei'sipyn biel hoslogeite ruevaloliolbes = 148
IWS SoTL Tae) hae Seg thoi ticla 3.5 Soe DIOR Olesen DE ODT cite nak chen Aware nines oi 203
IPMECSELCORSHOEDRONNSCAUULC ns «cieieie ere cere eit cue nis wie ovelle We iets «we se eres a @aualstaree ® ale 104

VI Index.

Illustrations—Continued— Pages
POW VAROUSESH Ree ete tagetate) «ewe roses seksi de oe iene eee PD eee 409, 417, 425, 429, 431, 483, 435, 487
Preparationvorshog cholera, Serumesriay.sie are, sersrscecre tone ne ee eee 314
PUTS TOTES ATA Secpeeeteet ccehene Sete eek LO Ee Ee Pe EE ee ee ee eee 376
Prize pushelsBoone Count yaw MibexCOnn petra en ee eee ee et ae eee eres 217
Phoforrapn=JUdFers = WrasELUGSOM ie = aces ste ac ee arcu estore ara cee ee ore aiaeees 6

Col JRE Rp DEV aie eae are ee ee Oe eee San I ne roar 8
Post-morbemiexaminationywOr NOL GhOleta gs ite cise ecis eine ects oo seeds neta) eae 293
LO YIU TeH ote] oY c(ek fra ate aro eco pe Nae Dec Mee mee SRO R PRL ae ar, Hoehne ty ened Ae Ace ee hE Mt eS 55
Reidishy ellow Genticorml cesta lore cae roche aCe one ee ae a er eee oe ee 182
1 Be ee (Gea el Ke ia go ee pecs tre erie Dette f Pa ie Dena ee ee An 9 rl epee Tener mee Se cae 107
TUOMAS LAS COM PAE Meer eee tes sca ey one, or eee eee Re al Le oe RN are acho ee 133
SVayour's, Voom abel O] U0 Peer tae Ae eae sans in einai I wr mee! ee, Gate angie Sy ee eae ace Weg en eth 108
Southdown Shropshire swetherse. crc aiteccsristoeocloke cea ae eeet keer Ee ee eee 390
Sheepuin ar Missouri teed log so. 5 et. cy sn sree tars eee aac pees cit isicoom ee ae 373
SHTOPBRDILE"E WES sic seicss chess che Suse eens Me etscalas Ras ani ee Tae ae ORL a ATE aE or ee ee 3874
Speciedtkidney sun Noe cholerdtys wr se voices decease Se en ee 296
PN SAV IMGT LATIN sro asceatedameoens Geass S, Sika S bls ieneesgd Cer von he Seen RC INOIL In eon ae 393
unkeysoertineyerasshoOppers an, MEAG OWereeesieccmcecesrs aes ee a eee RO meee eee 411
Lwin am pshiretlam DS. ees steele coe eo halaveneeaeee ole lcci Se ee See 383
A Wavy ay (erelo Ha Vig 0) Ey hier a Sie AN oN en ee Eee Oy mas re TAR NEA ame Cory ips wee Allee Be 132
Twins ansheep ang acloat hee ees levees So lecence ic eee 8 Rie Oe eae 99
MestinesmilksappParacus secre ses eych eee sexe he eee ee lee ee co oe ON ae eee eee ee 272
Ulcerations of large intestines seen in hog cholera.......................000000ee 294
Ulcerations of small intestines seen in hog cholera .................-.-+-c0e0+ess 295
AY Mant iresl oko Ho YS ei bbe Cob pans nme ase Cheie ean McaL OMS a Caos ORE Sieh ic ami an eS Ses 401
Nearing Shropshire*wevherses cs rca rar suske rae ca oe sane coe eee ee a ee EE 388

immicrationazency, recommendations concerning... =. s)he ©. see ee cael nee ee 28

Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association, officers of.................-+-.0eeeeeeees 1
PN aL ACHE Wy oatsye] Ua Ceo 0) eager eden ie aM See ars hee an Cres PA tg ede BCS Vea Tyra eit ae i 2 70

ineuhbahonvot chickens Veneth of time Tequinediiem. sess ae ere 408

INEM ATOR: (ZOOM Ap OMES! Oljers as ove. she eee eae were ere oe ce Sh arom SS tata eA en aa 409
COE TOY ae ee Nera PR A EEA Hs Sere or a See Pn a Re RR ee AR a Sy kas Sy 410

K
Kathir scorn wyjeldcand avalWesn. coc nls: cs sass ehaneteloacrcle oacbal oye btn Pace etre nara ae eee 459, 460
L

UTI EN A 10) 0 epee see cat een tbe Cree hc rota aS i Rea en Me HES Rene satin HAR NIN nae eel cake nS 20, 67, 287

TS ITI OS ee hy, Sa oy aie sk so Tee Coe et ae scan a BS ee eee ee a SS Rit ech eh PSST ae ee ee aE ee 166

Ibimemequined for ialfalltiay:sys cverstecdlnevstslccsheraya i see-crsiche aie eek. ies carl opus se nee eccen ameenee= antes 176

He IVerStOCk: Valle, OL me Mi SSOUDI crc cect sue oes ia Se cee soe he See eee en eT a eae 15
DTU AT SOME II Gre at srenal ore hS Te tabe oe cai eL a eay aE arte, a a ad SEES OF Sate i OIE et oe ae 102
HALIM PriGe aM MISSOUTIS 31 Se, sissies chotenc este sees, Aaa ee Dee mi tee eee a ere rae eat 460
Number and valuationsbiy«Coumtics: 4) cc cssas cian ae hee ee one ee 461

Live Stock Breeders’ Association—

LO) 7162) 0) RGR R RAT oe CR aR Nee Pe ean can MEERA Oke eel Fenn tao eS i nseie devin maa bio 1
AMINA LIMES bin OL sects ws Nn Aa ee caer Pata MEME HN ements eps eta GS 70
AGOTESS OL WElCOME ceoicte a soe ers ceihee teca eee ane Eo attar esha amet Meee chia acai ate ere ro 70
Hanvestine: timo th yan ay isc cersrens eee rato eo Lan een neg eee ene oe oe 78
IMOENC EL SUa WS). dic syncio fens tue ia a asekosey en mhaees moe ext et ee aeten see Soclagtes cA oe teaeeenarne 86
Asriculturalvcouditionssin: ATe en tinaigsc) mcm cst a cele eae ae eee renee eae 102
IE His cop ahaks) ek6/s ee rc Hae. Ree ICR SE NON ER citric eatetgt ek Raia asia ey a Cat or NG LORIN tao ooh e tc 110
Ontanio:Agriculturaltand ExpenimentalmUimions cere sacs ae alas eucueee ceases 128.
M

Manure: waluerofastertilizerion dairy tari: = espe ae tele cee See iets ieee ere 269

MEG TAG GL Sta WSs eras tote ae race eae oar oe PSP ST aire cs nes eG Gis cone Sa nee Ue ern ey nc we On Svat tp WS Ae 86.
Dominance iniehakacteLy hya.4% ssssuens 2) seavehele sos) Pekan Sees ee ee ae eee 89
LA WHOL SCENE LALOR ast terensrere eo kal Leche) Siew oe ode. Ch ple eaten sl acl CONS Een Di DR Sate ene 90:
A WAOL TLECOMD IMATION: ase vm syere cre ohecay seekers a Sew bbove). Roser Hino eee eae ee 94
Herefords2P oll urhamrcr OSsrse, sso seco casi aleieeteh ero See eee ee ETE tee Oa ee ater aie 94
Wheat sy bridsinag oes dacs sors o cro cae tara ook Ste ah eR ere erp k: en ee ob Sik eee 98.
AAT ORNS OF LAUT ool Rc see lve ce hoe Shakes ae ec ae I sale pete ce tee 99:

IT Deer Ways] ib ode Nera iiee Geko Arment Cane rire eri rs Ae aie tata ctaed rein GP etn See Meck gd ch. 271

AV OUN CT ae IO ot Col eh ey: (0 Ue ie eee ens eer Perla cue ight nic.aG.aid bcko. 9 Stace aioe on) ons 0 413.

Missourits opportunities: forestiry..<.. ac. sobs ci tact. cosine tea ae) eee eta ee tienen eee ten 121

Index.

VII
Missouri Corn Growers’ Association— Pages

(QNISTCBES GaP. 5 3.0 oo SOO DRIER Oe es ROR ee ei SEE NRE, RTE i RL seein ee 1

ANDRIES NES TNE Cli a eS Ot, mostahy ra nee cia ee ane Pte As Seen ee Pe Te aL ee 131
Missouri State Dairy Association—

OURO BTE CLE, occ! o Sto Be ITCRA G DIT CIERD eRORE He a Ate are ee eee 1

SMSSOOEY! TGS hes) Re Sinan Gees cea nes pa CaOnR TERRES Ra eee een ee ee ae 218
Missouri Highway Engineers’ Association—

XO LT COTA O Leia WewPnena ie hey ayes asta FeLen Nee kahs crak on aah Pac averse ET ely SONS Be wlan eee. 2
Missouri Homemakers’ Conference Association, officers of................-20000---00. 2
Missouri Sheep Breeders’ Association—

(OTT ESES; Oli ek Stirs tg Ses SecA Sites CLIC ts eRe titan ace in tee Phe eae Oe Poe ane Pah EE 7

PA A LUIBIELES GIT) 25 O Leah A ee wer at chy Sher ote homes ence, Meee NOG oS tata Ay Walerbqetes eet oe eee ee eds 347
Missouri Swine Growers’ and Breeders’ Association—

Opa EDS) OS aS RRs cre GeO Pe SER Sen i ee SAT ERE ni ee Rei a ern es nee ee 1

PAUP eh STH CC ELEY OO Lek ca art time) acer cual oP Se ae Rl ety eo OV ITS. Sieaet n otlens, Picco eneiah.allatahar a tenn hee 289
LUTOLSS! Se Mieat TOAST See Sse Pa eel SRS Cia REE aL nO EARNER IE TI So eee nee 460
MTEL OM COS PELOSPLOGIICE Av POLIMG: OLs alta se eye sis ey secre cocaetas a ney there el peel si os sic, wohere ene eee. 325

O
(OFS, GOERS Ciao lara (ltt le cee congaie Sein ie, cine es aoc lcines a ra eee Din. eatin ea NS eee IEP r 454, 458, 459

HSMMategeCOsmper ACle “DYs MGHablanG srasescye, recuse cloteyavs eyo ciecersbansiny easel. aees eevee 115
(OFTHE TAF Ost diuyakyer Sha io-1 BUTI) sng Ae les Paice o Be terre Gin BRS eto tices tac Amina Non ie c Aenea a,

OE CO ede SED PO Vay cesar eS era ea ane a ea ee EL eee ees nie 9
WEeam Za HON ANd CO-OPeLatiOMs,. <\alac co vrs lta Saree sees oahe ele eis cues eS a Flere deaye cies 281
WZ7ATSREL IONS le ValbIO My Ole yeaa rau cose See ees ee vege Pao Renee iehe tee 122
OZAT AAI ASSOCIMDIOM ey Sere aaierereen ceed oo ereee a ese oD ea Sh are Dvt ea Da chorea to tone ae 282

P
ASHE OM OLE AL LENIN SYSNEEP ssa oe aes aie pains, nee ora are EVA? oc etees one saltelin’ ia lclies Varese cry ale stele xe 389
ESHOP MOLISE ISC7OLeOMISOLS ooo eee ene evs eee eet SNe a ap aLierasLna ae es Shae aay ca Se arte Sea tap re Beas a Aal
Grint COSi LO .pEOGUCE a OMT OeOl Sade cnc create noo eee nlelere eeaye sues eee jsteleereisie rs = 325
Potatoes—

SEIOCHIOHNOLSSER Gee trie ceepee ere olen emt hee Ie ee a Sees Uy aLerarh ierene She ma teusrshentte eueee 150

BElECHONEOm Meh viel dinmali lS aenaeeie cee ates ec ous oy ante ceveas GiGm eretedec oe a nvetey o Gucie are eWiscehste aula 152

SeOLd SOLATI GECATEIOMSCC Us carmen ite aioe cosets Lea ae cn ee nelle eal ie iayehs oo) si af'sieudl swe Slairake 153

SVGIE] EIA CE VD IUC rte eee on roto Na role eel tr ce tees onshore aumsenoras areiavezo uate, Seuieyas Fives ela vaanenleels 459
EOC ESHO WS NOM svONLEN ALG DILG Se OLsscwareis wees yore) stevia iengacaie = sbaeaiehe) ncn folsl esole sears site 435
TON oie lol Giants p an aYa yoo tie oe ea o aldo call ojo oe bined b> Oo dOn es Daono Sammars ribo dace 399

EHSEORYVS AM Aue la SSI Calls may arc ceakes oes a tact ane te co lnoieke eae eascamaekeas eney acon, Scyeyeadic cys: a= 402

SS Loud Gl ANCES COC Sie men Ph see A) Scere oor cae SSRN a eee tae to nl go Sees see ol bodes one Saepar ate ecayeners 402

Mavs lowe arnseee have [nave oyreahabalsee cues Be Oe Gace OiroLS UectiS Sec OHO OO choke Dio cee ae 404

WETS ite poybbyes joy terol] ovina Pes eh whee en eee hole iol ch cho caer ohci heice ea Recee ini 3, Cecio ee 407

IMAVEND) CFR TO) Cees te ae ate ate eer i PR rs BP cision Soret cn eeu te Cue m eR EPS eR i MERI 408

CareroimeHerChickenms eee eee ees eet RIS Lae aN eno SretioieT ha enCiiee peatode ame Oe ies 411

HEE USEATIGSLOS CET See pee ate eee ae cane one rah ate ateie ta se Nol met osare ete bourne ee ene RS 413

BVIEEE CLUE OR AUTOM EO LIS LINO Reh eee epee Ss ate Are ech ou ema es cet od Re eke forte ate tee toe 416

IBA TNC AMTING SA giGh diced Olea er Cees Ona ees Ui Guo ew cl CO co aici in Cera MER aicke Pam ccICeNaTe 426

Vai Ces BEIT oe were ae te eas ea eepe Ee eee ae Tel Se ee ee oars umn necote abaemtiors he 429

= TDS au Ley nA bare bees, ca eee atte al as Re ee Ret iy Seta it a ee eee hc ita Micon =o ick eae ague 434

[DISCASES ANG CLETING CICS ot eee, cea econo pe aod cca ea oner ee aioe cede crema tea eran evehe tee iiay ena 436

R

IRaMN Byala NHI Oh dich DURE eds CU ODOT OOO MnO GE ood IninceodoeE cms oge 450
TEAyOGh idape Rlaecio lise ate 4 Gokedo ce DOGe OMOwOCBEbaoT OMCeC Oa Ane ae eau ee 385
TRACING, TVarPae i Keyaubeek tere 0) pe AOS ECO a dob Doe SUE DODD oma DDT oom otc pnp ooh aioe 386
Teaiitain, loeMerererel Ween Ween weg ec ho am aos oe cloomn cobon cece scinmion Tacrtone foe 413

Report—
Oi Sarenctitin; Oi Borie beets we Seo oe doe cco oe En Som ombe iota bsinee teks a oonchd Pil
TADINGE GHG) D sae oS aot otia Ome Ae bs canon CU oO eo AIge mma NeOe, sein AeA pir. 21
[Saipes Gee IRAs Se MOMS DSA COMA Ocoee tOd oOo GODS Ob actyohon ort gon ehAG Ss 21-22
Acmialireport, and DUNES ct cre a1 cies wie mein rel ctn ale whet nls tn tasinla ao) al elotaln ain Ple)> he 21
BOYS seuGalnpiMentssace sca a ceepesiareietn a are ac~ hel ee Sian anetates = cho) lief «i= alafena lye ol eae 22
Feat SE IC Ube La Ure ee ete ee Noe ie ce ee oe ease uaieine en ciiet oni ets “choke danave he ies oagele Cabtenc eet 26
FRECOITIMRENI LATIONS cect restore rove ee TA orcs ene Re) eee ache hs whey sl siepees aera Nerd obi hws ae oases 27
linn fit Beato pease d Ombd cc oo Doe nh Demi OF So Aaa b Gor iae sclab Some 28
Dairy and Food Commissioner........--. 2-2-2 eee ee ete tence tte eens 28
State aid for road improvement.............-- 6 eee ee ete eee ee tte ee ee eee 28

IN reyaeiall Gisele 6 ene cise aie ae OG eh Oe oO Screen a ruCic esc Ot oreko ec

©

VIII Index,

Report—Continued— Pages
Of State, Highway qin Sineery..cye.. ses rs auctor cores Sei coe oie arte ete Ee Eee a aN 47
REVIEW. OLS VATS WOLKE tyr vruspasohegncterencrcla afore esesane ete haters ToPaae DUI Rea SET RT ee ea 47
Highway seneineers! Association enc ak ior tote ci oe ee eee 47
Ovyverseersy SCHOOIS= ra. cacctecessetopsrtedsss cole vaeteion rede Ur etereter ek cHANG a SeN SMR SCRE A tenet Ser ee 48

State dainsexbib it 5. ckevesceleve axak oe ope skate honar onateesar cooks ate eRe ey POC ok ae 48-51

Conmieti roadwork sinner tr erectus econ evel ond aa las oe aT Ua ie Pelee ee eens ER 48
Harchyroads; sperm cent Oram Stace smb qlee aueesce ter ersestence teint eee eee 50
Demonstration? works. iis svccs ees eet ayo Gee Rees cee ene, RE a es ee ee 51
OMApiarysINSpecvorasAperics scree ken ese ere oe The ee Oe ee ee Eee 53
Number/of-apianiesinspectedivatis, sececcste.vaccsuedebareter crores: nersietoocrtoonemeu Rach een ll ae 53
Recommend ationss 2p. strctije. sxcrstevatarsracers to enac axe otorctiosarspoue-eMivokan ee cemee? ee mee oe ne a 54, 55

VX PSLIMEN PSHM. SpA YAW Meese so coh wy seen) secu clie ei ot citical al Sears mee weet OBR Ce Re ete eee 55

Oi SracemVeverin air aia ewes Meech se celcccuessksee oc ccec ia esen dee che beret eeakah pentose ie per shee non at easing aT ae 56
RSYCEH Op Leslie cry MPR aee nee Snr eR crithan t/a et Eaton ie Rema TEL ee arts BM Ae eC os HD ee 56
ELOOULOLHIMISHE] Dik aero sarees wes «Mokena weiss ess aeed cp ae aren oh ene ee rer eos Metro aha en gto aes eee een eee age 57

POR ASE OWE as hee a pepsi esiesct es silce gma ahs ray soa al ee PUL SERS I oN eS Pe OG
CGH cYa Qe) ds) aeeereittn erahe ere Rem Meee tae Mae aOR eRe ear See cent ee Lore py cit eT pee IN Soy of 60

a6 [(0}58(6) 010) (29s hae tar by Ste EER NRE Tee Cea ens het ce ein ens ee PRR csi on EAP 60
Hootvandhmowth Giseases See Ne eaec sa: eee eee ea te ee ee ew wee 61

Same terswOusese ccc scrdcc ccs ocho ae eos ee eat SER eee ae 65
1breFrtS EY a Loy thy aacioe ta ncane whe iCls ote eetH ICL Do ann Cen UME CO Ries atte a Sarin) She RN ct ce we nay 67
Resolutionssby states airy A ssociatlonine- cesar - elo ie ee eee ee 287
Road! Work; appropriations Ur eedis.1 opts dic \eesce se ehaie) oe at soeeas eee Mee Oar I me 28
d aK o} HH RCo a1oC0) tae) 0) Oc ee Bing eres eenen ee rarh ce neo Ee Coertam cKO rT ans Clin rN SeR orenI ISI INES ote ragis: beth con: 113
ORL MOL ED ASTUNC ei a creas eye eect ieee Bre are ees to eee raion SaaS oe he 327
@Msheep A arimise ow dor sare te eect er ace aes wohaY Grea a ecu naeare foie Vee SN eG ce REE ee 378
Ey ersvieldvanduvalucr wekers team cunrs Plc coh ance ctrl oe De ea kd once byieac inate mahi aera Rea 459

iS)

Nanwoseyocale mundsimecdedsforicheckine wera as cis serene itene eee eee en ine eee nee ily
Secondary, schools; recommendations concerning: ..). 0205.5... ...-000nnesnssee meee 28
ES{ereto leah eal ovo) (28 00Y2) 0] eee eee Ae Meine eee Rene eoeean is hacia ener eure A cen wovenG. Oi maatAld ep tach cpio 150
Sheep, SCADIOS Is cox oi vesevarel cers arenas Satter wayne) ote, a ah atelton ar ree vee ae CM oc 56
HO OUTO HUN Es ont rctpsicts Ste teLee ates ace lattes et easter Same cu ee cae RST en ae ok doc OSE eee eee 5m,
LEM eH goa OV EICELSULO) econ Mearecocan Meta ee EOS CRORE OER REL EM ERE ECCT eo CRT DESECN See ceo sen O es 6 GF 461
Gadfly “protection against as «ws «shu. rcv corte a sr eiclans Hee EAT ee ace ee er 365
SUAOMOOE KOT Ko anNch sKowncehviey sKopeoynajoryyNbatr, Veiga pan oowcocuarokobocndcanscaburuaas 365
Breeding ewes), TEE! LOLs rovers ove cae rchele chee. o2. ai Sheiens lcmons sete ucla eleven, cecal iousteliswel sea oe eee 367
Profits sinGam by feed ley fans cava stakoens heat Linco Gabe ote Wat tac ect coe a catiameli te Soren See se ae 370
Missouri|siranksas jansheep statenc. «oc. cee Mie onrein Gararenarel rete eee sict ash ceclle hemeacuais eee 370
Weeds eaten by Sheepiye os ass teas c Aaencesarsitvs Sa omia syale ote © wneaeto cs eietatyel oleae emonain ayes 371
Graingrequired for 100 dbs-.gains dry lotisheepis src ice crests leer ees ory eee 371
Grain required for 100 lbs. gain, young animals, all receiving skim milk............ 371
Misad vantages of: SheepilarMime 5.02 wc.eba cs cseue wae tee oversee ohelelauets Glee aks -Ramee nme Reerene 371
IBTCOAS HOF ia eats Si tuctelakey cael a Sal alee or orteqera custo etre cule. bireeaennetuainach a ks talleoataper tap om stan Peges Pens aac 373
PIHSAWESEELMEC WEL, ei Se Se Sicee SS ote eNS: S-ireoeie Ue rs absis Sues cate Oe Hace Me tairshis telfeer se aieece ee aeenral 375
primary Totation dor Sheep tarm:ser-yecons etic a ct mene A re RO OE ee CE 378
ACCESSOLY; LObation Lor Sheep tarnas isos ete mesa. tem enedente ia oeeee eee eee ene 378
Gradesiofilambs and syearlings! for feeding vy sree ep ts ene ae) =e ae cited wetter 384
Raperas arshee pif Cd yrie racy teraiave. cena neve tve eee aaeus crn GEIST Se cclen SI ee RCTs Spe Aa case a en cue 385

1B oy oyb oy EO ed eae ane ee er ROO orate crema eo as Ca Soman Sold 381
Want eT fee dim ae Sg ls Se Pave stat etscaae orci = ancnehiertc ce sees Gee bs dee sr eae ceialats wos cietoytia oa Au eee koe Renee 381
Rations Lor sfattenln ees ek, xss clk arouses see ware crore SNe Stes sen eerten ayonal Siew shaeretres cpewleyia Roe emanate 385
Percent. of lambs soldzon Chicagowmanrketims cers ciccciciecriorr-ire elementos 390
Care of Chet wintermlamb ss ioc cuiarcw eele suka veroteuataranels istepenehce stench eta isk oy eeeaehs arcane een ger 393
Needrottshaide ton breedine ewes aac cise teecue oie tive) ose Mekhi slensi cont Pewee toners) ae 396
Wham ChE pr HOW, MAGE see, ewecsy ay sv aikeve, ci <p cae cove estee te) hele ro cate rer eNses olen use lave knees geese me 396
Sheepa Breeders. ASsOcia tion OilGersi Oilers = aie ccweeteieicrere elie aia el eeeeh incre eee 2
Ammuall MeeLIMEHOLA At sickle wis lsnateks ey oh Le herenese adele emege roman a tee NCR Ce Pagers ao ee RR MC ie Ramee 347
IDXoyas EHO (S)aVele}o) Whey AUIMANCEKG Sino ddacontc soc Ohacootod foun Gaum dono mem.cou ous 347
Wioolsstoragerand marketimey cis. were us totais cieneReters therckouen oie tei nsesie i olen Senge tem 352
Valieiof united effortstamoneysheepamem sere. cieiacter=tteteeei-e-ien olen telat reese 357
Collection ofa mtoundatlon flocks. cea et hreien ecstasy okey Senge einen 359

BLOCK MAN ALE MEN Gerth: ~ suototte cess cre leiauedacetere ace cle Revie) Si nsa he oN nce ee ee Car era 364

Sheep fanmin ge) iny MASSOULI. eva erste cre aie a etek aes ee oe ee ots ean oe ce eon 370

TNE Winter LAM ars Ms Soe crtee © ahora awe cerns Oloebatete ok uons sich ceteteke Steere Rene nce me 393

DSUOS ANG SUA CEA. Aanchcreictags Aisne orcs ciaeune cA peaeeraie orem ieke RL cece eae ME oer 248, 254, 255, 259, 263, 387

Slaughter houses

Index.

Soils—

Maintaining fertility of
Effect of legumes on
WOM OSTMOMNTO ls ices sete. o oe tee ele tens Ween
Benefits of rotation on

(CHEMISHRVRO beers cies =. Aen ata os IR te sete ane) Sete

A forty years’ record of
Sorghum, yield and value
ASIC OW PCE UR eit rcpt ns Sins claw ei oeratehaietreiepererc
Soybeans, for feeding the dairy cow
WATT O BECO IN Srmuetomt n eeh ica ve: ote cere a aisih, o's oS ialangcons og uarehe
Swine Growers’ and Breeders’ Assoication, officers of
AMINA IMEC HM OXOL ws hatchet nie ciclo cer ese aot mista oie vencne
Controltofshozicholeraic sats. ers «26 steven) se «
Economical pork production

SATE MES CAML es eicke fe, ale Dav sonie is) smterrela a state

Type of hogs the packer demands.........

Cote system vs. centralized hog house
Breeding hogs for market purposes
Sixty-cent corn and five-cent hogs

Tankage, as hog feed
MOXASMeEVELAMiGALt em iemmie cerns ta omic oe clone eae
Timber, number of acres of in state
iI Of hvaryleld aAnGavalier: sie svieuiel cen ae eae ee

Estimated cost per acre, by McFarland
Timothy hay, time to harvest
Tobacco, yield and value
Tuberculosis, in cattle
Turkeys, farm price

Veterinarian and deputies, state..................
Weterinarian. state; TeportOl...: cick cise tae el siecle
Veterinarians, tabulated reports of

Wheat, acreage, yield and value..................
NWHeatehy DIOS. cre ts scln Soares oleic cuekehebetetsstiare wlsr eis
Wheat, estimated cost per acre, by McFarland
Wool, weight of fleece

IX

Pages

16, 195,

78, 454, 457,

199
203
174
160
166
164
165
169
171
190
191
193
194
198
460
263
261
330

1
289
289
325
330
333
338
339
342

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