HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Lik we Bx RY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Vasko. GIFT OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. one BV. “ti an Mina be A at: | & rae rt at ho) j fi ni ORS UN i ra Aol val AG is ayo" 4 fi ) DT Dien te ia Watt ae ah Rev ey ae Ake y ¥ ie” eit ‘oa . ae ny, ; i Wy, i Lage \ ti a at ag Go iy Wat) Bae ay ase A, AR 22,” on iy Hi KY f i ae ay Dy , etn A) iar ie \ ni , Hi A Mi EPL ah cd YAY AO nT Rs NN A at fi Maps u hi ye an i i ont ie ! Ser i { al i 5 bee ‘ i 4 \ t i ; , 5 i i i } 4 i} | i 1 : i iw } 1 nt _ i * # i | i i 7 | 5 7 iL : iv i 4 eS ; = oY 5 Nahi ~? Mir : ine eg A Te ae eer J Ue a : = a Veins! ; aa ; _ a ae ra ri — a. ; The yO - f 1 oe : 7 7 rt | i PE mail Ny Xe ; eee - *($061) MUVd IVOINOTOOZ AHL NI NOSI€ NVOIMUINV RENT eANNEAE REPORT OFSTHE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL sOdE LY CHARTERED IN 1895 @©BJEGTS, OF HE SOCIETY A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS THES PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY 1905 YT NEW YORK GEEIGE. OF THE: SOCIETY, 14 WALE-STREET JANUARY, 1906 COPYRIGHT, 1906, BY THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Che Crow Press, Pew Work Contents. BoARD OF MANAGERS . : OFFICERS OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY List oF MEMBERS . REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE . GAME PROTECTION IN 1905 . TREASURER’S REPORTS Park Improvement Fund General Fund General Fund Income Account . Animal Fund Maintenance Fund Ground Improvement Fund Aquarium Improvement Fund Aquarium Fund . Sin ees REPORT OF WHE. DIRECTOR = =. ~. .. = W.delomaday UNGULATES IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK . . W.T. Hornaday A DEADLY FUNGUS ON THE AMERICAN CHESNUT Hermann W. Merkel AQUARIUM REPORT 3 : : : . Charles H. Townsend RADIOGRAPHS . ; F B 5 ; . Charles H. Townsend List OF GIFTS TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY . : : : REPORT OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT . : W. Reid Blair Our COLLECTION OF AMPHIBIANS . . Raymond L. Ditmars THE SWANS . ; : : ; . . . C. William Beebe THE WICHITA BUFFALO RANGE. . . . J. Alden Loring THe IDAHO MOOSE ; : : ; . Harlow Brooks, M.D. MountTAIN GOAT HUNTING WITH THE CAMERA Henry Fairjield Osborn By-Laws : a : Z ‘ E ‘ f . 3 List of Jllustrations. AMERICAN BISON IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK (1905) THe Lion House, Bairp CouRT , : ~Map SHowING RECENT ADDITION TO THE PARK AUDUBON COURT FROM THE ANTELOPE HOUSE SoutH AMERICAN TAPIR P : SPRAYING A TREE INFECTED WITH FUNGUS A HEALTHY SPECIMEN OF THE CHESTNUT CHESTNUT TREE SHOWN ON PAGE 98 ALL THAT REMAINS OF A ONCE FINE TREE BLuE CRAB : CONEY YELLOW PERCH Astrangia AND Tubularia QUEEN TRIGGER FISH SKATE RADIOGRAPH SeA Horse es COPPERHEAD Mup Puppy CHAMBERED NAUTILUS ‘ P BUTTERFLY FISH ; ‘ : 3 : : SURGEON FISH : Brook Trout SALAMANDERS CALIFORNIA NEWT Conco “SNAKE” Mup Puppy. SIREN Common Newt LARVA OF THE AXOLOTL HELLBENDER . : 2 ‘ TRANSFORMATION OF FROG AND TOAD TRANSFORMATION OF THE LEOPARD FROG TREE TOAD . ; P : ; é MuTE SWANS BLacK SWANS : BLacK SWANS AND CYGNETS . HEAD oF BLacK-NECKED SWAN BLacK-NECKED SWANS 2 ; : , : : 2 ‘Heaps oF WHOOPING, BEWICK’S AND WHISTLING SWANS PAGE Frontispiece. Ln = = Lol = am om on on Aw -& NO 4 DADAM MN ~ 4 He on am = an vo) 74 8 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PAGE ~HEADS OF TRUMPETER, BLACK, AND MuTE SWANS . ; , 5 Ry BEWICK’s SWAN . 5 ; : ; , : : é : : Sar WHOOPING SWAN : : : 07,5 TRUMPETER SWANS AND NEST 178 TRUMPETER SWANS . : : 179 SKkeEtcH Map or PROPOSED Sere Peers 182 Oak TIMBER, WICHITA BUFFALO RANGE . : 3 ; ; . 184 TownsHip Map SHOWING PROPOSED RANGE : ‘ : : .-187 WINTER VALLEY : ; : : : ‘ : . ; 2 OO HicHest MOUNTAIN ON THE er : é : : : ; 5 Ou Cache CREEK : : : : . : : : : : . 104 Moose MountTain : : ; : 3 : 7208 GuLLyY LEADING INTO Nileans Castor ; : ; - ; : . 204: CANON oF BiG ROBINSON : ; : : : : : ; 725 SKETCH Map : : 2 : : : : : » 207 HEAD OF YOUNG enue Moose : : ; : : : : me ASCENDING GOAT CREEK . : : : , ; : : : aE THE LINE FOLLOWED BY THE HERD . : 5 4 : : - 208) Ficures A anp B, Goat’s Foor . 2 , 3 : : p , 2on PHOTOGRAPHS 3-3 : : g : : : : ‘ ; : 2 PHOTOGRAPH 4 224 PHOTOGRAPH 5 225 PHOTOGRAPH 6 226 PHOTOGRAPH 7 ; 226 PHOTOGRAPH 8 é 227 PHOTOGRAPH 9 228 PHOTOGRAPH I0 . ; : : : ‘ : 4 : ; 229 PHOTOGRAPHS TI-I2 . : ; : : 5 : 5 : 230 PHOTOGRAPHS 13-134. ‘ j ; 5 ; : : : ; 231 Woard of sHanagers Ex-Officio: - ( Hon. GEorcE B. McCLeLian, Mayor of New York. (Hon. Mosres HERRMAN, President Dep’t of Parks. CLASS OF 1907. F. AuGusTUS SCHERMERHORN, A. NEWBOLD Morris, PERcy R. Pyne, GEORGE B. GRINNELL, Jacos H. ScuHIrFr, EDWARD J. BERWIND, GEORGE C. CLARK, CLEVELAND H. DODGE, C. LEDYARD BLAIR, CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, NELSON ROBINSON, FREDERICK GILBERT BOURNE. CLASS OF 1908. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, CHARLES T. BARNEY, WILLIAM C. CHURCH, LISPENARD STEWART, H. CASIMIR DE RHAM, GEORGE CROCKER, HucuH D. AUCHINCLOSS, CHARLES F. DIETERICH, James J. Hitt, GEORGE F. BAKER, GRANT B. SCHLEY, PAYNE WHITNEY. CLASS OF 1909. Lrvi P. Morton, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Morris K. JESupP, Joun L. CADWALADER, PHILIP SCHUYLER, Joun S. BARNES, MADISON GRANT, WILLIAM WHITE NILES, SAMUEL THORNE, Henry A. C. TAYLor, Hucu J. CHIsHoLM, WILLIAM D. SLOANE. a Fay r= OF RMGE hs OF THE New York Zoologteal Hoctety President: HON. LEVI P. MORTON. First Vice-President: HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. Second Vice-President : JOHN L. CADWALADER. Executive Committee. CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman, JOHN S. BARNES, PHILIP SCHUYLER, SAMUEL THORNE, MADISON GRANT, WILLIAM WHITE NILES, HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, LEVI P. MORTON, £x-officzo. Secretary . MADISON GRANT, ir Wall Street. Treasurer: PERCYSARe PINE 52 Wall Street. Director of the Zoological Park : WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 183d Street and Southern Boulevard. Director of the Aquarium : CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Battery Park. Architects ; HEINS & LA FARGE. Consulting Landscape Architect: JAMES L. GREENLEAP. Consulting Engineer : H. De B. PARSONS. Dtientific Council, WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Chairman. J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History. FRANK M. CHAPMAN, American Museum of Natural History. WILLIAM STRATFORD, College of the City of New York. CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, Editor of Forest and Stream. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Columbia University. CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director of the New York Aquarium. MADISON GRANT, Secretary New York Zoological Society, Ex-officio. CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman Executive Committee, Ex-officio. Officers of the Zoological Park. WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Director and General Curator. ee Ree MII CEB ius... deere oticew te ae Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer. IREASY MOND Ibs DIMERS... 3 icusasite sisiarssettercrenudlielies Curator of Reptiles. Cee LAINE 313 TB ee Pe ciece tiers actress eran eines Curator of Birds. Jebe \Wilo MOIR Din 5 Gocco cloic aol boleernid oc Chief Forester and Constructor. CEORGE ME Bin ERIS OWE IR reer circ ciciersieieleielo ceiache Civil Engineer. IBIENWVIUNS IRS SYNINIBXOIRIN bg oc odpococ Photographer and Assistant Editor. Medical Staff. EAU ON BIO OKs. Mic Dye aa ua genes ike! aye ionsueters cue Mies Pathologist. Ves ere hi Te AUR EDM VIES aeeintepe caine ain wenn Sow ceRne eee Veterinarian. Aquarium Committee. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Chairman. CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. BASHFORD DEAN, Columbia University. ALFRED G. MAYER, Tortugas Laboratory of Carnegie Institute. CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. THOMAS H. MORGAN, Columbia University. EDMUND B. WILSON, Columbia University. WILLIAM E. DAMON. ROSWELL MORSE SHURTLEFF. Officers of the Aquarium. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director. LEONARD B. SPENCER....Asst. in Charge of Fresh-water Collections WASHINGTON I. DENYSE...... Asst. in Charge of Marine Collections IDIBIOIN ARS SVN ASOIN Goboagdeudaescasuwe Clerk and Disbursing Officer MEMBERS OF THE New York Zoologteal Sorctety, Honorary Jseembers. Pror. J. A. ALLEN, Pror. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Tue DuKE oF BEDFORD, Mr. ARTHUR ERWIN Brown, Dr. FRANK M. CHAPMAN, Pror. DANIEL GIRAUD ELLIOT, *Sir WILLIAM FLOWER, EID ire, 12 1b leona Dr. C. Hart MERRIAM, Hon. LIONEL WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Dr. Purtip LUTLEY SCLATER. Benefactor. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM BAKER, GEORGE F., BARNES, JOHN S., BARNEY, CHARLES T., BERWIND, EDWARD J., BourNE, FREDERICK GILBERT, CADWALADER, JOHN L., CARNEGIE, ANDREW, DIETERICH, CHARLES F., *DopGeE, WILLIAM E. *GOELET, ROBERT GouLD, GEORGE J., Goutp, Miss HELEN MILLER *HuUNTINGTON, C. P. Morcan, J. PIERPONT, Morton, Hon. Levi P., Founders. *OTTENDORFER, OSWALD. Payne, Cou. OLIVER H., Pyne, Percy RIVINGTON, ROCKEFELLER, JOHN D., SCHERMERHORN, F. AUGUSTUS, SCHIFF, JacoB H., SLOANE, WILLIAM D., Taytor, Henry A. C., THOMPSON, Mrs. FREDERIC FERRIS, THORNE, SAMUEL, TrReEvoR, Mrs. Joun B., *VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS. VANDERBILT, WILLIAM K., * WHITNEY, Hon. WILLIAM C. Woop, Mrs. ANTOINETTE ENO. Associate Founders. *BABCOCK, SAMUEL D. Buiair, C. LEDYARD, *CARTER, JAMES C. CuIsHOLM, Hueu J., CROCKER, GEORGE, Jesup, Morris K., OsBorRN, Pror. HENRY FAIRFIELD, SCHUYLER, PHILIP, STEWART, LISPENARD, Stokes, Miss CAROLINE PHELPs, SturGis, Mrs. FRANK K., TIFFANY & Co., VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS. * Deceased. 14 NEW MORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: Jatrons. * ARNOLD, HICKS. AucHINcLoss, Mrs. Huenw D., Briss, CoRNELIuS N., *Briiss, GEORGE 7. BREWSTER, ROBERT G., CLARK, GEORGE CRAWFORD, CLraRK, Mrs. GEORGE CRAWFORD, *CONSTABLE, FREDERICK A. *CooKk, HENRY H. DopcE, CLEVELAND H.., EHRET. GEORGE, * FLOWER, ROSWELL P. Forp, JAMEs B., Forp, J. Howarp, HARKNESS, CHARLES W., HAVEMEYER, HENRY O., HAVEMEYER, WILLIAM F. *Hewitt, ABRAM S. Aine, AMES Je; *HOFFMAN, VERY REv. E. A. *ISELIN, ADRIAN. James, D. WILtIs, James, NORMAN, Jennincs, Miss A. B.., KENNEDY, JOHN STEWART, Lewis, Mrs. GEORGE, Maver, Dr. ALFRED G., Morris, A. NEWBOLD, Morris, Mrs. A. NEWBOLD, Morris, Miss Eva VAN CORTLANDT, Morris, NEWBOLD, OsBORN, WILLIAM CHURCH, *OsBORN, Mrs. WiLLiAM H., Poor, HENRY W., *PyneE, Mrs. Percy R., RoBINnson, NELSON, Ryan, THomas F., *SCHERMERHORN, WILLIAM C., ScHLEY, GRANT B., SELIGMAN, Isaac NEWTON, *STICKNEY, JOSEPH, SticKNEY, Mrs. JOSEPH, TayLor, JAMEs B., JR., THORNE, EpwIn, THORNE, FRANCIS B., THORNE, HENRY S., THORNE, JOEL W., THORNE, LANDON K., THORNE, Miss PHEBS ANNA, THORNE, SAMUEL, JR., THORNE, S. BRINCKERHOFF, THORNE, VICTOR C., THORNE, WILLIAM, TyJADER, Mrs. MarGAREtT T., Twomesty, H. McK., Von Post, HERMAN C., *WeEBB, WILLIAM H., *WotLrFr, A. Life sHembers. ApaAMs, EpwaRD DEAN, AGNEw, Miss A. G., ANDREWS, ConsTANT A., ANDREWS, J]. SHERLOCK, *ARNOLD, JOHN H. V., AucHINcLoss, Hucu D., * AVERY, SAMUEL P., AVERY, SAMUEL P., JR., BALLANTINE, ROBERT F., BARBOUR, THOMAS, BaRrBowr, WILLIAM, BaruyptT, Mrs. P. HACKLEy, BARNES, Miss Cora F., BARNES, Miss MILDRED, BEEBE, C. WILLIAM, BELMONT, AUGUST, BETTS, SAMUEL ROSSITER, *BisHop, HEBER R., Brisuop, HEBER REGINALD, BLACKFORD, EUGENE G., Botpr, GEORGE C., Bonp, FRANK 5&., Booru, WILLIAM H., . BowbDoOINn, GEORGE S Brown, GeorcE McKesson, Bruce, Miss MatTiLpa W., BuRDEN, HENRY, 2D, BUSHNELL, JOSEPH, BuTLER, WILLIAM MILL, CAMMANN, GEORGE P., Camp, HucuH N., JR., *CANFIELD, A: CAss, CHANLER, WINTHROP, CuisHoLM, HucH J., JR., CuHurcH, E. Dwicut, CHURCH, WILLIAM CONANT, CLARKSON, BANYER, *COCHRAN, W. F., CoE, WILLIAM R., CoLGATE, WILLIAM, CoLttarp, Mrs. GEoRGEAW., ConYNGHAM, WILLIAM L., Coor, C5 40. CoRNING, JOHN J., Coxe, DAVIES, CRANE, ZENAS, CrIMMINS, JOHN D., CuxmERs CAC. * Deceased. CENT ANNUAL REEORT. IES) Davis, E. W., Davis, JoHN W.A., DECOPPET, EDWARD J., DELAFIELD, ALBERT, Dr Ruam, CHARLES, DICKERMAN, WATSON B., Dickey, CHARLES D., DopcGe, GEorRGE EGLESTON, DopceE, MaRcELLUS HARTLEY DOELGER, CHARLES P., DoOELGER, PETER, DoELGER, PETER, JR., DRAPER, Mrs. HENRy, Du Bots, Miss ErHeEt, Du Bots, Miss KATHERINE, Du Bots, Witiiam A., DunscomMBk, GEORGE ELswormtn, ELLIOTT, SAMUEL, Exuuis, W. Dixon, Eno, Amos F., FAIRCHILD, Hon. CHARLEs G., FERGuSON, Mrs. FARQUHAR, Fercuson, Miss May, FIELD, CORTLANDT DE PEYSTER, FLEITMANN, WILLIAM MEDLICOoTT, Pring. CHarips R.. FRENCH, S. BARTON, GERRY, ELBRIDGE T., GoOopwIN, JAMEs J., GRANT, Mapison, *GREEN, ANDREW H.., GUGGENHEIM, S. R., GUNTHER, BERNARD G., GUNTHER, FRANKLIN L., HAGENBECK, CARL, HARKNESS, EDWARD S. Harkness, Mrs. 5S. V., HARRAH, CHARLES J., Harris, ALAN C., HaveEN, GEORGE G., *Hayes, R. SOMERS, HEARN, GEORGE A., HENDERSON, CHARLES R., HiGcGrinson, Cor. JAMEs J., Bhine. sho erst HopxKINs, GEORGE B., Hornapbay, WILLIAM T., HuBBARD, THomas H., HUNTINGTON, ARCHER M., Hype, JAMEs H., JENNINGS, OLIVER G., KING, GEORGE GORDON, KINGSLAND, WILLIAM M., KissEL, Gustav E., *KNOWER, BENJAMIN, Kunuarpt, W. B., La Farce, C. GRANT, LANGDON, WoopBury G., LANIER, CHARLES, LEE, CHARLES NORTHAM, LEEDS, Mrs. WARNER M., LEHMAN, S. M., LOUNSBERY, RICHARD P., Low, C. ADOLPHE, Low, SETH, Lynpic, Davin, Lypic; Capt. Puitrie M., MCcALPIN, CHARLES WILLISTON, McComs, J. Scort, McKim, Cuartes F., McLane, Guy RICHARDS, Mackay, CLARENCE H., Mackay, Dona_Lp, Macy, V. EvErir, MAITLAND, ALEXANDER, MALLORY, CHARLES H., Marc, THEOPHILUS M., Markok, Dr. Francis H., *MARKOE, JAMES B. MARSHALL, Louis, *Mason, THomas H., MiILiLer, Dr. GEorcE N MITCHELL, ROLAND G., Moore, Mrs. JAMEs Amory, Morris, JAMES, Nessitt, A. G., NEWBOLD, THOMAS, NicHoxs, Mrs. WILLIAM GILMAN, NILeEs, J. BARRON, NivLes, WILLIAM WHITE, ParisH, HENRY, PARRISH, JAMES C., PEABODY, CHARLES A., FERKINS, WILLIAM H., Puipps, HENRY, PHOENIX, LLoyp, PHOENIX, PHILLIPS, PIERREPONT, JOHN Jay, PincuorT, J. W., Potter, Mrs. Henry C., Prey Nati IDWS) 1834. Proctor, A. PHIMISTER, QUINTARD, GEORGE W., RAYMOND, CHARLES H., RIKER, SAMUEL, JR., Ross, J. HAMPDEN, RosBIns, MILTon, ROGERS, ARCHIBALD, Russ, Epwarp, SAMPSON, HENRY, SANDS, WILLIAM R., SCHERMERHORN, J]. EGMonrT, SCHIEFFELIN, EUGENE, ScHIFF, MorRTIMER L., SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON, SHELDON, CHARLES, SHERMAN, GEORGE, SHERMAN, WILLIAM WatTTsS ’ sh J .* Deceased 16 NEW (MORK ZOOLOGICA 2S OCiEn y: SHIELDS, GEORGE O., *TRAVERS, Miss SUSAN, Simpson, Miss JEAN WALKER, TREVOR, HENrRy G., *SLATTERY, JAMES, TREVOR, JOHN B., SLOAN, BENSON B., UHLMANN, FREDERICK, SLOAN, SAMUEL, WavbswortH, Major W. AusTIN, SLOAN, SAMUEL, JR., WAINWRIGHT, RicHArRD T., SLOANE, JOHN, WaLker, Dr. HENRY FREEMAN, SPEYER, JAMES, WaRBuRG, FELIx M., *STERNE, SIMON, WARREN, SAMUEL D., STETSON, FRANCIS LYNDE, Watson, Francis A., STURGES, FREDERICK, WELCHER, Mrs. Fanny AVERY, STURGIS, FRANK K., WHEALTON, Louis N., THALMAN, ERNST, * WHITEHEAD, CHARLES E., TuHompson, Lewis S., WHITEHEAD, PAuL, THOMPSON, WILLIAM P., WuitTNneEy, Harry Payne, TILFORD, FRANK, WHITNEY, PAYNE, Topp, WILLIAM R., WILLETsS, Howarp, TOWNSEND, CHARLES H., Wine, Joun D., Woop, Miss ELEANOR DENNISTON. Annual SHlembers. ABEEL, GEORGE, ARMOUR, GEORGE A., ABEEL, JOHN H.., ARmMouR, Mrs. HERMan O., ABERCROMBIE, Davip T., ASTOR, JOHN JACOB, ACHELIS, FRITZ, AUCHINCLOss, Mrs. Epcar S§., ACHELIS. JOHN, AUCHINCLOss, Hucu, ADAMS, FRANK LANSON, AUCHINCLOSS, JOHN W., ADAMS, FREDERICK T., AUSTIN, GEORGE C., ADAMS, SAMUEL, Aycricc, B. ArTHUR, ADAMS, THATCHER M., AYER, FREDERICK F., ADRIANCE, Rev. Harris E ty, BAKER, STEPHEN, AGENS, FREDERICK GIRARD, Batcom, Dr. Irvine S, AGNEw, ANDREW G., BALDWIN, FREDERICK H., AGNEW, Mrs. CorneE ius R., BaLpwIn, Dr. JARED G., AITKEN, JOHN W., BALDWIN, JARED G., JR., ALDEN, R. PERcy, BANFIELD, ELtwoop, AvpRIcH, Mrs. JAMES HERMAN, Banecs, Dr. L. Botton, ALEXANDER, Mrs. CHARLEs B., Banks, THEODORE H., ALEXANDER, FRANK D., BarsBeEy, Henry L., ALEXANDER, JAMES W., BarcLay, J. SEARLE, JR., ALEXANDER, DR. WELCOME T.., Barcuay, Mrs. REGINALD, ALEXANDER, Mrs. WILLIAM, BARNARD, J. AUGUSTUS, ALEXANDRE, J. HENRY, Barnes, Mrs. HARRIETTE S., ALLEN, ETHAN, BARNES, HERBERT S., ALLEN, JAMES LANE, BaRNES, J. SANFORD, JR., ALLGOEVER, A., Barney, A. L., Ams, Max, Barney, ASHBEL H.., AMUNDSON, Joun. A., Barney, Miss KATHERINE L., ANDERSON, A. A., ‘ Barney, Mrs. J. STEWART, ANDERSON, P. CHAUNCEY, Barney, N. C., ANDREINI, J. M., Barnum, WixiiaM M., APPLETON, Francis R., Barr, WILLIAM, APPLETON, JAMES W., BaRRON, Dr. Joun C., ARCHBOLD, Mrs. J. F., BARRON, GEORGE D., ARCHBOLD, JOHN D., BARTELS, WILLIAM, ARCHER-SHEE, Mrs. Martin, BATTERSON, JAMES G,, AREND, F. J.., BAUMANN, Gustav, * Deceased TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. J BAXTER, GEORGE S., JR., BayarpD, Louis P., BayLies, EDMUND L., Bayuies, Mrs. NaTHALIE E., Bayuis, WILLIAM, BEACH, FREDERICK C., BreacH, WALTER R., BEADLESTON, ALFRED N., BEAL, WILLIAM R., BEARD, DANIEL CARTER, BECKER, C. E., BECKER, CHRISTIAN, BECKER, PHILIP, BEERBOWER, GEORGE M., Beers, M. H., BELL, EDWARD, BELMONT, PERRY, BEMENT, EDWARD, BENKARD, Harry H., BENJAMIN, EUGENE 6., BENSON, FRANK SHERMAN, Benson, Miss Mary, Benson, Miss Tuyrza, BEROLZHEIMER, E., BERNHEIMER, CHARLES L., BERNHEIMER, SIMON E., BERTRON, S. R., BricKMORE, Pror. ALBERT S., BicELow, Henry B., BILLINGS, FREDERICK, BIELINGS, Gly Be Bitiines, Miss Mary M., BreecwAT Es Ves El Birp, Epwarp Dimon, BIRD, GEORGE, Bisuop, Miss Mary CuNNINGHAM, *BLAGDEN, GEORGE, BLAGDEN, Mrs. Jutta G., BLAIR IDE (Ces Brarr, J. INSLEY, BLAKE, Dr. JOSEPH A., BLAKESLEE, T. J., Buiss, ERNEST C., BLopGEttT, WILLIAM TILDON, *BLODGETT, Mrs. WILLIAM T., Bioopcoop, RoBert F., BLOOMINGDALE, JOSEPH B., *BLOOMINGDALE, LYMAN G., Bioss, JAMES O., BLUMENSTIEL, A., Boas, Emit L.., BoOEKELMAN, PROF. BERNARDUS, BoeTrTGeER, H. W., BoettGerR, THEODORE M., BoGeErRT, Epwarp C., BoissEVAIN, G.. L., Bo.ton, Mrs. Josepn B., Borton, JoHN W., Botton, Tuomas, JR. Botton, WILLIAM H., Bonpb, ALFRED H., Bonpb, WILLIAM Epwarp, BONNER, G. T., Bonner, PAuL R., BoORGSTEDE, JOHN G., BORLAND, J. NELSON, BorRLanpD, WILLIAM G., Borne, JOHN E., BoTeter, Evijau S., BowboINn, TEMPLE, BoweEN, CLARENCE WINTHROP, Bowers, JOHN M., BRADFORD, J. H., BRADLEY, Epson, Brab_ey, J. R., Brapy, Mrs. J. R., Brapy, NicHovas F., BRAINERD, IRA H., BRAININ, FRED., BRAND, Oscar J., BRANDRETH, COURTENAY, BRAUN, FREDERICK, BREIDENBACH, CHARLES M., BREWER, WILLIAM A., JR., Brews TER, Mrs. BENJAMIN, BREWSTER, GEORGE S., BRINCKERHOFF, ELBERT A., BRINSMADE, CHARLES LYMAN, Bristo.t, Pror. CHARLEs L., BrisToL, JouN I. D., Bristow, WILLIAM B., Bronson, Dr. EpwarRD BENNEr, Brown, Hon. AppIson, BROWN, CHARLES F., Brown, Miss ELLEn W., Brown, JOHN Crossy, Brown, VERNON CARLETON, Brown, WALDRON P., BROWNING, J. A., BROWNING, WILLIAM H., BROWNLEE, ARTHUR A., BRUCKER, CARL, BrRunnN, JuLius W., BrYANntT, Dr. JosepH D., Bryce, Mrs. WILLIAM, BucKkuHoutT, WILLIAM H., BucKNER, THOMAs A., Bupp, HEnry A., BULKLEY, EDwIn M., BuLkKLey, Mrs. Epwin M., BuLL, CHARLES LIVINGSTON, Buti, RoBertT Macray. Buty, WILiraAM L., Burr Dre Wirrrant whe Bumpus, Pror. HERMON C., BURDEN, JAMES A., JR., Burcess, EDWARD G., BuRKE, B. J., * Deceased. 18 NEW GY ORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIBIY BuURLEIGH, GEORGE W., BurveicH, Mrs. GEorGE W., BurnuHaAm, Mrs. Doucras W., Burr, WINTHROP, Burras, H. K., BurrRiLu, ALFRED C., Busu, JOHN S., ButLer, ARTHUR W., Butt, Gen. McCosxkry, CAESAR, HENRY A., Caer, Amos H.., CALHOUN, HENRY W., CALMAN, HENRY L., CAMMANN, EDWARD C., CAMMANN, HENRY LORILLARD, CAMMANN, HERMANN H., * CAMPBELL, JOHN. CANFIELD, GEORGE FOLGER, CANFIELD, RICHARD A., Cannon, H. W., JR., CANNON, JAMES G., CARDEZA, L. D. M., CAREY, HENRY T., CARPENDER, WILLIAM, CARPENTER, PHILIP, CARRERE, JOHN M., CARROLL, RoyaL PHELPs, CARSTENSEN, Mrs. JOHN, *CARTER, WALTER 9S. (CANS IS Big 188. CASTREE, JOHN W., CASWELL, JouHN H., CaTHCART, Miss JENNIE R., CERERO, R. L., CHaABoT, THEODORE J., CHAMBERS, FRANK R., CHAMBERS, JAMES, CHAMBERS, JOHN A., CHAMPOLLION, ANDRE, CHAPIN, Mrs. ALFRED,” CHAPMAN, HENRY OTIS, CHAPMAN, JOHN JAY, CHAUNCEY, ELIHU, CHENEY, GEORGE L., CHESEBROUGH, ROBERT A., CHICHESTER, CHARLES DARWIN, CuiLps, EVERSLEY, CuiLps, JoHN LEwis, CuHILps, WILLIAM H., CuHIso_m, B. OGDEN, CHITTENDEN, JARED, CHOATE, JOSEPH K., CHURCH, CHARLES T., CHuRcH, Lape Re CHURCH, FREDERIC E., (Cengeyoier, 19), Se CHURCH, THEODORE W., CLAFLIN, JOHN, CLARK, D. CRAWFORD, Ciark, J. MITCHELL, CrARK alyaiCe, CLARK, W. A., CLARK, WILLIAM N., CLARKE, E.-AsS:, CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS, CLAUSEN, GEORGE C., CLEARY, JOHN, CLEMENTS, G. H., CLEVELAND, CHARLES D., CLYDE, WILLIAM P., COCHRANE, JOHN W., CocKERILL, JOHN F., CocKErRorFT, Miss E. V., CocKRAN, Hon. W. Bourke, CopMAN, Mrs. OGDEN, CorFin, DANIEL M., CoFFIN, WiLLt1AM Epwarb, CoHEN, SAMUEL M., CoLBRON, PauL TOWNSEND, CoLBuRn, N. A., CotsBy, Howarp A., CoLe, Epwarp F., CoLuiER, PETER F., COLLIER, PRICE, CoLiieR, Mrs. R. J., COLLINS, CLARENCE LYMAN, Co.uins, Dr. Stacey Bupp, Couns, Mrs. ELLEN, CoLuins, Miss GERTRUDE, CoLLorpD, GEORGE W., Comstock, Mrs. H. G., Conpon, THOMAS GERALD, ConGER, Henry C., CONNOR, GERALD C., CONTENT, HARRY, CoomBe, T. GorTON, CooPeEeR, THEODORE, CoRBIN, AUSTIN, CorBIN, Mrs. AUSTIN, CorRNING, GARE: CORWINE, WILLIAM R., ConsTAIN, EUGENE H., CosTER, CHARLES, CostEeR, Epwarp LIVINGSTON, CostTER, HENRY A., *COTTER, JOHN, Corton, W. J-., CowpiIn, WINTHROP, Cow L, CLARKSON, Cow tes, Davin S., Cox, CHARLEs F., Cox, JENNINGS S., (Coss, MUA. IP CRAIGIE, ARCHIBALD WALPOLE,. CraM, Mrs. KaTHRINE G., CRANE, ALBERT, CRAVATH, Mrs. Pau D., CRAWFORD, THOMAS, * Deceased. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 19 CRAWFORD, Dr. W. H., CRAWFORD, WILLIAM, CROMWELL, JAMES W., CROMWELL, LINCOLN, CRONEMEYER, ROBERT, CRONIN, CHARLES H., Crossy, C. H., Cross, GEORGE D., Cross, Mrs. C. VANDERBILT, CROSSLEY, G. REGINALD, CRUICKSHANK, JAMES, Curtis, Epwarp W., CUTLER, CHARLES F., CuTTER, RALPH L., CuTTING, R. FuLton, CutTtinc, W. Bayarp, DaILEY, GRANVILLE F., DaintTry, W. MANSELL, Daty, Mrs. Marcus, Damon, WituiAM E., Dana, WILLIAM B., DANIELS, GEORGE H., *DANNE, DR. FREDERIC, Darps, CHARLES A., DaveENPoRT, PRor. CHARLES B., * DAVENPORT, IRa, DAVENPORT, Mrs. I[Ra, DavipncE, WiLLiam H., Davies, FREDERICK M., Davies, J. CLARENCE, Davies, JULIEN TAPPAN, Davies, WILLIAM GILBERT, Davis, CHARLES H., Davis, DANIEL A., Davis, GHERARDI, Davis, HowLanp, Davis, JOSEPH P., Davis, Morcan, Davison, CHARLES STEWART, Davison, GEORGE Howarp, Day, ARTHUR M., Day, Mrs. HENRY Mitts, Day, Horace LINCOLN, DEAN, Pror. BASHFORD, *DEBOCANDE, EUGENE, De Coppet, Henry, DEEVES, RICHARD, Der Forest, RoBEerT W., DEGENER, J. F., DrGorcourta, A. V., DEMryN. Beh DELAFIELD, FREDERICK P., DELAFIELD, Miss JuLia Livincsron, DELANO, FREDERIC A., DELANO, WARREN, JR., DELANOY, WILLIAM C., DELESKER, CHARLES, DeEmiIne, L. C., DENICKE, J. B., DeErBy, Dr. Ricuarp H., DE Ruam, H. CAsimir, DEVEREUX, WALTER B., DE VINNE, THEODORE Low, De Witt, WALTER G., De Witt, WILLIAM G., DEXTER, STANLEY W., Dey, ANTHONY, Deyo, RoBeErt E., Dickerson, E. N., DIEHL, GEORGE H., Dienst, A. P., DILLINGHAM, FRANK A., Dimock, GEORGE E., Ditmars, R. L., Dixon, Dr. GEorcE A., Drxon, ROBERT NICER, Dopp, Roserr H., DopeceE, D. Stuart, Donpce, ELizaBpetu W., Donpce, Miss Grace H., Dopce, Norman W., Dopce, Mrs. WiriiaMm E., Douse, JOHN, Dominick, H. BLANCHARD, DOMMERICH, L. F., DorEMUS, F. S., DousBLepay, F. N., Douctas, JAMES, DouGLass, ALFRED, Dows, Mrs. Davin, Dows, Mrs. Davin, JR., Dows, TRACY, Drake, WILLIAM H., DRAKENFELD, B. FERDINAND, DRAYTON, J. COLEMAN, DrRaz, FRANCIS, DRESSEL, JOHN A. H., DRUMMOND, I. WyMAN, DUANE, RICHARD BACHE, DuBots, CorNELIUS, DuBois, Dr. MatrHew B., DueEr, WILLIAM A., DULLES, WILLIAM, JR., DUNCAN, STUART, Duncan, W. ButTLer, DunpDaAs, RALPH WurRtTs, DunuHam, Dr. CARROLL, DunHaM, Epwarp K., Dunuay, G. H., Dunn, GANno S., DuNNE, EDWARD B.., DUNNE, JAMES, Duryea, Harry H., Duryea, GEN. HIRAM, DutTcHER, WILLIAM, Enear, D., EpGAR, HERMAN L. R., Epcar, Miss Jura L., * Deceased, 20 NEW. YORK (ZOOLOGICAL) SOCIETY: Epcar, NEWBOLD, EDGELL, GEORGE 5., EpMonpDs, JoHN W., EGERTON, M., EGGELING, OrrTo, EcLeston, D.5., EIDLITz, ROBERT JAMES, ELBeErRs, Mrs. FRITz, Exper, Mrs. Maticpa A., ELDRIDGE, FREDERICK L., ELpRIDGE, ROSWELL, ELDRIDGE, WILLIAM T., Evuis, WILLiAM H., ELLSWORTH, DUNCAN 5., ELLswortH, JOHN MAGEE, ELLsSwortH, LINCOLN, EMANUEL, J. H., JR., Emery, JOHN J., EmicH, Mort, Emmet, C. TEMPLE, Emmet, Miss Lyp1a F., Emmet, ROBERT TEMPLE, Emmet, Mrs. WILLIAM J., Enpicott, ROBERT, EnewisH, E. M., Eno, JOHN CHESTER, EpstTEAN, EpwArD, ERBSLOH, R., ERDMANN, MARTIN, EscuHMann, F. W. R., ETTLINGER, LOUIS, Eustis, JOHN E., Evans, Mrs. CADWALADER, Evans, RICHARD, Evarts, A. W., EVARTS, SHERMAN, Faas, JOHN, FaBBRI, ALESSANDRO, FaBBRI, ERNESTO G., Fapssri, Mrs. ErRneEsTO G., FAHNESTOCK, Harris C., FAHNESTOCK, WILLIAM, FAIRBANKS, HENrRy P., FAIRCHILD, DAVID, ATRICHIED whens FAIRCHILD, NELSON, Falk, GUSTAV, FALVEY, FRANK A., Farco, JAMES C., FARNHAM, PAULDING, FaRRAR, NATHANIEL B., FARRELLY, I. CHARLES, FARRINGTON, HARVEY, FEARING, GEORGE R., FEARON, J.5., FELLOWES, CORNELIUS, FerGusSOoN, Harry L., FERNSTROM, H., FIELD, WILLIAM B. OscGoop, FISCHER, WILLIAM H., lnneianoise, IL, (Ge. Fisk, Harvey EpWwaArRp, Fircu, Ezra H., FITZGERALD, GEN. Loults, FLAGLER, HarRY HARKNESS, FLINT, AUSTIN, JR., FLower, ANSON R., Four, FRANZ, Foot, JAMES D., FoRBACH, CHARLES, Forp. Miss LEsLa, FoORRESTER, GEORGE B., FostER, EDWARD W., Foster, GIRAUD, Foster, J]. HEGEMAN, Foster, MAcOMBE G., FOSTER, SCOTT, Fow ter, Oris L. R., Fow.Ler, THoMAS POWELL, FRASER, ALEX V., FRASER, Mrs. GEORGE 5S., FRASER, Miss S. GRACE, FRASER, WILLIAM C., FRENCH, Dr. CECIL, FRIED, SAMSON, FRISSELL, A.3S., FuLpa, Dr. Cart, Futpa, Dr. CLEMENS, FULLER, CHARLES D., FuLuer, Mrs. EUGENE, FuLuER, Henry D., FULTON, JOHN, JR., FuNKE, EDMUND A., Ganz, ANTHONY, GARLAND, JAMES A., GARRETT, JoHN W., GAUTIER, DUDLEY G., Gay, JosEpH E., GEER, Mrs. WALTER, GERARD, Mrs. James W., GERLI, EMANUEL, GERRISH, JOHN Brown, GERRY, PETER G., GERSTER, Dr. ARPAD G., GHEE, THOMAS, GiBNEY, Dr. VirGIL P., GILBERT, CLINTON, GILLETTE, DR. CURTENIUS, GiLsEY, HENRY, JR., GLAZIER, HENRY SG., GLEASON, MICHAEL, Giyn, W. E., GoapBy, W. H., * GODDARD, F.N. GopFREY, Mrs. E. D., GopwiINn, HAROLD, GOLDSCHMIDT, S. A., Goop, MarTIN Q., * Deceased. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 21 GoopHUE, CHARLEs E., GoopHUuE, Mrs. S. C., GOODMAN, SAMUEL, GoopripbG_E, Mrs. F. G., GOTTHELF, CHARLES, GOTTHELF, HERMAN, GOTTHOLD, FREDERIC, GouLp, CHARLES A., . Gou.Lp, CHARLES W., GowuLp, EpwIn, GouLp, GEorRGE H., GOULDEN, JOSEPH A., GRANBERRY, W. H., GRANT, CHAPMAN, Grant, R.S., GRAVES, WILLIAM L., GREEFF, ERNEST F., GREENE, GEN. FRANCIS V., GREENOUGH, JOHN, GREENWOOD, Isaac J., GREER, CHARLES, GREGOR, ELMER R., GRINNELL, GEORGE Birp, GRIscoM, CLEMENT A., JR., GRISWOLD, CHESTER, Gross, FRANK, GUDEWILL, REV. RupotpH H. E., GUGGENHEIM, SIMON, GULLIVER, WILLIAM C., GURNEE, WALTER &., Gwynne. JOHN A., EVAAS! OATOr HacueE, JAMeEs D., HaicGuT, CHARLES G., HaAINEs, CHARLES D., HAINES. HENRY F., HaALiock, CHARLES P., Hats, WILLIAM, JR., HALsTEAD, Miss L. P., HAMERSLEY, Louis GorDON, Hami_ton, Miss ADELAIDE, HAMILTON, Miss ELIZABETH STEWART, HAMILTON, WILLIAM PIERSON, HAMMOND, JAMES B., HamMMoNnpD, Mrs. JOHN HENrRy, Hanson, Pror. Harry D., HaARBECK, CHARLES T., Harp, ANSon W., HARDENBERGH, Mrs. JOHN A., HARDENBERGH, T. E., Harmon, Mrs. CLiFFoRD, HarRPER, LATHROP C., HartoG, FERDINAND J., JR., Harvey, Ett, HASKELL, GEORGE M., HASSLACHER, JACOB, HastTincs, Mrs. THomas, HATFIELD, THOMAS F., HAvVEMEYER, F.C., Jr., HAavEMEYER, H. O., JR., HAVEMEYER, T. A., HAveEN, GEORGE G., JR., HAVENS, ALBERT G., Hawe, MATTHEw, HawLey, EDWIN HAayYNEs, WILLIAM De Forest, HECKSCHER, JOHN GERARD, HepceEs, Jos E., HEIMAN, ABRAHAM, HEIMAN, E., HEIMAN, Mrs. SOPHIE, HEeEINs, GEORGE L., HEINSHEIMER, L. A., HEINTZ, JOHN C., HEITEMEYER, CLEMENS, He tp, Dr. R. JOHNSON, HENCKEN, HANCKE, HENDRICKS, FRANCIS, HENKEL, JOHN, HENRIQUES, Dr. H. A., HERMANN, FERDINAND, HERRMAN, Mrs. ESTHER, HERTER, Dr. CHRISTIAN A., HeErzoc, Lewis, HEss, SELMAR, Hewitt, Mrs. ABRAM S., Hewitt, Hersert H., Jebiavite JD, Iba, Hii, HENRy, Hixts, Mrs. ALFRED K., HILYARD, GEORGE D., HINCHMAN, WALTER, * Hinton, Dr. JoHn H. Hiss, PHI ip, HircHcock, CENTER, HoOcARm Je sbe. HopENPYL, ANTON G., Hog, RicHarpD M., Hog, Mrs. Ricuarp M., Hog, Mrs. ROBERT, HoFrrMan, Mrs. E. A., HoLsrook, Mrs. F.S., Horsrook, Miss Linian, Ho.peEn, Epwin B., HOLDEN, GEORGE A., HoLianpb, HEDLEY L., Ho.iins, HENRY B., HOLLIS E R= vtec lle. Hort, HENRY, Homans, Mrs. Epwarp C., Homer, WALLACE, Hoo.ey, Epwin G., Hopr, M. G., Hoppin, HAMILTON L., Hoppin, SAMUEL HOWLAND, Hoppin, WILLIAM W., JR., lnl@gragor, Isl, (C,, HowLanp, Henry E., * Deceased. 22 NEW, YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIELY: HowLanp, Mrs. Henry E., Hoyt, CoLGAreE, Hoyt, GEORGE 5., Hoyt, GERALD C., Hoyt, Goo.tp, Hoyt, Mrs. JESSE, Hucues, CHARLES E., Humpureys, Mrs. Epwarp WALSH, HuntTiInctTon, Rev. W. R., Hupre., J. CHRISTOPHER G., Hussgy, WILLIAM H., Hustep, Miss M. KaTHARINE, HustTep, SEYMour L., JR., Hutcuins, AuGustus SCHELL, Hutter, Kart, Huy er, JOHN C., Hype, B. T. Basesitt, HypE, CLARENCE M., Hype, Dr. FREDERICK E., IncueEs, GeorGE B., LANES es InNEsSS, GEORGE, JR., InsLEE, Mrs. HELEN C., IsELIN, ADRIAN, JR., Isevin, C. OLIVER, IsELIN, CotumBus O'DONNELL, IsELIN, Miss GEORGINE IsELIN, JOHN H., IsHamM, CHARLES H., Isuam, Miss JULIA, IsHAM, SAMUEL, Ivory, Iu. €.; JACKSON, FREDERIC WENDELL, Jackson, Dr. GEORGE THOMAS, JACKSON, R. G., ‘JACKSON, SAMUEL MacaULey, Jackson, THEopore F., ‘JACOB, CHARLES, JACOB, LAWRENCE, Jacosi, Dr. A., JACOBUS, Joun. S., JACQUELIN, HERBERT AUS 1B} JACQUELIN, JoHN H., JAMEs, ARTHUR CURTISS, James, Dr. RoBert C., James, Dr. WALTER Bi JANEWAY, Dr. EDWARD. G., JEIDELL, Hucu, JENKINS, WiLuIAM 183, JENNINGS, FREDERICK B., JENNINGS, PHILANDER R., JENNINGS, WALTER, JESTER, CLAUDE W. Jesup, CHartes M., JEWweErt,) ©... JR JOHNSON, Davip ae Jounson, Mrs. F. Coit, JOHNSTON, WILLIAM J., JoLine, ADRIAN HOFFMAN, Jones, H. Borton, Jones, Mrs. Joun D., Joneses, Lewis Q., Imosony, tals Js, Kaun, Louis, Kaun, Otto H., KALLMAN, CHARLES, KANE, Joun INNES, KANE, Miss Lovisa LANGDON, KANE, S. NICHOLSON, KARATSONYI, MARTIN, KEECH, FRANK B., KeEIL, WILL. M., KELLEY, AUSTIN P., KeELLoGG, Mrs. CHARLES, KELLY, EUGENE, Kemp, ARTHUR T., KeEnT, EpwIN C., KEUFFEL, WILHELM, Kipper, JAMES HaTHaway, KIMBALL, ALFRED R., Kine, EDWARD, Kine, JAMES GORE, Kine, Mrs. LeRoy, Kine, N. K., KinG, RupPERT COCHRANE, Kinc, WILLIAM F., * Kinc, WILLIAM W. KINNEY, Morris, Kane TRA AGS a iRe- KITCHING, FRANK W., Kriaw, Marc, KLEE, BENJAMIN, Knapp, Dr. HERMAN, Knapp, JoHN M., KNOEDLER, ROLAND F., JK.OHLMAN, CHARLES, Kos, GUSTAVE F., KOPPEL, FREDERICK, Kraus, DANIEL, Kretz, Howarp C., KuHN, GEORGE J., KUHNE, PERCIVAL, KuUNHARDT, HENRY R., Kurrrorr, ADOLF, Lacomse, Hon. E. HEnry, Lapew, Mrs. Epwarp R., VA PARGE, OLIVER Hees, Lacat, Dr. GEORGE, LAMBERT, Dr. ALEXANDER, LAMBERT, DR. SAMUEL W., Lamont, Mrs. DANIEL S., LANDON, Mrs. E. H., LANDON, FRANCIS G., Lane, Epwarp V. Z., LANE, JAMES WARREN, IPANGEAN Des LANGELOTH, J., LANGMANN, Dr. GusTAy, * Deceased. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. LaTHRoP, FRANCIS, LATTING, CHARLES P., LAUDAUER, L[. N., LAWRENCE, Cyrus J., LAWRENCE, JOHN BURLING, LAWRENCE, NEWBOLD T., LAWRENCE, TOWNSEND, LAWRENCE, WALTER BOWEN, LAWRENCE, W. V., IGASASIC Min 1D). Lepoux, Dr. ALBERT R., Lee, Mrs. FREDERIC S., Lee, Pror. FREDERIC S., Lee, J. BowWERs, LEE, WILLIAM H. L., LLEFFERTS, MARSHALL C., Le GENDRE, WILLIAM C., LEITNER, JACOB, Le Roy, ALFRED, LESHER, A. L., LETKEMANN, H. V., Levy, EMANUEL, Lewis, FREDERIC ELLIOTT, Lewis, Miss MARGUERITE, LEwis, PERCY PYNE, Lewis, WADSWORTH RUSSELL, Lewis, Dr. WILLIAM J., LeEewIsouN, ADOLPH, LisBey, O. B., LIEBENAU, ALBERT, LIEBERTZ, JOSEPH, LINCOLN, LOWELL, LITCHFIELD, Epwarp H.., LITTAUER, WILLIAM, LIVERMORE, JOHN R., LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM 6., LOBENSTINE, WILLIAM CHRISTIAN, Lockwoop, WILLISTON B., LOEBER, CHARLES, LOGAN, WALTER 65., LONGFELLOW, Mrs. FREDERICK W., LoweLL, Miss CarLotra RUSSELL, * LOWELL, Mrs. CHARLES RUSSELL. LUCKSINGER, JACQUES, LUEDER, A., Lusk, Pror. GRAHAM, LuUTTGEN, WALTHER, LYMAN, FRANK, LYNDE, Francis E. P., LYNDE, Rouiin H., McALAN, JOHN, McAtpPpin, Mrs. CHARLES W., McAtpPINn, GEORGE L., *McCALL, JOHN A., MCChuRE a omor McCurpy, RicHarp A., McKim, Rev. HASLETT, McKim, Joun A., McKim, LeRoy, McKINNEY, GLENN Forp, McLean, JAMES, McVicKar, EDWARD, Mace, ARTHUR J., Macvay, Mrs. RoBErRT, Macy, GeorceE A., MAGEE, JOHN, MaGe_Er, F. RoBERT, MaHut, WILLIAM, Marrs, GEorGE H., Matt, PIERRE, Mann, WILLIAM D ALTON, Mapes, DANIEL, JR., Mapes, ERNEST 6., MaRKOE, Dr. J. W.., MarRLinG, ALFRED E., MarRtor, HENRY S., MAR SECs MARSHALL, CHARLES H., MarRSTON, EDWIN 6&., MarTINn, WILLIAM R. H., MarTINEZ, Micuat R., MasLEN, RICHARD R., MatTHews, THOMAS, MatTHIessEN, Miss Marie, MAXWELL, ROBERT, MEHL, HENRY, MELLEN, CHARLES 5., MERKEL, HERMANN W., Meyer, N. HERMANN, Meyer, THOMAS C., Meryrowirz, Emit B., MIpDDLEBROOK, FREDERICK, MIKKELSEN, Mrs. M. A., DEMILHAU, Louts JOHN, MILBANK, ALBERT J., MILEs, JOHN, Mitter, Mrs. CuHartes E., MiLLeR, EDWARD F., MILLER, PRANK C., MILLER, ROSWELL, MILLIKEN, S. M., Mixtis, ABRAHAM G., Mitts, ANDREW, Minis SDaOe MiILMINE, C. E., Minott, W. A.., MircHELL, F. KENDALL, MitTcHELL, H. RAYMOND, Moencu, Huco, Morrat, GEORGE BARCLAY, MontTantT, ALPHONSE, MontcGoMeEry, RIcHARD M., Moore, CASIMIR DE R., Moore, CHaRLES ARTHUR, JR., Moore, Miss FairtH, Moore, Dr. JoHN W., Moore, Miss K. T., Moore, Mrs. W. D., * Deceased. 23 24 NEW YORK. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIAL yY: Morean, Miss ANNIE T.., Morean, Miss C. L., MorcGan, Epwin D., MorGAn, GEORGE E., MorGaANn, GEORGE H., Morean, Mrs. J. B., Morean, J. P., JR., Morean, Mrs. J. PIERPONT, MorGcANn, JUNIUs S., Morean, Mrs. Junius 5., Morean, Dr. THomas H., Morre tu, Mrs. Ropert LEE, Morris, Dave H., Morris, FORDHAM, Morris, JOHN JACOB, Morris, Dr. Lewis RUTHERFURD, Morse, CHARLES H., Mortimer, RICHARD, Morton, A. L., Morton, Mrs. HENRY SAMUEL, Mort, Henry C., Mort, Joun Bowen, Mott, JORDAN L., JR., MUELLER, CHARLES F., Munroe, Henry W., MuRGATROYD, JOHN, Murray, A. S., NeEILson, Dr. Howarpn G., NELSON, JAMES W., NESMITH, JAMES, NEUMER, FERDINAND, NicHots, ACOSTA, NIcHOLS, GEORGE L., NicHots, JoHn W.T., NiLeEs, RoBert L., NoBLE, ALFRED, NoOBirE ats Gass NorRIE, A. LANFEAR, NoTMAN, JOHN, *Nott, Dr. FREDERICK J. Noyes, Mrs. Henry D., OAKLEY, H. CRUGER, O’CONNELL, MICHAEL, OGDEN, CHARLES W.., OcGbEN Ia Cs Oxcotr, DUDLEY, 2D, OLSEN, CHARLES P., OLYPHANT, ROBERT, OLYPHANT, ROBERT M., OnaTIvia, JOHN VICTOR, O’RourKE, JOHN F., OsBorn, Mrs. HENRY FAIRFIELD, OsTRANDER, Miss Mary M., OrrTeNn, Mrs. GERTRUDE, OUTERBRIDGE, Dr. PAUL, OVENS, JAMES, OveERTON, DR. FRANK, PAINTER, Dr. H. McM., PatMER, NicHoLas F., PALMER, S. 9., PaNcoastT, RICHARD, *PARKER, FRANCIS EYRE. Parsons, EpwIn, Parsons, Mrs. Epwin, Parsons, H. DE B., Parsons, JOHN E., Parsons, WILLIAM BARCLAY, PATERSON, R. W.., Paut, JouHN J., PAut, W. A. O., PEABODY, STEPHEN, *PELL, Mrs. ALFRED. PELL, STEPHEN H. P., PELTON, FRANKLIN D., PENDLETON, FRANCIS KEvy, PENFOLD, WILLIAM HALL, PENNIMAN, GEORGE H., PERKINS, ROBERT P., PERRY, CHARLES J., PETERS, CHARLES G., PETERS, SAMUEL T., Perers, WILLIAM RICHMOND, PFIZER, CHARLES, JR., PICKHARDT, CARL, PIEL, GOTTFRIED, Pre_, MICHAEL, PIERCE, HENRY CLAY, PIERREPONT, Miss ANNA Jay, PIERSON, GEN. J. FRED, Pincuor, GIFFORD, PLATT, FRANK H., Pratt, Miss Marton ERSKINE, PLyMmpton, GILBERT M., POGGENBURG, H. F., PoLaNnD, Dr. SAMUEL, Poiitock, GEORGE E., Poor, HENRY V., PORTER, CLARENCE, PorRTER, WILLIAM L., Post, ABRAM §8., Post, Epwarp C., Post, GEORGE B., JR., Post, Mrs. H. A. V., Post, Witiiam H., PostTLEY, CLARENCE A., Porter, Miss BLANCHE, Potter, EDWARD CLARKSON, PorrerR, FREDERICK, Potter, Miss MarTHA, Ports, WILLIAM BREVOORT, PRATT, GEORGE D., PRENTICE, JOHN HI 1, PRENTISS, GEORGE LEwis, PrimME, Miss CORNELIA, PRINCE, EDWARD 6&., PRINCE, Pror. J. DYNELEY, PRYER, CHARLES, Putnam, R.M.S., * Deceased. TENTH. ANNUAES REPORT. PutNAM, WILLIAM A., PYLE, JAMES TOLMAN, Pyne, M. Taytor, Pyne, Mrs. M. TAytor, QuInTARD, Dr. Epwarp, RAND, GEORGE C., RANDALL, FRANK E., RANDOLPH, EpmuND D., RANDOLPH, WILLIAM W., RaANFT, RICHARD, RAPALLO, EDWARD G., RATHBORNE, RICHARD C., Raucu, WILLIAM, RAWLINS, J. ARMSTRONG, Reap, WILLIAM A., REDMOND, Gootp H., REDMOND, HENRY S, IRusisi.. dbs Js, REIMER, Otto E., REINCKE, E. A., REINHARDT, GEORGE N., REYNOLDS, E. B., REYNOLDs, JAMES BRONSON, RHEINELANDER, CHARLES E. RHINELANDER, FREDERIC W., RHINELANDER, Miss SERENA, RHOADES, JOHN HARSEN, RICHARD, AUGUSTE, RicHARD, Epwin A., RiIcHARDs, E. O., RIKER, JOHN L., RIKER, SAMUEL, RipLey, H. Ditton, RIPLEY, JULIAN A., RipLey, Louis A., Rives, GEorGE L., RosBBINS, CHANDLER, ROBERTSON, Mrs. Fanny P., RosBeErTSON, R. H., Rosins, THOMAS, RoBINnsOoN, Err K., Rosinson, G. H., Rosinson, G. N., Rosinson, Henry A., RoBINONS, JOHN G., Rosison, WILLIAM, Rockwoop, WiLiiAM H., Roe, FRANK O., Rog, Irvine L., ROELKER, ALFRED, ROESLER, AUGUST, RoceErs, E. L.., Rocers, JAMEs H., ROKENBAUGH, HENRY S., RoosEveELT, W. EMLEN, Root, ELinu, Ropes, ALBERT G., ,RosE, JouN f., Ross, P. SANFORD, INOSSTEHR es aVien Wan, RotH, FREDERICK G. R., ROTHWELL, JAMES E., ROWELL, GEORGE P., RuNGIUS, CARL, RuNYON, CARMAN R., RUPPERT, JACOB, Ruppert, Mrs. JAcoB, RUPERTI, JUSTUS, Russ, WILLIAM V., RUSSELL, ARCHIBALD D., Ryan, J. D., RyYLE, ARTHUR, St. Joun, F. L., SACKETT, CLARENCE, SACKETT, Miss GERTRUDE T., SACKETT, Mrs. S. E., SAGE, DEAN, SAGE, JOHN H., SaGE, Mrs. RusSsELL, SAMPSON, ALDEN, SAMPSON, CHARLES E., SAUTER, FREDERICK, SCHAEFER, HENRY, ScHANCK, GEORGE E., SCHANG, FREDERICK, SCHAUE. C- hy SCHEFER, CARL, SCHIEFFELIN, Mrs. H.M., SCHIEFFELIN, WILLIAM Jay, SCHILLING, RoBERT H., SCHIRMER, GUSTAV, SCHIRMER, RUDOLPH E., ScHmipT, F. LEoproLp, SCHMITT, WILLIAM P., SCHNEIDER, G. E., ScHOLLE, A. H., SCHULTZE, JOHN S., *SCHUMACHER, C. ScHUYLER, Miss Louisa LEE, *ScHWAB, Mrs. GUSTAV. SCHWARZ, HENRY F., Scott, Hon. Francis M., Scott, WILLIAM, SCRIBNER, ARTHUR H., SCRYMSER, JAMES A., SEARS, RoBeErRT B., SEDGWICK, ROBERT, Sex, A. B., SELIGMAN, ALFRED L., SELIGMAN, JEFFERSON, SETON, ALFRED, JR., SEWALL, FRED. W., SEXTON, LAWRENCE E. SEYBEL, DANIEL E., SHAPIRO, D., SHaw, CHARLES HERBERT, SHAW, JAMES G., SHAW, WALTER W., * Deceased. 26 NEW? YORK: ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: SHEFFIELD, JAMES R., SHELDON, GEORGE R., SHELDON, WILLIAM C., SHERMAN, GARDINER, SHIPWayY, JOHN H., SHRADY, Henry M., SHURTLEFF, ROSWELL MorRsE, SIEGEL, JACOB, SILLECK, HENRY G., JR., SILLECK, Mrs. HEnry G., JR., SILLIMAN, HARPER, Stmmons, JOSEPH F., Stmpson, JOHN W., Simpson, WILLIAM, SKEEL, FRANK D., SKIDMORE, WILLIAM L., SLaDE, Francis Louts, SMILEY, DANIEL, SMILLIE, CHARLES F., SMILLIE, JAMES D., SMITH, AUGUSTINE J., SMITH, F. M., SmitH, H. SANBORN, SmiTH, J. HENRY, SMITH, Lucius H., SMITH, NATHANIEL S., SMITH, PHILIP S., SmiTtH, RoBerT W., SMITH, DR. SAMUEL, SMITH, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, SMITHERS, CHARLES, SMITHERS, F.S., SMYTH, Puitip A., Snow, C. G., SOLTMANN, E. G., SOMERVILLE, CHARLES STUART, SorcHon, Mrs. Victor, SOUTHACK, FREDERICK, SPEAR, JAMES, JR., SPEDDEN, FREDERIC O., SPEIR, Mrs. Cecixia M., SPENCER, SAMUEL, SPIEGELBERG, F., SPITZNER, GEORGE W., SPOFFORD, Mrs. J. L., SPRING, Miss Anna RIKER, SPRINGMEYER, ALBERT A., SPuURR, E. W., SQUIBB, CHARLES F., SQUIBB, Dr. Epwarp H., STAFFORD, WILLIAM FREDERICK, STANDISH, My es, STANTON, JOHN, STANTON, JOHN R.., STarR, Louis Morris, STEBBINS, JAMEs H., STEERS, HENRY, STEEVES, JOHN F., STEINBECK, EDWARD, STEPHENS, OLIN J., STERN, ISAAC, STERN, VEstTy J., *STERNBACH, CHARLES. STEVENS, ALEXANDER H., STEVENS, FREDERIC W., STEWART, WILLIAM R., STILLMAN, JAMES A., STILEMAN 0. Ee, STIMSON, Dr. DANIEL M., STOKES alleeime Srokes, Miss Ourivia E. PHELPs.- STONE, Mason A., STONE, WALTER KING, Stout, ANDREW V., STOUT, JOSEPH S., Stow, GEORGE G., STRANGE, A. B., STRATFORD, Pror. WILLIAM, STREAT, JAMES, STREETER, D. D., JR., STURGES, HENRY €., STUYVESANT, RUTHERFURD, SULLIVAN, Mrs. JAMES, SussER, JOHN M., SUTPHEN, JOHN 5., JR., SuypaM, Harry L., SWAYNE, Francis B., SWENSON, 0. J., Syms, Dr. PARKER, TaBeER, Miss Mary, Tart, HENRY W., TaLcortr, JAMES, TATHAM, CHARLES, AACA AG ylelier TayLor, Dwicut W., TAYLOR, GEORGE, Taytor, Henry R.., TAYLOR, HERBERT C., TaytLor, JAMEs B., TAYLor, Knox, TAYLOR, LuoyD, Tay tor, MosEs, TAYLOR, STEVENSON, TENNEY, C. H., TeErRRY, JOHN T., TerRRY, REV. RODERICK, TEsLA, NIKOLA, THACHER, Mrs. Georce W., THACHER, THOMAS, THAYER, Harry BATEs, Tuomas, Dr. ALLEN M.., THOMAS, SETH E., THORNDIKE, Dr. TOWNSEND W., THORNE, JONATHAN, THORNE, NEWBERRY D., THORNE, W. V.S., TIFFANY, Louis C., TILFORD, HENRY M., * Deceased TENTH ANNUAL Titt, BENJAMIN B.., TILTON, JosEPH W., TIMMERMANN, HEnNrRy G., Top, J. KENNEDY, ‘Abroyoney, Jel, dels. Tousry, WILLIAM, TOWNSEND, EpwIn SG., TOWNSEND, ISAAC, TOWNSEND, J. HENRY, TOWNSHEND, JOHN, Tows, Cor Downinec, TRABER, A. P., TRASK, SPENCER, TROTTER, WILLIAM, *TROWBRIDGE, EpwIn D. TROWBRIDGE, FREDERICK K., TrRuAxX, Hon. CHARLES H , TrusLow, T. BRooks. TUCKERMAN, ALFRED, TUCKERMANN, PAUL, TURNURE, ARTHUR, TURNURE, GEO. E., TWEDDELL, WILLIAM H., UNDERWOOD, WILLIAM Lyman, UPpMANN, CARL, VALENTINE, Dr. Wittiam A., *VAN BRuNT, Hon. C. H. VAN CORTLANDT, AUGUSTUS, VANDERBILT, ALFRED G., ‘VVANDERPOEL, Mrs. JOHN A., VAN DER SMISSEN, DR. G. J., Van EmpBureGu, D. B., ( VAN Nest, Mrs. ALEXANDER T., Van Nest, G. WILLETTI, Van NORDEN, THEODORE LANGDON, Van NORDEN, WARNER, VAN Pett, GILBERT S., VAN WINKLE, EpGaR B., VaARNuM, JAMES M., Verp!I, Miss Mary, Victor, A. VIELE, HERMAN K., VIVANTI, FERRuUCCIO ANSELMO, VOGEL, HERMAN, Vorce, A. D., WADDINGTON, GEORGE, WaDSwoRTH, CLARENCE S Wavpsworth, W. P., WAGNER, OTTO, Wacstarr, C. Du Bors, WaINWRIGHT, J. Howarp, WatcomTt, FREDERIC C., WALKER, GEORGE L.., WALKER, GEORGE W., WALLER, ROBERT, JR., WALSH, SAMUEL A., WANNINGER, CHARLES, Wareurec, Paut M., Warp, ARTEMAS, =) Re @iRale i) “I Warp, Mrs. GEorGE CaBor, WaARDbD, HENRY C., Warp, ]. QO. A., WARDNER, HENRY STEELE, WARDWELL, WiL1tiAM T., WARREN, JOHN Hosart, WATERBURY, JOHN I., Watson, CHARLES F., Watson, Rev. J. HENRY, WEATHERBEE, EpwIn H., WEBB, F. EGERTON, Wess, Dr. W. SEWARD, WEBER, Louis, WErLLIne, R. Wi Ge, WELLS, OLIVER J., WENDELL, EVERT JANSEN, WENDELL, Mrs. JAcos, WERTHEIM, H. P., WESTOVER, M. F., WHEELER, EVERETT P., WHEELOCK, Dr. GEorRGE G., WHITAKER, H. P., WHITE, ALAIN C. Wuitk, Horace, Waite, Jorn Jay, WHITE, LEONARD D., WHITE, STANFORD, Wihtney Se Ver WHITE, WILLIAM W., WhitTEenouse, J. HENRY, WHITEHOUSE, WILLIAM F., WuHitTInc, Dr. CHARLEs A., WuitTinc, Miss GERTRUDE, WHITING, GILEs, WHITMAN, CLARENCE, WHITMAN, WILLIAM, JR., Wuitney, Miss E. C., WHITRIDGE, F. W., WICKERSHAM, GEORGE W., WIENER, FELIX F., * WILLARD, E. A. WILLETS, JOHN T., Wiitams, Mrs. G. G., WitiiaMs, RicHarp H., Jr.. WILLIAMS, THOMAS, WILLIAMS, WALDRON, Witts, CHARLES T., WILMERDING, Gustav L.., WILMSEN, WILLIAM, Witson, Dr. Epmunp B., WitLson, GEORGE T., Witson, Henry R., Witson, WILLIAM, WILTSEE, ERNEsT A., WINANT, FREDERICK, WINCKELBACH, L. O., WinTHROP, EGERTON L., WINTRHOP, EGERTON L., JR., WintuHrop, Ropert DuDLeEy, ’ * Deceased. 28 NEW, YORK; ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIELIY. WISNER, CHARLES, WITHERBEE, FRANK G., WiTTHAUS, Dr. RupotpH A., Wotrr, Emit, Woop, ARNOLD, Woop, GILBERT CONGDON, Woop, J. WALTER, Woop, WILLIAM CONGDON, Woop, Wi.iiiam H. S., Woopcock. Epwin, Woopcock, R. C., WoopuHousgE, J.5., Woopwarp, JAMEs T., Wricat, J. DunBar, Wricut, Mrs. J. Hoop, WricuTt, JoHN Howarp, Wricut, Mrs. MABEL OSGOOD, Wycxorr, Rev. CHARLES ¥., Youmans, ErHRAIM M., Younc, A. Murray, YOUNG, FREDERICK STAFFORD, YOuNG, GEORGE W., YOuNG, JOHN ALVIN, YounGc, JOHN W., Younc, RIcHARD N., ZABRISKIE, ANDREW C. Corresponding sHembers, Barsour, Mrs. 5S. E., Brown, HERBERT, Brown, WILLIAM HARVEY, Cornism, C. J., PE ROD. Niealer GOLDING, Capt. THOS., GRIFFITH, WILLIAM A., STONE, ANDREW J., Wirson, T. E. Summary of sHembership. BEnelactOrss sya. treo ee ea te oo tee oe I Total numbersofs Founders. 2.22 sce see es eee ee 24 x 4% Associate hound ersse at 2 2 eee II i i PAE @INS ero 2 scr 20 Seapine escent ae ee 44 oe Re ites Members oe! Jena eee ee 190 s a Annual “Members js.) a. eee ae 1,374 Total vofvall- classes. sp i ee sa ee eee 1,644 Qualifications for Regular sHlembership. Annual Members........- Bb.) LO Associate Founders.....- $ 2,500 ite» Members: sus 5-c6 ose 200 Poundérss 32 ta eee 5,000 Patronsipies Sa hed eae rns 1,000 Benetactorsas—) asec 25,000 Form of Bequest. I do hereby give and bequeath to the ‘‘NEw York ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY,” 0) the ;C rity. 10) New V Onkie te. slew eee wee a ) Lek is ue Seb gate came ae titeyunoy sJs][9Jayxooy, 9Y} Woy MotA LUYNOD GIVE ‘ASMOH NOTT AHL Ree OcRwS Or ieee eb EVE EO MMT TEE TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS. HE Executive Committee of the Board of Managers of the New York Zoological Society takes pleasure in reporting on the continued development of the New York Zoological Park and the New York Aquarium. A large amount of construction work has been under way in the Park during the year 1905, and the efforts of your Committee have been especially directed toward the completion of Baird Court and its approaches, especially on the north, where the Concourse, when finished, will afford direct access for automobiles and carriages from Pelham Avenue. The scheme for the treatment of this most important section of the Park has been given the closest consideration. Worl is well advanced on the Court itself, and plans for the Concourse are practically completed. During the past year the attendance at the Zoological Park showed a notable advance over 1904 and reached the enormous total of 1,233,527, an increase of 128,912. This does not include great throngs who visited that portion of the Park lying east of Boston Road, of which no count has been kept. The attendance at the Aquarium during the year 1905 was 1,726,170, an increase of 100,400, and a daily average of 4,729. The attendance at the Zoological Park and the Aquarium taken together has steadily increased, and has reached a grand total for the two institutions of 2,959,698, representing an annual cost to the City of New York of less than seven cents for each visitor. The membership of the Society on January 1, 1906, was as fol- lows: | EV@yutae (oy aS aes ween a Yo 2 ieee nd gd oi 25 ENSSOCIAtE Sue OMMNCEPS Htc. eros wes sree als i II PAL ORIS Ge weioar tira sp teeven eg orate eh Chee ee spat ecck ona 44 [Ee anvero MIS ail) Sash eteeer ee meeraenern ices Reena 180 ANS SERULEN AlN i061 OVS) Sree sear ame eer ere 1225 Makino as tOtale@in ce: seam ec 1,595 32 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL sSO CIETY: FINANCES. Ammal Fund.—The Animal Fund during the year has been augmented by gifts aggregating $11,938.50 and by nearly $15,000 from the Park privileges. There was expended for animals dur- ing the year the sum of $27,492.40, and there remains on hand a balance of $2,940.23. Income Account.—Vhe Income Account (formerly known as the General Fund) is barely sufficient to meet the present needs of the Society and can be increased only by the addition of new members to our list. It is hoped that every effort will be made by the present members to send to your Committee the names of new candidates, and thus enlarge the Society’s field of use- fulness. General Fund.—The General Fund (formerly known as the Park Improvement Fund) shows a balance of $9,856, and has been little used during the current year. It is hoped that this fund will ultimately be sufficiently enlarged by bequest and other- wise to constitute an endowment fund, the income from which can be used for the general work of the Society. Ground Improvement Fund.—The Ground Improvement Fund has been heavily drawn on during the year for construction. The amount expended was $337,240.61, leaving a balance available of $219,112.00, all of which will be required to complete the work under way or outlined in this report. With the approval of the Mayor application was made to the 3oard of Estimate and Apportionment for a bond issue of $300,- 000 to provide for the construction of the Elephant House and its yards in 1906 and for other improvements. Maintenance of the Zoological Park.—It is the privilege of your Committee to be able to report that no deficiency has been incurred this year in the maintenance of the Park. The amount appropriated, $134,965.00, has proved sufficient, with rigid econ- omy, to maintain the Park and its collections. The great in- crease in exhibits, however, rendered necessary an increase for 1906, and the amount appropriated, $144,965.00, an advance of $10,000 over 1905, will probably enable the Society to meet the annual charges without a deficit. Maintenance of the Aquarium.—The Society voluntarily asked for only $45,000.00 for the maintenance of the Aquarium, instead of the $46,500.00 originally supplied by the City. With the strict- est economy this amount has proved sufficient for that institution, TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 33 and your Committee expects to be able to maintain the Aquarium during 1906 with that amount. Aquarium Improvement Fund.—During the past year $16,- 632.88 was expended from the Aquarium Improvement Fund and a balance of $8,694.64 remained at the beginning of the year, all of which is either under contract or is required to complete improvements under way. . In the Treasurer’s report detailed statements of all the above funds are to be found. IMPORTANT GIFTS TO THE PARK. The most noteworthy gift of the year was the collection of pheasants and other birds for the complete stocking of the Pheas- ants’ Aviary, which was presented by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff. Mr. Nelson Robinson has contributed to the Animal Fund the sum of $2,500 for the purchase of a young African rhinoceros, when- ever one can be procured; Mr. C. Ledyard Blair presented a fine young female eland, and Mr. Charles T. Barney presented the young West African elephant “ Congo,” an animal of great rarity and interest. Miss Jean W. Simpson has authorized the purchase of a gorilla, which when secured will be presented by her. Mr. William Rockefeller added to the herd of deer already presented by him three fine specimens, a buck and two does, of the rare and interesting Burmese thameng or brow-antlered deer. The Duke of Bedford presented a full-grown Tashkent wapiti, an animal very similar to the Altai wapiti, but larger than our male specimen of the latter. The Society is also indebted for substantial gifts of money to the following gentlemen: Mr. Grant B. Schley, Mr. Morris K. Jesup, Hon. Levi P. Morton, Mr. John S. Barnes, Mr. John L. Cadwalader, Mr. Philip Schuyler, Mr. James J. Hill, Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge. PUBLICATIONS. During the year the usual Annual Report and quarterly Bul- letins have been published, together with several books of views of the Park. The most important publication was “Sea Shore Life,” the 34 NEW WORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. manuscript of which was presented to the Society by Dr. Alfred Goldsborough Mayer, now the Director of the Carnegie Labora- tory at Dry Tortugas, Florida. It is a profusely illustrated de- scription of the invertebrates living along our coast. The book has been sent to all the members of the Society upon written re- quest and has been placed on sale at the Aquarium. It is not the policy of your Committee at this time to undertake the publication of expensive and elaborate books, as during the continuance of the work of construction and the installation of new exhibits at the Park, and as long as the membership remains small, much scientific work of great value, and especially costly publications, must be deferred to such time as the financial condi- tion of the Society justifies expenditures of this character. NEW BUILDINGS AND INSTALLATIONS. The most important building completed during the year was the large Bird House at the northwest corner of Baird Court, which was thrown open to the public on July 4, 1905. It con- tains a large and representative collection of perching birds, together with members of various other orders. The provisions for ventilation and abundant light in this building have resulted in the maintenance of the collections in excellent health. A large addition to this building, to be especially devoted to parrots and to be known as the Glass Court, is in process of construction and will be opened to the public during the summer of 1906. The boundary walls, with coping, along the western and north- ern sides of Baird Court are in process of construction. The flights of granite steps on the north end of the Court, leading down to the Concourse, and the formal garden between them, are also under contract, and will be completed early in the coming summer. Carefully selected shade trees have been planted and the Sea Lion Pool, in the center of Baird Court, has been com- pleted, and a shelter provided for the inmates. With these im- provements Baird Court will be nearly in final shape. The Pheasants’ Aviary was also finished and stocked in Sep- tember, 1905. It contains at present 22 distinct species, repre- sented by about 50 specimens. As soon as the weather permits the open-air runways will be equipped with plants and vines, and doves and pigeons will be liberated in the upper portions. The Camel House, located near the Southwest Entrance, was completed during the year and will be occupied shortly by the camels. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 39 Two Public Comfort buildings on the east side of Bronx River have been completed and accepted, and are now ready for use. The Tortoise and Lizard Yards at the east end of the Reptile House have been built, and were utilized during the past summer. During the year a large portion of the boundary and interior fences have been renewed in a very thorough and substantial manner, and it was also found necessary to reconstruct several miles of walks and roads which were built by the City when the Park was first opened. These old paths and roads were in every case replaced by permanent and thoroughly drained roadbeds of Telford macadam. A number of important new roads and walks have been constructed, notably from the new Boston Road En- trance, which has been designed to meet the requirements of vis- itors using the Subway. This new entrance will be located at Boston Road and 182d Street, and will admit visitors directly into the Park through two broad walks in the old Buffalo Range ; one westward along the boundary plantations to the Antelope House and the other northward along high ground to the Buffalo Barn and the Beaver Valley Walk will supply a short route from West Farms to Baird Court, and from there to Osborn’s Walk and the Northwest Entrance. This new system will serve to dis- tribute the crowds and will take visitors at once to the exhibits. The path between the Bear Dens and the Rocking Stone Res- taurant has been lowered some four feet by the cutting away of the summit rock, and handsome steps of granite have been substituted for the former steep steps of undressed bluestone. A new walk from the Beaver Pond northward to the waterfall and the new entrance at Boston Road Bridge have been con- structed, taking visitors through a practically untouched forest, which your Committee propose to leave in an absolutely natural condition as a wild plant and flower preserve. In order to protect the roots of the trees and to leave undisturbed the forest under- growth this walk has been built largely of planks, and it is in- tended that this portion of the Park shall not be utilized for animal exhibits. Following out these improvements the bed of Lake Agassiz has been cleaned out and deepened some four feet, and a large amount of work has been done on the northern portion of the Park beyond the Lake. This section had not been treated and required much planting, grading, and fencing. 36 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: WORK IN PROGRESS. Contracts have been awarded for the construction of the En- trance Pavilion at West Farms, and for a building for Small Deer and Antelopes, located in the old Antelope Range west of the present Antelope House. On both these structures work will begin in the spring. The Small Deer House will afford accom- modation for small deer and some of the lesser antelopes now quartered in the Antelope House and other buildings, and will enable us to place on exhibition at least twenty-five new species. A contract has been awarded, and work is under way, for the construction of a Barn and Service Yards northwest of the Service Building. This is greatly needed in the administration of the Park, and will result in substantial economies. Plans and specifications for the Boat House and Riverside Res- taurant, to be located at the south end of Bronx Lake, are in the hands of the printer, and the building will be constructed during the coming season. PLANS FOR 1900. An Aviary for Grouse will be erected during the spring, imme- diately north of the Pheasants’ Aviary. Plans have been approved for a Biological Laboratory, to adjoin the Service Building. Plans for the Concourse and for its entrance on Pelham Ave- nue are practically completed, and contracts therefor will be awarded shortly. It is hoped that all these items, together with a large amount of miscellaneous construction, will be completed during the com- ing year, and will bring the Park up to a far higher level of devel- opment than at present. The most important installation remaining is the Elephant House, which will be located immediately south of Baird Court. Plans for this building are at present receiving careful study from the Committee, and a contract for its construction will be awarded during the coming spring. The Administration Building still remains unprovided for, and the Committee is most desirous to have the necessary funds donated by some friend of the Society. It is believed that when built it will be a most effective means of attracting members to the Park and that it will afford special facilities for their families and friends. In this way your Committee believes that the mem- TENTH ANNUAL REPORT: Od bership of the Society can be greatly enlarged and strengthened. The site selected is the northeast corner of Baird Court, opposite the Bird House. This building will be of fireproof construction, and will contain the archives and records of the Society, which are rapidly accumulating, and which already are of great value. The library of the Society will also be placed here, within easy access of members and students. The exhibition hall will con- tain a very valuable collection of heads, horns, antlers, skins, and a complete series of photographs of all the animals in the Park. In addition to this, ample provision will be made for a collection of animal sculptures and paintings. The Executive Committee and the Director of the Park will have their offices in this building, and every facility will be pro- vided for the comfort and entertainment of members and their families and friends. West Farms Block—On November 28, 1905, the Commission- ers of the Sinking Fund formally transferred to the Society the block bounded by 180th and 18ist streets, Boston Road and Bronx Street; and plans for the development of this plot, in con- nection with that portion of the Zoological Park adjoining it, have been prepared, and its development will be undertaken dur- ing the coming year. The acquisition of this land provides an adequate and dignified approach from the south to the Zoological Park and to the Boat House and Riverside Restaurant, as well as easy access to that portion of the Park lying to the east of Bronx River. The termination of the Subway system of Rapid Transit at 180th Street and Boston Road, immediately opposite the Zoolog- ical Park, has made the Boston Road Entrance, for the time being, our most important approach. East Side Extension.—Perhaps the most notable event in the history of the Society since the acquisition of the land now com- prising the Zoological Park has been the extension of Bronx Park to the east. For some three years the Society has used every effort to induce the City to acquire the area lying immediately to the east of the Zoological Park and preserve the magnificent for- est for park purposes. The trees have been, from time to time, to some extent injured by cutting and fire. In the last days of 1905 the Society’s efforts culminated, and the City acquired title to this forest land. Special arrangements were at once made to protect the trees. This addition involves the obliteration of the unsightly collec- tion of houses known as Bronxdale, and will enable the City to 38 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. construct a connecting Boulevard between Pelham Parkway and West Farms, thus lessening the traffic on Boston Road, so that the latter may be reserved for park use only. This extension of Bronx Park comprises ninety-nine acres, and the map on page 30 shows clearly the former outlines of Bronx Park and the recent additions. It is the intention of your Committee, as far as possible, to care- fully preserve that portion of the old Boston Post Road lying within the present boundaries of the Zoological Park. This inter- esting bit of old road formed part of the highway which, begin- ning at the City Hall traversed the Bowery, formed what is now Third Avenue, and crossed the Bronx River in the territory of the Zoological Park, running thence northeast to Boston. Its histor- ical interest is great, and it has remained essentially unchanged. It can be widened some ten feet without injury to its present irregular course or the destruction of a single tree. At the urgent request of the Society the Park Department suc- ceeded, after several years’ effort, in having the unsightly tele- graph poles removed from Boston Road, much to the improve- ment of its appearance. ANIMAL COLLECTIONS. The animal collections at the Park have been greatly increased in numbers and in the value of their component parts, especially in the Department of Birds. This has been made possible by the completion of the Bird House and the Pheasants’ Aviary. The last report of your Committee showed 643 birds, representing 14 orders and 165 species. To-day there are 1,560 birds, represent- ing 26 orders and 354 species. The completion of a few more small installations will equip the Park with probably the most ex- tensive bird collection in the world. Owing to the fact that the existing buildings are full to reple- tion the collections of Mammals and Reptiles have not increased in like proportion. A number of small mammals and also of the smaller carnivora have been added,~and the reptile collections have been enlarged by some new rarities. At present there are in the Park 624 Mammals, 687 Reptiles, 1,560 Birds, making a total of 2,871 specimens, representing 656 species. LY et yt Deg luis ry of MW Bounda feat, GLa A a 0) 8 FS 1 Nn TO THE. ZOOLOGICAL P.: AND BRONX PARK. TENTH TANNUAL] REPORT 39 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. The report of the Medical Department, which appears in this volume, shows that continued success has followed the efforts of our Veterinarian and Pathologist in their efforts to keep down the death-rate. During 1905 there have been fewer cases of sick- ness in every department of the Park than in any previous year, and a corresponding reduction in the number of deaths. Among the mammals, in spite of an increase of the number of animals on exhibition, there were only 92 deaths in 1905, as com- pared with 106 for 1904. It would appear, therefore, that the death-rate had been reduced to a minimum. Of course, it is not possible to reduce the rate much below the present, as many of the animals on exhibition are naturally short-lived. Among the primates tuberculosis has been almost stamped out, as we have only lost one monkey from this cause during the past year, and cage paralysis has also been much less troublesome than formerly. Among the ungulates, particularly among those from the Old World, the standard of health has been high, and an increased birth-rate has resulted. BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, The projection of a biological laboratory is in the line of the development of the medical and pathological department, which was established in 1901 and has rendered such conspicuous service in ascertaining the causes of animal diseases, proper methods of prevention and treatment, and rapid diminution of the death-rate. The laboratory will make better accommodation than the present quarters in the Park afford, not only for the services of the veter- inarian, Dr. Blair, and of the pathologist, Dr. Harlow Brooks, but for the physiologist, Prof. William Gies, who has kindly vol- unteered his services and those of the department of physiological chemistry of Columbia University. In the dissecting and oper- ating room facilities will be afforded for the autopsies and ana- tomical preparations for the American Museum of Natural His- tory and other institutions. The adjoining hospital with its open connecting yards will offer the best facilities for the observation and care of injured or diseased animals. The Society has been a pioneer in the development of expert researches in comparative medicine and pathology, and the labora- tory marks the continued determination to take the utmost advan- tage of the scientific opportunities which the large collection of 40 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEDY. animals affords for discoveries which will be of importance not only to the animals but to man. FORESTRY DEPARTMENT. Under the head of construction work no reference was made ta planting, although this department had its most active season since the beginning of the Park. Early in the year Mr. James L. Greenleaf was appointed Con- sulting Landscape Architect, and under his supervision Mr. Merkel, the chief forester, prepared and carried out an elaborate system of plantations for the south and west boundaries of the Park. These sides of the Park have been exposed through the grading of East 182d Street and the Southern Boulevard, which resulted in the destruction of the trees formerly standing on those streets. Other plantations of shrubs and flowering plants, notably along Beaver Valley Road, have been made, and nurseries containing many thousands of trees and shrubs have been established. The total number of trees set out was 5,351, and 13,450 shrubs have been planted during the year. It is the intention of your Committee to devote as much money as possible hereafter from our Maintenance Fund to the protection and improvement of the large trees, as they are among the most valuable features of the Park, which, if injured or destroyed, can never be replaced. Nearly $1,500.00 was spent during the year to preserve the chest- nut trees from the attack of a fungoid growth, known as cyto- spora, which made its appearance during the smmer. Your Committee fear that the efforts of the Society will be vain unless the cooperation of those controlling the adjoining park area is secured, as the plague, even if entirely exterminated in our grounds, can reenter from the rest of Bronx Park. NEW YORK AQUARIUM. During the year 1905, $16,632.88 was spent out of the construc- tion fund provided for improvement of the Aquarium. The most important work done with this money was the construction of conduits under the main floor of the Aquarium to contain new water and steam pipes, the original piping system having entirely broken down. Large filters were also installed in connection with the new tank for the storage of fresh sea-water. This will provide a uni- TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 41 form and closed circulation of water and will be put in operation as soon as certain small details have been completed. These details have proved very troublesome, as it has been necessary to have all the pipes lined with lead in order to prevent the gradual accumulation of rust and the discoloration of the water in the tanks. When this system is completed and has been put in operation your Committee expect to be able to exhibit a large series of in- veretebrates, which cannot be maintained owing to the diluted character of the salt water now in use. A new iron and plate-glass vestibule has been constructed at the entrance and a new system of transparent card labels for the collections has been installed. The Fish Hatchery has been kept in operation during the year and the hundred or more tanks of the Aquarium have been kept filled to their utmost capacity. Contracts have been awarded for a complete heating and ven- tilating system, and when this is installed the offensive odors which are noticeable on crowded days will be eliminated. There are on exhibition nearly 2,500 specimens of fishes and other invertebrates, representing about 150 species. This does not include young fish in the hatchery and invertebrates. GAME PROTECTION. Among the original objects of the New York Zoological Soci- ety at the time of its organization was game protection. The necessity, however, for the concentration of the Society’s energy and funds on the development of the Zoological Park forced this matter into the background. During the last year the activity of game destroyers, especially Italians, became so great that the Society felt obliged to give serious attention to this subject. A special Department for Game Protection was established, and Mr. George O. Shields was appointed Special Agent of Game Protection. An active campaign was organized against the kill- ing of song birds in the outlying districts of the City of New York, which was going on without interference from the police. So bold had these bird killers become that they actually invaded the lands of the Zoological Park and shot birds and squirrels. As a result of this campaign about 15 persons were arrested and are now awaiting trial. Nearly 3,000 notices, calling the attention to the law prohibiting the carrying of fire-arms by unnat- uralized aliens, were distributed and posted throughout the State. 42 NEW YORK) ZOOLOGICAL, SOCiInEY: The efforts of this Department will be directed, during the com- ing season, to securing the enactment of laws prohibiting the use ot the automatic shot-gun, a new and most dangerous weapon of extermination which has recently been placed upon the market. In 1905 the Society took an active part in the defeat of the bill to remove the restriction on spring duck-shooting, and urged the passage of a bill to prohibit the cold storage of game during the closed season. This latter bill, however, failed of passage. The Society’s bill for the protection of land turtles became a law. This legislation was made necessary owing to the fact that Chinamen were developing a taste for box turtles which bid fair to result in their extermination, especially on Long Island. In connection with this work of game preservation the Society has inaugurated a movement by private societies and individuals to establish herds of bison on government lands in such locations that the bison can live as close to nature as a large range will permit. The Wichita Forest Reserve in southwestern Oklahoma seemed to afford the best opportunity for locating such a herd. The Society decided to donate to the National Government a herd of 15 or 20 bison on the condition that the Government provide the necessary fences and protection. A definite offer of 18 bison was made on the above basis, and accepted by the Secretary of Agri- culture. The Bureau of Forestry and the Biological Survey have both cooperated with the Society and selected a site in the Wich- ita Forest Reserve containing twelve square miles. It is the purpose of the Society to take about eight head of bison from its present herd and purchase about ten others. The herd thus composed will contain at least three distinct strains of blood, and it is hoped that on such a large range as the animals will have they will increase rapidly, and that the danger of in- breeding will be reduced to a minimum. Congress will be asked to appropriate $15,000 for the construction of the boundary fences, and if this amount is obtained the reserve can be organ- ized, fenced, and the bison turned loose in the autumn of 1906. LEGISLATION. During the session of 1905 a bill was introduced in the Legis- lature at Albany authorizing the appointment of a Committee to inquire into the feasibility of the acquisition of sufficient land along the entire length of the Bronx River for a public Parkway. and for protection of the stream from pollution and for the pres- TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 43 ervation of the supply of water. During the rush of business at the close of the session this bill was lost, but it will be introduced again this year. OBITUARY. The Executive Committee regret to record the death, during 1905, of an Associate Founder—Mr. James C. Carter—and of three Patrons—Messrs. Frederick A. Constable, Henry H. Cook, and Adrian Iselin. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The Committee desires to renew its expression of appreciation of the energy and skill of the Director of the Park and the Director of the Aquarium and their respective staffs. It also desires to acknowledge the courtesy shown by the Mayor, Hon. George B. McClellan, and by the Comptroller, Hon. Edward M. Grout. The former has repeatedly manifested his sympathy and interest in the completion of the Park. Mr. Grout was especially helpful in acquiring the area to the east of the Park, and also in his support of the Zoological Park as a whole. During the various changes in the Commissionership of the Park Department for the Borough of the Bronx, the members of that Department have been uniformly helpful and friendly toward the work at the Park, and special acknowledgment is here made to Mr. Martin Schenck, Chief Engineer, Mr. William P. Hen- nessy, Assistant Engineer, and Mr. G. K. Ackerman, Chief Clerk, all of the Park Department of the Borough of the Bronx. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, PHILIP SCHUYLER, MapbIsON GRANT, WILLIAM WHITE NILEs, Joun S. BaRNEs, SAMUEL THORNE, Levi P. Morton, ex-officio. January 1, 1906. GAME PROTECTIONSIN 31905: By MADISON GRANT. N 1905 the Executive Committee of the New York Zoological | Society took up the matter of game protection in the vicinity of New York, and, as a means to this end, established a special department. This was one of the original objects of the Society when incor- porated, but owing to the press of other work, especially the con- struction work in the New York Zoological Park, it had to be postponed. A systematic campaign against the automatic shot-gun was inaugurated, and the Society has met with almost universal sup- port in its effort to have prohibited by law the use of this new instrument of destruction to wild life. Bills are being introduced in the different State legislatures and in Congress for the Federal Territories to prevent the use of this gun, and some, at least, of these bills will become law. Many complaints have reached the Society from residents of the suburban districts of New York and the outlying towns and villages of the constant killing of birds and squirrels, and in fact anything alive, by foreigners, especially Italian laborers. When these depredations extended into the grounds of the Zoological Park on the east of the Bronx River, the Committee instructed its agent in charge of the game department, Mr. George O. Shields, to commence a vigorous campaign, and if possible obtain the conviction of some of these law-breakers as an example. As a first step, the Society’s special officer, Henry Van Ben-. schoten, was instructed to pay special attention to violators of the bird and game laws. Through his activity the following persons were arrested in the Zoological Park, and punished as shown: ANnppino CuHt10zo.—Arrested January 18, 1905, for shooting Birds on the Boston Road. Fined $5.00 by Magistrate Breen. Louts Dorrinca.—Arrested May 11th, for shooting Robins. Fined $1.00 by Magistrate McAvoy. ANTONION BALENTICER.—Arrested June 7th, for disorderly conduct. Fined $5.00 by Magistrate Baker. TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT, 45 ~ Harry StTe1n.—Arrested June 25th, for stealing young birds from their nests. Fined $5.00 by Magistrate Olmstead. Tuomas Ryan.—Arrested December 19, 1905, for cutting branches from a hemlock tree. Reprimanded by Magistrate Steinhart. During the summer it was brought to the attention of the Zoological Society that a most murderous onslaught of song- birds was being made by Italians in the vicinity of Wakefield, N. Y. Accordingly, two raids on the depredators were organized by Mr. H. W. Merkel, assisted by Mr. Shields and the State Game Protector, John Ferguson, from Long Island, and Messrs. Rudolph Bell and John J. Rose, of the Zoological Park force. Two police officers were procured from the Wakefield Precinct to take charge of the prisoners, and the following were arrested: John Eitney, James Ferrilla, Giovanni Contomessa, Frank Pacello, Hubert Amodeo, Joseph Comonico, Gaetano Amodeo. In the possession of these men forty-three song-birds were found, and permanently preserved as evidence against them. They were held under bonds for trial at Special Sesssions, and the cases, when reached in January, 1906, were handled in behalf of the Society with great energy and judgment by Mr. William White Niles, who was assisted by Assistant District-Attorney Krotel. Pacello, Comonico, and Gaetano were fined $50.00 each and sentenced to ten days in prison. Contomessa was fined $25.00; Amodeo, on account of his youth, was discharged, and Ferilla was remanded for sentence at a later date. In order to break up the Italian habit of slaughtering song- birds for food, the Society caused 3,000 copies of the recently enacted State law prohibiting the carrying of firearms by aliens to be printed and distributed by Mr. Shields throughout the State. Information regarding this law was published in every Italian newspaper of New York City. In the month of October Mr. Hornaday attended the annual convention of the New York State League for the Protection of Forests, Fish, and Game, in order to interest that body in the passage of a law against the use of the automatic gun. A resolu- tion condemning the use of the automatic gun and calling upon the Legislature to enact a law preventing its use in the State of New York was, after prolonged discussion, adopted with but one dissenting vote. By special request, the Director attended the annual meeting of the Lewis and Clark Club, of Pittsburg, for the purpose of 46 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL VSOCIERY. addressing that organization on ‘ tion of wild life.” Two members of the Zoological Park force, who have shown special aptitude for the work, have been appointed deputy game wardens by the State Forest, Fish, and Game Commission. They are Rudolph Bell and John J. Rose, and both rendered conspicu- ous services in the arrest and conviction of the seven Italians named above, and in other lines of game protection. ‘immediate needs in the protec- Treasurer's Reports. For THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1905. The annual expenditures of the various funds are shown in appended statements. ark Jmprovement Fund. (Changed to ‘‘ General Fund.’’) For Periop ENDING May 3, 1905. Sad Suasekel ereerer Nevers ox ecw ay eit $13,866 88 Cash in Treasury, January 1, 1905 RECEIPTS. Nothing. EXPENDITURES $1,894 37 LE, O72) 15:1 $13,866 88 s/e}ie) (=) (6) e) ©: ele} (0% ©. (e) (0).6) 0) | 6, 06) ee} 0) 0] ss oe Maintenance Shortage for 1904 Cash balance closed into new ‘‘General Fund” account.... H. R. MircuHe tt, Percy R. Pyne, Chief Clerk. Treasurer. January 1, 1906. 48 NEW YORK "ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEDY: General Fund. (Formerly “Park Improvement Fund.’’) For PErR1oD ENDING DECEMBER 30, 1905. Cash in Treasury, May 3, 1905, transferred from ‘*‘Park Im- provement Fund” She As Ag reaslel epee oe erik ee eee ep cE ar cco e $11,972 51 RECEIPTS. Nothing. EXPENDITURES. TeiOiW HA OUSC ETO OL se cisions tee Sere oe ates So ee $144 00 Mransterred stor Income nccounteer: a oei ee 1,972 Si. $2, 02 On isr Cash balances Decembensias 905s +e eee ee ei 9,856 oo $11,972 51 H.-R. MitcHELL, Chief Clerk. January 1, 1906. Percy R. Pyne, Treasurer. TENTH ANNUAL. REPORT. General Fund. (Changed to “Income Account.) For Periop: ENDING May 3, 1905. 49 Cashin lreasury, Jiantiary, 1529005... 2-5-.-5 PYD ME RECEIPTS. Annual dues: Ma.heleoc st thtaetet eee he ene ts iteimemibershipmieess ane sen tes seer ne Miscellaneous receipts..:::22:22::02hsraitacé EXPENDITURES. Stationery and oflice suppliessa... . 4224 5.2. Aramualere pOntiasricce saves eaten roe ae o Mute nae Generaltoiicerexpenses... >i a0. tse Sh same. Galera ae foe As cra scat Mea ae Hye ns ee piiregsunerissomlcerexpenSes ae amine Peers aie Seeretary Sicalaryetsiies seta lites ees Sete PB llecit sarsar eens set eee eae tact rete toed lite Publicationswormlembersass- ant ce eee Miscellancousvexpenses:. 6 boca, 0A eeet nes Matlinioveincularsagaee ear enceace) on. cok eatin: Rhetographs andyslides ae. (hs woken ae PNGHUAISLUITIN) rote ee, oes ome ners ae oe, Saale noes MUSemESuppIleSH asa nan cele a ra. IW MIpLOVETS: IMSUTANCe’... ashe ae ae sachs § ae eee Aquarium publications........... TG EReS twee ee tna eee ae Suh et EE ARS SAL oar ne $3,166 12 $5,240 00 800 00 20 43 6,060 43 $9,226 55 BLE 72 oS 72077, Cash balance closed into Income Account, May 3, 1905..... 3,504 78 H. R. MITCHELL, Chief Clerk January 1, 1906. $9,226 55 Percy R. Pyne, Treasurer. 50 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Jncome Account. (Formerly ‘‘General Fund.’’) For Periop ENDING DECEMBER 30, 1905. Cash in Treasury, May 34d, transferred from ‘‘General Fund”’ $3,504 78 RECEIPTS. PATATAUIANGOUES ote < otetel ete oterenet= iaiste cielo onelenerere $7,200 00 Witesmemberships. eyers 2-1 laroreereior eicrerstorcrete 400 00 Stokes sword sting ayer ep neces ake stein tele 67 50 Employers) ansurance.. =<. cc ie sl- © lel inieler 1 56 Miscellaneous reCeiptsi vc .'cre «ile eiorsiotenan stayonstorenene 325 00 Transferred from ‘‘General Fund” (formerly “Park Improvement Fund) )).. cco crerrer 1,972 51 9,966 57 $13,471 35 EXPENDITURES. Stationery and’ office suppli€s.2 0... wise esse sie $406 85 Generaliothice expenses: irs). iicie iis errs ole) ie eres a soiete 1,201 41 MEU GATY sero retche sucueds hele cievote erclorels ce ekeltovenoele heveiokote 137 3/2 MTGOCES ayars. ch e556 eceisataste ve (alte, cis ester, osononsaeuetete, otetencmeteNe B75 sis MEEASUTET(S OLICE EXPENSES «2.164 cis ievesnionleecetelets 270 68 SECLELATY (S"SALAIIV a sicrc suelo ote oieveveyen-nst scl oreinomaeee rene 2,666 68 SWS Gs Gagnogdd0d0bonOOU DoDD OD OOUD0OSON 909 70 Publications for members. .cyace/jenesene eet terete 649 53 Miscellaneous eXpensess:. <<). = << cases cies cree 247 39 Aidit yor accOunt;: tie cic icuekel stn este eaie eeikesene teres I50 00 Mailing circulars’ 2 ..cme efarsicyeies cet outs arse ie 200 00 Aquarium spUbUCationss csi cleats o wera eters 1,710 64 Photographs and slides........ OR wuttetetons tees ahols 740 O05 Miuseima Supplies circ esac as canoe tors eae ols sien pd ie) Game protections ic. tke aieeu aite meeinreseee nate 755 89 Annwalereportinsmiyesele cries eter rewire ere 2,807 49 J NOPENGIECTN GG oO G SOS SISSO AO Ob DEdOo Oba Globo blo0as 20 00 Waichitaibuttalomoendiey cit ror iret oeperienetarene 170.25 $13,470, 23 Cash balance; December 30, 19052 -tee eee ee ee ee {12 $13,471 35 H. R. MItTcHELL, Percy R. Pyne, Chief Clerk. Treasurer. January 1, 1906. TENTH ANNUAL” REPORT. Animal Fund. Cashinwlreastinvan (anianya Ly) LO Obiaciraieiel-ie oleloietclcleisieletele RECEIPTS, Receipts at Park: PNGIMISSIONS score wils/ave eo s0ere ais s $6,849 00 Chee bei os 20, ee Snr st a overs els peaks 46 40 Rem tSbe sierra cicero rs sabetene tere 754 21 IB Oatin Sierrarachs cess shee ovale oles 500 00 Salerofanimialss ssi. sce os 568 55 Mascellaneouss.%.4 40% 2. cin 98 20 Privilege account (season of TO OG erste de sotete ete sisieue ariel 5,000 00 Rocking Stone Restaurant.... 1,000 00 Special Subscriptions: NER IKS NEI. saeabonidn os 250 00 JlohnsWai Cadwalader t-y1eic)-)-1- 500 00 Nitec obpliey Sc huitiy ra sk sifaseis. ke: ce 3,000 00 Cleveland) HS Dodge-:......). x: 250 00 \j@vy Se leeks Sooce cane soe 250 00 Granby ls OCMC Yate: silo «1 -telols 1,000 00 WesooVes | (ASIDES Oo seem orn oe 500 00 Plalltpsscltuylerc. = srencs-or) ele 250 00 Wevisk ee Montomssncerecicier er 1,000 00 George: C. Clarkets.. ccs. 250 00 William Rockefeller......... 562 50 Nelson@Robinson: ofcys0<6 2,500 00 CoLedyard-Blairy. <3 w.ccise > 1,500 00 Mascellan€Ous): trac cuccis sic e662 126 00 EXPENDITURES. Purchase of Animals: Miser coos oc oooodmoabND $15,414 20 BE Shores «ferceste ic erones ciel opaltorsieys 7739 34 INGOTS GS OS God oom mo me ok 854 35 airavelline andiother Expenses. cies. sisi ler BEXPLesS atid OL MET Chanrges|.-.fole ais «-c «)e)ere )s lel Cash balance, December 30, 1905. ......+-.- H. R. MitcHeE:t, Chief Clerk. January 1, 1906. $14,816 36 11,938 50 $24,005 89 983 10 2,503 41 ol $3,677 77 26,754 86 $30,432 63 $27,492 40 2,940 23 $30,432 63 Percy R. Pyne, Treasurer. ne NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. {Flaintenance Fund. RECEIPTS. Received from the city on account of main- tenance appropriation of $134,965 for thetyecarnc tac nee eee ere $112,020 20 Balance due from the city on account of MAMIteNAneey.. cts oe ee 22,944 80 ——— $134,965 co EXPENDITURES. Generaljadmuiunistration.-.. 5. ..sas 6 ee ee $12,617 60 Maintenance of buildings and care of animals. 36,041 72 Maintenance and care of grounds............ 34,905 31 Moolszand hardware sci. 2.6 ae ae ek ep ee 3,381 70 Paintsiand/ oils)... kesh tie mae ee ae kee 2,045 04 Oiice/supplhesandyprintings..: 2-5-5045 4-6. 752 70 INEDAITS Eide Mitand: Sine wie eae eee Ais Wen 388 65 Melephonerserviceyandgtolls ames ee ee 1,040 07 Postage and telegraph, and express.......... 1,016 63 Food foranimals ran 12 y28 Sane eee oe 24,051 53 JS) (2) NEARER Hi. SE ee Re USS cre SAR Pcie Me, eg ed Ben 7,615 02 Drugs and imedicines:... 5-..b scene sane 305 60 WuImMbentaeee renee ee oe la eee ake Te igit eis Miscellaneous suppliess 49:2: 424-4022 5 22 734 38 Pitimibineysupplics.mrie sa) erie ees aoe 823 71 lectricwiohting asa aa ete ee eee 207 04 Nursery stocksandiseedss-5 ere 6 4 aa Oe Git Medical attendance (animals)............... 360 00 Officetturnitunesandetixtunes) sees Oe ae oan AAte ae Rencimerandynettinge | one «eee one nae a3 30 pignsranddlabels-neetn a. see Bees nme eee 190 45 Meine ri SSUp PLES a. ne. ka eee ee 61 62 WemleM Geis fic satan cas OR et eee ce ee er 89 go HiAMItOc:s S(O pPlies serawneee fy cease eae tore een 401 82 Glasssand glaziers: supplies...4..- 5. 2342-5: 143 12 Matssand iloorm Coveriitgs:o4) 1-2r.1 26 nee 310 55 DAMICAEIOM N= ere ees Mee pila hs arenes, a ert 235 87 FLOrsessandeveliclece steve Cemetery cee 1,193 85 IN(IESERy FSUpplicsm am eres oe ee i ee rns’ GF Wnitorms andi badgess2 ar am 6. ee eae 1,615 75 Telephoneyandielectricalisuppliesss) <4) 51400: 12, 27, Rutbberwoseye wesc aoe Cee ne Rt ee ee 2/70 20 Surgical instruments and appliances......... I4 49 Alterations invoices se ea a eee 296 50 lo TI Cees Pies Vo SIG PORE Se otok arakek stat Meas ae” 302 50 Medical attendance (employees).......... 138 00 SI: 01 6 CARR ae arte ane?) Aa tebe NOP a EH Gt eg «a oat 4603 04 $134,965 00 Ha Re MincHEnr, Percy R. Pyne, Chief Clerk. Treasurer. January 1, 1906. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. Ground YJmprovement Fund. Appropriation No. 4. RECEIPTS. Unexpended balance of Appropriation No. 3, brought for- WIG cae aoe edo g bod aoe OonO CoS Hood oRD Samo os Appropriation by Board of Estimate and Apportionment: AMMAN JwIhy Gy nOGAigonaoaccascucoss $275,000 00 Aviallabler May nT OO Sek. a2. seo serene 275,000 00 ReMi On DOnAdSmeraty ori ile ei erete susie 2,240 19 EXPENDITURES. Through Park Department: Contract, Conrad Hewett, Pheasants’ PAS VA UTAY; spent teniates cuclia awa iiss See a leee Ri atye ences $19,546 00 Contract, George L. Walker Co., Glass Court; Bird eousescs 12 + weiss ns 24,199 00 Contract, John V. Schafer, Jr., Co., Baird COuEE Ree ere On eee eee 67,000 00 Contract, Guidone & Galardi, two Toilet iBall ding separa ree cto pee ante: 8,385 oo Contract, Peter Tiernan, Camel House. 2,800 00 Contract, Wright & Son, Feed Barn... 15,316 oo Contract, J. J. Buckley, Public Comfort Buildimg sere oo atoaiorcs soe ee ecko 19,200 00 Contract, Guidone & Galardi, Sma!l Deer LOUISE ry acter Marto chs) iene terne mie ha natok os 1,543 00 Contract, William Horne & Co., West Rarmms-entrance Pavilion... 5.....- 5,008 oo Contract, Granite Steps near Bear Dens. 1,569 00 Contract, John P. Kane & Co., Cement. . 993 75 Contract, Brown & Fleming, Broken SUOME ie eee Seis oan acta ieee rata is GO Contract, August Bans, Sewer Pipe..... BaBn72 Miscellaneous Expenditures by Park We PartmIenitrs ce sacle isle snes ers, sere 2,491 46 By the Zoological Society: Re asanitse aANiaty a anon ovens $1,475 35 Reconstruction Of walks. .s5.0.2 400% 14,197 46 Horestuy,andplanting hc ic. 4 Soyer 25,086 54 Grande ail Senies tess winner ete incas eee ae 2,931 QI Ostrich and Mammal House walks and WAECSE repent laos apa ete ees Leo cis T3757) 30 Miscellaneous ground improvement items 10,687 Io Baird Court boundary and concourse... 1,300 00 North: End of Baird: Court... .-.oce.s: « 4,835 96 PMiectriciCondtiteansermoe. ecient ee 204 04 Small Deer House Walks and Yards... . 1,415 58 Improvement North of Lake Agassiz.... 6,267 99 Nie wae Walks annonce nteuensetere ee ernie eeioemsirs 12,034 47 Southern Boundary Fence............. 5,000 12 53 $4,106 42 552,246 19 $556,352 61 $215,822 43 54 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: Bird House rcie.cts.. evarnscvsate eat vemeeereneie els Sea Lion pool sen 4: o.ay- ee eet ae Buffalo range grading and seeding...... Improvements east of Bronx River..... Excavatingslwake Apassize. seas sett Grading elk range and filling pond....... MOntOiSewyiaLrdS ze c.cc.. oes oeieuses che tee 5.374 Alftalliy= ys 3 - rs \ LOA) y 6,361 Ameust <2 7 > 4 218,021 A 7,052 September . ss [St-o40) ‘ 6,030 October... * : Z P5Q;50lg | 53147 November . “ s is TOOLOS, i 35339 December é s rx Q3:038 3,030 BO baler creche srchsteret oe oko sis er ho 1,726,170 4,729 The total number of visitors to the Aquarium during the nine years that it has been open to the public is 14,996,759. DENSITY RECORDS. The daily records which have been kept at the Aquarium show- ing the density of the water with which the marine collections are supplied now extend over a period of three years. Attention has previously been called to the disadvantage of maintaining ocean forms of life in highly brackish water. This drawback will disappear at an early date with the installation of stored sea-water, toward which end much of the improvement work going on in the Aquarium has been steadily directed. The density records themselves have both practical and scien- tific values in showing what may be expected from month to 112 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCrEiN. month in the character of the water-supply and in showing the endurance of different species of marine fishes and invertebrates under conditions of changing density. The densities vary greatly, being affected by the floods of the Hudson River, southerly gales which increase the amount of sea- water in the Bay, and the ebb and flow of the tides, especially the very high and low tides of spring and fall. RECORD OF MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES AND SPECIFIC GRAV- ITIES AT THE NEW YORK AQUARIUM DURING THE YEARS 1903, 1904, AND I905. (From daily observations made by Mr. W. I. DeNyse.) * 1903. 1904. 1905. oo 7 SSS _ SS > WESntGe: Temp. Specific Temp. Specific Temp. Specific water. gravity. water. gravity. water. gravity. January .. - seekers 34 1.014 35 1.013 February . 2 1.010 22 1.014 33 1.010 March)... 40 1.008 36 IO 36 1.014 NDEI ee 46 1.009 40 1.009 43 1.011 Maye Sasa 56 1.014 52 1.010 52 1.014 tine rae OI ON 61 1.010 62 1.015 Nitthy Ss.).2 66 1.013 70 1.013 68 1.015 August. .. 68 eos 7 1.014 71 1.016 September. 68 1-O13 68 1.014 68 1.014 October .. 62 L-O11 59 TOs 62 1.014 November. 52 1.014 51 [O12 51 TONS December . 40 1.014 39 1.015 44 1.014 DR. MAYER’S BOOK. This work, entitled “ Sea-Shore Life,” forms the first volume of what has been named “ The New York Aquarium Nature Series.” The manuscript and illustrations were presented to the Zoological Society by the author, with the suggestion that it be published as emanating from the New York Aquarium, and that the proceeds from its sale be applied to the improvement of that institution. As this was in accord with the Society’s plan to increase the usefulness of the Aquarium by developing its educational and scientific possibilities to some extent, the work was printed and * Density observations were made with samples of water brought to a tempera- ture of 60° Fahr. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. is placed on sale in the building. Its success as a popular work on the invertebrate animals of the New York coast and the adjacent coast region seems assured. After two months’ experience, it may be safely stated that the sale of the book will not only return the cost of publication, but will eventually yield a profit for the purpose intended. “Sea-Shore Life” is a work by a zoologist of the highest standing. Dr. Mayer is the Director of the Marine Biological Station of the Carnegie Institution at the Dry Tortugas, Florida. His familiarity with the marine life of our coast and his reputa- tion among naturalists are well known. It is a matter of congratulation that the Society is able to issue in connection with its scientific and educational work a volume of the excellent character of this one. The publication of this book has been noted in scientific jour- nals, and the comment upon it has been highly commendatory. It is not only so thoroughly trustworthy from the scientific point of view that it will serve the teacher and student, but is so pleas- antly written that it will be an agreeable introduction to the ani- mal life of the sea-shore for the use of the general reader. Believing that the facilities of the Zoological Society for prop- erly advertising a work of this description were too limited, a por- tion of the edition has been placed in the hands of Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co., Publishers, in order that it might be introduced to the book trade generally. It should be clearly stated that this work, notwithstanding its general character as a natural history of our sea-shore inverte- brates, is none the less a guide book to the animals of that class which may be found in the Aquarium from time to time. With two similar volumes on our native aquatic vertebrates (the fishes and reptiles) the Aquarium would have not only complete guide books of the highest class, but a series of scientific books of gen- eral and permanent value. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The most substantial gift each year is that of the United States Fisheries Bureau, consisting of eggs of fishes for the operation of the Aquarium hatchery. The number received in 1905 was 2,092,000, representing 7 kinds of food and game fishes. The Clyde Steamship Company, through Mr. Theo. G. Eger, General Manager, and the Florida East Coast Railway, through Mr. Beckwith, General Traffic Manager, very kindly furnished 114 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. free transportation for a large crocodile from Palm Beach to New York. The Tuxedo Club furnished from the hatchery at Tuxedo Lake 1,000 eggs of the landlocked salmon—the only eggs of this spe- cies received during the year. Messrs. A. Hoen & Co., of Baltimore, Md., presented Io col- ored plates of fishes of the Bahama Islands. Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., of New York, G. E. Jennings, of New York, The J. B. Lyon Company, of Albany, and the Smithsonian Institution at Washington furnished electrotypes of fishes used in illustrating the new labels. Dr. Henry G. Piffard presented a fine series of radiographs of fishes and other aquatic animals. The valuable annual reports and bulletins of the United States Fisheries Bureau and the Smithsonian Institution were presented to the library. Other donations of specimens are referred to in the appended list of gifts and purchases. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director of the Aquarium. VAOVNIVA VIVA “ALVAS REMARKS: ON THE VALUE OF RADIOGRAPHS AS: ZOOL@GICARMEEUSTPRATIONS: By3G. He TOWNSEND: ILLUSTRATED WITH RADIOGRAPHS BY DR. HENRY G. PIFFARD. FEW months ago the writer was presented with some X-ray photographs of sea-shells, made by Dr. Henry G. Piffard, of New York. The pictures revealed some points in the structure of shells so clearly that it seemed desirable to secure similar photographs of other animal forms. These Dr. Pif- fard very kindly offered to make, and a number of fishes, salamanders, and other aquatic vertebrates were supplied from the New York Aquarium. The resulting radiographs were so admirably made and satisfactory from the natural history point of view that a few of them are presented herewith as suggestive of the value of a series of radiographs for purposes of zoological illustration. @he-series: at hand is" not sufficiently large to afford much data for comparison, but many of the radiographs are of considerable value. Those of the fishes, for instance, would be useful in a general work SEA HORSE, HIPPOCAMPUS HUDSONIUS. 118 NEW CORK ZOOLOGICAL ES © Cie COPPERHEAD, ANCISTRODON CONTORTRIX on ichthyology. It is often important to ascertain the num- ber of vertebree in fishes for purposes of classification, and these can usually be counted without difficulty in a radiograph. The natural curve of the backbone—seldom seen correctly in prepared skeletons of fishes—is well shown. The character of the caudal vertebree showing the heterocercal or homocercal type of tail is seen very clearly. The radiograph is really a shadow picture made with the object laid flat upon the dry plate, the oste- SQALVYTAOVW SAXNLOYN “AXddNd GNW ‘a 120 NEW MORK ZOOLOCICAL SOGIEIY. CHAMBERED NAUTILUS, NAUTILUS POMPILIUS ology of the parts which lie closest to the plate showing the most clearly. It will be noticed in radiographs of fishes that the skull is not well defined, the numerous bones of the head making con- fused impressions. It is probable that by splitting off half of the head a clear impression could be secured. In salamanders the skull bones appear more distinctly, as well as the position of the atlas bone. There are many characters, however, to be observed satisfac- torily in the body aside from the skull, such as the relations of the shoulder and pelvic bones to the vertebre, and the relations of the carpal and tarsal bones to each other, with their wide separations by cartilages. The phalanges are easily counted. In the radiograph of Salamandra and Diemyctylus a more terrestrial habit seems to be indicated in the latter by the closer articulation and greater development of the bones, especially those of the limbs. The radiograph of the butterfly fish (Chaetodon ocellatus) brings out the osteology remarkably well. The demarcation be- tween the dorsal and anal spines and the soft rays is clear, and the interhemal bones are distinct. That of the trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) shows a very straight TEN TEeVANINUAE: (Rae OR IAL ~ BUTTERFLY FISH, CHAETODON OCELLATUS. backbone, the fish being laid in a natural position. The slightly heterocercal character of the tail is well defined. The connective- tissue bones, usually injured in prepared skeletons, are shown in their normal relations. The radiograph of the skate (fata erinacea) displays the car- tilaginous skeleton to good advantage for examination. The attachment of the exterior spines to the pectoral rays and the shoulder and pelvic girdles, with the claspers attached to the lat- ter, are easily observed. The radiograph of the sea-horse (Hippocampus hudsonius) is a good presentation of the exoskeleton of fishes of its type, al- though made from a dried specimen. Had a fresh specimen been used the definition would have been sharper. This is the largest example of this species ever brought to the Aquarium, and it is shown natural size. In the Nautilus the radiograph shows the septa which divide the air chambers and the connecting siphuncle. As an aid te conchologists it would often be valuable, as, for instance, in re- vealing the plates on the pillar in many of the Fuside. SALVddaH SIHLAAL “HSId NOTDANS TENTH ANNUALLY REPORT: 23 BROOK TROUT, SALVELINUS FONTINALIS. In the radiograph of Necturus maculatus the very slight ossi- fication of the shoulder girdle and the attachment of the pelvic girdle to the vertebrze are apparent. A series of radiographs was used to excellent advantage by Dr. H. C. Bumpus in a study of skeletal variation in this species, the attachment of the pelvis to the nineteenth or twentieth vertebre, either obliquely or abnor- mally, being readily distinguishable. 124 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIREN RED-BELLIED SALAMANDER, DIEMYCTYLUS TOROSUS SPOTTED SALAMANDER, SALAMANDRA MACULOSA In the radiograph of the copperhead (Ancistrodon contortrix ) the vertebree, corresponding in number approximately to the gas- trosteges, are easily counted. In general the importance of the radiograph for natural history purposes seems to have been neglected. It shows at once, for instance, the relations of the skeletal framework to the exterior outline and to some of the soft parts, especially the swim-bladder, the natural positions of the bones of the skeleton, undistorted by the drying of the ligamentary attachments, which takes place in the mounted skeleton, and dif- ferences between closely related forms, where superficial charac- ters are not well marked. The advantage of seeing bones in their natural relations and without art effect is apparent. The delicate parts are preserved, especially the connective-tissue bones. Radiographs of reptiles, mammals, birds, etc., would undoubt- edly be suggestive to the paleontologist in attempting to define the exterior outlines of extinct forms. Many parts of the skeleton are seen clearly enough in the radio- graph for purposes of study and drawing. In fact, the drawing of LENTH ANNUAL REPORT 125 the skeleton would be facilitated by more or less tracing from the radiograph and give greater exactness. A fresh specimen makes a more distinct radiograph than one which has been preserved in alcohol, the tissues being less dense and not shrunken by the preservative. In the radiographs of reptiles and batrachians sharper defini- tion could have been secured by laying the specimens on the plates dorsal surface down, thus bringing the vertebrz closer to the dry plates. The stages of regeneration of lost parts could doubtless be observed satisfactorily. The radiograph has also the advantage of being life size and permitting of exact measurement. It may be reproduced by the ordinary methods of illustration applicable to a photograph. The labor and cost involved in the making of such a picture is of course less than by the usual methods of skeletonizing and draw- ing. The time saved is also important. It is not yet practicable to use living specimens in taking the pictures. Hist of Gifts TO THE SZO OLOGICAL, SOCIETY: (Complete from January 1, 1905, to January 1, 1906.) ADAMS, SAMUEL, Topeka, Kan.: 6 specimens of Snakes from Argentina, South America. ALBERTSON, WILBUR NicHoLas, East Orange, N. J.: Copperhead Snake. Anpvina, Mrs. B., Bedford Park, New York City: Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot. ANONYMOUS: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. Anonymous, New York City: Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot. ARCHBOLD, Miss ANNE M., Tarrytown, N. Y.: Angora Guinea Pig (7 specimens). ATYBERGEN, FRANK, New York City: Great Horned Owl. Ba.tpwin, F. H., Brooklyn: Flying Squirrel. BaLpwWIN, TRUMAN H., New York City: Alligator (2 specimens). Ba.iou, Donatp, Brooklyn: Gray Squirrel (2 specimens). Barsour, Mrs. S. E., Eau Gallie, Indian River, Fla.: Diamond Rattlesnake (2 specimens). BarsBour, THOMAS, Cambridge, Mass.: Bahaman Amazon Parrot (5 specimens), Spotted Tortoises (100 specimens). BARNES, Capt. JOHN S., New York City: Siberian Camel (2 specimens). BaRNEY, CHARLES T., New York City: African Round-Eared Elephant. Becker, C. BATHGATE, Stamford, N. Y.: Box Tortoises (7 specimens). BEEBE, Mrs. C. Witiiam, New York City: Mexican Deer, Laughing Gull (4 specimens), Dowitcher Snipe, Black Skimmer (10 young specimens), Tern (9g young specimens), Clapper Rail (2 specimens), Sanderling (2 specimens), Knot, Semipalmated Sandpiper, American Coot, Short-Eared Owl. Benson, Miss MaupvE E., New York City: Florida Chameleon (6 specimens). BERMPOHL, FRED., Brooklyn: Florida Gallinule. Buiair, C. LEpyarp, New York City: Female Eland (2 years old), Squirrel Monkey. BLuE Mountain Forest AssociaTIon (through Mr. Austin Corbin), New York City: Herd of 8 White-Tailed Deer. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. W2A7/ Boas, Emit L., New York City: Blue Fox (2 specimens). Bounninc, Henry, New York City: Alligator (2 young specimens). BowpisH, B. S., Demorest, N. J.: Hog-Nosed Snake. Boyp, James, Fordham, New York City: European Tortoise (2 specimens). BRANDNER, H. A., Phoenix, Ariz.: Gila Monster. BRECHTEL, ERNeEsT C., New York City: American Crow (2 specimens). BREHMER, P. H., Rutland, Vt.: Crow. Brown, HERBERT, Yuma, Ariz.: Horned Rattlesnake or ‘‘Side-Winder,’’ Mud Turtle (2 specimens), Bull Snake. Byrnes, Mrs. P., New York City: Yellow-Throated Parrakeet. Carsar, Miss EMELIE, New York City: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. CAPTAIN OF THE STEAMER ‘‘Ex Paso,” New York City: Osprey. CARPENTER, WARWICK S., New York City: Horned Grebe (young specimen). CHALMERS, Mrs. JoHN, New York City: Woodcock. CLARK, JAMES, New York City: Labrador Horned Owl. ConNnELL, Maurice J., New York City: Salamander (5 specimens). CRANE, Witiiam H., New York City: Blainville’s Horned Toad (5 specimens). CRAWFORD, Mrs. W. W., New York City: Canary (male). Crockett, Mrs. M. M., New York City: Troupial. Curry, ARTHUR, New York City: Wilson Snipe. CuTLER, Mrs. CoLMAN Warp, Yonkers, N. Y.: Bullfinch. Dave, GeorceE L., Wallingford, Vt.: Red-Tailed Hawk (2 young specimens). Davis, Wit.iam T., New Brighton, S. I., N. Y.: Cope’s Frog. DECKER, GEORGE M., Clyde S. S. Co. (through Mr. William Esling), New York City: Iguana (7 specimens), American Flamingo. Dr Vov-y|e Jersey, City, No Je: Monkey. Dimock, A. W., Miami, Fla.: Brown Pelican (12 young specimens). Dove, Apam, New York City: The following specimens were collected by Mr. Dove and Mr. Pear- sall in the vicinity of Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: 3 Tim- ber Rattlesnakes, 36 Storer’s Snakes, 56 Garter Snakes, 10 Water Snakes, 3 Black Snakes, 35 Milk Snakes, 13 Ring-Necked Snakes; 8 Ribbon Snakes, 9 Green Snakes, 1 Hog-Nosed Snake. Total, 174 specimens. 128 NEW WORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: DuxKe OF BEpDForD, Woburn, England: Tashkent Wapiti. DuRBIN, THomAS, New York City: 2 Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks, 2 Baltimore Orioles, 2 Orchard Orioles, 2 Scarlet ZTanagers, 1 Chipping Sparrow, 1 Water Thrush, 5 Catbirds, 4 Grosbeaks, 2 Maryland Yellow-Throats, 3 Song Spat- rows; 1 White-Throated Sparrow, 1 Northern Shrike. DuTCHER, WILLIAM, New York City: Weaver Bird. EDWARDS, J. S., New York City: Barn Owl. ELiIAson, Cart, Hollandale, Fla.: Green Snake (2 specimens), Young Water Moccasin. EvieatH, H., New York City: Horned Lizard (2 specimens). Estwick, Mrs. Susan E., Bayonne, N. J.: Levaillant’s Amazon Parrot. FarRNHAM, Mrs. SALty JAMES, New York City: Eagle. Frick, A. A., New York City: Alligator (young specimen). Froyp, WEBB, New York City: Screech Owl (5 young specimens). FoLtpvary, Pau D., New York City: Wood Turtle, Snapping Turtle. Foor, Miss Irene, New Rochelle, N. Y.: Cavy (6 specimens). Forp, H. W.,New York City: Florida Fox Squirrel. Fricke, Lours, Hoboken, N. J. Red Fox (2 specimens). GARDINER, Prescott, Ridgewood, N. J.: Yellow-Faced Parrakeet (2 specimens). GIRARDIN, Miss EmitieE, New York City: Alligator. GoLDMANN BrotuHers, New York City: European Squirrel. HARRISON, JOHN J., New York City: Red-Tailed Hawk. Hayviett, Miss, New York City: American Robin. Herticu, H., New York City: Marmoset. HoFrrMan, EMEL, VERA, AND RupoLpH, New York City Alligator (3 specimens). Hunter, LEANDER, Chappaqua, N. Y.: American Bittern. Hunter, Watrace, Bedford Park, New York City: Skylark. Hurtin, Jesse, East Patchogue, L. I., N. Y.: Red-Shouldered Hawk. IpEN, Mrs. I. B., Mount Vernon, N. Y.: Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot. Irwin, Miss May, New York City: Marmoset. Jennincs, E. R., New York City: Painted Turtle. Jos, HERBERT K., Kent, Conn.: Ruffed Grouse. TENTES ANNUAL (“REPORT 129 Kaun, A., New York City: Alligator. KELLER, Ernest F., New York City: Painted Turtle (2 young specimens), Snapping Turtle. KING, one Department of Zoology, Columbia University, New York ity: Gila Monee KuB Ler, Gustav A., New York City: Water Snake, Hog-Nosed Snake. LANDERDALE, Dr. J. V., Brooklyn: Gray Squirrel. LEHMKUHL, CHARLES, New York City: Snapping urtle: LINEWEAVER, I. S., Westchester, New York City: Red-Shouldered Hawk (3 specimens). LONERGAN, Mary J., New York City: American Robin. Lorinc, J. ALDEN, Port Washington, N. Y.: Night Heron (3 specimens). McDoweE Lt, THEODORE, Whitehouse, N. J.: Barn Owl. Mapison, RosBert, Newark, N. J.: Roseate Cockatoo. Manure, M. D., GeorcE J., Brooklyn: Swift. Marca, RAFFAELLO DE LA, New York City: Gannet. MetTcatr, Francis, New York City: 1 Timber Rattlesnake (black phase), 2 Timber Rattlesnakes, 8 Banded Rattlesnakes. MILteER, C. F., East Orange, N. J.: 10 Muhlenberg’ s Turtles, 4 Wood Turtles, 1 Spotted Turtle, 15 Water Snakes, ro Garter Snakes, 45 Painted Turtles, 18 Musk T urtles, 5 Snapping Turtles, 9 Box Aantless 2 Pine Snakes, 1 Black snake, 24 Tree Toads, 3 Salamanders, 1 Newt, 1 Bull Frog, 18 Water Snakes. MILrikEN, C. H., Brooklyn: Sicilian Tortoise. MINER, CHESTER C., Englewood, N. J.: Red-Tailed Hawk. MiITcuHELL, Miss, Larchmont, N. Y.: Horned Toad. Mote, R. R., Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, B. W. 1.: Rainbow Boa, Boddaert’s Coluber, Tree Boa 2 specimens), Coral Snake. Norton, GeorceE F., New York City: White-Faced Sapajou. NUMMENKAMpP; WILLIAM, New York City: Woodcock. NUSSBICKEL, FREDERICK C., New York City: Water Snake. OLHEIT, JR., CHARLES, New York City: Alligator (2 specimens). OLMSTEAD, J., New York City: White-Headed Amazon Parrot. O’REILLY, G. R., Fulton, Duval County, Fla.: Rainbow Snake. OsBoRNE, Miss Epiru, Crawford, N. J.: Cotton-Headed Marmoset. 130 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Pace-Brown, Miss AGNES AND Miss Lucy, New York City: American Robin. Paton, Capt., Steamer ‘‘Turkistan,’”” New York City: Short-Eared Owl. Pearce, Miss Maup, Yonkers, N. Y.: Alligator. PEARSALL, Morris, New York City: The following specimens were collected by Mr. Pearsall and Mr. Dove in the vicinity of Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: 3 Timber Rattlesnakes, 36 Storer’s Snakes, 56 Garter Snakes, 10 Water Snakes, 3 Black Snakes, 35 Milk Snakes, 13 Ring- Necked Snakes, 8 Ribbon Snakes, g Green Snakes, 1 Hog- Nosed Snake. Total, 174 specimens. Peary, Mrs. JOSEPHINE D., Eagle Island, South Harpswell, Me.: Eskimo Dog and 5 Pups. PERKINS, Russet, Golden Hill Farm, Pomfret Center, Conn.: Ring-Tailed Monkey. PERRET, Mrs. U. F., New York City: Macaque Monkey. PETERSEIN, WALTER, New York City: Box Tortoise. Puevan, JAMeEs, Department of Parks, Bronx Borough, New York City: Spotted Salamander. PueELps, LE Roy M., Glens Falls, N. Y.: Hog-Nosed Snake. Puitiips, JoHN M., Pittsburg, Pa.: Male Mountain Goat. Prime, Davin J., Ellicottville, N. Y.: Red-Tailed Hawk. Racot, CHARLES, New York City: Green Snake, Ribbon Snake, Newt (2 specimens), Black Salamander. ReEssier, A. J., New York City: Red Newt (3 specimens), Salamander (2 specimens). ROCKEFELLER, WiLiiamM, New York City: Thameng, or Burmese Deer (1 male and 2 females). Roos, Herman, Yonkers, N. Y.: Frog (2 specimens). ROSSELL, SPENCER, New York City: Chipmunk. Rouc tere, Harry, Ridgewood, N. J.: Capuchin Monkey. Rowe, JuLius, Owego, Tioga Co., N. Y.: Wood Turtle (albino). Rucu, Mrs. C. B., New York City: Cuban Parrot. RitTHLING, HENRY Hueco, New York City: tr Green Snake, 1 Ring-Necked Snake, 1 Storer’s Snake. ScHAEFFER, F., New York City: Tree Boa. ScCHIEFFELIN, Miss MARGARET Louisa, New York City: 1 Pair of Angora Guinea-pigs and 3 young. Scniott, Jurrius, Director, Zoologisk Have, Copenhagen, Denmark (through Dr. Axel Hellrung): 2 Eider Ducks, 3 Redshank, 2 Chaffinch, 2 European Avocets, 2 European Goldfinches, 1 Linnet, 1 Twite, 1 Greenfinch. SCHLEININGER, FRANK, New York City: Alligator (young specimen). SEASE, GEORGE R., Westchester, New York City: South American Wild Dog. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 131 SELESKY, E., Brooklyn: Alligator (young specimen). SETON, ErRNEstT THOmpsOoN, Cos Cob, Conn.: Canada Goose. SHEARER, Mrs. Kate, New York City: Cut-Throat Finch (2 specimens). SHEFFIELD, JoHN, New York City: Alligator. SHELDON, Mrs. P. T., Brooklyn: Japanese Robin. SIEGHORTNER, H. A., Yonkers, N. Y.: Monkey. SmitH, M. D., Frep. SUMNER, Chester, Conn.: Gray-Spotted Salamander (3 specimens). STANGE, H., Hamburg-American Line, New York City: Rhinoceros Iguanas (4 specimens). STARKE, A. G., New York City: Alligator. STEED, Mrs. Jessie, New York City: Alligator, Turtle. STEFFENS, O., East Creek, N. J. Holboell Grebe. STREETER, D. D., Medicine Bow, Wyo.: Male Green-Winged Teal, Golden Eagle (2 specimens), Horned Toad (4 specimens), Rattlesnake, Garter Snake. STREETER, D. D., Jr., Brooklyn: A collection of reptiles from Wyoming, comprising the following: Several dozen Horned Toads, Swifts, Striped Snakes, Rattle- snake, and a number of Batrachians Stuart, Incuis, The Hill, Fort Myers, Fla.: Coral Snake. Swirt, Mrs. HELEN D., Brooklyn: Red-Crested Cardinal. Taytor, Miss Aucusta DE F., New York City: Florida Chameleon (2 specimens). Taytor, C. F., Jr., Taylors’-on-Schroon, N. Y.: Alligator. Testny, Nicuovas, Bridgeport, Conn.: Female Gray Fox. THURBER, Mrs., New York City: Red-and-Blue Macaw. TIMMERMANN, H. B., Brooklyn: White-Crowned Polish Fowl (2 specimens). Topp, j-H..- New York City: White-Crowned Pigeon (11 specimens) UncER, Mrs. D., New York City: Tovi Parrakeet (2 specimens). VALENTINE, Epitu, New York City: Fire Salamander, Spotted Salamander, Red-Backed Salamander (4 specimens), Sand Lizard, Chameleon. VALENTINE, Myra, New York City: Troupial. Van INWEGEN, JacosB, Huguenot, N. Y.: Rattlesnake. WEHMEYER, Henry, New York City: Pin-Tailed Whydah Bird. We cu, J. L., Sebrie Park, Westchester, New York City: Spotted Salamander. 132 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIBEY: WHAITES, ORRIN C., Hanover, N. J.: Red-Tailed Hawk (2 specimens). WHEALTON, Louis N., New York City: Bobolink (4 male specimens). Wuitman, Esmonp, Katonah, N. Y.: Green Monkey. Witey, W. Murpock, Salisbury, N. C.: Hooded Sapajou. WILLIAMSON, THOMAS M., Erie, Pa.: Banded Rattlesnake (2 specimens). Woop, GiLtBert C., New York City: Bore. Hog-Nosed Snake, Pacific Rattlesnake, Rattlesnake, King nake. Woop, W. H. S., New York City: Sharp-Shinned Hawk. WyatT, Mrs. Tresa C., New York City: Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot. Wytute, Mrs. Donatp, New York City: Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker. Younc, Mrs. Peter, New York City: Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot. ZIEGLER, ESTATE OF WILLIAM, New York City: (Ziegler Polar Relief Expedition.) 3 Eskimo Dogs, 1 Arctic Fox, 2 Polar Bears, 8 Ivory Gulls. ; SHiscellaneous List. BEEBE, Mrs. C. WILLIAM, New York City: 70 Eggs of Clapper Rail, from the marshes of Virginia. BROWNING, WILLIAM H., New York City: 12 Cocoanut Husks, prepared for use as nests. ConkLIN, J. H., New York City: 6 Cocoanut Husks. FLORENCE, E. D., Brooklyn: 1 Skull of a large Alligator, from Harris Lake, Lake County, Fla. WuHEALTON, Louis N., New York City: 3 Eggs of Greater Snow Goose. WIeEcGMANN, Dr. W. H., New York City: The following birds’ eggs: 5 Kingbird, 2 Phoebe, 1 Song Sparrow, 2 Whip-poor-will, 3 Field Sparrow, 4 Barn Swallow, 1 Robin, 6 Flicker. Collected by Messrs. CHARLES SNYDER and De Los Hicok, in the Taconic Mountains, New York, May 16, 1905: 15 Banded Rattlesnakes. Gifts of Plants. Batcom, Dr. Irvine S., Fordham, New York: Two large Rubber Plants. ScHNAUFER, H., West Farms, N. Y.: Two 6-foot Cactus. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 133 Gifts to the Library. AMERICAN Museum oF Natura History, New York City: Album of Philippine Types. Folkmar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XX. The Andrew J. Stone Explorations in Arctic and Subarctic America, The Huntington California Expedition, Vol. XVII, Part 3, pp. 119-346. Dixon. The Huntington California Expedition, Vol. X VII, Part 4, November 1905—Anthropometry of Central California. Boas. BoLton, JOSEPH B., West Farms, New York City: The Pictorial Museum of Animated Nature, Vol. I, Mammals-Birds, The Pictorial Museum of Animated Nature, Vol. II, Birds, Rep- Giles ELC: BRESLAU ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: Literatur der Landes- und Volkskunde der Provinz Schlesien um- fassend die Jahre 1900-1903. Nentwig. Zweiundachtzigster Jahres—Bericht der schlesischen Gesellschaft fiir vaterlandische Cultur, Breslau, 1904. BritisH Museum (THE TRUSTEES OF THE), London: A General Guide to the British Museum. A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds. A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Department of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History). Blood-Sucking Flies, Ticks, etc., and How to Collect Them. Austen. First Report on Economic Zoology. Theobald. Guide to the Coral Gallery. Guide to the Gallery of Birds. Ogilvie-Grant. Handbook of Instructions for Collectors. Second Report on Economic Zoology. Theobald. BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, Brooklyn: Orthoptera from Southwestern Texas, Vol. I, No. 4. Caudell. Grant, Manpison, New York City: La Faune Momifiee de l’Ancienne Egypte. Lortet and Gaillard. KEHOE, Miss FLORENCE W., New York City: The Greater New York Charter, with Appendix, Second Edition. LINNAEAN Society, New York City: Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society, Nos. 15-16, 1902-1904. ONEIDA ComMuUNITY, LIMITED, Oneida, N. Y.: The North American Trapper, Vol. I, Nos. 8, 10, 11, and 12. The North American Trapper, Vol. II, Nos. 1, 2, and 3. PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Philadelphia, Pa.: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. LVI, Part 3. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. LVII, Parts 1 and 2. SHOOTING AND FISHING PUBLISHING Co., New York City: Shooting and Fishing, for 1905. SMITHSONIAN INsTITUTION, Washington, D. C.: A Monograph on the Isopods of North America. Richardson. United States National Museum Bulletin No. 54. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1903. Catalogue of the Type and Figured Specimens of Fossils, Minerals, Rocks, and Ores in the Department of Geology, United States National Museum, prepared under the direction of George P. Merrill, Head Curator of Geology, United States National Museum Bulletin No. 53, Part 1. 134 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEING Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXVITI. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXVIII. STATE UNIVERSITY OF Iowa, Iowa City, lowa: Bulletin from the State University of Iowa, Vol. V., No. 4. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (BUREAU OF SOILS), Washington, D. C.: Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1903, Fifth Report, United States Department of Agriculture. Whitney. Maps for above. Gifts to the Aquarium. ALLABOCK, Miss Lutu F., Lock Haven, Pa.: Hellbender, Newts (5 specimens). AscHER, S., New York City: Green Turtle. BEEMAN, H. W., New Preston, Conn. Black Bass (100 young specimens). BisHop, Henry, Baltimore, Md.: 12 ‘Japanese Fancy Goldfishes. BrabD.Ley, THomas H., Brooklyn: Goldfish (7 small specimens). Caccia, H., New York City: 2 Crabs from Cuba. CaRROLL, ARTHUR, New York City: Painted Turtle, Spotted Turtle. CHAPMAN, FRANKLIN A., New York City: Blind Salamander from Texas. CLay, CLiFFoRD, East Orange, N. J.: Musk Turtle. CLARK, Master Bitiy, New York City: Diamond Back Terrapin, Small Box Turtle, Young Painted Turtle. CLYDE STEAMSHIP Co. (through Gen. Mgr. Eger) and Fitoripa East Coast Raitway (through Gen. Traffic Mgr. Beckwith): Free Transportation for large Crocodile from Florida to New York. Coss, H. D., Brooklyn: Small Alligator. CouHEN, Mrs. S., Brooklyn: Spotted Turtle, Wood Turtle. Cook, Mrs. D., Borough Park, West Brooklyn, N. Y.: Box Tortoise. CucLey, Joun, Philadelphia, Pa.: Fancy Japanese Goldfish (4 specimens). DicKeErRsoN, Miss Mary C., Providence, R. L.: 3 Yellow-Spotted Salamanders, 2 Red Salamanders, 1 Blotched Salamander, 18 Newts. Dyer, Capt. FRANK E., Steamship ‘“ Berwind ”’ Tortoise from Curacoa. GLeEcK, Miss ANNIE, South Norwalk, Conn.: Small Alligator. Guck, Osmonp, Brooklyn: Alligators (3 small specimens). HARTLEY, Howarp N., Syracuse, N. Y.: Alligator. HisBBerp, Mrs. G. H., Bayonne, N. J.: 3 Painted Turtles, 2 Spotted Turtles. Kootstra, Mr., Brooklyn: Land Tortoise. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 155 La GrRanceE, A., New York City: Small Alligator. LocKxwoop, Mr., New York City: 1 Musk Turtle, 1 Newt. Lyncu, Messrs, & Co., New York City: Painted Turtles (12 specimens). Markowitz, Davin, New York City: Snapping Turtle. Miscuo, H. J., New York City: Hermit Crabs from the Mediterranean (2 specimens). New York Forest, FisH, AND GAME Commission (through Mr. G. E. Winchester), Saranac Inn, N. Y.: 15 Albino Lake Trout (15 specimens) O’ConneELL, Mrs., New York City: Alligator. OrmsBY, KENNETH Fiske, New York City: Small Alligator. PHOHLMAN, Mrs. G. BLANCHE, New York City: Large Bullfrog. POLAND, DRS. C.: 2 Wood Turtles, 3 Spotted Turtles. REDFIELD, EpwWarbD, Closter, N. J.: 25 specimens of amphibians (1 species of Frog and 4 of Salamander), 2 Muhlenberg Turtles, 2 Spotted Turtles, 1 Wood Turtle. RIERDAN, Mrs. Jas. E., New York City: Alligator. RHODE, AMANDA E., New York City: Box Tortoise. SALLEY, THOMAS PICKENS, Newport News, Va.: Alligator. SALVADOR, S., Fernandina, Fla.: Terrapin (3 small specimens). SANWALD, Louis, New York City: Snapping Turtle. SEARING, GEORGE E., Towanda, Pa.: Collection of Newts and Tadpoles. SELBY, Mrs. JouHn C., Newark, N. J.: Alligator. Simpson, Cuas., New York City: Alligators (2 small specimens). SmitH, D. G., Fishery Commissioner for New Brunswick, N. S.: 33 Spotted Trout, 1 Atlantic Salmon. SmitH, R. H., New York City: Wood Turtle. SmitH, WALTER T., New York City: Young Green Turtle. STACHELRODT, HuGo, Brooklyn: Alligators (2 specimens). STEWART, FRED, Sparkill, N. Y.: Small Alligator. THORNE, SAMUEL, New York City: Large Cycas Plant. TOWNSEND, C. H., New York City: 11 Painted Turtles, 1 Spotted Turtle. AGGKDR, 15 Seq We SS. Se CO lelanaceyelle?*s Alligators (2 specimens). Turner, NatuHan A., Brooklyn: Blue Lobster. 136 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Tuxepo Cius (through Edwin C. Kent), Tuxedo, N. Y.: 1,000 eggs of Steelhead Trout. UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES (through George M. Bowers, Com- missioner), Washington, D. C.: 2,092,000 eggs of fishes, as follows: Lake Trout, 10,000; Rainbow Trout, 10,000; Brook Trout, 10,000; Blackspotted Trout, 50,000; Landlocked Salmon, 2,000; Whitefish, 10,000; Pike-perch, 2,000,000. Winters, Euvcene, New York City: Young Green Turtle. WoLkKENMUTH, JOHN, New York City: 2 Alligators (2 specimens). Exchanges. Derroit AQUARIUM, Detroit, Mich.: 14 Pike, 2 Lake Sturgeon, 7 Channel Catfish, 16 Rock Bass, 17 Pike- perch, 4 Sauger, 7 Burbot, 5 Brook Sucker, 11 Mud Puppy, 2 Muskallunge, 28 Sunfish (2 species). New ENGLAND Forest, FIsH, AND GAME ASSOCIATION, Boston, Mass.: 10 Brook Trout, 7 Golden Trout, ro Brown Trout, 2 Rainbow Trout, 26 Pickerel, 3 Rock Bass, 6 Sucker, 5 Lake Trout, 5 Pike- perch. Purchases. STEAMER ‘‘ ANGLER’’—Collections from the fishing banks off the New Jersey Coast: 78 Dogfish, 23 Angler, 77 Muttonfish, 9 Puffer, 3 Hake, 105 Sea Raven, 31 Codfish, 4 Flounders, 50 Sea Robins, 138 Skate, 5 Sea Bass, 59 Prickly Skate, 1 Menhaden, 1 Sand Shark, 5 Anemones, 1 Sea Clam, 9 Horned Dogfish, 46 Sculpin, 1 Cunner, 1 Pilot Fish, 1 Eel, 3 Porgies, 2 Spider Crabs, 60 Jellyfish, 137 Blackfish, 2 Trigger Fish, 16 Bergall, 2 Sea Mussels, 4 Star Fish, 3 Conger Eels, 1 Sertularia, and numerous pieces of coral and sponge. Jacos ScHNoor—Collections from the pound nets at Port Monmouth, 9 Dace 14 Weakfish, 20 Menhaden, 1 Remora, 31 Winkles, 1 Fluke, 2 Blue Crabs, 3 Eels, 3 Anglers, 5 Dog Fish, 1 Skate, 2 Spiny Toadfish, 2 Small Angler, 6 Sculpin, 6 Blackfish. Tropica, FisH—Es—From Bermuda: zo9 Angel Fish, 11 Blue Tang, 138 Common Surgeon, 20 Hog Fish, 2 Lady Fish, 85 Coneys, 3 Queen Trigger Fish, 6 Common Trig- ger Fish, 78 Squirrel Fish, 13 Spotted Moray, 2 Black Grunt, 2 Tiger Rockfish, 11 Salmon Rockfish, 61 Mud Parrotfish, 19 Green Parrotfish, 8 Red Finned Parrotfish, 2 Blue Parrotfish, 24 Four-eyes, 24 Yellow Tail, 1 Amber Fish, 99 Hinds, 37 Yellow Grunt, 4 Blue Grunt, 2 Cowfish, 2 Sea-horses, 1 Brown Moray, 16 Spot Snappers, 11 Spotted Moray, 39 Nassau Grouper, 15 Blue-striped Grunt, 39 Gray Snapper, 2 Margate, 9 Rockfish, 5 Butterfly Fish, 10 Sergeant Major, 5 Bream, 2 Red Grouper, 1 Naked Mollusk, 17 Striped Grunt, 1 Pigfish, 1 Octopus, 5 Trunk Fish, 1o Spiny Lobsters, 2 Brown Parrotfish, 1 Parrot- fish. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT: 137 Other Purchases. 1 Green Turtle, 2 Harp Seals, 4 Spotted Salamanders, 1 Box Tor- toise, 6 Turtles, 4 Harbor Seals, 1 Porpoise, 2 Mexican Axoltls, 1 Bullfrog, 32 Sea-horses, 1 American Crocodile. Gifts to the Aquarium Library. Bien, Juttus & Co., New York City: 27 uncolored plates of deep-sea fishes. 48 uncolored plates of Hawaiian fishes. CALIFORNIA FisH Commission (through A. T. Vogelsang): Report of California Fish Commission, 1903-1904. Epwarps, Dr. C. L., Hartford, Conn.: Pamphlets on Zoology. EHRENBAUM, Dr. E., Heligoland, Germany: “Die Fischerei auf der Weltausstellung in St. Louis 1904.’ Perr: Dr. E. Porter, Albany, N. Y-: Aquatic Insects of New York. May Flies and Midges. Hoen, A., & Co., Baltimore, Md.: 10 colored plates of fishes of the Bahama Islands. Jos, Messrs., BRoTHERS & Co., New York City: Photographs and reports on New foundland Seal Fishery. MEEHAN, W. E., Harrisburg, Pa Annual Reports for 1898, 1900, 1902, and 1903 of Department of Fisheries. MusEUM OF THE BRooKtyn InstituTE, Brooklyn: Memoirs and Bulletins. NEw JERSEY AGRICULTURAL STATION (through Dr. J. B. Smith), New Brunswick, N. J.: Report on Mosquitoes. PIFFARD, Dr. H. G., New York City: Series of X- -ray ’Photographs of fishes and other aquatic animals. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION (through Professor S. P. Langley, Secretary), Washington, D. C.: Reports and Bulletins for 1905. TOWNSEND, C. H., New York City: Fisheries of the United States. Townsend. UniTED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES (through Hon. Geo. M. Bowers, Commissioner), Washington, D. C.: Reports and Bulletins for rgo5. REPORT OF THE MEDICAL, DEPARTMENT: HE Medical Department of the New York Zoological Soci- ety consists of Dr. Harlow Brooks, Pathologist, and Dr. W. Reid Blair, Veterinarian. The next Annual Report of this Society will contain a history of the Department, and tabulated statements of results achieved during the five years of its existence, by the Pathologist. The results achieved by the work of this department during the past year have been more gratifying than ever before, and we have every reason to believe that with our constantly increasing knowledge of the diseases of wild animals still greater benefits will accrue from our efforts in the future. NUMBER OF SICK ANIMALS. Compared with former years sick animals have been fewer in number, and generally the diseases met with were of a less seri- ous nature. While no complete records are kept relative to the treatment of many of the trivial ailments, in the more important cases the sick reports are carefully recorded and filed, so that we have already collected considerable data concerning the diseases of wild animals in captivity, which is of much value both prac- tically and scientifically. Operative Diseases—To those humanely interested in the care of animals it will be of special interest to learn that our surgical work has been carried on under anesthesia wherever it was pos- sible to do so; for in addition to the humane sentiments involved, the perfect control of the animals is an essential in aseptic or antiseptic surgery in securing the safety of the operator and his assistants. Chloroform and Squibbs ether are the general anesthetics used, but when the operation is a minor one, and the animal can be easily controlled, local anzesthesia is induced by cocaine injections. Operative diseases have been comparatively few in number and unimportant. Of injuries caused by cage or corral mates we have had a considerable number. The most serious ones during the year were those affecting the Altai wapiti, serval, Eskimo dog, “ Bridge”; Florida deer, and the Russian brown bear. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 139 The Altai wapiti doe was so badly gored by her mate that 14 interrupted stitches, over an inch apart, were necessary to close the wounds in the abdominal muscles alone. That this animal’s life was saved is due in a large measure to the excellent care taken of her by the keeper in charge. The serval’s injuries, consisting of a fractured foreleg and badly lacerated muscles and ligaments, were inflicted by the big male ocelot, occupying an adjoining cage, which in some unac- countable manner succeeded in drawing the slender leg of the serval into its own cage and viciously attacking it. Only the for- tunate arrival of a keeper prevented the leg from being destroyed beyond repair. After the animal was moved to the hospital the muscles were sutured together, the wounds dressed, and the limb placed in plaster bandages. Within five weeks, recovery was com- plete, and the animal was returned to its cage. The Florida deer was badly prodded in the neck and about the head by one of the young bucks in the same corral. These in- juries responded to treatment, making a slow but complete re- covery. A most peculiar injury was that to the Russian brown bear, which was received in a tussle with one of the big hairy-eared bears. In some manner one of the Russian bear’s upper canine teeth was driven completely through its own lip. The frantic efforts of the bear to release the lip were not successful, but only served more firmly to fix the tooth in the muscle and skin. The injured bear was quickly driven into a shifting cage and transferred to one of the hospital cages, when he was securely bound to the bars. After considerable manipulation of the lip and cheek by means of long and strong forceps the lip was disengaged from the tooth, to the manifest relief of the animal. The injuries to the Eskimo dog, “ Bridge,’ were especially severe and painful, and were produced by “ Bridge’s’’ enemy, the black coyote, which occupies the adjoining den. The injury consisted of a badly crushed left forefoot and leg, which kept him in the hospital for several weeks. Traumatic Pericarditis —The most valuable animal lost during the year was a buffalo cow, which was killed by the penetration ‘of the heart by a piece of hay baling-wire 5 inches in length, producing the fatal disease of traumatic pericarditis. The anatomical arrangement of the pericardium and its rela- tion to neighboring organs renders the bovine of all animals the most susceptible to pericarditis due to the introduction of foreign bodies. As a result of this anatomical arrangement any sharply 140 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. pointed object capable of passing through the reticulum or sec- ond stomach and the diaphragm in the median planes would be directed toward and would enter the pericardial cavity. The causes leading to foreign-body pericarditis are strikingly connected with the manner in which bovines feed. They swallow their food quite rapidly, submitting it later on to a second mastica- tion in the course of rumination. This method of feeding results in the animal bolting its food almost without mastication; hence the possibility of swallowing foreign bodies. These indigestible bodies pass with the food into the rumen or first stomach, and accumulate in the deepest portions of this re- ceptacle. Owing to physiological contractions the lower wall of the rumen rises to the level of the orifice of its communication with the reticulum, and thus passes much of the material accu- mulated within to this organ. On account of the peculiar arrangement of the mucous mem- brane of the reticulum, which is divided into polyhedral cells by folds studded with papille and serrated at their edges, it offers a fine field for the lodgment of pointed substances, particularly pins, nails, and pieces of wire. The sharpness of one extremity of the foreign body insures its passing readily through the tissues, and as the point is the part that offers least resistance it continues gradually to penetrate. Sometimes the foreign body becomes implanted in the lower wall of the reticulum, and may be expelled directly through the medium of an abscess, thus resulting in a permanent gastric fistula. More often, however, the foreign substance penetrates the anterior wall of the reticulum and gradually works its way toward the diaphragm, impelled by the movements of the reticulum and other digestive compartments. It perforates the muscle and passes into the thoracic cavity, entering either the pericardium or the pleural sacs. Death is the inevitable termination, and occurs as a consequence of cardiac and respiratory syncope. Tuberculosis—When a generally received opinion is made the subject of a careful investigation it not infrequently proves to be erroneous. ‘This is particularly true of tuberculosis among mon- keys. The general public holds the belief—and, strange to say, it is sometimes indorsed by ill-informed members of the medical profession—that the majority of all monkeys in zoological collec- tions die from tuberculosis. After careful investigation of the diseases of wild animals in captivity, we fail to find any reason- able excuse for so widely spread an error. There has been too much theory and too little observation and record of facts in TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 141 treating wild animals, and it is mere speculation to say from what diseases they might or might not die. The value of our quarantine system has been especially evident during the past year in the Primates collection. Of the 3 cases of tuberculosis occurring in our collection during this period, 2 of them died while under quarantine control, thus well sup- porting our contention that the average case of tuberculosis is contracted before the animal reaches the Park, either under the unfavorable conditions often found in quarters of animal dealers or under the still more unhygienic surroundings prevailing in transit. Since 1902 tubercular diseases among our animals have played a very unimportant part in the death-rate. This is due to (1) the careful selection of the animals purchased; (2) the hygienic buildings in which they are quartered; (3) the rigorous exclu- sion of all animals known or suspected to be tubercular from the cages of the uninfected; and (4) at the first signs of the dis- ease in any of the animals separating them from the healthy, the cages washed and thoroughly disinfected after the removal of such animals, and before healthy ones are placed in these com- partments. When we consider the high percentage of tubercular diseases prevalent among domestic ruminants throughout the country, we have good reason to feel proud of our record of so few cases of tuberculosis among the hoofed animals generally. The only case of this disease occurring in our animals, other than the Primates, during the past two years was that of a sambar deer, which was found to be infected while still in quarantine, and was conse- quently destroyed. Broncho-pneumomia in Sea Lions.—Of all the conditions met with among the Park animals this one, at the present time, seems the most difficult of solution. Considering the number of sea lions lost each year, especially during the winter and early spring months, it would seem advisable to provide a heated structure for them during these months. That case after case of broncho-pneumonia can exist without the individual showing any evidences whatever of illness up to within a few hours of death is truly remarkable. In fact, in most cases the animal feeds as usual up to the day of its death, and otherwise shows no indications of ill health. While we have found embryonic fiaria in the circulating blood of many of the cases, still we do not feel sure that there are not other infective agents in the causation of this disease. 142 NEW YORK ;ZOOLOGICGALSSOCGIETY Parasitic Diseases; Intestinal Parasites—Owing to our fre- quent and systematic employment of parasiticides and vermifuges, it has been possible to reduce to a minimum the deaths formerly induced by intestinal parasites. With the exception of two Cali- fornia sea lions that died from parasitic gastritis soon after their arrival at the Park, the deaths from parasites were among such small mammals as foxes, porcupines, and marsupials. Verminous Broncho-pneumoma in Elk.—Broncho-pneumonia, caused by bronchial fi/aria, has always been a most serious factor in the deaths occurring in the elk herd. That there have been no deaths among these animals during the past year can be attrib- uted: (1) To the fact that they have been taken from the infected range and kept upon macadamized corrals, where their food sup- ply has been under the absolute control of the keeper; (2) also to the important fact of the cutting off of one cycle of the parasite’s existence; for, since parasites like bronchial fi/aria must pass a certain stage (embryonic) of their existence in water or wet ground, these conditions must be changed before we can hope to get rid of such parasitic invasions. . Gastro-enteritis—While gastro-enteritis still continues to oc- cupy much of our attention, we feel that, especially during the past year, we have made much progress with this disease. Among the mountain sheep, where it has been most troublesome, the etio- logical factors are well understood, and without improved facili- ties for the treatment of the disorder we have been able to greatly reduce the loss from this disease, and with the improvements planned in the near future will eventually reduce the deaths from this affection still more. We have found that the percentage of mortality for this disease is about the same as in domestic animals. Some of the milder cases, when discovered early and treated, recover within four or five days, but in violent cases death occurs at an early date. More commonly, however, the disease continues for ten to fifteen days before terminating in recovery or death. Several cases were lost which had merged into a chronic form lasting for several months, finally ending in a condition of anemia and marasmus. Of the many intestinal antiseptics and astringents used in the treatment of this disorder among these particular animals, it has been our experience that a much greater amount of success has been gained by the use of liquid agents rather than powdered ones. In the case of powders mixed with the food, if rumination is suspended—which is usually the case with animals suffering from this disorder—the medicine lies in the multiplex stomach PEN PES ANINUAES REPORT: 143 and rarely reaches the seat of the disease; but when the agent is in liquid form, it more quickly passes through the stomach and exerts the influence of its full medicinal action. Gastric and intestinal disorders, traceable to errors in diet, have been practically eliminated from the Primates collection. Treat- ment of these affections has also become more certain and bene- ficial. Cage Paralysis —This troublesome disease among the Primates, which we described quite fully in our last year’s report, still occu- pies our attention. While no definite etiological factor can at this time be attributed to the causation of this disease, still we take pleasure in recording the fact that we are unquestionably meeting with good results in the treatment of the disorder. Fewer cases have been met with during the past year than formerly, and our treatment as outlined in last vear’s report has been closely followed. Injuries—The deaths caused by injuries during 1905 were few in number, and may all be classified as unavoidable. During July and August two particularly vicious attacks were made by dogs upon our deer. These dogs, which succeeded in entering some of our deer enclosures, killed or otherwise seriously injured seven of the smaller deer. Quarantine.—Our quarantine system, whereby new arrivals are isolated for a short period, and carefully observed before being placed on exhibition, continues to give excellent results. No cases of distemper, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, or other con- tagious or infectious diseases have been introduced into our col- lections since the effective quarantine was established. Respectfully submitted, W. Rei Brairr, Veterinarian. January I, 1906. SASOXOL SATALIAWHAId ‘LMAN VINYOAITIVO a.) £ oF. OUK-COLEECTION OF AMPHIBIANS: By RAYMOND L. DITMARS, CURATOR OF REPTILES. a preparing this article the writer has had two objects in view: (1) to present a résumé of the more important Am- phibians or Batrachians exhibited in the Reptile House and (2) to introduce a new and entirely successful line of animal pho- tography developed by Mr. Elwin R. Sanborn, the Zoological Society’s official photographer. The photographing of Batra- chians through the polished glass side of an aquarium tank is certainly the most efficient method of reproducing the color values and external anatomical details of these creatures. In justice to Mr. Sanborn, the writer wishes to state that he considers this review of the collection as but attendant to the illustrations. It is unfortunate that so many of the Batrachians constitute such poor objects for purposes of exhibition. The terrestrial forms require constant and abundant moisture. They must be pro- vided with moss or damp sand; but when their cages are thus furnished the greater number of them utilize the soil as a burrow- ing ground, venture forth only at night, and are never seen by the visitor. Cage after cage in the lobby of the Reptile House con- tains strikingly colored burrowing creatures that are occasionally exhumed by the keepers for examination by specially interested students. In these cages are many species of salamanders, bur- rowing toads, and tree-frogs that cling to the under sides of leaves in dense masses of foliage. The most satisfactory forms for exhibition are the truly aquatic species and the frogs. The former may be displayed in aquaria and the latter in shallow tanks. The larve, or tadpoles, of all the species are lively and attractive. Our aquaria are now occupied by the American Congo “ Snake” (Amphiuma means), the Siren (Siren lacertina), the Mud Puppy (Necturus maculatus), the Hellbender (Cryptobranchus allegheniensis), and the Japanese Salamander (C. maximus). The showy, larval form of the Tiger Salamander (Amblystoma tigrinum), often called the Axolotl, is also an aquarium exhibit. These aquatic forms are now grouped at the north end of the turtle crawl, and provided with large labels. The frogs are arranged in a separate series, and above 146 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIE® Y: the tank of each species is a large printed label behind glass. In combination with each tank of frogs is a jar containing the tad- poles of the respective species. ‘Thus exhibited, the Batrachians form an important feature in the collection of cold-blooded ani- mals. As our collection of Batrachians has stood during 1905, we find the following instructive series: ORDER URODELA—THE TAILED BATRACHIANS. Salamandra maculosa...Fire Salamander. Amblystoma opacum....Marbled is tigrinum. . . Tiger i punctatum. . Spotted Speler pes MLN Kae Sons Bichon Red i bilineatus..... Two-lined “ Family Salamandride....~ Plethodon glutinosus....Slimy iy = CUVICT. CUS Gray i Desmognathus fusca... ..Dusky ns Diemyctylus torosus.....Pacific Newt. “e “e viridescens...Common Diemyctylus viridescens var, miniatus.. . Red a Cryptobranchus alleghen- UGUESISS soo 0 0 . Hellbender. i) Amphiumide..... - Cryptobranchus maxt- LUG RES SR parieere te, Ate Giant Salamander Amphiuma means...... Congo “ Snake.” i IPT OtCUd wae tist oe Necturus maculatus..... Mud Puppy. ‘i SUMCMIA@... tts SUTCMMAGCHIING, caret ioe Siren, ORDER ECAUDATA—THE Frocs anp TOADs. Rana virescens.........9alt-Marsh Frog. palustris.........Weopard iv p RCIL DOT OTUC nee oe European js . : SY CFOBOTE. 5 0 oc v.00 € Drayton's Et ee t ieee Jasbir aaa Brown SWE 65 3.036067 Wood > clamaian.....>. .,. .common \ SMG CICSOLOUL. Goa nee Bull AGKISUOTIUS ene eee CIC KEG TOR: Hyla pickeringii. Ti ouee seeepenu ? Epiidce se - DCGSIGOLOTAR A eee Cay ae ree Toad. oyerecillas. Mees veise Pacific ‘“ “ pulchrilineata.....Banded “ ©“ Bufo lentiginosus ameri- CONUS eee Commo nm hoade ‘i Bujonidwe..s. 40s. Sul an vallice pss nero CLO Wied. Uh | MGONMUPAGCTIIS:. fe on: Texas A No SAITO IDS se a aie Green cs s Pelobatid@...... Scaphiopus holbrooki ...Spade-foot Toad. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 147 CONGO “SNAKE,” AMPHIUMA MEANS. THE URODELA, OR TAILED AMPHIBIANS. Specimens of the Congo “ Snake” (Amphiiuna) and the Giant Salamander (Cryptobranchus) have thrived for the past six years in the Reptile House in aquaria of stationary water. The Mud Puppy (Necturus), the Hellbender (Crytobranchus), and the Siren (Siren) do best in running water. Of these, the Mud Puppy imperatively requires clear, running water to aerate its feathery gills. The development of the larve of the salamanders and newts is indefinitely retarded by a steady flow of cold water, and hence under such conditions they make lasting and satisfac- tory exhibits of the phases they represent. Our specimens of Amphiuma have displayed interesting habits. When collected they were dug out of the mud in a Florida swamp, and shipped north in pails of damp moss. Inasmuch as specimens that have for some time been burrowing in the mud above water- line show considerable distress if abruptly confined in the deep water of an aquarium, these examples were placed in a tank holding but an inch of water. Day by day the height of the water was slowly increased, and gradually they became accus- tomed to its pressure, and introduced it into the aerating pas- sages. One of the specimens was persistently restless, keeping its snout above the surface. It explored all corners of the mesh covering with the strength and activity of a snake, and was re- warded in finding a weak spot. During a long drought in July this animal escaped. The writer instituted a thorough search, ex- pecting to find a shrivelled carcass not far away; but nothing was discovered. Late in August, after a heavy thunderstorm, our lost specimen was found crawling across the service road. It was headed from the tool house, under which building it had prob- 148 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIERY MUD PUPPY, NECTURUS MACULATUS. A permanently aquatic species. ably been living. Though plump, and apparently well nourished, it had met with a peculiar accident. Its four diminutive limbs were missing, possibly worn off in a strenuous endeavor to burrow into stony soil. That specimen was gradually introduced to an aquatic life, and finally placed in a large aquarium with several others of its kind. There it began to feed voraciously, and within four months’ time had replaced the two pairs of limbs. The members of the second set were fully as long and perfect as the original appendages. While greedy and carnivorous, these Congo “ Snakes ” seldom attack each other. They consume fair-sized frogs and fishes entire. The swallowing process is largely performed by suction. As the animal approaches the prey and opens its jaws to seize it the ill-fated creature appears to dart, of its own accord, into the batrachian’s mouth. In six years the Congo “ Snakes” have in- creased to about twice their length upon arrival at the Park. They are now of an unusual size for this species. The Siren is another snake-like batrachian that has been in- duced to abandon its burrowing habits and live in an aquarium. Three 14-inch specimens, dug out of a swamp in Florida, were received at the Reptile House some months ago. They were read- ily introduced to deep water. Here, within a period of three weeks, VNILYZIVI NAXIS ‘NAIS empneniags CS D.She 150 NEW VORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: COMMON NEWT, DIEMYCTYLUS VIRIDESCENS. the curious transformation of the gills took place. When first placed in the water their gill stalks were much aborted, appear- ing as mere stumps, with little or no traces of filaments. During the first week in water the animals often came to the surface for air. At the end of this time the gill stalks had become longer, and were well studded with short crimson filaments. The devel- opment of the gills increased until the filaments were as long and feathery as those of Necturus—the Mud Puppy. The Siren is fond of small frogs, and consumes its prey in a manner that seems quite voracious for such a soft-bodied crea- ture. When two individuals seize the same frog they spin in oppo- site directions, soon dismembering the animal. Another observation relating to a transformation of the branchiz of aquatic batrichians concerns the Mud Puppy (Necturus macu- latus). Specimens received from cold lakes had very short gill stalks, and these were provided with a very rudimentary fringe— quite unlike the feathery branchiz of the majority of specimens. In the comparatively warm water of an indoor aquarium, neces- sitating more elaborate processes for aerating the blood, a change TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 151 LARVA OF THE AXOLOTL, AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM in the branchiz of such individuals rapidly took place. A fluffy growth of bright crimson filaments appeared on the gill stalks, and the usual rich-hued, feathery tufts were present on each side of the head within a month. ‘The writer has not only noted that specimens of Necturus soon die unless provided with steadily flowing water, but that an abrupt transfer of the animals from very cold water to that of a higher temperature, or vice versa, is often fatal. He would suggest that care be taken with examples received in the winter months. Instead of taking them directly from the shipping tank and placing them in an indoor aquarium it is advisable to take the temperature of the water of both recep- tacles, and, before the transfer is made, effect a slow change in the medium in which the specimens have arrived until it corre- sponds in temperature with that of the exhibition tank. Among Mr. Sanborn’s photographs are several of the showy California Newt (Diemyctylus torosus). A number of represen- tatives of this species are on exhibition. As they are cannibalistic —ereedily devouring examples of the Common Newt (D. wirides- cens) of the Eastern States—they are kept in a tank by them- 152 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: res. The Common Newt is also exhibited. This animal is eged to secrete a poisonous fluid in the pores of the skin. The- oretically, its bright colors have been described as “ warning hues,’ to protect it against the ravages of water-snakes and fishes. The theory does not altogether hold good. Many of the snakes exhibited in the Reptile House have been fed upon newts when frogs were scarce. However, the European newts (Triton) come more within the line of argument. They have a rougher skin, al -s ng ~ f 7 Sas? 5 he mo Ere = Set DP ee ble) he aA ot { Cees Ot ok ae wee iil ae ae HELLBENDER, CRYPTOBRANCHUS ALLEGHENIENSIS. A permanently aquatic species. studded with minute, wart-like points. When handled their skin exudes a peculiar odor. Few snakes will eat them, and the larger frogs, that swallow every small moving object in their vicinity, usually die after making a meal of one of these creatures. THE ECAUDATA, OR TAILLESS AMPHIBIANS. It does not appear to be generally known that the males of most of the true frogs (tana) may be at once distinguished from the females by the much larger ear-drum (tympanum), which appears. as a round, exposed disc on each side of the head. Between the North American frogs (Ranid@) and the toads (Bufonide) there exists a wide degree of difference in the time of transformation from the tadpole to the perfect animal. The semiaquatic frogs, like the Bull Frog (it. catesbiana) and the TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 155. Pond Frog (it. clamata) live about two years in a larval state. The Wood Frog (it. sylvatica), a terrestrial species, undergoes its metamorphosis within the course of a single warm season. Though the latter species transforms from tadpole to perfect ani- mal in a much shorter time than the semiaquatic frogs, it is quite tardy as compared with the Toad (Bufo). Strictly terrestrial, except during the breeding season, the latter creature completes. its transformation, from the appearance of the egg to the fully developed land animal, within two months. The tadpoles of the toads never reach any but a diminutive size, and the young ani- mal is very small. With the semiaquatic frogs the tadpole may grow to a length of six inches. The difference in size between these land and amphibious species is clearly shown in the photo- graphs. It appears that Nature has hastened the transformation of the terrestrial species as a matter of necessity. They lay their eggs in temporary bodies of water, left by the spring freshets and rains. Such pools evaporate during the summer. The aquatic species deposit their eggs in the permanent bodies of water about which they lurk. Moreover, the ponds and streams fed by permanent sources are colder than the ditch or lowland pool selected by the toad, and temperature plays an important part in the growth of the batrachian larva. The greater number of frogs and toads have an intense fear of snakes. A brown snake (Storeria), barely larger than an earth- worm, will cause a bulky pond frog or a big toad to cringe, point its snout downward, then puff up prodigiously. Most of the bull frogs in the Reptile House exhibit quite different habits. If a snake of moderate size (about one and a half feet long) be placed in their cage it is seized at once. Despite its struggles it is drawn into the capacious interior of the frog, partly by the muscular action of the throat and partly by repeated grasp- ings of the forefeet. When placed in a cage containing several striped snakes one of these voracious frogs exhibited abso- lutely no fear, but gorged himself to the limit of his very elastic capacity. During the summer months the collection of frogs and toads is supplied with an abundance and variety of food that as far as possible corresponds to what such creatures obtain in a wild state. Each day a keeper is assigned to “sweep” the meadows bordering the aquatic mammals pond for an hour or more. This man is provided with several glass jars and a large sweeping net, consisting of a stout iron ring, on a short handle, provided with 154 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL -SOGIETY- ~ TRANSFORMATION OF THE POND FROG AND THE COMMON TOAD. While the adults of both species are of much the same size, there is an enormous difference in the size of the young, perfectly developed animals as they leave the water. The frog requires two warm seasons to complete its transformation; the toad transforms within three months. a heavy sail-cloth bag. Swinging the net heavily through the long grass a miscellaneous lot of insects is gathered. Among these are grasshoppers, small beetles, spiders, and the larvee of various butterflies and moths. For very delicate species of toads, frogs, and salamanders many soft-bodied caterpillars are obtained by taking an umbrella, holding it under the bushes and the low branches of trees, then beating the latter vigorously with a heavy stick. In winter our toads and frogs subsist largely upon meal- worms. Among the five species of frogs found locally, one—the Leopard Frog (Rana palustris )—exudes such an irritating secretion from the pores of the skin that few snakes will eat it. To the more greedy reptiles, which will devour them, the penalty is a much- infftamed mouth and throat. The Leopard Frog abounds in areas infested with frog-eating snakes, while the other species of Rana are decidedly thinned out. The poisonous secretion is intensely TENTES ANNUAL REPORT: 155 TRANSFORMATION OF THE LEOPARD FROG, RANA PALUSTRIS This local species exudes a poisonous secretion from the skin. Few snakes will eat it. bitter. It has a strong odor which might be compared to very rank butter. It is peculiar that this strikingly colored frog cannot be kept in captivity unless provided with cold, running water. If during the summer months it is placed in a tank containing stationary water death usually results within forty-eight hours. Fortu- nately this is not the case with the closely allied Salt-Marsh Frog (R. virescens), another local species. To a slight extent an exu- dation from the skin may be noted with this species, but snakes eat it readily. Salt-Marsh Frogs abound in the Newark Mead- ows, and during the winter months several thousand of them are received at the Reptile House to make up the deficiency in other food. They are raked out of the mud after the ice has been broken over shallow water. During 1905 eight species of frogs were exhibited in the Rep- tile House. Of these, the most striking was Drayton’s Frog (FR. draytoni) from the Pacific Coast region. This specimen often changed color, and during some of its phases displayed a 156 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: TREE TOAD, HYLA ARBOREA. A European species. delicate shade of coral pink. Another interesting frog was pre- sented to the Society by Mr. William T. Davis. It represents a species found only in a small area in southern New Jersey, and is technically known as Rana virgatipes, Cope. The Tree-Frogs or Tree-Toads (Hylid@) are well represented in the collection, and range in size from the tiny “ Peeper” (Hyla pickeringii)—the forecaster of spring—to a big West Indian spe- cies that preys upon tree lizards. Among the toads the most interesting specimens represent a giant species (Bufo agua), inhabiting Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and northern South America. These big, flat- bodied creatures have an enormously developed gland behind each eye and numerous warty points scattered over the back. When the larger head glands are compressed fine jets of a sticky white fluid are ejected some six or eight inches. Quite by accident the writer discovered that this secretion is intensely bitter to the taste- Until a comparatively recent date nothing definite was known about the secretion of such glands, but it has now been demon- strated that if this fluid is injected into the blood of such small animals as guinea-pigs and rabbits the symptoms of poisoning TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 157 are at once apparent, and death speedily follows. The symptoms are similar to those described as due to the use of digitalis, and appear to affect both the heart and the nerve centres. All of the true toads are supplied with these venom-secreting glands. Our Common Toad (Bufo lentiginosus americanius) is a good example. A dog rash enough to seize a toad courts imme- diate trouble. It soon foams at the mouth, and from the champ- ing of its jaws it is very liable to excite suspicions of that dread disease, hydrophobia. The writer once saved the life of an alleged “mad dog” that was pursued through a village street. His opinion, in judging the animal to be the victim of a toad, was based upon an accidental observation of the same dog but a few minutes before, when it was quietly nosing about a stone pile. The dog was confined, and for fully an hour seemed to be in much distress. Its jaws seemed paralyzed. Later on it fully recovered its normal condition, and was no longer a “ mad dog,” fit only for speedy destruction. In the Park collection are several Spade-Foot Toads (Scaphi- opus holbrooki) from southern New Jersey. In external structure they differ from the common toad by their smoother skin and less prominent glands behind the eye. The pupil is vertical (cat- like) instead of horizontal, as in the common batrachian. These animals are persistent burrowers, and embed themselves to the full depth of the gravel in their cage. They receive their popu- lar name from a spade-like process on each hind foot; but the writer has noted a similar process, and considerably more devel- oped, on many examples of the common toad, which are quite as expert in burrowing as the “ Spade-Foot,” though less inclined to do so. ‘SNVMS FLAW THES SWANS: By C. WILLIAM BEEBE, CURATOR OF BIRDS. GENERAL ACCOUNT. ROM the time of Homer down to the present day swans have been surpassed by no other wild birds except eagles in the extent to which they have entered into the folk-lore, lit- erature, and history of mankind. Until we have made a careful study of the annals of the past, we have no idea how many stories, myths, and legends have grown up about the swan. One of the largest and most graceful of all winged creatures, of so conspicu- ous a hue, and coming annually from the mysterious north, to which it later returned, we realize that there was abundant reason for the notice which was accorded it. Like all other conspicuous objects in nature the swan, in olden time, played a prominent part in religious ceremonies, being con- sidered either as an actual god, or feared and propitiated as a bird of prophecy. The shamen of the East, the wizard men of Lapland, and the medicine men of our Indians all prized a feather or other portion of this bird as a worthy talisman and an accom- paniment of their magic paraphernalia. It is said that in the year 1304 King Edward I of England took a solemn oath on two beautiful swans. Doubtless the idea was handed down to his time from some ancient pagan worship, and even to our own day we may hear among New England farmers “T swan!” as an exclamation of surprise. This is one version of the origin of the expression; while other authorities give a more prosaic explanation, stating that it is merely a euphemistic variation of swear. Going back millions of vears, before the first human being beheld and wondered at one of these beautiful white creatures, we have but little clew to the ancestral evolution of the group of swans. Although as to size swans are a well-marked assemblage, they differ on the whole so slightly from ducks and geese that 160 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: they have been accorded the value only of a subfamily, Cygnine, in the great Order Anseres. To-day only seven species of swans inhabit the earth,* and of the tens of thousands of swans which must have lived and died in the past, fragmentary bones of but four or five have been discoy- ered embedded in the rocks of the Pliocene and Pleistocene peri- ods. These fossils have been found in caves in Belgium and in Malta, and remains have also been discovered in Oregon and in New Zealand. The Falconer Swan of Malta was a giant among swans, being said to exceed by one-third any of the living species. South America seems to have been well suited to the maintenance of generalized types of birds, such as the seriema and screamer ; and in this matter of swan relationship we find some help in a bird from that continent called the coscoroba duck, goose, or swan, as we prefer. Although perhaps closer to the geese, yet this bird possesses a number of interesting swan-like characteristics, which place it in an intermediate position. It feeds on land, how- ever, has its lores feathered, the tips of its primaries black, and frequently utters a loud, rather musical call—something like chuck-cha-caw ! Although swans are so preéminently aquatic in their habits, yet one of the birds closely related to them on the side of the geese is the semipalmated goose of Australia, perhaps the most terrestrial of all its family, and which in consequence has all but lost the webs between its toes. So much for the relationship of the swans. The seven living species of swans are most conveniently treated in three groups: First, the Black Swan of Australia; second, the Black-Necked Swan of southern South America; and third, the remaining five species of pure white birds—the Whooping, Be- wick, Whistling, Trumpeter, and Mute Swans—inhabiting the arctic regions of both hemispheres. It is interesting to note that none of the species inhabits the tropics. The Black Swan is ac- corded a genus of its own—Chenopsis; but the other six are all grouped together as Cygnus. With our present slight knowledge it is idle to speculate upon the origin and former distribution of the swans, especially of the southern species. The contiguous boreal distribution of the five arctic birds, with occasional crossing into each other’s territory, accounts for the slight differences existing between the three spe- cies of the Eastern and the two of the Western Hemispheres. * The collection of swans in the New York Zoological Park is now complete, all seven species being on exhibition. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 161 Consideration of the evolution of color in this group reveals several perplexing problems. Like other arctic birds, such as the gyrfalcon, snowy owl, ivory gull, and ptarmigan, all the northern swans are white in their adult plumage; but if this be a protective character it requires a special definition. Feeding on organic mat- ter, which they glean from shailow water, any question of aggres- sive coloration is, of course, absurd. Unlike the ptarmigan, swans are birds of strong migratory habits, and although breed- ing in the far north, yet their nests are not among ice and snow, but in the grass and reeds near water. So the white color would seem to be, instead of a protection, an actual adventisement of the bird’s whereabouts. These great birds are well capable of defending themselves against any foe of moderate size, striking with the hard bend of the wings, blows of remarkable force and precision. When we consider, too, the usual open character of the country in which these birds spend their lives—open arctic tun- dras in the north, larger bays along the sea-shore when in more southern latitudes—and the unusually keen senses of sight and hearing with which these birds are endowed, we realize that the white color of the plumage may have come about by the birds’ very immunity from danger. Of course in this connection we must ignore man. Such long established and slowly evolved features as the colors of wild birds have for their causes, conditions which long antedate the com- paratively recent and abrupt dominion of man. When a great swan, swinging across the sky in all his glory of wild strength, is smitten by a shower of lead from a hidden blind; or when, ren- dered helpless by the simultaneous moult of all their flight feath- ers, a whole flock is surrounded by nets, and old and young to- gether slaughtered by the barbarous Eskimo, it is because these birds are unable to cope with such sources of danger, introduced into their environment within, comparatively speaking, but a few years. Although the swans themselves are so conspicuous when on the nest, yet, when the sitting bird has left, the nest itself is very difficult to discover. It is a mere pile of rubbish, thrown care- lessly together, and before leaving, the parent bird always care- fully draws the lining of the nest completely over the eggs, so that they are well hidden from prying eyes. Under these con- ditions the conspicuous color of the birds and the great com- motion which they necessarily make in getting under headway would all tend to distract attention from the exact position of the nest if the parents should retreat on the approach of an enemy. 162 NEW? YORK ZOOLOGICAL S SOC ve: But this is seldom the case, and a pair of breeding swans would launch themselves as fearlessly (and perhaps as successfully) at an attacking fox as at some inoffensive intruding duck. When, in addition to this fearlessness and great concern for the young, we realize that swans invariably mate for life, these beautiful birds take a high place in our regard. They are as admirable in their home life as they are pleasing to the eye. The cygnets, as the young swans are called, are covered with a plumage of grayish brown, in all probability protective in char- acter, as this color harmonizes well with the various subdued hues of the dead grass and mosses. It is interesting to note that four of the seven species of swans have received names relating either to the quality of the voice or to a comparative lack of vocal expression. These are the Whistler, Trumpeter, Whooper, and Mute. Even the word swan, traceable to swon, is in some way correlated with the Latin yerb sonare— to sound. To one who is familiar with swans in a wild state, or even with those kept in captivity, the cause of this important notice taken of the voice will be readily understood. The voice of each species differs, and even the notes of the sexes are unlike; but all are pleasant and melodious, while in the case of two species the tones are truly trumpet-like, and have as beautiful a resonant quality as have the tones from a French horn. This quality of the voice may be partly accounted for by the remarkable loop which the trachea describes within the breastbone, in some cases exactly paralleling the characteristic shape of a French horn. The Whooper, Whistler, Bewick, and Trumpeter possess this peculiarity, and the Black Swan in a lesser degree. In the Mute and the Black-Necked the windpipe is straight. From time immemorial the “ swan-song’”’ has been famed in legend and in song; but until lately it has had no scientific con- firmation. Writing of the Whistling Swan, Prof. D. G. Elliot says: “The song of the dying swan has been the theme of poets for centuries, and is generally considered one of those pleasing myths that are handed down through the ages. I had killed many a swan, and never heard aught from them save the familiar notes that reach every one in their vicinity. But once, when shooting in Currituck Sound over water belonging to a club of which I am a member, in company with a friend, Mr. F. W. Legget, of New York, a number of swans passed over us at a considerable height. We fired at them, and one splendid bird was mortally hurt. On receiving his wound the wings became fixed and he TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 163 commenced at once his song, which was continued until the water was reached, nearly half a mile away. I am perfectly familiar with every note a swan is accustomed to utter, but never before nor since have I heard any like those sung by this stricken bird. Most plaintive in character and musical in tone, it sounded at times like the soft running of the notes in an octave. “And now ’twas like all instruments, Now like a lonely flute; And now it is an angel’s song Which makes the heavens be mute.’ And as the sound was borne to us, mellowed by the distance, we stood astonished, and could only exclaim, * We have heard the song of the dying swan.’ ‘“T made inquiries among the gunners as to whether any of them had ever heard notes different from those usually uttered by the swan, when one was mortally wounded, and some said they had, and on my asking them what kind they were they de- scribed something similar to those we had heard and of which I have endeavored to give an idea.” The beak of a swan is horny and slightly hooked at the tip, enabling the bird to tear off mouthfuls of tough grass and reeds; while the posterior part of the beak is specialized for bottom feeding. Along the proximal portion of the inner sides are rows of horny tooth-like lamellz, or plates, through which the mud is sifted, the water trickling out, and the organic particles being retained and swallowed. The tongue is another important factor in this method of feeding, its complicated structure and numerous recurved fleshy teeth aiding the beak in the function of sifting the food. One peculiarity which swans share in common is, that with a large, heavy body they possess short legs and long necks. This is consequent on their feeding habits. They feed chiefly on the organic matter in the silt at the bottom of shallow ponds, and the roots of aquatic plants, but not being divers, as are some of the ducks, and lacking the long legs of wading birds, such as the flamingoes, they trust to their long necks, resting upon the sur- face and reaching down to the mud below. The length of neck of the swans, as long or longer than the body, is characteristic of this group; and in this connection mention should be made of the neck bones, twenty-two to twenty-six in number—more than are found in any other living birds. The wings of a swan are of the broad, rounded type, made for 164 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: rapid wing beats, although strong enough to carry the great body of their owner hundreds of miles to the south and back again to the north every year. It has been estimated that with a slight wind in their favor a flock of swans can travel over 100 miles an hour. The scalation of the leg and foot is reticulate, that is, in the form of very small scales rather than large, overlapping scutes. The three anterior toes are fully webbed, but the hind toe has only the faintest trace of a lobe. Its weak character and elevated position show that the swans must early have acquired their nata- tory and terrestrial habits, having long since lost all need for grasping a perch. The chief defence of the swan lies in its wings, although it can pinch severely with the horny tip of the beak. But it can knock a dog senseless, and fell a man to the earth with one or two strokes of the hard wrist portion of its pinions. In their relation to mankind the esthetic has always predomi- nated over the economical, although the flesh of the younger swans is very delicate, and swan’s down is a valuable product of the plumage of these birds. Swans seem never to become wholly domesticated, like the pigeon, fowl, and duck, and unless their wings are clipped or pinioned are ever ready to be lured away by the clanging chorus of their wild kindred flying past over- head. The care of swans in captivity is a very simple matter, the best regular food being a mixture of grains, such as whole and cracked corn, buckwheat, wheat, and barley. Pieces of bread thrown upon the water three times a week, and plenty of short grass or lettuce and young cabbage will keep the birds in perfect condition. They should also have Spratt’s Patent Food soaked in hot water, occasionally, and of course an abundance of ground oyster shells and grit. If the birds are allowed the freedom of a wide range of water and grass they will forage successfully for themselves. The cygnets should be fed on Spratt’s Patent, barley meal, chopped hard-boiled eggs, and green food. THE BLACK SWAN. Chenopsis atrata (Latham). This unique swan is a native of Australia and Tasmania, and was formerly abundant in almost all parts of that region. It is of a very dark brownish-black color, except the primaries and sec- ondaries, which are pure white. The bill is scarlet, crossed with TENGE NING Ate RE @iRe 165 a band and tipped with white; the iris of the eye is brilliant scar- let, and the feet are black. Early in the year 1697 the Dutch navigator Vlaming sailed into a great estuary on the coast of western Australia and up a river which was covered with multitudes of Black Swans. Pre- vious to this the term “ black swan” had come into current use as signifying something inconceivable, something contrary to all the laws of nature; “ Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno.” So we can easily understand how the finding of this bird, succeeded by subsequent remarkable discoveries of other strange creatures in Australia, led to a widespread belief that in that land everything was topsy-turvy. The Black Swan gathers together a large pile of sticks, leaves, and reeds, with a few feathers for a lining, and upon it lays from four to eight large greenish-white eggs. This rough nest is placed in a dense growth of reeds, or at the base of a tree far out near the centre of some shallow lagoon. In such a place, before the advent of man, the bird had little to fear, save from an occa- sional eagle, which might snatch up a cygnet, or from the several species of water-rats (Hydromys), whose depredations among both eggs and newly hatched young were doubtless far more to be dreaded. Both parents take turns in incubating, and woe to the nest which is left unguarded for a moment. The regular breeding season lasts from September to January. It is said that when the nesting lagoon dries up, the parents will lead the young overland to the nearest water, and always by night, in order to avoid the attacks of raptorial birds. The dark color of the adult birds must assimilate well with the shadowy waters of the shallow lagoons, and whether of advantage as an active protective character or not, it is certainly a fact that the white spot formed by the flight feathers, when the wing is folded, is a perfect representation of a hole through the bird. When seen from a distance this white spot neutralizes to a remarkable degree the symmetrical bird-like appearance of the outline of the swan. On one or two occasions pure white individuals have been observed. The cygnets resemble young swans of other species in being brownish-gray in color. Black Swans seem to have no regular routes of migration, but they are by no means wholly resident, for they make long jour- neys to the coast and irregularly across the country. They are fond of feeding in the brackish and salt-water swamps and lagoons along the sea-shore. When flocks of several hundred of these swans are gathered 166 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. om 2S BLACK SWANS. in a single estuary, and become suddenly frightened by the dis- charge of a gun, the sight is described as magnificent. The myriad particolored birds flap frantically along the surface until they attain momentum enough to rise; then they swing round, dividing into lesser flocks, or perhaps families. The scarlet bills of the birds fairly glow with their rich color, while against the dark vegetation the white wing feathers shimmer like flashes of lightning ; but when the swift-flying birds are silhouetted against the sky their dark bodies spring into view, the long necks stretched far out, as they wing their way high overhead. As is usually the case, the coming of white men marked the beginning of scenes of slaughter and extermination, and to-day the Black Swan, although protected by law, has been driven to the wildest portions of its haunts, and in Australia is doubtless doomed to speedy extinction. Indeed it is said that there are probably more of these birds in captivity in different parts of the world than are now living wild in their native country. We read reports of whalers sending many boats ashore and bringing back load after load of Flack Swans, whose condition during the LENT ANNUAL REPORT, 167 BLACK SWANS AND) CY¥GNETS From Living Animals of the World period of moult is practically helpless, it being then an easy matter to row them down and to break their necks with an oar. Another phase of man’s dominion in the realm of the Black Swan is his introduction of this bird into New Zealand, that long suffering country, whose indigenous fauna and flora seems well on the road to extinction before the overwhelming advance of foreign importations. Separated as completely, geographically speaking, from Australia as that region is from the rest of the world, restricted competition has evolved in New Zealand no natural check to these creatures—mammalian and avian—which have spread like a ravaging fire, ousting the rightful inhabitants from forest and plain. The first Black Swans introduced were carefully protected by law, and, after the early difficulties in the way of adaptation to new conditions were overcome, they in- creased without check or hindrance. Mr. E. F. Stead, who has personally witnessed present condi- tions in New Zealand, reports that swans may now be seen there in great flocks, sometimes of five and six thousand individuals. They are driving away all ducks and geese, not by actual aggres- 168 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEIY. siveness, but more surely by preempting all feeding grounds and nesting places. To mention a specific location, on Lake Ellesmere there are hundreds of swans nesting throughout the year. Every week many dozen eggs are brought into Christchurch, where they are supplanting the use of hens’ eggs in bakeries and in private fam- ilies. The birds are comparatively tame, notwithstanding the fact that all protection has been removed from them, and numbers are constantly shot wantonly, even while sitting upon their eggs. As is the case with all other swans, these birds have been intro- duced in a semidomesticated condition into all civilized portions of the world, and they very often breed in capitivity, even when confined in a comparatively small enclosure. One pair is on rec- HEAD OF BLACK-NECKED SWAN. ord as having nested sixteen times in seven years, laying in all no less than one hundred and eleven eggs. On account of the length and slenderness of the neck, and the majestic and easy grace with which the Black Swan comports itself, it may be accounted one of the most graceful birds in the world, and one well worthy of the utmost protection in its native home. THE BLACK-NECKED SWAN. Cygnus melanocoryphus (Mol.). This bird is another aberrant form of swan—aberrant, how- ever, only in the matter of color, for structurally it differs but little from the typical white arctic species. It is pure white, TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 169 BLACK-NECKED SWANS. except for the head and the major part of the neck, which are velvety blackish brown. This is relieved by a line of white feath- ers about the eye, extending backward as a well-defined stripe across the entire head. While in the northern white species the bill is often decorated with bright yellow, in the Black-Necked, as in the Black Swan, the presence of a darker color in the feath- ers seems correlated with a change in the bill pigment from yel- low to red. A full-grown bird of the present species has the cere or fleshy base of the bill swollen and enlarged above into a knob or an irregular bunch of caruncles stained a vivid scarlet. This bird is somewhat larger than the Black Swan, with a stouter, shorter neck, and, though more striking in appearance, is less graceful when swimming. From the young birds we may, perhaps, get a hint of the devel- opment of color in this species. The white feathers of the body are tipped with rusty brown, and, still more significant, the tips of the primaries are chocolate brown. This may be a vanishing hint of a former closer relationship between this swan and the black wing-tipped coscoroba. Whether the presence of black in the plumage of the adults of this species and the Australian spe- 170 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIERY: cies 1s merely a parallelism, or whether the former isolation of South America and its early connection with Australia are signifi- cant facts in the case, we can at present only conjecture. Naturalists who have seen Black-Necked Swans in their native haunts have given no clew to the reason for their strange color- ing; but if we look at one of these birds at some distance away across a stretch of water, as it swims along the shore, the magic with which, first the white body, then the black head and neck, blend with the changing environment is most interesting and sig- nificant. Our eyes show us alternately a headless body and a bodiless head ; but when the bird comes out into clear open water the curving neck is constantly the conspicuous feature. It seems as if this alternative protective coloring cannot fail to be of vital assistance to the bird at some of the critical moments of its life. It is said that these birds prefer to keep close to the margins of ponds and lakes, where they find good feeding grounds. The Black-Necked Swan is found on the lakes and lagoons of southern South America—Argentina, Chili, and Patagonia— where they sometimes congregate in flocks of several hundred. Indeed the late J. B. Hatcher reports seeing over a thousand swans upon one lake of moderate size. Excepting what Hudson relates we know but little of the habits of these birds. He says that owing to their heavy bodied, short-winged condition the noise which their wings make is remarkable—a loud rushing which can be heard a great distance away. These swans experience such difficulty in taking flight, espe- cially when suddenly frightened and away from the water, that the savage horsemen of the southern pampas occasionally ride them down and catch them by hand. Black-Necked Swans begin to nest in July, and they seem to take great care in choosing a safe location. This is probably very necessary, as these pampas are the home of many predatory ani- mals. Three to six cream-colored eggs are laid upon a firm pile of leaves and sticks, the foundation of which is the bottom of a swamp, sometimes in four feet or more of water, and among a thick clump of reeds. By swimming to and from the nest many dangers are avoided. One observer reports having seen a Black- Necked Swan swimming away from her nest with her young perched upon her back. Strange to say, more than a quarter of a century before the discovery of the Black Swan, this South American species was first observed by a European, Narbrough having reported seeing TENTH ANNUALS REPORT. 171 Black-Necked Swans on August 2, 1670, while sailing through the Straits of Magellan. The bird is not uncommon in captivity, and occasionally breeds, but unless gradually acclimated it is apt to succumb to severe cold weather. It requires more careful feeding than does any other species of swan. THE MUTE SWAN. Cygnus olor (Gmel.). This is the most common swan of European history and legend. Its common name is given because of its inability to give utter- ance to tones as loud or as musical as those which characterize its congeners ; while its scientific name is from two Latin words, each meaning a swan. The bird is, however, far from being actually mute, and has a soft, not unmusical note. This beautiful swan, the commonest of all seen in captivity, ranges in a feral state over almost the whole of Europe, and as far east as central Asia. In winter it is found on the waters of northern India and Egypt. The Mute Swan is pure white, with dull black feet and legs, and its most distinguishing characteristic, which at once sets it off from the four remaining species of white swans, is a large black knob, or tubercle, at the base of the bill. The lores, the knob, the base of the upper and the entire under mandible are black; the remaining part of the upper mandible being reddish orange. The female is similar to the male, although rather smaller, with a more slender neck and with the frontal knob less developed. This species reaches an extreme length of five feet. The Mute Swan was introduced into England during the reign of Richard Coeur de Lion, and, although not indigenous, it has become so naturalized that full-winged birds show no inclination to leave. Both sexes unite in gathering a large pile of reeds and other aquatic plants, two or three feet high and five or six across, in a hollow in the top of which the female lays from five to nine eggs, grayish olive in color. After five or six weeks of incubation the young are hatched, coming into the world clad in a thick down of sooty gray, which gives place to the first plumage of dark grayish brown. In the course of a year, or even a longer period, this, in turn, is gradually replaced by the white feathers of the adult. The young, as is the case with all swans, seem to feed and swim instinctively. The parents are very solicitous about their AZ NEW: VORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: brood, and have been known to take the young birds upon their backs, after the manner of some species of grebes. When several pairs of swans nest in close proximity to one another, each pair keeps carefully to the limits of some well- understood range. The parents associate with the young through- out the winter, but drive them away in the spring. These swans, like all others, feed chiefly upon water-plants, roots, leaves and seeds, insects, and the organic material which collects at the bot- tom of ponds. They also occasionally catch and devour small fish and crabs, as well as mollusks, when feeding along the coast. Of the Mute Swan, Bewick quaintly but veraciously writes: “ At the setting in of frosty weather the Wild Swans are said to associate in large flocks, and thus united, to use every effort to prevent the water from freezing; this they accomplish by the con- tinual stir kept up among them; and by constantly dashing it with their extended wings they are enabled to remain as long as it suits their convenience in some favorite part of a lake or river which abounds with their food. The swan is very properly entitled the peaceful Monarch of the Lake; conscious of his superior strength he fears no enemy, nor suffers any bird, however powerful, to molest him; neither does he prey upon any one. His vigorous wing is as a shield against the attacks even of the Eagle, and the blows from it are said to be so powerful as to stun or kill the fiercest of his foes. The wolf or the fox may surprise him in the dark, but their efforts are vain in the day.’ There is no exaggeration in the account of the strength of a blow from a swan’s wing. They have been known with one stroke to fracture a man’s arm. The inner flight feathers are large, and capable of performing a peculiar function. One may often see a Mute Swan progress- ing through the water without ever a stroke of the large webbed feet, the inner wing feathers being elevated to such a degree that they catch the breeze, sail-like, and carry the bird along with considerable rapidity. It is interesting to observe the special conditions under which swans were formerly allowed to be kept. For not then, as now, could any one go to a dealer in birds and purchase at will one of these birds for $15.00 or $20.00. In the time of Edward I. no one but the king’s son could keep a swan unless possessed of five marks rental. Stealing their eggs was punished with impris- onment of a year and a day. Newton tells us that formerly in England the Mute Swan was much more abundant than at present, the cygnets being then DENTE ANNUAL REPORT 173 highly esteemed as a table delicacy. “ It was under special enact- ments for its preservation, and regarded as a ‘ Bird Royal’ that no subject could possess without license from the crown, the granting of which license was accompanied by the condition that every bird in a ‘game’ (to use the old legal term) of swans should bear a distinguishing mark of ownership (cygninota) on the bill. Originally this privilege was conferred on the larger freeholders only, but it was gradually extended, so that in the reign of Elizabeth upward of goo distinct swan-marks, being those of private persons or corporations, were recognized by the royal Swanherd, whose jurisdiction extended over the whole kingdom.” The largest swanery at present in England is the one belonging to Lord Olchester, where from 600 to 1,200 swans are kept. Mute Swans are very easily bred in captivity, and in our own country often begin to build their nests as soon as the snow has gone and the water is free of ice. THE WHOOPING SWAN. Cygnus cygnus (Linn.). This is the species which ever since the days of the Iliad has been lauded for the beautiful musical clanging of its notes. No words or syllables can express the character of these tones, but the succession may be indicated by hoop-hooper-hoop—clang ! The breeding range of this swan covers much of arctic Europe and Asia, including Iceland. In winter it ranges south over Eu- rope, central Asia, China, and Japan, occasionally reaching Egypt. It also justly claims a place in the avifauna of our own hemisphere, as a number of specimens have been taken in south- ern Greenland, doubtless storm-blown, or perhaps individuals with unusual wandering instincts which have made their way from Iceland. It is said that these birds formerly bred in Green- land, but that they were exterminated by the Eskimo during the period of helplessness at the moulting season. Pure white, like the Mute Swan, this species lacks the frontal knob, and differs in a number of other respects. Its neck is shorter, and its general carriage is so unlike that of the Mute that the two species are easily distinguished. The trachea, as mentioned before, enters the breastbone, where it describes a loop. In this, as in the three species to follow, the most reliable character for specific identification is the arrangement of color on the bill (see illustration between pages 174 and 175). In the 174 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIBIY: BEWICK’S SWAN Whooping Swan the lores and two-thirds of the upper mandible (to below the nostrils along the sides) are brilliant yellow in color. The remainder of the bill is black. Although in color and size the Mute and the Whooping Swans are quite similar, there is a very pronounced difference between the texture of the shell of the eggs of the two birds; that of the Mute being very coarsely granular. Under the microscope the specific differences are very apparent. In general the nesting habits of the Whooping Swan resemble those of the Mute, the favorite sites being the half-frozen marshes or tundras of the far north. Four to seven eggs are laid, gen- erally in May, and the cygnets are on the wing in August or Sep- tember. When on their winter feeding-grounds these swans are very shy and travel in small wedge-shaped flocks or families. Large individuals weigh from fifteen to twenty pounds. Mating for life, as do all the swans, they are very jealous of intrusion and are ever watchful and on the lookout for danger. As an instance of this, these swans for a number of seasons bred in the Zoological (The yellow spot on this individual whistler is of unusally large size.) WHOOPING SWAN. BEWICK’S SWAN. WHISTLING SWAN. TRUMPETER SWAN. BLACK SWAN. MUTE SWAN. TENDH ANNUAL RERORT: 175 WHOOPING SWAN. Gardens of London, and one year when the cygnets, only a few days old, were sunning themselves on the margin of an island a hungry carrion crow made a sudden descent and struck at one of the young birds. In an instant the old male Whooping Swan rushed up, seized the crow in its beak, and pulling it under water held the bird there until it was drowned. THE BEWICK SWAN. Cygnus bewicki (Yarr.). Closely related to the Whooping Swan and for a long time confused with it is the Bewick Swan. Its habitat is much the same as that of the former bird, except that it has never been found in Greenland. Its breeding grounds are more to the east- ward in Siberia, and it is found in England only during severe winters. In appearance it is considerably smaller than the Whooping Swan, and the yellow on the bill covers only the lores and the basal third of the upper mandible, not extending as far down as the nostrils. The call note is a loud, deep whistle, very unlike the notes of 176 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCGrE iy: the Whooping Swan—another diagnostic character of this per- fectly distinct species. Bewick Swans migrate from the north in October and return to their breeding grounds in March. The nesting habits, time of incubation, and coloration of the cygnets are much the same as in the preceding species. THE WHISTLING SWAN. Cygnus columbianus (Ord.). This and the following species of swans are both inhabitants of our own continent, and the present species is the New World representative of the Bewick Swan. It is larger in all dimen- sions, however, and it may be at once distinguished by the small amount of yellow on the beak, this being, in extreme cases (see illustration between pages 174 and 175), an oblong patch on the lores, extending from the eye to the junction of the mandibles. Usually it is much smaller, a mere spot of orange or yellow, smaller in circumference than a cent, in front of the eye. This often becomes much fainter in winter than later at the breeding season. These swans breed in the boreal regions of North America. In winter they are scattered southward, more especially along the coasts, as far as California on the Pacific and North Carolina on the Atlantic seaboard. The birds range down the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of Mexico. Currituck Sound, North Carolina, is a famous winter resort for these birds, feeding grounds being abundant. It is there that hunters usually go for swan shooting. The dead birds for sale in our Eastrn markets are almost invariably of this species. The old birds are tough and hardly fit for the table, but the cygnets of the first or second year are tender and delicious, the meat being very dark, with but little ““ gamey ” flavor. On the coast of Alaska Whistling Swans begin to arrive from the south about May Ist, generally small flocks beating north through the late storms, stopping at spring holes, and biding their time until the snow and ice begin to disappear. They then scatter to their inland breeding places. A favorite nesting site is on some small island in an isolated mountain lake, where from three to six eggs are laid upon a pile of leaves and moss. It is very difficult to find the eggs when once the bird has left them, as she invariably covers them carefully with a loose layer of rub- bish, differing in no way from the surrounding vegetation. TENTH ANNUAL “REPORT. TE In July the young swans are led to some good-sized stream or body of water, where the critical period of moult is gone through, every flight feather being shed simultaneously, leaving the birds stump-winged and helpless for several weeks. The natives of Alaska, besides using swans for food, utilize the skin of the leg and foot for small pouches, and by cutting off the wings and legs and skinning the bird entire a complete garment for a small child is obtained, warmer than any made to order. If the birds escape the myriad dangers, or rather if they evade their most deadly foeman—man—they gather into flocks in mid- September, restless with the spirit of migration. Of a lake in Alaska, to which the gathering clans of the swans invariably resorted in the fall of the year, Mr. E. W. Nelson writes: “ About twenty miles from Saint Michael, toward the Yukon mouth, is a small shallow lake, about one-fourth of a mile in diameter, which is grown up with ‘ horse-tails’ (Equisetum). This lakelet forms a general rendezvous for all the swans of that vicinity during the summer and fall. During the breeding season they gather there to feed, and the males make it their home. In autumn, as the old birds regain their wing feathers and the young are able to fly, all congregate here, so that I have rarely passed this place without seeing from 100 to 500 swans gathered in this small area. Their combined cries can be heard for three miles or more, and make a grand and melodious concert. “T have frequently sat and listened with the keenest pleasure to the organ-like swell and fall of their notes, as they were wafted on in rich, full harmony, then sank to a faint murmur, not unlike that of running water. A series of low hillocks afforded a cover by which the lake could be approached, and it was a majestic sight to lie here on a mossy knoll and gaze on the unsuspecting groups of these graceful birds as they swam back and _ forth, within rifle-shot, not suspecting our presence. Their snowy bod- ies and beautiful forms, as I last saw them in this far-away spot, will linger long in my mind as one of the most unique and inter- esting sights of my experience in the north. The report of a rifle is sufficient to change the scene into wild confusion. A chorus of confused cries and the heavy beating of hundreds of mighty wings is heard. A cloud of white rises, breaks into numer- ous fragments, and the birds scatter over the wide flats on every side About October Ist the birds begin to leave for the south, gangs” of ten to thirty passing over continually, all keeping up a continuous high, mellow clanging. ce 178 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY TRUMPETER SWANS.AND NEST. It is said that hunters usually see an average of two birds of the year with their parents, this perhaps indicating the usual number brought to maturity. Sportsmen along the shores of the Chesapeake see the first Whistling Swans, about the first week in November, coming in small flocks, passing high in the air over the beach and the waters of the ocean. The long necks are stretched straight out, the great wings beat steadily, and the beautifully clear notes come down through the air, answered by the leaders of other flocks. Such an arrival is well described by Prof. D. G. Elliot: ‘ Beautiful indeed the splendid birds appear, sailing onward in the blue sky, the bright rays of a midday sun glancing from their immaculate plumage, causing it to glisten with the sheen of burnished silver, or, if the birds are passing directly overhead, the light streaming through the feathers of the wings reflects on the under side and also on the body a glow like the faint blush on the petals of a rose. With redoubled cries the glad birds welcome the well-known waters of their winter home, and gradually lowering themselves from their lofty altitudes turn head to wind, and checking their momentum by a few rapid wing beats launch themselves into the waters of the sound. Should there be any swan in the vicinity, and the newcomers are the TENTH TANNUAL. REPORT: 179 TRUMPETER SWANS. fewest in number, they swim to them, otherwise little attention is paid to other flocks. “Their journey having provided them with sharpened appe- tites, they soon commence to feed by immersing their heads and dragging up the grass from the bottom. If the water is deeper than the length of the neck, the hinder part of the body is tilted up and held in position by paddling with the feet until a quan- tity of tender grass is torn from the bottom. While feeding, usu- ally one or more birds keep a lookout for approaching danger, and should any be descried a warning note is sounded and the flock begins to swim away, heading to windward if possible.” It is probable that four or five years pass before the perfectly immaculate adult plumage is assumed, the dull gray coat of the first year changing, moult by moult, to a lighter hue. THE TRUMPETER SWAN. Cygnus buccinator (Rich.). This is the largest swan in the world, sometimes measuring over five and a half feet from head to tail, and with a spread of wings of eight feet. It occasionally reaches a weight of thirty pounds. 180 NEW YORK "ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEING The trachea is even more convoluted than in the Whistling Swan, and it well deserves the Latin appellation buccinator—the trump- eter—its rick, mellow notes possessing a peculiar sonorous quality characteristic of the species. The lores and beak are black, un- relieved by any bright color whatever, and this, together with the great size of the bird, makes this swan easy to identify. Unlike the Whistling Swan, the Trumpeter haunts by prefer- ence the interior of North America, breeding from the northern United States northward, and occurring rarely, and only as a straggler, on the Atlantic Coast. It migrates southward along the Pacific Coast and down the Mississippi Valley. The nesting habits are similar to those of the Whistling Swan, the five to seven chalky white eggs being of unusually large size measuring about four and a half by three inches. The Trump- eter, like the Whistler, feeds on aquatic grasses, shrimp, mollusks, and what organic substances it can gleam from the bottom of shallow marshes and bays. This species migrates northward somewhat earlier than does the Whistling Swan, and occasionally the late blizzards almost freeze the birds, compelling them to crowd into the narrow open water at the foot of falls or rapids, where they fall easy victims to the Indian trappers. This species breeds readily in confinement, but care must be taken to give the swans plenty of room, as they are liable to kill other birds which approach their nesting site. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. The so-called Polish Swan (Cygnus immutabilis) is merely a quasi-albino race of cygnets of the Mute Swan. Cygnus unwini is, doubtless, the immature of the same species. David’s Swan (Cygnus davidi), founded on a single specimen now in the museum of the Lazarist Mission in Pekin, is probably only a variant of the Bewick Swan. THE WICHITA BURFALO (RANGE: AG REPORT LO) BEE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIELY OF “AN IN- SPECTION OF THE WICHITA FOREST AND GAME RESERVE, IN OKLAHOMA, TO SELECT A SUITABLE LOCATION FOR A BUFFALO RANGE. By J. ALDEN LORING. N November 21, 1905, I left New York, with instructions from the New York Zoological Society to proceed at once to the Wichita Forest and Game Reserve, 1n Oklahoma, and, if possible, select a tract of land suitable for a range on which to confine and propagate American bison. Arriving at Cache, Oklahoma, on November 24th, I spent the three following days riding over the reserve. These three trips, together with two others that were made to ride over the boundary line and explore the territory that was finally chosen, covered about 150 miles. I think I am safe in saying that all of the country within the reserve that is suitable for a buffalo range was either ridden over, or observed carefully from the tops of moun- tains. Whenever a location met with approval, it was afterward inspected closely. Although I was charged with locating a buffalo range only, the pasturage and character of the country were so admirably adapted for other big game mammals that it was possible to locate a site suitable for elk, deer, and antelope as well, and that without in the least interfering with the rights of the buffalo. In a cer- tain large area, wherein prairies, hills, gullies, ravines, and moun- tains occur, there is ample opportunity for animals to escape from the attacks of each other. The Buffalo Range, as it is now mapped, embraces about 12 square miles. It is situated in the western centre of the Wichita Reserve. Although there is enough grazing land outside the range to supply the cattle now feeding there, the preserve includes the choicest grazing sections within the reserve. If at any time it is deemed necessary to enlarge the range, it may be done by including the land north of the northern boundary. 182 NEW: YORK ZOOLOGICAL “SOCIETY: The range is 12 miles northwest of Cache and 24 miles west of Fort Sill. Unfortunately there are no buildings on it that can be utilized by caretakers or as storehouses.* With the exception of a valley three-fourths of a mile wide, which leads out of the southeast corner of the range, and a few narrow valleys of little consequence, the range is practically sur- rounded by mountains, hills, and ridges, which afford protection from storms. These mountains are from 100 to 600 feet high, and while the boundary line does not always run at the foot of them, the peaks are so close that as a whole they shelter the range. Although there are several high, round-topped, or rock-capped hills on the west side of the range, the remainder of the mountains, both inside and outside, are very rocky, being covered with huge loose bowlders, and cliffs and ridges of red granite rock. Heavy growths of black-jack oak usually cover the slopes, and in the bottom (sometimes extending out into the level country for a quarter mile) post-oak timber is mixed with the black-jack. In several places it forms a small forest of trees 60 feet high. It is doubtful if more than 25 cedar trees exist on the preserve. A few are situated in a canyon on the west side, and on the summit of a high mountain near the northeast line. Occupying about the centre of the range is a cluster of moun- tains, hills, and ridges that completely surround a beautiful valley about a mile long by three-quarters of a mile wide. The highest peaks are fully 600 feet, and they shut out the storms from the north and west—the directions from which the worst storms blow. The top of one of these mountains is flat, well grassed with blue-stem and mesquite grass, and during all but the dry season water can be found upon it. This plateau would make an excellent retreat for antelope, elk, or buffalo during the hot weather, as it is easily accessible through the draws and passes that lead up to it from the valley. A story is told of a cattleman who searched six weeks for a bunch of 30 cattle, and finally found them on this mountain in excellent condition. The valley surrounded by these mountains I have named * Win- ter Valley,” because it makes such an excellent winter range. In it we found many buffalo wallows, and mesquite grass in suffi- cient quantities to winter such a herd of buffalo as it is proposed to place on the range. Passes lead from this valley in all directions, some into the open * For the fencing of the range as proposed, about fourteen miles of fence will be required. Of this about nine and one-half miles of fence could be fastened to trees, and four and a half miles would require posts. 7 1 Me (gy 4, We < > y ‘ ny : re a ay, fa : ore, we a = j Pi « ‘ — : a’ My? = Sar evs can te a : 7 ae i ; am eas ; ws AW lee oe N ony ‘ay a é ea5 < * OF a - 4 Bel ght Pour. as halt a q 7 hts los to . ehoe Sa hs pay a ; 1 f . _— et ee: ad la ee ee y af ho Were Nae ae 7 meter lan a) Poe i } 1 a ad 1 pie Fans PAA ards le” i if re ‘ q > = ‘a? ‘sf : a) ' ? ES — Nn a \ a ‘ on aoa & Se J .& ai pe it 7 Mi Th) ie ae a \ fi a A a“ De on wh @ abe MN; LAN ISS Tus LEGEND. Wy? Zn “SE FA 2 sy . LEE tg oe Zi —-— Reserve Boundary. 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Ay < ; MZ a Pate we Te Bin M yy, esi x y ATLEIL Ts Ps yp eS = Wns yy ZAK Y {I \ \\ iy AR ~ a Sy Pear \\ ea, ' Ze ' x =F es PS Leen S PROPOSED’ BUFFALO RANGE IN THE WICHITA FOREST AND GAME RESERVE, OKLAHOMA SENG ANNUAL REPORT: 183 prairie country to the northwest and southeast, others into smaller valleys, and still others to rough-timbered draws or gulleys, where the shelter of the high hills and timber gives fine protection from sun and storms, and where there is plenty of fine grazing. The most notable of these draws leads to a fine sheltered gully through which Cache Creek flows, and where water of the finest quality can be had at all times of the year. Properly speaking, it is a timbered “ coulee”’ cut into the prairie. Standing on the prairie a few hundred yards from the brink of this coulee one looks over it to the rocky, timber-covered hills beyond without being aware of its existence. Descending to the creek, however, he finds himself 150 feet below the prairie level in a grove of post-oak and jack-oak timber of large size. Con- tinuing south the coulee broadens. Beautiful, open, grass-covered parks, containing fine grazing grounds, occur here and there, or wind in and out of the timber. This coulee is about a mile long by three-quarters of a mile wide, and it extends through a thickly timbered pass to “ Winter Basin.” A hard climb for about fifteen minutes brings one to the sum- mit of a high, rocky mountain a quarter of a mile to the east of the coulee, from which one can survey with the naked eye all but a small section of the range to the north. Here the view is ob- structed by mountains. It would be an excellent spot on which to establish a lookout station, which a keeper could visit daily to locate the buffalo. A mile and a half west of the grand coulee is another coulee of similar character, but smaller. Both of these coulees broaden at the mouth and empty into the prairie. Leading into the smaller coulee, and close to the western line of the preserve, there is a deep, narrow canyon that contains permanent water. This canyon is three-quarters of a mile long, 100 feet deep, and very rocky, having in places perpendicular sides. There is another small ravine on the east side of the proposed buffalo range. The bulk of the grazing country on the proposed range is gently rolling prairie, three-fourths of a mile wide, that extends over the southern part (4 miles) of the range, and a flat of about two and a half square miles in the northwest corner of the preserve. While there is no section on which mesquite grass grew in such abundance as I found it on Mr. Charles Goodnight’s ranch, the grazing on that ranch seemed to be confined to one area, outside of which little of the choice mesquite and buffalo grass were found. On the Wichita buffalo range, however, the mesquite grass is mixed with the blue-stem. Sometimes a patch 184 NEW, YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: TYPICAL OAK TIMBER ON BUFFALO RANGE. of an acre or more will be found. Even on the mountains and hill-sides this favorite grass is found in abundance, and on the prairie, where at a glance there seems to be blue-stem only, care- ful examination will reveal small bunches of mesquite grass mixed with the former. In fact, on the greater portion of the range an animal can, without moving from its tracks, crop several mouth- fuls of mesquite grass. Even in the fall and winter, when the mesquite grass appears too dry and brittle for food value, it has fattening properties that are truly wonderful, and it is the grass that is most esteemed by cattle-raisers as well as propa- gators of buffalo. After one or two fall rains or snow-storms green blades begin to appear about the roots of the mesquite grass, and naturally the buffalo begin at once to feed on it. A grass known locally as ‘“ Dlue-stem ” grows in rank profusion all over the range. This TENTH ANNUAL REPORT: 185 grass is a kind of bunch-grass, and makes excellent hay. Mr. Goodnight says that buffalo will eat it, and do well upon it, when better grass is not to be had. A kind of salt grass grows on the moist flats, both in the foothills and on the sides and tops of the mountains. This grass is eaten in the spring, when green, and before the other grass begins to grow; but as soon as it has dried the cattle do not touch it. There is no impure water on the range. The most important announcement regarding water is that all springs and streams that supply the range head on it and flow out of it. Therefore there is no danger of contaminated water reaching the animals. The chief water-supply 1s Cache Creek, which heads in the centre of the range, about a quarter mile from the northern boundary. The spring that forms its source, though small, can easily be dug out and covered, so that the animals cannot get into it. The water could then be run into troughs, and the overflow allowed to continue down the stream bed. I drank from this spring, and found it clear, cold, and delightful. From this spring Cache Creek winds southward through the centre of the range for about three miles. At the time of my visit there was plenty of water throughout its entire length, and during the rainy season this is always the case. There are times, however, during July, August, and September, when the creek goes dry in places, the water sinking and reappearing. But dur- ing the dryest seasons water in abundance can always be found in pools and rivulets not farther than a quarter mile apart. In the extreme southwest corner of the range perpetual water is found in Sugar Creek, which also has a spring for its source. Again, in the canyon on the west side of the range there is per- manent water; and on section 7, in the centre of the range, and a mile east of Cache Creek, permanent water exists. In fact, during the dry season an animal cannot get more than one and a half miles from water. In late November, 1905 (there had been several rains of late), there was plenty of water all over the range. Water is always found close to the surface, and wells can easily be driven if they become necessary. The boundary line of the proposed Buffalo Range runs as fol- lows: Beginning at the southeast corner of the reserve, the line passes through prairie country one and a half miles in a northwesterly direction ; thence west one and a half miles to the base of a high, rocky mountain. Thence it skirts along the foot of this mountain, 186 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. winding in and out among the post-oak and black-jack trees in a northwesterly direction for another mile. There it turns due north through an open flat and enters the timber at the foot of another mountain. The timber for the next mile, while scrubby, affords shelter from the summer sun. After crossing the gully marked on the map on section 2 there is another open flat of about a quarter mile, and again the fence will run through scrub black-jack oak trees, some of which can carry a wire fence. This stretch is about half a mile long, and the remainder of the distance (about a mile), to the northwest corner of the range, is over open rolling and broken country. The northern boundary runs two miles east through sections 26 and 25, inclosing a strip of jack-oak timber about 150 feet wide. This lies at the foot of a high, rocky, timbered ridge that extends northward as far as the eye can reach. At the east end there is a narrow valley of probably 200 yards. From the south- ern turning point to the southeast corner of section 25 the line runs half the distance through a prairie and the rest of the way through timber. Here it turns southeast through timber and a narrow-timbered pass, cutting across the southwest corner of section 32. Thence it runs east a quarter mile and southeast for a mile to the southeast corner of section 5. This stretch also leads most of the way through timber. It is thickly strewn with large bowlders, to avoid which, and still take advantage of the trees for posts, it will be somewhat difficult to run the fence. The country just outside of the range, from the turn at the southeast corner of section 25 to the southeast corner of section 5, is hilly and mountainous and timber-covered. Here the line turns due south, and runs over the prairie one and a quarter miles to the starting-point—the middle of the dividing line of sections 16 and 17. The object in running the line through the timber is to minimize the expense of supplying posts, and at the same time give the animals shade and shelter. About half of the west, north, and southeast line runs through timber that can be used as fence timber by supplying a few posts here and there; and there are many places where even the black-jack oak can be worked in to good advantage. Posts can be cut outside of the range, very near the locations where they are needed, with the exception of the southern line, where it may be necessary to haul them two or three miles. As the proposed range is now laid out it does not interfere with what the ranchmen and miners who have ranches and claims ‘ 5 M “SEM SORT: = leas ce | ve ges are ie HONVA OTVAINE | I eee % — qaasodo0ud AO NOILVYOOT SNIMOHS ' alte | | i ‘VNOHVINO NUALSAMHLAOS Se | 96 | 46 | Se | Ge os | Se 9¢ ‘HAUASAY ANVSD AGNV LSAWOA VLIBOIM NG iL 188 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL S@CGIEiyY: on or near it naturally suppose are their rights—namely, the water-supply and public highways. As far as the roads are con- cerned, there is no chance for a legal fight. Excepting a small piece of roadway in the southeastern part of the Forest Reserve (not included in the Buffalo Range), all roads were made since the Wichita Forest Reserve became a reserve. The boundary of the Buffalo Range leaves plenty of water out- side for cattle. Part of Cache Creek and a spring near the centre of the eastern line were left outside the reserve for that purpose. On the proposed range there are about 20 prospect holes which will have to be filled or surrounded with fences. While these prospects have not been worked according to law, it would be difficult to prove that the required amount of labor has not been done, provided the owners wish to take the matter to court. Again, these people may, if they learn that their prospects are on the range, stake out new claims with the idea of being bought out by the Government. If they do, and are forced to leave with- out remuneration, it is apt to cause ill-feeling, and the amount of damage that a man can do on a windy night in October by dropping a match in the dry grass can easily be imagined. In all probability the Wichita Mountains never will prove to be a paying mineral district. Nuine-tenths of the miners who came in with the rush have left disgusted, and the only ones now re- maining are a few who cling to their claims, hoping to sell out to some one. If at the time that the range is established there are any miners working there, it seems to me the wisest plan, and at the same time one that will not cause discontent, is to let the owners understand that their property is not to be disturbed, and that they can mine as long as they choose. ANIMALS THAT WILL THRIVE ON THE PRESERVE Buffalo.—F rom all accounts buffalo in large numbers travelled over the proposed Buffalo Range during their northward and southward migrations, and doubtless many of them wintered in the foothills of the Wichita Mountains. From information gained from the old settlers, both white and Indian, it seems that the buffaloes were hunted so persistently that they were not allowed to winter in peace in this locality. Buffalo wallows were found all over the prairie and level country on the range, and buffalo bones and horns were found on the range by Mr. Mor- rissey when he first came there. Prong-Horned Antelope.-—Next to buffalo the range is natu- TENTH ANNUAL” REPORT 189 rally adapted to the wants of the prong-horned antelope. It is only within the last few years that antelope were exterminated from this section of the Wichita Mountains. The wide prairie in the southern part of the range, the flat in the northwest corner, and the flat-topped mountain in the middle, make excellent feed- ing grounds for antelope. Elk.—Elk in great numbers once roamed over the rocky hills and mountains on the range, and doubtless they fed on the flats and prairies. The wooded margins of the range, the gulleys, the coulees, the timbered valleys and mountains all make excellent places for these animals, although this country cannot be com- pared with the heavily timbered elk country of Colorado, Idaho, Wyoming, Washington, and Oregon. Deer.—While there are now a few white-tailed deer on the range, Mr. Morrissey is of the opinion that by making a drive in the timbered mountains west of the range, just before erecting the fence on that side, a dozen or more deer may be forced into the enclosure. As soon as it is definitely settled that the range is to become a game preserve it would be wise to establish salt licks somewhere within the limits of the enclosure, thus enticing the deer to use them before work commences. The deer would soon find the licks, and would naturally make their home within the area of their own will. It would also be wise to keep permanent licks in suitable places just outside of the range. Wild deer frequenting them could, after they become accustomed to them, be enticed into the range through a gate placed for that purpose. There are a few deer outside of the range, and for many reasons it seems desirable to capture all of them before they are killed. The rocky hills and mountains with their scant growth of oak timber are better adapted to Columbian black-tailed deer and mule deer than to white-tailed deer, both of which should do well there. Unless the deer in this country feed on the acorns and mesquite grass to a large extent, there does not seem to be enough of their favorite food, or at least of the woody food that constitutes the greater part of their living in the Adirondacks, to support a herd of any great size. Wild Turkeys——Turkeys were once common both in and out- side of the range. A few, not more than one or two flocks at the most, are still on or just outside of the Wichita Forest Preserve. If introduced they would doubtless thrive. 190 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIBIY: WINTER VALLEY. One of the best grazing grounds. Prairie Chickens.—Prairie chickens (either the sharp-tailed grouse or the pinnated grouse) are found on the range, but none were seen by us while riding over it. Bob-White.-—Occasionally bob-whites were flushed, but they were not as common on the range as they were in the cultivated districts just outside, where hunters often bag from 50 to 75 birds a day. English and Mongolian Pheasants.—lf introduced, pheasants should do well. There are several places along Cache and other streams that afford just the kind of cover these birds like. The only drawback to raising prairie chickens, bob-whites, and pheasants is the lack of food. Should the task be undertaken, it would be necessary to plant “ kaffir corn” and other food for them. As soon as a person leaves the confines of the Wichita Reserve he at once finds quail in large numbers, but on the Re- serve, where there is no farming, comparatively few quail were TENTHS ANNUAL REPORT. 191 HIGHEST MOUNTAIN ON THE RANGE. seen. Of course if food crops for birds were raised it would be necessary to fence off the crops from the large game. At Fort Sill Mr. W. H. Quinette and Mr. A. C. Cooper ex- pressed their willingness to start a subscription among the sports- men in that section for the purpose of purchasing pheasants to be liberated on the range. Such a step should not be taken until some provision for feeding the birds has been made, otherwise they would wander beyond the bounds of protection. Kaffir corn is easily raised, and requires little attention. It does not need so much moisture as common corn, and a good crop can be grown in a season when maize would do poorly. DISEASES AND INJURIOUS ANIMALS. Texas Fever—During my stay in Oklahoma I interviewed many old-time plainsmen and Indians. Among them were Charles Goodnight; Ben Clark, the old Government scout who 192 NEW YORK] ZOOLOGICAL (SOCIE® Ye hunted buffalo during the days of Custer’s campaign on the Ca- nadian River; Quannah Parker, Chief of the Comanches; Kiawa Dutch Pennah, a man 80 years old, who had been captured by the Indians when a child, and had lived with them almost con- tinually since then. All of these men had hunted buffalo in the early days—some of them on the very land now being considered for a buffalo range. Although I questioned all of them closely, with but one excep- tion I was unable to learn that buffalo in those days had died of any contagious disease. Mr. Goodnight said that when cattle came into Texas the buffalo died of Texas fever. Aside from this report, all agreed that there were few deaths among the herds outside of the regular mortality among the old bulls and cows, or the very young calves that occasionally died during severe winters. Texas fever is the only questionable point worthy of consid- eration in connection with propagating buffalo in Oklahoma. Just how serious it will prove to be can be told only after the buffalo have been put on the range. There may be ways of treat- ing the buffalo so that they will be immune to the disease. From the time that I arrived at Cache I heard of Texas fever among cattle. Naturally the question arose, “Are buffalo sus- ceptible to Texas fever?” The only way to settle the question was to talk with men who had raised buffalo in or near the fever district. Accordingly, I decided to visit Mr. Charles Goodnight, of Goodnight, Texas, the 101 Ranch at Bliss, Oklahoma, and Major Gordon W. Lillie at Pawnee, Oklahoma. The informa- tion gained from these gentlemen was as follows: While Mr. Goodnight had never lost buffalo from Texas fever, he feels convinced that they are susceptible to it, basing his be- lief on the experience ‘oi others. Mr. (C2 J) Jones ((~ Buieale Jones”) took two of Mr. Goodnight’s buffalo to Sherman, Texas (in the fever district), and they were there just long enough to get the fever, which killed them. On the other hand, Mr. Good- night sent 4 buffaloes to San Antonio, which is also in the fever district, and he thinks they are still living. Mr. Joseph Miller, President of the 101 Ranch at Bliss, bought a herd of buffalo in the fall of 1904. He has never taken buffalo into the fever district. The fever quarantine line is about a mile west of his buffalo pasture, yet Texas fever has not affected his herd. The buffalo that he got in the spring of 1905 he brought from the Allard ranch in Montana, and soon after arriving they began to die, and he had lost 15. They would first refuse to eat, TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 193 stood alone with heads down, and seldom lasted more than two or three days. All of those that died were examined by a Dr. Johnson, of the United States Department of Agriculture, who failed to discover any ticks. He pronounced their death due to “change of alti- tude, excitement of being transferred, and climatic fever.” From Major Gordon W. Lillie (“ Pawnee Bill”) I learned more of Texas fever affecting buffalo than from any other person. Major Lillie says that in 1895 he had with his Wild West Show 7 head of buffalo. He took them on a trip through Texas, en- tered at Dennison, and travelled through Dallas, Temple, and Wahatche, coming out at Shreveport, La. The trip consumed 6 weeks, and all 7 of the buffalo died. They came originally from the Jones herd at Garden City, Kan. The State Veterinarian pro- nounced the cases Texas fever. In 1905 Major Lillie showed within five miles of the Texas line. He had with him five buffaloes. All were taken sick, and two died. His show was about to go into winter quarters, so he hur- ried the three sick ones to Ohio, where, he thinks, the cold weather killed the ticks and saved them. The Ohio State Veterinarian pronounced the disease Texas fever. A taxidermist that exam- ined the skins of the two that died said they were literally covered with ticks. Major Lillie says that cattle die of Texas fever all about Pawnee, some but a few yards from the range in which his buffalo are kept; but his buffaloes in a fenced range at Pawnee have seemed to be immune. Thus far Texas fever has not affected his herd. To his knowledge Colonel Cody lost eight or ten buffaloes during one of his trips through Texas, and Major Lillie is sure that it was Texas fever. The second time that Colonel Cody went to Texas with his show he left all of his buffalo at Guthrie, Okla. From this it will be seen that buffaloes are susceptible to the Texas fever tick. Buffalo have never been kept in the Wichita section of Oklahoma since fever-stricken cattle have been brought there. Cattle die of the fever in this section by the hundreds. It now remains for some of the Government experts on this dis- ease to tell us whether there is any way out of the difficulty. I have stated the facts as I found them and as they were told to me by men of truth and experience. If buffalo are brought to this range Mr. W. H. Quinette, of Fort Sill, an experienced cattle dealer, says that he thinks it advis- able to unload them at Fort Sill and haul them in from there. The danger of the animals becoming infested with the fever ticks 194 NEW) YORI ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: CACHE CREEK. Permanent water supply in buffalo range. would be less than if they were unloaded elsewhere, for the Gov- ernment is careful not to bring infected cattle on the military reserve through which the buffalo would pass. W olves.—Next to Texas fever, the wolf question is of greatest importance. Up to the time that Mr. E. F. Morrissey was ap- pointed Supervisor of the Wichita Forest and Game Reserve wolves had been held in check by the ranchmen and hunters— therefore there were few complaints of cattle being killed. Since then all hunting has been stopped and the wolves have increased, until now they are one of the worst enemies to the cattlemen. On the Reserve alone 72 head of stock had been killed by wolves within the last six months. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 195 Mr. Morrissey estimates that there are probably ten or fifteen wolves on the Reserve. They spend the day among the boulders on the oak-timbered hills and mountains. Sometimes one can be seen sunning himself on a rocky prominence, and as the hunter approaches he “ loafs”” away to the opposite side of the hill, and is soon lost to view in the timber. As evening draws near the wolves leave the rocks and hills and seek the open countries to hunt for stock. They seem more active after rain-storms. As many as four or five have been seen in a bunch, but they usually hunt in pairs. Cattle at once attack a wolf, and while one wolf leads the cattle away the other follows in the rear and picks up any calf or “two-year-old” that has been left behind. After “ hamstringing”’ the animal, the wolf then drags it to the earth by the throat. During one of our trips over the range I saw a wolf as it sneaked out of sight over the mountain. On another occasion we came upon the body of a two-year-old steer that had lately been killed by wolves. Scarcely more than the skin and skeleton re- mained. That wolves will kill game animals, even buffalo calves several months old, there is no question. The wolf in the Okla- homa buffalo range, unless he is exterminated, will take the place of the cougar in the Yellowstone Park. As it now stands, the Wichita Forest Reserve is a breeding ground for wolves and coyotes—consequently it is a breeding ground for discontent among the ranchmen and cattlemen who suffer by their depre- dations. The Government accepts from its private citizens a fee of fifty cents per head for grazing cattle on its lands, yet prohibits the killing of animals that not only feed on the cattle, but depletes its own treasury at the rate of fifty cents a year for each grazing animal killed. There is no more reason for protecting the wolves on the Reserve than there would be in allowing a band of outlaws to live there in peace while they were plundering and murdering the neighboring settlers. Coyotes.—Coyotes, too, are said to be abundant, but I saw many more wolf tracks than coyote tracks. Coyotes not only kill small game, but they will kill young deer as well. Some arrangement should at once be made which would allow coyote and wolf hunts under the leadership of Mr. Morrissey, or of some one appointed by him. Otherwise these animals will become so thick that the dis- contentment of the ranchmen and cattlemen on and outside of the Reserve is apt to cause them to commit acts anything but friendly to the interests of the animals that it is proposed to place there. 196 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The ranchmen are now appealing to Mr. Morrissey for the privi- lege of organizing wolf hunts. He is powerless to grant the permission, yet nothing but good could result from such a hunt, and it should be done now, before the range becomes a game pre- serve. After that, other ways of killing the predatory animals must be adopted. Foxes, Coons, and Skunks.—All of these animals are common. I saw several golden eagles, bald eagles, duck hawks, red-tailed hawks, and marsh hawks. The foxes, raccoons, skunks and duck hawks will destroy large numbers of game birds if they are not held in check. While I am not in favor of attempting to extermi- nate these animals by poisoning them, some protective steps should be taken if the range is to be made a reserve for feathered game. Many trappers would be glad of the opportunity to trap the smaller fur-bearing animals on the range. Rattlesnakes.—Rattlesnakes were common before the miners came into the Reserve, but they have performed the valuable serv- ice of almost exterminating them. It is safe to say, therefore, that there will be few deaths among the animals from snake-bites. Insect Pests.—Black flies, ‘‘ deer-flies,’ and “ heel-flies ”’ con- stitute the insect pests that are apt to affect the game. The black flies and deer-flies are not abundant enough to annoy the game much, but the heel-flies attack the hoofs of the animals and make them restless, thus preventing them from feeding and resting quietly. During the fly season the cattle seek the high country. Poisonous Plants—Poison ivy and poison sumach are abundant all over the timbered portion of the range. There is no “ loco- weed,” but if there was it would not affect the buffalo, as they do not eat it. Soap-Holes, etc.—There are no “ soap-holes, quicksands,” or dangerous spots of similar character on the range. A deep ravine on the west line is the only place where animals could injure themselves, but the chance of such occurrences is small indeed. Prospect Holes——Mr. Morrissey says there is a law in Okla- homa that prohibits filling in prospect holes. There are about twenty bad prospect holes that would have to filled or fenced. Cattle have tumbled into them and been killed, and Mr. Morrissey lost three or four cattle in that way only last summer. Prairie Fires——The possibility of prairie fires is another danger that needs serious consideration. From the last of October until the 1st of April the grass is so luxuriant and dry that it burns like tinder. Prairie fires are of common occurrence. Mr. Morrissey ‘ 9d 66 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 197 has seen fires that would carry brands and set fire to the grass a mile in advance of the main fire. On one occasion he was forced to call upon the troops at Fort Sill for aid, and with their help and the help of the persons living in the vicinity the fire was finally subdued. Unless extreme precautions are taken a fire could—under conditions—sweep the range from one end to the other. Wherever it is possible to work a plough a wide fire guard should be thrown up all around the range, both inside and out. In places too rough or rocky to work a plough the grass must be burnt off frequently. On the outside of the range, also, a wide stretch of land should frequently be burned. It might be advisable to plough fire guards at intervals through the centre of the range. Under the head of “ Labor, etc.,”’ will be found some suggestions on requiring the inhabitants and homesteaders living on or just outside of the range to fight fire. Mr. Morrissey’s method of successfully fighting prairie fires has been by means of “ back fires ” and the use of wet gunny sacks. Large quantities of these sacks should be kept on hand. The care- takers who watch for fires should live at opposite ends of the range, and they should have some means of communication. By far the best system is the telephone, the wire of which could easily run over the fence posts and through the timber. CLIMATE. Inquiries among the old settlers of the region established the fact that, with the exception of last winter, the winters nowa- days are milder than they were during the days when buffalo roamed over the range. Last winter was the severest winter the country has experienced in twenty years. It was particularly hard on cattle. A thick sleet over a fall of snow prevented stock from grazing, and many animals died in consequence. In anticipation of a winter of this kind it seems advisable to lay in a stock of wild hay, which can be cut inside the range, or just beyond its bounds. Grass cut in July will spring up again, and by September is good winter grazing. For the first winter at least the buffalo should be fed on harvested hay in addition to the food they can secure by grazing. Mr. W. H. Quinette, of Fort Sill, can remember when ice fourteen inches thick was harvested in the vicinity. During re- cent years it has seldom frozen more than from four to six inches. Mr. Morrissey reports ice on Cache Creek, close to his house, eight 198 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEIY: inches thick last winter; but during the three previous winters that he has been on the Reserve it did not average over three inches in thickness. The snowfall in a season is light, and it usually melts as fast as it falls. Two or three inches is about the limit, and that which falls seldom remains more than two or three days. It seldom snows before January, and the severest storms come from the northwest. New grass appears about the Ist of April, and by the 1st of May grazing is good, and continues so until August, when it becomes dry. With July comes the first hot weather, and it continues for eight weeks. The mercury at times reaches 118°, with a very slight degree of humidity. During this period the cattle feed on the slopes and tops of the mountains, where there is usually a breeze. There is no excessive rainy season in this region. Labor, etc.—The work of enclosing the range could be carried on at any time of the year. There would be only a few days in winter wherein laborers could not work. During spring and sum- mer it will be difficult to get teams from the immediate vicinity. In the fall and winter all the teams necessary can be hired, with drivers, at $3.00 per day. Daily labor costs $2.00 per day without board, or $1.50 per day with board. In establishing this range everything possible should be done to foster good feeling between the Government and the public. To a large extent this may be done by giving employment to persons living on or near the range. These people should be made to feel that it is to their interest to watch over the animals in the range, and report everything that should be brought to the attention of the forester. Contracts for post-cutting and hauling, post-hole digging, haul- ing the wire, etc., should be given to responsible white men and Indians living near the range. At the time these men are hired there should be an understanding with the employees to the effect that as long as they live within reach should their services be required at any time to fight fire or help in any other emergency they are to do so without pay. They should be assured that their employment in the future will depend largely upon the manner in which they observe this agreement. Mr. Morrissey has an agree- ment similar to this with the people living near him, and has sev- eral times used it to good advantage. While it might seem advis- able to pay for services of this character, a second thought will at once convince one that it might also be unwise. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 199 CARETAKERS, It is quite essential that there should be one man living on the range besides the Forester, if for no other reason than the moral effect it will have on the community. The caretakers would also be required to watch for and fight prairie fires, keep up the fence, cut hay for winter use, cut water-holes through the ice in winter, keep the drinking troughs clean, dig out springs, and, in fact, do the hundred and one little things that are constantly arising when least expected. It is not absolutely necessary that the men in charge of the range should be experienced in raising buffalo. After the buffalo have been put on the range and are permanently settled the less they are herded and driven about the better it will be for the breeding cows. Outside of salting them occasionally and feed- ing with hay in severe winters they will need no more care than their ancestors, who would now be roaming the plains in thou- sands had they simply been left alone. If the Texas-fever difficulty can be overcome and no unforeseen calamity appears, judging from the breeding experiences of buf- falo raisers both east and west, there is reason to believe that the buffaloes placed on the proposed buffalo range in Oklahoma will in a reasonable time become one of the largest herds in existence. PUBLIC SENTIMENT. Every one that I talked with, both white men and Indians, took great interest in the prospect of a portion of the Wichita Forest Reserve becoming a buffalo range. Several old Indians could not suppress their delight at the thought of again seeing buffalo roaming over the plains of Oklahoma. Quannah Parker, Chief of the Comanches, has a fine ranch just off the Reserve. When I questioned him regarding the buffaloes in the early days, and told him that President Roosevelt was deeply interested in buffalo preservation, he replied: ‘ Tell the President that the buffalo is my old friend, and it would make my heart glad to see a herd once more roaming about Mount Scott.” With an eye to business another old Indian, “ Sankadody,” followed me out of the agency where, through an interpreter, I had been carrying on a conversation with him, and said confi- dentially, in broken English, “ Mabeso me, my son, cut post; haul post, my horse; you, my post-office write, Mr. Scott.” Charles Goodnight, Joseph Miller, President of the 1o1 Ranch, 200 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, and Major Gorden W. Lillie (“ Pawnee Bill), of Pawnee, Okla- homa, all expressed their willingness to assist the movement in any way possible, and during my visits with them did everything in their power to assist me. Courtesies—The Supervisor of the Wichita Forest and Game Reserve, Mr. E. F. Morrissey, and his wife made my stay at their house a most enjoyable one. They would not consent to my stay- ing at Cache, which would have meant to me a ride of twelve miles every morning and evening. Irom the start Mr. Morrissey entered into the inquiry with an interest and will that was indeed most helpful. He knew every foot of the ground and every stone that marked the corners of the sections. As soon as he understood what sort of a range was wanted he was able to put me on the ground without delay. He spent four days with me in the saddle. On the fifth day, when he was obliged to go to Lawton in discharge of his duties, and I rode over the range alone to map out certain mountains and streams, I then realized the full extent of Mr. Morrissey’s knowledge and cooperation. My thanks are also due Mr. Charles Goodnight, Mr. Joseph Miller, and Major Gordon C. Lillie, all of whom did everything they could to further investigations. To Mr. A. €. Cooper, of Fort Sill, 1 am indebted for kand attentions. He went with me to the Indian Agent at Anadarko, and through him I met many experienced cattlemen, old-time buf- falo hunters, and scouts, gathering from them much valuable in- formation, all of which has been embodied in this report. NOTE. The map that Mr. George M. Beerbower, the Zoological So- ciety’s engineer, has made of the Reserve, is accurate as far as the boundary lines and the character of the country about them is concerned. Mr. Morrissey went with me over that ground and noted on the map many of the features that are shown. The mountains, hls, valleys, and coulees of the interior, however, were mapped by me when it was not possible for him to be there. It is of course to be understood that we had no time to make sur- veys with instruments of precision, and in mapping details were guided by the section monuments. Respectfully submitted, J. ALDEN LorINc. Owego, N. Y., Feb. 1, 1906. PES DAMO MOOSE: By HARLOW BROOKS, M.D. ADISON GRANT, in his article concerning the range of the moose,* mentions the appearance of this animal in southeastern Idaho. Except for this widely quoted, though brief description, I have been unable to find any account of the Idaho moose based on actual observation of the animal, which as Mr. Grant states, differs very materially from the ordinary moose of Canada and the northeastern portion of the United States. Since it has been my privilege to have spent some nine weeks in the country frequented by this moose I have, at the suggestion of Prof. H. F. Osborn and Mr. Grant, undertaken to record my observations, though in a very amateurish way, in the hope that I may add some small portion to the sum total of our knowledge concerning the most magnificent member of our native deer. Throughout this report I shall constantly compare the Idaho moose with the animal as it is found in eastern Canada and Maine. As my previous experience has been gained chiefly in Ontario and Quebec my standard of comparison doubtless adheres most closely to the moose found in these localities. The Idaho moose are found in southeastern Idaho and in the southwestern part of the Yellowstone Park, in the territory com- prised between the eleventh auxiliary meridian on the west and the Fall or Cascade Creek on the east. Their present range does not extend beyond the southern branch of the Warm River on the north and the Big Robinson on the south, though formerly they were found as far south as the Jackson’s Hole Country and east of the North Fork of the Snake River in Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. For the past ten years their range has become more and more restricted until they are now seen in large numbers only on a table- land locally known as the Big Black Mountain or Moose Moun- tain. Though occasionally stray moose are found several miles from this tract, the fact that this is but rarely the case indicates * Seventh Report, New York State Forest, Fish, and Game Commission. 202 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. that the habits of this moose, which is ordinarily notorious for the size of its range, differ very materially from those of the ordinary moose. The area in which these animals are now found barely measures ten miles in diameter, though the surrounding territory is equally uninhabited, and in many places apparently offers good food and cover closely approximating that selected from choice by the eastern moose. Moose Mountain is a table-land rising from 800 to 1,500 feet above the bottom of the surrounding canons. The longest diam- eter lies north and south and is about two miles in length, while the breadth is one mile. The mountain is half in the Yellowstone Park and half in the Idaho Forest Reserve. On the western side the Little Robinson Creek rises and from the southern and eastern faces small canon streams flow into the Big Robinson. The sur- rounding country in general closely resembles the foothills of the Rocky Mountains throughout Idaho and Wyoming, The coun- try is drained by the Warm River and by the Big and Little Rob- inson Creeks, all of which empty into the North Fork of the Snake River. The altitude of the cafion beds is about 6,000 feet and the highest of the hills rise to 7,000 or 8,000 feet. The topography is much broken, and there are no flats or prairies of any consider- able size. Except in the spring the country is very dry, and water is found only in the widely separated streams and in the Big and Little Robinsons. These watercourses are confined to canons, mostly narrow and rocky, often with very precipitous sides. The larger of these gulches measure from 100 to 300 yards in width, but the sides are always broken, steep, and usually almost devoid of vegetation, except for scattering bunches of sage brush or a few scrubby pines. The floors of most of the wider cafions show a sparse growth of “ buffalo grass,’ but where the streams have broadened out, so as to irrigate considerable patches of ground, grass grows lux- uriantly from early spring until the snow falls. Natural marsh- land is very scarce, but owing to beaver dams, for beaver are quite plentiful, there are considerable areas of artificial marsh backing into the side canons; in these, rushes and an abundance of succu- lent grass and water-lilies are to be found. Between the North Fork and the Warm River there are considerable tracts of natural slough in which lilies and rushes grow abundantly, as in Cal’s Lake and Duck Pond. Notwithstanding the fact that moose oc- casionally wander into this country, otherwise entirely uninhabited, I have never seen evidence of their using these ponds for feeding purposes, though they sometimes go to them for water. LENT ANNUAL REPORT 203 MOOSE MOUNTAIN. Showing character of country and a popular feeding ground. Except in some of the cafion beds, where dirt has been washed down by the action of rain and snow to the depth of from a few inches to a foot or so, there is little soil in the district. The rock 204 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. GULLY LEADING INTO MAIN CANON. This ravine is used frequently by moose coming down to water. is practically all igneous, a good deal of obsidian is present, and in places, particularly along the canon sides, the rock is arranged in typical basaltic columns. Very little granite is found except for occasional bowlders which lie in the river beds. The country apparently used by the moose is along the tops and sides of the foothills. The lower hills are covered by a growth of inferior pine, mostly scrubby and low, or where this has been burned off by old forest fires it is replaced by a thick tangle of bull-pine. The tops of the higher mountains are for the greater part naked, except for a few scattering weather-beaten pines. The sides of the less precipitous mountains, and in places the tops as well, show patches of bayberry bush and a good deal of quaking asp, interspersed with thickets of bull-pine. Lower down, where the sides of the mountain are not too precipitous, a growth of larger pine is found extending into the canons. The bayberry and quaking asp are seen only well up on the sides or on the tops of the mountains. The declivities are marked by rocky gullies, which become of considerable size before they break into the main canon. The lower levels often show a considerable growth of the low blue- TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 205 CANON OF BIG ROBINSON berry bush. The spring holes are commonly found well up on the sides of the mountains and are surrounded by quaking asp and usually a few willows. Willow, as a rule, is not seen in the cafion beds about the watercourses, except where old beaver workings are found. 206 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIBDYN: The favorite range of the moose, in so far as I can determine from the statements of sportsmen, ranchers, and prospectors who have frequented this country, is apparently the southeastern slope of Moose Mountain, which lies within the Park. Though their range is now less extensive than formerly, the numbers of moose are increasing, doubtless due largely to the protection afforded by the National Park and by the complete close season which the laws of Idaho have recently established. One has no difficulty in seeing specimens if ordinary caution is practised, for the nature of the country makes the detection of the animal considerably easier than in the moose ranges of Canada. The animals are small, the three living specimens which I saw have not averaged over 500 to 650 pounds in weight, and judging from the heads of the five other animals taken from this district which I have seen this is not far below the average weight of the adult animal. The color differs very materially from that of the eastern moose. The Idaho moose are dark, almost black over the back, sides, and neck, while the belly, the inside surface of the legs, and the entire leg below the knee are dark gray, sometimes with a brownish cast. During the spring and summer the color gen- erally becomes lighter, but never as much so or as brown as the Canadian moose. The animals, as a rule, have a well-formed “ bell,” either in the shape of a long cylindrical appendage or as a heavy and pendulous “ dew-lap”’; the latter being apparently more charac- teristic of the older animals. The head does not differ materially from that of the eastern moose except in matters of color and size. As a rule, however, the nose seems less heavy, and the size of the head, as com- pared to the body, less massive; this may, however, be due to the very deficient antler development which all these animals show. Of the nine heads which I have either seen or regarding which I have secured accurate information only two show any attempt at palmation. Of these nine heads, three were those of young animals, but the others were adult or old specimens. The two heads which presented palmation showed it only in very slight degree, the blade of the largest not exceeding the breadth or size of a man’s hand. From the statements of reliable pioneers and prospectors who have been familiar with these animals for the last thirty years, I feel justified in stating that palmation is rarely present, and never reaches a size which in any way ap- proximates that seen in the eastern moose. As a rule the antlers, ASOOW AO HONVA AGIHO GNV AULNNAOD ONIGNNOWANAS ONIMOHS ‘MOHLAV AX dVW HOLANS vanes ere “7 i x »> \\ wey I ! | | ( 4 I t ( A re 1 sq. Spier mernntth 2, \ w > 3 208 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. even of adult animals, consist only of the anterior spikes, usually two, three, or four in number. The spread of the widest specimen seen by me did not exceed 75 cm. I have received an account of an adult bull, killed near the North Fork fifteen years ago during the month of September, which showed no antler development. I am somewhat sceptical, however, in regard to the accuracy of this observation. The antlers are apparently dropped during January. The new growth begins during March or April, and the recent antlers remain covered with the skin until September or early October, when they begin to peel. The body presents few variations from that seen in the eastern animal except that it is perhaps relatively somewhat shorter. No gross variations in myology or osteology are apparent. The feet differ quite materially from those of the eastern moose, so much so that the tracks might easily be mistaken for those of some other animal by one familiar with the ordinary moose only. The hoofs are relatively longer, more lanceolate, and as a rule the points are more acute. In walking even on soft ground the hoofs do not spread widely, as do those of the Canadian animal, and the imprint of the ‘“ dew-claws”’ is less fre- quently seen. The size of the hoof in proportion to the animal bulk also seems to be less. Tracks of 10 to 12 cm. in breadth by 13 to 14 cm. in length are considered to be of large size among these animals. In general, the tracks of an unusually large animal in Idaho would about equal that of a small or medium-sized moose in Ontario or Quebec. The hoofs are jet black in color as a rule. As in the Canadian animal some of the specimens have a tuft of slightly greenish hair in the cleft of the hoof. The spongy portion of the foot is more firm and highly keratinized than usual, and even the softer heel pads are sharply corrugated and very hard. Taken as a whole one cannot but be impressed with the idea that this hoof is particularly well adapted for the rock climbing which characterizes this variety of moose. Though I have dissected but five eastern moose, and do not therefore feel very well qualified to judge as to anatomical facts in regard to this Idaho moose, it appears to me that the viscera in the two specimens which I have dissected show no more than a normal amount of variation in form and arrangement. The Idaho moose differs chiefly in its altered habitat and mode of life. Though, as has been shown in the description of the country in which these animals are seen, range and food mate- rials closely resembling those familiar to the eastern moose are TEND ANNUAL REPORT: 209 found in this country, the animal frequents, evidently by choice, high and rocky land. This cannot be on account of disturbance by man or wolves, since neither is present in any considerable numbers in the low marshy country adjacent to the home of these moose. The animals range along the sides and tops of the mountains, far above the level frequented by the elk; and their tracks are found mingled with those of the mule deer, which are fairly numerous in this country. The moose descend by necessity to the canon beds for water unless there are springs on the moun- tain sides, in which case they appear to be the watering places of choice. I have often traced the tracks to the rivers, sometimes in marshy places, and have found that after drinking they re- turned directly to the mountains, only very rarely feeding along the banks of the streams, even though willow bushes may be fairly abundant in these spots. They seem to come down for drink for the most part early in the morning or late in the after- noon after sundown. Apparently they can go for a long time without water, a fact very easily demonstrated in a country so scantily supplied with water as is this section of the Rocky Mountains. I have carefully searched the bottoms of the canons for evi- dence of feeding or beds, but rarely with success. “Nearly all the tracks seen were clearly those of travelling animals which came to the stream with the definite purpose of securing water and immediately returning to higher ground. The favorite drinking places about Moose Mountain are Moose Spring, a shallow bog hole, and the Hidden Spring, both of which are situated high up on the mountainside. From an examination of the stomach the food appears to con- sist entirely of twigs, chiefly quaking asp and bayberry ; but occa- sionally willow and segments and berries of a species of sumach are found. I did not find grass, rushes, or lily pads in the stomach, nor have I ever seen evidence of cropping of these plants where they exist in close proximity to the moose haunts. The favorite feeding time seems to be between sunrise and about Ir A.M., though I have run across them eating in the early after- noon. In feeding, the animals seem to favor the open parks or spaces where the bayberry and quaking asp grow, and where an unin- terrupted view of the surrounding country can be obtained, though there are patches of this growth mingled with pine and heavy timber. 210 NEW, YORK ZOOLOGICAL S OCIEAY: In going to and from the feeding grounds and into the cafions for water these moose strangely select rocky passes and gullies rather than the wooded and gentler declines. Oneoften finds them choosing for their trails routes which seem impassable for an animal of the size and build of this moose. Perhaps it suffices to say that they go by preference where a well-shod and trained western horse cannot be driven. In one case I watched a young moose come down to water and return, deliberately selecting the steep dry bed of a narrow and rocky gully, though on either side there was a gentle slope covered by open timber. Their agility in climbing over bowlders and in going down steep de- clines and through narrow passages is almost incredible. They are rapid travellers, usually walking, increasing to a fast, awk- ward lope when alarmed. I do not think that they travel either so frequently or so far during the night as do the Canadian moose. The beds are usually found either in the low brush where the moose have been feeding, generally in some open place, or in small dense thickets of pine near the summit or high up on the mountainside. In general intelligence the animals appear to equal the Ca- nadian moose, with which I have had experience. By still hunt- ing one has the greatest difficulty in approaching them, but they seem to be frightened more by the scent than by the sight of man, and they occasionally exhibit the most amusing curiosity. We followed a band of three, a cow, bull, and yearling calf, for nearly a week, and though we did our best we were unable to get a fair sight of them. We took special care that they should not get our scent, and they stayed in the locality throughout the entire week. Several times I was convinced that they saw us, and from the location and character of their tracks I am certain that they purposely watched us through the greater part of one day while we were tracking them. Judging from the trail, when they finally got our “ wind” they made off for the Yellowstone Park in great haste and did not return to their regular haunts while we remained in the country. On the contrary, a single bull stayed for over five days within a mile of our camp of four people and seven horses. One night, evidently attracted by curi- osity, he came within a few yards of camp. This animal was subsequently found to be a well-developed adult which had been summering in this locality. One day at 10.30 in the morning a young bull came down from the mountain directly into our canon, evidently making for the horses, of which he appeared to have no TENTH ANNUALS REPORT 211 fear; but when he discovered us he slowly walked away, occa- sionally stopping tolook back at us; he expressed no signs of haste or fear. The old hunters, however, speak of them as ordinarily very wary and difficult to stalk. They are evidently unfamiliar with man, though accustomed to horses, and will often follow horse trails to water holes. These moose often travel in small groups, and several times we have seen their trails with those of bands of elk, though they are rarely found in the country generally preferred by elk (wapiti). The period of “rut” appears to be somewhat earlier than among the Canadian animals, and takes place between the Ist of September and the 1st of October. In so far as I have been able to learn the animals seldom or never “call.” Though I have spent upward of nine weeks in their country from the last of August into October I have never heard either the cow or bull give “tongue,” while old hunters familiar with the country and these animals tell me that they have never heard a moose “ call,’ and most of them are very sceptical in regard to a call being given by any moose. Apparently at least, they do not answer to the arti- ficial “* call” as do certain of the Canadian animals, though I am not positive in regard to this, since I cannot profess to be at all expert in calling moose. I am told that the young are dropped in May, but my knowl- edge on this point is entirely hearsay. The calves stay with the cow for a full season, and not infrequently one finds a cow attended in the fall by two calves, one a yearling and the other born that spring. During the winter they remain about Moose Mountain, where the snowfall is not particularly heavy and where the tops of the mountains are often swept clear enough of the snow to permit them to secure sufficient food. They apparently do not yard-up during the winter. A great deal of my information regarding these animals has been corroborated or secured in conversations with the sports- men, ranchers, and prospectors of this country, and especially from Dr. Sharp and Mr. Caleson, two well-known sportsmen of Salt Lake, and from Bishop A. C. Wilson, of Marysville, Idaho, who has lived in Fremont County for the past sixteen years, and has frequently hunted and prospected in the mountains inhabited by these moose. It seems to me most probable that these animals are closely re- lated to those living farther north in the Canadian Rockies. Mr. 212 NEW, “YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: Grant describes the moose of the Canadian Rockies as having smaller antlers and being much darker in color than the moose of eastern Canada. In point of habitat those animals also appear more closely to approximate the Idaho animal, but reports as to their size class them as distinctly larger than the mountain moose of the United States. Certainly these two types approach each other more closely than either one does the moose of the east. It seems to me that the moose which I have given an account of here differs quite materially from the animal of the Bitter Root Mountains (as described by Roosevelt in “ The Wilderness Hunter”), particularly in antler development, size, and food selection, though not in its mountainous characteristics. I have no doubt but that the Idaho moose is in reality specifically identical in origin with the eastern moose, but that this small group of animals, now widely separated from others of their kind, have inbred extensively, thus tending to accentuate any peculiarities which may have existed in the immediate progenitors. This fact and the manifestly unfavorable habitat have resulted in a moose of smaller size and less perfect development in every re- spect, and particularly in regard to the largely ornamental ant- lers. I look upon the variation in the shape of the hoof as highly characteristic of these animals, due doubtless to the altered demands resulting from the widely different character of the country over which they travel. That this modification is not entirely the result of the hoof being worn down by contact with the rock is apparently indicated by the fact that even on soft or marshy turf the foot does not spread as do those of the eastern moose, but is held much more compact. I do not think that this animal is entitled to sub-specific rank, an opinion indorsed also by Mr. Grant, but it does seem to me that it illustrates very well the alterations in even primary at- tributes which the moose may undergo when forced to live for a considerable time in isolated groups under more or less un- favorable surroundings. DESCRIPTION OF YOUNG BULL MOOSE. Apparent age three years, September 2oth. The animal is a small, short, well-developed moose, evidently about three years of age. It differs from the Canadian moose in certain particulars, especially as regards size and coloration. LENDEH VANNUAL REPORT: Ae HEAD OF YOUNG BULL MOOSE The sides and the superior aspect of the head and nose are dark gray, almost black in color, and the back is marked by a central band, 3 to 8 cm. in breadth, of slightly lighter, dark grizzly hair. The external surfaces of the thighs and legs are dark, but the internal surfaces of the extremities and the entire lower shanks are grayish white, in sharp contrast to the dark sides. In general the coloration is much darker than that of the Canadian moose taken at any time of the year. The hair is coarse, but thick and well set over the sides; it averages from 4 to 6 cm. in length, while that over the hump meas- ures 15.5 cm. The animal is characterized by its short barrel, pronounced hump, and its generally less ponderous appearance as compared with the eastern moose. Estimated weight, 400 to 500 pounds. The “bell” is long, cylindrical, and very dark in color. The tail is short and the bone extends to its very end. The head is proportionately less heavy than in the ordinary moose, and the nose is distinctly less flat. The antlers are small and rudimentary. The right presents only a two-pronged anterior extension, the anterior branch meas- uring from tip to its insertion in the skull 34 cm., and the posterior, similarly measured, 33.5 cm. Both antlers present at their base 214 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY the usual nodular projections, but without the slightest indica- tion of palmation. The left antler presents three prongs; the two outer branches correspond with those on the right, while the other is centrally situated. The tip of the forward prong is slightly broken and measures 31 cm. in length. The middle branch measures 23 cm. and the last or posterior spike 33 cm. Greatest spread of antlers from tip to the most extreme tip, 62 cm. There is absolutely no palmation indicated on either side. The skin is mostly eroded from the horns, though they are still somewhat soft, particularly at the tips, for a few shreds are still attached to either horn, principally near the bases. Distance between antlers at their insertion, 18 cm. Circumference of left antler at insertion, 18 cm. ; of right antler, 19 cm. GENERAL MEASUREMENTS. Total length from tip of tail over back, hump, base of skull, and nose to mucous membrane of TIPDEr, GhPranekc aes oae wtise Coors neers ae 210)! ) | Circumference of foreleg at humero-ulnar artic- TT ET EGY oi tae mare e nh ten el Aoai eC ot aoe een eae ZBOSSC ma Circumference of fore shoulder at juncture with WOGhiyarrn tras criersens ere eR eet Seep ee rt Som. le Circumference of rear extremity at femoro-tibial AmbiCulatiOny coisas ere Wee ruth eee ees AZ Circumference rear shoulder at juncture with | DYOXG ian Reece eas ern Cicer hc Ne peR Ps RR eect ee 94.5 “ The hoofs are jet black in color and are notably more pointed than in the ordinary moose. MEASUREMENTS OF HOOFS. Anterior Hoof. Greatest hwidthip. eur. % yo cei as eis a ote ares 9.7 cm. Greatest tenet ati. har ske eokyote eet Teen Dewaclayw7 tombaseohnOOkes sae core a Oye pias Posterior Hoof. Greatest: width= antes cists eee gas Seale o oeie © cm. Greatesbilenetlivs crak wan sma khs oe i Sew Deweclaw to ase OipMOOts err ciyr- re -iita On The skeletal myology shows no obvious alteration. The omentum is long, extending over the entire abdominal con- tents and deep into the pelvis. It is moderately rich in fat. Both omentum and intestinal mesentery show numerous hemolymph glands in addition to the usual lymph nodes. The stomach and intestinal coils present no anatomical pecul- larities. The rumen is found to be completely filled with lacerated leaves and twigs of bayberry, quaking asp, and willow, the latter only in small amount; a few berries and leaves of a species of sumach are also present. Some of the twigs are of considerable size, measuring as much as 6 cm. in length and 5 to 6 mm. in diameter. The reticulum is similarly filled with the same food particles, but more finely comminuted and mixed with considerable water. The omasum similarly contains a more divided food materia! of the same character. 216 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, The material contained in the abomasum is very finely com- minuted, mixed with mucus, and shows well-marked digestive changes. The entire material present in the stomach was carefully exam- ined without finding any materials aside from those mentioned. The kidneys are large, perfectly normal in appearance, each weighing approximately twelve ounces. Eight pyramids are pres- ent in each organ. The internal genitals present nothing notable. The spleen is large; it is attached by its internal surface to the wall of the rumen. Approximate weight fourteen ounces. The liver has an approximate weight of five pounds. The lungs present no anatomical deviations; the right presents three lobes and the left two. The heart has an approximate weight of three pounds. It pre- sents no anatomical peculiarities. The anatomical findings in this animal are practically identical with those of a previous specimen which I dissected some time ago. In this instance the animal was evidently a young adult, probably four or five years old. The antlers showed absolutely no indication of palmation, and presented four prongs on one side and five on the other. The spread was not measured, but approxi- mated about 70 cm. Jn coloration and general form this animal closely resembled the one described above. PHOTOGRAPH 1.—ASCENDING GOAT CREEK MOUNTAIN GOAT HUNTING WITH THE CAMERA. WITH OBSERVATIONS ON OTHER MAMMALS OF SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA. By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. N August, 1905, I visited the Crow’s Nest Pass region of southern British Columbia on the Elk River, which drains the western slopes of the Canadian Rockies, Lat. 50° north, Long. 115° west. The exact locality is in East Kootenay, 74 miles north of the international boundary and 88 miles east of the Kootenay Lake. One of my chief objects was to observe and if possible photo- graph the animal which is popularly known as the Mountain Goat because of its purely superficial resemblance to the domes- ticated goat. For this purpose I took a Graflex Tourist camera, 218 NEW “YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEDY: PHOTOGRAPH 2.—THE LINE FOLLOWED BY THE HERD. I. Six goats browsing at 12.30 P.M. 2. Goat standing guard 2.30 P.M. 3. Four goats appearing at top of cliff. 4. Edge of cliff where first and second series of photographs were taken. 5. Niche in cliff where third series of photographs were taken. 6. Snow-bank on ascending trail. 7. Summit of trail where goats disappeared. 4X 5 plate, with a Goerz Series III, No. 2 lens, provided with a shutter capable of 1,000-second exposure, and film packs. I owed the selection of the country to the advice of Mr. Hornaday and the cooperation of his friend Mr. John M. Phillips, who has hunted and photographed in this region for several years, and through whom I secured the expert guidance of Mr. Charles L. Smith and Mr. R. M. Norboe, both trappers and hunters of many years’ experience. On August 29th, during the first five minutes’ survey after reaching the summit north of Goat Creek—a small western tribu- tary of the Elk—Mr. Smith directed my attention to a herd of six goats. This was the introduction to one of those rare pieces of good fortune which occasionally delight the naturalist. It occurred at 11.30 A.M., and between that hour and 5.30 p.m. I was able through continued good fortune to photograph these animals eighteen times. The photographs I consider only fairly success- ful, but they serve to illustrate a series of observations of the TENTH ANNUAL REPORT: 219 behavior of these animals when protecting themselves and travel- ling out of the country. This experience forms the chief subject of this article, and it may be introduced by a few words on the environment of these animals, geographical and zoological, and then upon their struc- ture. The elevations are from 4,000 to 10,000 feet above sea-level. The summers are short, moderately warm, and dry. The winters are long, moderately cold, with a heavy snowfall. The originally heavy forests of spruce and jack-pine have been largely destroyed by forest fires, undoubtedly disturbing the natural faunal condi- tions considerably. The active Carnivora, such as the puma and wolves, are rare. The goats mainly keep in the region at and above the timber line, where they are comparatively safe; but they also stray down to the lower streams, and we observed a mother and kid on the cliffs above Fording River, but little above the level of Elk River. Zoologically, this parallel and district is extremely interesting as a neutral zone inhabited by both northern, boreal, and south- ern animals. Among these, the goat and the caribou are near their southerly limits; while the puma or cougar is near its northerly limits. REPRESENTATIVE MAMMALS OF THIS REGION. As this entire country is underlaid with valuable coal mines, and is rapidly being settled, the wild animals will inevitably be driven out, although it must be said that the game laws are admirable and that they are respected and enforced. Notes on the existing animals will in time be valuable. I owe the following chiefly to my guide Charles L. Smith, who is endowed with excep- tional keenness as an observer, and has all the finer instincts of the naturalist. The list has been studied and a number of points added by my friend Director W. T. Hornaday, who followed me into this country. I am also indebted to Prof. J. A. Allen and Mr. W. K. Gregory for revising the list. RODENTIA. Among the Rodentia the beavers (Castor canadensis), which are now being protected, are again increasing in numbers. The yellow-haired porcupine (Erethizon epixanthum) is fairly abun- dant. The gray- and yellow-legged marmots (Marmota pru- nosa) are numerous. Rats and mice are present in endless vari- 220 NEW YORK, ZOOLOGICAL SOCIET ¥;: ety, among them the mountain rat (Neotoma [Teonoma] cinerea drummondi), attaining the size of the wharf rat, with a bushy and well-furred tail. The squirrels include the pine or chick- aree squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus richardsom) and the ground squirrel (Tamias quadrivittatus affinis). Among the chipmunks is an extremely small variety known as the buff-bellied chipmunk (Eutamias luteiventris, Allen), which is found on the tributaries of the Elk and Bull rivers up to the timber line. The Columbia River ground-squirrel (Citellus columbianus, Ord) is very com- mon throughout southeastern British Columbia, and is dug out of its burrows at timber line and consumed by the grizzly bear as a very welcome food item. It is known locally as the “ gopher.” There are also the varying hares (Lepus americanus bairdi), the gophers (Thomomvys sp.), and the especially interesting “ chief hare” (Lagomys [Ochotona| princeps). Smith called my atten- tion to the little piles of plants which these animals were curing before taking into their burrows for their winter supply. INSECTIVORA. Among the Insectivora the water shrews (Neosorex navigator) are abundant. The most notable form is the dry-land shrew (Sorex obscurus), an extremely small animal about 2% inches fo in head and body length, or 4% in total length; a meat eater, and an enemy of the trapper because it destroys the bait in traps. CARNIVORA. The enemies of these smaller animals are chiefly among the Mustelide, which have been largely eliminated for their fur. The vertical distribution from the stream levels to the high goat and sheep country is the point of chief interest. Of these, beginning with the smallest, we find the ermine and the weasel. The ermine (Putorius [Arctogale] longicaudus), assuming a pure white coat in winter with a black tip on the tail, is noteworthy from the fact that the males are much larger than the females, appearing almost like a different species in point of size. The weasel (P. cicognanti | Bonaparte’s weasel]) is distributed from the level of the streams to far above the timber line, living chiefly on mice. Just over the summit of the Rockies is the larger, true mink (Putorius [Lutreola| vison), with longer and more bushy tail. These mink feed partly on crawfish, their habitat being along the streams only. The mink (Putorius [Lutreola| vison), Fic. A—SOLE OF GOAT’S FOOT. (One-half Natural Size.) Fic. B—SIDE VIEW OF GOAT’S FOOT. (One-half Natural Size.) 222 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEIN. next to the marten in size, is quite common. It is locally known as the “ cotton mink” or “ cotton-tail mink,’ with a tail of me- dium length, hair short instead of bushy, with short and very thick fur in winter. Its hunt- ™ ing ground is in thick green timber and along the ‘streams, and it as almost as much of a water animal as the beaver, being a great fish catcher. The otter (Lutra can- adensis) is now quite rare on the Elk River, and is exclusively a fish eater. First Series, Photograph 3. The pine martens (Mustela americana abi- etinoides) vary in color from a light buff to a dark chocolate brown with gray hair scattered along the back and tail or with a white tail tip. The brown and pale forms predominate; the dark ones, of highest commercial value, constituting not over five per cent of the whole number. Feeding on birds and small mammals from the grouse to the mouse, their range is mostly in the dark spruces just below the timber line. The fisher (Mustela pennanti) 1s very rare. Smith has ob- served only one on the Bik River Sandi ina. 3 few cases the tracks of others. Strictly contra- ry to its popular name, it is a dry land, moun- tain-living animal, never approaching the water, never burrowing in banks and near streams, but living in hollow trees or old stumps. It is a Seat thee sclimben wats very sharp claws being First Series, Photograph 3a. quite as useful in climb- ing as in catching prey. In size it is halfway between the wolver- ine and marten, with dark brown back and sides. Its food con- TENTH ANNUAL REPORT: 223 sists principally of rabbits, grouse, and squirrels. As compared with the wolverine it shows little cunning in avoiding traps, being very curious and having a voracious appetite. It was, therefore, probably exterminated very early by the trappers, but there is no evidence that it ever has been really plentiful. On the Pacific Coast in 1873 this animal was fairly abundant; even then seven or eight skins secured with marten traps would constitute a good winter’s catch. The wolverine (Gulo luscus) is the greatest enemy of the trapper. It is extremely cautious about traps, skilfully approach- ing and removing both the bait and the animal captured by the trap. It will remove a trapped marten, take it off some distance, bury it in the snow and foul the surface. It is a great traveller, following a line of traps, backward and forward, out of reach and out of sight of the trapper. It can be caught only by a very skilful combination of traps, one of which is used as a decoy. The puma (Felis concolor) is rare here, and is not found farther north. A few have been taken on White River. The maximum length is seven and a half to eight feet over all. Smith secured one in 1904 near the Sulphur Pool in Elk River Valley. Another was killed on Pass Creek near Smith’s cabin. Tracks are occasion- ally observed on Pass Creek and on the White River. The Ca- nadian lynx (Lynx canadensis) is more abundant, ranging as far to the south as Colville River in Washington. It is also found to the south, especially in the White River country and in the foot- hills of the east side of the neighboring Rockies. Among the larger Carnivora the Canide are represented by scattered coyotes (Canis latrans), the very rare gray or timber wolves (Canis occidentalis). The Urside are represented by the black and grizzly bears. PECORA. The buffalo (Bison bison) were formerly in this country, and at one time even in this valley, as proved by a skull found near Smith’s ranch in the valley of the Elk River. The last of the herd in this region were, however, exterminated in 1886 on the plains of Alberta. The deer family were originally represented by the moose, the wapiti, the caribou, the mule deer, the white-tail deer, the mountain sheep, and the mountain goats. The moose (Alces americanus) are practically gone from this country. The last one seen by Smith was in 1901. Caribou of 224 NEWs YORIG ZOOLOGICAL S SOCIEMN. First Series, Photograph 4. the mountain type (Rangifer montanus) are found on the head of the St. Mary’s River, a tributary of the Kootenay, ranging west to the Okanaga Valley and then north. St. Mary’s River is prob- ably their southern range. The wapiti or elk (Cervus canadensis), formerly abundant, are now comparatively rare. About a hundred scattered individuals are still ranging on the Elk, Bull, and White tributaries of the Kootenay River, wintering in the lower valleys of the Bull and Elk and on the Steel Fork of the White River. The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are about three times as numerous as the wapiti and cover about the same range. They are fairly abun- dant. The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus macrourus) are confined to the lower valleys of the White and Elk rivers in summer. They winter on the Kootenay River from Fort Steele to the Montana boundary. The mountain sheep (Ovis cervina) are distributed from the extreme head-waters of the Elk River through the Kanaskis Pass south to the head of the Flathead River. Their chief ranges are (1) on the Fording River, four miles west of the continental divide; (2) also on Sheep Mountain bordering Pass Creek, about fifteen miles farther south; (3) also south of Crow’s Nest Pass, overlooking the railroad and about twenty miles north of Fort Steele. There are probably about ENTE ANNUAL REPORT. 225 First Series, Phetograph 5 200 head of mountain sheep in this country altogether. The largest pair of horns known to Mr. Smith was secured by Mr. John M. Phillips, the circumference being 18!4 inches at the base when first killed. Unlike the deer, these sheep have their winter and summer ranges within two or three miles of the same local- ities. MOUNTAIN GOAT. With the possible exception of the mountain sheep none of these animals compete with the mountain goat (Oreamnos mon- tanus). Sheep and goats do not generally occupy the same moun- tain tops. Certain mountains are celebrated for sheep, others for goats. From the Elk Valley Smith notes that the goats range a short distance south of the Montana line, west to the Selkirks, southward into northern Idaho and northern Washington. They are very abundant in the mountains surrounding the headwaters of the Kootenay, White, Bull, Elk rivers. Among the young, Smith observes two kinds; one snow-white with very fine wool, the other kind with dark brown or sandy colored tail and scat- tering light brown hairs ranging up the back to the base of the skull. Both are represented in the specimens which have been sent to the New York Zoological Park, the male belonging to the first variety, the two females to the second variety. 226 NEW “YORK ZOOEOGICAL -SOCiIED ¥- The observations collected from various sources by Mr. Madison Grant in his article on the mountain goat, published in the Ninth Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society for 1904, in- clude many of the main points in regard to the habits of these animals, and Smith considers Mr. Grant’s paper ab- solutely correct except as regards the gland at the (back) of) they horn: This gland in the rut- ta ncaa Se = ting season becomes en- Second Series, Photograph. 6. larged, and freely ex- udes an oil which soft- ens the back of the horn, often causing a crease as if the result of wear. It is less developed in females. I believe it worth considering whether naturalists should not try to banish the misleading word goat for these animals, and substitute the term ‘‘ mountain antelope,” just as they are trying to banish the misleading word “ elk’? and introduce “ wapiti.” The animal is allied to the noble animals the Chamois, Goral, Takin, and Serow of Eurasia, which take their subfamily name Rupricaprine from the genus Rupicapra or chamois. The sub- family, iS vant |aearly, mountain-living offshoot of the Bovide. Unlike these Old- World forms, which present) little, external resemblance to the do- mestic goats, our moun- tain antelope certainly has the proportions, the shortness of limb, the beard, the long white hair, the slow move- ments, and the dignified Second Series, Photograph 7. aif) NOt jathe sadoniestie “billy,” as shown by my observations. It is an extraordi- narily isolated animal, well protected by certain instincts which ENTE ANNUAL, SRE PORT, 227 are quite different from those of the mountain sheep; but some of these points will best be summarized after a narrative of my experience. FOOT STRUCLURE, OF THE GOAT: The accompanying illustrations show the remarkably adaptive structure of the foot of the goat. Mr. Hornaday kindly secured this specimen for me by placing the foot of a freshly killed animal in dilute alcohol. The drawings are executed with fidelity by Mr. E. C. Christman. The horny part of the foot surrounds only the extreme front. Behind this crescentic horn is a shallow concavity which gives the Second Series, Photograph 8. horny hoof a chance to get its hold. Both the main digits and the dew claws terminate in black, rubber-like, rounded and expanded soles, which are of great service in securing a firm footing on the shelving rock and narrow ledges on which the animal travels with such ease. This sole, Smith states, softens in the snow and water- soaked earth and wears away in the spring of the year, when the snow is leaving the ground, a fresh layer of the integument tak- ing its place. The rubber-like balls with which the dew claws are provided are by no means useless; they project back below 228 NEW, YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. the horny part of the hoof, and Mr. Smith has actually observed the young captive goats supporting themselves solely on these dew claws on the edge of a roof.* It is probable that they are similarly used on the rocks and precipices, since on a very nar- row ledge they would serve favorably to alter the centre of grav- ity by enabling the limb to be extended somewhat farther forward. AS CEN s LO! VeEB «GOAT TCOUN DRYS The ascent to the goat country up Goat Creek is very pictur- esque (Photograph 1), the forests being occasionally broken by talus and rock slides from the cliffs above. Soon after reaching the summit at the head of Goat Creek six goats were observed (Photograph 2) browsing along the bluff at the point marked 1. Probably disturbed by our scent, they moved slowly to the point marked 2 and disap- peared from sight. This was at 12.30. Return- ing to the same point at 2.30, a single goat was seen sitting on its haunches like a dog, ap- parently keeping watch, although this may have been merely a_ resting pose following a feed- ing period. Norboe ss moved rapidly forward Second Series, Photograph 9. while I followed more slowly with the camera, and in a few moments four goats appeared descending the cliff at point 3 (Photograph 2); they saw me and scrambled up the cliff, passing out of sight. FIRST SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS. Arriving at the top of the cliff I approached gradually and secured the first series of photographs. The sun was shining from the west (left in the picture) over the top of the cliff, so that the bodies of the animals in this series all appear in shadow, with sunlit outlines. The goat and kid are first seen (Photograph 3) at the edge of the precipice on the point of descending, while the * Another observer, Mr. Owen Wistar, tells me that pads on these dew claws become worn off at the back as the season advances. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 229 dog is hurrying forward to their heels. This was my first obser- vation of a movement which was repeated several times; on each occasion that the mother sought the cliff the dog would rush forward, threatening her heels; the goat and kid would then wheel around, face the dog, charge from twenty to forty feet, and retreat to the edge of the cliff, seeking to descend; but in each case, by threatening either the mother or the kid, the dog stopped this movement. Approaching near- er, through a slight hollow, the goat (Photograph 3a) is seen ready fOGmay Charce,stae head of the ikid appearing under her throat. Ap- proaching still nearer, an excellent view is obtained (Photograph 4), just after another attempted descent. The mother is standing at bay, while the kid is at her heels looking back over the edge of the precipice; the sun is shining on the front limbs of the goat and on the side of the kid, throwing the bodies partly into shadow. The proportions are clearly brought out, the bodies seem to be quite long; there is a decided hump over the shoulders, and the head ex- tends outward from the ewed neck. Approaching still nearer, the distant mountains come into view (Photo- graph 5); the mother is just preparing for a third charge, and, turning, again offers a fine profile with the kid in the rear. Third Series, Photograph 1o. SECOND SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS. It appears every moment as if the pair would succeed in turn- ing over the edge of the precipice, but after making a wide cir- cuit in order to reach the sunny side of the animals they are still seen held up by the dog. Both animals are decidedly warm, less from their leisurely movements no doubt than from excitement, which is not in the least expressed by activity. The mother and the kid occasionally stamp with the forefeet and give a slight toss of the head and horns. The ears of both are continually moving to keep off the flies. The changed position brings the 230 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIERY: typical goat-feeding grounds of the distant mountain into view (Photograph 6). The next photograph fails. The following one finds the mother in another attempt to escape over the edge of the precipice, and for the first time the kid is between the mother and the dog, which is hurrying forward to attack the rear again and prevent the descent. In Photograph 7 the kid is trying to descend the precipice and the mother is turning around for another charge; the actual charge is apparently too quick for the shutter, as the camera fails to get the details of the limbs. In the next view (Photograph 8), however, the beginning of Third Series, Photograph rr. Third Series, Photograph 12. the charge is fairly well shown. The head is well lowered and threatening, bringing the sharp horns more nearly horizontal, but the kid appears exceptionally indifferent and tranquil. The nearest approach (Photograph 9) which can be made yields an opportunity for observation at a moment when the dog is well tired out and the mother can be seen breathing rapidly TENTH ANNUAL REPORT: 231 from suppressed excitement, since they now observe the man with the camera as possibly a new enemy. A moment later I call off the dog and the pair immediately turn to the precipice and descend out of sight. THIRD SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS. Making a complete détour of the base of the cliff I find that quite a long descent had been made by the mother and kid in search of a niche in the cliff. The pair are half concealed in this niche at a point which Third Series, Photograph 13. Third Series, Photograph 13a. is entirely inaccessible to either man or dog, perhaps 150 feet below the top of the cliff and 40 feet above the base. Pushing along the base of the cliff, slightly below the level of the pair, the camera first finds the head of the mother coming into view (Pho- tograph 10). Then a means of nearer approach is found ( Photo- graph 11) in which the nature of the cliff is well brought out; 232 NEW YORK "ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY this is the sort of surface on which the mountain goat travels deliberately, but with perfect ease and in any direction. After looking serenely down on the dog the mother begins to show a little curiosity about the approach of the man with the camera, and finally the kid’s head is tempted out a bit ( Photo- graph 12) at the side of the mother; and then (Photographs 13 and 13a) the forward half of the body of the kid appears in shadow looking down beneath the head of the mother. One cannot avoid the impression that both animals are amused at the ineffective efforts of the dog below. After all the films are exhausted we leave the pair of animals in their safe niche and ascend the top of Ptarmigan Mountain. Another series of facts now come out; it proves that as soon as the pair consider that all danger was over they leave the cliff and seek the trail, and our knowledge of this fact came about in the following way: Passing over to the westerly side we come in view of the distant cliff, and Norboe’s ear catches the sound of some falling rocks. Using our glasses we finally discover the four goats which had first escaped moving slowly up one of the goat trails. They stop at the edge of the snow bank (Photo- graph 2, point 6) to quench their thirst. then move leisurely along to the mountain top, where they turn, and, showing their profile against the sky along the crest of the ridge, descend into the valley beyond. This is at 4.30 P.M.; two hours before we had seen these same animals on the top of the precipice. An hour later, namely, at 5.30, we happen to return to the same point. On examining the distant mountain with a spy-glass we are so fortunate as to observe the remaining pair, mother and kid, pursuing exactly the same trail. They had left the niche in the precipice and sought the nearest trail along the talus at the foot of the mountain. We see them at precisely the same point. They stop at the same snow bank to quench their thirst, and proceed along the same trail to the sky line, slowly moving up along the ridge, and then disappearing over to the other side. Throughout these movements one fact stood out prominently— that is, that the precipice is sought by the mountain goat exactly as the burrow is sought by the rabbit. The fact that this is a deep-seated instinct is shown by the behavior of a kid which on another occasion we saw separated from its mother. The move- ments are always leisurely; even while charging the motions are not rapid, the dog easily backing off to a safe distance. The kid appeared quite indifferent to the attacks of the dog; both animals, in fact, exhibited perfect confidence in their ability to protect TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT. 233 themselves, and perfect sang-froid. The stamping of the fore- feet and the tossing of the head by the mother were amusingly imitated by the hornless and defenceless kid. At the top of the cliff in the second series, when the nearest approach was gained, the hard breathing of the mother betrayed considerable excite- ment and anxiety about the kid, so that the appearance of indif- ference may not have been real, but rather due to the slowness of movement and to absence of any external evidence of excite- ment. The whole story proves that the first instinct of these slow- moving animals is to find security in a precipice near by, and that the second is to seek one of their old-established trails and go off into a distant feeding ground. BY-LAWS OF THE Pew Work Zoological Society AMENDED TO FEBRUARY I, 1905S. FUSAMUCIEID; Me MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. Section 1. The office and place of business of the New York Zoologi- cal Society shall be in the City of New York, unless otherwise ordered. Sec. 2. The Society shall_hold its annual meeting for the election of Managers, and other business, on the second Tuesday of January, or such day thereafter during the month of January to which said annual meeting shall adjourn. SEc. 3. Special meetings of the Society shall be called by the Secre- tary, upon the request of the President or the Chairman of the Executive Committee, or at the written request of ten members. Sec. 4. Notices of all meetings shall be mailed to each member of the Society at least three days before such meeting. Sec. 5. At meetings of the Society twenty members shall constitute a quorum. Sec. 6. The order of business shall be as follows: 1. Roll call. Reading of minutes not previously read. Report of Executive Committee. Report of Secretary. Report of Treasurer. Report of the Director of the Zoological Park. Report of Director of the Aquarium. Election of Managers. Communications. Miscellaneous business. Reports and resolutions. HOW CON Du fW N HOH NITED, JOC BOARD OF MANAGERS. Sec. 1. The Board of Managers shall consist of thirty-six members, together with the Mayor of New York and President of the Park Board, or Commissioner for the Bronx, who shall be members ex-officio of the Board. Sec. 2. Nineteen Managers shall constitute a quorum. but ten man- agers may transact current business, and adjourn, subject to the subse- quent approval of a meeting at which a quorum shall be present. Sec. 3. The Board of Managers shall hold an annual meeting on the third Tuesday of January, or on such day thereafter to which said annual meeting shall adjourn. Regular meetings of the Board may also be called 236 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. by the Secretary on the third Tuesdays of October and April, upon the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Committee. Special meetings of the Board shall be called at any time by the Secretary, upon the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Com- mittee, or at the written request of five Managers Sec. .4. Notices of meetings of the Board shall be mailed to each Manager at least three days before such meetings. Sec. 5. The successors to the outgoing class of Managers shall be elected by the Society at its annual meeting, but vacancies in the Board may be filled for the unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the Executive Committee. Sec. 6. A Nominating Committee shall be annually appointed by the Executive Committee, and shall consist of three members of the Society at large, who shall nominate and post ten days before the annual election the names of twelve persons to succeed the outgoing class of Managers in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society. Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible for election to the Board of Man- agers, except to fill vacancies, unless his name shall have been posted as a candidate by such Committee, or by not less than ten members, in writing, in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society ten days before the annual election. All candidates for election as Managers must be Life Members, Patrons, Associate Founders, or Founders of the Society. Sec. 8. Any Manager who shall fail to attend three consecutive meet- ings of the Board, unless excused by vote of the Board, shall cease to be a Manager. Sec. 9. The Board of Managers shall at its annual meeting elect a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, who shall hold office for one year, or until their successors are elected. The Presi- dent, Vice-Presidents, and Treasurer shall be members of the Board. Sec. 10. The Director of the Zoological Park, the Director of the Aquarium, and all other persons employed by the Society, shall be ap- pointed by the Board or by the Executive Committee, and shall hold office during the pleasure of the Board. Sec. rr. The Board shall, at its annual meeting, elect an Executive Committee and Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year, or until their successors are elected. The Board of Managers and the Executive Committee shall also have authority to appoint such other Com- mittees or Officers as they may at any time deem desirable, and to delegate to them such powers as may be necessary. Sec. 12. The order of business of the meetings of the Board shall be as follows: Roll call. Reading of minutes not previously read. Report of Executive Committee. Report of Secretary. Report of Treasurer. Report of Auditing Committee. Report of Director of the Zoological Park. Report of Director of the Aquarium. Election of Officers. Election of Committees. Election of new members. Communications. . Miscellaneous business. Sec. 13. All reports and resolutions shall be in writing, and the ayes and nays may be called on any resolution at the request of one Manager Sec. 14. Whenever the funds of the Society shall permit, the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee may award medals or other prizes for meritorious work connected with the objects of the Society. | WNHOO ON AnNAW DN H TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 237 ARTICLE III. OFFICERS. Sec. 1. The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and a Director of the Zoological Park. These officers, with the exception of the Director, shall be elected at the annual meeting of the Board of Managers, but any vacancy may be filled for an unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the Executive Committee, until the next annual election. Sec. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and of the Society, and shall be ex-officio a member of the Executive and Auditing Committees. Sec. 3. The Vice-Presidents shall, in the absence of the President, perform his duties and possess his powers, acting in the order of their election. Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall receive, collect and hold, subject to the order of the Board of Managers. or the Executive Committee, all dues, subscriptions, warrants from the City, fees and securities. He shall pay all bills as ordered by the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee, and shall report to the Society at its annual meeting, and to the Board of Managers at all regular meetings, and to the Executive Committee at each meeting. He shall keep all moneys and securities in some bank or trust company to be approved by the Board of Managers or Executive Com- mittee. The books of the Society shall at all times be open to the inspec- tion of the Managers. Sec. 5. The Secretary shall be a salaried officer of the Society. He shall be present, unless otherwise relieved by the Board or Executive Committee, at all meetings of the Society, of the Board, and of the Stand- ing Committees. He shall keep a careful record of all proceedings, shall have the custody of the seal. archives and books, other than books of account, and shall conduct the correspondence of the Society. He shall issue all notices and tickets, and shall perform such other duties as the Board may direct. He shall be a member ex-officio of the Executive, Aquarium, and Auditing Committees, and of the Scientific Council. Sec. 6. The Director of the Zoological Park shall be elected annually by the Executive Committee at a salary to be determined by said Com- mittee, and paid monthly from funds of the Society. He shall be the responsible administrative officer of the Park, and shall recommend to the Executive Committee candidates for the various positions in the Park. He shall also perform all such other duties in connection with the business, scientific, and literary administration of the Society as may be assigned to him by the Executive Committee. Sec. 7. The Director of the Aquarium shall be elected annually by the Executive Committee, and shall hold office until removed or his suc- cessor is chosen by said Committee. He shall be the responsible admin- istrative officer of the Aquarium, and shall recommend to the Executive Committee all candidates for positions in the Aquarium. The Director of the Aquarium shall be ex-officio a member and Chairman of the Aqua- rium Committee. He shall perform such other duties in connection with the Aquarium as may be assigned to him by the Executive Committee. ARTICLE, IV. COMMITTEES. Sec. 1. There shall be two standing committees, the Executive Com- mittee and the Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year or until their successors are elected. 238 NEW “YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIERY. Sec. 2. The Executive Committee shall consist of seven Managers, together with the President and Secretary of the Society ex-officio. Four members shall constitute a quorum, and all meetings shall be called by the Chairman. The Executive Committee shall fill all vacancies in its own number and shall have the full powers of the Board of Managers, except so far as such delegation of power may be contrary to law. Sec. 3. The Executive Committee shall have the control and regula- tion of the collections, library, and all other property of the Society, and shall have power to purchase, sell, and exchange specimens and books, to employ and control all officials and employees of the Society, Park, and Aquarium, and generally to carry out in detail the directions of the Board of Managers and the terms of any contract between the City, or Park Board, and the Society. Sec. 4. All the rules and regulations for the examination of applicants for the various positions in the Park and Aquarium shall be made or ap- proved by the Executive Committee. Sec. 5. The Executive Committee may regulate the auditing and pay- ment for all current accounts. Sec. 6. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aqua- rium Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Section 11 of Article IV of these By-Laws. Sec. 7. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Nominat- ing Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Sections 6 and 7, Article II, of these By-Laws. Sec. 8. It shall also appoint a Scientific Council, whose powers and duties are set forth in Section 2 of Article V of these By-Laws. Sec. 9. The Committee shall make a written report at each regular meeting of the Board of Managers. Sec. to. The Auditing Committee shall consist of three regular mem- bers of the Society, in addition to the President and Secretary, members ex-officio, and vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Committee. It shall be the duty of the Auditing Committee to audit, annually, the accounts of the Treasurer, of the Director of the Zoological Park, and of the Director of the Aquarium, and any other accounts of the Society, and shall report to the Board of Managers at its annual meeting. Sec. 11. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aqua- rium Committee, not to exceed eight members of this Society, who shall hold office until their successors are chosen. All vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Committee. The Director of the Aquarium shall be ex-officio a member and the Chairman of the Aquarium Committee, and such Committee may vest in him any or allof its powers. The Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society shall also be ex-officio members of the Aquarium Committee. Three members shall constitute a quorum. The Executive Committee may delegate to the Aquarium Committee such powers as it may deem proper. ARTICLE V. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL. Sec. 1. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Scientific Council of not more than ten members, and shall fill all vacancies. Mem- bers of the Council shall hold office until their successors are appointed. Sec. 2. The duties of the Council shall be to act as an advisory board in all matters pertaining to the scientific administration of the Society, and especially as to the scientific features of the Park, the promotion of zoology by publications and otherwise, and the preservation of the native fauna of America. f Sec. 3. Four members, including the Chairman, shall constitute a TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 239 quorum. The Chairman shall be elected annually by the Council. The Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society shall be members ex-officio of the Council. ARTICLE VI. MEMBERS. Sec. rt. The present members and such others as shall become asso- ciated with them, under the conditions prescribed by the By-Laws, shall be members of this Society as long as they shall comply with the By-Laws. Sec. 2. Members failing to comply with these By-Laws, or for other good and sufficient cause, may be expelled from the Society by the Execu- tive Committee. Sec. 3. Candidates for membership shall be proposed and seconded by members of the Society. The name, occupation, and place of residence of every member so proposed shall be submitted for election to the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee, and such person, when elected, shall become a member upon payment of the annual dues, or of the fees as prescribed below. Sec. 4. The annual dues shall be ten dollars, payable in advance, on the first day of May of each year, but the Executive Committee may remit the dues for the current year in the case of members elected between Jan- uary 1st and May 1st of each year. The classes of membership shall be as follows: Sec. 5. The payment of $200 at one time shall constitute any member a Life Member. Sec. 6. The payment of $1,000 at one time, or in the case of a Life Member, of $800, shall constitute any member a Patron. SEc. 7. The payment of $2,500 at one time, or in the case of a Patron of $1,500, or of a Life Member of $2,300, shall constitute any member an Associate Founder. Sec. 8. Any member who shall donate to the Society $5,000, or prop- erty of equal value, or any Associate Founder who shall donate $2,500, or any Patron who shall donate $4,000, may be elected by the Board of Man- agers or Executive Committee a Founder. Sec. 9. Any member who shall have donated to the Society ten thou- sand dollars ($10,000), or its equivalent, may be elected by the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee a Founder in Perpetuity. Such Founder in Perpetuity shall have the power to designate by a last will and testament his successor, who shall thereupon be entitled to all the rights and privileges of the original Founder in Perpetuity, including the right of designating in turn his successor. Sec. to. Any member who shall donate to the Society $25,000, or any Founder who shall donate $20,000, may be elected by the Board of Mana- gers or Executive Committee a Benefactor. A Benefactor shall have all the rights and privileges of a Founder in Perpetuity. Sec. 11. Persons who have rendered marked service in the science of zoology or natural history may be elected Honorary Members, but not more than three such Honorary Members shall be elected in any one calendar year. Sec. 12.