aN vege ota SEE Oe AT ES = MS “4 en a Sal San Se — ‘ So a Se xsesatsiew eee oe HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. \aGb0o. GIFT OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. | Mar a ayoy | a? MAY & oa a hy ' a 8 , be , i : it 4 1904 ‘ i‘. : Sh E ore nt SM (yee sé “ at rm ri, vil 7m « i? *ADAIV EY 1a ‘IW Aq suoy [aunues pue ‘yuourped payajduios ay) BuLMoys ‘ASQOH NOIT AO AGVIVA HLYON . = - oh8 -- te "HdVNUSOLOH BS VA BS x EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGIC Ad I SOCIETY CHARTERED IN 1895 OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK THE PRESERVATION OF GUR NATIVE ANIMALS THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY 1903 -T NEW YORK OFFICE OF THE SOCIETY, 11 WALL STREET APRIL 1. 1904 fay) me tN im ny tie 5 : ‘29 Ll : ‘ ya : VERA ET YEOI00S © MOO EU ; CAM O0TREE EG - CopyYRIGHTED, 1904, BY THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY — 5 » 4 o , Che Crow Press, Mew Bork hi 9 Contents, HE EEOARD OF MANAGERS! 39. 8-6 bes em 6 es OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY List oF: MEMBERS REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE TREASURER’S REPORTS : Park Improvement Fund General Fund Animal Fund . Maintenance Fund ene ue LE Balance Sheet of Ground Improvement Fund Balance Sheet of Aquarium Improvement Fund Aquarium Fund REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. . i WWE Hornaday. A NEw SPECIES OF ‘Raccoon Doc. . . W. ZT: Hornaday REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE AQUARIUM Nores ON THE ManaTEE . . .°. . Charles'H. Townsend List oF GIFTS ON THE POssIBILITY OF INFECTING OYSTERS WITH TYPHOID BACIDENaIS 6) 0 oe ow oe Cons Wee AEP: REPORT OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT Dr. Harlow Brooks, Dr. W. Reid Blair CAGE-PARALVSIS “3... «4 » 0 =, “De; Harlow. Brooks INTERNAL PARASITES IN WILD ANIMALS W. Reid Blair, D.V.S. OBSERVATIONS ON LACERTILIANS. . . Raymond L. Ditmars FivE Days AMONG THE BrirRDS ON Cogs ISLAND C. Witham Beebe THE ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE LARGE MAMMALS OF INORTHOAMERICA & .. . Saheb. Wladison Grand DOCUMENTS : SveIGAWiste ce. 6. os “aced ene LRCTDIDS SS ea ra 2 yh 104 115 129 146 161 182 208 214 List of Filustrations PAGE Norim FacApE or Lion House’. 70 2s. 0. 2 9. hrancapeece ‘VoOunGe NUBIAN LION. DDONGOLAy sce (mean Cnnncnnn- Wayne ES i Vipre MEMORTAT, (GATEWAY! ~ jc ne "ct en-us eS) WiHithe TAILED “GNU \s< A 2 eee cee ay ent atee ee ea WHITESBEARDED, GNU © Sn oa be Me es ey) Y NEW “ANTELOPE UHOUSE ny Sh, nt so tem cane enim ot ns ee “BARBARY: VIONESS AND) CUBS) © Ge co. i2 Mev Umrao ont nee ey BAKER’ SROAN VAN TELOREG patience oa) Sen emRe ey OL ine a noe RAT HOW PDEE RWI) 2h (ecrmee germ nes a ota ee Suse) er Oo VICUNIA wo vee Beate Ne ulin (een oat Bhi eitis hs yees Bre iat a) or? ATIPINGIR, bill ore oe Wheel Saw Sed OA SR NAN re MI cea CSCS tian cs) cf GROUND PLAN] ANTELOPE; EIOUSE, AND) YARDS =) 3) 2 eee ‘A SECTION OF THE NEWsBEAR DENS! 9 oc).) 7. ous 3 son te Vl aE ET ANAL OUSE taertesmeees s. Usutah Lomi |) wine isr cy heerlen “RRATREX -ANEELORE ct Cla tends) Ay edd Me oe tch | ee ic ns Ore ‘BLESSBOK . . Wire Eeetene Ma Miso | ER “WHITE RACCOON Doc (Nyctereutes albus) Su Gey 2 ae er be, ae ee WHITE Raccoon Doc . . eee Cae eV “New RoOcCK-WORK AT THE New York AQuaRIUM. i ee cp ee eT es ANGEL FISH . . so) A ae en el ‘VIEW OF THE AQuarIUM AND New York Bay cio ka ee or ae YMANATEE .. Re ee EE EM IG | BS GREAT HORNED Ow: pr Se NTE RT “ae! Vk” al tae oath. cig t sien aac Me otete ai eee oS GRAWSHAVESUZEBRAQ 4) Urs ee 2 a 1g) ee cay os ea ied Cosette YCHIMPANZEE: POLLY ee here a Mee Nema Se 4 TIES VMICRO-PHOTOGRAPH OF THE COLON OF AN ORANG . . + . . . | 129 ASCARIS MysraxX (RAILLIET) ~. . ee ey ISN DocuMius TRIGONOCEPHALUS, FEMALE Pe ee aso. ng SZ DocuMIUS TRIGONOCEPHALUS, MALE et ANE So, 5 13\5} FILARIA GRACILIS (RUDOLPHI) ee eer eke oa! 4 SG . FILARIA GRACILIS Ae ee a ee ek MR Ee UBT Piraeus: (IGEIDY) Gee) ee aa Ses ee bee ee iO SSTRONGVLUS. FIGARTA ) * Sag ibd) Wet) = es 2) ee ot La v CEYLONESE MONITOR Re eS a ee res tse de ch 5 Te JAERICAN, CHAMELEON yet © cet vor Psa talce Ses ance an, Cn ee sr eye eam CAs SCR Cll Ae iO SERS NS ue at RUSE MPC sty oo! og gS) RHINOCEROS IGUANA Le ee ee eA RP a ES WiGTIEA INPONSTERY i 0 eT ee SOW eel Wn gat cy Vea at esa eres fan Ae nen VAUSTRALIAN, MONITOR) <. () RAP 2h eGah ye) Ty settee ele boy reo ta oc) ae ea ere HorNED. “SAO AmN lk a SS Ee his RE © Ber ee af ct eS GLASS SNAKE . . AT ne Ce ees oh 6 RS DEVELOPMENT OF THE Swirr Dees Sa eh oe Cite! a> aaa aN DEVELOPMENT OF THE SIX-LINED LIzarp sy cap 6 Cue Lys ek ek eS) EGG OF: THE :GIWA, MONSTER: “s-0 «2 2) Some eo ee et St MIN ESTS OR ATEE) WARTOUS © SEA=IS IRONS = yaniv) ey nt nlne st meg ttt lhe nine Nile nme mnem Co THE BuGc-EYE an Ue weet lhe ay VES Sark Re ae eee LO LAUGHING GULL ON Nest oo as he es ened aS Y BLACK SKIMMER ON NEST . . Pe arn het Nh ulrcarcreats - Gls) “BLACK SKIMMER’S NEST AND CRAB een Bic te fy Cede eed Ss 17/2 NBLACK SKIMMER SINIEST 3 Ly: ihiont Wy, Seis tcoe ee eae i tienen ae ee ELAUE=GROWN COMMON, SIUBRIN® 2) y.0 es. lec ec inet etc s Une tU ot n GULL-BILLED TERNS IN NEST Pere te he ats WG ty eee rp At Mans, 1 7/G) SKIMMER FOURTEEN Days OLD Ra Nas Sa ae ae es) ose | eak LZ LrEast TERN TWENTY-ONE Days OLD . ee mee) a Pe 7/8) SEAS BIRDS) (EGGS ING RHE IN GUBATO Re ses) mine mn mere enn r= ne L7 YounG TERNS JUST HATCHED a Ee eee Pe See 170) wWoard of Managers ae ( Hon. Georce B. McCtetian, Mayor of New York. aa SS Hon. JoHn J. Pattas, Pres’t Dep’t of Parks. CLASS OF 1905. HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBoRN, JOSEPH STICKNEY, Henry W. Poor, H. Castmir DE RuHaM, CHARLES T. BARNEY, GEORGE CROCKER, WILiiAmM C. CHURCH, HucH D. AUCHINCLOssS, CHARLES F. DIETERICH, James J. HI, LISPENARD STEWART, GEORGE F. BAKeEr. CLASS OF 1906. Levi P. Morton, Mapison GRANT, ANDREW CARNEGIE, WILLIAM WHITE NILEs, Morris K. Jesup, SAMUEL THORNE, Joun L. CADWALADER, Henry A. C. TAytor, PHILIP SCHUYLER, HucuH J. CHISHOLM, Joun S. Barnes, Wm. D. SLOANE. CLASS OF 1907. F. AuGUSTUS SCHERMERHORN, WitiraM C, WHITNEY, A. NEwsBoLp Morris, GEORGE C. CLARK, Percy R. PYNE; CLEVELAND H. Dopcg, GEoRGE B. GRINNELL, C. Lepyarp Brarr, Jacos H. Scuirr, CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, Epwarp J. BERWIND, NELSON ROBINSON. OFETGERS OF THE New Pork Zoologteal Society ' President: HONS EE Vl ee MORMON: First Vice-President: Second Vice-President: HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. JOHN L. CADWALADER. Erecutive Committee. CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman, HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, MADISON GRANT, JOEN KS.) BARNES: WILLIAM WHITE NILES, PHILIP’ SCHUYLER, SAMUEL THORNE, LEVI P. MORTON, Ex-officio. Secretary: MADISON GRANT, 11 Wall Street. Treasurer: PERCY he 2yNE: 52 Wall Street. Director of the Zoological Park: WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 183d Street and Southern Boulevard. Director of the Aquarium: CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Battery Park. Architects: HEINS & LA FARGE. Landscape Architect: H. A: CAPARN: Consulting Engineers: WILLIAM BARCLAY anp H. De B. PARSONS. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. a Dcientific Council, WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Chairman. J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History. FRANK M. CHAPMAN, American Museum of Natural History. WILLIAM STRATFORD, College of the City of New York. CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, Editor of Forest and Stream. ALFRED G. MAYER, Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Columbia University. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director New York Aquarium. CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Station, Cold Spring Elan Or NE MADISON GRANT, Secretary New York Zoological Society, Ex-officio. CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman Executive Committee, Ex-officio. Officers of the Zoological Jark. WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Director and General Curator. IElewhks Mi CHE fcc. alters s omar ste Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer. LN INTO 1 Bed Be BY DY WN SS) Se een Curator of Reptiles. (CN SA 0 51 25] 2H) 5) ee eee Curator of Birds. Pema E IVE ROR, fo icatees hosk Gate ciers s 4 aye Chief Forester and Constructor. iGHOnGrH Me BEER BOWER: sino) sec. bocca ee ce ceed Civil Engineer. FSW) AR (SAN BORN. .0%).is:0 505 Photographer, and Assistant Editor. Medical Staff. Ete ee BOERS ©) ORC Soul VG DD: eta wr,oiaic tae es cpusus pis aeieye eee olen Pathologist. VV me calaHI NTP) sls eA GS Ree) Voor cae eee as ks eee Ey ee Veterinarian. Aquarium Committee. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Chairman. CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. BASHFORD DEAN, Columbia University. : ALFRED G. MAYER, Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. WILLIAM E. DAMON. R. M. SHURTLEFF. Officers of the Aquarium. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director. LEONARD B. SPENCER....Asst. in charge of fresh-water collections. WASHINGTON I. DE NYSE....Asst. in charge of marine collections. BBE MR SAM BSON io cige'c oe scared ee Clerk and Disbursing Officer. MEMBERS OF THE New York Zoologteal Society Donorarp stembers. Pror. J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History, New York. PRor. ae AcAssiz, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, ass. Tue Duke oF Beprorp, Woburn Abbey, England. Mr. ArTHUR Erwin Brown, Director Philadelphia Zoological Gardens. Pror. DANIEL GrirAuD ELLiot, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Ill. *Sir WILLIAM Flower, British Museum of Natural History, South Ken- sington, London, England. Dr. F. L’Hoest, Director of the Gardens of the Société Royale de Zoologie, Antwerp, Belgium. Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the U. S. Biological Survey, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hon. Lionet WALTER ROTHSCHILD, 148 Piccadilly, W., London, England. Dr. Puitip LuUTLEY SCLATER, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London. Benefactor. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM: Gi ate upite ce crema tte ole terest tel crete mearo ae 26 Broadway Founders. BAKER GEORGE. Fy -ghia aoeaist ces onion ectneee 258 Madison Avenue BARNES; JOHN Si scissors scot s cemie lowiciz se eieiasmehe ates 10 East 7oth Street BARNEY, ( AUGUSTUS: : «fas micce aie oe wien ieee 41 Liberty Street SCHIFF, JACOB VEEN. we nie ats ots. oan a ee ee te eee 932 Fifth Avenue FIGHTH ANNUAL KEPORT. 2 SOMUNTEM VAUD AUNT ITE ann a een ct cheese cele dure tele nen onside totes ener 642 Fifth Avenue SBAG ATO Ree TEINIR Vie Ne (Gon stcusiets rove ress ustaie: sievh. Svcd te less te “sitious.covene's Sistelels 52 Wall Street THomMpson, Mrs. FREDERIC FERRIS...........+--..--- 283 Madison Avenue THORNE, SAMUEL...... Be a RS RRR SABES SOTO 43 Cedar Street BREN OR MMVIRS ol) OFDNe tse, omersrsetcisecie che fens sycueere cos earerave ee 21 East 37th Street * VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS. WEAN RIB EET VV TELA Ms NGS 5 ops sc totes ctaierele «a euate: a avove re siaiel tied sexe 660 Fifth Avenue *WHITNEY, Hon. WILLIAM C. NVOOD Ae VinSs AN TORNEDIE ao NO .pisierielcesl secret crete eierciaicne Waldorf-Astoria Associate Founders. *BABCOCK, SAMUEL D. (CARTIIR “JENA SC Geo ie tee canned a a eo oc ets era re 2 54 Wall Street Gre ELO Mew UGE ulin, cite hepieteiccts isle Gis Saino ckawie a areere 813 Fifth Avenue (CROCIRIAIN, (GOINGS alee cee oe One DOE moment te net ane 25 Broad Street BSS ERIN ORRIS eae cechoyetoincun cueivie eis eeeiieisuene ee end eae e 197 Madison Avenue @SEORNAM ROR EIPNRY. MATREIREDS ./) 05 s/o eSterclerave soos 850 Madison Avenue EANaNee © Oleg @ aN HRai Ld vary va veieverc avs eyarelejoreiocrerera eieheiaie elevates 852 Fifth Avenue Be tegrTUH THE EMTS Gare care sx ated? ape 008 eet Bas Sw eS vie OS SG s/s Irvington-on-Hudson SEWARD STSPENARD as space careless aes erie c aka ccelD tales: -aseops 31 Nassau Street SOMES MEVIESS) (GAROLINE EFTELES§ cc cic cists ele ciesiorss ee eve. 37 Madison Avenue SEU GUS RSM DURUAGNG Kem ty, [o's Su sier slots ore as crevete’ cieys oaleltioratane 3 West 36th Street TTR ARUS? nie ClO Bete neste one Ect GEIS CII EA Tote Cenc ee 15 Union Square WEINER IB Tt @ORNIE TUS ets at erste crekowst caer ae piece eae 30 Pine Street Patrons. PRINT) Wal sl CES rey oy eRaia carey cress ravesis| oles (ar lols istava e's. 5,<.0,a%eIoa Sistas 7 East 83d Street PNW GEIUNGHOSS eV iRS eel GED sarseiciorm «ats creiaie a are cieicierenebiee ss Newport, R. I. PEAR Oem DMARD). fas a ao g 0 face 2 avaye B's-c cyaiels edie Ss" efareilore te 15 East 60th Street ENTS Seah © ORIN THUG) Nie are soccustore evei chen eter cusie eneyarosloveicuei aimee 117 Duane Street *Biiss, GEorGE T. ‘Bibles SOD | SISOV3) O15 Rh ESP Re ca 695 Fifth Avenue Grae GEORGE CRAWIEORDs eG anes aac ve sisic oils vleieunerotneioeee 51 Wall Street GramicoNMES AGEORGE. CRAWFORD: ¢. <2. cc eecdveesse seees 7 West 37th Street (CONSTAR OMe HREDERT CK Aras, o.c-a1s Sinw w ocWwhe cuss 6 cleo aii ertele 9 East 83d Street Conk, JEDI SY ol5 & Seale ee apr nese meen eee aera 1 East 78th Street WigneE ODE VERMA cEl ste ia,0/%-..bic se ays dase alae are svistentas se eelokietes Ir Cliff Street JEDTETRR IES E010) 2) 0 aa eR ae ey 1197 Park Avenue *FLOWER, ROSWELL P. TORI Pa GPU eee varssaicy forevan aol favara 'evons oy svar ores aver exes aan onccners 4 East 43d Street HORUS p ep ELO WARD) us air Nora olelceteiertiss sins sate, assiov Seen ween re 4 East 43d Street ER RGEET RSS GEUAREES Wo... viars.uS sowie veltesiat Sonam ema eee 685 Fifth Avenue PAVE MEVERETEIENRY Oc: sc'de sh onan vied ycin etn ord eg eee 1 East 66th Street EAVIEIVGESVanR = mW Vili AUMIs [tear 205,55. aerepeycy: isle aya: ofevcy ere hearers 10 East 57th Street *HEWITT, ABRAM S. *HOFFMAN, VERY Rev. E. A. sree PADRUANT 35.6: 5--5 »-osd-srstetart haletole stele te ches Eanes Ack 23 East 26th Street J PARISI A DSC NG) oh RS ae eet ee Re eee nen et an Boyer dO 99 John Street femmes’ NitSSwAL, JB i282. crdltidsetig Power selec atari cee 48 Park Avenue Ketan, OED STEWART « x \sss 5 sthegsteisien card spice om ices 6 West 57th Street TLS, MIRE. A Gin6) el Sameer ceecae aces waned oie ints Saere 411 Fifth Avenue IMTOR RISE Atm WROD! <5, 2 Aericheveasin eral ore tetehaeiclcl a asia arcies a 19 East 64th Street Mionmisam Mins AN NEWBOLD. .:.c scuuht ote cance tee bese halon 19 East 64th Street Morris, Miss Eva VAN CORTLANDT.................. 19 East 64th Street Pens MeN IE NBODDS 4.2 .,<2 <2 Kaa C ada ee eno es coe aio ae 52 East 72d Street O SPOR Nee WALA, (CHURCH. <3.\i <8 fod oe eine eee oo Sart eee 71 Broadway * Deceased. 10 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL: SOCIETY. *OsBorN, Mrs. WILLIAM H. POOR A ELE IRA (Wi eta hint ee5, wie ote tod sete cha ee cece a Le 33 Wall Street *Pyne, Mrs. Percy R. ROBINSON) UN BELSON: si; 2 cvccare cits oo cielo sae se cage ens beta hie SRE REVAIN URFTOMEAS) Betas aia arava sds aca ole ncvoretelaeienehotenep enorme cert 38 Nassau Street *SCHERMERHORN, WILLIAM C., SELIGMAN) ASAAG : NEWAON' ds acicc ere nine crete cies eee eee Mills Building *STICKNEY, JOSEPH. SPCKNEY, (MRS JOSEPH: woe kite mioe trees ee area 874 Fifth Avenue DAy TORY JIAMESHB: a iRasmnmeeseer eee ne Care J. B. Taylor, to Wall Street TPHORNE: VED WIN © Sid cise skoe cris tease ieee ee aioe mete Babylon, L. I. THORNE, BRANCIS "Bilas sea atone ee eee DE eee Babylon, L. I. “THORNE, ELENRY: sSs.5.s Sete Bctaeseiae ooo wie ee nae 1028 Fifth Avenue ‘TRHLORNES JOREA Wie atin eeserre oe ire oon ee 995 Madison Avenue THORNE LANDON Gans Ogi eet see ee Sie ee ee Babylon, L. I. TRHORNE SWViTSS@ Ee AEB EO ANIN Ata Gai seen eee oe 558 Madison Avenue THORNE, (OAMIURE. > JIRvie shee se eno athe See ae me 8 East 55th Street HORNE: Os DRENCKERHORE ae ee cee ee Minersville, Schuylkill Co., Pa. ‘(RHORNE VilCTORM Greenies eo ciee oe eee New York Hospital, West 15th Street TEORNEs oVWVIIDIEDAN oleae dec). e siete sieatie cieuo saree aigusts otoisnotntereune terre 43 Cedar Street APADERS VRS ee VIARGARED olnanta acinus siete sioeie vente ride nee 1 East 86th Street CWO MIBIEVS WET ICH. 05 oi. cic ab claws ¢ siaree eee GOMER Oe 684 Fifth Avenue INO NSE OST ae EDERINAIN Gattis c's oc stint srsersit dene circa 32 West 57th Street *WEBB, WILLIAM H. *Wotrr, A. Life {flembers. IANIVAES eS WEAR LDA ING a= te cealetern trons Gieteteetimet sets ere 455 Madison Avenue PR NDRENUS PC ON SDAIN T (Ate... shebaic lore fettie «) aparece stead sea atenecate 737 Madison Avenue ZANIDRE WiSyae) MeO ELERT OG Kee a seer cle 111 North St. Paul Street, Rochester *ARNOLD, JOHN H. V. NUICHENGEOSSs Welit Git 1B) ee anes cosines see canes SEA ee 22 William Street PANISRVEGH S AUNIUIET Ey Srey Sc uepe csc stavel never ynein Sreitete tee MR eee ce 4 East 38th Street INVER Ve SAUMUU TAME, sili coe Aravore a sobvottrana slevarsin ard Oe at tetera 4 East 38th Street BALEANTINE, INOBERT (By, joes se 37 Washington Avenue, Newark, N. J. IBIAR EO WIRMMAINETOINDANSY .2 155 for rors svardrcceeh el eee eee 145 West 58th Street BARBOUR eV VIIUIEDAUVESS eters eo ysctovel earn oui aration easrs 145 West 58th Street IBARINIES SUITS GHC ORAS Ee ay eytieisye, acre a te Ee Oo oe 6 East 65th Street IBARNESMS VTS SE WVITEDREDscrtrecriet tise citi ninina meer eee Sharon, Conn. BEE MONDRWANTGUSI scat: clton cide oe ence ee ieee 23 Nassau Street IBEDES ee SAMKUEL INOSSIMERM seyee eters cianeeneetoe eer 102 Madison Avenue TIGHT PME BARR) [Res also. lors BARS ae acsulee Reha AOE. Sa ee 170 Broadway BEAGKRORDN UWGENE- Gos crc se syne renin 725 St. Mark’s Avenue, Brooklyn BOLD GEORGEY Gis t-..oc/sitidyoevaere ea en eee The Waldorf-Astoria BOND NSHIDAINIKEMS 5 Sersiecie ele crate oe 186 Pequot Avenue, New London, Conn. BOONE Pe VWI TEWAINES 35 acischeehoretuclors thee Boston Road, West Farms, N. Y. BOW DONE GEORGE! S)s5 sesso Aras oe ite oni ee eee 23 Wall Street BROWN. GEORGE MIGKESSON)..ocece ee «ce nie cae 859 Seventh Avenue IB, IMM) IMT NNSRe cos oaheaunnecdoscobonodeues 810 Fifth Avenue BURDENAMPEDENIR VA (2D: a. evs. o-clotede neiere ee Phono eee Cazenovia, N. Y. BUSHNEEUy, JOSEPH: seis ac ashsis 24 s.c0beloress Union League Club, New York City BUTLER VVALUTAITe VIII aeteiaiss. crate 4406 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pa. CAnapANINeN GEORGEN eas). sae sgisidaltsteceiaretaie theres 9 East 53d Street CR Ie Ea en enci steve <0 Gis sie: orev oe chee eee Hanover Bank, Nassau Street GANETER DS TAGE GAGS eG ieiite cw. ubotiallng.s vet tren ol ote OE ee ee ROslyneelessle GHANLER, WINTHROP) 2 vi vais Soi bra ee eae eee Newport, R. I. GHISHOUM, (ELUGERH ae) R) i/5s 0s va Sh Soo ee eee 813 Fifth Avenue CHURCH ES MDWIGHITD My ioinecccletelaaten i coer ee eee 63 Wall Street *Deceased. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. iat (Crruinon, WWE (COMP DNS gaig omado open cede acoseatso onc 51 Irving Place CLARKSON, TENN TYAS aase RCH CicAcEO GOT GOCE Ne Tee een 260 West soth Street *CocHRAN, W. F. COLGATE, VUASRIESO LRAT cee tig Metheg selloc cen ne ai meee me rec 13 East 69th Street CorNING, TGTEUSI | Ce eet ShetesetorSS crs at Tore CCC CRI acer ciel Taree ee ri Plaza Hotel CRANE, ZiSiSG) a iene g MAR 2 abel Aaa Ra eR NG an Sng) Dalton, Mass. SERENE ODI L) 5 2, cucclaus ara, oxe ay sve, sia erdtetss operator oye. s7ohetar cies ashore hal 621 Broadway RRNA PMO CSN Sayer Secs icin ce cD ans Seance < cists nce sl waco nis 44 Pine Street RUINS mise AUN Co fectauet semis Siu ec aC era stake, seco tyaratelollste chanel Some lewetsl suet one Racquet Club ID Re MENDED ATeBERT |. ate: costs sae ajeyaelesein siete afore Greenport, Suffolk Co., N. Y. DD EP RSETAUN i GPT ARTERG) sore neio suoveiesciote sie sieieis ome osieielanve aulaiiceas 24 Fifth Avenue GEE MGEORGE OGLESTON acs miaclopees so 14 vests 2 wersae27 eVWeSt 5 7tue Street DODGE WI VIAR CHEM U Si ELARTIE Yon. eit) ee se casino lens 232 Madison Avenue DOREGER MCEUARTEES EP apis ela sinc tscncran cise cieaieslerisrers se ote 407 East 55th Street IDOE GERRMIRETERS, ccicyevelateens oles ao o\sidve ielons Cie ieyaisis sone sacs a 407 East 55th Street DORUGCER MMSE TER Ris ieee spotis chsbeiore: sie ss o,ere.@'s alekalers/ ste’ es te 407 East 55th Street ID RATIO, MORSE SiN '45 aoiglo deine SOR ROE too I RCO 271 Madison Avenue Dey Ions! INDIR Betts ao ene oun Ooodo Counce ner coacrc 208 Madison Avenue Da OLS MeN UTSS MKCAMETERUNE a acr5 sie ee eincreis e+ cincseeie 2 < 667 Madison Avenue DWE OUS MEV VELIELA Minne sicielscoeterene tin a ansviaverae tice mere Balad 667 Madison Avenue IDTINSCOMBE (GEORGE PLS WORTH. <> <= --+ sec 00 oe esse 2 oss 392 Canal Street ESTETALO Ma SAUNG UL ster cye cio vsie, oe cevsaseeie. eyeits, etal eiscaye aysie! eieiaadieusicveue = 95 William Street ESN OMMANMOS Riueciave clevagcisiad ae cece sneis eit andar as ane ol bas adel 111 Broadway AIRC HTD GEDARER GO secc 52 Scie as sales wa eles case hess 5s 10 West 8th Street HGR GUS ON VIR Sem HAR OUIHVAR'. eye c/a 'ielsiscisieleleiers exelsisieieiels « 20 West 38th rae Hiren CORTLANDT DE, PEYSTER... =... - P. O. Box 294, Peekskill, We BISKE eIVIRSS JOSPAH: Mijecnt. «cre oe FG Cito OETA eo? 207 West zoth ae FLEITMANN, WILLIAM MEDLIcoTT SSD SOO ee 3 West 38th Street FLINT, CoaaTRIBIBS TR pao Oe Oe mE He 25 Broad Street FRENCH, Ser EVAR TONG: yet lalotelevoieiciceietss mielersiewe (one's « sucverare s1écens 15 West 5ist Street GERRY, JE ADT ETO IDR ae ec ee A a an 2 East 61st Street GOL AUN AEA BURS BI -ysy gous yaeslansie laicters, © «lela, cyatevs cieleleveisy«! dia 11 West 54th Street ME RIANIEE oe VATS OMe atetor coors late a1e Shslay Vole) abe)iajs elaveioksceishaayais = shaeioubare 11 Wall Street *GREEN, ANDREW H. GUN DERER eS ERINGAR Dil Cte cacsate et syehe cue leyaveiierstersisialeleier'ei scare onreteac ele 87 Front Street GON EER RANKER TING (piss cnibleysictaseiose elerscisnal'siscspetere seicierelsie 532 Fifth Avenue EUARIKN IES Sep MEUD VEATRI: Sistepe reael stele’ o.0is telaiena etare's: gate: slevevorayer eens 611 Fifth Avenue EWARRIACHPL GHHVAR INES) iJ|iais jehei stars exe a s\eysteliars' (evo ere eiere- soteilsicusies a: 27 East 64th Street EMABRIS ONTAN) ((G:2's 505 -o2,d6,60 «1% 119 South 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. WAV EIN Pet GEOR GIN Grsays & cis feicieieis « oleuayalais sists svste.e, wetclecsfercmmaareten’ 32 Liberty Street PURVIS ae RES OER SH ticle, ccrstchear cinlexersitveiwial ole ajecatiiodat seusvecints 30 East 5ist Street AARING GEORGE: At cncre ic cccisscrsas ce trsic e sie sisusin stee nslaie exerts 46 East 60th Street HENDERSON, GENRE SWIRG cis Sted siete te cles ee cron etre: 27 East 65th Street UTGGEN SONen [PAGE GHA iayyis vie si ecers sete e <:4,2 shayehnstestaarspa scare ays 16 East 41st Street IBbuese, TEI aN IRs ee ONAN He seca NS eS ce a OEP a 71 Pine Street Hit, A hate ae eres Great Northern Railway Building, St. Paul, Minn. Hopxins, PORCHES ne Rae Mn Te ed a Lan 52 Broadway Horn apay, NCTA WEP shat ver cate jens tear orseeees ae New York Zoological Park RIERA DO VIN ETO NAS" El wis octe sete ream et astelciaive reaper sais nec 16 West 58th Street EIOHNPREN GROIN: CAIRCEUER @ sreiareve seattle torts sie eitens essere = are Baychester, N. Y. ISAAK IA NGES eels ix ore) a4 nisin asehhe Seuete ais eile tee eae ie ae ahs 120 Broadway ESB ANTON G Sa OME UVR Gries! ai, d5 5 2 wae wenetyninns sees obits ee ou een ae ices 49 Wall Street ESEVGR GEORGE GORDON « «oss s/s 011853 oleceueyelns lalaitioetiertcse je: aps = Newport, R. I. EGS IME GUIS ISAGy, Fai shes a claire e's otalec atseve rate cisterlters oc a: Morristown, N. J. KEN ONIERAENENGPAUNGDING. (sos/o.coste! evshoncneratonets enero iets istoee ereiivestuais 27 Thomas Street BUMPED ARDY NN ie Ey aces, als) 1s «0, sine! svat bocholalale sist nya eas wistda Si eiavand eae 1 Broadway HPLVAR GIN Ge GRAINT + co sic 0 «etree atte tee eases cores ts 30 East 21st Street LEAN GHONME\\VOODBUR-Y, (Gr..c sc conteicicireeeiice nem seis ce 719 Fifth Avenue *Deceased. 12 NEW YORK- ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. IGAWIPR:: @EARTES Has Cais bit okie Seas Aochee coranie Dene ras 59 Cedar Street LEE, GrAvEns (NORRH AN <:ic eae eee 86 Worth Street LEHMAN, SAN Se Onna Cie ots io B.A Bee clO-oicla moh 22 William Street LoUNSBERY, IPUGie ONO yy Neen nw APM gion ctiigordetad bet 15 Broad Street Low, C. ADORBHE: Ss aoe cts Se oa 41 Liberty Street ATE) roe SETS decay oie) Tas orks UND ore NE eo Ee a ee 30 East 64th Street TS yy cDVAMD G2 ois oie ee nese! oasialeon tere ranches Baek ereactets eee eee ene Union Club levnrg | GAPT PET Py Vi vas sheen areca er Gee bee Knickerbocker Club MACKAY: DONAED. J f.ic)ce etre stun a2 sales arse Seleferanetpreeteyetelere 160 Greenwich Street BAXTER, GEORGESS | JRE Ae aeee ace eee See eer 17 William Street IBAWARD: COURS He ak on cea oe Ge ee aaron nies ciel eer iris 47 Cedar Street BAYLIES, EDMUND GL te natin oes omic cle eirioeteneieei erie 54 Wall Street BAvims: IVins SaNiAGERAI Ib ECS Oops er a) ie teuniale reineereeter 1 East 71st Street BAYLIS \ \WWELLTA Miecst eves canis cere arco etektouie ts o Rieti eta 15 Wall Street BEACH hes Cava at stots tga ee eee erate ens cee 9g West 20th Street BEADLESTON | ALBRED Ni qewicee ee: ee ries Merci 360 West 35th Street BEAT VTE WAINi RR esp store o are ree there cteyoleray sloreteretaga fete 1 West 12Ist Street IS An ID AMnnusn Co crop edaba dann Sidon bona ouo.ono Domo GNoD cc Flushing, L. I. BECKER AG, GIB set era ermine ies terete eictaie elelesete'aintoybis atsia stereo. Scarborough, N. Y. BEGKER,, (CHRISTIAN 2 .v-1005 5 7-161 3 Davenport Avenue, New Rochelle, N. Y. BECIER AG UME es eevee stint wichcle:e/s 5/014 aloves nye e¥e's,s:e)etacate 1030% East 175th Street iBinois., (Ceo NVR OA ea iSreemarau me cacanomoaT New York Zoological Park BEERBOWERONGEGRGE ML soni, < 52) aiel's's/o-a/eielaays, cele elle New York Zoological Park BERR GMaly et eet cites cuastllss, Shc aise ocis’s wlelwisgn coe eos teehee 408 Broadway IRL MONG, IPOs. oooonugupodmeouDoObDdauoGoUDdonnoco050 580 Fifth Avenue BENEDICT MIESS OIL ODISI |. .:275,q cris cloie/e ole =\« o¥als)sctersie elaine 10 West 51st Street BENSON, FRANK SHERMAN. ...... 000s0 214 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn I DING 77st Noe Sean e A rSOSA ba onciomvon dbeocie gmidc octes 4 377 Broadway BIcKMorRE, Pror. ALBERT S......-- American Museum of Natural History AES EG RAUNERGL TEIN, «hic sais! aa) sn erased de grote iataletelele al=leyriesee aisle: 1032 Fifth Avenue BIGHEOW eld D ass sicke Uoeees were elaine Oxford Street, Cambridge, Mass. IP TLIIMES, INTHE y ao co Abo ooo Ge canodbane Gudc0dUG UF 279 Madison Avenue BIER DINTG Sambel: p Be spc erapseesene teks ets crsiecieke crekeloncte(ehctets) stemedetane age 29 Maiden Lane IBUGERNGS,» IVDTSS, Mi ARCY-eIN Mig scr a ariepelrereie'« ole eo) -.aieroneieree 279 Madison Avenue INCIEUN, WWE wlolganto dace cooqudonvedoodato0cr 177th Street, Bronx River IE yan), (GIWGINEI so noe dean codooncccabo hobooseunoouLtodc 202 Madison Avenue BEAGDEN “GEORGE: 6. 20 st ieee eee oismictereh alone eieLeiats 18 East 36th Street BEAcuene MiRSs UREA Goes We. cicuenieeratios 18 Gramercy Park, New York Brame, D, sGanses asic dirk els wate ele sieis cee single cane eaten eed) Em Ode Siamaat BAe: ea MIN GUE VE cr4,ct; «drapes tke the fare sean er a: 6 East 61st Street IDA, IDR Ifosiisn IN a noooevcan se onaconKonodoodgec 601 Madison Avenue IBWASSESIEER.y duct Jive Si. caiehecciavaisic oro tu aieaslcto.e Ste creas acl Sree 353 Fifth Avenue IBETSS 4 He RIMIESINMG Ar ccisye: syaieiersiese archer Ac tonsuheuale oyster epein seen 30 Fifth Avenue BLopeert, Mrs. WitttAM T...2..5--se0co0.e00ss0-. 24 West math trees BWOODGOODSARODE RT Hier ria verse rnesereiteicten ie releter ereRerNerriet 50 West 37th Street BRLOOMMNIGHATE wa OSHPED theese cme mrecntstelsfelovsietemeral-teietatereleisn iets 78 Fifth Avenue IRiomaiKemAuiIn, ILVawNNE (Em ao 5adocacaccodccccGbodooU GUS 992 Third Avenue Bross wtAMnnguOns 22.28 Khaw eieh Oe ernie cern 21 East 47th Street BIELUNGE NSM AG cists, o1srcbe cscs exeierovorersisvereloibersne) aver Re Katoieeerte 108 East 7oth Street BOAS, © Riviere eo ste iis Jace ag oe een os oth see ee eee 37 Broadway ISOM, MOR, IDL (Cronaqgodanodonadusodascucucooad¢ 835 Madison Avenue BOR KELNANE SH LROE BERNARD USserictesianlscreiciaarcia ioe 106 West 45th Street BOETTGERY Hal py Wy istelets wc oie p ois Shc rote mtonyctesesaale esau ake 2144 Fifth Avenue BOnticERs WNEEEODOREM Vee =) aXe. {0 se: vieseraicna'oe-clnve 615 Tremont Avenue OREO ATU SEMEN, Wie) Miscwic colecn ses cvedeceaescteas 305 West 75th Street LEVOD TD: [BUD EZR SR eae a 121 West 72d Street ESUUMALSIE NP ENDING) VMs S15 shar gi-ea.0-6 0 o.0 o aie a 4 le alv-ans winterald Pn en 54 William Street SPIE PROBERE WVUAGIAY oiereie.e,tereaiars overs era's 93 William Street MEPS mV oe fea che Sapaics nls dios cicis ona levajeie.s siaretas aiehaneSile.e eee aes 52 Wall Street EVANS Ma HUIPRIMGAUN os, ores a/s craters eeieia ale: sve elaneierevele\ersiavele oe lew eidielaueys 52 Wall Street TEAAS,, JOLIN s Sodiits GORD SE COCO BOGE One enae ES eeEEe 1351 Washington Avenue PAB ERT EATES SANDRO} aversicieie 0) sete) sie. sia/e slevejere so cereieeie eee Scarborough, N. Y. ABBR TMORINES TOM Gra s/)arsiearorsy ele) alos slop arerev ener alsin «oi siacone ere Scarborough, N. Y. PRED ME STOCKS TARRIS! (Cosi axe 5/10: 1e)0'e'0 averse obras) sie wiele boise a sls Wieie 2 Wall Street PAIN ESOC Kiam V VTE TACM 4. ty-cs-icheyenay oxohavesar ake ioneliniesevesvicon teereiole vetoes 2 Wall Street ATR CHIEN | A OVAV IDs 1.5 cic\< nice oo eleves 182 Benham Avenue, Bridgeport, Conn. TVATINGIS ICD), LEE MSG Hee era CE OO COC COG COCOT COC EE Itr tan tee 52 Wall Street VATE CEI Del NIELS ONiareve,t ietereverersial aie are ar evefeietel oieieleere srole evs 119 East 4oth Street IRANI, (GROUSE Garis BeicIG Eno OCCIO Bel ani eee Oe eee: 24 East 81st Street EEA VA PROAINI KG ANG Hs os s/svatsScisiaie cies ities dale eereivie ears 2081 Crotona Avenue LPLAVEIOID), TVENRVATSIGN a CA reer a ea oP ar 56 Park Avenue EVATRINIED AMI ops EAU DIN Garcveyesaies syei elevesone’e eishereicte cle wield ele arecevatete 15 Union Square PARR NATED ATED: ES )s .\s fos aie cieleiea s 6-6 oe: 'ere aie dioig «(aie sie 281 Fifth Avenue EATEDD mV VALUTET AUNT OES) @)}SGOODs ore1e crsyse «oi ctsval a ove eieicreieerexcie ees 2 West 52d Street PRIS EnIE Fe NU rd (rth tC ag rere ge cere ah ecalsto a ia deve Gh Aulelale sip) «°a a We are ears 42 New Street Feanlies USUI VIV Pe Meret tte Soi Pat vereiic 6 ayes bayou sieves sc everePale bre \elenncalotenl ones 41 Park Place EET RIA UM eVeie hv Whereis cle oie icss ¢ ci eie | aisle wre sini d Oatereriar detee Montclair, N. J. PARR AMD GEN MUOUTSe clo:s cc. oafeve,21e sis /sie we%eicrelouw ose 253 Lexington Avenue PLCs SmI) ers Pec aralers) ce sis algisis saa e/a exeio wate 06 0.4 'are aintd Gus eurd Aes Rye, N:) Y; ONG Hil GH ARPES oc. close a'ecs she,o 06's + oitiain deter eee aoe 1919 Prospect Avenue BRS EER MPIDMEARE-VWWie oS o.o.c ave alo a sie'ca's sale eeiaiew olbarnatdleys. wie 134 Leonard Street FEAICE SS Rae OMA TOA 2s 2 aes "eho, ay <'; olay 6h a ord) aaa el GaN hans Sai er RICE 18 Wall Street PES)ss aed Ream Mma tp AS Oy Petes eters ay aytisns roi eyo or trv core 876 St. Nicholas Avenue OS GER VERT OWistevs, dais sc: xi sixties, o/0\eyorSins ele lalate ceeow tars «dene 126 Liberty Street HMO SRER ME COMETS ects’ ailahs. ore /eeistararals totter ScSicie esi REIN rN 305 Canal Street ROSTER A Wis OBERT. 6.5 an nese sista oe oe Box 66, Madison Square P. O., N. Y. SO ASIER MOVTTS MIS RR 5 on5 ce 5) ia aie 6 dl sinvend nis ay oem ayer sees lat 1263 East 170th Street EL Oxea AUIS TENGHelts oe eles ooreosincomeemeron ene Holworthy 5. Cambridge, Mass. GM GEUNG iss c\c'c 3 ssc de cae sivsashachase.caseuoemeses 1908 Bathgate Avenue EST eM BD NTD EEG, WN (os o'a'd io: 0 ve: cis wre) 'o tye RSTO eaters Mio mae ea 440 Canal Street SER MVIRSS (GEORGE |S). « si0s sjaisic.e beater a diateeeronieaeeras 667 Madison Avenue EIQ SD! WACO S se gee ee eer Set Eo kot ey 530 Fifth Avenue ICIS ARENAS of ciece's)s elaine sleveleinieola ete esieles 107 Kent Street, Brooklyn ETE AOR CDEMENS... «0.2.5.0. c vinelcwce ceaaen dun 107 Kent Street, Brooklyn EMT GE ARUES, Ds. 5:3 5: \0)s)a\eiwraineeonaerafere incre eee, ss 25 West oth Street UPEEReENIRSRSMUGENES:. ccs ss ss ecee ces eineen st eek 252 Lexington Avenue EAU BONER OLN GU Ral iis ino os de.asionrenin a Delon wa sceues « 443 West 44th Street ERUNISEMOTSD NEW INDY AG, «2 c>.s oes 0s c-sbecemee pote nee 854 East 165th Street *Deceased. 20 NEW YORK: ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. GANNON, BARTHOLOMEW........2-00ceeeee Ms vavatags poteve 8 1628 Second Avenue GANZ; KAINTEION Mies cise isso siansiale se aliiele eo erslepeeaeho steerer 2146 Boston Road GARRETT oe] ORIN HV Viet erstet ete coer e erates evetauetet cred vars 11 South Street, Baltimore, Md. GAUEDR MOWRY Ge i ai,s cise eee ake eres eis Gleiem oles teoreiares uote etre 32 Cliff Street (GAVE OSHPED AEG. oe 4% Keats ois aero cteseTreia eae Beene GIoCete es Union League Club GEER) ‘Mins. NWIADTER J. )oSi soa eet clase meissesiomein 246 West 72d Street GERARD HNIRS ANGERS WW hs etre acon saan ec sincere exshersraters 725 Fifth Avenue GERRISH, JOHN BrowNn..Care of William L. Gerrish, 102 East 57th Street GERSTERS OR? FAR PAD AG is circa stot otel ater ctoveret nam otelar el rerebeueret shen 34 East 75th Street (GEER, *JORUINT EY, jytesaieketetarere 4 ed ait oes orerecrelsravelei ears Poplar Street, Westchester GHEE: “DHOMAS +... jas ccadecdedee Eastchester Road, Williamsbridge, N. Y. GIBNEY) “ORO "WARGIL) Pa is eataas ates steeds ce he ces aap as 16 Park Avenue GILBERT, OLUNTO Nis 2 lasts fore cela oi'eta tole ys (a veh sis oavn te aieyens tetova 48 East 50th Street GIGFORT, SROBERTS oso cc nti emits etina shells e 203 Main Street, Orange, N. J. GILLETTE, CURTENLUSH hlstioctie ct heres ctecen non ear. 24 West 4oth Street GitSEY NEIENRY, GR cial os sieibeterosta Pareisitavane srelterenahlinlacaanana 10 East 36th Street GEBASON: “MAGEAREA Saab jatercteletars dora sisrsysverctete elansie.ore 1893 Washington Avenue GOnDARDIOE., WN SGHehG Saris dais eines ties eee eee 273 Lexington Avenue (GOLDS CEUMADT 4S: a AWs aeioheycare oe rare eave octorwore or teterrS 71 Central Park West Goon; MEA TEN MO) ina. Coieneiatelaveiatelal ats: oracehelsyelaraietay el stesuerekate 233 East 87th Street GOODHUE NIRS MS eC weirs sstieteterelerersionsrctoevect croieueh -Parskerers 189 Madison Avenue GOOD WENE, HREVs MESRAIN CIS ics foie cvoterevats cates cferortiarststei Box 345, Hartford, Conn. GOT TRE OUD> HHREDERTC. for, jo oveveraie lores lola %s-c inks oteuote taverebenclove ae 165 West 58th Street GOUEDSKCEARLES” Aves: snaiatchara: syarerehotareabclote avctanehencyonatolences 25 West 33d Street (GOUED MOSAW: oduceshecicio cine Ris eve croee Oey: wrerstiarne et Ctnonee 5 Washington Square GoOUED! "EDWIN ee 1s sion c Site clwlele tiebalels s belie ave « stay averehneisterekeyarahe 195 Broadway GoUrp MGEORGE: Ey saci ee corm ant cc tala eee ca emetine Santa. Barbara Gale GoOULDENT WI OSEPEIAT: {occ sreie sarees elieteienensieee 2433 Creston Avenue, Fordham *GRACE, WILLIAM R. GRAIN ARES Soleo e, cideis Sa oie: ote Hab hie wichoy ad Geet aie eae ee Union Club GRAVES MVWALITIA IIc s schtais Holsn ei alone dale Reisgien hae Sere aoe Calumet Club *GRAy, 5; (HL: GRIANIBERSY WV salbLcto o siere ch ares tlese slave rele Greve ss chensisate, Aolarcnsiets ese 29 West 53d Street GREEFF SERNEST Wien saraettisreia nr ocsislel cvalore 32 East 38th Street ECUINE LI GOING WISE Ve) WV loys ERtayoic toler oon stele ieheve korea: o elelevein eres gieienereieicts 804 Broadway MUSSE Ys NVIGETANG ED .2.6)<:10,0,0¢ 142 Arlington Avenue, East Orange, N. J. *Deceased. 22 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL’ SOCIETY. FLUTCHINS AUGUSTUS iO CHELIn crsyeoreclaletstateteleiateteretoretevetctnetrctels 69 Wall Street FAVE BS a WD ABBITT se: cin.0/ wie'e, w/e eie 4 East 61st Street PREIS ELL Dts) arcs sails dois 0: 4/e\hs, so. 0) o/s) suave! te, 8'at'e!ei ster dy/or%| m4 220 West 7oth Street IBEAINT GSE OPEL mM Do cvos natives cvcalnoss ever cle chejete eve) aiailoisnevorsyleievs oi onsuctoueye 784 Fifth Avenue JOAN GNTAINN (HDR SGU SDAV a1) o\i0 «cieyeienerersielie, choles js) s,0elovers 6s 121 West 57th Street WARS IAB veep OWAVIUID ccs c¥ciaStavers etcliaveie sisesaereeveloare lala! oe aitvelanerne 44 West 33d Street [EESCRIFDR © Bras LUVAUN CLS c-scra oceiviarvionsis eel e suereusvereiersishe ors. os 29 Washington Square PAN UIANIER Mla Npexetcveisectosels cvercisie oishete evslste wsiais,eiels ooieveeceilts 37 East 76th Street PERE CVRD SO I= ciara vie. cisie die) afeleioleiardisiave e)saia'e e/a ond eee 52 Broadway GHGONNED NITE AEE « 535.14. as stceae ek onesies sae on 2075 Arthur Avenue ROC eI USAIN G ooo 5 Vie, Bass ens loseamse's Searels 126 Liberty Street EERIE HS) UFLERNOAN NG) Ri sis os 4.6 aoedit Sinsainerealavereyod meres 1 East 57th Street CULa sit CLE A Re An Ae er oe 38 Munroe Place, Brooklyn NOESEIR EUAN) Ec) y/ os cls'staja!atdetatalelslntal atavclstatocstitialele ot sa 27906 Pond Place GEMEEDAIT PIROBERT coc 5, cciaie ¥ etee dares eee eeeteleles 21 Cortlandt Street OVE VNNGI ERO MN TA caso damit catshoto citar ea Severna ele 21 Cortlandt Street 26 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. QNATIVIA, JOHN VICTOR 55.0 « 210'a siete tsscicateh lvleebelagy 2 oe ee 16 East 82d Street OSBORNE SMIRSRMEIEN RY: UE ise rscvielsceie slsteveeueieve (ovoieioiolener siete 850 Madison Avenue OSTRANDER: MESS (MARY “Mn is cincc/e’sreitiararel nietoelarare scheme 50 West 53d Street OTTEN; *MEsieGERTRUDE).. ties pein nono eoe ene eee eee 76 William Street QUTERBRIDGE? MOR: PAUL sarc. civs in icrorerele'e cic reise ote ein ersietere 27 West 74th Street OVENS) AVAMES). acs sic a: c.everclsnvs iste bei epnciee ae wiciee meee 770 Tremont Avenue QWEN; Miss JuLIErTe Aid. Se. 306 North oth Street, St. Joseph, Mo. PALMER, RAN GIS: 1: cc comia sisi cite @ » cinco» clels ssareiaaetaares 922 Fifth Avenue PALMERS NICHOLAS, “Hs /ciersreretese torstere otcncioreiereiscxoleyapeversieteretereTees 922 Fifth Avenue PAU MER IO 0 5S iiscsies 0570 ghe cugiaie cisierelansiaveteratie evoia seie siete cteletieniets 52 Wall Street PANCOAST 4RICHARD o's ereieyais cree ere Ce eine sme eine cree eee 28 Platt Street BARKER SE RANCIG TEGYRE selec lee siciet oie sietoreelevsta eters 160 West soth Street PARSONS SGEDWAN tei torataiavelete siege ste severe e cterete je scatelo tole 958 Madison Avenue PARSONS VERS: EDWIN catetersracielecereieleietelelelstexcvensieriey steele 326 West goth Street PARSONS, JOHN, Tiare alco. ore aro sional erate efaicie cleyate ers\avarsicterst 30 East 36th Street PARSONS EUs DEV Bissetere cicreos e cine cree atoree iets ele Oe eee Ee 22 William Street PARSONS) WiILETAN SBARCLAVE cinierei cleicrerVelsiotereieterestteraeieicieretae 320 Broadway PARSONS! WILLIAM MBARCLAY:) JiRucicleleicleistevecieis eletcieie sieietele 51 East 53d Street IARSONS 3) WILDEAMooT Sic ocletele bis eo acts’ s essintate octeleks, sterehoro ort reemerses Rye, N. Y. PATERSONA ses 4 Wichasince tae wre wis iolev elavsuvereterm miais slave, temstoriectrerc 2 West 5ist Street PATTERSON| MASS PEE RANOR| | Oeics] stelle clercle ele eleloleresictals 19 East 45th Street Pius Wis cs iO ies ayeteickere jctate re eve veierascslereayetetoyeroie onan Hotel Margaret, Brooklyn PEABODY; “OVAL ©. fac wie eo, ais ocossiaieis atels Oe oie ioieiet ee eee yee IS 11 Broadway PEARSON, EDWIN RICHTER.........+.- P. O. Box 721, Schenectady, N. Y. ID BE KS EVEN RNG tlle iereererele o(e staleisiaieiotaleletetelate cjeiershoreetoleieien: 1820 Monroe Avenue PEELS MRS SAMERED ctersote/olcvelciels evevevelcleieie tela sicierstoleycrolsiets Highland Falls, N. Y. PEEL: STEPHENS: SPs sisi tcrierd sioterers alele.s aie elotensclanviene eters 7 Wall Street PELTON RANKIN MDE pe; sra:ejateciotctaisis ere) eyanavereisisvorstcbaercisieveracieiemie Calumet Club PENDLETON ERAN CLS pIWEVisve store ciereiels alerslelstere] hele) sisearciueiciens 7 East 86th Street RENFOED SaVV Ele TAI gt WATL: yer retetarsletaleleysterelelereieteiore eae ae 10 East 4oth Street PENINT MAN GEORGE: El 'e.c arte wcarece's (ole @ + seis lalalete s\aternceunieataven 1071 Fifth Avenue PPERIKENIS SOIR OBERT iy Eypteretevetesetictereleielerniclerere stercteie ein clere cxeterens 3 West 16th Street IRERR Ya GHARDESwl] eteyeretere(elsisiersisiorejeictelvays iajavejsic Astor House, New York City PETERS ;SC@HARTIES «Grejeie's Siar eae ere wlnud omre ais. osc" exe ofavae a 38 East soth Street IBETERS yD Rese) WLTUSis cieretelerevs cisrrers etelecersione 937a Summit Avenue, Jersey City PETERS, FSAMUEE: PDs crerare ofe)e' sreisieiaisielere ofenare i svelsicreun nue oeals 117 East 37th Street IPEDERS sai Vivclete rinse yoiars.c score teiv'eis's! sets aid wiarnoe sesame te 23 West 73d Street DEVE NV Che Pe tcraccichoraitiols Siar: © coisa cm euaiokele mis A orca 12 East 43d Street PICKHARDE {GARE 1. cy eavebeinres ais Pamingteis tautomers caso 1042 Madison Avenue PIED SGOETRREED? oi: stykis.ce eines ecoe = Liberty and Sheffield Avenues, Brooklyn PIERCE) ELENRY, (CEAMIN os. 5's c:clersiaietslere o'cietatele’ar ate eiefeteis's « olatsiess Waldorf-Astoria Preeson GEN. yg REDos cicctearcetre onteisisi=cre eine ieee eis 20 West 52d Street PINCHOT, GIFFORD.......-. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. PLY MPTON: GILBERT) Mic taiore sfoic)esciatereterereieveletotetore svereletoveverers 30 West 52d Street IROGGEN BERG! MEO 7 yorcrers crerevsiorsiciepevere Greteke el evatelel olor sronclevels 115 East 69th Street POLAND, “SAMUEL. jis.c 50 = ste lolol eveicrs ore 12 East 60th Street ERT CEVA) Siig lors) aoyet venavcatey-erstiey eve aeiel sie vaieis, sia chat avelere svera axoraye 105 East 19th Street PEs iers ies OED Las ratcote! «a's wiaretavs jaicrarsioiasyalaralalansiat’s ele shee 19 West 57th Street RURAL terete cavter oy ov cvarsisr cect evatraiet aye sierevoea oie winless 27 East 69th Street ROR PIELE Vy mid OTE LON 5. 3/a/c ae! tie: afoiaiaie wee ecotene W)siele « wie'sie vcs en ewe Racquet Club ELEN PE SEDINE MGS LD) LLTON: secrets ohe/o e's a/ete leis /aintola's's era ie's oer Hempstead, L. I. REV Sopa Gr HOR GERD cho dc cia'staceinlatoraislaieiete otevele\ ats’ Jicaecdedet cigrunele case ionoere een 5 East 66th Street Soman ned RESEM «ies 0 wis siapsuas eye 6 Oewlee Bee Poe ee 28 Cooper Square SG MER GUSDAV otf fe ssbesetaiossie hcrelaue elavolersiebatellonsronete mee 117 East 35th Street SCHIRMER RUDOLPEDGE, alaeis csceverte aioe cine ecko oon 243 East 17th Street Serna’ AGES. ate isle eae weet terete ors eas eet g61 East 184th Street SCHIO WL, by JRIUDAINA. 5s Sisra rovoee a sectenas eeaiat ciate ialiapeleray shel erase aoe eee 126 Liberty Street S@HOLIR Ags FI oe is hivs cet e Sled tile tomb Plaats in vote nee etre 30 Broad Street SCHU CHIARD SBA Wier rta aes oicko sien sete Creare nee Manhasset, L. I. SOEMUET Zi OMIA FS ia. are haiasescursssy cease varevata Wrote evehencret aeRO 59 Wall Street SGU UUACHRERR ING 455 55 Wan oes taal atte pancaNoravene ic ate sve RRS 31 East 81st Street SCHUNVLER MiisGie 120 UISANGLHE Sse) Gere wieoscinle eke crc 135 East 21st Street SGERWAD MRS AGUSTAY:. coin did ace sama iocinecew suMeaene Morris Heights SGHWAR ZS ENIRW A Hitt taste ciotacaietornierere tio leiocie Guten ones 39 West 23d Street SCHWEIZER AEWA. rayeperarel eins fitecete olay lene ae eiais adele 2151 Prospect Avenue S COTA VW ML TATUAUNI Aas rocsiaras'e sale oi'os nial adeoesd late anG ap sveiovaus ppaenGee ieee 33 West 63d Street SPARS HOBBES) Ae jeseroyeceveseretex uosevovcheversieisynte rate 7 Taulmier Place, Jersey City SID SPIE NIRVtocletstevads ois iciave se enarecevgiate: See ioe Serta tore See 174 West I4Ist Street SEVIGNUAIN ERED 1, s'\cp0's-ce bie!Sa Whe oeten otein win ere oe tee Mills Building SIEVAEIR Og ID) WereVar teres cscs sists oie ee ooh: oe Pcie 4175 Third Avenue SAAN GEART HS MEDERBERT «ls eco susicts eieroiein dicfololeishavciontere ee 47 West 43d Street SEG ee PUES S Gis e) iscche a. grdesic motes ols cite laainng Se eaa on 130 William Street SERA NPAT VV arcrard lavas-acgentatalaralo, ce Sraane: ates wrarauel ohenaroverae 11 West 52d Street SHEMDOMe GEORGE Ro. 5\0.5 «aval leit ee 'esie oipivin «sic 000 lene ee eA ean gether SEBO NRNIREG ISAAC UH oii s0ccics rset wie eis wila wenemucks siete 83 East 56th Street SELELED ON NW ALLIES PA IEA Cie eo raierereuchsvoncssieie exe tene jecsnsuskenailerSiencvane Re 95 Park Avenue SPER MA Nee GARBINIER .\\5jsiclvg ais ols cioteievsie nnotepa eae Sat Maeno Metropolitan Club SHGDWANA JOHN, Fle oi.aceWes Madece se weies 2972 Hull Avenue, Bedford Park Sapa Ny ABWEN RIVE NI: ch wiwieia'e aise alerels eho Sioleat eet 305 West 8oth Street SHUNT BRES IRE EMPX. cars ccutniends Sete ea ioe wea Umino ee niente 44 West 22d Street SERGEE JPPACGBR ART At wriisisien ah eehinileaeab 169th Street and Third Avenue SHAM AN JEUARDER’ 2% «als Suche scares wale dase emanate seem 562 Fifth Avenue SUNENGONGS fo OSPR FM TH" 1 « ral ciorclissosefayaseuniencleiese nie eoiebe shorerompeee 28 West 52d Street SUEMONS ePANHES IP) 5). boca crolas cre cies eueeoe ees 44 Broad Street SUNGESO NES WAIT AIG ca siciseareraveie octercie toree stale iaciakcrenc okies 757 Sixth Avenue SREB g MANKIND) A. seco trans oe testers ia aie eieue see tosses AO 361 Mott Avenue SHIDMORE MVVAIUDDANT ILL wtinstate nena meee eran nae 39 West 52d Street SMT EY ea AINE TAA. a halegebeecsctotesaito rian er PICS Ronee Mohonk Lake, N. Y. SMI BIERS GHAREES X Binns cave sjaratin na iaaancl leet eee 50 Wall Street SMrret, “AUGUSTINE! Joes. «.ctSee ek wate tote cincs tore ele biecgeke 329 Lexington Avenue SMALE Ge aeetero.ecoqvoe le wheres Banas 1oI Sansome Street, San Francisco, Cal. SMITE 4 GEORGE WARREN: Haid stort oes oes sles ociecemiaule Metropolitan Club SMITH ea BU CHUSS Lelie oy3c\avthalssaeiel ho wees cle nO se Oto 19 East 34th Street Swarms Brae |S). so aie delatejs siecsicceteeare 264 Summer Street, Buffalo, N. Y. SMeETE ROBERT AVY sisi. 2.4.08, 'cd stoke pensions wale see oe 201 East 12th Street SME WanErane VALEXANDERaacunute nee cecee Lene 412 Madison Avenue SMITEERS), (GEMARE HS). 5705 laisse ,ole!tetots ate fere stot daneterctoteht sueuaiel & 507 Madison Avenue SINFITERRR Sia PtSi tb ee eres eras ME ar oleol ove gy Sree ne Pee 180 West 50th Street SIMA ETT VARY eas os aisiiecasold cic pie islets oneieee aioRIer hoes 57 East 127th Street SNBAD MGMSH ies inne cnaeioc loc cedars EE Ee Room 1115, 21 State Street SRP MPA NP Hig Geis ave bins oe Bia Oe wiolat etcleke enone oe aa Bedford Park SOTSCHIECRS A GARID da Salas Salcios omc tiealeetee oa eretcoeienine 1773 Clay Avenue SOURHACK WEREDERICK ya ciccks os COOL E Cr ane 48 West 53d Street EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 29 SOMPHARD,. GEORGE YH... 0\0.0:0:0 oce's voi eiese.e's 164 Montague Street, Brooklyn SPEER MMVURS SH OR GHETA WIVIlc, 45 =rs) ajose’stoiey orokaele evsvoeiersie'ere stores South Orange, N. J. PSBEIN GERMS AGNI OIE ay ofavevayiela, or eieiicsevexeveree:svaheleleveicite ete erevorerel heieisies manic 80 Broadway SSPREOHIE ERG Ae npn eta trooncteratoleiniataratetarn miclalateteh oeie ete moet 19 William Street SPINA ND GEORGE. Vics shor oysi vse eres tray cicyevenay cl Srorevak sl eueravayoterehars 12 East 74th Street Seornonny IME ie Besse aogneree correc orcmen oc doce sone Etunts soit. Nery. SPRING SBVUTSSWAUNINIAY ER LIER! oct 5 (eye/e ic os) etaie levers aveiereis) stele 434 Madison Avenue SERDNG Nie VERA AISBERT 9 Ac ora shetalals;onnoitusicrorsie, sleintok Saelale eee ro ieee 120 Broadway REMI MMM Lee pre en cit ats Speirs ce is fee evevauclenckdholenopsuars ve lo \acstaleteveuerere selected 110 Worth Street SS OUMBB Me CARING WES) aro) a:6)0\'0ce a) oy alo, Siarer ailerons evetoialal overareier cane Bernardsville, N. J. SOUIBE OR MDW ARD HE ic.5.ciele clelers rel siele oie 148 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn SPAR Nieves OUELIN co = cit) arataiwi"eneraiel Po siaisislaveha a Sherer cee wre ater ae 13 William Street SSIVAUNGAE ON OIELINR EX vt o:as cxtisra, oyeyesee!s sveveleieievars sie ae. sieve olsreces 256 West 7oth Street SAR MeO GTS DIVIORRIS cise! rere cioraaciasieie tiers sleicais ols sleleye 3 West 53d Street IEBEEUN SMM J AITES ETS sicv:e alersivis acais sieves) slslsiele s-aiea's arertesvei’ 80 Madison Avenue SERVES OHIN wl iarcs citeiwre.s slerermeisiedarerees 138th Street and Fourth Avenue SUEUNBECKS JSDWARD) .\cosie's o0 crclsie leis es ocre Prospect Avenue and 180th Street SUPPEIEN SS ORIN: is.« secs eysvspere cleievesoravaeaielss 146th Street and Gerard Avenue SIDERINPRR SPAVA CU pao e tits ie /o ia¥ejialeoreard usd vlovetertvarsa,aveuercatevsene 32 West 23d Street SPRING MI VIRS see RNGTING savevareis toi olor etin ese crate stele meena eee Union Club PROW:N'S END) i) OLIN 5 cyerais) oys:s:019.asaiteletel stele) gieisiai et «/ersrsveloia ake 302 West 73d Street MOW Si GOE MWD OWANIEN Giri are,arcrese ove seleasvarelevsleverexererelererekove vekatere 34 West 52d Street WINRAR EAU aorta forte: Sevtvaaitvatelee: aveneia ineitalerete tatereey acs 2151 Prospect Avenue SRRAS Kes SPENCERS cts esiaitreio w ie.ab 6! 8 East 38th Street EMEP ere VR Sa sPACOB\ « o.croimicis ase ciel! soos elaine o xieia,oie «sie 8 East 38th Street eM AEEe WEO ULES Els! arcisisic aip ciaielelniee «piwie eee one .01e.e/vial'sis ore 133 West 83d Street WV TIRDETGTENT vB ly JES Be BOC bgt a. JOUD CODGAG OO CHO aot Noe oe 27 William Street POI ER GRIN sett Esch ere ace 'o!atcloinis/el's ele, ¥ wieeis'a)e%n\elinie.e\e/ai6'e''* 433 East 144th Street Wrosmownr, IME Re odasndoannc0c00600 douousunooduuoeG Schenectady, N. Y. UAE DER Aca dt onal ate ctslsislere eyaisieietatersieieleis o's\« sisia’clais sisal s Hotel Netherlands MERE RMN HAWN Crtrer tev ateis)oiaia aleleial alate Wielais e's elelss\aieisis eter) 560 Fifth Avenue \ ist, omy WAN IRs oo coo ndcan6 coonn0do00GG0G0Uc0r 103 East 57th Street RNREGERE PEE ONPARD 11) Grats otercielers sisvolsiale.a,6, 010,010) 9,.0[6.c10 'e:e70.8 exe 45 West 75th Street <0 CERIN y SUA INOS ag ee Ba onocoodo on Dopo due OCuUOOROdo OCG 160 Fifth Avenue MERRIE SSE MAN Re Pete cys ie vat ainicia'@ oainleia’eieiecs(o.0 ojoielnise'n.o,5)¢ cveletels elbiats 66 Broadway SN EEHEBE Le WU ATUL TANI VV) wictat cig, + o(latelelafele) otela siete = eee tate 51 Fifth Avenue NGOD, $i, BMV ALIEDR, GIR. cic; 5.) os0tsiat stapssaieejeiepssiareenyaysiercmeian eer Short Hills, N. J. OGD VV AMUSTAGML MC « cast aia)aioiexaianyn/oin a cienerens emejvare taro ereycrorneers 51 Fifth Avenue Veen) PV TEETAMO TT Sis Jue aeonoueEenno 445 05 CO tee i eLe le Sica eras abe wie aiist ares eh eisrener tial sisie cleerctay scales 350 SI PATKabAaSketsins Walk cc2cscseswe cece ss 5560006 Antelope House ........ eieloieiteretele joaqoDa0dC MEFONE PV OUSEe rates siols'ess scfoietetere/sioter siete etereie'e oer Miscellaneous fencing and netting .......... Improvements East of Bronx River......... Pavilion’ NOS 32 ass sle%s's-6:4 BAC COOCCCORBOOGTOIt @orrals anid@ walls: sis sxicte-cicwie'ns'eleaves are arate Miscellaneous ground improvement items.... Mountain Sheep Walk ....... SG005000 sietelers BRECMING TIOUSE: (6 wis:e.a)e ore siaisie'cisisinie er Sen wreries Reptile House improvements .............. TOOMPEAT KDE TL CMES evereys!cterehersiorencilerereisiereterei: -iclats Grading and seeding Beaver Valley Walk.. Mortotseme nclostineymcuisteciewiesieciseeie cl esesis Electric lighting—Reptile, Mammal, and Bird EVIOUSES) ajore s¥eveve os eiovaiocaieleiese ors 0Ve/eve aistoteteieionere Lydig Gate Foundation ..2 6000005006 BAC Ao lama TOUse Yards 1... esi oe siare:cise's sree BeBoe Boundary Fence along the entire ‘Eastern Ot daiiy: a oysieie 2.6 1avcieais sete tare wletevale ya's 5 Water supply for Italian Fountain......... 5 Bind mE nclostines seicise celeste gsi rleleleieiavsleloiavet ere Red Deer Range drainage. oem ater aciva seen Trimming, pruning, and planting ......... ¢ Ducker” Portable, HOuses is cic sce. cictcisiete were oe Corralutore Wild: TIOPSES .)atciccic sie veces Sie Miscellaneous materials and supplies. Seve ieisteis Mammal, Pond! fences ..0is.10 sisie s cvc,vie'e »sis nOaG ion House (outside cages) siic60000s ss 000.0 Birdmelousem(laree)) cece ccelesc. suiereretsiais sieve IA\hattOimearrdustalletce se sielcloiere ieisice sieve leicisl sieve Antelope House Yards ..:... aavelale aroveroteretelere 50 WET OneElOIse nwa eslenicsrcremmis oleiaic eo cterereieesercere Geme§nnitios ceion ovis cial otous arate wroiere arse aise svarestn ees Buffalo Range division fence .........seee Sodae BaviliOm\ ites sce slajs'eis(e sierelelowre cle aeieers Small’ Mammal TOuse’ . o.i.'s 2. cvicc sis e's a etle KOSErICHOUSE) ctcicle clas Guidi nals el aerate leanne el armas OUSEh cs aajstetecas cists o 5.6 o\erevetsisrero re rctenavere Removal of Mammal House to Nursery..... Additional wall, Prairie Dog Village........ Meaminial Eotise: fences sieisca1s six os e111 ecrosls : Sika Deer Shelter ...... AS EOS Seon nae Buttal on Corral sp sciocisctetse stevelersiea nen erence = Artists’ Room, Lion House ....... eitereleeretens Fallow Deer Shelter and Yard...... wae ei Animal Storehouse .........+-.--seseeseees H. R. MItTcHELL, Chief Clerk. January I, 1904. 2,559 36 12,736 18 952 58 2,229 99 1,373 82 959 57 44 63 948 73 3,064 44 287 95 380 40 442 52 3,417 73 573 50 682 65 1,278 66 798 30 3,449 08 3,310 51 990 OI 14,690 79 1,257 77 I,OII 29— 117,210 93 Se cosine 100,306 92 $502,369 64 Percy R. Pyne, Treasurer. Examined and found correct by the New York Audit Company, 48 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Aquarium Jmprovement Fund Balance Sheet. (Showing status of Appropriation of $30,000.) RECEIPTS. Appropriation of Board of Estimate and Apportionment...... $30,000 00 EXPENDITURES. Through Park Department: Contract, Charles: Wille; ‘skylights... ose «0 $6,850 00 Contract) Cj Wallyresesvoine-peeeeeren eens 18,496 00 Architects’ commission on above contracts.... 1,207 30—$26,613 30 Unexpended balance .i\cssmeicca oa ce clessine cise emteniesi ieee 3,380 70 $30,000 00 Aquarium fund. RECEIPTS. Received from City on account of Aquarium appropriation of $467500:- TOF TOOBt Sees e ncn siotiese oe ECE ee $38,680 42 Balance jdue-tromaGity 1) oo secs dale onieem coc er eerie 7,773 26 Unexpended: balance sor. oo esi) ee ieee 46 32 $46,500 00 EXPENDITURES. Pay=follsstomemplovesieereeer eee oer cere $26,552 02 Pay-rollsston paintensenmececeueere eee eo eee: 2,320 00 Painteand panting "Ol TOOL seieeite sd eteietotiecie tc 1,300 00 AIECFAtLONIS csltavesiersoneloe cite Saker eater EL ie Euioro) St Coal aie Rievehiate ents Wie dhe ei OCR IEE ore ietoea 6,320 66 Live SpeCiimemsys../com Salolecearsehterstecae e eiticiereiele ora crate 2,500 00 Bish food! v.)sesvcd cixore he ctolen arse teense reriseae teiotes 1,000 00 Gas! artis G Sais crsvore asl vino lavage alsvelaierersl eletoetelsieins isterereoke 509 67 Telephone: service a2. tocresseserstcens idheisterere torn ie ere ee 197 34 Ice-fon twelve amonthise acm. cries tee kenacterstarsusetene 50 72 Tnerdentalvexpenses) js sere acre eee er ran orasees 600 00 Wnitormstandicaps: -cmaeceel setae eee eiereriee I2I 45 Rock, fom limine: tanks osc cntc <2 aie nsreersernerueeter: 73 14 Books stor deibranyec. tipo ensicteictectciorsiarerereierecie tele eile 79 43 Burniture, tomesdesks i... sincsseutic stamina - 15 00 Supplies for engine-room and for general use..... 1,464 57 SLElsolsmy ebavel joysohete! Gap ogouoonoooKoDHdCaNd OOS 150 37 Wnexpendedubalancemneases seen 46 32 a $40, 500)ea E. R. SAMPSON, Percy R. Pyne, Disbursing Clerk. Treasurer. January I, 1904. Examined and found correct by the New York Audit Company. Sd09O GNV SSUNOIT AUYVEAVE "NHOBNYS ‘HY NIM13 Hd¥H9OLOHd REPORT OF “LHE DLE GLO ZOOLOGICAL RvR Ke OR the year 1903 we are able to report a great advance to- ward the completion of the Zoological Park. Not only has the usual progress been made in the construction of perma- nent improvements, but the collections have been increased by the acquisition of many new animals of noteworthy value. In response to this progress, the attendance of visitors has also increased over the number of the previous year by nearly sixty per cent. Of the events fully accomplished during the year, the most im- portant were the opening of the Lion House, the completion and stocking of the Antelope House, the receipt of the Whitney Buf- falo herd and Elk herd, the completion of the four new Bear Dens, and the building and stocking of the Llama House. Im- portant events provided for development and completion in the near future were the building of the large Bird House, Ostrich and Small Mammal Houses, large Deer Barn, and the improve- ment of the south half of Baird Court. It is again a satisfaction to be able to report that the relations of the Zoological Park with the public, and the various City Departments with which it regularly comes in touch, continue to be cordial. The usefulness of the Park to educators and students, to animal painters and sculptors, to authors and illustrators, and also to the officers of other zoological gardens and parks, is of sufficient importance to indicate, even at this early date, the value of a zoological park as an educational institution. ATTENDANCE, Notwithstanding the fact that the street railway facilities for reaching the entrances to the Zoological Park are as far away as ever, the attendance of visitors has shown a surprising increase. The absence of a street railway on Pelham Avenue is a source of constant surprise and annoyance to visitors, and this dissatis- faction is very frequently expressed by those who are compelled 50 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEIN: to walk the half mile between the Northwest Entrance and the railways at Fordham. The monthly record of visitors for the year is as follows: 1g02 1903 Janay soo c8 ase: coe 12,958 11,405 Biebritarye> ae). woe event tens 12,155 42,134 March 2.cte.cis ie oe 54,742 81,222 Apc creo eee soe Mee 56,081 133,662 Waive) oie sme aie nay erty ee 105,519 187,940 JOE: Ae em eases ee 89,691 72,776 bt hs Aare Ne ena Age hes NOS 87,164 154,290 ATIOTISE Fae Saran everson 126,874 155,505 September ssi ss- eee te 63,370 T5102 Wctoherssey.cls. eset 45,262 70,060 iNiovetmbet.) sans ence: 68,268 89,215 WECeiber ence aaa 9,431 14,775 731,515 1,164,146 Total increase for the year, 432,631, or 59 per cent. Increase in 1902, 38 per cent. PRACTICAL WORKING OF THE PRIMATES HOUSE, The Primates’ House has now been in active use for a little more than two years; and inasmuch as the entire building was evolved from our own ideas, it is now proper to place on record our estimate of its working value. It is no exaggeration to say that this building has not only come up to our expectations, but, in many respects, has surpassed them. All persons familiar with zoological gardens are well aware of the fact that the odors of monkey houses are difficult prob- lems to contend with. Wherever either ventilation or cage sani- tation is imperfect, the odors become disagreeable—especially in winter weather, when doors and windows must be closed, and the supply of pure air is necessarily restricted. The best evi- dence that can be offered of the success of the ventilating sys- tem of our Primates’ House lies in the expressions of satisfaction that have been offered, voluntarily, by visitors. The absence of the usual ape and monkey odors from the Primates’ House— even in the severest winter weather—is frequently remarked by visitors, and from this fact we have reason to believe that the air supply is pure, and therefore beneficial to the living inhabitants of the building. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. dL The question of the necessity of mechanical or forced-draft sys- tem for this building may be considered settled by conclusive evidence that it is not necessary. The supply of outside air that is continually brought into the building, warmed over coils of hot-water pipes, and delivered both into the large cages and the auditorium, finds its way out of the top of the cages and the main hall by a system of upper currents, which carries away what would otherwise be objectionable animal odors. The great decrease in the number of cases of tuberculosis among the primates may fairly be regarded as evidence that the air supply of the Primates’ House is very nearly what it should be. During the year 1902, and immediately following the opening of this building, the animals within it were subject to the conditions. under which they entered it, and the death-rate from tuberculosis was as heavy as it usually is in such collections. During the first year of the building’s use, the animals which entered the Pri- mates’ House with tuberculosis disappeared by death, and were re- placed by healthy animals. The mortality records of 1903 show a decrease in the death-rate of the primates of nearly fifty per cent., bringing the total for the year down to a comparatively small number. | In Europe it is a common practice to keep all orangs and chimpanzees behind glass. Our policy has been to keep nothing, save marmosets, behind glass, and to give the anthropoid apes as much fresh air as they can stand without contracting severe colds. In fact, in comparison with the views of some European authorities respecting the air supply of anthropoid apes, we have gone to the opposite extreme, and prefer to furnish to the orangs and chimpanzees a supply of air so cool and fresh that occasion- ally it produces a head cold, rather than weaken the lungs of those creatures by a constant high temperature, and consequent diminution of vitality. All the large cages of the Primates’ House have proven con- ducive to great activity on the part of their living inhabitants. The only cases of cage paralysis (three in number) have occurred in the small side cages. It must be borne in mind, however, that in every large collection of primates there must be a liberal num- ber of small cages for the use of timid animals that fare badly in mixed company, and also for quarrelsome individuals that will not live peaceably in the cages that are devoted to groups. The lignolith floors of our cages have proven of extreme value in the matter of cleanliness, and the manner in which that mate- rial has been applied to connect the floor with the lower portions. 52 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. of the walls without corners or seams, has undoubtedly exercised a great influence on the general cleanliness of the building, and absence of odors. It is a great satisfaction to be able to report that, were we to build next year a new house for primates, it would be very diffi- cult to suggest even one important improvement upon the present structure. That the building is crowded with visitors during Saturdays and Sundays of the season when visitors are most numerous, need cause neither surprise nor regret; for were the structure five times as large as it now is, it would, during those periods, be crowded precisely as it is now. So long as apes and monkeys are in good health, and perform their usual antics on horizontal bar and trapeze, just so long will people pack six deep in front of their cages, and stand until they are compelled by policemen and keepers to move on. PRACTICAL WORKING OF THE LION HOUSE. The Lion House has now been in actual use a little more than one year, during which time it has been thoroughly tested. Thus far but two defects have been revealed, both of which are of so simple a character that they can easily be remedied, and the necessary substitution of materials will be accomplished at an early date, with no disturbance to the daily routine. The Lion House may be described as a handsome domicile joined to an elaborate but smoothly-working machine. It appears to be the verdict of the public that in view of the fine facilities it affords for the exhibition of its animals, for their management and care, and for the general comfort of the public, this building is worth all that it has cost. Beyond question, the animals are as contented, as happy and as active in their cages as such animals ever could be in captivity. The wire cage-fronts have proven an unqualified success, and the color-scheme of the cage interiors is almost everything that could be desired for the exhibition of large felines. The elevated balconies and the high steps leading up to them are used by the majority of the animals to a gratifying extent, and beyond question, the climbing done by the animals from day to day is beneficial to their health and spirits. It has been noticed, with particular pleasure, that the lions born and thus far reared in the Lion House use these steps and balconies very freely, quite as if they appreciate the climbing privilege more than those ani- mals which matured elsewhere without similar opportunities. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 53 One of the best indices of the health, spirits and contentment of the animals in the Lion House is to be found in their desire to reproduce their kind. Thus far the results have been as follows: Out of the first litter of five lion cubs, one cub died by accident, but the other four have developed as finely as if they had been bred and reared in an African jungle. The second litter of three lion cubs is progressing, and promises to develop success- fully. The young Senegal lioness died in giving birth to her first cubs, as also did the female Indian leopard: A third litter of lion cubs is now due. It is believed that the income from the breeding and rearing of young animals in the Lion House will be of material assistance in keeping up the supply of large felines. The general health of the animals in the Lion House has been well-nigh perfect, the only death not due to accident being that of the cheetah, which occurred within a comparatively short time after its arrival, and was chargeable to long-standing causes. The mechanical working of the Lion House has proven to be one of its best features. The plan for the shifting and transfer of the animals works excellently. Its practical effectiveness may be summarized in the following incident: A tigress which was found at six o’clock in the evening with a large piece of bone fast upon one of her canine teeth, and greatly distressed thereby, was taken out of her cage by means of the shifting car, run into the outdoor area, where the remaining daylight was sufficient, the obstruction was removed, and the animal replaced in her cage safely and without worry, in precisely twenty minutes from the assembling of the men to remove her. ANIMAL COLLECTIONS. During the past year the increase in both the scientific and in- trinsic values of the animal collections of the Park has been really great, and it is by no means expressed in any of the figures representing the number of individuals in the various depart- ments on December 31st. The most noteworthy increase has been in the mammal collections. The collections of small mammals, birds and reptiles have so completely filled the installations provided for them that no marked increase has been possible. The Aquatic Birds’ House has long been filled to overflowing. The erection of the new house for small mammals, and the consequent removal of the 54 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. temporary building, has caused the collection of small mammals to disappear from exhibition, and has also operated to prevent, temporarily, the acquisition of new specimens. DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS, The collections in this Department were increased during the past year by the addition of about $34,000.00 worth of new speci- mens, representing many species new to the Park. This increase was the greatest that has yet been made in one year. It is a source of sincere gratification to be able to report that fully one- half of our splendid list of accessions for 1903 came to the So- ciety as special gifts from its Founders and other members. The most noteworthy individual gift came from the Hon. William C. Whitney, who presented to the Society his fine buffalo herd of twenty-six animals, which had previously inhabited his park on October Mountain, near Lenox, Massachusetts. This splendid gift, which was delivered at the Park without any ex- pense whatever to the Zoological Society, places the Society in possession of not only the largest herd of buffaloes on public exhibition, but also a herd second to none in the quality of its members. The presence in this herd of a large number of female animals renders it particularly valuable for breeding purposes. All the animals were crated on October Mountain and trans- ported to the Zoological Park without the slightest mishap or accident. This herd has been kept separate from the Society’s original herd, which occupies a separate range and shelter. Coincident with the delivery of the buffalo herd, Mr. Whitney also presented a herd of ten elk of choice breed, which were also delivered at the Park at the expense of the donor, and now con- stitute an exhibit of which the Society is justly proud. The animals in the Antelope House represent a cash value of about $15,000.00, and more than one-half of them stand as gifts. Through much correspondence, lasting through a period of sev- eral months, the Society had the good fortune to secure for the Antelope House a remarkably large proportion of rare species. Mr. George F. Baker generously provided funds for the pur- chase of a very fine male eland, from the herd of the Duke of Bedford ; a pair of white-tailed gnu and a pair of white-bearded enu, from German East Africa. Mrs. Frederic Ferris Thompson provided funds for the purchase of three very rare African ante- lopes, a beatrix antelope, a pair of Altai wapiti and a pair of African ostriches. Mr. Robert S. Brewster presented a complete “AdOTALNVY NVOUW SUYANVA *HdYHSOLOHd "NHOSNYS “Y NIM19 SMe an eS ¢ a! =e i" - =n PT s +s . as! oy “se 4 4 = v = - [a 7 ae a i ary Cee BU, pw a, oe if aes % KES a Gd v ee Ha) > ae ~~ EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. vod collection of llamas, guanacos, vicunias and alpacas, with which to fill the new Llama House. After about two years of contin- uous effort, Mr. Charles Sheldon succeeded in securing a Mexi- can grizzly bear, which he presented to the Society. The funds provided in 1901 by Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss, for the purchase of a snow leopard, secured a very fine male speci- men early in 1903, and it now forms one of the chief attractions of the Lion House. Being a hardy animal, it is living contin- uously in one of the outdoor cages, beside the Manchurian leop- ard, and has not been in the least inconvenienced by a tempera- ture of sixteen degrees below zero. An order that was placed in 1903 for three pairs of Steller’s sea lions was, after many futile efforts, finally filled late in 1903. Six young specimens were received from the coast of California ; but, with one exception, their fate has been exceedingly unfortu- nate. Shortly after their arrival two died of pneumonia, and three others died from ptomaine poisoning, leaving only a soli- tary individual. From Mr. William Rockefeller, six Russian fallow deer, spe- cially selected by Carl Hagenbeck, for breeding purposes, were received by gift. Mr. David S. Cowles presented a black bear cub from the Laurentian Mountains, Canada. From Mr. John J. Ittner, two fine male mandrills were received. From the Park Department for the Borough of the Bronx, a herd of twenty-five fallow deer was received by gift. From Captain Thomas Golding the Society purchased several very interesting importations from northern China and Japan, the most important specimens being two Tscheli monkeys, one Chinese macaque and a rare palm civit. From Singapore, Captain Golding brought a half-grown specimen of a very rare anthro- poid ape called the siamang,’ the first animal of that species to come into the possession of the Society. A pair of fine giraffes from German East Africa was purchased of Mr. Hagenbeck, and safely installed in the Antelope House on October 17th. Upon their arrival the male specimen measured 10 feet; & inches, and the female was 10 feet, Winch: hich: These animals are in excellent health, very active in taking exer- cise in their compartment, and they appear to be growing satis- factorily. The pair cost the Society $5,500.00, which, consider- ing the rarity of living examples of this species, was a very mod- erate price. The health of the animals in the mammal collection has been fairly satisfactory. The deaths have been much fewer than dur- 56 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ing the previous year, and there has been no loss of animals of great value. The most valuable animal lost by death was the large female orang-utan, which, having been captured when fully adult, was necessarily short-lived. The health of the animals in the Lion House has been particu- FALLOW DEER. Herds of fallow deer have been presented by Mr. Wm. Rockefeller and the Park Commissioner of the Borough of the Bronx. larly gratifying, there having been but one case of illness, and but one death save by causes to be classed as accidents. With the disappearance of the animals which in I90I-2 en- tered the Primates’ House suffering from various diseases, the collection has settled down to a normal condition of health, and the death-rate for the year 1903 was really very low. Such deaths as did occur were chiefly amongst the delicate and short-lived spe- cies, such as the howlers, marmosets and spider monkeys. The only baboon lost during the year was a female which died in par- EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 57 turition. With the elimination of the two apes that entered the Primates’ House in a diseased condition, the three remaining an- thropoid apes have thriven surprisingly. They are not only in good health, but are exceedingly active, and growing rapidly. The health of all the foreign tropical deer in the Park has been excellent ; but the filaria affecting the old elk herd has caused the loss of several individuals, and gastro-enteritis has also carried off several of our native deer. It is very unfortunate that our native deer should be so difficult to acclimatize in New York, and keep in good health. The following is a statement of the species and specimens of mammals on hand on December 31st, 1903: BASIMMAECS: cin «coe ete as o's « 40 species. g6 specimens. Giireptera 25. ns ines I ‘i : CARMVORAL Aono seve 3 iol ae 49 ‘: 132 h IBA BE IV gai svace tcl 8) ote <0) 2 a 9 NGG AD hale ne ieig te Brae veyrie 12 F 78 7 MORAGA: 5) sts haeo 013% ee Fars yererys 47 i 205 4 (UES 00) eh oe Z . 8 a 153 536 ? Reece aye UL ickep tis ays a ae Se, ures data ai Say nieys 163 SPR etTT SE lee pate eure Rae Se coi scale BES euch Me ie renee sh «Se pey Repos 137 EXCiB, US eS Geen oe sien eg ete Beer oe en 61 DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS. It has already been stated that in this Department no substan- tial increase in the number of species has been possible, for the reason that all available accommodations were so well filled. The most noteworthy accessions consisted of herons, egrets and ducks purchased at Brownsville, Texas, and Orlando, Florida, and the collection of gulls, terns and other water-birds secured by Cura- tor Beebe on his expedition to Cobb Island. Special mention should be made of the collection of birds received as a gift from Mr. Louis N. Whealton, and also of the generous and effective cooperation which Mr. Whealton extended to the Society’s repre- sentative on Cobb Island. Mr. Whealton’s gift embraces speci- mens of three species of ducks, two swans, two Egyptian geese, five species of terns and gulls and also specimens of the black skimmer. Mr. Beebe’s observations and work on Cobb Island 58 NEW YORK "ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. will be fully described elsewhere in this volume. Among the birds of special interest acquired during the year the following were the most noteworthy: A fine adult specimen of the great white heron—a bird of exceeding rarity—was received by purchase from Miami, Flor- ida. Two African ostriches were received by gift from Mrs. Frederic Ferris Thompson, and pending the completion of the Ostrich House, have been placed on exhibition in the Antelope House. Three blue geese, and specimens of the avocet and stilt, were received from Brownsville, Texas. Two specimens of the pinnated grouse were received by ex- change; and a ptarmigan, from Alaska, was purchased in De- cember, but survived in the Park only three days. To the Bird Department, the most notable event of the year was the beginning of work on the erection of the Large Bird House. Owing to the very considerable cost represented by the lowest bid when the contract for that building was first adver- tised, in the spring of 1903, the contract was withdrawn, the plans were restudied with a view to reducing the cost of the structure, and later on a new contract was advertised. On this occasion the lowest bid was accepted, and by the end of Decem- ber the foundation walls were ready to receive the base course of granite. It is believed that this building will be as perfect in its appointments for the care of its collections as any other which the Society has erected. It will contain a really great amount of cage room, outdoors as well as within, and-it will accommodate as large a collection of perching birds, shore birds and members of the Order Psittaci (parrots, macaws, etc.), as the Society will desire to exhibit. During a large portion of the year 1903, the Zoological Park, as a whole, was greatly plagued by an enormous influx of rats. To everyone concerned with the work of the Bird Department these vermin were an intolerable pest, and were resisted vigor- ously, with poison, traps and guns. Ferrets were tried, but proved of no practical value. Finally the services of two rat- terriers were employed, and these proved effective. The Park, as a whole, is now as free from rats as such an institution can rea- sonably hope to be in a rat-infested city; but the warfare against these obnoxious creatures must necessarily be constant and vig- orous. The wide distribution of grain throughout the Park, as used in feeding both mammals and birds, constitutes a perpetual attraction to vermin living around the Park, and, like stray cats, they continually pour in. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 59 The following is a full statement of the bird collections on hand on December 31st, 1903: ORDER. SPECIES. SPECIMENS, Ratitae, Ostrich and Cassowary.... 2 3 oncipennes, — (Gulls. Terns; ete..-4.5-6 4 50 Stemanopodes,. | Pelicans, ete a... 2s e 5 25 Anseres, Dueks: Geese, cic. e2n.. 34 240 @dorntoclossac;) ‘Hlaming@oes..c.6-0-7. 202 3. 2 3 Herodiones, Fete rOm Same TCLS met qr are: 14 7A Limicolae, ShOLe Birds. Anes oie I I Paludicolae, CraneowRatis etes a-ae 262 = 8 74 Gallinae, UplandGame Birds =2%5. +2 21 116 Columbae, Pigeons and. Doves... 5 5 _ Raptores, Hawks, Eagles and Owls.. 19 57 PSiehacr Barrots.. Wacaws, “ete... 20 28 Passeres, erchine wBigd Se: veces 28 40 90 ThE + CSG ISAS Geran Oe es 175 700 ateee me VE Oda ater Acre ora it a AR ee sae ety alee 81 mT ASC hte hot Pee ra ome hn hae acta srditneer ad See LEO HEB rele MC See pS at et ec oy cS a re aye Gen ee a ese 6 Pree ICC MOM GepOSity mt iaer Sneath Gotie e ow cise ee 2 Wolllectede ees ei a hennce set mht ie esi Cee Warene 93 RACE 5-1: ate gS Terme es ae rk Rhee el aera ly Nats Cg 136 DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES. Among the important additions to the Reptile collection during the past year were two large specimens of the South American bushmaster (Lachesis mutus), representing the largest known species of poisonous serpent; an anaconda, measuring fourteen feet in length; three specimens of the Boa constrictor; two speci- mens of the Boa diviniloqua; a large Indian rat snake, and two particularly fine specimens of the spectacled cobra (Naja tripu- dians). The cobras are strongly marked by the characteristic colors of their species. By their fierce demeanor, and hoods ex- panded for the slightest provocation, they attract much attention. These specimens were captured in the vicinity of Calcutta, and were presented by Mr. Thomas H. Barbour. During the early summer, one of the Sumatran cobras evinced a cannibalistic appetite by swallowing one of its cage-mates. Promptly upon the discovery of the incident, the distorted snake 60 NEW © YORK + ZOOLOGICAL {SOGCIETY. was taken from its cage, and by reaching down its throat with a pair of long forceps the curator was enabled to extricate the smaller cobra. The victim exhibited signs of life, but only sur- vived for a few moments. This specimen was mounted in forma- lin, with hood spread, in the attitude assumed by the cobra when about to strike, and hardened in that position. The big Ceylonese monitor, which has long been an important member of the collection of lizards, was so inconvenienced by an abnormal growth during the summer that it refused all food, and fasted for two months. Curator Ditmars operated on the reptile, which rapidly recovered, and its energetic and amusing egg-eat- ing exhibitions are again a feature of the Reptile House. As is usual in a large collection of reptiles, eccentric and dor- mant appetites are always to be cultivated. During the year sev- eral of the big snakes were fed at regular intervals in a compul- sory manner, and one of the Sumatran cobras was subjected to the process of having three beaten eggs forced down its throat every ten days. During the summer months, over two hundred terrapins, rep- resenting four of the larger species, were liberated in the various ponds of the Park, for the purpose of establishing an exhibit of these creatures in a partially wild condition, and at the same time to provide more living inhabitants for those small bodies of water. They soon made themselves quite at home, and on sunny days could be seen basking on the edges of the ponds, or upon rocks and other objects projecting above the water. The condition of the collection of reptiles and amphibians on December 31st, 1903, was as follows: @lvel oma is 0655 2 otlerea arate 32 species. 212 specimens. Crocodilia oi acetone Bo Wet 30 + Lacertilia: ps ituiis ahlieeaats Tsar PA 77 e Opltidiay «\..- cee ast AD. 38 218 af Ait phils tsiccy. aja geet dS dade TB ei sr" 125 % OO is 662 zt Received day .eittte yociade gee es 126 Purehaséd 3s 34 tes pices BE osha 5 oS RUE eek 262 BOE. sic fit Ait recat IS A Ce Le eee enemas 174 Used for food; tor*snaketeatinevcnakesaa. ea. oe 275 210 turtles were purchased for distribution in the Park ponds. BT a ce mi? * winigin em S PHOTOGRAPHS. ELWIN R. SANBORN, ALPACA. From the collection of Cameloid animals presented by Mr. Robert S. Brewster. j i oe "she : { a) a att 7 a ' a hk pe hee eee WN . = rs on ee! ce oe. 7 , {€ 7 a 5 - ' ? ‘ * - r 7 OY j a A) 7) 7 z i ‘ie Va 7 ‘ : in ir > n uy _ » ’ = ls : 4 : ai TO ‘ i é EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 61 SUMMARY OF LIVE ANIMALS ON HAND ON JANUARY I, I904. Mammals iy. Si ve. so ese eG 153 species. 536 specimens. Binet Ses tee tanee al 1G aebiee taht aot EZ se 706 cs Nepiilegen«ouk.. fr. Ses vas Go) TN 662 4 MP Oudheets ike nai One Abel. 427 1,904 DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION. During the year 1903 the facilities of the Department of Ad- ministration were increased by several noteworthy items of con- struction. A new soda-water pavilion and candy stand was erect- ed near the Bear Dens, commodious in size and convenient in ar- rangement. During the busy season a cashier was employed for each soda-water pavilion, and the volume of business transacted was very satisfactory. The net profits on the sale of soda water and candy amounted to $3,113.86, which was paid over to the Animal Fund. Abattoir.—In order to diminish the quantity and cost of meat purchased for the carnivorous animals, a properly equipped abat- toir was erected in connection with the service yard, for use in providing horse-meat. It may be of general interest to state that in many zoological gardens, horse-meat, derived from animals that have passed veterinary inspection, and which is known to be free from disease, is regularly fed to the large feline animals, and is very acceptable to them. In view of the present high prices of beef, it is imperatively necessary that this measure of economy be practiced in the Zoological Park. The horse-meat that has been supplied to the Lion House since the erection of the abattoir costs about one and one-half cents per pound, and is quite as satisfactory food for the animals as beef at five times that price. Wagon Scales —A much-needed addition to the equipment of the service yard has at last been installed at the west end of the service building. Platform scales for the weighing of coal, hay, grain and other supplies purchased in large quantities, have been purchased and placed in position, and now all the supplies men- tioned are weighed as they are received. Women’s Rest Room.—Early in the year a rest room, specially designed for ladies, and children accompanying them, was suita- bly furnished and opened for use in the northwest corner of the Lion House, with an attendant in charge. This has proven very 62 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. acceptable to visitors, and has been well utilized. It is a satisfac- tion to be able to report that thus far the room has been treated by visitors as if the benefits it confers were gratefully appreciated. It is of special utility to ladies who, through excessive fatigue or sudden illness, require a retiring room with couches and easy chairs, and such attention as a female attendant can bestow. Exhibit at the Sportsmen’s Show.—Under the direction of Chief Clerk Mitchell, the Society placed an exhibit of photo- graphs, drawings, specimens and publications at the Sportsmen’s Show, held at the Madison Square Garden at the end of the win- ter of 1903. This exhibit was constantly attended, by Mr. Mitch- ell, Mr. Sanborn, and others, and the attention which it attracted to the objects of the Zoological Society resulted in the acquisition of about sixty new members. Publications.—During the year a Souvenir Book of twenty Zoological Park photographs, reproduced by the Albertype proc- ess, was prepared and placed on sale. Although it was not offered to the public until late in the year, its sales showed, up to the end of the year, a profit of $218.15. About the same time a series of souvenir postal cards, illustrating the Zoological Park, was prepared and placed on sale, and up to the close of the year yielded a net profit of $130.14. Gate Receipts.—The gate receipts for the past year show an increase of 38 per cent. over those of 1902. The total for 1903 was $5,912.95, an increase of $1,656.45 over the amount of the previous year. Rocking-Stone Restaurant.—The Restaurant service was con- tinued under the same system of management as had proven sat- isfactory in 1902. While no profit accrued to the benefit of the Animal Fund, a net loss of $758.95 entered up on January 1, 1903, was at the end of the year converted into a profit of $89.83. In addition to this there was effected a reduction in the obligations due the General Fund of $150.00, besides the purchase of furni- ture and fixtures during the year to the amount of about $500.00. Thus it will be noted that an actual gain of $1,500.00 has been made in the operations of the Restaurant during the year 1903. A considerable increase in the amount of business can safely be expected during 1904, which, if realized, will put the Restaurant on a paying basis, and make it a regular annual contributor to the Animal Fund. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 63 DEPARTMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PUBLICATION. The Zoological Park photographs which have appeared in the quarterly numbers of the Bulletin, and in the present volume, constitute ocular proof of the valuable and constant work of Mr. Sanborn in photographing the animals and buildings of the Zoo- logical Park. The photographic records of rare animals that are constantly being secured are of great value to the general pur- poses of the Society. In a comparatively short time the Society will be able to publish a series of popular monographs, which will serve as an additional demonstration of the value of such photo- graphic records as are now being made. Every rare animal that reaches the Park is photographed as soon as circumstances will permit, and the Society has always exercised toward the public, in the matter of reproducing its pictures, the greatest liberality consistent with its own interests. Mr. Sanborn’s admirable editorial work on the publications of the Society is fully appreciated by those for whom it is spe- cially intended—the members of the organization. An extensive exhibit of enlarged photographs will be made at the Sportsmen’s Show which is to be held in Madison Square Garden in Feb- ruary, 1904. DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING. During the past year the civil engineer of the Zoological Park, Mr. George M. Beerbower, took up and carried through to com- pletion the very important task of preparing the plans and specifi- cations for all work in connection with the yards, walks and drainage surrounding the Antelope House, and also of acting as supervising engineer of the work. It was considered inexpedient to attempt to plan these intricate improvements until the Antelope House had been erected. Im- mediately upon the opening of spring weather the necessary sur- veys of the site surrounding the Antelope House were made. The task which presented itself was one which involved serious diffi- culties, chiefly due to the irregularities of the surface of the hill to be covered with metal fences, the presence of a great number of trees that could not be disturbed, and various outcroppings of rock. All problems, however, were successfully worked out and embodied in a contract for fences and gates of structural steel, wrought iron and wire, which finally was awarded at a 64 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. cost of $8,713.00. The execution of the work planned by Mr. Beerbower has satisfactorily demonstrated the correctness of his plans, and the finished work has received the approval of the Executive Committee. The fences erected are of three pat- terns, all new to the Park, and all gates and fastenings, also, were especially designed for the service they now render. The total work involved in connection with the Antelope House fences, yards, drainage and walks occupied the attention of our engineer for a considerable portion of the year reported upon. Mr. Beerbower has successfully designed a handsome and sub- stantial fence of wrought iron to enclose the sea-lion pool on Baird Court. His plans for this improvement have been ap- proved by the Executive Committee and Park Commissioner, and a contract for the work is to be advertised forthwith. The improvement of the surface of Baird Court is proceeding under the joint direction of the Society’s engineer and chief con- structor. Mr. Beerbower’s plans for the drainage of Baird Court have been carried into effect under his supervision, and the west- ern retaining wall is now being raised to its full height. In addi- tion to the above, Mr. Beerbower has prepared plans and specifi- cations for the winter shelter and animal hospital in the animal yard, for the abattoir and stable connected with it, for the soda water and candy pavilion, for proper coal chutes for the large animal buildings, for the Bear Dens, and the preliminary plans for the large Deer Barn and yards surrounding it. GROUND IMPROVEMENTS. The operations of the ground improvement force, under Mr. Hermann W. Merkel, chief constructor, have been unusually varied and important. A list of the most important work per- _ formed by this force during the year 1903 includes the fol- lowing: The Antelope House yards, drainage and surrounding walks; the drainage of Baird Court; construction of the Llama House, candy pavilion, animal shelter and hospital, deer shelter for fal- low deer range, deer shelter for sika deer range; water supply and drainage to Italian fountain; construction of abattoir and - stable adjoining ; construction of rock-work in three outside cages of Lion House; construction of concrete wall around Prairie Dog Village, and the erection of a great number of new fences for ani- mal enclosures. During the working months of the year three separate forces of mechanics and laborers, skilled and unskilled, Jaazy po areczc ett se Stl pea ae D YARDS. N GROUND PLAN: ANTELOPE HOUSE A EIGHTH -ANNUAL REPORT. 65 were employed on these tasks, and work was pushed forward with the utmost vigor. A few of these items are well worthy of special mention : Antelope House.—The series of twenty-three yards surround- ing the Antelope House form a very extensive feature of this in- stallation, and from the first their development was recognized as a matter involving much difficult work and very considerable expense. Owing to the peculiar nature of the site, it early became apparent that it would be desirable to let a contract for the fenc- ing, gates, etc., and have all filling, grading, macadamizing, post- setting and concrete work performed under the immediate su- pervision of Zoological Park officers. By the consent of the Park Commissioner this plan was adopted and has been carried out, and by reason of the possibility of meeting certain conditions as they were found, the best results possible have been secured with the least possible expenditure. The outer boundaries of the two series of yards consist of a heavy wrought-iron fence, eight feet high, standing over concrete coping. The divisions between the yards consist of two double lines of the heaviest Page wire fencing, set on steel posts three feet apart, partly for the purpose of giving valuable space for planting, and partly to prevent horned animals. from fighting through the partitions and injuring each other. The fence for the elephant yard has been constructed of heavy angle-irons and tee-irons of several patterns, each post being very firmly braced on the outside. All the yards have been paved with telford mac- adam, and fully provided with valleys, catch-basins and under- ground drains. By means of a series of gates near the building, it is possible for service carts to drive entirely around the building near the outer wall, for the purpose of collecting refuse. With the exception of the Bear Dens, this outdoor improve- _ment has been the most extensive of its kind that has yet been made in the Zoological Park. A contract for the fencing was awarded to the Page Woven Wire Fence Company, of Adrian, Michigan, and has been filled with promptness and scrupulous care, with materials that are highly satisfactory. The extent of the yard accommodations, and the cost of their construction, may be appreciated from the fact that their total frontage is 1,392 feet. If laid out in a straight line, the yards of the An- telope House would extend in an unbroken series from the north door of the building to the Boston Road Entrance, and fifty feet beyond. If laid down upon Baird Court, this improvement, as a whole, would cover practically the entire southern portion of that 66 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL) SOCINAY:: area up to Sea-Lion Pool. As an index of the extent of the task recently completed, the following figures are offered: Dimensions “of areatreated= s.r eee 335 X 3o7etece Length, of conerete swall/and icopines.. poe ee 1,392 Lineal feet of heavy wrought-iron fence, 8 feet high. 1,392 Lineal feet otselepiant enter. haere cer eee 270. a Lineal Geetiot (extra Weaviywite teneiien ssi) eee 3,42 " Wire Gates: Bey ee, PHOTOGRAPHS. ELWIN R. SANBORN, THE LLAMA HOUSE. For the llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunias. \ i EIGHTH ANNUAL , REPORT. 67 Llama House.—Early in 1903 the Zoological Society received from Mr. Robert S. Brewster, as a gift, a complete collection of the cameloid animals of South America, embracing the llama, guanaco, vicuna and alpaca. To provide suitable quarters for this handsome gift, the Society erected, at the expense of the Ground Improvement Fund, a building now known as the Llama House, situated near the Southwest Entrance to the Park. This building is 30x35 feet, and is one story in height. It contains four spacious shelter rooms, a feed-room, and connects directly with four outside yards of good dimensions. This structure was built of wood, at a cost of $2,000.00, and is in every way so substantial that it will keep in repair for a long period. Outdoor Cages of Lion House.—As early in the year as weather would permit, work was begun on the construction of the rustic rock-work in the interiors of the three largest outside cages form- ing a part of the Lion House. A great amount of trouble was ex- perienced in collecting an adequate supply of weathered rock for the artistic structures required, the idea being in each case to re- produce what appears to be the end of a rocky ridge. This work was prosecuted vigorously throughout the summer, and com- pleted in October ; but the wall decorations designed for each rear wall of the three cages mentioned are yet to be executed. Riverside Walk.—The walk extending along the eastern side of Bronx Lake, from West Farms to Bronxdale,—a total distance of 4,195 feet,—has been completed in a satisfactory manner, and adequately opens up to visitors the entire park area east of the Bronx. Improvement of Baird Court.—Late in the year the improve- ment of the southern half of Baird Court was undertaken by the construction of a complete network of drains and catch-basins for the adequate drainage of the surface. The western retaining wall of Baird Court is now being raised to the full height of the finished grade, and at an early date this wall will receive its facing and coping of cut stone, surmounted by a balustrade, and permanent steps will be erected leading from Bird Valley to the center of Baird Court. A large quantity of stone has been accumulated on Baird Court for the foundation of the telford macadam pavement that will be laid early in the spring. Ex- periments with tar as a surface-binder were undertaken, and it is hoped that a combination can be found which will render it possible to provide a smooth, hard surface for the telford macadam. 68 NEW “YORK *ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. MISCELLANEOUS GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORK. Even the briefest mention of the miscellaneous ground im- provement work performed during the year 1903 would make a long list, and for the sake of brevity will be omitted here. It is desirable, however, to mention the fact that the planting opera- tions included the planting of 2,063 trees in the border plantations of the Park. The temporary Small Mammal House erected by the Zoological Society at its own expense, was removed from its original location and re-erected in the Nursery as a hot-house, it having been orig- inally intended that it should finally be used in that manner. This adds a very important feature to the Nursery plant. The re- moval of this building, and the acquisition of large herds of buf- falo and elk, rendered it imperative to provide a winter shelter for miscellaneous animals not on exhibition yet requiring some arti- ficial heat. A substantial and permanent shelter was erected in the northwestern corner of the animal yard, and provided on all four sides with stalls and cages for the accommodation of animals which live outdoors in summer, but require a temperature of sixty degrees in winter. The completion of this feature rendered it possible to devote the entire shelter portion of the Buffalo House to the Whitney herd, and the main shelter of the Elk House to the Whitney elk herd. Heretofore both those buildings have been occupied in winter as temporary shelters for tropical hoofed animals. Lydig Memorial Gateway.—The fact that for fully three-quar- ters of a century the Lydig family carefully preserved the forest of south Bronx Park, and in so doing rendered a conspicuous service to the City of New York, has long been considered by the Zoological Society worthy of permanent commemoration. In these days of forest destruction such an example has seemed well worthy of public notice, in the hope that its influence will bear fruit in the future for the benefit of other cities. The offer of Mrs. Lydia Lydig Sturgis to erect in Zoological Park a memo- rial gateway in commemoration of the preservation of the sur- rounding forest by the Lydig family, was promptly accepted by the Zoological Society. A very handsome gateway, or arch, con- sisting of two massive pillars of cut stone, surmounted by an arch of ornamental wrought iron, was erected at the expense of Mrs. Sturgis at the top of the steps leading from the Buffalo En- trance to the upper level of Rocking-Stone Hill. On the eastern PHOTOGRAPH. ELWIN R. SANBORN. BEATRIX ANTELOPE. if 1 1 ds OBE RRB EE Re rated — PHOTOGRAPH. BLESSBOK. ‘ J < = T = ne i sf : Wi j by I an ‘ > \ ) y iF v ; D i a! a f : yy = . - = a“ us i) ; ; ; < ‘ ea it ~ ; ; 7 f d % 1 i is 1 i | ti H eX: i 9% s a i! ‘ i: 2 i @ t t . Ss: i J aN EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 69 face of these pillars two bronze tablets, explanatory of the cause of their erection, have been affixed. It has, from the first, been the plan of the Society to bring about the construction at that point of a handsome flight of steps of cut stone, with suitable balustrades, which, when carried into effect, will render this fea- ture sufficiently beautiful to impress every visitor who enters the Park from the Boston Road by way of West Farms. Maintenance.—The fact that the Maintenance appropriation for the year 1904 is no larger than that which has been barely suf- ficient for the present year, creates a serious condition. The in- crease already made in maintenance expenditures on account of the Antelope House and its collections and the Whitney buffalo herd, and the increase which must be made next year on account of the Ostrich House and Small Mammal House, will call for ex- penditures very considerably in excess of those for the present year. In view of the close economy which has been necessary to carry the Park through the year 1903, with its Maintenance appropriation of $104,965.00, it is painfully apparent that the So- ciety will be compelled to face a deficit for 1904. WORK DURING THE COMING YEAR. In the making of new improvements, the developments of the year 1904 promise to be of great importance. The successful ending of the work recently begun will bring the Zoological Park about three-quarters of the way toward practical completion. Large Bird House.—On September 22d a contract was entered into with the George L. Walker Company for the erection of a large and finely appointed building for perching birds, to be sit- uated on the northwest corner of Baird Court. The contract price is $115,934.00. The object of this building is to provide both in- door and outdoor accommodations for a really great collection of birds belonging to the three Orders of Perching Birds, Shore Birds and the Parrots and Macaws. The extreme length of this building, north and south, is 15134 feet, and the extreme length of the cross-extension toward the east is 89 feet. The total number of cages, indoors, is 59, besides which there are 19 outside cages. This building is divided into two halls, one of which will be spe- cially devoted to the parrots, parrakeets, macaws and cockatoos, while the other and larger hall will be devoted chiefly to the sing- ing birds. The larger hall will contain a flying cage of generous dimensions, which will be specially devoted to song birds. This building is. now receiving its base course of granite, and 70 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. with the opening of spring its construction will proceed very rapidly. Small Mammals’ House.—On the site of what was until recently the temporary Small Mammals’ House, there is now being erected a building 170 feet long, specially designed to accommodate a very large mixed collection of small mammals. The majority of the cages will be occupied by carnivorous types, but there has also been provided a number of larger cages suitable for kangaroos and various other tropical mammals of medium size which cannot be accommodated elsewhere. In addition to the indoor cages there is a complete series of outdoor cages corresponding to those with- in, and directly connecting therewith. The total number of cages is 114. The cost of this building is $36,890.00. Ostrich House.—For the accommodation of a large collection of ostriches, rheas, emus and cassowaries, a building of the same dimensions as the Small Mammals’ House is being erected imme- diately south of the latter, and the two are connected by a spacious portico. The cost of this building is $36,890.00, and both it and the Small Mammals’ House are included in one contract, made on July 23d, 1903, with the George L. Walker Company. Large Deer Barn.—In order to provide for several large and important foreign species of deer, a large Deer Barn is being erect- ed at the intersection of the ranges now occupied by the maral deer and fallow deer. These three ranges are to be remodelled in such a manner that accommodations will be provided for five more species of deer, in addition to the present herds. All these herds will then find shelter in the new structure. With the com- pletion of this improvement, the Society will procure herds of Dubowsky’s deer, barasingha, deer, Eld’s deer, and other species of special importance. Respectfully submitted, WitirAmM T. Hornapay, Director. (SQAGTV ALQAAUALOAN) DOG NOOOOVA ALIHM "NHYOBNYS “HY NIM13 “Hdvu/OL1OHd A NEW SPECIES OF RACCOON DOG. By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY. N November, 1902, the New York Zoological Society received from Captain Thomas Golding, of the steamer “Afridi,” a collection of about twenty live animals from Japan, China and Singapore. In the collection was a small white animal which bore a slight resemblance to an immature Arctic fox, and which up to its arrival had been called a “White Fox.” It was obtained by Captain Golding in Nagasaki, Japan, of a native dealer in live animals, who was unable to give its history, and could only state that it came from the northern portion of Japan. It was at once apparent that the creature was not a fox, and also that it represented a species which at the least is very rarely seen in captivity. An examination of its external characters re- vealed an unmistakable resemblance to Nyctereutes procyonoides, the raccoon dog, of Japan and north China. Inasmuch as the animal appeared to be immature, and it seemed possible that its pelage might undergo seasonal changes of some importance, it was decided to defer bringing it into notice, and keep it under observation for at least a year. During the fifteen months which this strange specimen has lived in the Zoological Park, it has not undergone any noteworthy change in pelage, nor has it perceptibly increased in size. It therefore seems fairly conclusive that the creature is adult, and that its colors are constant throughout the year. It is not an al- bino individual of the well-known raccoon dog referred to above, with living specimens of which it has been in constant comparison. There appears to be no escape from the conclusion that this speci- men represents a species hitherto unknown, and it is quite time that it should be described. NYCTEREPULES ALBUS; spx nov: WHITE RACCOON DOG. No. 1371. Type, an adult female, obtained alive at Nagasaki, Japan, by Thomas Golding, and living in the New York Zoologi- cal Park from November 21st, 1902, to date (February 15th, 1904). 72 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOGIEEY. Form.—In general appearance this animal resembles a sharp- nosed raccoon (Procyon lotor), even more than its nearest relative, Nyctereutes. procyonoides. Its back is highly arched, its head is carried rather low, and its tail has a very raccoon-like droop. The feet are small and delicately formed, and the front feet in particular are short and weak. Although the claws are long, they are slender, remarkably straight, and have little strength, either for offense or defense. The ears are short, and in shape most nearly resemble those of the arctic fox. As a whole, this animal is not physically robust, nor is it vicious in temper. On the contrary, it has taken kindly to its keepers and captivity. Its teeth are small and weak, and it is poorly equipped for self-preservation. It requires a home that is not overrun by bears, wolves, foxes, or the larger members of the Family Muste- lidae; and very probably it inhabits moist lowlands, rather than dry and rugged mountains. Colors——Excepting upon the feet and lower half of the legs, the pelage is like that of a small arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). The entire neck, body, legs, feet and tail are pure white. On each side of the head is a large and conspicuous triangular patch of blackish-brown hair, of which the eye is the culminating point, suggestive of the dark cheek-patch of the common raccoon. From the eye, this dark patch extends backward over the lower half of the cheek, and forward along the side of the muzzle two- thirds of the distance from the eye to the end of the nose. The top of the muzzle is white, and the upper lip shows a light- colored blending of brown and white. The forehead is white, but the side of the head, between the ear and the dark cheek- patch, is a dusky mixture of white and brown hairs. The ear is conspicuously dark, the edge being quite black. The back of the ear is light brown, but the interior is partly filled with long, light-colored hairs. Pelage.—On the neck, body, tail and thighs the pelage is dense and fine, and consists of two coats. On the upper surface the in- ner coat is very fine and woolly, and about one inch long. The outer coat is two inches long, straight, and of coarser texture, as is usual in a rain-coat. The hair on the tail is abundant, but ends abruptly at the tip, like a tail artificially shortened. The pelage on the lower half of each leg is exceedingly scanty. The feet are very thinly haired, as if this creature had been specially fitted for life in swamps and tundras, where frequent wad- ing in water is necessary. The claws are long, slender, white or pinkish. On the abdomen the pelage is about one-half the length WHITE RACCOO i bi. “ ile , P A HOTOGRAPHS. ELWIN R. SANBORW JON DOG. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 73 of that on the upper surface, and consists chiefly of the fine, woolly under fur. Dentition.—The teeth are small and weak, much smaller than in Nyctereutes procyonoides, and of not more than one-half the size and strength of those in Vulpes lagopus. As nearly as could be ascertained by an examination of the teeth of the living ani- mal, the dental formula is as follows: Incisors 373, Canines aie Premolars 33, Molars 2-3 oad I-I ms) Sime MEASUREMENTS. Reneumorheadnand bodys cs 2. sean: ta awa 3 21.00 in. MiaietonciG Ot VeErtebrac eet nus.00< G-. cte oi Gla tices G:25ee. aie Omends OF “Mai ioc nee 5 sare zn eit ott ay ee 8:00:55 Elereiitaat eShouldersy ere qe: amise mem os or a sees 1O:25). Ginui a belnnd: fore Weasies scr. stays Nee oie see es 14.00 “ Length from inner corner of eye to end of nose.. 2.25 “ Distance between inner corners of eyes........ bine ose eat Distance between immer cormers of €ars...:...... 200) elei Ca tOenCaty tet wenger ian cs Sep chevo Se anayt the ses E50, | Length of fore foot to end of middle claw...... 150m. Benet of middle claw, exposed «4.2 22.2 sce 550) Length of hind foot, to end of longest claw...... COW CWO PM OF KCVE-OPENINe” Hemi es 9 aera mee ssa One Pupil, round; color of iris, dark brown. End of nose, black. Weight, 7% pounds. Nomenclature——In his “Monograph of the Canidae,” Mr. St. George Mivart not only discards the genus Nyctereutes, but also the genera Vulpes and Urocyon, and throws all their members, pell-mell, into Canis! The very least that can be said of such a proceeding is to call it remarkable. To the average student of liv- ing mammals it would seem that if generic groups ever are con- venient and desirable, and also fully justified, Vulpes, Urocyon and Nyctereutes are entitled to stand; and the very appropriately- named genus proposed by Temminck, in 1838, for the raccoon- like dog of North China and Japan, is retained for the species de- scribed above. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE AQUARIUM. URING the year that has passed since the Zoological Society undertook the management of the Aquarium, important improvements have been made in the building and its equipment. Its conditions and requirements have had the careful consider- ation of the officers of the Society. The Director, as a result of his studies among the public aquariums abroad, prepared plans for increasing the efficiency of the equipment of the building, and has had the hearty cooperation of the Aquarium Committee. The alterations and additions that have been made were direct- ed toward increasing the attractiveness of the Aquarium and se- curing the safety of its exhibits. While much remains to be done, the idea of simplifying the machinery and reducing the ultimate cost of operation has been kept in mind. The renewal, on improved plans, of all badly worn equipment is still in progress. IMPROVEMENT OF THE BUILDING. With the $30,000 of bonds granted by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment in the spring of 1903, contracts were made for certain alterations and improvements of the interior of the building, the admission of more light and the construction of an underground reservoir to contain pure sea water. The alterations included the removal of an unsightly balcony at the south side of the exhibition hall and the restoration of the original curve of the interior, the passage-way being thrown behind the arches, as in other parts of the main balcony. Light.—The outer series of skylights used for the illumination of the wall tanks were trebled in size. Additional skylights were placed above the dome, and those over the floor pools were en- larged. The opening in the dome for the admission of light was also greatly enlarged. In all, 42 skylights were changed. These changes have long been needed, and the gain in light is such that the collections in the tanks may be viewed with satisfac- tion. “BUI YOOI JO spury JussayIp Aq paovpdads Sutaq a1v syur} []VM ayy UL SaTTy aE UT, WOAIIVONOV ‘AN GQHL LV YYOM-NOOW MAIN NHOGNYS ‘YH NIMT9 ee oe PET. ET Sty EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 75 The large floor pool in the center of the building can now be provided with attractive exhibits. Heretofore it has been too dark to permit of its contents being seen, except on the very brightest days. There is now no reason why it should not contain some of the large-sized marine animals, for which it was intended. It should be borne in mind that the perfect lighting of the Aquarium is a matter of considerable difficulty. The building is an old fort, with walls 8 to 10 feet thick, in which it is impractica- ble to make alterations. The light in the lower wall-tanks being derived entirely from lofty skylights, is still somewhat like the light at the bottom of a well. Reservoir for Sea-Water.—The pressing need of the Aqua- rium has always been pure sea-water. The collection of sea ani- mals has suffered from being kept in the brackish or nearly fresh water of New York Bay, which has always been used. Not only has the loss of marine specimens been great from their being kept in water that was too fresh, but the exhibition of many marine animals has been quite impossible, for the same reason. A still greater objection to its use is its muddiness during the winter months. The constant heating of water in winter has always been very expensive. With a suitable reservoir four important objects will be attained: first, clear instead of muddy water; second, salt instead of brackish water; third, the exhibition of new forms; fourth, the saving of heated water. The construction of a reservoir has-been undertaken with con- siderable hesitation, as the Aquarium has no basement and it is necessary to locate the reservoir in the Park adjacent to the build- ing, placing it entirely underground. This is a difficult matter, as the tide at the adjacent sea-wall rises considerably above the floor of the reservoir, making its position, on account of the lift- ing power of the tide, a rather unfavorable one. There will probably be no difficulty in filling the reservoir with pure water, as numerous steamships come to New York with sea- water in their water-ballast compartments. This reservoir or closed-circulation system is the one common- ly used in the public aquariums of the world. In the table of temperatures and densities presented elsewhere, the mean temperature is shown for each month. While the aver- age for February was 37°, it was frequently as low as 35°. The energy expended in raising the water temperature to the neces- sary warmth of 70° is considerable. The waste is a continuous one. As there is no reservoir for receiving the warm water, it has always flowed back to the Bay. The completion of the reser- 76 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. voir now in course of construction will enable the Aquarium to maintain a permanent stored supply of pure salt water, such as can never be procured from New York Bay at any season. OTHER IMPROVEMENTS. Among thé minor improvements, may be mentioned the ad- dition of a number of reserve tanks, so that it will be possible to keep a larger stock of specimens on hand; the introduction of seats around the pillars, the painting of the exhibition hall, lab- oratory and offices. The improvement most apparent to visitors is doubtless the painting of the interior. This work was imperative, as the orig- inal plaster finish had become soiled and unsightly. The change effected by painting has been quite marked, and an attractive setting to the exhibits of the Aquarium, has been se- cured. The renewal of some of the piping in the building has been made at different times during the year. It has been both troub- lesome and expensive. Improvements Needed.—While there are many changes and improvements that are desirable, the most important and urgent one is the renewal of the heating system and probably of the steam pipes, which cannot be delayed longer than a few months. Fish Hatchery.—At the beginning of the year a fish hatchery was installed in one of the floor pools. Through the cooperation of the United States Fisheries Bureau and the State Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission, the hatchery was kept in operation at a minimum of expense throughout the fish-hatching season. Fish eggs were furnished free by the Government, while the young fishes were removed by the State Commission. More than 2,000,- ooo fry were distributed in State waters. Many specimens of each species hatched were retained to be reared for exhibition in the Aquarium, as such stock is hardier in captivity than adult fishes taken from streams. The species hatched and distributed included brook trout, lake trout, brown trout, rainbow trout, whitefish, shad, pikeperch and yellow perch. The shad were all placed in the upper Hudson; the balance, with the exception of the brown trout and yellow perch, were planted in Lake George; the eggs of the brown trout having been presented by the Tuxedo Club, the fry were donated to members of the Zoological Society ; the yellow perch were used for stocking the lake at the Zoological Park, with a view to rais- ing food for fish-eating birds and mammals. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. ie The hatchery afforded a practical working exhibit of the proc- esses of modern fish culture and was of constant interest to visit- ors. School teachers visiting the Aquarium with their classes found it useful for biological instruction. It should doubtless be developed into a local school of fish culture, and can supply em- bryological material for advanced students in the universities. Arrangements have been completed for continuing the hatchery on the same basis during the coming year, and eggs of the Quin- nat Salmon of the Pacific Coast have already been placed in it. PHOTOGRAPH. H. V. LETKEMANN, ANGEL FISH. Rock-work in the Exbition Tanks.—During the past year nearly one-half of the exhibition tanks at the Aquarium have been lined with rock-work, in order to exhibit the specimens with more natural backgrounds. This treatment of the tanks has prov- en satisfactory, and is an improvement on the original lining of white tiles, which gave them a very monotonous appearance. A supply of coral rock was procured from the Bahama Islands, and an attempt has been made to give the tanks the appearance of grottoes like those occurring in the reefs about islands of coral formation, A number of very good sea caverns have thus been constructed, 78 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. some being made of calcareous tufa obtained in New York State, and the effect of sea-worn rocks has been produced in some tanks with other material. In the fresh-water tanks the problem has been somewhat more difficult, but an attempt has been made to reproduce the stony banks of streams with various kinds of rock. A supply of basalt from the gorge at Little Falls, N. J., has been arranged in one of the larger tanks, in the exact position it occu- pied on the edge of the stream. It is hoped, by the time this work is completed, that a series of under-water pictures will be worked out in such a manner as to greatly enhance the attractiveness of the exhibits at the Aqua- rium. Seaweed will be introduced into the salt-water tanks, and the fresh-water tanks will be decorated with fresh-water species of plants. Aquatic vegetation of various colors growing on the rock-work will also contribute largely to the interest of the ex- hibits. This treatment is beneficial to the animal life contained in them. The fishes appear to take an interest in exploring the crannies in the rocks, while star-fishes, crabs, and other inverte- brates cling to them constantly. A colony of ascidians is now propagating freely in one of the salt-water tanks, the rocks being covered with hundreds of young specimens. It will be possible to ascertain the rate of growth of many invertebrate animals in this way. The observations already made tend to show that the species exhibited retain their natural colors better than when the tanks | were lined with white tiles. After a few weeks the rock-work acquires various rich tones, which are agreeable to the eye of the visitor, and contribute to the comfort of the species exhibited. The accompanying photograph will serve to convey an idea of the nature of the rock-work already in place. THE WORK OF THE COLEECTOR: In order that the local marine and fresh-water forms of life might be constantly on exhibition, a collector was added to the Aquarium force at the beginning of the year. The results se- cured thereby have been very satisfactory. Collections of salt- water fishes have been made constantly both in summer and in winter, while numerous trips for fresh-water species have been made to lakes and streams in the vicinity of New York. The collector has always been able to contribute an important proportion of the minnows and other live food required for feed- ing the collections, while the surplus marine life gathered along EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 79 the coast has been placed at the disposal of the biology teachers in the city schools. In addition to furnishing the large amount of seaweed used as food for the manatee, the collector has supplied all of the seaweed required for the decoration of the exhibition tanks at the Aqua- rium, and for the small study aquaria now being established in the public schools. Some of the surplus exhibition material brought in by the col- ~ lector has been sent to the aquariums of the Bureau of Fisheries and the Zoological Park at Washington, in exchange for valuable specimens from those institutions. Donations of the large horseshoe crabs, of the American coast, were made to the aquariums at Brighton, Eng., and Amsterdam, Holland. These interesting specimens, not found in Europe, reached their destinations safely, to the great satisfaction of the recipients, who offered to exchange European species. All interesting specimens dying in the New York Aquarium during the year were donated to the American Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons. OTHER COLLECTIONS. Arrangements were made during the summer with owners of some of the large pound-nets on the New Jersey coast for the col- lecting of a number of large fishes, not otherwise obtainable. For the transportation of these fishes, some of them weighing over 50 pounds, a “live car’ was constructed out of an old boat, which, when loaded, was towed to the Aquarium by a steam launch. Several good collections were received from the State fish- ery commissions of New York and New Jersey, and from the fish hatchery of the Tuxedo Club. The Fisheries Bureau at Washington has not only furnished fish eggs for the hatchery, but has contributed quite a number of interesting adult fishes. The accompanying list of accessions shows that many friends of the Society have contributed specimens during the year. Arrangements were made with the steamer ‘Angler,’ which makes frequent trips during the fishing season, for the regular collection of large skates and other desirable specimens from the fishing banks off the New Jersey coast. Mr. Henry Bishop, of Baltimore, presented 25 specimens of fancy goldfishes, representing several varieties. This is Mr. Bishop’s annual donation to the Aquarium of a collection of this kind. 80 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The usual collection of tropical fishes from Bermuda was se- cured through the New York University. Prof. Charles L. Bris- tol, of that institution, who went to the Bermudas in charge of the biological station of the University, collected the specimens, which were sent to the Aquarium as four different shipments in June, July and August. Specimens were procured of a large number of brilliantly colored species inhabiting those waters. A further collection of Bermuda fishes was received as a deposit by the Fisheries Bureau at Washington, the specimens being in- tended for the aquarium at St. Louis. These fishes, being simply deposited in the New York Aquarium for safe-keeping, will be sent to St. Louis in the spring. It is needless to state that they contribute greatly to the attractiveness of the tanks in the Aqua- rium at the present time. The alligator pool having been divided by a partition, has been made more interesting by the addition of a 9-foot specimen of the Florida crocodile, affording the means of a ready comparison of the features of the two large saurians of the United States—the alligator and crocodile. On September 3d a specimen of the manatee or sea-cow was received from Florida. It arrived safely, and was a great attrac- tion for five months. This specimen, 7% feet long, was the only manatee in captivity in this country at the time. It was seen by 526,700 people. An 11-foot alligator was loaned to the Aquarium by the Zoolog- ical Society from its collection at the Zoological Park. EDUCATIONAL WORK. According to the contract of the Zoological Society with the city, the Society has the privilege of reserving two forenoons of each week for educational purposes, for the use of its members, and such other uses as may be prescribed. Teachers from the schools were invited to bring their classes at such times to the Aquarium, and they have not been slow to avail themselves of the privilege. The services of a member of the Aquarium staff have been placed at their disposal on such occasions and the number of classes visiting the building is on the increase. The collection of small study aquaria in the laboratory has been increased with a view to facilitating their work. In the labora- tory pupils have the opportunity of examining closely, living coral polyps, sea anemones, marine worms, hydroids, small mol- lusks, crustaceans and other forms that cannot be studied mi- nutely in the large exhibition tanks. Lessons of this kind are of EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 81 the greatest value in nature study, in arousing the interest of the pupils, and are vastly more instructive than illustrations in the books. In response to numerous requests from biology teachers for as- sistance in establishing small study aquaria in the school-rooms, an expert from the Aquarium was detailed to visit all schools making application, and give the teachers practical instruction in maintaining these valuable aids to nature study. The coopera- tion of the Board of Education was secured; the Board agreeing to supply the teachers with aquarium jars and transport to the schools the necessary supply of sea-water. The collections for these aquaria are furnished free from the surplus stock at the New York Aquarium. About 100 small aquaria have already been placed in schools, both teachers and pupils taking great in- terest in them. The number is being steadily increased as teach- ers make application for them. This work is in the hands of Mr. L. B. Spencer, of the Aquarium. A small library of works on marine and aquatic life has been acquired for office purposes, and for the use of teachers and oth- ers studying the collections. DENSITY OBSERVATIONS AT THE AQUARIUM. The remarkable conditions under which sea fishes have always been kept at the Aquarium rendered it desirable that regular ob- servations be made on the density of the water. Ocean salinome- ters were secured and the results of a year’s observations show some very interesting conditions, especially with respect to fishes from the Bermuda Islands, where ocean densities are probably at their highest. While it is a fact that some of these fishes live in the Aquarium for months, and even for years, the majority of the species in each collection brought from that region do not survive many weeks. Injured fishes, that have been bruised at the time of captivity and during transportation, frequently heal in a short time if the density of the water happens to be at its highest when they arrive at the Aquarium. Should the density be low, they are apt to die much sooner, as their injuries do not heal under such conditions. Should the Hudson River be high when new fishes, either tropical or local, are received, the mortality is apt to be greater than when the river is low. The highest death-rate among the sea fishes that the Aquarium has had for some time followed the heavy floods of the past summer. During the winter and spring the densities are much lower than in summer. Sea fishes living in water of low density are affected in other 82 NEW “YORK ZOOLOGICAL, "SOGIETY. ways; their colors fade and they do not feed well. An increase in density has a good effect on the entire salt-water collection. The following table, giving the monthly mean density of the water used at the New York Aquarium during the past year, will serve to show at a glance the conditions under which the salt- water fishes have been living there. With the density of fresh water at 1.000 and the density of the open ocean at 1.028, it will be seen that under average conditions the water was at least half fresh, while at times it became almost entirely so. MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT THE NEW YORK AQUARIUM DURING THE YEAR 1903. (From the daily observations made by Mr. W. DeNyse.) Months. pours Specific gravity. Pebriary. 7 seve oe has: 274 1.010 INTAGCHRE terete ec et tie 40 1.008 TNO) 1 le ahh 5 Aran ae oie EP aR gy 40 1.009 ISTE aha seeder aS ani eel A Aedataecaeel Be 56 1.014 linemen ee et aoe te tee 61 1.013 sty tao necdn eh ik RAE ea eee 66 1.013 ZENO CAUISY Caag§ ate, Uo nea ie Ra ae 68 I.013 SEpLeimDet =: cera ere poe cee 68 1.013 October eit es or ene eee Oe 62 I.OII IN@VeMbel veers cre Se aol ate tee 52 1.014 Wecember* i... ae ess eke ere ee 40 1.014 The above table shows only the monthly means. Observations were made daily. During the month of March the densities were frequently as low as 1.006, on one occasion reaching 1.005. The highest densities recorded during the year, were late in May and early in June, when the densities were steadily recorded at 1.016. The most trying times come in March, when for days the density may be 1.006 or 1.007.* It would be very interesting to determine just what freshness of water fishes from the Bermuda region could endure. A few hardy species have lived through all the changes that they have been subjected to, and are still in excellent condition. Labels.—Transparent labels have been placed over all the wall tanks on the ground floor, and will be placed over those on the gallery at an early date. The labels are in good-sized letters and can be read with comfort. The information which they contain is useful and is condensed to a few lines. * Density observations were made with samples of water brought to the uniform temperature of 60° Fahr. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT: 83 In the preparation of these labels the general character of the questions ordinarily asked by visitors was kept in mind. The following specimen label shows that each species has been treated with reference to its names, geographic distribution, abundance, size, whether artificially propagated, market value and value as a game fish. STRIPED BASS (ROCCUS LINEATUS.) ALSO CALLED ROCK-FISH. Atlantic coast—Maine to Florida, ascending rivers. INTRODUCED AND ABUNDANT IN CALIFORNIA. Reaches a weight of about 100 pounds. SPECIMENS RAISED IN THE AQUARIUM,—NOW NINE YEARS OLD. An important market fish—41/2 million pounds sold yearly. AFFORDS TO SPORTSMEN THE FINEST OF SEA FISHING. TRANSPARENT LABEL. Uniforms.—Attractive uniforms of gray cloth have been pro- vided for the employees, which insures a neater appearance of the force in general, and is a convenience to visitors seeking informa- tion. The Aquarium force, as a whole, has rendered satisfactory service during the year. Most of the men have been here several years. ATTENDANCE. The attendance in 1903 was 1,547,873, making a daily average of 4,240 visitors. The average daily attendance during July, Au- gust and September was 6,255. The Sunday average for the same period was 10,166. The attendance on Labor Day was 18,800. But for the extensive construction work going on in November and December, the remarkably large attendance at this institution would doubtless have been still greater. Few records of the at- tendance at other public institutions are available for comparison, but the New York Aquarium is doubtless in the lead in this re- spect. The total number of persons who visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art during the year 1903 was 802,900. The following table shows the attendance at the Aquarium by months. 84 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: January ....Total number visitors 74,255 Daily average 2,395 Pebriary snc 0. x * S027" 3 2,915 March tee + s i jig eyo pt kas . 3,690 pil Were: - = i L35,670) 4,522 Mays. toe as i a LORS SSNe si 5,210 June’. cc we ri 133,017 = i 4,434 Jualyae Seo F 3 *, [90,939 2 —— - 6,159 PUSS (ee eee fh 197,044 = - 6,360 September 05.5 : s: LO7,302)0 < 6,246 @ctober).2 6 | a ‘ 11S, 0A Oe ee 4 re 3,811 November ~> = * : OG,233" a 2,201 December .. “ i 5 75GlmA ° * 1,856 AEGEAN staan Sete aie Neen 1,547,073 Daily average 4,240 BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. The Aquarium undoubtedly offers opportunities for certain kinds of biological work. With a great variety and abundance of marine and fresh-water forms of life constantly coming to the building, it would be quite possible to make the Aquarium more or less a station for biological research, as is done at some of the aquariums of Europe. Although public aquariums and fish cultural establishments suf- fer more or less loss on account of the diseases of fishes in captiv- ity, this important subject has never been thoroughly studied. It is highly desirable that some studies of this nature be undertaken at the New York Aquarium with a view to reducing the death-rate from fish-fungus and other diseases. During the past summer the New York Department of Health conducted at the Aquarium a series of experiments relative to the possibility of infecting oysters with typhoid baccilli. Labora- tory facilities were furnished in the building, and specimens and jars were set aside for the purpose. The subject is one of great interest in connection with public health, and is of vital importance to the oyster industry. The result of these experiments will be found in a paper in this report prepared by Dr. Cyrus W. Field, of the City Health Department. The development of the institution to some extent along educa- tional and scientific lines would in no way interfere with its im- portant uses as a place of recreation for the people or appreciably increase its cost of maintenance. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director of the Aquarium. < ee YY - neu 8 toe a : ‘AVG MUYOA MAAN GNV WOATIVNOV AHL JO MATA "43744307 ‘vy Ad ‘2061 ‘LHDINAdOOD "W3744307 'V AB Hd¥YYDOLOHd NOTES ON THE MANATEE OR-:SEA-COW. By CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, DIRECTOR OF THE AQUARIUM. HE manatee which was received on September 3, 1903, lived exactly five months, and was of constant interest to visit- ors. It was captured in the Sebastian River, a tributary of the Indian River, Florida, about three miles from its mouth. The ani- mal was taken by means of a specially constructed net set across the stream, and about eight days were consumed in the hunt be- fore it was captured. Manatees, when caught in Florida, usually strike about midway on the nets set for them, and are taken when going down stream. The net is set slack, and the shore ends of the line being cast off promptly, the animal is readily enmeshed and dragged ashore. The net employed in this instance was 150 yards long and 30 feet wide; the material being quarter-inch soft manila with 14-inch mesh. The manatee is found throughout the Indian River and the lagoons of the eastern coast of Florida. The northern limit of its range is supposed to be the Halifax River at Ormond. It is found in the everglades, and is not uncommon about Lake Worth. Through the efforts of the Hon. F. S. Morse, of Miami, the man- atee has been protected for some years in Florida and is now said to be holding its own. The species had been reported for some years as being on the decrease. This species (Manatus latirostris) is supposed to be limited to Florida, although the species found in Cuba and Porto Rico, San Domingo, and other parts of the West Indies and the coast of Central America and Mexico, may be the same. Other species are Manatus australis, of the northern coast of South America; Manatus inunguts, of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, ascending the latter river to the borders of Peru. Manatus kollikeri has been described from Surinam, and, on the other side of the Atlantic Manatus senegalensis is found on the west coast of Africa. Other sirenians, which should be mentioned 86 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL. SOG ni in this connection, are Halicore dugong of the Indian Ocean and Halicore australis of the northern and eastern shores of Australia. A species which became extinct during the past century was Stel- ler’s sea-cow (Ihytina stellerti), of the Commander Islands, Kamtschatka. The Aquarium specimen was the only one in captivity in this country at the time. The Zoological Society of London has a small specimen from the Amazon. In Florida Manatus latirostris is found in both fresh and salt water, as is the habit with this genus elsewhere. The manatee is an animal which has not usually lived long in captivity. The specimen at the Aquarium was placed in a tile- lined pool 20 feet long and 13 feet wide, having a depth of 3 feet of water ; the water was kept at a temperature of about 70 degrees, and renewed daily, salt and fresh water being pumped in on alter- nate days. This manatee could not be induced to eat lettuce, cab- bage, and other vegetables usually given to such animals in captiv- ity, but fed eagerly on eel-grass (Zostera marina) and pond- weed, which were supplied constantly. It became quite tame and raised its head and neck completely out of water in taking food from the hands of Mr. Washington DeNyse, who devoted much care to it. It was more or less active in the morning until feed- ing-time ; after eating a peck or more of eel-grass, it slept on the bottom, rising to breathe at intervals of 5 to 8 minutes. Although the tank was provided with a sloping bottom at one end, the ani- mal showed no inclination to come out of the water. When the water was drawn entirely out of the pool the manatee did not seem to take advantage of the condition to breathe with any greater frequency. The specimen was a male, 7% feet long. The manatee reaches a length of at least 13 feet. It was shipped in a narrow tank containing nearly enough water to float it, an important consideration in the case of sirenians, which have bones of exceptional weight. As a matter of interest to those not acquainted with its charac- teristics it may be stated that it is a warm-blooded, air-breathing, plant-eating, milk-giving, water animal. It has bones of the ereatest density known among mammals, no front teeth, no hind limbs, no hip bones, and a huge beaver-like tail. It has six bones in the neck, whereas all other mammals, excepting the sloth, but including the giraffe and man, have seven. Another interesting feature is the position of the milk glands, which are two in number and are placed on the breast. A recent visitor to the Aquarium, Mr. Beverly J. Harris, who is MANATEE. Showing the shape of the flippers and the position in which they were usually held MANATEE. Head, showing about the position assumed when raised out of water to take food. Me joe a < SS, =. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 87 familiar with the habits of the manatee in Nicaragua, says that the species is quite common in the lagoons and streams in the neighborhood of Bluefields, and that they are often seen as far as 75 or 80 miles inland in the larger streams, where they go to feed on the so-called ‘manatee grass.” In some streams they ascend above the rapids, and appear to bring forth their young, one or two in number, in the deeper pools above the rapids. They are frequently speared by the Indians of Central America, who use their flesh, oil and skins to some extent. They feed mostly at night, and according to Mr. Harris some- times come partly out of the water to eat the water grasses along- shore. When surprised in shallow water they exhibit great activity, getting out of the way quickly, in fact are more active under such circumstances than the appearance of the animal would indicate. Mr. Harris thinks that in Nicaragua at least they are more nu- merous in fresh than in salt water. MEASUREMENTS OF MALE MANATEE AT THE NEW YORK AQUARIUM. Received, September 3, 1903. Died, February 4, 1904. Ades Tabata cet sere e rik seve pehcicisne, © bernie nim Bhan rsicels 432 ibs. reruns xt Chee Wiercrer eyes ccs owe Sato ana Fitts (Ol) Sins SOU PR UOMONC tombe PAG tah uc edsna eyeysrcb a, ifs Fe 7 SHOU tomimontsbaserOt, HIppPer. 4. do +. 2. a3 6% @iehipperedaside, mMeastnet.. <0. do... < ne So) Wl Baseornupper tOuipOr tall 2.2 os) oe 6 ts B58 Base orhipper to genital opening. ../ 0... ; I 9 Tip of lower jaw to genital opening...... & x Giri lGAdaimeyes: Sciive ceded eee dew ee es Gara INC Gat once aay cence ats nelel els cP tata fo ha, Sd cops eel de 2 4% Shoulders, back sat Mippers. so... usa.e 2-2 Aan 52% bases Olutall seme ener. See ea. ZAG CAT PUG 1g ek Sug meee AP ee, 2 retin’ NS Tp apes Wiitdthsactoss trontyob uppensli~. sess sc cc: ae 6% ° i widest, pattots taller 2... ia ce ce widest part of Hippers 22h. a4- a: 6 A post-mortem examination showed the cause of death to be bronchial pneumonia. The specimen was well nourished and otherwise in good condition. GREAT HORNED OWL. List of Gifts TO. THE, ZOOLOGICAL FSOGIETi: (Complete from January 1, 1903, to January I, 1904.) ALDEN, JoHN V., Woodmere, L. IL: Red Coati Mundi; Agouti. ANDERSON, Miss Emma, New York City: English Linnet. ATKINS, Mrs. M. J., New York City: Coral Snake. ATKINSON, Guy, New York City: Horned Toad (8 specimens). AvucHINcLoss, Mrs. Hucu D., Newport, R. I.: Snow Leopard. Baker, D. B., New York City: Horned Toad (4 specimens). BAKER, GEORGE F., New York City: Eland, White-Tailed Gnu (1 pair), White-Bearded Gnu (1 pair). Batrour, F. R. S., San Francisco, Cal.: Lynx. Banxs, Davip, New York City: Green Snake, Large Garter Snake. BarsBour, THOMAS, New York City: Cobra-de-Capello (2 specimens), Bald Eagle. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 89 BARTELS, WiLLIAM, New York City: Brown Gannet. BEEBE, C. WILLIAM, New York City: Green Heron (25 young specimens), Common Tern (2 young speci- mens, 2 half-grown specimens, I adult specimen), Least Tern. (4 specimens), Herring Gull (adult), Laughing Gull (50 speci- mens), Black Skimmer. BELL, Miss Mae A., New York City: Red Fox. BENJAMIN, WILLIAM M., Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y.: Horned Toad. BiscHor, Dr. ALBERT, New York City: Green Monkey. BisHop, Henry, Baltimore, Md.: 1,000 Silver Fish, 5,100 Goldfish. Biack, Miss FLoreNce, Brooklyn, N. Y.: Tovi Parrakeet. BootH, WILLIAM, West Farms, N. Y.: Large Garter Snake. Botruor, Miss Rosr, New York City: Golden-Crowned Parrakeet. Bremer, I. (Medford Fancy Goods Company), New York City: 2 Dog-Collars, studded with imitation jewels, for the two Fox Ter- riers at the Bird House in the Zoological Park. Brewster, Ropert S., New York City: Guanaco, Alpaca, Vicunas and Llamas (1 pair each). BrRooKLYN INSTITUTE oF ARTS AND ScIENCES (through Dr. R. Ellswortlr Call, Curator of the Children’s Museum), Brooklyn, N. Y Copperhead (2 specimens), Marine Toad (6 specimens). Brown, HERBERT, Yuma, Ariz. : Mexican Screech-Owl (5 specimens—adult female and young). Brown, Oscar T., New York City: Hog-Nosed Snake. BruUPBACHER, G., New York City: Barred Dove (2 specimens). Burke, Dr. J. A., New York City: Green Monkey. Buttock, F. Stuart, New York City: Broad-Winged Hawk. CAMERON, Miss, New York City: Great Horned Owl. (GASS Dre). 1 Camerony dhexas: Texas Rattlesnake. — Cuapin, Mrs. Gitsert G., New Brighton, S. I.: Green-Cheeked Amazon Parrot. CLEVERLEY, FRANK, Bayonne, N. J.: Musk-Rat. CLuttTersuck, E. H., Yonkers, N. Y.: Ring-Dove. Cott, Leon J., Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Toad (27 specimens). CoTTrELL, Orsamus S., Jr., Keyport, N. J.: Red-Shouldered Hawk. Cowtes, Davin S., Rye. N. Y.: Black Bear Cub. Cox. Mrs. FuLtarton, New York City: Dancing Mice (4 specimens). Darpoes, Fr. THomas, New York City: Hawksbill Turtle. 90 NEW YORK’ ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Darzois, E. O., West Hoboken, N. J.: Alligator, Land Turtle, Spotted Turtle. Davenport, Homer B., East Orange, N. J.: English Pheasant (male). Davison, ALVIN, Easton, Pa.: Copperhead Snake. DeLuca, A., Van Nest, New York City: Snapping Turtle. Denis, Martin, New York City: Alligator (young specimen), Musk Turtle (2 specimens—one very young). Dienst, A. P., New York City: White-Tailed Deer. DooLey, J. J.. New York City: Bald Eagle. DosseErt, JoHN, New York City: Sparrow Hawk (young specimen). Dove, ADAM, New York City: The following specimens were collected by Mr. Dove and Mr. Pear- sall at Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: Black Snake (8 speci- mens), Hog-Nosed Snake (4 specimens), Water Snake (12 speci- mens), Milk Snake (5 specimens), Garter Snake (57 specimens), Ribbon Snake (5 specimens), Green Snake (15 specimens), Storer’s Snake (24 specimens), Ring-Necked Snake (8 speci- mens), Banded Rattlesnake (7 specimens). Ecxkes, Henry, New York City: Sparrow Hawk (young specimen). EccELInG, Otro, New York City: Water Moccasin. E1nseck, A. C., Weehawken, N. J.: Black-Headed Caique (2 specimens). BISTES Ee We, Jienseyn Citya Nein: Monkey- Faced Owl. FALKENSTEIN, SAMUEL, East New York: Alligator (young specimen). FAULHABER, JULIUS, New York City: Raccoons (2 specimens). FELLNER, RupoLpH, New York City: Herring Gull. FLEET, S. J., New York City: Eagle. ForBes, JAMES C., Van Nest, New York City: Milk Snake. GALLAND, SEYMouR N. H., New York City: Ring Dove (2 specimens). GERDING, CHARLES, JR., Croton Lake, N. Y.: Fox Squirrels (4 specimens). GiLBerT, Miss, New York City: Raccoon. GitsEy, Mrs. Joon, New York City. Marmoset. GRAHAM, MASTER Epwin SAFFEN, New York City: ~ Red Squirrel. Gwyer, K. V., University Heights, N. Y.: Spotted Salamanders (3 specimens). Haase, Carr. Hans. New York City (S. S. Alleghany) : Three-Toed Sloth, Hawksbill Turtle. EVADERY. ID Reve sel eeassarcs Niles Iguana. FIGHTE ANNUAL, REPORT. 91 Hatcu, Epwarp, Jr., New York City: Raccoons (2 specimens—young ). HEMMELSKAMP, A. D., Williamsbridge, N. Y.: Coot. HERANNEY, Mrs., New York City: Black-and-White Capuchin Monkey. Hiceins, Capt., Bark Nannie Swan, South Brooklyn, N. Y.: Hooded Sapajou. HInKtey, W. C., Stoney Creek, Conn.: Barred Owl. HoFFMANN, Dr. Juttus, New York City: Water Snake. Hoccrn, Mrs., New York City: Green Monkey. HusBBARD, ASHBEL, Mobile, Ala.: Red Lynx. Huck, Witit1am, New York City: Screech-Owl. Hutter, JoHN, New York City: Flicker. ITTNER, JOHN J., New York City: Mandrill (2 male specimens). Jounson, Mrs. L. S., New York City: Japanese Robin. KAHLE, HERMAN, New York. City: Red Newt (41 specimens). KAHN, HerMAN, New York City: Tee specimen), Mud Turtle, Spotted Turtles (2 speci- mens). « Katz, WiLtiaAM, Bedford Park, New York City: English Starling (2 specimens). Kenny, Mr., New York City: Sparrow Hawk (young specimen). KoEcHLING, ApotpH, New York City: Boa, Rat-Tailed Opossum (female, with young). Kors, Gustav, Mt. Vernon, N. Y.: White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. KuBier, Gustav A., Westchester, N. Y.: Snapping Turtle. Lapp, CHar_es E., Springfield, Mass. : Gray Fox (2 specimens). Lamegson, G. H., Baird, Shasta County, Cal.: Red-Bellied Salamander (4 specimens). LANGERMAN, Hon. JAMES W. S., Washington, D. C.: Banded Rattlesnake (11 specimens—g adult, 2 young). Lire-Savinec Station No. 12, Chadwicks, N.-J. (Officers of the) : Hog-Nosed Snake. Lorine, J. ALDEN, Owego, N. Y.: Ring-Billed Gull, Painted Turtle. Lutz, Girpert C., New York City: German Squirrel. Lyon, Miss Luty, Rowayton, Conn.: Ring-Tailed Monkey (female). McCartuy, GeorcE M., Jersey City, N- J.: Broad-Winged Hawk. Maraum, Mrs. J. E., New York City: Canary (2 specimens). MeEapeErR, L. J., New York City: Edible Snails (12 specimens). 92, NEW YORK :ZOOEO@OGICAL SO CIE LY. MEEKER, DAyton, New York City: Snapping Turtle. MENDELSON, Mrs. G., New York City: Ring Dove. MEYENBERG, E., Pecos City, Texas: Road Rat, Mice (3 specimens), Rat, Western Meadow-Lark (2 specimens). MILiterR, Epwarp B., New York City: Gray Screech-Owl. MILter, Miss JENNIE May, New York City: Screech-Owl (young specimen). MILLER, S1pney R., Newark, N. J.: Double Yellow-Headed Parrot. New York Aguarium (through Mr. Charles H. Townsend, Director), New York. City: Yellow Perch (20,000 specimens). NicHotson, A. M., Orlando, Fla.: White Ibis (young specimen). Nuttine, Mr., New York City: Sparrow Hawk (young specimen). Orton, Noaw, Brooklyn, New York City: English Song Thrush. PARK DEPARTMENT OF THE BorouGH OF THE Bronx, through Hon. John E, Eustis, Commissioner: Fallow Deer (25 specimens). PEARSALL, Morris, New York City: The following specimens were collected by Mr. Pearsall and Mr. Dove at Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: Black Snake (8 specimens), Hog-Nosed Snake (4 specimens), Water Snake (12 specimens), Milk Snake (5 specimens), Garter Snake (57 specimens), Ribbon Snake (5 specimens), Green Snake (15 specimens), Storer’s. Snake (24 specimens), Ring-Necked oe (8 specimens), Banded Rattlesnake (7 specimens). PIERMAN, Mrs. F. E., New York City: Levaillant’s Amazon Parrot. Porr, Dr. G. W., New York City: Opossum and 12 young. QUAINTANCE, W. Gray, Englewood, N. J.: Alligator (young). RHEINHARDT, Emit, New York City: Western Great Horned Owl. Rice, Mrs. T. G., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Pig-Tailed Monkey. RicHARDSON, Mrs. E. S., Mamaroneck, N. Y.: Belgian Hares (2 specimens). RICHTER, WILLIAM J., New York City: Sea Gull (2 specimens). RospoTHAM, WILLIAM, Belmar, N. J.: Gannet. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM, New York City: ~Russian Fallow Deer (6 specimens). RuHL, Dr. Henry C., New York.City: Gray Squirrel, White-Faced Sapajou, White-Throated Sapajou. RUINELLO, Henry, Hoboken, N. J.: Chinese Geese (1 pair). SCHIEFFELIN, EuGENE, New York City: 3 Starling Coops. EIGHTH, ANNUAL] REPORT. 93 SCHILLING, RoBert, New York City: Coral Snake (5 specimens), Chicken Snake (3 specimens), Green Snake (2 specimens), Ground Rattlesnake (2 specimens), Box Tortoise (8 specimens), Water Moccasin. SCHROEDER, Epwarp, Jersey City, N. J.: Peacock (2 specimens), Peahen. Scott, Mrs. JAMES, New York City: Albino Peruvian Cavy (Angora). SEBILLE, Gustave, New York City: Large-Billed Tyrant Flycatchers (2 specimens). SETON, ERNEST THompson, New York City: Turtle (7 specimens), Barn Owl (2 specimens). SHAW, MASTER Brian, Alberene, Va.: Green Snake. SHaw, R. E., Alberene, Va.: Yellow King Snake, Copperhead Snake, Hog-Nosed Snake. SHELDON, CHARLES, Nashville, Tenn. : Grizzly Bear (young specimen). SILVERNAUL, S. J., New York City: Raccoon. SPAETH, ReEyNoLD A., Philadelphia, Pa.: Sparrow Hawk (5 specimens). SPINNING, E. S., Jersey City, N. J.: Golden Eagle. STEIN, Epwarp, Yonkers, N. Y.: Alligator (young specimen). Stewart, Mrs., New York City: Indigo Bunting. STREETER, D. D., Jr., Brooklyn, New York City: Bear aved Hawk, Purple Finch, Mud Puppy, Black-Crowned Night eron. TacoMa, WASHINGTON (City oF) (through Board of Park Commissioners, Mr. Stuart Rice, President) : Olympian Elk (2 specimens). Tuomeson, A., New York City: Chipmunk (6 specimens). Tuompson, C. D., Bernardsville, N. J.: Golden Eagle. Tuomeson, Mrs., New York City: Large Albino Rabbit. Tuompson, Mrs. Freperic Ferris, New York City: African Ostrich (1 pair), Baker’s Roan Antelope, Addax Antelope, Beatrix Antelope. Sing-Sing Waterbuck, Altai Wapiti (1 pair). Minty. G. De Darien:iConn,: Gadwall Duck. Titus, Mrs. F. C., New York City: Yellow-Faced Parrakeet. ToMANN, JoHN, New York City: Yellow-Bellied Terrapin (2 specimens). Tomutinson, Miss D., New York City: Levaillant’s Amazon Parrot. UrBANSKI, Mrs., New York City: Levaillant’s Amazon Parrot. Von BriESEN, ArTHUR, New York City: Marmoset. WapswortH, W. A., Geneseo, Livingston County, N. Y.: Adult Red Fox and 2 Cubs. WALL, ArTHUR W., New York City: Red Fox (2 young specimens). 94. NEW YORK ZOOL@GICAE SOCIETY. WALLACE, WILLIAM, JrR., New York City: Garter Snake (200 specimens). Wattace, WiLLiaAmM M., Williamsbridge, N. Y.: Alligator. WHEALTON, Louis N., New York City: Black Duck, Pintail Duck (2 specimens), Green-Winged Teal (2 specimens), Whistling Swan (2 specimens), Egyptian Geese (2 specimens), Common Tern (adult), Least Tern (4 specimens), Herring Gull (adult), Laughing Gull (50 specimens), Common Tern (2 half-grown specimens), Black Skimmer. WHITFIELD, Mrs. Henry D., New York City: Jack Rabbit (4 specimens). Wuitney, Hon. WiLLiAM C., New York City: Buffalo (26 specimens), Elk (10 specimens). WITHERBEE, W. G., Port Henry, N. Y.: Whistling Swan. Wren, Dr. A. A., New York City: Boa. Recreation Derics. Gifts from the readers of Recreation Magazine, through Mr. G. O. Shields, Editor and Manager. GarRETTE, P. J., Collinsville, Ce-n.: Red-Shouldered Hawk (< Ox r sf "Hd VHYDOLOHd =I os EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 147 opportunities for observing the characteristics of these interesting creatures. COLOR CHANGES. Certain lizards have always evoked popular interest because of their colors and color changes. These characters are especially noticeable in members of the family Chameleontide, and certain species of the Jguanide. The families evincing this variation of hues among their species are among the minority. Such forms as the Scincide, the Lacertide and the Anguide show no intima- tion of this character. Although the marked changes of color occur in species possessing a fine, granulated scalation, there are many species with large and well-developed scales, either smooth or carinated, that momentarily vary in their hues. Usually, how- ever, the variation in such individuals consists of an intensifica- tion of a definite and permanent pattern, or the fading of the same. An example of such species is the common Swift (Sceloporus un- dulatus) and its allies. Patches of pale gray on the abdomen and throat will assume the most brilliant shades of blue, while the pattern on the creature’s back varies from a series of transverse dashes of gray to the same pattern in brown or yellow. It is not the writer’s idea to describe these color changes from a realistic standpoint, but rather to note the actual effects pro- duced upon several species by certain conditions. The common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris), of Africa, is an interesting illustration. Numerous experiments have been conducted with these lizards in the Reptile House, and the following is a list of observations made upon them: Specimen No. 1 was placed in the sunlight in such a position that only one side of the creature was exposed to the brilliant rays. Specimen No. 2 was placed at an angle to the sun so that its rays suffused the entire reptile. Specimen No. 3 was placed in a perfectly dark box in a tem- perature of 75° F. Specimen No. 4 was placed in a dark box in a temperature of SO. 2b. After a quarter of an hour’s time the following results were noted: No. It was dark brown on the side exposed to the sun, and a pale brown mottled with green on the shadowed side. No. 2 was of a yet darker brown than No. 1. No. 3, when uncovered, emerged in a brilliant coat of green. No. 4 crawled sluggishly about his chill quarters, showing a uniform pale gray. 148 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PHOTOGRAPH. ELWIN R, SANBORN. AFRICAN CHAMELEON. Noted for its remarkable color changes. These experiments were several times repeated, and with the same results. Thus we may presume that light and temperature are among the factors conducive in altering a reptile’s hues. The next test was in the direction of ascertaining whether or not the lizards are sensitive to the colors of objects over which they move. The specimens were separated and placed in several cases, all with a corresponding degree of illumination. In one case was a branch of green leaves, in another a number of dark, leafless twigs, and in the third, fine white sand had been spread. In these quarters they were left for an hour. The results were decidedly negative. All of the lizards took on a shade of yel- lowish brown, causing each individual to differ quite materially from its surroundings. Repeated experiments in this line tended to prove that the colors of a reptile’s surroundings have little to do with its own eccentric variations. Fright or excitement produces a marked effect upon these creatures, the majority of which acquire lighter shades. When enervated through lack of nourishment (and these reptiles show a-great reluctance to feeding in captivity), the body becomes irregularly splashed with pale colors. Traces of green will show on a gray body ground, and immediately after death patches of black appear. A peculiar instance of the effect of sunlight and shadow was observed upon a specimen that was basking under a wire grating of coarse mesh. Becoming frightened at the ap- proach of the writer, the lizard changed its position. Its dark BIGHT VANNUAL TREPORT. 149 brown body was brilliantly imprinted in pale yellow with the out- lines of the mesh, where the shadow from the wire screen had rested on the reptile. This pattern faded away within twenty seconds. The common colors of the Chameleon are grayish brown, green with irregular patches and spots of a lighter shade, or, when ex- posed to moderately strong sunlight, brown with ocellz of green or yellow. From these phases the creature varies. To sum up our observations on this lizard, it appears that the changes of color are influenced involuntarily mainly by light, temperature, excitement and the health of the individual. Few chameleons ex- hibit a definite color pattern. Indistinct stripes, spots and ocellz come and go with the changing shades of the body. Rivalling the Chameleon in abrupt changes of color is a North American lizard, the Anolis, also called “Chameleon” (Anolis carolinensis). In its agility this little creature exhibits a marked contrast to the African reptile, and it is a highly interesting and easily procured example of the character under discussion. Be- ing an inhabitant of an area where changes of temperature are frequent, and likewise so prolonged that the reptile hibernates during the colder months, it does not appear to display the sensi- tive color changes due to temperature, as noted in the Old World Chameleon. Light and excitement, however, strongly affect this reptile. The writer has observed two male specimens, previously a velvety brown as they sported in the sunshine, suddenly ap- proach each other and engage in combat, which with one termi- nated in the loss of the larger portion of its tail. Within half a minute after the fighting began, which was accompanied by an energetic bobbing of heads and frequent dilations of the throat fan, the participants had become a beautiful shade of emerald green. On watching the victor as he triumphantly strutted along a fence rail with the writhing tail of the victim in his jaws, it was noted that the green soon faded. Dropping the souvenir of bat- tle, the reptile settled down to rest and bask, and within two or three minutes after the fracas it had faded to a dull yellow, which soon gave way to the sober brown first noted. In collecting these lizards and placing them in wire-covered boxes, the writer has invariably noticed their change from a variety of shades prior to capture to the same emerald hue in a scrambling collection of several dozen individuals. If the collect- ing box be laid down for a few moments and left undisturbed, the lizards acquire a brownish tint, but as soon as the box is again carried about, and the occupants become shaken up and fright- ened, the brilliant green appears on all. When sleeping, this liz- 150 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ard assumes a pale green tint, with the under surfaces of the body and limbs white and immaculate. FEEDING HABITS. Owing to the great variability of anatomical characteristics, “he feeding habits of lizards differ greatly. They may, in conse- quence, be divided into several groups for the convenience of de- scription. Some species are omnivorous. Carnivorous Species.—Under this head the Monitors come first in importance. Four species have been on exhibition in the Rep- tile House, namely: the Ceylonese Monitor (Varanus salva- tor); Yellow-Bellied Monitor (Varanus flavescens) ; Gould’s Monitor (Varanus gouldi), and the Brown Monitor (Varanus griseus). The feeding habits of these species are very similar. The Monitor’s method of attacking a small mammal resembles more the actions of warm-blooded animals rather than those of rep- tiles. Rushing for the ill-fated creature at a speed that rapidly overtakes it, the lizard seizes the quarry and shakes it in much the same manner as a terrier treats a rat. If the creature struggles so violently that there is a possibility of its escape, the reptile holds it to the ground under its powerful claws, while the jaws take a firmer hold, and the shaking process is renewed. The prey is killed quickly, and if it is small, the reptile tosses it about in its jaws until the head points down the throat, when it is swallowed in the same manner that an owl con- suumes a mouse or a scrap of meat—by a series of quick, reaching gulps. If the prey is large and heavy, it is dropped to the ground and picked up carefully by the head, when the swallowing process is the same, though more prolonged and difficult. The fine, large specimen of Varanus salvator that has thrived for several years in the Reptile House, is frequently given a full-grown pigeon, which is killed immediately before placing it in the Monitor’s cage. With but little difficulty the reptile swallows the pigeon entire. This specimen, like all the Monitors, is voraciously fond of eggs, and will take from eight to ten hens’ eggs at a meal, swallowing them entire, and with such rapidity that the eggs come in contact with one another in passing down the reptile’s throat, and produce a clicking sound that is quite audible to any one standing near. Within twenty-four hours the gastric juices have so disintegrated the shells that they are broken by the com- pression of the reptile’s stomach, the contents of the eggs are di- gested, and the shells entirely dissolved. Besides small mam- Pe ke RC we 3 oo <4 w = A South American species with strik x a < fe) l= I a U . z = ro ” 28, i ‘ ‘ \ . j y i * - D +s i if . rr, ; fy, \ i \ i] “a ; i { ’ : A ‘em i ‘ EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 151 mals, birds and eggs, the Monitors will eat lizards and snakes. These reptiles are entirely carnivorous. The Tegu, or Teguexin, of tropical South America, is another carnivorous species exhibited in the Reptile House. It differs from the preceding reptile by its lack of agility. This lizard is fond of eggs, but does not swallow them entire. It breaks the shell in its exceedingly powerful jaws, and laps up the contents, an operation for which it is well provided by the possession of a broad, forked tongue. The tongue is covered with minute papil- le, to which the substance of the egg readily adheres, and is thus conveyed into the creature’s mouth. This lizard will also eat young birds and mammals, and is insectivorous as well. Struc- turally it is ill provided for the chase of active prey. Strictly carnivorous species form a small minority of the Lacertilians. Insectivorous Species.—Lizards of insectivorous habits consti- tute the majority of the Lacertilia, and in securing their food they employ many methods. The Anolis (Anolis carolinensis), of the Southern States, is provided with broad, adhesive digits, and by leading an arboreal life it is able to feed largely upon flying insects (Diptera), for the capture of which it is well fitted. Its method of procuring its prey resembles the stealthy, stalking manceuvres of the feline ani- mals, followed by a quick rush when within a distance that make capture possible. The writer has many times watched these lit- tle creatures hunting along sunny spots where flies are numerous, and noted their great caution in approaching the quarry. After carefully stalking to within a few inches of the insect, like a cat stealing toward a bird, the lizard pauses and prepares for a rush. Such is the momentary tension as it prepares to dart forward, that the little creature may be seen to quiver in the intensity of preparation. So surely does it calculate, and so agile is the move- ment, that the insect rarely escapes. When the prey is cap- tured it is well crushed by an irregular and snappy mastication before it is swallowed. The lizards of the Family Geckonide possess adhesive pads on the digits, and stalk insects in the same fashion as the Anolis. Many of the thick-tongued lizard swallow their prey in the rapid fashion of the frogs. The Horned “Toads” are an example of that manner of feeding. In fact, these lizards pick up their prey by a quick protrusion of the glutinous tongue, and swallow it with a gulp in exactly the same fashion as the toad. The insectivorous species which are not provided with suckers, or adhesive foot pads, produce more noise with their claws in progressing, and feed less upon the dipterous insects. They ap- 152 NEW YORK, ZOOLOGICAL. TSOCIET Ye proach their food with a scampering rush, and feed largely upon beetles and their larve, which they hunt in the crevices of bark. These species also feed largely upon ants. The true Chameleon, of Africa, affords an exaggerated exam- ple of the manner in which many insectivorous lizards secure their food. The specimens in the Reptile House, always exceed- ingly sluggish in making their way among the shrubbery of their cage, are supplied with mealworms, grasshoppers and flies. Ap- proaching an insect with an air of great deliberation, a Chameleon regards it steadfastly for a few seconds with one rolling eye, while the other indifferently examines other objects. A sudden dart of the long tongue follows, to a distance nearly equal to the length of the reptile’s body, and the morsel is snapped back into — the lizard’s jaws, where it is well crushed by the sharp teeth before being swallowed. Omnivorous Species.—Under this head come a number of La- certilians that have generally been credited with herbivorous hab- its. There are few, if any, exceptions of these alleged strictly her- bivorous lizards that do not continually vary their diet with in- sects, and even larger prey. The Iguanas serve well to illustrate this characteristic. It has been the custom in the Reptile House to feed the common Iguana (J guana tuberculata) with such ten- der vegetables as lettuce and celery, besides various fruits. The cages being overcrowded, several species of insectivorous lizards were placed with the Iguanas, and it was soon noted that the lat- ter showed an equal enthusiasm for the insect larve and earth- worms provided for the smaller reptiles as for their own vegeta- ble food. Investigation soon demonstrated that they were fond of small birds and mammals. The experiments continued, and proved conclusively that certain species of Iguana, particularly the large Metopoceros cornutus, or Rhinoceros Iguana, and the Iguana delicatissima, preferred the carnivorous diet, and more- over displayed in obtaining it an amount of agility and voracity equal to the strictly carnivorous monitors. A number of the smaller species of the Jguanide in the Reptile House have been observed to be omnivorous. Interesting obser- vations were made of the Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus col- laris), and the Leopard Lizard (C. wishzenii)—two Lacertil- ians interesting in many ways—the former from its peculiar habit when alarmed of running erect on its hind legs for a dis- tance of twenty-five feet or more, after which curious perform- ance it drops upon all-fours and darts over the ground with an amazing show of speed. These lizards are largely cannibalistic in their feeding habits, but they are also herbivorous and insec- RHINOCEROS IGUANA. An omnivorous West Indian lizard. PHOTOGRAPHS. ; ELWIN R. SANBORN. GILA MONSTEK. This species inhabiting the Gila River valley, and another found in Mexico. are the only known species of poisonous lizards. EIGHTH, -ANNUAL, REPORE. 153 tivorous. It was not unusual to observe them swallowing lizards of two-thirds their own size, as well as small snakes. Quantities of grasshoppers and crickets were placed in their cases; and to prevent those insects from eating the ornamental plants, the blos- soms of red clover were strewn about as food for them. Instead of selecting the grasshoppers, the lizards turned their attention to the clover blossoms, which they greedily devoured. It was ultimately noted that they fed upon insects also, but not to a great extent, although they displayed a fondness for large ants. The snake-like lizards of the Family Anguid@ have been noted as partly omnivorous, feeding largely upon insects, and also tak- ing earthworms and slugs, young birds, and eggs. The larger species prefer the latter to any food that can be offered in captiv- ity. The various skinks feed much the same, although none of our specimens could be induced to take earthworms. Certain spe- cies of the large Family 4gamid@ are both herbivorous and in- sectivorous, although the vast proportion evince the latter taste alone. Examples of this family that display omnivorous habits are the Mastigures (Uromastix), which seemingly take either vegetable or insect food with equal voracity. The vegetable food of such lizards is partially masticated before being swallowed. The Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum) may be placed under the head of omnivorous lizards, as in captivity it feeds al- most exclusively upon eggs—the food which most certainly can- not form a large proportion of its nourishment in a wild state. Our captive specimens never have been induced to take other food than eggs, either boiled or raw, the latter sometimes mixed with chopped meat. Unless mixed with eggs they will not eat meat. With stolid indifference they refuse morsels that are dear to the ordinary reptile of their size, such as very young rodents, large grubs and mealworms. Ants and their eggs are said to furnish a large proportion of this reptile’s food, but all the specimens under the writer’s observation have refused them. They have lived with us for four years, and have thrived upon their simple and unvarying diet. BPHEE CTS TOR VEAP TL Vyhi ve Some lizards thrive indefinitely in captivity; others, owing to an insufficiency of sunlight, and to conditions found only in their native haunts, are delicate, and although feeding readily, live but a short time. Compared with snakes, they suffer more keenly the change brought about by confinement. The most hardy lizards are the carnivorous species, for, like the serpents, 154 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIEEY. they are indifferent to the presence of sunlight, provided the tem- perature is high. Between 75° and 85° F. constitutes a tempera- ture in which Lacertilians flourish. The omnivorous species evince a like disposition, but eventually die of enteritis. The most delicate of the lizards are the insectivorous forms, and the vast majority of them require a continued flood of sun- shine during the day to awaken them to activity and appetite. In a wild condition these smaller lizards seek the sun from the time its rays first strike the ground until it sinks among the trees. To these active, diurnal creatures the sun is one of the most important factors of life. Without its light they are dull and sluggish, no matter what the degree of temperature. Thus it is that these creatures of the light are difficult to maintain in captivity. Some are more hardy than others, but captive quarters can at best be but a poor imitation of their natural haunts. During the few hours that sunlight streams into their cages they lie flattened on the sand or boughs, drinking in the warm light, and so greatly enjoying the abbreviated pleasure that often they fail to feed properly. The wild insectivorous lizard hunts most of the day, and under normal conditions consumes daily a large quantity of food. Its activity demands this, and the feeding of an inactive captive specimen slowly but steadily produces enervation. The creature survives for a time, but eventually succumbs to malnu- trition, brought about by a lack of variety in its insect food. Dur- ing the few hours of light and activity, the food is gorged hastily, and the alternate sluggish condition of the reptile, when the sunlight has gone, produces imperfect action of the digestive ap- paratus. Such insectivorous species as the Anguide or snake- like lizards, which care not so much for the sunlight as to bur- row after their prey, thrive for many years in captivity. As captives the larger lizards become very tame, and show considerable intelligence, although their interest seems invariably associated with appetite. Whenever their cage doors are opened the monitors in our Reptile House always approach them and nose about their keeper, with their long, forked tongues playing at frequent intervals. Frequently they will climb over the keep- ers’ back and shoulders, in good-natured curiosity. The sight of a rat or bird throws them into a frenzy, and they take such objects from the keeper’s hand with a display of ferocity that is quite startling compared with their former quiet demeanor. Outside sunlight and air have a remarkable effect upon these “tame” reptiles. During the past summer it was decided to place the monitors in a large cage outside the Reptile House, that they might enjoy the sun. The largest specimen, a Ceylonese mon- “osSnoHL a[gdayy 94} ul SIVIA Z PeAlp sey Gory a “SuOyT }99} F A[ivau usuidads ouy Vv “AOLINOW NVIIVULSAV = a ats, it ab “ * ih ‘ #3 are Te uel aay Od elk ADE eg ry Frese oh emitter fhe apa bm fla ed 7 ie , al