HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Vaso: GIFT OF ALEXANDERY AGASSIZ: SOL. AE ( mq ting Js ee . ‘BOI PASBAIOUI SZISSESY AYR] YIIM “[[eJ puv Wep Mou SurMoys YsvayIioU UIOIZ MATA "3 ABS O1OHd ! “UHINIM NI STIVA AHL J *NHOGNWS "H é ons Ks > oe 2 a Hy ‘i < fp sal © SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY CHARTERED IN 1895 OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY 1901 “NEW YORK OFFICE OF THE SOCIETY, 11 WALL STREET APRIL 1, 1902 CopyYRIGHT, 1902, BY THE ~ WEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY ! TROW DIRECTORY PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY NEW YORK Contents, SPCUSGART) OF WOANAGERS eae oe Sryiss ee a | le ee PEERS Oh: FE, SOCK wat. Met Oey, + ef SS ys es Perret NOOMEBE RSI LU gk see San ge a Ta er a 8 es REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE, COMMITTEE; 2 =. . . « » MREASURER'S STATEMENTS . . .,-.' Charles T. Barney Edge emaprovement Bumd: . <2! .0 ce 6t ee 8 “SP TEE 21 DUET A ne Ae gk et A ole ae TRISTE] E10 FS eg Pt er ee MIAME AICO MATA Gi, 8 a) eee) BA ee. owe mcoune Improvement Pung. 5. we ae a vs Render OF THE DIRECTOR... <.°. W.T. Hornaday . RPE MIES Se wy Pchecys reste ah cs, Phe ce ee um) Te oe REPORT OF THE VETERINARIAN . . Dr. Frank H. Miller REPORT OF THE PATHOLOGIST . . Dr. Harlow Brooks . THe Giant Tortoises. . . . . Raymond L. Ditmars SUCCESS OF THE INDOOR FLyING CaGE C. William Beebe. Tue Society’s EXPEDITION TO ALASKA. . JZadtson Grant NOTES ON THE DESTRUCTION OF ANIMAL LIFE IN ALASKA jf. Alden Loring . . Notes ON MAMMALS AND BIRDS OBSERVED IN ALASKA fa Alden FOvnS ps DOCUMENTS : GEOL TICOGDOLALION at er us ne pe. “wee wh ws Se kas a ee nee eat ee 8s, Ses Ay veces NRE RSA, Fore re re Beds Hoes ite par ee. 2 List of FWustrations, Page BAtrs In WINTER. 9. . . . . . . 3 Bromtgprece: PRIMATES OEUGMSE, Ff Oa oe ee | ene a py INTERTOR 9. °°. 2 30 Se 5 Rip shomMst 1k ase hos ls a Re re ANTELOPE EUSRD. =. 2.8 Bo ee AP ve >.) eee RISCCOONS ENCLOSURE | \bal =o) ooo ees ee 0) Noupaps: Rocks, .-... 25. ee oe . 78 TR punt tae oo vay GARG Oe ee ty Od to Sie ae SERVICE DUE DING? Gli ee nee) se = re . OR BALANTIDIUM COLI IN ORANG-UTAN o 22> 2s a i Sas Wow wee : 3 ce aa GIANT ME ORTOISE 5) 5 70 60° 8 Lecce sees ee Get Usk tous eeu . 2 ‘ : 2 hee = . : : ; 126 Water Birns: 9:6 feos ee ee eee PaiCTURE AGABRI A fg 2 Okc” So. Suk eye gs oe [niin Tat) see ee Fryine Cace (Aquatic Bitds, House) =. 5. -- 3 > 7. See CaRRVING « ICAPTURED LAMB’, 9 4-40 3. see MouNTAINS NEAR KNIk River’. <4. 0), =; 40:3 ee WHITE MOUNTAIN SHEEP TUAMBS. <2 = > 2 -.eee Board of Managers. Ex-Officio: | Hon. Setu Low, Mayor of New York. Hon. Wm. R. WILtcox, Pres’t Dep’t of Parks. CLASS OF 1903. Levi P. Morton, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Morris K. Jesup, Joun L. CADWALADER, PHILIP SCHUYLER, Joun S. BARNEs, MADISON GRANT, WILLIAM WHITE NILEs, SAMUEL THORNE, Henry A. C. Taytor, Hucu J. CHISHOLM, Wm. D. SLOANE. CLASS OF.1904. F. AuGusTtus SCHERMERHORN, Epwarp J. BERWIND, A. NEwsoLp Morris, CHARLES E. WHITEHEAD, Percy R. Pyne, GerorGE B. GRINNELL, Jacos H. Scuirr, WILiiAM C. WHITNEY, GEORGE C. CLarRK, CLEVELAND H. Donpce, C. Lepyarp Brarr, CoRNELIUS VANDERBILT. CLASS OF 1905. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Henry W. Poor, CHARLES T. BARNEY, WILLIAM C. CHURCH, CHARLES F. DIETERICH, LISPENARD STEWART, JosEPH STICKNEY, H. Castmir DE RHAM, GEORGE CROCKER, HucuH D. AUCHINCLOss, JAMEs. J. HILt, GEORGE F. BAKER. OFFICERS OF THE New Pork Zoological Sorctety President: HON. LEVI P. MORTON. First Vice-President: Second Vice-President: HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. JOHN L. CADWALADER. Executive Committec, HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Chairman, JOHN S. BARNES, MADISON GRANT, PHILIP SCHUYLER; WILLIAM WHITE NILES, SAMUEL THORNE, CHARLES 4 BARNEY. LEVI P. MORTON, Ex-offcio. Secretary: MADISON GRANT, 11 Wall Street. Treasurer: CHARLES T. BARNEY, 66 Broadway. Director of the Zoological Park: WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 183d Street and Southern Boulevard. Architects: HEINS & LA FARGE, 5 Beekman Street. Dcientific Council, WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Chairman. J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History. FRANK M. CHAPMAN, American Museum of Natural History. WILLIAM STRATFORD, College of the City of New York. CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, Editor of Forest and Stream. ALFRED G. MAYER, Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Columbia University, Ex-officio. MADISON GRANT, Secretary New York Zoological Society, Ex-officio. Officers of the Zoological JJark. WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Director and General Curator. Jy BES MT GS Se eee eae Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer. RAYMOND L. DITMARS...... Assistant Curator, in charge of Reptiles. eVWiIEIG EAM ABBE BIE ease .c si oe Assistant Curator, in charge of Birds. LET WAY GINAT 2b 28] SUB ie oe rae, cic eea arg erae Chief Forester and Constructor. Repent We. ete ie GW EGR sinc o5)6 6, eared Ss a eaeeie atone va Civil Engineer. BS VWiLN R= SAN BORING, 3 cc'2.c0- 08 0s Photographer, and Assistant Editor. SFevdical Staff. Eel Bave (L085 (034 BB GE a 0p ak A da RO V eterinarian. Ae TCO VS Ex MOMs WEIN sl hs oe Ne ak sls c.c cen aen oh cw Parade Pathologist. MEMBERS OF THE New Pork Zoological Sorctety Honorary sHlembers. Pror, J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History, New York. Pror. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Tue Duke or BEprorp, Woburn Abbey, England. Mr. ArTHUR ERWIN Brown, Director Philadelphia Zoological Gardens. Pror. DANIEL GirAUD ELLiot, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Ill. *Str WiLL1AM FLower, British Museum of Natural History, South Ken- sington, London, England. Dr. F. L’Hoest, Director of the Gardens of the Société Royale de Zoologie, Antwerp, Belgium. Dr. C. Hart MerrtAm, Chief of the U. S. Biological Survey, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hon. LioneL WALTER ROTHSCHILD, 148 Picadilly, W., London, England. Dr. Puitie Lutiey Scrater, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London. Founders. DARN ES OHNO Ne oe oes Sec okae eco e Eee ie nese calcein en 22 East 48th Street BARN TEN ACHEAITING) Ur ota trystcre ads. Craie reek teal gel sh erele ce i@iste es sue 67 Park Avenue BERWEND Se DMWEAR DM) oc eter cite crerociets clove otctalerelorelelstslsierete iisvere 2 East 64th Street GAT WiATADER) MIOEIN' Mer, atehoe stolaclc.e solve gein or avalern'shavans/eusrs foo ra ta 40 Wall Street (COARNEGIE OAD Wi oo aja ain case BSS ei eearetelat ane is etc/a tea tsistclavele’s & 5 West 5Ist Street DD TERERTC Hee GEPARTES vee ecicies eis totete ieiete. el ohe ro ets eterevoioisterrens 963 Fifth Avenue IDODGES AV TATE Oo 5 ee ps koe assrare bieie Sai laleuareusce sonia wes 262 Madison Avenue *GoELET, ROBERT. Gourn,. Mise Ente ns MImGER cca. wae cette eeleieiar Sc Irvington-on-Hudson GOED NGROR GEM eyes reco eees ee eve rorhi es logetons (eienatey als ala tope ogee stiersies 195 Broadway *HUNTINGTON, C. P. MORGAN I] PETER POINT. 55.5), ,a.ceidrevate aye seckaps fobahoioyevsuoleteysheis avsieteene 3 Broad Street IVI OR TAOS ESRI Ale ey cde ta forth acorns sseavetausces tence ce edepene cyan area Re eae 681 Fifth Avenue *OTTENDORFER, OSWALD. IPN: HER GYR farsere everece, Sistelecoe Gas wis ine ue Lo, spore exer ere Ores IoNeG 36 East 36th Street ROCKEFELLER, JOHN A), cise s cotetcisicie: eave cles iovere sf vioretoronstentonieleter 26 Broadway * Deceased. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 9 SEMERMERHORN, UF. AUGUSTUS. 22.5% 0! cvs cts caw cues ess 41 Liberty Street oS ESOS TUNG ST ge Re as aa A, 932 Fifth Avenue SERGE IGE TA RE UDG. 5 onc 0a 4% cermeis s miles 6 aise tg'eae tices 642 Fifth Avenue WOBCRPIA Dae PE LENG UNG Geico as sical e'ere"a cache nie whoral ve; deve.s/e'e sie's'e's/o. eins 52 Wall Street PMETORIV EMS AINGUIRIY oie 7.4 ats, ere’ siete Ye cieretelfele laseleqetelascrers fele etore ev dicee 43 Cedar Street PRE VORMNURS eOEENY BS crcraie cleisieratseowst s ehcielsiche esleisievs'e e.cca a2 21 East 37th Street *V ANDERBILT, CORNELIUS. Me meERBTET. VV IITA M RO. ons 25 cois'g)s'aicia ctatesuela s 2atipt Lawes 660 Fifth Avenue WUVAEUEE NTs, © VVTEELARE (Cle. o. oso ot ape, ws spa perc alm, ccdeias sse\s foi sseinies wide OK 9g East 53d Street OD OST, US Fats OL Ba waleeaealg (3) OS a a ee ae 55 Liberty Street SU STREESIONE UGE Gy VSS pas ah el a gare ee 40 Park Avenue Mirete Sg Watin'e WAL EAE D TNGE EF ceoste) xe Oech 2) os oy afew co asi vese susie es os is Newport, R. I. Cision, JECT, les iRestagtas ob eee ence ace terrne ae 813 Fifth Avenue De tins TES 1 ce ge 63 Wall Street Graeme nEs. AL ERED. CORNING... 22-02-65. 5 cess ers 347 West 80th Street SLATES Ga, LEVAISNa D1 a een ee re eae ae 15 West 45th Street *CocHRAN, W. F. “COR STING.. ICTS | ete rege Bigs ey Oates eet Da aceon ir ued ey es Plaza Hotel RULER MERTENS CLEUIN CIO) 2 ops Os oo oe has Siete sts tate Gre OS oleh Sis aA er Me eras 621 Broadway OTe Tao (C. th Cate ort a so eee 44 Pine Street EN Te Sots Sele crore rcs cieve:« Sib Satan dicieied ease oe Be Looe eee ee Racquet Club AME POURMEM DM ATRER TS «ts sO sere otis asics ena ae ele cUe eae ate Greenport, L. I. ICTPAUN A MCTIARERS, 62 ook). s00 20nd dues si cesu ats onan. oe 24 bifth Avenue RSIS GRAIN Bi ER es 20a ches ya a Avis, aia Binte sad,0 2 ble on & on 2Z WESE S7tb Street DONC EABNUARGPELUS Eco at) \eranciansasrsnctieoes wae 292 Madison) Avenue BSCE ope OETA RIG SB Ey er ay oo) sya. 2) a's) cf shoes tls or oetn fava oh or ere 407 East 55th Street RDO REG RRM REE RE Aan ape cto Rada ctelert ci ciraclsien Sve srsiens wrens 407 East 55th Street DOKVGER MSE EMPR LR a +r,/o3 5 ss oe we ace eae aoe amen ees 407 East 55th Street PINES EE PSA Tel, ge a 271 Madison Avenue DOTS VETS S lS DEL B Do 5 cS a/ahs ies iste oi avevs.o eveuciern wees anata 268 Madison Avenue Da BGrs: MISSHICATHERIND s .6,c45s.0 6 s:¢ ajetleriac oe cours pele 10 West 43d Street DTS OUS AV VE TINIEDAING INS, Son coke shore co. ete Swe eile ersie crea tone 10 West 43d Street JEG. VAIO, 12 O6e opie Ee erG Me ee terrae eres _.-.-111 Broadway BASIR GEUMEI In CEUARTIEG THO: cre caicia toh «cis ee eidisis sisreieeeie ic eehe. 2 10 West 8th Street OETA ie SORTA TE IDB Tse chor cseyecasavel sy a18) 00002 P. O. Box 204, Peekskill, N. Y. EATS Ss) OSEAVET Ves Poe Pare nera staat tera asashorcrs Gna crcise aris 884 Fifth Avenue BEEEDMANIN VWILGTAM MEDEICOTI: «cic, 0+ «ccc cen sees 3 West 38th Street RMR MIE AMEE ESS eo 3.20%, ah lays) oya,EINGIAINUEN:. «2 sets cielo ewer. aerate 695 Fifth Avenue BREWSTER GEORGE) (oles rsa 4.0 oils on ovautelenenerenstomoreneteyens eyeel ce eerie 51 Wall Street LEY UKClos ASHMAN Ub LIN ine era ao odboadcesmcudnoe mone 693 Fifth Avenue BRINCKERHOPF A MUBERT: Avs, .:c12i¢ stays clays oreleli tsi errey stern os )ete ey 16 Nassau Street BRISTOR NRO Ss CHARERS di./, 5 vciarcts acinar meen ote New York University - IBRES TOL Se ENON se i Lychee ao haps Peach arene nose aie ay rene 45 West 74th Street BRONSON (ORs EDWARD BRNINED. qoctace ssi) seve 4 eee 10 West 49th Street *BROUGHTON, GEORGE H., Jr. 3 RO WANPMIVIS SHE, WW occa Sper crctabebetessoeiaiar olsney ch belchebsae ous teinyah wep 524 Fifth Avenue BROWN eID DES OIN «a0 soca rahetoweret en seaeese toy ctePaseit Syst oro ster et skePecys 45 West 8oth Street BROWN; OHIN GROSBV2 US paeretencic-topniaichepeveseneyoPterascrevensistcrsbete 36 East 37th Street BROWINE WALDRON We © acces cncrstenenie cle Gia ciel oie clone oa oiitsyete 32 East 35th Street IB ROWNGN Gs « VW DELTA ole esters tote essteVereve euiayersters eleistetetoiete 18 Cooper Square W. BRYANT IDR. S/OSEPED WD) Se caca sve (ecviaeereletevctere sie’ opeuctorial vee 54 West 36th Street BRYCE ONIRS AW TELTAIM ES oieye cane ucts ects eis lovee Gres tedelieehadeto roi 20 West 54th Street BUDD WRLENR Va Ate ios soars Ane nqivg tals, bay stuvefevekss forermecenetan meee 121 West 72d Street BGG EWAIi We VERSE MGEORGE Sc arane eeie tae isc tate vete ! suskenetsbosaenstoretore 18 East 4oth Street ET BULCINDND DD IniNRe Wie IgaagaacanaaadaGoudiauanadcudac 305 West 75th Street BUnKEE EDWiNic Mic sca oc atekyGr'es cost awa uwiosled: ond: 227 Idem aane LS BILES NAIDOO Cd Bade Com eD Rea Oooo DCm OAD Nn HOG E 38 Broad Street Bete SIDR VVANIETA My divers custevere oi eisasucieters eke eveleusvalspouslere PA GUDCUOOA COCO OCC DOES OCU a Ooo er mer oar Noroton, Conn. EMG ARMEVITS Si UMTAGI A seheteicls, inves sisicle?s a ere sisiatelels fee sicisincs 28 East 39th Street ERPMGAPPINENVOLD's wicte svi o's sich s:nidieis:dic.6/o. ole aio! oivi@idialscaetaieidi sei 28 East 30th Street See E LEICA A NUS, BQ cy 305 sietarisieios Sie y xielal sare lnViateh sta nicsiare\eisie: aietdeis 31 Nassau Street Pa MEIP GTA RGIAE Se en or cyo'ic)n y's ainiolet ans: dheiviclota.0/@)S ei eaya' edie edvye 8 sik 192 Broadway EDMONDS, JOHN: Wi. c.eccsccsses Sie ean uie davsrelcnie cca Sete ete 128 East 44th Street [S.C fel! ead ee a 9 Seamore Place, May Fair, London, England RELVES SY Se Pore faved ole aie \o'e\'e ohne pe'atarele rola lente’ eid atas wee wie vale 166 South Street EREAOETD SPO) TEL Os vateveore orate ouaictel etsy spare siete ciel ere cele haret 1901 Washington Avenue PSU ZR OBERT. AMES ics atelier: o/e'eisie.e tore, cieleloieleieiels.0'% efere% 995 Madison Avenue Pe S ULAR TODA Are! » sis a 'le/ ols cercelieinyets cnet East Orange, N. J. EVA WIBEY: ME ihre tistaare ethers Ps eV ere or stole atin eve aiStettenel cbeteloverats tons ateacls 349 Broadway *H AYDEN, Horace J. TLAYNES, VV TLIAMG DE AHORESTS «/.)../. 5.41, ce tele ble/sie eletatens 16 East 36th Street IECKSCHER J OHNE GERARD ascn ion tint «cfs =ciee ceie eae ee 31 West 75th Street HIRIMAN ABRATIMINIOR ES cr Feo o> bcuseae e Oe eee nae 745 East 175th Street ELE TMUAN LE cle RM Se Tote eiele tele le, le chase} alana’ chetcbesbeeec hee 745 East 175th Street EIRUNG? (GEORGENEE yeeriiek ou ee scare Giette sk see eee 303 State Street, Albany EGRTIN SUED BR ow lenme Arey crcl eye (eave Jo!ciaia ‘echo ceyasivay sCenctelle) ste Poleeuclta orate 27 Pine Street EN oe OA ees Save she cece el od o's on Sela elape 169th Street and Third Avenue EMETEMEYER Y CPEMIENG A. sesc 2 csloee cee 810 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. *HENDRICKS, CLIFFORD B. ELEN RIO UNS WO) RO AY eds). Ao. Cele exe oa elem tatine Eien nis nee Morristown, N. J. IELERIVGAGNEN, MEIERIDINCAINID sy. 1s fclcioloteisteket stele ictele kote teteeenoitor see terie te PO! Box477, EIERT ERI GERISTUAN “Ae @ acts /a nisin eve oeteaian a acmeiertaece 819 Madison Avenue ISLAND, INDI Des oa aR RRIReCRAE Re ecciencrockcd soba'a code 147 West 86th Street TEAGS'S PS BTANAAUR overs sets cele wicicic) oir cueoetclcheelote tke AUN tered tet tere 956 Madison Avenue Inbiciiy IB. 1B a 6 Ricoh ciGo ECE OIG aie hae ct nth 11 Sumner Street, Quincy, Mass. lel yon) (Casto) cio D Pea eiaeanciocaccionic Goiciaiciioaidiois o avo 144 East 49th Street DUNO MORCMNOEEN EL. 0%. + elerain 0 ole winPeiccatere tee teloe arene 41 West 32d Street PI CE COGKSs OEM TER: \./5 ss s/s Veiwisiere shwsltaels sic iete letter mene Knickerbocker Club FAOR PRT GEPARD cts Scien se vete wlels iste ees ucla ejevetohatonnctine ete ee II East 71st Street EOE we VIRSHMRICHARD IVI. arcelvelctoele cloister eran II East 71st Street HOPS MIRGMNOBERT © <5 ce ooo cd wG.e dei se cee Holt een It East 36th Street FIGREROOKeVIRS: FSi... SEA wie s,s chen seh cree eames Stamford, Conn. FIOUBROORSe VIISSa TLTAIN 9. sciccrdseerer en ee eerie Stamford, Conn. EIOMD BN GRORGEOAS. eta 5 se Gate care ea emieleS sere eee 185 Riverside Drive OTe PAGNDMlslmS MII MlesiaeVe ress «10s ev eve le eettetoievoher 2244 Bathgate Avenue, New York EVO MS alee Mr Ss cycle cic ace cine «cle ele 1410 President Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. FG appt NR Namrata utiaicls: ce v's af alee ae Aap erEe eI 29 West 23d Street IBID... WWNICUINGIS A S AAA Aen. S206 GA6 OBA SouGoncd co or Garrison, N. Y. IEVOP BUN Pe AMET TON: s1Lis'. 25: «ele, cis%o cletttetebeeiserelteleiettentetor 47 West I1th Street TORT ONG Gee recta as vate lsleinicis aisle + oyeieseheieoe Oasnietel alent alchnss, wie teacre ohare 83 Gold Street EROS mE Me Cees apace sci se onic cs Dicuerd reitle ciclne ue cpa avers 26 Exchange Place IBIOMNOIEN CS: JELORING ol a AaeAnas ad ocidosbodoonnooccrt 35 Broad Street lslonwanconny, AC. (Gy sa seat oaaaeeae oo OUT as aed doadtaodd New York Herald ETOWiIGAUND PME NIRVIREU Grae s ous syeicu cele sinister ae eatersetomions ciara eons 35 Wall Street LOVE A NICRRED OM leveeaitets cts «in. alc-/s 1c shels oe eee eet mere 1 Broadway ELON (CORGARE Sree cas «clo: so oe 0/00 s Caccehie cen eee E kone 36 Wall Street Ellova'y (GRrORGE MS stem tee claw 32 East 38th Street IVES Bee BARBI Rieter ie tereloter. layais is;eletalolo seo! rake Paketeete 20 West 53d Street EDY DE; CiABEICE NIG y grb wleitensts fatss 0s wls'n’a's''s clini» (alates CR eaee 80 Broadway FIVE MD R, WH REDERTCIO Mie epee trerieicrs cio cea etka ocean 20 West 53d Street * Deceased. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 25 ES PIN GEIS, YR oa vinte ae! uo iahales nfclays acid s:<, 6 sre'e wie a's crave 145 West 58th Street ene CMEIRURDE S SPR erie a ciaiais ower 6 Spite laiaieie e-djaie sa wha’ wae > 9 East 26th Street “STE CCHS id ee ee 30 East 63d Street Se eee UNESS, UIETA WS a oc sas wo def ened wo oan oc we claw heb 5 East 61st Street BPRS MEET ee ice ate on dint Geeks wise bie pv we Wudia wales 5 East 61st Street JacKsSoN, FREDERIC WENDELL............... Westchester, New York City ieemeson, Dir: GronGe TROMAS. 0.25 000000 c. cose uecess 692 West End Avenue PAGESON SAMUEL MACATULEY « ..). aie ox sc cleiee cas ces 692 West End Avenue PRR ATE eOLEEEODOR EY EOS acai: 2a sila wie Swiniw 4 dha waa oe als a Gece ee eee 10 West 43d Street nae ENVIRENTCE fs ciasde aca awicigin'ad niece ves Se ck ay aes aes 42 East goth Street PRP VINE PN peter lara iatwicp as a o0e sab wie a's w braisie sisi sin-detee 19 East 47th Street PRCOUERLEN ORT ERBERT? Deca rcravste cis eleVas,croe 6.s'e°4io ove o otaltxereess 34 East 38th Street SPENT RIT ING | OED Nii Eellieresci es alal ci ayes aie eqerajctere see Weisel si!Siasere.nisie.s-« 34 East 38th Street UIE 3 OATES Ory he a 99 John Street ees Ie NWA DUER, By cere e vie vies ts vas cec swe neq ais: 17 West 54th Street UES BS ee eee ae 86 Park Avenue SSMNMEG eee CELIA NER FR oars oic'ar clo sictele ts: alate sie) Senc's) hari eee es 190 Water Street ROBERN MAN VIA TL ERO svey nyarogs 1m) seuss ttebe ciara it wees & 220 West 79th Street [LEANGROREMNIDR Erna ce os ssa cee be Ponds pa epae aie Mp oe eae 784 Fifth Avenue [EAPSEENey DAMEN ieer Oo. b'.5~s oes eee E eR EDEe Rape ee eee 44 West 33d Street ATI CRE eM gece orn... e <2 <2erseiraveit Sree ee pe eye 37 East 76th Street EAW RENCE OEDN ED URETNG .yo cicresuceptacmentaeherenrn ieee ae 126 East 30th Street HAW RENCE INEWEOLD Ls. .i.ae ccectemn acerca eee ee sey oe 51 Liberty Street [UAWGRENIGE OVS © Os da owe shaw da tows as cone wollte beeen 969 Fifth Avenue ADDN Ge PAI a, Oe cs alas a) sendin Goyette ented vote hats Bueys Bleue Et 931 Fifth Avenue (EEO MEBERT RS, -cic\sa0-s 2 be Cen ee Rete Beh oe e eekerere 39 West soth Street i ONE OSE sea pic) s/s a:27 dias crdva/pegaels erst beaarejetoke wsaremnaete Williamsbridge, N. Y. IEREPRORESSOR PRED! Sn cos coer pce eee at bees auien ecm mere 64 Park Avenue SSPE VRS ME REDERTOK: S:.,.)u.-/ctsicinecevegesaseborelohalsiuncoleneseloreeyshelaaraiees 64 Park Avenue ERE OP OWERS Hac: fe.cihienie sapere. dete eels ouatsterre nae piacere 19 William Street fopRneRise VOARSEDATY GC. oi-as ayaa aersarsaren os tere a nuetronstorens 34 East 65th Street [eetGammEMVVILLTAM Gis. sewe tes eceee lee eee ee Sere 59 Wall Street ILS IES WAN 1 eer ieee he croc paotccm epee rok 9g East 75th Street Top ar Ree eel Wire. dss ws os swe De eee wee water ore ee 1278 Fulton Avenue Ibias Solel, Oe ae ene ie ements pacanc cori ans oo 192 Broadway SE WISH ye URED WRU COON T ORT .,.5 cic. «sxj-cevsie teusae eusyevereee etme sheet 22 West 38th Street TEE Wilt ER Cvar EAVONIB ecm s d osesseue eee bei eseieue lowers ei yeverc tell 5 Vanderbilt Avenue Tee WAS ON MANDO PET arehc sa scis ine bv olene ele eis) cvelore ate are) wie cielo ster encheees 11 Broadway *LEWISOHN, LEONARD. ASTREBENUA Upp NITED RIRIDAM IR 2 510j0\ ses, sieves. s/s dane ch sietons aie maceneesleneremerene 3492 Park Avenue PETER HAC ING WD AUNIMEMT sell aero feral er avn 0) sireras som ¢ ea etek adeto tert arene 1974 Bathgate Avenue UBigincorem ares op. yous lo ee ee ee ree SI Pe rs Gee 59 Wall Street TIVAINIGS TONE IVY PORTA eee. ocdisine ce oS 3 nis s eee 207 Berry Street, Brooklyn LIVINGSTON) DGires wars Ui oh RSS eee Boston Road, Bronxdale, N. Y. OBENSEINE? WHEDTAWEIGIIRISTIAIN . .. 00050 ee cilec 245 Central Park West TO CR WOOD MAW VEIEE ISO Nat a eeetereterreiciare cvsven acc sie ereretclehericrers 205 West 57th Street TOEBER As GHUARINGS ep erence clei a o/are a ans: s scare era's wiesarers Bedford Park. Weave TOGA TI VAR TE i Satertaere aa as ais ica 0: a5: ane slonne aerate 206 West 72d Street TEONGEEDTOW,; MRS) BREGERTOR Wo 6. 0.210.000 sein oie sve a seieie Riverdale-on-Hudson WORTNG: | Ja PAL DEIN Factores ete eer clay eS '0) vos ois: Sitges ecohale ohana eee Owego, N. Y. TEWDE WIG CHARTS) pelea aria as ereteials, a/s/ais, ase a aoa ele 996 Tremont Avenue LUSK «PROP MGRA HAMA rere BR iieie orcs eins Pueeeeas © Ir East 74th Street TSU TIGEN, WATTERS yo-c tee ere a eicies P. O. Box 1587, New York City ILSANUNNE IRRUNITTS3 oh os oo oc id Aa ite Ee ee ene 34 Remsen Street, Brooklyn * Deceased. SIXTH ANNUAL .REPORT. 25 SATAN OHNE eet S eas canes a ste a Se a kis as se cccielce « 4 West 84th Street ic SSI SINb I AUUE SCAUNIDER'S cye,5, 5) cre) sp2hss adravereieie/s.d:( sse.0, s) 0c «%,0 8d 21 Fulton Street Ayla WIEPENGAT @HUARTSES Vie wets Gist siete ae pies wore le/eavew Ss ns > It East goth Street Mie APBING NERS) (CAVARTES | Wier ciciseac0s os seven sce tess: 11 East goth Street BPEE CHER NGEORGE le oa anc aia Goa ss wis besos os wan oe 9 East goth Street MnIH a OEVART EGE. spel eh ic sistse is-sxsotple wists gis sls ep Sieve Sieleres 93 Fordham, N. Y. MLE CNET TITS TTA rp OO ALG FcR OPS REE Orch Ea 346 Broadway LECTUS IS) SSES aes dag hE SSO Gr ce GR tric RR eR Rena Eee 141 East 25th Street NGG URE wR TCHARD VAS cryin rcp reisitsuaciciencioeeeleeueihe eee eos 32 Liberty Street Mp SOAcPae VEN OMEN SH a evesnerire ss es aloes cee eaieel ene cae mun As 460 East toth Street RU Tita Goren toes ENE Vee WAIST EID voce ooze ous) caus siete eieis sis.r0\s eles wares reis sale 9 West 48th Street Thc SC/EEEIT Le) N01 2 a 1028 Grote Street AIG ANG MONTES 4 cs eyeicraicicve esis s 610% weits3 6 aisles oes alec 16 West 55th Street INGMTGKAR EDWARD! 52) ea ccc aac sisins’ele a cles ea sce wed asi ate 267 Fifth Avenue AVI PMRN RETURN fe aeee 3:5 foo: 0) aiereiets- aleusiess'aveie eis ete esi ale cieiereds Williamsbridge, N. Y. Ras ennvees GEORCE MD) occ mie acca islets’ sisisie ts oele co atte ars ielg ie F988. 20 West 60th Street TuLNGTS, JOG 5s ZR ee pene er pet con cet SOE cin Ris Seon bic ac Corning, N. Y. WUALT., |PTGRINDS dela saa Otto be 6 aC O SOC IC OC OGRE an aoe naeraar 8 Fifth Avenue PEN ESM DVAGNITENE ul cere ve efacest owe ie © wis Siovelnw othsreibueiate 1920 West Farms Road BOSPESERNEST 9 occ. acan cs cease ances 1279 Woodruff Street, West Farms “SVE TESS oR a a Brooklyn, Conn. MUN SSIs 0 UG] 2 ee eae eee Country Club, Westchester, New York City RUAN HATED BIED Ui Seismic ch yatar ast ne eisieianeeinie aistoe Gorka oles ae ors 33 East 72d Street Martin, GEORGE C....... tse cece Sache ack Sade talon MS 106 West 61st Street APPA SSEIE EWARD (9. ays ic loio.c x recone Gre oie = vieisls'e vee #4 2 22, William. Street 0 LEI 1 BUTE 5 Mae. oe a a es ee Pr I ates 29 Pine Street OULINES 7. GIS (6) 351 2 Sn ge 340 East 118th Street REASERH RICHARD aie aceeclcileecvstsererrins>ee-ealy West I2hth street MAE OS VGN lie. . o:cieeais.« ve cecomedees goth Street and Riverside Drive MPR TWIR QR BRI 26% 2.5 niteig 5 2c newc Rord AR ine sake © 84) Soe 64 Worth Street Mayer, ALFrep G..Museum of B’klyn Institute, Eastern Parkway, B’klyn MGR NV AGES CED aioe s cade sida ot enax wo ase vets $s222) West 23d Street WEEN 5 ios ww cs ea ge 0s 128 Webster Avenue, Jersey City, N. J. PUL MARRE GLEE ANN INV. 4... « )<,xesenieisscieie.ne.we* sin ead cascaeeo nas Zoological Park Vian eeem FURR ADA NIN SING: coors savers osereisls hoch eign ans pine sitio 4532 Park Avenue IMEI ROVE ZN PME Bacc mare tele acts co cxaracaicieueisiaa 6 aot cite 104 East 23d Street PSOE ERROOK. EP REDERICK 266) oie sine, e)e.ci0,i0.9 ciajeee Mowe widlan Grand Central Station REN ITE OEP ote FOS ais wie ae 'ale Siew eG ecw k Peers 610-614 Broadway Mees Fatap MEN DATS SE oss 0) aa ashes, =,o: ns Soins) ore, « nga e Ne 712 Tremont Avenue PAREGER VV SETIAME IR. snes wens dees Southern Boulevard and 187th Street NUTITETOS ANTE CUATE BT of C7 eae a ne 71 Broadway RPM I NVINSTRER fd Uns cleereum mare eis ciwaem woe ens 65 East 55th Street MVNA GUE CSET STATS us Eel ge ESA VERMIN Soins c/atascie oteseres snerelcccaulowe a crete & 1805 Crotona Avenue CONTIGS VE Gs oR, | Wate ten eee ae er 40 Wall Street RIED AMET SAH ON GE cle oink isis. ole oor y oer eels oes 326 West 22d Street Pree MER RTCIARD Wl 51.34 as <0 uv nak w 2k wed in leyel ws 19 West 34th Street Moore, CHARLES ARTHUR, JR.......... Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Ro GUER rl RR ITC EAS SYP aiacchs eo wa) yeicsea ols monies ow. e.crn dug ale’ » 80 Madison Avenue 26 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. MORGAN, MissviAWiNii T). paavdocin . us isands icine wip oars is wi Bias aaa Se a Os Mills Building SHOVPKRO MD ae sem arisen ce echoes seats heeua saree ceeds 4175 Third Avenue SEPA CHART ES: ITERBERTS see's os cou ds sco e ses soimeteas 47 West 43d Street Ete TRUMP MORE Sage een POF, Sh otf la cwatate ae othe lapele we ia%e aed 8 1¥ 6 50a 130 William Street SEW RIN WEATHERS VV tai 2:5; sisi ay cra dc) er tiaidisidishaddlnds.ceveace vole 515 Madison Avenue SeeAnMPES PC RORGE: BER «see cro.sa'e » o's vive ove 71 West soth Street SIAM MORE e VWVULETAROU ste oasis 2S Sissi a wed wSle Stewie Steen 39 West 52d Street SOE. IBA a ea Pe Mohonk, N. Y. PMT TE IOUT NBEES 7 EU.” hs Ss 5) a'kaln Ss shea aise wale BSc gorae wer cas 50 Wall Street *SmitH, Dr. Epwarp A. RANE Oe IME ae Sh) aie sweets 2 8m 1or Sansome Street, San Francisco, Cal. SMU ET ED AUN IGS UITETLVAUN + /e. oi 51a) ss leiel overe ch eve ye aveia voienare, aiuseverove wieieve 54 Wall Street SeeeTete- GePIRGE VV ARREN: ./« c'n.abei aes a6) aes. osiacceecandeaak Metropolitan Club ST TERT, ER Ver E913 Dy ee BI Sn a 19 East 34th Street * Deceased. 30 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SMITH, PHILP AS nn eosin wanes eek tice i 46 Johnson Park, Buffalo, N. Y. SMITE; MROBERT: Wise asiceeeitinn oss: o.sics cic. seid ccleios saes 201 East 12th Street SMEDEL, / WVAHISEA ME: SAE ROANIDER)s cre)s (2/3 fo 0 =< AMNESH erm eter cite aicie las ca avsien m Gols aicdaus) nciaye 62 Leonard Street SiMGART sUIGUIGe press cerns acest rrctuoieimte accreie erate .cue tales korea ees 69 Wall Street STURGES: HEIENRY 1G yee ternaioiciereloteistalototsiate slerelersiele tele) ctovere = 56 East 34th Street STUMVESAN D: Ik UDMBRIGURD ee ial his eels fore tate 2) felt mie efele 18 Exchange Place SULETVAN, IVERS(: JA MBS e re alaleh abeiers olaeiade ini cilnnoteo’a wiv oe\s wis ai 36 Park Avenue SUWMELVAN, A MUAR KAS eiserrerre rs raiiereoicrenrsie 1 Brewers Block, Cambridge, Mass. SEP EDEN) PO ELN i. 5 i eters ateielareteieie atieio tele te Wetare re (04 mia ayare’s 9 Desbrosses Street SWAYNE ERANCISUBs eceekne cere erenrte Riverside Avenue and goth Street SVMS HOR. COARKERS picked oe iekeriem tome tiete ne ielete ile ereretousiete 350 West 47th Street AIPABERS AVEESS: WARY sc. 55-05 shot sree ore reteestereteers eich erezeletctererehehene 9 East roth Street APART) ELEN: (Wi ay cic: s age ote x i oeeabe eerste yeley st ohet els torn ater ea tleme 40 Wall Street * Deceased. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. dl ATM TOR MCALAREES! VWWIESON cj c0 sic.ss 0; 4.4 0 ote siete ee Schenectady, N. Y. Bp nine Ao tet tency afar aieVcveisisveiexsieheinie) score ieiaysie% a 15 Fairfield Place, Yonkers, N. Y. PIPPIN EE AMEE Sich ears iate sl atacaln vial o's evaisiars,ay8e\dva's avaieiecase ob oedee 6 7 West 57th Street lp saigraeAcy tiem GxELATRESISS fal West S2d- Street MMIAVUNGEGASTS WVIIGLTAM JEL. 5.0.0 ee\elereisieie ele sioiee sie ac caee 20) ast Odth ‘Street *TiLtT, ALBERT. SI tea RU SEPEE WWW ict si~ cies, ae, sae Shares am Sin'aw'se'a ao Be Wee sta}s 31 East 30th Street MING) I9 am) PI SSE NGI) 080 ayes oe yct'osey sis eave, ola) vies he oh cyeiaisye eisve: sieuatereis clare 45 Wall Street BINGE ToPme NV AMT GAIMIss syn, -\/<1ctcpoyesferats) elerarete,+/s1s) ope ae ear Ieee Rae ac Oo oSoO.o 106 East 37th Street MONS DUERTING SDR VADOLMPH: 12s sch cake ecer ees ame 552 East 155th Street WON MKCADI@K ORIEL ANINSs IML. sos oe cate cem cle ceiia ae een teres Maspeth, L. I. NORGE AU ene 2k cc eases ov aes Mee Caen ee eee 353 Fifth Avenue VAD SNViORDEENE @lAREIN CE a. cscs « lmproyentents in T900:..:..2 2 easeocoaee os ceeee 9,618 50 Subscriptions: Charles he Wietenichiya- tren c 6 sien c isietoeteicus een $5,000 00 JohnéD MRocketellensesr tn ccccs seclocadee eee 5,000 00 Samuel “GhormetGidditional) .¢. nats cceden cies cone 5,000 00 Charles i gbarneyacadditional).<<.....e0ese sec ene 3,250 00 Edward J. Berwind (additional)................ 2,500 00 ArnoldmC@onstablencel GO.n conc ehenee ce emontenle 2,500 00 Comehins avianGerbil ts .':. 5.0%. saiswtieens St bats '<'e d tanialcte Oe thsiotele'e 113 19 Cash in Treasury December 31, IQ0I.............. 18,791 72 $55,305 56 H. R. MitcuHeEtt, CuHartes T. BARNEY, Chief Clerk. Treasurer. January I, 1902. 50 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. General Fund. GENERAL FUND: RECEIPTS: Cash balance in Treasury, January I, IQOI.......... $863 55 Annual dues fromimembers. ....05..0.cs..cccneece 7,730 00 iife Menibersiipetees--s ons oes scc bscecdoce saesneeae 3,000 00 Caroline Phelps Stokes (for Library Fund)........ 300 00 Miscellancousearatee nett auccavccedsbeadnak cae neces 628 oo Intereston. balances for the year... sic. scccesstacs 045 GENERAL FUND: EXPENDITURES. Generalfofiicevexpenditures.......5.¢+.s0e+s0etecane $1,878 609 Photograph supplies, photographs and slides........ 603 78 Pidthee Amn talwleepOGts.. coer. = vie « sere cote creer eno 1,038 II Newsy BUNCE se Met. @ we oo 6s 4 oe sls oom ateeenre omits 383 82 Ginder Homisserraiiacds> sc20 <0. sc keeece eeumeeeearne 288 70 Stationery, printing and office supplies (Secretary’s , GHIEG) Sorte eterna ave icte an 's's 6 so voy wea a ye owaeres S 506 81 Tea itigy, eee inte aioe ois ns Fa wale Seb oe orale eee 462 20 Expenses.of reastiret S Office... 5.02 wesc os vernceai on’ 7II 40 Employers’ Liability Insurance Company............ 200 00 INotesvoneMlountain= Sheep)... ..2 0s seacceebee cect 180 53 Destruction of Birds and Mammals................ 8I 25 Subscriptions to Zoological Park Relief Association. 60 00 Conimissionssonm SUDScriptions:.... o's, 3's os xi cede 458 68 Awnings rand SWadestraemtrrecy «cele <<: se se eterienrapete 19 00 $68,714 37 H. R. MitcHeELt, CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chief Clerk. Treasurer. January I, 1902. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 53 Ground Fmprovement Fund. The New York Zoological Society has received from the Board of Estimate and Apportionment to date the sum of $436,263.50, the expendi- ture of which is shown in the statement appended. No. I. GROUND IMPROVEMENT FUND: RECEIPTS. Appropriation of Board of Estimate and Appor- LTCHIMANEST EEve eee atele ciate 25 o'er aise shares are alealeiarett $125,000 00 Appropriation of Board of Estimate and Appor- PEO EMITVETI ERS elo te let eiolsialelolavs ious oie ietotara) areis.8; beret eie) sie! 300,000 00 ReMi Ol DOMUS: ou,cicievcie vsad on cdsccac clases 11,163 50— $436,163 50 To Balance, amount expended in excess of appro- PUGAALICHA te (n Sl olatav ais eae 6.4’ e(aieis! diced. ae ¢ opSid erein were 95 88 $436,259 38 GROUND IMPROVEMENT FUND: EXPENDITURES. Following contracts executed by Park Department: Bart. Dunn, for constructing and improving grounds for Zoological Park............. $30,970 48 F. W. Timpson, for four toilet buildings.... 1,400 00 Page Woven Wire Fence Company, for fenc- gt ee Eredar a hae ca nha ay sna aval win''s: as oiaie-e!alastoiele a ai 10,571 84 Bae, Dunne: fot 20G Sees...) sisi ce cats ves 1,200 00 J. Frank Quinn, for trap-rock screenings.... 1,677 90 John C. Rogers, for walks, pools, etc........ 21,816 73 John R. Sheehan, for four entrances........ 8,600 00 W. H. Wright & Son, for Shelter Pavilion CMe Tae ees ere eras rsrcueiosteiatotata Schema w ater onset 3,800 00 W. W. Ryan, for Public Comfort Building.. 17,200 00 Hutchings & Co., for Greenhouse.......... 3,449 00 Milobe. Wirekt for Workshop. ws cccccwe cae 12,900 00 Thomas F. Cockerill & Son, Monkey House 59,700 00 Stone Gq Dhturstons Sewers. ... «0s «ce cscs. 10,IQI 27 John H. Devlin, excavating for planting.... 8,544 06 POUT Gs ROSES Leip for Cattle cies ¢sets os eease 6,832 42 Thomas F. Cockerill & Son, for Lion House 134,500 00o— $333,353 70 Expended by Park Department for materials.... 434 09 Expended by Park Department on account of Engineers’ and Inspectors’ salaries......... 32,492 50 Carried forward $366,280 29 54 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ground Jmprovement Fund. (Wo. 1 continued.) Brought forward Expended by the Society under the direction of H. R. MitcHe tt, Park Department: $366,280 29 Guiaidetai sam cmneeit ws 2 2)s's cava bw cae attra $419 57 Sea suetiid wplantse ace cats ors aces we viele sl esea le 2,858 96 Miscellaneous supplies and sundries........ 660 32 IbabO reser eortls soo soe alte eco aerate 49,343 03 Cemenaticmmee terior ss. vst ac aan tenet eee 542 17 UEVED WAN TOED MONIES eet csp is ocs's clic un cna auetu epetesBtepabeetenatere 301 97 Tstirrabpe reaperrecoercte ait veo! skekerens Saree eee 2,560 72 Bencine smatenials 16. .skicces ce © oe eee elect 4,180 23 MELANIE S Meterataas Gi acc, S40 3 ser sieooee aie e alere etereeeks 432 83 BIE MymeSO sl Peete occas cls’ oscwvcteatones ceteris ecient 808 05 SHOIOG. 5/6. cigs OER MER eC ne TCO RES 6 Gy aes 10) UGH A ELOUSE. Gis ics. bas sre dicing eiels Sale arene 727 44 Hane scape architecture, <.0.o6. 00 «eens lree eee 122 35 FNIPINBSMINS ISUPPlICS...« «5/2 sn. vies can cme es 45 19 Pome ING. Ser sie’. «ks «fe sha haan folreeen Re 75 00 INDIESRENESLOCK. owe cluvelvass,0 Sancee aMedee etnies 30 15 iimads ven ClOSUlE: ve. 5 xisidiccwle crete tage teehee I2I 54 Pablic*Comiort Building: ...2..0- <2 wise 579 49 SOMVACE MS ULGHIAS stores! o:s' crsicliere elapsed Sintieet ole 250 00 MielenhoOwe Sy SEEM, <.ou(sic sac. ce ase eewcremaee 268 50 Sewer and. water supplies.........c..0..00¢ 2,538 30— 69,979 09 Chief Clerk. January 1, 1902. all $436,259 38 CuarLes T. BARNEY, Treasurer. In addition to the expenditure of $436,263.50, as shown, the Society has expended $251,560.35 (mostly in permanent improvements), which funds were received from its friends by special subscription. The raising and expenditure of this $250,000, as shown in Statement No. 2, fulfilled agreements made with the City. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. COMPLETE STATEMENT OF Park Jmprovement Fund. 55 STATEMENT OF THE EXPENDITURE OF $250,000 BY THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, IN FULFILMENT OF AGREEMENT WITH THE City oF NEw YorK, MADE Marcu 24, 1897. Expended from Park Improvement Fund, as follows: EU ULMETOUSC ee eter eerie ee soherrcleisteins) oatoieil aes $1,915 82 BMtro Wine “ROUCHtSn io ccc tercelabewes nelodceecte 2,789 85 BI CleS evi Ye Sane acids hee alsio oie ceiawadae 3,352 rite MOORS NCIOSUTE cia ciciale't sia ad walle sevice 804 17 lyase: chen liciatepin tale aica ee 'dnG dacsichele's «cam 10,781 le Gahyeie: [RONG a dant dU TACOS OCC O RAE SEC BECe 3,153 Beate WOlts and) Hox pDense jonni saciie as saree 20,881 ROOM UUEBEMOUGEs ch coho ac vd earls ees sccls Tadas es 51,023 [ing] LIOR. Sélo d bho s SOC O Te BORD ROO nO BEDE. 25,855 Mountain Sheep Hill and Enclosures......... 2,601 82 ‘Crogoubile- dese bmengannaonn Caen aan Mane 1,410 QI IEA vETOUSERs Hrciis ae.wie es wa eta pine Se ar elas oe 3,614 02 Antelope House (excavation) ................ 1,855 08 LORS EOD Mags 5 bid. cc! sais Sclemiols «bre oesnoae 1,225 26 PSEA MEM Chere car ttdssie cis ga ati cio eadua eoimaherels 1,229 92 RedmMecer Shelters. ccsvcces oe ci ese Stecine 1,083 74 Sverre vianitial: PIOUS caso cies e\srsse.orhuc'sisutm area ete 4,719 95 Garihote smelter pre sehr hewioan he ohare. reree ol ciate 1,381 07 MAPLE SICIEGI. Ui ss. eis oice vasa cians Sasa 1,368 53 BatlowsDeersShelter.(..2. joc. ssi etewinec cease aces 1,280 66 Bola Bearce Deniaaeperencc cen de oehen oben 3,735 47 MIME CL SHELLEES o.cheroictelacnerediecae attic oie oelea 6 189 34 LEILA SGU dan CREO ORGA BH EGDOR Had ae nde ete 78 16 Witvinia, Deer Shelter. ..ic3 sc ccessiccloems cs - 165 65 Eis HMC IOS Ee xsd «oats ciara aces 6 ais oe Gein boo 235 00 ICCOONS “aE NClOSULE) sao .ae «ceeecmee scene 325 00 Benvice Building and. Yards). a. fcc.scerciweciels s 1,605 02 PE rMOISE, FOMCIOSUTE: 55. <5,a/ 502 Cercopithecus callitrichus....Africa EES 6s ROR rc ci oot oa Avan alec + pygerythrus .. * Patas iy WE ES et a UES cis a 5S he ad . New World Monkeys. White-Throated Sapajou...... Cebes hypoleucus ........... S. America White-Faced Sapajou......... Re MME 57 ds aus soca es i Elosded Sapajous <...) 46.52... me Eee Ae 5 Red-Faced Spider Monkey.... Aveles Janiscus...........2% ar Psee-Paced opiaer Monkey... © GLP snc ciconenaare cscs i Hooded Spider Monkey....... Meee CHCMUALAN Fol ei to ae nA Squirrel Monkey, or Common PUAPMOSE DS choice cela .nitn'e ince Ss Chrysothrix sciurea........ * Gray Spider Monkey.......... ASUEIES LEOGT OVE a's a ais o's jes % Lemurs and Lemurotds. SOOMEG OME oi). os 0 a2 + sajec LAO VOFTUS <8 ois waning ok Madagascar MUMS Gt aie piste ai eet a/e's, oc Se EMIARO Fs Js fee tes a Rime Pailed Lemur. .-........: GP MLELE ms tel Acree nekede i mine Gray Lemur... .6.2. 35. OF A Ra ec ettcsiae: ken sre : DEIREEME VEE 160 5.5 shaistera Www Swidhs SPE aki atanbseto aman rare x (22S ee Ail pPHAEUEO. fas Slice oss i EIRENE Pook | ralahig 6. ofare xis oie a) vis a! bar cet caer pee pee eee ys TIRES See ce aes GOIRTE CONELG wai tonts tine as Africa POMC RAUE no. 2 v0 ccjeieinisls so Nycticebus tardigradus ..... India Bears.—The collection of bears is rapidly increasing, both in number and in scientific interest. The efforts put forth to bring together a choice series of representative bears have been very well rewarded, and the present dens are now filled to overflow- ing. The first object has been to secure a fine series of Amer- ican specimens of all species, and also to show all known varia- tions of the American black bear, from jet black to the lightest brown “cinnamon.” We next sought Old World species, with several gratifying results. The two Kadiak bears, presented in 1899 by the Messrs. Niles, have thus far developed finely. The male has completely out- grown the Colorado grizzly of the same age, and although he is less than three years of age, with four years more in which to grow, he is already a very large bear. The coats of the two Kadiaks have now taken on the color and texture of adoles- cence, and the identity of these specimens as Ursus middendorfi may be considered as beyond doubt. Mr. J. Alden Loring secured in Alaska two fine grizzly bear 64 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. cubs, and a smooth-coated brown bear, the identity of which remains to be proven by its growth. Mr. Ferdinand Kaegebehn succeeded in securing for the So- ciety a pair of silvery gray Ursus arctos cubs, direct from Trebi- zond, which by reason of their beauty and good temper are very desirable. Mr. Carl Hagenbeck presented to the Society a fine pair of young hairy-eared bears, from northwestern Mongolia (near the geographical center of Asia), which are of much value. A ten-months-old pair of Ursus arctos from Central Russia, ob- tained from Mr. Hagenbeck in exchange, are as much like “ sil- ver-tip ” grizzlies of that age as one species can possibly resem- ble another. From Mr. Hagenbeck was purchased a pair ot sloth bears from India, and from Captain Golding came 1 Hima- layan black bear, 2 Japanese bears, and 2 Malayan sun bears. It has been our policy to secure young bears and rear them in our own dens, taking great care to avoid the development of bad temper, and also to secure the finest possible growth. In the preservation of ursine temper, much has been gained by strictly prohibiting the feeding of bears by visitors. At present about one-half of our 30 bears are immature, but all save the polars are so good-natured that the keepers enter their dens and drive them to and fro like so many sheep. What is of equal importance, bears that are reared together play with each other instead of fighting. The following list of the species and varieties of bears now represented in the Park collection may be of interest: BEARS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. January, I, 1902. 2,Polars, from Nova jZemiblany.-\o0 ts acre eee Thalarctos maritimus. 2iKadiak; from sAlaskalcrace sca snnet siete occ Ursus middendor fii. iHGizely, Arom Colorado, «cis kee <= toiere crete erro Ursus horribilts. Test ae? re e}umeatie Alaska ences mie seen Ursus horribilis. roa oS ve" POFCUPING MAlaAS Kank area tales Ursus horribilis. 1 Black Bear, from MMaine sicteanctiene cdeecae yar Ursus americanus. I i) se INGwyonls: I ce ‘¢ Pennsylvania. I ne 5) Varcinias I “ co) Wlorda: I ee ‘¢ West Ontario. (Brown variety.) SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 65 1 Black Bear, from Mexico. I - ‘¢ Colorado. (Cinnamon variety.) I Fe << Washington. (Cinnamon variety.) I oy ‘* British Columbia. I *¢ South Alaska. (Brown variety.) 2 Brown Bears, from Asiatic Turkey........... Ursus arctos. Bea ES FF fe SGentralwnssia ces Metso i5. Ursus arctos. 2 Hairy-Eared Bears, from N.-W. Mongolia.... Ursus piscator. mebtralay an, blacks, BOARS. sini.) 4's)3% ses oficiales Ss Ursus torqguatus. 2 Japanese Bears, from Japan. ..-..... 60 st.0e. Ursus japonicus. PEO lOthebeaksemtnomelndiae er. ceisler a ae aes Ursus labiatus. io paeHear, (LOM, BORNEO. «2.5 scene. <6 2 es: 5s 82 Ursus malayanus. 30 specimens, representing Io species. Prong-Horned Antelope Herd.—Although it is risky to make at this time any statement regarding our herd of prong-horned an- telope, nevertheless our success with it during the past year gives us reason to hope that this species can survive here without be- ing attacked by gastro-enteritis. A year ago last summer we started a new herd of antelope, with ten specimens, about one-half of them adult. Owing to the loss of all those previously allowed to graze on green grass in the range, we decided to try the experiment of keeping a herd in a corral containing no grass, feeding it chiefly on dry food, and carefully regulating the supply of green grass. This policy was carried out, and the result has been very gratifying. There has been no occurrence of gastro-enteritis. Three deaths have occurred in the herd, two being due to acci- dents, and one to fighting. The remaining seven animals of the original herd are in as fine physical condition as if they had all this time been living in their home country. They are fat, in fine pelage, lively, and so vigorously playful that their attentions to their keepers are a positive annoyance. Our experiments with moose, mule deer, and Columbian black-tailed deer have not been as successful as we had hoped, on account of all three of these specimens having been persist- ently subject to gastro-enteritis, a disease which in them seems incurable. Pending further studies into the causes and preven- tion of that malady, we will not now renew our stock of moose; but we expect to do so at a later period. The Beaver Colony.—After unexpected delays and postpone- 66 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ments, the Beaver Pond finally received a stock of animals, and to-day it is one of the most interesting of the minor attractions of the Park. Several specimens came from Brownsville, Tex., and one from Colorado. Mr. Hugh J. Chisholm presented a very handsome pair which came from Canada, and later in the year, three more from Maine. A very characteristic dam, about forty feet long, with an up-stream curve, has been built by the beavers at the lower end of the pond, of poles and sticks which they have cut and peeled, small stones, and mud gathered from the bottom of the pond. In the center of the pond, the animals have built a very comfortable house, about four feet high, of mud and sticks. In cutting the saplings and trees left for them in the enclosure, the beavers began with the smallest, and have now cut everything under six inches in diameter. The larger trees are now being attacked, and are going one by one. During his autumn vacation Mr. E. R. Sanborn, the Park photographer, discovered in a tooth-pick factory an unlimited _ supply of green birch-bark, such as beavers love to feed upon, and immediately shipped to the Park a quantity for trial. The beavers have manifested a great fondness for it, and it is now supplied to them regularly in small piles placed on the banks of the pond. Even in the middle of the day they are seen to leave the water, gravely march up to the piles of birch-bark, fill their mouths with the largest pieces available, and solemnly stride back to the water to consume them. Gifts——The most noteworthy gifts of Mammals during the year were the following: 1 Pair Mouflon, from Maurice Egerton, London. “ec ‘ec ce a3 Mexican Gray Fox, Western Yellow-Haired Porcupine, from W. T. Hornaday. Florida Deer, from Mrs. Arthur Duane, Sharon, Conn. Virginia Deer, from Frederick D. Camp, New York City. 1 Pair Siberian Brown Bears, from Carl Hagenbeck. 5 Beaver, from Hugh J. Chisholm. 1 Elk, from Knox Taylor, Ketchum, Idaho. t Black Bear, from Sefior Cruz E. Gonzalez, Chihuahua, Mex. 2 Cacomistles, from Charles Sheldon, a Mex. 1 Mearns’ Coyote, “i 5 1 Ferret, s cy i i 1 Badger, i rs “ 4 I I I I SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 67 At Merrymeeting Park, Brunswick, Me., were purchased 3 buffaloes, 2 adult woodland caribou, 1 antelope, 3 elk, 3 white- ‘ tailed deer, 1 black bear, 3 gray wolves, 2 foxes, 3 raccoons, and 3 porcupines, all of which were in fine condition, and were added to the groups of those species already on hand. A number of rare and valuable ungulates were acquired dur- ing the year, the following being by purchase: 7 Newfoundland caribou fawns, through the kind offices of Robert L. Mare, Esq., of St. Johns, Newfoundland; 1 anoa, 1 sika deer, 2 sam- bar deer, I equine deer, 1 Chinese water deer, 2 aoudad, 1 Him- alayan tahr, and 6 prong-horned antelope. A fine female equine deer was received in exchange from the Philadelphia Zoological Society, and a llama is expected shortly from the Washington Zoological Park. During the summer Mr. Raymond L. Ditmars was appointed assistant to the director in the mammal department, and this arrangement has proven to be admirably adapted to the needs — mS PHOTO BY E. R. SANBORN. THE RACCOONS’ TREE. Recently inclosed near the Bear Dens. 68 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. of the Park. Mr. Ditmars has rapidly acquired knowledge of the details of his new line of duties, which are merely supple- mentary to his work as assistant curator, in charge of reptiles, and there is thus opened to him a wider field of usefulness to the Society. Excepting the two epidemic diseases, gastro-enteritis and septic ulcerative dysentery, the mammals of the Park have been satisfactorily free from serious diseases during the year. All the bears, wolves, foxes, otters, cats, rodents, antelope, elk, buf- falo, tropical ungulates of all kinds, European deer, baboons, monkeys, and lemurs are, with but few and trifling exceptions, in prime condition. The following is a statement of the species and specimens on hand December 21, 1901: Species. Specimens. Pe ATTDLES C2 'S cella’s tks ote eee Oe 42 114 SACMIVOEA: buss cee er eee ee 26 73 LEVANT Oe. GUE eg prt eda PSS Sen I 3 Odetiiaywh te atin eee ees 16 126 ipeadlaiba ee a Mor os Vn eee 22 go iclembatan owe es ond cok ee Se I I WMargsnpialiand 224 6.s42. et ese 2 9 Mahal stat ccs stern cee rere 110 416 INeGetvedaby .Citk: .<). citakighetceueraers ema eeeeemeee 85 IP iat eUl “75 BS Svs 7o. as cake aes Se eae eee 274 EXON DL 5s a ee POA ry ere AHL 20 (OnMACPOSID oo: ws kcdv sso mean ee eee I2 DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS.—C. William Beebe, Assistant Curator, in Charge. The most important addition to the bird department during the past year was the erection of the temporary Pheasants’ Aviary, presented by the heirs of Samuel B. Schieffelin. The structure consists of a long, narrow building, with spacious run- ways in front, each wire enclosure measuring six by twenty- eight feet. Forty-five specimens of pheasants now occupy these new quarters; also flocks of jungle fowl and California quail. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 69 Notwithstanding the temporary nature of this installation, it is a very welcome addition to our accommodations for birds, and its feathered occupants are perfectly comfortable. During the summer the burrowing owls were installed in an outdoor cage, where they soon dug a burrow, well sheltered from storms, and it is hoped a colony of these curious birds will soon be established here. As a whole, the birds in the collection have settled down to contented lives, and considering that the past year was the first in which they have been free from constant disturbance by blast- ing and construction, the number of species which have bred is remarkable. Fourteen species have reared living young, while seven others have deposited eggs. Those which bred are as follows: European Herring Gull. Reeves Pheasant. Smaragd Duck. Amherst 7 Mallard Duck. Golden # Canada Goose. Silver - California Quail. Ring-necked “ Wild Turkey. Red Jungle Fowl. Black-Shouldered Peacock. Ring-dove. The following: laid eggs, but through various causes were un- able to hatch and rear their young: Black Duck. Bob-white. Wood Duck. Screech Owl. Indian Peacock. Burrowing Owl. American Magpie. The fourteen species which bred are referable to six different orders, a fact which may be regarded as proof of the very satis- factory manner in which the sheltered confines of Birds’ Valley have been adapted to the needs of birds, which, in their wild breeding-places, represent almost every quarter of the world. At one time during the year it was thought that an Ostrich House would be erected, and finished by December, but this hope was not realized. It is full time, however, that the bird department should be provided with two more substantial build- ings, heated in winter, and about four large aviaries; for the oS NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. present situation is rapidly becoming intolerable. During the winter tropical birds are housed in the Caribou House, Pelican House, and in the old Reptile House lunch-room! Under pres- ent conditions it is impossible to permit the bird collections to increase to an appreciable extent. Notwithstanding a total lack of proper aviary facilities for perching birds, Mr. Beebe and his assistants in the bird depart- ment collected during the breeding season the nestlings of about fifteen species of wild birds, and reared them by hand quite suc- cessfully. The amount of labor and close attention requisite in such a task may be estimated by the fact that the majority of these young birds required to be fed by hand every hour. The most interesting broods were crows, owls, woodpeckers, robins, blackbirds, orioles, kingfishers, starlings, tanagers, and blue- jays. All these broods were placed on exhibition as soon as it was safe to do so, and they attracted a great amount of attention, particularly from children. The kingfishers alone defied all at- tempts to bring them to maturity. Mr. Beebe’s studies and persistent investigations of the dis- eases of birds, and their treatment, have yielded many valuable results. Out of a list of twenty-seven organic diseases which have caused deaths among the birds, all but seven have at last yielded to treatment. Among these seven are tuberculosis, ad- vanced gangrene, a peculiar foot disease, and a stomachic trouble. The two last mentioned will doubtless soon be added to the list of cures. Detailed study has been given to this sub- ject, and the results show that the deaths during recent months have been mainly due to such four-footed pests as cats, weasels, and rats, and to accidents. Although as yet no new bird-houses have been constructed, by constant effort to meet the conditions demanded in crowded cages and the kindly dispositions of the birds themselves, many species have been successfully caged together. In this way room has been found for the 229 gifts and 270 purchases, which, with 79 specimens collected by members of the department, com- prise the 499 additions to the collection during the past year. Among the most important of these additions may be men- tioned the following: Gifts.—2 jungle fowl, 2 black-winged peacocks, I guan, I crest- ed curassow, and 1 crowned pigeon, from Homer Davenport; 22 SIXTH ANNUAL: REPORT. a: scaled quails, 1 golden eagle, and 4 western red-tailed hawks, from Charles Sheldon; 4 yellow-crowned and 4 black-crowned night herons, from C. D. Brown; and 2 banded fruit pigeons, from Mason Mitchell. Purchases.—1 whooping crane, 2 sandhill cranes, and 5 de- moiselle cranes; 12 brown pelicans, 4 American flamingoes, 4 roseate spoonbills, 2 Javan peacocks, 2 ring-necked pheasants, 2 peacock pheasants, and 2 Mongolian pheasants; 1 Brazilian eagle, and 2 Chinese geese. The rarest specimen received during the year was an albino bob-white (Colinus virginianus), captured in southern Okla- homa, and presented by Mr. Charles Payne, of Wichita, Kan. Amongst quails, albinism appears to be of exceedingly rare oc- currence, and Mr. Payne declares that this bird is “one out of two million.” To the bird department, the most important gift of the year was $300 in cash received from Miss Caroline Phelps Stokes for the purchase of ornithological books. The invaluable aid this will afford in the study of the habits and the care of birds may be judged by the titles of the books as given elsewhere in the annual list of gifts to the Society. On December 31, 1901, the bird department contained the fol- lowing birds: Order. Species. Specimens. [P86 UO Ieee Ce een Sree I 3 PR AOPADEOICS (8 oie cuc ja ine, Sea 5 20 SE MAD OIES 200509 caSis< m2 0s, Shes 4 25 USER SS ee ee rare 28 225 Odontoglosse ...... oe Ae, pee 2 7 PACE OMIONES So ef cies oh se hn 14 42 LEE LLC Cle) 5 Sete eee Se 4 Pi NESS FS Pd a ee Ban 22 86 SOIISCss| ae a ce 3 8 ARINC Salsa oun, 284) He 2 ae od 19 62 PE SIUACH Gas CA he gt 4s ore, hard cit. gs, toy 15 24 ROE Siti eae hoa. ors I 2 oe | ae pees ee I I ASSETS faa ud acon wiewiS me 3 : Eee re "NYOBNVS HY ‘3 AB OLOHd ANNUAL REPORT OF THE VETERINARIAN. BY FRANK H. MILLER, V.S. RESPECTFULLY beg to submit the following report rel- ative to the animals of the New York Zoological Park un- der my care—their general health, diseases, injuries, treatment, and feeding from the time of my appointment by the Executive Committee on the recommendation of Professor Osborn. My first general inspection of all animals installed within the Park, made May 22, 1901, showed them to be in good health, the following cases excepted: 1. One buffalo bull. Sub-chronic intestinal catarrh. 2. One aged buffalo cow. Chronic intestinal catarrh. 3. One prong-horned antelope. Suppurating tendo-vaginitis (chronic). 4. One prong-hormed antelope. Severed tendons. 5. One prong-horned antelope. Fractured ribs and abscess on sternum. 6. One Ceram cassowary. Necrotic inflammation of throat. 7. One beaver (just admitted). Lacerated wounds and man- gled foot. Of the above cases, the following disposal was made: Cases rt and 2 (the Buffalo) were isolated from the herd and their diet regulated to suit their altered conditions, and the various tonic-astringents commonly used in domesticated ruminants administered, but with very indifferent results. I then concluded to use tannigen, which agent, probably by rea- son of its passing the multiplex stomach unchanged, exerted its highly satisfactory curative powers within the intestinal canal, speedily induced a normal activity, and the animals were again allowed to enter the herd. 98 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Case No. 3, Suppurating tendo-vaginitis upon leg of Antelope, I treated by chloroforming the animal, opening the infected parts, cleansing the same with hydrogen peroxide, and dress- ing with iodoform, ether, and bandages. The patient showed satisfactory improvement under daily dressing by the keeper up to the eighth day, when gangrenous conditions appeared, and the animal was removed by chloroforming. Case No. 4, Antelope with severed tendons, was, upon close ex- amination, found to be inoperable, and the animal was removed from the herd by chloroforming. Case No. 5, Antelope with fractured ribs and abscesses, received in fighting, was operated upon painlessly by the use of cocaine injections, the pockets drained and packed, after the removal of a segment of detached rib. Daily dressing of the wound was performed by the keeper under my direction, with the result that the abscesses healed rapidly. However, the injury to the sternum proved to be such as to deprive it of adequate nour- ishment, and necrosis slowly progressed, notwithstanding care- ful drainage and approved antiseptics, necessitating re-operation upon several occasions, owing to fistulz being formed. Later it was considered more humane to destroy the animal; first, be- cause of the certainty of long treatment being required; sec- ondly, because of the very unthrifty appearance of the animal in an otherwise healthy herd. Chloroformed. Case No. 6, Cassowary with necrotic throat, placed under treat- ment of artificial nourishment and frequent spraying of the throat with saturated solution of boric acid. Since the bird had en- tirely ceased to take food, and was aged, he rapidly sank, and died on the following day. Case No. 7, Injured Beaver. Animal was operated on by local application of cocaine; one digit was amputated, and wounds curetted and packed with xeroform powder, and he was allowed to take the water in our beaver pond, with rapid and complete recovery. The cases which have come under my immediate care since May 22, 1901, have in the main been such injuries and diseases (sporadic and enzootic) as naturally appear in the practice of the general practitioner of comparative medicine, somewhat aug- mented by reason of the changed conditions incidental to, and more or less inseparable from, the confinement of wild animals. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 99 Even within this Park, conducted as it is with unlimited regard to expense and singleness of purpose to produce surroundings calculated to promote the life, freedom, and happiness of ani- mals, conditions and injuries are oftentimes brought about by reason of the natural ferocity and agility of certain species, which only too frequently involve even our keepers in mishap. Space will not permit, and it would be quite foreign to the purpose of this report for me to enter into general details of all cases under observation. I will therefore briefly name the various cases which have occurred, and take up in greater detail such con- ditions, as from their particular mortality or liability to infect others must necessarily be considered of prime importance in forming our retrospect of past proceedings, and formulating lines of activity for the treatment and prevention of similar or allied conditions which may appear in future, particularly as to the proper mode of successfully applying our resources that they may be made readily available to the various kinds of animals under our care. The medical cases, which I name strictly in order of their im- portance rather than as to frequency among the animals, have been as follows: Ist, Gastro-enteritis. roth, Gregarinosis (rabbits). 2d, Infective colitis. 11th, Group paralysis. 3d, Intestinal catarrh. 12th, Pernicious anemia. 4th, Tuberculosis. 13th, Convulsions. 5th, Intestinal parasites. 14th, Fish poisoning. 6th, Syngamus trachealis 15th, Septiczemia. (birds). 16th, Rainey’s corpuscles (elk). 7th, Bird cholera. 17th, Hodgkins’ disease. 8th, Verminous bronchitis. 18th, Subcutaneous parasites oth, Sarcoptic mange. (birds). Injuries and conditions requiring surgical treatment may be reported in their relative order of frequency, as follows: Ist, Wounds. 6th, Distorted feet. 2d, Abscesses. 7th, Neoplasms. 3d, Contusions. 8th, Granular conjunctivitis. 4th, Fractures. goth, Horn punctures. 5th, Amputations. 100 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. GASTRO-ENTERITIS OF UNGULATES. Of the medical conditions which have been treated, by far the most frequent and fatal was acute gastro-enteritis, which pre- vailed during the hot days of middle and later summer, mainly among our western deer and moose, and was not altogether absent at times from the elk herd. From this disease alone, notwithstanding what we considered the most rational and pains- taking adjustment of their diet and entire surroundings, treat- ment, etc., we lost our entire collection of moose; mainly within the thirty days preceding September roth. Up to and during the first week of intense summer heat, this herd, with the exceptions of horn development (which was some- what deficient), gave every visible evidence of vigorous diges- tion, and abundance of good health and contentment in their installation. Their illness was first marked by want of cohesion, form, and color in the intestinal excretions, which contained much mucus—a condition seldom giving more than the slight- est and most temporary response to the best-known disinfectants and astringents, and which invariably gravitated into acute and persistent diarrhoea. The appetite and rumination alike dimin- ished rapidly, and soon ceased entirely. Emaciation and weak- ness, with great apathy, quickly supervened, death usually being preceded by a period of coma. Such, in short, were the symp- toms exhibited by all animals which were lost within the Park from this particular disease. The most desirable changes of diet known to us were made for these animals, including the limited and unlimited use of mixed browse, which, with the construction of special bathing-ponds, shower-baths, etc., while appearing to give unquestionable additions to their comfort, failed to give the animals that degree of safety for which we had so ardently hoped. While the western deer suffered from this disease, and exhibited the same symptoms, it may be noted that the onslaught of the malady was less rapidly fatal in its consequences among them, than we have noted as affecting the moose; the course hav- ing been approximately twelve to fifteen days in the deer, as against five to seven in the moose. Post-mortem examination of all animals lost, after exhibiting the characteristic symptoms of this disease, revealed the one common condition of diffuse congestion and inflammation of the abomasum (true stomach), and to a somewhat lesser degree the SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 101 entire digestive tract. The intestinal contents being in the pre- ponderance of cases food in an imperfect state of digestion, mixed with sero-sanguineous fluid. It may be of interest to re- mark in this connection that, while there was evidence of in- testinal atrophy in all cases, those of the deer were much more clearly atrophic than those of the moose, possibly because of more prolonged suffering; yet this may have to an extent ante- dated the actual illness, since I have noticed similar conditions, though in a lesser degree, while examining deer other than those which had suffered from this disease. The essential element of contagion seemed entirely absent in this disease, since no single case appeared in our numerous species of European and Asiatic deer, although living under identical surroundings and conditions, attended by the same keepers, and at times in close proximity to ranges wherein ani- mals had suffered. I would invite your closest attention to the report of these cases issued by our Pathologist, Harlow Brooks, M.D., who has had occasion to make special research in relation to this most important matter. INFECTIVE COLITIS. Second in importance to gastro-enteritis, only by reason of its having been confined to a lesser number of animals, but quite as fatal, I would report our experience with infective colitis due to the invasion of the Balantidiuwm coli, whereby three orang- utans and one chimpanzee were lost, and the sole remaining orang was seriously and possibly fatally infected. The orangs (“ Rajah,” “ Brunei,” and “Sultan’’) and chimpanzee (“ Zongo”’), which had enjoyed exceedingly good health since their installation within the Park, were first noticed to be slightly indisposed upon the occasion of my visit on October 6th. Show- ing diarrhoea on the morning of October 7th, they were removed to an isolated room in the Reptile House, and treatment out- lined by regulation of diet to meet their altered requirements, and the administration of intestinal antiseptics and astringents. From the coincidence of four cases similar in type, we suspected they might have suffered a mild intestinal infection from the use, in small quantities, of Scott’s Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil, which had been in stock for several months, yet seemed to be in a fair state of preservation. 102 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. With the exceptions of the cases of “Sultan” and “ Zongo,” whose cases although obstinate did in a measure yield tempo- rarily to treatment, the disease progressed steadily. Owing to the nature and extent of the constant drain upon the system, and ex- tremely poor appetite—which made adequate nourishment hard, indeed almost impossible to accomplish—the animals emaciated rapidly. Several changes of treatment were thought advisable, and carefully made, including the free use of salol, xeroform, bismuth sub-nitrate, bismuth sub- gallate, opium, etc. All proving equally ineffectual, we called in consultation Dr. Van der Smissen, who has enjoyed much practice in the diseases of children of this part of the city. It having been thought advis- able, irrigation of the colon of each was frequently and carefully made with sterilized normal salt solution along with the treat- ment already administered, but without appreciable result. The animals soon refused to take nourishment voluntarily, and the stomach rejected administered food such as peptonized milk, etc. Their death ensued within twenty-four hours of each other. The post-mortem examinations made by Park Pathologist Harlow Brooks, M.D., at which I was present, were most inter- esting as showing the lesions of the entire colon incidental to the invasion of parasites known to science as Balantidii, a tropical infection which we at the time, and with much reason, thought had been introduced into the Park by the importation of this particular collection of apes. The chimpanzee “ Zongo” and orang “Sultan” gave tem- porary hope of ultimate success in treatment, and gained in fair measure a healthful state of digestion, which, however, soon broke down, and despite the most solicitous care and treatment, their intestinal discharges again swarmed with the infusoria. Emaciation .was rapid and complete, death following despite our efforts, as in the cases above reported. Post-mortem lesions were in all respects identical to former cases. The female orang named “ Sally,’ who had been within the Park during the past two years but had been caged at times with the others, first showed emaciation and specific diarrhoea on December 8th. The loss of flesh and prostration was very rapid, the appetite soon failing. As in the other cases, there was marked apathy from the outset. The treatment of quinine bi- sulphate enemata, so extensively used in human medicine in SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 103 treating allied diseases—and thoroughly administered to the ani- mals “ Zongo” and “ Sultan,” but without result—was early replaced in the treatment of this case by high enemata of rice mucilage strongly impregnated with Merck’s creoline and thirty grains xeroform. These injections were repeated twice daily, with the result that the animal showed marked improvement. After the first few treatments the parasites rapidly disappeared in number from the excretions, and such as appeared were with- out life. The patient improved rapidly in all respects, and re- mained under constant treatment, but showed a sudden exacer- bation of symptoms upon December 26th, when the parasites again appeared in great numbers. For a second time the patient began to emaciate and grow apathetic. At present she is being carefully nursed and treated, and appears to be with- standing the disease much better than might be expected in view of the nature of her malady. Every proper precaution as regards isolation, frequent and ef- fectual disinfection, etc., was early put into effect, and to that I attribute the confinement of the disease to the animals named, since every evidence indicated its invasive nature. The prob- able error of our judgment in assuming this disease to have gained admission to the Park by reason of infection lurking in some one or more of these animals at the time of their purchase was recently shown. In the routine of affairs, Curator Ditmars on January 2, 1902, caused microscopic examination to be made of excreta from the giant tortoises which were imported last summer, and for a time located in quarters in immediate prox- imity to the orangs in question. This examination showed the material to be surcharged with infusorial organisms, with Balan- tidium coli in great abundance. Since the reptiles appear to en- joy good health, we are driven to the conclusion that the high- ly pathogenic organism, Balantidium coli, of the large apes, is really the non-pathogenic Balantidium of the tortoise, and ex- periments are now being carried forward to substantiate or dis- prove this assumption. The scientific importance of these cases to those engaged in zoological work can scarcely be over-estimated, and will, in my opinion, fully warrant the most careful perusal of our patholo- gist’s report relative thereto. Our experience with this peculiar infection should make us 104 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. very circumspect regarding the receiving of animals, especially from tropical countries, and introducing them into our collec- tions without every effort being made to demonstrate the pres- ence or absence of this disease, which beyond much doubt has the power, under favorable conditions, to destroy the entire pri- mate collection. That which I am inclined to regard as the third most impor- tant condition of our animals requiring special treatment was intestinal indigestion, mainly confined to the adult buffalo. INTESTINAL CATARRH OF BUFFALO. Within the past six months there have been under treatment one chronic and five sub-chronic cases of this troublesome dis- order, all of which have been isolated and relieved, after longer or shorter periods of dieting and medication. This condition proves particularly troublesome from the diffi- culty at times found in isolating such animals, in the selection of agents which they will take voluntarily in the food or water, and, above all, in the selection of those remedies which will, in non-toxic doses, pass through a stomach containing, as it often- times does, sixty gallons of food matter, and reach the diseased intestine in a state capable of exerting therapeutic action. Of the many agents commonly administered in the domestic ruminant for combating like disturbances, the only one we have found to be of any real value whatsoever was tannigen (acetyl- tannin), through the use of which we have been enabled to suc- cessfully cope with these cases. From the excellent health of our buffalo herd during the warm months of summer, and the number of these intestinal cases reported late in the autumn and early winter, along with the benefits at once derived by corraling and feeding exclusively upon dried herds-grass, I am convinced that the disturbance had its foundation in indigestion, pure and simple, from taking frozen grasses. Although the microscopic examination of the di- gestive refuse from time to time showed the presence of several kinds of small worms, their inconstancy in the actually suffering would tend to disprove their pathogenic nature. The marked tendency of these cases to assume chronicity should, I think, at all times cause us to put the animals under treatment. Not only does the impaired digestion rapidly show SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 105 itself in the animal’s pelage and cause them to become unthrifty in appearance, but the attendant weakness and incompetency of such animals to withstand herd-life among vigorous compan- ions exposes them to serious injury which, once gained, for ob- vious reasons can seldom receive the treatment which is ex- tended to other animals. Tuberculosis, the fourth disease of importance with which I have been confronted up to date, has not assumed, I am pleased to say, anything like the prevalence in our various installations which has attended the keeping of large collections of animals in this and other parts of the world. Since all animals which die within the Park are systematically examined after death, I am in a position to report that no traces of this disease have been found in any of the various installa- tions beyond four cases of small monkeys and one case of avine tuberculosis (eagle) in the bird collection. Since every possible effort has and constantly is being made to avoid crowding of the collections, and to keep up a system of thorough cleansing and disinfection of all cages, and particularly those of subjects of known susceptibility, we hope for still great- er immunity from this scourge, which is so truly the bane of ani- mals in captivity. Of the cases examined, the lesions were located mainly in organs other than the respiratory, which fact greatly mitigates against rapid dissemination of the contagium. While the above briefly summarizes the character and treat- ment of diseases which have in the main constituted our greatest perplexity, and have in part been more or less satisfactorily solved, much still remains to be worked out, particularly along the line of gastro-enteritis of Western ungulates. The remaining named conditions of disease which called for treatment were, with few exceptions, such as occur in general practice among domestic animals, and have given quite as sat- isfactory results when treated. ANESTHETICS. It will be of special interest to those humanely as well as sci- entifically interested in this particular study to learn that the conduction of our surgical work among the animals, of which a goodly amount has been done, has at all times and without ex- ception, when it was in the least degree possible, been prose- 106 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. cuted with the strictest regard to the prevention of animals suf- fering. The anesthetics selected for operation were chloroform, sulphuric-ether, and cocaine according to the nature of the work to be done and the class of animal to be treated. Among the animals to undergo operations requiring general anesthetics I would report: 1 Alligator. 1 Wolf. 3 Antelopes. 1 Crocodile. 5 Bears. 7 Monkeys. Not only has the constant use of these agents been prompted by reasons of humanity, but along with modern antiseptics, care- fully selected to meet the peculiar idiosyncrasies of various spe- cies, conditions have been easily and successfully treated which would have been quite impossible without the aid of such agents. My frequent examinations of the food supplies for all animals within the Park have, with one or two exceptions (which were immediately corrected), showed them to be at all times highly satisfactory in quality and state of preservation. It may not be inopportune at this time, in view of the nature of my special charge, and the tendency of our Buffalo to easily acquire digestive disturbances, to suggest that the permanent improvements of the coming year include such measures as you may think would insure a more perfect drainage of certain low- lying parts of the Buffalo Range, to the end that a more perfect grazing sward may be produced. I would also advise the consideration of methods to regulate the manner of inflow and outflow of the various pools and ponds made use of by the animals, in order that such currents may be produced as would tend to materially check the rapid growth of -algze, etc., and render fouling less possible during the warmest weather, when the vitality of our animals is necessarily at the lowest point of the year. The detail work of your Veterinarian has been greatly facili- tated by the employment of the laboratory attendant, whose ser- vices I trust it may be your pleasure to continue. Not only have his efforts in the laboratory been very gratifying, but the service he has rendered in the capacity of dispensing and hospital stew- ard has been highly satisfactory to me. In closing, I wish gratefully to acknowledge the kind consid- eration I have at all times received at the hands of Director SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 107 Hornaday, and the support accorded my work; also the hearty co-operation and courtesy of the assistants and keepers, and their invariable interest in the animals both in and out of treat- ment. Respectfully submitted, FRANK H. MILter, V.S., Veterinarian New York Zoological Park. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PATHOLOGIST. BY HARLOW BROOKS, M.D. HE period of time covered by this report extends from July, 1901, the time of my appointment by the Executive Com- mittee on the recommendation of Professor Osborn, to Jan- uary I, 1902. It has been impossible to make observations on all the cases of death among the animals because of insufficient facilities and lack of time. For these reasons, examinations have to a great extent been limited to those diseases of greatest frequency, or those occurring in animals of the greatest value. The character of the studies made has often been unsatis- factory from a purely scientific stand-point, inasmuch as fre- quently they have, of necessity, been superficial and incomplete ; for the primary object in each case has been to attain, by as direct a method as possible, the practical points which might serve us in the immediate identification, prevention, and treat- ment of the disease. Notwithstanding this general statement, several minor contributions have been presented by the writer before various scientific societies, and other observations and material have been so preserved as to form the basis for future studies of this character. In this report it will be possible to consider only those diseases which we believe to be of the greatest importance. The most frequent and the most serious disorders with which we have had to contend have been those of the digestive tract. This is to be expected, since such diseases are always among those most frequent, especially when large numbers, either of men or animals, are under more or less artificial conditions. For in- stance, note the frequence of this class of diseases as reported by the army surgeons. In the army, conditions are much less SIXTH ANNUAL :+REPORT. 109 complicated than among our animals, for in the Park we have to contend with the greatest extremes in alterations of climate and habitat, as well as to comply with the most widely varied demands in alimentation. GASTRO-ENTERITIS AMONG THE RUMINANTS. It is not at all unexpected, therefore, that our most serious mortality has resulted from gastro - enteritis; but, contrary to the ideas of the layman, this condition has been most severe and frequent in specimens of our native wild animals—notably in deer, caribou, and moose native to this country, and largely taken from climates not widely differing from that of New York. In the most acute of these cases, those in which death occurs in from ten to thirty-six hours after the onset in animals previ- ously healthy, the lesions are generally limited to the aboma- sum, or true stomach. The lesions consist of an acute injection of the submucous blood-vessels, not infrequently with smaller or larger submucous blood-extravasations. In none of these acute cases have I found ulcers, though they may be present when the process becomes subacute or chronic; generally the viscus contains a somewhat limited quantity of substance which consists of fermented food mingled with a fluid which contains many leucocytes and occasional red blood-cells. Most fre- quently in these cases the other cavities of the stomach are filled, or over-filled, with food which is almost invariably so much fer- mented that enormous gaseous distention takes place, quite fre- quently before death. In those cases in which the disease has been of longer dura- tion the process extends downward, successively involving the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. I have seen an extension into the cavities of the false stomach in but one case; that was an extremely severe one, which occurred in a young bull-moose. The lesions which are produced in the intestine are identical with those of the stomach. As is to be expected, diarrhoea, with a very much decreased food-assimilation follows, and the animal rapidly emaciates, finally dying in a state of general exhaustion and malnutrition. If the disease extends to the colon, dysentery follows, and at the same time the process in the stomach and small intestines becomes more and more marked, finally resulting in an atrophic 110 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. and infiltrated mucous membrane, which is unable to produce the digestive ferments or to permit of normal absorption. In all cases where the disease has been of long standing, and sometimes in acute cases as well, the kidneys become diseased, and present typical pictures of acute exudative nephritis or, more rarely, of hemorrhagic nephritis. In regard to the causes of this gastro-enteritis, judging from analogous lesions occurring in the human subject (where the conditions havé been most carefully studied), I have no hesitancy in pronouncing them qualitative and quantitative errors in diet. Indeed, I think we may with entire justice compare this condi- tion occurring among our animals with the similar disease so prevalent in infant asylums and hospitals, where, in artificially fed children according to the official statistics of the German government, 51 per cent. die of a similar gastro-intestinal dis- order (Winter). With our limited space and flora we can hardly hope to approach more closely the natural self-selected food for our ruminants than cows’ milk, or artificial preparations, ap- proach the maternal milk for the human. As a rule, I believe that the causative agent in the production of this gastro-in- testinal irritation is abnormal fermentation of the food, and I have usually found that this process is most marked when the animals have fed at will on fresh food such as the grass growing in their inclosures. I believe that better results could be attained by limiting the quantity and increasing the variety of the food, attempting to reproduce, in so far as possible, the conditions and flora under which the animals normally live. The difficulties of following out this very simple and entirely obvious suggestion can hardly be appreciated by those who have not tried it, and who fail to realize the limitations of space and possibility in these respects imposed by a park situated on the valuable land of a great city. I feel very hopeful, however, that continuation of the methods already adopted at the Park, especially that of securing young animals, in which we may reasonably look for better results in the way of natural adaptation, will finally solve this serious prob- lem in a reasonably satisfactory way. There is still another source of gastro-enteritis which we have to consider, and one which, owing to the firm stand already taken by the director, I believe should be practically eradicated SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 111 by next year. That is the gastro-enteritis produced by the presence of foreign bodies in the stomach. These have been given the animals by mischievous or thoughtless visitors. Three valuable specimens have died from this cause alone during the past year. One, an expensive Japanese bear, had been fed peach-stones in such quantity as to effectively block the pylorus, producing an extreme acute gastritis, with finally complete pyloric stenosis. Similarly, one of the deer had been given leaf- lead in such an amount as to set up a fatal gastro-enteritis. Di- rector Hornaday has taken stringent measures to stop this abuse, and he should receive the assistance in this work not only of the members of the Zoological Society, but also the help and co-operation of every animal lover. The idea is all too prevalent among the public that animals can “ eat anything.” DYSENTERY AMONG THE PRIMATES. Dr. Miller has dealt quite extensively in his report with the epidemic of dysentery which occurred among the orangs, and which also affected the chimpanzee, with the result that all but one of these animals died. Pathologically, this epidemic has been of great scientific and practical interest, inasmuch as we have been able to identify the cause of the disease, and this knowledge has enabled us, thus far at least, to save one member of the orang family. The etiological factor of this epidemic was the Balantidium colt (Paramecium coli), a parasite belonging to the order Hetero- tricha. } This organism was discovered by Malmsden in 1857, in the mucous discharges of a patient who suffered from a persistent diarrhoea following cholera. It is an oval body about four to seven times the diameter of the human red blood-cell. It is completely covered by cilia, arranged in parallel rows. An ec- tosarc and endosare are usually clearly shown. The mouth is funnel-shaped, much like that of the ordinary paramcecium, and is surrounded by a row of cilia which are larger than those over the organism. There is also a small anal orifice at the posterior extremity of the oval. The paranucleus is bean-shaped, and re- acts diffusely to chromatic stains. The cytoplasm is granular, and contains two large vacuoles; it often incloses bacteria, red blood-cells, small granules of dirt, fat, or other material taken up from the medium surrounding the parasite. 112 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The Balantidium is quite actively motile, but soon loses its motility if exposed to cold, acids, or disinfectants. Solutions of quinine, creolin, or other similar agents, apparently soon kill it unless it be encysted or protected by the tissues. These paramcecia are found normally in the faeces of swine (Leuckhart, Stiles). In man it is present only when associated with diarrhoea or other intestinal disease (Doplein). The pathogenicity of this infusorium is still in question. Be- yond doubt it may be considered as a normal inhabitant of the intestine of the hog, as stated by Leuckhart and Salmon, but in other animals its innocence is not as clear. As mentioned above, it has been found in the human subject only when associated with diseases of the intestine, particularly after cholera or typhoid, and associated with the Ameba coli in tropical dysen- tery. I am informed that Strong, of the army, now Director of the Pathological Laboratory at Manila, states that it is un- doubtedly a pathogenetic factor in the production of the dysen- teries prevalent in the Philippines. The observations of this scientist should receive the most respectful attention on account of the great facilities afforded him for the study of diseases of this class and because of his previous accurate and careful work. Experiments conducted by us seem to demonstrate that feed- ing by the stomach, in the lower simians, or injecting into the colon of feces rich in living Balantidium colt, will not produce the disease in certain members of the monkey family. Unfort- unately for the Zoological Park, however, our experience has demonstrated beyond doubt that the parasite is pathogenic to the orang and the chimpanzee. It should be noted, as pointed out by Dr. Miller, that all the animals fell sick at the same time. Throughout the entire epi- demic, after routine microscopic examinations of the stools had been instituted, it was clearly shown that the degree of diarrhoea present and the severity of the general symptoms corresponded with the number and activity of the parasites found in the feces. Disinfectant enema caused a retardation or cessation of move- ment in the organism, and was followed by amelioration of the symptoms. Concerning the lesions produced by the Balantidium coli in the higher primates, I can perhaps best illustrate from the some- what voluminous protocols of the examinations conducted upon the orangs and chimpanzee, which died from the disease. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 113 In these animals all the viscera except the colon were free from gross lesions, but in each instance the body showed many indications of the profound exhaustion which terminated the dis- ease. Microscopic examination of the heart showed an acute fatty degeneration of the myocardium; the liver and kidneys exhibited the same pronounced change. The mucosa of the stomach and small intestine, though par- taking somewhat of the general anzmic condition, were prac- tically normal, and the small amount of food found in these tubes was apparently in a natural condition of digestion. In the lower part of the ilium fairly well-formed fecal masses were found; but, beginning with the caput coli, the conditions were entirely changed, and the feces were very fluid, flecked with blood, mucus, and pus, and of a very foul odor. In the most severe case, that of “ Rajah,” the entire mucosa of the colon was transformed into an almost continuous succes- sion of large irregular ulcers. The ulcers showed raised, cede- matous, undermined borders. The bases of the ulcers were made up of a dark sloughing tissue, and a good many extended down to the peritoneum; and, though none had macroscopically perforated, the peritoneal surface of that portion of the gut was covered with a recent septic exudate. Microscopic examination of sections of these ulcers showed myriads of the: parasites burrowing beneath the mucous mem- brane, even along the lymphatic channels of the muscle coat and, in places, as far down as the peritoneum. In some areas the parasite was so abundant as to almost completely fill the field, obscuring or displacing the tissues. Sections of mucosa, intervening between the ulcerations, showed frequent Balantidia on the free surface, and small colo- nies of from two to six or eight in the dilated bases of the crypts of Lieberkiihn. The protoplasm of many of the parasites contained frequent blood and epithelial cells, as well as detritus and numerous bac- teria. Needless to say, the floors and sides of all the ulcers showed bacterial infiltration, and the adenoid tissue was every- where much inflamed. In the case of “ Brunei,’ healing had begun in many of the ulcers, and these were not as frequent as in the other animals. The parasites were less numerous, and apparently the animal 114 NEW YORE ZOOLOGICAL S@CIETY. BALANTIDIUM COLI IN AN ORANG-UTAN. A micro-photograph, magnification, 94.5 diameters: section through ulcer of colon, showing the undermined character of the ulcerations, and the presence of numerous Badantidia coli in the sub- mucosa. A, intestinal gland; B, inflamed follicle ; C C’ C’, Balantidia colz. had died from exhaustion and malnutrition consequent upon the ulcerative colitis. In the colon of “ Sultan,” who recovered from the first epi- demic but died from a subsequent attack, only a few recent ul- cerations were found, but the mucosa of the colon was almost obliterated from the contraction of the scars resulting from the former attack. In the recent ulcerations, and in the dilated crypts, the Balantidium coli was found, as in the other cases. The colon of the chimpanzee showed a marked general atrophy of the mucosa resulting from healing of previous ulcer- SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 115 BALANTIDIUM COLI IN AN ORANG-UTAN. A micro-photograph, magnification 850 diameters, showing the presence of the parasites in the muscular coat of the large intestine. ations and from chronic irritation. Most of the glands were de- stroyed, but in those remaining the parasite was found, sur- rounded by many evidences of a chronic inflammatory process. The last two cases show the great difficulty, perhaps the im- possibility, of ridding the colon of this parasite. Undoubtedly all such cases will be subject to returns of the attack when any slight gastero-intestinal irritation is set up. This was proven to be the case with Sally, but, so far, careful watching and prompt treatment have kept her alive; but eternal vigilance will be the price of Sally. 116 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. It is of great importance to ascertain the origin of this infec- tion, and the method of its introduction into the park. First, we must consider the possibility of this parasite being a normal inhabitant of the colon of these animals, as in the pig and dog. But in the numerous examinations of feeces of mon- keys made at the Park, as yet we have not found the organism except in the sick animals mentioned above. Undoubtedly the disease first declared itself in the chimpan- zee, and it is possible that the food or drink of the orang became contaminated by the faeces of this animal, or of some other ani- mal in which the balantidiwm may occur normally. Very re- cently Mr. Ditmars and Mr. Deaken have found the living para- sites plentifully in the feces of the large land-turtles. Probably they are normal inhabitants of the intestine of these animals. For a time the orangs were quartered in an outdoor inclosure close to one tenanted by these turtles, and their infection may have taken place through this avenue. If this has been the mode of infection, I feel certain that it will not again happen after the very strict precautions to prevent such contamination that are now taken at the Park. DISEASES OF THE LUNGS: TUBERCULOSIS. Tuberculosis, which is usually the cause of a large per cent. of the deaths in colonies of either men or animals, has played a very unimportant part with us. A few minor animals have died with this disease, but as soon as it was detected they were either killed or otherwise placed beyond the possibility of infect- ing others. We point with great pride to the fact that, among the animals that have died from various other diseases, none were found to be also infected with tuberculosis. This favorable state of affairs is undoubtedly due, first, to care- ful selection of healthy animals; second, to the thoroughly clean- ly conditions under which the animals are kept, and the frequent use of disinfectants ; third, the quarantining of sick animals, and the early and thoroughly scientific treatment. If our records are to show freedom of tuberculosis in the future, these same wise provisions must be followed. In this particular the re- cently established laboratory should greatly aid, since it pre- sents the possibility of early and absolute diagnosis of this con- dition. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 117 INFECTION. We have been almost equally fortunate with other contagious in- fections. But quite recently a very fatal one has broken out among the quail. Bacteriological examination has shown the infective agent to be a member of the Proteus group of bacteria. Quar- antining the sick birds and a thorough disinfection of their quar- ters will probably prevent the spread of this very common fowl disease. Some study has been put upon the subject of an infectious process affecting the gums and buccal mucosa of certain rep- tiles, causing the formation of a necrotic membrane, and the production of exuberant granulations about the fangs of these animals. The probable cause of the disease has been identified as a bacillus which occasionally becomes distributed throughout the blood, producing a septic condition with the formation of multiple infarctions. One of the large pythons died from this disease, and at post-mortem the gross lesions produced were found to resemble very closely those of tuberculosis. Careful bacteriological examination eliminated this possibility. In a recent number of a medical journal, a case of tuberculosis is re- ported in a python in Chicago. I question the possibility of a true tuberculosis in an animal of so low a normal temperature, and, unless microscopic and bacteriological examination cor- roborated this diagnosis, I should infer that the disease was iden- tical with that studied by us. PARASITES. Naturally, diseased conditions produced by other parasites have been common, though as a rule rarely fatal, and this has been the subject of a good many observations, though the field has been by no means covered on account of an over-abundance of material. The average animal which dies at the Park contains intestinal parasites, and sometimes several varieties are present in a single animal. The most common forms found are various tenia and nematodes. No particular study has been made upon these forms. Numerous examples of the strongyloides intestinalis were found in the diarrhceal discharge of one of the buffalo, and in the opinion of Dr. Miller this parasite very likely acted as one of the etiological factors of the diarrhoea. 118 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Other members of the strongylus group have been frequently found, particularly in the bronchi of members of the deer family. In one case, that of a mule deer, it is possible that this condition produced fatal broncho-pneumonia. Cysticerci have been frequently found in various animals and invading nearly every viscus, but apparently they have not caused death in any case. A rather extensive study has been made of an instance of the Mischerschen schleuche, which was found in the myocardium of an elk, where it clearly caused death—a rather unusual occurrence with this ordinarily innocent parasite. A communication con- cerning this study was presented before the New York Pathologi- cal Society. Pfeiffer concludes from his experiments with this sarcosporidien that animals will not become infected from eating muscle containing it, and Ostertag recommends that in the in- spection of meat for human food, that flesh containing this para- site need not be rejected unless the muscle-tissue itself be secon- darily diseased. This is a matter of great importance, since the parasite is very frequent in the muscles of sheep, deer, and other animals used for food. The parasite has been found in the hu- man a few times (Kartulis, Barbaran, and St. Remey, Rosen- berg, and Lindermann). It is probably more frequent in the human than these few examples indicate. In my opinion, meat which contains them should never be used either for animal or human food unless the meat be thoroughly cooked. The work of Theobald Smith, in the November (1901) number of the Jour- nal of Experimental Medicine, bears me out in insisting on this precaution, for he has systematically infected mice by feeding them muscle containing this parasite. Other forms of parasitic diseases have also occurred at the Park among the birds and carnivora, but these cases have not come under my personal observation. SUGGESTIONS. I have very little to offer at this time in the way of recommenda- tions, for the reason that in the past such few suggestions as have been proposed by me have been so quickly and efficiently put into practice. I am particularly desirous of seeing the Park animals put un- der as nearly perfect hygienic conditions as exist in’ human hos- SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 119 pitals or barracks, and this condition now pertains to a large de- gree in the New York Zoological Park. There are, however, faults in the construction of quarters, particularly in temporary buildings, which render disinfection difficult and proper cleanli- ness impossible. It is useless to specify, for we are aware of these flaws, and in the building of future quarters they will not occur. I ask a wider scope for the laboratory work in the Park. We must have further facilities for the examination of blood, feces, and particularly of bacteriological cultures. We feel that these methods will yield just as valuable and practical results in the Zoological Park as they do in human hospitals, where we now recognize them as indispensable. We must have reagents and ap- paratus for the gross and microscopic examination of all diseased tissues, and we must preserve in a properly conducted museum such preparations as are of practical or scientific bearing on the study of the diseases of animals. A library comprising the chief works on veterinary medicine, comparative anatomy, pathology, and bacteriology should be fur- nished, and the best journals on these subjects should be sub- scribed for in order that the curators, keepers, and all connected with the Park may become well informed on all branches per- taining to the care of the animals. A system of preservation of the records of this department is now being perfected, and it is to be hoped that these, taken in conjunction with those of the other departments, may prove of real scientific as well as practical value not only to ourselves, but also to all interested in the study and care of animals. In conclusion, I wish to thank the President and Board of Man- agers for their generosity in providing facilities for our work, and for their enthusiastic support. We are also indebted to Pro- fessor E. K. Dunham, of Carnegie Laboratory, and others for loaning us apparatus and material for our impromptu laboratory, which we hope to replace soon with a thoroughly equipped estab- lishment, a permanent addition to the Park. Finally, I wish to personally thank Director Hornaday for his interest in this department and for his thorough co-operation. Respectfully submitted, Hariow Brooks, M.D., Pathologist. THE SOGIANT |TORTOISES. By RAYMOND L. DITMARS, ASSISTANT CURATOR, IN CHARGE OF REPTILES. N July 16, 1901, five giant tortoises, purchased in Boston from Mr. Frank B. Webster, arrived at the Zoological Park. These specimens cost the New York Zoological Society $1,000, and their installation not only placed the Park in posses- sion of a fine exhibit of these eccentric reptiles, but also of one of the largest and oldest specimens now in captivity. As the survivors of an age when reptiles attained colossal pro- portions, the giant tortoises alive to-day have witnessed many changes in the animal life of our planet. Successive generations of them have lived through the periods when an atmosphere reek- ing with humidity drew forth luxuriant vegetation, upon which browsed the great herbivorous lizards, and which eventually gave way to the fauna of the present time. With the passing of in- numerable centuries, race after race of reptilian monsters degen- erated and perished. Their fossil remains, so gigantic in char- acter as to stagger human imagination, are illustrations of the period when reptilian life was in its prime. With the exception of the giant tortoises, which, through some strange provision of SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 121 Nature, have survived to the present day, and the crocodilians, the reptiles of to-day, when compared with their gigantic an- cestors, are insignificant creatures. There are fourteen distinct species of giant tortoises. Six of these inhabit the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Four are found on the Aldabra Islands in the Indian Ocean, and four inhabit the Mauritius-Rodriguez group of islands. All the spe- cies are rapidly becoming extinct, and reputable scientific authori- ties have declared that several species have disappeared during the present century. On the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa these creatures are represented only by fossil remains. Of the giant tortoises now in captivity, all save a very few have been obtained from the Galapagos Islands. This archipelago is situated on the equator, about five hundred miles west of the coast of South America, and belongs to Ecuador. The islands are thirteen in number, and all are of volcanic origin. The larg- est and most important are Albemarle, Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, James, Narborough, Hood, Barrington, Bindloes, and Abingdon Islands. During the past ten years a number of expeditions have visited the islands for the purpose of procuring tortoises. The first ex- pedition resulting in the arrival of tortoises in this country, was made by the United States ship Albatross, which touched at the islands in 1888. Eighteen specimens were procured, and shipped to Washington, D. C. Long prior to the visit of the Albatross, however, the United States ship Essex explored the islands of the Galapagos group in 1812. Two large tortoises were captured. They were presented to a South Sea Island chief. In 1898 these same tortoises were secured by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, and shipped to London, where they now are. In 1897 Mr. Rothschild arranged an expedition to the Gala- pagos Islands for giant tortoises. The total expenses for this expedition were $15,500. Fifty-nine tortoises were captured, but none exceeded two hundred pounds in weight. All the islands were visited. On Duncan Island twenty-seven specimens were captured, representing a species known technically as Testudo ephippium. The collection reached London in 1898, and figured as a special exhibit in the Zoological Conference then in progress. They were finally distributed by their owner among the zoological gardens of Europe. 122 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. In 1900, twenty tortoises from the Galapagos Islands were land- ed in San Francisco for Mr. Rothschild, and shipped to London via Boston. The trip to Boston proved disastrous to the collec- tion, for only six specimens reached Boston alive. These com- prised specimens of Testudo vicina and microphyes. The third and by far the finest lot of these reptiles arrived in San Francisco during the early part of 1901. They were brought by the schooner owned by Captain William Johnson. Three of the tortoises in this shipment were the largest ever captured, weighing over three hundred pounds each. Mr. F. B. Webster, of Boston, purchased this entire lot of reptiles. Two of them died in San Francisco, and one died a short time after reaching Mr. Webster’s place at Hyde Park. One of the three largest specimens was purchased by the New York Zoological Society, together with four others. Six specimens were purchased by Mr. Rothschild; two were sold to Count Peracca, in Italy, and the remainder were disposed of among zoological institutions. Although the last expedition to the Galapagos Islands claimed to have placed the last survivors of the race in captivity, it seems reasonable to believe that in the interior of the larger islands, con- cealed by the vegetation and the rugged inequalities of that vol- canic country, a substantial number of the monster tortoises yet exist. From observations made in the East Indies and in zoological gardens of Europe, wherein giant tortoises have been exhibited, they seem to attain the most astonishing ages. Many records demonstrate that a century constitutes but a fraction of the tor- toise’s existence. Few are better able to speak upon this subject than Mr. Rothschild, who has made a special study of the creat- ures. The following is a portion of a letter from Mr. F. B. Web- ster quoting Mr. Rothschild’s views concerning the age of a speci- men which seems to be younger than the largest in the Zoological Park collection: “You may be interested to know what Mr. Rothschild says about the tortoises. You will remember I told you that, in my opinion, the ages of Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 was about three hundred and fifty years each. There could be no great difference between them, although Nos. 4 and 5 looked the oldest. Now No. I was sent to Mr. Rothschild. While it was the largest, its shell did not show quite the age of the others. Its size and general ap- pearance, however, indicated that it had lived in a smoother sec- *siva oof jnoge ‘asy ‘spunod orf VU S19 AA YOTOOZ AHL NI ASIOLYOL LNY a SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 123 tion, where it had not done so much rock-climbing. Mr. Roths- child says: ‘I think No. 1 must be at least four hundred years old.’ Now you can safely call No. 5 (the largest specimen in your Park) at least four hundred years old on the best authority.” Incidental to Mr. Webster’s letter, it might be explained that the tortoises were numbered when collected, and these numbers have been used as originally bestowed. The five specimens arrived at the Zoological Park in box crates, and were placed in a large open-air inclosure in front of the Rep- tile House. On the shell of each was painted in large white figures the number by which it had been designated for sale. The speci- mens were immediately weighed and measured, in order that their growth in size and weight might be noted from year to year. The next step was to photograph each specimen. During the process of picture-taking the reptiles were allowed their freedom on the lawn in front of the Reptile House. They were nowise embarrassed by the work of Mr. Sanborn, the Park photographer, and grazed with great energy on the luxuriant blue grass and clover. Scattered as they were over the grassy field, their huge shells glistening in the sunlight and moving ponderously, their appearance at once suggested the efforts of paleontologists to re- store the weird landscapes of the Pliocene Age. This effect was still further heightened by the occasional stretching of a head and neck, two feet or more, as a tortoise surveyed its surroundings with slowly blinking eyes. With much difficulty the specimens were weighed, and the fig- ures obtained were as follows: No. 5, Testudo vicina, 310 lbs.; No. 11, T. vicina, 156 lbs.; No. 13, T. vicina, 129 lbs.; No. 21, T. ephippium, 118 lbs.; and No. 17, T. nigrita, 66 Ibs. The di- mensions of the largest specimen were found to be as follows: Length of shell on curve, 4 feet 3 inches; width on curve, 4 feet 7% inches; height, 20 inches. By way of comparison, it may be stated that the average weight of our common gopher tortoise when fully mature, is about fifteen pounds. This is the largest species of American tortoise. Not many days after the tortoises were installed, they seemed perfectly at home. Owing to the surprising amount of activity they displayed, they were fed daily. All day long, with deliberate stride, the big fellows roamed about their inclosure, assembling every morning to feed greedily upon the piles of green food sup- 124 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. plied by their keeper. As sunset drew near they invariably re- tired to their favorite corner, where plenty of hay had been pro- vided as bedding, in which they would burrow until nothing but the tops of their shells could be seen. Long before sunrise they were alert and on the move. During the day the larger of the tortoises developed the peculiar habit of making a wallow in the soft ground near the drinking-tank. By turning slowly around in the soft soil a number of times, the ground was converted into mud, in which he lay with seeming satisfaction. This appeared to be, for a tortoise, a peculiar characteristic, because these reptiles usually dislike damp situations, and in most cases inhabit the dri- est ground available. Beyond question, it was while the tortoises were exhibited in this yard, in the center of which stood the large open-air cages of the five orang-utans, that the reptiles communicated to the apes the living Balantidium coli, described in the report of Dr. Harlow Brooks, which in October caused the death of four of the orangs. On days when the Park was particularly crowded, and visitors flocked about the rail of the tortoise inclosure, the reptiles ap- peared to take a real interest in the crowd, and went stalking about with necks outstretched, crushing disdainfully under their club- like feet the peanuts and candies thrown to them in a spirit of ignorant kindness. Sometimes, though at rare intervals, disagreements would arise among them. ‘These were settled in combats as ponderous as they were harmless to the combatants, each of which would retire with an air of profound satisfaction over the result. These exhibitions of temper usually occurred while their keeper was preparing the morning’s meal and placing the green vegetables and melons in the big trays from which they fed. Two of the reptiles would suddenly arise to the full limit of their stubby limbs, and then snap at each other. Their horny, sharp-edged jaws generally rasped harmlessly against shelly armor; and, after repeating this performance several times, the march to the feed trays would begin. During these absurd fights the limbs of the reptiles, stretched to their utmost limit, recalled the similarity of these members to the corresponding parts of a small elephant; and pos- sibly it is from this resemblance that the group is sometimes known as the “ elephant tortoises.” The most astonishing feature of these tortoise fights was the last. After these combats, one or SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 125 the other of the participants sometimes trumpeted in loud, shrill fashion. Since their arrival at the Park the tortoises have been fed lib- erally on green food, which they eat greedily. Their bill of fare has been exceedingly varied in character, changing according to different products in season. From the time of their arrival in July up to December 31st they consumed over three thousand pounds of vegetables and fruit. This consisted during the sum- mer months of watermelons, muskmelons, bananas, tomatoes, squashes, cabbages, carrots, lettuce, beet tops and corn tops; dur- ing the fall and winter months they are given pumpkins, squash, lettuce, celery, chickory, carrots, and cabbage. This list is ex- clusive of the large quantities of grass given them during the summer. When the tortoises arrived at the Park, the largest specimen, christened “ Buster,” was weak and inactive. He could get about only by dragging his heavy shell along the ground, a few feet at a time, and then resting before going farther. At first the writer was led to believe that the specimen was too old and feeble to raise his heavy shell clear from the ground and move about with the agility of his associates. But this belief, happily, was found to be incorrect. Upon a diet of luxuriant meadow-grass and clover, together with melons and the like, “ Buster ” grew steadily strong- er, and in the autumn it was noticed that he began to move about, like his younger companions. When pumpkins came in season and were offered, the reptiles attacked them with enthusiasm. So fond were they of this vege- table, that the arrival of the feed-cart containing them was the signal for the gathering of “ Buster ” and his companions around their keeper, the five pairs of beady, black eyes following every motion as the pumpkins were cut in halves and laid in the heavy trays. As an instance of reptilian appetite, it may be interesting to ex- plain, that during the summer months, “ Buster,” unaided, usually consumed two large watermelons at a meal, not a vestige of the melons being left uneaten. At each mouthful of the succulent fruit the reptile’s mouth would stream with the juices. Oddly enough the big fellows appeared after a meal of this kind, their heads and feet plentifully besmeared with remnants of the feast, as with an air of profound satisfaction they lay quietly blinking 126 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. and dozing in the patches of sunshine filtering through the foliage over their corral. Although tortoises are ordinarily credited with no great amount of intelligence, the specimens in the Park evinced anything but stupidity. The manner in which they regularly retired to the bedded corner of their corral and fastidiously settled themselves in the hay, the eagerness assumed as they watched their keeper prepare the daily meal, showing their impatience by occasionally taking choice morsels from his hand—all showed that their rea- soning powers are not wholly void. Although a water-tank constantly filled was kept in the tortoise yard, the reptiles drank at very irregular intervals. The largest specimen was several times observed to drink at one time quan- tities estimated at from eight to ten quarts, but his visits to the drinking-tank were seldom more frequent than once or twice a week. The anatomy of these creatures provides a reservoir for the storage of water, and when this is filled, the fluid is slowly consumed as needed. During the latter part of the summer, when cool nights rendered it inadvisable to leave the reptiles outdoors after sunset, they were lifted upon a hand-truck, each specimen constituting a load, and transported to the east wing of the Reptile House, whence they were taken to their yard again in the morning. They strenuously objected to being lifted upon the truck, using their huge feet with vigor in their endeavors to prevent the men from lifting them. It required five men, employing their full strength, to lift the in- dignant “ Buster ” aboard the truck, where he puffed and snorted with a degree of energy proportionate to his size. In the east wing of the Reptile House, the future home of all our tortoises, is a platform mounted by two steps. Up these steps to the platform and down again to the floor, with never a slip or tumble, the giant tortoises climbed without difficulty, illustrating the strength of limb with which Nature endowed them for trav- ersing the volcanic and upheaved surface of the Galapagos Isl- ands. It was upon this platform that they generally settled down for the night, with heads and feet drawn in, looking much like an assembly of cold, inanimate boulders. With the approach of cold weather the tortoises were taken to | the Elk House, and placed in the large west room. This is heated by two large stoves, around which they cluster socially, and doze away the intervals between feeding hours. WWUAAV AO OMNLSAL V HLIM NOSIAVdNOOD N LNVIO SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 127 Not long after placing the collection in the Elk House, one of the reptiles injured a hind foot, and was seized with symptoms resembling blood-poisoning. The limb swelled considerably, and became entirely useless. Presently this condition affected the other hind limb. The tortoise lost all desire for food, and seemed to suffer some pain. It was unable to move about, except by dragging itself along slowly with its front feet. Vigorous measures were then adopted. The wound was en- larged, washed with antiseptics, and dressed daily. A week’s treatment was followed with very gratifying results. The swell- ing subsided, the wound was permitted to heal, and the animal recovered its appetite. Among captive animals which have been indisposed, the latter symptom is always regarded as highly favor- able. Within two weeks after receiving the injury the reptile had entirely recovered. Taking into consideration the fact that, with the exception of the largest member of this colony, the giant tortoises in the Zoo- logical Park are comparatively young individuals, there is reason both to hope and believe that some of them will continue to be residents of the Park long after the present human generation has passed away. Even when another century of time has passed, there should remain several members of our tortoise herd, each one considerably younger than their present patriarch is to-day. If they do thus survive in the year 2000, they will represent the birth and development of this institution, and probably will be the only creatures which have lived through from the period when anticipations of great developments and the subsequent realization of the same, one by one, marked the beginning, growth, and final completion of the New York Zoological Park. SUCCESS OF THE INDOOR FLYING CAGE. BY C. WILLIAM BEEBE, ASSISTANT CURATOR, IN CHARGE OF BIRDS. HERE has always been a class of people to whom a caged bird, no matter how happy and songful it appears, is a pathetic sight, and the phrase “ winged prisoner” is a favorite exclamation indiscriminately applied. While there have undoubt- edly been and still are abuses due to ignorance or neglect, birds which appear from their song or activity to be contented and happy really are so, for birds are free from hypocrisy. Referring only to zoological gardens and parks, it has been usually the custom to keep birds in comparatively small cages, each species by itself, in preference to turning many species into a large indoor cage wherein room to fly and run might mean to them all that the word “ palace’ when compared to “ cell” sug- gests toa human mind. In the Aquatic Bird-House of the New York Zoological Park the idea of an indoor flying-cage for large birds has received its first practical test, and as the idea was orig- inal with the New York Zoological Society, the experiment seems of sufficient importance to be reported upon in detail. Before discussing advantages and objections, it may be said that the cage has proven an unqualified success, and not only has it equalled, but, in many ways, it has exceeded the expectations which influenced its trial. The cage in the Aquatic Birds’ House of the New York Zoological Park measures sixteen by forty feet, and is twenty feet in height. The wire-work consists of chain- netting, of No. 12 wire and 2-inch mesh, set in channel-iron SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 129 =! frames. The wire was galvanized to prevent rust, but has been painted dull black to render it as inconspicuous as possible. The floor of the cage contains a central pool of water, about ten by eighteen feet, fed by a central fountain. The remainder of the floor-space is covered with coarse sand to a depth of two inches. In lieu of straight, unlovely perches, old cedar logs and trees have been utilized with very satisfactory results. The various- sized branches are adapted to the grasp of birds’ feet of all sizes, and their hard, smooth surface is as easily cleaned as metal. The following are the more important of the objections, real or apparent, which naturally suggest themselves in considering a cage of this character: difficulty in the identification of the birds by visitors; the danger of certain species obtaining food intended for others; the risk of timid species not getting their share of food ; the mortality from fights between different species, and the reduced chance of the various birds breeding. Among the more important of the advantages which have been apparent, and which in fact must accrue to such a radical innova- tion in the keeping of birds indoors, before it can be considered a success, may be mentioned the following, stated in the order of their importance: I. The health and contentment of the birds. II. Economy of room. III. Economy of labor in cleaning and feeding. IV. Added interest and pleasure to visitors. V. Zésthetic effect of diverse forms and colors, and of general activity through mixed association. The objection regarding difficulty in identification is easily done away with, and, instead of being a permanent drawback, proves to be an important factor in favor of such cages. The confusion naturally arising from the mingling of twenty-five or thirty spe- cies of birds in one cage is obviated by small but perfectly diag- nostic hand-paintings of the various species, one on each label, together with the common and scientific names and the habitat. It has been noted with much interest that the identification of the birds from the picture-labels suggests itself to visitors, especially young people, as a natural-history puzzle, or game; and the com- parison of bird and portrait, and the settling of doubts as to spe- cies somewhat resembling each other, affords an amusement in 130 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the pursuit of which more knowledge of birds is obtained than would be gained in passing a series of single cages of inactive birds without picture-labels. Groups of children have been noticed again and again spending a half hour around the cage, and declaring to each other they would not leave the building until every bird represented on the labels had been found. The ingenious way which many species have of concealing themselves, by crowding close to the tree-trunks or sleeping beside a fallen log, often taxes a child’s powers of observation not a little. Like “ Alice’s ” living chess-men, this is an animated, life-sized puzzle, and the enjoyment to be found in solving it is not confined to children. Seasonal moults or sexual differences in color often cause a cer- tain bird to appear somewhat unlike the typical specimen repre- sented on the picture-label, and this leads to many appeals to the Assistant Curator and keepers for additional information; and woe to the attendants if a certain species is removed from the cage unless the label is taken down at the same time. It is won- derful how quickly some person, who may look as indifferent as if he hardly knew a crow from a cassowary, will ask for the miss- ing bird. Even with this elaborate labeling, occasionally there are people who will stand directly under the twenty or thirty paintings, point to a glossy ibis, and ask, “Is that an ibex?” But the majority of the visitors, young and old, enjoy identifying the various birds for themselves. The objection that the necessity of placing so many kinds of food in the cage must result in certain birds getting food not in- tended for them, is more apparent than real. This, and the fear that the timid species will not obtain their share, is proven to have no serious foundation. As a rule, birds are very sensible beings, and, when suitable food is obtainable, do not touch that foreign to their legitimate diet. As to the second consideration, the birds confined in the large cage have so adjusted their inter- relations, that there is perfect reciprocity as regards feeding, bath- ing, and the other privileges, even between the most vicious egrets and the most defenceless ducks. The deaths which have resulted from fights between different species will be spoken of in detail farther on. It is true that in a large indoor cage, such as that which forms the subject of these notes, breeding is almost an impossibility, but SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 131 PICTURE LABEL. PHOTO BY C. W. BEEBE. it must be remembered that this cage is used for a large number of birds in winter only—a non-breeding season. However, even indoors, the magpies in the flying-cage have built nests and laid eggs, and were not molested. In spring all of the birds are placed in the immense outdoor Flying Cage, where every facility is of- fered to induce them to breed. To appreciate the test which the large indoor cage has success- fully stood for' two years, a few of the birds living in it will be mentioned, and their diversity in habits and food will indicate the remarkable degree in which the dispositions of these birds have changed to enable them to live in intimate and friendly relations with species with which in a wild state they would never asso- ciate. On the topmost boughs of the cedar-trees the wood ibises are generally balancing their ungainly forms, while near by are the favorite perches of night herons, little blue herons, and also the cormorants, when they are not taking their turn in the pool and swimming from end to end under the water. At times the brown pelicans dispute the possession of the topmost branches, but generally are contented to perch on lower perches in com- pany with the American and snowy egrets and Louisiana herons. About half way to the top of the tree are branches regularly en- gaged by mandarin and wood ducks, and they are seldom dis- turbed when in possession of these favorite perches. Possibly the 132 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. larger birds found that limbs close overhead made comfortable roosting there impossible, and so the smaller tree-perching ducks occupied these unused places. Despite their name and natural habits, the so-called “ tree- ducks ’—Java and black -bellied—are never seen above the ground. The various ibises—glossy, white, and scarlet—spend much of their time, as is their wont when wild, along the edge of the water probing for small particles of food. The sheldrakes, ring-billed and laughing gulls, white pelicans, coots, black swans, and the flock of flamingoes (two species) are of course alto- gether terrestrial, although, in comparison to the short-legged ducks, the stilted flamingoes occupy a different stratum of air. Of course only the favorite relative positions have been meant, as every hour, every minute in the day, shows changes due to the healthy activity of the birds. I. The Health and Contentment of the Birds.—For the satis- factory exhibition of birds certain conditions are necessary, and their health is, without question, the most important. To be kept in perfect health, birds in captivity must of course have suitable food, but equally necessary, almost, is the need of exercise. In the New York Zoological Park it has been proven again and again that a bird may have an abundance of good food and water, and yet die in a short time from gout, from excess of fat, or other diseases consequent to a sedentary life. Give it any inducement to activity, even such as a more or less antagonistic species which keeps annoying it, and it will improve. The large cage in the Aquatic Birds’ House has gained the reputation of a veritable sanitarium for birds. When a bird is moping in one of the side cages, it is removed and placed with the eighty-odd individuals in the large central cage. One of several things happens. Once, in the case of the snake-birds, a disposition was manifested entirely different from that of all other birds which have since been tested. It is impossible for this species to be confined with other birds. They manifest fiendish delight in picking out the eyes of other birds, or killing them in other ways, and so far as the flying cage is concerned they are a complete failure. Happily, the snake- birds are exceptional among all the birds which have so far come into possession of the Zoological Society, and the interest attach- ing to their feats of diving after live fish in their tank partly compensates for their ugly tempers. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 133 Occasionally when an ailing bird is introduced in the flying cage, it is killed by the other inmates, but in every such case it has been found that the murdered bird was afflicted with some un- discovered disease, sometimes contagious, and therefore its death was a benefit, rather than a loss. Thus, not infrequently, unavoid- able mistakes have been corrected by the birds themselves. In the great majority of the cases wherein a drooping bird is placed with the others, the newcomer continues to droop until some resi- dent individual finds the stranger in its way, when a sound peck administered on its back gives a hint to move on. The bird either does so or resents the blow, when a little harmless sparring takes place. Usually in a wonderfully short time the new inmate is flying around, feeding and bathing with the others, and in less than a week is fit to take up its life in its own cage. In such cases as the above recovery is not difficult to under- stand, but in others it is, as yet, inexplicable. In other cages a number of valuable birds have been lost from the ravages of a parasitic mite beneath the skin of the breast, which increases in number until thousands are sometimes found in one bird. In some unknown way, before the successful eradication of this pest was worked out, it spread from cage to cage and even across the Bird House, but yet not one death from this cause has occurred in the sanitarium. Deaths from conflicts between residents of the large cage are _ very infrequent, many times fewer than in the cages where four or five individuals of the same species are confined. No matter how bitter may be the feeling against an individual bird, give it room to escape by running or flying, and the animosity is soon forgotten. In a small cage, however, where it is continually in sight of the bullying bird, if not removed speedily, its death is merely'a matter of a few days. The “sanitarium” appears to exert a salutary effect on the minds as well as the bodies of its patients. In their own cage the American egrets fought until three of their number were hardly able to rise from the ground. All were at once transferred to the flying cage, where the wounded birds soon recovered, and, al- though all have been allowed to remain, not an egretine voice has been heard raised in anger since that day. Referring to the matter of indiscriminate feeding, it has seemed that the occasional nibble which the tree-ducks take at the her- 154 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. on’s fish, or the small amount of grain which the ibises pick up, instead of causing any harmful results, really is beneficial in giv- ing variety of diet. II. and III. Economy of Room and of Labor in Cleaning and Feeding.—A factor second only in importance to the health and contentment of the birds is the facility and dispatch with which the necessary cleaning and feeding may be accomplished ; and this is altogether in favor of cages like the one under consideration. Keeper Gannon reports that, owing to the generous water-supply, ample room in which to move about, and for other reasons, the large center cage of the Bird House requires only about as much work to clean as three of the side cages, but its capacity for ac- commodating birds is equal to twenty of the others! IV. Added Interest to Visitors.—Viewing the results of this cage from the stand-point of the visitor, its greatest advantage lies in the fascinating spectacle it presents of life in an avian re- public—a life governed by intricate laws and precedents; which are more democratic and binding than anyone not seeing daily in evidence would be led to suppose couid exist. If the mere identification of the birds is enjoyable, how much more so is the exhibition of new traits and characteristics, of casual encounters, of laughable by-plays, and the remarkable intelligence shown by some of the birds, all so generally absent from the “ single-spe- cies’ cage. One could write of this phase of the subject indefi- nitely, but the constantly changing life of this interesting com- munity must be seen and watched to be appreciated. A bird “taking its turn” at bathing was spoken of; and this is not a meaningless phrase. Almost every species has its sep- arate “turn” at the pool and feed-troughs. Perhaps early in the morning the cormorants enjoy the water for a while, then fly to the upper branches to dry themselves. Next the flamingoes may go in, and, after doubling up their thin legs, nothing is visible above the water but their long, snaky necks. After much splash- ing they go out on the bank to preen themselves, and a medley of little ducks and coots takes possession, shooting and diving through the water in all directions. A serious clash hardly ever occurs between old residents of the cage, and only with recent comers, because the rights of the birds, the established leges sa- lutis, are not yet known and recognized. One example of the good-natured dispositions of the birds is HOUSE, BIRDS’ x Ss =a < IN Photographed before trees were introduced. FLYING CAGE SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 135 frequently noticed. A favorite branch overhanging the water is sometimes occupied by six or eight birds of several different spe- cies, asleep. Another crowds in next the trunk, and the outer- most one is pushed off into the water. Complaining and protest- ing, he falls, but soon takes revenge by crowding in at the op- posite end of the line. Thus, again and again, when one would think a quarrel impending, only good-natured complaints are heard, and these last but a few moments. Comparison of the inmates of this flying cage with correspond- ing classes of human beings which they recall, is inevitable. Thus, the snowy egrets are likened to dashing, exquisite courtiers only too ready with rapier beak; the wood ibises suggest the buf- foons; the cormorants are like rollicking boys; the pelicans seem like aged men with second-childhood’s stage upon them, and the night-herons suggest rheumatic old persons of the most irascible type. And where else, in a smaller cage, could such curious friendships develop? Here, where the glossy ibises and the tree-ducks learn reciprocity, the latter permitting themselves to be pummelled and pushed as the long beak of the ibis searches their feathers for stray lice, or where a baby flamingo and a de- moiselle crane become inseparable companions; where the great white pelican in a spirit of play actually tosses up the tiny Java ducks, and catches them in his huge pouch unhurt; where a cormorant rescues an over-greedy duck from an ignominious fall into the shrimp pail; where the coots swim unheeded between - the stick-like legs of the flamingoes—here, where these and a hun- dred other incidents occur daily and hourly, approximately perfect conditions have been achieved for giving the birds what we owe them in taking them from the woods and fields—plenty of room, fresh air, protection from cold and enemies, and an abundance of good food and water. The crowds that frequently are banked three deep around this cage are the best evidence of the interest it arouses among all classes of visitors. V. ZEsthetic Effect of Diverse Forms and Colors.—The last ad- vantage, which, although of less vital importance in some ways, yet ought not to be ignored, is the pleasure to be derived from the beautiful kaleidoscopic effect of many living, active birds as- sociating together—an animated mosaic of many colors and forms, gracefully mingling and producing a result with which the most beautiful bird could not be compared when confined by itself. 136 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. This should not be thought of in connection with artists merely, but as an important adjunct in holding the attention and interest of the majority of the people, and in promoting an intelligent ap- preciation of the beauties of Nature. If by thus presenting some- thing more than a dry, scientific label in front of a spiritless bird, the higher side of man’s nature is touched and aroused, surely an important part of the ultimate purpose of a Zoological Park is accomplished. PHOTO BY J. A LORING. CARRYING A CAPTURED LAMB. PH SOClET Yes: EXPERI TON “TO; ALASKA: N the spring of 1901 the New York Zoological Society decided to send an expedition to Alaska for the twofold purpose of establishing connections at all the principal points along the Alaskan coast, and to secure such living animals as had been captured during the winter and held for sale. Mr. J. Alden Loring was selected as the Field Agent of the Society for this purpose. He left for Alaska, from Seattle, on March 26, 1901, and returned from this expedition on September 15th. Besides bringing with him several bears; he established a number of lines of communication with residents of the principal points along the Alaskan coast, which it is hoped will furnish a continuous supply of living animals in the future. During recent years Alaska has proven a rich field for scien- tific research, and has produced some startling forms of large 138 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. animals which were new to science. Chief among these is the great Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorffi), the largest of living carnivores, and rivaling the great cave bear in size. The great- est among all living deer is the giant Alaskan moose (Alces gigas); and next in interest come the various mountain sheep of Alaska. Of especial importance is the white mountain sheep (Ovis dalli), both on account of the beauty of its pelage and the fact that it is widely distributed throughout Alaska. At several points in its distribution it comes near to the coast, and is found at a low altitude. Owing to this fact, the Society hoped to be able to acclimatize on the Atlantic coast specimens of this inter- esting animal if any could be captured alive. Mr. Loring there- fore received instructions to spend a portion of his time in an effort to capture young white sheep. He was successful in this difficult undertaking, and secured three young lambs. The Society publishes in this Report selections from a large series of pictures obtained by Mr. Loring in Alaska, illustrating the country inhabited by these sheep, the method of their capture, and the living animals themselves. A further series of these pictures and a detailed account of the expedition will be a feature of the next Bulletin of the Society. It was decided by Mr. Loring, after a consultation with those best posted on the distribution of sheep, to proceed to the Knik Arm of Cook Inlet, on the southern coast of Alaska. He was fortunate in securing the services of H. H. Hicks, a noted guide of that region, as well as three Indians. He established his camp on the Knik River, and spent several weeks watching the mountain-side at the snow-line, for sheep. Quite a number of sheep were seen in this way, and were found to graze during the day on the open strip of grass above timber-line on the mountain-side and below the snow which covered the crags at the top of the range. The sheep retreated to these crags at night, and at the first approach of danger. Bands of sheep, as well as solitary individuals, chiefly rams, were visible along the moun- tain-side. At last a band of ewes was seen, and finally a new- born lamb was located high up on the mountain. After a hard climb the various members of the party succeeded in surrounding the lamb and its mother, and the former was secured without much struggle on its part to escape. It was carried down the mountain-side slung in an improvised hammock. AQdATA YINA AVAN SNIVINOOW ONIHOT ‘VY ‘'f AG O1OHd SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 139 The little animal was fed on diluted condensed milk, and was put in a corral made of saplings. It became at once very tame, but insisted upon being close to its captor, and was induced finally to sleep under Mr. Loring’s blanket. The lamb was 10% inches high at the shoulder, weighed eight and a half pounds, and had four front teeth. It lived about three days, and then faded slowly and died, in spite of all efforts to keep it alive. Meantime a storm had swept over the mountains, and appar- ently had driven away the small bunches of ewes which the ex- pedition had under observation. A change in the location of the camp was made to a point lower down the river, where sheep had been seen in previous years. The new camp was located so that a wide sweep of mountains could be kept con- stantly under the observation of field-glasses, which the party took turns in using. Two bunches of ewes, containing five and twelve ewes respectively, were located, and later a single ewe with a lamb was seen. After a very hard climb the ewe and her lamb were surrounded, and the latter captured. This lamb proved to be only a few hours old. During the efforts to capture it another ewe and lamb were located close at hand, and one of the Indians sent after it; he succeeded in capturing it. This second lamb proved to be much stronger than either of the former captures. When taken back to camp the two lambs were periectly happy together, and bade fair for several days to sur- vive the diet. They were placed in a movable wire cage, and slept at night in the tent with Mr. Loring under his blanket. After a day or so the smaller lamb began to sicken, and was fed with Nestle’s baby-food in place of condensed milk. This seemed to answer the purpose for a while, but both the lambs became worse suddenly, and died on June 6th. It was then so late in the season that further efforts to capture lambs was out of the question, and the party returned to Tyonek, where they found that two young moose had been captured by the Indians, but both died before coming into the possession of Mr. Loring. This expedition has demonstrated the practicability of captur- ing young sheep alive, but how they can be fed after capture is another question. This might be solved by taking into camp milch goats or domestic sheep. The extremely tender age at which the wild lambs must be captured is, of course, greatly against their survival, but it is by no means impossible that 140 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. specimens of this beautiful sheep may be seen alive on the At- lantic coast in the near future. The expedition found sheep in small bunches where Professor Dyche had seen them in hundreds a few years ago. They are being rapidly killed off for the sake of their meat, hides, and for the trophies afforded by their horns. The same destruction is being meted out to the other large game animals of Alaska, and the tragedy of the destruction of the American bison is being enacted over again in our Arctic province. It threatens the ex- termination not of a single species, but of all the different species of mountain sheep, mountain goats, caribou, and moose indis- criminately, as well as of the bear and other carnivores. Laws, if properly enacted, may postpone the day of destruction, but the most effective measure for the preservation of the animal life of Alaska would be the creation of large game reserves in suitable localities, where the killing of any sort of animal is ab- solutely prohibited, as it is to-day in the Yellowstone Park. Following this article are the notes by Mr. Loring on the various mammals and birds under observation during the ex- pedition, and some suggestions as to the need of game laws, and the particular points to be covered by the proposed legislation. MapIson GRANT. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1902, N. Y COPYRIGHT, PHOTO BY J. A. LORING. MOUNTAIN SHEEP LAMBS, Captured in Alaska for the Zoological Park. WHITE NOTES ON THE DESTRUCTION OF ANIMAL LIFE IN ALASKA. BY J. ALDEN LORING, FIELD AGENT, N. Y. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. HAVE been asked by many persons in Alaska to attempt to do something to save the large mammals of that territory from the destruction which now threatens them. At present Alaska has no game-laws, and the time has come when some legislation should be enacted to protect its most val- uable animals from total destruction. While many will say that there is yet an abundance of game in that country, we must not wait until wild life has been so diminished that it is necessary to prohibit killing for a period of years in order to preserve the different species. Alaska is a new country, and, like most countries when new, portions of it still contain a great many wild animals. ‘But the same wanton destruction is going on there that always follows civilization. In the opening up of Alaska, the game is going to play the same part that the buffalo did in civilizing the Western States. The people there realize what the extermination of game means to them. Miners, natives, and prospectors understand that it would cut short their only supply of fresh meat, and most of them would favor the enactment of reasonable game-laws. It is not the number of animals actually killed for food that decreases the ranks, so much as those wantonly destroyed, or shot for only a portion of their bodies. It is believed by re- sponsible men that five moose are killed for every one that is used. Already game has diminished to such an extent that it is nec- essary to prohibit even prospectors and natives from killing it during the breeding season. But this will be no great hardship, for other than a few animals killed by the natives, the amount 142 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. shot during the summer is small. Most white men recognize the laws of nature, and will not eat meat killed during the sum- mer. In spring and summer the Indians have an abundance of salmon, and do not need to kill moose and other land animals. There is a belt along the north and west sides of Cook Inlet wherein game of all kinds has greatly diminished during the past few years. Next to the destruction of moose and caribou, the case of the Sitka deer is probably the most serious of all. These beautiful little creatures are found in vast numbers on the islands and along the coast of southwestern Alaska. Be- ginning about September Ist, both native and white hunters cruise among the islands in small boats, and either hunt the deer with jack-lights or run them into the water with dogs and shoot them while swimming. The greatest slaughter occurs about Wrangel, where the deer are most abundant. Carcasses often sell for a dollar each, and frequently the bodies of deer are piled up on the wharves like cord-wood. I was told by one person that he has seen the loft of a warehouse hanging so thickly with their bodies that it seemed impossible to crowd in even one more. It is no uncommon occurrence for sloops manned by small crews to return from a few days’ trip with from fifty to seventy- five carcasses. But often only the hind-quarters are taken. From my note-book I copy the following under the name of Harry Pigeon of Wrangell: “I saw a party of five persons re- turn from a week’s hunt with one hundred and fifty-two car- casses of deer aboard their sloop.” While the slaughter is not quite so extensive in other local- ities, it is probably because the deer are not so plentiful. Dur- ing the summer, when the meat and hides are not good, the number killed is comparatively small. Deer-skins have a com- mercial value of from ten to twenty cents each, and small as this is, thousands are slaughtered for their hides alone. While at Juneau I saw in the Pacific Coast Company’s warehouse ten bundles of deer-hides, each containing about seventy skins, waiting shipment. A few weeks later a second shipment of the kind was made. With the moose, while the slaughter is not so great, numbers are wantonly killed, as the following instance will show: Two men at Chickaloon Bay, near Turnagain Arm, Cook Inlet, SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 143 killed sixteen moose in two days. The first day one shot eight, and the other seven. In order to make an equal showing with his companion, the one who killed only seven took pains to shoot another the next morning. Little if any of the meat was taken. The Indians take advantage of windy weather for moose- hunting, as it is then an easy matter to approach within gun- shot and killa great number. They hunt them extensively with dogs also. The North American Company’s agent at Knik placed an or- der with the Indians for twenty-four head-skins, from heads of bull-moose only. One windy day the total number was secured, and the relator was quite confident that more than were asked for were brought in. In the summer of 1889 one Indian killed about fifty moose back of Tyonek. Naturally, moose have greatly diminished in that locality. In the winter of 1901 one of my Indians killed five moose back of Knik, and saved the meat of but one. When asked why he did not use them all, he replied that “they were bulls!” While the reports from Kenai peninsula seem to indicate that moose have not so seriously diminished in that quarter, there is no doubt but that they are killed much faster than they breed, and there is no reason whatever why they should be killed when not urgently needed as food. Although sheep are still found in fair numbers on the moun- tain ranges bordering the coast and rivers of Cook Inlet, they are far from being as abundant as eight years ago. In the lo- cality we visited they have diminished to such an extent that the Indians say “they have left the country ” ; and now they do most of their hunting in other quarters. Where Professor L. L. Dyche saw bands of hundreds in the summer of 1894, we count- ed only sixty-four animals in all. Probably the demand for heads and skins is doing more tow- ard diminishing the game about Cook Inlet than anything else. Tempted by the prices offered for heads, the Indians and a few whites shoot promiscuously in hope that the animal killed may prove to have extra large antlers or horns. As it is usually im- possible to judge the size of a head until its owner lies at one’s feet, hundreds Of animals are slain without being touched. 144 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Through the irresistible desire of the Indian to kill everything he can, whether useful or not, when he gets into a band of ani- mals he shoots as long as they are in range. Fortunately he is a very poor marksman, or there would not now be much game alive in Alaska. ; Naturally the question arises, How are we to stop this wanton destruction of animal life? My own recommendations for game-laws are as follows: Miners, prospectors, and natives should have the right to kill male animals solely for their own use as food while in camp at all seasons of the year; but against all other persons a closed season should be enforced, except for a limited period in the autumn. During the open season any person should be allowed to kill two animals of each species, but when the animals or parts of animals so killed are shipped or transported, they should be accompanied by the owner. The greatest protection to the game of Alaska, however, would be the prohibition of the sale of meat and hides of all wild Alaskan ungulates. To accomplish this, it should be made a misdemeanor for railroad, steamship, express or freight companies, or private individuals, to receive or ship meat, hides, or horns except upon permit issued by the Secretary of the Interior, or an agent appointed by him. Alaska is an immense territory, and the question arises how we are going to enforce game-laws? The revenue cutter service could give great aid, and collectors of ports could be instructed to act upon all violations which come to their notice. Salaried game-wardens, having no private in- terests whatever in Alaska, should be appointed, and it would be their business to watch and prosecute all violators of the law. With the native, the Church is stronger than the government. It would seem, therefore, that a very effective way to reach them would be through the priests and missionaries. Representatives could be chosen to visit the missions, and through the priests and missionaries explain to the natives that game-laws have been passed, point out to them their objects and the necessity of abid- ing by them, and ask their assistance. In this way a great deal of good might be done. NOTES ON MAMMALS AND BIRDS OBSERVED IN SOUTHERN ALASKA IN igor. BY jp ALDEN: LORING; FIELD AGENT, N. Y. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. In submitting these notes on birds and mammals I wish to say that it should be remembered that the object of the expedition to Alaska was to collect live animals, and the Society’s repre- sentative had explicit instructions to devote his entire time to that work. He is aware that these reports are far from complete, but sub- mits them for what they may be worth. They relate chiefly to observations made in and above the head of Cook Inlet and the Knik Arm. MAMMALS. Delphinapterus leucas, (Pall.). WHITE WHALE. “ Beluga,” as both the whites and natives of this part of Alaska call the white whale, were common at the upper end of Cook Inlet. We did not see any in Knik Arm, but on the way to Tyonek they were noted in abundance after leaving Fire Island. They followed close to shore with the tide, coming to the surface but a second at a time. When shot at they dove, and if seen af- terward, were usually a long distance off. Rangifer stonei, (Allen). STONE’S CARIBOU. At Tyonek I saw the head of a caribou that had been taken in the mountains in the Shushitna River district. Its antlers answered perfectly the description of this new species. I was of the opinion it was the head of a small Barren Ground caribou until the description of R. stonei appeared several months later. Mr. Hicks informed me they were common in the country some seventy-five miles north of Tyonek. The Indians of the Mata- 146 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. nuska River country frequently bring caribou skins to the trad- ers at Knik. Many of these skins are identical in color with that of the animal under consideration, while others were much lighter, and with longer hair. I was given to understand that the dark ones were fall skins, while the light ones were from ani- mals killed after midwinter, which I believe to be true. Alces gigas, (Miller). ALASKAN MOOSE. They are found at many points along the western shore of Cook Inlet, sometimes within five miles of the beach. On both sides of Knik Arm, and in the valley of Knik River, they are common. We saw four during our stay, but did not hunt moose even once. They inhabit the low, marshy ground, as well as the gently rising, timbered slopes. The natives take advantage of windy days to hunt them, at which time they can approach them within easy range without being detected. Large numbers of moose are wantonly de- stroyed by the Indians. Fire Island, at the mouth of Turnagain Arm, is said to be one of their favorite breeding-grounds. The young are born from the middle of May to June roth, and are said to be quite helpless for several days. Mr. H. H. Hicks, my assistant, says he has killed several cow moose with “ bells.” Oreamnos montanus, (Ord.). MOUNTAIN GOAT. Goats inhabit the country about the glacier at the head of Knik River, some sixty miles from its mouth. On May a2ist Mr. Hicks and one of my Indians saw, and were near enough to have shot, a goat feeding near the timber on a mountain slope on the north side of Knik River, thirty miles from its mouth. Four skins and skulls in possession of a trader at Knik were brought from the Matanuska River district, where this goat is a rare in- habitant of the mountains some sixty-five miles northeast of Knik. Three of the specimens mentioned represented adult animals. Their horns had none of the striking characters of O. kennedyi. Ovis dalli, (Nelson). DALL’S SHEEP: WHITE SHEEP. While common, these animals are not nearly so abundant as formerly. Where hundreds roamed eight years previously, we saw but sixty-four. Trails, deeply worn in the moss but over- grown with grass, were found above timber-line. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 147 During the winter, when unable to secure grass at high eleva- tions, they descend to the edge of timber-line, and live on browse from the brush until the snow has blown or melted away. I was told by hunters that during severe storms they take shelter among the rocks, where they often remain for a week or ten days. When the grass appears in the spring, the rams leave the ewes, and are found singly or in small bunches. They soon become fat and lazy, and, unless disturbed, often remain for days in one locality. We found them feeding on grassy slopes, where they spent the most of the day. Not infrequently we saw them in the edge of the brush, but at night they invariably took to the crags. After tiring of one feeding-ground, they moved to another. They always proceeded with caution, pausing every few hundred feet to survey the country. About every quarter-mile they either stopped to feed, or to lie upon the rocks and sun themselves. They shunned bad places, and, when compelled to cross crevices or jump from high positions, slid carefully over the side, and ap- peared to lower themselves as far as possible before springing across the space. On striking the opposite incline they always took the utmost advantage of their momentum in going up the next slope. Of course at a distance of a mile or more it was dif- ficult to tell the width of the spaces crossed, but I did not see them make any remarkable leaps. Mr. Hicks told me he once came suddenly upon a large ram which, rather than jump ten feet to a grassy slope, turned and ran toward him, passing very near. I did not observe any sentinels posted to watch for the approach of enemies. Although eagles capture a few young during lambing season, the worst enemies of the white sheep are white men, Indians, and wolves. As they always watch for danger from below, the most successful method of stalking is for the hunter to make a detour, and approach from above. When we arrived at the mountains, the rams and ewes had sep- arated. The latter were very alert, and generally were found feeding on grassy slopes close to the crags, among which they took shelter at night or whenever alarmed. A bunch often re- mained in the same locality for days. Several times while we watched, we saw small herds take fright and bound over the rocks to the high peaks, where they remained for a day or so—mere white specks to the naked eye. 148 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The lambing season is at its height by June 1toth. After the lambs have attained sufficient strength to climb and run, their mothers return to the band, and about September the bands of ewes are joined by the rams. The little ones frisk about, and play quite like domestic lambs. The females remain in the high mountain-peaks until the young are strong enough to join the band and run with it. Mr. Hicks says he knows of three instances of two lambs at a birth, but the usual number is one. Contrary to all reports, we found that for a day after birth the lambs were quite helpless, and made little attempt to escape. The last one captured would have escaped had not the Indian killed its mother and succeeded in cor- nering it. We judged it was three days old. Two others about the same age succeeded in escaping us. Those captured quickly became attached to us, and when left alone ran back and forth in their inclosure, bleating and trying to escape, but quieted as soon as they had company. Their actions were not unlike those of domestic lambs. ‘Their bleat, also, was identical, and while being fed they braced themselves, dropped on their knees, bunted at the feeding-bottle, and pranced about, whipping their tails from side to side in a most ludicrous manner. They slept either with or very near me. When first captured they were easily awakened, but soon became accustomed to the noises about camp. One thing which leads me to believe the lambs’ period of nursing is short,. is the suddenness with which their front teeth appeared. In twenty-four hours after capture their teeth were fully developed, and I noticed them several times nibbling at leaves or sticks. In June 1896, when Mr. Hicks was camped near the head of Matanuska River, a band of about fifteen ewes and lambs ap- proached daily for some time, and watched him from a cliff about three hundred yards distant. At first they were timid, but gain- ing confidence by immunity from attack they seemed to enjoy watching him work about camp. Once he came from his tent very suddenly, and tied a red handkerchief about his neck. This movement frightened the sheep away, but they returned in a few days. A severe thunderstorm that suddenly arose again sent them to the rocks. Sciurus hudsonius, (E£rvieb.). HUDSON BAY RED SQUIRREL. About Tyonek these little squirrels were common, and a few SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 149 were seen in the timber along Knik River, but they were not so abundant as at the former place. Sciuropterus. FLYING SQUIRREL. Mr. Hicks and the Indians said they had seen a few about Knik. Spermophilus empetra sub. sp.? We saw them on the grassy slopes and at the edge of the rocks at timber-line, both north and south of Knik River. The Indians use large numbers of skins in trimming moccasins, and I have seen robes composed entirely of them. Arctomys pruinosus, (Gmel.). HOARY MARMOT. While we saw their skins about the natives’ camps, and were told that these animals were common, we saw none. Twice I thought I heard their notes in the mountains along Knik River. Castor canadensis, (Kuhl.). AMERICAN BEAVER. Several were captured in June, some eight miles south of Tyonek. Old cuttings were noted along Knik River, and on Ad- miralty Island, near Juneau, I saw fresh beaver work. F'isher- men reported capturing one in a seine set in salt water near Tyonek, but their identification of the animal is open to doubt. Fiber spatulus, (Osgood). NORTHWESTERN MUSK- RAT: Common in the lakes, fresh-water ponds, and streams about Knik River. Erethizon epixanthus myops, (Merriam). ALASKAN FORCUPINE. Said to be common about Hope and Sunrise City. We saw one on May 25th in the mountains, about thirty-five miles from the mouth of Knik River. Ochotona collaris, (Nelson). ALASKAN PIKA. Said to occur sparingly among the rocks above timber-line. I heard one on May 15th in the mountains near the mouth of Knik River. The Indians have a superstition that if any are killed it will rain for ten days, and so strong is their aversion to the mo- lestation of these animals that parents have been seen to chastise their children for daring to imitate their notes. 150 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Lepus americanus dalli? (Merriam). DALL’S VARY- ING HARE? While on snowshoe trips into the heavy timber north of Ty- onek, during the latter part of April and first days of May, I found varying hares fairly abundant in certain localities. Al- though there was four feet of snow on the ground, they were changing their color, and many were very dark. In the timber and on the brushy flats bordering the Knik River we found them abundant. Neither the Indians nor my assistant had ever seen hares so abundant elsewhere. Lynx canadensis mollipilosus, (Stone). NORTH- WESTERN LYNX. Tracks were seen in the snow back of Tyonek, but I was told there were few near the beach. We saw where they had been hunting rabbits in the brush on the flats of the Knik River. Canis occidentalis, (Rich.). GRAY WOLF. None were seen, but their tracks were noted on the flats in the river-bottom, where they had hunted rabbits, and on the snow above timber-line, where no doubt they were in quest of sheep. A large track that was favorably situated measured 5% x 334 inches. Vulpes Kenaiensis, (Merriam). KENAI FOX. Two foxes—one red, the other silver gray—were held captives by the trader at Knik. They had been captured in the Shushitna River country. Ursus americanus, (Pallas). BLACK BEAR. Black Bears are abundant in the mountainous region bordering Knik River. . Although we did not attempt to hunt bears, we saw fifteen during our stay. They fed above timber-line mostly, al- though a few tracks were seen in the valley. At Ketchakan I saw two cubs that had been captured in their den about March 15th. They weighed about eight pounds, claws light bone color, and fur woolly. While it is rare for a bear to come into camp, there are records © of their occasionally having done so. It is said that near Hope a miner once watched one rip his tent to pieces and destroy his stores. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 151 We saw furrows in the snow where cubs had slid down-hill, whether intentionally or not there was no means to determine. Ursus middendorffi, (Merriam). KADIAK BEAR or BROWN BEAR, and Ursus horribilis, (Ord.). SILVER-TIP GRIZZLY. Owing to the great uncertainty regarding the geographic lim- its of these bears in southern Alaska, I will not add to the con- fusion already existing by attempting to differentiate them. The persistence with which these two species intermix is almost hope- lessly confusing. The natives state positively that a grizzly bear exists in the mountains north of Tyonek. Both brown bear and skins re- sembling grizzly bear were seen which came from the Shushitna River district. One is not able to tell, from the names given by the white men, what species they refer to, as they frequently use the term “grizzly” for all bears except the black bear. The young of the brown bear strongly resemble the cubs of the grizzly. One purchased at Porcupine City was called a grizzly, and looked like one, but the skin of its mother was that of a brown bear! At Kadiak I saw about a hundred bear-skins, and a more varied collection of colors could not be found in any other group of mammals. Bears are abundant about Iliamna and Chitina Bays, but have diminished greatly in other parts of Cook Inlet. I am indebted to my assistant, Mr. H. H. Hicks, for the fol- lowing facts relating to the habits of the so-called “ brown bear”: “When I have found brown bears in dens with cubs, they always had bedding of leaves and grass. ’ They den up about September 25th and remain until April 1st. At first they do not travel far from their dens, and often return to them at night. Should water run into their dens during winter, they seek other quarters. The usual number of cubs at a birth is one. In the early part of spring their principal food consists of grass and roots.” Brown bears are abundant on Admiralty Island, a short dis- tance west of Juneau. I found the grass about the mouths of salmon streams beaten down as though frequented by cattle. Trails in the moss, a foot in depth, led out of the timber in all directions, and on the banks of the streams were large numbers of salmon with only their bellies eaten. 152 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. One rainy afternoon I took a watch on one of these creeks. The salmon were fighting their way up the shallow stream in countless hundreds. Soon I was rewarded by seeing two bears rise from the grass some two hundred yards below. Although I was careful to secrete myself in a favorable locality, they must have scented danger, for they returned to the timber. Soon they appeared again, and, after surveying the flat thoroughly, walked up the edge of the forest toward me. When opposite, and about fifty yards distant, they halted, and rising on their hind legs, looked about. The one in advance was particularly cautious, but the other seemed satisfied that his companion would scent danger if any existed. They were not satisfied, however, and again re- turned to shelter. Once more I saw them standing side by side at the edge of the timber, their front feet on a log. At last they ventured out into the tall grass, and each took a dead fish and returned to the tim- ber to eat it. Fifteen minutes later they reappeared, and came to the edge of the stream, not more than a hundred feet from me. I was anxious to see one of them catch a salmon, but it was done so quickly that I can scarcely describe the act. The leading bear came to the edge, and had scarcely stopped when, with a quick sweep of his paw, he threw a salmon upon the bank and seized it in his mouth. On seeing this, his companion ran up and took it away from him. He was probably the master, as he met with little resistance. I did not intend killing the bears, but the longer I watched, the better seemed their condition, although it was late in the sea- son for prime skins. At last, hoping that their skins and skulls would throw some light upon the much-puzzling question of Alaskan bears, I opened fire with my “ Savage.”’ They were not more than twenty-five feet from cover, and I had to work very quickly to stop them before they could reach shelter. At the sound of the first shot the bear not wounded rose upon his hind feet, the fish still in his mouth. My second bullet struck him in the shoulder. Both animals, although mortally wounded, broke for the timber. It was scarcely necessary to shoot them a second time, but I did so in order to end their troubles as quickly as possible. I remained longer, in the hope of being treated to another fish- ing exhibition. About five o’clock a third bear came in view SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 153 directly opposite my position, and walked out of the timber as though accustomed to the locality. As the grass was three feet high, he could not see the bodies of his dead companions, and approached within five feet before he noticed them. On catching sight of the dead bears he wheeled, reached the timber in about two jumps, and was not seen afterward. Of the two specimens thus collected, one at least appears to be a typical brown bear, although the natives insisted on call- ing them both grizzlies. Although in poor pelage, the two bears killed were in much better condition than several skins I saw from bears killed near Kadiak Island fully a month before. The Indians hold the brown bear in great terror, and will not attack one except under the most favorable circumstances. I learned of several persons who were killed by bears, but in almost every case wherein a person had been attacked, the bear was sud- denly surprised at close quarters. Under most circumstances bears are difficult to approach. Their eyesight is poor, but their scent and hearing are both remarkably good. While the inhabitants of Kadiak Island maintain that bears are still plentiful, different zoological gardens have offered two hun- dred and fifty dollars each for cubs, and have not yet received one from that island. Four eastern sportsmen who spent the greater part of last summer (1901) in hunting Kadiak bears saw only ten bears ‘during their trip, and they had with them natives who were noted as expert hunters, and familiar with the haunts and habits of the animals. Old residents say that in former years it was not unusual to see several bears at a time. Mr. Thomas W. Hanmore said he had frequently seen such sights. As an old Indian expressed it, Kadiak Bears once were “all the same cattle.” For the past three years the average number of bear-skins re- ceived at various points on Kadiak Island by the agents of the Alaska Commercial Company has been about twenty. This fig- ure probably represents two-thirds of the total number killed an- nually. Iwas told by Mr. J. L. Davis that the natives about Cape Douglas often killed bears for their intestines, from which they make waterproof garments. Gulo luseus, (Linn.). WOLVERINE. Mr. Hicks saw the tracks of two at our upper camp, thirty-five miles from the mouth of Knik River. 154 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Mustela atratata actuosa? (Osgood). ALASKAN MARTEN. While none were seen, they are captured along Knik River. I saw skins that were brought from the Matanuska River country, all of which were very pale. Lutreola vison energumenus, (Bangs). PACIFIC MINK. One was seen while we were on the way to our base camp, some twenty miles from the mouth of the Knik River. It was at the mouth of a muskrat’s hole in a bank. Lutra canadensis pacifica, (Rhoads). NORTHERN BAND: OTTER: Two were observed in a small stream about twenty miles from the mouth of Knik River, and their slides were frequently seen. One of my Indians said otter often kill muskrats, and eat them. Phoea fasciata, (Zimm.). RIBBON SEAL. While none were seen by me, the following entry from my journal is of interest: “ Mr. J. B. Carold, of Juneau, says he was told by a reliable hunter that a spotted seal inhabited Iliamna Lake, a large fresh-water lake on the western side of the Alaskan Peninsula.” Since this note was made, Mr. J. H. Kidder, of Bos- ton, who spent the summer in Alaska, secured a skin of one of these seals, which proved to be of the species named above. Evi- dently the seals had traveled up the outlet of the lake, and, finding an abundance of fish, remained there. Phoca vitulina, (Linn.). HARBOR SEAL. Quite common about Tyonek, where several were seen. The natives frequently shoot them. On May 6th we saw one near the head of Knik- Arm. BIRDS. Colymbus holbeoellii, (Reinh.). HOLBCELL’S GREBE. A pair of these grebes were seen, May 11th, in a lake back of our camp, some twenty miles from the mouth of Knik River. Colymbus auritus, (Linn.). HORNED GREBE. Three seen, May 3d, at the mouth of Knik River. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 155 Gavia lumme, (Gunn.). LOON. Several seen along the river and in the many lakes bordering the foothills. Stercorarius parasiticus, (Linn.). PARASITIC JAEGER. Three seen at our base camp twenty miles up Knik River. They were noisy and much disturbed at our presence, flying about our heads uttering loud notes of alarm, and lighting on tops of tall trees. Larus philadelphia, (Ord.). BONAPARTE’S GULL. Several seen. Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus, (Ridgw.). VIO- LET-GREEN CORMORANT. Numerous flocks of cormorants were seen at many places in the inlet. Merganser serrator, (Linn.). RED-BREASTED MER- GANSER. Several pairs seen at the mouth of Knik River. Anas boschas, (Linn.). MALLARD. Common in the fresh-water lakes and sloughs along the inlet and river. Although a few small flocks were seen, the majority had paired. Mareca americana, (Gmel.)- BALDPATE. Common along the stream where we were camped, about twenty miles from the mouth of Knik River. They were found in pairs. A female killed, May t1oth, contained ovaries the size of a marble. Nettion carolinensis, (Gmel.). GREEN-WINGED TEAL. One of the Indians killed a pair at our first camp, twenty miles from the mouth of the river. Dafila acuta, (Linn.). PINTAIL. Quite common in the fresh-water lakes and sloughs along the Arm and river. 156 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Clangula clangula americana, (Bonap.). AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. This species was the most common of all ducks seen. When we first reached the mountains the ice was not all out of the ponds and small streams, and there was scarcely an air-hole that did not contain a pair of them. They had evidently begun nesting, as large ovaries were found in several killed. Charitonetta albeola, (Linn.). BUFFLE-HEAD. A common little duck found in the air-holes along frozen streams and lakes. Histrionicus histrionicus, (Linn.). HARLEQUIN DUCK: My Indians drew my attention to a pair of these ducks at the mouth of the river as we were returning to Knik, June 6th. Oidemia perspicillata? SURF SCOTER. Large numbers of Scoters were seen all over the inlet. Branta canadensis, (Linn.). CANADA GOOSE. Common. When I first arrived at Tyonek, April 24th, they were present in large flocks, and remained so up to the time [ left, May 2d. We saw numbers all along the route to our first camp, twenty miles up Knik River. A few pairs were nesting about the lakes at the base of the mountains. Olor columbianus, (Ord.). WHISTLING SWAN. Never before in the history of the oldest inhabitants of Cook Inlet was there such a flight of swans as this year. We saw flocks of about fifty each, and it was not uncommon for several flocks of from six to ten to pass ina day. A pair nested in a lake a short distance from our camp. Grus canadensis, (Linn.). LITTLE BROWN CRANE. Several seen at the mouth of Knik River, May 7th. Gallinago delicata, (Ord.). WILSON’S SNIPE. Very common in the marshes about our camp, twenty miles from the mouth of the river, where they were nesting. For hours at a time they flew about a certain spot, seemingly to exercise their wings. At short intervals they darted toward the earth, making a loud whizzing sound as they descended. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 157 Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus, (Brewster). WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER. At our base camp several pairs were seen ; they were nesting. Actitis macularia, (Linn.). SPOTTED SANDPIPER. One seen at our base camp. I whistled to it, and it lighted on the gunwale of the boat. AEgialitis sp.? PLOVER. On a flat in the river-bottom, about thirty-five miles from its mouth, we saw a pair of plovers about the size of Killdeer. They were stouter, and had a black band across their breasts. Canachites canadensis osgoodi, (Bishop). ALASKA SPRUCE GROUSE. During the latter part of April and May ist I found these grouse ‘not uncommon in the timber back of Tyonek. They were not as tame as a person would expect; in fact, I found it rather difficult to approach them before they took wing. No flocks were seen, they evidently having mated. At our base camp we saw several. One which an Indian killed, May roth, con- tained large ovaries. Lagopus leucurus, (Swains & Rich.). NORTHERN WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN. In the high mountains at our upper camp, about thirty-five miles from the mouth of the river, White-tailed Ptarmigan were common. They were found in pairs, and were very tame. I ap- proached to within six feet of one and photographed it. Circus hudsonius, (Linn.). MARSH HAWK. Several were seen about Tyonek and the lowlands along Knik River. One was noted May tst. Accipiter velox, (Wils.). SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. Several were seen in the river-bottom. Halizetus leucocephalus alascanus, (Town.). ALAS- KA BALD EAGLE. Several seen at Tyonek and on the Knik River, where a pair was nesting but a short distance from one of our camps. 158 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis, (Gmel.). AMERICAN OSPREY. A single specimen seen flying down Knik River, June 5th. It was near the mouth of the stream, and my Indians first drew my | attention to it. Neither they nor Mr. Hicks had seen the species before, so I think it must be uncommon in the country. Bubo- virginianus saturatus, (Ridgw.). DUSKY HORNED OWL. Two seen and several heard. Ceryle aleyon, (Linn.). BELTED KINGFISHER. Not uncommon; several were seen at our base camp. Colaptes auratus, (Linn.). FLICKER. Several were seen in the timbered bottoms along the river. Otocoris alpestris leucolzema, (Cowes). PALLID HORNED LARK. A few seen in the river-bottom, but most common above tim- ber-line. Pica pica hudsoniea, (Sab.). AMERICAN MAGPIE. Several noted near our base camp, and while above timber near the mouth of Knik, June 3d, we saw a pair at the head of the valley. There was a nest in the edge of the timber that had the appearance of being used the year before. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons, (Ridgw.). ALAS- KAN JAY. : Several were seen about Tyoonok and at our base camp. A family of young able to take care of themselves were noted, May 22d. Corvus corax principalis, (Ridgw.). NORTHERN RAVEN. About half a dozen were seen flying about the rocks at the base of the mountains near one of our camps. Pinicola enuclator, sub. sp.2 PINE GROSBEAK. A small flock were seen feeding one morning in front of our base camp. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 159 Spinus pinus, (Wils.). PINE SISKIN. Very common. Zonotrichia coronata, (Pall.). GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW. Common in the river-bottoms. In full song May 15th. Juneco sp.? JUNCO. Juncos were common, but what species I cannot tell. Melospiza melodia kenaiensis, (Ridgw.). KENAI SONG SPARROW. Several were heard in the river-bottom. Tachycineta bicolor, (Viell.). TREE SWALLOW. I noticed several flocks of these birds flying about a sparingly timbered flat about thirty miles up Knik River. Clivicola riparia, (Linn.). BANK SWALLOW. Several were seen at the mouth of Knik River. Anthus pensilvanicus, (Lath.). AMERICAN PIPIT. Pipits were common on the mountains at and above timber- line. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis, (Harris). LONG- PATEEPDICHICKADEE. Common at Tyonek, Knik, and the region visited on Knik River. Hylocichla sp. THRUSH. Thrushes were common, and during the long summer nights could be heard at all hours. Merula migratoria, (Linn.). AMERICAN ROBIN. Robins were frequently seen in the poplar groves about Knik, and the river bottoms. The first one noted was seen May 4th. CHARTER OF TEE Pew Work Zoological Society. CHAPTER 435. AN ACT to incorporate the New York Zoological Society and to provide for the establishment of a zoological garden in the city of New York. As amended by Chapter 146 of the Laws of 1902. Accepted by the city. Became a law April 26, 1895, with the approval of the Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present. The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. Charles A. Dana, Oswald Ottendorfer, Andrew H. Green, William H. Webb, Henry H. Cook, Samuel D. Babcock, Charles R. Miller, George G. Haven, J. Hampden Robb, Frederic W. De Voe, J. Seaver Page, Rush C. Hawkins, David James King, Wager Swayne, Charles A. Peabody, Jr., Charles E. Whitehead, Charles R. Flint, Samuel Parsons, Jr., Mornay Williams, Henry E. Gregory, Isaac W. Maclay, Isaac Rosenwald, Hugh N. Camp, Andrew D. Parker, Cornelius Van Cott, William F. Havemeyer, Frederick Shonnard, William W. Thompson, Alexander Hadden, Edward L. Owen, John H. Starin, Rush S. Huidekoper, William W. Goodrich, Albert H. Gallatin, Frederick S. Church, Edward C. Spitzka, Robert L. Niles, Madison Grant, C. Grant La Farge, William Van Valkenburg, and such other persons as may, under the provisions of its by-laws, become mem- bers of the corporation hereby created, are hereby created a body corporate and politic, by and under the name of the New York Zoological Society. Sec. 2. Said corporation shall have power to establish, maintain, and control zoological parks, gardens, or other collections for the promotion of zoology and kindred subjects, and for the instruction and recreation of the people. Said corporation may collect, hold, and expend funds for zoological research and publication, for the protection of wild animal life, and for kindred purposes, and may promote, form, and co-operate with other associations with similar purposes, and may purchase, sell, or ex- change animals, plants, and specimens appropriate to the objects for which it was created. » SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 161 Sec. 3. The managers of said corporation shall have power to make and adopt by-laws for the management and government of its affairs and busi- ness, for the admission, suspension, and expulsion of its members, and for the terms and conditions of membership; to prescribe the number and mode of election of its officers; to define their duties; to provide for the safe-keeping of its property, and from time to time to alter and modify its by-laws. Sec. 4. The affairs and business of said corporation shall be managed and controlled by a board of managers, the number of whom shall be pre- scribed by the by-laws. The first board of managers shall be divided by lot into three classes, equal in number, one of which classes shall hold office for one year, another for two years, and the other for three years; and all persons elected to be managers at any subsequent election shall hold office for three years, and until others are elected in their stead. There shall be a president, two vice-presidents, treasurer and secretary, to be elected by the board of managers annually, who shall hold office until others are elected in their stead. The first meeting under this act may be held at any time upon a notice of five days, signed by any five of the incorporators named in the first section of this act, fixing a time and place for such meeting, a copy whereof shall be mailed to each of said incorporators at his usual post-office address, and twelve of such incorporators shall be a quorum for the purpose of organization, adoption of by-laws, and election of officers. No manager of said corporation shall be interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract concerning its property or affairs. Sec. 5. Said corporation may raise money by the issue of its bonds, secured by a mortgage on any or all of its property not acquired from said city or state. Sec. 6. Said corporation may take, purchase, and hold real and personal estate necessary for the purpose of its incorporation, the net annual income of which shall not exceed fifty thousand dollars, and shall possess the gen- eral powers and be subject to the restrictions and liabilities prescribed in the third title of the eighteenth chapter of the first part of the revised statutes. Sec. 7. The commissioners of the sinking fund of the said city are au- thorized in their discretion to allot, set apart, and appropriate for the use of said corporation, any of the lands belonging to said city north of One Hundred and Fifty-fifth street, but not in the Central Park, and such ap- propriation may be revoked if, after the expiration of five years from the passage of the act, a zoological garden is not established thereon; said grounds thus set apart and appropriated shall be used for no purpose what- soever except those aforesaid. As soon as any lands are set apart the Mayor of the said city of New York, and the President of the Department of Parks of said city, shall become and be ex-officio members of the board of managers of said corporation. If at any time the animals now composing 162 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the menagerie at Central Park shall be removed therefrom by the authori- ties having charge thereof, said authorities may make an arrangement with the incorporators named in this act or the corporation formed by them for leasing or sale of such animals to such incorporators or corporation, and said incorporators or corporation shall have a preference over any other person or corporation in respect thereto upon the same terms which said authorities could make with any such other person or corporation, or upon such other terms as to such authorities may seem proper, but nothing herein provided shall be construed as giving the commissioners of the Department of Public Parks authority to sell, lease, transfer, or in any other wise dis- pose of said animals or other property connected with or belonging to said menagerie. Sec. 8. Admission to the said gardens shall be free to the public for at least four days, one of which shall be Sunday, in each week, subject to such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed by said corporation. Sec. 9. This act shall take effect immediately. STATE OF NEW YORK, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE, } we I have compared the preceding with the original law on file in this office, and do hereby certify that the same is a ~—_—> correct transcript therefrom, and of the whole of said original law. oes Given under my hand and the seal of office of the Secre- Se tary of State, at the city of Albany, this third day of May, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five. ANDREW DAVIDSON, Deputy Secretary of State. BY-LAWS OF THE Pew Mork Zoological Society. ARTICLE I. MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. SECTION 1. The office and place of business of the New York Zoological Society shall be in the City of New York, unless otherwise ordered. SEc. 2. The Society shall hold its annual meeting for the election of Managers, and other business, on the second Tuesday of January, or such day thereafter during the month of January to which said annual meeting shall adjourn. Src. 3. Special meetings of the Society shall becalled by the Secretary, upon the request of the President or the Chairman of the Executive Com- mittee, or at the written request of ten members. SEc. 4. Notices of all meetings shall be mailed to each member of the Society at least three days before such meeting. Sec. 5. At meetings of the Society twenty members shall constitute a quorum. SEc. 6. The order of business shall be as follows: Roll call. Reading of minutes not previously read. Report of Executive Committee. Report of Secretary. Report of Treasurer. Report of Director. Election of Managers. Communications. Miscellaneous business. Reports and resolutions. SE eee Cre, one H ARTICLE II. BOARD OF MANAGERS. Src. 1. The Board of Managers shall consist of thirty-six members, together with the Mayor of New York and President of the Park Board, or Commissioner for the Bronx, who shall be members e2-officio of the board. Src. 2. Nineteen managers shall constitute a quorum, but ten man- agers may transact current business, and adjourn, subject to the subsequent approval of a meeting at which a quorum shall be present. 164 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SEc. 3. The Board of Managers shall hold an annual meeting on the third Tuesday of January, or on such day thereafter to which said annual meeting shall adjourn. Regular meetings of the Board may also be called by the Secretary on the third Tuesdays of October and April, upon the re- quest of the President or Chairman of the Executive Committee. Special meetings of the Board shall be called at any time by the Secretary, upon the request of the President or the Chairman of the Executive Committee, or at the written request of five Managers. é SEc. 4. Notices of meetings of the Board shall be mailed to each Man- ager at least three days before such meetings. SEc. 5. The successors to the outgoing class of Managers shall be elected by the Society at its annual meeting, but vacancies in the Board may be filled for the unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the Ex- ecutive Committee. SEc. 6. A Nominating Committee shall be annually appointed by the Executive Committee, and shall consist of three members of the Society at large, who shall nominate and post ten days before the annual election the names of twelve persons to succeed the outgoing class of Managers in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society. SEc. 7. No person shall be eligible for election to the Board of Man- agers, except to fill vacancies, unless his name shall have been posted as a candidate by such Committee, or by not less than ten members, in writing, in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society ten days before the an- nual election. Src. 8. Any Manager who shall fail to attend three consecutive meet- ings of the Board, unless excused by vote of the Board, shall cease to be a Manager. Sec. 9. The Board of Managers shall at its annual meeting elect a Pres- ident, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, who shall hold of- fice for one year, or until their successors are elected. The President, Vice- Presidents and Treasurer shall be members of the Board. Sec. 10. The Director of the Zoological Park, and all other persons employed by the Society, shall be appointed by the Board or by the Execu- tive Committee, and shall hold office during the pleasure of the Board. SkEc. 11. The Board shall, at its annual meeting, elect an Executive Committee and Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year, or until their successors are elected. The Board of Managers and the Execu- tive Committee shall also have authority to appoint such other Committees or Officers as they may at any time deem desirable, and to delegate to them such powers as may be necessary. SEc. 12. The order of business of the meetings of the Board shall be as follows : Roll call. Reading of minutes not previously read. Report of Executive Committee. Report of Secretary. Report of Treasurer. lit oi atl FL SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 165 6. Report of Auditing Committee. 7. Report of Director. 8. Election of Officers. 9. Election of Committees. 10. Election of new members. 11. Communications. 12. Miscellaneous business. SEc. 13. All reports and resolutions shall be in writing, and the ayes and nays may be called on any resolution at the request of one Manager. Sec. 14. Whenever the funds of the Society shall permit, the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee may award medals or other prizes for meritorious work connected with the objects of the Society. ARTICLE IIT. OFFICERS. SEc. 1. The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary and a Director of the Zoological Park. These officers, with the exception of the Director, shall be elected at the annual meeting of the Board of Managers, but any vacancy may be filled for an unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the Executive Committee, until the next annual election. Src. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and of the Society, and shall be ex-officio a member of the Executive and Auditing Committees. Sxc. 3. The Vice-Presidents shall, in the absence of the President, per- form his duties and possess his powers, acting in the order of their election. Src. 4. The Treasurer shall receive, collect and hold, subject to the order of the Board of Managers, or the Executive Committee, all dues, sub- scriptions, fees and securities. He shall pay all bills as ordered by the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee, and shall report to the Society at its annual meeting, and to the Board of Managers at all regular meetings and to the Executive Committee at each meeting. He shall keepall moneys and securities in some bank or trust company to be approved by the Board of Managers or Executive Committee. The books of the Society shall at all times be open to the inspection of the Managers. Src. 5. The Secretary shall be a salaried officer of the Society. He shall be present, unless otherwise relieved by the Board or Executive Com- mittee, at all meetings of the Society, of the Board and of the Standing Committees. He shall keep a careful record of all proceedings, shall have the custody of the seal, archives and books, other than books of account, and shall conduct the correspondence of the Society. He shall issue all no- tices and tickets and shall perform such other duties as the Board may di- rect. He shall be a member ex-officio of the Executive and Auditing Com- mittees and of the Scientific Council. Src. 6. The Director of the Zoological Park shall be elected annually by the Executive Committee at a salary to be determined by said Commit- 166 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. tee, and paid monthly from funds of the Society.* He shall be the respon- sible administrative officer of the Park, and shall recommend to the Execu- tive Committee candidates for the various positions in the Park. He shall also perform all such other duties in connection with the business, scientific and literary administration of the Society as may be assigned to him by the Executive Committee. ARTICLE IV. COMMITTEES. SEc. 1. There shall be two standing committees, the Executive Com- mittee and the Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year or until their successors are elected. Src. 2. The Executive Committee shall consist of seven Managers, to- gether with the President and Secretary of the Society ex-officio. Four members shall constitute a quorum, and all meetings shall be called by the Chairman. The Executive Committee shall fill all vacancies in its own number and shall have the full powers of the Board of Managers, except so far as such delegation of power may be contrary to law. Src. 3. The Executive Committee shall have the control and regula- tion of the collections, library and all other property of the Society, and shall have power to purchase, sell and exchange specimens and books, to employ and control all officials and employees of the Society and Park, and generally to carry out in detail the directions of the Board of Man- agers and the terms of any contract between the City, or Park Board, and the Society. Sec. 4. All the rules and regulations for the examination of applicants for the various positions in the Park shall be made or approved by the Ex- ecutive Commttiee. Src. 5. The Executive Committee may regulate the auditing and pay- ment for all current accounts. SEc. 6. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Nominat- ing Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Sections 6 and 7, Article II. of these By-Laws. SEc. 7. It,shall also appoint a Scientific Council whose powers and du- ties are set forth in Section 2 of Article V. of the By-Laws. Src. 8. The Committee shall make a written report at each regular meeting of the Board of Managers. Src. 9. The Auditing Committee shall consist of three regular mem- bers of the Society, in addition to the President and Secretary, members e2- officio, and vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Committee. It shall be the duty of the Auditing Committee to audit, annually, the accounts of the Treasurer and of the Director, and any other accounts of the Society, and shall report to the Board of Managers at its annual meeting. *Until such time as he enters fully upon his public administrative duties. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 167 ARTICLE V. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL. Src. 1. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Scientific Council of not more than ten members, and shall fill all vacancies. Mem- bers of the Council shall hold office until their successors are appointed. SkEc. 2. The duties of the Council shall be to act as an advisory board in all matters pertaining to the scientific administration of the Society, and especially as to the scientific features of the Park, the promotion of zool- ogy by publications and otherwise, and the preservation of the native fauna of America. SEc. 38. Four members, including the Chairman, shall constitute a quorum, ‘The Chairman shall be elected annually by the Council. The Secretary of the Society shall be a member and Secretary ex-officio of the Council. ARTICLE VI. MEMBERS, Sec. 1. The present members and such others as shall become associated with them, under the conditions prescribed by the By-Laws, shall be mem- bers of this Society as long as they shall comply with the By-Laws. SEc. 2. Members failing to comply with these By-Laws, or for other good and sufficient cause, may be expelled from the Society by the Execu- tive committee. SEc. 3. Candidates for membership’shall be proposed and seconded by members of the Society. The name, occupation and place of residence of every member so proposed shall be submitted for election to the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee, and such person, when elected, shall become a member upon payment of the annual dues, or of the fees as prescribed below. Src. 4. The annual dues shall be ten dollars, payable in advance, on the first day of May of each year, but the Executive Committee may remit the dues for the current year in the case of members elected between January lst and May Ist of each year. The classes of membership shall be as follows : SEc.5. The payment of $200 at one time shall constitute any member a Life Member. SEc. 6. The payment of $1,000 at one time, or in the case of a Life Member, of $800, shall constitute any member a Patron. SEc. 7. The payment of $2,500 at one time, or in the case of a Patron of $1,500, or of a Life Member of $2,300, shall constitute any member an Associate Founder. Src. 8. Any member who shall donate to the Society $5,000, or prop- erty of equal value, or any Associate Founder who shall donate $2,500, or any Patron who shall donate $4,000, may be elected by the Board of Man- agers or Executive Committee a Founder. 168 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL -SOCIETY. Src. 9. Any member who shall donate to the Society $25,000, or any Founder who shall donate $20,000, may be elected by the Board of Managers or Executive Committee a Benefactor. SEc. 10. Persons who have rendered marked service in the science of zoology or natural history may be elected Honorary Members, but not more than three such Honorary Members shall be elected in any one calendar year. SEc. 11. Residents who have rendered scientific services to the Society, or marked services in zoology or natural history, may be elected as Per- manent Fellows. Src. 12. Non-residents who communicate valuable information to the Society, or who have rendered marked service in the science of zoology or natural history may be elected Corresponding Members. Skc. 13. Benefactors, Founders, Associate Founders, Patrons, Life Members, Honorary Members, Permanent Fellows and Corresponding Mem- bers shall be exempt from annual dues. ARTICLE VII. PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS. Src. 1. A member’s ticket admits the member and his immediate family to the Park on reserve days, and to all lectures and special exhibi- tions, and may be used by the member’s immediate family, and shall be good for the current year. SxEc. 2. Admission tickets, each admitting two persons on reserve days, are issued to members for distribution, and are good for the current year. SEc. 3. Each member of the Society is entitled annually to a member’s ticket and to ten admission tickets. Src. 4. Each member shall also receive one copy of the catalogue or handbook, the report and official publications of the Society, and shall have all the privileges of the Library and Members’ Building. Src. 5. No member shall be entitled to the privileges enumerated in this Article unless his annual dues shall have been paid. Sxc. 6. The Life Members shall have all the privileges of Members and ten additional admission tickets. SEc. 7. Benefactors, Founders, Associate Founders and Patrons shall have all the privileges of Life Members, and shall in addition receive copies of all scientific works published by the Society. Src. 8. Any member who shall fail to pay his annual dues within three months after the same shall have become due, and after notice of thirty days, by mail, shall cease to be a member of the Society ; subject, however, to reinstatement by the Board of Managers or Executive Com- mittee for good cause shown. SEc. 9. Any person elected to membership who shall fail to qualify within three months after notice of his election shall be considered to have declined his election; but such term may be extended by the Board of Managers or Executive Committee. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 169 ARTICLE VIII. FINANCES. Sec. 1. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be the calendar year commencing January Ist and ending December 3Ist. Sec. 2. Neither the Society nor any of its Managers or Officers shall contract any debt which, with existing debts, shall exceed in amount the funds then in the Treasury, except to meet expenditures for which the city is liable, and for which the Society will be reimbursed by warrants from the Comptroller’s office. ARTICLE IX. AMENDMENTS. Sec. 1. Amendments to these By-Laws may be proposed, in writing, at any meeting of the Board of Managers, and adopted by unanimous con- sent of the Managers present, or if such proposed amendment shall fail to Teceive unanimous consent, the Secretary shall, with the notices of the next meeting, send a copy of it to each Manager and state that it will be brought up for action at such meeting, when it may be passed by a major- ity vote. ras eas r aia 7 easy mt | ry tat ie Mi faite yy > arth ' ! am j : J “ re meni Do Lie 7 qie ? Ly : ‘thy Ds Wave se « aD : rie a) Tips 702 the i its 5 ] i st r ia ni ; een! ty nee y i vi, » , : = ibis ru 1 ; Weed ee ey) ‘ ay pe OPT RH mM y iy Haat Hl a qh tee i He ‘ ein ail ao } ‘va eer’ | Juder ACKERMAN, Gunther K., 85 Administration building, 41 Administration, department of, 74 Admiralty Island, 151 Alaska, destruction of animal life in, I41 expedition to, 42, 137 Alaskan house front, 41 Albatross, tortoises collected by, 121 Alces gigas, 142, 146 Ameeba coli, 112 Anesthetics, use of, 105 Animals, gifts of, 87 Antelope herd, prong-horned, 65 Antelope house, 30, 86 treatment of, 98 Attendance, 57 Basoons, list of, 62 Baird Court, 37, 38 service road, 83 Balantidium coli, 101, 103, III in giant tortoises, 124 Bears, collection of, 63 hairy-eared, 64 Kadiak, 63, 151, 153 list of, 64 silver tip grizzly, I51 Beaver colony, 65 treatment of, 97 Beebe, C. William, 68, 70, 128 Beerbower, George M., 79 Birch bark for beavers, 66 Bird house, 39 for perching birds, 86 1 Bird life, protection of, 41 Birds, breeding of, 60, 70 Destruction of (reprinted), 43 diseases of, 70 gifts of, 70 list of, 71 report on department of, 68 Board of Estimate, 85 Books, gifts of, 94 Brooks, Dr. Harlow, 42, 101, 102, 108 Brown, C. D., gift from, 71 Buffalo, intestinal catarrh of, 104 shelter, new, 59 treatment of, 97 By-Laws of New York Zoological Society, 163 Camp, Frederick D., gift from, 66 Caparn, H. A., 38 Caribou, 67 Stone’s, 145 | Cassowary, treatment of, 98 Chapman, Frank M., 41 Charter of New York Zoological Society, 160 Chimpanzee, 61 Chisholm, Hugh J., 66 Cockerill & Son, Thomas, 37, 38, 80 Colitis, Ior Construction and repair, department of, 78 Cook Inlet, 138, 142, 143 Cysticerci, 118 1 172 Dam and waterfall, 81 Davenport, Homer, gift from, 66 Davis, J. ee 153 Deaken, Thomas, 116 Deer, destruction of Sitka, 142 Devlin, J. H., 83 Diarrhea, 100 Digestive tract, diseases of, 108 Director, Report of, 56, 106, 111 Diseases of Park animals, 99 Ditmars, SR2 JL; 60,67, 72, 103,. 116 on giant tortoises, 120 Duane, Mrs. Arthur, gift from, 66 Ducks’ aviary, 85 Dunham, E. K., 119 Dyehe, Prot. i. 1., 140; 143 Dysentery, 109, III EAGLES’ aviary, 86 Egerton, Maurice, gift from, 59 Elevated railroad to Fordham, 39 Engineering department, 79 Equine deer, 67 Essex, tortoises collected by, 121 Estimate and Apportionment, Board of, 36 Executive Committee, Report of, 35 presentation by, &5 FIRE apparatus, 74 Flying cage in house, 128 Food supplies for animals, 106, I10 Forestry and gardening, department of, 76 Fountain of rustic stone, 84 Franchises, 35 Fund, Animal, 51 General, 50 Ground Improvement, 37, 30, 53 Maintenance, 37, 52 New Ground Improvement, 86 Park Improvement, 35, 44, 48, 49, 55 aquatic birds’ Gavapacos Islands, 121 Game laws for Alaska, 144 INDEX Gastro-enteritis, 65, 99, 100, 109, 110 Gelada baboons, 61 Giant tortoises, food of, 125 habits of, 124 Gifts to Zoological Society: animals, 87 books, 94 plants, 96 Goat, mountain, 146 Grant, Madison, article by, 137 HacEnNsBEcK, Carl, gift from, 64 Hammond, Capt. A. G., gift from, 72 Hanmore, Thomas W., 153 Harriman, E. H., 41 Harvey, Eli, 38 Heins & La Farge, 38 Hicks: Ei: A, 138 Hornaday, W. T., 56, 60 INFECTIOUS diseases, I16 Installations for animals, new, 58 Insurance of Park employees, 43 KAEGEBEHN, Ferdinand, 64 Kenai Peninsula, 143 Knik River, 138 LABELS, picture, for birds, 131 Lambs, ovis dalli, 138, 148 Library, 41 need of, 119 Lion house, 38, 58, 80, 86 collections for, 40, 58 Loring, J. Alden, 42, 63, 137, 145 Lowrie, Charles N., 82 Lydig, Philip M., 41 MAINTENANCE, deficiency in, 36 Mammals, department of, 60 of southern Alaska, 145 list of, 68 Managers, Board of, 80 INDEX Membership, 36 Merkel, Hermann W., 76, 78, 82 Maller Dre bE 42.507 Mitchell, H. R., 74, 75 Mitchell, Mason, gift from, 71 Moebus, Park Commissioner August, 36, 82, 85 Monkeys, list of, 7, 62 Moose, 142, 146 treatment of, 100 Motor road, 37, 83 Mountain sheep, 40 hill, 58 NicKNAMES of Zoological Park objected to, 57 Niles, W. W., and J. Barron, 63 Oranc-Urtans, Balantidium coli in, Graton, 102) Ili. Lr4) 115 Oreamnos montanus, 146 Osborn’s Walk, 83 Ostrich house, 86 Ovis dalli, 138, 146 PaGE wire fence, 59, 84 Parasites, I17 Park Commissioners, 80 Park Department, work under, 79 Borough Bronx, 79, 85 improvements and expenditures by, 79 Pathologist, report of, 108 Payne, Charles, gift from, 71 ‘ ' Photography of Park animals, 43 Pigeon, Harry, 142 Planting operations, 78, 82, 85, 86 Plants, gifts of, 96 Pond in moose range, 84 Primates, house for, 37, 58, 80 collection of, 61 Proctor, A. P., 38 Publications, 43 Pumas’ house, 59 | | 173 Qual, albino, 71 Raccoons’ Tree, 59 Rangifer stonei, 145 Rapid transit branch to Park, 39 Rattlesnakes, 73 Recreation series of gifts, 94 Reptiles, food of, 73, 77 list of, 73 Report on department of, 72 Restaurant, 40 Rocking Stone, 75 Rogers, J.C.) Jr, 82 Rothschild, Hon. Walter, 121, 122 SANBORN, E. R., 43, 66 Schenck, Martin, Chief Engineer, 82, 85 Schieffelin, Samuel B., gift from heirs of, 68, 77 Scope, national, of Zoological Park, 56 Senior, Samuel P., 78 Service building, 40, 74, 80 Sewer and water systems, 81 Shade trees, 84 Sheep, installations for wild, 40, 58 white mountain, 138, 146 Sheldon, Charles, gifts from, 66, 71 Shields, G. O., gifts through, 94 Snyder, Charles, 72 Soda fountains, 76 Stokes, Miss Caroline Phelps, gift from, 4I, 7I, 94 Sturgis, Mrs. Frank K., 41 TayLor, Knox, gift from, 66 Telephones, 77 | Testudo, ephippium, 121, 123 vicina, 122, 123 nigrita, 123 Tortoises, giant, 72, 120 Totem pole, 41 Tree trenches, 83 Tuberculosis, 105, 116, 117 174 INDEX Ursus arctos, 64 WALK construction, 84 horribilis, 151 Washington Zoological Park, 60, 67 middendorffh, 63, 138, 151 Water and sewer systems, 81 Waterfall, dam at, 81 Webster, Frank B., 120, 122 Van WINELE, A., gift from, 72 Whale, white, 145 Van Wyck, Mayor Robert A., 36, 85 ZOOLOGICAL Society of Philadelphia, Veterinarian, report of, 97 67 ho Sia AY iat et = fi ~ ys ‘ 7 ; ‘ Te f ‘ : Heal) Py . we sULG, ee iy 4 yy i 7) ' \ Moe ; J ao, ba b *y il IMvangy My